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DICTIONARY OF POPULAR NAMES
OF ECONOMIC PLANTS
A
l5 I C T I O N A R Y
of
Popular Names of the Plants which furnish the
Natural and Acquired Wants of Man, in all
matters of Domestic and General Economy.
Their History^ ProduEis^ ^ Uses
By JOHN smith, A.L.S.
AUTHOR OF ' HISTORIA FILICUM,' 'HISTORY OF BIBLE PLANTS,' ETC. ETC.
LONDON
Macmillan and Co.
1882
Printed by R. & R. Clark, Ed'uihurgh.
PREFACE.
In submitting this work to the notice of the public, 1
deem it proper to explain the sources from which I have
acquired the knowledge of the subjects of which it treats.
The greater part has been obtained during an official
connection of more than forty years with the Eoyal
Gardens, Kew, which afforded me the opportunity of
studying and becoming practically acquainted with the
largest collection of living plants, exotic and native,
ever brought together, not only as regards their cultiva-
tion and classification, but also with their properties and
uses, as known both by their scientific and popular
names. My knowledge of the latter has been greatly
increased by correspondence with collectors and curators
of Botanic Gardens abroad, and also through my having
taken an active part in assisting the late Sir W. Hooker
to establish and brinof too^ether the vast collection of
specimens of vegetable products which, begun in 1846,
now occupies three separate large buildings under the
name of the Kew Museum of Economic Botany. The
object of this collection is to show the practical applica-
tion of the use of plants, by which we learn the source
of the numerous products furnished by the vegetable
kingdom made use of by man in all matters of domestic
and general economy.
^m^
vi PREFACE.
It is here necessary to state that my son, the late
Alexander Smith, having taken much interest in arrang-
ing the first specimens in the Museum, received, in
time, the appointment of curator ; from this office he
was in 1858 removed on account of ill health.
He early entertained the idea of TVTriting a work to
be entitled Economic and Commercial Botany ; with
that view he commenced taking notes of all matters
relating to the products and uses of plants ; and his
health having imjDroved, he made frequent visits to the
library of the British Museum, which enabled him greatly
to increase the number of his notes. At the time of his
death in 1865 his arranged notes occupied thirty octavo
volumes, besides manuscripts prepared for the press.
In order that his labours should not be altogether
lost, I selected sufficient matter to form a volume of
546 pages (published 1871), entitled Doinestic Botany,
consisting of two parts — the first being an introduction
to the study of botany, written in as plain language
as the subject permitted, and the second a systematic
arrangement of the families of plants, with a brief notice
of the character, nature, and number of species of each
family, followed by the popular and botanical names of
the principal species yielding products useful to man.
Learning that the latter part of the book was most
appreciated, I was led to undertake a revision of the
work, and in order to save an index, to arrange the
subjects in alphabetical order, adopting the English and
vernacular names by which plants and their products
are known in their respective countries. There being,
however, no written nomenclature of such names, it
becomes necessary for the correct identification of the
PREFACE. Vll
plants, to give their botanical names, and the name of
the natural family to which they belong, and by giving
the common name of the latter, with a brief description
of the species, I have made it possible for the uninitiated
in botany to form some idea of the nature of the plant
about which he is readino-. And in order that the
book may be also useful to the scientific botanist, I
have given a list of the genera noticed in the work,
which number 1163, under which are noticed about
1600 subjects.
With regard to the natural families adopted by me,
it is necessary to state that botanists differ widely in
the characters of families, some placing many genera
under one family which other botanists separate under
two or more. It is here only necessary to notice
the two latest general arrangements, the first being
The Vegetable Kingdom of Dr. Lindley, published
in 1853, in which he characterises 303 families; the
second, the Genera Plantaruni of Bentham and
Hooker, which commenced being published in 1862,
and is not yet completed, in which two, three, and
four of Lindley 's families are united under one — for
example, the Apple family (Pomaceae), with the Plum
family (Drupacese), are considered as tribes of the Eose
family (Kosacese). The reasons for such unions may be
readily understood by scientific botanists ; but for the
sake of simplicity, and not to perplex the unbotanical
reader with unnecessary botanical words, I have, as
hitherto, adopted the families as characterised by
Lindley. It is said that there are nearly 200,000
species of plants now known to botanists ; of that
number only a moiety are requisite to furnish man
viii PREFACE.
with all his natural and acquired wants, which vary
according to climate. Such plants are generally termed
economical, which word must be accepted in its widest
sense — that is, not only as including plants that furnish
food, medicine, and clothing, but also those that furnish
materials for all mechanical and artificer's work, as also
ornamental and curious plants cultivated in gardens or
kept in museums, which to obtain forms an important part
of the trade and commerce with all countries. With reo^ard
to the adoption of common, or what are termed poj^ular,
names, it is unfortunate that many of them are vulgar
and undignified, and derogatory to the useful, pretty,
and curious plants which they designate, such as Aaron's
Beard, Jove's Beard, Job's Tears, Jacob's Ladder, Venus
Navelwort, Venus Looking-glass, Devil-in-a-bush, Fresh-
water Soldier, Mourning Widow, Adam's Needle, and Old
Man. It would be well if such names could be discarded,
but as they have been long familiar, we are left no
alternative but to adopt them. In many cases the
scientific names of plants have also become familiar — for
instance. Geranium, Pelargonium, Hydrangea, Calceo-
laria, Chrysanthemum, Amaranthus, Ehododendron,
Azalea, Fuchsia, and many others, are now as freely
spoken as if they were original words of our mother-
tongue ; such being the case, I have in the following
pages adopted the scientific name in cases having no
popular names.
With regard to the selection of the subjects which
form the work, many more might be given, such as
fancy plants of taste and reputed medical plants of
which the virtues of many are fanciful ; but to have
done so would have enlarged the book beyond the size
PREFACE. IX
of an ordinary octavo volume. As now limited 1 trust
it will be found to contain sufficient interesting matter to
recommend it to the public in general, and especially to
merchants, educational establishments, public offices, and
cultivators of plants in general, and that it will be the
forerunner of a more extensive work.
In conclusion, I consider it my duty to thank Sir J.
D. Hooker for the loan of books, and to notice the great
assistance I have received from Mr. J. Jackson, the
Curator of the Museum of Economic Botany, Eoyal
Gardens, Kew, in preparing this work for the press and
in correcting proof-sheets, as also in furnishing many
new subjects.
In consequence of so many subjects being noticed
under two or more names, it is not improbable that
some repetitions and omissions of reference may be
found ; but I trust that such are few^, and that they
will not have the effect of lessening the credit of the
book.
JOHN SMITH,
Ex-Curator, Royal Gardens, Kew.
Kew, May 1882.
DICTIONAEY OF POPULAR NAMES
OF
ECONOMIC PLANTS.
Abaca, a name in the Philippine Islands for the fibre of
Musa textilis, known as Manilla Hemp. {See Hemp.)
Abele, the Dutch name for the White Poplar. {See Poplar.)
Absinthe, an intoxicating liquor made from Artemisia dbsin-
tliium, an herbaceous plant of the Composite family (Compositse),
native of this country and Europe generally, familiarly known
by the name of Wormwood ; it is common in Switzerland. A
bitter extract is obtained from this species as well as from A.
judaicum, called Absinthe. Of this liquor millions of gallons are
yearly sent to France ; it is also largely manufactured in France,
and is drunk in large quantities by the French people. It
has an exhilarating effect, but its habitual use brings on gradual
diminution of the intellectual faculties, ending in delirium and
death. The French Government have found it necessary to
prohibit its use in the army and navy. In the Lamentations
of Jeremiah (chap. iii. verse 15) we read, "He hath made me
drunken with wormwood ;" if the rendering of these words is
accepted as written, we are led to conclude that a similar liquor
was in use in the time of Jeremiah.
Acacia, the name of an extensive genus of trees and
shrubs of the Mimosa section of the Bean family (Leguminosse),
varying in habit from furze-like shrubs to lofty trees. They
are widely distributed throughout the tropical and sub-tropical
regions of both hemispheres. Their leaves are normally com-
B
nOPERTY LIBRARY
M. C. State College
2 DICTIOXARY OF POPULAR NAMES ACACIA
pound winged, but in tlie greater number of tlie Australian
species the true leaves are suppressed, the foot-stalks performing
the function of the leaves (and termed Phyllodese), in some
cases being broad, of various forms, or long and linear, spiny
or heath-like. In some cases the true leaves are produced on
the apex of the broad i.rms. The flowers are produced in
compact globose heads or spikes, of various colours, generally
white, pink, or yellow, the latter being the predominant colour
in the Australian species. Their seed pods vary from simple
and straight to horn-like, or curved, or twisted like a screw.
As may be expected in such an extensive and varied genus,
their uses are manifold. In India the genus is represented by
about eighteen species of trees of various sizes and quality of
timber, of which those of special interest are noticed under their
respective local names, or of their products. (See, for example,
Gum Arabic, Algaroba, etc.) They are widely spread through-
out India, some attaining the height of 60, 80, and 100 feet,
especially in the forests of Pegu and Prome. In Western Asia
and Africa the genus is represented by gum -yielding species,
as A. arahica, A. caffra, A. capense, A. giraffce, A. horrida, A.
rohusta, A. Senegal, and A. Seijal, most of which are small-
sized thorny trees of forbidding aspect occupying vast tracts of
desert country. Various species of Acacia are also common
throughout the West Indies, tropical America, and the islands
of the Indian Ocean and Pacific, chiefly valued for their
timber. With regard to the Australian species, about 300
are recorded, of which (a few years ago) 96 formed part of
the Australian collection at Kew. They vary in habit from
furze and heath-like shrubs to trees 50 to 60 feet in heicrht.
In the greater number of species, as above stated, the true
leaves are suppressed, the principal ones with true leaves being
A, dealbata, A. decurrens, A. elata, A. florihunda, A. lophantha,
and A. mollissima, all beautiful and hard- wooded trees. They
are, however, fast disappearing from their native haunts, whole
districts being cleared for the sake of their bark, of which ship-
loads are being annually imported to this country for the use
ACHOCON OF ECONOMIC PLANTS. 3
of the tanner. In South Europe and Western Syria the genus
is represented by A. Julibrissin and A. Farnesiana, small trees
with compound winged leaves ; the first is said to extend east-
ward as far as China; it was introduced to Kew in 1745, and is
perfectly hardy, three oiiginal plants having withstood the cold
of January 1838, and producing hea^s of pink flowers yearly.
A. Farnesiana is a small tree, with compound winged leaves,
and globose heads of yellow, highly odoriferous flowers. There
is much uncertainty as to the native country of this tree ; in
Rortiis Kewensis it is said to be a native of San Domingo, and
introduced into Europe by John Tradescant in 1656 ; it, how-
ever, appears to have been cultivated at Eome earlier than the
above date, for it is noticed in a book published at Rome in
1625, entitled Alhini Hort. Farnesiana; and about 1763-65,
Linnffius, in Hort. Upsalensis, described and named it Mimosa
Farnesiana, which was afterwards, by Wildenow (1805), placed
in his genus Acacia, The tree is now common in the South of
Europe, both wild and cultivated. Another remarkable point
in the character of this plant is that it grows abundantly in the
valley of the Dead Sea, and there it is covered with the parasite
{Lorantlius acacim), which has beautiful scarlet flowers in such
abundance as at a distance to give to the trees the appearance
of being on fire. In Italy its sweet-scented flowers are mixed
with melted fat or olive oil, which becomes impregnated with
their odour, and constitutes the fine pomade called Cassie. The
plant is also largely cultivated on the flower-farms at Grasse
and Cannes for perfumery purposes generally.
Acacia, False. {See Locust Trees.)
Acanthus, Spiny {Acanthus spinosus), a strong - growing
perennial herb of the Acanthus family (Acanthacese), native of
Italy. Recorded to have been introduced to this country in 1629.
It has large, jagged, spiny leaves, a foot or more in length, wliich
are said to have furnished Calimanthus with the model for the
capital of the column of the Corinthian order of architecture.
Achocon, a name in Peru for Leonia glycycarpa. A large
tree of the Violet family (Violaceoe), native of Peru. It has
4 DICTIONARY OF POPULAR NAMES ACH-ROOT
alternate, oblong, acuminate, coriaceous leaves, and loose
panicles of yellow flowers. Its fruit is the size of a peach,
rough yellow, and filled with sweet soft pidp of the same colour.
It is held in much esteem by the Peruvians.
Ach-root, a name in India for the root of Morinda tindoria, a
small tree of the Cinchona family (Eubiacese). Used for dyeing.
Aconite, a common name for the species of Aconitum, a large
genus of perennial herbs of the Buttercup family (Ranunculacese),
with smooth, palmate, long-stalked leaves. Flowers in spikes,
calyx coloured, the shape of a helmet, containing five or more
amorphous petals, and three ovaries, which become many-
seeded follicles. Principally natives of Europe and Northern
Asia. About a dozen species have been introduced and culti-
vated in gardens for their showy flowers, the most common
being A. Napellus, familiarly known as Monk's-hood and Wolf's-
bane. Its showy blue flowers make it a favourite in cottage
gardens, but it and its allies are poisonous in the highest degree,
accidents having occurred through eating the leaves for parsley,
and death having frequently occurred from using the roots in
place of horse-radish. This can only happen when the stalks
and leaves have decayed, the two plants being totally unlike
one another, and the roots are very dissimilar ; tlie mistakes
have generally been caused through ignorance in digging up the
roots of Aconite instead of horse-radish. Much might be done
to prevent such mistakes by exhibiting in schoolrooms the
figures of the two plants, and the roots, their nature being ex-
plained by the teacher. Tlie chemical alkaloid called Aconitine
is obtained from the roots of this i^lant ; it possesses all the
virulent poisonous properties of the plant in a tenfold degree.
A. ferox is similar in habit to the preceding, native of Nepal
and some parts of the Himalayas. It is considered to exceed
the above in virulence, and is called by the natives Bish or
Bikh. They employ it to poison their arrows for shooting
tigers and other wild beasts, the least wound causing certain
death ; it is considered the most formidable poison in India.
Other allied species, natives of the Himalaya, are likewise strong
AGALLOCHA OF ECONOMIC PLANTS. 5
poisons, and the roots are also known as Bikli. A. lycoc-
tonum, yellow-flowered Wolf's-bane, a common plant in the
[NTorth of Europe, is also poisonous. Linnaeus, in his History of
Lapland, says : "All over the country through which I passed
this day A. lycodonum was as common as heath ; as it is not
eaten by cattle it increases abundantly."
Adam's Apple, a fanciful name given to varieties of the
fruit of the Lime, belonging to the Orange family.
Adam's Needle, a common name for the different species of
Yucca, a genus of the Lily family (Liliacese), native of Mexico,
Southern United States, and other parts of America. Some
species are stemless, while Y. gloriosa and others have palmid
stems, which under favourable conditions in this country attain
the height of 4 to 6 feet, and 6 or more inches in diameter.
They are often branched, each branch being terminated by a
tuft of lanceolate or sword-shaped leaves, from which rises a
panicle 2 to 3 feet high, bearing large pendulous white flowers.
All the species contain a large quantity of fibre in their leaves
which is extensively used in the countries where they are
abundant. In Florida Y. filctmentosa is called Bear Grass. It
occupies extensive tracts of country ; its fibre is strong, and
used as a substitute for hemp.
Adder's Tongue, a common name for Ophioglossum vul-
gatum, a small one-leaved perennial herb of the Fern alliance,
native of this country, growing on moist banks and meadows.
Its leaves (fronds) are mucilaginous, and are used in the pre-
paration of salves.
Agallocha, a name in India for Excoecaria Agallochum, a
small tree of the Spurge family (Euphorbiacese), native of India,
generally found growing near the sea, abundant on the Sunder-
bunds of the Ganges. Its milky juice is very acrid, blisters
the skin, and is much dreaded by woodcutters. The wood is
used for making charcoal, but the smoke is injurious to the
eyes. It is also a native of some of the Polynesian Islands,
where it is as much dreaded by the natives as the manchineal of
America. In Fiji it is employed for the cure of leprosy, its
6 DICTIONARY OF POPULAR NAMES AGALLOCHA
mode of application being very singular. The body of the
patient is first rubbed with green leaves ; he is then placed in a
small room and bound hand and foot, when a small fire is made
of pieces of the wood of this tree, from which rises a thick
smoke ; the patient is suspended over this fire, and remains for
some hours in the midst of the poisonous smoke and under
the most agonising torture, often fainting. When thorouglily
smoked, he is removed, and the slime is scraped from his body ;
he is then scarified and left to await the result. In some cases
he is cured, but frequently the patient dies under the ordeal.
Agallocha is also a name in India for Eagle-wood (which see).
Agar-agar. {See Ceylon Moss.)
Agaricus, the name of an extensive genus of the Fungi
family, of which the common mushroom is the type (which see).
Agave, the name of an extensive genus of the Narcissus
family (Amaryllidaceae), represented by the well-known plant
called American Aloe (which see).
Agave, Soap {A. sapo7ia7'ia), native of Mexico. Its roots are
saponaceous and used by the Mexicans as a substitute for soap.
Agrimony {Agrimonia Eupatorid), a strong-growing peren-
nial of the Eose family (Eosaceai), native of this country,
generally growing in meadows and on the margins of fields. It
is a powerful astringent, and was formerly used by herb doctors,
and even at the present day is prescribed by some practitioners.
Ailanto, the Chinese name of Ailantlius glandulosa, trans-
lated " Tree of Heaven," a tree of the Quassia family (Sima-
rubacese), native of China, introduced to Kew about 1751. At
the time the original Botanic Garden at Kew was broken up,
two trees, about a hundred years old, had attained the height of
60 or 70 feet. It is a large, spreading-headed, branching tree,
and when in leaf in summer is highly ornamental, and in France
and Italy it is much planted as a shade for public walks. It
has lately come into special notice on account of a species of
silkworm feeding on its leaves, and experiments have shown
that it might be turned to profitable advantage in this country.
Its wood has a beautiful yellow grain, and is used by cabinet-
AKEE OF ECONOMIC PLANTS. 7
makers. Allied to tlie preceding is A. malaharicus, a tree
common in the forests of Cochin and Travancore. It yields a
resinous exudation, called Mutty Pal, which is used as incense.
Air Plants, a common name applied to plants growing on
trees, chiefly applied to many species of Avoids, Bromeliads,
and Orchids.
Ajowan, a name in India for the seeds of Carum (PtycJiotis)
ajowan. An annual plant of the Carrot family (Umbelliferoe),
with erect forking stem and few leaves, the lower ones being
cut into narrow segments. Its flowers are produced in small
umbels, consisting of only a few rays. It is cultivated in
Bengal for its seeds (fruit), which are small like caraways, and
remarkable for their strong smell of thyme, and are common in
the Indian bazaars. They are used both for culinary and
medical purposes, and have lately come into special notice in
this country and in Germany for the manufacture of Thymol,
enormous quantities of which are now made and used as an
antiseptic.
Aka, a New Zealand name for Metrosideros scandens, a climb-
ing epiphyte of the Myrtle family (Myrtace^e). It completely
envelops the tree on which it grows, which ultimately dies, and
the wood decays. The epiphyte remaining forms a hollow case.
Akee, the native name for the fruit of Blighia sapida, a tree
of the Soapberry family (Sapindaceae), native of Western tropical
Africa, early introduced into the West Indies, and now spread
into other tropical countries. It is common in Jamaica, and
forms a handsome tree 30 feet in height, having large, broad-
winged leaves, somewhat rough. Flowers produced in racemes
from the axis of the leaves. The fruit is a three-sided valved
capsule of a reddish colour, about three inches in length, con-
taining a yellowish pulpy aril, in which are embedded three
black seeds. In its raw state it is considered poisonous, but
cooking makes it wholesome. During the season large
quantities are brought to Kingston market (Jamaica). It is
liked by both Europeans and natives. It was introduced to
this country in 1793, and has fruited in the hothouses at Kew.
8 DICTIOXARY OF POPULAR NAMES ALDER
Alder {Alnus glutinosa), a tree of the Bircli family (Betu-
lacese), common in this country and throughout Europe. It
has soft wood, which soon decays, but is of great durability
when placed underground or in water. In some places it is
largely grown for making charcoal, which is used in the pre-
paration of inferior kinds of gunpowder. Bowls and other
domestic utensils are made of the wood.
Alerse, a name in Chili for Lihocedrus tetragona, a large tree
of the Cypress tribe of Coniferse, native of Chili. It is highly
valued for its timber, and forms an important article of export
trade from Chili. Its grain is so straight that it can be split into
boards that look as smooth as though they had been planed.
Alexanders {Smymium Olusatrum), a biennial of the Carrot
and Parsnip family (Umbelliferse), cultivated for its leaf-stalks,
which have a pleasant aromatic flavour, and at one time were
blanched and used instead of celery. The leaves were likewise
employed in flavouring soups. It is now, however, seldom if
ever cultivated, celery having taken its place.
Alexandrian Laurel. {See Butcher's broom.)
Algaroba, the Spanish name for the pods of several species
of Prosojpis, a genus allied to Acacia of the Bean family (Legumi-
nos9e), consisting of hard- wooded thorny trees seldom exceeding
30 feet in height, occupying extensive tracts in the western
countries of America from Peru to Colorado on the north.
They may be considered to represent the Acacia Seyal, A.
nilotica, and A. ardbica of Western Asia and Africa. Their
pods contain a sweet mucilage of the same nature as the carob
tree. In Peru P. clulcis — there called Paray (also common in
Mexico) — with P. horridus, occupies extensive tracts called
" pastures," a name consequent on the pods being extensively
used as food for cattle. The pods of P. d^ilcis are described as
from 20 to 24 inches long, enclosing black seeds embedded in
white pulp, which is sweet and is eaten by the natives. This
species has been by the Spaniards introduced to the Philippine
Islands, and thence to India. It is extensively planted in the
Madras Presidency by the sides of railways, and there called
ALLIGATOR OF ECONOMIC PLANTS. 9
Manilla tamarinds. Prosopis glandulosa is an allied species ;
native of Texas, Colorado, and other parts of the Western
States, where it occupies vast tracts of country, and is known by
the natives as the Mesquit tree. It attains the height of 30
feet, and a diameter of 4 to 10 inches. Its wood is very hard and
durable, and well adapted for posts and other open-air purposes.
It yields a gum nearly equal to gum arable, which may be
collected in great abundance. It becomes white and semi-
transparent on exposure to the light. The pod is long, of the
form of the common bean, and contains a sweet mucilage, which
by fermentation and boiling furnishes a not unpleasant drink.
A meal is prepared by pounding the seeds or beans, wliich,
mixed with water, is made into a paste, then dried in the sun,
when it is used as an article of food, and will keep for a con-
siderable time. Another species, P, pubesceTis, is called the
Screw Bean, on account of its twisted pods, which also con-
tain a sweet pulp so full of saccharine matter that by boiling a
kind of molasses is obtained. The pods of these trees form an
important article of food to the native Indians in the places
where they grow, and are eagerly devoured by cattle. Conse-
quent on the yearly prairie fires, vast destruction has befallen
forests of these trees, especially west of the Colorado.
Algum, Tree of Scripture. {See Sandal- wood.)
Alkanet {Anchusa tinctoria), a strong-growing perennial of
the Borage family (Boraginacese), with pretty blue flowers, native
of the South of Europe, and cultivated in many parts for its roots,
which are imported from France and Germany. They yield a
red dye, and other colours are obtained by different mordants.
The red colour of the roots is readily extracted by alcohol.
All-heal. (See Valerian.)
Alligator Apple, a name in the West Indies for the fruit of
Anona palustris, a small tree of the Custard Apple family
(Anonacese). It is common in low lands near the sea, in many
of the islands near the Continent, and in tropical America. Its
fruit is not palatable to man, but alligators are extremely fond
of it, hence its name.
10 DICTIONARY OF POPULAR NAMES ALLIGATOR
Alligator Pear, a name in the West Indies for Persea
gratissima, a small tree of the Laurel family (Lauraceae).
A native of the West Indies and tropical America, attain-
ing the height of 20 or more feet. It produces an oblong,
pulpy fruit, about the size of a large pear. It is now com-
mon in the Mauritius and other hot countries, where, as
well as in the West Indies, it is much esteemed as a dessert
fruit.
AUmug, Tree of Scripture. {See Sandal- wood.)
. Allspice {Pimcnta officinalis), a small, bushy tree of the
Myrtle family (Myrtaceas), extensively cultivated in Jamaica
for the sake of its fruit. On the north side of the island
Pimento walks are found on a large scale, occupying many
acres. The fruits, which are of the size of currants, are gathered
before they are quite ripe, and in drying become of a brownish-
black colour ; they are then ready for the market. They par-
take of the smell and flavour of cinnamon, clove, and nutmeg.
They are used as a spice for flavouring food, and are also used
as a stimulant, and an oil is obtained by distillation equal to
oil of cloves. In Jamaica the berries are highly spoken of as a
substitute for tobacco, being odoriferous, but they require a long
pipe to smoke them, when they afford a treat unknown in
smoking tobacco. The berries of an allied species, P. acris, are
also called Pimento.
Almendor, or Almond, a name given in Brazil to Geoffroya
swperha, a tree of the Bean family (Leguminosse), having winged
leaves ; common in Brazil and Venezuela. Its fruit is a legu-
minous drupe about the size of a walnut, with a greenish-yellow
downy rind and a fleshy pulp enclosing a hard, nut-like seed.
It is boiled and used as food by the Indians, and the kernel of
the nut is also eaten. It grows abundantly on the Island of
San Pedro, on the Eio San Francisco, and forms the principal
food of the natives. Humboldt, who saw it in Venezuela,
describes it as a magnificent tree, having glossy leaves and a
great abundance of yeUow flowers ; he also says the wood is
hard and takes a fine polish.
ALMOND OF ECONOMIC PLANTS. 11
Almond Tree (Prunus amygdalus, or Amygdalus communis) ,
a low, spreading tree of the Almond family (DrupaceaB). It is a
native of Western temperate Asia, and early became widely
spread over the Mediterranean countries of Europe and Africa,
and according to Dr. Turner's Lists of Herhs, it appears to have
been cultivated in this country in the middle of the sixteenth
century. It is one of our earliest spring flowering trees, and its
numerous pink flowers opening before the leaves make it
highly ornamental in shrubberies ; its fruit sets and attains its
proper size, but our summers are not warm enough to bring it
to perfection. Although there is only one species, nevertheless
there are two kinds, one producing sweet almonds, the other
bitter. The sweet almond is greatly used for dessert and con-
fectionery, the part eaten being the two seed lobes (the kernel),
whioh is nutty and sweet. An oil is obtained from both the bitter
and sweet kinds ; the bitter is one of the most virulent poisons
known, its principle being Prussic Acid. A preparation termed
Essence of Almonds is prepared from it, which is used in per-
fumery and confectionery, but great caution is necessary in its
use. Almonds form an extensive article of commerce, large
quantities coming from Spain, chiefly from Valencia. The best
Jordan almonds, so called, come from Malaga, none now come,
as formerly, from the valley of the Jordan ; the bitter almonds
come principally from Mogador in Morocco. The Almond Tree
in its natural state seldom exceeds 15 feet in height, but when
grafted on the plum it attains the height of 20 to 30 feet, with
a trunk 8 to 10 inches in diameter, and in the South of France
it is still higher. The wood is hard, of a reddish colour, and
used for veneering.
Almond Tree, African {Brdbejum stellatum), a shrub of the
Protea family (Proteacese), native of South Africa; it attains
the height of 4 to 6 feet. The leaves are oblong-lanceolate,
about 4 inches in length, slightly serrate, and produced in
whorls. The fruit is a hard follicle, containing a single kernel,
like an almond, which is roasted by the natives, and tastes like
an almond or chestnut.
12 DICTIONARY OF POPULAR NAMES AOIOND
Almond Tree, Java {Canarium commune), a large tree of
the Myrrh family (Burseracese), native of India, Malay, and
other islands of the Malay Archipelago, in many of which it is
cultivated for the sake of its fruit, which is a three-sided drupe
containing generally only one perfect seed, which tastes like an
almond. They yield an oU. {See Elemi.)
Aloe, a genus of succulent plants of the family Liliaceffi,
numbering about 150 species, chiefly natives of the Cape of
Good Hope and the African Islands. They vary considerably
in habit and size, which has led modern botanists to arrange
them under separate genera; true Aloes, including the tall
species, attaining the height of 6 to 10 feet, of which A.
africana is the type. Gasteria contains a number of short-
stemmed or stemless species, with thick, short leaves, of which
the well-known Partridge-breast Aloe {A. variegata) is an ex-
ample. Haivortliia contains smaller species, generally stemless,
a few with smooth entire, but the greater number with spiny-
margined leaves. The purgative drug called Bitter Aloes is
the hardened juice which runs spontaneously from the leaves
when wounded of Aj.. vulgaris and others ; but the best is
obtained from A. succotrina, which abounds in, and gives a
character to, the small island of Socotra at the mouth of the
Eed Sea. Aloes have long been favourites with amateur
cultivators. The Kew collection a few years ago consisted of
between 90 and 100 species.
Aloe, American (Agave americana), a large succulent-leaved
plant of the Narcissus family (Amaryllidacese). A native of
Mexico and Central America, naturalised in Southern Europe,
many parts of Africa, Western Asia, Southern India, and other
parts. It is well known in the gardens of this country, and is
said to have been introduced about the middle of the sixteenth
century. The variety with golden-striped foliage is the greatest
favourite. This plant has long enjoyed the reputation of pro-
ducing its flowers but once in a hundred years, and that when
it did so it made a report like a gun. The truth is, that a plant
may be forty or fifty years of age before it does flower, and
ALOE OF ECONOMIC PLANTS. 13
formerly, there being but few plants in the country, the report
of its being in bloom spread rapidly ; this accounts for the
latter part of the rather fanciful tale. The flower-stem grows
at a rapid rate, often 6 inches per diem, attaining the height
of 20 to 30 feet, bearing numerous flowers. The plant, after
flowering, dies, but previous to this it throws up numerous
suckers, by which the species is propagated. In Mexico it
forms impenetrable fences, and is moreover of great importance
to the inhabitants, affording their national drink, " Pulque,"
which is obtained by cutting out the young flower-bud, when
the cavity becomes filled with liquor, which is collected daily.
It contains a large quantity of sugar, and after fermentation
an intoxicating spirit is made from it. The odour of the beverage
is disagreeable to Europeans, but the repugnance once overcome,
it is relished.
There are many species of this genus yielding fibre, such as
A.fcetida and vivipara, the latter having a stem 2 to 4 feet high.
They are common throughout Venezuela, New Grenada, and
other parts of tropical America, being known by the name
Maguey. Their thick, fleshy leaves contain a large quantity
of strong fibre, the cleaning and preparation of which forms a
native occupation, and the fibre an important article of trade.
It is known as Pita thread, and is useful for making ropes,
mats, and for many articles of domestic use. The flower-stems
become dry and hard, and, containing sand, they make good
razor-strops, as do also those of A. americana. Allied to this is
the genus Foitrcroya, of which there are several species, all
natives of the same country as Agaves, their leaves yielding
fibre. The most remarkable is Foitrcroya longeava, a native of
Mexico. Its stem rises 20 to 30 feet high, or more according to
age, and is 12 inches in diameter, with erect arms or branches
near the top, each terminated by a crown of lanceolate glaucous
leaves. The flower-stem rises from the centre of the crowns 20
to 30 feet high, bearing numerous pale flowers. It forms a
peculiar feature in the landscape. Some years ago two plants
of F. vivipara formed conspicuous objects in the conservatory at
U DICTIONARY OF POPULAR NAMES ALTHEA
Kew, both producing flower-stems at the same time, which grew
to the height of 36 feet, bearing numerous viviparous buds.
Althea Frutex, an old garden name for HibisciLS syriacus,
better known by the name of Syrian Eose, belonging to the
Mallow family (Malvaceae), native of Syria ; a stiff, branched,
deciduous shrub, leaves tri-lobed, flowers strong, red, purple,
yellow, and white. Introduced at the end of the sixteenth
century. It is one of the very few shrubby species of the
family hardy in this country.
Alum -root, a name in North America for Heuchera ameri-
cana, a herb of the Saxifrage family (Saxifragaceae). It is
astringent, and said to possess medicinal properties.
Amadou. {See German Tinder.)
Amanita {Amanita muscaria), formerly Agaric^is muscarius,
a fungus of the Mushroom family (Fungi), native of this country,
Europe, and JSTorthern Asia. Its pileus is bright red, the size of
a large mushroom, studded with white or yellowish warts ; it is
highly poisonous. In Siberia and Kamschatka, where it is
common, it is collected, strung on strings, and dried ; it is then
said to lose its poisonous properties, and is used as an article of
food. Its most important use in these countries is for its
intoxicating properties. The usual mode of taking the fungus
is to roll it up in a ball and swallow it without chewing ; the
desired effect comes on two hours after taking it. Pleasing
emotions are first produced, involuntary words and actions
follow, and sometimes an entire loss of consciousness. When
not taken in overdose it proves highly stimulant to muscular
exertion. Its effects on the nervous system are often ludicrous ;
the patient, for example, taking a long spring to jump over a
straw as though it were a log of wood. In this country tlie
Amanita, steeped ui syrup, is used for the destruction of house
flies.
Amaryllis, the botanical and familiar English name of an
extensive, pretty-flowering genus of bulbous herbs of the Nar-
cissus family (Amaryllidacese), chiefly natives of Brazil, largely
cultivated in this country. The well-known Belladonna Lily
ANCHOVY OF ECONOMIC PLANTS. 15
{Amaryllis helladonna) and Guernsey Lily {A. Sarniensis) are
natives of the Cape of Good Hope, naturalised in Guernsey,
irom whence their bulbs are yearly imported to this country.
Amber. (See Gum Copal.)
Amber Tree, the common South African name for Antho-
spermum cethiopiciom, a shrub or small tree of the Cinchona
family (Eubiacese) ; it has linear smooth leaves and small
flowers ; the male and female on different plants. It is an old
inhabitant of greenhouses in this country, but possesses no
special interest.
Ammoniacum, a gum-resin produced by Doreina ammonia-
cicm, a perennial of the Carrot family (Umbelliferse). It is a
native of Persia and Western India. It attains the height of
6 to 7 feet, and has large compound leaves. The stem, when
punctured artificially, or naturally by insects, yields a milky
juice, which hardens and becomes Gum Ammoniacum. It is an
opaque, cream-coloured gum, used in medicine as a stimulant.
Anacahuite-wood. — Under this name, about the year 1860,
a kind of wood was imported from Tampico, in Mexico ; it was
said to be a specific for consumption, and was much sought
after, especially by the Germans ; and although 10,000 lbs.
of the wood have been imported into Bremen and Hamburg,
and sold at a high rate, it nevertheless at that time fell far
short of the demand. Its healing properties are, however, not
well authenticated. It is said to be the wood of Cordia Boisseri,
a tree of the Sebesten family (Cordiaceae), native of Mexico.
Anchovy Pear (Grias cauUfiora), a slender, tall, unbranched
tree of the Barringtonia section of the Myrtle family (Myrtacese),
attaining the height of 40 to 50 feet, terminated by a crown of
smooth elliptical leaves, 2 to 3 feet in length. Its large
white flowers are produced on the stem below the leaves, and
are succeeded by a large fleshy fruit, of an elliptical ovate form,
which in flavour much resembles the mango ; while unripe it is
made into a pickle. It is a native of the West Indies, and
abundant in Jamaica. In the Palm-house at Kew a plant 25
feet high produced pendulous leaves 4 feet in length by 1 foot
16 DICTIONARY OF POPULAR NAMES ANDROMEDA
in breadth, and probably it is the largest -leaved exogenous
tree known.
Andromeda, a botanical and familiar name of an extensive
genus of shrubs and small trees of the Heath family (Ericaceae),
natives of Northern Asia, America, and Europe. Many have
been introduced into this country, the North American species
being hardy, and forming ornamental evergreen shrubs. A.
arhorea has elliptical acute leaves that are bitter, hence it is
known by the name of Sorrel Tree. A. 'jpoUfolia is the only
British species, being found in some of the mountainous districts
of Scotland ; it is a neat-growing plant, about a foot in height,
reputed to be poisonous to sheep. In Nepal, Sikkim, and other
parts of Western Himalaya, A. ovalifolia is highly poisonous to
goats and sheep, and when employed as fuel the smoke causes
the eyes and face to inflame.
Anemone, the name of a genus of perennial herbs of the
Buttercup family (Eanunculaceae), of which there are a consider-
able number of species, widely dispersed throughout the tem-
perate regions of the northern hemisphere, of which three are
natives of Britain — namely, the White-flowered Wood Anemone
{A. nemorosa) ; the Blue -flowered {A. apennina) ; and A.
^Pulsatilla, known as the Basque Elower. A. eoronaria, native
of South Europe, has large, coloured flowers, of whicli there are
many double varieties, and is a favourite with florists.
Angelica {Angelica ArcJmngelica), a biennial herb of the
Carrot family (Umbelliferce). It has parsnip -like leaves, and
grows to the height of 3 to 4 feet. It is a native of this
country. The leaf-stalks are candied, and known as Candied
Angelica. The roots are aromatic. It is also called Arclian-
gelica officinalis.
Angelica Tree {Amlia spinosa), a smaU tree of the Ivy
family (Araliacese), native of the Southern United States. The.
plant shoots up many straight, shrubby, unbranched stems,
naked and prickly below, bearing a crown of large compound
pinnate leaves, like a palm or tree-fern. It sometimes attains
the size of a small tree, 10 to 12 feet high ; but in good soil it
ANISE OF ECONOMIC PLANTS. 17
is said to attain the height of 30 to 40 or even 60 feet, with a
diameter of 3 to 12 inches. The bark when bruised emits an
aroma like Angelica. It is used medically as an emetic and
purgative, and is a reputed remedy for the bite of the rattlesnake.
Angustura Bark {Galipea cusparia), a tall, trifoliate-leaved
tree of the Eue family (Eutacese), native of North Brazil and
Venezuela. The bark is febrifugal, and said to be equal to qui-
nine. The extract of the bark forms the basis of the bitters so
highly esteemed in the United States. As an aromatic bitter
it stimulates the appetite, and is a remedy in diarrhoea. Poison-
ous effects have been the result of the use of some of the
Angustura bark of commerce, which had been derived from
spurious trees, strychnos nux vomica being one. {See Nux
Vomica.)
Anise-seed {Pimpinella anisiim), an annual of the Carrot
family (Umbelliferse), native of the South of Europe, where it is
cultivated, as well as in this country, for the seeds (fruits) which
are used in confectionery, and a well-known cordial called
Aniseed is made from them.
Anise, Star, a name given to the fruit of Ulicmm anisatum,
an evergreen, smooth-leaved shrub of the Magnolia family
(Magnoliacese), native of China, attaining the height of 8 or 10
feet. It derives its name from the carpels of the fruit being
united in a circle, representing a star about an inch in diameter.
It is highly aromatic, and is in great repute in China and other
countries of the East, where it is used as a condiment, and is
imported to Europe for flavouring spirits, as well as for medi-
cinal purposes. It is said by the native doctors to be stomachic
and carminative. Its pungent and aromatic flavour and odour is
due to the presence of a volatile oil, which is obtained from it
by distillation, and is similar to that of common Anise-seed
oil. /. religiosum, a pretty, smooth-leaved evergreen shrub or
small tree, native of Japan ; is held sacred by the Japanese,
who form wreaths of the flowers with which to decorate the
tombs of their deceased friends ; the fragrant bark is also
used as incense before their deities. Powdered, it is burned in
18 DICTIONARY OF POPULAR NAMES ANTIDOTE
tubes, graduated to mark tlie time. Its fruit is considered
poisonous. /. floridanmn, an evergreen shrub allied to the
preceding, is a native of Florida, and other Southern States ; it
possesses also aromatic properties, but the leaves are said to be
poisonous, and on that account it is named Poison Bay.
Antidote Cocoon, a name in Jamaica for Fcuillcea cordifolia,
a climber of the Gourd family (Cucurbitacese). It is a native
of Jamaica, and ascends to the top of the highest trees ; its stem
is permanent, and clings to the trees by tendrils. It has palmate
leaves ; the fruit is globular, 4 or 5 inches in diameter, and con-
tains flattened round seeds, about 2 inches across, which are used
for the cure of snake-bites. An oil is also expressed from them,
but more abundantly from an allied species, native of Peru.
Apple {Pyrus Mains), a tree the type of the Apple family
(Pomacese). It is recorded to grow wild in Western Upper
India, the regions of the Caucasus, Armenia, and some parts of
Europe, and as carbonised apples have been found in the deposit
remains of the prehistoric lake - cities of Switzerland, it is
evident that they were then used as food ; it is presumed that
they were the fruit of the wild apple tree that we term Crabs.
Greek and Eoman history tells us that the apple tree was early
known in these countries, and that it was introduced into Pome
in the time of Appius Claudius (449 B.C.) According to Pliny
the younger, who flourished during the end of the first and the
beginning of the second centuries, it was grown in orchards ; he
speaks of twenty-two distinct kinds under the names of
Claudians, Pompeians, etc. We learn further that the art of
grafting was then practised, as he mentions crabs as small and
sour ; it shows that good apples were then cultivated at Eome,
the sorts being known by the general name of ''Pomum Malum:'
It is supposed that apple trees were early introduced into
Britain by the Pomans, but it is not very clear how and when
the fruit received the name of Apple. Dr. Prior, in liis Deriva-
tion of Names of British Plants, considers Apple to be an Anglo-
Saxon word, and to have come from the Norse (old Danish)
Appel, supposed to have been derived from a more ancient
APPLE OF ECONOMIC PLANTS. 19
name, Apalis. Another authority considers it to be derived from
the Celtic word Abhal, which means a round body or ball. In
early periods of English history there appear to have been
different kinds of apples, each known by special names ; one of
the earliest recorded is the sort called " Pearmain." In the reign
of King John (1199) Eobert de Evemere held his estate by the
annual payment of 200 pearmains and 4 hogsheads of wine made
of pearmains. Another sort called " Costard " was extensively
cultivated in the reign of Edward I. (1272), and being sold in the
streets of London, it is supposed that the origin of the word coster-
monger is a corruption of the word custard or costard. During
the last hundred years many fine varieties have been obtained,
and are now largely cultivated throughout all temperate coun-
tries, in both northern and southern hemispheres.
In the Eoyal Horticultural Society's catalogue, published a
few years ago, 1500 sorts are recorded ; but it is only a small
portion of that number that are found worthy of cultivation.
Although apples are abundantly produced in this country,
nevertheless, the supply falls far short of the demand, and they
are brought to us in large quantities from the Continent, the
United States and Canada, fine apples coming from Nova
Scotia, and shipments yearly take place from the United States
to India and other warm countries, thus showing that the apple
is a universal favourite. Cider is the fermented juice of the
apple, and is largely made in the principal apple-growing
counties of England. Besides that just described, the term
Apple is applied to the fruit of between twenty and thirty
different kinds of plants — as, for example, Adam's Apple,
Custard Apple, Mammee Apple, May Apple, Love Apple, Thorn
Apple, etc., all of which will be found noticed under their
respective names.
Apple of Scripture. — It appears that in the time of
Solomon a tree grew in Palestine that produced fruit of a
golden colour, sweet-scented and delicious to the taste, the
Hebrew name of which was Tappuach, in the Greek transla-
tion of the Bible rendered melon, the Greek name of the fruit
20 DICTIONARY OF POPULAR NAMES APRICOT
we call apple or other globose fruit ; but as our apple tree is not
a native of Palestine, and therefore unknown in the time of
Solomon, and evidently unknown to the translators; they
nevertheless appear to have considered it to be the melon, in
Latin rendered malum, and stands as such in the Vulgate Bible,
which the English translators have rendered apjple, the fruit of
Pyrus Jfa/^is, which, as already stated, is not a native of Palestine.
The question therefore arises. What was the tree that produced
the golden, sweet-scented, and delicious fruit spoken of in
Proverbs and the Song of Solomon ? Canon Tristram considers
it to have been the Apricot (which see).
Apricot {Prunus Armeniaca), a bushy tree of the Almond
family (Drupaceae), a native of Armenia. It early became
domesticated in the countries of the Mediterranean; and,
according to Turner's Zist of Hcrls, it was cultivated in this
country in the middle of the sixteenth century. It is more
hardy than the peach, and in the neighbourhood of London the
fruits come to perfection on standard trees ; but the crop is pre-
carious on account of its early flowering. In Syria, Apricots are
dried in large quantities and exported to Egypt, under the name
of Mishmush. They are also pressed together, and rolled out
into thin sheets 2 or 3 feet long, and are called " Moon of the
Faithful," the appearance of which a traveller lilvcns to a black-
smith's apron. Both the preparations form a considerable article
of food, and are very palatable when stewed. The Apricot is
abundantly wild in the hilly country of Palestine. Canon
Tristram considers the fruit of the Apricot to be the apples
of the English Bible. {See Apple Tree.) In support of this
view he says — "The apricot is most abundant in the Holy
Land ; everjrwhere it is common in highlands and low-
lands alike, by the shores of the jSIediterranean and on the
banks of the Jordan, in the nooks of Judea, under the heights
of Lebanon, in the recesses of Galilee, and in the glades of
Gilead, the Apricot flourishes and yields a crop of prodigious
abundance; its branches ladened with its golden fruit may well
be compared to ' apples of gold,' and its pale leaves to ' pictures
ARAUCARIA OF ECONOMIC PLANTS. 21
of silver.' ' Many times have we pitched our tents in its shade ;'
thus verifying the words, ' I sat down under his shadow with
great delight, and his fruit was sweet to my taste.' " Upon this
evidence he considers the Apricot tree to meet all the require-
ments of the context, and that it is the only tree in Palestine
that does so.
Arar, a name in Morocco for Callitris qicadrivalvis. (See
Sandarach.)
Araucaria, a genus of trees of the Pine family (Coniferse),
so called from the Araucarians, a race of people living in the
Andean regions of Chili, where the genus is represented by
Araucaria imhricata, a tree attaining the height of 100 or more
feet. This remarkable plant was first introduced into this
country in 1794, living plants having been brought home by
Archibald Menzies, surgeon and botanist in Vancouver's voyage
of survey. At a dinner given by the Viceroy of Chili to the
officers of the ship, part of the dessert consisted of some kind
of nuts, which being strange to Menzies, he took some of them
on board the ship and sowed them in a box of earth, where they
vegetated, and five plants were safely brought to England. One
of these plants is still growing at Kew, another at Windsor
Castle, and a third at Dropmore, the latter having outgrown the
other two, and is now a fine tree 60 feet high. Thirty years
later a number of young plants were introduced by the Horti-
cultural Society, and great importations followed, and thousands
of plants were distributed by nurserymen throughout the
country, many of them becoming fine trees ; but a great number
in certain localities succumbed to the severity of the winters of
1866 and 1867 ; the original Kew and Dropmore trees were
comparatively uninjured. The following species are now known,
all of which have been introduced, and fine specimens of them
are in the greenhouses at Kew, being too tender to live in the
open air.
A. hrasiliensis is a native of the Organ Mountains of
Brazil, and has the general appearance of the above, but its
leaves are less in size and not so closely imbricated ; and, alto-
22 DICTIONARY OF POPULAR NAMES ARBOR
wether, it is apparently a more slender tree. It was introduced
in 1819.
A. Bidwillii, a native of Queensland, where it forms exten-
sive forests in the interior. Its nuts form an important
article of food to the natives, who call the tree the Bunya
Bunya, and who migrate to the forest at the season when the
nuts are perfect, each tribe or family having allotted to them a
certain number of trees, which are retained from year to year,
and any one taking nuts from trees not their own are punished.
It was feared that in time they would be deprived of this
important article of food by the settlers cutting down the trees.
To prevent this, the Government have deemed it necessary to
take the forests under their charge, and appoint an inspector.
The leaves of these three species are rigid, rusciform, and openly
imbricate. In the following the leaves are flat, awl-shaped, and
imbricate, characteristic of spruce firs.
A. Ciinninghamii, called Moreton Bay Pine, first observed
by Allan Cunningham in 1826, in the country now called
Queensland, and found abundantly on many parts of the coast
and adjacent islands.
A. excelsa, called Norfolk Island Pine, native of that
island. In the early settlement trees were found 200 to 250
feet high. It was introduced to the Pioyal Gardens, Kew, in
1793.
A. CooJcii, native of the Isle of Pines, New Caledonia. It
was discovered by Captain Cook in his second voyage of
discovery in the South Seas, and introduced to Kew in 1858.
According to Cook's account this is probably the tallest species
of the genus.
A. Rulei, also a taU tree native of New Caledonia. Dis-
covered by William Duncan, a gardener in the service of Mr.
Eule of Melbourne, whose name it bears.- Introduced 1860.
Arbor Vitae, the common garden name for the species of
Thuja, a genus of the Cupressus section of the Pine family
(Coniferae). T. orientalis and T. occidentalis are well known in
this country as bushy shrubs, sometimes becoming tree-like, 20
ARBUTUS OF ECONOMIC PLANTS. 23
to 30 feet high. T. orientalis is a native of China. In some parts
of Central Asia it attains a circumference of 15 feet and a height
of 36 feet; introduced in 1752. T. occidentalis is a native
of North America, recorded to have been introduced about the
end of the sixteenth century. Thuja as a genus originally con-
sisted of other species besides those mentioned, which are now,
however, separated under different genera. Of these may be
mentioned Thuja articidata of North Africa, now Callitris
quadrivalviSy Thuja tetragona and T. chilensis, natives of Chili,
and T. Doniana, native of New Zealand — all large trees, which
are now placed in the genus Libocedrus. (See Sandarach.)
Arbutus, the name of a genus of trees and shrubs of the
Heath family (Ericaceae), the greater number of the species are
natives of America and widely dispersed, extending from Cali-
fornia through Mexico to Chili, and represented in the eastern
hemisphere by A. Unedo and A. andrachne. The first is common
in the Canary Islands and Madeira, and is now naturalised in the
South of Ireland ; it forms an ornamental shrub in the gardens
of this country, well known by the name of Strawberry Tree,
its pretty bell -shaped flowers being succeeded by red fruits
resembling strawberries, but unpalatable, as indicated by the
specific name of " unedo," which means eat one, indicating that
one is sufficient for a man. A. andrachne, a native of the
Levant, is similar to the preceding in habit but has broader
leaves. During a series of mild winters they form small trees,
but in severe weather, such as occurred in 1838, all were killed
to the ground, but on again breaking forth they became bushy
shrubs. A. procera, a native of California, is hardy, and forms
a very ornamental small tree. As originally characterised by
Linnaeus, Arhutus contained two species, native of this country,
namely A. alpina and A. Uva-ursi ; they differ from the preced-
ing, being small -leaved procumbent plants, not exceeding a
few inches in height, which, with a slight technical difference
in the character of their flowers, has led modern botanists to sepa-
rate them as a distinct genus, under the name of Arctostaphylos.
They are natives of the mountains of Scotland. Arhutus
24 DICTIONARY OF POPULAR NAMES ARECA
alpina has black berries, and A. Uva-ursi red, and is known by
the name of Bearberry.
Areca Palm. {See Betel Nut.)
Argan Tree {Argania sideroxylon), a low spreading bush or
small tree of the Star Apple family (Sapotacese), having small
leaves. It is a native of Morocco and western parts of North
Africa. The fruit is usually about the size of a small plum,
but varies very much both in size and shape ; it is so abundant
that it is collected and used for feeding cattle, the skin and
pulp being much relished ; but in chewing the cud they eject
the hard kernels, which are collected and crushed, when an oil
is obtained from them. Introduced to this country about 170
years ago, but is not sufficiently hardy to stand in the open air ;
a plant growing against the wall at Kew was destroyed by the
cold of January 1 838.
Argel, or Arghel, an Arabian name for Soleiiostemma Argel,
a perennial herb of the Swallowwort family (Asclepiadacese),
native of Arabia and Egypt, where its leaves are said to be used
for adulteratinsj senna.
Arnatto {Bixa Orcllana), a small tree with heart-shaped
leaves of the Indian Plum family (Bixacese), originally a native
of South America, but now dispersed throughout tropical regions
generally. The fruit is a dry prickly husk, about an inch in
length, consisting of two valves ; when ripe of a brown colour ;
the seeds are numerous, covered with orange - coloured pulp,
which hardens when dry, and being separated from the seeds
forms the Arnatto of commerce. The Indians of Guiana and
other parts of tropical America paint their bodies with it. In
this country it is used by silk-dyers and varnish-makers, also
for colouring cheese, cream, and chocolate.
Arracacha. {See Carrot.)
Arrack. {See Wine Palm.)
Arrowhead, a common name for {Sagittaria sagitifolia) a
perennial aquatic herb of the Water Plantain family (Alismaceae),
native of Britain, common on the undisturbed banks of the
Thames near London. It has a fleshy corm varying in size,
_ x^ II
ASAFCETIDA OF ECONOMIC PLANTS. 25
some as large as a small hen's egg, from the apex of which rise
several arrow-shaped leaves, 6 to 8 inches long. It is common
in rivers throughout the northern hemisphere; in North -AVest
America it forms an article of food to the native population, and
in China it is even cultivated as a food plant. In its raw state it
contains a bitter milky juice, which is expelled by boiling.
Arrowroot {Maranta arimdinacea), a herb of the family
Marantaceas ; it is extensively cultivated in the West Indies
and tropical America. It is a reed-like plant, and the farina-
ceous substance known as Arrowroot is obtained from its fleshy
rhizomes by maceration, washing, and drying. There are several
varieties, one with dark-coloured stems and leaves is cultivated
in Trinidad. In the East Indies Arrowroot is obtained from a
variety of the same plant which has been described as a distinct
species under the name of M. indica. The name Arrowroot is
said to be derived from the circumstance of the Indians apply-
ing the roots to wounds received from poisoned arrows.
Artichoke {Cynara Scobjmus), a strong-growing hard peren-
nial of the Composite family (Compositae), having large gashed
leaves 2 or 3 feet long, of a grayish colour, from which rises a
stout flower-stem, 3 or 4 feet high, the flower-heads composed
of numerous thick imbricated scales, the lower part being thick
and fleshy, and called artichoke bottoms, which is the part eaten
as a vegetable. It is a native of the countries bordering the
Mediterranean, and has been known in this country for at least
300 years, and is in general cultivation.
Asa dulcis, a celebrated drug known to the ancients, and
supposed to have been furnished by Thapsia garganica, a plant
of the Carrot family (UmbeUiferse), native of Southern Europe
and Algeria.
Asafoetida, a gum -resin obtained from Narthex asafoeiida,
formerly Ferula asafcEtida, a perennial plant of the Carrot family
(UmbeUiferse), attaining the height of 6 to 7 feet, furnished with
fennel-like leaves. It is a native of Persia, Afghanistan, and the
region of the Oxus. It has a strong thick fleshy root which
when cut yields a milky juice, and upon hardening becomes the
26 DICTIONARY OF POPULAR NAMES ASARABACCA
stinking drug called Asafcetida. Although strongly disagree-
able to the smell and taste, it was nevertheless held in high
repute both in ancient and in modern times by the Persians,
and other nations of Western Asia, for seasoning curries and
other food. It was formerly highly valued for its medicinal
properties, and considered worth its weight in silver. Though
' still occasionally prescribed in this country in medicine, its use
is rapidly dying out.
Asarabacca {Asarum europceum), a perennial herb of the
Birthwort family (Aristolochiacese), native of this country. It is
a low herbaceous plant with creeping stems, producing numer-
ous kidney-shaped leaves about 6 inches high, growing compactly
together ; the flowers are produced on short stalks hid amongst
the leaves, and of a brown colour. It was once held in
medicinal repute by herbalists, but is not now much used.
Ash, Chinese {F. chinensis), a small tree, native of China ; it
is remarkable from an insect, a species of Coccus, living on it, and
being so abundant on the branches as to give them the appear-
ance of being covered with flakes of snow. The insect per-
forates the bark and imbibes the juice of the tree, its body as
well as the branch of the tree becoming a waxy mass, which is
scraped off, and after boiling forms a wax like beeswax or
spermaceti. It has been imported to this country, but is too
expensive for common use.
Ash, Common {Fraxinus excelsior), a wing-leaved tree of the
Olive family (01eace?e). This noble and valuable timber tree is
native throughout Europe, some parts of Western Asia, and
North Africa. It lives to a great age, and is extensively planted
in this country for its wood, which, on account of its hardness
and toughness, is used for all purposes where tenacity is re-
quired, such as garden and agricultural implements, also when
young for making hoops.
Ash, Manna {Fraxinus Ornus), by some botanists ranked as a
distinct genus under the name of Ornus europceus, a much-
branched tree, native of the South of Europe and Palestine. It
attains the height of 25 or 30 feet, and produces spikes of pretty
ASPHODEL OF ECONOMIC PLANTS. 27
white flowers, the narrow petals and stamens giving it a fringe-
like appearance. It yields the substance called Manna, which
is obtained by making incisions in the bark, when the juice
exudes and hardens.
The tree is cultivated in the South of Italy and Sicily from
whence manna is imported, and is used as a mild purgative. In
this country it forms an ornamental tree, and ' is well known
as the Flowering Ash.
Ash, Mountain (Fyrus Aucuparia), a small tree of the Apple
family (Pomacese), native of tliis country ; it attains the height of
20 to 30 feet, having erect branches and wdnged leaves. It is
highly ornamental in autumn and winter with its beautiful red
berries, which are rough to the taste and not very palatable, but
afford abundance of food to the feathered tribe. In Scotland it
is called the Eowan Tree, and w^as formerly believed to ward off
witchcraft, a common saying being " Kowan tree and red thread
put the witches to their speed."
Asparagus (Asparagus ojfficmalis), a perennial herb of the
Lily family (Liliaceae), a native of the sea-coast in the southern
counties of England. It also occupies large tracts of country in
Poland and Eussia, and other parts of Europe. It is said to
have been cultivated by the Eomans before the Christian era.
It is extensively grown as a spring vegetable in the vicinity of
London and Paris. There are several species from South Africa
and India, having climbing or trailing stems, often spinose.
Asparagus, Bath or French (Omithogalum pyrenaicitm), a
bulbous plant of the Lily family (Liliaceae), native of this coun-
try, abounding in some parts of the southern counties, especially
about Bath, where the young flower-stalks are collected, and
eaten as a vegetable under the above names.
Aspen (Fopulus tremula), a tree of the Willow family
(Salicace^e). The trembling poplar is a native of Britain, and is
a fast-growing tree, remarkable from the tremulous twirling of
its leaves. {See Poplar.)
Asphodel {Asplwdelus ramos^is), a caespitose perennial of the
Lily family (Liliacese), with broad grass-like leaves, and flower-
28 DICTIONARY OF POPULAR NAMES ASPHODEL
stems 3 to 4 feet high, bearing white flowers, known as the Silver
Rod. It is found in great abundance in the vicinity of
Palmyra in Syria, where its roots are extensively collected, and
form an article of trade to Damascus and other places in
Palestine. They are ground into meal, and made into paste
used in bookbinding, shoemaking, and such like.
Asphodel, Lancashire {Nartludum ossifragum), a pretty
yellow -flowered perennial herb of the Lily family (Liliaceffi),
abundant in boggy places in this country. It is said to be
injurious to the bones of sheep, hence the name ossifragum,
which means " bone-breaking."
Assai, in Para the name of a drink made from the berries of
Euterpe edulis, a slender, smoothed-stemmed, wing-leaved palm
(Palmae), attaining the height of about 30 feet, a native of Brazil,
especially of the lower countries of the Amazon, Orinoco, and
other rivers. Its fruit is about the size of a sloe, of a bluish
colour, a great number being produced in a bunch. They con-
tain a small quantity of pulpy matter between the skin and the
nut, which is removed by rubbing in water ; it is then strained
off, and sugar and cassava flour are added to the liquor, which
forms an important article of food to the people of Para, and is
hawked in the streets.
Atropine. {See JSTightshade.)
Aucuba, the Japanese name for the well-known garden
shrub called botanically Aucuha japonica, belonging to the
Dogwood family (Cornacese). It is a native of Japan, is dioecious,
and the female plant was introduced to this country in 1V83.
In 1862 the male plant was introduced by Mr. Fortune, and
before long the female plants were seen in most gardens covered
with beautiful red berries, wliich adds greatly to its previous
ornamental character.
Auricula {Primida Auricula). — This word is derived from the
supposed resemblance of the leaves to the ears of the bear, hence
the Enghsh name Bear's Ear for this favourite plant, the
typical form being known by the name of Yellow Auricula, an
evergreen herbaceous plant of the Primrose family (Primulacese),
AZALEA OF ECONOMIC PLANTS. 29
a native of Switzerland, recorded to have been introduced to
this country three hundred years ago. It early l^ecame a
florist's flower, and, many varieties being raised, led to the
establishment of Auricula societies, and the awarding of prizes
for new and fine sorts, which are still continued.
Ava. {See Kava.)
Avellano — nut, common. {See Hazel and Filbert IS^uts.)
Avellano, Chilian, the name of Guevina avellana, by some
called Quadria heteroioliylla, a tree of the Protea family (Pro-
teacese), native of Chili ; it has large winged leaves of a rusty
colour ; the fruit is a conical nut, the kernel of which is eaten.
Avignon Berries. {See Yellow Berries.)
Azalea, a botanical (now familiar) name for a beautiful
genus of shrubs of the Heath family (Ericaceae). They are
natives of China, Armenia, and ISTorth America. The floAvers
are showy, of various colours, and similar in form to many
rhododendrons, but differing from that genus in having only
five stamens, rhododendrons having ten.
A. po7itica, the common Yellow Azalea, is a native of
Armenia, introduced about the end of the last century ; it is a
well-known, highly-ornamental garden shrub. Its flowers are
fragrant, but the honey made from them is poisonous, and is
believed to have been the cause of the illness and death of the
Greek soldiers, who (Xenophon says), after eating it, fell stupe-
fied in all directions, producing the appearance of a battlefield
covered with dead bodies. The white and red flowered Azaleas
{A. indica), native of China, are not sufliciently hardy to stand
in the open air in this country, but by cultivation fine varieties
have been obtained, which are highly ornamental plants in the
greenhouse. The original type of the genus Azalea is A. piv-
cumhens, a low compact trailing evergreen shrub, with small,
ovate, oblong leaves, and rose-coloured flowers, the whole habit
of the plant being entirely different from the above species ;
and, although differing but little in the technical character of
the flower of Azalea, botanists have nevertheless separated it as
a distinct genus under the name of Loiseleuria procumhens ; it is
30 DICTIONARY OF POPULAR NAMES BABOOL
native of the northern parts of Asia, America, and Europe, and
in Scotland it is found in mountain moors.
Babool, a name in India for Acacia arabica. {See Acacia.)
Bacaba (y^nocarpus Bacciba), a wing-leaved palm having a
smooth stem, attaining the height of 40 to 50 feet, producing
its leaves in two distinct opposite rows, which is consequent on
the upper part of the stem being flattened. It grows in abun-
dance about Santarem in the region of the Amazon. Its fruit
is a berry produced in bunches weighing 30 or 40 lbs., and is
much prized by the natives, who make a pleasant drink by
rubbing the pulp off into water, which has a milky appearance,
and an agreeable nutty flavour similar to the Asscti drink made
of the berries of the Euterpe edulis at Para.
Bael or Bhel Fruit, a name in India for the fruit of ^Eglc
Marmelos, a small tree of the Orange family (Aurantiacese),
native of Coromandel, and other parts of India, producing a
fruit about the size of an orange, having a hard shell contain-
ing ten to fifteen cells, filled with tenacious transparent gluten,
which is delicious and fragrant ; it is used as an aperient, and in
other ways medicinally, and is much esteemed. The dried
fruit is used in this country as an astringent.
Balata. {See Gutta-percha.)
Balm. — This word first appears in the book of Genesis as the
name of one of the substances carried by the Ishmeelites from
Gil^d into Egypt, and as it is mentioned with " spicery " and
" myrrh," leads us to believe that it was the produce of some
plant growing in the rocky country of Gilead. Bible com-
mentators are not agreed as to what plant it was that produced
tliis balm, but by most it is considered to have been the sap of
the Lentisk tree, Fistacia Lentiscus, a small tree of the Terebinth
family (Anacardiacese), not exceeding 15 to 20 feet in height, and
about a foot in diameter, with winged smooth leaves of a pale
colour, and inconspicuous flowers. It is a native of Western
Asia, and abounds throughout Palestine, especially in the rocky
country of Gilead. It has become naturalised in the Greek
islands and on the coasts of the Mediterranean; its sap is
BALM
OF ECONOMIC PLANTS. 31
aromatic, and is largely collected, and forms the Mastic of
commerce. Balm is also supposed by some to be the oil
obtained from the fruit of Balanites a^gyptiaca {see Zukkum).
The gum-resin of modern commerce, called Balm of Gilead, is
now known to be the produce of Balsamodendrum opohalsamwm^
a small branched tree of the Myrrh family (Burseracea3), found
on both sides of the Eed Sea, south of 22° north latitude. It is
recorded from several places on the Nubian coast and in
Abyssinia, both from the coast and inland hills, and also from
Somali-land. From the Asiatic side the plant has been found
at Ghizan on the Red Sea, in Arabia from the neighbourhood of
Aden, and from the province of Yemen, little less than a thousand
miles from Gilead, therefore it may be safely said that it could
not have furnished the balm which the Ishmeehtes were carry-
ing from Gilead into Egypt. Consequently the name of Balm of
Gilead for this tree misleads. It is not now known in Palestine,
and it is conjectured that the famous tree referred to in the
sacred writings was in later times introduced to Palestine from
Arabia by the Queen of Sheba in the time of Solomon, and,
being highly prized, plantations of it were formed by Solomon
near Jericho ; according to Josephus, they were in existence in
his time, and the Ptomans, on their conquest of the Jews, carried
branches of it in triumph to Eome. As no vestige of the
plantations or of the tree were found during the time of the
Crusades, it would appear that they must have been neglected
or wilfully destroyed, the country having at that time come
under the rule of the Turks. It must be understood that the
above-mentioned balm trees have no relation to the plants cul-
tivated in gardens, and called Balm {Melissa officinalis), a peren-
nial herb of the Mint family (Labiatse), native of Southern
Europe, nor with the sweet-smelling herbaceous plant familiarly
known as Balm of Gilead {Dracocephaluni canariense), a native
of the Canary Islands. The patent medicine called " Solomon's
Balm of Gilead " is a preparation of cardamoms with brandy.
Balm of Gilead Fir {Picea hahamea), a tree of the Pine
family (Coniferse), native of Canada, and other parts of North
32 DICTIONARY OF POPULAR NAMES BALSAM
America. Its leaves are silvery- white on the under side ; the
cones yield a turpentine called Canada Balsam, which is used
for mounting and preserving microscopic objects.
Balsam. — This word first appears in Josephus's History of
the Jews. In speaking of presents brought by the Queen of
Sheba to Solomon he says — '' They say also that we possess the
root of that balsam which our country still bears by this
woman's oift." Since then the word Balsam has been given to
gummy and oleo-resinous substances, the produce of different
kinds of trees; in most cases it is highly odoriferous, and is
used in perfumery, medicine, and the arts.
Balsam Bog {Azorella \^Bolax\ gleharia), a remarkable plant
of the Carrot family (Umbelliferse), native of the Falkland
Islands. It is a shrub, consisting of small, short, woody branches,
giving the plant the form of a ball, increasing its diameter by
the repeated forking of the branches, varying in size according
to age, some tufts of old plants measuring 3 to 4 feet across, and
the same in height, hard and firm, attached to the ground by a
tap-root; it has numerous heath-like leaves and small flowers. A
o'um-resin exudes from its branches, which is said to be used as
medicine. There is a specimen of the plant in the Kew Museum
9 feet in diameter.
Balsam, Canada. (See Balm of Gilead Fir.)
Balsam Copaiva. — Cojxdfera Lansdorffii, officinalis, Martii,
guianensis, and other species, hard -wooded, wing -leaved trees
of the Bean family (Leguminosa?), found in the forests of
ISTorthern Brazil, Guiana, Venezuela, and New Grenada. In some
of these localities the trees attain the height of 80 feet, having
a clear stem of 50 feet, the circumference at three feet above the
ground being 5 or 7 feet. The liquid Balsam collects in veins
and fissures in the interior of the tree, in some cases in such
quantity as to swell the wood and bark, causing them to burst
with a report ; but very little fluid seems to exude from these
cracks. To obtain the Balsam, the copaiba collector cuts a hole
in the tree a foot square about two feet above the ground, deeply
into the wood; on the axe striking a reservoir or fissure, the
BALSAM OF ECONOMIC PLANTS. 33
liquid rushes out with a gurgling noise and in such quantity as
to fill a pint vessel in one minute. Besides these veins, the
whole wood of the tree is impregnated with the Balsam, but
none is found in the bark. It is stated that a good tree will
yield 12 lbs. in about three hours ; after a few hours the flow
almost ceases. The Balsam on issuing from the tree has a
powerful fragrance ; but on passing the houses where it is stored
in Para an odour by no means pleasant is experienced. That
which is collected near Para is said to be produced by a species
called Copaifera muUijuga, described, however, as a very doubt-
ful member of the genus. Large quantities come from the
upper region of the Amazon. It is floated down in hollow trees
hke canoes, some containing as much as 2500 gallons, and
shipped to Europe and North America. It is chiefly used in
medicine and perfumery.
Balsam, Garden. — This well-known garden plant is an
annual of the Balsam family (Geraniacese), and is called
Impatiens halsamina. It is a native of India, and is recorded
as having been introduced into this country before 1596. Many
fine double varieties have been raised from seed. /. noli-me-tan-
gere, called Touch-me-not, is an annual, native of this country,
plentiful on many parts of the banks of the Thames. It takes
its name Touch-me-not from the circumstance of the capsule
when ripe, on being touched, bursting elastically, and throwing
the seeds to some distance. Of late years a number of species
of Balsams have been introduced from Ceylon and India, and
have very showy flowers. They are chiefly cultivated in botanic
gardens.
Balsams of Peru and Tolu. — The descriptions of the trees
yielding these Balsams are so conflicting that it has been difii-
cult to determine whether they were produced by two or more
species of the genus Myrospermum of the Bean family (Legumi-
nosae). They are large trees with pinnate leaves, the pinnae of
which vary in size from 2 to 4 or 5 inches in length ; they are
oblong, ovate-obtuse, or acuminate, smooth or covered with fine
hairs, which differences, if not marking distinct species, may to
34 DICTIONARY OF POPULAR NAMES BALSAM
a certain extent be due to climatal influences, consequent on
their wide geographical range, being natives of Peru and other
parts of tropical America, particularly Guatemala, and the
west coast of Central America. Balsam of Peru being the pro-
duce of 3L Pereirm, or as it is now called Toluifera Pereirce ;
and Balsam of Tolu M. toluiferum or Toluifera Balsamum.
This Balsam is a fluid generated in the bark of the tree, and is
obtained by making V-shaped incisions in the bark, beneath
which are fixed small gourds; when these are filled they are
removed, the Balsam being afterwards purified and put into
laro-er vessels. Its consistence is thick and tenacious, and by age
becomes hard and brittle. It is highly fragrant. At San Salva-
dor the tree producing Balsam of Peru is stated to attain the
height of 50 feet, and to obtain the Balsam the trees are beaten
on four sides with a blunt instrument, taking care to leave four
intermediate strips of bark unbeaten, by which the tree retains
its vitality ; the part beaten becomes loosened from the wood, but
is not broken externally ; notches are cut in the loosened bark,
fire is applied to the notches, which ignites the exuding Balsam,
and is allowed to burn for a short time ; cotton rags are then
stuffed into the wounds, and after fifteen days the balsam begins
to flow copiously ; the rags on becoming saturated are thrown
into vessels of boiling water, on which the Balsam floats, and as
it collects it is skimmed off; it is then of the consistency of
turpentine, of a dark colour, and is purified by re-boiling. Like
the preceding, it is highly aromatic, and is used in medicine and
perfumery.
Balsam, West Indian, a gum - resin obtained from the
different species of Clusia, a genus of the Gamboge family
(Guttiferse), natives of the West Indies and tropical America,
where they are called Balsam trees. They are small, much-
branched, soft-wooded trees, with opposite thick, soft leaves ;
they are partially epiphytal, sending down thick aerial roots
from the stems and branches. A gum-resin is obtained from
the stems of C. multiflora and other species. It is odoriferous,
and in Peru and other parts of South America is burnt as
BAMBOO OF ECONOMIC PLANTS. 35
incense in Eoman Catholic churches. C. grandiflova, a native of
Surinam, has leathery leaves 7 inches to a foot long, and beautiful
wliite flowers 5 to 6 inches in diameter. C. insignis, a native of
Brazil, has smaller flowers than the preceding; a quantity of
resin exudes from the disc of the flowers and stamens, which is
mixed with the butter of the chocolate nut, and used medicinally
by the women of Brazil as an external application to sores.
Bamboo, a general name for a tribe of grasses termed
Bamhusacece, of which there are 20 genera, comprehending 170
species. They are widely spread, chiefly in the tropics and
sub-tropics of both hemispheres. The greater number are found
in the continent of India and Malayan Islands, America and
West Indian Islands, a few only in Africa, and none in Europe.
They consist of strong-rooted perennial plants with jointed
hollow stems, rarely solid and varying greatly in size, some being
reed-like, others with stout cane-like stems varying from 20 to 100
or more feet in height, terminating with branches furnished with
grass-like leaves of various forms and sizes. A few of the small-
growing species, such as Artmdinaria japonica and A. falcata,
are sufficiently hardy to grow in the open air in this country.
Bamboo Blowpipe of the Indians of the Orinoco and
Amazon {ArtlirostylidmmScliombiLrghii), a native of Guiana and
of the head waters of the Orinoco and Amazon. It attains the
height of 50 to 60 feet, with a diameter of IJ inches, and in
general appearance is similar to the common Bamboo, but differs
in the lower part of the stem, for about 15 or 16 feet, having no
joints, and so producing a continuous, smooth, hollow tube,
which forms the blowpipe, or what may properly be called the
rifle of the Indians. The natives use it by simply placing a
poisoned arrow in the tube, and with a strong puff" from the
mouth, the arrow, with unerring aim, strikes the bird or any
other object pomted at. The bird or animal struck speedily
dies, but the flesh is not rendered unwholesome. The pipes are
much valued as heirlooms. They are known to the natives as
" Sarbicans."
Bamboo, Common {Banibusa vulgaris). — This is quite a cos-
36 DICTIONARY OF POPULAR NAIVIES BAMBOO
mopolitan species, being common througbxDut tropical Asia and
America. It grows to the height of 100 or more feet, the
diameter at the base being about a foot, the upper part termi-
nated with widespread leafy branches ; it remains perfect until
it flowers, which is rare. When it does flower the whole of the
extensive tract of jungle flowers at the same time, and it is
recorded that at different times the quantity of seed produced
prevented famine in several parts of India. After flowering the
stems die. In 1864-66 a general flowering took place in Bengal
and other parts of India, and the canes dying caused great
inconvenience for want of Bamboo for building and other pur-
poses, for, like the cocoa-nut, few plants are more useful in
domestic economy than the Bamboo. It is not only used for
house-building, but its hollow stems are converted into water
pipes and domestic utensils generally. Ornamental trinkets are
also made of it.
The Bamboo is of rapid growth, and attains its full height in
a few months in the Palm-house at Kew. Two stems from the
same root attained the height of 36 feet in seventy days. The
young stems have lately come into repute for paper-making, and
it is now being cultivated for that purpose both in the East and
West Indies.
Bamboo, Male, a name in India given to Dendrocalamus
strictus, attaining the height of 100 feet or more. Widely dis-
tributed throughout India. Its solid stems are used for many
purposes, but especially for spear shafts. An alhed species, D.
gigantea, is growing in the Palm-house at Kew.
Banana. {See Plantain.)
Baneberry {Actma spicatd), a strong -growing perennial of
the Buttercup family (Eanunculacea3), a native of ^N'orth
America, found also in some districts of the North of England,
but rare. Its berries are black, about the size of currant-berries,
but poisonous. It is also known by the name of " Herb
Christopher."
Banyan Tree (Ficus lengalensis), a tree of the Mulberry
family (Moraceae). In India this is an immense spreading
BAOBAB OF ECONOMIC PLANTS. 37
tree, with broad, oval, firm leaves. It emits aerial roots from
the branches, which descend like ropes, entering firmly into the
ground, according to age thickening and becoming like pillars,
the branches continuing to extend and cover a vast space
of ground. A tree growing on the bank of the Nerbuddah in
India covers an almost incredible area, of which the circum-
ference now remaining (for much has been swept away by the
floods of that river) is nearly 2000 feet. The overhanging
branches which have not yet thrown down their props or sup-
ports stretch over a much larger space. The whole is said to
be capable of sheltering 7000 men.
Baobab, or Monkey Bread, also called " Sour Gourd "
{Adansonia digitata), a remarkable tree of the Silk Cotton section
of the Mallow family (Malvaceae), native of most parts of Africa,
from east to west. It grows to the height of about 40 feet, but its
girth is entirely out of proportion to its height, some trees being
30 feet in diameter, becoming contracted towards the top. An
old Baobab is said to be more like a forest than a single tree.
The head consists of numerous large spreading branches, densely
furnished with foliage, the centre one rising perpendicularly to
the height of 60 to 70 feet, the others spreading all round, forming
a spherical head 100 to 150 feet in diameter, and others again
drooping and hiding the main trunk. The wood is soft and
spongy ; the negroes cut out chambers in the sides of the trees,
in which they suspend the dead bodies of those not entitled to
their religious rite of burial. With regard to the age of large
Baobabs, Humboldt considers them and the Dragon tree of
Orotava " the oldest living organic monuments of our planet."
The traveller Adanson, who first brought them into special
notice, saw trees with dates cut in them of the fourteenth century,
and calculated them to be upwards of 5000 years old. In some
trees the centres are hollowed out sufficiently to contain 20 to 30
men, and the health of the tree remains unimpaired. The bark
is made into ropes and cloth by the natives. It is stripped off
from different parts of the tree as high as they can reach, and it
again forms, and the operation being repeated the upper part of
38 DICTIONARY OF POPULAR NAMES BARBERRY
the tree above the stripping becoiaes more enlarged than the
lower stripped part. The fruit consists of a large, oblong,
indehiscent woody capsule 8 to 12 inches long, covered with green
velvety down, which becomes brownish when dry ; it contains
numerous seeds, the size of peas, embedded in pulp, wliich is
slightly acid and agreeable, and forms part of the food of the
natives. Major Pedley, in his expedition in search of Mungo
Park, lived almost exclusively on it for twelve days. When
dry it becomes hard and corky. In some districts the natives
call the tree " Mowana." As an example of the slow growth of
the Baobab, one at Kew, though more than eighty years of age,
was in 1858 only 4 J feet high, consisting of a slender erect
stem, bearing a few leaves at the apex only, rising from a
swollen, gouty base 6 to 7 inches in diameter. The plant repre-
sented a miniature Baobab.
A species allied to the preceding is a native of North
Australia. It was first noticed by Allan Cunningham in one of
King's voyages in 1818, who called it the Gouty Tree. It was
afterwards frequently seen and specially noticed by the explorer
Gregory, in whose honour it has been named A. Gh^egorii. The
trees grow singly, or several together from a centre. One so
composed measured 85 feet in circumference, and did not exceed
25 to 30 feet high ; one main stem measured 35 feet and another
40 feet in girth. The leaves, flowers, and fruit are produced
from a small, ordinary-looking tree stem, growing out at the top.
The fruit is not so large as that of the preceding, and is attached
by a shorter foot-stalk, being about 6 inches in length and 3 to 4 in
diameter, and covered with a velvety down. It contains a dry,
farinaceous substance, in which the seeds are embedded. When
ripe, the mealy part has an agreeable acidity, like cream of
tartar ; it melts in the mouth and is very refreshing. The wood
is exceedingly soft, and full of moisture, which it readily yields
on pressure, affording a grateful beverage to travellers in the
arid places where the trees grow. It is known by the name of
Cream of Tartar Tree.
Barberry (Berheris vulgaris), a deciduous simple - leaved
BARLEY OF ECONOMIC PLANTS. 39
spiny shrub of the Barberry family (Berberidacese), native of
Britain and most parts of Europe, and of North America. It
attains the height of 6 to 8 feet. Its fruit is red, of an oblong
form, growing in bunches like currants ; it forms a pleasant acid
preserve ; the unripe ones are pickled as a substitute for capers.
The bark is of a yellow colour, very astringent, and used for
dyeing and tanning leather. It is a reputed cure for jaundice.
B. trifoliata, a native of Texas and ISTew Mexico, has red
fruits of a globose form, about the size of a pea. They are called
currants by the inhabitants, and are used for making tarts.
B. pinnata, a native of the United States, from the Missis-
sippi to the Pacific. The berries of this species are blue, and
are called by the Mexicans " Linna amorilla." They are sweet
and pleasant to the taste.
B. {Mahonia) glumacea, a low bushy shrub abundant through-
out Oregon. The berries are blue, acid, but eatable. It is now
extensively planted in this country as game cover.
The berries of B. aristata, an Indian species, native of Nepal,
are dried in the sun like raisins. The bark of the root is reputed
as a febrifuge, and is used in ophthalmia.
B. Lycium, also a native of Nepal, is highly extolled as an
aperient and for ague. From the bark a medicinal extract is
prepared, known as Eusot.
B. maderensis is a shrub 3 to 5 feet high, the old plants
having several stems as thick as the wrist or arm. The ultimate
branches strongly striated or ribbed and of a bright rich orange
or orange chestnut colour. The wood is bright yellow, and is
employed by the Funchal cabinetmakers. The common Bar-
berry of this country is liable to be infested with a fungus
called /Ecidium Berheridis, at one time supposed to be the cause
of the disease in wheat called rust, which led to the Barberry's
being extirpated from hedgerows contiguous to wdieat-fields.
But the microscopical researches of Bauer show the Barberry and
wheat fungus to be distinct species.
Barley {Hordeicm distichicm and H. hexasticlium), annual
corn grasses cultivated from remote antiquity in the temperate
40 DICTIONARY OF POPULAR NAMES BABOMETZ
regions of Europe, Asia, and Egypt, forming an important article
of bread food. In this and other countries it undergoes a
process to form malt, of which ale is made. Scotch and pearl
barley is formed by the removal of the thin covering of barley
grains, the latter being made hard by drying.
Barometz (Cibotium harometz), a fern of the tribe Dicksonia,
native of China and Tartary. The fronds of this fern are
bipinnate, and rise to the height of 10 to 14 feet, produced from
a decumbent and progressing caudex, wliich is densely covered
with long, light, brown, silky hairs (characteristic of the genus) ;
when old, looking like wool, and when lying on the ground
having the appearance of a wool-clad animal. The story told to
early travellers led them to describe it as a plant of flesh and
blood. The travellers' tale upon the subject is, that on an
elevated plain of vast extent, in countries east of the Volga,
grows a wonderful plant, with the shape and appearance of a
lamb, having feet, head, and tail distinctly formed, and its skin
covered with soft down. The lamb grows upon a stalk
about 3 feet liigh ; the part by which it is sustained being a kind
of navel, it turns about and bends to the herbage which serves
for its food, and when the grass fails it dries up and pines away.
The real facts are that the caudex of this fern is decumbent,
progressing in length a foot or more according to age, and 3 or
more inches in diameter. Its woolly appearance has led it to
be likened to a lamb, the native name for it being Barometz, and
known by travellers as the Tartarian Lamb, and by others as
Agnus Scythicus. To make the story plausible the natives turn
the woolly stipes upside down, cutting away the fronds, leaving
a portion of the lower part of the stipes, four of which serve as
legs, and thus the resemblance to a woolly animal (such as a
weasel) is complete. It has been long cultivated at Kew.
Barrel Tree. {See Bottle Tree.)
Barwood. {Sec Camwood.)
Bass Brooms. {See Piassaba.)
Bassorin. {See Salep.)
Bass-wood. {See Lime.)
BDELLIUM OF ECONOMIC PLANTS. 41
Bast, a general name applied to the inner bark of many
plants, used for making cord and mats. Bass, or as tliey are
generally called, garden mats, are made from the bark of the
lime tree (Tilia europcea) and are imported from Eussia.
Bast, Cuba {Parifmm elahim), a tree of the Mallow family
(Malvacese), a native of Cuba and Jamaica. A slender-stemmed
tree attaining the height of from 50 to 60 feet, with large, cor-
date, smooth green leaves. The timber is of a greenish colour,
and is used in Jamaica in cabinet-work ; but the most important
part is its beautiful lace-like inner bark, which was originally
employed for tying up bundles of real Havannah cigars. About
thirty years ago it was largely imported into this country for
garden purposes, but it has now fallen into disuse. In Jamaica
it is called mountain mahoe. Other species of Paritium have
tough bark, especially P. tiliaccum, a native of tropical coasts,
and abounding throughout the islands of the Pacific, where its
bark is largely employed by the natives for making ropes and
nets, and its light wood for canoes.
Batatas. {See Potato, Sweet.)
Bawchan Seeds, a name given in India to the seeds of
Psoralea corylifolia, a herb of the Bean family (Leguminosse), 2
feet high. The pods are small, flat and oval, or kidney-shaped,
and are employed medicinally by the Indian doctors. They
have an aromatic taste. They also yield an oil, and have been
sent to this country for crushing.
Bay Tree, Poison. {See Anise Star.)
Bay Tree, Sweet. {See Laurel.)
Bdellium. — This Bible name has in modern times been
applied to the resin produced by two distinct African plants.
First, Balsamodendrum africanum (for which see M3n?rh). The
second is Ceradia furcata, a genus of the Composite family
(Composites), native of the island of Schibon on the West Coast
of Africa. It consists of several erect, gouty, forked stems, about
a foot in height, bearing a few simple leaves on the top, and a
few flowers similar to the common groundsel. It was first
noticed by guano - collectors about forty years ago, and living
42 DICTIONARY OF POPULAR NAMES BEAD
plants were introduced to Kew. A fragrant gum exudes from
the stems, especially when wounded, which in burning emits a
smell resembling that of myrrh.
Bead Trees {Melia Azedarach), the type of the Bead Tree
family (Meliacese). It is considered to be a native of India, but
it is more probable that it has migrated westward from China.
It appears to have early become domesticated throughout
Western Asia, Egypt, and the countries on both sides of the
Mediterranean, also throughout the West Indies, South America,
and the United States, where it is called the Pride of India.
In the South of France, Spain, Portugal, Italy and Greece it is
planted as an avenue tree. It attains the height of 40 to 50
feet, and has a dense head of branches terminated by compound
winged finely-cut leaves ; the flowers are in terminal loose spikes
of a lidit-blue colour, havino- some resemblance to those of
the common lilac. The fruit is about the size of a cherry,
but more oblong, of a yellowish colour. It is pulpy, enclosing
a hard nut, which is of a brown colour. These are bored and
strung as beads and used as necklaces and rosaries, hence the
name Bead Tree. There appear to be different opinions as
to the value or otherwise of the pulp of the berry. Some
writers assert that it is wholesome, and others that it is poisonous.
In this country the tree is nearly hardy, plants having flowered
in the open air at Kew. Other hard seeds are also used for
rosaries and necklaces, one especially called the Necklace Tree,
is Ormosia dasycmya, a tree of the Bean family (Leguminosae),
native of the West Indies. The seeds of this, as also of 0. coc-
cinea, native of Guiana and Brazil, are slightly flat, oblong, of
the size of peas, smooth, polished, and of a red colour, with a
black spot at one end. 2. Ahrus jprecatorius, a slender twining,
wing-leaved shrub of the Bean family (Leguminosae), originally
a native of the East Indies, but early introduced into the West
Indies, where it soon became naturalised, as it has in many
tropical countries. Its seeds are like small peas, red, with a
black spot. They are vulgarly called Crab's eyes. 3. Leuccena
glaum, a tree of the Mimosa section of the Bean family (Legu-
BEARBERRY OF ECONOMIC PLANTS. 43
minosa3), native of the West Indies and tropical America. It
lias become naturalised in the South of Europe and most warm
countries. 4. Aclenmithcra pavonina, a tree of the Bean family
(Leguminosae), native of India ; the seeds are of a bright-red
colour {see Sandal-wood, Eed). 5. Erythrina Corallodenchony
has bright-red seeds {see Coral Tree). 6. Cmsalipinia {Guilan-
dina) Bondiic and C. Bondiicella {see Bonduc and Bonducella).
7. Bhynclwsia 'precatoria, a climbing shrub of the Bean family
(Leguminosse), native of Mexico. It has small, pretty, pea-like
seeds, half black, half scarlet. 8. Elccocarpus Ganitrus, a large
tree of the Lime Tree family (Tiliacese), native of India and the
Malayan Islands. Its fruit is a drupe about the size of a j)lum,
containing a hard corrugated nut, which is made into rosaries,
bracelets, necklaces, and similar articles. There are many other
seeds and fruits- besides those enumerated that are used as
beads for ornamental purposes, such, for instance, as the fruits of
the Australian s]3ecies of Santahcm or Fusanus, and the very
hard and bony seeds of Coix lachryma. {See Job's Tears.)
Bean, a general name for seeds enclosed in a bivalved pod,
of which the pea, scarlet-runner bean, and garden bean, are
familiar examples. The latter {Faha vulgaris) is an erect,
wing- leaved annual, of the tamily to which it gives its trivial
name, and of the natural family (Leguminosse), of which there
are two kinds. First, the Field Bean, extensively cultivated
for feeding horses ; second, the broad or Windsor Bean, culti-
vated in gardens.
Bean Caper (Zygophylhcm Fahago), a desert plant of the
Lignum Vitse family (Zygophyllaceae), 2 to 3 feet high, native of
Syria, Egypt, and North Africa. It is a soft-leaved shrub, having
the leaves in pairs. Its flower-buds are used as a substitute for
capers.
Bearberry {Arhuhis Uva-ursi), a low evergreen shrub of the
Heath family (Ericacese), with small leaves, abounding in moun-
tamous districts throughout Europe and North America. In
this country it is found in Wales, and is abundant in the High-
lands of Scotland. It has red berries, which afford food for
44 DICTIONARY OF POPULAR NAMES BEAR's EAR
carouse, and in Sweden, Eussia, and America for "bears. The
whole plant is astringent, and is used for tanning and dyeing.
Bear's Ear, a common English name for two distinct plants.
First, the Auricula (which see). Second, Saxifraga sarmeniosa,
an evergreen herb of the Saxifrage family (Saxifragacese), native
of China, introduced more than a hundred years ago. It derives
its specific name sarmentosa from its producing long running
stems on the ground, emitting oblong, roundish, serrated leaves at
regular distances. It has become a favourite window pot
plant. Wlien placed in an elevated position the stems grow
freely pendulous in the air, often a yard in length; producing
the leaves at regular distances, and being above one another, the
plant has been likened to sailors manning the rigging of a ship,
and is called the Sailor Plant.
Bear's Grass. {See Adam's Needle.)
Beaver Tree. {See Magnoha.)
Bebeeni. {See Greenheart.)
Beech, Common {Fagus sylvatica), a lofty tree of the Oak
family (Cupuliferse), forming extensive forests in Armenia and
the regions of the Caucasus, and also throughout the temperate
countries of Europe. It is generally understood to be a native
of this Country, but some writers make out that it was not
known before the Norman Conquest. It is common in our own
woods, and is an ornamental tree when standing alone, attaining
the height of 50 to 60 feet, and diameter of 3 to 4 feet, forming a
round head of branches ; the extreme ones being twiggy and
drooping, often reaching the ground, and being thickly covered
with simple, smooth, shining leaves, produces a dense shade in
summer. Loudon calls the tree the Hercules and Adonis of our
woods. Its timber, although not of great strength, is neverthe-
less of fine grain, smooth, and is employed for many domestic
purposes, as for turnery and joinery, especially for bedsteads,
chairs, etc. Its fruit is a three -sided, three -valved capsule,
containing several triangular nuts called Mast. These nuts
are a favourite food of hogs, and contain a useful oil, which is
largely used as a salad oil in Germany. There are several
BEECH OF ECONOMIC PLANTS. 45
varieties with variously cut leaves, the most important being
the purple and copper-coloured kinds, which form ornamental
trees in shrubberies. 1. The Eusty-leaved ^QQoh (Fagiis ferru-
gineCt), a large tree, native of North America. In some parts of
Nova Scotia the country for miles in extent is occupied by this
beautiful tree, and in autumn large droves of hogs are driven
out to feed upon the nuts. Its wood is somewhat of a reddish,
rusty hue, and is employed for many purposes. 2. Evergreen
Beech {Fagus hetuloides), a large tree, native of Terra del Fuego.
It has small leaves like birch, but firmer. It was first noticed
by Sir Joseph Banks, in Captain Cook's first voyage. It is
said to be the most southern large tree in the world. Its
size principally depends on the place of growth. In sheltered
valleys it attains a considerable height, with a diameter of 7
feet, while on the exposed heights of Hermit Island the
branches are so compact and nearly flat on the ground that it
can be walked over. 3. Fagus antarctica, also a large tree,
native of Terra del Fuego, but differing from the preceding in
the leaves being deciduous. These two last species were intro-
duced to the Eoyal Gardens, Kew, in 1841, and great hopes
were entertained that they would prove hardy and become
useful and ornamental trees ; but such proved not to be the
case, for although a plant of F. hetuloides grew in the open air
for twenty years and attained the height of 8 feet, it nevertheless
succumbed to the cold of January 1867. Az, F. Cumiinghamii,
a large tree, native of Tasmania ; its wood has a brownish, satiny
ground, with beautiful feathery cross veins, and makes a hand-
some wood for cabinet-work. It is known as Tasmanian Myrtle.
5. F. fusca and F. Solandri, large trees, natives of New Zealand.
The woods are employed for many purposes. The latter is known
by the name of White Birch.
Beech Fungus {Cyttai-icc Darwinii) is a globular, bright
yellow fungus. When young, it is elastic and turgid, with a
smooth surface, but when mature it shrinks, becomes tougher,
and has its entire surface deeply pitted or honeycombed. It
grows on the beech trees of the southern hemisphere in Terra
46 DICTIONARY OF POPULAR NAMES BEEF-WOOD
del Fuego in vast quantities on Fagus antarctica. It is col-
lected in large quantities and eaten uncooked ; it is mucilaginous
and sweet, with a faint smell like that of a mushroom, and
forms an important article of food to the natives. It also grows
in Chili on a species of Fagus, and on F, Cunningliamii in
Tasmania.
Beef- wood. {See She Oak.)
Beet, or Beetroot, thick fleshy-rooted herbs of the Goose-
foot family (Chenopodiaceae), of wliich there are many cultivated
varieties, all of which are supposed to have originated from Beta
maritima, common in some parts of the coasts of tliis country.
Its broad leaves are used as spinach. Originally there were only
two kinds cultivated in gardens, the Eed Beet {Beta vulgaris) and
the White Beet {Beta cicla). They are recorded to have been
cultivated more than 300 years ago : the White Beet for the
thick midrib of its leaves, which are cooked as asparagus ; and
the Eed Beet for its fleshy roots, which, boiled or roasted, form a
wholesome table vegetable, or they are pickled. Of B. vulgaris
there are four special varieties, red, yellow, white, or pale green,
and large rooted. The two first are, as already stated, cultivated
for their cuhnary roots ; the third, the wliite, also known by the
names of Sicilian and Sugar Beet. For a number of years past
this has been extensively cultivated in Germany and France, for
the purpose of extracting sugar from its roots, which process
commenced about 1830 ; and in 1850 in France alone there
were 303 manufactories for making beetroot sugar, which now
competes in the market with cane sugar. Besides pure sugar
and molasses, a spirit is also distilled from the residue, also a
considerable quantity of potash. Its cultivation in this country
has not been found practicable. The fourth, or large-rooted
kind, B. vulgaris macrorhiza, well known as Mangel Wurtzel, is
extensively cultivated in this country and on the Continent for
feeding cattle.
Begonia, the name of an extensive genus, the type of the
Begonia family (Begoniacese), consisting of succulent- stemmed
herbaceous plants, erect or creeping, or fibrous or tuberous
BETEL OF ECONOMIC PLANTS. 47
rooted, with alternate, entire, lobed, palmate or digitate leaves,
their base always oblique-cordate, smooth or villose, often red or
blotched, of various colours; flowers unisexual, red or white,
showy. Natives chiefly of tropical America and the East and
West Indies. They possess no special properties, but of late
years they have been patronised as showy flowering plants ; and
as they readily hybridise, fine varieties have been raised,
especially from the tuberous -rooted sorts, which now form a
conspicuous feature at horticultural exhibitions. In 1864 the
Kew collection consisted of 18 varieties.
Belladonna. {See Nightshade.)
Belladonna Lily. {See Amaryllis.)
Belote. {See Oak.)
Bengal Quince. {See Bael Tree.)
Ben Oil. {See Horse-radish Tree.)
Bent Grass. {See Fiorin Grass.)
Benzoin, a gum-resin obtained from Styrax Benzoin, a tree
of the Styrax family (Styracese), native of Sumatra and other
Malayan islands. Gum Benzoin is obtained by incisions made
in the bark. This is a highly valuable perfume, and is used in
the composition of incense, as well as in medicine, for pulmonary
complaints. S. punctatum, a tree native of Veraguas m Central
America, yields a gum which is obtained after the tree is cut
down and allowed to remain several years on the ground, when
the external part of its wood is removed, and the gum-resin
found collected in greater or smaller masses. It is used as
frankincense.
Bergamot, the name of a perfume extracted from the fruit
of Citrus Bergamia, a shrub of the Orange family (Aurantiacese),
cultivated in France and Italy for its fruit.
Betel Leaf, or Betel Pepper {Piper hetel), a climbing plant
similar in habit of growth to the Black Pepper {Piper nigrum).
It is cultivated throughout India, Malayan Peninsula and
Islands, for the sake of its leaf, which is chewed with the Betel
nut and lime, as above.
Betel Nut, also called Pmang {Areca Catechii), a native of
48 DICTIONARY OF POPULAR NAMES BHANG
Cochin China, the Malayan Peninsula and Islands. It is a
slender-stemmed lofty palm, with regular pinnate leaves and
long linear leaflets. Its fruits are produced on an erect spadix ;
each fruit is about the size of a hen's egg, covered with a thick,
fibrous rind, which envelopes a hard nut about the size of a
nutmeg. The nut is cut up into pieces, and rolled up in a leaf
of the Betel pepper, to which a little lime is added, and then
chewed — a custom common to the whole of the Indians and
Malayan races. It is said that many would forego their food
rather than the use of the Betel ISTut. All carry a box contain-
ing the nut, leaf, and lime, which may be compared to the snuff-
box of other countries. The character of box varies according
to the means of the owner, those of the nobles being of gold,
and of higher dignitaries ornamented with diamonds. Ship-
loads of the nuts are yearly carried into countries where it is
not cultivated. It is considered to stimulate the digestive
organs. By its continual use the gums and mucous membrane
of the mouth become a brick-red colour, the teeth crumble to a
level with the gums, and when the teeth become worn out the
victims die longing for another quid. Thus chewing the Betel
Nut is somewhat similar in its effects to the chewing of tobacco.
Bhang. (See Hemp.)
Bigroot. (See Bitter-root, Californian.)
Bikh, or Bish. (See Aconite.)
Bilberry, or Blackberry ( Vacciniuin Myrtillus), Whortle-
berry ( V. uliginosum), Cowberry ( F. Vitis-idcea), small shrubs of
the Cranberry family (Vacciniaceoe). They occupy vast tracts
in bogs and moorlands, and even the tops of mountains in
Scotland, and throughout Europe and North America. Their
berries are about the size of currants, the two first blue and the
last red. They are somewhat austere, but are made into a
preserve for tarts, etc., besides forming an article of food for
many moorfowl.
Bindweed, a name applied to the different species of the
genus Convolvulus, the type of the family Convolvulaceae, of
which there are many species. Two are natives of this country
BIRD OF ECONOMIC PLANTS. 49
— C. arvensis, common in cornfields and waste j)laces, and C.
sepmm, known as Hedge Bindweed, which overruns bushes
and hedges, well known for its conspicuous white flowers. A
number of exotic species are cultivated in gardens for their
showy flowers.
Birch, Black {Betula nigra), a tree of the Birch family
(Betulacese), native of North America. Its timber is tolerably
hard, and is used for many purposes. Its sap, with the allied
species B. lenta, contains sugar.
Birch, Indian Paper {Betula BhojpaUi^a), native of Nepal
and other parts of the Himalayas. Its bark is deemed sacred,
and is used for burial piles ; and in Kashmir children are clothed
with it. It is also used for covering roofs, for writing paper, for
packing, and for many other purposes.
Birch, Jamaica (Bicrsera gummifei^a), a tree of the Myrrh
family (Burseracese), native of Jamaica, having brown bark like
the Birch tree of Europe. The fruit yields a balsamic turpentine,
and on wounding the bark a white liquor is obtained, which soon
hardens, and is in no way different from Gum Elemi.
Birch, Paper [Betula -paiiyraced), a native of North America.
It has a very thick bark, which is taken off" in large sheets, and
by uniting them canoes are made, some large enough to carry a
dozen persons. It is also made into shoe soles and domestic
utensils.
Birch, White, of Europe {Betula alhd). — The White Birch
is a well-known, graceful tree, grown throughout the whole of
Europe. In bleak, rocky situations it assumes the habit of a
shrub. Its wood and bark are used for many domestic purposes.
In Lapland bread is made from the bark ; in Eussia an oil is
extracted from it, which is used in the preparation of Eussian
leather, and imparts the well-known scent to it. Its sap flows
freely in the spring, and as it contains a quantity of sugar, it is
fermented and forms a pleasant wine called Birch Wine.
Bird-lime. {See Holly.)
Bird's-nest Fern {Neottopteris Nidus, As]pleniitm Nidus of
Linnaeus), a simple fronded fern of the tribe Aspleniese; its fronds
E
50 DICTIOXARY OF POPULAR NAMES BIRTHWORTS
are produced round an acaulose axis, their bases overlapping
each other, forming a cup like a bird's nest ; it is widely dis-
tributed throughout tropical Asia^and islands of the Pacific; it has
large, broad, smooth fronds, which are surpassed in size only by
J^, muscefolia, which has the largest simple entire fronds of all
ferns ; it is described by a Penang correspondent in the follow-
ing words : — " I saw two fine specimens of the bird's-nest fern ;
each had between forty and fifty perfect green leaves; the average
length of the leaves was 6 feet, and from 1 foot to 14 inches
across in the broadest part. They were growing on each side of
the doorway of the mansion ; when I was walking up to them
I thought they were American aloes."
Birthworts, the common name for the species of Aristoloehia,
the type of the Birthwort family (Aristolochiaceae), of which
about 180 species are described, chiefly natives of tropical
America, consisting of small trees, shrubs, and climbers, the
latter often found growing with passion flowers and Big-
nonias, forming an interminable lacing of the forests, and
causing them to appear as if the whole were tied together
v/ith ropes. Birthworts are remarkable for the oddity of their
flowers, which consist of a tubular, generally bent calyx, and
in some of the species one of the lobes forming a large, plain,
and in some cases concave labellum, and in the latter ter-
minated with a long tail (codicil), the whole of a dusky
colour, and emitting a fetid odour. A. cordata, a species native
of the regions of the Magdalena, according to Humboldt, has a
large concave labellum, 4 feet in circumference, which the
Indian children put on their heads as caps. A. Goldieana, a
native of Western tropical Africa, has flowers quite as large. The
plant has flowered recently at Kew. In tropical America,
Aristolochias and other climbing plants are termed by the
natives " guaco," and are held in high repute as a cure for snake
bites and for charming snakes. This property is also said to be
possessed by two European species — A. longa and A. semper-
virens — natives of the South of Europe, and used by jugglers.
The Virginian Snake -root {A. serpentaria) has also a similar
BITTER OF ECONOMIC PLANTS. 51
reputation. A. sij^ho, a native of North America, is quite hardy
in this country. It is a strong-growing climber, and is curious
for its bent, syphon-like flowers. A. clcmatitis is a perennial,
native of this country, but rare.
Bish, an Indian poison. {See Aconite.)
Bitter Cup. {See Quassia.)
Bitter Oil, a name in India for an oil obtained from the
fruit of Calophyllum inophyllum, a tree of the Gamboge family
(Guttiferse) common in the tropical countries of Asia, including
the islands of the Pacific, and being a tree of economical im-
portance it consequently has many local names. It sometimes
attains the height of 80 to 100 feet, and 12 feet in girth.
In the Fiji and other islands it is a coast tree, its round fruits,
with the square fruits of Barringtonia, the cone-like fruits of
the sago-palm, and the large seeds of E7itada, are found cover-
ing the sandy beaches. The fruit is the size of a walnut, and
when ripe, of a reddish colour ; it has a fleshy rind containing
a hard-shelled seed enclosing an oily kernel from which the
oil is expressed, which is of a green colour, and is highly valued
by the natives for medical purposes in the countries where it is
produced. In Fiji it is called Dilo, and is used by the natives
as a substitute for cocoa-nut oil for anointing their bodies. In
Tahiti and other islands it is called Tamanu. A gum-resin
exudes from the bark of the tree, which is one of the kinds of
tacamahaca gums of commerce. The wood is firm and hard,
and is used for shipbuilding, making canoes, and other purposes.
Bitter -root, Californian, also called Bigroot {Ecliinocystis
fabacea), and by some called Megarrhiza californica, a genus of
the Gourd family (Cucurbitacese). U. fcibacca has a fleshy, glo-
bose tuberous root, which varies in size according to age, some
weighing 50 lbs.; from the centre rise several slender straggling
stems of a whitish colour, ultimately producing leaves and
tendrils ; fruit globose, spiny, the size of an orange or apple, the
root is intensely bitter, and is held in high repute, especially
for dyspepsia and numerous other diseases.
Bitter -root, Canadian (Leivisia rcdiviva), a remarkable
52 DICTIONARY OF POPULAE NAMES BITTER
plant of the Purslane family (Portulacese). It is a native of
North America from Canada to Oregon. It has long, fleshy tap
roots, about the thickness of young radishes, producing a rosette
of succulent leaves, from the centre of which rises a brilliant
pink flower that opens only during sunshine, and, with the
leaves, is of short duration. The root is white internally,
almost entirely composed of starch, and might with propriety
be called starch-root. It forms an article of food to the Indians.
In preparing the root, the cuticle is removed, the root is then
cut into small pieces, steeped in water, and then boiled, when it
swells to five or six times its size, and resembles a jelly-like
substance. It is much valued by Indians as well as by
Europeans, who consider it a wholesome food. It is, however,
very expensive, as it takes a long time to collect a sackful ; the
Indians trade in it by handfuls, and charge a high price. It
received the specific name recliviva on account of the tenacity
of life in the roots ; instances have been recorded of its having
flowered after having been in the herbarium two, and one at
Kew, three years. In Oregon the Indians call it Spaetlum.
Bitter-root, Natal {Gerrardanthus Qnacrorhiza). — This is
also one of the Gourd family (Cucurbitacecc), and has tuberous
roots 2 to 3 feet in diameter and 1 to 2 feet thick, similar to the
preceding ; it produces slender stems borne by tendrils ; its
leaves are hastate ; it is intensely bitter, and used by the natives
in medicine.
Bitter-sweet {Solanum Dulcamara), a slender -stemmed,
straggling plant of the Nightshade family (Solanaceae) growing
abundantly in hedges, which in autumn it adorns with its
bunches of beautiful red berries, that have the appearance of
currants, and being sweet and tempting are frequently eaten by
children, to whom serious consequences have often occurred.
It is recorded that thirty berries killed a dog in three hours,
and fatal instances are given of children having died from eating
them, which shows the necessity of guarding children against
them. A great number of virtues are ascribed to this plant,
even as far back as the time of Theophrastus, who called it Vitis
BLADDER OF ECONOMIC PLANTS. 53
sylvestris. It is still in great repute with rustic, as well as
regular practitioners.
Blackberry. {See Bramble.)
Black-boy Trees. [See Grass Gum Tree.)
Black Drink of the Indians {Ilex vomitorid), a small tree
of the Holly family (Aquifoliacese), native of the coast of the
Southern States of North America. It is in great repute,
and is reckoned a holy plant by the North American Indians.
Of the leaves slightly scorched they make the black drink used
durin<_^ their relictions rites and solemn councils to clear the
head and stomach. Yearly excursions of the Indians were
made at one time to the Atlantic coast to collect the plant ; but
civilisation has now changed all this, and the White Man has
taken the place of the Indian.
Black Maire, a name in New Zealand for Olea Cunning-
hamii, a tree of the Olive family (Oleacese), 40 to 50 feet high ;
wood dark- coloured, extremely hard, close-grained, and durable.
Blackthorn. {Sec Sloe.)
Blackwood, also called Indian Eosewood {Dalhergia lati-
folia), a magnificent wing -leaved tree of the Bean family
(Leguminosse), native of the East Indies. It is highly valued
for its timber, the finest and most expensive furniture being
made of it. Its variety Sissoides, together with D. Sissoo, natives
of India, are also called Blackwood and Eosewood. They are
hard- wooded trees, and the timber is employed for railway-
sleepers and gun-carriages. Acacia melanoxylon is also called
Blackwood in Australia.
Blacking Plant {Hihiscus-Bosa-sinensis), a shrub or small
tree of the Mallow family (Malvacese), native of Chifia, a showy
plant in hothouses, having single and double red and yellow
flowers. The red when bruised become black, and are then
used for colouring the eyebrows and blacking shoes.
Bladder-green. {See Blackthorn.)
Bladder Nut {Staphylect), a genus typical of the small family
Staphyleacese, represented in the gardens of this country by >S'.
pinnata, a native of Central and Eastern Europe, and >S'. trifo-
54 DICTIONARY OF POPULAR NAMES BLAEBERRY
liata, a native of North America; shrubs 3 to 4 feet high,
grown in shrubberies, conspicuous in autumn by their bladder-
like fruit, enclosing a nut, which is oily and purgative.
Blaeberry. {See Bilberry.)
Blewits, a name in the West and other parts of England for
Agai'icus personatus, a wholesome and delicious Agaric of the
mushroom group of fungi, known by the blue colour on the
upper part of the stem, from which it takes its name. There
are, however, some doubts as to its wholesomeness when
gathered under certain conditions, as to its age, etc.
Blight. (See Smut.)
Blimbing, the name in India for the fruit of AverrJioa
Bilimbi, a small tree of the Oxalis family (Oxalidacese). It
attains the height of from 20 to 30 feet, having winged leaves,
which are slightly sensitive on being shaken. It is cultivated
in India and other countries for its fruit, which is oblong and
pulpy, about 2 J inches long and 1 inch across, and of a
yellowish colour. The Carambola(^. Cara7)ihola)is a very similar
tree to the above ; its fruit is about the size of a hen's egg,
with three prominent ridges or angles, the flesh is soft, like a
plum, exceedingly juicy and refreshing. The fruits of both
species are used raw, preserved, or pickled, and the flowers are
made into a conserve.
Bloodberry (Eivina humilis), a small shrub of the family
Phytolaccacese, with soft leaves, native of the West Indies. It
is an old inhabitant in the hothouses of this country. It has
spikes of white flowers, which are followed by a bunch of small
red berries, the juice of which is like blood, and is used by the
ladies of South America as rousfe.
Blood Flower {Hcemanthus), an extensive genus of the
Amaryllis family (Amaryllidaceae), natives principally of South
Africa, and cultivated in this country as showy garden plants.
H. toxicaria is poisonous, and is used by the natives to poison
their arrows. H. mnltiflorus and H. pitnicea have showy red
flowers, closely packed, the stamens forming a flat surface
resembling a painter's dusting brush.
BLUEBOTTLE OF ECONOMIC PLANTS. 55
Blood Plum, a name in tlie ISTupe district of the Eiver
Niger for the fruit of Hcematostapliis Barter % a small tree of the
Mango family (Anacardiacese). The fruits are about the size of
small olives, borne in bunches something like grapes. They are
acid and edible.
Bloodwood, Indian {Lagerstrcemia Regince), a large tree of
the Henna family (Lythracese). It is a native of the Peninsula
and other parts of India and Burmah. Its wood is of a blood-
red colour, and being very durable in water it is much valued
for boat and ship building. The root is prescribed by Indian
doctors in cases where an astringent is required. It is called
Jarool by the natives. L. indica is a native of China, long
ago introduced into this country. It is a beautiful flowering
shrub in the greenhouse, and with protection against a wall is
sufficiently hardy to stand moderate winters and flower in the
open air.
Bloodwood, Jamaica {Gordonia hmmatoxylon), a small tree
of the Camellia family (Ternstroemiaceae).
Bloodwood, Norfolk Island (Baloghia lucida), a smaU tree
of the Spurgewort family (Euphorbiacese). It attains the
height of 20 to 30 feet; it has opposite entire, oblong leaves,
which, with the branches, on being cut, emits a red or blood-like
fluid used as a marking paint.
Bloodwood, Victoria (Eucalyptus corymhosa), a tree of the
Myrtle family (Myrtace^e).
Bloodwort, a name in North America for Sanguinaria
canadensis, a pretty, herbaceous plant of the Poppy family
(Papaveracese), not more than 6 inches high, producing showy
white flowers early in the spring. It has thick branching roots,
which yield a yellow pigment, used as a dye ; also by the
Indians to colour their bodies, and for rude paintings.
Bluebell. (See Hyacinth and Harebell.)
Bluebottle {Centaur ea Cyanus), an annual of the Composite
family (Compositse), common in cornfields, where its pretty blue
flowers contrast with the scarlet poppy. C. nigra, black knap-
weed, and G. scahiosa, greater knapweed, are also cornfield pests.
56 DICTIONARY OF POPULAR NAMES BOG
Bog Myrtle. {See Gale.)
Bonduc and Bonducella, two species of Ccesaljnnia (Guilan-
dina), a genus of the Cmscdjpinia section of the Bean family
(Leguminosse). They are climbers, having hard - wooded,
prickly stems and leaves, which are bipinnate, extending to
a considerable length, forming entangling thickets in many
parts of the sea -coasts within the tropics, their wide disper-
sion being due to the nature of the seeds, which are about
the size of small marbles, and are contained in prickly, flat-
tened pods, 2 to 3 inches in length. They are so hard as
to require a heavy stroke of a stone or hammer to break
them. From this and the fact of the plants growing close
to the shore many of the pods are cast into the sea, and
wafted by currents on to distant shores. By the heat of the
sun the shells ultimately crack, and the embryos thus relieved
commence growth, thus establishing themselves in fresh locali-
ties. They are distinguished by their seeds, those of C. Bonduc
being yellow, and those of C. Bonducella gray, or sometimes
with an inclination to a reddish tint. They are known by the
name of nicker nuts.
Bonnace or Burnnose Tree, a name in Jamaica for Daphne
tinifolia, a small tree of the Spurge Laurel family (Thymelace^e).
It has a very tough fibrous bark, and is used for many domestic
purposes.
Bonnets and Hats. {See Straw.)
Borage {Borago officinalis), an annual of the Borage family
(Boraginaceae), a native of England, growing in neglected
places. It attains the height of two or three feet, having
very rough leaves and pretty blue flowers. It is grown in
gardens, and used for making a cooling drink called Cool
Tankard. Its famed virtues for other purposes are, however,
much more ideal than real.
Borecole. {See Cabbage.)
Bottle Brush Flowers, a name given to the flowers of
Melaleuca hypericifolia, a plant of the Myrtle family (Myrtacese),
native of New South Wales. The flowers are closely produced
BOX OF ECONOMIC PLANTS. 57
on a spike, and have long projecting straight stamens, T^hich
impart to it the appearance of a bottle brush. The flowers of
several species of Callistemon., a genus of the same family, are
also so called.
Bottle Gourd {Lagenaria mtlgaris), a climbing plant of the
Gourd family (Cucurbitaceae). This is very common throughout
the tropics and sub-tropics of both hemispheres, and has been
introduced into the West Indies. Its fruit, which is sometimes
nearly 6 feet long, is shaped like a bottle, and often used as
such. The Club Gourd is a variety of this, but more tapering
in the form of a club.
Bottle Tree (Stcrculicc [Delahechea] rupestris), a tree of the
Sterculia family (Sterculiacese), native of JSTorth-East Australia.
It is allied to the Gouty stem tree (Adansonia Gregorii), noticed
under Baobab, being thickened below, tapering upwards or often
swoUen in the middle to the extent of 30 or 40 feet in circum-
ference, with an apparently small tree growing out of its apex,
so that it has been compared to the neck of a bottle. The
gouty stem is soft and porous, and contains much mucilaginous
gum, which is readily obtained by pressure, and is used as an
article of food by the natives. It is also called Barrell Tree.
Box-berry. {See ShaUon.)
Box Thorn {Lycmm larharwn), a twiggy rambling shrub
of the Nightshade family (Solanacese), of rapid growth, native
of countries bordering on the Mediterranean. It is often seen
covering arbours in cottage gardens in this country. Its leaves
resemble those of the Chinese tea tree, which led to its being
brought into notice about one hundred years ago by the then
Duke of Argyle as a substitute for tea, for which reason it re-
ceived the name of the Duke of Argyle's tea tree.
Box Trees. — There are several different kinds of trees
known by this name, the first and most important being jBuxus
sempervirens, a small evergreen tree of the Spurgewort family
(Euphorbiaceae), native of Europe and the temperate coun-
tries of Asia, supposed to be indigenous in this country on
Box -hill, in Surrey. It attains the height of from 10 to 30
58 DICTIONARY OF POPULAR NAMES BOX
feet, and has a stem 8 or 10 inches in diameter. It has small
brio-ht, shining leaves, and inconspicuous flowers, male and
female, separate on the same plant. It is extensively planted
as an ornamental shrub. The box-edgings (so called) of garden
walks are formed of a dwarf variety of this species. An allied
species is B. Balearica, a native of the regions of the Mediter-
ranean, and derives its specific name from the Balearic Islands ;
it has larger leaves, and altogether a stouter-looking tree. It
is not so common in gardens as B. sempervirens. The wood of
the Box Tree is hard and close-grained, takes a fine polish, and is
valued for wood- engraving, turnery, making mathematical in-
struments, etc. The chief supply comes from the Eussian forests
in the Caucasus.
Box Tree, New South Wales [Pittosporum undulatum), a
tree of the Pittosporad family (Pittosporacese), native of Xew
South Wales, attaining the height of 70 to 80 feet. Its
wood is somewhat similar to the common boxwood. It has
been introduced to the Azores, where it protects the orange
trees from w^ind, as it withstands the highest gales.
Box Tree, Tasmanian {Bursaria sjnnosa), a spiny, bushy
tree belonging to the same family as the preceding, native of
Tasmania. It attains the height of 25 feet. Its wood is hard,
with a grain similar to that of the common box tree. American
boxwood is furnished by Cornus florida, and West Indian by
Tecoma pentaphylla.
Bracelet-wood, a name in the West Indies for Jacquinia
armillaris, a small tree of the Myrsine family (Myrsinaceae).
It is a close-headed tree, with verticillate branches, thickly fur-
nished with obtuse, cuneiform, erect, firm leaves ; it produces
numerous reddish flowers ; its seeds are yellow and brown
according to age, and, being hard, are made into bracelets.
Brake and Bracken, common names for Pteris aquilina,
also well known by the name of Fern, growing abundantly in
parks, open glades, woods, and roadsides in this country, and
occupying vast tracts in all temperate parts of the world
and on elevated regions in the tropics — a true cosmopolitan. It
BRAKE OF ECONOMIC PLANTS. 59
spreads rapidly by its underground running stems, which pro-
duce numerous winged herbaceous stems (called fronds in botany),
which vary in height from 3 to 6 feet. In autumn these are
cut and dried, and used for many domestic purposes. The under-
ground stems contain a quantity of mucilage and starch, which,
in some parts of Europe and Northern countries, are prepared
by washing and pounding, and are mixed with meal to make
bread in times of scarcity ; even in this country attempts have
several times been made to bring the plant into use as a food,
recently by Dr. Clark, who considered it a wholesome table
vegetable when young and blanched like asparagus, but its
daily use for a month proved it to be astringent. In the
southern hemisphere it is represented by wdiat some botanists
term a distinct species, namely, P. esculenta, which originally
formed a considerable article of food to the natives of Australia,
New Zealand, and other islands of the Pacific. The colonisation
of these countries and the introduction of corn and potatoes wiU
no doubt cause it to be discarded as an article of food. In some
parts of this country, especially in Wales, the fern is burnt in
large quantities, and the ashes, which contain a considerable
quantity of alkali, mixed with water and made into balls, are
sold in the towns as a substitute for soap, under the name of
ash-balls. The ashes are also used in glass - making. On
account of ferns not having visible flowers or seed, much super-
stition was attached to them by the ancients, and in Shake-
speare's time they were spoken of as " uncanny and evil."
Butler says : —
" Fern, that vile, unuseful weed
That grows equivocably without seed."
It however appears, according to Shakespeare's play of Henry
IV., that ferns were then considered to have seed. We read : —
" We have the receipt of fern seed —
We walk invisible."
This fern seed is supposed to become visible on St. John's
Eve, and it was believed to be under the special protection of
60 DICTIONARY OF POPULAR NAMES BRAIMBLE
the Queen of the Fairies. It was considered that those who
possessed fern seed could make themselves invisible at pleasure.
A more practical notion of the supposed power of ferns is, that
the burning of it brings down rain, of which the following is a
curious illustration. In a volume containing a miscellaneous
collection by Dr. Eichard Pocock, in the British Museum, is the
copy of a letter written by Philip Herbert, third Earl of Pem-
broke, Lord Chamberlain, to the Sheriff of Staffordsliire. It is
as follows : — " Sir — His Majesty, taking notice that the burning
of Feme doth draw down rain, and being desirous that the
country and himself may enjoy fair weather as long as he
remains in these parts, his Majesty has commanded me to write
to you to cause all burning of Fern to be forborne until his
Majesty be past the country. AVherein, not doubting but the
consideration of their own interest, as well as of his Majesty's,
will invite the country to a ready observance of this his
Majesty's commands, I rest, your very loving friend, Pembroke
AND Montgomery."
Bramble, or Blackberry (Ruhusfruticosus), a trailing prickly
shrub of the Eose family (Eosacese), native of this country, found
growing in hedges and waste places. The fruits are black, and
are used for puddings, tarts, and preserves, as well as for making
and colouring wines, both in France and England. They are
generally considered astringent. The long rods and twigs are
used for fixing thatch and for other domestic purposes. Many
other species of Buhus of low growth extend to the limits of
vegetable hfe in the northern hemisphere. The fruit of several
such as Dewberry (Buhus ccesius), Cloudberry (B. Chajncemorus),
are used in Northern countries for making wine. They also
furnish food for moor and other wild fowl.
Bran, one of the coarser products of wheat, which with pol-
lards is separated in the process of milling in the preparation of
flour, the latter forming an important article of food to the
peasants of Italy.
Brank. {See Buckwheat.)
Brazil or BraziLetto Wood (Ccesalpinia echmata), a rugged
BREAD OF ECONOMIC PLANTS. 61
growing tree of the Bean family (Leguminosse), about 20 or 30
feet high, with prickly compound winged leaves. It is a native
of Brazil ; the wood is hard, takes a fine polish, and is imported
to this country for cabinet-work, also for dyeing.
Brazil Nut (Bertlwlletia excelsa), a tree of the Monkey Pot sec-
tion of the Myrtle family (Myrtacese), attaining the height of 100
to 150 feet, and about 3 or 4 feet in diameter. The leaves are
broad, smooth, and nearly 2 feet in length. The fruit is pro-
duced on the upper branches, and when fully grown is in the
form of a perfect ball, from 4 to 6 inches in diameter ; it consists
of a woody shell containing a number of closely-packed three-
sided rough seeds (nuts) about an inch and a half in length.
When ripe the fruits fall from the tree and are collected by
troops of Indians, who split them open to obtain the nuts. The
tree is a native of Guiana, Venezuela, and Brazil, forming large
forests on the banks of the Eio Negro and the Amazon, and
likewise about Esmeraldoes on the Orinoco, where the natives
call it Juvia. The largest export of Brazil nuts is from Para ;
as many as 50,000 to 90,000 bushels are annually sent to this
country alone. A bland oil is obtained by pressure, which is
used by watchmakers and artists.
Bread, native of Australia {Mylitta australis), a curious
fungus, forming large irregularly globose masses, which in its
early stage is soft, but afterwards becomes hard and horny. It
is eaten by the natives.
Bread-fruit {Artocarpus incisa), a tree of the Bread-fruit
family (Artocarpace^e), native of Otaheite and other^slands of the
Pacific Ocean, attaining the height of 20 to 30 feet, having
spreading branches and rough lobed leaves. Its fruit (so called)
consists of a spongy receptacle of a globose or oblong form, like
a large melon about a foot in length ; it is marked on the ex-
terior with a diamond pattern, each mark indicating the place
of a female flower. The true fruits consist of nuts embedded in
the mass, but are seldom produced in trees under cultivation.
Bread-fruit, with the cocoa-nut and banana, comprises the
principal part of the food of the natives of the Pacific Islands.
62 DICTIONARY OF POPULAR XAMES BREAD
It is of a white and firm texture, sorQething like wlieaten bread,
and not unpleasant to eat. The bark is very tough, and when
beaten out forms the whitest and finest native cloth.
The Bread-fruit tree was first brought into notice through
the voyages of Captain Cook, and its fame as a food-plant led
the British Government to deem it worthy of being naturalised
in the West Indies. Accordingly, in 1787 the ship Bounty,
commanded by Captain Bligh, accompanied by David Nelson, a
gardener (who had accompanied Captain Cook in his third
voyage), was despatched to Otaheite to obtain a cargo of young
trees. This being accomplished, the ship sailed from Otaheite
with every prospect of the undertaking terminating successfully;
but they had not long left Otaheite when a mutiny broke out
on board, and the captain, Nelson, and other officers, and
members of the crew who would not join the mutineers, were
put in an open boat and set adrift in mid-ocean, the nearest
place where European aid could be obtained being the Island of
Timor, 3618 miles distant, which place they reached after
enduring great fatigue and hardship, from the effects of which
Nelson did not recover, having died there in July 1789. On
Captain Bligh reaching England he was again despatched on
the same mission in the ship Providence, having with him
Christopher Smith, a gardener from Kew, the expedition this
time proving successful ; and in 1793 Bread-fruit trees were flour-
ishing in Jamaica and other West Indian Islands, and soon became
common in all tropical countries favourable to their growth.
Bread-fruit, African {Trecidia africana), a tree of the Bread-
fruit family (Artocarpacete), native of Western tropical Africa.
The fruit is about a foot in diameter, having numerous nuts
buried in a spongy substance ; these nuts are ground into meal
and eaten by the natives.
Bread-nut Tree (Brosimicm alicastruni), a large tree of the
Bread-fruit family (Artocarpacese), native of the West Indies. It
has lance-shaped leaves and fruit about the size of a plum,
containing one nut-seed, which when roasted is eatable. The
wood has a fine grain like mahogany.
BROOM OF ECONOMIC PLANTS. 63
Bread-root. {See Prairie Turnip.)
Briar -root, a popular name for the roots, burrs, and knots
of Urica arhorea, a shrub or small tree of the Heath family
(Ericacese). It is found in many parts of Europe, as well as in
Algeria. The burrs, roots, and knots are imported into this coun-
try in large quantities for making pipes, which are sold as Briar-
root pipes, the common name being a corruption of the Erench
Bruy^re.
Brinjal, or Bringal. {See Egg-plant.)
Brocoli. {See Cabbage.)
Broom {Cytisus scoparius), a shrub or small tree of the
Bean family (Leguminosse) with twiggy, flexible almost leafless
branches. It is a native of Britain and throughout Europe,
growing on heaths and uncultivated ground. Its showy yellow
flowers make it a general favourite. In Spain and France it
attains the size of a tree, and its wood, which is hard, is highly
valued for veneering and cabinet-work. The fibre of the bark is
very strong, and capable of being used for many purposes ; its
twiggy branches are extensively used for making brooms.
A closely-allied plant, S'partmm junceum^ a native of South-
ern Europe, has more slender and cord -like branches than C.
scoparius, and they are used for making baskets and fastening
the vines in the vineyards. In Italy and the South of France a
cloth is made from the fibre, which is obtained by tying the rush-
like twigs into bundles, and exposing them to the sun for some
time to wither; they are then beaten with a mallet, and placed in
water, where they are allowed to remain eight or nine days, after
which they are washed ; this operation loosens the fibre in the
bark, and after drying it is combed and dressed in a similar
manner to that which obtains in the preparation of flax.
The Broom is the badge of the Plantagenets, adopted by
Henry IL, and borne by the rest of his race ; Planta genesta
giving the family title of Plantagenet figured on the seal of
Eichard I.
Broom Corn, a name in the United States for Sorghum
saccharatum, an annual grass, producing a dense head of long
64 DICTIONARY OF POPULAR NAMES BROOM
spikelets, bearing nnmerous small corn-grains, wliich after being
removed the spikelets become hard and rigid, and are used
for making house brooms. For this purpose it is extensively
cultivated in parts of the United States, especially Ohio. Great
quantities of the spikelets and broom handles are imported to
this country,
Broom Rape, a name for a certain class of plants growing
on the roots of others, and therefore termed parasitical ; the
typical genus of Broom Eapes is Orobanche. Of this genus, which
gives the name to the family (Orobanchacese), six species are
described as being natives of Britain. The most conspicuous is
0. 7najor, which grows upon the roots of broom and furze ; it
consists of a fleshy stem a foot or more in height, of a brownish
yellow colour ; instead of leaves it is furnished with numerous
pointed scales, terminated by a head of monopetalous bilabiate
flowers. The other species are similar in habit, but of less size,
and are found on the roots of furze, flax, clover, wild carrot, etc.
They possess no special properties, but are troublesome weeds,
especially those growing on clover and flax, doing irrej)arable
mischief.
Brucine. {See Nux Vomica.)
Brush Grass {Andro]oogon grylhis), a strong growing peren-
nial grass, native of the South of Europe. It has stiff wiry
roots, which are largely imported into this country for making
toilet and other brushes.
Brussels Sprout. {See Cabbage.)
Bryony {Bryonia dioica), a common British plant of the
Gourd family (Cucurbitaccce), climbing over hedges and adorn-
ing them with its beautiful berries in autumn, which are higlily
poisonous. The plant has a thick, long, fleshy root, often
double, or made to grow so by herb collectors in order to con-
vert them into the form of a man, these are called Mandrakes,
and are occasionally to be obtained as curiosities. It is a
dangerous purgative.
Bryony, Black {Tamus communis), a tuberous -rooted herb
of the Yam family (Dioscoreacese), native of roadsides and waste
BUCKTHORN OF ECONOMIC PLANTS. 65
places in this country. It has a hard fleshy tuberous root-
stalk 2 to 3 inches in diameter, and the greater part above
ground, from the centre of which rise annually slender twining
stems, rambling over hedges and bushes, furnished with heart-
shaped leaves. The flowers are small, inconspicuous, and dioe-
cious ; its fruit is a black berry. Its fleshy slimy roots were at
one time in repute with herb doctors for making plasters. The
fruit is used as a remedy for chilblains.
Buchu, or Bucku, a name given by the Hottentots to
Barosma crenulata, B. crenata, and B. serratifolia, slender
branched shrubs with small alternate leaves, and pretty pink or
white flowers of the Eue family (Eutacese), natives of the Cape
of Good Hope. The leaves are highly esteemed by the Hotten-
tots ; mixed with brandy called Buchu brandy, it is a favourite
medicine, taken internally for many complaints, and applied
externally for rheumatism ; they also make a powder with the
leaves, and mix it with grease to anoint their bodies, which
operation forms an important part of their toilet. The leaves
are full of pellucid oil-cells, and have a strong fragrant odour ;
they are frequently prescribed by regular practitioners in this
country, especially in diuretic affections, and for promoting
perspiration.
Buckbean (^Menyanthes trifoliata), a trailing herb of the
Gentian family (Gentianaceee) ; it is one of our most beautiful
native plants, growing abundantly in marshy places and by the
sides of streams. It possesses strong medicinal properties, the
leaves being extremely bitter. An infusion of them is a
favourite domestic remedy in rheumatism, and is employed
by regular practitioners in fevers. They have been used as a
substitute for hops ; but they give bitterness without any
accompanying aroma.
Buckthorn, represented in this country by several species of
the genus Bhamnus, typical of the Buckthorn family (Eham-
nacese). With the exception of B. Alaternus, they are rude, stift-
branched, somewhat spiny shrubs, seldom exceeding 10 feet iu
height.
66 DICTIONARY OF POPULAR NAMES BUCKTHORN
H. infectorius, native of Southern Europe and Western Asia,
is important on account of its berries, which are about the size
of peas, and black when ripe ; gathered green, they constitute
an important dye, much used by calico printers. In commerce
they are known by the name of Yellow or Persian berries ;
the princi]3al importations come from ports in the Black Sea,
chiefly from Trebizonde.
E. cathartictis, the Purging Buckthorn, is indigenous to
Britain. It is a stiff-branched shrub, 5 to 10 feet high. It has
deciduous, yellowish green, egg-shaped leaves, toothed along the
edges, and dense clusters of yellowish green flowers, which pro-
duce a crop of little shining black berries about the size of peas ;
they were formerly used in medicine as a purgative, and are
still prescribed by herb doctors ; Syrup of Buckthorn is, however,
a medicine in the British Pharmacopoeia. The pigment called
Sap-green, or Bladder-green, is prepared by mixing the fresh
juice of the ripe berries with alum, and evaporating to dryness ;
it is in common use by water-colour painters ; the juice of the
unripe berries is yeUow, and used by map-makers. The bark
yields a beautiful yellow dye, and, like the berries, is strongly
purgative, and excites vomiting.
B. Frangula, called the Alder Buckthorn, a stiff' branching
shrub 6 to 8 feet high, or sometimes with a single stem, assum-
ing the character of a small tree, native of this country, and,
with the last, growing in woods and uncultivated grounds. The
bark of the branches and roots contain a yellow dye. Its
greatest importance is that it makes the best charcoal, used for
the manufacture of the finest gunpowder, and is known to the
gunpowder makers as Dogwood.
B. Alaternus, an evergreen shrub, with smooth shining leaves,
sometimes forming a small tree, attaining the height of 10 to 12
feet, native of Southern Europe and I^orthern Africa. It has
been introduced and cultivated in tliis country as an ornamental
shrub since the beginning of the seventeenth century.
B. utilis and B. chloropliorus are sln-ubs or small trees, natives
of China ; they yield the fine green dye for silk, called " Lo-kao,"
BUGWORT OF ECONOMIC PLANTS. 67
which is extensively imported into this country and France in
the form of cakes, called Chinese Green Indigo; it imparts
beautiful shades of green to silk. These two species have,
within the last twenty years, been introduced to this country,
but are not sufficiently hardy to stand our severe winters with-
out protection; they, however, might do so in the southern
counties, and the south of Ireland.
Buckthorn, Sea {Hiipi^oiplim rhamnoides), a bushy, spiny
branched shrub, 2 to 4 feet high, of the Oleaster family
(Elseagnacese), with linear, alternate leaves, green above and
silvery underneath. The fruit forms a succulent berry; it is
acrid and poisonous. I^ative of the sea-shores of this country.
Buckwheat, or Brank {Fagopyrum escidentum), an annual
plant of the Ehubarb family (Polygonacese), supposed to be a
native of Central Asia, where it is extensively cultivated, but it
has now become widely spread in most countries. It is largely
cultivated in France, Holland, and the United States for its
seeds, which are ground into meal and made into thin cakes.
In this country its seeds are chiefly used for feeding pheasants.
The husks are largely used for packing what are termed Dutch
bulbs.
Buffalo Berry {Shepherdia argent ea), a low bush of the
Oleaster family (Elseagnaceae), with pretty silvery lance-shaped
leaves. It is found abundantly in the United States and many
parts of N'orth America. The berries are about the size of
currants, and form a considerable portion of food to the Utah
Indians.
Buffalo Grass {Tripsacum dadyloides), a strong - growing
grass, native of North America, from Canada to Texas, supplying
a large proportion of the food of wild buffaloes. About fifty years
ago it came into special notice in this country under the name of
Gama Grass ; highly extolled for fattening cattle and making the
flesh rich. It was introduced to Kew by Tradescant in 1640 ; it
is scarcely hardy, being much injured in severe winters, there-
fore it was not patronised as a fodder grass.
Bugwort (Cimicifuga fcetida), a perennial of the Buttercup
68 DICTIONARY OF POPULAR NAMES BUKKUM
family (Eanunciilace^e), native of Eastern Europe and Siberia.
It is called Stinking Bugwort, and is used for destroying insects,
particularly the pests from which it takes its name.
Bukkum-wood. (See Sappan-wood.)
Bull Kelp, a seaweed common on the south coast of
Australia, used as a food by the aboriginal natives. The party
sent to King's Island to bury the dead of the ill-fated ship
Catarique, fell short of provisions, and lived upon this weed for
several days. It has been described as exceedingly nutritious
and fattening.
BuUace {Prunus insititia), a spiny shrub of the Plum
family (Drupacese), native of this country, growing in hedges and
waste places. The fruit is larger than that of the sloe, and is
palatable ; there is a variety with white berries, sold as white
damsons.
Bullock's Heart {Anona reticulata). (See Custard Apple.)
Bully Tree (Bumelia nig7^a), a large tree of the Star Apple
family (Sapotaceee), native of Jamaica, and indigenous to Bar-
badoes. Its fruit is clammy, but of a sweet agreeable flavour.
It is also called Bully Berry. The name Bully Tree is some-
times applied to Sapota sideroxylon and Myrsine Imta.
Bulrush, Common (Scirpus lacustris), a marsh plant of the
Sedge family (Cyperacese), it has cylindrical stems like the
common rush, but stouter and taller, often attaining the height
of from 4 to 6 feet. It grows abundantly in ditches and on
banks of rivers in this and other countries of Europe and in
Western Asia. It is extensively used for making mats and
ropes, but more especially for chair-bottoms and hassocks. In
this country in early times it was called Pool-rush. In Cali-
fornia it is called Teele, and used for paper-making. Typha
latifolia is by some called Bulrush. (See Mace-reed.)
Bulrush of the Nile. (See Papyrus.)
Bunkuss, a name in India for Spocliopogoyi angustifolms, a
grass of the Andropogon section of the Grass family (Gra-
minaceie). It is used in North- West India for making ropes,
also shoes, mats, and other domestic utensils.
BUSSU OF ECONOMIC PLANTS. 69
Bunt. {See Smut.)
Bunya Bunya. {See Araucaria.)
Burdock {Arctium Lap]3a), a large rough-leaved perennial
of tlie Composite family (Compositse), common in this country,
growing on roadsides and waste places ; it is a troublesome
weed in cultivated grounds. It has no special properties, but is
interesting for its sj)iny flower-heads, the burs adhering to
clothes, and affording a source to schoolboys and others of
playing practical jokes.
Burgundy Pitch. {See Spruce Fir.)
Burnet {Poterium [Sctnguisorla\ offieincde), a perennial herb
with winged leaves, belonging to the Burnet family (Sanguisor-
bacese), producing branching flower-stems 3 feet high, and bearing
oblong heads of reddish flowers. A small-sized variety is called
the Lesser Burnet ; they are natives of this country, and are grown
in gardens for their leaves, wliich are used in soups, salads, and
for cooling drinks.
Burweed {Xantliium spinosum), a rude-growing rough-leaved
annual of the Composite family (Compositse), native of Southern
Europe ; it has been introduced into the Cape of Good Hope,
and has become a serious evil to the sheep farmers by its
prickles becoming fixed in the wool of the sheep. An Act has
been passed by the Cape Parliament for its extirpation. In the
United States Xantliium strumarium is in its young state often
eaten by cattle ; its effect is to paralyse the heart, inducing
torpor without pain or struggle.
Bush Apple, a name in Australia for the fruit of Acliras
australis, a small tree of the Star Apple family (Sapotacese),
native of extra-tropical Australia.
Bussu. — This is a name given by the Indians to Manicaria
saccifera, a palm, native of the swamps of the Orinoco, also
found in Trinidad. It is one of the few palms with entire
leaves. The stem is stout and generally crooked, attaining the
height of 15 or more feet, the leaves which rise from its
summit being 20 to 30 feet in length and 4 to 5 in width; when
old the tops become split and ragged, but are stiff and stand
70 DICTIOXARY OF POPULAR NAMES BUTCHER
erect. The flowers are produced on a simple spadix 3 or 4 feet
long, enclosed in a tougli, brown spathe of an interwoven fibrous
character, of which bags, caps, and such-like articles are made.
The fruit is normally three- sided, covered with blunt tubercles ;
it is of no special use. The leaves of this palm are the most
important product, being used by the Indians for covering their
huts, etc.
Butchers' Broom {Ruscus aculeaHs), a caespitose, stiff, erect
spiny-leaved shrub of the Asparagus section of the Lily family
(Liliaceae), native of the southern parts of England and of
Europe generally, on the sea-coasts. Its flowers are small,
borne in a tuft on the under side of the stiff, spiny leaves. The
fruit is red, about the size of a small cherry; it possesses but
little economic value, except that the young shoots are tender
and eaten like asparagus. Other species of Euscus common in
gardens are R. Tiypophylhim and R. hyjooglossitm, low, bushy
evergreen shrubs, natives of Europe. B. racemosus, a native of
Portugal, differs from the preceding, as it produces its flowers in
distinct racemes and not on the leaves; it is known by the
name of Alexandria Laurel. R. androgynus is a strong climbing
species, native of Portugal. Tliis, again, differs from the other
species in producing its flowers on the margin of the leaves.
Buttercup. — Under this name the flowers of two or three
species of Eanunculus are known, namely — R. acris, R. bulbosus,
and R. repens. They are common English plants of the Butter-
cup family (Eanunculacese), enlivening woods and meadows in
the month of May with brilliant yellow flowers, called also
King Cups and Gold Cups, and supposed to be the " Cuckoo
buds of yellow hue" of Shakespeare. They are acrid and blister-
ing, often inflaming the mouth of cattle, as does also the annual
corn weed, R. armnsis.
Butter Nut. {See Souari Nut.)
Butter Trees, a name given to several trees whose fruits or
bark yield a solid oily or fatty substance, of which the following
are the principal : — 1. Bassia lutyracca, a middle-sized tree
of the Star Apple family (Sapotacese), native of Nepal and other
BUTTER OF ECONOMIC PLANTS. 71
«
parts of India. By pressure the seeds yield a semi-solid oil,
which thickens and becomes like lard ; it is used for culinary
purposes, also for making soap, and by the natives of rank for
anointing the body. It is sometimes called Chooree, and
forms a considerable article of trade. The flowers abound in
honey, scarcely differing in the raw^ state from hive honey,
except that it is more limpid. It is manufactured into sugar, in
every respect equal to that of the sugar-cane. 2. Bassia
latifolia, a tree 40 to 50 feet high and 6 to 7 feet in girth, native
of Bengal and other parts of India. Like the preceding, the seeds
yield a fatty substance used as butter. The flowers become
fleshy, and from them an ardent spirit is distilled. The flowers
are eaten raw by the natives in the district of Circars, and are
also dried and preserved, forming a considerable article of food.
They have further been recently imported into this country for
feeding pigs and poultry. A recent writer speaks of it thus :
"Any one standing on the dry metamorphic Kharapoor
Hills, in the district of Monghyr, 250 miles north-west of
Calcutta, and looking on to the plains below, may see 100,000
' Mahwa trees.' Any one fresh from Calcutta would mistake
these for Mango trees, whose crops are uncertain ; the Mahwa
crop never fails. The part eaten is the succulent corollas
which fall in great profusion from the trees in March and
April. Then is the feasting time for the humbler members of
creation — birds, squirrels, and tree shrews feast among the
branches by day, whilst the poor villagers collect the corollas
which fall to the ground on all sides ; nor does the feasting end
with day, at sunset peacocks and jungle fowl steal out from the
surrounding jungle to share the mahwa with deer and bears."
During the season of scarcity which prevailed at Behar
during 1873-74, the mahwa crop, which was unusually abundant,
kept thousands of poor people from starving. 3. Shea Butter
(Buiyrospermum Barkii), a tree, native of Western tropical Africa.
It attains the height of from 60 to 90 feet, and a circumference
of from 6 to 9 feet. The leaves are large and bright green, the
fruit is about the size of a peach, but more oblong, consisting of
72 DICTIONARY OF POPULAR NAMES BUTTERWORT
sweet pulp and a bony seed with a kernel, which, after being
separated from the shell, is pounded and boiled, when a fatty
substance swims on the top of the water, which is strained off,
and when cold resembles butter. It was first brought into
notice by Mungo Park, who found the trees abundant in the
kingdom of Bambarra. It is an extensive article of trade with
the natives, and forms an important food product. It has the
consistence of tallow, is quite white, and has a fatty, often rancid
taste. It has recently become an article of trade with this coun-
try for soap-making. 4. Pentaclesma hutyracea, a tree of the Gam-
boge family (Guttiferae), native of Sierra Leone and other parts
of Western tropical Africa. It attains the height of 30 or 40
feet, and bears an ovoid fruit of a dark brown colour, containing a
yellow, greasy juice, which is used by the natives mixed with
their food, but its strong turpentine flavour is not palatable
to Europeans. It is sold as butter in the markets of Free-
town, but it must not be confounded with Shea butter. 5.
Chiiinite, the Kaffir name of a substance obtained from Com-
hretum hutyraceum, a climbing shrub or tree of the Myi^obalan
family (Combretacese), native of South-Eastern Africa. This
substance is white, hard, and somewhat aromatic, and is taken
to Mozambique as an article of commerce. It is not kno^vn
whether it is obtained from the kernel of the fruit or from the
bark, but probably the latter, and it is of a similar nature to the
substance called Vegetable Glue produced by C. guayea (which
see).
Butterwort {Pinguicula mdgaris), a small perennial plant
with oblong lanceolate leaves in the form of a rosette close
to the ground, from which rises a slender stem bearing a
single flower. It belongs to the family of Bladderworts (Len-
tibulariacese), and is a native of this country, growing in
boggy ground, and is also abundant in Scotland. Its leaves
are greasy to the touch, and have the property of coagulating
milk. On account of flies and other insects adherinsr to the
leaves it has recently been ranked with the sundews as a
carnivorous plant.
CABBAGE OF ECONOMIC PLANTS. 73
Button Tree, a name in the West Indies for Conocarpus
erecta, a tree of the Myrobalan family (Combretacese). It has
small flowers compacted in round heads, which are compared to
butto^is. It was introduced to this country in 1752, and grown
in the hothouses at Kew, but is of no special use.
Button - wood, a name in North America for Cephalan-
tJuis occidentalis, a shrub of the Cinchona family (Rubiacese).
It has simple opposite or whorled leaves and small yellowish-
white flowers, produced in round heads compared to buttons,
and, like the preceding, is of no special use. It was introduced
in 1735; and is hardy, but is not much patronised, except in
botanic gardens. Button-wood is also a name for the wood of
Platanus occidentalis, a North American tree of the Plane family
(Platanaceae).
Cabbage, the common name of Brassica olcracea, a biennial
of the Cruciferous family (Cruciferse), a native of the sea-shores
of this country. In 1706 Dr. Peachy, in his Herbal, says it
grows everywhere on the coast of England ; our people in such
places eat it, preferring it to garden cabbage. It is considered
by successive cultivation to be the parent of all the forms of the
cabbage group now in general use for culinary purposes, of
which the following are the principal : — 1. The common white
cabbage ; 2. Eed cabbage ; 3. Savoys — these, when perfect, con-
sist of solid masses formed by the leaves compactly enveloping
one another ; 4. Coleworts, a name applied to the different
varieties of white cabbage before becoming solid ; 5. Borecole or
Scotch Kale, has tall stems and loose leaves, often variously
coloured ; 6. Curly greens, with tall stems and large heads of
finely-cut spreading leaves ; 7. Cauliflower — the heads of cauli-
flower (so-called) consist of the metamorphosed condition of the
flower ; 8. Broccoli, the head formed in the same way as cauli-
flower ; 9. Cow or Jersey cabbage, a tall, slender- stemmed
.variety of the common cabbage, growing in Jersey, sometimes
attaining the height of 10 to 12 feet, terminated by a head of
compacted leaves. When dry, the stem is very light and firm, and
walking-sticks are made of it. As already stated, the whole of
74 DICTIONARY OF POPULAR NAMES CABBAGE
the above are considered to have sprung from the wild cabbage ;
but there is no record of when or how they came to assume their
respective forms. Some of the varieties are supposed to have
been introduced to this country by the Eomans. The cauli-
flower and broccoli are recorded to have been cultivated in France
and Italy in the middle of the sixteenth century.
Cabbage Bark Tree, a name in the West Indies for Andira
inermis, a tree of the Bean family (Leguminosae). Its bark
has a very disagreeable smell, and is used as a worm powder,
but requires caution in its use, as it is highly narcotic.
Cabbage, Kerguelen's Land {Pringlea antiscorhittica), is one
of the most remarkable plants of the Cruciferous family. It is
a native of the uninhabited and inhospitable island called Ker-
guelen's Land, situated in the Southern Ocean 48° S., where it is
a most conspicuous plant, and where only it is found. It closely
resembles the common cabbage, being nearly as large, having a
firm head and white heart. It is found in great abundance, and
is highly valuable as a vegetable to the crews of ships touching
there. It is chiefly distinguished from cabbage by the nature
of its seed-vessels and seeds.
Cabbage Palm {Areca oleracea), a Common palm of the
West Indies. It has a slender stem, and grows to a great
heigjht. This and others of the same nature are called Cabbaoje
Palms on account of their young unexpanded leaves being used
as a vegetable. To obtain this insignificant morsel these noble
trees, some a hundred years old, and 100 feet liigh, have to be
cut down.
Ptyclios]perma (Seaforthia) elcgans is the cabbage palm of
New South Wales ; it, with the elegant Fan Palm (Limstona
australis), Tree Ferns, Cedar {Cedrela), Gigantic IN'ettle, and
other remarkable trees of tropical aspect, formed the primeval
forests of the Illawarra district of ISTew South Wales ; and
although a hundred years have not passed since first seen by
civilised man, they are now fast disappearing ; remnants only
remaining in places where the plough has not reached.
Cacao. {Sec Chocolate Xut.)
CACTUS OF ECONOMIC PLANTS. 75
Cactus, a name originally given by Theoplirastus (b.c. 288)
to a spiny plant ; but what that plant was modern investigation
has failed to ascertain. Linnseus adapted it for the name of a
genus of spiny plants, which in modern botany rex^resents the
Cactus family (Cactaceae), of which there are many species. The
whole, with one or two exceptions, are natives of the West
Indian Islands and the American continent, where they are
found in greater or less abundance in the different regions, from
the Eocky Mountains and Oregon in the North, and Chili and
Paraguay in the South. They grow on rocks and in hot dry
sterile places; some love moisture, growing on trees. They vary
greatly in size and form. On account of the substance of which
they are formed consisting of soft fleshy matter, they are called
succulent plants. Their leafless and unplant-like forms led
them to become early objects of curiosity in this country. C.
Opuntia is recorded as having been cultivated in his garden by
John Gerard at Holborn before 1596. In Alton's Hortus Keivensis,
published 1789, twenty-two species are recorded, and in the
second edition, 1813, this number was only increased by two.
They not only formed objects of curiosity in botanic gardens,
but also in the hothouses of many private gardens. About
1830, species chiefly of the section Echinocactus began to be
introduced from Mexico, which were patronised by a few rich
amateurs, not only in this country, but also on the Continent,
who vied with each other in the possession of new importations,
and prices as high as £10, £20, or even £30, were given for single
plants. This mania lasted only the lifetime of the original ama-
teurs, and private collections of Cactcce in this country are now for
the most part a thing of the past. About 800 species of Cactece are
described in books, of which upwards of 700 names are recorded
in nurserymen's catalogues. This number is consequent on
different names being given to the same species by different
authors, and the various forms of the same being also described
as distinct species. During the above period the Kew collection
was greatly increased by purchases, as also by exchanges ; but,
after much trouble and expense, the collection in its best days
76 DICTIONARY OF POPULAR NAMES CADEN
consisted of only 250 forms sufficiently distinct to be considered
as species. Their various forms, with their slight differences in
the character of their flowers, led modern botanists to classify
the allied species into groups considered by some equivalent to
genera, of which the following are the principal : — 1. Ccreus —
This has become a familiar name, by including the well-known
creeping and night-flowering Cereus, as also the erect species
called Torch Thistles. 2. Opuntia — Under this are included the
prickly Pear and Indian Fig. 3. Eioipliyllum — This differs from
the preceding in having broad flat leaf-like branches jointed
upon one another, flowers showy, crimson or scarlet, or creamy
white, of which there are varieties. They form conspicuous
objects at Horticultural Shows. By some botanists several
species of this group are separated under the name of Pliyllo-
cactus. 4. Melocactus — Melonthistles. 5. Ecliinocadus — Hedge-
hog Thistle. 6. Mamiliaria — Mammal or Nipple Thistles. 7.
i^^^psaZ^s— Mistletoe Cactse, so called from growing on trees,
and the berries of some of the species being white like mistletoe
berries. They have slender cord - like, or jointed stems and
branches, or they are broad and leaf-like. 8. Pereshia — Bar-
badoes Gooseberry (which see). The particulars of the useful
species in the preceding group will be found under their respec-
tive common names.
Caden, an Indian name for the palm Plicenix sylvestris.
Cadju, a name in some parts of South America for the
gum obtained from A?iaeardmm occidentale. (See Cashew
Nut.)
CafFre and Hottentot Bread is obtained by burying ihe
stems in the ground, of several species of Zamia, a genus of the
Cycas family (Cycadaceae), natives of South Africa. After lying
in the ground for a few months, the mucilaginous centre, which
is like sago, is taken out, dried, and made into cakes, like bread.
The name Caffre Bread is also applied to the plant of Encepha-
lartos Caffer. (See Zamia.)
Caflfre Butter. (See Glue Vegetable.)
Caimito, in Peru the name of the fruit of Lucuma caimito,
CALABAR OF ECONOMIC PLANTS. 77
a large tree of the Star Apple family (Sapotacese). The fruit is
about 3 inches long, similar to the Sappodilla Plum, but the
pulp is softer, and superior in point of flavour.
Cajeput Oil {Melaleuca minor), a moderate-sized tree of the
Myrtle family (Myrtaceae), native of the islands of the Indian
Archipelago, and Eastern and ISTorthern Australia. It is called
the White Tree on account of the colour of its bark, which is
white and in layers, like thin paper. It is used by the natives
for many domestic purposes. The leaves of the tree, which are
smooth and myrtle-like, by fermentation and distillation yield a
green oil known as Cajeput. It is highly valued in medicine
as a carminative, stimulant, sudorific, and antispasmodic ; also
externally in chronic rheumatism, and is much used as a cure for
cholera. A species of Melaleuca, with white papery bark
(probably M. minor), is described by Drummond as growing
in West Australia.
Calaba Tree, a name in the West Indies for Calojphyllum
Calaba, a tree of the Gamboge family (Guttiferse), native of the
West Indies and Brazil, a stout tree attaining a height of from 50
to 60 feet, with opposite, long, elliptical leaves, generally notched
at the apex, and bearing short racemes of sweet-scented flowers.
The fruit is drupe-like, containing a single seed, which yields an
oil fit for lamps. In Brazil the wood is called Santa Maria
Wood. Some years ago it w^as imported for shipbuilding, but
has since been discarded.
Calabar Bean {Physostigma venenosum), a trifoliate leaved
climber of the Bean family (Leguminosse), having a woody
stem 2 inches in diameter, attaining a great length. The pods
are about 6 or 7 inches long, and contain several seeds of a
kidney shape, about an inch in length, of a dark chocolate brown
colour, approaching black. They are highly poisonous. The
plant is a native of Old Calabar, and is there used by the natives
as an ordeal, and is generally known as the Ordeal Bean of Old
Calabar. In 1864 a quantity of these beans was imported into
Liverpool, and not finding a market, they were thrown away on
a rubbish heap. Some of them were afterwards found by some
78 DICTIONARY OF POPULAR NAMES CALABASH
children, and were eaten by them, fatal results ensuing in some
instances. Calabar Bean is chiefly used in ophthalmic cases, as it
causes contraction of the pupil of the eye in certain diseases.
It is also occasionally used internally in cases of tetanus, epi-
lepsy, and other affections of the nerves.
Calabash [Grescentia cujete)^ a well-known tree of the section
Crescentiese, of the family Bignoniacese, wild, and cultivated
throughout the West Indies and tropical America. It is a rude
branching tree, attaining a height of 20 to 30 feet, with simple
leaves, or often three together on a broad leaf-stalk. This and
C. ciLCur'bitina are most important for the purposes to which the
shells of their fruit are applied; the first has a globose fruit,
varying in size from a few to 18 inches in diameter ; that of the
latter being more oval and oblong, and also of various sizes.
When perfect the shells become hard, and are used for various
domestic utensils — such as cups, water-bottles, spoons, and the
like. The pulp, in which the seed lies, is used by negroes as a
medicine.
Calabur Tree, a name in tropical America for Muntingia
Calabura, a member of the Lime Tree family (Tiliacese). In St.
Domingo the wood is used for staves, and cords are made from
the bast.
Calahula, a general name in many parts of South America
for certain ferns, which are considered to be efficacious in
syphilis. The principal being FJilehodium aureum, Campyloneu-
ron phyllitides, and Polystichum coriaceum.
Calamander-wood {Diospyros qumsita), a large tree of the
Ebony family (Ebenacea3), native of Ceylon, having beautiful
hard wood, much prized for making boxes and other ornamental
articles.
Calambac-wood (Aloexylon Agalloclmm), a tree of the Bean
family (Leguminosae), said to attain the height of 60 feet, native
of Cochin China. The wood is highly odoriferous, and is much
esteemed in perfumery. It is one of the trees called Eagle- wood
(which see).
Calamus, Sweet {AndroiJogon calamus aromaticus), a peren-
CALUMBA OF ECONOMIC PLANTS. 79
nial tufted grass, native of India. It yields an aromatic oil
used in perfumery.
Calceolaria, a now familiar botanical name for a genus
of plants of the Figwort family (Scroplmlariacese), containing
many species, annuals, perennials, or herbaceous plants not
exceeding 1 to 2 feet in height; the greater number have yellow
flowers, a few purple. They are great favourites as greenhouse
plants, as well as for summer flower-beds, and many fine hybrid
varieties have been raised. They are aU natives of South
America, and are of modern introduction. Fifty years ago the
only species known were G. pinnata and C. Fothergillii. The
latter, a native of the Falkland Islands, is among the prettiest
of wild flowers on that inhospitable group. The name Calceo-
laria, which is derived from calceus, a little slipper, is given on
account of the lower lip of the flowers being in the form of a
shoe or pouch.
Callopisma, a genus of herbs of the Gentian family (Gentia-
naceae), of which two species are mentioned by Dr. Gardner as
making the fields gay about Goyaz, a province of Brazil. It is
highly bitter, and is used by the natives as a tonic, and in fevers.
It is collected when in full flower, and bundles of it are to be
seen hanging up to dry against almost every house.
Caltrops (Tribulus terrestris), a low trailing annual plant
with conjugate leaves, and capsular spiny fruit of the Bean
Caper family (Zygophyllacese), native of Southern Europe and
Syria. When perfect, the spines of the fruit are hard and stiff,
and are a great annoyance to the incautious traveller, hence the
English name Caltrops ; and it is supposed by some to be the
thistles of St. Matthew, who says — " Do men gather grapes of
thorns or figs of thistles V
Caltrops, Water. {Sec Chestnut, Water.)
Calumba, American {Frazera Walteri), a biennial herb of
the Gentian family (Gentianaceae), native of North America.
Its root is an excellent bitter, equal to that of Gentian ; but if
taken in excess it is emetic and cathartic. It has been imported
to this country under the name of American Calumba Eoot.
80 DICTIONARY OF POPULAR NAMES CALUIMBA
Calumba, False {Cosciniiim fenestratum), a climbing shrub of
the Moon-seed family (Menispermacese), a native of Ceylon; the
stem varies from 1 to 4 inches in diameter, is very porous, and
of a yellowish colour. Some years ago a large quantity was
imported into London, cut in slices, and sold as Calumba root;
but its hard and woody texture makes it readily distinguishable
from the true Calumba root. A yellow dye is extracted from it.
Calumba Root {Jatcorliiza Calumha), a climbing shrub of
the Moon-seed family (Menispermacese), native of the East Coast
of Africa. In Mozambique its roots form a considerable article
of trade. They may be compared to parsnips, but are very
much larger, more cylindrical, and grow in clusters, slanting to
the ground. They are cut in slices, dried and strung, and are of
a yellowish colour. In this state they form the Calumba root
of commerce, much prized for its medicinal qualities. It was
first known in this country by specimens having been received
from Colombo in Ceylon (hence its name), but which had been
originally received there from Mozambique.
Camel Thorn {Alhagi camelorum), a shrub of the Bean
family (Leguminosse). {See Manna.)
Camel Tree {Acacia giraffcc), a thorny tree of the Bean
family (Leguminosce), native of South Africa ; its spreading
branches are always a uniform distance from the ground, con-
sequent upon all within reach being eaten by the giraffes.
Camellia {Camellia japonica). — This well-known shrub
belongs to the Tea family (Ternstroemiaceae), and is a native of
China and Japan, introduced before 1740 by Lord James Petre,
a celebrated introducer of new plants. The first introduced was
the single red, which was soon followed by the double red, double
white, anemone flowered or Warratah, double striped and others.
During the first half of the present century many fine new
varieties have been raised, and camellias became amongst the
most important trade plants, both in this country and on the
Continent.
C. Sasanqua is a small -leaved species attaining a height
of 12 to 15 feet, with small single white flowers. It is often
CAMPHOR OF ECONOMIC PLANTS. 81
planted as a shelter for tea plants, and its leaves are frequently
mixed with tea. The flowers are sweet-scented, and the Chinese
have an idea that they scent the tea leaves. The seeds of
Camellia contain an oil which is much used for domestic purposes
in China.
Camomile or Chamomile (Anthemis nolilis), a perennial
much-branched herb with daisy-like flowers ; it belongs to the
Composite family (Composites). It is a native of Britain, and
is extensively cultivated for its flower-heads. It is extremely
bitter, and is highly prized as a tonic. Chamomile tea being
well known to restore the appetite. The flowers are also used
in fomentations.
Camphire. — The sweet-smelling Camphire of Solomon is
asserted to be Lawsonia alha, a shrub of the family Lythracese,
native of Western Asia, Egypt, and the African coasts of the
Mediterranean ; it has also become indigenous in India. It was
in ancient repute as a cosmetic under the Arabic name of Henna.
The leaves are powdered and made into a paste, and used in
Egjrpt for colouring the finger nails and the hair and beard,
imparting a yellow colour, which is considered to add to the
beauty. The manes of horses have even been coloured with it.
This practice has descended from very remote ages, as proved by
the fact of Henna having been found in Egyptian mummies. In
Jamaica it has become naturalised and is called Jamaica Mignon-
ette. It is cultivated in Egypt, and bunches of its flowers are
sold in the streets of Cairo, their scent being like that of roses.
In its wild state it is sometimes spiny, and is known under the
names of L. s'pinosa and L. alia, but they are now considered to
be forms of only one species.
Camphor, Common, of China, is the produce of Cinnamo-
mum Camijhora, a tall tree of the Laurel family (Lauracese),
with ovate, acuminate, smooth, ribbed, evergreen leaves, a native
of China and Japan. The roots, stem, and leaves of the tree
have an aromatic odour, and contain the substance called
Camphor, which is obtained in two ways ; first, by cutting up the
whole of the tree into small pieces and boiling them in a trough
G
82 DICTIONARY OF POPULAR NAMES CAMPHOR
over which are placed inverted bowls, the steam rising into these
bowls carries with it the camphor, which is deposited and forms
into masses or crystals. The other process is by placing chips
of the wood and branches in covered iron vessels, in the covers
of which are placed cut up straw and rushes. Heat is then
applied, the camphor volatilises and condenses on the straws ;
it is scraped off and purified, forming the crude camphor of
commerce.
Camphor, Sumatra and Bornean, the produce of Dryo-
halanops aromatica, a tree of the Dipterocarpacese family,
found chiefly in Sumatra and Borneo. It is a noble
tree, often growing to a height of 90 feet before branch-
ing. The bark separates from the stem in large flakes.
The foliage is very dense, forming a fine head. To obtain the
camphor the tree is felled and cut into blocks, which are split
longitudinally, when the camphor is found in a concrete state in
the fissures of the wood, it is white and transparent. The
quantity yielded depends upon the age of the tree ; middle-aged
trees yield from 10 to 12 lbs. A more or less quantity
of essential oil is also found in the cavities of the wood,
which on being crystallised, yields some resin, and a smaU
quantity of camphor. This camphor and oil are highly
valued in China and Japan, as also in Borneo and Sumatra,
and are used chiefly for medical purposes in various ways,
and for various complaints, and also for embalming the bodies
of the rajahs.
Another kind of camphor is obtained from. Blu77iea halsctm-
ifera, a herb of the Aster section of Compositae, a native of
China, India, and other countries of Eastern Asia. It is stated
that £3000 worth of this camphor is annually used in the
manufacture of Indian ink, to which it imparts its peculiar
scent. In China this kind of camphor is called " Ngai," and
is also said to be derived from a species of Artemisia.
Camwood, or Barwood {Baphia nitida), a tree of the Bean
family (Leguminos?e), native of Western tropical Africa, attain-
ing a height of 40 or more feet Its wood is red, and is largely
CANDLE OF ECONOMIC PLANTS. 83
imported into this country for the purpose of dyeing woven
fabrics, especially English Bandana handkerchiefs.
Canada Balsam. {See Balm of Gilead Fir.)
Canadian Rice {Zizania aqimtica), a floating grass growing
in lakes in Canada and some parts of the United States. Canoes
are employed in collecting the gi'ain, which forms a staple
article of food for the Indian tribes, and also for the white man,
and is considered more nutritious than ordinary rice {Oryza
sativa). The stems are used for making paper. Some years ago
its cultivation was attempted in the fens of Lincolnshire, with
the intention of popularising it as a food for the poor, but it
failed.
Canary Flower {Tro^ceolum peregrinum), an annual of the
Indian Cress family (Tropseolaceae). It is a native of New
Grenada, and is a favourite arbour plant in this country, pro-
ducing numerous very showy yellow flowers.
Canary Seed {Phalaris canariensis), an upright annual
grass 2 to 2 J feet high, a native of this country, but rare. It
is cultivated chiefly in East Kent for the sake of its seeds,
which are used for feeding cage-birds. It is also largely im-
ported from Barbary, Turkey, and Holland.
Canary Wood, the name of the wood of Fersea indica
and P. canariensis, fine evergreen trees of the Laurel family
(Lauracete), natives of the Canary Islands and Madeira.
Candle Nut (Aleurites triloba), a tree of the Spurgewort
family (Euphorbiacese), about 30 feet high, with simple lobed
leaves, native of most warm countries throughout India, Malay,
Japan, and the whole of the islands of the Pacific Ocean, where
it is cultivated for the sake of its fruit, which is about 2 inches
in diameter, and contains a hard nut, which has the fiavour of a
walnut, and yields a large quantity of oil, which is extensively
used in many of the Polynesian islands. In the Hawaiian
group the entire kernels are strung on a stick, and lighted as a
candle ; this is also done in India, where the oil is much used.
It is imported into this country for candle-making, and is said
to be equal to sesame or rape oils.
84 DICTIONARY OF POPULAR NAMES CANDLE
Candle Tree {Parmentiera cereifera), a tree of the Calabash
family (Bignoniaceas), attaining the height of 20 feet, native of
the forests of Panama. It has trifoliate leaves, and fruit from
3 to 4 feet in length and about 1 inch in diameter, of a
yellowish colour, hanging from the tree so as to present the
appearance of wax candles, and in such abundance as to give
the idea of a chandler's shop, whence it has received the name
of Candle Tree. They are much used as food for cattle, which
fatten on them, but their continued use imparts an apple-like
taste to the flesh.
Oandleberry Myrtle, a common name for the species of
Myrica, the type of the family Myricaceae. Their berry -like
fruit is covered with a waxy secretion, which is obtained by
placing the berries in boiling water; the wax then floats on
the surface, and is skimmed off; it hardens, and candles are
made of it in the countries in wdiich the species are found.
1. M. cerifera is a North American species, and is also recorded
to be a native of New Grenada, where it is much valued. 2. M.
carolinensis, a native of Carolina; of this species it is stated
that 4 lbs. of berries will yield 1 lb. of wax. 3. M. Faya is a
strong-growing shrub or small tree, native of the Azores. 4. M.
cordifolia and other species, natives of the Cape of Good Hope.
5. M. Gale, native of this country.
Canella Bark {Canella alba), a tree of the family Canellaceae,
native of the West Indies and South Florida. Its bark is aro-
matic, and is used as a tonic. It is also called Wliite-wood and
Wild Cinnamon.
Canes are represented by the genus Calamus, of which there
are a considerable number of species, such as Calamus rotang,
C. Tudentum, C. verus, and others. These are wing-leaved palms,
with slender reed-like stems, growing to a great length, from 150
to 200 feet, and even 400 feet, spreading over trees, and scram-
bling in every direction. The stems and foot-stalks of the leaves
of most of the species are furnished with stiff-hooked prickles,
which support their slender stems in their scrambling growth
They are applied to many purposes, such as making baskets
CAOUTCHOUC OF ECONOMIC PLANTS. 85
hats, mats, etc., and also for ropes and suspension bridges. They
are largely imported into this country, under the name of
Eattans, for making chair bottoms and other wicker - work
purposes.
Other species of the same genus grow erect, and may pro-
perly be called Canes, the most conspicuous being C. scipiomcm,
the stems of which, when polished, are of a chestnut brown
colour, and form the fashionable Malacca canes. It does not
come from Malacca, but from Siak, on the opposite coast of
Sumatra.
Cannibal Apple (Solanum anthropopliagorum), a soft, bushy
shrub of the Mghtshade family (Solanacese), attaining the height
of 6 feet, having dark-green leaves similar to those of the love
apple. It is a native of Fiji, where its fruit figures in the
cannibal feasts of the natives.
Cannon-ball Tree [Couroufpita guianensis), a large tree of
the Monkey-pot family (Lecythidefe), native of Guiana. Its
large white flowers are produced in clusters on the stem and
branches. Its fruit resembles a ball 6 to 8 inches in diameter,
of a hard woody texture, surrounded by a circular scar near the
centre, which marks the separation of the limb of the calyx.
The seeds are numerous, embedded in pulp, which when fresh
is of an agreeable flavour, but when dried or exposed to the air
has a most abominable odour, which it retains for years.
Canvas. {See Hemp.)
Caoutchouc, better known by the name of India-rubber, is
the thickened milky juice of trees, principally of the Bread-fruit,
Mulberry, Dogbane, Swallowwort, and Spurgewort families,
the original and still greatest quantities being obtained from one
or two species of Hevea, a genus of the latter family. They are
lofty trees, natives of North Brazil, Guiana, and different parts
of Central America, Hema hrasiliensis being the best known.
It is a tree attaining the height of 50 to 100 feet, and has
smooth trifoliate leaves, similar in size and form to those of the
scarlet-runner. The flowers are inconspicuous, unisexual, and
borne in loose panicles. The fruit is a three-valved capsule, con-
86 DICTIONARY OF POPULAR NAMES CAOUTCHOUC
taming three seeds. It is found throughout the lower regions
of the Amazon, and is abundant on many islands of that great
river. During the wet season these islands are flooded, but as
soon as the water subsides they are tenanted by numerous
Indians and their families, whose occupation is the collecting
of Caoutchouc. The milky juice is obtained by making deep
vertical and slanting incisions in the bark of the trees ; flowing
from the wounds, it follows their downward course, and is
caught m vessels at the lower end of the vertical incisions.
By exposure to the air it thickens and becomes like a creamy
paste ; a coating of it is then laid on clay moulds, which are
suspended over slow flres. When the first coat is dry a second
is added, and so on, coat after coat, till the required thickness is
attained. When the drying is completed the mass is removed
from the mould, and is the raw India-rubber of commerce, its
blackness being partly owing to the smoke it absorbs while
drying, and partly to exposure to the air. In Nicaragua and
other parts it is made into flat cakes, and hung up to dry
without artificial heat.
The original use of tliis substance by the Indians was to
make water -vessels for domestic use, and for that purpose it
was dried on clay moulds in the form of bottles, in which form
it was first brought and still comes occasionally to this country.
Our earliest knowledge of this important article dates from the
discovery of America. We learn from history that the natives
of St. Domingo were seen by Columbus playing games with
elastic balls, and that the Mexicans had shoes and clothes made
of an elastic substance. The first accurate information of this
substance was from M. Condamine, a French naturalist and
traveller, in 1735. About 1750, specimens of it appear to have
been received in Paris, and in 1772 it is recorded as having been
sold in London. It is described by Dr. Priestly as an excellent
article for rubbing out pencil- lines from paper, and coming
from the " Indies," it became familiarly known as " India-rubber."
For fifty years from the above date it was scarcely used for any
other purpose. ExperimentaKsts were, however, not idle, and
CAOUTCHOUC OF ECONOMIC PLANTS. 87
before the end of the century it was employed in rendering
woven fabrics waterproof; but on account of its stiffness in
cold, and its stickiness in hot weather, it did not meet with
patronage. In 1820 it was, however, more successful, being
interwoven with cotton and other fabrics in making articles of
elastic dress, such as stockings, braces, garters, bands, and the
like. Three years later it was again used to make waterproof
clothing, which attained more success than the first_, being less
influenced by changes of temperature. In 1842, being 350
years from the time it was first seen by Columbus, the dis-
covery was made that India-rubber possessed the power of
absorbing sulphur, which rendered it unaffected by extremes of
ordinary temperature, even by that of boiling water, and that it
could be made to assume any degree of texture, from a thin
elastic membrane to the rigidity, and even to the hardness and
solidity of iron. In its sulphuretted state it received the name
of Vulcanised India-rubber. This discovery has led to many
patents being obtained for its use in the manufacture of all
kinds of useful articles, from the transparent membrane of the
toy balloon to the wheels of carriages, machinery, and railway
carriage buffers. Go where we will some application of Caout-
chouc is almost sure to meet the eye, and its uses are continually
on the increase. Eich and poor, young and old, all share in the
benefits derived from the extended use of this remarkable
material ; and it may be well said that no vegetable substance
has been more prolific for useful appliances in domestic
economy. The rubber from Hevea hrasiliensis is in commerce
known as Para Eubber.
2. Central American Eubber is the produce of Castilloa
elasfica, a lofty forest tree of the Bread-fruit family (Arto-
carpacese), the stem of some trees near the ground measur-
ing 10 to 12 feet in circumference, and having leaves IJ feet
long and 7 inches broad, sinuated towards the base, pubescent on
both sides ; the female flowers consist of numerous ovaries, seated
in a kind of perianth, formed of scales which become fleshy,
and uniting, form a drupe-like fruit. It is a native of South
88 DICTIONARY OF POPULAR NAMES CAOUTCHOUC
Mexico, Nicaragua, New Grenada, Bolivia, and other conntries
of Central America. In some of these countries the elastic
juice is obtained by tapping ; in others the trees are cut down,
and rings are made in the stems at certain distances by cutting
out a few inches of the bark ; the trunk is then raised to a certain
angle, and vessels are placed under each ring into which the milk
flows ; it soon thickens by exposure to the air, but it is hastened
by adding the juice of the Convolvulaceous plant Ipomcea hona-
nox, and instead of being put into moulds like the Para rubber,
it is made into sheets and hung up to dry, when it is called
Sheet-rubber.
3. Ceara, or Scrap - rubber of commerce, is the produce
of Manihot Glaziovii, a thick-stemmed, low tree, with thick,
short branches, and palmately-divided leaves, belonging to the
Euphorbiacete. It is a native of Ceara, a province of North
Brazil; about 1000 tons of this rubber are exported annually.
4. Borneo Eubber is the produce of a species of Willuglibeia,
formerly described as Urceola elastica, a large climber of the
Dogbane family (Apocynaceoe), native of the islands of the Malay
Archipelago ; although a climber, the main stem becomes as
thick as a man's body, and yields a large quantity of milky sap,
charged with Caoutchouc.
5. East Indian is the produce of Ficus elastica, a middle-sized
tree of the Mulberry family (Moracese), native of India, and
plentiful in Assam ; it is a much-branched tree, with large shining
elliptical leaves ; it produces a quantity of Caoutchouc, which,
however, is not so valuable as the American. In greenhouses in
this country the plant is well known by the name of India-rubber
Tree, and its leaves are greatly valued for skeletonising.
6. African. In East and West tropical Africa Caoutchouc
is produced by several species of Landolfliia, a genus of the
Dogbane family (Apocynaceae). L. Oivariensis is a large creeper,
with a stem 4 to 5 inches in diameter, which divides into
branches ; it has large snow-white, sweet-smelling flowers ; the
fruit is the size of an orange, with a hard shell, containing a
sweet, rather acidulous pulp, which is eaten by the natives.
CAOUTCHOUC OF ECONOMIC PLANTS. 89
7. Madagascar Eubber is the produce of Landoliphia gum-
mifera, a large climber of the same family as the preceding,
with opposite, smooth, elliptical, blunt leaves ; the flowers are
large, white, and produced in cymes ; the fruit is round or pear-
shaped, filled with granular pulp, with bean-like seeds ; the stems
contain a quantity of Caoutchouc of very good quality.
8. Cryptostegia grandiflora, a climber of the Swallowwort
family (Asclepiadacese), native of India. Its milky juice con-
tains Caoutchouc, but, although the plant is very common, it is
doubtful whether its collection would pay.
9. Mangava or Mangabeira, a BraziKan name for Hancornia
speciosa, a small tree of the Dogbane family (Apocynacese),
having drooping branches, with small oblong leaves. The flowers
are sweet -smelling; the fruit is a large globular fleshy berry,
with numerous seeds, and, like the whole plant, exuding a milky
juice ; it is wholesome, and considered by the Brazilians a
delicious fruit. The milk of the tree when exposed to the air
hardens, and becomes Caoutchouc. In 1880 the importation of
India-rubber from all sources amounted to 166,459 cwts.
Many other plants might be noticed producing Caoutchouc,
but as most of them are of small size, as compared to those
mentioned, the collection requires much time, and not being
remunerative, they are therefore neglected. Of late years the
great demand for India-rubber and the destruction of trees to
obtain it has led the Indian Government to endeavour to intro-
duce the American Caoutchouc trees into India, which has been
successfully accomplished during the last few years by the
exertions of Mr. Eobert Cross, who in 1875 was sent to America
for plants of Castilloa clastica. These were brought to Kew,
where they were fully established and propagated, and ulti-
mately sent to Ceylon and India, where they are thriving ; and in
1876 Mr. Cross was despatched to the Amazon for plants oiRevea
hrasiliensis, 1000 of which were also brought to Kew, together
with plants of the Ceara scrap rubber, which, with the preceding,
are now flourishing in Ceylon and India. It is therefore prob-
able that in time these trees wiU be yielding rubber in such
90 DICTIONARY OF POPULAR NAMES CAPE
quantities as to greatly lessen our dependence upon the supply
from America.
Cape Cotton Shrub, A name in New South Wales for
Gomijliocarpus fruticosus, a milky stemmed small shruh of the
Swallow^vort family (Asclepiadacese), a native of Southern Africa,
extending northward to Egypt, also found in Western Asia.
It early became naturalised in New South Wales, and about
fifty years ago a speculator expected to turn it to good account
as a new cotton plant ; its fruit is a follicle completely filled
with fine silky hairs, which do not adhere in weaving like
that of true cotton ; he, however, made white hats of it, which
were spoilt by the first rainfall. Consequently its use was
abandoned.
Cape Weed, a name given to Jloccella tinctoria. (See
Orchil.)
Caper Bush (Ccqjjmris sjnnosa), the type of the Caper family
(Capparidacea3), a stiff prickly-branched shrub 3 or 4 feet high,
with simple deciduous leaves. It is a plant of the desert
throughout Western Asia, Egypt, North Africa, and South
Europe, growing in rocky places and very common on old walls
and ruins. It is extensively cultivated in France and other
parts of Southern Europe for the sake of its flower-buds, which
are collected before expansion, and preserved in vinegar, form-
ing the well-known culinary adjunct Capers.
An allied species is Capparis soclada, a remarkable bush,
occupying large tracts of country in Central Africa, marking the
transition from the desert to the more fertile reoions of the
south, and prevailing especially about Timbuctoo. The currant-
like fruit is eaten fresh as well as dried. The root is used by the
Mohammedans as a preservative for the teeth, and when burnt
salt is obtained.
Caper, False {Euplwrhia lathyriis), a strong growing, milky
perennial plant of the Spurgewort family (Euphorbiaceae), from
2 to 3 feet high, having willow-like glaucous leaves, native of
France and Italy and grown in gardens in this country under
the name of Caper Bush. The fruit is a three-celled green-
CARAGEEN OF ECONOMIC PLANTS. 91
coloured capsule, and has been mistaken and used through
ignorance as capers ; like the rest of the Eioiohorhias, the fruit
is acrid and poisonous.
Capillaire, a syrup made in Italy from the fronds of
Adiantum Capillus-veneris, generally known as the Maiden-
hair Fern, a pretty species growing on rocks in South Europe,
and in the same situation on the east and west coasts of this
country, but rare, and also found in the Isle of Arran. Many
medical virtues are ascribed to Capillaire by Dioscorides and
ancient writers, but as a medicine it is now obsolete except as a
remedy for coughs. Capillaire is largely advertised at the pre-
sent day as a hair-producer. Its principal use at the present
time is for making a refreshing drink, which is diluted with
water before use. Most of the Capillaire sold in London is
composed chiefly of syrup flavoured with orange flowers.
Capsicum, a genus of the Nightshade family (Solanacese).
C. annmim, is supposed originally to have been a native of some
part of South America, but is now cultivated in all tropical
regions. It is an annual plant, attaining a height of about
12 or 18 inches. It is too tender for successful outdoor cid-
tivation in this country, but succeeds well and produces fine fruit
under glass. There are several varieties, their fruit varying in shape
and colour, being either long or short podded, red or yellow,
all of which are known under the name of Pod Pepper. There
are some very distinct varieties considered by some authors as
species, such as Cherry Pepper (Capsicum cerasiforme)) Bird
Pepper {C. haccatum); Bell Pepper (C. grossum) ; Spur Pepper
{G. frutescens), which are all more or less grown in different
countries, and extensively used in cookery in hot climates, being
considered beneficial in exciting the appetite. The dried fruits
when ground constitute Cayenne Pepper. In this country they
are generally used as pickles, and in sauces. The small fruits
known by the name of Chillies, are mostly produced by C.
fastigiatum. Capsicums are extensively cultivated in Hungary,
giving employment to 2500 families.
Carageen Moss (Chondrus crispus), a sea plant of the Dulse
92 DICTIONARY OF POPULAR NAMES CARAJURA
family (Ceramiacese), common on tlie rocky coasts and exten-
sively collected as an article of food. It is of a livid purple
or greenish colour, and contains a considerable quantity of
gelatine. In Ireland it has long been of economical value ; pre-
pared by frequent washing and bleached by the sun, it is adapted
to various purposes as a substitute for isinglass, especially for
the manufacture of jellies, and other culinary purposes, nearly
the whole weight being convertible by boiling into the required
substance ; it is likewise employed medicinally in consumption
in lieu of Iceland Moss [Cetraria islancUca). In Ireland it is
collected by the peasantry and is now sold by druggists ; it is
also known by the name of Irish Moss.
Carajura, a red colouring matter obtained from the leaves
of Bignonia chica. (See Chica.)
Carambola. (See Blimbing.)
Carana Palm, a name given to a South American palm
described as Mauritia Carana. (See Ita Palm.)
Carana Resin, a name applied to the gum-resin of one or
more species of Idea, as I. Carana, I. altiswia, etc. (See Cedar-
wood of Guiana.)
Carandas (Carissa Carandas), a large straggling, spiny
shrub of the Dogbane family (Apocynaceae), native of India,
with small oval elliptical leaves, and small axillary flowers.
Its fruit, which is the size of a small j)lum, is used either
pickled or made into a preserve.
Caraway (Carum Garni), a biennial of the Carrot family
(Umbelliferpe), native of Europe. It has become wild in some
parts of Britain. It is cultivated in Essex and Kent for the
sake of its seeds, which are carminative, and used in confec-
tionery as well as for flavouring spirits. An oil is obtained
which is used medicinally.
Cardamoms, the seeds of Ellettaria Cardamomum, a plant
of the Ginger family (Zingiberacese), a native of India, it has
perennial reed-like stems, producing fruit for several successive
years. The seeds are used in medicine, and considered tonic.
The patent medicine called " Solomon's Balm of Gilead " is pre-
CAROB OF ECONOMIC PLANTS. 93
pared principally from Cardamoms. Cardamoms are also
furnished by species of Amomnm.
Cardoon {Cynara Cardunculus), a strong rooted perennial
herb of the Composite family (Compositae), having long, lan-
ceolate, pinnatifid, smooth, or spiny, radical leaves, from which
rise flower-stems 3 feet high, bearing heads of flowers, formed
of imbricate scales like the artichoke, but smaller, the centre
consisting of pretty blue florets. It is a native of the countries
bordering on the Mediterranean, and has been known in this
country for 200 years ; it is largely cultivated, especially in
France, for its leaves, which are blanched, the part used being the
thick midrib, which forms an excellent vegetable when properly
cooked. Its flowers are said to curdle milk. It has become
naturalised and occupies large tracts in the Argentine Eepublic,
a pest to cultivation.
Caricature Plant {G-raiotophyllum liortense), a shrub of the
Acanthus family (Acanthacese), native of India. Its leaves
are smooth, elliptical, lanceolate, 3 to 4 inches in length, and
remarkable for their variegation. They are yellow in colour,
and present many forms on the same leaf, which are compared
to caricatures of the human face.
Carnauba Palm. {See Wax Palm.)
Carnation. {See Clove.)
Carob Tree, also called Locust Tree and St. John's Bread
{Ceratonia Siliqita), a small much -branched tree of the Bean
family (Leguminosse), attaining the height of from 20 to 30
feet, with shining, smooth, winged leaves. It is a native of
countries bordering the Mediterranean, extending to Syria and
Western Asia. The flowers are small, yellow, and have a
fetid odour. Its fruit (a pod), 6 to 8 inches in length, is
similar to a broad bean pod, but of a firmer texture. It con-
tains many pea-like seeds embedded in an agreeably flavoured
mucilaginous saccharine pulp. In all countries where the trees
grow the pods are used for feeding cattle and swine, and are
imported into this country for those purposes, and form an
important ingredient in patent cattle foods. They are sold in
94 DICTIONARY OF POPULAR NAMES CARRION
the shops as sweets for children. Carobs are considered to be
the " husks " spoken of in the New Testament as eaten by the
Prodigal Son, and the " Locusts " that St. John lived upon in
the Wilderness, hence the name St. John's Bread Tree.
Carrion Flowers. — Many flowers possess a fetid odour.
In those of the genus Stapelia, belonging to the Swallowwort
family (Asclepiadaceae), the smell is similar to that of carrion, to
such a degree, indeed, that blue-bottle flies lay their eggs in
them. The members of the genus Stapelia, however, are very
interesting, and number about a hundred species, all (with
a few exceptions) being natives of South Africa; they con-
sist of succulent, erect, many - stemmed, leafless plants, not
exceeding 6 to 8 inches in height, the stems are four-sided,
generally toothed, and on some a very minute leaf may be some-
times seen. The flowers consist of five more or less succulent
petals, smooth or pilose, and of various sizes and colours, some
spotted and variegated ; and, even with their abominable odour,
are patronised in botanic gardens on account of their curious
and interesting structure. In America the name Camon Flower
is also given to Smilax herhacea.
Carrot (JDaucus Carotd), a biennial of the Carrot family
(Umbelliferse), native of Britain; in its wild state it is found
growing by road-sides and in waste places, where it has a dry,
slender root, which is not edible, but it is generally believed
that the cultivated garden carrot originated from it. The hard
interior being the true root, the fleshy exterior part having been
brought about by cultivation. Besides being a culinary vege-
table it is also used for feeding cattle, and its juice is used for
colouring butter and cheese.
Carrot, Deadly, a common name for the species of Thapsia,
a genus of the Carrot family (UmbellifercTe), of which about a
dozen species are recorded, but the identification of some is
not very satisfactory. They consist of strong-rooted perennial
herbs, attaining a height of 3 to 5 feet, with multiple fennel-like
leaves and large umbels of generally yellow flowers. They are
natives of countries on both sides of the Mediterranean ; most of
CARROT OF ECONOMIC PLANTS. 95
them yield gum like that of galbamim, which possesses medi-
cinal properties, especially the species named by the early Greek
writers Silphium, which produced the " Laser Cyrenaicum," so
famed by the ancient Cyrenians as to be considered worth its
weight in gold, and the figures of the plant to be worthy of
being represented on their coins. In order to endeavour to
identify the " Silphium," the late Mr. Koenig, Keeper of the
Coins in the British Museum, about thirty -five years ago,
obtained a plant direct from the country of Cyrene, which was
supposed to be the true plant; it was sent to the Eoyal Gardens,
Kew, but, unfortunately, it did not live long, the soil in which
it grew having become saturated with salt water during the
voyage, but the few radical leaves that were still fresh on its
arrival were sufficient to enable me to determine it to be a
closely -allied species (if not the same) as Ferula {Thapsia)
glauca or F, go^rganica ; with regard to the latter species it is
recorded to be common in Southern Europe as also in Algeria,
and is regarded by the natives as a specific against complaints
of all kinds. To camels it is a deadly poison.
Carrot, Peruvian {ArracacJia esculenta), a perennial herb of
the Umbel family ; it attains a height of 2 or 3 feet. It has
divided leaves like the Carrot, and small umbels of purple
flowers, and has large fleshy roots, which form an important
article of food in the above and other countries of Southern and
Central America. About fifty years ago a packet of its roots
was received at Kew for the purpose of ascertaining whether it
would be a plant capable of being cultivated in this country, but
it did not succeed ; the summer heat was not sufficient to bring
it to maturity.
Carrot Tree {Monizia edulis), a curious plant, being one of
the few caulescent examples of the Carrot family (Umbelliferse).
The stems of young plants look like carrots or parsnips inverted
above ground, but in old plants they attain a diameter of 6
inches at the base, tapering upwards and attaining the height of
from 4 to 6 feet, terminating with a crown of decompound
spreading leaves, having the aspect of a tree-fern. It is a native
96 DICTIONARY OF POPULAR NAMES CASCARILLA
of the small uninliabited island called Deserta Grande, near
Madeira; it grows on rocky, almost inaccessible places.
Oascarilla Bark {Croton Eluteria), a small tree of the Spurge-
wort family (Euphorbiaceae), native of the Bahamas, from
whence it is imported to tliis country and used as a bitter tonic.
Cashew Nut (Anacardium oecidentale), a tree of the Tere-
binth family (Anacardiacese) , native of the West Indies, but
now very generally found throughout the whole of the tropics.
It attains a considerable size, and in habit of growth it in
general resembles the walnut, and its leaves, which are simple,
have a similar scent. Its fruit is kidney-shaped, about an inch
in length, and borne on a fleshy receptacle. The kernel of the
nut is enclosed in a coriaceous covering consisting of two layers,
between which is a tliick caustic oil, which is highly excoriat-
ing. This acridity is, however, dispelled by roasting; the
kernel then has a pleasant milky flavour, and in some places
it takes the place of our almonds and nuts at table. In
roasting care must be taken to avoid the fumes, as they cause
inflammation in the face and eyes. A light -yellow, sweet-
tasted oil is expressed from the kernel, said to be little inferior
to olive oil. The trunk and branches of the trees on being
wounded during the ascent of the sap yield a transparent gum
similar in appearance to Gum Arabic. It is used to prevent
insects from attacking books, etc.
Cassareep. — The concentrated juice of the roots of Manilwt
rendered harmless by boiling, when it forms a thick black fluid,
much used in the West Indies for culinary purposes, especially
in the formation of a dish called Pepper Pot. It is brought to
this country and largely used as the basis of table sauces.
Cassava. — Manihot utilitissima (bitter) and M. aijn (sweet),
slender, erect-stemmed slirubs, belonging to the Spurge family
(Euphorbiaceae). They are extensively cultivated in tropical
America and the West Indies for their large, fleshy roots ; those
of M. utilitissima contain a juice of a highly poisonous nature,
while those of 3f. aipi, the sweet Manihot, are wholesome, and
used as a vegetable; they both contain a large quantity of
CASSIA OF ECONOMIC PLANTS. 97
farina, especially M. utilisswia, which is the most extensively
cultivated. The farina is obtained by grating the fleshy roots
to a pulp, the poisonous juice is then expelled by pressure and
washing, and the mass is pounded into coarse meal resembling
bread crumbs, which is made into cakes and subjected to heat,
which dries off all remaining poison. This forms the Cassava
Bread, which is an important article of food throughout tropical
America. An intoxicating beverage is made from it called
Piwarrie, which is prepared by women chewing the cassava
cakes, and ejecting the masticated substance into a wooden
bowl, where it is allowed to ferment for some days, and then
boiled ; it is a common drink with the natives, and is said to
have an agreeable taste ; the mode of preparation, however, is
repugnant to Europeans, notwithstanding that one who drank it
reports thus : — " In my opinion it is very agreeable and whole-
some, for I drank it in large quantities at the different Indian
settlements I visited." In preparing the Cassava as above
stated, the poisonous expressed juice is put into water, the
starch which it contains falls to the bottom, the water is poured
off, and the starch placed on hot plates ; this causes the starch
grams to swell and burst, forming the Tapioca or Brazilian
Arrowroot of the shops. Of this substance about 600 to 800
tons are imported annually. The plant has been introduced to
the Straits Settlements and Travancore, where it is now exten-
sively cultivated, and tapioca made in very large quantities both
in the form of torrefied grains as before described, and in pearl
form, like sago. A large proportion of this tapioca comes to
this country.
In the upper region of the Amazon a kind of tapioca is
obtained from a plant supposed to be a species of Menisjjerma-
cece. It is called by the natives Bauna Boot ; it has large,
tuberous roots like a turnip, some. weighing nearly 50 pounds.
It is highly poisonous when fresh, but after repeated macerations
yields an excellent tapioca, which constitutes a great part of
the food of the Indians.
Cassia Buds. {Sec Cinnamon.)
H
98 DICTIONAEY OF POPULAR NAMES CASSIA
Cassia Lignea. {See Cinnamon.)
Cassie. {See Acacia Farnesiana.)
Castor Oil. {See Palma Christi.)
Catalpa {Catalpa syringcefolia), a small tree of the Trnmpet-
flower family (Bignoniaceae), native of North America. It
attains a height of 20 to 30 feet, and has opposite, broad,
heart-shaped leaves and terminal panicles of white flowers. It
is hardy in this country, and ornamental, but not common.
Catechu, the name of a substance obtained from Acacia
Catechu by boiling the chopped wood, straining, and evaporat-
ing ; an astringent resinous substance is thus obtained, which is
much used for tanning, and also in medicine ; it is likewise
obtained from A. SuAiia, and perhaps some other allied species.
Cattimandoo Gum {Eiq^liorhia Cattimandoo), a tree of the
Spurge family (Euphorbiaceae), allied to E. trigona. When
young the stems and branches are succulent, becoming woody
with age ; it abounds in a milky sap, which when hard partakes
of the nature of gutta-percha.
Cattle - poison Plants of West Australia. — Some years
after the settlement of the Swan Eiver Colony, many cattle
died apparently from poison ; it was afterwards found that this
was caused by their eating the leaves of some native plants
which proved to be species of Gastrolobium {G. trilohumj G.
dbovatum, and G. spinosum), pretty evergreen shrubs of the Bean
family (Leguminosa^), cultivated in the greenhouses at Kew.
Cauliflower. {See Cabbage.)
Cebadilla, a name given to the seeds of Asagy^a^a officinalis,
a bulbous plant belonging to the Colchicum family (Melan-
thaceaj), native of Mexico. From the seeds Veratria is prepared,
which is used in neuralgia and rheumatic affections.
Cedar. — The word Cedar is a name ojiven in different coun-
tries to a considerable number of distinct kinds of trees. Origin-
ally it was restricted to those of the family Coniferas, but settlers
m new countries having found that the wood of trees of other
families had a similar appearance and scent to the cedar wood,
the trees were thus called Cedars. Cedar is first mentioned in
CEDAR OF ECONOMIC PLANTS. 99
Leviticus, where we find that Moses directs the Israelites to take
cedar wood. What this cedar was it is impossible to say, but
considering that the Israelites were then in the wilderness, and
the principal trees of that country were the Shittah (a species of
Acacia), and several species of Juniper, such as Juniperus oxy-
cedrus, J. phoenicea, and J. sabina, it is supposed by most Bible
commentators that it was the wood of one or other of these that
was known to Moses by the name of Cedar, in Hebrew Ures.
The next mention of cedar trees is that Hiram, King of Tyre,
sent cedar trees to David, and that his son Solomon made an
engagement with him to hew him cedar trees out of Lebanon.
There can be no doubt that these trees are the same as those
that now exist on Lebanon, and have in modern times become
known as the Cedars of Lebanon, in botany called Cedrus lihani.
It is recorded to have been introduced to this country in 1683,
where it soon became a favourite, and was extensively planted
in parks and gardens, and old and very large trees are found in
various parts of the country. Its timber is not much valued
with us; but at one time it was considered well adapted for
natural history cabinets, its scent being supposed to be hurtful
to insects. But in time it was found that the specimens became
covered with a resinous deposit.
Cedar, Deodar, also called Indian Cedar {Cedrus Deodara),
a large tree, said to attain the height of 100 feet, native of the
Himalaya Mountains, similar in habit of growth to the cedar of
Lebanon, and by some supposed to be only a variety. Its timber
is much valued and used in India. It was introduced in 1831,
and the original plant may now be seen, as well as many other
fine specimens, growing at Kew. At Dropmore a tree has
attained the height of 60 feet.
Cedar, Atlas {Cedrus atlantica), a tree similar to the two
preceding, native of the Atlas Mountains of Northern Africa. It
was introduced into this country about 1840. A plant at Kew has
attained the height of 30 feet. It is supposed by some botanists
that the three forms here described — namely, C. lihani, C. Deodara,
and C, atlantica — are only varieties of one species, but their
100 DICTIONARY OF POPULAR NAMES CEDAR
appearance and habit of growth seem to indicate that, if they
did originate from one type, they have, in the progress of time
and the influence of different climates, assumed the different
appearances under which they are now seen.
Cedar of Goa {Cupressits Lusitanica), a tree of the family
Coniferse, in general appearance resembling the common cypress,
but growing much taller, and having leaves of a more glaucous
hue. Although it is called the Portuguese Cypress, and forms
natural forests in Portugal, it is nevertheless supposed to be of
Indian origin, and to have been introduced in early times from
the colony of Goa on the west coast of the Indian Peninsula,
hence it has also received the name of Cedar of Goa. It was
introduced into this country in 1783, but is too tender to grow
in the open air.
Cedar, Japan {Cryiotomeria jaiwnica), a large and hand-
some evergreen tree of the C}^ress tribe of Coniferse, native of
China and Japan, where it is extensively cultivated as an orna-
mental tree. It was introduced to this country in 1843 by
Captain Sir Everard Home. The first and original plant is to
be seen growing in the Eoyal Gardens, Kew, and has become a
favourite ornamental tree.
Cedar, Bermuda (Juniperus hejinucUana), a small tree, or
often a bush, of the Cypress tribe of Coniferse, native of the
Bermudas. It is called the Pencil Cedar, its wood being
employed in the manufacture of black-lead pencils.
Cedar, Red or Virginian (Juniperus virginiana). — This
is a tree sunilar to the preceding, native of the Southern United
States, and its wood is used for the same purpose. It is hardy,
and forms a small evergreen tree.
Cedar, White (Cupressus tJiyoides), a small tree, often
having the appearance of a shrub, attaining a height of 20 to
30 feet. The whole plant has a whitish or glaucous hue. A few
years ago fine specimens of this were growing near the pagoda
in the pleasure-grounds at Kew.
Cedar, Port Orford [Ciiirressus LawsoniaTia), or, as it is
now called, Chamcccyparis Laivsoniana, a tree of the Cupressineae
CEDAR OF ECONOMIC PLANTS. 101
section of the Coniferte family, native of the Oregon coast,
California. It attains a large size, and is highly esteemed for
its timber, especially for inside works, and possesses to a high
degree many valuable properties.
Cedar, White, of California {Thuja giganfea), a large and
taU tree belonging to the Cypress tribe of Coniferse. It is also
called British Columbian Cedar and Oregon Cedar, being a native
of these countries.
Cedar, Jamaica or West Indian (Cedrela odorata), a large
tree of the Mahogany family (Meliacese), native of Honduras,
Jamaica, and other parts of tropical America. It is said to be
the most valuable timber tree of Jamaica. It is well adapted
for the interior of house fittings, furniture, and aU cabinet-work.
Its wood is of a reddish-brown colour, arid has a pleasant smell ;
but its bark, leaves, and flowers give out, especially when young
and after rains, a most disagreeable alliaceous odour, resembling
asafoetida or garlic, mixed with that of highly- dried tobacco.
Such being the case, the specific name odorata must be con-
sidered inappropriate, except that the wood has a similar smell
to the cedar.
Cedar, New South Wales {Cedrela australis), a lofty tree
of the Mahogany family (Meliacese), having a circumference of
20 to 30 feet. Its wood is soft, of a reddish colour like maho-
gany, and is known by the name of Eed Cedar in the
colony of New South Wales. It is used for house -building,
interior fittings, and cabinet-work. Formerly it was abundant
in the Illawarra forests, but it has been in such demand that
large trees are now very rare, and nurseries have been formed
for raising young trees for future use. Judging from its growth
in the greenhouses at Kew, it appears to be a rapid grower, and
scarcely distinct from C. odorata of Jamaica.
Cedar, Indian {Cedrela Toona), a large tree of the Maho-
gany family (Meliacese), native of the Bengal and Pegu forests of
India. Its wood is fine and close-grained, of a red colour ; its
bark is astringent, and has been used as a substitute for Peru-
vian bark. The flowers are of an agreeable odour, resembling
102 DICTIONARY OF POPULAR NAMES CEDAR
fresli honey, and contain a yellow colouring matter which is
used for dyeing, but is not permanent.
Cedar, Brazilian {Cedrcla hrasiliensis), a tall tree attaining
a height of 120 feet, and 4 J feet in diameter, native of Southern
Brazil. It possesses similar properties and uses to C. Toona.
{See Cedar, New South Wales.)
Cedar, Queensland {Pentacems australis), a tree of the
family Eutacese, native of Queensland and New South "Wales.
Its wood is tough and close-grained.
Cedar Wood of Guiana {leica altissima), a tree of the
Myrrh family (Burseracese), attaining a height of 60 to 100
feet, and 4 to 5 feet in diameter, native of the interior of
Guiana. Its wood is light, durable, and used for' the inside fit-
tings of houses, furniture, and bookcases, its highly aromatic
odour having the property of preserving the books from insects.
The Indians prefer it to any other wood for making canoes.
One used by Schomburgk was 42 feet long and 5 J feet '^dde,
and was hollowed out of a single trunk, and although much used
by being pulled over cataracts, was, at the end of four years, as
sound as when first purchased. The resin of this species is
known as Carana resin. The genus Idea consists of a num-
ber of species chiefly natives of tropical America and the
West Indies, all of which are odoriferous, and yield gum-resins,
which are sometimes used as incense.
Cedrat. {See Citron.)
Cedron {Simaha Ceclron), a small slender tree, 12 to 16 feet
high, of the Quassia family (Simarubacese), native of Panama, New
Grenada, and Darien. It has winged leaves, and fruits about
the size of a swan's Qgg, covered with downy hairs like a peach.
It contains a single seed, which when perfect separates readily
into two cotyledons ; they are white, and somewhat larger than
almonds; they are very bitter, and are highly valued by the
natives as a cure for snake-bites, and as a bitter tonic are con-
sidered by some to be nearly equal to quinine in cases of fever,
in consequence of which most of the natives carry a seed with
them for use if required. The tree, with its fruit and uses, is
CENTAURY OF ECONOMIC PLANTS. 103
fully described in Hooker's Journal of Botany by Purdie and
Seemaim, botanical collectors for Kew, who had the opportunity
of seeing the tree growing, the first in New Grenada and the
second in Darien, between the years 1843 and 1850, and by
whom living plants were introduced to Kew. It was taken to
Trinidad by Purdie.
Ceiba Tree. {See Silk Cotton Tree.)
Celery (Apium graveolens)^ a biennial herb of the Carrot
family (Umbelliferse), native of various parts of England and
throughout Europe, also widely dispersed over the temperate
regions of the southern hemisphere. In its wild state it is, to a
certain degree, poisonous, but under cultivation and by bleaching
its leaf- stalks become a wholesome salad and pot-herb. Sir
Joseph Hooker, in the Flora Antarctica, says he could see no
difference between the European form and the Southern, but the
latter in its wild state was mild, and was constantly used by the
ship's crew ; this, he thinks, may be due to the less degree of
sunshine, for which blanching is the substitute.
Celery -leaved Pine {Flmjllocladns rliomloidalis), a tree of
the Yew family (Taxaceae), native of Tasmania. A curious tree,
having no leaves; the terminal branches are united and flat,
performing the functions of leaves. It attains a height of 30 to
40 feet ; the wood is hard, and used for many purposes.
Centaury, Common {Erytlircea centaurium), an annual herb
of the Gentian family (Gentianacese), native of this country,
common throughout Europe, varying from a few inches to a foot
in height, and from a single to a much-branched stem ; it has
pretty pink flowers. The whole plant is intensely bitter, and is
extolled for its medicinal properties by the ancient physicians
Galen and Dioscorides, as also by the old herbalists of this
country.
Centaury, Australian {E. australis), is a pretty little
plant, with pink flowers, growing in the fields about Sydney ;
it is very similar to the European species, but is by botanists
considered distinct. It is collected and used as a tonic, and
is considered valuable in cases of dysentery and diarrhoea.
104 DICTIONARY OF POPULAR NAMES CENTAURY
Centaury, Californian {E. chironoides), a plant similar in
habit of growth to the preceding, native of California, where it is
called Canchalagna, and is held in high repute as a bitter tonic.
It is also found in Mexico, and has by Grisebach, in his Flora
of the West Indies, been separated from Erythrcea as a distinct
genus under the name of G-yrandra.
Cereus, the name of a section, or by some considered a genus
of the Cactus family (Cactacese). It contains — 1st, the well-
known domestic window-plant, the Creeping Cereus {C.fiagellifor-
mis), native of Peru, recorded to have been introduced into this
country in 1690. 2d, Night-flowering Cereus {C. graiidiflorus).
This, like the preceding, is a slender, trailing or climbing species.
It is a native of Jamaica and other West Indian islands, and
was early introduced. It is remarkable for its large white and
partially straw-coloured flowers, which open in the evening
and close early in the morning. It is, however, surpassed by
C. MacDonaldice, a native of Honduras, introduced to Kew
about thirty years ago, the flowers of which are also white, and
only of a few hours' duration, and when fully expanded are more
than a foot in diameter, consisting of numerous petals, thus
vying with the Victoria Lily in size; and wdien eight or ten
flowers are open in one night (as with a plant at Kew) the sight
is magnificent. {See Torch Thistle.)
Ceylon Moss {Plocaria lichenoides), a plant of the Seaweed
family (Ceramiacete), a delicate w^hite seaweed found growing
upon rocks in the Indian and Malayan Seas, and known also by
the Malayan names of Agar Agar, or Agal Agal. It is largely
collected, and made into a jelly, and forms an extensive article
of trade at Singapore and in Borneo, constituting part of the
cargo of the Chinese junks on their return voyages. It is also
used as a varnish, more especially for the paper employed in
the manufacture of Chinese lanterns, to which it imparts a
yellow tinge. When boiled with sugar it forms a sweet jelly,
much resembling that made from calves' feet, and is liighly
esteemed both by Europeans and natives for the delicacy of its
flavour.
CHARA OF ECONOMIC PLANTS. 105
Another species of Plocaria (P. tenax) is also of great im-
portance as a food plant to tlie Chinese. It is closely allied to
the preceding, and native of the same seas. In the Bay of Siam
are caves and precipitous rocks on which the sea-swallows build
their glutinous nests, which are made from the fronds of the latter
species, and highly prized by the Chinese. The nests are collected
at regular seasons of the year, and form an extensive article of
commerce with China, and are largely used as food in the pre-
paration of soups and jellies ; they are also used as size and gum,
and believed to be the chief ingredient of the Chin-Chin glue.
In collecting these nests the natives are exposed to many perils
in mounting and descending the rocks, and lives are occasionally
lost.
Champaca, a name in India for MicJielia Chamjpaca, a large
tree of the Magnolia family (Magnoliacese) ; its flowers are Like
an unfolded tulip of a deep yellow colour, and highly fragrant ;
they are used to ornament the hair, both of men and women ; the
bark is an aromatic bitter tonic, and used medicinally ; it yields
the oil called Sumpunghee. An allied species, if. Cathcartii, is
a large tree, native of Sikkim ; it is conspicuous in April for its
abundance of white blossoms, which in the distance give it the
appearance of being covered with snow.
Champignon. {See Fairy Pdngs.)
Chanay K^ldngu, a name in India for the tubers of Tacca
jpinnatifida ; in Travancore it is cultivated, and grows to a large
size, forming an important article of trade. {See Pi.)
Chara, the name of a genus of the order Algse, of the class
Cryptogamia of Linnaeus, and the type of the Limewort family
(Characese) of modern botanists. They consist of small fresh-
water plants, having articulated stems and branches, which grow
in whorls, either transparent or coated with carbonate of lime.
The organs of reproduction consist of globose, nut-like bodies of
two sizes, covered by spiral tubes, which give them a striated
appearance.
This singular family comprises about thirty described species,
found in stagnant water in most parts of the world. They grow
106 DICTIONARY OF POPULAR NAMES CHARLOCK
very rapidly, and soon fill shallow waters, sometimes forming
great masses, which decay and become offensive, causing malaria
in many districts, as in the Pontine Marshes near Eome. They
have no known uses, and must only be regarded as botanical
curiosities, more especially as they beautifully illustrate the
circulation of the sap, such being readily seen by the aid of a
microscope in the joints of their stems. Nitella transhtcens is
best suited for that purpose, but as Cliara vulgaris is the most
common, it may be substituted. By shutting up a portion of
this species in a phial containing a little water it will grow,
adhering to the sides of the glass, and be perfectly free
from the lime, and on being placed under the microscope the
circulation is clearly seen. There are six species natives of this
country.
Charlock. {See Mustard.)
Ohaulmoogra Oil, the name of an oil obtained from the
seeds of Gynocardia oclorata, a tree of the Indian Plum
family (Flacourtiaceae), native of India, common in the hot
valleys of Sikkim, attaining a height of 30 or 40 feet, having
glossy, entire, alternate leaves ; the fruits are globular, ash-
coloured, the size of a shaddock, and enclose numerous seeds
embedded in pulp, which contain an oil used by the natives as
a remedy for cutaneous diseases, and also for internal com-
plaints. Within the last few years it has been introduced into
this country, and is found beneficial in rheumatic affections,
sprains, diseases of the joints, etc.
Chaw Stick {Gouania domingensis), a flexible - stemmed
shrub, climbing by the aid of tendrils to a great length, belonging
to the Buckthorn family (PJramnaceae). In Jamaica, the stems,
which are about the thickness of the finger, and fibrous, are cut
into short lengths and used for tooth-brushes, as they whiten
and preserve the teeth better than any tooth-powder ; pieces of
it put into liquor cause fermentation, and impart a pleasant
bitter flavour to cooling drinks.
Chayroot, a name in India for Oldenlandia umhellata, a
weedy annual of the Cinchona family (Cinchonacese), wild, and
CHERRY OF ECONOMIC PLANTS. 107
extensively cultivated in India. Its long, slender roots yield a
blue dye, which by different mordants is changed from pale to a
very deep red, with which turbans and handkerchiefs are dyed.
Cheese Rennet, a common name for Galium verum, a peren-
nial of the Madder family (Eubiacese), native of this country,
growing in meadows and roadsides, and conspicuous for its pale
yeUow flowers ; it has been long known to have the power of
curdling milk. The roots are of a bluish colour, and yield a
dye equal to madder, for the making of which it is extensively
collected.
Cherimoyer, the name of the fruit of Anona Cherimolia, a
tree of the Custard Apple family (Anonaceae). A loose, spread-
ing tree attainincj a heigrht of 20 to 25 feet. It is a native of, as
well as cultivated in, most parts of tropical America, and also in
Jamaica and other West Indian Islands. The fruit is somewhat
oblong, 2 to 5 inches in diameter, of a light-green colour, with
white pulp and a few black seeds ; it is highly esteemed, and
considered by some to be the finest fruit in the world.
Cherry (Cerastes vulgaris), Wild Cherry or Gean (Cerasus
avium), moderate-sized trees of the Plum family (Drupacese).
Both are found wild in this country, and are widely distributed
over Southern Europe and the temperate cou.ntries of Western
Asia. It is generally admitted that these are the parents of
the numerous fine varieties of cherries now cultivated. It is
also thought by some botanists that the supposed species 0.
duracina, 0. Juliana, and C. caproniana, said to be natives of
Southern Europe, have, by cross breeding, contributed to produce
some of the fine sorts of cherries.
Cherries being a favourite early fruit are extensively culti-
vated in this country, large cherry orchards being common in
many Southern counties ; they are not only valued as dessert
fruits, but are made into tarts and pies, and preserved in various
ways. In Germany a spirit called Kirschwasser is made from a
small black variety, as is also in France the liqueur called
Maraschino, and Eatafia from a variety of the morello cherry.
In the preparation of these liqueurs the fruit, stone, and kernel
108 DICTIONARY OF POPULAR NAMES CHERRY
are pounded ; the latter contains prussic acid, which gives
flavour to the liqueurs. Cherry tree wood is highly valued by
cabinet and musical instrument makers.
Cherry, Australian {Exocarjpus cupressiformis), a small tree
of the Sandal- wood family (Santalaceae). It has numerous
green, wiry, rigid or filiform, apparently leafless branches
collected in a dense conical head, and the leaves reduced to
minute alternate scales. It is found in Queensland, iSTew South
Wales, Victoria, Tasmania, and South and West Australia. The
wood is hard, and valuable for gun-stocks, axe-handles, etc.
Cherry, Barbadoes. — Mal'pighia glahra and M. imnicifolia,
two small trees of the Malpighiad family (Malpighiaceae),
natives of the West Indies and many parts of tropical America.
They are favourite trees with the natives, who plant them near
their dwellings as hedges, and also for the sake of the fruit,
which is about the size and appearance of a cherry. The
common name is derived from the fact of the plants being found
originally in Barbadoes.
Cherry, Bird {Cerasus Fadus), a deciduous shrub or small
tree of the Plum family (DrupacCce). When grown with a
single stem it often attains a height of 20 to 30 feet. It
is a native of this country, and widely spread throughout
Europe and the temperate regions of ISTorth-West Asia. The
fruit is small, black, and not palatable ; it is used by some for
flavouring brandy and home-made wines. In Sweden, Lapland,
and some parts of Eussia, the bruised fruit is fermented, and
yields a strong kind of spirit. The wood is hard and yellow,
and has a disagreeable odour ; it is highly valued by cabinet-
makers. The Bird Cherry is represented in America by C.
virginiana, G. caroliniana, and others, which are grown in
shrubberies in this country.
Cherry Laurel {Cerasus Laurocerasus), an evergreen shrub of
the Plum family (Drupaccce), native of Armenia and countries
bordering on the Black Sea. Introduced and cultivated in this
country. Every part of the Cherry Laurel contains prussic acid ;
its leaves are used to give the peculiar flavour of that acid to
CHESTNUT OF ECONOMIC PLANTS. 109
culinary dishes and drinks ; care is therefore necessary not to
use them in excess, as fatal consequences are known to have
occurred. The leaves contain a volatile oil, which forms the
bases of Laurel Water ; it is highly poisonous, and is sold by
druggists for killing flies ; several instances are on record of its
having been criminally used for poisoning.
Chervil, Garden {Anthriscus Cerefolium), an annual herb of
the Carrot family (Umbelliferse), native of Europe, but now
become wild in some parts of England, and has been cultivated
as an aromatic pot-herb for more than two centuries. Myrrhis
odorata, called Great Chervil or Cicely, is also cultivated.
Chestnut, Cape {Calodendwn capense), a beautiful tree of the
Eue family (Eutaceae), native of the Cape of Good Hope. It
has broad, elliptical leaves and snowy white flowers. The fruit
is a five-celled, five-angled, prickly capsule, having some resem-
blance to the fruit of the Sweet Chestnut, hence its name Cape
Chestnut. The seeds are shining black. The tree was intro-
duced to this country in 1789 ; a specimen in the Palm-house
at Kew was in 1857 25 feet high, with a diameter of 5 inches
near the base.
Chestnut, Horse (^sctdus Hijpiwcastanum), a large, well-
known tree of the Soapberry family (Sapindacese), native of the
l^orth-West Himalayas or Caucasus ; it has migrated westward,
but there is no evidence of its having been a tree of Mount
Lebanon, Palestine, or any part of Western Syria, in the time of
Solomon, but most probably it found its way to Europe by way
of the Caucasus and Armenia. It is recorded to have been
cultivated in this country in the first quarter of the seventeenth
century. Its principal use is as an ornamental tree for parks,
pleasure-grounds, roadsides, and avenues. The celebrated
avenue in Bushey Park, planted by William III., affords a
fine example of the adaptability of the Horse Chestnut for
ornamental planting. It is not particular as to soil, and
generally produces yearly an abundant crop of nuts, which are
not, however, utilised for any special purpose in this country,
but in France they are largely employed in the manufacture of
110 DICTIONARY OF POPULAR NAMES CHESTNUT
starch. An oil is also expressed from tlie nut which has been
recommended in rheumatism. The nuts are somewhat sapo-
naceous, and after being macerated in water are reported to
have been used in some parts of Ireland to whiten linen. In
Turkey they are ground with other food and given to horses,
hence the name.
Chestnut, Moreton Bay {Castanospermum australe), a large
tree of the Bean family (Leguminosse), having shining winged
leaves ; a native of Queensland, where it is said to attain a
height of 70 to 100 feet. It takes its name from the seeds,
which are similar to and of the size of Sweet Chestnuts. They
are contained in a cylindrical, stiff pod, 6 or 7 inches in length.
They are eaten by the natives, but are unpalatable to Europeans.
Chestnut, Sweet (Castanea vulgaris), a large, spreading
branched tree of the family Cupuliferse. It is supposed to be a
native of Northern India throughout the range of the Himalayas.
If so it must have early migrated westward, as it is common
throughout the whole of Western Asia, the countries of the
Mediterranean and Central Europe ; even in the Alps it has the
appearance of being an original native. It has been supposed
also by some to be a native of Britain; but that is not likely, as
its fruit only ripens in favourable seasons, and there is no trust-
worthy account of any natural forests having at any time
existed ; on the contrary, some suppose it to have been introduced
by the Eomans. It is now common in parks and gardens, and
some trees are recorded as being very old and having attained a
large size. In some places it is grown as a brushwood for hoop-
making. As already stated, the nuts ripen to perfection in
favourable seasons, but the quality and quantity is small com-
pared to the importations from the Continent, chiefly from
France, Portugal, and Spain. In Italy and Spain the nuts are
ground into meal, and it forms an important article of food for
the poorer classes. In saying it is a native of the whole of
Western Asia, Palestine and Western Syria generally must be
excluded ; for although the chestnut tree is mentioned in the
Bible in the time of Jacob, nevertheless, even in the time of
CHESTNUT OF ECONOMIC PLANTS. Ill
Solomon, and up to the present, there is no evidence in proof
that the chestnut tree grew in Palestine in early times, it being
considered by Bible commentators that the plane tree (Flatanus
orientalis), which is common in Palestine, represents the chest-
nut tree of Jacob.
Chestnut, Tahiti {Inocmyus edulis), a large tree, originally
placed in the Spurge Laurel family, but by modern botanists
considered to belong to the Csesalpiniese section of Leguminosse.
It is also called the South Sea Chestnut, being common in the
tropical islands of the South Sea. The stem is 60 to 80 feet
high, and when young is fluted like a Grecian column, and when
old these projections become buttresses extending some distance
all round the tree, and gradually lessening upwards to the first
branches. It has a thick crown, furnished with simple, oblong,
leathery leaves of a dark -green colour. The flowers are incon-
spicuous; the fruit, a pod, is flat and kidney -shaped, containing
seeds resembling chestnuts in taste. They are much esteemed
either baked or boiled, and eaten entire, or grated for making
bread and puddings. In the several islands there are at least
eisfht different names for it.
o
Chestnut, Water, also called Water Caltrops (Trapa Tuctaiis),
an aquatic plant belonging to the family Onagrariacese. It is a
native of Southern Europe, and has creeping, floating stems,
producing hair-like roots, from which rises a cluster of triangular,
toothed, floating leaves with swollen foot -stalks which buoy
them up. The flowers are small. The lobes of the calyx two
or four, increasing in size, and with its tube involving the
ovary, which becomes a hard, horned fruit about the size of a
chestnut. They contain much farinaceous matter, and form a
considerable article of food. In Italy they are known by the
name of Jesuit Chestnuts, and in France as Water Chestnuts.
In Cashmere the seeds of T. hispinosa form an important article
of food to a large population. T. hicornis is also extensively
used for food in China under the name of Ling. The stiff,
horn-like projections of these fruits convey to the mind the idea
of Caltrops.
112 DICTIONARY OF POPULAR NAMES CHIA
Chia, the name in California for a mealy preparation made
of the seeds of Salvia columharia, a herb of the Mint family
(Labiatse). It is cultivated for its seeds, which are roasted,
ground, and mixed with water. When the powder swells to
several times its original bulk, becoming a mucilaginous mass,
it is sweetened, and forms an important article of diet, the
taste being similar to that of linseed meal. It is also prepared
thin, and used as a drink. It is highly valued as a demulcent,
in the same way as linseed is in this country. Seeds of Chia, it
is said, have been fotmd in old graves, showing that it was
cultivated in early times by the Mahua race of Mexicans.
Chica, a pigment derived from the maceration in water of
the leaves of Bignonia Chica, a tall climber of the Trumpet
flower family (Bignoniacese), native of the upper countries of
the Orinoco. It is of a red colour, and is a highly important
article in the toilet of the Indians, who use it to paint parts or
the whole of their bodies. The trade in Chica is a monopoly of
the missionaries, and the article is sold at a high price, so that
it is only the wealthy Indians who can afford to smear the
whole of their bodies with it. It is common to hear one say
of another — " That man is so poor that he has not enough to
paint half his body."
Chick Pea, an annual of the Bean family (Leguminosse),
cultivated in India for its seed, which when ground into meal
forms an important article of food called Gram.
Chicory {Ciclwrium intylus), a hard perennial of the Com-
posite family (Compositae), native of Britain, growing by road-
sides and waste places, particularly in calcareous soils. It has
a strong thick tap-root, and produces branching stems 2 to 3 feet
hi<^h, bearing pretty blue flowers. It is cultivated as a salad
plant, the young leaves being blanched like endive, and in this
way is largely used in France, but is chiefly valued for its roots,
which are roasted, ground, and mixed with coffee for the purpose
of imparting an agreeable flavour. It is extensively cultivated
both in this country and on the Continent. From Belgium and
Holland the best qualities are now imported Its frequent use
CHOCO OF ECONOMIC PLANTS. 113
for mixing with coffee as an adulterant has led to an Act of
Parliament being ^^assed prohibiting its sale except alone or
when definitely stated. It possesses diuretic qualities. In 1880
the quantity imported amounted to 145,457 cwts.
Chignite. {See Butter Tree.)
Chillies. {See Capsicum.)
China Grass. {See Grass Cloth.)
China Root, the thick rliizome of Smilax China, {See Sar-
saparilla.)
Chinese Olive, a name for the fruit of Canarmm commune, a
wing-leaved tree of the Myrrh family (Amyridacese), native of
Java, Moluccas, and Malayan Islands generally. Cultivated for
its fruit, a three-sided drupe, from which an oil is expressed,
used as a condiment when fresh, and for burning in lamps. A
kind of gum, like Gum Elemi, exudes from the stem.
Chirata {Ophelia Chirata), a slender branching annual
of the Gentian family (Gentianacese), 2 to 3 feet high, with
yellow flowers ; native of India, where the stems are held in
high repute as a tonic and febrifuge both by native and
European practitioners. Allied to Chirata, and possessing the
same qualities, is 0. elegans, native of the north of India, where
it is made up into bundles a foot in length, about as thick as a
man's arm, and sent to the bazaars. Its native name is Salaras,.
and it is said to be exported in considerable quantities.
Chittagong Wood. {See Mahogany, Indian.)
Chives {Allium scha^noprasuin), a cultivated pot-herb of the
Lily family (Liliaceae), allied to Garlic ; native of the North of
Europe. It has hollow, grass -like leaves, and is cultivated
in kitchen gardens.
Choco, a name in the West Indies for Sechium edule, a
tendril climber of the Gourd family (Cucurbitaceae). It has a
large, fleshy tuber resembling a yam, and sometimes weighing
as much as 20 lbs. It is eatable when cooked, but is not very
palatable. The fruit is oblong, gourd-like, 4 inches in length,
covered with small, blunt tubercles ; when ripe, of a yellowish
colour. These fruits may sometimes be seen m Covent Garden
I
114 DICTIONARY OF POPULAR NAMES CHOCOLATE
Market. They are largely cultivated in Jamaica for feeding
hogs.
Chocolate Nut or Bean {Thcdbroma Cacao), a small tree of
the Chocolate Nut family (Byttneriacese), native of tropical
America, now widely distributed, and cultivated in most tropical
countries. It grows from 16 to 18 feet high, and has broad,
oblong, pointed leaves of a thin texture. The flowers are small,
and produced on the old stem and branches, and in time are
followed by a pod -like fruit, 6 to 10 inches in length, and 3 to
5 in girth, more or less marked with longitudinal ribs, and con-
taining 50 or more seeds. When ripe these seeds, which are
covered with mucilage, are taken from the fruit and are allowed
to undergo a slight fermentation, after which they are dried in
the sun, when they acquire a brown colour, and become the
Chocolate Bean or Nut of commerce; roasted, and split or
broken, they are the Cocoa Mbs of the shops ; on being
ground they become Cocoa Powder, and thus made into paste
form cakes called Chocolate, which is generally flavoured with
vanilla and sugar. In analysing some samples of chocolate
some years since, they were found to be adulterated with red
earth. This was afterwards attributed to the beans being
sprinkled with water and dusted with red earth to give them a
brighter appearance and enhance their value. Chocolate or
cacao seeds come to Europe principally from Brazil, Venezuela,
New Grenada, and Trinidad. Above 2000 tons are annually
imported. The first notice of cacao in this country is contained
in a newspaper dated 16th June 1659. The use gradually
increased, and in 1880 the quantity entered for home consump-
tion was over 10,000,000 pounds.
Ohola. {See Gram.)
Chooree. {See Butter Tree.)
Chowlee, a name in India for DolicJws sinensis, by some
called Vigna sinensis. An annual climber of the Bean family
(Leguminosae), cultivated in India for its jDods, which are two
feet in length, and contain a number of pea-like seeds, which
form a considerable article of food. The young green entire
CHUPA OF ECONOMIC PLANTS. 115
pods are also used. Other species of Dolichos are cultivated
as food plants.
Christ's Thorn. — Several plants are accredited with the
honour of having formed the Crown of Thorns ; some Bible
commentators consider it to have been made of the prickly
shoots of the bramble ; others, that it was one of the three more
formidable spiny shrubs — Paliurus acideatus, Zizyphus spina
Christi, or Z. vulgaris. They all belong to the Buckthorn family
(Rhamnace?e), and are widely spread throughout the Mediter-
ranean regions and Palestine ; they are strong-growing shrubs,
with large slight hooked spines, forming impenetrable thickets,
often chmbing up other plants and holding on by their hooks,
but when growing singly they form trees, especially Z. spina
Christi. Z. vulgaris bears the fruit called Jujube ; it is cultivated
in gardens, and may therefore be considered to have been the
most readily obtainable for the soldiers to form the Crown of
Thorns. {See Lotus.)
Christopher, Herb. {See Baneberry.)
Chrysanthemum, a name given to a genus of herbs of the
Composite family (Compositse) represented in this country by
the Ox-eye Daisy {C. leucanthemum) and the Corn Marigold {C.
segetum) ; but the most conspicuous species of the genus is
C. sinense, a native of China, introduced about 1764, and culti-
vated by Philip Miller at Chelsea. It was long kept as a
greenhouse plant, but having been proved to be hardy, and
many varieties having been introduced and also raised in this
country, it has now become a favourite in all gardens, and
Chrysanthemum shows now yearly take place during the
flowering season, which is in the autumn.
Chupa-Chupa, a name in New Grenada for the fruit of
Matisia cordata, a tree of the Sterculiad family (Stercu-
liacese). Although never exceeding 60 feet in height, its broad
cordate leaves and curious mallow-like flowers, succeeded by a
cluster of fruit as if stuck on its trunk and larger branches,
make it one of the most interesting of tropical trees ; the fruit
is of an oval form, firm, 5 inches in length and 3 broad, covered
116 DICTIONARY OF POPULAR NAMES CHUSAN
with a silky ash-coloured down ; it has a fleshy interior, divided
into five cells, each of which contains a single angular seed about
an inch in length. The celebrated traveller Humboldt de-
scribes the taste of the fruit as being like that of the apricot,
and that it is carefully cultivated in Peru and 'New Grenada ;
and W. Purdie, botanical collector in New Grenada for Kew in
1845, says it is among the finest of tropical fruits, its flavour is
more like that of the mango, better even than the apricot. It
was introduced to Jamaica through Purdie, and Mr. Wilson, for
some time director of the Jamaica Botanic Garden, in a letter
to the writer says: " It is now a tree 20 or 25 feet high, and last
year produced seven dozen fruits, one of which weighed two
pounds two ounces; it is full of stringy fibre, and not a good
fruit for dessert." Since then the tree has become common in
Jamaica.
Chusan Palm {Chamcerops Fortunei), a fan-leaved palm,
native of Chusan and the north of China, attainino: a height
of 12 or more feet. The sheath at the base of the leaves be-
comes with age strongly fibrous, similar to that of the Piassaba .
of tropical America. The agricultural labourers in the north of
China make coats and hats of the fibrous substance, which has a
very Eobinson- Crusoe-like appearance ; but is good for keeping
out the rain. It is also used for making ropes and cables, and is
very strong and durable, even under water. This palm w^as
introduced into this country in 1844, and is hardy in sheltered
situations in southern counties. It was first supposed to be
C. excelsa of Thunb., a palm similar in habit, native of Japan, and
applied to similar purposes, of which, about fifty years ago, a
few plants were introduced to Holland, one being in 1837 sent
to Kew, and is now 12 feet high, with a girth of 1 foot 7 inches.
One of the originals sent by Mr. Fortune to Kew in 1844 was
planted in the front of the royal residence, Osborne, Isle of
Wight ; in 1881 it attained the height of 14|- feet, and girth 3
feet ; spread of leaves, 9 feet across.
Cicely. {See Chervil.)
Cinchona, the name of a Linnsean genus belonging to the
CINCHONA OF ECONOMIC PLANTS. 117
natural order Cinclionacese. It consists of a number of species of
trees seldom exceeding 40 to 50 feet in height. The leaves are
opposite, simple, entire, stipuled at the base; flowers small, in
cymose panicles ; seeds numerous, small, winged. The plants
are natives of the Andean regions of Peru, Bolivia, and New
Grenada. This genus has come into considerable repute conse-
quent on many of its species yielding the important medicine
called Quinine — the most powerful agent in the cure of
fevers. It is obtained from the bark of the trees in greater or
less quantity in different species, the healing powers of which
were early known to the Spanish Jesuits ; and the Countess
de Chinchon, lady of the Viceroy of Peru, having been cured of
fever by it, led it to become know^n in Spain in 1638 under the
name of Jesuits' Bark, and for many years the ground bark
and port wine was a favourite medicine. This, however, in pro-
cess of time gave way to the active principles of the bark being
prepared in the form of alkaloids, the most valuable of which is
called Quinine; it is a bitter, white crystalline powder. From
the bark, by chemical manipulation, certain other alkaloids are
obtained, known as Cinchonine, Cinchonidine, Quinidine, etc.
The great demand for quinine, and its high price, led to a great
increase in the bark trade of South America, and, in order to
obtain it readily, bark collectors made no scruple in cutting
down the trees, and, as the respective Governments took no steps
to prevent this or to make fresh plantations, it was feared that
in time the valuable medicine would be entirely lost. In 1839
the late Dr. Eoyle suggested that it would be advisable to in-
troduce the trees yielding quinine into India. This suggestion
lay in abeyance for at least twenty years. In 1852 it cost the
Indian Government £7000 for quinine, and in 1857 £12,000;
this, and the fear of the plants becoming extinct, led the Indian
Board at once to make arrangements to attempt the introduc-
tion of Cinchona trees mto India, and in 1859 the Secretary of
State for India appointed Mr. Clements Markham of the India
Office to superintend all the necessary arrangements for the
above purpose. Accordingly, two expeditions were arranged —
118 DICTIONAEY OF POPULAR NAMES CINNAMON
one headed by Mr. Markliam himself, assisted by a gardener,
the other by Mr. Eichard Spruce, a botanical collector, then
residing in New Grenada, to whom Eobert Cross, a gardener
from Kew, was sent out as assistant. To the above (after much
peril) is due the successful introduction of the Cinchona plants
into India. To the latter, however, the greatest share of credit
must be given, he having during the last twenty years been
despatched four times by the Indian Government to the different
Andean regions in order to obtain Cinchona plants known to be
richest in quinine, and in these expeditions he has been emi-
nently successful, and is now (October 1880) on his way to India
with plants of the kind called Grey Bark. To give a special
account of the various expeditions would occupy a volume.
This, indeed, has been done ; and, while the present work is in
preparation, Mr. Clements Markham has published an account
under the title of Peruvian Bark, extending from the year 1860
to 1880.
It will suffice for our purpose to say that the undertaking
has been crowned with complete success, and that the quinine-
yielding trees in the eastern hemisphere are now counted by
millions, and their bark forms an important article of trade.
The principal Government plantations are at Ootacamund in
the Nilgiris and Darjeeling in Sikkim, also at Ceylon and Mau-
ritius; the Dutch have likewise extensive plantations in Java
and other islands. In the West Indies plantations have also
been formed in Trinidad and Jamaica. The names of the prin-
cipal cinchona barks of commerce are — 1. Eed Bark {C. succi-
rulra), New Grenada ; 2. Calisaya Bark {C. Calisaya and C.
Boliviano), Bolivia; 3. Loxa Crown Bark {C. Conclaminea, or
officinalis) Loxa ; 4. Cuenca Bark or Yellow Calisaya {C. species?),
Ecuador; 5. Pitayo Bark (G. Pitayensis), near Popayan; 6. Cali-
saya of Santa Fe, or Soft Columbian Bark {G. lancifolia) ;
7. Carthagena or New Grenada Bark {C. species ?), New Grenada;
8. Grey Bark (C. ])eruviana).
Cinnamon, the aromatic bark of Cinnamomum zeylanicum of
the Laurel family (Lauraceae). It is a small tree, with willow-
CLEARING OF ECONOMIC PLANTS. 119
like branches and alternate, oblong, elliptical, smooth, entire
leaves, with longitudinal veins running from the base to the
apex ; flowers inconspicuous ; fruit a small berry. The Cinnamon
is a native of Ceylon, India, Malacca, and islands of the Malayan
Archipelago generally. By making longitudinal incisions the
bark readily separates from the branches, and rolls up in the
form of a pipe about the size of the finger, and of various lengths,
and when scraped and dried is of a brown colour, and is the
Cinnamon of commerce, which is of different qualities accord-
ing to the countries from whence it comes. The best is
cultivated in Ceylon. The Cinnamon tree is known under a
great number of varieties, producing Cinnamon of varying
qualities. The bark of C. Cassia, known as Cassia or Cassia
lignea, is thicker and stronger in flavour, and is much used
to adulterate genuine Cinnamon ; this species also furnishes
some of the Cassia buds, which consist of the unexpanded
flower-buds. Cinnamon is chiefly used as a condiment, and for
flavouring confectionery.
Citron {Citrus medico), a thorny, much-branched, small tree
of the Orange family (Aurantiacese), attaining a height of 8
to 10 feet ; it has shining laurel-like leaves of a pale -green
colour, and sweet-smelling white flowers ; the fruit is oblong, 5
to 6 inches in length, with a rough yellow rind ; the pulp is white
and edible, very acid, but pleasant prepared as a sweetmeat ;
of one kind a conserve is made. The oil called Citron or
Cedrat Oil is obtained from the rind of the fruit. It takes the
name meclica from the country of the Medes, where it is de-
scribed by Theophrastus as having been cultivated more than
three hundred years before the Christian era. It appears to
have been grown by the Jews in Palestine after their return
from the Babylonian captivity, the fruit being used in the cere-
monies of the Feast of Tabernacles, and it continues to be so
used at the present day. According to Pliny, it was known in
Eome in his time.
Citronella. {See Lemon Grass.)
Clearing Nut, a name given in India to the seeds of Strycluios
120 DICTIONAEY OF POPULAR NAMES CLOUDBERRY
'potatorum, a small tree of tlie Nux Vomica family (Loganiacese) ;
native of India. It has hard wood, which is used for various
economic purposes ; but it is most remarkable for its fruit, which
is black, about the size of a cherry, and contains one seed. The
seeds are dried, and then used to clear muddy water, which is
effected by rubbing one of them round the vessel that is to
contain water, which, being then poured in, quickly becomes
clear, but by what agency is not known to us.
Cloudberry. {See Bramble.)
Clove, the name of the well-known, sweet-smelling garden
flower, the Clove Pink (Diantlius caryophylhis), of which the
Carnation or Gilliflower is a variety. It is a grass-leaved her-
baceous plant of the Pink family (Caryophyllacese). Its name
is derived from the French word " clou," English " clout," a
nail, from the fancied likeness of the flower of the Clove to a
broad-headed nail ; and the specific name caryo]jhyllus appears
to have been given by Tournefort (a French botanist, who died
in 1708) or by some earlier botanist, the grass-like leaves of the
Clove being likened to many of the short-leaved species of the
genus Carex and its allies, the leaves of which are hard with
sharp edges, often when incautiously handled causing wounds
difiicult to heal, termed Caries, hence the word caryopliyllus.
This word is, however, not restricted to the Clove Pink, for
in consequence of the dried flower -buds of a tree, native
of the Moluccas, being in the form of a nail, they are also
called Cloves, and although there is no resemblance between
the Clove Pink and the Clove of the Moluccas, nevertheless
Tournefort's name of Caryoijliylliis aromaticus was adopted by
early botanists for the well-known spice called Cloves, which
are the unexpanded dried flowers of a tree of the Myrtle family
(Mjrrtacese), attaining a height of 20 or 30 feet, with smooth,
laurel-like, elliptical leaves, 3 to 5 inches in length, and flowers
produced in bunches (corymbs), which are collected before
opening by beating and shaking the trees ; the foot-stalks being
jointed, they readily part, and are caught on cloths spread
below, and after drying constitute the well-known Cloves of
CLUB OF ECONOMIC PLANTS. 121
tlie shops. The Clove presents a singular history of monopoly
by the Dutch, who restricted the cultivation of the plant to the
island of Amboyna, and vast quantities of Cloves were destroyed
by them at Amsterdam in order to sustain a certain price. In
time, however, the plant was introduced to other islands, and is
now cultivated in Zanzibar, India, Ceylon, Mauritius, and the
West Indies. The Clove tree is known by modern botanists
under the name of Eugenia caryophyllata.
Clove Bark (Dicypellmm caryopliyllatum), a large tree of
the Laurel family (Lauracese), native of Brazil. The bark is
made up in rolls of several layers, 2 feet in length, and about
an inch in diameter. It has the nature and flavour of cinnamon,
and when ground occasionally forms one of the ingredients of
some mixed spices.
Clover {Trifolium pratense), a herb of the Bean family
(Leguminosse) ; the common red clover extensively cultivated as
cattle food, of which there are several varieties, by some botanists
considered as distinct species, the principal being Zigzag Clover
{T. medium), Carnation or Scarlet Clover (T. incarnatuin), Alsike
Clover [T. hyhridum). The White or Dutch Clover {T. repens),
well known as a cultivated fodder plant. T. joennsylvanicwn,
native of the United States, resembles the White Clover ; it is
extensively grown in this country, large quantities of seed being
annually imported from America.
Club Gourd. {See Bottle Gourd.)
Club Moss, a common name for different species of Lyco-
podium, a genus of Cryptogams of the family Lycopodiace?e, of
which there are six species, natives of Britain, found abundantly
in moorland bogs and heaths, both low and elevated. They are
by rustic practitioners considered to possess medicinal pro23erties.
A decoction of L. clavatum is used for a disease of the hair called
Plica poloniea. The spores of this species are like fine dust
(usually called pollen), highly absorbent, and have been used
to prevent excoriation in the skin of young children. This dust
is highly inflammable, and large quantities are collected called
Vegetable Sulphur, and at one time was used for producing arti-
122 DICTIONARY OF POPULAR NAMES COB
ficial lightning in theatres ; it makes a slight explosion without
producing much heat. In Germany it is called Witches.
Cob Nut. {See Hazel.)
Coca {ErytliToxylon Coca), a shrub of the Coca family (Ery-
throxylaceae), native of N'ew Grenada and Bolivia. It has oblong
lanceolate leaves, and attains a height of o to 6 feet. It is not
only found abundantly wild, but is also cultivated for its leaves,
which are universally chewed by the Indians, both men and
women. It is very stimulating, and its use enables them to do
hard work with little food for several days, and when food is
taken it does not affect the digestive organs. After partaking
of their morning meal they stuff a loose handful of leaves into
their mouths with a little calcined lime ; a few fresh leaves are
added during the day, which enlarges the cheek, giving it the
appearance of being swollen. It is not ascertained whether its
excessive use shortens life, but aged Indians have been seen
chewing Coca in a state of quietness, conveying the idea that
they w^ere asleep. Experiments have been made upon it lately,
and much has been written in medical journals respecting its
effects.
Coca, Mexican, a name given in the Southern States
of North America to Richardsonia scahra, a perennial decum-
bent herb of the Madder family (Eubiacete), widely dis-
tributed throughout Peru, tropical America, Mexico, and the
West Indies ; also throughout the Southern States, especially
in Alabama. Its succulent leafy stems form a nutritious fodder,
equal to clover, for horses, cattle, and sheep. Its roots are used
in medicine as a substitute for Ipecacuanha. (See Ipecacuanha.)
Cocculus Indicus, the common name of the berry-like fruit
of Anamirta Cocculus, a climbing shrub of the Moonseed
family (Menispermacese), native of Ceylon, various parts of
India, and the Eastern islands. Its berries are imported into
this country to the extent of about 30,000 lbs. annually ; the
quantity actually consumed, however, is not known. Its use
in medicine is simply in the preparation of an ointment to
destroy pediculi, and in some obstinate forms of chronic skin
COCOA OF ECONOMIC PLANTS. 123
disease. Cocculiis indicus is said, however, to be used in large
quantities by brewers and publicans for increasing the bitterness
and intoxicating powers of malt liquors ; but a heavy penalty
is inflicted upon those detected in so doing, and upon druggists
who supply it to brewers, as it contains an acrid irritant poison,
called Picrotoxin. It is also used for what is termed drugging, an
overdose of it causing death. It is further used as a fly poison.
Cochineal. {See Nopal.)
Cockscomb (Celosia cristata), an annual of the family
Amaranthaccce, native of India, introduced into this country
300 years ago ; the typical form is a branching plant, bearing
loose spikes of flowers. The crested head of the garden cocks-
comb is a monstrosity brought about by cultivation.
Cocoa Nibs. {See Chocolate Nut.)
Cocoa Nut (Cocos nucifera), a palm, native of the coasts
of tropical Africa, India, Malay, and islands of the Indian and
Pacific Oceans. It is generally cultivated throughout all tropical
countries, but thrives best near the sea, and requires no special
care. The tree varies in height from 50 to 100 feet, and has
long winged leaves, the so-called nuts being produced in
bunches of 10 to 20 or more together. They are of a triangular
form, about a foot long, consisting of a thick coat of fibre,
enclosing a hard shell, which, with its contents, is known as
the Cocoa Nut. It is commonly said that the uses of the
Cocoa Nut are as numerous as the days in a year, affording
food, drink, domestic utensils, and materials for building and
thatching. In some parts of India and other countries, the
white albumen of the nut forms nearly the entire food of the
natives, and the white fluid or milk serves them for drink.
It also yields wine and sugar. Cocoa-nut Oil is obtained by
pressing the albumen. When fresh it is transparent, and is
then used in cookery. Large quantities of it are imported into
this country under the name of Copra ; the thicker portion,
called Stearine, being used for making candles, wliile the
clear oil is used for burning in lamps. The well-known sub-
stance Glycerine is obtained in the process of purifying Cocoa-
124 DICTIONAEY OF POPULAR NAMES COCOA
nut oil. Formerly the fibre was used for making coir ropes
only, but within the last thirty years it has been manufactured
into floor-matting, brushes, and brooms, and is used for stuffing
cushions, as well as for many other purposes. The hard shell
is made into cups and other domestic utensils. The wood is
known as Porcupine- wood.
Cocoa Nut, Double [Lodoicea secliellaruui). — This may be con-
sidered the largest and most remarkable of palms. It is a native
of a small group of islands in the Indian Ocean called the Sey-
chelles. It is said to attain a height of 100 feet, its stem being
1 J to 2 feet in diameter, bearing at the summit a crown of fan-
shaped leaves. It is remarkable for growing in a socket of a hard
woody texture, perforated with holes made by the roots. This
curious appendage derives its origin from the cotyledon, which in
this palm attains the extraordinary length of 2 feet, growing
downwards like a root, having the germ (plumule) seated in its
thickened end. When perfect the tliick end opens on one side like
a sheath, out of which rise the first succeeding leaves of the plant,
roots also being produced, which make their exit by piercing the
end of the sheath. In time the nutriment of the nut becomes
exhausted, and the part of the cotyledon between it and the
young plant withers. The latter, however, retains its placental
vital connection with the sheath end of the cotyledon, which is
henceforth nourished by the plant, and increases in size with
its growth, which thus continues seated in the cradle of its
birth through life. This formation appears, however, to be
common to the palms, but very much more largely developed
in the Lodoicea. The fruit is a large oblong nut, covered
with a tliin rind. After the removal of the outer envelope
or rind, the fruit has the appearance of two oblong nuts,
firmly united together, and often weighs 30 to 40 lbs. They
are borne in bunches, each consisting of nine or ten nuts, so
that a whole bunch will often weigh 400 lbs. It takes ten
years to ripen its fruit, the albumen of which is similar to that
of the common cocoa nut, but is too hard and horny to serve as
food. The shell is converted into many useful articles by the
COFFEE OF ECONOMIC PLANTS. 125
natives, but the most important part is the leaves, which are
made into hats, baskets, and the like. The demand has of late
years become so great that in order to obtain the leaves the
trees are cut down, and as no care is taken to form new planta-
tions, it was at one time feared this palm would eventually
become extinct. In 1864 the leading botanists in this country
petitioned the Government for its protection. By more recent
information, however, it appears that in one island alone there
are many thousands of trees.
Cocoa Plum {Chrysobalanus Icaco), a small tree of the Cocoa
Plum family (Chrysobalanacese), native of the West Indies, intro-
duced into this country in 1752, and cultivated in the hothouses
as a rare plant. It produces a small pulpy fruit, which is made
into a preserve, and forms an article of trade.
Cocum Butter. {Sec Gamboge.)
Coffee {Coffea arabica), a small much-branched tree of the
Cinchona family (Cinchonacese), not exceeding 20 feet in height,
much resembling a cherry tree, but has a whitish bark, and more
slender and horizontal spreading branches. It has opposite
leaves, of a light -green colour and elliptical lance -like form,
about 6 inches in length. The flowers are in clusters in the
axils of the leaves, and are white, like orange-tree flowers, and
perfume the air. The young fruit is first of a green colour, but
on ripening becomes red, and is about the size of a small cherry,
but somewhat oblong, each containing two seeds closely united
by their flat sides, which, on the pulp being removed, separate
and constitute the Coffee berries of commerce, and when roasted
and ground, the Coffee of the shops. The native country of the
Coffee tree is supposed to be Abyssinia, where it has been known
from time immemorial under the name of Coffa, hence comes
Coffee. From Abyssinia it is supposed to have been introduced
into Arabia Felix about the end of the fifteenth century, and
has been cultivated in the province of Yemen and used as a
beverage. About the middle of the sixteenth century its use be-
came known in Constantinople. It was first used in London by a
Smyrna merchant, who, in order to have it properly made, brought
126 DICTIONARY OF POPULAR NAMES COFFEE
with him a Levantine girl, who married his coachman, and in
1652 they opened the first public coffee shop in London. With
regard to the history of the introduction of the Coffee tree into
America, it is stated that a living plant was obtained by the
Dutch and placed in the Botanic Garden, Amsterdam, where it
was propagated, and a plant was conveyed to the Dutch settle-
ment of Surinam. One of the Amsterdam plants was in 1714
presented to Louis XIY., by whom it was introduced into
Martinique in 1717. From these plants the cultivation of Coffee
spread throughout the warm countries of America and the West
Indies, also in time in Ceylon and India, where it is now ex-
tensively cultivated. The principal supply of Coffee to this
country is from the West Indies, British Guiana, Brazil, Ceylon,
and India. The Coffee of the shops in course of time became
greatly adulterated, the principal adulterant being the ground
roots of chicory, which led to an Act of Parliament being passed
to make the adulteration of Coffee by cliicory, or any other
adulterant, a statutable offence. Sixty years ago (1820), when
genuine Coffee was high priced (3 to 4 shillings a pound), roasted
corn under the name of " Kent's Eoasted Corn " was sold in
London, and was patronised for some time. The number of
Coffee trees in Brazil is computed to amount to 530,000,000,
covering a surface of 1,150,000 square acres, and it is calculated
that Coffee is now used by 100,000,000 of the human race. In
1880 the quantity of Coffee from all countries imported into this
country was 1,555,939 cwts., valued at £7,062,016. Of late
years the Coffee crops, especially in Ceylon and India, have
become much deteriorated from the ravages of a disease
termed the Coffee Blight, which is caused by a fungus {Hemi-
leia vastatinx) spreading over the leaves. It first appears with
rapid grow^th within the parenchymatous tissue of the leaf;
the perfect fungus is developed on its under-side ; its fruit is
composed of numerous clusters of orange -coloured sporangia,
which protrude through the stomata (that is, the breathing spores
of the leaf), and entirely destroy the functions ; the trees then
become sick, and failure of crops is the consequence. It spreads
COLA OF ECONOMIC PLANTS. 127
rapidly; its first appearance in Ceylon was in 1869, Southern
India 1869-70, Sumatra 1876, and in Java 1879. No cure has
yet been found for tliis formidable disease.
Of late years a kind of Coffee has come into special notice
called Liberian Coffee, the produce of a tree native of Liberia
and West Africa ; it is a much stronger plant than the Coffea
arabica, and is considered to be a distinct species under the
name of Coffea liherica. Its berries are large, but do not contain
so much caffeine as the original species.
Cohune Palm (Attalea Cohune), a wing-leaved palm similar
in appearance to the cocoa nut, but it does not attain such a
great height, and has a thicker stem. It is abundant in Hon-
duras and Darien. The fruit is produced in large bunches, each
fruit being about the size of a turkey's Qgg. The kernel of the
nut tastes like that of the cocoa nut, but contains more oil, which
is of a finer quality. It is obtained by crushing the nuts. This
palm may also be termed a wine palm, the trunk containing a
great quantity of liquor, which is obtained by cutting the tree
down and making a deep hole near the top, and by slightly
raising the butt-end the liquor flows into the hole, and is readily
obtained by slipping in a small vessel. This supply continues
a considerable time, and forms a cooling drink to passers-by.
Cola Nut {^Cola acummata), a tree of the Sterculiad
family (Sterculiacese), native of Western tropical Africa. It
attains a height of 30 to 40 feet, having smooth, entire,
oblong, elliptical leaves, 6 to 8 inches in length. The fruit is
a follicle containing several nut-like seeds, which are called
Cola or Goora Nuts. Tliey form a considerable article of trade
amongst the negroes, by whom they are held in high estima-
tion, as they are supposed to give strength, allay thirst, promote
digestion, and stay hunger, possessing the same properties as the
Coca leaf of tropical America. The tree is now common in the
Y/est Indies and Brazil, having been early introduced during the
slave trade. Some degree of superstition is attached to it by the
negroes ; the fetishman or necromancer relies especially upon
feeding the spirits with Cola nuts to obtain for his votaries good
128 DICTIONARY OF POPULAR NAMES COLCHICUM
health and happiness ; and the nuts form an important portion
of the presents of a bridegroom to the bride's father,
Oolchicum (Colchictom autumnale), a bulb of the Hellebore
family (Melanthacese), native of the South of Europe. This is
rarely found wild, although it is common in gardens. It is
known as Meadow Saffron and Autumn Crocus. It has a
solid bulbous root (corm), from which crocus-like flowers are
produced in the autumn, succeeded by grass-like leaves. It is
found throughout the warm parts of Europe, and is highly
poisonous, but is of importance in medicine, more especially for
gouty affections.
Coleworts and Kohl-rabi. (See Cabbage.)
Colic - root, a name in the United States for Aletris
farinosa, a herb of the Bloodroot family (Hsemadoraceee), having
distichous, lance-shaped, radical leaves, from which rises a simple
flower-stem 1 to 3 feet high, terminating in a spike of white bell-
shaped flowers. It is one of the most intense bitters known, and
is used medicinally in many complaints.
Colocynth {Citndlus Colocyntliis), a trailing annual of the
Gourd family (Cucurbitacese). It is common in Syria, Egypt,
and countries of the Mediterranean, and has become widely
diffused in other parts of the world. The fruit is about the size
and colour of an orange, has a smooth hard rind when dry, and
contains a soft spongy pulp, which is intensely bitter and poison-
ous, but is used medicinally as a purgative. It is the wild
gourd mentioned in the book of Kings. Its seeds are, however,
wholesome. The natives of some parts of North Africa, especi-
ally in the Sahara, deprive them of their skin and make a paste
of the kernel, which is eaten with dates.
Colt's-foot (Tussilago Farfara), a perennial of the Com-
posite family (Compositse), common on roadsides and waste
places ; often seen abundant in railway cuttings. It has large
angular - shaped leaves of a greyish colour. It is bitter and
astringent, containing a large quantity of mucilage, and is much
used in cases of asthma, being smoked like tobacco.
Columbine {Aquileyia vulgaris), a perennial herb of the
COMPASS OF ECONOMIC PLANTS. 129
Buttercup family (Eanunculacese), native of Britain. In its
wild state the flowers are generally blue, but from its being
long a favourite garden plant, many varieties have been raised
of different colours, and some with double flowers. It derives
its name Columbine from the curved petals being compared to
birds, the sepals forming the wings.
Colza Oil. {See Eape.)
Comfrey {Symplujtum officinale), a strong-growing peren-
nial of the Borage family (Boraginacese), native of Britain. It
has long had its virtues extolled, but, like those of Borage,
they are imaginary. The young sprouts are sometimes blanched,
and used as asparagus. >S^. peregrimtm, generally described as
^S'. asperrirmtm, grows taller, and, with its pretty blue pendulous
flowers, is a more showy garden plant than the preceding;
native of the Caucasus ; introduced about the beginning of the
present century. Although a rough-leaved plant, it is neverthe-
less relished by cattle. Some years ago it came into notice as
a fodder plant, and trials of it show that, if properly cultivated,
an acre will yield as much as 40 to 50 tons of green food. It is
found to be rich in gum mucilage and sugar.
Compass or Polar Plant, a name given in the United States
to SilpJimm laciniatum, a strong-growing perennial of the Com-
posite family (Compositae). It grows to a height of 4 to 6
feet, the upper part branched, each branch terminated by a head
of yellow florets. Its leaves are of an ovate form, but winged
and jagged, of which Dr. Asa Gray says — " On the wide open
prairies the leaves are said to present their faces uniformly north
and south. From this circumstance it is called the Compass
plant." There are several other statements to the same effect,
but taking them altogether, there is still a degree of uncertainty
regarding the direction of the leaves always pointing north and
south. It is also known by the name of Eosin, or Turpentine
Plant, consequent on the resinous substance which issues from
its stem. It has been noticed by travellers in the prairies that
mosses and lichens grow most abundant on the north side of the
trees, which circumstance serves as a guide to travellers.
K
130 DICTIONARY OF POPULAR NAMES CONFERVA
Conferva, tlie name of a genus forming part of the Linnsean
order Algse, whicli has by modern botanists been separated into
different families — Conferva and its allies forming one termed
Confervaceae, of which about 350 species are recorded. They
vary considerably in habit, from microscopic globules, simple
hair or thread like, or united forming a web, to broad ribbon-
like expansions. They grow on rocks, or in fresh or salt water,
or on the surface of moist ground, stones, or other bodies, some-
times like slime, scum, or jelly. A few only, such as Laver
(which see), are of economic value. Some, by their rapid growth
and union, and the extent of surface they occupy with their
different colours of red, green, and black, form conspicuous objects
in nature. For instance, in Angola, Western tropical Africa, the
mountain rocks during the rainy season become striped and
ultimately covered with a black mantle, which, when the season
becomes dry, peels off like paper, and the rocks assume their
natural grey tint, this singular appearance being due to the
rapid growth of a Conferva called Scytonema cliorogra'phiGum.
In this country several species of Conferva are extremely
troublesome in ornamental ponds, lakes, and plant aquariums,
covering the surface with a fetid scum, or in flannel-like masses.
Sometimes the water becomes of a green colour, and thick. This
is caused by a microscopic globular alga that increases rapidly,
floating in clusters of such density as to give the water the
appearance above stated. It has received the name of Clath-
rocystes ceruginosa.
Contrayerva Root, a name given to the rhizome of Dorstenia
contrayerva, a perennial of the Nettle family (Urticacese), native
of Brazil. The root is said to possess medical properties, and is
imported into this country.
Cooper's Wood (Fomaderris apetala), a moderate - sized
erect branching tree of the Buckthorn family (Ehamnacese),
native of New South Wales and Tasmania. Its wood is hard,
and is used for staves for casks and for many other purposes.
Copaiva. (See Balsam Copaiva.)
Copai-yb Wood, a name in Guiana for Vochysia guiancnsis,
COQUITO OF ECONOMIC PLANTS. 131
a tree of the family Vochysiaceae, native of the forests of
Guiana, attaining a height of 50 to 60 feet, and 2 to 2 J feet
in diameter. The wood is not very durable, but is used for
making staves for sugar hogsheads, boat-oars, etc.
Copal, a hard resinous substance resembling amber, a
natural exudation from certain tropical trees. It is also called
Gum Anime. 1. Brazilian, Hymencea Courbaril {see Cour-
baril). 2. Madagascar, Trachylobium {Hymencea) verrucosa. 3.
Zanzibar, Trachylobiuiii {Hymencea) Hornemannianum, a large
tree of the Bean family (Leguminosae), native of the country
of Zanzibar. It is yielded by trees now growing ; but the
greatest quantity is found in the sand in localities where no
trees now exist, but the remains of insects and even leaves and
flowers found embedded in the resin are sufficient evidence to
prove that it is the produce of trees that once grew where the
resin is now found. It is known in commerce as Anime, or
Fossil Copal. Other Copals are found in Western tropical Africa,
furnished by Guihourtia cojpalifera and other plants. 4. Indian,
the produce of Valeria indica, a tree of the family Diptero-
carpaceae, native of Ceylon and Malabar. On wounding the bark
a white pellucid fragrant acrid and bitter resin exudes, wliich in
the sun becomes yellow and brittle. In its fluid state it is
called Piney Varnish, Pinne being the native name of the
tree. 5. New Zealand {see Cowdy Pine).
Copra. {See Cocoa Nut.)
Coquilla Nut, the fruit of Attalea funifcra, the Piassaba
Palm. These fruits, which are produced in bunches, are each
about 3 inches in length, covered with a thin skin enclosing
a hard nut, which, when polished, is used for bell-pulls and door-
handles.
Coquito Nut {Juhxa spectaUlis), a wing-leaved palm rising
to a considerable height, having somewhat the appearance of the
Date Palm. It is a native of Chili. The stem contains a
sugary sap, to obtain which the tree is felled and the leaves
closely cut off, the sap then begins to flow, and it continues to
do so for several months till the whole of the stem is exhausted.
132 DICTIONARY OF POPULAR NAMES CORAL
The sap is then boiled, aud is of the consistency of treacle. In
Chili it forms an article of trade, being used as a substitute for
sugar under the name of Meil de Palma, or Palm Honey. In warm
situations in this country this palm will thrive in the open air.
Coral Tree {Erythrina corallodendron), a gouty-stemmed low
tree of the Bean family (Leguminosse), having trifoliate leaves
and long spikes of large scarlet papilionaceous flowers. Its seeds
are hard and red, and are made into necklaces so as to resemble
coral. It is a native of the West Indies.
Coriander (Coriandncm sativum), an annual of the Carrot
family (Umbelliferse), native of Southern Europe, and cultivated
in this country for the sake of its aromatic fruits, which are used
in confectionery, and also for flavouring spirits.
Coriarla, a genus consisting of a few shrubs, representatives
of the family Coriariaceae. 1. C. myrtifolia, an erect caespitose
shrub, 2 to 3 feet high, having erect opposite myrtle-like leaves.
It is a native of the South of Europe, and has received the name
Coriaria, which means leather, on account of its leaves being
used for tanning in the same manner as Sumach, and it is also
known by the name of M}Ttle-leaved Sumach. Its fruit is
highly poisonous, fatal effects having occurred to soldiers in
Spain through eating it. 2. C. ncpalensis, a more spreading
species than the preceding, native of Xepal, where its fruit, which
is not unwholesome, is said to be eaten. 3. C. sarmentosa,
native of ^N'ew Zealand. It is a shrub from 10 to 15 feet high,
assuming the character of a small tree, with pendulous branches.
It occupies large tracts of land, its presence indicating good soil.
The fruit consists of a small black shining pulpy berry, from
wliich a refreshing wine is made by the natives, and it is called
the wine-berry shrub by the settlers. The seeds are poisonous,
and eating them has proved fatal in several instances, the action
being similar to that of strychnine, but not so rapid. It is
called Tutu by the natives. 4. C. thijmifolia, also a native
of New Zealand. The juice of its fruit is first of a reddish
colour, but soon turns black. It is very lasting, and is called by
the settlers the Ink Plant.
CORNELIAN OF ECONOMIC PLANTS. 133
Cork Trees. — The soft, spongy, and somewhat elastic bark of
several trees is employed for making bottle corks, barrel bungs,
and for several other purposes ; the most important being the Cork
Oak (Quercus Suher), a stout middle-sized tree of the Oak family
(Cupuliferae), native of South Europe and North Africa.
According to the age of the tree the bark tliickens, becoming
firm, spongy, and somewhat elastic. It naturally falls off;
but for commercial purposes it is removed before this can
take place, care being taken not to injure the inner bark, so that
it again grows. It is taken off in large pieces, soaked for some
time in water, and then submitted to pressure, and formed
into sheets of cork, of which the greatest supply to this country
comes from Spain, Portugal, France, and some from Italy. The
quantity imported in some years has exceeded 2500 tons, a
great part of which is used for making bottle corks and bungs ;
also for soles for shoes, fishermen's floats, life boats and buoys,
as well as for Kamptulicon and Linoleum, now much used for
floor coverings. In Algeria Cork trees attain a height of 65
feet, and a circumference of 10 to 16 feet. In some parts of
Spain they -attain an equal height.
Cork Woods {Ochroma Lag opus), a tree of the Silk Cotton
family (Bombacese), attaining a height of about 40 feet,
common on the coast of the West Indies and many parts of
tropical America. The wood is soft, easily compressible, and is
used for corks, floats, rafts, etc. Its fruits contain a mass of
silky hairs of the same nature as those of the silk cotton trees,
and it is used for the same purpose. 2. Anona palustris (see
Alligator Apple).
Corn, a general term for all kinds of cultivated grasses,
yielding farinaceous grains (their fruit), such as wheat, maize,
barley, etc. When ground it becomes flour and meal, forming
the general bread food of man.
Cornelian Cherry (Comics mascula), a bushy tree or shrub
of the Dogwood family (Cornacece), a native of many parts of
Europe and ISTorthern Asia. Its numerous small yellow flowers
make it a conspicuous object in the spring. The fruit is oblong,
134 DICTIONAEY OF POPULAH NAMES COSTUS
clear, and shining, of a cornelian colour, and about the size of
a small plum. It is not very palatable, but is sometimes used
as a substitute for olives. It is also preserved and used in con-
fectionery, and by the Turks for flavouring sherbet. It is
considered useful in dysentery, and during the raging of cholera
in Constantinople was the only fruit allowed to be sold in the
streets. It fruits freely in tliis country, but is not made any
use of.
Costus of the Ancients has of late been ascertained to be
the roots of Aplofaxis auriculata, a strong-rooted perennial plant
of the Composite family (Compositse), a native of Cashmere,
having a flowering stem attaining 5 or 6 feet in height, bearing
heads of purple-coloured flowers, like thistles, on the apex of the
branches. Its roots are extensively collected, it is stated to the
amount of 2,000,000 lbs. a year, forming an important article of
trade. It is conveyed to Bombay, and thence shipped to the
Persian Gulf, Eed Sea, and China. Its chief use is in perfumery,
and in China it is burnt in the temples, and used medicinally to
excite the appetite. In Cashmere it is not much used except
to keep away insects from shawls. It is known by the name of
Koot in the bazaars.
In the Bible there are two Hebrew w^ords translated Cassia.
The first, " Kiddah " (Exod. xxx. 24), is supposed to be cinna-
mon obtained from Ceylon. The second, " Ketzioth " (Ps. xlv. 8),
is supposed to be the Koot or Costus roots as now known.
Cotton, an ancient name for cloths made of the woolly hairs
attached to the seeds of Gossypium hey^laceum, of the Mallow
family (Malvaceae). There are many varieties, which assume
different aspects under cultivation. It is generally treated as an
annual, but if left alone it becomes a branched shrub. The typical
form that supplies the great bulk of the Cotton of coramerce is
generally known by the name of Gossypium harhadense, which
under different forms is cultivated in all Cotton-producing
countries, which extend about 36° on both sides of the equator.
It varies in height according to soil, climate, and mode of cultiva-
tion, seldom exceeding 2 or 3 feet, but as a shrub attaining a
COTTON OF ECONOMIC PLANTS. 135
height of 15 to 20 feet; its leaves are generally heart-shaped,
three or five lobed, and of a soft texture. The flowers are
showy, either yellow, pink, or red, succeeded by a three or five
celled capsule, which, when ripe, bursts open, presenting a mass
of white filaments, and these, after separation from the seed,
form the Cotton of commerce, which, next to food-plants, may
be considered of the first importance to man ; the cloth woven
from its fibre being now in general use, it may be said, by all
nations of the earth. The first notice of it is found in ancient
Indian books, written more than 800 years before the Christian
era. It, however, does not appear to have been known in Greece
and Western Asia in the time of Herodotus, 500 years B.C.
That ancient writer says that the Indians had a plant that
bore, instead of fruit, a wool like that of sheep, but finer and
better, of which they made clothes. Two hundred years after
this Theophrastus speaks of it as growing in Ethiopia. It also
appears about that time to have become known in Egypt.
Cotton also seems to have been early known in America. On
the discovery of that country in 1492 Columbus found it in
common use by the natives in Cuba. Cortez and Pizarro found
the Cotton plant was utilised in Mexico ; and remains of Cotton
cloth having been found in the tombs of the Incas in Peru,
prove its use to be of ancient date both in America and India.
The seeds of Cotton are about the size of small peas. They
contain a large quantity of oil, and are crushed and made into
cakes for food for cattle.
Cotton Grass {Eriojplionim angustifolium), a perennial plant
of the Sedge family (Cyperacese), a native of this country, which,
with other species, occupies tracts in marshy ground. When
in flower it forms conspicuous masses consequent on its grassy
stalks being terminated by a head of flowers, which when per-
fect becomes a tuft of white cotton -like down, with which
cushions are sometimes stuffed.
Cotton Thistle {Onoioordon Acanthium), a biennial of the
Composite family (Composite), a magnificent thistle, native of
South Europe; it has become indigenous in this country.
136 DICTIONAEY OF POPULAE NAMES COTTON
Generally found cultivated in gardens, attaining the height
of 6 or 8 feet; it has numerous hoary, stiff branches, each
terminated by a thistle head of pink flowers ; the whole having
the appearance of a magnificent candelabrum.
Cotton-wood, a common name for Fopuhis moiiilifera. (See
Poplar.)
Coumarin, an odoriferous principle common to the Tonquin
Bean (Dipteryx odorata), Faham Tea of the Mauritius (Angrcecum
fragrans), Sweet Woodruff {Asperida odorata), Melilot {Melilotus
officinalis), Swiss Melilot {Melilotus cxridea), and the sweet-
smelling Vernal Grass {Antlioocanthum odoratum). This last is
a common grass in hay-fields, and it imparts the sweet odour to
newly-made hay ; and it is probable that hay fever, as it is
called, to which many people are liable during the hay harvest,
may be attributed to the Coumarin in the atmosphere. Hay
fever is also thought to be due to the amount of pollen floating in
the air during the flowering season of the corn and grass crops.
Besides the above-mentioned sources of Coumarin, it is also found
ill Uupatorium aromaticum and JE. gluthiosum, perennial herbs of
the Composite family (Compositae), natives of North America.
Courbaril Tree (Hymcncea Oourharil), a large tree of the
Bean family (Leguminosee), with simple bilobed leaves, native
of the West Indies and tropical America, where it attains a
large size, the diameter of the true stem being 6 to 9 feet, sur-
rounded by buttresses, measuring round the base above 80 feet
in circumference; some trees are supposed to be more than
1000 years old. The pods are thick, flat, 3 to 4 inches in
length, and 2 inches broad. They contain a few bean-like seeds
embedded in pulp, which becomes mealy as the pod ripens, and
is eaten by the natives. It early received the name of the West
Indian Locust Tree. It yields a kind of copal gum, wliich is
found in lumps under the roots of the tree. (See Copal.)
Cow Parsley, a name given to the different species of the
genus CJia^ro2JhyUu7n, perennial herbs of the Carrot family
(Umbelliferse). C. sylvestre is a native of this country, and known
by the name of Wild Chervil. The most important of the
cow OF ECONOMIC PLANTS. 137
genus is G. hulhosum. Its stem is smooth, with swollen joints,
and dissected leaves, bearing on its branches umbels of white
flowers, like the white carrot. It is a native of Europe, and is
cultivated in some parts of Germany for the sake of its tubers,
which are about the size of a hen's ^gg ; when well cultivated
it is very prolific, and two acres will yield about ten tons of roots.
They are very nutritious, and contain a large quantity of starch.
They may be dug up in June, but are not perfect till September,
when they have the flavour of vanilla, and form a wholesome
food. Another tuberous-rooted edible species is C. Prescottii, a
native of Siberia, described as having roots as large as a parsnip.
Tuberous roots are also characteristic of the genus Peucedanum,
allied to the above, represented in this country by F. officinale,
known as Sulphurwort ; but the most worthy of notice are
P. triternatum and P. nudiccmle, natives of Sierra Nevada and
California. They have tuberous roots about the size of nuts, and
have a mild sweet taste, and contain much starch and other
nutritious matter. They are largely collected by the Indians,
and form a large portion of their food.
Cow Parsnip {Eeradeum sphonclylium). — The common Cow
Parsnip is a perennial of the Carrot family (Umbelliferse),
native of this country. Its stem attains a height of 4 to 5
feet, bearing broad bipinnate leaves, and large umbels of whitish
flowers. It possesses no special property ; toy pop-guns are
made of its hollow stems. H. giganteum is remarkable for its
great size, attaining the height of 10 to 12 feet, and bearing
large umbels of yellow flowers ; it is a native of Siberia. It is
the tallest plant of the Umbelliferee.
Cow Tree [Brosimum Gcdactodendron), a tree of the Bread-
fruit family (Artocarpaceae). This is the Palo de Vaca or Cow
Tree, first described by Humboldt. It is a native of Vene-
zuela, where it attains a height of from 80 to 100 feet,
and forms large forests ; it has oblong pointed leaves of a
rusty colour on the under side, strongly veined and firm. On
incisions being made in the trunk, a copious flow of milky
sap is obtained, which is extensively used by the natives as a
138 DICTIONARY OF POPULAR NAMES COW
substitute for milk, and has been daily used by Europeans
without producing any ill effects. With this knowledge, and
impressed with Humboldt's comparing the trees to cows, an
Englishman w^as led to entertain the project of introducing and
naturalising them in this country, thus conferring a great boon on
the people. Accordingly, in 1830, he arrived in England with
a great number of young trees — it was said 1000. To his philan-
thropic views he added that of profit, and expected that his
trees would be eagerly purchased for a guinea each ; but in this
he was disappointed, for few were bought, tree-cultivators being
aware that a forest tree from Venezuela could only be grown as
a curiosity in a hothouse, which circumstance had not been
thought of by the speculator ; and further, it was afterwards
found that his trees were not true Cow trees, but a species of
Achras, as proved by one of the trees grown at Kew.
2. Taherncemontana iitilis, the Cow tree of British Guiana,
where it is called Hya-hya, a large much -branched tree
of the Dogbane family (Apocynacese), with simple elliptical
leaves. On wounding the stem a copious flow of milky sap
issues, of the taste of sweet milk, but rather sticky, consequent
on containing some caoutchouc.
3. Collopliora, a tree of the Dogbane family (Apocynacese),
native of the countries of Eio Negro. It attains a height of
30 to 35 feet, with a diameter of 12 inches. Its leaves are
simple, and, with the branches, grow in verticels of threes ; in
the flowering season it is profusely clad with corymbs of red
flowers, which are conspicuous in the forest. On the bark being
wounded, the milk flows abundantly, and is of the consistency
of cow's milk, of the purest w^hite, and sweet to the taste. The
Indian mode of taking this milk is to apply the mouth directly
to the wound, and thus receive the milk as it flows. Dr. Spruce,
the celebrated South American traveller, says — "I have many
times partaken of it without experiencing any ill effects." It is
however, sHghtly viscid, which shows it to contain a little
caoutchouc, and on that account it is considered useful as a
medicine in dysentery. The natives caU the trees Cuma.
COWRIE OF ECONOMIC PLANTS. 139
4. The Cow tree of Para is a lofty tree, attaining a height
of 100 feet, belonging to the Star Apple family (Sapotacese), and
is supposed to be a species of Mimusoijs (3f. elata). On incisions
being made in the bark, a milky juice flows most copiously ; it
is about the consistence of thick cream, from which, but for a
slight peculiar flavour, it can scarcely be distinguished. By
exposure to the air it thickens, and forms an adhesive glue,
something like gutta-percha. The fruit is about the size of an
apple, very juicy, and is sold in the markets of Para. The
timber is very hard, and used for many purposes. In Para the
tree is known by the name of Massaranduba.
Cowbane (Cimita viwsa), a perennial aquatic of the Carrot
family (Umbelliferse), producing an erect, hollow, much-
branched, striated stem, 3 to 4 feet high, furnished with dis-
sected leaves. It is like the hemlock, highly poisonous, and
fatal accidents have occurred from eating its roots, and to
cattle from eating its leaves. It is also called Water Hemlock.
It is a native of this country, but, fortunately, not common.
(Enanthe Phellandrium is also called Water Hemlock ; it
belongs to the same family, and is similar in habit to the pre-
ceding, and is equally poisonous ; indeed, it may be said that all
aquatic Umbelliferse are poisonous.
Cowberry. {See Bilberry.)
Cow-itch, or Cowhage (Mucuna pruriens), a strong tri-
foliate-leaved climbing plant of the Bean family (Leguminosse),
having somewhat the habit of the scarlet runner ; it and allied
species are natives of tropical countries. The name Cow-itch
is a corruption of the Indian name Cowhage. The pod is
densely covered with small, very light, and short hairs, which
are removed by the slightest touch, settling on and penetrating
the skin, producing an intolerable itching well known to many
travellers, and to those who incautiously handle the pods, or
even open packages in which they are contained ; when mixed
with honey or syrup they are used as a vermifage.
Cowrie, Kawrie, or Cowdie Pine (Dammara mistralis). (See
Dammar.)
140 DICTIONARY OF POPULAR NAMES COWSLIP
Cowslip (Primula veris), a perennial herb of the Primrose
family (Primiilaceae), native of this country ; it is known in some
parts of the country by the name of Pea Gulls. It grows in moist
places. By the ancient herbalists it was held in high repute
for the cure of many disorders, but it has now lost its reputa-
tion. In some parts of the country wine is made from the
flowers, known as Cowslip Wine, which is very sparkling and
pleasant.
Cowslip, American {Dodecatlieon Meaclia), a perennial herb
of the Primrose family (Primulacese), native of the warm parts
of North America ; introduced to this country about the middle
of the last century, and has been always held in esteem as an
ornamental and interesting plant in botanic gardens, and in
private collections by amateurs. The scientific name is of
fanciful derivation, meaning "twelve divinities," and in the
Western States it is called Shooting Star.
Cowslip, Cape, a name given to the different species of Zachen-
alia. There are a considerable number of species native of the Cape
of Good Hope ; they are bulbous-rooted plants of the Liliaceae,
producing radical lanceolate leaves often spotted; the flowers
are pendulous, produced on a stalk about 6 inches high, and are
generally of a yellow colour. The species form ornamental
plants in our greenhouses.
Crab's Eyes. (See Bead Trees.)
Crab Oil, a name in Guiana for the oil expressed from the
seeds of Carapa gidanensis, a tree of the Bead-tree family
(Meliacese), native of Guiana ; it attains a height of 60 to 80
feet, having large, shining, winged leaves of firm texture. Its
fruit consists of a globose hard shell about 4 inches in diameter,
containing a number of large, brown, thick, wedge-shaped seeds,
closely packed, which yield an oil used by the Indians for anoint-
ing their hair, and small quantities are imported into this
country. Its wood takes a fine polish, and is used for many
purposes in Demerara. Under the name of C. guineensis, a
similar tree has been described, native of Western tropical
Africa. It differs but little from the preceding except in having
CREAM OF ECONOMIC PLANTS. 141
larger fruit, sometimes 6 inches in diameter. It also produces
an oil. This species is now sunk under the former.
Crab Tree. {See Apple.)
Cranberry {Vaccinium Oxy coccus and V. macrocarjpum),
slender, trailing-stemmed, small-leaved shrubs, belonging to the
Cranberry family (Vacciniaceae). They are natives of this
country and North America, growing in boggy heaths. The
fruits are berries about the size of currants, which are collected
for preserving and for making tarts. V. macrocarpitm has the
largest fruit, and is imported from North America, where it is
extensively cultivated, especially near Berlin, Wisconsin, where
about one-foui'th of 750 acres of marsh is under cultivation.
It is flooded during winter ; in the spring the water is drained
off, and in October picking commences. Sometimes there are
as many as 3000 pickers employed. The ground is so marshy
that a wooden railway is laid from the centre of the operations
to convey the berries in trucks to the warehouse, where they are
laid on the upper floor, and on the lower are large fanning
mills to which the berries are let down in hoppers, and are thus
cleaned from leaves and other impurities. 35,000 bushels are
sometimes collected from this spot in one season, the greatest
quantity of which is sent to the Chicago market. This quan-
tity is far surpassed in New Jersey, where in favourable seasons
125,000 bushels are collected, valued at £60,000.
Crassula, a genus of Crassulaceae, consisting of a great
number of species, natives of South Africa, many of which are
cultivated for their showy red flowers, especially C. falcata and
C. coccinea. The latter has of late years come into bad repute
for its narcotic qualities, symptoms of poisoning having in some
instances followed the mere smelling of the flowers, the effect in
some cases continuing several days, even requiring medical aid.
As it is a favourite window plant, it is advisable that it should
not be kept in close rooms.
Cream-fruit, a name in Sierra Leone for a fruit supposed
to be produced by Boiqjellia grata, a handsome creeper of the
Dogbane family (Apocynacese). It has pretty white flowers
142 DICTIONAEY OF POPULAR NAMES CREA3I
tinted with pink ; its fruit is a follicle full of silky hairs, and
therefore does not agree with the description of the true Cream-
fruit, which is said to be a lofty tree growing abundantly on the
island of Plantains ; the fruit when wounded yields a quantity
of fine white juice resembling the best milk, with which the
negroes allay their thirst.
Cream of Tartar Tree (Adansonia Gregorii). (See Baobab.)
Creasote Shrub, the common name for Larrecc mexicana, a
shrub of the Bean Caper family (Zygophyllacese). Very abundant
in some parts of Mexico, forming a dense scrub, particularly on
the Colorado desert. It grows on the most sterile sandy soil.
Its strong creasote odour renders it disagreeable to travellers, as
also to animals. It is unfit for firewood, as it can scarcely be
made to burn, its only apparent use being to fix the desert
sands. The resinous exudation that is found upon the branches
has, however, recently been proposed as a substitute for lac dye.
Cress, Garden (Lepidium sativum), a weedy annual of the
Cabbage family (Cruciferae), supposed to be a native of Persia.
It was in use in this country more than 300 years ago ; it is in
general cultivation along with mustard, both being used in
their young state as salad.
Cress, Indian, the garden name for Tro2:)ccolum minus and
T. majus, annual plants of the Indian Cress family (Tropaeo-
lacese). They are well-known showy garden annuals, varying
in the colours of their flowers ; the fruits are pickled and known
by the name of Nasturtium Pickles. They possess the flavour
of the common cress, and are used as a substitute for capers.
Their flowers and leaves are used as salad.
Cress, Water {Nasturtium officinale), a floating perennial
of the Cabbage family (Cruciferse), common in rivers and brooks
in tliis country, and cultivated in the neighbourhood of all large
cities, being in general use as a salad cress. In London the
cry of the Water-cress seller is one of ancient date. The plant
is considered a good antiscorbutic. It has become naturalised
in New Zealand, and grows so rapidly and strong as to choke
up rivers.
CUCUMBER OF ECONOMIC PLANTS. 143
Crocus. {See Saffron.)
Crocus, Autumn. {See Colcliicum.)
Crosswood, a name in San Domingo for Jacquinea ruscifolia,
a small tree of the Myrsine family (Myrsinaceae), native not
only of San Domingo, but also of tropical America. It derives
its name Crosswood from the circumstance of its branches
being produced in whorls of four, thus forming a cross. It is
held in high repute by the natives as a stauncher of blood and
internal haemorrhage, and they tell a long story how this pro-
perty was discovered. Sir Eobert Schomburgk, however, found
its vaunted properties to be wholly imaginary.
Croton Oil, the name of an oil obtained from Croton tiglmm,
a shrub of the Spurge wort family (Euphorbiacese), native of
India. The oil is a powerful purgative, and only used in small
doses. It is made into pills, for if taken by itself it produces a
burning heat in the throat; one drop is sufficient for a pill;
when taken in large quantities it acts as a poison, causing
symptoms like cholera, and frequently death.
Crown Imperial {Fritillaria imperialis), a bulb of the Lily
family (Liliacese), native of the South of Europe and Western
Asia. It was introduced to this country about the end of the
sixteenth century. Besides the brown-flowered varieties there
is one with pure yellow flowers. Their bulbs contain starch, and
in France their cultivation has been attempted as a substitute
for the potato. F. Meleagris is a rare British plant, being found
only in one or two localities, one of which is the meadows
between Kew and Mortlake. It has solitary nodding flowers
beautifully chequered with reddish brown.
Cubebs. {See Pepper.)
Cuckoo Buds. {See Buttercups.)
Cucumber {Cucumis sativus), a tendril climber or trailing
annual of the Gourd family (Cucurbitacese). According to
Bible history, the Cucumber was cultivated in Egypt in the time
of Moses, and is still cultivated there, and forms a great part of
the food of the people. It is also cultivated in most warm
countries, and even in England produces a crop in the open air ;
144 DICTIONARY OF POPULAR NAMES CUCUMBER
but to obtain early and fine fruit it is grown in heated frames.
There are many varieties, some producing fruits of great length.
Ghirkins are simply Cucumbers gathered in a young state, and
form a well-known pickle. The principal ingredient in the
West India Pickles is the fruit of C. angiiria.
Cucumber Tree. {See, Magnolia.)
Cudbear {Lecanora tartar ea), a crustaceous lichen growing
abundantly on stones, rocks, walls, and on dry ground; early
employed in Scotland and "Wales for dyeing woollen cloth. Its
name Cudbear is a corruption of the Christian name of Dr.
Cuthbert Gordon, who was the first person to bring it into
extensive use, and who took out a patent for a new process of
preparing it. In the North of Scotland it is scraped off the
rocks and sent to Glasgow market, but the quantity collected
in the whole of Britain is small compared with the demand;
a considerable quantity comes from other countries, Sweden
alone supplying 150 tons annually. This dye, however, like that
of Archil, is now being superseded by the aniline dyes made from
coal-tar.
Another crustaceous lichen used as a dye is Parmelia
parietina, its colour varying from yellow to red. It grows
abundantly on brick and stone walls.
Cujumary Bean. (See Nutmeg.)
Culcit (Balantium culcita), a fern of the tribe Dicksonise ;
the fronds are decompound, 3 to 4 feet high, produced from a
decumbent progressing caudex, which is densely covered with
long, brown, silky hairs, which are used by the people of Madeira
and Azores (where it is a native) for stuffing cushions and the
like.
Cuma. (See Cow Tree.)
Cummin (Ciiminum Cyminiirn), an annual of the Carrot
family (Umbelliferse), with fennel-like leaves, and seeds like the
celery, having an aromatic but somewhat bitter flavour. It
appears to have been early cultivated in Palestine, as it is
mentioned in Isaiah as well as in the New Testament.
Cundurango, a name in New Grenada for Gonolobus con-
CUSSO OF ECONOMIC PLANTS. 145
dnrango, a milky, twining climber of the Swallowwort family
(Asclepiadacece), famed in New Grenada and other parts of
tropical America as a cure for cancer.
Curare or Ourare Poison. {See Urari.)
Curatella, a genus of small trees of the family Dilleniacese.
C. americana is a native of the Savannahs of Guiana. It has
rough leaves, used by the Indians as a substitute for sand-j)aper
to polish their blow-pi^^es, w^ar-clubs, etc. ; hence it has received
the name Curatahie, from which the generic name Curatella
is derived.
Currant, Black {Eihes nigrum), Red {B. rulrum), and
White a variety of the latter. Deciduous bushy shrubs of
the Gooseberry family (Grossulariacese), natives of many parts of
Europe, North and West Asia, and North America, and found
wild in some parts of this country. By cultivation their fruits
have been greatly improved. They are used in the fresh, ripe
state as a cooling dessert fruit, as well as for tarts, wine, etc.,
besides which many tons are made into preserves, especially of
the red and black sorts. Currant is also the commercial name
of the small variety of the grape-vine which comes from the
island of Corinth, the word currant being a corruption of Corinth.
(See Vine.)
Cuscus, Khus-Khus, or Koosa, the Indian name of Andro-
pogon muricatus, a perennial tufted grass of great economical use
in India, its fibrous roots being woven into a kind of fabric,
used as blinds to keep flies and mosquitoes, as well as hot, dry
winds, out of rooms and verandahs. Occasionally sprinkled
with w^ater, they emit a pleasant perfume.
Cusso, the Abyssinian name for Hagenia ahyssinica, a tree
of the Eose family (Eosaceas). The Abyssinian traveller
Bruce describes it as one of the most beautiful and handsome
trees of that country. Its properties are powerfully anthel-
mintic, and it is very efficacious in ex]Delling worms, not only
tape-worms, but the kind called Ascarides, to which the Abys-
sinians are very subject. It is a moderate-sized tree, with winged
leaves.
L
146 DICTIONARY OF POPULAR NAMES CUSTARD
Custard Apple {Anona reticulata), a tree of the Anona
family (Anonace^e), native of the West Indies and tropical
America, where it is cultivated for its fruit. Its habit of
growth is like that of a standard peach-tree, but taller. In
shape its fruit is like a bullock's heart, a name by which it is
sometimes known. Its pulp is yellowish white, containing
many seeds of an agreeable flavour, but somewhat gritty if
gathered too soon.
Cycas, a genus of the Cycad family (Cycadaceae), of which
there are several species. The best known is Cycas revohita,
said to be a native of China and Japan, but common in many
countries, even found in New Guinea. It was introduced in
1737, and its palm-like appearance has caused it to become a
favourite ornamental plant, its tliick cylindrical stem often
-attaining the height, according to age, of 3 to 4 feet. It is now
•common in the West Indies and many parts of America. The
pith of the stem contains a kind of sago, which has led to its
iDcing called the Sago Palm. Another species {C. circinalis)
is abundant in Malabar and many other parts of India, as well
as in the Moluccas, Malay, and other islands. It is a taller and
more slender-stemmed species than the preceding, attaining the
height of 20 feet, and sometimes forked. In New Ireland the
natives make use of the nutty seeds for food.
Cyperus, the name of an extensive genus, consisting of
several hundred species, the type of the Sedge family
(Cyperace?e). They are annual or perennial grass-like plants,
growing in tufts, having harsh sharp-edged sheatliing leaves, and
generally three-sided flower-stalks, varying from a few inches
to 5 or 6 feet in height ; flowers consist of imbricated glumes or
branched spikelets. They are common throughout the tropical
and sub- tropical regions of both hemispheres. Two are natives
of this country, C. fuscus and C. longus. Both are rare ; the
latter is sweet-scented, and known by the name of English
Galingale.
The roots of several species produce fleshy tubers, which
form articles of food in different countries, being especially
CYPRESS OF ECONOMIC PLANTS. 147
cultivated in India, China, and some parts of tropical America.
C. esculentiis is cultivated in France, Italy, and the South of
Europe. The taste of the roots when roasted is compared to
potatoes. It is by some used as a substitute for coffee. Several
species are extensively cultivated for their flower - stalks, of
which ropes and mats are made. The Indian floor-matting is
made of the culms of C. Pangorei, and in China C, tegetiformis
and C. {Lepironia) mucronata are extensively cultivated. They
are aquatic, and grow in the water like rice, attaining a
height of 5 to 6 feet ; and in a manufactory near Canton forty
looms are said to be constantly employed in making mats, which
are of varied designs. They are generally of a pale yeUow, but
some are variously coloured. They are largely imported from
Canton to Hong-Kong, United States, this, and other countries.
{See Papyrus.)
Cypress, Deciduous {Taxodmm disticlm7ii), a tree of the
Coniferse family, of considerable size, native of the Southern
United States, having horizontal branches and small flat
leaves, set in two rows (distichous), and are deciduous. It is
perfectly hardy in this country, attaining a height of 50 or
more feet. Its heart-wood is of a beautiful pink-red colour,
but soft. It is remarkable for the hollow excrescences produced
by the roots at a considerable distance from the tree, which rise
to a height of 2 or 3 feet from the ground. They are used for
many domestic purposes in its native country.
Cypress, Evergreen {Cupressus sempervirens), native of
Western Asia. It has long been cultivated in this country and
throughout the southern parts of Europe. It is much planted
about Mohammedan burial-grounds, as may be seen in the
neighbourhood of Constantinople. It attains the height of from
40 to 60 feet, but in this country seldom reaches 20 feet, and
maintains a compact pyramidal form.
Cypress, Funeral {Cupressus ftinebris), a remarkable tree,
native of China, attaining a height of 60 feet, having pendu-
lous branches like the weeping willow. It has been introduced
into this country, but is not found to be quite hardy.
148 DICTIONARY OF POPULAR NAMES CYPRESS
Cypress, Portuguese. {See Cedar.)
Daffodil {Narcissus, iDseiido-narcissus), a bulbous herb of the
Amaryllis family (Amarylliclaceae), native of this country, and
very generally cultivated in gardens for its early flowers. It
contains an acrid principle, which produces injurious effects
when the flowers are kept in rooms, Narcissus being derived
from the word Narke, which means stuj)or.
Dahlia, a genus of Compositas, consisting of thick tuberous-
rooted, strong-growing herbs, attaining a height of 3 to 5 feet, pro-
ducing solitary terminal flowers on the branches. There are two
kinds — one with female rays, D. sirjjerfliia, the other neuter, D.
friistranea. They are, however, considered to represent but one
species. The Dahlia is a native of Mexico, introduced into Eng-
land about the beginning of the present century. At first it
was considered that the tuberous roots could be used as a
vegetable, but cultivation did not improve them, and they con-
tinued hard and unpalatable. It was not till 1820 that they
again came into notice by double flowers having been obtained,
and for a number of years the Dahlia has held a high place as a
florist's flower, and prizes have been awarded for them at all
horticultural exhibitions. A species named D. imperialis has
of recent years been imported from Mexico. It is remarkable
for its height, its stem being from 12 to 14 feet high, branching
towards the apex, each branch terminated by a drooping head
of florets 6 to 7 inches across. It is known as the Tree
Dahlia.
Dammar, the name of a resin produced by species of Dam-
mar a, a genus of the Fir family (Coniferse). About six s^^ecies
are known, widely distributed throughout the Malayan and
other Asiatic islands of the southern tropic, one extending to
New Zealand. They are tall trees, having nearly horizontal
branches producing whorls which are articulate at the trunk,
and on falling away leave a clear round scar or mark ; leaves
entire, smooth, varying from rusciform to oblong ellij)tical, of a
leathery texture, with longitudinal veins, destitute of a midrib.
1. D. orientalis, native of Amboyna, Ternate, and other
DAJVIMAR OF ECONOMIC PLANTS. 149
of the Molucca Islands, where it grows to a great height on the
mountains. Its wood is said to be like cedar, light, and wholly
unfit for exposure to the weather. It gives a resin called Dammar,
which, as it flows from the tree, is thin and viscous, but in a
few days it hardens, and is used for many purposes.
2. D. cmstralis, native of New Zealand, known as the Kawii
or Cowdie Pine ; of this species trees are known to have attained
the height of 200 feet, and as the stems of old trees are per-
fectly clean and free of branches for a considerable height they
are greatly valued for ship's spars.
The timber is in so much demand by the settlers that in
time it is feared it will become exterminated if means are not
taken for the preservation of the forests, and making new
plantations. A resin like that produced by the first-named
species issues from the trees, and forms hard lumps like copal.
It is also found in large masses where no Kawri trees now grow,
and large quantities are imported into this country, as also to
the United States. It is used as a varnish and for dressing
woven fabrics.
3. D. vitiensis, or by some called 7nacrophylla, native of
the Fiji Islands, called by the natives Dakna. In one of the
islands (Korovono) some trees attain a height of from 80 to
100 feet, and at 4 feet above the base, 16 feet in circumference,
and free of branches to the height of 60 feet. It is stated that
specimens have measured 18 to 27 feet in circumference. The
wood is white, and is used for masts, booms, and spars, and all
those purposes for which deal is usually employed in Europe.
Great havoc has already been made in some of the islands by
the axe and saw of the white man. This species also yields a
resin, lumps of wliich have been found of fifty pounds weight
under old stumps, and it is also found abundantly in districts
where trees now grow ; it is called Mcibradra by the natives, but
has not yet been turned to any profitable account. Quite
recently a resin has been introduced to the London market
under the name of Fijian Copal. It is probable that this is the
produce of D. vitie7isis.
150 DICTIONARY OF POPULAR NAMES DA^DVIAR
4. D. ohtusa, native of !N"ew Hebrides ;
5. D. Moorii, native of New Caledonia ;
6. D. Tobusta, native of Queensland, — are similar to the
preceding.
Dammar, Indian, is the produce of different species of the
family Dipterocarpacese, one of which is Hopea micrantlia, a tall
tree native of Borneo. {See Wood Oil.) And in Malabar
Canctrium strictum, a tree of the Myrrh family (AmyridaceaB),
produces a resin known as Black Dammar.
Damson. {See Plum.)
Danchi, or Dhunchi, in India the name of a fibre obtained
from Seshania aculeata. A slender pricldy-stemmed annual of
the Bean family (Leguminos?e), having winged leaves formed
of numerous leaflets, which in some degree partake of the nature
of the sensitive plant. In India it is cultivated for its fibre,
which, although rough, is strong, and lasts a long time under
water. It is also cultivated in some parts of tropical America.
Dandelion {Taraxacum officinale), a perennial plant of
the Composite family (Compositce), having spreading lanceolate
sinuous leaves rising from a tap root in the form of a rosette,
producing single yellow flowers on a hollow stalk. A native
of and a common weed in this country, also widely spread
throughout the northern hemisphere. It is held in repute for
its medical properties, its roots being a powerful diuretic, and by
some they are used with coffee instead of chicory. Its leaves
are bitter and tonic, and used as a salad like endive. It takes
its name from Dent-de-lion, or lion's tooth, from the leaves
being su]3posed to resemble the teeth of a lion.
Danewort, also called Dwarf Elder {Samlucus Ubulus), a
strong-growing perennial herb of the Woodbine family (Capri-
foliaceae), native of this country, growing in copses and margins
of woods, but not common. It grows to a height of 2 to 2 J
feet ; its flowers are purple, in cymes. It has leaves and black
berries like the common elder, but nauseous and fetid. There
is a superstition attached to it, that it sprang originally from
the blood of Danes slain in battle.
DATE OF ECONOMIC PLANTS. 151
Darnel (Lolium tcmulentum), an annual grass, native of
this country and Europe generally, and countries of the East.
It is a troublesome weed in corn-fields, its ears being similar to
rye. It is one of the few poisonous grasses, and if ground with
true corn is highly deleterious to those who eat the bread made
of it. It is considered to be the tares among the wheat, men-
tioned in the New Testament.
Date Palm {Pho&nix dactylifera), a wing - leaved palm,
attaining a height of 50 or more feet. It is a native of North
Africa, Egypt, Syria, and Arabia, and has become naturalised
in Spain and other parts of Southern Europe. It may truly be
called the " Palm of the Desert," occupying the fertile spots
called Oases. Its fruits are produced in bunches of twenty,
thirty, or more. They contain a great quantity of sugar, and are
highly nutritious, forming an important article of food to millions
of people. The hard kernels of the fruit are ground, and serve as
food for camels and other domestic animals. Date stones have
recently been brought to notice as a substitute for coffee, and
are now roasted and sold in large quantities under the name of
Date Coffee. Dates form an important article of trade to this
country, chiefly from the North African ports.
Date Plum, American, also called Persimmon {Diospyros
virginiana), a tree belonging to the Ebony family (Ebenacese),
native of the United States. It attains a height of 50 or 60 feet,
and has a rough, hard bark, and unisexual or bisexual flowers.
The fruit is nearly round, about an inch in diameter, and of a
yellowish orange colour ; it is very austere, but after being frosted
is edible. These fruits are pounded and made into cakes, from
which a kind of beer is prepared, and a spirit is obtained by
fermentation and distillation. The tree is rare in this country.
One, 40 feet high and 100 years old, may be seen at Kew, which
in some seasons produces fruit.
Date Plum, Chinese {Biospyros Kahi), a tree, native of
China and Japan, where, as well as in India, it is cultivated for
the sake of its fruit, which is about the size of a small apple ; it
is said to be delicious, and is made into a preserve. It has
152 DICTIONARY OF POPULAR NAMES DATE
been introduced into Egypt, whence it is called Lotus Tree. It
lias fruited at Kew.
Date Plum, European {Diospyros Lotus), a low - growing
tree, native of the South of Europe. It produces a small fruit,
which is supposed by some writers to be one of the fruits eaten
by the people called Lotophagi. {See Lotus.)
Datura, the botanical name of a genus of annual or soft-
wooded, single -stemmed shrubs or small trees of the l^ight-
shade family (Solanacese). The best known in gardens is
D. Stramonium, the Thorn Apple, a rude -growing, strong-
smelling annual, 2 feet high, with stiff spiny branches and
large ovate leaves, the margins of which are irregularly
toothed. The flowers are white, large, spreading, trumpet-like,
and the fruit a capsule about the size of a walnut, containing
numerous seeds. The plant is a native of India, and was first
cultivated in gardens in this country, but it has now become
w^ild on margins of cultivated ground and rubbish heaps. It is
highly narcotic and poisonous, deaths having occurred from
eating its leaves in mistake for spinach ; the leaves wdien
smoked as tobacco are considered beneficial in asthma. It is
supposed that the seeds of D. Stramonium, have the effect of
producing delirium, and are said to have been used by the
priests of Apollo at Delphi to produce their ravings, which were
called prophecies. They are also used by the Thugs or poisoners
in India to carry on their nefarious practices, and in this
country for drugging. D. fastuosa, D. Metel, and others, all now
widely spread throughout warm countries, possess the same
properties as stramonium.
2. D. arhorca, better known as D. suaveoleTis, is an old in-
habitant of the gardens of this country, native of Peru, having
been introduced about 150 years ago. A thick, soft- wooded,
single-stemmed shrub or small tree, not exceeding 20 feet in
height. It has large, soft, elliptical leaves, and in cultivation
it produces a profusion of large, white, fragrant, bell-shaped
flowers, and is a highly ornamental conservatory plant. This
and the following species have by modern botanists been
DIKA OF ECONOMIC PLANTS. 153
separated from Daturct as a distinct genus under the name of
Brugmansia, the principal distinctive character being their
arborescent habit and smooth fruits.
3. D. sanguinea is, like the preceding, a soft- wooded shrub
or small tree, with large, orange-coloured, tubular flowers, wdiich
are highly ornamental in the conservatories of this country. It
is a native of Peru, Darien, and other parts of Central America.
Its seeds, like those of stramonium, are highly narcotic. Much
superstition is attached to it by the Indians, who prepare a
drink from the seeds called Tonga, the use of which, they
believe, brings them into communication with the spirits of their
forefathers. Shortly after drinking stupor comes on, and the
eyes become fixed on the ground ; in about a quarter of an hour
the mouth is convulsively closed, and the eyes begin to roll,
and the whole body becomes frightfully convulsed. This is
succeeded by several hours' sleep ; on awakening the sufferer
relates his visions to his friends.
In Darien the Indians give the drink to their children,
and it produces a state of excitement in which they are sup-
posed to possess the power of discovering gold ; where they faU
the spot is dug, and as gold dust is more or less found in every
part of the soil, sufficient is generally obtained to confirm their
belief in the method of detecting gold.
Dawa, a name of a tree in Fiji. {See Litchi.)
Deal, the name given to woods of the Pine tribe. (See Fir
Trees.)
Deodar. (See Cedar.)
Devil's Tree. (See Dita Bark.)
Dewberry. (See Bramble.)
Dhal, an Indian name for the seeds of Cajanus inclicus.
(See Pigeon Pea.)
Dhourra, the Egyptian and Indian name for Millet.
Dika, or Udika Bread, a name in the Gaboon country of
Western tropical Africa for a preparation made from the seeds of
Irvingia Bartcri, a tree of the Quassia family (Simarubacese) ; the
fruits are pulpy, the size of a peach or large plum ; as they fall
154 DICTIOXARY OF POPULAR NAMES DIKAI^IALI
from the tree they are placed in a large heap, where they remain
two or three days, until they begin to decompose ; the seeds are
then separated and cracked, the kernels are taken out, put into
a large mortar, and crushed into a homogeneous mass, after
which they are put in the sun and allowed to melt, forming a
greasy substance, which is made into cakes by finally pressing it
into bluntly conical moulds. This substance keeps a long time
without becoming rancid, and the natives use it for food. The
solid oil or fat which is expressed from the kernels also has the
property of retaining its sweetness for a long time.
Dikamali Resin, also called Cambi Resin, names given in
India to a gum-resin obtained from Gardenia lucida, a large, stiff-
branched shrub of the Cinchona family (Cinchonacese), native
of many parts of India. It is cultivated in the gardens of the
Deccan, and is found wild in the island of Elephanta, near
Bombay. The resin exudes in transparent drops or tears from
the extremities of the young shoots, and especially from the
flower-buds. It is formed into small cakes or lumps, and
becomes very hard, and of a blackish-green colour, and when
pounded has an aromatic smell like myrrh, which it resembles
in its medicinal properties. It is also applied externally for
ulcers as a preventive against mortification.
Dill (Anetlmm graveolens), a weed-like annual of the Umbel
family (Umbellifene), cultivated for its aromatic fruits (generally
known as seeds in commerce), which are similar to caraway.
Dill-water is obtained by distillation of the fruits, and is used
in medicine. The plant is a native of Southern Europe and
Western Asia, and appears to have been early cultivated in
Palestine, it being the Anise of the New Testament, but not the
Anise plant as now known (which see).
Dillenia, the name of a genus and type of the family Dil-
leniace?e. It consists of large trees inhabiting dense forests in
India, Burmah, and the Malayan Peninsula and Islands. They
have large alternate leaves, generally of an oval or oblong shape,
and strongly marked with parallel veins running straight from
the midrib to the margin, ending in sharp teeth. Flowers
DODDER OF ECONOMIC PLANTS. 1-55
yellow, large, and showy. Dillenia indica and I), j^^^ntafjyna
are common in India, attaining a height of 30 to 40 feet.
The leaves of JD. 2')entagyna are very large, averaging in old trees
from 1 to 2 feet long, and in young trees even longer. D. scahi^ella
is a smaller tree, and has very rough leaves, which are used
instead of sand-paper. The fruit of D. indica is about 3 inches
in diameter, consisting of the calyx, which is enlarged and
fleshy ; it is edible, but acid ; the natives in India use it in
curries or for making jelly, and the acid juice sweetened with
sugar forms a cooling drink. The wood is hard, and used for
making gun-stocks and the like.
Diss, an Alo-erian name for the fibrous stems of a reed-like
grass (Ampelodesmos tenax), used for paper-making.
Dita Bark, a name in India, especially about Bombay, for
the bark of Alstonia scJiolaris, a tree of the Dogbane family,
(Apocynacese). It is widely diffused throughout India and the
Malayan Islands ; it is a stiff-branched tree, attaining a height
of 50 to 80 feet, with a furrowed trunk ; it has oblong leaves, 3
to 6 inches long and 2 to 4 wide, produced in fours round the
branches. The bark is intensely bitter, and used by the natives
in bowel complaints, and its milky juice as a kind of gutta-
percha. It has recently been introduced into tliis country for
use in medicine. It is also called Devil's Tree.
Divi-Divi [Cccscdpinia coriaria), a tree 20 to 30 feet high,
of the Bean family (Leguminosee), with compound-winged leaves,
native of the West Indies, Mexico, and many parts of South
America. It has tougli curved pods of a reddish-brown colour,
largely imported into this country for dyeing and tanning, under
the above name of Divi-Divi.
Dock, a common name for different species of Rumex, a
genus of the PJiubarb family (Polygon aceee), of which there are
many species widely distributed over the northern hemisphere,
fifteen being natives of Britain. They are weedy plants, and
pests in cultivated ground. Two species are cultivated in
gardens. {See Sorrel.)
Dodder, a common name for the species of Cuscuta, a genus
156 DICTIONARY OF POPULAR NAMES DOGWOOD
of the Dodder family (Cuscutacese), of which there are several
species ; they are slender, thread-like, twining, leafless parasites,
involving and destroying the whole plant on which they grow.
Two species are natives of this country, viz. C. Epitliymum, which
grows abundantly on Ericas, and C. europea upon thistles and
nettles or other soft plants within its reach, and bringing them
to final destruction. Of late years two other species have acci-
dentally been introduced, viz. Flax Dodder {C. Trifolii) and
Clover Dodder.(6'. Upilinum). The first destroys whole fields of
flax, and the latter preys to a great extent on clover, both plants
being the cause of great losses to the agriculturist. In India
some species are very large and powerful, involving trees of
considerable size in their grasp.
Dogwood (Cornus sanguinea), a shrub or small tree of the
Cornel family (Cornaceae), common in hedges and waste places
in tliis country and throughout Europe and Northern Africa ;
well known by its pretty, smooth red branches and black
berries. It received the names of Dogwood and Hound's Tree
from the circumstance of a decoction of its bark having been
used for washing mangy dogs. The wood is hard, and is
sometimes used for butchers' skewers, toothpicks, etc. The
fruit is black, about the size of a currant, very bitter, and yields
an oil used in France for burning in lamps and for soapmakiug.
The plant is also called Cornel Tree. The name Dogwood is also
applied to the stems of Rhommus Frangida, which are largely
used for makino- charcoal for the manufacture of the best rifle
gunpowder. {8ce Buckthorn.)
Dogwood, Tasmanian [Bedfordia scdicind), a small tree of the
Composite family (Compositse), seldom exceeding 15 feet in height.
Its wood is hard, of a beautiful grain, and used for cabinet-work.
Donax {Arundo Donax), a strong-growing, cane-like grass,
resembling the bamboo in habit, but only averaging 8 to 10 feet
in height. It is a native of the South of Europe and Palestine.
Its stems are used for many domestic purposes, such as walking-
sticks, measuring-rods, and musical pipes ; pan-pipes are made
of them.
DRAGON OF ECONOMIC PLANTS. 157
Doon, a Cingalese name for Doona zeylanica, a large tree of
the Dipterocarpacete family, native of Ceylon; the timber is much
esteemed for building purposes. A resin exudes from the trunk
resembling dammar, which is mixed with paddy -husks, and
used for burning in lamps.
Doorda, or Doorwa, the name in India for Cynodon dadylon,
a creeping-rooted, perennial, low grass, its flowers being digitate
in spikes; it is a native of this country, but rare. In many
countries it occupies large areas ; Dr. Spruce describes it as
abundant on the eastern sloj^es of the Andes. By its creeping
roots it spreads rapidly, and may be called a conqueror, as other
plants give way to it. In India it abounds in the Sunderbunds.
When its leaves dry up in the sun, its roots form a never-failing
supply for feeding horses in Calcutta, and a cooling drink is
said to be made from them.
Doum Palm. {See Gingerbread Palm.)
Dragon's Blood {Calamus draco), a w^ing-leaved, slender-
stemmed palm, similar in habit to that which furnishes the
chair canes. It is a native of Sumatra and other Malayan
islands. The fruits, which grow in bunches, are about the size
of a cherry, and are covered with imbricating scales of a red
colour coated with a resinous substance, which is collected
by placing the fruits in a bag and shaking them ; the friction
loosens the resin, which is then formed into sticks or cakes, and
constitutes the best Dragon's Blood of commerce. It is used for
varnishing and staining wood, etc. Other species of Calamus
help to furnish the Dragon's Blood of commerce.
Dragon's Blood Tree {Dracmna draco), a tree of the Lily
family (Liliacea^), native of the West Coast of Africa, Canaries,
and adjacent islands. Young plants of this have a similar
appearance to Yucca gloriosa, but it grows into a large tree ;
after having attained a certain height it produces branches.
The famous dragon tree of Orotava, in Teneriffe, believed to be
the oldest vegetable organism in the world, is stated to have
been 70 feet high and 48 feet in circumference ; its stem was
hollow, and had a staircase in it as high as the point where its
158 ' DICTIONARY OF POPULAR NAMES DRAGON
branches commenced. It was entirely destroyed in 1867, hav-
ing previously suffered much from storms. A portion of one of
its branches is preserved in the Kew Museum. Dracmna draco
was introduced into the Eoyal Gardens many years ago, and in
1864 one specimen had attained the height of 30 feet, bearing a
crown of sword-shaped leaves on a cylindrical stem six inches
in diameter. A red resinous substance called Dragon's Blood
is a secretion of matter that collects at the base of the leaves,
which, after the leaves fall, hardens, and is scraped off, and is
similar in its nature to the preceding.
Dragon's Plant, Common, Dracimculus xulgare [Arum
Bracnncuhis, Lin.), a tuberous-rooted herb of the Arum family
(Aroidese), having a snake-like, mottled stem and pedate leaves,
and attaining a height of about 3 feet. It produces a large,
dark- coloured spathe, which emits an offensive odour, and while
the pollen is discharging it gives off sufficient heat to be felt on
putting the hand into the spathe. It is a native of the South of
Europe, and is common in botanic gardens.
Dry-rot is the name given to decayed timber caused by the
mycelium of several species of fungi which under certain con-
ditions of heat and moisture attack woodwork in ships, houses,
and wooden erections in general, growing in the dark, and
rapidly increasing in bulk, first covering the surface with a
series of thread-like filaments, which are continually being added
to, and ultimately forming a tliick, leathery, white substance,
such as is often found behind the partitions of walls and under
floors. It penetrates the wood in all directions, reducing it to
powdery rottenness, in many cases doing irrej)arable mischief
before it is observed. The perfect plant is only occasionally
seen issuing from a crevice or some opening in the woodwork.
The following are the names of two of the principal Dry-rot
fungi : — Polyporus hyhridus, which affects oak timber in ships,
and P. destructor, as also Thelephorci ^utca7ia, chiefly on pine-w^ood,
in dwelling-houses and other buildings. Merulius lacrymans
differs from the preceding in the thick mycelium being moist,
often dripping like tears, hence its name lacrymans. Dadalea
DURIAN OF ECONOMIC PLANTS. 159
(jucrcina grows on decaying stumps of trees, often attaining a
large size.
Dulse (EJiodomenia pcdmata), a sea plant of the family
Ceramiaceae, growing abundantly on the rocky shores of this
country, and also in Ireland, being found at the lowest ebb of
the tide. It has divided fronds about 6 inches in length, of a
red colour, and is eaten in a raw state as a salad, and considered
extremely beneficial in scrofulous complaints, its efficacy being
no doubt due to the iodine it contains.
Dumbcane {Dieffeiibadiia seguina), a plant of the Arum
family (Aroideae), native of the West Indies, having a fleshy
cane-like stem, 1 J inches in diameter, and from 4 to 6 feet high.
Its leaves are oblong elliptical. It is highly acrid and poisonous.
If a portion be chewed in the mouth it causes the tongue to
swell and loss of speech for some time ; hence the name Dumb-
cane.
Durian (JDurio zibethmus), a tree of the family Stercu-
liaceae, native of the Indian and Malayan Archipelagoes, a
large forest tree attaining a height of 70 or 80 feet, in general
appearance resembling the elm. The leaves are simple, oblong
elliptical, acuminate. The flowers are of a pale yellow colour,
produced on the main stem and larger branches. The fruit
is a five - valved capsule of globose or oval form, about 10
inches long by 7 wide. The rind is thick and hard, covered
with strong prickles. It is five - celled, each cell containing
four or five seeds, wdiich are as large as pigeons' eggs, and
are embedded in a cream-coloured pulp, which is extremely
luscious and enticing to eat, having the taste of a rich cus-
tard, flavoured with almonds; but the flavour varies, some-
times being like cream cheese, sherry wine, onion sauce, and
other flavours. It is the general opinion that there is no other
fruit either of tropical or temperate climes that combines in
itself such a delicious flavour with such an abominably offensive
odour, an odour that may be compared to putrid animal matter,
or rotten onions. This makes the fruit very repugnant to
Europeans ; but when once this repugnance is overcome, the
160 DICTIONARY OF POPULAR NAMES DUTCH
Durian is liigiily esteemed. The tree is extensively cultivated,
and during its season tlie fruit forms a great part of the food of
the natives. The seeds are roasted, and the unripe fruit is
boiled as a veg;etable.
Dutch Bulbs, a name given to bulbous-rooted plants, ex-
tensively grown around Haarlem, in Holland, and forming an
important export trade to this, America, and other countries.
They consist chiefly of Hyacinth, Narcissus, Crocus, Tulips,
Anemones, and Eanunculus. Besides the quantities imported
by nurserymen and seedsmen, large quantities are sold in
different auction-rooms in London.
Dutch Rushes, the name given to different species of
Equisetum, well known in this country as Horsetails. In
Holland they grow on the banks of canals, and on the sea
ramparts, which are often bound together by their strong and
matted roots. Their stems, under the name of Dutch Rushes,
form an article of trade, being employed for polishing the
smooth surfaces of wood, bone, and even metal ; the pro-
perty which gives it its value for tliis jDurpose is due to the
presence of a very large quantity of silex (sand), which is
deposited in the form of little crystals, rendering the surface
rough like a rasp or file. The best for this purpose is Eq_uisctum
liyemale.
Dwal. {See ISTightshade.)
Dyer's Weed. {See Woad).
Eagle-wood, a name in India for the wood of Aquilaria
Agallocluij a tall tree of the Wood Aloe family (Aquilariacese),
having alternate lance-shaped leaves. It is a native of India,
Java, and other islands. The wood is fragrant, and contains a
resinous oil, which is burnt as a perfume in temples.
Earth Chestnut, also called Pignut {Bunium hulbocastcmum
and Bunium flexuosa), perennial multifid- leaved herbs of the
Carrot family (Umbelliferse), natives of this country, growing
on banks and waste places. Their roots bear nut-like tubers,
which are sweetish to the taste, and are dug up and eaten by
children. They are also called KipjDcr and Pignuts, and in
EBONY OF ECONOMIC PLANTS. 161
Scotland Lousy-ar-nuts, so called on the supposition that eating
them breeds lice.
Earth Pea, or Ground Nut (Arachis hypogcea). It ia an
annual clover-like plant belonging to the family Leguminosoe,
attaining a height of 2 feet. It is supposed to have been
originally a native of America, but is now cultivated in most
warm countries. It is curious for its seed-pod being perfected
under ground. It is about 2 inches long, and contains two or
three pea-lilvc seeds of an earthy flavour, extensively used as
food by the negroes. They contain an oil, and are imported in
large quantities into this country, and the oil expressed by crush-
ing is very sweet, and is largely used for adulterating olive oil.
An allied plant, Voandzeia suhterranea, is a decumbent annual,
also extensively cultivated as an article of food in Western and
South Africa, and has become naturalised in the warm parts of
America.
Eau-de-Cologne. {See Eosemary.)
Ebony. — This is furnished by several species of Diospijros, a
genus of the Ebony family (Ebenaceae) — Ceylon Ebony by D,
Ehenum; Indian Ebony by D. Ehenaster and D. melanoxylon ; and
Mauritius Ebony by D. reticulata. They are large but slow-
growing trees, with firm, dark-coloured, simple leaves. By age
the interior of the wood becomes hard and black, and is the
Ebony of commerce ; the exterior remaining white and spongy.
Ebony is mentioned in the Bible as an article of merchandise,,
obtained probably from Ceylon.
Ebony, Jamaica or West Indian {Brya Ehenus), a slender
tree of the Bean family (Leguminosae), attaining a height of
30 feet or more, having slender spiny branches and winged
leaves. It is a native of Jamaica, and has hard wood of a
greenish-brown colour, which takes a good polish. It is some-
times called Green Ebony, and is also known by the name of
Cocus Wood. In an article in the journal of the Linnsean
Society in 1857 it is stated that a turner by the name of Ford
was employed by Government to turn some thousands of round
rulers of this wood, and that it made his hand become green,.
M
162 DICTIONARY OF POPULAR NAMES EBONY
which could not be removed by the application of different
washes.
Ebony, St. Helena {Melhania melanoxylort), a small tree of
the Cocoa Nut family (Byttneriaceae), one of the special plants
found only in St. Helena, where it is indigenous ; the trees
having, however, been cut down in large numbers for firewood,
and the young plants destroyed by goats which were introduced
into the island, the plant has become nearly, if not entirely,
exterminated. Dr. Eoxburgh, who botanised in St. Helena in
1816, says the few trees remaining are about 10 to 15 feet high,
their trunks crooked and about as thick as a man's thigh, the
branches very numerous and spreading. In old trunks the wood
is hard and black like Ebony. A supposed second species is M.
erythroxylon, which has red wood, but which is not now found
in the island.
Eddoes. {See Lotus and Taro.)
Egg" Plant (Solanw/i Melongenct), an annual herb of the
iSrightshade family (Solanaceffi), native of South America, and
now spread over the tropics. It was introduced into Britain in
1597. It is a tender annual plant, cultivated for curiosity. Its
fruit resembles an egg. There are several varieties, the fruits of
which vary in colour from white to red, yelloAv or dull purple,
and in shape more or less round or oblong. It is much culti-
vated in France, as also a sort called Bringall or Brinjal, of
w^hich French cooks make great use for culinary purposes.
Elaterium. {See Squirting Cucumber.)
Elder Tree {Samhucus nigra). — This well-known tree belongs
to the Woodbine family (Caprifoliacese). It seldom exceeds 20
or 30 feet in height. Its various parts are applied to many
domestic uses. Its wood is white and hard, and used for making
skewers, shoemakers' pegs, and for articles of turnery. Elder
Wine is made from its black berries, which are also used for
colouring port wines. A well-known eye-wash is made from its
flowers, which is also used as a lotion for the skin and for
fomentations. Herbalists make an ointment of the leaves, and
a tea is made from the flowers, to which many virtues are
ELM OF ECONOMIC PLANTS. 163
ascribed. The strong smell of the leaves has been supposed to
keep insects from plants. It is a native of England and Europe
generally, and in this country is to be seen growing in neglected
and waste places and about ruins. In Scotland it is called the
Boutry Tree, and is considered poisonous, and a great deal of
superstition is attached to it.
Elecampane {Inula Helenium), a strong-growing perennial
herb of the Composite family (Compositse), with large entire
leaves, and flower-stem 3 or 4 feet high, bearing large yellow-
rayed flowers. It is a native of this country, and is cultivated
for its roots. The whole plant has an aromatic bitter flavour,
especially the root, which abounds in a mucilaginous principle
resembling starch. It has been famed as a medicinal plant of
great virtue, but is now out of repute, and is only used for
flavouring sweets.
Elemi, the name of a fragrant gum-resin obtained from
different trees, chiefly from species of Amyris and Idea belonging
to the Myrrh family (Amarydacese). They are natives chiefly of
tropical America and India. A. elemifera, of Mexico and Vera
Cruz, yields Mexican Elemi. Canarium commune, a tall tree of
the same family, native of Amboyna, Luzon, the Moluccas, and
Penang, produces Manilla Elemi.
Elephant Apple {Feronia elepliantuni), a large wing-leaved
tree of the Orange family (Aurantiacese), common throughout
India, Ceylon, and Burmah. The fruit is about the size of a
large apple, and has a hard woody rind, containing numerous
seeds embedded in pulp, which tastes like that of the Bengal
quince, and has similar medicinal properties. It is also known
by the name of Wood Apple.
Elephant's-foot Plant. {See Tortoise Plant.)
Elm {Ulmus campestris). — The common elm is a well-known
tree of the family Ulmaceiie, valued for its timber, which is used
for many purposes, particularly for works underground or in
water. The Wych Elm {Ulmus montana) also affords good
timber, but does not grow to so large a size. The Elm is exten-
sively grown in this country, lives to a great age, and is some-
164 DICTIONARY OF POPULAR NAMES ELM
times of large dimensions. In consequence of U. campestris not
producing perfect seeds in this country, and there being no
evidence of its being found in a wild state, it is therefore sup-
posed that it is not a native ; while U. montana seeds freely,
and is abundantly wild in Scotland.
Elm, American {Ulmus americana), native of North
America, abundant in Nova Scotia and Canada, extending to the
Southern United States. It is a tree resembling the English
Elm, but has larger leaves, and attains a greater height, even
that of 100 feet. The wood is used for the same purposes as the
preceding, but is not so hard, and is less durable. Its inner
bark is very tough, and is used for weaving into seats for common
chairs and the like.
Emden Groats. {See Oats.)
Endive (Cichormm Undivia), an annual of the Composite
family (Composita^), said to be a native of the East Indies or
Cliina. It was introduced about 300 years ago ; it is in general
cultivation as a winter salad plant. There are several varieties,
the principal being the broad-leaved and curled endive.
Ensete, a name in Abyssinia for Iftisa Eiisete, a noble plant
of the Banana family (Musacese). It was originally discovered
by Bruce, the distinguished traveller and collector, more than a
century ago. His account of this plant, like many other parts
of his history of that country, was doubted until 1853, when
seeds and a description of it were sent to the Eoyal Gardens,
Kew, by W. Plowden, Esq., then British consul in that country.
Plants raised from these seeds grew rapidly, soon forming a stem
8 feet high, with a girth (at 6 inches above the soil) of 7 feet
6 inches, its leaves being 17 feet long by 3 feet 4 inches T\ide.
This plant thus produces the largest entire leaf of any vegetable
organism at present known. The flower-stalk rises from the
centre of the plant as in the banana, and is as thick as a man's
arm, forming a considerable article of food to the natives. The
fruit is not succulent, but small and dry, being quite useless as
food.
Ergot {Oidiuin alortifaciens), a microscopic mildew common
EUCALYPTUS OF ECONOMIC PLANTS. 165
on grasses, attacking one or more of the young grains in the ear,
which it affects in such a manner as to cause it to swell into a
substance very distinct from that of the grain, being solid and
of a fatty nature, generally in the form of a spur, sometimes an
inch or more in length. This is common to rye, whence the
name Spurred Eye. In its earliest stage the surface of the spur
is covered with mildew of a chalky- white colour, which moisture
readily removes, hence the spurs (Ergot of shops) are of a black
colour, the mildew filaments being the Oidium or true plant.
The spur is very poisonous ; and in Germany and other parts of
Europe where rye bread is extensively used, it causes those who
eat it to be afflicted with incurable gangrenous diseases. This
led to the interference of Government to test the purity of rye
before being ground. Ergot being common to grasses on which
sheep and cattle browse, it is supposed to be the cause of diseases
to them, and of their early dropping their lambs and calves.
Although it is of such a poisonous nature, it is a most valuable
medicine in the hands of the accoucheur.
Ervalenta. {See Lentils.)
Eryngo Root. {See Sea Holly.)
Esparto Grass {MacrocMoa tenacissimd), a strong-growing
perennial, caespitose, rush-like grass, occupying extensive sandy
tracts of the Mediterranean coast, especially in Spain, Algeria,
Morocco, and the Sahara. It is used for making hats, mats,
baskets, and other domestic articles, and of late years has become
extensively used for paper-making. In 1873, 100,000 tons were
imported for this purpose, and now double that quantity is said
to be imported. The grass, when stored, is liable to ferment, and
by spontaneous combustion to break out into fire. Various fires
have originated in this manner.
Eucalyptus, the botanical name of an extensive genus of
trees of the Myrtle family (Myrtaceoe). They are natives chiefly
of Australia and Tasmania, where they form large forests.
There are about 140 species described, but they vary so extremely
in different kinds of leaves being produced on various parts of
the same tree, thus presenting distinct specific characters, and
166 DICTIONARY OF POPULAR NAMES EUCALYPTUS
in the varying nature of their bark, that the determination of
species is very difficult. In Tasmania they are described as
rising to a height of from 200 to 400 feet, with a diameter of
from 6 to 8 feet. Their naked gaunt stems, of 100 to 150 feet
clear of branches, present the appearance of a forest of natural
columns. These, sometimes blackened by the fires of the natives
and with the shaggy loose bark hanging about them, afford a
grand but dismal spectacle. Trees of equal, if not larger, size
are found in Victoria, a fallen one measuring 480 feet in length,
while one still larger measured 80 feet in circumference.
According to the nature of their bark they receive various
names, such as Stringy Bark (JE. oUiqua), Iron Bark (E. sider-
oxylon), Blue Gum (JE. glohuhts), Peppermint Tree {E. amygdo.-
lina). Some also receive the name of Native Mahogany, which,
with the kind called Gray Iron Bark, etc., are sometimes im-
ported into this country. The wood of some is very hard and
durable, and so heavy as even to sink in water. Many yield a
kind of Kino or gum, such as E. resinifera and E. amygdcdina.
Essential oils, used in perfumery, are also produced in large
quantities from their leaves. E. mannifera, and others, yield
sweet secretions analogous to manna. It is also stated that
E. Gunnii furnishes a great quantity of liquid that ferments and
forms a kind of beer. They produce abundance of seeds, which
vegetate freely, and have, through the agency of man, become
naturalised in many countries. As they are of robust growth,
a " struggle for life " in the natural vegetation is the consequence.
Many years ago large quantities were raised at Kew, and expe-
riments tried with them in the open air. They grew vigorously,
and several species withstood ordinary winters, but the severe
cold of January 1838 destroyed them, after their having attained
a height of 15 feet. Since then a species named E. ])olyantlicmos
has stood for the last thirty years in an exposed part of the
gardens. The young shoots are occasionally injured, but it is
otherwise perfectly hardy, and might become a useful timber
tree in the southern parts of England.
During the last twenty years many species of Eucalyptus,
EUPHORBIA OF ECONOMIC PLANTS. 167
especially the Blue Gum {E. globulus) and E. amygdalina, have
come into high repute as sanitary trees, and have exercised on
regions of the warm temperate zone a greater influence, scenic,
industrial, and hygienic, than any other single species of arboreous
vegetation ever reared anywhere, even Pines or Oaks and other
classes of leading trees not excepted. Thus the features of wide,
formerly treeless, landscapes have already afforded, in many
places, timber and fuel for rapidly-increasing settlements, and
rendered also many a miasmatic locality permanently habitable,
such as the Pontine Marshes near Eome and other parts of Italy;
also in Algeria and in some parts of India they begin to assume
the character of natural forests.
Euphorbia, the name of an extensive genus, the type of the
Spurgewort family (Euphorbiacese). The species are very vari-
able in habit. They are represented in this country by about a
dozen annual and perennial herbs, the most common being EJielio-
sco^pia, an annual well known as Little Goody. In the Canaries,
West, South, and East Africa, and India, numbers of the species
are of succulent habit, varying much in form, some consisting
of simple globose or branching stems not more than a foot in
height, while others become hard and woody, stiff-branched
small trees, generally leafless, or nearly so. E. grandiclens,
native of the Cape of Good Hope, attains a height of 20 to 30
feet ; its branches are nearly horizontal, in the form of a chan-
delier. The flowers in many of the species are small and incon-
spicuous, while in others they are showy, as in E. splendens, a
spiny species, native of Madagascar. E. punicea, native of
the West Indies, and the splendid E. pulcherrima, native of
Mexico, better known as Poinsettia pulcherrima. Most of the
succulent species agree in habit and general appearance with
analogous forms of cacti, but are readily distinguished on being
punctured or cut by a copious flow of milky juice, which is
more or less acrid and poisonous in the different species,
especially on coming in contact with wounds or witli the eyes.
Fish are readily destroyed by placing pieces of E. piscatoria,
E. Tirucalli, or E. pendula, in waters where fish abound. As a
168 DICTIONARY OF POPULAR NAMES EVENING
practical instance, it may be mentioned that some years ago the
Victoria Lily Aquarium at Kew became overcrowded with gold-
fish, and, as it was found they ate the leaves of the Victoria, it
became necessary to get rid of them. To effect this a few pieces
of E. Tirucalli were thrown into the tank in the evening. The
next mornincc the surface of the water was found covered with
dead gold-fish, not one being left alive. E. resinifera yields
the gum called Gum Euphorbium. The chief supply comes
from jMorocco and Barbary. It is obtained by making incisions
in the stem and branches ; the milky juice then flows, and, after
becoming hard and dry, is scraped off. Great caution is, how-
ever, necessary in collecting it, as it is very excoriating, and the
small particles rising in the air affect the eyes, and cause
incessant sneezing. It was originally used as a powerful
medicine in certain complaints, but on account of its violent
action is now little used. Its chief use at the present time
is in the preparation of an anticorrosive paint for ships'
bottoms. The milk of most of the species contains a small
amount of caoutchouc, which in E. Cattimandoo, a succulent
arborescent species, native of the Madras Presidency, furnishes
a sufficient quantity of caoutchouc to make it worth the trouble
of collectmg.
Evening Primrose {(Enothera biennis), a biennial of the
family Onagraceae, native of Virginia, and now become
naturalised in many parts of Europe. It is cultivated as an
ornamental garden-plant, and in Germany it is grown for the
sake of its young shoots, which are used as a vegetable in the
early spring.
Faham. (Sec Tea, Bourbon.)
Fairy Rings. — In autumn several species of fungi spring up
suddenly on grassy lawns, growing in rings of greater or lesser
diameter. They were formerly supposed to be produced by
some supernatural agency, and the spirits called fairies were
believed to have held their midnio-ht revels within the circles.
Their formation is, however, very simple, natural, and easily
accounted for. The centre of the circle begins with a single
FENNEL OF ECONOMIC PLANTS. 169
fungus, which performs its functions and dies. The next season
another patch appears outside the spot occupied by the original
forming a small ring, and this repeated from year to year, the
ring increasing in size. The decay of the previous fungi render-
ing the soil unfit for the reproduction of the same species, the
mycelium or spores find fresh soil on the external margin of the
ring, and again germinate. One species of fairy-ring fungus,
Marasmius oreades, is edible, and is called the Champignon.
Fan Palms, a name applied to all palms having fan-shaped
or flabelliform leaves, represented in Southern Europe and
North Africa by Chamcerops humilis, occupying extensive sandy
plains and rocky places, generally growing in a crowded caes-
pitose manner without stem, the length of the leaves not
exceeding 3 or 4 feet, but in cultivation, by the suppression of
the suckers, it forms a stem which attains a height of 20 to 30
feet. A tough fibre is obtained from the leaves, which is used
for many purposes, such as for making ropes, brushes, etc.
Feather Grass {Stipa pennata), a perennial wiry grass,
native of Britain, but rare. The flowers are produced in loose
panicles, which, when dried and coloured, form ornaments for
rooms. It is common on the steppes of Tartary. In the region
of the Volga mares' milk forms a great part of the daily food
of the Tartars, and it is supposed their freeness from consump-
tion is due to its use ; the peculiar quality of the milk is
attributed to the mares feeding on the feather-grass.
Fennel (Foeniculurn mdgare), a perennial of the Carrot
family (UmbeUiferse). Its stems attain a height of 5 to 6 feet, and
are furnished with finely-cut leaves. It is a native of Europe,
and has become naturalised in some parts of this country. It
is cultivated in gardens for its leaves, which are strongly
aromatic, and are used in fish sauces. Fennel oil is extracted
from its fruits.
Fennel Flower {Nigella sativa), an annual of the Butter-
cup family (Eanunculacese). It grows a foot or more in height,
and has finely-cut leaves, with white or light-blue open flowers,
and a five - celled capsule containing numerous black seeds.
170 DICTIONARY OF POPULAR NAMES FENNEL
It grows wild in South Europe, Egypt, and Syria, in whicli
countries it is also cultivated for its seeds, wliicli are strongly
aromatic. In India they are used for putting with wooUen
goods to keep away insects. In Palestine and Egypt they are
frreatly used for flavouring curries, and spread over cakes like
comfits. The Egyptian ladies use them to produce stoutness,
considered by them to be a point of beauty. The seeds are
the Fitches of Scripture. Tliis species and iV". damascena are
cultivated in gardens, and known by the vulgar name of
Devil-in-a-bush.
Fennel, Giant [Ferula communis), a tall perennial of the
Carrot family (Umbelliferse), native of Southern Europe, the
stem often attaining a height of 8 to 10 feet, and a diameter
of 2 to 3 inches, having finely-divided compound leaves and
umbels of yellow flowers. The stems are full of white pith,
which when dry ignites like tinder, and is used in Sicily and
other parts as such. When once ignited it burns very slowly,
and without injury to the tube of the stem. It is used for
preserving and carrpng fire from place to place. Tliis custom
is of great antiquity, and serves to explain the passage in
Hesiod, where, speaking of the fire Prometheus stole from
heaven, he says " he brought it in a Ferula." The stems are
very light, and Bacchus, the God of Wine, recommended that
his votaries should carry them, so that if they quarrelled from
the effects of too much wine, they could strike one another
without inflicting injury. F. dulcc is considered to be a variety
of the preceding, but differs from it in the radical leaf-stalk being
swollen, thick, and becoming united, thus forming a kind of
tuber, which is used extensively in France and Italy as a culi-
nary vegetable under the name of Finocchio or Finicho. It is
not much cultivated in this country, but is sometimes to be
seen in the vegetable markets in London.
Fenugreek (Trigonella Foenum-groccum), an annual similar
in habit to Lucerne, and belonging to the same family (Legu-
minosse), native of Southern Europe, Egypt, and Western Asia.
Its seeds have a strong odour, and were used in medicine by the
FERNS OF ECONOMIC PLANTS. 171
ancient Egyptian, Greek, and Eoman doctors. They are now
only employed for giving false importance to horse-medicine
and damaged hay. They contain the principle called Cou-
niarin, which is also found in the vernal grass, Anthoxanthum
ocloratum, which imparts the pleasant smell to hay.
Ferns, a common name for a family of plants, botanically
termed Filices, of which about 2500 species are named and
described; they are found in greater or less numbers in all
regions favourable to plant life, and vary in size and form from
that of a blade of grass to lofty trees 50 or more feet in height,
terminated by a crown of finely -cut leaves, termed fronds,
often 15 or more feet in length. They are reproduced by seeds
termed spores, which are generated on the under side of the
fronds, or in spikes formed of contracted fronds. Having
therefore no true flowers, they belong to the grand division
termed Cryptogams or flowerless plants. It might be ex-
pected that, in such an extensive and widely -distributed
family of plants, many of them would possess useful pro-
perties, but such is not the case, few being useful either as
food, medicine, or in the arts. One of the most important food
products furnished by ferns is the underground stem or-
rhizome of Pteris aq_idlina, which, under different forms, is
common and abundant in most countries {see Brake). In New
Zealand and other islands of the South Sea, where tree ferns
abound, the centre of the stems of Alsophila excelsa and Cyathca
medidlaris consists of a mucilaginous pith, used as food, as also
the thick mealy foot -stalks of Angiopteris evcda, a fern very
abundant throughout the tropics. The most important in
medicine is the common Male YQTnLastrea Filix-mas (which see).
During the last fifty years ferns have come into high favour not
only as ornamental plants, but also as competition plants at
horticultural exhibitions, for which prizes are awarded, which
have been the means of raising the value of certain kinds, vary-
ing from £1 to £50. The introduction and cultivation of ferns
has consequently become an important branch of commerce.
In 1823 the collection in the Eoyal Botanic Garden, Kew,
172 DICTIONARY OF POPULAR NAMES FESCUE
numbered only 40 exotic species ; in a catalogue published in
1864 the number had increased to 600 species, and in a work
entitled Ferns BintisJi and Foreign (1866), 1084 species of ferns
and their allies are recorded. Of that number only about 40 (true
ferns) are natives of Britain, of which it may be well said, no
class of plants of so small a number has been more written upon,
and announcements of new works are frequently to be seen.
Fescue Grass, a name applied to the various species of
Festuca, an extensive genus of the Grass family, widely spread
over the earth. Nine species are natives of Britain — F. ipratense
and F. duriuscula being fodder grasses, and F. ovina, a short,
wiry grass on which sheep feed.
Feverfew {Fyrethrum Parthenium), an erect bushy plant of
the Composite family (Compositas), a foot or more in height,
with much- divided leaves, and white -rayed flowers like the
camomile. It is wild in many parts of this country, often
seen growing on old walls. It is bitter and tonic, and from
early times has been valued by herbalists as a remedy for fever.
A double variety of it is grown as an ornamental garden plant.
Fig (Ficus Carica), a tree of the Mulberry family (Moracese).
It is generally understood that the Fig is a native of Western
Asia, and was in early times introduced to the islands and
countries on both sides of the Mediterranean and Southern
Europe, where it has become indigenous, and occasionally
attains the height of a tree. It is cultivated in this country
generally in the form of a shrub, having long branches requir-
ing support. The so-called fruit of the Kg is not a true
fruit, but a fleshy receptacle of a conical form, attached by
the narrow end, the broad end or apex having a small open-
ing like a pore, the true flowers and seeds lining the interior,
which may be seen on opening a Fig. The fertilisation of the
Fig is peculiar, and is termed caprification ; it is believed to be
promoted by a winged insect, called Cynips, entering the young
fruit by the pore at the apex, and by the movements of the
msect the pollen is loosened from the anthers, and thus comes
in contact with the stigmas, as effected by insects in the flowers of
FIG OF ECONOMIC PLANTS. 173
other plants. There are many fine varieties of the Fig cultivated.
The dried Figs that come to this country form a large article
of trade with Turkey, the islands of the Mediterranean, and
ports of the African coast.
The genus Ficus consists of about 100 species, varying in
size from small-leaved adhering creepers like ivy to lofty trees,
some being of gigantic size {see Banyan Tree and Peepul Tree).
The following is an account of one growing on a mountain in
the island of Trinidad : — " We carved our names on a gigantic
Ficus, with the date of our visit. This tree is a noble specimen ;
four of us standing on its spurs 6 feet from the ground could
only just span it." Many are climbers, some may be termed
epiphytal, having roots as thick as a man's arm. These clasp
and destroy trees on which they grow ; specimens may be seen
in the museum at Kew. The whole of the species abound in a
milky juice, which contains more or less caoutchouc. In Assam
this substance is extensively produced by Ficus elastica. (See
Caoutchouc and Banyan Tree.)
Fig Marigold, the common name for the species of the
genus Mesemlryanthemum, belonging to the family Ficoidese.
It consists of about 300 species, some of which are much-
branched, fleshy plants, 1 to 3 feet in height ; others are stem-
less, consisting of opposite succulent leaves only, which are
either triangular or in the form of tongues, or with their edges
variously toothed, resembling the jaws of animals, hence the
names Tiger -chap {M. tigrinum), Dog -chap {M. ca7iinitm),
Cat -chap {M. felinum), Mouse -chap {M. mitrinum). There
is also a group of species, consisting of simple bodies of various
forms, about an inch in height, such as the Small Dumpling
(if, minimum), Greater Dumpling {M. obcordellum), Cloth
Button {M, fibuliforme), Nut-like (if. nuciforme). The flowers
are white, yellow, or pink, and, with the exception of if. noc-
turnum^ they open only during midday sunshine, which has led
to their being called Mesemtryanthcmiom, which means " flowering
at midday." Their fruit is a fleshy capsule, in the form of a
small fig, and having been eaten by Hottentots, they are called
174 DICTIONARY OF POPULAR NAMES FILBERT
Hottentot Figs. With a few exceptions they are all natives
of South Africa; they are represented in Australia by M.
ccquilateraU, the fruit of which is eaten by the natives.
Filbert. {See Hazel.)
Filmy Ferns, a name applied to the tribe of ferns termed
Hymenophylleae, of which there are nearly 200 species described,
found in all regions conducive to fern life. As a tribe they
differ from other ferns by the extremely delicate and, in general,
thin pellucid texture of the fronds, which, in the different
species, vary much in form and size, from half an incli to a foot
and a half in length, entire, or variously lobed or multifid.
Tln^ee species are native of this country, but are rare, and are
becoming more so in consequence of the interest taken in them by
amateurs, who grow them in Wardian cases, in which they form
interesting objects. In 1864 the Kew collection consisted of
sixty exotic species of Hymeno'pliylliim and Triclwmanes.
Finocchio, or Finicho. {Sec Fennel, Giant.)
• Fiorin Grass {Agrostis stolonifera), a wide-spreading, creep-
ing, bent grass, which, with A. alha, was highly extolled by the
late Dr. Eichardson as a winter fodder grass ; he brought the
subject so prominently before the Agricultural Society and the
public that he was caricatured mowing grass in winter with his
coat off and the snow on the ground.
Fir Trees are typically represented by the well-known Xor-
way Spruce, Silver, and Balm of Gilead Firs, which, with the
recently-discovered allied species, form a part of the important
family ConifcKe. They were originally included under the genus
Pinus of Linnaeus, but modern botanists have considered it
proper to separate them as a distinct genus under the name of
Abies, which by some authorities also includes the Larch and
Cedar of Lebanon (which see). The species of Ahics are readily
distinguished from those of Pinus by having short linear leaves
separately attached, closely set on the branches, imbricate in
two or more distinct rows, while those of Pinus are long, narrow,
and needle-like, produced in fascicles of two, three, or five.
During the present century many new species of Ahics have
FIR OF ECONOMIC PLANTS. 175
been discovered, natives of Mexico, California, North -West
America, also the Himalayas, and a few in the Caucasus and
Europe. Many of them are lofty trees, and are not only valued
for their timber, but also for the production of tar, turpentine,
and balsamic resins. The number of species now known amounts
to about 20, of which we need but notice a few of the most
important.
Abies excclsa, Norway Spruce Fir, native of northern and
alpine regions of Central Europe, in some localities forming
extensive forests, and said to attain a height of 100 to 150
feet. Its timber is highly valued, and imported to this country
from ports in the Baltic under the name of White Deal, and
employed for all purposes of house -building, interior fittings
of houses, etc. When grown close together the trees run up
erect and slender, and to a considerable height; such furnish
good scaffold poles ; the wood takes a high polish, and is used
by cabinet and musical instrument makers, etc. This Spruce,
like other allied species, yields an odoriferous resin, which is
obtained by making incisions in its bark, and on being boiled in
water and strained becomes Burgundy Pitch. The tree is
extensively grown in this country, both for its timber and for
ornamental purposes.
A. Douglasii, Douglas Spruce Fir, a large tree, native of
British Columbia, North - West America ; introduced to this
country in 1826 by its discoverer, David Douglas (Botanical
Collector for the Eoyal Horticultural Society), after whom it is
named. It attains a height of 150 to 200 feet. Its wood
is white, soft, and brittle. In 1861 a specimen of a trunk,
forming a flag-staff 159 feet long, was presented to the Eoyal
Gardens, Kew, and set up on one of the Temple-mounds raised
by George III. more than a hundred years ago. The tree has
been extensively planted in this country, but it is a question
whether it will be useful otherwise than as an ornamental tree.
A. canadensis, called the Hemlock Spruce Fir, native of
Canada, and extending southward through the United States
on mountains. In Canada it attains a height of 60 to 80 feet.
176 DICTIOjSTAPtY OF POPULAR NAMES FIR
It is an elegant tree from the symmetrical disposition of its
branches, which droop gracefully at their extremities, and it
has light and tufted foliage. Its wood is not of much repute,
but its bark is highly valued for tanning. Its young branches
make excellent Spruce beer. It was introduced in 1736, but
considered only an ornamental tree. Forty years ago there
were two fine examples in the Eoyal Pleasure Gardens, Kew.
A. lalsamea, Balm of Gilead Fir, native of Canada, Nova
Scotia, and other parts of North America. It is a low-growing
tree compared with many of its allies, seldom exceeding a
height of 20 to 40 feet. Its cones and bark yield a turpentine
called Canada Balsam, which is used in the arts, and valued for
preserving microscopic objects.
A. Picea, Silver Fir, native of Central Europe and temperate
Northern Asia. It attains a height of 100 and even (it is
said) 200 feet. It takes its name from the leaves being silvery-
white underneath, and when standing singly it is a beautiful tree.
There are many good trees growing in different parts of this
country. Its timber is not much valued, but said to be durable
under water. A resin is obtained from it, which when purified
is known as Strasburg Turpentine.
In California the genus Ahies is represented by about a
dozen species, all large trees, of which A. nobilis, A. hracteata, and
A. Menzlesii are conspicuous. A. religiosa, native of Mexico, is
a fine tree, but not hardy in this country.
In India the genus is represented by A. Smithiana, A, Web-
biana, and its variety A. Pindroio ; the first is hardy, the two
latter are not.
P. Nordmanniana, native of the Crimea, P. Cejphalonica and
P. pinsapo, natives of Southern Europe, are fine trees, hardy in
this country.
Fir, Scotch. {See Pine.)
Fitches of Scripture. (See Fennel Flower.)
Flag. (See Fleur-de-Luce.)
Flame Trees. — Different trees in different countries havinir
brilliant scarlet flowers, in most cases flowerint? before the
FLAX OF ECONOMIC PLANTS. 177
expansion of the leaves; when seen in the distance have the
appearance of being on fire. Examples are — 1. Rhododendron
arhoreum, native of Nepal, a tree of considerable size, which
when in fio^ver imparts a blaze of colour to the forest. 2. Ster-
cidia acerifolia, a tree of the Cola Nut family (Sterculiacese),
native of New South Wales, attaining a height of 60 to
100 feet, and a circumference of from 6 to 8 feet, havino-
smooth, large, lobed leaves and racemes of showy red flowers.
3. Nuytsia ligustrina and N. floribunda, the first native of
New South Wales, and the latter South - West Australia.
They belong to the Mistletoe family (Loranthaccce), and are ex-
ceptions to the general rule of that family in not being parasites
on other trees ; but they grow in the ground, forming bushy
trees 20 or 30 feet high. 4. In the region of the Dead Sea,
the pretty flowering tree Acacia Farnesiana, belonging to the
Leguminosse, is densely covered with a species of parasitical
Loranthus, which when in flower gives the trees the appearance
of being on fire.
Flax (^Linum usitatissimuiii), a wiry, erect-stemmed annual of
the Flax family (Linacese). It appears to have been cultivated
from remotest antiquity, maimfactured Flax fibre having been
found in the prehistoric lake-cities of Switzerland; and the
mummy cloth of Egyptian tombs was made of Elax fibre. Elax is
now generally cultivated in many countries of the north tem-
perate zone, growing as well in Northern Eussia as in the
valley of the Nile and plains of India. It is cultivated in tliis
country, but more extensively in Ireland ; the quantity, however,
falls short of the demand. It is largely imported from Eussia,
and various other parts of Europe ; also from Egypt and Turkey.
Elax undergoes many operations before its fibre is ready for spin-
ning. The seeds are also an important article of commerce, ship-
loads being imported from the Baltic and the Black Sea for the
purpose of crushing, from which Linseed Oil is obtained. The
compressed refuse of the seeds forms Oil-cake, used for feeding
cattle, and the crushed or ground seeds form Linseed Meal, a
valuable emollient for poultices. In dressing, Elax goes tln-ough
N
178 DICTIONARY OF POPULAR NAMES FLAX
the process of hackling, by which it is cleared of all extraneous
short fibre, wliich forms the article called Tow. The woven fabric
of Flax is called Linen, which varies in texture according to the
deo-ree of hackling and other preparations the Flax fibre has
underc^one. In Scotland, Flax in all its stages, before it is
converted into thread, is called Lint, — thus a Lint-field, a Lint-
mill, etc. In 1880 the quantity of Flax imported from all
countries amounted to 1,896,249 cwts.
Linseed Oil is now extensively employed in the preparation
of printers' ink. By heating and other processes it assumes the
character of varnish, the black colour being given to it by lamp-
black, carbon black, Prussian blue, or indigo. Large quantities
of printers' ink, even to hundreds of tons, are now annually
made from Linseed Oil.
The best writing paper is made from the pulp of linen rags.
Flax, New Zealand {Phormium tenax), a stemless per-
manent sword-leaved plant of the Lily family (Liliacese), native
of New Zealand. The leaves are smooth, 4 to 6 feet long, and
2 inches wide, of a firm texture, and abounding in stout
fibre. The flowers are red, borne on a scape in panicles. Scape
10 or even more feet in height. In jS'ew Zealand it occupies
large tracts of country, and is used by the natives for making
ropes, mats, etc. Large quantities have been imported into this
country. It is tolerably hardy, and about sixty years ago (1822)
a company was established for its cultivation in the South of
Ireland, but its slow growth caused it to be abandoned.
Flea-bane, African {Tarchonanthus camj^liorata), a strong-
growing shrub, often attaining the size of a small tree 10 to 15
feet high, having elliptical, greyish leaves, smelling strongly of
camphor, which has led it to be considered efficacious in driving
away fleas. It is a native of the Cape of Good Hope. It
belongs to the Composite family (Compositse), and is the largest
and most woody representative of this extensive family in
South Africa. It is also known by the name of Wild Sage.
Flea-bane Powder, — Pyrethrum carneum, P. rosewn, and P.
purpiLreum, natives of Caucasus, and probably varieties only of
FOOL OF ECONOMIC PLANTS. 179
one species. They are perennial herbs of the Composite family
(Compositae), with much-divided leaves, varying in the colour
of their flowers, as indicated by their names. A powder made
of the dried flowers has long been used in Persia and Russia
for the destruction of, or rather driving away, fleas. The plant
from which it was prepared was long kept a secret, till it
was discovered by an Armenian merchant, who communicated
it to his son, who in 1828 manufactured the article for sale. It
is estimated that the amount of this powder consumed annually
in Eussia alone is nearly 1,000,000 lbs. It has become popular
in Germany, Holland, and France.
Fleur-de-Luce (Iris germanica), one of the Iris family
(Iridacese), indigenous to Germany and other parts of Europe.
It is the common large blue Iris or Flag well known in gardens,
and was a heraldic emblem in the arms of the Kings of France.
Flintwood, a name in New South Wales for Eucalyptics
pihUaris, a tree of the Myrtle family (Myrtacea^). Its wood is
hard and used for many purposes.
Flower-fence, a name in India for Ccesalpinia {Poinciana)
pulcherrwia, a prickly shrub of the Ca3salpinia section of the Bean
family (Leguminosse). It is common in India and other tropical
countries. It has pretty yellow flowers, and is used as an orna-
mental hedge-plant.
Fly Trap, Venus's. (See Venus's Fly Trap.)
Fool's Parsley (jEtlmisa Cynapinm), meaning Dog's Parsley,
an annual of the Carrot family (Umbelliferse), native of this
country, and common as a weed in cultivated grounds, some-
times growing amongst parsley, which it much resembles
(especially the broad-leaved variety), and for which it has been
mistaken. It is, however, distinguished by its leaves being of
a bluish tint. The reputed poisonous properties of this plant
have recently been proved by Dr. Harley (of St. Thomas's
Hospital) to be fallacious ; he says he " carefully prepared
a quantity of juice from young plants, as also in their more
mature condition ; the quantity thus prepared he gave in doses
from two drachms to two ounces, himself taking two to four
180 DICTIONARY OF POPULAR NAMES FORBIDDEN
fluid ounces ; effects were carefully looked for, but tliere were
absolutely none in either case after any one of the doses." In
conclusion, he says that "the JEtliv.sa Cynapium of Sussex,
Kent, Surrey, and Herefordshire is not only absolutely free
from the noxious properties attributed to it, but that it is
pleasant to sight, smell, and taste, and in the absence of more
fragrant and succulent plants, might well be used as a pot-herb
and salad." He has analysed all the recorded cases of the dele-
terious effects of this plant, and in almost every case it is clear
that j^thusa was not the poison, and that in some cases the
hemlock Coniiim maculatum was the offender, the leaves of
which in their young state have been mistaken for parsley.
Forbidden Fruit. {See Shaddock.)
Forest Oak. {See She Oak.)
Foxglove {Digitalis purpiirea), a plant of the Fig wort
family (Scrophulariacese), one of our most showy native plants,
generally found growing on margins and open parts of woods,
and conspicuous by its tall spike of pink flowers ; there is also
a variety with wliite flowers. From its leaves is obtained a
most important medicine, known as Digitalis, but it requires
much caution in its use, for if unduly administered it suspends
the action of the heart, causing sudden death.
Frangipanni — in English, Breadbreaking — said to derive its
name from an ancient family of Eome, who held the office of
breaking the bread in the Holy Sacrament, A descendant of this
family first invented a method of perfuming gloves, but what the
perfume consisted of is not now known. Frangipanni is still the
name of a perfume known in commerce. In the West Indies
Plumerict rubra and alba, shrubs of the Dogbane family (Apocy-
nacese), are called Frangipanni on account of their deliciously-
scented flowers ; they are soft- wooded shrubs or small trees, and
contain a milky sap.
Frankincense. — Much uncertainty prevails as to the plant,
herb, or tree, that yields the fragrant substance first spoken of in
Exodus under the name of Frankincense. At the time it was
first mentioned the Israelites had not been more than a year out
FRANKINCENSE OF ECONOMIC PLANTS. 181
of Egypt, and were encamped in the desert; therefore, their
knowledge of Frankincense and other sweet-smelling substances
mentioned with it must have been acquired during their sojourn
in Egypt. Admitting that there is, however, no herb or tree
native of Egypt that can be identified as producing Frankincense,
and the other sweet-smelling substances mentioned in Exodus,
we must suppose that they came to Egypt by trade with other
countries, and it was long thought to have been the exudation of
some species of Juniper, and to have come from Mount Lebanon,
hence the Hebrew word Lcbonah for Frankincense ; also as the
Fir (Pimis halepensis) is a native of Palestine, and yields an
aromatic resin, it might with equal propriety, if not more so,
be supposed to be the Frankincense known in Egypt, to come
from Lebanon by trade from the ports of Tyre or Sidon.
Frankincense is not again mentioned till the time of Solomon,
when we find that it and other sweet-smellingj substances
were brought from the South (Arabia) as presents to Solomon
by the Queen of Sheba. In modern times much has been
^vritten in order to determine the tree that yielded the Queen of
Sheba's Frankincense. Eecently, a plant supposed to be identical
with that tree has been discovered growing in Arabia yielding
Frankincense. It is a species of Bosivdlia, a genus of the
Myrrh family (Amarydacese), and has been named B. Carterii,
in honour of Mr. Carter, who was the first to figure and describe
it in 1843, and who conveyed a living plant of it from Arabia
to Bombay, which in 1859 was growing in the Agri-Horticultural
Society's Garden at Bombay. Frankincense is also produced by
two other species of Boswellia, namely B. Frereana and B. Bliau
Dajiana, which latter is included by some authorities under B.
Ca7ierii. These are natives of the Somali country of East
Africa, and furnish the principal part of the Frankincense of
commerce, more generally known as Olibanum. Frankincense
trees have winged leaves, and a general resemblance in appear-
ance to the mountain ash, though smaller, more straggling, and
much less graceful. Olibanum is also known to be produced by
B. thiLrifera, a tall tree, native of India, abundant in the pro-
182 DICTIONARY OF POPULAR NAMES FRENCH
vince of Beliar and Western India, having its leaves crowded at
the tops of the branches. The Olibanum is obtained by making
incisions in the bark, when the sap exudes and becomes hardened
in transparent masses. It finds its way to Bombay, which is
also the emporium for African Olibanum. OUbanum, better
known as Frankincense, is extensively used as incense in the
Greek and Eoman Catholic Churches. A gum-resin called
Sierra Leone Frankincense is the produce of Daniellia tJmrifera,
a large tree of the Caesalpiniese section of the Bean family
(Leguminosae), native of Western tropical Africa. The name
Frankincense is also applied to the turpentine, which hardens
by exposure on the trunks of some species of the Pinus, such as
P. australis, P. tceda, and others.
French Bean. (See Kidney Bean.)
French Honeysuckle (Hedysarum coronariiim), a biennial
clover-like plant of the Bean family (Leguminosse), native of
the South of Europe, and cultivated as food for cattle.
Fringe Flower {CJdonanthus virginica), a shrub or small
tree of the Olive family (Oleaceae), with simple ovate leaves, and
white flowers produced in terminal panicles; the corolla is divided
into long narrow segments, which gives rise to the name Fringe
Flower. It is a native of Virginia, and is hardy in this
country.
Fringe (Water) {Limnanthemum nymphceoides), a floating
aquatic of the Gentian family (Gentianacese), native of this
country, and originally known by the name of Menyantlies
nymjphmoides, the Fringed Buckbean, from which it differs in
having floating round leaves like (but smaller than) the white
water-lily. It has pretty yellow flowers fringed in the interior
with fine hairs. It is found in the Thames near Oxford, and
some years ago it was also found in pools and ponds of the
Thames VaUey, near London.
Fuchsia, a genus of the Evening Primrose family (Onagra-
ceae), named by Linnseus in honour of Fuchs, a celebrated
German botanist. The typical species of the genus F. coccinea
was introduced in 1788 ; it is a native of Chili. It was not till
FUNGI OF ECONOMIC PLANTS. 183
1823 tliat other ornamental species began to be introduced, and
between that time and 1837 the fine Mexican species, F.fulgens,
F. cordata, and F. corymhiflora, were introduced ; since then many
others have been added, and numerous fine varieties raised from
seed which have become conspicuous and highly patronised
garden plants. The fruit of F. corymhiflora is an oblong pulpy
berry, pleasant to eat and not unwholesome.
Fucus, the name of a Linnsean genus of sea- weeds, originally
comprehending a considerable number of species, which by
modern botanists have been broken up and characterised under
a number of distinct genera, the genus Fucus being the type
of the family Fucacese, part of the order Algse, of the class
Cryptogamia of Linnaeus. The species are more or less abun-
dant on the rocky coasts of most countries. They are represented
in tliis country by Fucus noclosus, F. serratus, F. vesiculosus,
Laminaria digitata, and Z. hulhosa, known as Tangle ; they are
strong-growing species, and may be considered as the shrubs of
the ocean. During storms the force of the waves uproots large
quantities of sea- weeds of different species, which are wafted on
shore and left by the receding tides, such being known by the name
of Wrack, the drying and burning of which at one time furnished
employment to large numbers of people in Scotland and Ireland.
The ashes contain an alkali called Kelp, used in the manufacture
of soap and glass ; but since barilla has been used for these pur-
poses the burning of sea-wrack has almost ceased. From the
alkali of sea -weeds an important chemical substance called
Iodine is obtained, and is well know^n in medicine and the
arts as a powerful absorbent. In agricultural districts wrack
is eagerly sought after for manure ; its virtue as such depends
principally on the salt it contains. On some parts of the coast
of Japan sea-plants are largely collected. They are exported to
China and conveyed to the interior, where salt is scarce. Many
of them are also edible.
Fungi, the name of one of the orders of the class Crypto-
gamia of Linnaeus, which consists of flowerless plants, the most
obvious representatives being those that are well known as toad-
184 DICTIONARY OF POPULAR NAMES FUNGI
stools, wliicli include the numerous species of the Mushroom
tribe ; it also includes a number of microsopic bodies, such as
mildew, moulds, dry-rot, etc., which grow on living but more
abundantly on decayed animal or vegetable matter. They are
important factors in reducing all organised bodies to their
orio-inal elements. The number of so-called species may be said
to be beyond calculation ; indeed, it seems as though new forms
spring into existence according to the nature of the substance
upon which they grow ; they almost appear to be organisms of
chance, many coming into existence and living only a single night.
According to the Eev. M. J. Berkeley, the greatest modern writer
on this family, the number of species (so called) amounts to about
4000, of which 2380 are natives of Britain. They are found in
all countries and situations where animal and plant life exist ;
they not only grow on lofty trees, in dry pastures and buildings,
but also in mines, cellars, drains, and stinking ditches. Penicillmm
glaitcum is the blue mould of cheese, jelly, preserves, and woven
fabrics when long damp ; the iron mould (so called) on linen is a
kind of mildew. The most formidable, however, are the potato
murrain, grape mildew, dry-rot, smut, coffee and salmon disease,
all caused by microscopic species. Fungi are the sole agents in
fermentation of sugary liquids, and it is found that yeast, which
causes dough to rise, is a fungus. Many such — as mushrooms,
morells, and truffles — are wholesome and delicious food, while
others are poisonous in the highest degree ; many of the latter,
being similar to and taken for the true mushroom and used as
such, have led to fatal results. Fungi are reproduced by spores,
which are so numerous that in the puff-ball when ripe and
pressed they are seen to rise in the air like smoke ; but to
determine their size and form requires the aid of a powerful
microscope. They float in the air, and alighting on substances con-
genial to then- development and growth, they thus become spread
in different localities. Those that emanate from foul cisterns,
water-closets, and drains, are now considered to be the actual
cause of contagious diseases, such as typhoid and scarlet fever,
cholera, and even diphtheria. It has been proved that milk
FUNGI OF ECONOMIC PLANTS. 185
quickly becomes impregnated with microscopic fungi from the
dairies not being kept clean, and the vessels washed with foul
water, which a few years ago was found to be the cause of
typhoid fever in London, and it led to an Act of Parliament
being passed for the inspection of dairies. Wine cellars are
often infested by a filamentous fungus {Zasmidium cellare),
which covers the walls and casks with a coating like felt; it also
attacks the corks of wine bottles, and its appearance is considered
a test that the wine is old ; this has been taken advantage of by
some dealers to make new wine have the appearance of being
old by placing a false Zasmiclium made of spiders' webs, rotten
sawdust, and logwood ; the wine then passes off as crusted old
port. The walls of cellars and mines are also liable to be covered
with a fungus-growth termed RliizomoT'plia ; some are phosphor-
escent to such a degree that in the coal mines near Dresden the
roof, walls, and cellars are often entirely covered with them, and
their light is so bright as to dazzle the eye, and give the idea
of an enchanted cave. Phosphorescent fungi are also commonly
to be seen in the dark on decayed wood, rotten leaves, and other
decomposed vegetable substances. Tallow stores are often in-
fested with a microscopic fungus, known as Grease Mould {Muco-
rini ;pliycomyce) ; it covers the walls with a filamentous web ; it
also attacks the casks and pervades the grease, destroying all fatty
matter, and often causing great loss to the merchant. In gar-
dens Polyadis vulgaris, a mould fungus, is a great pest; it appears
suddenly in a night, its mycelium spreading rapidly over all
moist surfaces, doing irremediable miscliief in propagating pits
by overrunning low plants, cuttings, and seed-pots. Fruits,
such as apples and pears, are often attacked by a fungus {Mucor
mucedo), originating from a small wound in the skin, for although
looking perfectly sound their substance is pervaded by a fila-
mentous fungus, which renders them extremely bitter and unfit
to eat.
Fungi not only attack living and decaying vegetable matter,
but also living animals, and especially insects. In New Zea-
land the caterpillar of the moth, Charagia virescens, buries itself
186 DICTIONARY OF POPULAR NAMES FUNGI
in the ground to undergo its metamorphosis, where it is attacked
by a fungus called Sjplia^ria Eobertsii, which rises in the form of
a simple spike about 6 inches in height, from the 'head of the
caterpillar, the body of which becomes a dry mummy ; a second
species, >S'. Gunnii, is found in Tasmania, but it differs from the
preceding in being branched ; and a third species, ^S'. sinensis, is
found growing on caterpillars in a similar manner in China, and
is held in high estimation as a medicine, said to possess the
properties of ginseng. Another species has lately (1879) been
discovered in Ceylon growing on a white grub ; it rises 2 to 3
inches above the ground; its upper part, which contains the spore-
cases, is thickened and of a red colour ; it is said to be a new
species of the genus Torruhia. In the West Indies wasps are
affected with a species of Sphceria, which grows on the head
like two horns ; the spores impregnate them when alive, and the
fungus grows to a considerable size before the wasp dies. It is
generally understood that fungi do not grow in water, but it is
nevertheless now considered that the flocky matter that grows
on and destroys gold-fish and salmon is a fungus, Saprolegnia
ferox. Within the last twenty years great loss has been sus-
tained by the silk cultivators of Europe, consequent on the
silkworm being attacked by a microscopic mould fungus, allied
to the salmon fungus, known by the name of Botrytus hassiana,
by some supposed to be a changed form of the Alga Achyla
prolifera. The thready mycelium covers and perforates
the body of the caterpillar, which becomes mummified. This
disease has become endemic to the silk-producing countries of
Europe, which has rendered it necessary to procure fresh eggs
annually from Japan and other countries not yet affected by the
disease. In the autumn the common house-fly may be seen dead
and adhering to the mndow pane, the glass surrounding the
body being dim ; on examining the fly \\A\h a lens it will be
found to be involved with white flocky matter, the mycelium of
a mould fungus, the germ-spores of which had been taken up
by the fly in some kind of food.
It is said that a blue-bottle fly might carry about " sufficient
FUSTIC OF ECONOMIC PLANTS. 187
fever spores to infect a parish." (N.B. — Most of tlie above will
be specially noticed under their respective names, as also others,
such as ergot, smut, pepper-brand, etc.)
Fungus Melitensis (Cynomormm coccineum), a fungus-like
plant of the family Balanophorace£e, native of Malta and also
found in Northern Africa, the Canary Islands, and Syria. It
consists of a fleshy flower-stem, about a foot m height, of a red
colour. It was originally much valued for its medicinal
virtues, and at Malta, when it first became known, it was
specially guarded by a military sentinel, and persons appointed
to collect it. In some parts, as the Island of Lancerrotta, it
is eaten by the natives, and as it grows on the roots of Spartium
monosjoermicm (the juniper of Scripture), may explain the passage
in Job, "juniper roots for their meat."
Fungus, New Zealand. (See Jew's Ear.)
Furze, Gorse, Whins, common names for Ulex eurojpceus, a
spiny, almost leafless shrub of the Bean family (Leguminosce),
occupying commons and mountain slopes in Scotland and
this country, more abundantly in the south. Its most im-
portant economical uses are for firewood and as fodder for
cattle and horses ; for the latter purpose it is crushed between
rollers. There is a variety having no prickles, which does not
need crushing. Its golden flowers form a beautiful sight, espe-
cially when seen on distant hills, and they impart an odour to
the air in the vicinity of furze brakes. It has become naturalised
in the mountains in Jamaica, where it forms a small tree.
Fustic, a name given to certain yellow woods employed in
dyeing — 1. Madura tindoria, a large tree of the Mulberry
family (Moraceas), native of the West Indies and tropical
America. 2. Rhus Cotinus, a bushy shrub of the Cashew Nut
family (Anacardiaceae), native of Southern Europe, having simple
shining roundish leaves. Its flowers are in globose heads, which
become white and feathery, giving the idea of a head of white hair,
hence the name Wig -tree by which it is sometimes known.
It is used for dyeing, and is called in trade Young Fustic to
distinguish it from Madura. The yellow wood of several species
188 DICTIONARY OF POPULAR NAMES GALANGALE
of the genus Xanthoxylon are also known by the name of
Fustic.
Galangale, the name of an aromatic rhizome or tuber
produced by different species of the Ginger family (Zingi-
beraceae). 1. Alpinia Galanga, a herbaceous plant with reed-
like leafy stems, 4 to 5 feet high, terminated by a head of
flowers; native of India. The rhizome (root -stock) is used
medicinally, and forms an article of commerce. 2, Kcempferia
Galanga, a stemless herb, annually producing its leaves and
flowers direct from the ground ; the flowers appear before the
leaves, having much the appearance of the autumn crocus. It
is a native of India, where its tuberous roots are much used as
an aromatic stimulant.
Galangale, English {Cy;perus longus), a perennial of the
Sedge family (Cyperacese), native of this country, but rare. It
has thick roots, which are aromatic and used as a scent.
Galbanum, a gum -resin issuing from the stems of several
perennial plants of the Carrot family (Umbelliferae), referred
to Ferula galbaniflua, F. ruhricaulis, and other species, natives
of Western Asia. They are strong - rooted plants, the stems
of which attain a height of 3 to 6 feet, having finely-
divided leaves and umbels of yellow flowers. The gum issues
from the stem naturally, or is obtained by cutting it across
when young a little above the surface of the ground. The
milky juice exudes and soon hardens, and forms one of the
kinds of Galbanum of commerce, that issuing from the stem
naturally being called Galbanum in tears. The odour of Gal-
banum is strongly balsamic and pungent, and is used in medi-
cine. The Galbanum spoken of in Exodus has been supposed
to be the produce of Galbanum officinale, a Syrian plant, or of
Opoidca galbanifera, both of which, however, are doubtfully
determined. Another kind of Galbanum is derived from £2chon
galhanum, a plant allied to Ferula, native of the Cape of Good
Hope. It does not possess the properties of true Galbanum ;
the plant, however, is in high repute among the natives for its
medicinal virtues.
GAMBOGE OF ECONOMIC PLANTS. 189
Gale, Sweet. {See Candlebeny Myrtle.)
Galuncha, a Hindoo name for TinosjJOi^a cordifolia, a
climbing shrub of the Moonseed family (Menispermacese). It
is esteemed by the Hindoos for its antispasmodic and diuretic
properties.
Gama Grass. {See Buffalo Grass.)
Gambler {Uncaria Gamhir), native of the Malayan Penin-
sula and Islands. It is a slender-growing shrub of the Cin-
chona family (Cinchonaceae), climbing by the aid of abortive
flower-stalks, that become hard hooks. The leaves are oblong,
about 2 or 3 inches in length. It is cultivated at Singapore,
Sumatra, and other Malayan islands, for the sake of its leaves,
from which, by a process of boiling and evaporating, a pasty sub-
stance of a light yellow colour is left, wliich hardens, and is
made into cakes or blocks, forming the Gambler of commerce.
It is known also by the name of Terra Japonica, large quantities
of which are exported to China, where it is used by the natives
for chewing with the Betel-nut ; as also to this country, for
tanning and dyeing. In 1880, 26,364 cwts. were imported.
Gamboge, a gum-resin obtained from the stems of different
species of Garcinia, a genus of the Gamboge family (Guttifera^).
They are natives of Ceylon, India, Siam, and the Malayan
Archipelago. There is some uncertainty as to the identity of
the several species from which the Gamboge of commerce is
obtained. The best comes from Siam, and is supposed to be the
produce of Garcinia Haribitrii. Ceylon Gamboge is obtained
from Garcinia Morella. Garcinia 'pictoria is abundant in
Mysore and Western coast jungles, and yields Gamboge, but is
more important for the oil which is obtained from its fruit, and
called Gamboge Butter; the fruit also of an allied species,
G. 'purfurea, furnishes a similar butter, called Cocum Butter.
These oil butters are obtained by pounding the seeds in a
mortar ; the whole is then boiled, when the oil rises to the
surface. It is used for burning in lamps, or as a substitute for
butter. Gamboge is used in the arts, chiefly in water-colour
painting, as well as for brass lacquering. In medicine it
190 DICTIONARY OF POPULAR NAMES GAMBOGE
is a strong purgative, and is one of the principal ingredients in
Morison's pills.
Gamboge, American, is the produce of Vismia guianensis,
a small tree of the Tutsan family (Hypericacese), native of
Guiana.
Gamote, a native name for the tuberous roots of Cymopterus
montanus, a perennial herb of the Carrot family (Umbelliferae),
allied to Thapda and Cheer opliylhcm, native of New Mexico, where
it forms an article of food, its parsnip-like roots being eagerly
sought after and collected by the women of certain tribes of
native Indians. They are prepared by slicing, drying, and
grinding, then stored for future use. It is only in the young
state that the tubers can be eaten, when old they become hard.
The name Gamote is also applied to the sweet potato (which
see).
Garlic. {See Onions.)
Garlic Tree, a name in Jamaica for Cratceva tapia, a tree
of the Caper family (Capparidacese), native of the West Indies.
The fruit has a strong smell of Garlic, hence the common name
of the tree.
Gaub, or Gab, names in India for the astringent fruits of
Diospyros Umhryojyteris.
Genip-fruit [Genipa americana), a tree of the Cinchona
family (Cinchonacese), native of British Guiana. Its fruit is the
size of an orange, and has a thick rind and a succulent agreeable
pulp of a brownish colour, equal in flavour to the best orange
marmalade.
Genip Tree. {See Honeyberry.)
Gentianella {G-entiana), a considerable genus of annual and
perennial herbs, the type of the Gentian family (Gentianacese),
many of which are favourites in gardens, such as the plant
weU known under the above name. G. aeaulis is a native of
the Alps, and said also to be found wild in Wales. But the
most important is G. lutea, native of Switzerland. It is a
showy growing species, with an erect leafy flower-stem, attaining
a height of 2 or 3 feet. The leaves are broad and strondv
GEOIAN OF ECONOMIC PLANTS. 191
veined. Flowers yellow, axillary, in tufts. The roots, known
as Gentian Eoots, are strong, about the thickness of the finger,
and highly valued as a tonic in stomach complaints.
Geranium, the Linnsean name of an extensive genus of
plants. The name is derived from the Greek word "Geranos,"
a " Crane." In modern times the genus has been broken up
into three sections, namely. Geranium proper, Felargonium, and
Erodium. Geranium consists of 40 to 50 species of annual and
perennial herbs, the greater number native of Europe, of which
twelve are natives of Britain. Their flowers are showy white,
blue, or red, and are regular — i.e, having five equal-sized
petals — which character distinguishes them from the more
extensive genus Felargonium, the flowers of which consist of
five unequal petals. . It derives its name from " Pelargos," a
" Stork," hence its name Stork-bills. There are a considerable
number of species, all native of the Cape of Good Hope, of
which 130 are recorded in Hortus Kmvensis as having l)een
introduced previous to 1813. They consist of soft-stemmed
herbaceous plants ; their sweet smell and pretty flowers led
them to become early favourites with all under the name of
Geraniums; but during the last fifty years they have become
extensively cultivated by nurserymen and amateurs, and by
hybridising numerous varieties have been established, and
Pelargoniums now form one of the principal features at horti-
cultural shows.
Geranium Oil. — This fragrant oil is obtained from Pelar-
gonium roseum, a small fleshy-stemmed plant of the Geranium
family (Geraniacese), native of the Cape of Good Hope. It is
largely cultivated in France under the name of Rose de
Linours. It also yields an acid called Pelargonium Acid, which
is used for flavouring wine.
German Tinder, known also by the name of Amadou, is a
substance prepared from a solid fungus {Polyporus fomcntarius),
which grows on trees in this country, but more abundantly in
Germany, where it is collected in large quantities, and forms a
considerable article of trade. It is also cut in slices and beaten
192 DICTIONARY OF POPULAR NAMES GHERKINS
out into large sheets like thick felt, and used for warm under-
clothing, and when mixed with saltpetre forms the substance
known as German Tinder.
Gherkins. {See Cucumber.)
Gilliflower. {See Clove.)
Ginger {Zingiber officinale), a perennial herb of the family
Zingiberaceffi. It is universally cultivated throughout the
tropics, and it is impossible to state its native country, but prob-
ably it is India. Ginger of commerce is the fleshy rhizome or
underground stem, which is lobed or fingered in a peculiar
manner, from which proceed reed-like stems clothed with grass-
like foliage. Many varieties are in cultivation. It is imported
into this country in its dried and bleached state from l^oth the
East and West Indies, Africa, and China, but Jamaica Ginger is
considered the best. It is largely used as a condiment, and in
its green state makes an excellent preserve. In 1880 the
importation from all countries amounted to 49,995 cwts.
Gingerbread, or Doum Palm of Egypt {Eyphmne thehaica),
native of Upper Egypt, Nubia, Abyssinia, and adjacent coun-
tries. Its stem is a foot or more in diameter, and by age
becomes branched, attaining the height of 20 or more feet, each
branch bearing a crown of fan leaves. Its fruits are borne in
large pendulous bunches, bearing one or two hundred each.
Each fruit is about the size of an apple, and is covered with a
fibrous pulp, which has the flavour of Gingerbread, and forms
part of the food of the lower classes of Upper Egypt.
Gingerbread Plum {Farinarium macrophylhwi), a small
tree of the Cocoa Plum family (Chrysobalanaccije), native of
Western tropical Africa. Its leaves are oblong and rigid,
white on the under side, and strongly veined. The fruit is the
size of a magnum bonum plum of an oblong form. Another
species, P. excehum, is one of the largest trees on the Sierra
Leone Mountains. When in flower its terminal bunches of
white blossom render it a peculiar ornament to the forest. The
fruit is similar to the last, and on account of the colour of its
skin is called the Grey Plum. It is produced in great abun-
GLASSWORT OF ECONOMIC PLANTS. 193
dance, is dry and farinaceous, and of an insipid taste ; neverthe-
less, it is much esteemed by the negroes. Another species is
P. laurinum, a tree 50 feet high, native of the Fiji Islands,
where it is called Makita. It yields a perfume much used for
scenting oil. In the time of paganism the leaves of this plant,
with the fronds of Acrostichiim aitreum, were used for thatching
the roofs and sides of the heathen temples.
Ginger Grass (Andropogon Nardus), an Indian grass, similar
in habit to A. Calamus aromaticus, before mentioned. It yields
an essential oil, smelling strongly of ginger, used in j)erfumery
and medicinally by Indian doctors.
Gingilie Oil, a name in India for an oil obtained from Sesa-
mum indicum, an annual herb of the Pedaliad family (Pedalinea),
native of India, where it is extensively cultivated for its seeds,
which yield an oil similar to olive oil, for which it may be
substituted, and with which it is frequently adulterated.
Ginkgo Tree. {See Maidenhair Tree.)
Ginseng {Panax Seliinseng), a low perennial herb of the Ivy
family (Araliacefe), with forked conical roots ; producing pal-
mate leaves from a sheathing foot-stalk, bearing umbellate green
flowers ; a native of Manchuria, IsTorth China, but its great use
as a medicine in China has caused it to become scarce. The
Chinese fancy the forked root resembles the human form, and
consider that it wards off* all diseases. It consequently has an
enormous value with them. It is slightly bitter and aromatic,
but of no repute with European doctors. Its scarcity has led to
P. qidnquefolmm, an allied species, native of North America,
being substituted for it, large quantities being exported to China
from New York.
Glasswort {Salicomia herhacea), a succulent, jointed stemmed
plant of the Spinach family (Chenopodiacece), native of the
muddy sea-shores of this country. It grows to a height of 6
or more inches ; the stems make a very good pickle.
Salsola Kali and S. Soda are branching annual plants,
having succulent almost leafless stems, growing to the height of
1 or 2 feet, and found abundantly on the sandy sea-shores of
o
194 DICTIONARY OF POPULAR NAMES GLASTONBURY
the temperate and warm countries of the northern hemisphere ;
abounding on the shores of the Mediterranean, Canary Islands,
etc. By burning, a soda is obtained, which at one tine was
largely imported under the name of Barilla, and used for making
soap and glass ; but since the production of soda from common
salt, the imports have not been so large.
Glastonbury Thorn. {See Hawthorn.)
Glucose, a name in the United States for a sweet spaip pre-
pared from grains of Indian corn, of which there are numerous
manufactories. It is calculated that during the present year
(1881) 11,000,000 bushels of corn will be used, and it is probable
that it will be doubled in 1882. It is used as a table syrup, in
brewing, in vinegar-making, by tobacconists, wine-merchants,
and distillers ; also in candle-making.
Glue, Vegetable {Comhretum guayea ?), a strong climber of
the Myrobalan family (Combretacese), native of the countries
on the Orinoco. It is remarkable for containing a great quantity
of gummy matter, which exudes in abundance on the bark being
cut, and is used by the carpenters of Angostura for the same
purpose as animal glue is with us. Another species is C. huty-
Tosum, a native of South-East Africa, producing a peculiar sub-
stance like butter, called by the Caffres Chignite. It is white
and hard, somewhat aromatic, and is taken to Mozambique as
an article of commerce. It is not known if this substance is
obtained from the stem or the kernel of the fruit, and some
doubts are entertained as to its really being the produce of a
Oomhretum, but judging by the gluey substance obtained from
the preceding species, it seems not improbable that a kind of
butter may be produced by an allied species.
Goa Bean. — The seeds of Psopliocarpus tetragonolobus are so
called in India, It is a tuberous-rooted, herbaceous, twining
plant of the Bean family (Leguminosaj), and is sometimes
cultivated in gardens in India for the sake of its seeds, which
are like those of the scarlet-runner. It takes its specific name
from its four- winged pod, similar to the garden-winged pea of
Europe, Lotus tetragonolobus.
GOOSEBERRY OF ECONOMIC PLANTS. 195
Gold Cups. {See Buttercup.)
Gold of Pleasure. (See Eape.)
Gold Thread, a name given to the slender yellow roots of
Cojptis trifolia, a small trifoliate perennial of the Eanunculus
family (Eanunculaceai), native of Canada and Siberia. It is
used by the natives for dyeing sldns and wool. In medicine it
is used as a bitter tonic, and large quantities are sold in the
dry herb shops of Boston.
Golden Rod, a common name for numerous species of Soli-
dago, a genus of the Composite family (Compositse). They are
herbaceous perennials, the flower-stems rising to a height of
1 to 2 feet, terminated by racemes or panicles of yellow flowers.
They are cultivated as ornamental garden plants ; with a few
exceptions, they are natives of North America, represented in
this country by the common Golden Eod (aS'. virgaurea). The
leaves of S. odora are sweet-smelling, and yield by distillation
an essential oil.
Golden Samphire {Imda crithmoides), a hardy perennial
of the Composite family (Compositse), native of England,
growing in salt marshes. The leaves are fleshy and succulent,
and the young branches are often sold as true Samphire.
Gomuti, a name for Sagiis Rumpliii. {See Sago.)
Googul, a name in India for the gum obtained from Bal-
samodendron Mukul, a tree of the Myrrh family (Amarydacese),
growing on limestone about Kurrachee and surrounding dis-
tricts. The gum is obtained by making incisions in the
branches of the tree ; the juice is collected as it flows, or is
allowed to harden and is then collected. It is chiefly used as a
horse medicine, and is given in the cold season, in the belief
that it keeps them in health and condition. It is also called
Indian Bdellium.
Goora Nut. {See Cola Nut.)
Gooseberry, the name of a spiny bush {Bihes grossularia),
producing the well-known fruit called Gooseberries; it is the
type of the Gooseberry family (Grossulariaceae), which includes
the red, white, and black currants. It is found wild in several
196 DICTIONAEY OF POPULAR NAMES GOOSEBERRY
parts of this country, and is supposed to be indigenous. It is
recorded to have been grown in the garden of Edward I. at
Westminster in 1276 as an indigenous fruit.
The Gooseberry appears to have been well known in the
time of Henry YIII. and Elizabeth. The name is of uncertain
derivation; it is probably a corruption of the French word
groseilU, from grosse, large, meaning large berries ; and if the first
0 in o-ooseberry is read r, we have the French word Groseberry,
hence the Scotch name Grosers and Groserts ; and as the kind first
cultivated in Scotland, and the only kind grown in some old
o-ardens up to the beginning of the present century, was known
by the name of Green Gascoyns, it leads to the inference that
the first bushes came from Gascony in France, and that the
word Gooseberry should be read Groseberry. By cross breeding
many fine varieties have been raised, and are now in general
cultivation m this and all temperate countries.
Gooseberry, Barbadoes (Pcreshia acuhata), a genus of the
Cactus family (Cactacese), a hard-wooded, trailing or climbing,
leafy, prickly, bramble-like shrub, native of the West Indies.
Its fruit is about the size of a gooseberry, and is made into a
preserve. P. grandiflorus is an allied but larger growing species
with a hard woody stem, several inches in diameter, and densely
covered with long, black spines of formidable character. It has
pretty pink flowers.
Gooseberry, Cape. (/Sec Winter Cherry.)
Gorgon Plant {Euryale ferox), a plant of the Water Lily
family (Nymphaeacese), native of India, having circular leaves
2 or 3 feet in diameter, lying flat on the w^ater, very prickly on
their upper surface. The fruit is also prickly, about the size of
a small orange, containing black seeds the size of peas, which
are full of albumen, and are used by the Hindoos and Chinese
for food. It is said to have been cultivated in China for
upwards of 3000 years.
Gorse. {See Furze.)
Gourd, a general name for an extensive family of plants,
caUed the Gourd family (Cucurbitacese), represented by the
GRAPPLE OF ECONOMIC PLANTS. 197
Melon, Cucumber, Pumpkin, Vegetable Marrow, Squasli, Colo-
cynth, Snake Gourd, etc. (which see).
Gouty Stem Tree. {See Baobab.)
Grains of Paradise, or Melegueta Pepper {Amomum
Melegucta), a plant of the Ginger family (Zingiberacese), native
of Western tropical Africa. It throws up a reed-like, herbaceous
stem, which produces a pod or capsule containing the seeds, to
which the above names are applied. They are carminative,
aromatic, and are used to give a false strength to beer and other
liquors. Grains of Paradise are also produced by other species
of the genus grown in India.
Gram. {See Chick Pea.)
GranadiUa, the name given in the West Indies to the fruits
of different species of Passiflora, a genus of the Passion Flower
family (Passifloracese), natives of the West Indies and tropical
America. P. quadrangulaTis has fruit of an oblong form, about
6 inches in diameter, some weighing 3 lbs. When ripe it is
of a greenish -yellow colour, and contains a soft pulp of a sweet
acid flavour, very grateful and cooling in a hot climate. P. echdis
is abundant m the West Indies. The fruit is of a light -blue
colour and oval, the size of an egg, and is of an agreeable and
cooling taste. P. laurifolia. — This produces an oval fruit of a
lemon colour, about the size of a peach or nectarine. It has a
soft skin, and is full of a watery pulp, which is very agreeable.
In the West Indies it is called the Water Lemon. P. mali-
formis, a smaller fruit than the water lemon, but similar in
flavour, is called the Sweet Calabash. P. fceticla, Wild Water
Lemon, or West Indian Love in a Mist. The fruit of this is
about the size of a small cherry ; the pulp is very delicate, but
the smell of the leaves is very unpleasant. Several other species
are esteemed in the West Indies for their fruits. P. quadran-
gular is and P. edidis are grown for the sake of their fruits in
this country.
Grapes. (See Vine.)
Grapple Plant (Harpagophytum procumhens), a prostrate
herbaceous plant of the Sesamum family (Pedalinese), native of
198 DICTIONAEY OF POPULAR NAMES GRASSES
the Cape of Good Hope ; its leaves are opposite and palmate ;
the flowers axillary, on short stalks, of a purple colour; the
fruit is a two-valved oblong capsule, about 3 inches in length,
furnished on all sides with strong-branched, very sharp hooks,
Ijy means of which it lays hold of the clothes of travellers and
the skins of animals, and is difficult to remove. When brows-
ino-, cattle often get these fruits into their mouths and roar with
agony at the pain they endure.
Grasses. — This name includes all species of the Grass family,
represented by Wheat, Barley, Oats, Eye, Maize, Eice, and
Millet, and pasture, meadow, and cane grasses, each of which
is noticed under its respective name. About twenty herbs,
cliiefly natives of Britain, are improperly called grasses, such as
Arrow-grass, Penny-grass, Eib-grass, Scurvy and A^Tiitlow grass,
as also grass of Parnassus. Only a few of these are of economic
interest.
Grass Cloth, a name given to the woven fibre of Bcekmeria
nivea, a perennial of the Nettle family (Urticacese), native of
China. It sends up numerous rod-like stems 4 to 6 feet high,
having heart-shaped leaves, silvery- white on the under surface.
The stems contain a quantity of fine fibre, which is now im-
ported in considerable quantity from China and India, and
woven into the fine linen -like cloth known as China Grass
Cloth. It is now extensively cultivated in Jamaica, as also in
the Southern United States ; and the British Government have
lately become interested in its cultivation in such of the colonies
as are favourable to its growth. There is, however, some diffi-
culty in separating the fibre from the bark and wood, which has
led the Government of India to offer a reward of £5000 for the
best mode of overcoming the above difficulty. The plant grows
freely in this country, but in severe winters the roots are liable
to be injured; it might, however, be profitably cultivated in
Cornwall and the western counties. The fibre in Assam called
Ehea is also the produce of this species.
Puya Fibre {Boilimeria Puya) is a plant similar to the pre-
ceding in habit of growth, but has longer leaves. It is exten-
GRASS OF ECONOMIC PLANTS. 199
sively cultivated in Upper India ; the fibre is used for making
ropes and sail-cloths.
Grass Gum Trees, a name applied to the different species of
Xanthorrhoea, a genus of the Lily family (Liliaceae). This re-
markable genus consists of nine or ten species, natives of
Australia. Stems cylindrical, formed by the closely -packed,
broad bases of grass-like leaves, and attaining a foot or more in
diameter. X. arhorea and X. quadrangularis attain a height
of 6 to 10 feet, and the flower-stem springs like a stout rod from
the centre of the crown of leaves, and frequently is 10 to 20
feet long, the upper part being densely covered with small
yellowish -white flowers. The leaves are often burnt by the
grass fires, leaving the blackened stems standing, w^hich, at a
distance, have the appearance of black men, from wliich circum-
stance the name Black Boy Trees has been applied to them.
The smaller species look like thatched beehives. They yield a
fragrant resin of two kinds, called Black Boy, or Botany Bay
Gum, and Gum Acaroides. This last yields Picric acid when
treated with Nitric acid, and is extensively used in the pre-
paration of the highly explosive compound Picrate of Potassium.
This acid is used for dyeing silk and wool, and imparts to them
a yellow colour. The gum-resin is sometimes made into candles.
These plants are of very slow growth, requiring many years
before they form a stem, as shown by an example of a plant at
Kew thirty years old, and still stemless.
Grass Tree [Kingia aiistralis), a remarkable plant of the
Eush family (Juncacese), native of South and South -West
Australia, growing in dry places. It has a trunk a foot in
diameter, composed of the bases of the hard, three-sided grass-
like leaves. The leaves are successively produced from the top
of the stem, and curve downwards. The older ones fall away,
or more often are burnt away by the grass fires, leaving the
charred and blackened stems, which in old plants attain a
height of 6 to 8 feet. The flowers are small, borne in dense
round heads on a foot-stalk about a foot long, several rising
from the crown of leaves.
200 DICTIONARY OF POPULAR NAMES GRASS
Grass Wrack [Zostera marina), an aquatic of tlie family
J^aiadacese ; it has long, narrow, tape-like leaves 3 to 4 feet in
length. It is a native of this country, being generally found in
the estuaries of tidal rivers, and even in the sea. When dried
it is used for packing, stuffing beds, cushions, etc., and is known
by the name of Alva marina.
Grease Mould. {See Fungi.)
Greenheart. — Two trees are so called, and a third Bastard
Greenheart. 1. Nectandra Roclixi, a large tree of the
Laurel family (Lauracese), native of Guiana. It has a clear
stem, attaining a height of 40 to 50 feet, with a diameter of
between 2 and 3 feet. Its timber, before the more general use of
iron, was highly valued for shipbuilding, and was imported from
Demerara for that purpose. 2. Cohtbrina ferruginosa, a tree of
the Buckthorn family (Ehamnacese), native of Martinique. It
has twisted wood, which has led it to be called Snake- wood.
3. Bastard Greenheart {Calyjptrantlies Chytraculia), a large-grow-
ing shrub of the Myrtle family (Myrtaceae), native of Jamaica.
Greenwood is an artificial production, formed by the green-
coloured mycelium of Peziza a^7nirjinosa {Helotium ceruginosum),
a filamentous fungus which penetrates and traverses the small,
fallen branches of the oak tree, and imparts to them a per-
manent and vivid green colour, which is highly prized for
making small ornaments and toys. The genus Peziza is a group
of small fungi, varying from mere specks to masses of several
inches in diameter, and also varying in form and colour, which is
generally bright, many of them having the appearance of small
lichens ; but they differ in their place of growth, which is always
on decayed substances, such as fallen leaves, branches, etc., some
even on the naked ground.
Groats. {See Oats.)
Ground Nut. {See Earth Pea.)
Groundsel {Senecio vulgaris), an annual of the Composite
family (Compositae), native of this country. One of the
common pest weeds of all cultivated ground. Sold in the
streets of London as green food for cashed birds.
GUAVA OF ECONOMIC PLANTS. 201
Gru-Gru Palm. {See Macaw Palm.)
Guaco (Mikania Guaco), an opposite -leaved climber of the
Composite family (Compositse), having numerous flower-heads,
each consisting of only four florets. It is common throughout
tropical America, and is famed as a cure for snake-bites. The
name Guaco is also applied to species of Aristolochia (see Birth-
wort) and other climbing plants, which are likewise believed
to cure snake-bites. Although this has been known since the
time of Humboldt, there has, however, not been much evidence
in proof of its efiicacy ; but in a recent communication to Sir
Joseph Hooker from Mr. White, who has resided loug in New
Grenada, he says that when quickly and properly applied, both
inwardly and outwardly, it is known to prevent fatal results.
Guarana, the name of a substance in Brazil prepared from
the seeds of Paullmia sorbilis, a strong -growing, wing -leaved
climber of the Soapberry family (Sapindacea^), native of Brazil,
principally the region of the Amazon. The fruit is a pear-
shaped, three -sided, three -celled capsule, each cell containing a
solitary seed, half enveloped in a somewhat thick aril. The
Indians pound the seeds to a meal, which they make into a
paste. It is formed into rolls, and when dried becomes hard,
and of a dark colour, resembling large sausages. Under the
name of Guarana these rolls form an important article of trade
to all parts of Brazil. A beverage is prepared by grating about
a tablespoonful of the substance from a roll, and placing it in
about half a pint of sugar and water. It is greatly used by
those employed in laborious work, especially by miners. Its
virtue consists in its containing a stimulating principle having
properties similar to the theine in tea.
Guava, the name of the fruit of several species of Psiclmm,
a genus of the Myrtle family (JMyrtaceoe), native of the West
Indies and tropical America. They are small-sized trees.
Psidium Guaiava, with the varieties P. 'pomiferum and P.
pyriferum, are universally cultivated in most tropical countries.
The chief difference is in the shape of their fruits, one being-
apple and the other pear shaped, of a yellow colour outside, and
202 DICTIONARY OF POPULAR NAMES GUAVA
the pulp red. They are highly esteemed, and come to this country
as a preserve under the name of Guava jelly and cheese.
Guava Berry {Eugenia lineata), a small tree of the Myrtle
family (Myrtaceae), native of the island of Tortola. Its fruit is
small, and is excellent for dessert. It is likewise used as a
preserve, and forms a favourite cordial.
Guava Real, the name in Nevr Grenada and Panama for
Jnga spedctbilis, a tree of the Mimosa section of the Bean
family (Leguminosse). It is a large, showy tree, with simple,
winoed leaves. It is cultivated for the sake of its pods, which
are two or more feet long and three inches broad, and pendulous.
The seeds are embedded in a sweet pulp, which is eaten by
the natives. Different species of Inga are common throughout
the whole of tropical America and the West Indies. The pods
of all contain a sweet, mucilaginous, edible pulp. Some kinds
are purgative.
Guelder Rose ( Viburnum Opulus), a stout branching shrub of
the Woodbine family (Caprifoliaceae), native of this country,
growing generally in hedges. The flowers are produced in flat
umbels, the outer series of florets being abortive, and the
petals large and white ; but in the cultivated variety the whole
of the petals are abortive, and form the well-known snowball
flower.
Guinea Corn {Sorghum vulgar e). — There are many varieties
cultivated throughout the tropics. [Bee Millet.)
Guinea Grass, a name in Dominica ioY Panicum jumentorum,
a strong-growing perennial fodder grass.
Guinea Pepper {Xyloina aromatica), a tall tree of the
Custard Apple family (Anonaceae), native of Western tropical
Africa. It has pointed, egg-shaped leaves, woolly underneath ;
the fruit consists of a number of dry carpels, about two inches
in length, which are aromatic and used as pepper, being some-
times caUed "Negro Pepper," and by old authors "Piper
^thiopicum."
Gulfweed, a common name for Sargassum lacciferum, a sea-
weed of the Fucus family (Algse). Its cord-like stems rise from
GUM OF ECONOMIC PLANTS. 203
a great depth, from the apex of which are produced broad leaves
(fronds), wliich float on the surface of the water in such density as
to impede the navigation of vessels. It abounds in the meridian
of 40° w^est, and between the latitudes of 20° and 45° north,
covering the surface of the ocean for 1,000,000 square miles,
known as the Sargasso Sea.
Gum, a general name for sticky matters exuding naturally
or by artificial wounds from many different kinds of trees, shrubs,
and herbs, of which the following are a few of the principal.
They consist of two kinds, those that dissolve in water and have
no smell, and those that contain a resin termed Gum-resin, and
burn with an aromatic odour, and dissolve in alcohol or other
solvents.
Gum Acaroides. {See Grass Gum Trees.)
Gum Alk, a gum -resin yielded by Pistaeia TerehintJms, sl
small tree of the Cashew Nut family (Anacardiacese), native of
North Africa.
Gum Anime. {See Gum Copal.)
Gum Arabic. — This is obtained from several species oi Acacia,
a genus of the Bean family (Leguminosse). The principal gum-
yielding species are A. Seyal, A. arabica, A. nilotica, A. Senegal,
and A. Stenocarpa ; with a few exceptions, they are small spiny
trees, the first three being found widely dispersed in India, Western
Asia, and Central Africa, and the latter in Western Africa. The
gum exudes from the trees naturally, or is accelerated by making-
incisions in the stems and branches ; it soon hardens, and is then
collected. It begins to flow at the commencement of the dry
season, which is generally about November. About the middle
of December the Moors encamp on the border of the Acacia forest,
and the harvest lasts six weeks, during which time the Moors
live almost entirely upon the gum. It is highly nutritious ;
six ounces of gum are sufficient to support a man , for twenty-
four hours. It may be stated that Gum Arabic is collected in
localities throughout the whole of Africa, and is conveyed in
skins or bags of leather on camels to the ports of the Atlantic,
Mediterranean, and the Eed Sea, for shipment to various coun-
204 DICTIONARY OF POPULAR NAMES GUM
tries. It is largely imported into this country, the quantity in
1880 being 73,926 cwts., valued at £200,375, and used for
various purposes in the arts and manufactures, being extensively
employed for stiffening and giving lustre to crape, silk, and
other woven fabrics.
Gum, British. {Sec Starch.)
Gum Cistus. {See Ladanum.)
Gum Dragon, a name given in commerce to Gum Traga-
canth (which see).
Gum Elemi. {Sec Jamaica Birch.)
Gum Euphorbium. {See Euphorbia.)
Gum Guaiacum. {See Lignum Vitae.)
Gum Kino {Pterocarpus marsupium), a tree of the Bean
family (Leguminoste), native of India, which, with P. erinaceus
of Western Africa, yields a gum. It is obtained by making
incisions in the bark, and is imported for tanning and dyeing.
A Gum Kino is also yielded by P. DaTbergioides, a large tree,
native of Burmah and the Andaman Islands, where it grows
to the diameter of 4 feet. Its wood is hard and similar to
mahogany. Butea frondosa and B. sicperha, East Indian legu-
minous trees, yield quantities of a reddish-coloured gum-resin,
known as Bengal Kino. {See Pulas.)
Gum Senegal. {See Gum Arabic.)
Gum Tragacanth {Astragalus gummifei), a harsh, spiny,
low, wing-leaved leguminous shrub, native of desert and moun-
tainous regions of Western Asia. A gum issues from the stem
and branches spontaneously, and forms an article of commerce.
It is used in the arts as a substitute for glue. Tragacanth is
also produced in some of the Greek islands and other parts by
several allied species of Astragalus.
Gum Trees. {Sec Eucalyptus.)
Gunjah. {See Hemp.)
Gunny-bags. {See Jute.)
Gutta-percha {Dichopsis gutta), a tree of the Star Apple
family (Sapotaceae), attaining a height of from 60 to 70 feet.
It has smooth, ovate, entire leaves, of a rusty-brown colour on
HARD OF ECONOMIC PLANTS. 205
tlie under side. It is a native of the Malayan Peninsula, Borneo,
and other islands. It contains a milky juice, which forms Gutta-
percha. This substance came into special notice in 1845, and
its important uses soon became obvious, and led to a great
demand for the article, to meet which the natives cut down the
trees. It is consequently now extinct in Singapore, from whence
it was first obtained ; and if precaution is not taken by Govern-
ment it will in time become extinct in other localities. The
numerous uses to which Gutta-percha is applied are well known ;
the most important is for covering the electric wires of telegraph
cables, it being a perfect insulator, and it is also said to be inde-
structible under water. A number of other trees of this family
yield Gutta-percha in varying abundance and quality. The best
is obtained from Mimuso]JS glohosa, a large tree, native of British
Guiana, and apparently also of Surinam, and called BaUata. It
is imported in fluctuating quantities from British Guiana, and con-
sidered equal to the best Gutta-percha of the East. The total
quantity imported in 1880 was 63,334 cwts., valued at £529,452.
Hag or High Taper. {Sec Mullein.)
Hand-flower Tree (Cheirostemon flatanoides), a large tree
of the Silk Cotton family (Bombacese), a native of Guatemala,
but first known by a single tree of great size growing near the
city of Mexico. It has a soft-wooded stem and heart-shaped lobed
leaves, and is remarkable for the stamens being flesh-coloured,
and so united and turned to one side of the flower that they
bear some resemblance to an infant's hand, hence its name.
Hard or Goat Grass, the name given to species of jEyilops,
of which there are six recorded as natives of the South of
Europe. They are annual grasses of dwarf habit and harsh
nature, and although extremely unlike wheat, they are neverthe-
less, according to the Darwinian theory of the origin of species,
supposed to have during the lapse of time, either by natural
agency or artificial cultivation, assumed the character of culti-
vated wheat. This is in some degree proved by experiments
carried on for a number of years by M. Eabre in France, and in
this country by the Agricultural Society in their College Garden
206 DICTIONARY OF POPULAR XAMES HARE
at Cirencester, regarding which, in a report, it is stated that ^.
ovata was sown in a plot in 1854. Seeds were taken and sown
in different parts of the garden, and their progeny were from
year to year carefully re-sown, and the crop for 1860 had many
specimens upwards of 2 feet high, and with spikes of flowers
containing as many as twelve spikelets. If wheat really origin-
ated from j^gilops ovata, it must have done so in very early
times, as we read of wheat in the time of Jacob 3600 years
0,00 ; also, wheat grains are found in the prehistoric lake-cities of
Switzerland.
Hare's-foot Fern {Davallia canariensis), a multifate fronded
fern. It derives its name from the rhizome being covered with
soft grey scales, giving it the appearance of a hare's foot. It is
a favourite with amateur fern-cultivators. ^Being a native of
Madeira and the Canary Islands, it requires greenhouse pro-
tection in winter.
Haricot Bean. {See Kidney Bean.)
Hassagay Tree {Curtisia faginea), a middle-sized tree of
the Dogwood family (Cornacese), a native of South Africa. It
is especially important for its wood, of which the Kafirs and
other native tribes form their spears, termed hassagays, or assa-
gays, which in their hands form such formidable weapons, as
shown by their effects in the late Zulu war.
Hawthorn, or Quick {Crataegus Oxyacantlia). — This well-
known hedge-tree belongs to the Apple family (Pomacese), and
is a native of most parts of Northern Europe and Asia. When
grown singly it attains a height of 20 or more feet, and lives
to a great age. It is, however, principally used for forming
hedge fences. There are several varieties, distinguished by the
colour of their fruit, and in having single or double flowers.
The common white May is sweet-smelling ; but the variety vdth
scarlet flowers has a disagreeable odour. The Glastonbury
Thorn is a variety which flowers in early spring, or even at
Christmas, if the w^eather is mild. In this country the berries
are called Haws. C. aronia is a bushy species, ha"sdng a red
fleshy fruit larger than the preceding. It is a native of Soutliern
HEATHER OF ECONOMIC PLANTS. 207
Europe and Western Asia, and is common about Jerusalem,
especially on the Mount of Olives, where its fruit is collected
for preserves.
Hay. — In this country various grasses are cultivated for Hay,
the principal being Lolium perenne, L. italicum, Phleum pra-
tense, Foa pratense, Cynosurus cristatus, and other fodder grasses
that grow spontaneously in pasture lands ; also, Anthoxanthum
odoratum, the sweet-scented vernal grass. It is this that con-
tains the principle called Coumarin, which imparts the smell to
new Hay.
Hazel and Filbert Nuts {Conjhts Avellana), a bushy shrub of
the Oak family (Cupuliferse), throwing up straight rod-like stems,
growing wild in woods throughout this country, as also in the
temperate parts of Europe, as well as in Western and Northern
Asia. The specific name Avellana is derived from the name of
a place in Italy, where large quantities are grown for exporta-
tion. The great supply of the finest nuts comes from Spain,
and are called Barcelona Nuts. About 140,000 bushels are
recorded to have been imported before 1870, the quantity had
then increased to 294,236 bushels.
Heart's-ease. {See Violet.)
Heather, also called Ling, names in Scotland for the common
heath {Erica \Calluna\ vulgaris), a small-leaved shrub, the type of
the Heath family (Ericaceae). It covers extensive tracts of hills
and moors in this country, and also more especially in Scotland.
It is also abundant in many other parts of Europe, and is highly
important as a fodder plant for cattle, especially in winter. It
is, however, astringent, and not very nutritive ; and it is said to
impart a red colour to the milk of cows, and that the flesh of
sheep fed on it is richer than that of those fed on grass alone.
Moor-fowl feed on the young shoots. Heather forms an import-
ant article in the domestic and rural economy of the people,
being employed for thatching and lining houses. Layers of heath
are also used as beds, as well as for making brooms, scrubbing-
brushes, ropes, baskets, and the like. The young tops yield
a yellow dye, which gives colour to woven fabrics. The flowers
208 DICTIONARY OF POPULAR NAMES HEATHS
of the common heath, as well as of three other native species,
abound in honey, and are much frequented by bees ; and it is
the custom of bee-keepers in many parts, about the month of
Auo-ust, to convey their hives to the heath districts and to remain
during the flowering season. The honey produced is dark, and
of a peculiar flavour.
Heaths, a common name for the species of Erica, the type
of the family Ericaceae. They consist of small bushy shrubs,
seldom exceeding 6 to 8 feet high, all having small leaves, and
various-coloured, tubular, globose, urceolate or campanulate
flowers. About 500 species are described in books ; but many
are hybrids raised in gardens in this country, some of which are
of extreme beauty, and prizes are offered for the best cultivated
and the most showy at horticultural exhibitions. The greater
mass of the species are natives of South Africa, of which about
200 were cultivated at Kew a few years ago. They are sparingly
represented in the northern hemisphere, ten being found in
Europe, of which six are native of Britain, and two extend to
Western Syria, one only being found in North America. In
Algeria E. arhorea and E.midtiflora are common on the mountains.
Hedgehog Thistle, the common name of a considerable
number of species forming the section or genus Echinocactus of
the Cactus family (Cactaceae). The greater number are natives
of Mexico. Their stems consist of round or oblonc^ masses of
o
succulent matter, with numerous ridges, on which are produced
many clusters of straight or crooked spines of various sizes.
In 1846 two plants were received at Kew from St. Luis Potosi,
in Mexico, one measuring 4|- feet in height, and 2| feet in
diameter, weighing 713 lbs. ; the other 9 feet in height, rather
more than 3 feet in diameter, and weidnnGj about one ton. This
species has received the name of E. xisnaga, on account of its
stiff spines having been used as tooth-picks. It is calculated
that the number of spines on the smaller plant was 17,600, and
on the larger 51,000. An allied species is E. Staincsi, of which
plants were received at Kew 4 to 5 feet high. In the high
plains of Mexico, where water is scarce, the Echinocacti supply
HEMLOCK OF ECONOMIC PLANTS. 209
drink to herds of cattle. Although the juice is slimy, it is
nevertheless valued for its cooling antifebrile qualities by the
Indians. Cattle, especially mules, are very clever in breaking
up the cacti with their hoofs, and sucking the juice.
Heliotrope, a familiar name for Heliotropmm iwruvianum,
native of Peru, a shrub of the Sebesten family (Cordiaceii)), intro-
duced to this country about the middle of the last century, and
has become a general favourite on account of its peculiar smell,
and is known by the name of Cherry-pie. It is also called
Peruvian Turnsole, but it is not the true Turnsole (which see).
Hellebore, Black {Hellehorus niger), Stinking {H. fmtidus),
Green (.ff.m?'^^), strong perennial-rooted plants of the Buttercup
family (Eanunculacese). The leaves are palmate or pedate, and
Avith the flower-stalks do not rise more than a foot in height.
The Black or Christmas Eose, as its name implies, flowers in
December, and is conspicuous at that season for its large white
flowers, which are produced on short foot-stalks. It is a native
of Southern and Eastern Europe. The root is black, and
about as thick as the finger. They have been held in high
repute, in ancient as well as in modern times, for the cure of
many diseases, being a strong drastic purgative, but dangerous
when used in over-doses.
Hellebore, White ( Veratrum album), a perennial herb of the
Colchicum family (Melanthacese), native of some parts of
Europe, especially in Alpine regions. It has broad elliptical
pointed leaves, with prominent longitudinal veins, and a flower-
stem rising to a height of 3 to 4 feet, bearing panicles of
greenish-white flowers. The roots are thick and fleshy, of a
poisonous nature, and though sometimes used medicinally, are
not of much repute m this country.
Hemlock {Conium maculatum), a biennial of the Carrot and
Fennel family (Umbelliferee), common in this country, growing
in waste places, hedges, and roadsides. It has a hollow stem
marked with reddish spots, rising sometimes to a height of 3
or 4 feet, bearing umbels of white flowers, and much-divided,
parsley-like leaves, the whole of a pale-green colour, with a
p
210 DICTIONARY OF POPULAR NAMES HEMLOCK
nauseous smell when bruised. The plant is poisonous in the
highest degree, the most active part being the fruit. In medi-
cine it is called Coniu^n, and is beneficial in some diseases, when
properly administered.
Hemlock Spruce. {See Fir Trees.)
Hemlock, Water. {See Cowbane.)
Hemp (Cannabis sativa), an annual plant of the Nettle
family (Urticacese), found wild in Northern India and the
western parts of Asia; but generally cultivated in temper-
ate and warm regions. It attains an average height of from 8
to 10 feet, but sometimes exceeds the latter. Its fibre is the
Hemp of commerce, imported to this country from many parts,
the total quantity in 1880 being 1,320,731 cwts. (£1,874,231),
the greatest supply being from Eussia, and the finest from Italy.
It is the principal material of which ropes, ships' cables, and
door mats are made, and when woven is known as canvas, and
is made into ships' pails, sacks, etc. In India the dried plant
is known by the names of Gunjah and Bhang. Gunjah is
smoked like tobacco ; Bhang is macerated in water and made
into a drink : both are stimulating and intoxicating. A resin is
collected from the plant, called Churras, in which the properties
of Gunjah and Bhang are concentrated. It is collected by
coolies, who run violently amongst the plants, the resin sticking
to their bodies, or to skins with which they are purposely
clothed. The resin, when used in small quantities, produces
pleasant sensations; but, if taken in excess, leads to insanity.
The seeds are used for feeding cashed birds.
Hemp, African, or Bowstring (Sanseviera guineensis), a plant
of the Lily family (Liliaceee), native of tropical Africa, having
strap-shaped leaves 2 to 4 feet long, and 2 to 3 inches wide. S.
Roxhurghiana, a native of India, has flat leaves similar to the
last ; but in S. angolensis, native of Western tropical Africa, the
leaves are cylindrical, and about 1 inch in diameter. The leaves
of these plants contain much fibre, which is used for making
ropes, and it is stated that the latter produces the best kind of
fibre for deep-sea soundings and dredorinc? lines.
HENBANE OF ECONOMIC PLANTS. 211
Hemp, Canada (Apocynum cannahimim), a perennial herb
of the Dogbane family (Apocynaceic), native of North America,
having running roots from which rise numerous erect branching
stems 2 to 3 feet high, which contain strong fibre, of which the
Indians make twine, fishing-nets, bags, and lines, and even a
woven fabric like linen. A. androscemifoliitm^ an allied species,
also contains fibre.
Hemp, Kentucky. — Urtica canadensis and U. cannahina,
strong-growing perennial herbs of the Nettle family (Urticacese),
natives of Canada and the Northern United States. They con-
tain a strong fibre, which is known by the name given above.
Hemp, Manilla, the fibre of Micsa textilis, a perennial of the
Plantain and Banana family (Musacese), native of the Philippine
Islands, where it is largely cultivated in groves, and attains a
height of 20 to 30 feet. It is also cultivated in India and other
countries for its fibre, which is obtained by hand labour, and
when dressed consists of two qualities. The finer is made into
beautiful shawls, and the coarser into ropes. In 1880 over
407,000 cwts. were imported to this country alone.
Hemp, Sunn, a name in India for the fibre of Crotalaria
juncea, a branching shrub of the Bean family (Leguminosae),
native of India. It grows from 8 to 12 feet high, with simple
white downy leaves and pretty yellow flowers, but when grown
under cultivation the seeds are sown so thickly that the plants
rise with a single unbranched stem. When perfect they are cut
and put in water for two or three days, which loosens the fibre
from the bark and wood. The fibre is then cleaned by beating
and washing. It is very strong, and made into ropes, canvas, etc.
Hemp, Jubbulpore (Crotalaria tenuifolia), a plant closely
allied to the preceding.
Henbane {Hyoscyamus nigei'), an annual or biennial, erect,
weedy plant of the Nightshade family (Solanace*), with soft
broad leaves, growing both in cultivated and waste places. The
biennial kind is much valued in medicine, the chief preparation
being an extract of the leaves, which is used in the place of
opium, also by oculists for dilating the pupil of the eye.
212 DICTIONARY OF POPULAR NAMES HENNA
Henna. {See Campliire.)
Herb Christopher. {See Banebeny.)
Herb of Grace. {See Eue.)
Herb of Patience (Bumex Patientia), a strong-growing per-
ennial of the Buckwheat family (Polygonaceae), native of Italy.
It is cultivated in this country and used as spinach, as also in
France.
Herb of St. Martin, a name very general in tropical
America and the West Indies for Sauvagesia erecta, an annual
or biennial herb of the Violet family (Violaccce). Its leaves are
alternate, lanceolate, mucilaginous, and eaten as spinach. They
are considered diuretic, and in Brazil are used in affections of
the eye.
Hercules' Club {Zanthoxylum clava-Herculis), a tall, rough-
stemmed tree, with winged leaves, of the Bean Caper family
(Zanthoxyllacea3). Its w^ood is yellow, and is a useful timber.
In young trees the stems are very prickly, and from them walking-
sticks are made and sold under the name of West Indian Briar.
Hickory Nut {Carya alba), a large tree of the Walnut family
(Juglandaceae), native of North America, yielding the white
hickory nut, which is eaten in large quantities in the United
States, and occasionally imported into this country.
Hinau, the name in New Zealand for Elmocaiyus Hinau,
a tree attaining a height of 40 to 60 feet, and a diameter of 3
to 4 feet. It belongs to the Lime Tree family (Tihacese), and
produces a hard white timber, but is not much valued on account
of being apt to split. The pulp of the fruit is eaten by the
natives, and the bark they use as a black dye.
Hing, a common name in India for Asafoetida (which see).
Hog-gum {Symjplionia globulifera, better known as Mo7'onohea
coccmea), a lofty tree, 80 to 100 feet high, belonging to the Gam-
boge family (Guttiferse), native of the West Indies and many
parts of tropical America. By incisions it yields a gum of the
consistency of Burgundy pitch, obtained in considerable quan-
tities. In Jamaica it is known as Hog-gum, on account, it is
said, of hogs rubbing themselves against it as it issues from the
HOLLYHOCK OF ECONOMIC PLANTS. 213
trees. Under old trees it is found in lumps measuring G to 8
inches in diameter. It is inflammable, and burns witli an
aromatic odour. In South America torches are made of it. It
is used medicinally in many ways for outward application, and
also for pills as a substitute for balsam of copaiba.
Hog-plum of Jamaica {Spondias lutca), a tree of the Cashew
Nut: family (Anacardiacese), attaining a height of 40 to 50 feet,
in general appearance resembling the common ash tree of this
country. It is commonly cultivated in Jamaica for the sake of
its fruit, wliich is of an oval shape and yellow colour, having
flesh resembling the common plum. It is not much appreciated,
but is used for feeding swine.
Holly {Ilex aqidfolium), the type of the Holly family (Aqui-
foliaceae). The common green - leaved Holly is a native of
Middle and Southern Europe, as also of this country. It some-
times attains a height of 30 or 40 feet, and has white wood,
which is held in repute by cabinetmakers and turners. It is
often blackened so as to resemble ebony, and is then used for
making teapot and knife and fork handles. Bird lime is made
from its bark. It is much planted as an ornamental tree, as
well as for forming hedges, the numerous gold and silver leaved
varieties being obtained by cultivation. Although its berries
afford abundance of food for birds, they are nevertheless poison-
ous, fatal cases having been recorded through children eating
them. The use made of holly and other evergreens for ornament-
ing churches and dwelling-houses at Christmas is well known,
but the origin of the custom is uncertain ; it is said to have been
practised by the Druids. It was a custom with the Eomans to
send sprigs of holly with their gifts to their friends during the
Saturnalia, as an emblem of good wishes. This was adopted by
the early Christians, and the first record of its having been
practised in England is in the reign of Henry VI.
Hollyhock (Althea rosea), a strong-growing single-stemmed
biennial of the Mallow famUy (Malvaceae), a well-known showy
garden plant, native of China, of which there are many varieties
patronised by florists. Of late years Hollyhocks have been
214 DICTIONARY OF POPULAR NAMES HOLY
attacked by a mildew fungus called Puccinia malvaceariim, which
blackens the leaves, and the plants die, causing great pecuniary
loss to nurserymen. No cure has yet been found for this pest.
Holy Grass {HierocMoa horealis), a strong perennial grass,
native of many parts of Northern Europe, and in consequence
of its being found in Caithness-shire is recorded as a native of
Britain. It is a sweet-smelling grass ; and in Germany is strewed
before the doors of churches on festivals, and is therefore called
Holy Grass.
Hominy Meal. {See Maize.)
Honey-berry of Europe. {See Nettle Tree.)
Honey-berry of Guiana [Melicocca hijiiga), a tree of the
Soapberry family (Sapindaceae), native of Guiana, where it
forms large forests. It is also a native of New Grenada, and
has become common in most of the West Indian Islands. In
Jamaica it is called Genip tree, and attains a height of 40 to
60 feet, and a circumference of 4 to 5 feet. It produces numerous
egg-shaped fruits about an inch to an inch and a half in length,
the pulp having an agreeable vinous somewhat aromatic flavour.
Honey-flower {Melianthus major), a soft-wooded shrub be-
longing to the natural order Sapindacese, with large, unequal,
winged glaucous leaves, having a strong odour of pea-meal.
The flowers are of a dark-brown colour, produced on terminal
racemes a foot or more in length, containing a large quantity of
sweet glutinous fluid-like honey, which is collected by the
natives of Cape Colony, where the plant is native.
Honey -flowers. — In general the flowers of plants contain
honey in greater or less quantity, some in such abundance that
it can be collected, and this is particularly the case with Protea
mellifera, a pretty flowering shrub of the Protea family (Pro-
teacese), native of the Cape of Good Hope ; its flowers are formed
in a large involucre, which contains a sweet watery liquor, and
is collected and considered of great use in coughs and pulmonary
affections.
Honeysuckle, Australian, a name given in Australia to
Banksia austmlis and other species, smaU trees of the Protea
HORNBEAM OF ECONOMIC PLANTS. 215
family (Proteaceae). They are called Honeysuckles on account
of tlieir flowers being full of a sweet liquid like honey, wliich is
sucked by the natives ; it is so abundant in B. ericifolia and B.
Cunninghamii that when in flower the ground underneath large
cultivated plants is in a complete state of puddle ; bees and
wasps become intoxicated, and many lose their lives in it.
Honeysuckle, Common. {See Woodbine.)
Hop {Humidus Lwpulus), a well-known perennial plant of
the Hemp family (Cannabinacese), found wild in the eastern
parts of Europe, and known to the ancients. It is now generally
cultivated throughout Europe ; it was introduced into England
about 300 years ago. The female flowers consist of leafy cone-
like catkins (strobili) of a light colour, which are called Hops,
and are well known as giving the best bitter to beer. The plant
is extensively cultivated, more especially in Kent, where the
finest Hops are produced. Like its congener Hemp, Hop is a
good fibre plant, and in Sweden the manufacture of Hop yarn
and linen has long been an established branch of industry.
Hornbeam, Common {Carpinus Betulus), a small bushy tree
of the Oak family (CupuliferEc), native of Europe, North
America, and the Levant. Its wood is white, hard, heavy,
very close-grained and tenacious ; it is used for many domestic
purposes where large timber is not required. It makes an
excellent hedge plant, bears pruning and clipping, and in age
becomes very stiff.
Hornbeam, Hop {Ostrya vulgaris), a tree of the Oak family
(Cupuliferse), attaining a height of 30 or 40 feet, native of
Southern Europe and North America. In general appearance
it is similar to the Common Hornbeam, but it is readily dis-
tinguished by its female catkins consisting of blunt scales, which
are closely imbricate, and when perfect are white, resembling
the female catkin of the hop, but it contains no bitter principle.
As a tree it possesses no special properties, except that it is
ornamental, especially when loaded with its white catkins. A
fine specimen more than 100 years old is to be seen in the
original part of the Botanic Garden, Kew.
216 DICTIONARY OF POPULAR NAMES HORSE
Horse Gram, also called Kooltee, names in India for Dolichos
Uflorus, a trifoliate -leaved annual of the Bean family (Legu-
minosse). It is cultivated for its pods, wliicli are flat, and curved
in the form of a sickle, and are used for feeding cattle.
Horse-radish (CocliUaria Armoracia), a strong-rooted peren-
nial of the Cabbage family (Crucifer^e), in general cultivation
for its pungent roots, which form a universal condiment with
roast beef Although cultivated in private and market gardens
in this country, the supply is far short of the demand, and large
hogsheads of it are annually imported from Germany.
Horse-tails. {See Dutch Eushes.)
Hounds' Tree. (See Dogwood.)
House-leek [SemiJervivum teciorum), a well-known domestic
plant of the family Crassulaceae, often seen growing on the
roofs of cottages and outhouses. In Ireland it is regarded as a
charm, the patch of House-leek on the house being considered a
safeguard against fire, and conveying to the poor inhabitants a
feeling of great security. In Scotland it is called Fuet, which
is a name also given to other similar fleshy-leaved plants, and
which seems to agree with the word phut, or phyt, the Greek
for a " plant." It is a common remedy for the cure of warts
and corns, and is also a rustic remedy for ringworm.
Humble-plant {Mimosa imdica), a small spiny plant of the
Mimosa section of the Bean family (Leguminosse), originally a
native of tropical America, but now become indigenous through-
out the tropics ; its leaves are subdigitate, consisting of generally
3 to 4 pinnae, which are pinnate, the pinnules small, numerous,
and the whole highly sensitive, collapsing on being touched or
shaken, and on that account cultivated in hothouses as a
curiosity. An allied species is Mimosa sensitiva, the sensitive
plant, native of Brazil. It is also a spiny plant, but difi'ering
in the leaves being conjugate pinnate, each pinna bearing two
pairs of ovate leaflets, which are sensitive, but less so than in the
preceding species. A specimen of this, cultivated at Kew, formed
a spiny bush 2 to 3 feet high, and apparently a cHmber.
Humiri, the name in Brazil for a fragrant balsam obtained
HYACINTH OF ECONOMIC PLANTS. 217
from Humirium halsamifera and H. floribundicm, trees of the
Hiimiriad family (Hiimiriacese), natives of Brazil and Guiana ;
they attain a height of 30 to 40 feet, having a thick bark,
which when wounded yields a reddish balsamic juice smelling
like storax, which hardens and becomes brittle ; it is then burnt
as a perfume. It is also used medicinally for various complaints,
and the bark is used for flambeaux. The wood is of a red
colour and used for house-building, and is called Kedwood.
Huon Pine {Dacrydium Franldinii), a large tree of the Yew
family (Taxacese), native of Tasmania. The wood is very beauti-
fully marked, something like bird's-eye maple, and is conse-
quently much valued in Tasmania for cabinet-work.
Hurtleberry, the fruit of Vaccinmm Myrtillus. (See Bil-
berry.)
Husks of Scripture. (See Carob Tree.)
Hutu, or Futu, the name in Tahiti and other islands for
Barringtonia speciosa, a tree of the Anchovy Pear family (Bar-
ringtoniacese). It is a large branching tree, attaining a height
of 40 to 50 feet, and a girth of 10 to 14 feet; it has large, shining,
ovate, elliptical leaves, and bears a profusion of pink flowers. Its
fruit is four-sided and pear-shaped, about 3 inches across the
middle, and consists of solid fibrous matter, having only one
seed. When dry the fruit is used for fisliing-floats. It is a
native of the Malayan, Polynesian, and other islands of the
Pacific Ocean, growing on the sea-shore. The fruits of this,
together with many similar buoyant fruits, are often carried with
the cu.rrents in the ocean, and cast on distant shores, where they
veo-etate and establish themselves. It is a rare and handsome
plant in the hothouses in this country.
Hya-Hya. (See Cow Tree.)
Hyacinth (Hyacinthus orientalis), native of Syria and other
parts of Western Asia. It was introduced into this country
before the end of the sixteenth century, and is a favourite sj^ring
flowering bulb of the Lily family (Liliacese), there being many
single and double varieties of various colours. It is extensively
cultivated at Haarlem in Holland, where there are large farms
218 DICTIONARY OF POPULAR NAMES HYSSOP
devoted entirely to the growth of the Hyacinth and other bulb-
ous plants for the yearly supply of the market of this and other
countries.
Hyssop {Hyssojpus officinalis), a small shrub of the Mint
family (Labiatse), not exceeding 1 to 2 feet in height, native of
Southern Europe, introduced more than 300 years ago. A
favourite aromatic pot-herb, also used in the form of tea as a
cure for colds.
Hyssop of Scripture. — As the common Hyssop does not grow
in Egypt or Palestine it cannot be the Hyssop of Moses, or that
which " springeth out of the wall." In my History of Bible
Plants I have endeavoured to show that the Hyssop (Esob of
Hebrews) of Moses was the name of any common article in the
form of a brush or broom, and may be made of any material
suitable for such a purpose. For a full account see History of
Bible Plants, page 214.
Ice Plant (^Mesembryanthemitm crystallinnm), a decumbent
annual of the Fig Marigold family (Ficoidese), native of the
coast countries on both sides of the Mediterranean ; it is also
a native of the Canary Islands and the Cape of Good Hope. It
was introduced into this country about 150 years ago, and, on
account of its leaves glistening like ice on the hottest summer
days, has led to its becoming cultivated in many gardens as a
curiosity. In countries where it abounds it, with other species, is
burned for its ashes, which contain an alkali used in glass-making.
Iceland Moss {Cetraria islandica), a foliaceous lichen, grow-
ing about 6 inches high, common in boggy moorlands in the
northern parts of this country, and throughout Northern Europe
generally; it is extensively collected and made into a nutritious
jelly for invalids.
Hang -Hang, the name of a perfume derived from the
flowers of Cananga odorata, a large tree of the Custard Apple
family (Anonace?e), cultivated in India for its sweet-smelling
flowers. It is stated to be a native of Sumatra, and introduced
to the Calcutta Botanic Garden in 1797. The perfume is very
liighly esteemed in this country.
INDIAN OF ECONOMIC PLANTS. 219
Indian Fig. — Opuntia Tuna and 0. Ficus-indica and other
species of the Cactus family (Cactacete) have received the
names of Indian Figs or Prickly Pears. They are common
throughout the tropical and sub-tropical countries of America,
and since the discovery of that continent they have become
naturalised in Southern Europe, many countries of Africa and
Asia, even growing on the old walls of Jerusalem. Their stems
when young are fleshy and nearly flat, but in age they become
cylindrical, hard, and branched ; the branches consist of oblong
fleshy joints, superposed upon one another, smooth or more gener-
ally furnished with strong spines. They seldom exceed a height
of 10 to 12 feet, but Humboldt says he saw at Cumana "erect
Cactee (Cereus) and Opuntias 30 to 40 feet high, 4 feet 9 inches in
circumference, and covered with lichens, and the wood becomes
so hard from age that it resists for centuries both heat and
moisture." They make impenetrable hedges. Their fruits are
pear or egg shaped, flat at the top, 2 to 3 inches in length,
covered with tufts of small spines, and are of a green, yellow,
or red colour ; they are wholesome, and are esteemed for their
cooling juice. They abound on the lava slopes of Mount Etna,
and are the pioneers of cultivation, their roots penetrating and
breaking up the lava ; they naturally decay in time, forming a
rich vegetable mould on which vines are planted. The fruit is
collected and sold in large quantities in the markets, forming
an extensive article of food to the inhabitants. They contain
saccharine matter ; their juice is used for colouring confection-
ery, and in Mexico a drink called Colinche is prepared from
them. The plants grow abundantly in other parts of South
Europe and in Algeria, from which place the fruits are imported
into this country. When old the fibrous parts of the joints of
the stems become hard and firm, and are made into ornamental
articles.
Indian Paper is made from the bark of Daphne cannahina,
a small tree of the Spurge Laurel family (Thymelaceoe), native
of India, China, and Japan. Also of the bark " of Edgeworthia
Gardneri, a shrub or small tree of the same family, native of
220 DICTIONARY OF POPULAR NAMES INDIAN
the Himalaya. Their bark is by a process of manufacture
made into sheets about a yard square, remarkable for tough-
ness, durability, and freeness from the attack of insects, and
it is in general use in India for all purposes to which paper
is applied.
Indian Shot {Canna indica), a well-known ornamental plant
of the Arrowroot family (Marantaceas), said to be a native of
India, but now indigenous to most tropical countries. It takes
its name from the seeds being black and extremely hard, about
the size of swan-shot. There are many varieties which are
very beautiful summer decorative plants, and much used in
what is termed sub-tropical gardening. Canna edulis is culti-
vated in the West Indies, its fleshy rhizomes yielding a large
quantity of starch, which is used for food known as Tons les
mois.
India-rubber Trees. (See Caoutchouc.)
Indigo {Indigofera tindoria), a slender twiggy shrub of the
Bean family (Leguminosae), with winged leaves, attaining a
height of 3 or 4 feet, native of India, and an allied species,
I. Anil, native of the West Indies, have become very generally
disseminated throughout the tropics and sub -tropics of both
hemispheres. To obtain the blue colouring matter known as
Indigo the whole plant is immersed in w^ater, where it under-
goes fermentation and maceration by heating ; the water is then
drawn off and allowed to settle, the blue matter in suspension
falls to the bottom, the clear water is then poured away, and the
muddy settlement is dried and made into cakes of various
sizes. In Jamaica and parts of tropical America its cultivation
has been abandoned, India supplying nearly sufficient for the
demand, the import in 1880 being 59,873 cwts. (£1,698,374).
The recent discovery of the means of preparing artihcial
Indigo by a chemical process will no doubt in course of
time seriously affect the Indian plantations. Indigo is also
obtained from several other plants. 1. In Egypt from
Tephrosia Apollinea, and on the Niger from T. toxicaria, slender
shrubs of the Bean family (Leguminosi^.), allied to Indigofera.
IPECACUANHA OF ECONOMIC PLANTS. 221
The dye is obtained by soaking the plant in water, the same as
with true Indigo. T. toxicaria is found in many parts of the
tropics, and is employed for poisoning fish; but it does not
make them unwholesome. 2. Marsdcnia tindoria, a strong
perennial, or rather small shrub, of the Swalloww^ort family
(Asclepiadacese), native of Pegu and other parts of Eastern India ;
its willow-like leaves macerated in water yield a fine kind of
Indigo, and as the plant is permanent, of free growth, and readily
propagated from cuttings, it was thought l)y Dr. Roxburgh and
others that it might be cultivated to such an extent as to yield
a greater quantity of Indigo than is obtained from an equally
cultivated extent of the true Indigo plant. 3. Wriglitia tinc-
toria, a shrub or small tree of the Dogbane family (Apocy-
nacese), native of India. By maceration in water its leaves .
yield a kind of Indigo, in Southern India called Pala Indigo.
4. Randict aculeata,a shrub of the Cinchona family (Cinchonaceffi),
native of the West Indies. In Jamaica it is called Ink
Berry, its fruit yielding a kind of Indigo. 5. Polygomtm
tinctoi'ium. Indigo of good quality is made from this plant
in China and Japan.
Indigo, Chinese Green. {See Buckthorn.)
Ink Berry. {See Indigo.)
Ink Plant. {See Coriaria.)
Insect Wax. {See Ash and Wax Trees.)
Iodine, a chemical substance obtained from the alkali of
burnt seaweeds, used medicinally as a powerful absorbent. {See
Fucus.)
Ipecacuanha {Oephaelis Tpecacumiha), a small soft-stemmed
plant, a foot or more in height, having opposite, ovate, oblong
leaves IJ to 2 inches in length, and terminal heads of small
inconspicuous flowers. The stems are ca^spitose, rising from a
creeping knotty root. It belongs to the Cinchona family
(Cinchonaceas), and is a native of the forests throughout Brazil.
The roots of this plant are highly valued in medicine in the
treatment of dysentery, and as a safe emetic or tonic. From
the great demand for these roots it is becoming extirpated
222 DICTIONARY OF POPULAR- NAMES IRIS
in many parts of Brazil. Attempts have recently been made
to introduce it into India and Ceylon, and plants were first
sent to Ceylon from Kew in 1848. Since then its cultiva-
tion has been tried in different parts of India. The nature of
the plant, however, seems to indicate that it would grow better
in a wild state than under cultivation. Several other plants are
used as substitutes for true Ipecacuanha. 1. Richardsonia rosea
and K scabra, strong-rooted perennial decumbent herbs of the
Cinchona family (Cinchonaceae), natives of Brazil, where they are
called Poaga de Campo. B. rosea is extensively cultivated for
the sake of its roots, which come to Europe. R. scabra is known
as Wliite I]3ecacuanha. 2. Psychotria emctica, a small tree of
the Cinchona family (Cinchonacese), native of Peru, where it is
called Striated Ipecacuanha, but it is of an inferior quality to
true Ipecacuanha.
Iris, the botanical name of an extensive genus of herbs, the
type of the order Iridacese. The root-stock is a fleshy creeping
rhizome, from which rise sword-shaped leaves and flower-stems
bearing showy flowers of various colours, all liighly ornamental
garden plants. About 100 species are recorded in books, all
being natives of the north temperate zone. /. germanica, the
common blue Iris, known as Fleur-de-Luce, was the emblem of
the French kings. /. florentina, native of the South of Europe,
furnishes the bulk of the sweet -smelling Orris-root of per-
fumery. The genus is represented in Britain by the common
yellow Iris (/. yseudacorus) and /. fmtidissima., known by the
name of Stinking Gladwyn.
Iron-bark. {See Eucalyptus.)
Ironwood. — Not less than between 20 and 30 different
kinds of trees are in various countries called Ironwoods, of which
the following are a few : —
Ironwood, Bourbon {Stadtmannia Sideroxylon), a wing-leaved
tree of the Soapberry family (Sapindacese), native of Mauritius
and Bourbon.
Ironwood, Indian (Xylia dolahriformis), formerly Inga
Xylocarpa, a lofty straight-stemmed tree, with bipinnate leaves,
ITCH OF ECONOMIC PLANTS. 223
belonging to the Bean family (Leguminosse). It attains a
large size in the Pegu and Prome forests. Its wood is hard,
like ebony.
Mesua ferrea, a tree of the Gamboge family (Guttiferse),
native of India and islands of the Indian Archipelago. It has
smooth bark and hard heavy wood. Its flowers are fragrant,
and a kind of attar is distilled from them.
Ironwood, Jamaica {ErytJiroxylon areolatum), a tree of the
Coca family (Erythroxylaceae).
Ironwood, Morocco (Argania Sideroxylon), a small tree of
the Star Apple family. {See Argan.)
Ironwood, Norfolk Island {Notclma longifoUa), a tree of
the Olive family (Oleacese), native of Norfolk Island.
Ironwood, North American, or Lever - wood {Ostrya
virginica, also Carjpinus americana), trees of the Oak family
(Cupuhferse).
Ironwood, South African. — Olea undulata and 0. capensis,
smaU trees of the Olive family (Oleacese), also Sideroxylon
capensG, a tree of the Star Apple family (Sapotace?e).
Ironwood, Tasmanian and New South Wales {Notelcea
ligustrina), a bush of the Olive family (Oleacese), 6 to 8 feet
high, but occasionally having a single stem 30 feet high. Its
wood is very close and hard, and is used in medicine, and for
making pulley-blocks, and for turnery and fancy cabinet-work.
Ironwood, White [Vep-is lanceolata), a tree of the Paie
family (Paitacese), native of Mauritius.
Ita Palm. (See Miriti.)
Itch Tree (Oncocarpiis vitie7isis), a tree of the Terebinth
family (Anacardiacese), native of the Fiji Islands. It attains
a height of 50 to 60 feet, having large oblong leaves and a
curious corky fruit, somewhat resembling the seed-shell of the
walnut. The whole tree, especially the bark sap, is higlily
irritating, a drop falling on the hand imparting the sensation of
being touched with a red-hot poker. Dr. Seemann relates an
instance of a person having obtained a tree for a flag-staff. In
preparing it by peeling, he sat upon the trunk. Shortly after-
224 DICTIONARY OF POPULAR NAMES IVORY
wards he was seized with intolerable itching, first in his legs
and soon all over his body ; all became inflamed, breaking out in
pustules, emitting a yellow matter with a fetid odour. The
itching continued long painful and irritating, and it was nearly
two months before he recovered.
Ivory Nut Palm {PliyteUjiilias macrocarjpa), native of New
Grenada and other parts of Central America. The stem is
generally 6 to 8 inches in diameter, suberect, decumbent, or even
creeping on the ground, bearing a fascicle of pinnate leaves 18
to 20 feet long, the pinnae being narrow like those of the date
palm. The fruit consists of about forty nuts enclosed in a
spathe of a globular form, the size of a man's head, borne on a
short foot-stalk issuing from the axis of the leaves, the whole
head weighing about 30 lbs. The nuts are about the size of
green walnuts, not quite round, covered with a thin pulpy coat,
of which a favourite beverage is made by the natives. The nut
is very solid, hard, and white, and when polished has the
appearance and hardness of ivory. Large quantities are im-
ported to this country and the United States, and made into
buttons, umbrella-handles, knobs for doors, work-boxes, toys, etc.
This plant was at one time classified amongst the palms, but is
now put in an order under the name Phytclepliasiece.
The term Vegetable Ivory is also given to the seeds of
Sagiis amicarum, a palm closely allied to the Sago palm, a native
of the Friendly Islands. Its nuts are used for the same purpose
as the preceding, but are not so hard.
Ivy [Hedera Helix), the typical representative of the Ivy
family (Araliaceee). It is very widely spread through Europe
and the temperate countries of Asia to Japan. It is generally
found in woods adhering to trees, which it ultimately destroys.
It also clings to walls and other buildings, and in some cases is
considered ornamental. Although a climber, its stem attains a
considerable size, one at Montpellier being ^ feet in girth, and
said to be 433 years old. The name Hedera was given to it .
by the ancient Romans, and its specific name Helix by LinnaBus
on account of its harbouring snails. The whole plant is aro-
JACK OF ECONOMIC PLANTS. 225
matic, and a fragrant resin exudes from the old stems when
bruised. It was at one time highly valued in medicine, but
is now discarded. Its berries afford abundance of food for
birds late in the autumn. In ancient mythology the Ivy was
dedicated to Bacchus, the God of "Wine, and many reasons are
assigned for this. In the Book of Maccabees we read that on
the Feast of Bacchus being kept, the Jews were compelled to
go in procession carrying Ivy.
Ivy, Chinese (Parecldtes Thiinhergii), better known in gar-
dens by the name of Ehynchospermum jasminoides, a shrub with
privet-like leaves, and with sweet-scented jasmine-like flowers.
It may be grown as a bush, but its natural habit is to cling to
walls like Ivy.
Ivy, West Indian [Marcgravia umhellata), the type of the
small family termed Marcgraviaceae. It is a climbing sub-
epiphytal shrub, adhering to trees like Ivy. Its leaves are
alternate, oval -oblong, and smooth, those on the ascending
stem, lying flat to the tree ; on reaching the top of the tree,
numerous leafy branches are produced the same as in common
Ivy. Its flowers are produced in umbels of a green colour
and of peculiar structure, which makes this family botanically
interesting. It is represented in the hothouses at Kew by M,
umhellata and Norantca coccinea.
Jacaranda, a name in Brazil for certain trees of the Bean
family (Leguminosee), producing the fancy woods called Yiolet-
wood. King-wood, and Tiger- wood. The first two are said to
be the woods of species of Dalbergia, and the third that of
Machcerium SchomhiirgMi, which is also spoken of as a kind
of rosewood (which see). It may here be stated that the
botanical names of many of the trees that furnish the fancy
woods of commerce have not been clearly determined.
Jacaranda is also the botanical name of a genus of Brazilian
trees of the Trumpet-flower family (Bignoniaceae), of which
J. mimoswfolia, J. jjuhescens, and others, are cultivated in our
hothouses.
Jack-fruit {Artocarpus integrifolia), a tree of the Bread-
Q
226 DICTIONARY OF POPULAR NAMES JAGGERY
fruit family (Artocarpacese), native of tlie Indian and Malayan
Archipelagoes, where it is extensively grown for the sake of the
fleshy portion of the fruit. It is not so palatable to Europeans
as the bread-fruit; it is about the size of a large vegetable
marrow, often from 12 to 18 inches in length, and 6 to 8 inches
in diameter ; its nuts, which are the true fruits, are roasted and
eaten. The taste of these has been compared to the melon and
pine -apple combined, but to some the smell is anything but
inviting.
Jaggery Sugar. {See Palm Wine.)
Jagua Palm, the native name for Maximiliana regia, a
noble wing-leaved palm, native of jSTorthern Brazil and the
regions of the head -waters of the Orinoco and Amazon. It
attains a height of 100 feet, with a head of leaves each 30
feet in length. Its inflorescence consists of a dense bunch of
small flowers contained in a spathe 5 feet in length, and when
open 2 feet wide, much resembling a boat with a long point like
a bowsprit. These spathes when dry are hard and rigid, and
used for a variety of domestic purposes by the Indians, such
as nursing cradles, baskets, and water-vessels. A palm called
Inaja by the Indians appears to be the same species as the
Jagua.
Jalap, a well-known purgative medicine, obtained from the
tuberous roots of Exogonium imrga, a climber of the Bindweed
family (Convolvulacese), native of the mountainous regions
of Mexico near Xalapa. hence the name Jalap. Although it has
been long prescribed as a purgative medicine under the name of
Jalap, its botanical source was not definitely ascertained till
about 1830 ; its tuberous roots are roundish and of variable size,
the largest being about the size of an orange and of a dark
colour; they contain a resinous principle, which is highly
purgative. Jalap of inferior qualities is in different countries
obtained from many species of Iijomma, an extensive genus of
Bindweeds. Ipomcea Orizctbensis furnishes what is called Jalap
tops, Orizaba root, or Male Jalap, imported from Mexico as
a substitute for true Jalap. /. tuherosa, known in Jamaica as
JELLY OF ECONOMIC PLANTS. 227
the Arbour Vine, is also a Jalap-producing plant ; it lias trusses
of pretty pink flowers, and grows freely in our hothouses.
Jambolana [Eugenia Jamholana), a large tree of the Myrtle
family (Myrtacese), native of the East Indies. Its wood is hard
and durable, and the bark, which is used for dyeing, is astringent.
The fruit is about the size of a pigeon's egg, and is eaten.
Japanese Clover (^Lespedeza striata), a perennial clover-like
herb of the Bean family (Leguminosee), native of Japan. It
has become naturalised in the Southern States of North America,
where it is known by the name of Japan Clover, and is used for
feeding horses and cattle.
Jarool. {See Bloodwood, Indian.)
Jarrah, a name in New South Wales for the wood of
Eucalyptus Marginata, a tall tree of the IMyrtle family (Myr-
tacese).
Jasmine, Common White (Jasminum officinale), a slender-
stemmed, wing - leaved, trailing shrub of the Olive family
(Oleaceae), supposed to be originally a native of India, but to
have become early indigenous in Southern Europe, and it also
appears to have been known in this country about the middle
of the sixteenth century ; its sweet-smelling white flowers make
it a general favourite, and being perfectly hardy, its rambling
growth makes it well adapted for covering arbours. J. Samhac
is a native of India, generally known by the name of Arabian
Jasmine ; it has simple opposite leaves, and white fragrant
flowers, of which there are single and double varieties. Allied to
the preceding are J. azoricum, native of Madeira, and J. liirsutum,
said to be native of China, all well suited for growing on treUises
and walls in greenhouses. J. nucliJloru7ii, native of China, is
nearly hardy, and is interesting as producing its pretty yellow
flowers early in the spring, before the leaves expand. J. grandi-
folium is a wing-leaved, large-flowered, fragrant species, native of
the East Indies, known by the name of Spanish or Catalonian
Jasmine. The flowers of the J. officinale, J. Samhac, and others,
yield fragrant oils, known as Oil of Jasmine.
Jelly Plant of Australia, a name in Australia for Eucheuma
228 DICTIONARY OF POPULAR NAMES JERUSALEM
speeiosum, a plant of the Seaweed family (Fucacese) ; it is gelati-
nous, and forms an excellent jelly.
Jerusalem Artichoke (Eelianthus tuberosus). — It is a strong-
rooted perennial of tlie Composite family (CompositiB), having
rod -like stems attaining a height of 6 to 10 feet, with
alternate broad leaves and solitary terminal yellow flowers.
It is said to be a native of Brazil, and was introduced to this
country about 250 years ago, and cultivated in gardens
for its roots, wdiich are similar to small potatoes, and before
potatoes were known they w^ere much used in this country as
an article of food. This plant is quite distinct from the true
artichoke ; the name has nothing to do w^ith Jerusalem, but is
derived from the Italian " Gerasoli articocco," meaning Sun-
flower Artichoke.
Jerusalem Thorn, in Jamaica a name for Parkinsonia
aculeata, a bushy, spiny, wing-leaved shrub of the Bean family
(Leguniinosse), attaining a height of 10 to 15 feet, common
throughout the whole of tropical and sub-tropical America, and
has also become naturalised in many parts of the eastern hemi-
sphere. It is chiefly used as a hedge plant.
Jesuit's Bark. {See Cinchona.)
Jesuit's Tea {Psoralea glandulosa), a trifoHate-leaved bushy
shrub of the Bean family (Leguminosse). It is a native of 'Chili,
where it is used as tea, but it appears to be more valued for
its vermifuge properties as a medicine than as a pleasant
beverage. The plant has been introduced to the Mauritius, and
has acquired some reputation as a remedy for diseases of the
respiratory organs.
Jew's Ear [Himeola auricula Jucla^), a species of the Fungus
family belonging to the Tremellini group. It consists of a dark,
soft, cup-shaped body, about the size and resembling the shape
of the ear. It is generally found growing on elder trees in damp
places. It is considered to possess some medicinal virtues, and is
represented in New Zealand by R. polytricha, common through-
out that colony on decaying trees. It is largely collected and
imported to China, where it is highly prized as a medicine and
JUJUBE OF ECONOMIC PLANTS. 229
for use in soups, and is eaten on fast-days. Tn 1878 no less
than 838 tons of this fungus were conveyed to China, the value
of which is estimated to amount to about £50,000.
Jew's Mallow {CorcJwrus olitorius), an annual of the Lime
Tree family (Tiliaceae), similar in habit to the jute plant, and
like it cultivated in India for its fibre. It is also common in
Syria and Egypt, where its young sprouts are eaten as a vege-
table, like asparagus. It is said to be a favourite with tlie Jews,
and hence the name Jew's Mallow. It lias, however, no re-
lation to the genus Malva. (See Mallows.)
Job's Tears (Coix laclwyma), an annual grass, a foot or
more in height, native of India. The flowers are few, produced
in loose panicles, becoming pendulous with the weight of the
seeds, which are oblong globose, about the size of peas, hard and
pearly ; they are not only used as beads, but are made into little
caskets and such like ornamental articles.
John Crow's Nose, a name in Jamaica for Pliyllocoryne
jamaicensis, a curious fungoid-looking plant of the family Bal-
anophoracese, native of Jamaica. It has a lobed root-stock, from
which rise the flower-stalks, which are about the thickness of
the finger and 3 to 6 inches in length, covered with leafy scales,
terminated by an oblong head of inconspicuous flowers, l^o
virtue is ascribed to it.
Judas Tree (Cercis Siliquastriwi), a stiff-branched tree,
20 to 30 feet high, of the Bean family (Leguminosfe), with
simple deciduous leaves and papilionaceous pink flowers, which
are sessile, produced on the old wood and branches of the tree
before the leaves appear, giving the tree a remarkable appear-
ance. It is common throughout Southern Europe and Western
Asia and Japan. The wood is hard, blotchy, and waved, and
takes a fine polish. It has been long known by the name of
Judas Tree, it being supposed to have been the tree on which
Judas hanged himself ; but there is no historical evidence to
show that Judas hanged himself on a tree. St. Matthew simply
says, " He went out and hanged himself."
Jujube, the name of the fruits of Zizyplms vulgaris, Z.
230 DICTIONARY OF POPULAR NAMES JUNIPER
mucroncda, and Z. jujuha, stiff-branched, hooked, spiny shrubs
or small trees of the Buckthorn family (Ehamnaceee). It
is widely distributed throughout Southern Europe, North and
West Africa, and Western Asia. According to Pliny, it is not
indigenous to Italy, but was introduced in the reign of Augustus
and planted on the ramparts of Eome. The fruit is a pulpy
drupe of an oval form, about the size of a plum. It is rather
acid when fresh, but when dried it is eaten in large quantities,
and forms the Jujubes of the shops. They were at one time
considered good for coughs, and the lozenges known as jujubes
were either made from or flavoured with them. Z. jujuba is
common throughout India and China, and yields an excellent
dessert fruit, of which in China there are many varieties culti-
vated. Z. onucronata is common in many parts of Central
Africa, and it is described by Mungo Park as having " small
farinaceous berries of a yellow colour and delicious taste." These
berries are much esteemed by the natives. By drying and
pounding them the farinaceous part is separated from the stone,
and made into a kind of bread, which has a flavour resembling
gingerbread. The stones are put into water and well shaken ;
the farinaceous pulp remaining then separates, and the water
becomes sweet, and with the addition of a little millet meal
makes an agreeable drink. This was probably identical with
the Bhamnus Lotus of Linnseus. There is little doubt that it
was the Lotus spoken of by Pliny as furnishing the food of the
ancient Libyan people called Lotophagi. This is, however,
doubted by some. (See Nettle Tree.)
Juniper (JunijMrus communis)^, a low bushy shrub of the
Cypress section of the Coniferse family, found growing in un-
cultivated heathy and rocky places throughout Europe. Its
berries are used for flavourinfj oin.
Juniper Roots of Scripture. {Sec Eetama.)
Jupati Palm, the native name for Raphia tmdigcra, a noble
wing-leaved palm, native of the lower valley of the Amazon
and Orinoco. The wood is used by the natives for the walls of
their houses, and for many other domestic purposes. An allied
KALE OF ECONOMIC PLANTS. 231
species is B. Bvffia, native of Madagascar and ^Mauritius, re-
markable for its large fruiting spadices. A specimen in the
Kew Museum measures nearly 15 feet in length, and weighs
between 200 and 300 lbs. Each fruit is about the size of an
egg. The shell consists of closely -imbricated smooth scak'..
which when dry are hard and of a brown colour. The cuticle
of the leaves of this palm has of late years been imported into
this country in considerable quantities for tying plants, instead
of bass, under the name of Eaffia or Eoffia.
Jute, the fibre of Corcliorus capsularis and C. olitorius,
plants of the Lime Tree family (Tiliacese). They are slender-
stemmed annuals, attaining a height of 8 to 12 feet, native of
and extensively cultivated in India. Originally the fibre was
principally used for making gunny-bags for the export of sugar,
coffee, etc. Of late years it has become an extensive article of
commerce in its raw state to this country, as well as to America,
and is manufactured largely into carpets, mats, canvas, and
other goods, and is even made into such fine threads as to be
woven with silk. Jute in bulk in its raw state is liable to
spontaneous combustion, and ship and warehouse fires have
resulted from this cause. Its extended use is shown by the
imports, which in 1851 were 21,000 tons, and in 1880 4,640,645
cwts.
Juvia. {Sec Brazil Nut.)
Kaffir Tree {Erythrina caffra), a prickly-stemmed tree of
the Bean family (Leguminosae), attaining a height of 50 to
60 feet, native of South Africa. Its wood is soft, and its trunk
is hollowed out for making canoes, and being light, it is some-
times substituted for cork in its native country.
Kale, Indian. — Caladmm sagittifolium, C. oiymijhcv folium,
and Arum divaricatumy species of the Arum family (Aroidete).
Their leaves are used as a vegetable in the Fiji and Sandwich
Islands.
Kale, Sea {Crambe maritima), a strong-growing perennial
of the Cabbage family (Cruciferae), native of the sea-coasts of
this country, especially of the South. It has long been culti-
232 DICTIONARY OF POPULAE NAMES KALMIA
vated ill gardens, and its young stalks when blanched form in
early spring a wholesome vegetable. Kale is also a name given
to certain loose-leaved varieties of Cabbage, such as Long
Kale, Scotch Kale, etc.
Kalmia, a familiar botanical name for a genus of beautiful
evergreen shrubs of the Heath family (Ericaceae), native of
Xorth America, and now common in gardens in this country.
K. latifolia possesses the poisonous properties common to many
of the Heath family. The honey made from its flowers is
poisonous, as also the flesh of game that feed on its berries. In
1790 great mortality took place at Philadelphia, which was
ascertained to be caused by eating honey from, and game that
had fed on, Kalmia berries. The fatality led to a public pro-
clamation prohibiting the use of either game or honey.
Kamala, a name in India for the dust-like hairs that cover
the capsules of Mallohts j^hilij^j^i^iensis, better known as Bottler a
tindoria, a tree of the Spurge family (Euphorbiaceae), common
throughout the Madras Presidency. When ripe the powder is
shaken off the capsules ; it is of a red colour, and forms a con-
siderable article of trade in Hyderabad and other parts of the
Circars, and is also imported into this country. It is used for
dyeing silk a beautiful orange colour, and by a different process
produces a scarlet.
Kambala, a name in Calcutta for Sonneratia apetala, a tree
of the Myrtle family (Myrtacese), growing abundantly in the
Sunderbunds. Its wood is red, and is chiefly used in Calcutta
for making boxes for packing beer and wine, and for house-
building.
Kangaroo Grass (Anthistiria australis), a perennial grass,
native of Australia, where it occupies vast tracts, and is exten-
sively used for feeding cattle.
Karaka and Kopi, names given by the natives of Xew
Zealand to Corynocaoyus Imvigatus, a handsome tree of the
Cashew Nut family (Anacardiacese). It is said to attain a
height of 40 to 50 feet, having smooth, broad, laurel-like leaves,
with small white flowers in clusters. The fruit is obloni]^, about
KAVA OF ECONOMIC PLANTS. 233
the size of a plum, jnilpy, and of a sweetish taste, containing a
single seed. The pulp is esteemed by the natives, as is also the
seed, but the latter in a raw state is highly poisonous. It is,
however, rendered wholesome by being first steamed and tlien
buried in the earth for some days ; but even when thus prepared
fatal results have arisen. In early times such food as this was
used in periods of scarcity. It is, however, now displaced by
the introduction of other food plants.
Kat (Catlia ed'idis), a shrub of the Spindle Tree family
(Celastraceae). It attains a height of 10 or more feet, and
has rusty-coloured leaves not unlike those of the strawberry
tree. It is a native of Yemen and other parts of Arabia, where
it is extensively cultivated for its leaves, which have properties
similar to those of tea and coffee, and they have been used by
the Arabs as such from time immemorial. They are either used
for preparing a decoction, or are chewed. They are considered
by tlie Arabs highly stimulating, producing wakefulness and
hilarity. This tea is brought to Aden in bundles on camels to
the amount of 300 camel loads per year.
Kauri Pine. (Sec Dammar.)
Kava, or Ava {Pijm- methysticum), a knotted, erect, soft-
stemmed shrub of the Pepper family (Piperacese), 8 or 9 feet
high, with heart-shaped, dark-green leaves. It is a native of
many of the islands of the Pacific, where it is in common use
for making a stimulating and intoxicating drink, which is pre-
pared by chewing the root and ejecting the saliva into a bowl,
varying in size according to the rank and number of the parties
for which it is prepared. After a certain quantity of juice is
obtained, water is added ; it is then well stirred and strained,
when it is fit to drink, and the whole party partake of it. The
ladle, as it may be called, is a bunch of tow (fibre of the Paper
Mulberry, or of Hibiscus tiliaccits), which is dipped into the liquid
and squeezed into the drinking cup. The late Captain Sir Everard
Home informed me that he was a guest of a royal banquet at
Tonga-ta-boo, and witnessed the whole operation of j)reparing
the drink, and that as much etiquette and ceremony is observed
234 DICTIONARY OF POPULAR NAMES KAW
in preparing and drinking the Kava as in the most polite
societies of Europe on festive occasions. A royal bowl in form
of a boat may be seen in the Museum at Kew. The use of this
disgusting drink is said to be rapidly dying out.
Kaw Tabua, a name in the Fiji Islands for Podocaiyus
ciipressina, a tree of the Yew family (Taxacese), common through-
out the Indian Archipelago, Philippines, New Hebrides, and
Fiji Islands. It is a highly - ornamental tree, having hori-
zontal yew-like branches. In Penang and Java it is said to
attain a height of 200 feet, and is one of the best timber trees
of Java. It was introduced to the Eoyal Gardens, Kew, from
Penauf*:, and in 1864 a tree had attained the heioht of 20 feet
in the Palm-house.
Kawaka, a name in Xew Zealand for the Cypress Cedar
(Libocedrus Doniana), a tree of the Coniferae family, native of
New Zealand. This noble tree attains a height of 60 to 100
feet, and 3 to 5 feet diameter. Its wood is of a reddish colour,
fine-grained and heavy. It is used for carving and for planks
and spars.
Keklani, a name in the Bengal bazaars for the fruit of
Limonia carnosaij), a small tree of the Orange family (Auran-
tiace^e). The fruit is the size of a hazel nut ; it is a favourite
spice in India.
Kelp. {See Fucus.)
Kendal Green {Genista tindoria), a low bushy shrub of the
Bean family (Leguminosse), native of Central and Southern
Europe ; it is common in England, and has become naturalised
in the United States. It is also known by the names of Woad-
waxen and Dyer's Green Weed. It yields a yellow dye, but
by a mordant becomes a permanent green. This was originally
used by the Flemish weavers who settled at Kendal in West-
moreland, hence it was called Kendal Green.
Kentucky Coffee Tree {Gymnodadus canadensis), a large
hard -wooded tree of the Bean family (Leguminosse), having
large, compound, deciduous, winged leaves, 3 feet in length and
2 feet in width, abundant in the Northern United States and
KINO OF ECONOMIC PLANTS. 235
Canada. It has small irregular white flowers. The fruit is a
true legume or pod, 6 to 8 inches long by 2 broad, hard and
flattened, containing flattish seeds embedded in pulp. In Ken-
tucky and Tennessee the seeds were in early times used as a
substitute for coffee, hence the name Kentucky Coffee Tree,
but their use was given up on true coffee becoming easily ob-
tainable. In favourable localities the tree attains a height of
50 to 60 feet, with an average diameter of 1 to 2 feet, frequently
destitute of branches for the first 30 feet, covered with a rough
scaly bark, which becomes loosened and rolled up in strips,
giving to the tree a remarkable appearance. It is extremely
bitter and saponaceous, forming a froth on water like soap. Its
timber is hard, and used for many purposes. In the original
arboretum at Kew there is a good example of this tree, which
in 1864 was a hundred years old, being one of a collection of
trees presented by the then Duke of Argyle to George III. on
the establishment of the Gardens. In summer its fine foliage
forms an important feature, but in winter its thick rigid branches
give it the appearance of being a dead tree.
Kermes. {See Oak.)
Ketchup. {See Mushrooms.)
Kidney or French Beans {Phaseolus vulgaris), an erect dwarf
annual, supposed to have been originally a native of Western
Asia, now universally cultivated for the sake of its young pods.
There are numerous varieties, one of which is called Haricot ;
the dried beans of this variety form a considerable article of
food in France and Italy, and are sometimes used in this
country. In the first year of the potato famine (1847), 1200
quarters of Haricot beans were imported from America.
King Cups. {See Bulrush.)
Kinka Oil ( Verno7iia anthebmntica), an annual herb of
the Composite family (Compositse), common in many parts of
India. Its seeds by pressure yield a solid green oil, possessing
valuable properties, which promise to make it of considerable
value in the arts.
Kino, Gum. {See Gum Kino.)
236 DICTIONARY OF POPULAR NAMES KIPPER
Kipper Nuts. {See Earth Chestnut.)
Knapweed. {See Bluebottle.)
Koa, a name in the Sandwich Islands for a species of
Acacia called A. Koa, but more probably A. heterophylla.. A
tree of moderate height, and a foot and a half or more in dia-
meter. It is an extremely handsome dark wood, with shades of
lighter colour, and beautifully mottled ; boxes or chests are
sometimes made of it.
Kokoon {Kokoona zeylanica), a native name in Ceylon of
a lofty tree of the Hippocratea family. The bark is yellow and
corky, and is made into a kind of snuff, and used by the
Cingalese ; it excites copious secretions, and is considered bene-
ficial in headache. Its seeds yield a lamp oil.
Kokra-wood {Ajwrosa [Zejndoslachys] Boxbargliii), a tree of
the Spurgewort family (Euphorbiace^), with simj^le laurel-like
leaves, native of India. The w^ood is used for many purposes.
Koot. {See Costus.)
Kotukutuki, name in Kew Zealand for Fuchsia excorticataj
a tree of the Evening Primrose family (Onagracese). It attains
a height of 10 to 30 feet. Its wood is durable and well
adapted for house-building, and by using iron as a mordant
forms various-coloured dyes, even to black.
Kumquat {Citrus japonica), a small tree of the Orange
family (Aurantiacese), native of Japan and China. In Chusan
it occupies extensive slopes of hills, bearing abundance of yellow
fruit, which when ripe presents a very grand appearance. The
fruit is preserved in jars, and forms an important export. The
plant has been recently introduced into this country, but is too
tender for the open air.
Lablab, a name in India for certain kinds of pulse plants,
and now adopted as a genus of the Bean family (Leguminosse).
Z. vulgaris and L. euUratus are herbaceous twining plants, similar
in growth and habit to the scarlet-runner, originally natives of
India, but now cultivated in most w^arm countries for the sake
of their pods and seeds. Like the kidney bean, there are many
varieties cultivated. The natives use them for covering arbours.
LAC " OF ECONOMIC PLANTS. 237
Laburnum [Cytlsits Lahurmtm), the common Laburnum, and
C. alpiiium. These well-known ornamental trees belong to the
Bean family (Leguminos?e). They are natives of Switzerland
and the elevated regions of France and North Germany. It is
recorded that the common Laburnum was grown by iJr. Gerard
in his garden at Holborn in 1506. They seldom exceed
30 feet in height in this country, 20 feet being about the
average ; and about a foot in diameter. The wood is hard, the
centre of a dark colour, and takes a polish like ebony, and is
valued for turnery work. A poisonous principle pervades the
tree, especially in the seeds and roots. The former act as a vio-
lent emetic, sufficient to be considered poisonous. The roots
are sweet, and taste like stick liquorice ; but they are also poison-
ous, as is shown by the fact of a number of boys of the Forest
Gate Industrial School having nearly lost their lives from
having chewed the roots ; they became drowsy, and fell asleep
even while being walked about ; emetics were administered, and
they all recovered. A hybrid, between C. Lahuriium and a
small shrubby species C. pttrpureus,cdl\Qi]. C. Adami, is remark-
able for producing the common yellow and dusky red flowers
on the same tree, or even on the same branch, as also tufts of
the shrubby C. purpureiis on different parts of the same tree.
This curious hybridisation is perpetuated by grafting scions of
it on the common Laburnum. This morpliism, which originated
in M. Adam's gardens at Paris in 1828, still continues to be an
unexplained puzzle to physiologists.
Laburnum, New Zealand, Edwardsia microphylla and
E. grandiflora, showy flowering shrubs of the Bean family (Legu-
minosse), natives of New Zealand. Their introduction into tliis
country was due to Cook's third voyage, 1772 ; two original
plants grew against the walls of the Eoyal Botanic Gardens,
Kew, but were killed by the severity of the winter of 1838.
Lac Tree {Schleichcra trijuga), a tree of the Soapberry family
(Sapindace?e), native of Ceylon, India, and abundant in Pegu
and other forests in Burmah. It is a valuable timber, and is
employed by the natives for all purposes requiring strength.
238 DICTIONARY OF POPULAR NAMES LACE
It is also important for producing the substance called Lac,
whicli is a gummy exudation caused by a small insect breed-
ing upon the young branches. It forms a small portion of the
Ceylon Lac of commerce.
In Ceylon, a resin called Lac exudes from the stem and
branches of Croton lacciferum, and in Mexico from C. Draco,
which is used as a varnish.
Lace Bark (Lagetta lintearia), a small tree of the Spurge
Laurel family (Thymelseacese), native of Jamaica, growing on
limestone rocks, and insinuating its roots in the fissures. It
has broad, somewhat roundish leaves, and flowers like lily of
the valley, the fruit being a pulpy white berry. It is remark-
able for its bark, which separates into twenty or more layers,
becoming like lace, and was at one time used in Jamaica for
many domestic purposes, such as net-caps, bonnets, veils, ruffles,
etc. It is said that Charles 11. had a cravat made of it. With
care it will bear washing. During the time of slavery, whips
and thoncjs were made of it.
Lacquer, Japan. (See Varnish.)
Ladanum, Gum, this is an exudation from the leaves of
several species of Cisttcs, a genus of the Eock Eose family
(Cistineae) ; the special species are C. villosus, C. creticus, C. sal-
vifolius, and C. laclaniferus, natives of the rocky countries of
Gilead and other parts of Palestine and the islands of the
Mediterranean. The gum is collected during the heat of the
day by drawing a bunch of leather thongs, or some loose woven
material to which the gum adheres, over the bushes. It also
adheres to the beards of goats browsing amongst the bushes,
from which it is scraped off. Ladanum is supposed to be the
same as the Hebrew word " Lot," which in our Bible is trans-
lated '' Myrrh," so that some consider it to be the myrrh which
the Israelites carried into Egypt, but not the myrrh of Moses.
{See Myrrh.) Gum Ladanum was once held in high medicinal
repute, but is now chiefly used in perfumery.
Lakao. {See Buckthorn.)
Lancewood, Australian {BacMwusia australis), a small
LARCH OF ECONOMIC PLANTS. 239
tree of the Myrtle family (Myrtacere), plentiful on the banks of
the ISTepean Eiver, New South Wales. The natives make their
bows of it.
Lancewood, Guiana {Bugudia Guitarensis), a tree of the
Custard Apple family (Anonace^), seldom attaining more than
20 feet in height. Its wood is tough and elastic, and is imported
into this country from Guiana and Cuba ; also that of G^iatteria
virgata, Rollinia multiflora, and R, longifolia, trees of the same
family, natives of Brazil and Guiana, are used for the same
purpose as Lancewood, chiefly for shafts of carriages, whip
handles, tops of fishing rods, for cabinet-work, and ornamental
articles.
Lancewood, Jamaica [Uvaria lanceolata), a small tree of
the Custard Apple family (Anonacese), native of Jamaica.
Lanseh, the Malayan name for the fruit of Lansium domesti-
cum, a tree of the Bead Tree family (Meliace?e), native of, and
cultivated throughout, the Malayan Islands. The fruit is the size
of a pigeon's egg, of a yellow colour, and is produced in bunches ;
wlien ripe it consists of a transparent pleasant subacid pulp,
enclosed in a very bitter skin, which has to be removed before
the fruit is eaten. There appear to be several varieties cultivated,
some more bitter than others. The natives consider it next to
the Mangosteen and Durian in flavour, and Europeans rank it
second of the Malayan fruits.
Larch (Larix europcca), a tree of the Fir family (Conifera3).
The larch forms large forests in Switzerland and other parts of
Europe, and is extensively planted in this country for its
timber. It forms an ornamental tree, sometimes attaining a
great height, and is the only European species of the family
that sheds its leaves. In Scotland (Perthshire) trees are to be
found measuring 21 feet in circumference. It yields Venice
turpentine, which is used in medicine. Of late years the Larch
in this country has been subject to a disease which has much
deteriorated its value as a forest tree. Larix Kcempferi, a native
of China, is in habit similar to the European Larix, but with a
more glaucous hue in the leaves, and is called the Golden Larch.
240 DICTIONARY OF POPULAR NAMES LASER
It is described by Mr. rortune as attaining a height of 120 to
130 feet, with a clear stem of 50 feet, and a girth of 5 feet near
the ground. It was introduced about fifteen years ago, grows
freely, and appears quite hardy.
Laser Cyrenaicum. {See Carrot, Deadly.)
Lattice hea^f (Oicvirandra/enestralis'), a plant of the family
iSTaiadaceae, native of shallow waters in Madagascar. Its leaves
have long foot-stalks, which grow from a rhizome, and vary from
12 to 18 inches in length and from 2 to 6 inches in breadth.
They consist of nerves only, which form a skeleton leaf, the
openings being square like lattice- work. It produces a forked
spike of flowers similar to Aponogeton. This plant was intro-
duced in 1855, and was successfully cultivated at Kew, produc-
ing leaves 3 feet in length.
Laurel, American. (See Kalmia.)
Laurel, Bay, or Sweet Bay {Zcmrus nohilis), a tree of the
Laurel family (Lauracese), native of Southern Europe, where it
attains a heio'ht of even 40 or 50 feet. It is well known in this
country, but is often killed to the ground in severe winters,
which circumstance keeps it down to a bushy shrub. The
leaves are aromatic, and used for flavouring custards, puddings,
and a few are often packed in fig boxes to give the figs a flavour.
Though known as Bay Laurel it is distinct from the common
shrub called Cherry Laurel {Primus Lcmrocerasus), which belongs
to the Cherry family.
Laurel, Canary {L. canarie7isis), a large tree having oblong
elliptical leaves of a rusty colour, native of the Canary Islands.
Laurel, Cape of Good Hope (Z. hullata), a small branching
tree, which on account of the fetid smell of its wood is well
known in the Cape Colony as Stink-wood.
Laurel, Jamaica {L. chloroxyloii), a lofty straight tree of
uniform girth, having oval, elliptical, three-nerved leaves. The
wood is hard, resisting the axe ; it is used for many purposes,
chiefly for sugar-works and machinery, and a single tree has
been known to produce a straight beam 40 feet long and 10
inches square.
LAVENDER OF ECONOMIC PLANTS. 241
Laurel, Madeira (Z. indica), a large timber tree with broad,
elliptical, smooth leaves. Its timber is mahogany-like, but
coarse, and is called by the natives Vinatico. L. fcetcns, a
large tree with broad shining leaves, native of ^Tadeira, and is
also found in the Canary Islands ; it is called foetens on
account of the fetid odour of its wood, which it retains for many
years. It is also known by the name of Til.
Laurel, New Zealand {Laurelia ^ MvcE-Zelandice), one of the
largest of the New Zealand trees, growing to a height of 150
feet and 3 to 7 feet in diameter, having buttresses at the base 15
feet thick. The wood is soft and yellow, and is much used for
boat-building. The fruit is aromatic.
Another New Zealand species is Z. Koliekolic, a fine hand-
some tree, with a trunk free of branches to a height of 40
feet, and a diameter of 3 feet ; its w^ood is red and fine-grained,
and makes handsome furniture.
Laurel, Tasmanian, a name given to Anopterus glandidosct,
a small tree of the family Escalloniacese, having opposite leaves
and pretty white flowers ; native of Tasmania.
Lavender {Lavandida ^vera), a shrub of the Mint family
(LabiatcB), native of the South of Europe bordering on the
Mediterranean. It attains a heisfht of 2 to 3 feet, havins:
narrow leaves. It is much cultivated in some parts of this
country, especially at Mitcham in Surrey, for the sake of
its flower- spikes, which are used as a domestic perfume.
From these is obtained by distillation the Oil of Lavender,
which dissolved in spirits of wine forms Lavender Water.
L. Spica and L. stcecJias, also natives of the South of Europe,
yield an oil used by artists for varnishing, etc. Eed Lavender
drops of the shops are made by a mixture of lavender and
rosemary.
Lavender, Sea (Statice Limonium), a perennial herb of the
Leadwort family (Plumbaginace?e), native of the southern coasts
of this country. It is also called Sea Thrift; it differs from
the grass-leaved thrift {Armeria maritima) in its leaves being
^ A genus of the family Monimiaceos. {See Sassafras.)
K
242 DICTIONARY OF POPULAR NAMES LAVER
oblong, obtuse, and smooth, and flowers, which are blue, i^ro-
duced in loose branched panicles.
Laver, a name for ribbon-like seaweeds, of which there are
different kinds — Purple {For'pliyra vulgaris and P. laciniata).
Green (Jllva latissima and U. compressa), sea plants, natives of the
rocky shores of this country and Europe generally. In Scotland
they are called Sloak,in Ireland Slook, and in some parts they form
an article of food for the poor, or dressed with lemon juice they
appear on the table of the rich. They contain iodine, and are con-
sidered to be good for those suffering from scrofulous complaints.
Leadwort (Plumbago europma), an erect, leafy, stemmed
perennial, wdth axillary small blue flowers. It is the type of the
Leadwort family (Plumbaginacese), native of Southern Europe,
and introduced to this country about 300 years ago ; the whole
plant is acrid and blistering, and is said to be used by beggars to
make artificial sores to excite pity. P. scandens of the West Indies
is, on account of its blistering qualities, called Devil's Herb.
Leather-coat Leaf-tree, a name in the West Indies for
Goccoloba puhesccns, a small, slender, unbranched tree of the Buck-
wheat family (Polygonaceae), 10 to 20 feet high, bearing alter-
nately near its apex a few large, round, rigid, pubescent leaves. An
old and conspicuous inhabitant of the hothouses of this country.
Leather-wood {Dirca j^^^^hostins), a low bush or slender-
branched shrub, native of Xorth America ; the branches are
tough and leather-like, and used as thongs, etc.
Leba, a name in Eiji for Eugenia neurocalyx, a small tree of
the Myrtle family (Myrtacese). Its fruit is round, ribbed, often
3 inches long and 8 in circumference, and contains five large
seeds of an angular shape and crimson colour. It is a favourite
with the natives for scenting cocoa-nut oil.
Leek. {8ee Onion.)
Lemon {Citrus Limonum), a small tree with smooth, shin-
ing, laurel-like leaves, of the Orange family (AurantiaceaB). It
is found wild in Northern India, and is supposed to have
migrated westward in early times ; it is recorded to have been
growing in Palestine in the thirteentli century, and is supposed
LETTUCE OF ECONOMIC PLANTS. 243
to have been introduced into Italy by llio Crusaders, and
ultimately spread into all countries of the INIediterranean suit-
able to its growth ; it has also been naturalised in the West
Indies and Florida. The fruit is oblong, oval or ovate, the apex
terminated by a small blunt knob ; it is similar to that of the
citron, but differs in the rind being smooth. Lemons are im-
ported into this country from Spain and ports on the Mediter-
ranean chiefly for their agreeable acid juice and essential oil,
used for flavouring confectionery and the like, as well as for
making acid drinks ; citric acid is also prepared from it.
Lemon Grass {Andro^'iogon Schcenanthus), a perennial tufted
grass with long leaves, growing wild, as well as cultivated, in
many parts of India. It yields an essential odoriferous oil used
in perfumery. {See Citronella.)
Lemon, Wild Water. {See Granadilla.)
Lentil {Lens escidenta, better known as Ervum lens\ a weak,
pea -like, wing -leaved annual of the Bean family (Legu-
minosoe), cultivated in Egypt and Palestine from remote
antiquity ; its seeds being the Lentil of Scripture spoken of in
the time of Jacob, of which the red pottage given to Esau was
made. It is still cultivated in Southern Europe and many parts
in the East. The meal of Lentils is very nutritious, and in this
country is advertised as an invalid food under the quack names
of " Ervalenta " and " Eevalenta."
Lentisk Tree. {See Mastic.)
Leopard-wood. {See Letter-wood.)
Letter-wood, Snake-wood, or Leopard-wood {Brosimitm
Auhletii), a large tree of the Bread-fruit family (Artocarpaceae),
native of tropical America, and also found in Trinidad. Its
beautiful mottled and streaked wood is much valued by cabinet-
makers, and is used for inlaying.
Lettuce {Lactuca sativa), an annual plant of the Composite
family (Compositse). Its native country is unknown, but it is
generally supposed to be Asia. It has been cultivated in this
country for 300 years. There are several varieties, the summer
or Cos Lettuce being the best. Their properties are narcotic ; the
244 DICTIONAEY OF POPULAR NAMES LEVER
milky juice, wliicli abounds greatly in the wild species (Z. virosa),
native of this country, resembles opium in its properties. A
recent instance occurred (July 1879) of the death of a man at
Liverpool — it is supposed from eating Lettuce. A post-mortejji
examination showed that death had resulted from apoplexy,
which was induced from the quantity of opium contained in the
Lettuce.
Lever-wood. (See Ironwood.)
Libidibi. (See Divi Divi.)
Lichen, Lichenes, names of one of the orders of the class
Cryptogamia of Linnaeus, of which there are about 2500 species
described ; the greater part of these grow on old walls, stones,
rocks, and trees, or on plains and mountains. A few only are
of economic importance, such as Iceland and Eeindeer Moss,
Orchil and Cudbear (which see).
Lignum Rhodium. (See Oil of PJiodium.)
Lignum Vitae (Guaiacum officinale), a small tree of the
Bean-caper family (Zygophyllaceae), rising to a height of 20 to
30 feet, having a round head of stiff branches and conjugate
winged leaves, the whole of a yellowish tinge, and producing
clusters of pretty blue flowers like Hejjatica. It is a native of
Jamaica and other West Indian Islands and of parts of tropical
America. The wood is extremely hard ; although of small size, it
is of great importance, and is extensively used in the dockyards,
its hardness making it well suited for pulleys and the bearings
of steam machinery, as well as for pestles and rulers. It
contains a resin known as Gum Guaiacum, which has long been
in use as a medicine, especially in rheumatic afl'ections. Gum
Guaiacum is also produced by G. sa7ictitm.
Lilac, Common (Syringa xidgai'is)^ a bushy erect shrub of
the Olive family (Oleaceee), native of Persia, recorded to have
been introduced into this country about 300 years ago, and has
become one of the most common ornamental shrubs. There are
several varieties, the principal being blue and white.
Lilac, Persian (>S^. jpersica), native of Persia, introduced
about 240 years ago. It differs from the preceding in its
LIME OF ECONOMIC PLANTS. 245
branches being slender and spreading, and in the trusses of
flowers being fragrant.
Lillypilly Trees, a name in Australia for the species of
Acmena, a genus of the Myrtle family (Myrtaceffi). A. ellijjtica
is a handsome tree, densely furnished with small elliptical
leaves, and in its season with abundance of white flowers. The
wood is hard and close-grained, but is apt to split in drying.
An allied species (A. pendula) attains a height of 30 to 60
feet, and a circumference of 5 to 6 feet.
Lily, Lilies, names for pretty flowering plants in general,
but in Botany restricted to the genus Lilium, the type of the
Liliacese, of which there are many species, natives of the
temperate zone of the northern hemisphere. They are showy
flowering plants, favourites in gardens, represented by the
White Lily (Z. candidum), the Orange Lily (Z. hidhiferum), Tiger
Lily (X. tigrimim), and of recent introduction the splendid
L. auratum native of Japan, and L. giganteinn native of ISTepal.
Lily of the Valley (Convallaria majalis), a perennial herb
of the Lily family (Liliaceae), native of Britain and other parts
of Europe, being generally found in shady places in woods, and
commonly cultivated in gardens for its pure, waxy, sweet-
smelling flowers. This is not the Lily of the Valley spoken of
by King Solomon. (See my History of Bible Plants)
Limblee Oil, an oil obtained from the seeds of JBergcra
Kcenigii, now known as Murraya Koenigii, belonging to the
Orange family (Aurantiacese), native of India and Ceylon. The
leaves are used for seasoning curries, to which they impart a
peculiar flavour.
Lime Fruit {Citrus Zimetta), a small tree of the Orange
family (Aurantiaceae). It is a native of Northern India, and,
like the orange and lemon, became early introduced into
the countries of the Mediterranean. It has smooth, laurel-
like leaves, and fruits similar to the orange, but of an oval form,
and the apex depressed, forming a hollow. From it and the
fruit of the lemon is obtained the lime juice of commerce,
which is highly antiscorbutic, and now forms a special article
246 DICTIONARY OF POPULAR NAMES LIME
of tlie stores of ships on long voyages, being a powerful antidote
in cases of scurvy.
Lime Tree, also familiarly known as Linden Tree {Tilia
nw^o/?o^a), belonging to the Lime Tree family (Tiliacese), found wild
throughout Europe and parts of Northern Asia. It is a bushy-
headed tree, seldom exceeding 40 to 60 feet in height. The
wood is light and white, and is extensively used by carvers,
musical instrument makers, and others. One of the most im-
portant parts of the Lime Tree is its bark ill the North of Europe,
especially in Eussia, and it is extensively used for making ropes
and garden mats, shiploads of which are yearly imported from
Archansjel. The' bark of old trees is used instead of tiles for
covering houses, and shoes, baskets, nets, and other articles of
domestic use, are made of it. The sap of the tree, which is drawn
off in the spring, yields a considerable quantity of sugar. The
fruit of the Lime Tree, which is not much larger than a pea, has
been found to contain a principle similar to chocolate ; this was
in the time of Frederick the Great (about 1658), who took great
interest in its discovery, but it was found the chocolate did not
keep, which^ with other causes, led to its abandonment. The
Lime Tree is planted in Germany and other parts for forming
avenues..
Limewort. {8m Chara.)
Linaloa, or Linaloe, a Mexican wood, probably furnished
by a species of Bursera. It is higlily fragrant, and is imported
into this country for the extraction of a fragrant oil used in
perfumery. The wood is said to come from the highlands of
Mexico, and to be brought down in pieces about the size of a
railway sleeper. It is used in the country where produced for
veneering small fancy articles. It has been known in Mexico
for at least fifty years, and is referred to by Guibourt under the
name Bois de Citron de Mexique. The name Linaloa is
probably derived from Lign Aloes, in the Bible, with which,
however, it has no connection.
Linden Tree. {See Lime Tree.)
Ling. {See Heather ; also Chestnut, Water.)
LIQUORICE OF ECONOMIC PLANTS. 247
Linseed Oil. {See Flax.)
Lint, the woolly flock obtained by scraping linen.
Lion's - leaf {Leontice ZeontojMtalum), a herbaceous plant
of the Barberry family (Berberide?e). It consists of a round,
tuberous corm or root -stock, from the centre of which rise a
few compound leaves, and the leafy flower-stalk about a foot in
height, bearing yellow flowers. It is a native of Southern
Europe and Sp^ia. In Aleppo the root is pounded and used as
a substitute for soap. Dioscorides speaks of it as a cure for
snake-bites. At the present day the Turks employ it as an
antidote against an overdose of oj^ium. Allied to this is Bon-
gardict Baiiwolfii. It has a large, flat, superficial tuber, 4 to 6
inches in diameter. It is a native of the same countries as the
last. The Persians roast or boil the tubers for food,
Liquidambar, the name of a gum obtained from Ziquidamhar
styraciflua and L. orientale, trees of the family Altingiacese.
The first is a native of North America, and the second a native
of Armenia, Syria, and the southern parts of Eastern Europe.
The first yields the substance called Gum Storax of commerce.
The chief supply comes from ports in the Mediterranean.
These gums are used in medicine and as varnishes, and are
different from true storax (which see).
Liquorice {G-lycyrrhiza glabra), a strong-rooted perennial of
the Bean family (Leguminosse), with winged, clover-like leaves.
It attains a height of 2 to 3 feet, and is a native of the South
of Europe, where it is extensively cultivated, as also in some
parts of this country, especially about Pontefract in Yorkshire.
The root contains a sweet juice, which is expressed, and is used
for making the Pontefract cakes, so called. By boiling it
tliickens, and forms the well-known stick or Spanish liquorice,
which is. imported from Italy and Spain, from whence ship-loads
are exported to the United States, and used for sweetening
tobacco, and it is also used as a demulcent and in the prepara-
tion of lozenges. The great quantity grown is, however, indi-
cative that some other use is made of it, the general belief being
that it is used by brewers for giving an apparent body to inferior
248 DICTIONARY OF POPULAR NAMES LITCHI
porter. It is used in tlie preparation of the purgative medicine
known as Black Draught,
Litchi, Longan, and Rambutan, the Chinese names for
three fruits, produced by three species of Nciilidmm, a genus of
the Soapberry family (Sapindacese). They consist of small
trees, seldom exceeding 20 feet in height, having winged, firm
leaves. The flowers are small, produced in loose bunches. 1.
Ne^lidinmLitclii. The Litchi is the most celebrated native fruit of
China. It is nearly round, about an inch and a half in diameter
the shell is tough, becoming brittle, of a chocolate-brown colour,
covered all over w^ith wart-like protuberances. AVlien fresh it is
filled with a white, almost trans^^arent, sweet, jelly-like pulp, in
which lies a rather large, shining, brown seed ; the pulp is of a
delicious sub-acid flavour when fresh. The Chinese dry it, when
it becomes black, like a prune, and thus preserve it for use
throughout the year ; in this state it is frequently to be seen in
the London fruit shops. The species grow-s freely in hothouses ;
before 1859 a plant 12 feet high in the Palm-house at Kew bore
an abundance of fine-flavoured fruit. 2. Longan (N. Longanum).
In general appearance this tree is similar to the Litchi, but
smaller, and the fruit is also smaller, being about half an inch
to an inch in diameter, quite round, nearly smooth, of a dusky
brown colour. The pulp is similar to the Litchi in flavour.
3. Eambutan {N. lappaceitm), a smaU tree with winged leaves
similar to the preceding. The fruit is of an oval form, 2 inches in
length, slightly flattened, and of a red colour, covered with long,
soft, fleshy spines. It contains a pleasant acid pulp, and is as
much esteemed as the pulp of the two preceding. These fruits
are in general cultivation in the southern provinces of China
and in the islands and countries of tropical Asia. Like most
other cultivated plants, there are many varieties, their fruits
varying in form, size, and flavour. 4. Dawa, a name in the Fiji
Islands for the fruit oi Nephelmm pinnatum, a tree 60 feet high,
forming forests in Fiji, and also found in New Hebrides, New-
Caledonia, and other islands. Its leaves are pinnate, and when
unfolding have a brilliant red tinge, which at a distance con-
LOCUST OF ECONOMIC PLANTS. 249
veys the idea of tlie trees being in bloom. Its fruit is about the
size of a walnut, and contains a honey-like, glutinous, white
pulp, which is esteemed by the Fijians.
Lithi, a name in Chili for Rhus caustica, a stiff shrub with
firm oval leaves of a brownish colour, belonging to the Cashew
^Rut family (Anacardiaceee). It is dreaded by the natives for
its baneful effects in blistering the skin, equal to those of the
Poison Oak {Rhus toxicodendron).
Litmus. (Sec Orchil.)
Liverworts, a general name for the plants comprehended
under the family Hepaticese, of the class Cryptogamia of Linnaeus,
now separated under two distinct families, Marchantiaceae and
Jungermannieae. Nearly 700 species are recorded, natives of
moist and shady places in most hot and temperate climates ;
many are epiphytal, and in some respects they may be com-
pared to mosses. They possess no economic properties, but are
highly interesting to the microscopic botanist ; such, for instance,
as the numerous species of the extensive genus Jungermannia,
many of which are natives of this country. The common
Liverwort {Marchmitia polymorpha) grows in moist situations, in
gardens, sometimes in pots, and even in the hothouse. Another
common species is Riccicc fiiiitans, which grows in pools and
ditches.
Locust, Honey {Gleditschia triacantJios), a large thorny tree
of the Bean family (Leguminosae), native of North America,
attaining a height of 60 feet. The wood is hard, and prin-
cipally used for making fences, posts, etc. The stem and main
branches are furnished from top to bottom with tripartite, rigid
spines, 3 to 4 inches in length, presenting a most formidable
barrier to the ascent of climbing animals. The pods are thin,
flat, curved, and twisted, a foot or more in length ; they contain
numerous seeds, embedded in a sweet pulpy substance, from
which a kind of sugar is extracted.
Locust Trees, a name given by early botanists in America
to trees bearing pods similar to the locust tree of Palestine
Ceratonia Siliqiia (see Carob Tree). West Indian (see Cour-
250 DICTIO^^ARY OF POPULAE XAMES LODH
baril). Locust Tree, or False Acacia {Bobinia Pseud-acacia),
a tree of the Bean family (Leguminosee), native of North
America, and has been gro^Ti in this country for more than 200
j^ears. It attains a height of 40 or 50 feet, averaging 2 J feet in
diameter. The wood was at one time considered valuable for ship-
building, but if now used, it is only for trenails. The roots smell
and taste like liquorice, but are poisonous. African {see Nitta).
Lodh Bark, a name in India for Symi^tlocos racemosa, a tree
of the Storax family (Styracese), about 20 feet high, native of
several parts of India. The bark is used with munjeet for dyeing.
The leaves of most si^ecies of Symplocos turn yellow with age.
S. tinctoria, native of Georgia and Carolina, is used for dyeing
3^ellow. S. Alstonia, a branchmg tree growing 10 or 12 feet
high, native of New Grenada, very much resembles the Chinese
tea plant, and it has been long used as a substitute for tea, and
is considered to have medicinal virtues.
Logwood (Ha3matoxylo7i cam2^ecManum), a small tree of
the Bean family (Leguminosce), from 20 to 30 feet high, with
winsjed leaves, consisting of from three to four small leaflets. It
is a native of Campeachy and other parts of Central America,
and has become naturalised in Jamaica and other West Indian
islands. Its wood is of a deep red colour, and was early intro-
duced for dyeing purposes, and continues to form an important
article of import, especially from Jamaica.
London Pride, properly London's Pride, also known as
None-so-pretty {Saxifraga icmhrosa), a pretty, rosulate- leaved
herb of the Saxifrage family (Saxifragaceae). It is a native of
this country and Ireland. It appears to have been first brought
into special notice as a pretty plant by George London, who
was, between the years 1681 and 1717, a celebrated nurseryman
and gardener, and with his partner. Wise, held more than 100
acres of ground at Brompton, well known until recent years as
Brompton Park Nursery ; now occupied by the South Kensing-
ton Museum, Horticultural Society's Garden, and Albert Hall.
Longan. (See Litchi.)
Loquat, or Japan Medlar {PJwiinia [Eriohotrya] japonica),
LOTOS OF ECONOMIC PLANTS. 251
a good-sized tree of the Apple family (Pomaceai) ; it has large,
elliptical, rough, strong- veined leaves. In Japan and China
it is cultivated for its fruit, which is about the size of a
small plum, produced in clusters, and has the flavour of
an apple. It is cultivated in the Australian Colonies, and in
France and other parts of Southern Europe, where it fruits
abundantly, but is not sufficiently hardy to bear the severe
winters of this country.
Lotos, an ancient Egyptian name for a plant growing in the
Mle, of which the Greek historian Herodotus (b.c. 413), who
visited Egypt, says — " When the river swells, great numbers of
lilies, which the Egyptians call Lotos, shoot up through the
water. These they cut down, and after they are dried in the
sun, take out the heart of the plant, which resembles a mekon
(poppy) ; they mould it into paste and bake as bread. They like-
wise eat the Lotos,-^ which is round, and equal to an apple in
bigness." This is, no doubt, the Nympliea Lotus of Linnceus, the
white water lily of Egypt, the representative of the white water
lily of this country, NympJiea alba {see ISTelumbium). It would
have been well if we could have ended the history of the Lotus
plant with the above ; but much discussion and difference of
opinion has arisen regarding the identification of the plant
called Lotos by the Greek poet Homer, who flourished 400
years before Herodotus. In the ninth book of the Odyssey he
says : —
" Nine days our fleet tli' uncertain tempest bore
Far in wide ocean, and from sight of shore ;
The tenth we toucli'd, by various errors tost,
Tlie Land of Lotos and the flowery coast.
"We climb'd the beach, and springs of water found ;
Then spread our hasty banquet on the ground.
Three men were sent, deputed from the crew,
(An Herald one), the dubious coast to view,
And learn what habitants possess'd the place.
They went, and found a hospitable race ;
Not prone to ill, nor strange to foreign guest
They eat and drink, and nature gives the feast,
^ The tuberous root.
252 DICTIONAEY OF POPULAR NAMES LOTOS
The trees around tliem all their fruit produce,
Lotos the name, divine nectarious juice,
Which whoso tastes.
Insatiate riots in the sweet repasts ;
Nor other home, nor other care intends,
But quits his house, his country, and his friends."
In order to assist in the determining any unknown plant, a
knowledge of its native country is of sp)ecial value. Here we
have a tree called Lotos, the fruit of which, to liim who eats it
for the first time, is so delicious as to make him wish for no
other home than the Flowery Land of the Lotos tree. Homer
does not inform us in what country tliis desirable home was
situated ; but, according to commentators in ancient history,
it is considered to be an island or country on the African coast,
near the ancient Lesser Syrtes, situated on the coast known in
modern times as Barbary, which comprehends Algeria and Tunis.
Presuming that such might be the case, and that Homer's story
of the Lotos tree is not all poetic fiction, and as dates no doubt
then, as they do now, formed one of the principal articles of
food to the inhabitants of those parts of Africa, and not being
known in Greece, we may readily suppose that the three Greek
sailors would eat of them, and on their return to Greece would
speak of them in such terms as to say they would wish for no
other home, and this saying coming to the knowledge of Homer,
furnished him with the idea of the Lotos. By subsequent
writers, the people of the country of the Lotos tree were called
Lotophagi, and various opinions were formed as to the identity
of the Lotos tree. The first worthy of notice is that of Dios-
corides, a Greek physician and writer on plants, who flourished
about the middle of the first century (950 years after Homer),
who, in a manuscript still extant in the library at Florence,
figures and describes under the name of Lotos a tree known to
modern botany as Celtis australis, a small tree of the Elm
family, common on both shores of the Mediterranean, bearing
abundance of sweet berries ; and being known to the Greeks,
it therefore can have no claim to be the Lotos of Homer, any
LUNGWORT OF ECONOMIC PLANTS. 253
more than the following Rliammis Lotus, so named by Linnaeus
{see Jujube), nor the Diospyros Lotus (see Date Plum). The
Lotos is also described by some as a spiny shrub, and its fruit
as possessing intoxicating properties. In an article in Annals
of Natural History (1849) Mr. Giles Munby, who resided many
years in Algeria, says that in his opinion the spiny shrub
Nitraria tridentata is the true Lotos ; that its fruit is a berry
sweet to the taste, and has slightly intoxicating properties,
quite sufficient to make a man forget his home while under its
influence ; it is a thorny shrub of the Desert, common through-
out Western Asia and North Africa {see Mtre Bush). As,
however. Homer describes the Lotos as a tree, we cannot accept
Mr. Munby's opinion that Nitraria was the Lotos tree of Llomer.
Linnaeus has further complicated the Lotus by adopting it as the
name of a genus of the Bean family (Leguminosae), consisting
of herbs and small shrubs, represented in this country by the
pretty clover plant Bird's-foot Trefoil {Lotus corniculatus), and
in our greenhouses by L. Jacohea, a small shrub, native of Cape
Verd, remarkable as being one of the few plants that have truly
black flowers.
Lousy-ar-nut. {See Earth Chestnut.)
Love Apple. {See Tomato.)
Lucerne. {See Medick.)
Lung Lichen {Sticta pulmonacea), a broad foliaceous Lichen,
growing in short grass, and called by the English peasant the
Lung of the Oak. It is mucilaginous, and is sometimes used as
a substitute for Iceland Moss.
Lungwort {Pulmonai^ia officinalis), a low perennial herb of
the Borage family (Boraginaceai). Its leaves are about 6 inches
in length, ovate, cordate, somewhat rough, marked with white
blotchy spots. These spots being likened to the disease spots on
the lungs of consumptive patients, early led it to become a remedy
for consumption. The soft mucilaginous nature of the leaves did
much to assist in the belief that it was beneficial for that disease.
But, like many other plants that had a value under the " doctrine
of signatures " of the old herbalists, it is now discarded.
254 DICTIONARY OF POPULAR NAMES LUPIN
Lupin {Lupinus albas), an annual of the Bean family
(Leguminosse), which, according to history, has been cultivated
in Egypt from the most remote period. It is extensively culti-
vated in the South of Europe for ploughing in as manure ; and
in Germany, and some parts of this country, the Yellow Lujoin
(Lupinus luteus) is grown for the same purpose. The seeds of
both, as well as those of the Blue Lupin (Z. hirstctus), are in the
raw state highly poisonous ; but when boiled the poisonous
property is removed, and in Italy they are used as food.
Mabolo {Diosinjros Mctbola), now described as D. discolor, a
tree of the Ebony family (Ebenacese), native of the Philippine
Islands, and commonly cultivated in many islands of the East.
It has also been introduced into the West Indies. It is a
middle-sized tree, having large, firm, coriaceous leaves of a light
colour. The fruit is like a large quince, and in some places is
called Man^osteen. Its flavour is aGjreeable.
Macaroni and Vermicelli, trade-names for similar products
made from a small hard-grained wheat grown in Italy.
Macaw Palm,orGru-Gru {Acrocomiafusiformis),?it?(\l,^tovit,
prickly-stemmed, wing-leaved palm, native of Jamaica and other
West Indian islands. The fruit is round, about the size of a
small apple, and produced in bunches. The nut is hard, and
contains oil, which is obtained either by crushing or grinding in
a mill to a paste, and after being purified it is similar to butter of
a light yellow colour. It has the odour of violets, and a sweetish
taste. It is employed in the manufacture of scented toilet soap.
The hard shell of the nut is ornamentally carved by the negroes,
and formed into toys and trinkets. The wood of the stem is
very hard, and used for many purposes. Tliis is now found to
be the same palm as the Cocos acuUata of Hortus Kev:ensis,
named by Martins A. sclerocarpa.
Maccasar Oil. {See Safflower.)
Mace. {See Xutmeg.)
Madder (EuMa tinctorum), a strong-growing perennial of
the Madder family (Rubiace^), native of the South of Europe
and Western Asia. It is cultivated in many parts for its roots.
MAGNOLIA OF ECONOMIC PLANTS. 255
which yield the important red dye called Madder. An allied
species {E. cordifolia) furnishes the Madder of India called
Munjeet, [and ship-loads are imported into this country. The
cultivation of Madder and Munjeet is now threatened with total
extinction, in consequence of the general use of the coal tar or
anihne dyes.
Madia Oil {Madia saliva), a clammy annual of the Com-
posite family (Composita3), native of Chili, and cultivated in
many parts of America for the sake of its seeds, which after
the oil is expressed are made into oil-cake for feeding cattle.
Madroma, a name in California for a beautiful tree (Arhuhis
Menziesii) of the Heath family (Ericaceae), native of the western
coast of Mexico and California. It bears a large edible berry,
and is much sought after by Mexicans and Indians. Its wood
is very hard, and is used for making the wooden stirrups of the
Indians.
Magnolia, the name of a genus of conspicuous trees and
shrubs, the type of the family MagnoliaceaB, natives of North
America, China, and Japan. Their flowers and bark have an
aromatic principle, but they possess no special medicinal pro-
perties. Their large sweet-scented flowers and large green
leaves give them rank as ornamental trees in the gardens and
shrubberies of this country. Those native of North America
are hardy, of which the following are the principal : — 1.
Magnolia grandiflora, one of the most conspicuous of trees,
sometimes attaining a height of 80 feet or more. It is an
evergreen, and has firm, elliptical leaves, from 8 to 10 inches
long, smooth and shining on the upper surface, and of a rusty
brown on the under. The flowers are of a yellowish-white
colour, and stand upright, in the form of a cup 6 to 8 inches in
diameter. They are highly fragrant, and are the largest flowers
ol any trees growing in the open air in this country. There are
several varieties, some of which are not so hardy as others.
One tree at Kew, more than a hundred years old, for many
years growing against a wall, but now for more than thirty years
standing fully exposed, has attained the height of 23 feet, and a
256 DICTIONARY OF POPULAK NAMES MAGUEY
girth of 3 feet. 2. Magnolia glauca, a low, bushy, deciduous tree,
called Swamp Sassafras. Its flowers are highly fragrant. It
is also called Beaver Tree ; the wood being soft, the beavers
make their dams of it. 3. M. macrophylla, a large-leaved deci-
duous tree, rare in this country. 4. M. acuminata, the Cucumber
tree — 5. 31. trijMtala, Umbrella tree — 6. M. auriculata — 7.
M. corclata, are, with the exception of the first, all hardy de-
ciduous trees, of which a few years ago some fine specimens
were to be seen in the Eoyal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
Of those natives of China, M. conspicua, as its name denotes,
is the most conspicuous. It is called Yulan. It is deciduous,
and attains a height of 40 or 50 feet, much branched, and has
pure lily-like flowers, produced before the leaves expand, in such
profusion that at' a distance it appears one compact sheet of
white. It was introduced in 1789, and one of the original plants
is still growing at Kew, but now much shorn of its beauty by
having been transplanted.
Maguey Fibre. {See Aloe, American.)
Mahaleb (Cerasus Mahalch), a kind of cherry, of the Almond
and Plum family (Drupaceoe), native of Southern Europe. Its
wood is highly prized by cabinetmakers. The plant is cultivated
near Baden for walking-sticks and fancy smoking pipes.
Maharanga, a name in India for a red dye obtained from
Onosma Emodi, a strong-rooted perennial of the Borage family
(Boraginacese). It is indigenous to Thibet, and may be obtained
in abundance. Its roots, like alkanet, yield a brilliant red
colour to oil. It is employed for staining wood a mahogany
colour, and is known in the Indian bazaars by the name of
Ptutton Root.
Mahoe. {See Bast, Cuba.)
Mahogany, American (Sivietenia MaJiagoni), a large tree of
the Mahogany family (Cedrelaceae), with winged, dark-coloured,
ash-like leaves, native of Jamaica and Central America. It
forms an important article of trade with the Republic of British
Honduras, from whence occasionally very large logs are received,
sometimes measuring 20 or more feet in length, and 4 or 5 feet
MAIZE OF ECONOMIC PLANTS. 257
thick. It is greatly used for the interior fittings of houses, fur-
niture, railway carriages, and cabinet-work of all kinds.
Mahogany, Indian — 1. ^S". fehrifitga, now separated as a
distinct genus under the name of Soymida. A large tree similar
in habit to the preceding, native of India, known by the native
names of Eohun and Eedwood. Its wood is similar to the
American mahogany, and used for similar purposes. The bark
is very astringent, and a few years ago came into repute as
a substitute for quinine. 2. ^S'. Chichrassia, now separated as a
distinct genus, under Chichrassia ; C. tabularis is a tree similar
to the preceding, and produces one of the woods known by the
name of Chittagong wood. It is light-coloured and beautifully
grained, and is in much repute by cabinetmakers. Its bark is
astringent, but not bitter.
Mahogany, Native. {Sec Eucalyptus.)
Mahwah, a name in India for Bassia latifolia. (Sec Butter
Tree.)
Maidenhair Tree {Scdishi.ria acliantifolict), a remarkable
tree of the Yew Family (Taxaceae), native of Japan, where it is
called Gingko, and was introduced more than a hundred vears a^o.
It is the only deciduous tree of the family, and also differs in
having broad, two-lobed leaves, wdth longitudinal, forked veins ;
and the likeness of the leaves to the maidenhair fern has led it
to be called by the above name. This, with the Yew and a species
from Japan, is the only member of the family that withstands the
winters of this climate. Although a curious and showy summer
tree, it is nevertheless not much cultivated in this country. A
fine specimen, 40 feet high, may be seen growing in the Eoyal
Gardens, Kew. The kernels of the fruit are eaten by the
Japanese, and an oil is also extracted from them.
Maitrank (May Drink), a German drink made by putting
young shoots of Woodruff (Asperida odorata) into wine.
Maize, or Indian Corn {Zea Mays), an annual cane -like
OTass, OTowino' to a hei^'ht of 4 or 5 feet, bearing: a dense head
of closely -packed grains the size of peas, enclosed in a sheatli
called the cob. It is a native of South America, and was culti-
s
258 DICTIONAEY OF POPULAR NAMES ISLIIZEXA
vated there as bread corn before the conquest. Since the dis-
covery of South America it has spread, and is now cultivated in
all tropical and sub -tropical countries, forming a staple article
of food. Large quantities are exported from the ports of the
United States to this country, and largely used for feeding
horses. Several preparations are made from the flour and sold
in shops as Hominy, Oswego, and Maizena. The cane yields
sugar nearly equal in quality to that of the sugar-cane, but the
yield is not sufficient to pay the expense of its abstraction. The
late celebrated politician and writer William Cobbett attempted
to bring it into cultivation in this country, and for several years
grew it extensively on his farm at Nine Elms in Surrey. It
grows freely, and produces crops which in hot summers ripen ;
but the average of good summers is too small to secure a regu-
lar crop. The terrible disease known in Italy by the name of
pellagra is attributed to the use of bread made of undressed
maize flour. {See Glucose.)
Maizena. {See Maize.)
Maja. A name of the Ivory ISTut Palm.
Malacca Cane {Calamus Scijnomcm), a wing-leaved, erect,
slender, cane-stemmed palm (Palmace?e), which when dressed is
of a brown colour. These stems are sometimes mottled or
clouded. It is a native of Cochin-China, Sumatra, and some
of the ]\Ialayan Islands. They come to this country from
Singapore, and form the much-prized Malacca walking-canes.
Malambo Bark {Groton malanibo), a shrub of the Spurge-
wort family (Euphorbiacese), native of Venezuela and New
Grenada, growing to a height of about 4 feet, having a
yellowish, somewhat corky bark, highly aromatic, like Calamus
aromaticus. It is much valued for medicinal purposes, and is
even said to have proved useful in the treatment of cholera. In
the United States it is said to be largely used for mixing with
ground spices. The aromatic character seems to indicate that
this plant belongs to some other family than the one here
given.
Male Fern {Lastrea Filix-mas). — It is one of our handsomest
MALLOW OF ECONOMIC PLAXTS. 259
native ferns, and common tlirougliout the temperate regions of
the northern hemisphere, its fronds, 3 to 4 feet long, rising from
a short erect caiidex in the form of a corona. Of all the ferns
celebrated by the ancients for their medicinal virtues, the Male
Fern ranks the highest, its reputation as a vermifuge having
descended from the time of Dioscorides to the present, the part
used being the hard woody portion of the caudex, which is either
taken in the form of a powder decoction or ethereal extract.
But notwithstanding its ancient celebrity and fame, acquired
during the latter part of the last century, when it was discovered
to form the basis of the Swiss remedy for taenia, the secret of
which Louis XYI. purchased of Madame Mouffer for the sum of
18,000 francs, its use is gradually becoming obsolete.
Mallows. — In the English version of the Bible the Hebrew
word Malluach has been translated Mallows : " Who cut up
mallows by the bushes and juniper roots for their meat " (Job
XXX. 4. 1520 B.C.) It, however, cannot be determined what
2:)lant or plants were the mallows there spoken of. In this
country the word Mallows has been long a familiar name of
the genus Malva, the type of the family Malvaceae, of which
there are many species widely distributed in the torrid and
temperate zones. They consist chiefly of annuals and soft
woody shrubs ; they are mucilaginous and not unwholesome,
and are in repute by old herbalists as emollients. 3f. rotundifolia,
an annual, native of Britain, is very common in many countries
in the northern hemisphere. In Egypt it is extensively culti-
vated and used as a pot-herb.
Mallow, Marsh {Althcca officinalis), a strong - growing
perennial, native of this country. It attains a height of
about three feet, and is of a hoary aspect. It is cultivated in
certain districts, and is held in repute as a medicinal plant,
being used chiefly in fomentations and gargles. The juice of
the root is used in the preparation of cough lozenges.
MaUow Tree {Lavatcra arhorea), a single hard -stemmed
shrub, assuming the character of a tree, 4 to 8 or 10 feet high,
terminated by a crown of broad-lobed leaves ; native of Europe,
260 DICTIONAEY OF POPULAR NAMES ]SIALAY
found near the sea. It is also native of this country, chiefly on
the south-western coast, and flourishes on the Bass Rock in the
Firth of Forth. It is grown as a curiosity in cottage gardens.
Its cultivation has been attempted for the sake of its fibre, but
not with any good results, as the fibre is coarse.
Malay Apple {Eugenia malaccensis), a handsome, strong-
frrowing, smooth-leaved tree of the ^lyrtle family (Myrtacese),
producing a profusion of scarlet flowers from the stem and
branches, which are succeeded by abundance of fruit, about the
size of a small apple. The tree is common in India, Malayan
Peninsula and Islands. The pulp of the fruit is said to be
wholesome and agreeable. A plant in the Palm-house at Kew,
20 feet high, often produces abundance of fruit. In its native
country it attains a height of 40 to 50 feet, and according to
Dr. Seemann the jSIalay Apple is common in the Sandwich and
Fijian Islands. There are two varieties, one with white
flowers and the other with scarlet, which are produced in such
abundance that when they begin to fall the ground is one sheet
of red or white, and when intermingled look like a carpet.
The natives call the tree Kavika, and they hold it in venera-
tion; and in their imagination the Kavika tree represents all
that is lovely and beautiful. The fruit is large and quince-
shaped, with apple-like smell and delicate flavour, which is suf-
ficient to justify the praise Polynesians bestow upon it. This is
probably a distinct species from E. malaccensis of India.
Maloo, a name in India for Bauliinia Valilii, a woody
climber of the Bean family (Leguminosee). It has thick woody
stems 200 to 300 feet long, climbing over and interlacing the
highest trees in the forests, twisting it so tightly that the tree
becomes stranu'led and dies, the Bcaihinict remaininf]^ as a tree.
Its bark is very tough and strong, and is used for making ropes
and suspension bridges. Its leaves are about a foot in diameter,
in the form of two lobes joined at the edges. They are sold at
bazaars for domestic purposes, and are used for making platters.
Another species, B. xariegata, is a small tree, 20 feet high,
common in India, China, the Moluccas, and other islands of
IMA^IMOTH OF ECONOMIC PLANTS. 261
the Indian Ocean, and lias become naturalised in the "West
Indian Islands. Its leaves consist of two lobes, joined like the
preceding. Its flowers are showy, of a rosy wliite, and produced
in twos on a short stalk. The wood is of a dark colour, and
is sometimes called Ebony. In India its bark is used medi-
cinally, and also for tanning leather.
Malt, barley grains moistened to make them sprout, which
at a certain point is suddenly checked by tossing the grains
with shovels on heated floors till dry ; the grain is then sweet,
the sprouting having set free the sugar ; the malt then undergoes
certain processes for making ale, beer, porter, gin, and whisky.
Mammee Apple {Mammea americana), a tree of the Gamboge
family (Guttifer?e), native of the West Indies and tropical
America. It attains a height of 60 to 70 feet, and has a
spreading head, with broad, ovate, oblong, firm, smooth, shining
leaves. The fruit is of an angular form, the size of a small
melon or cocoa-nut. It has two rinds — the outer leathery;
and inner thin, yellow, adhering closely to the flesh, which is
firm, bright yellow, has a singularly pleasant taste, and a sweet
aromatic smell. It is, however, variously thought of. Some
consider it of a soapy flavour, others that it tastes like molasses,
with a slight flavour of tar. It is more agreeable to the palate
of the natives than to Euroj^eans. It contains one to four large
seeds, from which an oil is expressed, used by the Indians as a
hair oil. The tree on being wounded yields a thick yellow
gum. It is also used by the Indians and negroes as a cure for
the itch, and to prevent the chigoes from attacking their feet.
The bark is a powerful astringent, even poisonous, and a decoc-
tion of it is used for the same purposes.
Mammoth Tree (Sequoia gigantea), more generally known as
Wellingtonia gigantea, a tree of the Coniferae family. This was
supposed by some authors to be a distinct genus from Sequoia,
and on account of its large size English botanists named it after
the great warrior the Duke of Wellington, thus giving it the
name of Wellingtonia gigantea. Careful examination has, how-
ever, shown me that it is in no way distinct as a genus from
262 DICTIONARY OF POPULAR NAMES MAXCHINEAL
Sequoia, in which genus it is now placed. It is a native of
California, and for some time was thought only to grow in one
locality, called the "Mammoth Grove;" it has, however, been
found in several other mountain ranges, but not equal in size to
those first discovered. Its immense size was a few years ago well
known to visitors to the Crystal Palace by a portion of the
thick bark of one of the trees being set up in the position it occu-
pied when growing, showing its natural dimensions, the height
of the tree felled being 327 feet, with a diameter of 30 feet
at the ground. This bark was destroyed by a fire which occurred
at the Palace some years since. The plant has been introduced,
and grows freely in this country, forming as yet a very orna-
mental tree, some having attained already the height of 30 feet
or more.
Manchineal Tree (Ilijjjjomanc Mancinella), a tree of the
Spurgewort family (Euphorbiacese). This, like the Upas tree of
the East, is the celebrated poison tree of tropical America; it
gi'ows to the height of from 40 to 50 feet, and is generally found
near the sea-shore. The leaves are simple, of an elliptical form,
and sliining, 3 to 4 inches in length. The fruit is of a yellowish-
green colour, and very tempting to the eye, but when bitten it
is found to be very acrid. Many wonderful stories are told of
the virulent nature of this tree, even that it causes ill effects to
persons lying under its shade ; its milky juice is highly acrid
and blistering to the skin, and has caused blindness by the
hands coming in contact with the eyes after the plant has been
handled.
Mandiocca. {See Cassava.)
Mandrake {Mandragora officinarum), a low perennial herb
of the Nightshade family (Solanaceae), native of the South and
East of Europe and Western Asia ; it has large tap roots, from
which spring a number of simple lance-shaped leaves, the flowers
being produced amongst them close to the stem, and succeeded
by the fruit, which lies on the OTound round the centre of the
plant ; it is like the potato apple, but larger. This plant is of
ancient renown, for virtues superstitiously founded on the
MANGROVE OF ECONOMIC PLANTS. 263
resemblance of the roots to the human figure. This idea of its
virtues has prevailed since Eeuben " found mandrakes in the
field," but it is doubtful whether that was the same plant as the
present. A few years ago two children were poisoned, it is
said, by eating mandrake roots, which they found in a field.
But whatever was the cause of death, it coukl not be from the
effects of Mandragora offlcinarum, as it is not a native of this
country.
Mangel Wurzel. {Sec Beet.)
Mango {Mangifera indica). — This well-known tree belongs to
the Cashew Nut family (Anacardiaceae), common throughout the
whole of India and other countries of the East, and has been
introduced into the AVest Indies and tropical America. It may
well be called the Apple of the trojDics ; and, like it, it has a
great many varieties, differing in the shape, size, colour, and
flavour of the fruit ; some are large, fleshy, and luscious, \\'hile
others are so stringy and terebinthaceous that they have been
compared to a mouthful of tow soaked in turpentine. They
vary in form, some being kidney -shaped, and some roundish
and slightly compressed ; their average weight is from a quarter
to three-quarters of a pound. Some years ago fine luscious
fruits, each weighing half a pound, were produced on an old tree
in the Palm-house at Kew.
Mangosteen (Garcinia Mangostana), a tree of the Gamboge
family (Guttifera), attaining a height of about 20 feet, with
opposite nearly horizontal branches and smooth elliptical opposite
leaves, native of Molucca and other Spice islands ; and it has
become indigenous in Java, Singapore, and other parts of the
East. The fruit is about the size of an apple, of a reddish-brown
colour when ripe, having a thick succulent rind, and crowned
with the persistent rays of the stigma. It contains a juicy
Avhite pulp of a refreshing, delicate, sweet, and acid flavour. It
is universally esteemed, and is considered to be one of the finest
of tropical fruits. The rind contains an astringent juice, used as
a cure for dysentery.
Mangrove, a name applied to two genera of shrubs or small
264 DICTION A.RY OF POPULAR NAMES IMANILLA
trees, namely FJiizopliora and Avicennia. 1. Rhizopliora, the
type of the Mangrove family (Ehizophoracese) ; consists of
about 20 species, all being natives within or near the tropics,
where they form impenetrable barriers for hundreds of miles
alons^ the mud- shores of low coasts, risinc? to a height of 15
feet or more, and throwing out numerous roots from the lower
part of the stem. They also send down long slender roots from
the branches, something like the banyan tree of India. The
Mangrove is perhaps most remarkable from the fact of its seeds
germinating in the fruit while yet hanging from the branch, and
producing a radicle or root sometimes more than 3 or 4 feet long,
and ultimately falling into the mud and forming a new centre.
By this means they extend their domain seawards, their roots
and branches interlacing in every direction. Oysters and other
shell -fish attach themselves to these plants, so verifying to a
certain extent the assertion that oysters grew on trees. The
Mangrove has no special virtues, except that the bark is some-
times used for tanning and dyeing. The exhalations from Man-
grove swamps are of a most unhealthy nature, causing malaria and
fever. The tj^^ical species of the family is Uliizoj^liova Mangle.
2. Avicennia tonientosa, a shrub of the Verbena family
(Verbenaceae). Like the preceding, it occupies large tracts of the
sea-shores in tropical countries, and extends south to New
Zealand and Tasmania. It is, like the true ]\Iangrove, remarkable
for extending its domains seawards by strong roots, which rise
out of the mud in an arched, entangled manner, again entering
the mud and sending up asparagus-like shoots, forming extensive,
impenetrable coast jungles. On the American coasts, these
jungles are the resort and home of alligators. It has opposite,
entire, oblong leaves, 2 to 3 inches in length, with a white down
on the under surface, which has caused it to be called the White
Mangrove.
Manilla Tamarind. {See Algaroba.)
Manna, a sweet substance produced by different plants,
the most important being the Manna Ash {Fraxinus Ornus), a
tree attaining a height of 30 to 40 feet, common in Southern
MANNA OF ECONOMIC PLANTS. 265
Europe. It contains a sweet juice, which is obtained by making
incisions in the stem. The juice hardens, and forms the j^rincipal
kind of Manna sold by druggists for domestic use ; the principal
quantity comes from Sicily and Calabria. Another Ivind of
Manna is produced by Eucalyptus mannifera, a lofty tree of the
Myrtle family (Myrtacese), native of New South Wales, also by
a species of Oak (see Willow). A kind of Manna is produced,
by the Larch tree {Larix europcea), known as Manna of BriauQon.
Manna Croup. {See Manna Grass.)
Manna Grass (Glyceria fiuitans), a spreading water-grass
covering the surface of water in ditches, pools, ponds, etc., in
this country, and throughout Europe. It is a sweet grass ; cattle
are fond of it, and wade into the water to obtain it. In Hol-
land, and Poland the seeds are used as food, and in Germany are
used for making the article called Manna Croup.
Manna of Sinai is produced by two plants. Tamarix
mannifera, a small tree or much-branched shrub similar to T,
gallica, common on the coasts of this country, Erance, and
Southern Europe generally. It is native of the desert countries
of Western Asia. At certain seasons of the year the stems are
punctured by a small insect ; from these punctures a honey-like
liquid exudes, which hardens on the stems, and is collected by
the Bedouin Arabs of the present day, and is preserved like
honey as a delicacy. Another kind of Manna is produced by
Hedysarum Alhar/i, by modern botanists called Alliagi ma2i7vrum,
a low scrubby spiny bush of the Bean family (Leguminos?e),
with small simple leaves. A plant common in the deserts of
Syria, Persia, Bokhara, and Hindostan. In some places it is
called Camel Thorn. During the heat of the day a sweet
gummy substance exudes from the leaves and stems ; this
hardens, and is collected by the Bedouin Arabs, and in Bokhara
to such an extent as to form a substitute for sugar, for which it
is used as well as for sweetmeats and confectionery. Some
writers endeavour to show that this and the preceding furnished
the Manna of the Israelites, but the quantity obtained even over
an extensive district is small, and in other points it does not
•■'
ft
- %
266 DICTIOXARY OF POPULAR NAMES BIANNA
^gree witli Moses' description of'tlie Manna; with regard to
^vliiQl>*,'#&ie writers .'liave endeavoured to explain that the
niiraciilous fall of the IManna of the Israelites was due to natural
causes, and believe it to have been showers of a Cryptogamic
23lant {Liclien escuhntus), called by modern botanists Lecanora
esculenta, first brought into notice by Pallas, a liussian traveller,
in 1788, who observed it in the Crimea, and also on very dry
limestone hills in the desert of Tartary, lying on the ground like
small stones united together. The use made of it by the in-
habitants for food in times of scarcity led him to name it Ziehen
esculentus, and he described and figured it in a Eussian botanical
work in 1796. The species now in question, and a closely-allied
species {Leeanora ciffinis), occupy vast tracts of barren plains
and mountains in many regions of Western Asia, and also of
Xorth Africa ; in time it loses its attachment to the surface on
^\-hich it grows, and being light is carried up by the winds and
conveyed in the air to a great distance, ultimately falling to the
ground, and sometimes forming a layer several inches in thick-
ness. Sheep eat it, and in times of scarcity the inhabitants
make a kind of bread of it, regarding it as sent to them by
Providence, and believing that it falls from heaven. Specimens
collected after a shower are to be seen in the ]\Iuseum at
Kew, sent by W. K. Loftus, Esq., in 1854; also specimens from
Bayaza, in Asiatic Turkey, sent in 1855 by H. H. Calvert, Esq.,
British Consul at Erzeroum. On the 3d of AugTist 1828 a
shower is recorded to have fallen in the regjion of ]\Iount Ararat
in Armenia. The same, or a closely-allied species of lichen, has
been observed by the Ptev. H. B. Tristram in the great desert of
Sahara, lying on the ground like nodules of sand ; it is gathered
by the natives, and used by them as food in times of scarcity.
The late Giles Munby, Esq., who resided for a number of
years ui Algeria, also gives an account of it in a paper read before
the British Association at Birmincrham in 1849. He savs that
L. esculenta, or an allied species, springs up in a night, covering
the sand of the desert ; and that the Erench soldiers during an
expedition south of Constantine subsisted on it for some davs,
MARIGOLD
\ OF ECOX-^j^ PLANTS, '^ 267
cooking it in various ways, and making it into bread. He.
further states that it is blown about by the wind, and collects
in heaps. Being of a soft starcliy nature, it can readily be
imagined that it would soon ferment and putrefy.
These accounts seem to leave no doubt that one or more
species of crustaceous edible lichens grow on sterile plains and
mountains, and are occasionally carried by winds to distant
localities ; that the latter circumstance seems to be uncertain
and erratic ; and also that these lichens do not agree witli the
text which says, " When the sun waxed hot, it [the manna]
melted," which being the case with the Tamarix Manna leads
us to presume that it and Lichen Mannas are included in Moses'
description of Manna.
Maple, Common (Acer campestre), a tree of the natural
order Sapindaceae, native of this country. It is valued for its
wood, wdiich is first white, and by age becomes yellow or brown.
It is compact and firm, but not hard, of a fine grain, and is em-
ployed for turnery, ornamental work, and wood - carving, and
was once in great repute for culinary vessels, as bowls, plates,
spoons, etc.
Maple, Sugar {A. saccharimim), a moderate-sized tree,
native of North America, in Canada forming extensive forests.
It is of great importance for its juice, which is obtained in early
spring by tapping, and is afterwards converted into sugar. A
tree will yield from two to four pounds yearly, and wiU continue
to do so for forty years without suffering injury. It is chiefly
made by the Indians, and is in general use in North America,
and is considered equal to cane sugar.
Marble -wood, Andaman {Diospyros Kurzii), a tree of the
Ebony family (Ebenace?e), native of the Andaman Islands and
British Burmah, attaining a height of 50 to GO feet ; its wood
is greyish, interlaid with black, and called Marble -wood. It
takes a fine polish, and is used for cabinet-work in the country
of its growth.
Marigold (Calendula officinalis), a pretty yellow flowering
annual of the Composite family (Composita?), native of South
268 DICTIONARY OF tOPULAR NAMES | MARIGOLD
Euro23e, introduced more than 300 years ago, and become
naturalised in many parts, often seen on railway banks. An
extract of tlie flowers is used for colouring butter and cheese.
Marigold, Marsh (Caltha 2^ctlustris), a beautiful perennial
plant of the Eanunculaceae, flowering early in the spring,
growing abundantly in marshy places and by river-banks ; it is
commonly reputed to be acrid and poisonous ; the flower-buds
have been used as capers. In some places it is called Butter-
cup.
Marjoram {Origanum vulgare), a strong-growing perennial
plant of the Mint family (Labiatse), native of this country,
known by the name of Wild Marjoram. Oil of Thyme is
obtained from it, and is used by dentists and furriers.
Marjoram, Sweet {Origanum Marjorana), Pot {0. Oiiites),
Winter {0. hcradeoticum), perennial plants, native of South
Europe, and cultivated in this country as pot-herbs.
Marking Nut {Semecarpus Anacardium), a tree of the
Cashew Xut family (Anacardiaceie), native of India. It has
large oblong leaves, and fruit borne on a fleshy receptacle
similar to the Cashew Nut. It is roasted and eaten by the
natives. The black juice obtained from the unri]3e fruit is used
for marking cloths, and when mixed with quicklime forms an
indelible marking-ink. Great care is necessary in using it, as
from its acrid nature it is apt to cause severe inflammation. It
is also used as a varnish in calking ships.
Marmalade Plum, a name in the West Indies for Lucuma
mammosum, a tree of the Star Apple family (Sapotacese), common
throughout the West Indies and tropical America, valued for
its fruit, which is from 3 to 5 inches long, and pulpy. It is
called Marmalade from its resembling that preserve in taste
and appearance.
Marmelos {yEgh Marmelos). {See Bael.)
Marram, Marrum, or Mat Grass {AmmopUla arenaria)',
also may be included under this name Elymus are^iaria and E.
geniculatus, all perennial, strong, running-rooted grasses, having
rigid whitish leaves. Natives of the sea-shores of this country
MASTICH OF ECONOMIC PLANTS. 269
and other parts of Europe. On low sanely shores they form
important agents in keeping back the inroads of the sea, and
they even extend seaward. The celebrated golf links of St.
Andrews have thus been gained from the sea, and people now
walk on ground that was sea not fifty years ago.
Marvel of Peru (^Mirahilis Jalcqja), a strong-growing peren-
nial of the Marvel of Peru family (Nyctaginaceae). It has been
grown in this country as a garden plant for more than 250 years.
It is said to be a native of both Indies, but this must be con-
sidered uncertain. It has large black tuberous roots, supposed at
one time to be the medical Jalap Eoot. This and M. longiflora
are handsome garden plants, opening their pretty tube -like
flowers, or properly calyx, in the afternoon, hence called Four-
o'clock-flower.
Massaranduba. {See Cow Tree.)
Mastich, the name of the resin of Pistacia Lentiscus, a tree
of the Cashew Nut family (Anacardiaceoe). It attains a height
of 15 to 20 feet and a foot in diameter, having winged smooth
leaves of a pale colour, and inconspicuous flowers. It yields a
balsamic sap, which is obtained by making incisions in the
stems and branches ; it hardens, and is the Mastic of commerce.
It has a sweet resinous smell, and is chewed by the Turks to
preserve the gums and teeth, and to sweeten the breath, and it
is also used by them in the preparation of a liqueur called Eaki.
It is used by dentists in this country for stopping teeth. In
the arts it is chiefly employed as a varnish for pictures, maps,
etc., on paper and canvas. About eight or ten tons are yearly
imported, chiefly from Scio and other Greek islands. It is common
in the rocky countries of Gilead, and is supposed to have yielded
the balm that the Ishmeelites carried into EgyjDt. The resin
of the Lentisk was called by the ancients SeJmios, which has
been adopted by Linnreus as the name of a genus of American
shrubs of the same family (Anacardiacese). Seldnus MoUe, a
shrub, native of Peru, is called the Peruvian Mastich Tree. It
has light-green pinnate leaves, which contain a highly odoriferous
oily fluid, which naturally exudes, especially after rain, and fills
270 DICTIONARY OF POPULAR NAMES MAT
the air with fragrance ; on throwing fragments of the leaves into
water the oil is expelled with such force as to cause them to
jerk and twirl as if by spontaneous motion. >S^. Molle is widely
diffused. It is found extending from Chili northward to Cali-
fornia, wdiere it is called the Pepper Tree, its berries having the
taste of common black pepper. It has been introduced and is
now common in Italy and other parts of South Euro]3e ; but
neither it nor the Lentisk is sufficiently hardy to live in the
open air in this country.
Mat Grass. {See MaiTam.)
Mats. — Cocoa-nut (see Cocoa-nut) ; Chinese and Indian {see
Cyperus) ; Garden or Eussian {see Lime Tree) ; Door {see Hemp).
Mat^. {See Paraguay Tea.)
Matico {Piper angustifolmm), better known as Arfanfhe
elongata, a jointed shrub of the Pepper family (Piperace^e),
native of Peru. It is an erect-growing species with lanceolate
rouoh leaves, which are used for stanchinsj the bleedinf]^ of
wounds. It is known in South America by the name of Soldier's
Herb.
Mawseed. {See Poppy, White.)
May, a popular name for the flowers of Cratcegus Oxyacan-
tha. {See Hawthorn.)
May Apple {Podopliyllic7n peltatum), also known by the
name of Duck's - foot, a perennial plant of the Buttercup
family (Eanunculacese), native of the United States ; abundant
in damp, shady woods. It has long, shield-like, lobed leaves and
white flowers; its fruit is egg-shaped in form, and about the
size of a small lemon ; the root and leaves of the plant are acrid
and poisonous, but the pulp of the fruit is less so, and contains
active medicinal qualities, being in repute as a substitute for
calomel.
Meadow Saffron. {See Colchicum.)
Medick, also called Lucerne {Medicago sativa), a perennial,
tall, slender, clover -like plant, considered to be a native of
England, but rare in a wild state. It is, however, extensively
cultivated as a cattle food. The Hop Medick {M. Lupidina), so
MELON OF ECONOMIC PLANTS. 271
named on account of its flowers having some resemblance to a
hop cone, is also cultivated for fodder.
Medlar {J\Icspiliis gcrmanica), a small spreading tree or bush
of the Apple family (Pomacea3). It is found in hedges and
uncultivated places in this country, as well as in France, Ger-
many, and Southern Europe. The fruit is about the size of a
very small apple, having the lobes of the calyx well developed
and permanent on its apex. It is unfit for eating until it loses its
green colour and begins to decay, when it acquires an agreeable
acid somewhat astringent flavour.
Medlar, Neapolitan (Cratcegus azarolus), a bush or small
tree of the Apple family (Pomacete), native of Southern Europe
and Palestine. The fruit is pulpy and somewhat acid, and
frequently forms a table-fruit.
Melegueta Pepper. {See Grains of Paradise.)
Melilot {Melilotus officinalis), a clover-like annual or bi-
ennial of the Bean family (Leguminosce), widely cultivated
throughout Europe and Western Asia as food for cattle. In
Switzerland the leaves are made into powder, which is used for
flavouring Chapziger cheese, {^ee also Coumarin.)
Melon {Cucumis Melo); a tendril climbing or trailing annual
of the Gourd family (Cucurbitace?e). Its well-known fruit is of
ancient fame, having been cultivated in Egypt in the time of
Moses, and is now a favourite in most warm countries. There
are many varieties ; the finest are said to be the melons of Bok-
hara. It is supposed to have been first introduced from Egypt
to Rome, from thence to France in 1495, and afterwards to
England, where it is too tender for open air, but is successfully
cultivated under glass.
Melon Thistle, the name early given to Mdocactus communis,
one of the Cactus family (Cactacese), native of the coasts of
most of the West Indian islands and some parts of the American
continent, growing on rocks and barren places. The plant con-
sists of a globose, somewhat conical, succulent fleshy stem, a foot
or more in diameter, and 1| feet high, with twelve to twenty
prominent ridges bearing at regular distances tufts of strong
272 DICTIOXARY OF POPULAR NAMES MESQUIT
spines ; the flowering portion being of a cylindrical form pro-
duced on the top of the plant, consisting of a dense mass of
bristly hairs and slender spines, out of which the small flowers
scarcely emerge. This head is 2 to 3 inches in diameter, is per-
manent, and increases in height to 6 or more inches, and being
of a red colour, it is compared to a Turk's cap.
Mesquit Tree. {See Algaroba.)
Miel de Palma. (See Coquito Xut.)
Mignonette {Reseda odorata), the type of the jMignonette
family (Eesedacese), native of Egypt and the shores of the
Mediterranean. In Pliny's time the Eomans applied this plant
under the name of Eeseda as a charm to allay the irritation of
wounds. It is recorded to have been introduced and cultivated
in the Apothecaries' Botanic Garden, Chelsea, in 1752. Since
then its sweet smell has made it a universal favourite with all
classes. In this country it is an annual, but in the south of
Europe it becomes shrubby.
Mignonette, Jamaica. {See Camphire.)
Mildew. {See Eungi and Mucor.)
Millet. — There are several ^lillet grasses, the most important
being Sorghum vultjare, an annual, cane-like, corn-grass, similar
to Indian corn, but not so strong in grow^th, producing a dense
head of spikelets, bearing numerous small corn -grains, which
formed an extensive article of food in ancient times, as it does
at the present day. It is extensively cultivated in Southern
Europe and region of the Mediterranean generally, including
Egypt, Syria, and eastward to India, also coast of Guinea, and
other parts of Western tropical Africa. It grows freely in this
country, but the summer heat is not sufficient to bring the corn
to perfection. On the removal of the grains the spikes become
hard and rigid, and are imported into this country for making
carpet and small hand-brooms. In my Historij of Bible Plants
I have endeavoured to show that the stalk of this was probably
the reed of St. Matthew, and the spikelets on its top hyssop of
St. John mentioned at the Crucifixion {see Hyssop). In Ger-
many and other parts of Southern Europe Panicum italicum
MIRITI OF ECOXOMIC PLANTS. 273
and P. miliaccum, two strong annual grasses, are cultivated
under tlie name of Millet ; they produce a dense cylindrical
head of small grains, which are chiefly used for feeding poultry.
Several others of the Fanicum group, as also Meusine coracana,
a decumbent grass, are cultivated in various warm countries,
and called Millet.
Millet Khoda, a name in India for the grains of Faspalum
sc7vhictdatu77i, cultivated as a kind of Millet.
Mint. (See Peppermint, also Spearmint.)
Mio Mio, a name in the Argentine Republic, Banda Oriental,
and Uruguay, for Baccliaris cordifolia, a shrub of the Composite
family (Compositse). It grows in pastures, and is poisonous to
sheep.
Mirabel, a French name for candied or preserved plums.
Miriti or Ita Palm the Indian name for Mauritia flexuosa,
native of the swamps of the Orinoco. It is also stated to be
found at the sources of the Orinoco, at an elevation of 4263 feet.
It is a magnificent palm, its cylindrical stems rising like Grecian
columns to a height of 100 or 150 feet, terminated by a crown
of large fan-shaped leaves, from the base of which is produced
a big bunch of pendulous fruits, some measuring 8 to 10 feet
in length, weighing 2 or 3 cwts., and containing several
bushels of fruit. Each fruit is about the size of a small apple,
liaving a reticulated, polished, smooth shell. The Guarane tribe
of Indians, during the period of the inundations by the Orinoco,
suspend their dwellings from the stems of this palm. These
dwellings consist of a floor made of its leaves, on one part of
which they place a little earth whereon to make their fire.
Its shelly fruit, its farinaceous pith (sago), and its juice abound-
ing in saccharine matter, and the fibres of its petioles, furnish
them with food, wine, and thread for making cord and weaving
hammocks.
" "Wide o'er liis isles, the branching Oronoque
Rolls a brown deluge ; and the native drives
To dwell aloft on hfe-siifficing trees ;
At once his dome, his robe, his food, and arms."
Thomson.
T
274 DICTIONARY OF POPULAR NAMES MISHMEE
The same materials are also furnished by an allied species, M.
vinifera, the thin pulp of the fruit of which is edible, having a
sweet slightly-acid taste, and a kind of wine is made from it.
Mishmee, a name in India for Coptis teeta, a creeping-rooted,
three-leaved, low plant of the Buttercup family (Eanunculaceae),
native of Assam. It is sold in bazaars as a bitter tonic.
Missel, a name in Guiana for the fruit of Blahea quin-
quinervia, a moderate -sized tree of the Melastome family
(Melastomaceae), native of the forests of Guiana. Its fruit is
a six-celled berry seated in a permanent bell-shaped calyx of a
yellow colour, and its flavour may be compared to raspberry
cream.
Mistletoe ( Visnim alhicm), a parasitical evergreen shrub of
the Mistletoe family (Loranthace?e), common in Middle and
Southern Europe, growing on various kinds of trees. It has
been said that Mistletoe never grows on the oak ; there are,
however, many recorded instances. In this country the apple
tree is its favourite, the trees in the orchards of Herefordshire
and neighbouring^ counties bein^jj loaded with it. Much has been
written respecting the Mistletoe, both as regards its parasitical
mode of growth and structure, and also in relation to its ancient
fame. History tells us it was held sacred in the religious cere-
monies of the Druids. The very general custom of placing
twigs and branches of Mistletoe in our houses at Christmas is
probably a relic of its pagan sanctity, though now retained
merely as an emblem of social friendship and jovial custom that
has long characterised that festive season. To supply this
simple emblem many tons of Mistletoe are required for London
alone ; and it appears that the home produce is not equal to the
demand, it being extensively imported from France, chiefly from
Normandy. In December 1880 the quantity was above 2300
crates, each crate weighing 1 cwt. ; of which 160 crates were
sent to Liverpool, 100 to JManchester, 40 to Glasgow, and
various quantities to other places. In the early part of the
month of December the price of a crate averages from 4s. 6d. to
5s., but as Christmas approaches, the price advances to 8s., 12s.,
MORA OF ECONOMIC PLANTS. 275
and even 20s. Its berries are said to be poisonous, instances of
death to children having occurred from eating them ; but this
appears to be owing more to the gkitinous nature causing them
to adhere to the coats of the stomach than to any active prin-
ciple.
Mocan ( Vismia Mocanera), an evergreen shrub with tea-like
leaves belonging to the Tea family (Ternstroemiacese), native of
the Canaries. Some writers suppose its fruit to be the Mocan
of the Guanches, the original inhabitants of the Canaries and
Madeira, but long ago extinct. Its fruit, however, being a dry
capsule, leads us to doubt whether the Mocan was the plant
now known as Vismia.
Model -wood, a name given in India to the hard light-
coloured wood of Adina {Nauclca cordifolia).
Molle, a Peruvian name for Schinus Molle {see Mastich).
Monk's Hood. {See Aconite.)
Monkey-bread. {See Baobab.)
Monkey-pot. {See Sapucaia.)
Monstera, the name of a genus of the Arum family
(Aroideae). M. cleliciosa is an epiphytal climber, native of
Mexico. Its stems are about an inch in diameter, extending:
to a great length, and furnished with large, cordate, lobed leaves,
perforated with holes. The fruit is about the size of a small
pine-apple, pulj^y, of a pink colour and most delicious flavour.
It grows and fruits freely in the hothouses of this country.
Moon-flower {Iimmoea hona-nox), a climbing annual of the
Bindweed family (Convolvulacese), native of India. It has
large flowers, 5 to 6 inches in diameter, of a pure white, which, in
consequence of their habit of opening during the night, are very
conspicuous. The name Bona-nox means Good-night Plant,
in allusion to its nocturnal flowers. It is represented in this
country by the common Bindweed {Convolvulus [Calystegia]
sepium), which climbs over bushes and hedges, its wliite flowers
being very conspicuous in the dark.
Mora Tree {Mora excelsa), a large tree of the Bean family
(Leguminosse), with glossy winged leaves, attaining a height of
276 DICTIONARY OF POPULAR NAMES MORELL
100 to 150 feet. It is a native of Guiana, and of late years
extensive forests of it have been found in Trinidad. Its timber
is imported for shipbuilding, and is considered more durable
than oak. The pods are from 6 to 8 inches in length and 3
inches in breadth, containing a single large kidney-shaped seed,
which nearly fills the pod. The genus Mora is now sunk under
that of Dimorphandra.
Morell (Morchella esculenta), a fleshy fungus of the Mush-
room alliance, native of this country and Central Europe
generally. It grows in woods and pastures, especially where
wood has been burnt ; consequently the peasants in some parts
of Germany have at times burned down extensive tracts of
woodlands for the purpose of making the soil more productive
of Morells. The Morell grows to a height of from 3 to 4
inches ; it consists of a smooth white cylindrical stem, having a
hollow spherical cap adhering to the stem by its base ; it is of
a pale brown or grey colour, and is marked with deep pits all
over its surface. It is highly esteemed for giving a delicious
flavour to dishes similar to that of mushroom ketchup. In
consequence of its being somewhat rare and expensive in this
country, a substitute is found in the allied genus Hclvella.
H. crisjKt and H. lacunosa are similar to the Morell, and are
common in woods and on banks.
Morinda Bark. — Morinda tindoria, M. citrifolia, and M.
umhellata, shrubs or small trees of the Cinchona family
(Cinchonacese), very common throughout tropical Asia, including
the Polynesian Islands. Their bark and roots are extensively
used for dyeing, the bark producing a red, and the roots a yellow
dye ; but by different mordants other colours are produced, even
green. In India 3f. tindoria is called Ach, and is used for
dyeing turbans and red cloths. In Tahiti the species are called
Mona or Monii, and are used for the same purposes. In
Singapore and Philippine Islands the leaves are held in high
repute for ulcers and wounds, and the stems are used for props
for the pepper vine.
Moss, a general term for the plants comprehended under the
MOXA OF ECONOMIC PLANTS. 277
order Musci, of the class Cryptogamese of Linnseus, of which
about 1000 species are known to botanists. They have a wide
geographical range, but are most abundant in the temperate
zones and on the elevated regions within the tropics, and a
few within the Arctic zone. In Northern Europe the genus
Sphagnum occupies extensive tracts of boggy country, and by
its successive growth and decay in the course of ages becomes
peat, which forms the common fuel of the North. Above 300
species are native of this country, of which some are common to
all situations, growing on lawns, trees, old walls, and in shady
woods. A few are peculiar in their places of growth, such as
ScJiistostcgia osmimdacea ornamenting caverns with its lumi-
nous golden hue, while Oindidotus fontiiialoides and Fontinalis
antipyrdica grow upon rocks, stones, or woodwork in running
streams. As a whole, they possess no important economic
properties. Some species of S_pliagn'um, and several species of
Hypnum, are used for stuffing cushions and for jjacking, and
small fancy brooms are made of Polyti^idiwii commune. They
are, however, highly interesting to study, and many books have
been written respecting them.
Moss, American or New Orleans {TUlandsia ttsneoides),
a small epiphytal plant of the Pine Apple family (Bromeliacese),
native of tropical and sub-tropical America, grooving in profusion
on the cypress trees in the regions of the Mississippi. In
Jamaica it is called Old Man's Beard. It has slender leaves,
4 to 6 inches long, which, after being subjected to dressing,
are used as a substitute for horsehair, and imported into this
country.
Moss, Ceylon. {See Ceylon Moss.)
Mother Cloves, a trade name for the young fruits of the
Clove tree. (See Clove.)
Moulds. {Sec Fungi and Mucor.)
Mowana. {Sec Baobab.)
Moxa, a name applied to several substances used for
producing a blister by slow combustion, such as Amadou
{Polyporus fomentarius) and Artemisia chinensis, the latter a
278 DICTIONARY OF POPULAR NAMES MUCHERUS
plant of the Composite family (Compositse). It is a native of
China. The blister is produced by burning small pellets of the
dried plant on the skin.
Mucherus, a name in India for a gummy substance obtained
from the bark oiBomhax malaharicum, a tall tree of the Silk Cot-
ton family (Bombacete). It is sold in the bazaars as a medicine.
Mucor, the name of a typical genus of a host of cryptogamic
plants of the Fungus family, familiarly known as Moulds and
Mildews. The microscope shows them to consist of variously-
formed cells, successively producing their like, forming chain-
like filaments, generally uniting, becoming a white and woolly-
like w^eb, which rapidly spreads to the stems, leaves, and fruits
of plants, even entering and penetrating their substances,
causing great destruction to field and garden crops. The most
important of these destructive fungi are noticed under Potato,
Vine, Wheat, Coffee, and Turnip (Avhich see ; also see Fungi).
Mudar and Yercum, names in different parts of India for
Calotwjjis gigantea, a tree of the Swallowwort family (Ascle-
piadacese), attaining a height of 10 to 20 feet. Its stem and
branches are covered with a fibrous, corky, soft bark ; its leaves
are opposite, about 6 inches in length. Its fruit is full of fine
silky hairs ; and the whole tree abounds in milky sap. The inner
bark consists of fibre, equal to that of hemp in firmness and
strength. The tree is common throughout India, as is also an
allied species {C. grocer a), which extends throughout Western
Asia and Eastern Africa, abundant in the valley of the Dead
Sea. Its milky sap contains caoutchouc, but not in sufficient
quantity to repay the cost of its extraction.
Mukita. {See Gingerbread Plum.)
Mulberry Tree {Morus nigra), of the family jMoracecT. The
common black Mulberry is believed to be a native of Western
Asia, and early spread throughout Southern Europe and Northern
Africa. It appears to have been introduced into this country
more than 300 years ago, but the climate not being favourable
for the production of silk, it is chiefly valued for its fruit, which
consists of a number of one-seeded ovaries connected together
MUSHROOM OF ECONOMIC PLANTS. 279
by tlieir enlarged pulpy calyces. The ^Yllite Mulberry (Morus
alba), said to be a native of China, was early introduced into
Europe, and has now almost superseded M. nvjra for the feeding
of silkworms.
Mullein, Great ( Verhascum Thaiisus), a biennial of the Fig-
wort family (Scrophulariacece), native of this country, gener-
ally found growing in neglected places in old gardens. In
favourable soil it attains a height of 4 to 5 feet, furnished
with broad elliptical densely woolly leaves, tlie upper part
being closely occupied by yellow flowers. It has long been
famed as a domestic medicine, and in consequence of its being
used in pulmonary complaints in cattle, it has received the
name of Bullock's Lungwort. The dry stalks and leaves were
in ancient times dipped in grease and used as a substitute
for candles and lamp-wicks. In this country it is called High
or Hag taper, on account of the superstition that it was used by
witches of old. In Scotland it is known by the name of Shep-
herd's Club. It is also known by the name of Adam's Flannel
and Aaron's Eod, which are merely fanciful names.
Munjeeth. {Sec Madder.)
Muscatel. {See Eaisins.)
Mushroom {Agaricus campcstris). — This edible fungus is so
well known that it is not necessary to describe it. It is found
abundantly in summer and autumn in pastures ; but for the
supply of London and other large towns it is extensively culti-
vated in covered beds, and it is also largely grown in the
catacombs in Paris, forming an important article of food.
Mushrooms are propagated by what is called spawn, which con-
sists of horse and cow dung made up into the form of bricks or
cakes, which are put, for a short time, in a warm place, mixed with
some of the material of the old mushroom beds, containing more
or less of the mycelium or roots of mushrooms. These are
white and thread-like, and on coming in contact with the new
material, the whole mass becomes impregnated with the white
threads. The bricks and cakes are then stored for use, and euev
form an article of trade, and are familiarly known as mushroom
280 DICTIONARY OF POPULAR NAMES IMUSK
spawn. On new beds being made, portions of these bricks are
mixed with the soil of which the beds are formed, and in time
a crop of mushrooms is the result. The Horse Mushroom (A.
arvensis) is similar to the above, but of a much larger size, some
specimens being 18 inches in diameter. It is often to be seen
in the markets at Covent Garden, York, and many Midland
towns. It is largely used for making the table condiment known
as Ketchup.
Musk Plant, the common name for Mimulus moscliatus, a
plant of the Figwort family (Scrophulariacese), native of North
America, and cultivated in rooms in this country for its musky
scent.
Musk Root. {See Sumbul.)
Musk Seed, the seeds of Ahelmoschus moschatus, a strong
perennial of the Mallow family (Malvacese), native of Bengal.
The whole plant smells of musk. The seeds are used for
scenting hair powder and pomatum.
Musk Tree (Euryhia argophylla, or better known as Aster
argopliyllus, the silver-leaved Musk Tree), a tree of the Compo-
site family (Compositce), ha^dng lance-shaped leaves 3 to 5 inches
in length, silvery white on the under side, find smelling strongly
of musk. It is a native of Tasmania, attainim:^ a heicrht of 20
to 30 feet, and a girth of 3 feet. Its wood is hard and beauti-
fully figured, and is used for many purposes.
Mustard Shrub {Cai^paris femiginea), a slu^ub of the Caper
family (Capparidace^e), native of the AVest Indies. Its berries are
pungent like mustard, and on that account it is called ]\Iustard
Shrub.
Mustard Flour, the ground seed of Brassica alha and B.
nigra, better known under the generic name of Sinaiois. Annual
weedy-like plants of the Cabbage family (Cruciferse), found wild
in this country, but extensively cultivated in some parts for their
pungent seeds, which when ground, sifted, and properly prepared,
form the table condiment Mustard. The mustard i^lant is also
used as a salad, obtained by sowing the seeds thickly, and
cutting the young seedling plants when about 2 inches high.
MUSTARD OF ECONOMIC PLANTS. 281
Mustard Tree, the name of a tree thus described in the
words of the New Testament : " A grain of mustard seed, the
least of all seeds ; but when it is grown, it is the greatest among
herbs, and becometh a tree, so that the birds of the air come
and lodge in the branches thereof" (St. Matthew xiii. 31, 32,
etc.) Bible commentators differ greatly as to what was the
plant here spoken of ; for although the translation from tlie
Hebrew and Greek has been rendered into the English word
]\Iustard, there is nevertheless no evidence in proof that it is
the plant we call INIustard (Brassica alba or nigra), which is
above described as an annual weedy plant, seldom exceeding 2
feet in height. Nevertheless, judging from the account of travel-
lers, there is every reason to believe that it was the common
mustard plant, which in Palestine attains, it is said, the height
of a horse and his rider, and even the height of 10 or 15 feet,
thus verifying the words " greatest of herbs." Although only
an annual, like most other Cruciferous plants, in autumn its
branches become hard and rigid, and of sufficient strength to
bear small birds which feed upon its seeds, and with spreading,
rigid, naked branches, may well be called a tree. The late Dr.
Eoyle, however, endeavoured to show that the mustard tree of
Scripture was a very different plant from the above, and consi-
dered that it was more probably attributable to Salvador a jJersica,
a thick-stemmed, soft- wooded tree belonging to the natural order
Salvadoracese, with simple stems growing to a height of about
20 feet. Its fruits are berries like currants, and pungent like
mustard. It is a native of Persia, extending to the hot valleys
at the southern end of the Dead Sea. There is, however, much
to be said against this view, one point being that as the Salva-
dora growing there would not be known to the people of Galilee,
it is not likely to have been the mustard tree of the parable.
Mustard Weld or Charlock {Brassica Sinapistrum, better
known as Sinapis arvensis), a weedy annual, enlivening corn-
fields with its bright yellow flowers. Its presence, however, is
a sign of unskilful cultivation. The seeds are used for feeding
caged birds.
282 DICTIONARY OF POPULAR NAMES MYALL
Myall -wood, a name of the hard violet-scented wood of
Acacia Jiomaloijhyllcc, native of New South Wales.
Myrobalans, a name given in India to the fruits of the
genus Terininalia, large trees of the Myrobalan family (Com-
bretaceae), common throughout India, Malay, Fiji, and other
islands of the Pacific. Their fruits are winged drupes containing
a hard stone. T. hellerica and T. chchulct are large trees, native
of the Circars and Pegu forests of India, having narrow lance-like
leaves growing in tufts at the top of the branches. Their wood
is white and is used for house-building. Their chief importance
is for their fruits, which are angular or slightly-winged drupes,
those of T. lellcrica being oval, pentagonal, the size of a nutmeg,
fleshy, and covered with a grey silky down containing a hard nut.
The fruit of T. chehula is oval, about an inch and a half long and
an inch in diameter, smooth, of pale greenish yellow, having a
considerable quantity of pulp ; the nut oblong, hard. Their
properties are highly astringent, and they are used for tanning
and dyeing black, for which purpose very large quantities are
annually imported. They make as good ink as oak galls. The
kernels of the nuts are eaten by the natives, and taste like
filberts, but in large quantities they produce intoxication.
T. catapiM is a tree similar to the preceding, but differs in having
broad elliptical leaves. The fruit, a drupe, is oval, oblong, com-
pressed, smooth, having the margins elevated, when rij^e of a
yellowish colour. The kernels are wholesome, and have the
flavour of almonds. In Fiji it is a favourite tree with the natives,
who call it Tavola, and plant it near their houses.
Myrrh, a name applied to the plants of three very distinct
families. First, Garden j\Iyrrh (Jfijrrhis oclorata), a perennial
herb of the Carrot family (Umbelliferne), native of Britain, and
cultivated for its aromatic scent. Second, the ]\Iyrrh of the Bible,
which is the product of two distinct plants— 1. The Myrrh
carried by the Ishmeelites into Egypt, supposed by the best
authorities to be the exudation of several species of rock-
rose or gum Cishcs, shrubs of the Cistus family (Cistaceae), the
principal being C. villosus, C. crcticus, and C. salvifolius {see
NARCISSUS OF ECONOMIC PLANTS. 283
Ladanum). 2. Balsamodendron, Myrrlia, a small tree of tlie
family Amyridaceae, growing in rocky places, and on limestone
hills on tlie Somali coast of Africa. The balsam exudes naturally
from the stems and branches, but more abundantly from arti-
ficial incisions. It is a sticky white gum, which soon hardens,
and is then collected. It is conveyed to Bombay, from whence
it comes to this country. A similar product is also yielded by
B. Kataf and B. Ojjohalsamum. Though much has been done
of late years towards clearing up the identification of these
plants, some uncertainty still exists regarding them. The gum
is valued for its medicinal properties as well as for its perfume.
Myrtle, Tasmanian. {See Beech.)
Myrtle Tree {Myrtus communis), the typical representative
of the Myrtle family (Myrtace?e). It is a native of "Western
Asia, common in Palestine, and has been introduced and become
naturalised in Southern Europe. In favourable situations it
forms a small tree 20 or more feet in height, but is often seen as a
Ijushy shrub. Its wood is hard and mottled, often knotty, and
is much esteemed in turnery. An oil is obtained from it, which
is used in perfumery, as also the leaves, which constitute sachet
powders, pot pourris, etc. Its fruit, which is a pulpy black
berry, is used in some countries as an aromatic condiment. It
was introduced into this country about 300 years ago, and in
protected situations, such as on a south w^all, it is sufficiently
hardy to withstand the ordinary winters of the climate of Lon-
don. The Myrtle is mentioned in the Bible, and is used by the
Jews as an emblem in the Feast of the Tabernacle, but only
sprigs of the variety having three leaves in a whorl.
Narcissus, the botanical as also the familiar English name
for a genus of bulbous plants of the Amaryllidacece, of which
the Daffodil (iV. pseudo-narcissus), Jonquil {N. jonquilla), the
Poet's Narcissus (iY.j:>oc^'iczts), Hoop-petticoat Narcissus (N. hulho-
codium), and numerous other species, are patronised in this
country for their early flowering. They are natives chiefly of
Southern Europe. The Polyanthus Narcissus (N. Tazetta) is a
native of Southern Europe and Western Asia, being abundant
284 DICTIONARY OF POPULAR NAMES NARD
in Palestine, and during the flowering season it is to be found
in nearly every house, especially in Damascus. By some this
is considered to be the Eose of Sharon, the original Hebrew
word Bulb being translated Eose, and indeed a rosebud is
something similar to the bulbs of this plant.
Nard. {See Spikenard.)
Nardoo {Marsiha macrojms), a perennial aquatic of the
Pepper wort family (Marsileacese), native of Australia ; its leaves
are four-lobed, trefoil-like, borne on slender stalks 4 to 6 inches
long, on which are produced the spore-cases. It occupies ex-
tensive inundated tracts of land, and when dried up the spore-
cases are found lying in great abundance like grains of wheat ;
they are largely collected and eaten as food by the natives,
and for some time constituted the only food to the survivors of
the ill-fated Burke and Will's expedition ; but it is devoid of
nourishment. It is represented in Eastern Europe by M.
quadrifolia.
Naseberry Tree, a name in the West Indies for Sapota
Achras, a large tree of the Star Apple family (Sapotacese), com-
mon in the West Indies and tropical America ; its fruit is called
Sappodilla Plum ; in shape and size it resembles a bergamot
pear ; in colour it is like the medlar, and like it, it is not eaten
until it begins to decay ; it then loses its acrid milk, and becomes
so sugary that many Euroj)eans consider it too sweet.
Nasuta, a local Indian name for Justicia nasufa now
separated as a distinct genus under the name of Bhinacanthus
communis, a shrub of the Acanthad family (Acanthacese). It
is sparingly branched, attaining a height of 6 to 8 feet, having
large, elliptical, opposite, entire leaves, and axillary spikes of
small white flowers. It is common in many parts of India and
other Eastern countries. Its wood and woody root are held in high
repute as a cure for skin diseases. It has latterly attracted some
attention in this country under the name of Tong-pang-chong.
Natal Plum, the fruit of Arduina hispinosa, a compact stiff
spiny bush of the Dogbane family (Apocynaceae), with box-like
leaves and small sweet-scented flowers, native of South Africa.
NETTLE OF ECONOMIC PLAXTS. 285
The fruits are oblong and drupe-like. In A. grandijlora, also
known as the Natal Plum, the fruit is larger ; it makes an
excellent preserve.
Natchnee, the Indian name for Elcttsine coracana, an annual
decumbent finger-grass, cultivated in some parts of India, Egypt,
and Abyssinia as a corn-food. It is largely used in India. In
Abyssinia it is called Tocussa.
Necklace Tree. {See Bead Tree.)
Nectarine. {See Peach.)
Neem, or Nim {Melia Azediracli). {See Bead Tree.)
Negro Pepper. {See Guinea Pepper.)
Nelumbium. {See Sacred Bean.)
Neroli, a name in France for a pomatum made of grease
impregnated with orange flowers. The name is also applied to
an oil obtained from certain kinds of oranges.
Nettle, Common {Urtica dioica), a perennial herb of the
family Urticacese, attaining a height of 2 to 5 feet ; although
generally despised on account of its stingmg nature, its stem is,
however, known to possess an excellent fibre, which is used in
many parts of Europe for making fishing-lines, cloth, etc. Of
late years it has become extensively cultivated in Germany, and
by dressing, the fibre is made to become as fine as silk. The
young shoots of the !N"ettle are eaten as a wholesome vegetable.
U. caniiabina of North America yields a good fibre known as
Kentucky Hemp.
Nettle Tree {Celtis austrcdis), a tree of the Elm family
(Ulmace?e), 30, 40, or more feet high, native of Southern
Europe and Mediterranean coast of North Africa. In some
parts of France and Germany it is planted as an ornamental
tree ; its wood is hard, and is used for furniture-making. As a
genus it differs from Ulmics by having a small black berry,
which is delicious and wholesome, and is eaten in some parts.
It is believed by some to be the Lotos of the ancients {see
Lotos). In Greece it is called Honeyberry. There are several
other species, natives of North America, such as the Hackberry
and Sugarberry {Celtis crassifolia), a fine species forming large
286 DICTIONARY OF POPULAR NAMES NETTLE
forests in some parts of tlie United States, having eatable fruit
about the size of a pea.
Nettle Tree, Australian. — There are many species of arbor-
escent tree nettles, one of the most conspicuous being Urtica
gigas, a tree of New South Wales, which attains a height of
from 70 to 80 feet. The trunk is often swollen at the base,
forming buttresses many feet in diameter. It has large heart-
shaped leaves, the effects of which (when touched) are not easily
forgotten ; cattle coming in contact with them become furious.
The wood is porous, and even lighter than cork. U. pJiotiniphylla
is a large much -branched tree, native of Queensland, having
elliptical shining leaves w^ith scattered irritant prickles. U.
moroides is a thick-stemed tree w^ith small cordate leaves, native
of tropical Australia, a most virulent stinger. The three species
were introduced into Kew about sixty years ago.
Ngai Camphor. (See Camphor.)
Nibung, or Wibong, the Malayan name for Oncos'perma
filamentosa, a tall, slender, smooth-stemmed, wing-leaved palm,
attaininiT a heioht of 40 to 50 feet. It differs but little from
Areca. It is the cabbage palm of Borneo. The stems are used
for posts in house-building, and when split for rafters, etc.
Nicaragua-wood, the wood of Ccesalpinia echinata. (See
Sappan-wood.)
Nicker Nuts. (^See Bonduc.)
Niger-seed Oil. (See Piamtil Oil.)
Nightshade, Deadly (Atro^pa helladonna), sl strong-growing
perennial of the Potato family (Solanaceae), native of this country
and throughout Europe. It attains a height of about 3 feet,
having broad oval leaves of a lurid colour, and a heavy mawkish
smell, and solitary flowers of a brownish yellow, which are suc-
ceeded by a black berry closely seated on the wide-spreading
calyx ; it is about the size of a small cherry, and when ripe has
a glistening and enticing appearance and sweetish taste, but is
extremely poisonous, fatal consequences having occurred through
its being sold by mistake, even in the streets of London, for
blackberries. The whole plant is poisonous, the principle of
NITTA OF ECONOMIC PLANTS. 287
wliicli is termed Atropine, but it is a useful and powerful
medicine wlien properly used. Like henbane, it has the power
of dilating the pupil of the eye. It is also called Dwal, and in
olden times Dwal Water was a favourite with ladies for remov-
ing freckles, hence its name Bella donna, meaning Pair Lady.
Nipa [Nipct fruticans), a remarkable plant growing in the
salt marshes of the Malayan Archipelago. It was at one time
classed amongst the palms, but is now included with the Ivory
Nut Palm in the family Phytelephaseae, and placed near Pan-
danaceffi. The stem is about a foot thick, and lengthens in a
decumbent position in the mud, sending up winged leaves from
its apex, which attain a height of 8 to 12 feet. The most
remarkable part of this plant is its fruit, which is of an oval form
2 or 3 inches in length, similar to and presumed to be the same
as the fossil fruits found in the mud on the Island of Sheppey
at the mouth of the Thames.
Nitre Bush. — Nitraria Sclioberi, N. tridcntata, and N. Bil-
lardieri, three closely-allied plants, but probably only forms of
one species. They are natives of the salt plains of Siberia,
region of the Caspian, Syria, and North Africa. They are
stiff, rigid, thorny shrubs, with thick, fleshy, simple leaves, the
whole presenting a forbidding aspect. They have tufts of small
flowers and fruits like the gooseberry, are sweet, and are
supposed by some to be the fruit that sweetened the waters of
Marah, mentioned in Exodus, but there is no good ground for
this supposition, only that the fruits are abundant about jMarah.
The genus Nitraria is placed by Hooker and Bentham in the
Bean Caper family (Zygophyllacese), and is by some Greek
writers supposed to be the Lotos of the ancients. (See Lotos.)
Nitta, or Nutta, a native name in Africa for Parkia africana,
a tree of the ]\Iimosa section of the Bean family (Leguminosee).
It attains a height of 40 feet, liaving compound winged leaves,
consisting of many leaflets. It is a native of Western tropical
Africa and some parts of India, and has become naturalised in
the West Indies. The pods grow in bunches, each containing
about 15 seeds, embedded in a yellowish sweet pulp, of whicli
288 DICTIONAEY OF POPULAR NAMES NOPAL
tlie negroes are very fond. In Soudan the seeds are roasted as
we roast coffee, then bruised and placed in water, which subse-
quently ferments, and is allowed to remain till it becomes putrid,
the seeds are then well washed and pounded, and the powder
made into little cakes, which are used as a sauce for all kinds of
food, but to Europeans the smell is very disagreeable. The
farinaceous matter surrounding the seeds is made into a pleasant
drink, and they also make it into a kind of sweetmeat. It bears
the English name of the African Locust Tree, and in botany
is named after the African traveller Mungo Park, who first
brought it into notice.
Nopal, the name in Mexico for the plant on which the
cochineal insect breeds {Opuntia cocliinellifera), a species of the
Cactus family. It is extensively cultivated in Mexico, especially
at Oaxaca. The plantations are called Xopaleries ; some con-
tain at least 50,000 plants, arranged in rows. It grows about 8
to 10 feet high, and has a tree-like appearance. Its stem and
older branches are nearly cylindrical, and different from most
species of Ojmntia, in being spineless and of an ash-grey
colour. The young branches, usually called joints, are flat and
of an oblong or obovate form, varying from 5 to 6 inches to a
foot in length; of a deep -green colour. The cochineal insect
belongs to the order Hemipterte, the males haA'ing wings and
the females none. It is nearly allied to the mealy bug,
common in hothouses, or to the blight on apple trees, the
female being enveloped in white flocky matter. In time the
whole of the upper part of the plant becomes enveloped in this
flock, under which the females are crowded. When full grown
they are of a red colour, and are then brushed off and killed by
the heat of the sun or hot water. Thev are then the Cochi-
neal of commerce. According to the celebrated traveller
Humboldt, the quantity in his time exported from Oaxaca alone
was valued at £500,000. It is now cultivated in Brazil and
other parts of America, and has been introduced into Madeira,
Teneriffe, and the Canaries, from whence a considerable quantity
comes to this country ; but Mexico still produces the greatest
NUTMEG OF ECONOMIC PLANTS. 289
quantity and the finest kind. The importation from all sources
for the year 1880 amounted to 27,403,722 lbs. Its importance
consists in its furnishing the finest crimson dye, and it is the
source of the colour known as Carmine.
Noyau, a name in France of a liqueur said to be prepared
from the kernels of Cerasus occidentalis, a tree of the Plum
family (Drupaceoe), native of Jamaica, where it is called Laurel.
It is more than probable that the kernels of the common cherry
are also used in the preparation of Noyau, and it is said that
a species of Convolvulus (0. dissectics) furnishes material from
which the liqueur is made. ISToyau is chiefly used for flavour-
ing confectionery.
Nutmeg {Myristica fragrans), a small branching tree of
the family Myristicacete, attaining a height of 20 or 30
feet. It is extensively cultivated in the Molucca and other
islands of the Malayan Archipelago and in India. The fruit
is about the size of a walnut, consisting of a rather thick fleshy
skin, containing a single nut, which on the fruit opening is seen
to be enveloped in a red net-like covering (aril), which is the
Mace, the kernel being the Nutmeg of commerce. M. fatiia
is cultivated in Brazil. The fruit of this is longer than the true
Nutmeg, and is sold in this country under the name of Long
Nutmegs. M. otoba and other species, cultivated in the Philip-
pines and Madagascar, occasionally come to this country for
sale. An oil is extracted from the nuts called Oil of Mace ;
the bark stains red. In Malacca and Penansr the Nutmeg has
been extensively cultivated, but during the last few years the
trees have been attacked by a disease which has destroyed
whole plantations, for which no remedy has yet been found.
Myristica sebifera is a large tree 50 to 60 feet high, common in
the forests of Guiana, North Brazil, and Panama. By macera-
tion of the nuts in water, a solid oil is obtained, which is used
in candlemaking.
The fruits of several species of the Laurel family are called
Nutmegs.
1. Nedandra Pitchury, a tree, native of Guiana. The
U
290 DICTIONARY OF POPULAR NAMES KUTMEG
fruit is aromatic, the cotyledons are the Puchurim Beans of
commerce.
2. Acroclicliclium camara, a tree, native of Guiana, produces
the nut known by the name of Ackawai Xutmegs. It is highly
valued as a cure for colic and dysentery.
3. Aydendron Cujumary, a tree, native of Guiana, producing
an aromatic nut known by the name of Cujumary Beans, which
are esteemed as tonic and stimulating.
' 4. Agatlio]pliyllum aromaticum, a tree, native of Madagascar.
The fruit is known by the name of Clove Nutmeg.
5. Cryptocarya moscliata, a large tree, native of Brazil. Its
fruit is aromatic, called Brazilian Xutmeg. Although the nuts
of these trees are called Nutmegs, they are, however, but a poor
substitute for the true Xutmeg.
Nutmeg, Peruvian. {See Sassafras, Chilian.)
Nutmeg, Stinking [Torreya myristica), a small tree of the
Yew family (Taxaceee), native of California, attaining a height
of 20 to 30 feet. It has received the name of Stinking Nutmeg
or Stinking Yew on account of the leaves and wood emitting a
disagreeable odour when bruised or burnt. It is also known by
the name of California Nutmeg on account of the kernel of its
fruit being about the size of, and ruminated like that of, the
true Nutmeg, but it possesses no aroma.
Nux Vomica (StrycJmos Nux - vomica), a small straggling
branched tree of the Strychnos family (Loganiaceae), native of
India. It has sessile leaves, with several strongly-marked veins
running from the base to the apex. The flowers are small, and
the fruit resembles an orange, but has a hard rind, and contains
numerous round flat seeds, like broad beans embedded in pulp,
and when dry covered with white silky hairs. They contain
two most deadly poisous, Strychnine and Brucine ; but the pulp
is harmless. The bark and roots are extremely bitter, and are
favourite remedies amono-st the natives for snake-bites, and are
also used in fevers. The seeds or beans, as they are called,
chiefly come from the East Indies. Forty years ago the extent
of the annual importation was only about 600 lbs.; it now
OAK OF ECONOMIC PLANTS. 291
amounts to about 6000 cwts. In consequence of these large im-
portations of Nux Vomica, it has been thought that it was
used by brewers to give a bitter taste to ales. Tliis, however, has
been disproved, but, as the consumption for medicinal purposes
is but small, it is still unknown to what use the bulk is put.
Oak. — This name is typically represented by numerous
species of the genus Quercus of the family Cupuliferse. About
20 species of other families are also called Oak, all of which w411
be found noticed under their respective vernacular names.
The following is a brief notice of the principal economic
species : —
1. Black American, also called Black Jack (Q. nigra), a tree
attaining a height of about 30 feet, having a very black bark,
native of IsTorth America.
2. Belote {Q. Ballota), an evergreen tree 20 or 30 feet high,
native of Southern Europe and North Africa, also of Palestine.
Its acorns are large and sweet, forming an important article of
food, either raw or boiled. Ornaments are made of the cups.
3. Black {Q. tinctoria), a deciduous tree, attaining a height
of 80 to 100 feet, native of the United States. Its bark is
black, and is used for tanning and for dyeing leather a brilliant
yellow, which is effected by a principle contained in the bark
called Quercitrine.
4. British (Q. sessiliflora and Q.pechtncidata), forms or varieties
of Q. Robur. These tw^o forms are found to differ in the quality of
the timber, and in the acorns of the first being without a foot-
stalk, while in the second they hang loose. Both are natives of
this country and throughout Middle and Northern Europe. The
Oak was venerated by the Druids, and in ancient parks some
trees have attained a great size and age. The principal use of
Oak timber is for shipbuilding. The wood of Q. sessiliflora is
heaviest and toughest, that of Q, peduncidata being like chest-
nut is much used by cabinetmakers for ornamental work. Oak
bark is used for tanning leather, and of all the substances known
for that purpose that can be had in quantity British Oak bark is
found to be the best ; but the home supply falls far short of the
292 DICTIONARY OF POPULAR NAMES OAK
demand, large quantities being imported from the Continent.
It is also of great value in tlie preparation of dyes. The spent
bark of tan-works is of little value as manure ; it ferments and
maintains heat a long time, and on that account is used in hot-
houses chiefly for the cultivation of pine apples. But since the
introduction of improved means of cultivation it is but little
used.
5. Champion, or Eed Oak (§. ritlra), an ornamental tree with
large lobed leaves of a reddish colour, native of North America.
The bark is comparatively smooth, of a dark colour, and very
thick. The wood is considered of excellent quality. It enters
largely into the manufactures of the country, but its scarcity
prevents its being much imported.
6. Cork (Q. Suher), a common tree throughout all parts of
Southern Europe. It has a thick bark, from which corks and
bungs are made. Large quantities of this bark are imported
from Spain. When the tree is nine or ten years old, the outer
rough bark cracks, and the inner layer gradually thickens, and
at the expiration of another six or seven years is sufticiently
thick for removal. This is effected by cutting a slit in the bark
from the top to the bottom of the stem of the tree, and a slit
round the tree at each end in the proper season, the bark then
readily slips off. It is afterwards flattened by soaking in water,
and is finally dried, when it is ready for exportation, and for the
use of the corkmaker.
7. Durmast, a name applied to Q. j^ulcsccns, recorded in
Hortus Kcvjensis as a native of England, but considered to be a
variety of Q. Robur.
8. Dyer's {Q. tinctoria). (See Black Oak above.)
9. Kermes (Q. coccifera), a small evergreen tree, native of the
countries bordering on the Mediterranean, also of Palestine. A
bug-like insect {Coccus ilicis), infests the trees, covering them
with a flocky matter similar to the apple tree blight. The
insect is extensively collected and yields a scarlet dye nearly
equal to cochineal, and is the " scarlet " mentioned in Scripture.
10. Live (§. virens), an evergreen tree, 30 to 40 feet high.
OAK OF ECONOMIC PLANTS. 293
native of the Southern United States, used in this country as an
ornamental tree.
11. Eed. {See Champion.)
12. Swamp (§. Prinus), a tree, attaining a height of 80 to 90
feet, native of Carolina and other Southern States of America.
13. Valonia ((?. y^gilojys), a handsome tree, attaining a
height of 30 to 40 feet, native of Southern Europe and the
Levant. The acorn cups contain a great quantity of tannin,
and several thousand tons are annually imported into this
country from Smyrna and other parts, used chiefly for tanning,
dyeing, and making ink.
14. Willow {Q. FJieUos), a tree, in good soil attaining a
height of 60 to 70 feet, but in poor soil it remains a shrub, only
a few feet high. Native of North America, grown in this
country as an ornamental tree.
15. Wainscot, or Turkey Oak, also called Mossy cup Oak
(§. Cerris), a large and handsome tree, generally with spreading
branches, native of the South of Europe, and introduced into
this country about 120 years ago. Its wood is much used in
turnery and cabinet-work.
16. Mongolia. — Q. mongolica, Q. dentata, trees said to be
similar to our common Oak, natives of Northern China, where
extensive tracts of hill country are covered with them. A
kind of silkworm feeds upon the leaves.
17. Evergreen {Q. Ilex), native of Southern Europe, intro-
duced to this country about the end of the sixteenth century,
where it forms an ornamental evergreen bush, 20 to 30 feet high,
seldom becoming a single - stemmed tree, unless early trained
with that view. In severe winters it is much injured. It is
also known by the name of Holm Oak.
18. Abram's Oak of Mamre (§. pseudo-coccifera), — A fine
specimen of this grows on the spot where it is supposed the tree
stood under which Abraham entertained the three angels, but
what that tree was cannot be ascertained. It is believed that if
any person cuts or maims the present tree he will lose his first-
born son. This Oak is of moderate height, having a trunk 23
294 DICTIONARY OF POPULAR NAMES OAK
feet in girth, and 90 feet spread of branches ; and although it has
the appearance of being a very old tree, yet it could scarcely
have been in existence in the time of Abraham. In the winter
of 1856-7 it suffered the loss of a large limb, which was broken
off by a heavy fall of snow.
Oaks abound from the equator north through Central America,
Mexico, and northward into Canada. Several Mexican and
other southern species have been introduced, but do not prove
hardy. The North American species are large handsome trees,
some beinsj more than 100 feet in heioiht. Most of them are
hardy, and have been well known in tliis country for more than
a hundred years, many being very ornamental. About a dozen
species have been introduced from ISTorthern India, but they are
not sufficiently hardy to live in the open air in this country.
Several have also lately been introduced from Japan and China,
but their qualities have not yet been ascertained.
Oak, She, a name in Australia for the species of the genus
Casuariiia, of which there are about 20 ; they represent the
Beef-wood family (Casuarinacea?). They are widely distributed
throughout the islands of the Indian Archipelago and Pacific
Ocean. They are leafless trees, with slender cord-like, generally
pendulous branches, which are striated with sheathing joints,
having much resemblance to the genus Eqiiisctum (weedy plants
called Horsetails). Flowers inconspicuous ; male flowers in
spikes or catkins ; female flowers in compact heads, becoming a
woody cone about an inch in length, with many cells, each con-
taining a small-winged nut-fruit, which by ordinary observers
is called the seed. On beino^ made wet and viewed through a
microscope it is seen to be densely covered with beautiful spiral
vessels. Casuarina eqidsetifolia and C. toridosa are the most
common. In Australia they are known by the names of Swamp
Oak, She Oak, Forest Oak, and also (on account of the appear-
ance of their wood) Beef- wood. Their pendulous branches
and sombre appearance have brought them into special notice
for planting in cemeteries ; their wood is hard, and is some-
times known as Ironwood. It is used by the natives for
OAT OF ECONOMIC PLANTS. 295
making their war clubs, and for many other purposes, as it takes
a fine polish. Their bark furnishes a dye, and the burnt ash is
made into soap.
C. muricata, native of South India, is valued for its showy
wood ; its weight, however, forms an objection to its use.
Oak Galls {fiucrcus infedoria), a tree, native of the Levant.
It produces the best Galls of commerce, which are used in
the manufacture of ink, and for dyeing purposes. They are
extraneous productions caused by the puncture of an insect,
a species of cynips, laying its eggs on the leaves and twiggy
branches of the tree, causing an unnatural growth, that becomes
a Gall, and contains the pupa of the future insect. They are
found abundant on oak trees in this country, well known as Oak
Apples, but not of the quality to be useful. They are injurious
to the trees.-^
Oat (Avena sativa), an annual corn-grass of which there are
many varieties, supposed to have in process of time originated
from the Wild Oat (A. fatua). Pliny and Dioscorides mention
it as being early known in Greece. It is extensively cultivated
in Middle and Northern Europe to the 60tli degree of North
latitude. Its entire grains form an important article of horse
food, and when ground, which removes the outer skin or husk,
they become oatmeal, which is used for making porridge and oat-
cakes, and forms a staple and nutritious food greatly used by the
people in Scotland. The entire grain cleared of its skin and
dried becomes the Emden Groats of the shops. By the grinding
and dressing of the meal the skins or husks of the grain are
removed, and may be considered useless ; but as there is always
more or less of the fine farina attached to them they are utilised
under the name of seeds for making the Scottish dish called
Sowans. The preparation consists in placing a quantity of seeds
in a tub or other large vessel, and pouring on them a quantity
of water. The vessel is then covered up and allowed to stand
two or three weeks. During that time the seeds are frequently
stirred up. The water then becomes of a turbid nature, and at
^ Oak Manna {see Willow).
296 DICTIONARY OF POPULAR NAMES OCA
the end of the above time it is sour, and is passed through a
strainer. The seeds are thus retained, and the milky liquid is
now ready for making sowans, which is done by putting a
quantity of the milky fluid in a pot and placing it on a slow
fire, and as it gets hot it requires to be continually stirred, and it
gradually thickens. When sufficiently thick, it is poured into
vessels, and eaten hot or cold with millv and butter, and is
the common supper in many rural districts of Scotland. In
olden times sowans formed the afternoon refreshment to reapers
in the harvest -field. It is cool and refreshing, pleasantly
acid, and perfectly wholesome. The awn of the AYild Oat is
long and rigid, and extremely sensitive to the changes of the
atmosphere, as regards moisture ; but it soon loses its hygrometric
property.
Oca, a name for the tubers of Oxcdis crenata and 0. tiibcrosa,
herbs of the Oxalis family (Oxalidacea3), natives of Bolivia.
Their tubers are farinaceous, and used by the natives as food.
Ochro, a name in the West Indies for the seed-vessels of
Hibiscus escidcntus. They are very mucilaginous, and used for
thickening soup. They are also used in the East Indies and in
many tropical countries for a similar purpose.
Oil-cake. {See Flax, Cotton, Eape.)
Oil of Rhodium, an oil obtained from the wood of
Rhoclorrliiza scoiKtrius and B. jloridus, which is said to be
used in adulterating attar of roses. They are climbing shrubs
of the Bindweed family (Convolvulacese), natives of the Canary
Islands. On account of the scent, their wood is called Eose-
wood. It is now very rare.
Old Man's Beard. {See Moss, American.)
Oleander {Nerium Oleander), a handsome evergreen shrub of
the Dogbane family (Apocynaceae), native of the Levant, and
naturahsed in the South of Europe. It has been cultivated in
this country for 300 years, and, with the Myrtle and Orange,
was one of our first greenhouse plants. It is highly orna-
mental, and has very fragrant flowers. It grows abundantly in
the valley of the Jordan, and when in flower is very beautiful.
OLIVE OF ECONOMIC PLANTS. 297
It is considered by some Bible commentators to be one of tlie
" willows of the brook." The whole of the plant is poisonous,
and it is recorded that soldiers in Spain were poisoned through
their meat being roasted on spits made of the peeled stem.
Oleaster [Ekvagmis angustifolia and E. orientalis, now con-
sidered as one species under the name of E. hortensis), a
small tree of the Oleaster family (ElseagnaceaB), growing from
16 to 20 feet high, having hoary willow-like leaves, and small
yellow flowers, which perfume the air for a considerable distance.
It is a native of Southern Europe and Western Asia, forming a
scrub in the desert. The berries are dried by the Arabs and
made into cakes, and are supposed to have formed part of the
merchandise that the Ishmeelites carried into Egypt. The berries
are known by the name of Trebizond Dates.
Olibanum. {Sec Frankincense.)
Olive {Olea europma), a small tree of the Olive family (Olea-
ceae). Although this receives the specific name of curoiocea, yet it
is doubtful whether it was originally native of Europe ; but it
is well known to be a native of Western Asia. It is recorded
to have been introduced into Italy (578 B.C.) It is a small,
shrub-like, branching evergreen tree, somewhat spiny, having
smooth or slightly hoary stiff leaves, about the size and shape of
tea-leaves, producing in their axils tufts of small white flowers,
followed by an oblong dru23e or berry-like fruit, bluish black
when ripe. It is a very long-lived tree, growing in the most
barren dry places, and is extensively cultivated in all countries
bordering on the Mediterranean. Olive Oil is obtained by
expression from the pulp of the fruit, and is imported to this
country from Italy and other ports of the Mediterranean.
Salad or Florence Oil comes in flasks enclosed in wickerwork.
The green unripe fruits are jDickled, and form a considerable
article of trade. The oil produced from the olive plantations of
Palestine formed a lucrative article of trade with the Tyrians.
In 1 Kings it is stated that Solomon gave Hiram, King of
Tyre, "twenty measures of pure oil." In the present day
Hebron is celebrated for its Olive orchards. Eecent travellers
298 DICTIONARY OF POPULAR NAMES OLIVE
describe seven Olive trees as growing at Getlisemane, which,
jud(^dng from their description, is sufficient to warrant the sup-
position that they were trees at the time Christ " went as He
was wont to the Mount of Olives." One of the chief trades
with Jerusalem in the present day consists of chaplets and
small toy articles, many of which are made of Olive wood. A
branch of Olive wood is considered an emblem of peace. It
may be said that the Olive tree is now cultivated in most
countries favourable to its growth for the sake of its oil ; its
principal use being for food, making soap, dressing woollen cloth,
and lubricating machinery. The following will be sufficient to
give an idea of the extent of its use : — At Nice the Olive
orchards occupy upwards of 15,000 acres, and in good years the
estimated produce is 180,000 to 200,000 gallons. Equal quan-
tities are produced in other parts of the South of France,
Italy, and other Mediterranean countries of Europe. In Tunis
5,000,000 Olive trees are grown, which yield an annual average
of 44,000 tons of oil, of wliich one-fifth comes to Great Britain.
In Persia the Olive groves are said to yield 100,000 cwts. of
fruit ; large quantities are used in the country, and also
crushed for the oil for the manufacture of soap. The Olive
trees of Provence are at the present time (1880) threatened
with a scourge, which may prove as disastrous as the phylloxera
has to the vine. It is caused by an insect {Dcmcus olea),
which lays its eggs in the young fruit, causing it to fall before
maturity.
Olive, Wild Barbadoes {Bontia daplmoides), a small tree of
the Myoporad family (Myoporineae), native of many parts of
the sea-shore in the West Indies. Its resemblance to the olive
tree has led to its being called by the above name. It possesses
no special properties.
Olive-wood, a name in Xew South "Wales for Elceodendron
integrifolia and E, australe, trees of the Spindle Tree family
(Celastracese). The first is a large tree, abundant in the forests
of Pegu and about Eangoon ; the second is a native of Xew
South Wales, and attains a height of 30 to 40 feet, with a
ORACHE OF ECONOMIC PLANTS. 299
diameter of 8 to 14 inches. The timber of both is hard and white,
adapted for fancy and cabinet work.
Onion {Allium Cepa), Leek {A, Porrum), Garlic {A. sativum),
biennial cultivated esculents of tlie Lily family (Liliacese). It
is scarcely necessary to describe these useful and well-known
esculents. Their use is of great antiquity, for we read that
leeks, onions, and garlic were cultivated in Egypt in the time
of ]\Ioses ; and they appear to have been highly esteemed by the
ancient Egyptians, as Herodotus relates that in his time (B.C.
413) there was an inscri23tion on the great pyramid (1062),
stating that a sum amounting to 1600 talents had been paid for
onions and garlic which had been supplied to the workmen
during its erection. Presuming the talent to be the Greek, the
value in English money would be £428,800. In course of time
they found their way to Western nations. It is recorded that
the Leek is found wild in Switzerland.
Onion, Welsh (A. Jistulosum), a strong - rooted perennial,
producing numerous erect, hollow, sharp-pointed leaves, a foot or
more in length, native of Siberia, recorded to have been intro-
duced in 1629, and cultivated in gardens under the name of
AVelsh Onion; but how it came to receive that name is not
known. It is not in much repute as a culinary vegetable.
Opium. {See Poppy.)
Opopanax, a gum-resin produced by Oioopanax cliironium,
formerly known as Pastinaca opopanctx, thus showing its affinity
to the garden parsnip. It belongs to the Carrot and Fennel
family (Umbelliferae). It attains a height of 6 or 7 feet, fur-
nished with bipinnate leaves and cordate segments, and com-
pound umbels of yellow flowers ; native of Southern Europe.
The plant yields a milky juice, which hardens and becomes a
gum-resin, having properties similar to Gum Ammoniacum. It
was at one time held in high repute, but is now little used
medicinally.
Opuntia. {See Indian Fig.)
Orache, or Sea Purslane {Atripkx Ealimiis), a low shrub
of the Spinach family (Chenopodiacea?), with succulent leaves ;
300 DICTIONARY OF POPULAR NAMES ORANGE
native of the South of Europe and Western Asia, growing in
desert places. It is supposed to be the plant spoken of in the
book of Job as " Mallows."
A. 2^ortulacoides is a shrubby species similar to the last,
and abundant on the southern coasts of this country. It is
mucilaginous, of the nature of spinach.
Orange {Citrus Aurantium), a low, much-branched tree of
the Orange family (Aurantiacese), found wild in Western and
Upper India, and early cultivated in Persia, from thence intro-
duced to the countries of the Mediterranean and to Italy about
the ninth century. Like other plants long cultivated by man,
many varieties have sprung up, such as the Blood, or Malta
Orange, which has a red rind and flesh. The Mandarin is also a
small, rather flat fruit, which when ripe readily separates from
the skin. It is very rich and sweet, and is extensively grown
and highly prized in China. The Bergamot is a small Orange,
from which an essence is obtained called Bergamot Oil. It is
largely made in Sicily. Besides the sweet varieties of the com-
mon Orange, there is a kind called the Bitter or Seville Orange ;
this is largely employed for making marmalade, candied orange
peel, and a bitter tincture. From the Sweet Orange wine is
made. The Orange tree is largely cultivated in most countries
on both sides of the Mediterranean, and its fruit forms an exten-
sive article of commerce. Oranges come to this country princi-
pally from ports in the Mediterranean, Spain, Portugal, and the
Azores, those of St. ^Michael's being of a very fine quality. The
total quantity of oranges and lemons imported into tliis country
from all ports in 1880 amounted to 3,676,249 bushels, value
£1,469,124. The Oranges for export have to be gathered
before they are perfectly ripe, and on that account their true
flavour is not known to those who eat them in this country.
In France and other parts Orange trees are much cultivated for
the sake of their flowers, from which is distilled Orange flower
water. The Orange tree attains a great age, those in the
groves in some parts of Spain being more than 600 years old,
some individual trees having been known to produce 6000 fruits
ORCHIL OF ECONOMIC PLANTS. 301
in one year. At Nice, where the Orange flourishes in the open
air, a tree is recorded to have grown to the height of 50 feet,
with a trunk that required the arms of two men to embrace it.
The Orange also attains a great age even under artificial culti-
vation ; one growing in a box at Versailles, in France, is said
to have been sown in 1421. The wood of the Orange resembles
boxwood in density and colour. The tree has become naturahsed
as well as cultivated in the United States, especially in Florida,
where there are extensive groves, occupying a tract of country
between the latitudes 27° and 29° North, which is said to contain
20,000,000 trees, and vast quantities of the fruit are sent to all
parts of the United States, but the quantity falls short of the
demand. Large quantities are imported from Sicily, and even
from the island of Tahiti, from whence in 1869 eleven vessels,
having a total tonnage of 1468 tons, conveyed cargoes of oranges
to San Francisco, and from thence by rail they are distributed
throughout the United States, even to the towns of the Atlantic.
Orange trees have within the last fifty years been introduced
into and cultivated with success in the Australian colonies.
Orange-root. {See Yellow-root.)
Orchil (Boccella tinctoria), a foliaceous species of Lichen,
j^rowino' in tufts on rocks. It is from 2 to 6 inches lono^, and
varies much in breadth, which has led to several of the more
distinct forms being regarded as species. It is found in all parts
of the world, conducive to plant life, even on the dry rocks of
Aden, and is abundant on the rocky shores of this country,
often growing on perpendicular cliffs, from which situation it is
collected, men being lowered with ropes for that purpose. It
has been extensively used in dyeing, and originally it formed a
valuable article of commerce. The average annual imports
amounted at one time to 6000 tons, but like many other things
of the past, lichen dyes are now being superseded by line
dves obtained from coal-tar. The delicate chemical test called
Litmus is obtained from this and other lichens.
Many other lichens resembling the Boccella in habit, but
growing on trees, are found in this country. Eamalina fraxinca
302 DICTIONARY OF POPULAR NAMES ORCHIS
and B. farinacea are most common, and generally their growth
denotes unhealthy forest vegetation. They yield but a small
amount of colouring matter.
Orchis, the name of a Linnsean genus, and the type of an
extensive family of plants termed Orchidaceae, generally spoken
of as Orchids. The number of known species exceeds 3000._
They are found more or less abundantly in all temperate and
tropical countries ; the greater number are epij)hytal — that is,
growing on trees ; some grow on rocks, and a considerable
number are perennial herbs, with tuberous roots growing in
the ground, of which 42 are natives of Britain. Although the
species are numerous, few possess economic properties ; the
principal being Vanilla (which see), and a few of those with
tuberous roots yield Salep (which see). Orchids have, during
the last fifty years, become highly patronised as curious and
showy garden plants, and to obtain them plant collectors are
specially sent to their respective countries ; and they have thus
become important trade plants. Hothouses have been specially
adapted for their cultivation, and they form an important and
attractive feature in all horticultural exhibitions ; and some
special kinds realise high prices — even at public sales £500 and
£600 has been realised in one day ; but this, during the last
year (1881), has been surpassed by the sale of an amateur's col-
lection, which occupied several days, and which realised over
£5538, some individual plants being sold for £20, £50,
and £100, and even more. The species thus patronised are,
however, few, in all not exceeding one hundred, consisting of
species of the genera Aerides, Saccolahmm, Vanda, Dendrobium,
Phalmnoijsis, Angrcecum, Odontoglossum, Cattlcya^ Stanhopea,
Ci/pripedium, and a few others. This presents a strong contrast
to the first notice of Orchids as garden plants. In the eighth
edition of Miller's Gardener's Dictionary of 1768, under "Epi-
dendrum," he says :— " But as the plants cannot, by any art yet
known, be cultivated in the ground, it would be to little purpose
to enumerate them, though, could the plants be brought to
thrive, many of them produce very fine flowers of uncommon
OSAGE OF ECONOMIC PLANTS. 303
form." He further says that he had " three sj)ecies sent from
America, which he planted with care in pots and placed tliem
in a stove, where they showed their flowers, but the plants soon
after perished." However, in time their cultivation became
understood, and new species continued to be introduced, cliiefly
from the West Indies and Brazil ; and in the second edition of
Hortus Keivejisis (1813), 84 exotic species are recorded, and in
1850 the collection in the Eoyal Gardens, Kew, numbered 830
species, the greater number of which were considered only as
botanical curiosities. For the curious forms and movements
see Darwin's book on Orchids.
Ordeal Bean of Old Calabar. (See Calabar Bean.)
Ordeal Tree of Madagascar (Tanghinia or Cerhera i-encni-
fera), a soft-wooded, small tree of the Dogbane family (Apocy-
naceae), wdth stiff branches and elliptical lanceolate leaves 4 or 5
inches in length, generally in tufts at the apex of the branches,
and leaving a prominent mark or scar on falling away. It has
pretty, whitish-pink flowers, and produces a fleshy, fibrous drupe
about the size of a magnum bonum plum, containing a hard stone-
like seed, the kernel of which is highly poisonous. In Madagascar
persons suspected of crime are made to swallow a small portion
of the kernel, and if they die from its effects are supposed to be
guilty. It is said to produce death in twenty minutes. Con-
demned criminals are also put to death by simply being pricked
with a lance dipped in the juice of the kernels.
Orris-root. — Iris florcntina^ I. germanica, and /. iMllida,
species of the Iris family (IridacCcX^). They belong to the group
having thick creeping rhizomes, native of the South of Europe.
These rhizomes have a strong smell of violets, and form the
sweet-smelling Orris used in perfumery. {See Iris.)
Osage Orange {Machira aurantiaca), tree of the Mulberry
family (Moraceoe), native of North America. It is a straggling
tree, which, on account of its strong spines, is often used as a
hedge plant ; it is hardy in this country, and forms with us a low
shrub. The fruit (so called) consists of a firm fleshy globose
receptacle the size and colour of an orange, but is not eatable.
304 DICTIONAPvY OF POPULAR NAMES OSIER
Osier {Scdix viminalis), a small tree of the Willow family
(Salicacese). This plant, together with other species of Salix,
furnishes the Osiers used for basket-making, and although much
cultivated in this country, the supply is not sufiicient to meet the
demand, large quantities being yearly imported from Holland.
Oswego Meal. {See Maize.)
Oswego Tea {Monarda didyma), a perennial herb of the
Mint family (Labiatae), attaining a height of 1 to 2 feet, having
whorled heads of fine scarlet flowers. It is a native of ISTorth
America ; the leaves have been used as a substitute for tea.
Otaheite Apple, called by the natives Yi, the fruit of
Spondias dulcis, a tree of the Cashew Nut family (Anacardiacese).
It abounds in most of the Polynesian islands, and has been intro-
duced into many parts of the tropics, being cultivated for the
sake of its fruit. It attains a height of 50 to 60 feet, and has
dark-green winged leaves, which contrast with its golden fruit.
The average size of the fruit is that of an apple, and Dr. Seemann
says he measured one which was a foot in circumference and
weighed 1 lb. 2 oz. The rind tastes of turpentine, but the pulp
has a fine apple-like smell and an agreeable flavour. In Otaheite
the wood is much valued for making canoes. Another species
closely allied to the above is Spondias tuherosa, a native of the
Paraiba district of Brazil. The fruit is oblong, about the size of
a large gooseberry, and yellow when ripe. It is not fit to eat
until it is perfectly ripe and falls to the ground. This tree is
remarkable for producing aerial roots, which on reaching the
ground expand and form large black hollow tubers of a cellular
structure, each containing about a pint of water, which in dry
weather form a natural supply of water to the tree, and also to
travellers when it otherwise is scarce.
Otto or Attar of Roses. {See Eose.)
Ourari. {See Urari.)
Overlook, a name given by the AVest Indian negroes to
Canavcdia gladiata, a strong-growing trifoliate-leaved climber of
the Bean family (Leguminosa?). It is common in woods in
the East and West Indies, tropical Africa, Mexico, Brazil, etc.
PALILLOS OF ECONOMIC PLANTS. 305
It is planted to mark the boundary of plantations of the negroes,
who have a superstitious notion that it acts as a watchman and
protects their property from plunder.
Owala, a name in the Gaboon country of Africa for Pen-
taclcthra inacroijliylla, a tree of the Mimosa section of the Bean
family (Leguminosae). It attains a height of 50 to 60 feet,
having bipinnate leaves. The legumes (pods) are about 2 feet
long, consisting of two flat woody valves. The seeds contain a
limpid oil, and are eaten by the natives.
Oyster Plant {Pulmonaria maritima), a creeping - rooted
herb of the Borage family (Boraginacese), native of the northern
coasts of this country, especially in the east of Scotland, growing
on the stone and sand just beyond the reach of the tide. It has
ovate glaucous leaves and blue flowers, produced in one-sided
panicles on a decumbent flower-stalk. Its fresh leaves have a
strong flavour of oysters, hence its name. By modern botanists
it has been separated from Pulmonaria as a distinct genus under
the name Steenhainmara.
Paddy, a name throughout India for unhusked rice, of which
there are many varieties. {See Eice.)
Pala Indigo, an Indian name for a dye obtained from
Wrightia tinctoria, a small tree of the Dogbane family (Apocy-
nace?e), native of Southern India. An inferior kind of indigo is
prepared from its leaves. Its wood is beautifully white, close-
grained, and ivory-like ; its principal use in India being for
making toys. Another species is W. antidysenterica, a small
tree, also a native of India ; its wood is very hard, and has been
tried for en^ravine^, but has not been found to answer. It is
used in India for posts and the like. Its bark is the Conessi
Bark of the Indian Materia Medica. It is valued as a tonic
and purgative, and is useful in dysentery.
Palillos, a name in Peru for Cam2:)omanesia linearifolia,
a tree of the Myrtle family (Myrtaceoe), attaining a height
of 20 to 30 feet. The fruit is as large as a moderate -sized
apple, and of a bright -yellow colour, and is one of the in-
gredients used in making the perfumed water called " IMistura."
X
306 DICTIONARY OF POPULAR NAMES PALISSANDER
The leaves smell like myrtle, but have an acid astringent
taste.
Palissander, sometimes written Palixander-wood, a name
sometimes given to Eosewood as well as to Violet-wood.
Palms, the family of Palms, termed Palmace?e, or as Hum-
boldt calls them, " the princes of the vegetable kingdom," con-
sists of about a thousand known species. Their chief home is in
the tropics, but few extending beyond ; their southern limit
being New Zealand, and their northern limit 40° ; represented
in Southern Europe by the Dwarf Pan Palm {Chammroj)s Immilis)
and the Date Palm (Phcenix dactylifera.) With tlie exception of
grasses, no plants are of more importance to man than palms,
more especially with reference to the inhabitants of the torrid
zone and contiguous regions ; their fruits and the pith of their
stems affording abundance of wholesome food and drink, and
their leaves supplying material for all requirements of domestic
economy^ the particulars of which will be found under their
respective local and familiarly-known names. The aspect of
palm trees being very different from the trees of Europe, led to
their being early sought after as objects of curiosity, and in 1768
five species are recorded as growing in the Eoyal Gardens at
Kew six years after their establishment. Fifty years later their
number had increased to twenty-two, and, although not growing
under very favourable circumstances, several had attained a size
to merit their being spoken of as "the great Palms at Kew."
In 1848 they really had the chance of becoming great, being
then placed in the noble Palm-house specially erected for their
reception. In 1864 the collection consisted of 144 species.
Palm Koney. {Sec Coquito Xut.)
Palm Oil is obtained from the fruit of several kinds of
Palms, the principal being Elceis guincensis, a wing-leaved, low-
growing palm, seldom exceeding 20 feet in height. Its fruits
are produced in dense bunches, each fruit is about the size and
appearance of a date, with an orange-red rind, which envelops
a pulpy matter surrounding a hard nut, from both of which
the Palm Oil of commerce is obtained, that from the nut being
PALMA OF ECONOMIC PLANTS. 307
the finest, and used in cookery. The greatest quantities coming
from the kingdoms of Ashantee and Dahomey, where the palm
grows in great abundance, and being of great longevity, the pro-
duce may be considered inexhaustible. In this country it is
chiefly employed for the manufacture of soap and candles.
Another oil-yielding species of Elais is E. melanococca, a native
of some parts of tropical America. A low-growing palm, rising
but little above the ground, its fruits are of a red colour, but its
oil does not form an article of commerce with this country.
Palm Wine or Toddy, the sap of several palms. The prin-
cipal ones of India are — 1. Fhcenix sylvestris, the Wild Date,
a wing-leaved palm, attaining a considerable height, common
throughout India. 2. Borassus flabclliformis {see Palmyra
Palm). 3. Caryota urens, a graceful palm, attaining a height
of 50 or 60 feet, bearing a crown of bipinnate leaves. The
wine is obtained by a man, called the toddy-man, climbing
the tree and cutting the flowering spadix before it expands, to
the cut end of which a vessel is hung, into which the sap flows,
and is collected every morning. In some cases it continues
to flow, more or less, for a month. When fresh, toddy is a
pleasant drink, but it soon ferments and becomes intoxicating.
When distilled it becomes a spirit called Arrack — the gin of
India. In Borneo the best toddy is obtained from Saguerus
sacclmrifera ; it yields a gallon a day for two months. BaijMct
vinifera, a wing-leaved palm, supplies the toddy of Western tropi-
cal Africa. This palm, like its congeners, bears a large bunch of
fruit, 6 feet in length, and weighing 200 lbs., the shell of the
fruit being covered with closely-imbricated scales, and is used
as an ornament. The sugar called Jaggery in India is obtained
by boiling the toddy.
Palma Christi {Pdcimis communis), a tree of the S23urgewort
family (Euphorbiacepe), originally supposed to be a native of
India, but now widely spread over the warm regions of the earth.
In this country it makes a handsome summer plant, havmg an
erect stem from 4 to 5 feet high, bearing large, broad, lobed
leaveS; the whole being of a rusty, dark green appearance. In
308 DICTIONARY OF POPULAR NAMES PALMETTO
warmer countries, such as the South of France, it becomes a
soft- wooded tree. The bruised seeds afford the well-known
castor oil, the supply for this country being derived principally
from India. The leaves have lately come into repute as food
for a species of silkworm, and in some parts of Germany it is
o-rown for that purpose. Castor oil appears to have been known
to the ancients, as seeds of it have been found in the tombs of
Egypt, supposed to have been 4000 years old. It is mentioned
by Herodotus and Hippocrates about 400 years before the Chris-
tian era, and it was then (as it is now) extensively cultivated in
these countries for its oil for burning.
Palmetto Palm (Chamcerops or Sctbal Palmetto), a fan-
leaved palm, attaining a height of 10 or more feet, occupying
larsfe tracts on the Atlantic coasts of the Southern United States.
It was adopted as the emblem on the banners of the Southern
Confederation.
Palmetto, Royal, a name in Jamaica for Sabal umhra-
culifera, a noble fan-leaved palm, attaining a height of 80 to
100 feet, with a circumference of 5 to 6 feet ; native of a hot
valley in Jamaica known as the Pedro Plains, where it abounds.
Its tall naked stems, crowned with large fan-shaped glaucous
leaves, form a grand aspect in nature. Its fruit is produced in
branched panicles, consisting of large blackish berries like a
small date, and the sweet pulp furnishes food for numerous kinds
of birds. It is also known by the name of hig thatch and hull
thatch, and, as the name implies, it is used for thatching houses.
Hats, ropes, mats, and baskets, are made of it. The trunk is
smooth and externally hard, and of iron-like firmness, while the
interior is soft and spongy. It is cut into lengths, and the soft
centre being removed a hollow cylinder is thus formed which is
used for many purposes. A noble specimen of this palm, 20
feet high, is to be seen in the Palm-house, Eoyal Gardens, Kew.
Palmetto, Saw (Chamcerops semdata), a decumbent-stemmed
palm, attaining a height of 3 to 4 feet, having fan -shaped
leaves, with edges of the segments sharply serrulate, as also that
of the foot-stalk, spadix tomentose, shorter than the leaves.
PALMYRA OF ECONOMIC PLANTS. 309
Fruit, an ovoid oblong drupe of a dark colour, the size of an
olive. It is a remarkable palm, forming a Palmetto scrub
for hundreds of miles on the sea-coasts of Georgia, South Caro-
lina, and Florida. Its density and sharp-edged leaves render it
impossible for human beings to pass through it. The inhabit-
ants make use of the leaves for thatching, and they are also
collected for paper-making, and scrubbing-brushes are formed
of the tough fibrous roots. The fruit, although sweet, cannot be
called palatable ; it contains a fixed and volatile oil, which is
obtained from the expressed juice ; when boiled in water the
volatile oil is set free, filling the atmosphere for a great distance,
and causing dizziness and headache. Many medicinal proper-
ties are assigned to it. This palm is by some botanists placed
in the genus Sahal.
Palmite, a name in South Africa for Prioniiim Pcdmita, a
remarkable plant of the Eush family (Juncacese) ; it is an
aquatic ; its leaves are serrate, 2 to 3 feet long, and about 1
inch broad at their base, successively produced in fascicles, their
sheathing bases forming a firm stem, 3 to 4 inches in diameter,
always submerged, its length, depending upon age, sometimes 8
to 10 feet long, generally found in a slanting direction according
to the depth of the water ; the leaves standing upright, and the
surface of the water being covered with them, may be compared
to a field of pine-apple plants crowded together. The flowers
are small, produced in panicles, and differ but little in character
from those of the common Eush. The stems, when cut into
lengths and tied round, form brushes, and when broken up they
may be used as a substitute for horse-hair. About twenty years
ago an attempt was made to bring this plant into use for paper-
making, but it did not answer.
Palmyra Palm {Borassus flahelliforinis), a large fan -leaved
palm, native of India and Ceylon. It has a cylindrical stem,
attaining a height of 50 or 100 feet, bearing a crown of large
fan-shaped leaves. It produces its fruit in bunches, each fruit
being about 3 inches in diameter, with a pulpy covering, which is
made into a kind of jelly. It is a toddy-yielding palm, and
310 DICTIONARY OF POPULAR NAMES PALO
large quantities of jaggery sugar are obtained from it. The young
plants are used as a vegetable. The wood of its stem is hard,
and employed for all manner of domestic purposes, and umbrellas
and books are made of its leaves. It is represented in Central
Africa by B. cetliiopum, which is widely spread within the tropics ;
its fruit is somewhat larger than its Indian ally, but similar in
form, and of a dark yellow colour. It consists of a fibrous, pulpy
husk, of an agreeable odour and acid-sweet taste ; it is eaten,
or rather sucked, by the natives. The young seedling plants are
used as a vegetable, in the same way as those of the last-named
species are in India, but the sap of the palm is not extracted for
making toddy, wine, or sugar. In Gambia it is called the
Eun Palm, and is considered to be the most valuable wood for
building ; it resists the attacks of the white ant, and remains
sound under water for years ; it is very hard, and takes a fine
polish. Trees have been seen in Gambia 90 to 120 feet high,
of which 80 feet or more of the trunk are perfectly clean, and
somewhat swollen about half-way up.
Palo de Vaca. (Sec Cow Tree.)
Palo Santo, a name in Guiana for Swartzia tomentosa, a tree
of the Ctesalpiniese section of the Bean family (Leguminosse),
native of the forests of Guiana, where it attains a height of 60
or more feet, and upwards of 3 feet in diameter, supported at the
base by 6 or 8 projecting narrow buttresses. Its heart wood is
of a reddish colour, becoming black in old trees, and is very hard
and durable. A juice exudes from the bark which hardens into
a blackish resin. The name Palo Santo is also applied in Para-
guay to Lignum Vitae.
Pampas Grass {Gyneriu^n argenteum), a strong - tufted
perennial grass, with long, narrow, whitish leaves, producing
naked culms 5 or 6 or more feet in length, bearing a dense head
of spikes of numerous small flowers, which when perfect be-
come white, and form an ornamental plume from 1 to 2 feet in
length. It is a native of the grassy plains of South America,
called Pampas. It is perfectly hardy in this country, and
higlily valued as an ornamental garden plant.
PAPAW OF ECONOMIC PLANTS. 311
Panama Hats. — These are made from the leaves of Carlu-
dovica pahnata, a plant closely allied to the Screw Pine family
(Pandanaceie), native of Panama, Ecuador, and other parts of
Central America. It is a stemless species, with incised fan-
shaped leaves, borne on erect foot-stalks 6 to 8 or more feet in
length, rising from an underground caespitose rhizome. The
celebrated Panama hats and cigar-cases are made of the leaves,
which form considerable articles of trade in hot climates.
Pansy. (See Violet.)
Papaw Tree {Carica Papaya), a fast-growing, soft- wooded
tree, the type of the family Papayacese, averaging about 20 feet in
height, the stem being gouty near the base, sometimes as thick
as a man's body, terminated by a crown of large-lobed leaves on
long foot-stalks, producing flowers from the stem, below the
leaves. The fruit when ripe is of a yellow colour, 8 to 10
inches long, and either shaped like a vegetable marrow, or round
like a melon. It is a native of tropical America ; is common in
the West Indian Islands ; has been introduced into, and is now
common in, India and other countries of the East. The tree,
and even the fruits, are full of an acrid milky juice ; it is, how-
ever, palatable when eaten with sugar, and is said by some
to have the flavour of apricots ; when the half-grown fruit is
properly pickled, it is but little inferior to pickled mango. The
most remarkable property of this tree is that the juice makes
animal flesh tender very quickly wdien wrapped in the leaves or
hung on the tree for a short time, or flesh boiled in some of the
juice. It is said that by it the flesh of old fowls or hogs is
quickly made tender. Taking into consideration all that has
been written, there seems some difference of opinion respect-
ing the wholesomeness of the Papaw ; this may be probably
owing to different varieties, or even to distinct species, two of
which, from New Grenada, were some years ago grown at Kew.
A good deal of attention has been G;iven of late to the value of
the Papaw in medicine, both in this country and on the Conti-
nent. Carica spinosa is a branching tree, 20 to 30 feet high,
native of Guiana and Brazil. The juice is exceedingly acrid,
312 DICTIONARY OF POPULAR NAMES PAPER
causing blisters to the skin, and is mucli dreaded. The fruit
is not eaten, and its flowers have a carrion-like odour. It has
some medical reputation as a remedy for enlargement of the
spleen, and is valued as a cure for intestinal worms.
Paper. — For a notice of the plants that furnish the principal
material for paper-making, see Bamboo, Banana, Esparto Grass,
Flax, Indian Paper, Paper Mulberry, Straw, Papyrus, and Wood
Paper.
Paper Mulberry {Broussonetia im'pyrifero), a small tree of
the Mulberry family (Moraceae), from 20 to 30 feet high, with
rough, entire, or variously-lobed leaves. It is supposed to be
a native of China and Japan, where it is extensively culti-
vated for its bark, which is made into paper. It is also widely
spread throughout the islands of the Pacific Ocean, where the
bark is beaten out by the natives, and made into Tapa cloth,
which forms their cliief article of dress ; it is now, however,
being superseded by Manchester goods.
Paper Reed. {See, Papyrus.)
Papyrus [Papyrus antiquorum, better known as Cypcrus
poipyriis), a strong -growing, perennial, rush -like plant of the
Cyperus family (Cyperaceae), supposed to be the Bulrush
of the Nile, of which the ark of the child Moses, as also
the vessels spoken of in Isaiah were made ; but it appears to
be of more ancient date, it being the plant from which the papyri
or paper was made, and upon which the records found in the
Egyptian tombs were written. It grows in the Lake of Galilee,
and other parts of Syria, and is " the paper reed by the brooks."
It has strong roots, or rather rhizomes, which grow in the mud,
and throw up smooth triangular stems 6 to 10 feet high, and
about an inch in diameter. The mode of making the paper
appears to have been very simple : the reed or stem was first
peeled, the pith cut lengthways into thin slices, which were laid
side by side, their edges touching one another. These were
then sprinkled with gummy water, or, as some say, with the thin
muddy water of the Nile ; a heavy press was then applied, and
thus the whole became united into one piece, of gi^eater length
PARSNIP OF ECONOMIC PLANTS. 313
or breadth according to circumstances. The sheet was then
dried and cut into the required sizes for use.
Paraguay Tea, or Yerba {Ilex paraguayensis), a small ever-
green tree of the Holly family (Aquifoliacete), with plain or
toothed leaves ; native of South America, in the countries of the
Parana and Paraguay rivers. The leaves are either dried or
scorched, and pounded, and become the tea, wliich forms an
important article of trade in South America, taking the place
of Chinese tea as used in other countries. It is infused in the
same manner, but is drunk in a different way, being sucked
through a tube called a bombilla ; it is very refreshing after
fatigue. Mate is the name of a small gourd, w^hich forms
the drinking cup. The quantity of this tea consumed in South
America is calculated to be at least 8,000,000 lbs. per annum.
Although such is the case, it has not yet met with patronage
in this country.
Pareira Brava, a name given by druggists to the roots of
Cissampelos Pareira, a climber of the Moonseed family (Menis-
j)ermace8e), native of the East and West Indies and Central
America. It is in high repute, medicinally, in urinary diseases.
It is also known as Portuguese Wild Olive. Though the name
of Pareira Brava is commonly given to the above-named plant,
it is more properly applied to Chondodendron tomentosum, an
allied species. Abuta rufescens, another allied plant, furnishes
AVhite Pareira Brava.
Parsley [Petroselimim sativum), a biennial of the Carrot
family (Umbellifer?e), native of Sardinia, and has become wild
in many parts of England. It is cultivated in all gardens for
the sake of its iinely-cut leaves, which are in common use in
flavouring culinary dishes and for garnishing. Much supersti-
tion was early attached to the Parsley, and even at the present
day in some parts of England it is considered unlucky to trans-
plant Parsley.
Parsnip (Pastinaca sativa), a biennial of the Carrot family
(Umbelliferse), growing in waste places, similar to the wild
carrot in this country, and, like it, uneatable in its wild state.
314 DICTIONARY OF POPULAR NAMES PARTRIDGE
but cultivated its roots become succulent, forming a nourishing
and useful vegetable ; it is extensively cultivated in Jersey for
feeding swine, and makes excellent pork. It contains sugar,
and a kind of wine is made from it called Parsnip Wine.
Partridge Berry. {See Shallon.)
Partridge Wood, a common name for tlie wood of one or
more not well ascertained trees. Heisterict coccinea is a tree
15 to 20 feet high, of the Olacad family (Olacacese), native of
the West Indian Islands, particularly Martinique. The fleshy
fruit affords abundance of food to pigeons and other birds, hence
the French call it Pois ^9c?Y?ri?;, signifying Partridge Pea ; they
also call it Bois i^erclrix, Partridge-wood; it is, however, considered
not to be identical with the Partridge-wood of commerce, which
is, by some, supposed to be the wood of Anclira inermis, a tree
of the Bean family (Leguminos^e), native of the West Indies.
Passion Flowers. — Passiflora, the name of an extensive
genus of climbing shrubs of the Passion-flower family (Passi-
floracete) ; there are about two hundred, the greater number
of which are natives of Brazil and the West Indies, as well as
other parts of tropical America, where they climb from tree to
tree, interlacing in the most complex manner, and beautifying
the scene by their showy flowers and fruit. {See Granadilla.)
A few are found in Xorth America, one or two in the East
Indies, two in Norfolk Island and Australia. The stems of
some of the climbers attain the thickness of the arm, and look
like ropes ; their vascular structure is very open, containing a
large quantity of water. A stem of P. actina, at Kew, when cut
yielded nearly a gallon of clear water in about one minute. A
great many are cultivated in hothouses for the sake of their
showy flowers, and the common Passion Flower {P. cmrulea) is
hardy in the open air when trained against walls.
Patchouli, a name for Pogostemon Patchouli, an erect plant
of the Mint family (Labiatse), growing to a height of 2 or
more feet, having broad oval leaves 3 or 4 inches in length.
The dry leaves have a peculiar perfume, and are extensively
used for many purposes ; the scent of Patchouli was at one time
PEACH OF ECONOMIC PLANTS. 315
considered as a test of real Indian shawls, but since the know-
ledge of the perfume and the plant producing it have become
known in this country they cannot be depended on, home-
made shawls being scented with it and sold as real Indian
ones. The leaves are also used as an ingredient in tobacco, and
an essential oil is obtained from them and used as a toilet per-
fume. The Arabs in their pilgrimages take a great quantity of
leaves with them, which are used in stuffing mattresses, pillows,
etc., and are supposed to keep off contagious diseases.
Pea (Fisicm sativicm). — The garden pea is an annual tendril
climber, a native of the South of Europe. There are many
garden varieties supposed to have originated from the grey or field
pea. * They are now universally cultivated in countries suitable
to their culture, and form an important article of food. The
split peas of the shops are the white peas split and divested of
their skin. In Scotland grey peas are ground into meal, of
which peameal bannocks are made ; a very nutritious food.
Peach {Aiiiygclalus persica), a small tree of the Almond
family (Drupaceae). As its specific name implies, it is supposed
to be a native of Persia, and to have migrated westward,
appearing in Italy at the beginning of the Christian era, and
in this country about the middle of the sixteenth century,
and now extensively cultivated in all moderately warm coun-
tries of both the northern and southern hemispheres. For
early crops of fruits it is extensively cultivated under glass
in this country, and in the open air it comes to perfection
when grown against walls. There are many varieties of the
Peach, the skin of the fruit of which is downy, while that of
the Nectarine, wdiich is considered only a variety, is smooth;
there are instances, however, on record of downy and smooth
fruits growing on the same tree. In North America the Peach
is extensively cultivated ; in the United States it is grown in
orchards, and in the season Peaches are as common in the towns
of the States as strawberries are in London, and wine is made of
them.
Peach, Palm, a name given by Humboldt to Gidlidma
316 DICTIONARY OF POPULAR NAMES PEACH
speeiosa, a native of Venezuela and countries bordering the
Orinoco, where it is called Perigas. It is a wing-leaved palm,
and grows to a height of 50 or 60 feet, the stem being covered
with sharp black spines. It is largely cultivated for its fruit,
which is of the form of an egg, but larger ; it consists of a sweet
pulpy thick rind of a yellowish colour, and forms a considerable
article of food for the natives.
Peach, Sierra Leone {Sarcocephcdus esmkntus), a strong
climbing shrub of the Cinchona family, native of Western tropical
Africa. The flowers are small, produced in terminal compact
heads, each becoming a one-celled berry, the whole united
formiag a pulpy fruit about the size of a peach. It is eaten by
the negroes, and known by the name of ISTegro Peach.
Pear Tree {Pyrus communis), a tree of the Apple family
(Pomacese). In its wild state it is a small thorny tree, and,
like the crab apple, considered to be a native of this country,
as also many parts of Europe. Its history is similar to that
of the apple ; in Pliny's time 36 species are recorded to
have been cultivated at Eome. By sowing the seeds of
apples or pears, crab-trees are generally the result, but occa-
sionally fruit-bearing trees of new kinds are produced. The
number of sorts in British nurseries amount to about 100.
Pear trees live to a great age, some are recorded 200 or 300
years old. The wood in old trees is hard and much valued by
turners and cabinetmakers. The liquor well known as Perry is
the fermented juice of pears.
Peccan Nut {Carya olivceformis), a tree of the Walnut family
(Juglandacese), native of the south and western States of North
America, the nut of which is considered a great delicacy. Small
quantities are occasionally imported from New Orleans.
Pekea Nut. {See Souari Nut.)
Pelargonium. {See Geranium.)
Pellitory of Spain (Anacyclus jpyrethrum), a perennial of
the Composite family (Compositse), native of Southern Europe,
having much -divided leaves, and prostrate stems with white
flowers. It is cultivated in Southern Europe and Northern
PEPPER OF ECONOMIC PLANTS. 317
Africa for its roots, which are cut into short pieces, known in
the shops under the name of Eadix Pyrethri ; they are very pun-
gent, and are used medicinally, and for toothache. It first causes
a sensation of cold, followed by heat.
Penang Lawyers (Licuala acutifida), a small fan-leaved
palm, native of Pulo-Penang. Its stems are imported into this
country, and after being dressed and polished are used as
walking-sticks under the above name.
Peony, a genus of the Buttercup family (Eanunculacea;),
represented by Fceonia officinalis, a strong-growing perennial,
having large^ double red flowers resembling the rose ; it lias by
some been called the Hundred-bladed Eose ; it is a native of
Switzerland, cultivated in this country 300 years ago, and has
now become a favourite in all gardens. F. corallina is considered
to be a native of this country, but only found growing on a rock
island at the mouth of the Severn. F. Moutan, the tree Peony,
is an exception to the above, being a stiff-branched shrub, 3 to 4
feet high, with double flowers, of which there are now many fine
varieties. It is a native of China, introduced in 1*789. It is
hardy in this country ; but flowering early, it requires some slight
protection at the time of coming into flower.
Pepper Plants. — About 40 species, more or less natives of the
same or of different countries, are called Pepper plants. They
consist of herbs, shrubs, and trees, and all possess in more or
less degree aromatic, pungent properties, throughout the whole
or some special part of the plant, and are used in their respective
countries as stimulating food condiments, some forming con-
siderable articles of trade. The most important in domestic
use in this country are furnished by species of the genus Fiper,
the type of the family Piperacese. {See Pepper and Capsicum.)
Pepper, the well-known condiment prepared from the fruits
of Fiper nigrum, an epiphytal plant climbing and clinging
to trees, having heart-shaped leaves about the size of ivy leaves,
and producing flowers in spikes, followed by berries like currants,
that are at first green, but after being gathered and dried become
black, and form the Black Pepper of shops. White Pepper is
318 DICTIONARY OF POPULAR NAMES PEPPER
the same berry divested of its skin by rubbing and washing.
Beino" ground they form the well-known condiment Pepper.
It appears to have been early known, as it is mentioned by
Theophrastus, who flourished 300 years before the Christian era.
Long Pepper of the shops is the immature flower-spikes of Piper
loiigiim. In habit like the preceding, it is a native of India,
and is extensively cultivated, especially in Bengal. Long Pepper
s^Dikes possess the same stimulating property as Black Pepper.
Cubebs, the berries of Pijjcr officinarum, now called Cuheha
ojicinarum, is a native of Java, and its berries are also stimu-
lant. It is probable that the above Peppers are produced by
other species than those named, of which there is evidence,
especially as regards the plants that produce the Black Pepper
of Jamaica, Trinidad, and Ceylon ; examples have been grown
at Kew, each of which w^as sufficiently distinct in appearance
to warrant their being characterised as species.
Pepper, African (Xylopia cethiopica), a shrub or small tree of
the Custard Apple family (Anonace?e), native of Western tropical
Africa ; its fruit consists of numerous carpels, about 2 inches in
length, which when dry separate, forming a bunch ; they are
aromatic, and used by the natives as a stimulant ; it is also
known by the name of Guinea Pepper, Negro Pepper, and
Piper mtliiopicum.
Pepper, Bell. (See Capsicum.)
Pepper, Bird. {See Capsicum.)
Pepper Brand. {See Smut.)
Pepper, Cayenne. {See Capsicum.)
Pepper, Cherry. {See Capsicum.)
Pepper, Chinese and Japan {Zantlioonjlum piperita), a bushy
shrub with small winded leaves of the Yellow-wood familv
(Zanthoxylaceai), native of China and Japan ; it has berries
about the size of black pepper, which are used as such in Japan.
It has been introduced into this country and has flowered, grow-
ing against a wall at Kew.
Pepper, Jamaica. {See Allspice.)
Pepper, Melegueta. {See Grains of Paradise.)
PI OF ECONOMIC PLANTS. 319
Pepper Tree, California. {See Mastich.)
Pepper Tree of Tasmania {Tasmannia aromatica), a shrub,
or ruoored, distorted-branched tree, of the Magnolia fainilv,
native of Mount Wellmgton in Tasmania. It attains a height
of 10 or 12 feet ; the bark and leaves are aromatic. Its berry-
like fruit is pungent, and is used as a substitute for pepper.
Peppermint (Meiitha j^^perita), a creeping-rooted perennial
of the family Labiatse, native of this country, generally grow-
ing on river banks and moist places. It is extensively culti-
vated here as well as in the United States for its fragrant oil,
which is obtained by distillation. It is used as a stimulant,
and for making a cordial called Peppermint Water.
Peppermint Trees of Australia. — Eucalyptus piperita and
U. amygdalina, large trees of the Myrtle family (^lyrtaccce),
natives of New South Wales and other parts of Australia. They
yield an essential oil, which is largely imported into this coun-
try. The wood is hard and durable. {See Eucalyptus.)
Perry. {See Pears.)
Persian Berries. {Sec Buckthorn.)
Persimmon Plum. {See Date Plum, American.)
Peruvian Bark. {Sec Cinchona.)
Pharaoh's Corn, supposed to be Triticum compositiun, a
wheat having several separate spikes to the ear. It is also
called Mummy Wheat. It has been grown at Kew.
Physic Nut (Jatroplia Cureas), a small tree of the Spurge-
wort family (Euphorbiacere), attaining a height of 20 feet,
having soft spongy wood and entire or lobed leaves. It is a
native of tropical America, and is now cultivated in all hot
countries for its seeds, which yield an oil analogous to that of
castor-oil, but of a drastic nature ; it is used for many purposes.
The seeds are nutty and pleasant to eat, but when eaten to
excess produce serious consequences. A few years ago several
children died at Bristol through eating them.
Pi, a name in the Sandwich Islands for Tacea pinnatifida,
a perennial herb of the Taccaceie. It is cultivated throughout
most of the islands of the Pacific, also in India and the ]\Ialayan
320 DICTIONARY OF POPULAR NAMES PIASSABA
Islands generally. It has large fleshy tubers, which, after pre-
paration by pounding and washing to rid them of their acridity,
form an important article of food. The fecula or meal is equal
to the best arrowroot.
Piassaba, the Brazilian name of a fibre obtained from
Attalea fuiiifera and Leojyoldinia piassaba, two wing-leaved palms
abundant in Northern Brazil. They have a very unsightly
appearance on account of their old leaves hanging down and
their stems being covered with loose shaggy strong fibre of a
brown colour, which is collected, and forms a considerable
article of trade, shiploads being imported into this country and
used for making street brooms and for other like purposes.
Pig-nut, also called Hog-nut {Carya porcina), a tree of
the Walnut family (Juglandaceae), native of North America,
chiefly in the middle and western United States. It attains a
height of 70 to 80 feet, and a diameter of 3 feet at the base.
Its wood is considered superior to the other species of Carya.
Its nut is small, and is eaten by pigs. {See also Earth Chest-
nut.)
Pigeon Berry. (See Poke.)
Pigeon Pea (Cajanus indicus), a trifoliate-leaved shrub of the
Bean family (Leguminosoe), originally a native of India, but
now cultivated in most tropical countries for the sake of its pea
seeds. There are two varieties, one in Jamaica called the
Pigeon and No-eye Pea, and the other variety called the Congo
Pea. In all countries where it grows it forms an important
article of food.
Pigeon Plum. — Chrysobalanus ellipticus and C. luteus, small
trees of the Cocoa Plum family (Chrysobalaneae), natives of
Western tropical Africa. Their fruits are succulent, and
abundantly sold in the markets of Sierra Leone ; one is called
Yellow Pigeon Plum.
Pilewort {Ranunculus Ficaria), a perennial of the Butter-
cup family (Eanunculaceae), native of this country and Europe
generally. A pretty yellow early spring flowering plant,
having heart-shaped leaves, not exceeding 3 inches in height.
PINE OF ECONOMIC PLANTS. 321
growing abundantly in moist sliady places. After flowering its
leaves soon wither, and it remains dormant until the following;
spring. After heavy rains, however, its place is often well
marked by numerous little tuberous roots lying on the surface
like grains of wheat, which have been supposed by some to
be corn fallen from heaven. This is particularly the case in
Silesia, where they are gathered and used as food, being very
mealy and not unwholesome when boiled.
Pine-apple (Ana7iassa sativci), a plant of the family Brome-
liace?e. The original country of this is supposed to be Brazil ;
it now exists in both a cultivated and wild state in all warm
parts of America, and it has been introduced into Western tropical
Africa, wdiere it has become naturalised, as also in the warm
parts of Asia and other tropical countries. Its fruit consists of
a number of pulpy ovaries cohering in a firm compact head,
and terminated by a tuft of small leaves termed the crown.
The Pine-apple appears to have been known in England in
the time of Charles XL, who is recorded as having at a royal
dinner party first cut one up, of which the celebrated Evelyn,
in his Diary, dated July 19th, 1668, says — "I was at a banquet
which the King [Charles IL] gave to the French Ambassador.
Standing by his Majesty in the presence there was of that rare
fruit called the King Pine, growing in Barbados, in the West
Indies. The fruit of them I had never seen. His Majesty,
cutting it up, was pleased to give me a piece from his own plate
to taste of ; but in my opinion it falls far short of those ravish-
ing varieties of deliciousness ascribed to it." About that time
John Eose was royal gardener. Horace Walpole mentions in
the catalogue of his collection at Strawberry Hill " a picture,
probably by Bankers, of Rose the royal gardener presenting the
first Pine-apple raised in England to Charles IL, who is standing
in a garden. The house seems to be Downey Court, near
AVindsor, the villa of the Duchess of Cleveland,"-^ to whom Hose
1 There is a small-sized copy of tins picture in tlie library of the
Royal Horticuhural Society, South Kensington, on which is the following
uiscription : — "King Charles II., and Mr. Rose the royal gardener pre-
Y
322 DICTIONAEY OF POPULAE, NAMES PINE
was once gardener. There is, however, no proof of the said
fruit having been grown in England, as it is recorded that the
Pine-apple plant was first introduced into Holland from America
about the middle of the seventeenth century; from thence it
was brought to England by the Earl of Portland in 1690, being
five years after the death of Charles 11.
In 1712 it appears to have been successfully cultivated and
fruited by Sir Mathew Decker in his garden at Eichmond. Of
this plant there is a painting in the Eitzwilliam Museum,
Cambridge, of which the handbook says : — " Landscape, with a
pine-apple, being the first that was grown in England, which
was in Sir Mathew Decker's garden at Piichmond, in Surrey,
grandfather to the late Lord Eitzwilliam." Erom the above time
its cultivation became very general, and hothouses — called pine-
stoves — were erected for it. Pine-apples are produced in this
country larger and superior in flavour to those of native growth.
They were then only for the rich, but of late years large quan-
tities have been imported from the West Indies, chiefly from the
Bahamas, Azores, Trinidad, and other West Indian islands, and
it is not uncommon to hear the cry of " Pine-apple, a penny
a slice," in towns.
The name Pine-apple is given on account of the fruit resem-
bling the cones of the pine or fir tree. In India, Burmah, and
other parts, the tough fibre of the leaves is largely used in the
manufacture of textile fabrics. It partakes of the character of
flax, is of a silky nature, and may be spun into a very fine
fabric.
Pine, Chili. {See Araucaria.)
Pine, Moreton Bay. {See Araucaria.)
Pine, Norfolk Island. {See Araucaria.)
Pine Trees. — Under fir trees it is stated that the i^enus
Pimis, as originally characterised, comprehends species forming
two natural groups differing in the attachment of tlie leaves,
which, with other characters, has led modern botanists to
senting the first pine-apple grown in England ; drawn from the original
picture in the collection of the Earl of Waldgrave at Strawberry Hill."
PINE OF ECONOMIC PLANTS. 323
separate them under two distinct genera, Abies and Pinus, the
first comprehending Fir Trees (which see), the second the species
well known by the name of Pine Trees. In Hortus Keiucnsis
(1813) 17 species are described; since then new discoveries,
as recorded in books, have raised the number to between 80
and 90. They are all natives of the northern hemisphere, chiefly
in the middle region of the temperate zone, where they form
immense forests, both on plains and mountains, even extending
to the Arctic Circle, where some are recorded to attain a
height of 150 to 200 feet.
The greater number are natives of the American continent,
13 are native of Europe, and about 12 belong to Asia,
including China and Japan. During the last fifty years nearly
the whole of the American species have been introduced into
this country, and, with the exception of the Mexican species,
are hardy, some becoming fine trees. About twenty years ago
a collection of Mexican forms was otowu at Kew, makinsr
handsome conservatory plants, 6 to 12 feet high.
The wood of Pinus and their resinous products are of high
importance in all the arts, and in some countries their nutty
seeds form a considerable article of food to the natives. The
following is a brief notice of a few of the principal species and
their products : —
Pinus sylmstris, well known as the Scotch Pine (wrongly
called Fir) ; this well-known tree has an extensive range through-
out Europe and Northern Asia, forming extensive forests, such
as may be seen in the north of Scotland. It varies considerably
in height, in favourable situations growing to 100 feet. Its
timber is white and hard, and is used for many purposes ; it is
imported from ports in the Baltic under the name of Eiga and
Norway timber. This Pine is extensively planted as a shelter
to young oak plantations ; the rearing them for that purpose
forms an important part of the trade of many of the Scotch
nurseries. In Aberdeenshire and other parts of the north of
Scotland trunks of this Pine are found in peat-mosses, some to
a considerable depth ; they are perfectly sound, their preserva-
324 DICTIONARY OF POPULAR NAMES PINE
tion being no doubt due to the antiseptic nature of the peat and
tlie resin tliey contain ; they are used for various purposes, but
chiefly split up into laths, which are fixed in a slanting position
by the fireplace, and being lighted at the upper end, burn with
a steady flame, giving light to the room ; this use is esx3ecially
noticed by Sir Walter Scott in the story. Candles and Candle-
sticks, related in his novel. The Legend of Montrose. The next
important European Pines are the Cluster Pine (Pinus Pinaster),
Sea Pine (P. maritima), and Stone Pine (P. Pinea), natives
chiefly of the South of Europe, in favourable situations becoming
large trees. On the sea-coast they are low and bushy, and are
extensively planted on the west coast of Ireland, Xormandy, and
other places, for fixing the sands. The seeds of the latter are
large and nutty, and where abundant are used as food. Corsican
Pine (P. Laricio), native of Corsica and Southern Europe, mostly
a fast-growing tall tree, in general appearance resembling the
Scotch Pine. It was introduced into Kew about 1815 by the
late celebrated botanist R A. Salisbury, who, on return from an
excursion in the South of Europe, brought a small plant of it in
his carriage ; it is now 70 to 80 feet high, the tallest tree in
Kew Gardens. Of the nine or ten species native of the United
States and Canada, two of the most important are the Pitch
Pine (P. australis) and Frankincense Pine (P. Tcecla), so named
from the quantity of resinous fluid they contain, which is con-
verted into turpentine, tar, and pitch. They are both natives of
the Southern States. P. australis is extremely common, cover-
ing vast tracts, growing by roadsides, and occupying waste
cotton-fields ; it and the Scotch Pine yield the greatest quantity
of tar and turpentine of commerce. In California and Xorth-
"VVest America the sj)ecies of Pinus are generally large trees,
such as P. Lambertiana, P. macrocarpay by some called Coulteri
and P. ponder osa, some attaining a height of from 100 to even
300 feet; their timber forms an important article of trade in
these countries, and steam saw-miUs have been erected in the
forests for converting them into what is termed lumber, and
since the settlement of the wliite man in some localities whole
PIsmciA OF ECONOMIC PLANTS. 325
forests are fast disappearing. Their nutty seeds form an im-
portant part of the winter food of the native Indians, and their
bark is even said to be used as food.
Piney Varnish. {Sec Copal.)
Pinguin, a name in Jamaica for Bromdia Pinfjuin, well
known as the wild pine of Jamaica, a plant of the Pine-apple
family (Bromeliaceai) ; leaves numerous, 2 to 3 feet long, sword-
shaped, curved, and rigid, with strong hooked spines on tlie
margin, which, when the plants are closely grown together,
form an impenetrable barrier to man and animals ; a good fibre
is obtained from its leaves, as also from B. Karatas, an allied
species. Its fruit is the size of a plum, and is an excellent
vermifuc^e.
Piper .ffithiopicnm. {See Guinea Pepper.)
Pipi, a name given to the astringent pods of Ccvsalpinia
^nimi, a plant of the Bean family (Leguminosie), native of Brazil.
Pippul Tree, a name in India for Ficus religiosa, a bushy tree
of the Mulberry family (Morace?e), having small elliptical smooth
leaves. It is a native of India, and one of the trees of Hindoo
worship.
Pishamin, a name in Sierra Leone for the fruit of Cccr-
podinus dulcis and C. acidus, shrubby climbers of the Dogbane
family (Apocynaceee). The fruit of the first is of a yellowish
colour, about the size of a lemon, and is called the Sweet Pish-
amin, while that of the latter is somewhat smaller, and is called
the Sour Pishamin. They are both pulpy, and, when cut, yield
a quantity of sweet milky juice, which is also called Pishamin.
Persimmon Plum. {See Date Plum.)
Pistacia Nut {Pistacia vera), a small tree of the Cashew
Nut family (Anacardiaceie), native of Western Asia, common
in Palestine, and has become indigenous in the ]\Iediterranean
region. It has shining, winged, evergreen leaves. Its fruit is
of an oblong form, rather larger than an olive ; it has a brittle
shell enclosing the cotyledons (embryo), which are oblong and
of a greenish colour and an agreeable flavour. They are eaten
in large quantities by the Turks and Greeks, and are to be seen
326 DICTIONARY OF POPULAR NAMES PITA
in some of the Italian warehouses in London ; about 1300 cwts.
are annually imported from Aleppo. They are considered by
Bible commentators to be the nuts sent by Jacob into Egypt.
Pita, a name in many parts of tropical America for the
fibre of the American Aloe (Agave americana), and other allied
species. It forms the chief article of clothing of the natives,
and ropes and whips are made of it.
Pitch. {See Pine Trees.)
Pitcher Plants, a common name for certain plants whose
leaves, instead of being flat, are united by their edges, thus
forming tubular or ursulate vessels of various forms and sizes,
furnished with a lid, and capable of holding water ; their interiors
are lined with hairs pointing downwards, by which insects are
entrapped.
Pitcher Plant, Australian {Cej^ludotus follicularis), is a
beautiful and singular little plant, growing in the form of a
rosette about 3 or 4 inches in diameter, having small, narrow,
spathulate leaves, alternate with which are foot-stalks bearing
small pitchers, furnished with a lid attached on the inner side,
and resembling a saucepan or goblet, the foot-stalk correspond-
ing to the handle. The flowers are small, and borne on an
erect stalk, 6 inches or more in height, forming a spike. It is a
native of King George's Sound, South- West Australia, growing
in marshy places like our sundews. It was introduced into Ivew
in 1823 ; it continues to be rare, and is considered more as a
botanical curiosity. The plant is now put in the order Saxi-
fragaceae.
Pitcher Plant, Californian {Darlingtonia caUfomica), a
remarkable perennial herb of the Side-saddle Flower family
(Sarraceniacese). This curious plant is a native of California,
growing in marshes. The leaves rise in a fascicle from a crowned
root-stock ; they are tubular, varying in length from 1 to 2 feet,
the lower part nearly erect, widening upwards ; the upper part
much wider, and abruptly bent downwards like an inflated hood
or sac, terminated by a lateral two-parted lobe, which in the
early stage closes the pitcher like a lid ; the inside of the hood
PITCHER OF ECONOMIC PLANTS. 327
is furnislied with sliort hairs pointing inwards ; it contains a
viscid fluid which entices flies to enter, and in consequence of
the hairs pointing downwards they are imprisoned, in some
cases filling the pitchers half full of dead insect-matter. It is a
common custom to place the pitchers in dwelling-houses as fly-
traps. The whole of the pitcher is of a dingy orange colour,
marked with strong veins ; the flowers are solitary and droop-
ing on the apex of the flower-stalk, 2, 3, or 4 feet high, and
wdien fully expanded are about 2 inches in diameter, straw-
coloured.
Pitcher Plant, Guiana {Rdiamijlwra nutans), a perennial
herb of the same family as the preceding, the leaves of which
rise from a crowned root-stock tubular, in the form of a vase
with an oblique mouth, the inside lined with glandular hairs.
Flowers, generally more than one, are produced on an erect
stalk, white or pale rose colour. It is a native of Guiana,
growing in marshes and muddy places.
Pitcher Plant, Indian (Nepenthes), the only genus of the
family Nepenthaceoe. It contains about 20 known species of
smooth, slender -stemmed, trailing or climbing plants, holding
by their twisted leaf-stalks. They have alternate leaves, each of
which is formed of three distinct parts, the lower part in the
form of a strap-like leaf, with a thick midrib, varying in lengtli
in the different species from a few to even 12 or 18 inches, and
in breadth from an inch to a foot ; from the apex of this leafy
part the midrib is prolonged in the form of a foot-stalk, varying
from a few to 20 inches in length. This midrib performs the
part of a tendril, from the apex of which rises a variously-formed
vessel, ranging in size from a few inches to a foot in length
and 6 inches in diameter, capable of holding more than a quart
of water (iV. Bajali). This is called the pitcher, and in its
early state is closed with a lid, which ultimately opens, the
pitcher having an exact resemblance to a water-jug w^ith a lid.
As already stated, the pitchers vary considerably in size and
form, and are either plain or furnished with wing-like append-
ages on one side, the whole being green, or, as in N. Rafflcsiana,
328 DICTIONARY OF POPULAR NAMES PITCHER
N. Rajah, and others, highly coloured. They are beautiful
and interesting objects, and are highly prized by amateur culti-
vators of rare plants. They are widely distributed, being found
in Ceylon, India, Malayan Peninsula, Borneo, and islands of the
Indian Archipelago in general. The first known species, N.
distillatoria, native of Ceylon, was introduced in 1789. A few
years ago a plant at Kew attained the length of between 30 and
40 feet, the lower part of the stem becoming naked, and the
uj)per part bearing abundance of pitchers.
• Pitcher Plant, North American. {Sec Side-saddle Flower.)
Pituri, a name given by the natives of Australia to Duboisia
Hopivoodii, a shrub of the Figwort family (Scrophulariaceffi), but
by some considered to be related to the Atropine section of
the Deadly Nightshade family, which its narcotic properties
seem to warrant. It is stimulating, and its leaves are chewed
by the natives, the same as the betel nut in India, coca leaf
in iSTew Grenada, and tobacco in other countries ; they consider
it to make them courageous and strong in battle. Experiments
made by Dr. Bancroft prove it to be a most dangerous poison,
acting on the respiratory system, producing shivering and con-
vulsions.
Piwarrie. {See Cassava.)
Plane Tree, Eastern {Platanus orientaUs), the type of
the Plane Tree family (Platanace?e), attaining a height of from
60 to 80 feet, and when standing singly has wide-spreading
branches. It is well known in parks and gardens in this
country as a highly-ornamental tree. It is conspicuous in the
vicinity of Mount Lebanon, one near Damascus measuring 40
feet in circumference. The Western Plane (P. occidentcdis) is
a tree attaining a large size, native of Xorth America. In
this country it is often injured by the spring frosts, and in
the year 1811 many trees of it were killed in Scotland and in
England. F, acerifolia, believed to be a distinct species, is
much grown about London as the Oriental Plane ; it differs
in its leaves not being so deeply cut, and it is less disposed as
in the true Plane to branch horizontally. P. raccmosa, native
PLANTAIN OF ECONOMIC PLANTS. 329
of California, P. Lindeniana, and F. mexicana, of ^lexico, are
said to be distinct species. Plane Tree wood is much prized by
cabinetmakers, as it takes a fine polish.
Plane Tree, Scotch, a general name in Scotland for the
different species of the genus Ace7' or Maple.
Plantain (^Musct paradisiaca) and Banana (3f. sajnenticm),
perennial herbs, having long, vertical, sheathing leaf- stalks
overlapping one another, forming soft stems, 4 to 15 or more
feet high; from the top of the sheath broad leaves expand
6 to 10 feet in length ; the fruit is produced in a bunch from
the top of the sheathing stem, each bunch weighing 40, 60,
or even more pounds. The Plantain and Banana are by some
supposed to be two distinct species, but their numerous varieties
seem to defy the limits to which of the species many of the
forms belong. As food plants they have been cultivated in all
ages throughout the tropics, and are now so thoroughly universal
that it is extremely difficult to assign any place as their native
habitat. They produce food for millions of people, far surpassing
in quantity that of any other plant in proportion to the space it
occupies. It has been calculated that the same area required to
yield 33 lbs. of wheat, or 99 lbs. of potatoes, will produce 4400
lbs. of Plantains.
The young fruit surrounds the flower-stalk or spadix in
clusters, and when ripe is of a yellow colour. Each fruit is from
6 to 8 inches long, and 4 to 5 inches in circumference. It is of
a soft pulpy nature and agreeable flavour, being moreover highly
nutritious. The Banana is eaten fresh when ripe, but the fruic
of the Plantain is roasted and eaten before it attains its full
maturity. In general the stems of Bananas rise 10 to 15 feet
high, and are liable to be injured or even destroyed by high
winds ; a remedy for this has, however, been found in Musci
chinensis, which is also cultivated under the name of 3Iicsa
Cavendishii, the stems of which are rarely more than 4 to 5
feet high and very stout. This last variety has been success-
fully introduced into the Navigator's, Fiji, and other islands of
the Pacific, and is much valued by the natives on account of its
330 DICTIONARY OF POPULAR NAMES PLUM
productiveness. The stems of the different kinds of Musa con-
tain a quantity of fibre, and various machines have been invented
for its extraction. It is woven into textile fabrics, and paper is
also made of it. The most important fibre-yielding species is
Musa textilis, known as Manilla Hemp (see Hemp).
Bananas grow and fruit freely in hothouses ; bunches from
50 to 60 lbs. weight have been produced at Kew, and fruit
as large and fine-flavoured as that produced in the tropics.
Plum (Primus domestica), a middle-sized tree of the Plum
family (Drupacea^). In this country it is found in a wild state,
and it is also common throughout Europe and the temperate
regions of Asia. It is by cultivation that the numerous fine
varieties have been obtained, such as the Magnum Bonum, Blue-
gage, Green-gage, Golden-drop, Imperatrice, Orleans, and many
other sorts — all fine dessert fruits, more or less cultivated in
most temperate countries. The kinds called Damsons and Prunes
are black, and are extensively used for preserving, the latter in a
di'ied state cominsj to this countrv from Portugal and France
under the name of Brimole Prunes. The wood of the Plum tree
is hard, close, compact, beautifully veined, and takes a fine polish.
Plum, Australian, Black and Grey, names in Australia for
the fruits of Cargillia arhorea and C. australis, lofty, hard-
wooded trees of the Ebony family (Ebenaceae). C. ardorea is a
native of Queensland, attaining a height of 100 feet; the fruit
is about the size of a plum, of a grey colour, and eaten by the
natives. C. austrcdis o^rows in tlie Illawarra district of New
South Wales ; it is not such a large tree as the preceding ; it is
slender-stemmed, attaining a height of 30 to 40 feet ; the wood
is close-grained and useful for many purposes ; the fruits are the
size of a large plum, and of a dark purple colour.
Plum, Blood, the name of the fruit of Hcematostaiohes
Barteri, a small tree of the Cashew Nut family (Anacardiaceae),
native of Western tropical Africa. It has winged leaves, and long
panicles of small white flowers. The fruit is about the size of a
plum, of a deep crimson colour ; it is acid, but not unpleasant,
and is eaten by the natives.
POLYANTHUS OF ECONOMIC PLANTS. 331
Plum, Grey. {See Gingerbread Plnm.)
Plum, Indian. — Flacourtia cataphracta and F. Bamontchi,
shrubs or small trees, more or less s]3iny, with small alternate
leaves, belonging to the Indian Plum family (riacourtiace?e),
natives of India and Madagascar. The fruit of the latter is
about the size of a plum, of a sharp but sweetish taste. F.
sepiaria is a stiff, spiny bush, used for making hedges in India.
It has a pleasant, refreshing, sub-acid fruit.
Pohutukawa, a native name for Meirosideros tomentosa, a
native of ISTew Zealand, a remarkable tree of the Myrtle family
(MyrtacCce), growing on the bare rocks of the shore, especially
on the Northern Island. It sometimes grows 4 to 5 feet in
diameter, but is then often crooked and missliapen. Its wood
is hard, like rosewood, and takes a fine polish, but is difficult to
work, as it breaks the edges of tools.
Poison Bulb {Hmmantlms toxicaria), a bulbous plant of the
Narcissus family (Amaryllidaceie), native of the Cape of Good
Hope. It is poisonous, and it is said that the Kaffirs use it to
poison their arrows.
Poison Oak. {See Sumach.)
Poke {Phytolacca decandra), a strong-growing, herbaceous
plant of the Bloodberry family (Phytolaccaceae), 3 or 4 feet
high, having bunches of dark-purple berries, the juice of which
resembles red ink. It is a native of the Southern United
States, where the plant is used medicinally ; the young shoots
on being boiled lose their acridity, and are then eaten as a
vegetable. It is also called Pigeon-berry, and once had great
repute as a cure for cancer.
Pollard. {See Bran.)
Polish Mushroom, a name given on the Continent to Boletus
edtdis, an eatable fungus growing in woods.
Polyanthus, a familiar name for Brimida elatior, a perennial
herb of the Primrose family (Primulacea3), native of this
country, but rare ; also known by the name of Oxlip. It de-
rives its name from the Greek words poly (many) and anthus
(flowers), its flower-stalk bearing many erect flowers in the
332 DICTIONARY OF POPULAR NAMES POLYPODY
form of an umbel, thus differing from the primrose, which is
one-flowered ; there are many fine varieties cultivated by ama-
teurs. Polyanthus having become a familiar English name, must
not be confounded with the genus Folianthes, which means
city-flower. (See Tuberose.)
Polypody, an ancient name for Polypodmm vulgare, a fern
common in this country and throughout Europe, growing on
trees, rocks, old walls, etc. By the ancients and our old her-
balists many medicmal virtues were ascribed to the common
Polypody. In some countries it is used as a cure for ringworm,
and in this country an infusion of the fresh rhizome (creeping
stem) is still regarded as a mild laxative, and is occasionally
used as a remedy for colds and coughs. Its fronds yield
carbonate of potash.
Pomegranate {Puiiica Granatum), a bushy deciduous tree,
20 to 30 feet high, of the Myrtle family (^lyrtaceae), native of
Korthern India and Western Asia, extending westward to the
countries of the Mediterranean. It has been long cultivated in
Spain and other countries of the South of Europe, and is also
abundant in the West Indies and America. The fruit is usually
about as large as a full-sized apple, having a hard rind of a
yellowish colour ; it contains a pulp which is highly prized for
makiuCT coolinsj drinks. In Persia a wine is made from it in
sufficient quantities for exportation. The rind, as well as the
flowers, is used medicinally as a powerful astringent. The
former contains a large quantity of tannin, which is used in the
manufacture of morocco leather. A decoction of the bark and
root is a powerful remedy for tapeworm. The Pomegranate is
recorded as being introduced into this country in 1548. It grows
freely under the protection of walls, but suffers in severe winters.
In January 1838 all the trees in the neighbourhood of London
were killed to the ground. The Pomeofranate is of ancient
renown, bemg mentioned in the Bible as one of the fruits of the
Land of Promise, and is also described by Theophrastus 300
years before the Christian era.
Pomeloes. {See Shaddock.)
POPLAR OF ECONOMIC PLANTS. 333
Pondweed, Choke {Anacharis Alsinastrwn), an aquatic of
the Frogbit family (Hydrochariclacere), with lea^'es like chick-
weed, arranged three in a whorl on long, slender, floating stems,
wdiich are densely matted together. It is a native of North
America, and about forty years ago made its appearance in
this country, spreading so rapidly that it was feared it would
choke up the canals, and so prevent navigation. It, however,
forms such dense masses that it ultimately becomes exhausted,
and dies out.
Pool-rush. {See Bulrush.)
Poonga Oil, a name in India given to the oil expressed from
Pongamia glcibra, a tree of the Bean family (Leguminosa^), very
generally diffused throughout Southern India, Malacca, Indian
Archipelago, Southern China, ISTorth Australia, and Fiji Islands.
It is a wing-leaved, middle-sized tree ; its fruit (pod) from one
to one and a half inches long and one inch broad, flattened,
roundish, thick, and hard, containing a thick, kidney-shaped
seed, which yields an oil, used by the common people for
burning in lamps ; and it is also used in medicine. It is of a
yellowish-brown colour, and congeals at a temperature below
60° Fahr.
Poplar [Populus), the name of a genus of trees of the Willow
family (Salicaccce), of which there are a considerable number of
species widely distributed, chiefly throughout the north temperate
zone. About 15 sjDecies are recorded as being cultivated in
this country, of which tlie following are the principal, the four
first being natives : — P. alha, the great White Poplar, or Abele
tree, and P. canescens, the Grey Poplar. They are common
in other parts of Europe and in the Caucasus and Persia. The
timber of P. alha is soft, and but little used, except for toys and
such work ; that of P. canesccns is harder, and is used by mill-
wrights, and being light is used for the handles of brooms, etc.
P. nigra, the Black Poplar, is of rapid growth, attaining a
height of 30 to 40 feet in ten years ; the wood is yellow, fibrous,
and soft. P. tremula, the Trembling Poplar, or Aspen, is an
erect, slender-branching, somewhat pyramidal deciduous tree,
334 DICTIONARY OF POPULAR NAMES POPPY
attaining a lieigiit of 40 to 50 feet. Its leaves are nearly
round, thin and smooth, alternate, and obliquely attached by a
slender foot-stalk, which allows them to move freely in a quiver-
ins: manner, even when the air is still, and their rustlino- ao-ainst
one another makes an audible noise, which may be heard at
some distance. This rustling noise is considered by Bible
critics to explain the words, " When thou hearest the sound of
a going in the tops of the mulberry trees," etc. (2 Samuel
V. 23, 24). As the leaves of the mulberry are stiff and rigid,
and do not rustle against one another like those of the Poplar,
and also as there is no evidence to show that mulberry trees
sirew in Palestine in the time of Samuel, it is therefore con-
sidered that the Hebrew word (becaim) should have been
translated Poplar, not mulberry.
P. fast ig lata, the Lombardy Poplar, is an erect-branched
tree of a pyramidal form, attaining a height of 50 to 100 feet.
It abounds in Italy, but is believed to be a native of N'orthern
and Western Asia ; in this country it is planted as an orna-
mental tree, but is often injured by the frost of severe winters.
Some years ago some fine trees were to be seen about London ;
their places are now occupied by buildings. P. halsamifcra,
native of ISTorth America, is called Tacamahac Poplar, and in
this country Balsam Poplar; it attains a height of 40 to 50
or more feet ; the buds and young shoots are viscous, the whole
of the tree possessing a fine balsamic odour. P. monilifera is
said to be a native of North America, but its habitat is uncertain ;
recorded to be introduced into this country in 1772. It is said
to attain a great height, even to 100 feet. It is common in
Italy, which has led to its receiving the name of Black Itahan
Poplar.
Poppy, Red, or Corn (Pa-paver Phceas), one of our most
beautiful British annuals ; it must nevertheless be viewed as a
troublesome weed. It is a great ornament to our cornfields,
often making them appear while in flower one blaze of red. A
syrup is prepared from the petals used in medicine, and a colour-
ing matter used in the preparation of red ink.
POPPY OF ECONOMIC PLANTS. 335
Poppy, White [Papaxer somniferum), an annual of the Poppy
family (Papaveraceaj), attaining a height of 3 feet, having large,
single, white or pink flowers. Its native country is not known,
as it has been cultivated from the most remote ages, and was
early known in Italy and Greece. It has long been extensively
grown in India for its milky juice, which is obtained by scarify-
ing the capsules when fully grown but in a green state. The
juice soon hardens, and is scraped off, formed into balls, and
called Opium, from which morphia is obtained. The highly
medicinal properties are well known, and when used with judici-
ous care it is one of the most valuable medicines known to man.
Opium is, however, more extensively used for inducing narcotic
intoxication by smoking or chewing, particularly in China,
Turkey, Persia, India, and Siam, and to some extent in England.
This pernicious custom wdien carried to excess is fatal to
health, even causing madness. The capsules, or poppy -heads,
are dried and employed in fomentations, and a syrup is pre-
pared from them for use as a cough medicine. Oj)ium forms
one of the ingredients of Godfrey's Cordial. The seeds are per-
fectly free from any narcotic principle. A fine clear oil, nearly
equal to olive oil, is obtained from them, which is used as a
salad oil in India as well as on the Continent, where it is ex-
pressly grown for that purpose. It is but sparingly cultivated
in this country for its heads, the seed being the maw-seed given
to cage-birds.
The Government of China, being desirous to prevent the use
of Opium, in 1839 destroyed a great quantity, the property
of British merchants, wdiich led to the first war with that
country ; the result being the opening of that great empire, as
also Japan, to the trade and commerce of the world. \_The
Poppy, therefore, with the tea, sugar, tohacco, and cotton plcmts,
has been an important agent in changing the political and social
conditions of nations. An imp)ort duty on tea led to the separation
from the British Crown of the North American Colonics, which
have hecome the great Repuhlic of the United States. The cidtiva-
tion of sugar, tohacco, and cotton in America and the West Indies
336 DICTIONAEY OF POPULAR XAMES PORCUPINE
laid the foundation of the slave trade, with all the horrors that
have attended it^^
Porcupine-wood. {See Cocoa JSTut.)
Portugal Laurel {Prunus \_Cerasus'\ lusitanica), a wide-
spreading, evergreen shrub or short -stemmed tree, seldom
exceeding 20 feet in height, belonging to the Cherry group of
the Plum family (Drupaceae). It is a native of Portugal and
Madeira, and was introduced into this country in 1648 ; it is very
generally planted as an ornamental shrub. In severe winters
it is often injured; the frost of January 1838 destroyed the
whole of the plants at Kew.
Potato {Solanum tuherosum), a perennial of the Nightshade
family (Solanaceee). This well-known esculent is a native of
Peru and Chili, and has also been found wild in Mexico. It
was first introduced into Spain about the beginning of the six-
teenth century, and into England from Virginia by Sir "Walter
Ptaleigh in 1586. Gerard, in his Hcrhal, published in 1597,
gives a figure of a potato plant which he had had growing in his
garden in Holborn (London), under the name of Batata virgini-
ana} and says it should be eaten as a delicate dish, not as com-
mon food. Parkinson (1640) says the tubers were roasted, and
steeped in sack or sugar, or baked with marrow and spices, and
even preserved candied by the comfit-makers. The cultivation
of the Potato spread very slowly. About 1633 it was encour-
aged by the Eoyal Society ; but it was not until nearly a century
had elapsed that it became plentiful, and was successfully
cultivated in Scotland. It is singular that in The ComjAete
Gardener, published by London and Wise in I7l9, the Potato is
not mentioned, and about the same time Bradly, an extensive
writer on horticultural subjects, speaks of it as being inferior to
radishes. During the last hundred years the cultivation of the
Potato has greatly increased in importance, especially in poor
and densely-populated districts. The ravages of a potato-disease,
which first appeared in 1845, produced a famine, especially in
In Spain called potades, in Italy potate ; hence comes our word
potatoes.
PRAIRIE OF ECONOMIC PLANTS. 337
Ireland, where Potatoes had for years been ahnost tlie sole
article of food with the poorer class. Since tliat period, and on
account of this disease, the crop has been uncertain tliroughout
all countries.
Besides the usual culinary purposes for whicli Potatoes are
used, a large quantity of starch is manufactured from them,
equal to arrowroot, and used for many domestic purposes. It
enters largely into the composition of wheaten bread, sometimes
even to excess. From the starch a gum is obtained called
Dextrine, which is used in the arts. The Potato yields by dis-
tillation a strong spirit, and by fermentation a wine is oljtained ;
the spirit in flavour resembles brandy. Consequent on the
disease of late years deteriorating the crops in this country, and
the supply falling short of the demand, large quantities are
imported, chiefly from France, the weekly consumption of
London alone being equivalent to 500 tons. The quantity of
baked Potatoes sold by vendors in the streets is estimated at 60
tons weekly between September and April. The disease is
caused by a microscopic fungus called Pcronosiiora infcstcnis,
w^hich rapidly spreads over the plant, whole fields becoming
black in a night ; its mycelium enters the tubers^ causing them
to soften and rot. i\Iuch has been written on this disease, and
rewards offered for its prevention or cure, but hitherto without
any satisfactory result.
Pottery Tree {Moquilea idilis), a plant of the Cocoa Plum
family (Chrysobalanace{:e), consisting of tall trees, natives of the
forests of Brazil and Guiana. Spruce describes them as straight,
slender trees, 100 feet in height. The bark is very hard and
brittle, and contains a great quantity of silica, which the
Indians obtain by burning the bark, and mixing the residue
with clay to form pottery- ware vessels to stand tire heat. In
Trinidad the bark of a species of Hirtdla, H. silicca, a genus of
the same family, is used for similar purposes. Specimens of the
bark and of the vessels made from these pottery trees may be
seen in the Museum in Kew Gardens.
Prairie Turnip {Psoralca esculenta), a tuberous-rooted herb
z
338 DICTIONARY OF POPULAE, NAMES PRANGOS
belonging to the Bean family (Leguminosse), attaining a height
of 2 feet, having winged leaves. It is common in some of
the United States and in ISTorth-West America. Its tuberous
roots form a considerable article of food to the native population,
but it is rather insipid.
Prangos {Prangos 2^('^^ularia), a perennial of the Carrot
family (Umbelliferte), having a stem a few feet in height, wdth
finely-divided leaves, and umbels of yellow flowers. It is a native
of Tibet, where it is extensively used as a fodder for sheep,
goats, and oxen ; they are very fond of it, and soon get fat upon
it. It is not so much esteemed in Cashmere, where grass is
more abundant than in Tibet. About 1840 it came into special
notice in this country under the name of hay, and attempts were
made to introduce it as a forage-plant, but it did not succeed.
Prickly Pear. (See Indian Fig.)
Pride of India. {See Bead Tree.)
Primrose (Primida mdgaris), a perennial herb of the Prim-
rose family (Primulacese). This, with the Cowslip (P. officinalis)
and Oxlip (P. elatior), are natives of this country, and in general
favour as early spring flowers. {See Polyanthus.) P. chinensis,
native of China, was introduced about forty years ago. Of this
there are now many fine varieties, with double flowers, varying in
colour from pink to pure white. It is extensively cultivated by
florists as a decorative plant, as is also the more recently intro-
duced species P. japoyiica. P. sikkimensis, and other showy
species, native of the Himalayas, have been recently introduced.
P. villosa, P. marginata, P. integrifolia, P. calycincc, P. helvetica,
and P, Atiricula (see Auricula), natives of Switzerland, are
favourites with cultivators of alpine plants, to which may be
added P. farinosa and P. scotica, natives of this country.
Privet, also known by the name of Prim, a bushy, simple-
leaved shrub of the Olive family (Oleacese), native of this
country, and generally throughout Europe. It seldom exceeds
8 to 10 feet in height ; its wood is hard, and although small is
used in turnery. It is much planted in this country as an
ornamental plant, and for forming hedges where strength is not
PUDDING OF ECONOMIC PLANTS. 339
required. It bears pruning and clipping with impunity. Its
fruit is a small, black berry, produced in bundles ; the juice is
said to be used for painting playing-cards and also for colouring
port wine. A bitter extract called Ligustrine is obtained from
the bark; it also contains tannin.
Protea, the Linnoean name of a genus, the type of the
Protea family (Proteacese). It consists of 40 to 50 species of
shrubs and smaU trees, with alternate, entire, smooth or villose
leaves, varying from linear to oblong, elHptical, and cordate.
Flowers in terminal heads, composed of numerous tubular florets
(calyx), surrounded by oblong imbricated bracts, similar to the
flowers of the Composite family (Composite), in F. longiflora,
F. grandiflora, F. S2Jeciosa, F. formosa, and F. mellifera. The
flowers are large, 3 to 4 inches in length, firm and imbricated,
forming a cup, which in F. mellifera contams a large quantity
of honey. {See Honey Flowers.) They are all, with the excep-
tion of F. abyssinica, natives of South Africa. Twenty-three
species are recorded in the second edition of Hortus Kewensis
(1813), which for many years formed a part of the great collec-
tion of Proteacese at Kew.
Prune. {See Plum.)
Puchurim Bean. {See Nutmeg.)
Pudding Berries {Comus caimclensis), a herb of the Dog-
wood family (Cornacete), common throughout tlie whole of North
America. An allied species is C. suecica, called Dwarf Cornel.
It is smaller than the preceding, seldom exceeding 6 inches in
heio'ht. It is a native of the North of Scotland and the North
of Europe generally. The berries of both are used as food,
especially by the Esquimaux.
Pudding Pipe, a name given in Jamaica and the West
Indies to Cassia fistula, sometimes called Catliartocarims fistula,
2l small wing-leaved tree of the Bean family (Leguminosiv),
producing abundance of yellow flowers, native of the East
Indies, and now common in most tropical countries. It
produces a smooth cylindrical pod twice the tliickness of the
finger, and sometimes two feet in length. The interior is divided
340 DICTIONAEY OF POPULAR NAMES PUFF
into numerous transverse partitions, each containing a seed
embedded in pulp, of a sweet taste, which forms an important
laxative medicine. The leaves, as also those of C. elata, are used
as a cure for ringworm.
Puff Ball {Lyco'perdon hovista and Z. giganteiim), globular,
stemless fungi, generally growing in pastures. The chief specific
difference of the two is in their respective sizes, which varies
from a few inches to a foot or more in diameter, sometimes
weighing as much as six pounds. They are of a brown colour.
When perfectly ripe, on being pressed with the hand or trodden
upon, they emit their spores in a dust-like cloud resembling
smoke. From this circumstance they are called The Devil's
Snuff-box. While young, in their solid state cut into slices and
fried with butter, they form a delicately flavoured wholesome
dish. The allied genus Bovista, of which there are two species
native of Britain {B. nigrcsccns and B. j;/z^??2 5^«), are similar to
the puff ball in form, but much smaller, and discharge their
dust-like spores from the top of their papery skin. They are
common in dry pastures.
Pulas, a name in India for Butca frondosa, a tree of the
Bean family (Leguminosse), native of Bengal, attaining a
heiojht of 30 or 40 feet. Its leaves are trifoliate, and covered
wdth a velvety down. Its flowers are produced before the
leaves. Each flower is about 2 inches long, and of a bright
orange-red colour, and when the tree is in full flower is a
splendid sight, the masses of flowers resembling sheets of flame.
It furnishes several useful articles, the most important being a
kind of kino gum, which exudes from the bark on its being
wounded. In order to distinguish it from the kino produced from
Pterocarpus marsujpium, it is called Butea Kino, or Gum Butea.
It is also sometimes called Bengal Kino. It is chiefly employed
by the natives for tanning leather. It has been tried in this
country, but the colour it imparts to the leather is considered
objectionable. The flowers produce a beautiful bright yellow
or deep orange-red dye ; but it is not permanent. A coarse fibre
of the bark of the stem and roots is used for caulking boats.
QUAMASH OF ECONOMIC PLANTS. 341
The lac insect, a kind of coccus, frequents the tree, and by its
punctures in the young shoots produces stick lac. The seeds
produce a small quantity of oil called Moodooga Oil. This
tree is also called by the name of Dhak.
Another species is B. superha. It differs from the preced-
ing, being a climber. Its leaves and flowers are similar to the
last ; as also its products.
Pulque. (See Aloe, American.)
Pulse, a general name for the pods and seeds of peas,
lentils, etc.
Pulu, the name applied to the fine silky hairs that cover
the upper part of the stem and base of the stipes of Cihotiitm
Menziesii, G. Chamissoi, and C. glmicum, tree-ferns of the tribe
Dicksonim, natives of the Sandwich Islands. Some years ago
large quantities of these hairs were collected, and shiploads were
sent to Australia and used for stuffing cushions and beds, but it
has fallen into disuse.
Pumpkin (Cucicrhita maxima), a trailing annual plant of the
Gourd family (Cucurbitacese), producing the largest fruit of any
known plant, some having been grown in this country weighing
from 200 to 240 pounds, and measuring from 6 to nearly 8 feet
in circumference. They are wholesome, and wdien young are by
some used as a vegetable.
Puriri, a name in New Zealand for Vitex littoralis, a tree of
the Vervain family (Verbenacese), attaining a height of 50 to
60 feet. Its wood is hard and dark brown, much used in all
kinds of work. It is also called New Zealand Teak.
Puya, the name of a genus of the Pine-apple family (Brome-
liaceaj), represented by F. cliilensis, which has a palm-like stem
2 to 4 feet high, according to age. It has long recurved leaves,
armed with hooked spines ; native of some parts of the coast of
Chili, where it forms impenetrable thickets miles in extent ; its
leaves contain fibre. {See also Grass Cloth.)
Quamash (Camassia esculenta), a bulbous plant of the
Hyacinth section of the Lily family (Liliaceoe), with blue or
white flowers. It is a native of Korth America, where it is very
342 DICTIONARY OF POPULAR NAMES QUANDANG
abundant, and its bulbous roots form a large proportion of the
vegetable food of the Indians.
Quandang Nut (Santahmi acuminatum), a tree oHhe Sandal-
wood family (Santalacece), attaining a height of 20 or 30 feet,
having a drupaceous fruit which is used as a preserve, and may
be considered one of the few native fruits of Australia worthy
of the name of fruit.
Quassia {Quassia amara), a small tree of the family Sima-
rubacese, native of Surinam and Guiana, from whence it has been
introduced into the West Indies. The generic name Quassia is
derived from a negro named Quassi of Surinam, who employed
the wood with uncommon success as a secret remedy in the
malignant endemic fevers which frequently prevailed in Suri-
nam. He sold the secret to Daniel Eolander, a Swede, who, in
1756, brought specimens of the wood to Stockholm, and shortly
afterwards it became highly extolled throughout Europe, and it
has been prescribed by numerous eminent doctors as an excel-
lent tonic. The whole plant — root, wood, and bark — is intensely
bitter, and possesses highly antiseptic properties. On account
of its bitterness it has been used by brewers as a substitute for
hops. The bitterness of the Surinam Quassia is, however, super-
seded by the Jamaica Quassia, Picrcena excelsa, a tree of the same
family, common in the lowlands of Jamaica, attaining a height
of 50 to 60 feet. The Quassia wood of the shops is now prin-
cipally the produce of this tree. Its medical qualities are the
same as those of the Surinam Quassia. The bitter cups sold a
few years ago in curiosity shops are made of this wood, and water
allowed to remain in the cup for a short time becomes bitter.
An infusion of Quassia chips destroys flies. Another bitter tree
of this family is Simaruha amara, a tree attaining a height
of 20 feet, native of the "West Indies and Guiana. The bark is
extremely bitter, and is used in the form of a decoction in many
complaints.
Quebracho, Red [LoxoiJterygium Lorcntzii), a tree of the
Cashew Nut family (Anacardiacese), native of Colorado and Mexico.
It is said to possess the same properties as the following.
QUINOA OF ECONOMIC PLANTS. 343
Quebracho, White, a name in South America for Asjn-
dosperma Quehraclio, a tree of the Dogbane family (xipocynacec^e),
native of the province of Santiago in Chili, where its bark has
been used for many years as a febrifuge instead of Cinchona.
Eecently it has received a good deal of attention in this country
as a remedy for diseases of the respiratory organs. The bark
contains an alkaloid called Aspidospermin.
Quercitron. {See Oak.)
Quillaia Bark {Qu.illaja Saponaria), a tree attaining a
height of 50 to 60 feet, native of Chili, belonging to the wing-
seeded section of the Kose family (Eosaceas), having smooth,
shining, oval, green leaves, about IJ inch in length, and ter-
minal white flowers. The bark is called Quillaja or Soap Bark,
and consists of numerous layers, containing much carbonate of
lime and other mineral matters, which renders it so heavy that
it sinks in water. It is in common use in Chili instead of soap.
Some years ago it was introduced into this country and recom-
mended as a substitute for soap, especially for washing printed
goods, silks, and delicate-coloured fabrics. An extract has been
prepared under the name of Quillai Bark Oil, and sold by
hairdressers for promoting the growth of the hair.
Quince Tree (Cydonia vulgaris), a low, spreading, branched
tree of the Apple family (Pomacese), native of the temperate zone
of Europe and Asia. It appears to have been early cultivated
by the Greeks and Eomans. Pliny says it was first introduced
to Italy from Crete, and into this country about the end of the
sixteenth century. The fruit has a powerful odour, and is
often used for flavouring marmalade and other preserves. Wine
is also made from it. In the heathen mythology the Quince was
devoted to the goddess Venus, as being the emblem of love,
happiness, and faithfulness, and has been supposed to be the
golden fruit of the fancied garden of the Hesperides, defended
by the dragon. The fruit of C. sinensis is very inferior to the
common Quince.
Quinine. {See Cinchona.)
Quinoa {Chenopodmni Quinoci), an annual plant of the
344 DICTIONARY OF POPULAR NAMES RADISH
Spinacli family (Chenopodiacese), growing to a height of from
4 to 6 feet, producing dense, erect, compound panicles of flowers.
It is a native of Peru, and is much cultivated in Chili and other
parts of Western America for its seeds, which form an important
article of food, and are considered by the miners and others
employed in laborious work as very strengthening. Before the
conquest of Peru by the Spaniards it was the principal meal
food of the Peruvians. In this country it is cultivated for feed-
incy fowls, and its leaves are used as a vegetable. In the United
States an oil is obtained from the seeds of C. anthelminticum.
Radish (EcqyJmmcs sativus), an annual herb of the Cabbage
family (Cruciferse). It is not known in a wild state, but is
supposed to be a cultivated form of the wild Piadish (E. Ila^^han-
istruni), a common plant in this country and Southern Europe.
If so, it must have come to its present edible state in early
times.
Radish, Rat-tail {Raphanus caudatus), native of India and
China, and was introduced into this country about twenty years
ago. It is considered by some authors to be simply a variety
of the common radish. It has been highly prized and much
sought after on account of its long succulent pods, which under
j:[ood cultivation attain a lenojth of 2 to 3 feet, and are eaten
either boiled or j)ickled. A few years since it was recommended
for cultivation in this country, but it is now seldom heard of.
Raetem, the Arabic name for a kind of broom, named by
Linnaeus Spartiiim monospermitm, a shrub of the P)ean family
(Leguminosae). In habit of growth it is similar to the common
yellow broom of this country ; but its branches are longer and
more flexible, and of a grey colour, forming a dense bush 10 to
12 feet high. Its leaves are very small and few ; its flowers are
white, followed by a small, single-seeded, pod-like indehiscent
fruit. It is common in barren tracts throughout the region of
the Mediterranean, both European and African. It is the plant
spoken of in the Bible under the name of Juniper : " Who cut
up mallows by the bushes and JuniiKv roots for their meat "
(Job XXX. 4). Instead of Juniper, the word (rothem) sliould have
RAKI OF ECONOMIC PLANTS. 345
been translated Broom : but as neither Juniper nor Broom is
capable of being eaten as food, both beiug hard and nauseous in
the extreme, we are led to suppose that it was some other plant
that was eaten, and that it was a species of Cynomorium which
grows on the roots of Eaetem, in the same manner as Broom-
rape {Orobcuichc) grows on the roots of broom and furze in this
country ; further, Cynomorium coccineum has been seen grow-
ing in abundance on the Eaetem in the region of the Dead Sea,
and is known to be eaten in some parts in times of scarcity,
especially in the Canary Islands, so that this plant may be
accepted as explaining the words, "eating Juniper roots for
their meat." (See Fungus Melitensis.)
Raffia, or Roffia. (See Jupate Palm.)
Rafflesia. — It is now sixty -two years since a great sensa-
tion was caused by the discovery in the Island of Sumatra
of one of the most remarkable productions of the vegetable
kingdom. This was a plant consisting of a flower only, measur-
ing 1 yard in diameter, formed of five high fleshy lobes (petals),
of a spotted or mottled red colour, the union of their bases
forming a central cup capable of holding 12 pints of water,
the whole weighing 15 lbs. It was found growing on a prostrate
stem of a species of Cissus, a genus of the Vine family, and in its
unexpanded state was like a red cabbage. From its carrion-like
smell attracting insects, it w^as supposed to be a fungus ; but
on specimens being submitted to the celebrated botanist, Mr.
liobert Brown, it was found to be a true flower, having perfect
stamens and pistils, but dioecious — that is, the stamens in one
flower and pistils in another. He named it Babesia ArnolcU,
after its discoverers, Sir T. S. Eaflles and Dr. Arnold, and con-
sidered it to belong to the family Balanophoraceoe, all of which
are parasites ; but it is now classed by some botanists as the
type of a distinct family, Eafflesiacese.
Ragee, a name in India for Elelisine coracana, a millet-like
grass, the seeds of which are used for food.
Raisins, (fe Vine.)
Raki. (See Mastich.)
346 DICTIONAEY OF POPULAE NAMES RAIVIBUTAN
Rambutan. {See Litclii.)
Ramie, or Ramee {Bcehmeria nivea). (See Grass Cloth.)
Ramleh, the name of the fruit of Pierardia scqnda, now
placed in the genus Baccaurea, belonging to the Euphorbiacese.
It is a small tree, with broad, entire, oblong leaves, native of
the Malay Peninsula, as also of the Pegu forests of Burmah.
Pruit the size of a large gooseberry, smooth, yellow, three-celled,
with the seeds embedded in a pulpy ariL It is esteemed by the
natives, and is generally plentiful in the Piangoon market.
Choopah is the native name of P. didcis, a tree similar to
the last, native of the Malayan Islands. Its fruits are nearly
round, and rather larger than a cherr}^ They contain a sweet,
luscious pulp, and like the last are eaten in large quantities.
Rampion [Campanida Rapmcidus), a perennial of the Bell
Flower family (Campanulace?e), native of this countn', common
in gardens for its running, white, succulent roots, which are
eaten as a salad.
Ram -til Oil, a name in India for an oil expressed from
the seeds of Guizotia olcifera, a weedy -looking annual herb of
the Composite family (Compositse) ; cultivated in Abyssinia
and various parts of India for the sake of its seeds, which yield
a bland oil similar to Sesamum oil, used for lamps and for
culinary purposes.
Rape {Brassica Napus) and Colza (B. campcstris), two weedy
annuals of the Cabbage family (Cruciferie). They differ in the
leaves, one being smooth and the other hairy. They are ex-
tensively cultivated in this country and throughout Europe for
their seeds, which yield Rape and Colza Oil. The consumption
in this country is so great that immense quantities are imported.
The refuse seeds form oil-cake for feeding cattle.
Camelina sativa, known as Gold of Pleasure, is a plant
similar to the preceding, and cultivated for the same purposes.
Raspberry {Buhus Idceics), a cane -stemmed shrub of the
Eose family (Ptosaceae), native of Britain, most parts of temperate
Europe, and western temperate Asia. It is cultivated for its
fruit, so called, which consists of numerous little achenia
RED OF ECONOMIC PLANTS. 347
embedded in pulp, forming a compound fruit. There are two
kinds, the red and the white, and hy cultivation fine varieties
have been obtained. They are well known as dessert fruits,
and large quantities are used for jams, jellies, and cooling
drinks, also for raspberry vinegar, wine, and brandy. In 1873
one firm alone in London used 300 tons for these purposes.
Rasp Palm (Jriartea cxorrhiza), a wing -leaved palm, native
of Northern Brazil and Central America. It is remarkable
inasmuch as its stem is supported on aerial roots, which diverge
from the base in a slanting direction like props, and are of
sufficient height for a man to walk beneath them. These sup-
porting roots are 6 to 8 inches in circumference, covered with
hard tubercles, and are used by the natives as graters. A fine
example of this palm, with aerial roots 2 feet in length, was a
few years ago to be seen in the Palm-house at Kew.
Rata, a name given by the natives of New Zealand to
Metrosideros rohista, a tree of the Myrtle family (Myrtace?e),
remarkable for its mode of growth. Its nature is epiphytal ; it
begins by several young stems ascending some forest trees, like
ivy ; they thicken and involve the whole of the trunk of the
tree to its summit, the tree ultimately dies and entirely disappears.
The Eata stems becoming united, form a hollow trunk, 8 to 10
feet in circumference and 30 to 40 feet high, the lower part
gradually filling up and becoming solid timber, which is almost
like rosewood. The natives make their war-clubs, paddles, and
other articles of it.
Rattan Cane. (See Cane.)
Ray Grass (generally pronounced Eye-Grass), species of
the genus Loliiim, L. perenne and L. italicum ; being highly
valued as pasture and hay grasses. L. temulentnm is the
poisonous Darnel (which see).
Red Snow, a name for Frofococcus oiivalis, a genus of the
Conferva family (Conferva). This singular substance consists
of microscopic globules covering large tracts of snow in the
Arctic and Alpine regions, with patches of a bright red coloui-,
which, after pressure with the foot or sledge assumes the
348 DICTIONARY OF POPULAR NAMES REDWOOD
appearance of blood. It is rapidly generated, and is in some
parts believed by the peasantry to be showers of blood. It
has been seen in Scotland by the writer.
Redwood. {See Humiri ; also Mahogany, Indian.)
Redwood of California (Sequoia semjoervirens), a tree of the
Coniferse family, native of California, attaining a height of
more than 300 feet. It has been introduced into this country
and found perfectly hardy, some specimens being from 30 to 40
feet high, forming fine ornamental trees. (See Wellingtonia.)
Reeds, the culms or flower-stems of taU slender grasses,
the common Reed of this country being Phragmites communis,
growing on the banks of the Thames and other rivers, used for
thatching and other domestic purposes. In France it is planted
on the sea-coast with Pinus maritima to assist in fixing the
sands.
Reed Mace, also known by the name of Cat's-tail. Tyioha
latifolia, the great, and T. angustifolia, the lesser, Cat's-tail, re-
presentatives of the family Typhacese, are natives of this country
and throughout Europe and Northern Asia. They are perennial
rooted plants, with cane-like stems 5 to 8 feet in height, having
alternate, broad, grass-like, glaucous leaves, terminated by a
thick cylindrical head 6 to 8 inches in length, composed of
numerous florets, each formed of hair-like glumes. The flowers
are of separate sexes, the male containing a quantity of pollen,
of which in some parts a kind of bread is made. They grow in
lakes, rivers, and watery places, often forming thickets such as
that which occupied the boggy ground at Shepherd's Bush fifty
years ago, which is now covered with large mansions.
Reindeer Moss (Cladoyiia rangiferina), a lichen ; an erect
finely-branched species of a white or grey colour, growing in
compact masses, about 6 inches high, and covering large tracts
of country throughout Northern Europe and Arctic America,
where it may be said to represent the herbage of more southern
latitudes. It is weU known as the principal food of the rein-
deer.
Resin. (See Pitch.)
RHODODENDRON OF ECONOMIC PLANTS. 349
Resurrection Plant, a name given to Selagincllaleindophylla,
a plant of the Club Moss family (LycopodiaceiTc), native of
Mexico; in the valley of the Eio Grande growing on rocks,
lying flat in the form of a rosette. It is of a vivid green colour,
and on the air becoming dry it rolls up like a ball, and expands
again on the approach of moisture. About forty years ago a
quantity of these plants was imported and sold in London under
the name of Rose of Jericho, but they afterwards became known
as the Resurrection Plant.
Revalenta Meal. {See Lentil.)
Rewarewa, a New Zealand name for Kniglitia coxelsa, a
tree of the Protea family (Proteace?e), attaining a height of
100 feet. It has handsome wood, which is used for furniture
and cabinet-w^ork generally.
Rhatany {Krameria triandrcC), a strong-rooted perennial
suffruticose plant of the INIilkwort family (Polygalace?e), native
of Peru. Its root is thick and fleshy, producing numerous
spreading, somewhat decumbent stems; leaves alternate, simple,
obovate, acuminate, and villose. The roots are highly astringent
and tonic, and used by the Indians for the cure of many com-
plaints ; and some years ago were largely imported by the
Spaniards and Portuguese for giving a red colour to wines, but
the article has now fallen into disuse, and very little is imported.
Rhea Fibre. {See Grass-cloth.)
Rhododendron, a botanical name (now become familiarised)
of an extensive genus of trees and shrubs of the Heath family
(Ericaceae), principally natives of the temperate countries of the
northern hemisphere, as also on elevated regions of India and
in the Malayan Archipelago. They vary considerably in habit
and size, some being trees with large broad leaves, others trail-
ing, partially epiphytal shrubs, and others heath - like. All
have showy, and many of them splendid flow^ers. B. ]jonticum
may be considered the type of the genus native of the Levant,
and become naturalised in Gibraltar, and with E. hirsntum
and ferrugineum, natives of the Alps, was introduced into this
country about the middle of the last century. The North
350 DICTIONARY OF POPULAR NAMES RHUBARB
American species R. maximuvi is, however, recorded to have
been introduced earlier.
In Aiton's H or tics Kewensis 14 species are enumerated, in-
cluding the above. In 1818 Dr. Wallich forwarded to this
country seeds of E. arboreum, native of ^N'epal, which were
reared in the Eoyal Botanic Gardens, Edinburgh, and two plants
were forwarded to Kew, the largest of which was, in 1880, 23
feet high, girth of stem 3 feet 6 inches, and circumference of
branches 15 feet, and in some years it is thickly covered with
scarlet flowers. The introduction of several other Indian species
quickly followed. The botanical discoveries of Sir Joseph Hooker
in Sikkim Himalaya, between 1847-51, added greatly to the
number of Indian species in cultivation. At the same time
many line species were introduced from Bhotan, none of which,
however, were found sufficiently hardy to withstand the severe
winters of this country. This led cultivators to raise hybrids
between B. loonticum and other hardy species, and R. arboreum
and other Indian species, which have proved eminently success-
ful, and now our shrubberies are yearly gay with a numerous
variety of variously-coloured showy flowers. Among the Sikkim
species are trees 40 to 50 feet high, others form shrubs of
ordinary size, while those of the higher regions form low bushes,
some with heath-like leaves. A poisonous principle, of greater
or lesser intensity in different species, pervades the whole of the
genus. In Sikkim R. cinnabarinum poisons cattle and goats ;
manv die from eating: its leaves. When used as fuel it causes
the face to swell and the eyes to inflame. R. o.nthopogon and
R. setosuni, two small-leaved bushy species, natives of the higher
regions of Sikkim, emit an odour which gives headache to those
travelling in the elevated regions where they grow. The scent
of R. antliopogon is so strong, and is retained for so long a time,
that it is disagreeable even in the herbarium. The flowers of R.
arboreum yield such a large quantity of honey that the ground
becomes wet under the plants. Bees and wasps get intoxicated
and lose their lives by becoming fixed in the mass of honey.
Rhubarb. — Rheum jpalmatum, R. officinale, R. PJuqjoiiticum,
RICE OF ECONOMIC PLANTS. 351
etc., perennial plants of the Buckwheat family (Polygonacere),
natives of Eussia, the range of the Himalaya, and Western
Cliina. From the latter country large quantities of the roots
enter Eussia, from which place the best Ehubarb comes to tliis
country. The roots of E. Emodi find their way to Aleppo
thence to Constantinople, and from there to this country under
the name of Turkey Ehubarb. There has been, until recently,
much doubt as to the species which produces the best medi-
cinal rhubarb. It seems, however, to be clear tliat it is to be
attributed to B. officinale and R. ixdmatum, the Chinese and
Tartars not being willing that the plant should be known. But
the quality in a great measure depends on the collecting, drying,
and transport. B. 'palmahhm is not now grown in this country
for medicinal purposes, but i?. PJicqoonticum is to a large ex-
tent, principally near Banbury ; it is also extensively cultivated
for its leaf-stalk, which is well known as a culinary vegetable,
B. undulatum and B. palmatitm being used for the same purposes,
as well as being made into wine and preserves.
Ehubarb contains numerous crystalline bodies, in botany
called raphides, which, by the aid of the microscoj)e, are readily
seen in the fresh or cooked leaf-stalk, having the appearance of
numerous needles, and said to consist of phosphate of lime, and
it is supposed that the medical virtue of rhubarb is in some way
due to them, it being one of our best purgative medicines.
Rhubarb, Monk's, a name applied to Bumex aljjimis, a
strong-rooted perennial of the Buckwheat family (Polygonaceae),
native of Switzerland. It has the appearance of Ehubarb, but
its leaves are smaller and heart-shaped. It has become natu-
ralised in the mid-counties of Scotland, wdiere it is known by
the above name. It has been used medicinally as Ehubarb,
but is of a drastic nature.
Rice {Oryza sativa), an annual corn-grass similar in habit of
growth to barley, but almost an aquatic, requiring to be flooded
in the early part of its growth. It is extensively cultivated in
India and other Eastern countries. It was early introduced into
America, especially the Southern States of Carolina and Georgia,
352 DICTIONARY OF POPULAR NAMES RICE
from whence, as well as from India, large quantities are im-
ported into this country. It is the principal food of the native
population of India, and in its unhusked state is known by the
name of Paddy. In dry seasons the crop often fails and leads to
famine, of which there have been several instances in late years.
Eice was not known in Western Asia and Egypt in early times,
but it is now extensively cultivated, as also in Italy.
Rice, Canadian. {Sec Canadian Pace.)
Rice, Hungary {Pasjmlum exile), a stout-growing grass of
the Panicum section. Its flowers are produced in a simple, com-
pact raceme, about as thick and as long as the finger. The
grains are small, like millet. Cultivated in Hungary.
Rice Paper. — It might be supposed that the beautiful sub-
stance called Eice Paper Avas made of some part of the Eice
plant, but such is not the case ; the name is quite misleading.
It was early ascertained to be a vegetable substance, but the
plant producing it was long unknown to botanists, and on
inquiry being made respecting it, fanciful figures and descrip-
tions were given of it by the Chinese. Not long after the
commerce of China was opened to Europe' it was ascertained
that it came from the Island of Formosa, which led Sir John
Bowring, then Governor of Hong-Kong, to obtain plants of
it from that island, one of which arrived safely at Kew in
1853, and flowered in 1855. From this it was proved to be
Aralia 2^ct2Jy7nfera, now known as Fatsia faipyrifera. It is a
small tree of the Ivy family (Araliacese), attaining a height
of 10 to 12 feet, with a stem 3 to 4 inches in diameter, the in-
terior being full of white pith like that of the elder. It has
soft downy palmate leaves, something like those of the plane
tree, growing on long foot-stalks, and produces a somewhat erect
panicled raceme of small flowers. The tree is cut down in
order to obtain the pith, which averages, according to size, about
1 inch in diameter. It is divided into pieces about 3 inches in
length, and by the aid of a lath and the use of a sharp instru-
ment is cut into very thin rolls, and then becomes Eice Paper. It
is extensively used by the Chinese for drawing figures of plants
ROSE OF ECONOMIC PLANTS. 353
and animals, and also for making artificial flowers. The plant
requires the protection of a greenhouse in this country, and pro-
pagates freely from suckers. It is now common in Australia
and other countries.
Rimu, a name in New Zealand for Dacrydium cupressimim,
a tree of the Yew family (Taxacese), of pyramidal form, attain-
ing a height of 80 to 100 feet, and 2 to 6 feet in diameter ;
its wood is red, close-grained, heavy, and solid, and is used for
general building purposes. Its younger branches make excel-
lent spruce beer, and were so used by Captain Cook.
Rocambole {Allmm Scorodosiorasum), Shallot {A. ascaloni-
cum), biennial cultivated esculents of the Lily family (Liliacese).
These have bulbs similar to garlic, but are much milder. They
are more extensively used on the Continent than in this country.
The last-named species is a native of Palestine, and derives its
specific name from Ascalon, where it grows in great abundance.
It has been cultivated from time immemorial by all the civilised
nations of the East, entering largely into their daily food.
It appears to have been used in England about the middle of
the sixteenth century, the onion probably at a much earlier
date.
Rock Lily, a name in Xew South Wales for Dcndrdbium sped-
osum, a plant of the Orchid family (Orchidacese), growing upon
rocks. It has large pseudo-bulbs, the size of cucumbers, which
are said to be eaten by the natives ; and white, showy flowers.
Rohun. (See Mahogany, Indian.)
Room, or Roum, a name in Assam and other parts of India
for Ruellia tinctoria, a plant of the Acanthad family (Acanthaceffi).
By maceration of the stems and leaves in water, a blue dye is
obtained equal to indigo. In China a dye is also obtained from
a closely-allied species, B. indigotica.
]Jose. — A number of plants differing widely from one another
has received the name of Rose ; the true Eose being repre-
sented by the species of the genus Eosa, consisting of numerous
spiny, wing -leaved shrubs; the typical representative being
of the Eose family (Eosaceie), widely distributed over the tem-
9 A
354 DICTIONARY OF POPULAR NAMES ROSE
perate region of the northern hemisphere, of which nearly 20
are natives of this country; the Dog Rose {Rosa canina),
Scotch Rose (B. spinosissima), Sweet Brier or Eglantine {B.
Tuhiginosct), being common examples. On account of their beauty
and the high scent of their flowers, roses are highly patronised
by all ranks, and are extensively cultivated in this country and
France as fashionable show plants. In their natural state the
flowers of roses are single, but varieties with double flowers were
known in France and Italy more than 300 years ago, such as the
Damask Rose (B. damascena), Provence Rose (B. centifolia), and
Musk Rose {B. moschata), and were introduced into this country
at the end of the sixteenth century. Roses were introduced
from China at a later period. During the last half -century
great labour and pains have been bestowed on the cultivation of
the Rose, and now more than 1000 named varieties are recorded
in nurserymen's trade catalogues, and they form an important
feature in horticultural exhibitions. Bosa moschata, B. centifolia,
and B. clamascena are extensively cultivated in Cashmere,
Persia, Damascus, Upper Egypt, Barbary, Adrianople, Ghaze-
poor in India, and to a small extent, comparatively, in this
country, for the sake of their flowers, which by distillation yield
the favourite toilet perfume Rose Water ; and by other processes
Oil of Roses is obtained, known as Otto or Attar of Roses. The
oil is produced in very small quantities, requiring 60 lbs. of
rose to produce a drachm and a half of oil ; the quantity of oil
yielded is according to the state of the weather and the time of
gathering the flowers. Spirit of Roses is also obtained by distil-
ling the petals with a small quantity of spirits of wine, which when
mixed with sugar makes the Liquor known in France as L'huile
de Rose. Rose Vinegar is prepared by simply infusing dried
petals in the best distilled vinegar. Honey of Roses is made by
beating up fresh flowers with boiling water, and then mixing
them with honey. Conserve of Roses is prepared by beating up
the petals with their weight of sugar ; it was once much used as
a medicine, and still enters into the composition of electuaries
and other compounds, to which it imparts fragrance. Otto of
ROSE OF ECONOMIC PLANTS. 355
Eoses being expensive, is seldom obtained from the shops pure,
being mixed with oil of geranium or even olive oil.
Rose Acacia (Eohinia hispida), a strong -growing, stiff -
branched shrub of the Bean family (Leguminosic), native of
North America, seldom exceeding 6 or 8 feet in height, having
winged leaves, and pretty pink papilionaceous flowers, cultivated
in gardens as an ornamental shrub.
Rose Apple (Eugenia Jamhos), a small -sized tree of the
Myrtle family (Myrtacece), native of the East Indies, and culti-
vated in many parts of the tropics ; it is very common in the
gardens of Madeira. There are few trees that combine so
eminently the beauty of flower, fruit, and foliage ; and nothing
can exceed the loveliness and delicate appearance of the fruit,
which is about the size of a hen's Qgg. Although one or two may
be eaten with some relish, the overpowering perfume and taste
of rose-water together with the want of juice render it unpalat-
able. A preserve is, however, made of the fruits.
Rose Bay, or Oleander. {See Oleander.)
Rose, Christmas. {See Hellebore.)
Rose, Jamaica Wild {Blakea trinervia), a climbing plant of
the family Melastomacese, adhering to trees by its aerial roots.
It was introduced into Kew in 1789, and its pretty pink flowers
make it a favourite stove plant.
Rose of Jericho {Anastatica Hierocliuntica), an insignificant
annual of the Cabbage family (Cruciferse), consisting of several
small-branched stems, 4 to 6 inches in length, rising from a tap-
root, and at first lying prostrate ; its flowers are white and small,
and seated in the axils of small leaves. After the seeds are per-
fected, the stems become dry, hardened, and incurved, meeting
each other, and forming a hollow skeleton ball, which by the
force of the wind is loosened and blown about the desert, and is
supposed to be the " wheel " and " rolling thing " spoken of in
Ps. Ixxxiii. 13, and Isaiah xlii. 13. It grows abundantly in the
rej^ions about Jericho, and is to a certain extent held sacred bv
the natives, as upon the application of moisture it again expands,
retaining this property of expanding and contracting for many
356 DICTIONARY OF POPULAR NAMES ROSE
years. It is also native of S}Tia, Egypt, and North Africa, grow-
ino- in dry desert places. Of late years two small weedy plants
of the Composite family have come into notice as the Eose of
Jericho — namely, Asterisctcs 2)ypnceus and Gymnarrhena mi-
crantlia, common in the plains of Jericho, both hygroscopic, like
Anastatica.
Eose of Sharon. {See Narcissus.)
Roselle {Hibiscus Sabdariffa), a biennial of the Mallow family
(Malvaceae), native of India ; recorded to have been cultivated by
Gerard in 1596 ; it is now common in most warm countries.
The calyces of the flowers when ripe are pleasantly acid, and
used for flavouring tarts and jellies; they also make a cool
refreshing drink.
Rosemary {Rosmarinus officinalis), a stiff-branching, bushy
shrub of the Mint family (Labiata?), 3 or more feet high, having
narrow hoary leaves. It is a native of the South of Europe and
Western Asia. Like lavender, it is cultivated for its perfume,
which is of a stimulating and refreshing nature, and has received
the name of Herb of Memory. It grows abundantly in some
parts of France, especially in Narbonne, where it scents the air,
and imparts a flavour to honey. A conserve and liqueur are
made from it, and it is also used in the manufacture of Hungary
Water and Eau-de-Cologne. An oil is obtained from it which is
used as a perfume. Kosemary was held in high esteem by the
Greeks and Eomaus, it being a powerful stimulant to the nervous
system, and it was regarded as the emblem of fidelity.
Rosewood, the name given to the timber of several different
kinds of trees in their respective countries. The best is con-
sidered to be the wood of several species oi Dalhcrgia, hard-wooded
trees of the Bean family (Leguminosse) ; D. nigra, the Eosewood
of Brazil, being considered the finest.
Rosewood, African {Pteroearpus erinaceus), a large wing-
leaved tree of the Bean family (Leguminosee), native of Western
and tropical Africa.
Rosewood, Burmese {Pterocarpus indicus), a large tree of
the same family as the preceding, native of Burmah.
RUSHES OF ECONOMIC PLANTS. 357
Rosewood, Canary. {Sec Oil of PJiodium.)
Rosewood, Dominica {Cordia Gerascanthus), a large tree of
tlie Sebesten family (Cordiacese), native of the West Indies and
tropical America ; it is also called Spanish Elm and Prince
Tree.
Rosewood, Indian. — Dalhergia latifolia and D. sissoides, large
trees of the Bean family (Leguminosse), common in India.
Rosewood, Jamaica {Linocicra ligustrina), a tree of the
Olive family (Oleaceoe), 40 feet high, native of Jamaica, by some
called Jamaica Eosewood. The wood is very hard and fragrant,
and is excellent timber. Amyris haUamifera is also called Eose-
wood in Jamaica.
Rosewood, New South Wales (Trichilia glandidosa), a large
tree of the Bead Tree family (Meliacese).
Rosin Plant. {See Compass Plant.)
Rouge. {See Safflower.)
Rowan Tree. {See Ash, Mountain.)
Rue {Buta gramolens), an erect, bushy, evergreen shrub, 2 to
3 feet high, the type of the Eue family (Eutaceee). It is a native
of Southern Europe and Western Asia. It is recorded to have
been introduced into this country about the middle of the six-
teenth century, and is cultivated in most gardens. It was held
in high favour as a medicinal plant by the ancients, being for
many ages considered a preventative of contagion. Its repute is
probably more due to its strong heavy odour than to any active
chemical principle ; it is, however, said to be a powerful stimu-
lant and narcotic, and in the hands of herb doctors Eue tea is a
remedy for many disorders. It is used by spirit dealers to give
a false flavour to spirits. Although the meaning of the Greek
and Latin word Buta given to this plant is not known, neverthe-
less the English word Eue, which means to repent, has been
derived from it. Shakespeare speaks of it as Herb of Grace,
and being so called has given rise to the custom of placing sprigs
of Eue before judges.
Run Palm. {See Palmyra.)
Rushes, the common name for the different species of the
358 DICTIONARY OF POPULAR NAMES RUST
genus Juncus, of which there are about 20 species natives of
Britain, growing in ditches, on river-sides, and marshy ground in
general; they have cylindrical, soft, pithy stems, destitute of
leaves, varying from a few inches to 2 to 3 feet in height, their
flowers being produced in clusters, either direct from the apex,
or issuing from a sheath a little below. In Lincolnshire, and
other counties where they abound, rushes form an important
article of industry, chair bottoms, hassocks, mats, and baskets,
being made of them, and their pith forms the wicks of rushlight
candles ; the species chiefly used for these purposes are J. com-
munis and J. aciitus.
Rust, a kind of mildew common on corn grass.
Rye, or Rie, as spelt in the Bible (Secede cereale), an annual
corn-grass, extensively cultivated in many parts of Europe. It
is, however, su^^posed not to be the Eie grown in Egypt in the
time of Moses (see Spelt). Eye is subject to a disease called
Ergot (which see). Up to the end of the last century black or
rye bread was the common bread of tliis countiy, but it has
been gradually superseded by wheaten bread.
Sabadilla (Asagrcea officinalis), a herb of the Colchicum
family (Melanthaceae), native of Mexico. The poisonous prin-
ciple Veratrine is obtained from its seed, w^hich is used in
medicine, and for destroying vermin.
Sabicil, the wood of Zysiloma Sccbicu, a large tree of the
Mimosa section of the Bean family (Leguminosae), native of
Cuba. It is highly valued for shipbuilding, and yields planks
4 to 5 feet in width. It is. extremely hard, in consequence of
which it was used for the stairs of the first Great Exhibition in
1851, which when removed at the close of the exhibition were
found as sound as when laid.
Sachet Powder. (See Myrtle.)
Sack Tree (Antiaris toxicaria), better known as A. saccidoray
a small tree, with entire oblong leaves, of the Bread-fruit family
(Artocarpaceae), native of Western India, having a very tough,
close, fibrous bark, the inner portion of which is converted into
sacks ; this is accomplished by cutting pieces of the trunk from
SACRED OF ECONOMIC PLANTS. 359
the trees in lengths the size wanted, and pulling the bark over
the wood, which is then cut away, leaving a piece of wood at
one end to form the bottom, a natural sack is at once obtained.
Sacred Bamboo, a name in China for Nandina domcstica, an
erect single-stemmed shrub, like a small tree, of the Barberry
family (Berberidaceas), bearing tufts of compound leaves on its
apex, terminated with panicles of flowers, followed by red berries,
like those of the holly. It is a native of China, and at the
season in the Chinese religion answering to our Christmas, it is
used for decorating houses and altars in temples, and hence the
name of Sacred Bamboo.
Sacred Bean, a name in India for Nchinibmm speciosum, a
remarkable aquatic of the Water Lily family (Nymphceacea^),
widely dispersed throughout the tropical and sub-tropical regions
of both Old and JSTew World, growing in shallow lakes and
rivers. Its stem is a rhizome about the thickness of the finger,
extending to a considerable length in the mud, from which arise
stalks about 3 feet high, each bearing a circular leaf about 1
foot in diameter attached to the stalk by its centre. The
flower-stalk rises to about the same height, Ijeariug a large
flower, similar to that of a double poppy. It varies in tlie
colour of its flowers. In the East it is generally of a pink or
rose colour, and in the West Indies and Southern United States
yellow and white, and blue flowers are said to have been seen in
the interior of Australia. In the centre of the flower is a thick,
spongy, conical body, flat on the top, in which the seeds, or pro-
perly the fruits, are embedded. They consist of oblong nuts,
about twice the size of peas, and when perfect so hard that it
requires a hammer to break them. It is called the Pythagorean
or Egyptian Bean, and is supposed to be one of the plants called
the Egyptian Lotus (which see). Although not now fouml in
the Nile, it nevertheless appears at one time to have been
common there, and was held sacred by the worshippers of Isis,
as is evident by the sculptures and representation of tlie flower
found in the ruins of the ancient temples. It is noticed by
Herodotus (413 B.C.), who says — "Another Hly grows in the
360 DICTIONARY OF POPULAR NAMES SACRED
same places [see Lotos], mucli like a rose, with a certain fruit
found at the foot-^ of the stem, in form not unlike a wasp's nest,
and covered with a pellicule, containing divers kernels of the size
of an olive stone, which are eaten either tender or dried."
Although the above description is brief, it is nevertheless suffi-
cient to prove that Nelumhium grew in the Nile in the time of
Herodotus, and even as late as the time of Dioscorides (about
A.D. 50), who calls it Cy amies, and by some writers it is called
Lotus Plant. Since then it has entirely disappeared from the
Lower Nile.
Its worship is by no means confined to the ancient
Egyptians, for in India, Tibet, China, and Japan, the plant
was deemed sacred, and indeed it is still employed in religious
invocations and ceremonies. The leaf-stalks abound in spiral
fibres, which are carefully extracted and made into wicks to
burn before their idols, and its leaves are used as plates on which
offerings are placed. Its farinaceous rhizomes form an import-
ant article of food both in India and China.
Sacred Trees. — Anions^ the uncivilised nations of the earth
different kinds of trees in their respective countries are held
sacred, of which in India the well-known Peepul Tree (Ficus
religiosa) and the Banyan {F. hengalensis) are examples (whicli
see). Africa has several; one of special veneration is Kigelia
2nnnata, a tree of the Calabash family (Crescentiacese), found
from ISTubia on the north to Mozambique on the east, as far
south as Natal, and as Senegal and Guinea on the west, and
widely spread over the intermediate regions of these coun-
tries. It is a large-spreading, branched tree, with white bark
and winged opposite leaves, of a firm texture. The flowers
are borne on long-stalked panicles hanging from the main trunk
and branches. The fruit is gourd-like, often 2 to 4 feet long,
and from 5 to 8 inches broad, hanging from a stalk several
feet in length. It has a white corky rind filled with pulp, in
which are embedded a number of roundish seeds. In Nubia this
tree is held sacred, and the neiijroes celebrate their reli^iious
Instead of /oof it should have been toj) of flower-stem.
SAGE OF ECONOMIC PLANTS. 361
festivities under it by moonlight, and erect poles made of its
wood before the houses of their chiefs.
Safflower [Cartliamns tindorius), a prickly stiff-leaved annual
of the Composite family (Composita:'), about 2 feet high, \n'o-
ducing spiny heads of red flowers. It has long been cultivated
throughout China, India, the Levant, Egypt, Southern Europe
(where it is called Cardoon), and even at one time in England,
where it was introduced 300 years ago. It yields a valuable
dye, varying in shades of colour between red and yellow, which
is obtained by collecting the red florets just before withering, and
is greatly used for dyeing China silks, crapes, and Spanish wool.
It is also the principal ingredient in the rouge that is used by
actors, etc. The seeds yield an oil, which is employed for
burning in lamps, and also for culinary purposes in India. It
is likewise said to be the principal ingredient' in Macassar Oil.
Saffron {Crocus sativus), a plant of the Iris family (IridacCce),
a species with blue flowers, native of Southern Europe and
Western Asia. It has become wild in this country, and at one
time was rather extensively cultivated at Saffron AValden. The
yellow stigmas of the flower are collected, and form the dye
known as Saffron, the bulk of which is imported from France,
Spain, and Italy, and it is extensively cultivated in Cash-
mere. The stigmas of upwards of 4000 flowers are required
to produce a single ounce of Saffron. It is well known as
a valuable dye, and is also used for colouring cheese and
medicinal preparations. Saffron is spoken of by Pliny as
being cultivated in Italy, and it is supposed to have been in-
troduced into Cornwall by the Phoenicians in exchange for tin.
It was held in high medical repute by the ancient Arabian
physicians.
Sagapenum, a name in India for a gum-resin supposed to
be derived from Ferula 2'>crsica, a perennial of the Carrot family
(Unibellifer?e), or some allied species. It has a slight alliaceous
smelL Small quantities only are imported.
Sage {Salvia officinalis), a stiff shrub of the ]\Iint family
(LabiattT), about 2 feet high, with rough hoary leaves, native of the
362 DICTIONARY OF POPULAR NAMES SAGE
Soutli of Europe. It has been cultivated in this country for above
250 years. It is weU known as a culinary herb, and was at one
time used as tea, having tonic qualities.
Sage Plant, the name given to Artemisia tridentata in the
Salt Lake country of America. It is a kind of wormwood. It
attains a height of 3 to 5 feet, and occupies a vast extent of
desert land, to which it imparts a peculiar aspect and smell.
Sage, Wild. {See Flea-bane, African.)
Sago. — Sagus Icevis and S. Bic7nphii, by modern botanists
•united under Metroxylon Sagu. These are natives of Siam, Indian
and Malayan Islands, extending to the Fijis. Wing-leaved
palms, attaining a height of 30 to 50 feet, with a diameter of 6
inches to 1 foot, or more. The Sago is obtained by cutting down
the trees and splitting them open. The pith, which consists of
a soft white substance, is extracted and thrown into tanks of
water. It is repeatedly washed and all impurities run off. It
is then left to settle, wdiich it does in the consistence of a pure
pulpy paste, which is dried and granulated through sieves, and
forms the Sago of commerce, some of which is also produced
by Carijota urens and other plants. A kind of Sago is also
obtained from Zamia integrifolia and Z. furfuracea, plants of
the Cycad family (Cycadace?e). They are dwarf plants, seldom
exceeding 2 feet in height, often producing several stems from
the same stalk. They are abundant in the Bahamas, and some
of the small islands near Jamaica. Their pith contains Sago,
which is used in Jamaica. {See Cycas.)
Sago, Portland. — This is prepared from the tuberous roots
of Arum 7naculatum, a herb of the Arum family (Aroidecc), native
of this country, known by the names of Wake Robin, Lords
and Ladies, and Cuckoo Pint. In the Isle of Portland, where
it is abundant, a farinaceous meal is obtained from it called by
the above name.
Saintfoin {Onohrychis sativa), a perennial, strong-rooted,
pretty flowering, clover-like plant of the family Leguminosw,
native of this country, but rare. It is cultivated as a fodder
plant.
V
SALOOP OF ECONOMIC PLANTS. 3G3
Sal, the Indian name for Shorea rohusta, a tree of the family
Dipterocarpacese. It is a magnificent tree, attaining a lieight
of 100 feet, native of India, stretching from the Bengal pro-
vinces to the foot of the Himalayas. Its wood is of a li^ht-
brown colour, close-grained, strong and durable. It is consider-
ably stronger and heavier than teak. It and other species of
Shorea yield a resin known as Dammar, obtained by making
incisions in the tree. An oil is obtained from its seeds.
Salaras. (See Chirata.)
Salep, a farinaceous meal obtained from the tubers of several
terrestrial orchids. Orchis tnascula, 0. Morio, 0. militaris, 0.
2Ji/ra7}iidalis, and all the bulbous European species, produce the
starchy mucilaginous substance known as Salep, wliich is
obtained by macerating the bulbs in water. It contains a
chemical substance called Bassorine, wdiich is said to contain
more nutritive matter than any other vegetable product, one
ounce per diem being sufficient to sustain a man. Large quanti-
ties of Salep are prepared in Macedonia and Greece ; but the
finest comes from Turkey. In the Himalaya and Cashmere
many species of bulbous -rooted orchids yield Salep, which is
largely used as food by the natives.
Sallow, a common name for Salix Caprea, a shrub of the
Willow family (Salicaceee), common in hedges and waste places.
Its flowers are borne in large yellow catkins, which are generally
produced about Palm Sunday. It is by many people gathered
and worn as an emblem on that day, and is known by the name
of Palm, and also by that of Goat Willow. It is cultivated
for its rods, which are cut at the age of one year for liasket-
making, and at two or three years old for hoops. Its bark con-
tains Salicine, used at one time as a substitute for Quinine.
S Saloop, the name of a beverage prepared from the bark of
Sassafras officinale and other ingredients. (See Sassafras.) It
was at one time sold as a morning drink in the streets of Lon-
don to the working-classes. It is a good tonic, and creates an
appetite.
Saloop Bush, a name in Australia for Bhagodia hastata, a
364 DICTIONARY OF POPULAR NAMES SALSAFY
shrub of the Spinach family (Chenopodiacere). It is an erect,
soft-stemmed bush, 2 to 3 feet high, with small soft leaves, and
inconspicuous flowers, native of ^ew South Wales, and has been
introduced of late years into Hong-Kong and other countries
as a cattle- food plant.
Salsafy (^Tragopogon porrifolius), a biennial of the Composite
family (Compositae), native of England. It is cultivated in
gardens for its long, fleshy, tapering root, which is white. It is
of the form of a Carrot, but of smaller size, and it forms an
excellent vegetable when properly cooked, for which there are
special directions in cookery books. It is considered good in
promoting digestion.
Salt Tree {Halimodendron argenteum), a small tree, with
abrupt, pinnate, hoary leaves, of the Bean family (Leguminosifi),
native of Siberia and the ISTatron Plains in the region of the
Caspian.
Salt Tree, Indian. {Sec Tamarisk.)
Saltwort, American {Batis maritima), a low, erect, succu-
lent plant, with small opposite leaves, and inconspicuous uni-
sexual flowers, produced in cone-like spikes. In general habit
it is similar to glasswort, with which some botanists consider it
to be allied; others viewing it as the type of a special family
(Batideae). It is a native of salt marshes in the West India
islands and coasts of tropical America. In some countries it is
burnt for the carbonate of soda which it contains. In Jamaica
it is used as a pickle.
Saltwort, Shrubby {Salsola fruficosa), an erect, branching
plant, of the Spinach family (Chenopodiaceae), 2 to 3 feet high,
having small semi-cylindrical leaves, not more than lialf an inch
in length. It is common on the shores in warm parts of
Europe, Northern Africa, and Western Asia. It is found in this
country but rarely, in some parts of the Eastern and Southern
shores only. In the South of Europe it is burned for Barilla.
Samphire [Crithmum maritimum), a perennial of the Carrot
family (Umbelliferse), native of the rocky shores of Europe,
particularly of the cliffs of Dover. It is a plant about a foot
SANDAL OF ECONOMIC PLANTS. 3G5
high, having small, inconspicuous umbels of flowers, of a greenish
yellow colour. Its leaves are compound, ternate, tlie divisions
lanceolate, succulent, and of a glaucous white colour. It was
formerly used as a pickle ; but is now nearly obsolete. Other sea
plants are sometimes substituted for Samphire.
Sandbox Tree {Hura cre2ntans), a large, strong -growing
tree of the Spurgewort family (Euphorbiace?e). It is common
throughout Western tropical America, and has long been culti-
vated in the hothouses of this country. Instances have been
known of the juice of this plant causing fatal injury to the eyes.
The fruit is very curious, being of a circular form, consisting of
from 12 to 15 valved cells, which give it the appearance of a
wheel about 3 inches in diameter, each cell containing a sinf»le
flat seed. It is often kept as a curiosity, but with overlieat or
dryness it bursts with a report as loud as a pistol, spreading its
seeds and valves sometimes to a distance of several feet.
Sandal- wood (^Santalum album), a small tree of the family
Santalacese, about 25 feet high, and seldom more than a foot
in diameter, with nearly opposite oblong leaves of a light
colour. It is a native of various parts of India, particularly
Malabar and Coromandel, as well as in the Pacific and ]\Ialavan
Islands. According to the size and age of the tree the interior
is of a dark or light yellow colour, and it is the heart-wood
that is the valuable part; it is highly fragrant. The burning
of incense has from the earliest ages been intimately connected
with the religious sentiments of man — being practised by
Paci^an, Jew, and Christian. In the Catholic churches of the
latter various kinds of aromatic gum -resins are used, while in
Pagan temples Sandal-wood holds the highest rank, pieces of the
wood, varying in size according to circumstances, being burned
before the images of their deities, and the millions of Brahmins
and Buddhists, on beholding the smoke of the incense curling
heavenward, presume they have performed their religious
duties, and that the perfume smelt by their deity will obtain
forgiveness of sins. In Chinese temples joss sticks (candles),
made of sawdust of Sandal - wood and swine's dung, are
366 DICTIONARY OF POPULAR NAMES SANDAL
kept burning before tlieir idols. Other species of Santalum
furnish Sandal- wood. On the discovery of Sandal -wood in
the Polynesian Islands shiploads were taken to China and to
Europe, so that in many islands the trees have become extir-
pated, and the chiefs consider a piece of Sandal-wood a valuable
present to a visitor. Unfortunately the clandestine cutting
down of trees and the unfair dealings with the natives so irri-
tated them against white men that much bloodshed has on both
sides been the result. A case of this kind led to the unfortu-
nate murder of the celebrated missionary, the Eev. Mr. Williams,
and his colleague at the island Eromango in the year 1839.
Fancy articles are made of the wood, which are highly esteemed
among the Chinese as presents. An oil is extracted and used
as a perfume. The Sandal-wood tree of Fiji is a distinct species
described as S. yasi, the fruit of which resembles a black currant.
The Sandwich Island tree is also considered distinct, known
under the name of S. Freycinetianum. Sandal-^vood trees have
been supposed by some writers to be the almug and algum
trees used in the building of Solomon's Temple, but their
fragrance not being mentioned and the known smallness of the
tree render such vie^vs problematical. (See my History of Bible
Plants.)
Sandal-wood, False. — In the Bombay Presidency the wood
of Ximenict americana is used as a substitute for true Sandal-
wood. It is a small tree of the Olax family (Olacaceae). It is
found in many parts of the tropics ; its flowers are very fragrant,
smelling of cloves ; the fruit is oblong, pulpy, yellow, about an
inch in length, and is eaten by the natives in various parts. In
Crete the wood of an oak (Quercus abelicca) is called Sandal- wood;
it is of a reddish colour and has an agreeable perfume. Another
false Sandal-wood is Myoporum tenuifolium, a small tree of the
family Myoporacese, native of Otaheite ; it attains a height of 15
to 20 feet, with a cfirth of 3 to 4 feet. The heart-wood differs
according to the age of the tree, from yellow to red, and con-
tains an essential oil, which is fragrant, but not equal to the true
Sandal-wood oil.
SAPPAN OF ECONOMIC PLANTS. 367
Sandal-wood, Red, or Saunder's-wood {Pterocarims smita-
limcs), a large tree of the Bean family (LeguminoscT), native of
India, principally abounding on the Coromandel coast. The wood
is heavy, close-grained, and of a red colour, it is used for dyeing,
and produces different colours, according to the mordants used.
It is supposed by some autliorities to be the almug trees of
Solomon. Eed Sandal-wood is also the name in India for
Aclenantliera pavonina, a large tree of the same family, having-
decompound winged leaves. It is highly valued for its timber,
as also for producing a red dye, which is obtained by simjjly
rubbing the wood on wet stones. The seeds are oblong, hard,
and of a bright-red colour, and are used for making necklaces
and other ornaments ; they are also used as a standard weiglit
by jewellers, each seed weighing four grains.
Sandarach, the resin of Callitris cj^uaclrirahis, also known as
Tliuja articidata, a tree of the Coniferse family, native of Algeria
and other parts of North Africa. It seldom exceeds the height
of 30 feet, and has hard, dark-coloured, fragrant wood that takes
a fine polish, and is used in ornamental cabinet-work, of which
there are fine specimens to be seen in the Museum at Kew. It
was highly prized by the Greeks and Romans, and costly tables
were made of it. It is believed to be the Thyine "Wood men-
tioned in the book of the Eevelation, and, if it be so, " the
merchants of the earth " must have carried it as far as Babylon.
The resin is very odoriferous, and is used for varnishing.
Sandpaper Trees. — Dillenia scahrdla and D. sarmentosa,
trees of the family Dilleniacese, natives of India. (See Dillenia
and Curatella.)
Santa-Maria Wood. (See Calaba Tree.)
Sapgreen. (See Buckthorn.)
Sapodilla Plum. (See ISTaseberry Tree.)
Sappan - wood (Cccsalpinia Sa2:)])an), a tree of the Bean
family (Leguminosse), native of the East Indies, attaining a
height of 30 to 40 feet ; it has compound winged leaves, with
prickly branches, and a brownish-red wood, which is the Sappan-
wood of commerce ; it is largely imported into tliis country for
368 DICTIONARY OF POPULAR NAMES SAPUCAIA
dyeing. Its root also gives a yellow dye. In India the wood
is known by the names of Bukkum or Wukkum.
Sapucaia Nut, in Brazil the name of the nuts of Lecytliis
Zahucajo and L. Ollaria, large trees of the Monkey-pot family
(Lecythidaceae), natives of forests in the region of the Amazon ;
they have large urn - shaped fruits of a hard woody texture,
about 6 inches in diameter, with lids measuring about 2 inches
across ; when ripe the lid separates from the capsule, emitting
a sharp sound, which when heard by the monkeys is a signal
that the nuts are falling and a scramble and fight to be the first
to obtain them ensues ; on this account few are left for the
trader, and the export is consequently small. The common
name of ]\Ionkey-pot is applied to the capsule when empty.
Sarcocolla {Penea Sarcocolla), a shrub of the Sarcocol family
(Penseaceae). There are about 20 species, native of South
Africa, P. Sarcocolla being a shrub with small, closely-imbricate,
compact leaves. The flowers are red, produced in a compact
oblong head. The plant produces the gum called Gum Sar-
cocol ; but there is no evidence to prove that it is the Sarcocol
of the ancients, so famed for healing w^ounds.
Sarsaparilla, a Spanish name for the roots of certain plants,
more especially for the cord-like roots of several species of
Smilax, the typical genus of the Sarsaparilla family (Smilacete) ;
it consists of a considerable number of species, generally slender,
bushy, or climbing, with woody stems, rambling over bushes like
brambles. Their leaves are alternate, varying from nearly
round to elliptical, lanceolate, entire, smooth, and shiny. The
flowers are inconspicuous, and the fruit is a berry. The species
are widely dispersed over both hemispheres ; from their roots
is obtained the drug termed Sarsaparilla; it is considered
to be of high repute as a restorative medicine in complaints
arising from poorness of blood. The roots are imported in
various-sized bundles ; the quality varies according to tlie species
and country from whence it comes. The principal imports are
from the West Indies, Brazil, and other parts of tropical America;
that from Jamaica is supposed to be the roots of S. officinalis,
SASSAFRAS OF ECONOMIC PLANTS. 3G9
that from Brazil from S. impyracea, and from New Grenada that
of S. syphilitica. S. mauritanica and >S^. aspera, natives of the
South of Europe, are hardy in this country in sheltered
situations.
Sarsaparilla, Indian (^Hemidcsmus indicus), a shrub of the
Swallowwort family (Asclepiadaceiie). It is a native of India,
where its roots are used as a substitute for Sarsaparilla.
Sassafras Trees, American (Sassafras officinale), a tree of
the Laurel family (LauraceDe), native of the United States, where
it is extremely abundant from Boston to the banks of the
Mississippi, and from the shores of the ocean in Virginia to the
remotest wilds of Upper Louisiana ; its usual height is 40 to 50
feet, but about 43° north it only attains the size of a large bush.
In the southern parts of the country where it is most abundant
the air is impregnated with the aroma, wdiich extends a con-
siderable distance seaward. The tree forms a large head of hori-
zontal branches, furnished in summer with broad, oblong, ellip-
tical leaves. Its fruit is a small black drupe, from which a
strongly-scented oil is obtained ; it is not palatable, but is greedily
eaten by birds ; its bark is aromatic and used medicinally as a
tonic. A tree at Kew about 100 years old has attained the height
of 40 feet.
Sassafras, Californian {Oreodaphne califomica), is a large
tree of the Laurel family (Lauraceae). It has several names ;
such as Spice-bush, Balm of Heaven, Cajeput Tree, etc., which
shows it to be a tree of repute as regards its medicinal properties.
Its leaves are pungently aromatic ; during high wdnds the aroma
is so strong as to cause excessive sneezing. It has been intro-
duced into this country under the name of Laurus r eg alls.
Sassafras, Australian (poryplwra Sassafras), native of
New South Wales, and equal in magnitude to the preceding,
and belonging to the family Atherospermaceoe.
Sassafras, Chilian (Laurelia sempervircns), also a large tree
similar to the last, native of Chili and Peru. Its fruit is aro-
matic ; it has obtained the name of Peruvian Nutmeg, but is of
no value. Another Chilian Sassafras is Boldoa fragrans, a small
9 R
370 DICTIONARY OF POPULAR NAMES SASSATRAS
tree with broad, entire, bay -scented leaves, also a native of
Chili.
Sassafras, New Zealand {Laurelia Novcr Zelaiidice), a large
handsome tree of New Zealand, of from 100 to 150 feet in height,
havin«^ buttresses 15 feet in diameter ; a member of the same
family as the preceding. ISTative name, Pechatea.
Sassafras Nut, a name given to the cotyledons of the seeds
of Nectandra Fuchiiry, a tree of the Laurel family (Lauraceas),
native of Guiana. They are aromatic, and used for flavouring
chocolate instead of Vanilla.
Sassafras, Swamp. {See Magnolia.)
Sassafras, Tasmanian {Atherosperma moschata), a tree of
the family Atherospermaceee, native of Mount Wellington in
Tasmania. It attains a height of from 100 to 150 feet, and a
diameter of from 2 to 3 feet. Its aromatic bark has been used
as a substitute for tea ; it yields a fragrant essential oil.
Satin-wood, a name in India for Cliloro.cylon Sivietenia,
a large tree of the Mahogany family (Cedrelacese), native of
Ceylon, Coromandel, and other parts of India. The wood is
hard, fine-grained, and of a light satiny lustre, chiefly used for
the backs of toilet-brushes and fine articles of turnery ware.
Another kind, called Bahama Satin-wood, comes from the
West Indies, chiefly from Nassau and New Providence, It is
a beautiful wood of a light canary yellow colour and satiny
lustre. It comes in logs about 10 feet in length and 8 inches
square. It is supposed to be the wood of an unknown plant of
the Ebony family (Ebenaceae).
Savin {Juniperus Scd)ina), a low bushy shrub or small tree
of the Cypress section of the Fir family, native of Western Asia.
It has been long cultivated in this country as a garden shrub,
and is admitted into the London Pharmacopoeia as a medical
plant. It is of a poisonous nature, and is highly dangerous
when used by unskilled persons and quacks.
Savory, Summer {Satureia Iwrtcnsis), an annual of the Mint
family (Labiates) ; Winter {S. montana), small hardy evergreen
shrubs, 1 to 2 feet high ; natives of France and Italy. They are
SCORZONERA OF ECONOMIC PLANTS. 371
recorded as having been cultivated in this country as far back
as 1562, and were then as now esteemed as pot-herbs.
Savoy. {See Cabbage.)
Scammony, the name of a purgative medicine obtained
from the tuberous roots of Convolvulus Scammonia, a perennial
climber of the Bindweed family (Convolvulacete), native of Asia
Minor, growing wild in open places among bushes. Its roots are
fleshy, single like a parsnip, or forked ; they contain a milky
juice, to obtain which the top of the root is cut in a slanting
manner, from which the juice runs into a shell placed to receive
it ; each root only yields a few drachms ; after a quantity is
collected it is put together and dried in the sun, and finally
moulded into cakes or balls ; it is also obtained by pounding the
roots. Pure Scammony is seldom to be obtained, being com-
monly mixed with the expressed juice of the roots, and even of
the stalks and leaves, and other ingredients. It comes to this
country chiefly from Smyrna.
Scarlet -runner Bean {Phaseolus multiflorus), a climbing
plant of the Bean family (Leguminoscc), native of Mexico, where
its roots are perennial, but in this country it is cultivated as an
annual for the sake of its green pods, which are largely used as
a summer vegetable. It is remarkable as being one of the few
plants which twine in a contrary direction to the sun — that
is, from right to left.
Scimitar Pods, Entada scandens, a strong fruticose climber
of the Bean family (Leguminosae), attaining a great height,
native of tropical India and America. It is remarkable for its
large hard woody flat pods, which are from 4 to 6 or even 8 feet
in length, and being often curved resemble a sword or scimitar.
They contain round hard convex seeds about 2 inches in dia-
meter, which are split open and made into snuff and toy boxes.
The seeds are sometimes sold in the streets of London under
the name of Indian filberts, but they are not eatable. They are
often carried by the Gulf Stream to the western shores of Scot-
land, and have been known to vegetate afterwards.
Scorzonera (Scorzonera hisjmnica), a perennial herb of the
372 DICTIONARY OF POPULAR NAMES SCOTCH
Composite family (Compositte), native of Spain, having lanceo-
late leaves, and a simple or branched flower-stem, a foot or more
in height, bearing terminal heads of yellow ligulate florets. It
has been long cultivated in gardens in this country for the sake
of its roots, wliich are thick and fleshy like the carrot, but some-
times forked. Its properties are equal if not superior to dan-
delion, and it is a wholesome vegetable when properly cooked.
In Spain it is supposed to be a cure for bites of vipers, hence it
is called Viper Grass.
Scotch Fir (^Pinus sylvestris), a tree of the Coniferse family.
This well-known tree has an extensive range throughout Europe
and Northern Asia, where it forms large forests, such as may be
seen in the North of Scotland, some trees attaining a height of
100 feet, and affording excellent timber, which is imported from
the ports in the Baltic under the name of Eiga and Norway
timber. The smaller trees are used for scaffold poles. It also
yields tar. The word Fir is frequently named with cedar and
other trees which Solomon obtained from Lebanon for the
building of the Temple. One of these was doubtless Pinus
halepensis, which takes the place in Lebanon and other moun-
tains of Palestine of the Scotch Fir, and may be admitted to be
the Fir tree instead of cedar used for ship-masts, as stated in
Ezekiel, chap, xxvii. ver. 5. {See Pine Trees.)
Screw Pine. — Pandanns odoratissvmus, the type of the
Screw Pine family (Pandanacere), which, with other allied
species, are natives generally of the sea- shores of India, the
Indian, African, Malayan, and Polynesian islands generally.
They abound in Mauritius, and attain a height of 20 to 30
feet, and are known by the name Yacoua. Their stout
aerial roots give to their palm -like stems the appearance of
being supported on props, and at a distance they look like
candelabra. This last remark applies more particularly to P.
candelahrum, native of Western tropical Africa. Their leaves are
sword shaped, 4 to 6 feet in length, with sharp, spiny margins.
Their fruit consists of many one-seeded ovaries, forming a hard,
globose, compound fruit, some as big as a man's head. Many
SEA OF ECONOMIC PLANTS. 373
fruits fall into the sea, and are wafted by the currents and
thrown on emerging coral reefs, where they vegetate and attain
a considerable size. They have a singular appearance, seeming
to rise out of the ocean. In India P. odoratissimus grows on the
banks of canals in Travancore, and is useful as a sand-binding
plant, and also for forming hedges ; its fruit is of a red colour,
and very attractive. An oil called Keora Oil is made from its
flowers.
This species receives its name odoratissimus from the frag-
rance emitted by the male flowers, presenting a great contrast
to those oi P.f(Btidus, also a native of India; which smell like
rotten onions and carrion. The most important economic part
of these plants is the leaves, which are made into mats, baskets,
hats, etc., and in Fiji they are prepared and made into orna-
mental dresses. The thick, aerial, rope-like roots consist of
tough, spongy fibre, which, cut into lengths and beaten out at one
end, form brushes. They are also used as a substitute for corks.
Scrub Shrub (Commidendron rugosum), a shrub of the Com-
posite family (Compositse), native of St. Helena, where it is
also called Gum Shrub; and another species, C. spurium, is
known as the Little Bastard Gum Tree, and Cabbage Tree.
They are scrub-like shrubs, having alternate obovate or cuneate
leaves and flowers in close heads. These plants represent part of
the original endemic flora still remaining in St. Helena, the bulk
of which since the introduction of goats has become extinct.
Sea Holly (^Eryngium maritimum), a strong-growing peren-
nial of the Carrot family (Umbelliferse), found on the sandy
shores of this country. It has stiff stems, bearing spiny leaves
and spiny compact umbels of blue flowers ; the whole plant has
a bluish-white appearance. The roots are thick and fleshy, and
on account of their peculiar flavour are preserved in sugar, and
sold by the confectioners as candied Eryngo. When boiled and
roasted they resemble chestnuts, and are palatable and said to
be nutritious.
Sea Purslane. {See Orache.)
Sea Thrift. {See Lavender, Sea.)
374 DICTIONARY OF POPULAR NAMES SEA
Sea Trumpet. {See Trumpet.)
Seaside Grape (Coccoloha itvifera), a small tree of the Buck-
wheat family (Polygonaceee). It has cordate oval leaves, and is a
native of Barbadoes and other West Indian islands. The flowers
are in spikes, and the calyx when ripe, becoming fleshy, has the
apj)earance of a grape. The bark is astringent, and has been
used for tanning leather.
Seaweeds, a general term for the plants com^Drehended
under the order Algse of the Linn&ean class Cryptogamia, known
as flowerless plants. It includes not only plants growing in the
sea, as the name Seaweed implies, but also in fresh water, and
on moist earth, rocks, stone, and living and diseased vegetable
substances, in the form of slime and jellies. They vary in form
from microscopic bodies to large plants several feet in length.
The number of species is extremely numerous, and included by
modern botanists in about 300 genera, which are arranged under
five distinct natural families. But few are of economic import-
ance ; the principal ones will be found noticed under their
respective local names.
Sebestens, the name in India for the fruit of Cordia myxa
and C, latifolia, small trees of the Borage family (Boraginaceie),
natives of India. Their fruit, which grows in clusters, consists
of a drupe, an inch or more in diameter, yellow when ripe, the
pulp of which is soft and clammy. C. latifolia is the larger,
but both are eaten by the natives.
Sedge. — Sedges, grass-like plants of the Cyperus family
(Cyperaceae), of which there are many species. The principal
genus, Carex, includes about 66 species, natives of this country.
C. arenaria grows on the sea-shores, forming hassock-like tufts,
which, with its running roots, bind and hold the loose sands (see
Marrum).
Semolina, or Semola. — In some kinds of wheat, especially
Italian, the gluten and starch combine in the form of small hard
grains, which separate from the flour in the process of grinding,
and which come to this country from Italy under the name of
SemoHna. It is used for puddings and invalids' food.
SHADDOCK OF ECONOMIC PLANTS. 375
Senega or Seneka Root. {See Snake-root.)
Senna. — Cassia aeiUifolla, C. angustifolia, and other allied
species, slender annuals of the Bean family (Leguniinosre),
about 2 feet high, having winged leaves, which wlien dry con-
stitute the Senna of the shops. They are cultivated in tiie
regions of the Mediterranean, Egypt, Arabia, and India. Senna
is a well-known purgative medicine.
Sensitive Plant. (See Humble Plant.)
Service Berry (Amekmchier canade7isis), a small much-
branched tree of the Apple family (Pomaceie), native of the
Northern United States and Canada. When in flower it is a
complete sheet of white, and is known in this country by the
name of Snowy Mespilus. Its fruit (berries) is black, and of a
sweet agreeable taste. Eaten by the native Indians.
Service Tree (Pyrus domestica), a large, spreading, branched
tree of the Apple family (Pomacea^), with winged leaves. It
bears an oblong or round fruit, about the size of a large goose-
berry, which is austere, and not much used. In Brittany a drink
like cider or perry is made from it, which has a most unpleasant
odour. It is a native of various parts of the Continent, espe-
cially France and Italy, where it is much valued for its hard
wood, which is used for many purposes. It grows wild in
Cornwall, and is considered to be indigenous.
Sesamum, a name for the seeds of Sesamum indicum, an
annual weed-like herb of the family Pedaliacea3 native of the
East Indies, where it is cultivated as well as in other countries
for the seeds, which yield a bland oil equal to olive oil. It
is used for many purposes of domestic economy. It is also
known as Gingelly Oil, and used for adulterating olive and
other oils.
Shaddock (Citrus dccumana), a tree of the Orange family
(Aurantiaceee), native of China. It was introduced into the
West Indies early in the eighteenth century by Captain Shad-
dock, hence its name. There are varieties which produce fruits
of various sizes, some measuring nearly 2 feet in circumference.
Setting aside size, their appearance is like an orange. The
376 DICTIONARY OF POPULAR NAMES SHALLON
large ones are known by the name of Pomeloes, and the smaller
ones are sold in the shops as Forbidden Fruit. The Shaddock is
cultivated in the East and West Indies for the sake of its sub-
acid juicy i3ulp.
Shallon, a name in ISTorth-West America for Gaidtheria
Shallon, a low evergreen shrub of the Heath family (Ericaceae) ;
it has round leaves, and by its underground running shoots
covers a considerable area of ground. It generally grows in
pine forests, and produces an immense number of purple berries,
which are made by the natives into bread. A smaller species,
G. lyrocumhen^, is also a native of North America, and grows like
the preceding. Its calyx becomes a fleshy berry, and affords
food for game. In the United States it is called Partridge-
berry, as also Winter -green. It has a peculiar spicy and
aromatic odour, and has been used as a substitute for tea. The
odour is due to a volatile oil, which is obtained by distillation,
called Winter-green Oil, and is used medicinally as a stimulant.
It is also called Mountain Tea, its leaves being used as a sub-
stitute or for flavouring genuine tea.
Shallot. {See Rocambole.)
Shamrock, the emblem of Ireland. Supposed to be a species
of Clover or Wood Sorrel.
Sheep-pest (Accena ovina), a small evergreen decumbent
plant of the Burnet family (Sanguisorbacese), native of New
Zealand, Tasmania, and Australia, growing in pastures. Its fruit is
furnished with hooked spines, which adhere to the wool of sheep,
and render it difficult to clean, thus greatly lessening its value.
Shepherd's Club. {See Mullein, Great.)
Shittim-wood, supposed to be Acacia Seyal. {See Gum
Arabic.)
Shola, or Solah {JSschynomene aspera), a thick spongy-
stemmed plant with compound winged leaves belonging to
the Bean family (Leguminosae). It is a native of India,
Malayan Peninsula and Islands, growing in swampy places
and even floating. The stem consists of a spongy white pith
as thick as the arm, and being very light is used for making
SILK OF ECONOMIC PLANTS. 377
hats, bottle cases, floating jackets, and many other domestic
articles.
Herminiera Ela'phroxylori, a prickly -branched, compound-
leaved tree of the same family, native of tropical Africa, has
pith-like wood similar to the Shola, and is used by tlie natives
for like purposes.
Side-saddle Flower. — Sarracenia, a genus which gives its
name to a small family of plants (Sarraceniacese), consisting of
about 10 species, all with one exception natives of the Atlantic
side of North America. They grow in swampy places, and are
remarkable for their hollow leaves, which are generally upright,
and rise from a central crown or a creeping stem. They are
tubular, varying in length from 2 to 6 feet or more, and have
a lid resembling the pitcher-plant of India, the width of the
mouth being from 1 to 2 inches in diameter. The inside of the
tube is lined with curious hairs, and it generally contains liquid
that seems to entice insects, many perishing in the fluid, which
ultimately becomes putrid. The pistil of Sarraccnia is curious,
being in the form of an open umbrella, with the stigmas at the
angles on the under-side of the margin. It is called Side-
saddle Flower, from the petals hanging down between the
sepals of the calyx like a lady's riding-dress.
Silk-cotton Trees, a name given to certain trees of the
Silk Cotton family (Bombacea^). They are so called on account
of the seeds being involved in silky wool-like hairs firmly packed
in a capsular fruit ; when this opens the hairs expand and form
a considerable woolly mass. As they are not adhesive, and
moreover brittle, they cannot be spun, but are used for stuffing
cushions and the like. The trees are large, and are represented
in the tropics of both hemispheres.
Silk-cotton Tree of the Amazon {Eriodendron Samcmma). —
This is one of the buttress trees of the region of the Amazon,
some of the buttresses projecting 8 or 10 feet and only 4 or 5
feet high, while narrower ones rise to 20 or 30 feet in height,
and continue as ribs to a height of 40 or 50 feet. They are
from 6 inches to a foot in thickness, and are like wooden walls,
378 DICTIONARY OF POPULAR NAMES SILK
of sufficient width between them to allow room for a comfort-
able hilt. The wood is very soft, and large pieces are cut out for
paddles and other uses. Another use of these trees is that they
are hollowed out and formed into canoes. Immense casks are
also made of them. One is recorded to have been 27 feet in
length, and so thick that a man standing inside could work with
an axe in hollowing it out. They are employed for conveying
oil and other products from the upper region of the Amazon,
being floated down to Para.
Silk-cotton Tree, Brazilian {Pachira macrantha), a Brazilian
tree, attaining a height of 100 feet, and having flowers 15 inches
in length. The outside of the petals is green, and white within,
with numerous lons^ scarlet stamens.
Silk-cotton Tree, Malabar {Bomhax maktbaricum), a tree,
native of Malabar and other parts of India, attaining a height of
70 or 80 feet, and its stem is covered with prickly tubercles
similar to the Eriodenclron cmfraduosuiii of the AVest Indies.
The flowers are red, produced in clusters, and its fruit contains
silky hairs which are used for stuffing cushions ; the wood is
light and porous ; the bark possesses emetic properties, and
yields a pure gum.
Silk-cotton Tree, New Grenada (FacMra cdha, better known
in botanical collections in the country by the name of Carolinect
alba), a moderate -sized tree common in Xew Grenada, where
it is one of the most useful trees, the inner bark furnishing a
strong and durable cordage much valued throughout the country.
There are other species of Fachira in tropical America, the bark
of which is in general use as cordas^e.
Silk-cotton Tree, West Indian {Eriodenclron anfractiiosum),
a tree attaining a height of 100 feet or more, having an impos-
ing appearance, Vv^hether overtopping its humble companions of
the forest or rising in solitary grandeur on the open plain. Even
the untutored negroes are so struck with the majesty of its
appearance that they call it the God Tree. Not even from the
fear of punishment will they be induced to cut it down. Its
bark is green and covered with rough tuberculated prickles. It
SKIRRIT OF ECONOMIC PLANTS. 379
tapers upwards from a swollen base, around which are thick
projecting buttresses of sufficient widtli to allow of horses being
stalled between them. The natives call it Ceiba.
Silky Oak [G-revillm rohiista), a tree of the Protea family
(Proteaceas), native of Queensland, and probably one of the
loftiest trees of the family ; it attains a height of from 50 to
150 feet, with a diameter of from 6 to 8 feet ; its timber is
valuable. A plant introduced into Kew in 182G has attained
a large size, and with its much-divided silky leaves presents a
strong contrast to the more humble species of the genus, which
mostly consist of small shrubs Avitli willow, holly, box, or juniper-
like leaves, producing pretty spikes of flowers.
Silphium of the Ancients. {See Carrot, Deadly.)
Silphium of Linnaeus. {See Compass Plant.)
Silver Fir {Picea pectinata), a tree of the family Coniferos,
native of Europe and Korthern Asia. It takes its name from
its silvery white leaves, and attains a great height, it is even
said above 200 feet, and when standing singly is a beautiful
tree. A resin is obtained from it, which when purified is called
Strasburg Turpentine. The Silver Fir is subject to a disease,
especially in Switzerland, which is caused by a fungus, a species
of u^cidium, similar to the corn mildew.
Silver Rod. {See Asphodel.)
Silver Tree (Zeueadendron argenteum), a sniall tree of the
Protea family (Proteacece), with beautiful silvery lance-shaped
leaves, native of Table j\Iountain and the Cape of Good Hope.
Its vicinity to Cape Town has led to its almost complete extirpa-
tion for firewood. Its destruction, however, is now prohibited.
Simaruba Bark. {See Quassia.)
Sissoo, a name in India for Dcdhcrgia Sissoo, a tree of the
Bean family (Leguminosce), common in Bengal, and extending
northward to the Punjab. It is a fast-growing tree, attaining a
considerable size. Its timber is strong, compact, and tenacious,
of a dark-brown colour, and is used in all works where strength
and durability are required.
Skirrit {Siiom Sisarum), a perennial herb of the Carrot family
380 DICTIONAPwY OF POPULAR NAMES SKUNK
(Umbelliferse), native of China, introduced more than 300
years ago, and cultivated as a vegetable ; the root, which is like
a radish, and about the thickness of the finger, is the part used.
It is now seldom seen.
Skunk Cabbage [Symplocarpus fatidus), a perennial plant
of the Arum family (Aroideae) ; it has simple leaves, the flowers
are contained in a spathe, which has a fetid smell like the
animal called the skunk. It is a native of North America,
where it is held in medical reputation, its roots and seeds in
cases of coughs, and its leaves in healing ulcers.
Slipper Flower. {See Calceolaria.)
Sloak, or Slook. {See Laver.)
Sloe, also called Blackthorn {Fritnus spmosa), a rigid prickly
shrub of the Plum family (Drupacese) growing in hedges in
this country, its pretty white flowers making it very ornamental
in the month of May. Its fruit is harsh, and too austere to
be eaten ; in Germany a spirit is distilled from it. Its wood is
hard and takes a fine polish, and is used for walking-sticks, and
for making handles for carpenters' and other tools. The leaves
when dried make the best substitute for Chinese tea, and were
at one time extensively used in its adulteration.
Smut {Ustilago segetum), a dust fungus common to the
Grass family (Gramineai) ; it affects wheat, barley, oats, Indian
corn, and dhoora, often doing considerable damage to the crops.
It destroys the young grain in the ear, which becomes a sooty
mass of closely-packed fungus spores, which ultimately break
up, and are dispersed by the wind or fall to the ground, where
they are ready to attack and impregnate the sprouting grains of
the next year's crop. Experiments made by the celebrated
microscopist and botanical artist Francis Bauer show that the
spores are absorbed into the tissues of the plant, and carried up
until they reach the ear, where they develop and multiply to
the destruction of the grain.
Allied to the preceding is another grain-destroyer called
Bunt or Pepper Brand {Ustilago fcetida) ; like the preceding,
it is common to corn crops, but in this case the ear is only
SNAKE OF ECONOMIC PLANTS. 381
partially affected, some of the grains being left perfect while
those affected become filled with dust of a fetid odour, distin-
guishing it from the Smut or dust brand, wliich is scentless.
A Smut also infests the common reed {Arundo jJcrar/mites),
which is common in the marshes of the Thames, and whicli is
used for many domestic purposes. The persons who cut them
suffer from headache, a swelling of the head, and acute inll ani-
mation of the bow^els, w^hich is caused by the fungus.
Snake Gourd (Trichcosanthes angicina), a tendril climber of
the Gourd family (Cucurbitacese), native of India ; its fruit is
cylindrical, about 3 feet in length, and is pendulous, having the
appearance of a snake ; but it is surpassed in length by T.
coluhrina, called the Serpent or Viper Gourd ; it attains a
length of 5 or 6 feet, and a diameter of about an inch, and hangs
from the plant in a rope-like form. It is of a yellow colour
when ripe.
Snake - nut (Opldocaryon ^aradoxuiii), a large tree of the
order Sapindaceae, native of British Guiana. The fruit is roundish,
about the size of a walnut. It takes its name Snake-nut from
the curious form of the embryo of the seed, which is spirally
twisted so as to closely resemble a coiled-up snake. They are
not known to possess any medicinal properties, but the snake-
like form of the embryo has led the Indians to employ it, and
believe it to be an antidote against snake-bites.
Snake -root. — Many plants are held in high repute as a cure
for snake-bites, but they seldom prove efficacious w^hen put to
the test by learned medical practitioners, their reputation being
often derived from the snake-like form of the whole or some part
of the plant, or from its colour. The following are a few of the
principal : —
1. Opliiorrliiza Mungos, a low bushy shrub of the Cinchona
family (Cinchonacea?), native of India, Ceylon, and Malayan
Islands. Its roots are intensely bitter, and some degree of sui)er-
stition is attached to its first discovery as a cure for snake-bites.
2. Brazil (Chiococca angiistifolia), a plant of the same order,
called Snake-root, or Eaiz de Cobra in Brazil. It is a violent
382 DICTIONARY OF POPULAR NAMES SNAKE
emetic and purgative, and lias a musky smell like that of
snakes, which favours the idea that it cures their bite.
3. Casearia ulmifolia, a shrub or small tree of the family
Samydace?e. The leaves are somewhat astringent, and when
boiled are applied to wounds and snake-bites. They are con-
sidered by Brazilians a certain remedy against the bite of the
most venomous kinds of snakes. Several other species of
Casearia are used medically in Brazil, either for cleansing wounds
or as diaphoretics and purgatives.
4. Polygala Senega, an erect, slender, herbaceous plant of the
Milkwort family (Polygalacese), native of North America. The
root is ash-coloured, and supposed by the Indians to resemble
the tail of the rattlesnake, and to be a cure for its bite. In the
United States it is employed for many complaints. It contains
a principle called Senegin, which excites violent sneezing.
5. Black Snake-root {Aetata racemosa), a tall -growing per-
ennial herb, with compound trifoliate leaves, of the Buttercup
family (Eanunculace?e). The flowers are fetid, and the large
knotted root-stalks, which have a nauseous astringent and bitter
taste, are considered in the United States to be a remedy for
the bite of the rattlesnake.
6. Button Snake -root. — Liatris squarrosa and Z. scariosa,
perennial herbs, with spikes of pretty pink flowers of the family
Compositae; natives of North America. Their tuberous roots
when bruised are considered a cure for the bite of the rattle-
snake.
7. Virginian Snake-root (Aristolochia Serpentaria), a bushy
partially climbing vshrub of the Birthwort family (Aristolochiacese),
native of the Southern United States. It is considered a specific
for the cure of the bite of the rattlesnake and of mad dogs ;
also, Geiitiana ochroleuca, a perennial of the Gentian family
(Gentianaceae). It is held in high reputation by the "old
grannies " as a tonic, and as an excellent stimulant in uterine
disorders, loss of speech, and other complaints through the loss
of nervous energy. It is also one of the numerous remedies for
the cure of snake-bites.
SOAPBERRY OF ECOXOMIC PLANTS. 383
Snake -wood (StrycJmos coluhrina), a small tree of tlie Xux
Vomica family (Loganiacea3), native of India, Java, and other
islands. In Malabar it furnishes the wood called Snake-wood.
It is in great repute as a remedy for the bites of snakes and in
skin diseases. (See also Greenheart and Letter-wood.)
Sneezewort (Achillea Ptarmica), a low herbaceous herb of
the Composite family (Composite), common in this country.
Its leaves are numerous and finely divided, forming a tuft ; the
flower-stems are about a foot in height, bearing heads of white
flowers about the size of a daisy ; its leaves, when dried and
pulverised, are said to excite sneezing.
Sneeze - wood {Pteroxylon utile), a small tree of the Soap-
berry family (Sapindaceai), native of the Cape of Good Hope.
The wood is hard and durable, takes a fine polish, and is used
for many purposes. In sawing the wood the dust excites violent
sneezing.
Snowberry (Syiivplioricarpus racemosus), a bushy shrub of
the Woodbine family (Caprifoliacese), native of !N"orth America.
It is planted as an ornament in shrubberies, producing white
berries, conspicuous in autumn.
Snowdrop Tree (Ralesia tetraptera), a wide - spreading
branching tree of the Storax family (Styracacea^), attaining a
height of from 20 to 30 feet, native of North America. It pro-
duces a profusion of pendulous white flowers like snowdrops,
which render it a highly ornamental tree.
Snufif. (See Tobacco.)
Soap Bark, also the bark of Pithecolohium higeminum, a large
tree of the Bean family (Leguminosce). It is saponaceous, and
is used as a substitute for soap in Caraccas. (See also Quillaia.)
Soapberry (Sapindus Scqjonaria), a slender tree, with winged
leaves, of the Soapberry family (SapindaceiB), native of the West
Indies and many parts of tropical America. Its fruit is the size
of a large gooseberry, formed of a thick tough rind, loosely en-
closing a hard globose black seed. It takes the name of Soap-
berry from the rind on being put in water lathering like soap.
It has long been in general use in the West Indies as a substi-
384 DICTIONARY OF POPULAR NAMES SOAP
tute for soap. Its frequent use is, however, considered to
deteriorate fabrics washed with it. The hard seeds take a fine
pohsh, and are used for making rosaries and necklaces, and at
one time were imported for making buttons. In India the same
use is made of the seeds of >S'. trifoliatus and >S'. Rarax, now
known as Dittdasma Rarah. A medicinal oil is extracted from
the former. Erioglossum edule {S. rubiginosa) is a tall tree of the
Pegu forests, having a girth of 3 to 4 feet. Its wood is white.
>S^. escvlentus is a native of Brazil, attaining a height of 30 to 40 feet.
Its fruit is produced in bunches like grapes ; the rind is hard, but
between it and the seed is a mucilaginous pulp which is eaten.
Soap Bulb {Chloragalum pomeridianuin), a large bulb of the
Lily section of the family Liliace^e, native of California. It is
used as a substitute for soap, its mucilage producing a lather in
Avater ; but it contains neither alkali nor oil.
Soap Pods. — In China the pods of several species of Ctesal-
pinieoe, and in India the pods of Acacia concinncty are of a sapo-
naceous nature, and are used as a substitute for soap.
Soap -root (Gypsophylla Struthmm), a strong-rooted, many-
stemmed perennial of the Pink family (Caryophyllaceoe), native
of Spain, spreading a foot or more in height. Its root lathers
water, and is used as a substitute for soap.
Soapwort {Saponaria officinalis), a strong-growing peren-
nial of the Pink family (Caryophyllacea^) ; it is common in
gardens. It is said to be a native of Britain, but if so it is very
rare. The stems upon being put in water form a lather like soap,
hence its name.
Soldier's Herb. {See Matico.)
Solomon's Seal {Polygonatum multiflorum), a perennial herb
of the Lily family (Liliacese), a plant found wild in many parts
of England, and frequently cultivated in gardens. Its creeping
roots or rhizomes are in great repute, as tliey quickly remove
bruises and discolorations of the flesh resultine^ from blows.
Sophee, a name in the mountain regions of India for
Myrica integrifolia, a shrub of the Candleberry family (Myri-
cacese). Its fruit is eaten by the natives.
SOUARI • OF ECONOMIC PLANTS. 385
Sophora (Soj^Jiora japonica), a branched round-lieaded tree,
attaining a height of 40 feet, having winged leaves of a light-green
colour. It belongs to the Bean family (Lcguniiiiosa}), and is a
native of China and Japan, where its white papilionaceous flowers
are used for dyeing both yellow and green. In Fokien and
other provinces it is cultivated for its flowers, which form an
important article of trade in the country. A purgative property
pervades the whole of the tree, even affecting, it is said, those who
]3rune it, or work with the wood. It is an ornamental tree in this
country, but not common. It was introduced in 17G3 ; there are
several specimens in Kew Gardens more than a hundred years old.
Sorrel, Common {Rumex Acctosa), French {R. scutatus),
perennial herbs of the Buckwheat family (Polygonaceae), the first
native of this country and the second of Switzerland. Cultivated
in gardens for their leaves, which are acid, and used as culinary
herbs. In Scotland the Common Sorrel is called Souroks.
Sorrel Tree. {Sec Andromeda.)
Sorrel, Wood {Oxalis Acetosella), a small perennial herb of
the Oxalis family (Oxalidaceae), native ot Britain, growing wild
in woods. The leaves, which are trifoliate, are sometimes used
in salads, to which they impart a pleasant acid. It is one
of the plants supposed to be the Shamrock of Ireland. Its
medicinal properties led it to be worthy of a place in the London
Pharmacopoeia, but it has now fallen into disuse.
Souari Nut, also known as Butter-Nut (Caryocar iiucifcrum),
a tree of the family PJiizobolacese. It is a native of British
Guiana, and attains a height of 80 to 100 feet, having large
broad trifoliate leaves. Its flowers are large and spreading, and
contain a large number of stamens. The fruit is spherical, firm,
measurimx 5 to 6 inches in diameter, and of a reddish-brown
colour. It contains four, or by abortion generally fewer seeds,
which lie embedded in a white pulp. They are round, sub-reni-
form, and flattened. The shell is liard, of a brown colour, and
covered with tubercles ; it contains a nutty, oily kernel, which is
pleasant to eat, and is frequently imported into this country under
the above name. C. hutyrosum is a tree similar to the last, but
2 c
386 DICTIONARY OF POPULAR NAMES SOUR
differing in the leaves being five-parted, and also in producing
edible, but more oily nuts, called Pekea.
Sour Gourd. (See Baobab.)
Sour Plum, a name given in Queensland to Ovjenia venosa,
a tree of tlie Bead Tree family (Meliace?e), said to have milky
juice (?). It has clammy branches, winged leaves, and small
flowers produced in panicles. The fruit is a globular drupe;
the pulp is wholesome, slightly acid, and is eaten by the natives.
The wood is hard, very strong, of a reddish colour, and is used
for wheelwrights' work. The wood of 0. cerasifera is also hard,
and takes a fine polish. It is called the Sweet Plum, and forms
an imj^ortant article of trade in China. Living plants have been
recently introduced into this country, but are too tender to grow
in the open air.
Sour Sop, or Custard Apple {Anona muricata), a tree of the
Custard Apple family (Anonacese), 15 to 20 feet high, native of
the West Indies and tropical America, and cultivated for its fruit,
which varies in size from 6 to 9 inches in circumference ; the
form also is variable, but the heart shape predominates, as indeed it
does in most of the fruits of the other species. Its pulp is woolly
in appearance, but contains a fresh and agreeable sub-acid juice.
Southernwood (Artemisia Ahrotanum), a well-known garden
shrub of the Composite family (Compositse), much in favour
for its stimulatincc aromatic odour. It is a native of Southern
Europe, and is known also by the name of Old Man.
Sowa, a name given in Bengal to Peucedanum graveolens,
better known as Ancthum Sowa, an annual of the Carrot family
(Umbelliferfe), cultivated in India, especially in Bengal, for its
carminative seeds, which are used for culinary purposes ; by dis-
tillation the seeds yield a very useful medicinal oil, also know^n
as Bishop's Weed OH.
Soy (Glycine Soja, better known as Soja hispida),^ small, erect,
trifoliate, hairy plant of the Bean family (Leguminosa?), native
of India and China. It is cultivated for its seeds, wdiich are
made into the sauce called Sov in India, and the residue or cake
is extensively used for manure in China.
SPIKENARD OF ECOXOMIC PLANTS. 387
Spaetlum. (aS^^^ Bitter-root.)
Spanish Elm, a name in the West Indies for Cordia
Gerascantlhus, a large tree of the Sebesten family (Cordiaceiie),
native of the West Indies. Its wood is hard, and used for many
purposes.
Spanish Juice. {Sec Liquorice.)
Spearmint {Mentha viridis), a herb of the ]\Iint family
(Labiatie). It possesses aromatic properties, and is used for
culinary purposes, especially as a sauce, and is supposed to be
the Mint spoken of in the New Testament. It is a native of
this country.
Spelt {Triticum Spdtct), a corn-grass, intermediate between
barley and wheat, but considered to be a hard-grained kind of
the latter. It is supposed to be the rye grown in Egypt in the
time of Moses. It is sparingly cultivated in France and other
parts of Europe at the present day.
Spice Wood. — Laurus Benzoin, now called Benzoin odori-
ferum, a genus of the Laurel family (Lauracea;). B. odoriferum,
native of North America, is a bush 8 to 10 feet high, having
oblong wedge-shaped leaves and small umbels of yellow flowers,
appearing before the leaves. Its fruit is a berry. It is said to
have been used in the United States as a substitute for allspice ;
it yields an aromatic stimulant oil. The bark is aromatic,
stimulant, and tonic.
Spiderworts, a common name for Tradescantia, a genus of
the family Commelynacere. T. virginica and others are showy
garden perennials, with white or blue flowers. The filaments of
the stamens are jointed, and viewed under a microscope the
circulation of the sap in each joint is seen.
Spikenard, or Nard {Nardostachys Jatamansi), a perennial
herb of the Valerian family (Yalerianace?e), closely allied to the
common A^alerian ( Valeriana officinalis), but the roots have a
much stronger smell. It is a native of Nepal, Bhotan, and other
parts of the Himalayan Mountains. In India its roots are highly
prized as a perfume for the hair ; and there is every reason to
believe that the "alabaster box of ointment of Spikenard"
388 DICTIONARY OF POPULAR NAMES SPINACH
mentioned in St. Mark was prepared from this plant. It appears
to have been early known in Europe, and history tells ns it was
a favourite with the ladies of Eome ; but it has long ceased to be
used, its smell being considered disagreeable to modern taste.
Spinach, Garden {Spinacia oleracca), an annual plant, the
type of the Spinach family (Chenopodiaceie). The native country
of the Garden Spinach is not well ascertained, but is supposed to
be Western Asia ; it has been knoAvn in this country for at least
three hundred years. There are two kinds, one with smooth
and the other with prickly seeds. Both are cultivated, and used
as a vegetable.
Spinach, Australian. — Chcnojoodinm auricomum, native of
the interior of Australia. It is allied to C. liyhridum, a weedy
plant of this country. It has lately come into use as a substi-
tute for Spinach.
Spinach, Indian. — Basella ruhra and B. alha, succulent
climbers, with soft, entire, alternate leaves, of the family Basel-
lacese, but considered by some to be a section only of the Spinach
family (Chenopodiacere), natives of the East Indies, generally
cultivated for shade as arbour plants. In Hortits Keicensis
they are called Malabar Nightshade.
Spinach, Mountain, or Garden Orache (Atriplex hortensis),
native of Eastern Europe. It is a hardy annual plant of the
Chenopodiaceie, growmg 2 to 3 feet high, having large hastate
leaves, varying from light green to dark red, which are some-
times used as Spinach. They seed freely, the red-leaved kind
becoming a weed in some gardens.
Spinach, New Zealand (^Tetragonia expcmsa), a trailing
branch-stemmed annual, several feet in length, with Spinach-
like leaves, of the Fig Marigold family (Ficoideaj). It was dis-
covered in New Zealand during Captain Cook's first voyage, and
was much prized as a fresh vegetable amongst the crews, and
was considered efficacious as an antiscorbutic. It is also
common to Australia, Tasmania, Japan, and South America. It
was introduced into this country in 1772, and in some gardens
it is substituted for Spinach.
SQUIRTING • OF ECONOMIC PLANTS. 389
Spindle Tree {Euonymus c?«'opocz(s), a low spreading tree of the
family Celastracese, native of this country, generally found grow-
ing in hedges or on the margins of woods. The wood is compact,
capable of being split into very fine strips, and is used by watch-
makers in cleansing watches, and is known to them by the name
of Dogwood ; it is also said to be used for shoe pegs, skewers, and
such like.
Spiraea frutex, an old garden name for Spircca salicifolia, a
shrub of the Eose family (Eosacese), native of some localities
in Scotland, Northern England, and Wales, one of a numerous
genus of pretty garden shrubs, natives of the temperate zone of
the northern hemisphere. The genus also contains many herba-
ceous species, such as the well-known Meadow-sweet (>S'. Ulmaria)
and the Dropwort \S. Filipendulcf), both natives of this country,
and the strong-growing garden perennial S. Anmcus, native of
Austria and Siberia. No special economical uses are recorded
of any of the species.
Spotted Tree, a name in Queensland for FlincUrsia maculosa,
a tree of the Mahogany family (Cedrelaceae). It derives its name
from the bark falling off in small pieces, which makes the trunk
appear as if it were spotted.
Spruce Fir. {See Fir Trees.)
Spurge. {See Euphorbia.)
Spurge Laurel {Daphne Laureola), a pretty evergreen shrub
of the family Thymel^eaceoB, with poisonous berries, native of this
country. Other species of the genus are highly-ornamental
garden plants. I), mdica and D. odora are prized in the green-
house for their sweet smell.
Squash. {See Gourd.)
Squill {Scilla maritima), a bulbous plant of the Lily family
(Liliaceai), found on the coasts of the Mediterranean, and also
abundant at Malta, from whence it is imported. It is used in
medicine, being a powerful irritant, and is prescribed in dropsical
and other complaints.
Squirting Cucumber {Fchallium Elaternm).—This plant has
the same habit and appearance, and belongs to the same family
390 DICTIONARY OF POPULAR NAMES ST. HELENA
as the Cucumber (Cucurbitaceee), trailing on the ground, but
devoid of tendrils. It is a native of the South of Europe, and
has long been cultivated in botanic gardens as a curiosity.
The fruit is about 2 inches in length, hanging down at an acute
angle with the short foot-stalk ; on touching it when ripe, it
immediately separates from the stalk, and ejects with consider-
able force a number of seeds and a quantity of fluid to a distance
of two or three yards, to the dismay of the unwarned toucher.-
The juice is of a highly poisonous nature, and when concen-
trated forms the powerful drug called Elaterium, which is
obtained by pressure of the seeds.
St. Helena Ebony. {See Ebony.)
St. John's Bread. {See Carob Tree.)
St. Thomas Tree, a name in Ceylon for Bmihinia tomentosa,
a small tree of the Bean family (Leguminosre). It attains a
height of 15 feet, and is bush-hke. Its leaves are composed of
two oval, blunt leaflets, united by their inner edges for more
than half their length. It has pale yellow flowers with crimson
spots, which the native Cingalese believe to be the blood of St.
Thomas, hence its name.
Staff Tree, a name for the different species of Celastrus,
a genus of the Spindle Tree family (Celastraceae). C. scandens,
a trailing, climbing shrub, native of Xorth America, interesting
on account of its orange-coloured fruit, and wax-like arillus,
henxie it is called Waxwork Shrub. C. 2'><^'if^iculatv.m, native of
Brazil. An empyreumatic oil is obtained from its seeds by
destructive distillation, called Oleum nigmm,. It is in repute by
native doctors for special complaints. C. i:)yr acanthus, native
of the Cape of Good Hope, has hard, very formidable spines 3
to 4 inches in length. C. cymosus, also native of the Cape of
Good Hope, has pretty white flowers, but of a very fetid odour.
Staghorn Fern is represented by several species of Platy-
cerium, a genus of the tribe Acrostichccne of the family Filices, the
original species being P, alcicorue, native of Western tropical
Africa and Australia, from whence it was introduced into Kew^
in 1808. Its broad, divided fronds, having the resemblance of a
STAR OF ECONOMIC PLANTS. 391
stag's horn, long caused it to be looked upon as a ciinosity in
the plant world ; but it is now surpassed by its gigantic ally
P. grande, native of Queensland, the Pliilippine Islands, and
Malayan Peninsula. It is epiphytal. Its barren fronds may be
compared to large shells successively produced from a central
axis, the new overlapping the old, forming oblong masses of vari-
ous sizes according to age ; sometimes as much as 3 feet by 2,
and 2 to 3 feet in thickness. The fertile fronds rise from the
central axis to the length of 6 to 7 feet, repeatedly forked into
broad ribbon-like segments, and pendulous, the fructification
being produced m a round, lateral lobe, nearly a foot in diameter,
on one of the main divisions of the frond. It was introduced from
^N'ew Holland into Kew in 1842, and fine specimens are now to
be found in the collections of many fern-cultivators.
Star Apple {Chrysophyllum Cainito), a tree of the family
Sapotaceae, attaining a height of 30 to 40 feet, native of the
West Indies. It has spreading branches, and beautifully-veined
leaves, of a silvery white on the under side. The fruit is about
the size of an apple, and is wholesome, having an agreeable
sweet flavour. It consists of ten cells, each containing a single
seed, and when cut across (before the seeds harden) has a star-
like appearance, hence its name. It is an ornamental plant in
hothouses.
Star of Bethlehem (OmitJiorjcdum umhcUatum). — This is
one of the Lily family (Liliaceai), native of different parts of
Europe and Western Asia, also of this country. Its flowers are
of a milky white, borne in umbels on a short stalk, and it is prob-
ably on this account that it has received the name Ornitlw-
galum, which literally means bird's milk. There is strong evi-
dence for believing, as I have shown in my History of Bible
Plants, that the bulbous root of this plant was the doves' dung
that was eaten by the people of Samaria, as stated in 2 Kings
vi. 25.
Star Jelly. — N'ostoc commune and iV. edule, gelatinous crypto-
gams of the Conferva family, springing up often on gravel walks
after rain in round patches. JSf. cdide is wholesome, and in
392 DICTIONARY OF POPULAR NAMES STARCH
China is dried and used in making soups. In 1855 several
square miles in the Bombay Presidency were covered with
JV. collinum. The natives called it meat, and considered that
it fell from heaven. The spores are supposed to float in the air,
and alighting on congenial surfaces where the temperature and
moisture are favourable, spring suddenly into existence as the
perfect plant. N. commune is also known by the name of
Fairies' Butter.
Starch consists of organised, farina-like grains, contained in
various parts of many plants. It forms an important part in all
farinaceous foods, as wheaten flour, potatoes, arrowroot, sago,
etc. It is, however, incapable of sustaining animal life when
separated from other constituents ; but with the addition of
some nitrogenous substance, it is wdiolesome. Starch granules
when burst by the effects of heat are turned into gum, and
form the substance known as Dextrine or British gum, which is
used for dressing woven fabrics, for the backs of postage stamps,
and for envelopes.
Stavesacre {Delphinium Stapliisagria), a strong - growing
biennial of the Buttercup family (Eanunculacese), native of the
South of Europe. Under this name it was held in high rejDute
by the ancients as a cure for many diseases. The active prin-
ciple is contained in the seeds, which have a disagreeable smell,
and a nauseous, bitter, burning taste. They yield an alkaloid
called Delphinia.
Stavesacre was originally employed as a cathartic, but it acted
with so much violence that it has been to a great extent laid
aside, and is now chiefly employed for eruptions in the skin,
for destroying lice, and as a cure for the itch insect. Delphinia
is an extremely acrid poison. Six grains, administered in water,
will kill a dog in three hours ; but the same quantity dissolved
in vinegar has caused death in forty miimtes.
Stinging Bush {Jatroplia stimulans, sometimes called J.
liorridct), a small, straggling, soft-wooded shrub of the Spurge-
wort family (Euphorbiacese), with lobed leaves, covered, as well
as the younger parts of the wood, with stiff hairs, like small
STORAX OF ECONOMIC PLANTS. 393
needles, which sting fearfully, and are much dreaded by the
natives. It causes an intense burning pain, with swelling, wliich
is not confined to the part stung, but sometimes spreads all over
the body. In 1823 a plant at Kew stung tlie writer on the
wrist, and in a few minutes the poison extended up the arm and
the upper part of the body, the lips became swollen, and of a
livid red ; fainting came on in less than ten minutes, on recover-
ing from which, the whole sensation went off as fast as it came
on. The general health was, however, impaired for several days.
Stink-horn, or Stinking Polecat. — Phallus impicdicus and
P.fcetidus, fungi of the Lycoperdacese alliance. They have a
white conical pileus, 4 to 6 inches high, purple at the apex. They
spring up suddenly during the night from a volva. They grow
in damp, shady places in woods, and their place of growth is
readily found by the abominable stench they emit. An allied
species is Olathrus cancellatus, the Lattice Stink-horn. Although
beautiful in appearance, its odour is the most disgusting and
noxious of all fungi.
Stinking Gladwyn. {See Iris.)
Stink-wood (^Fcetidia mcmritiana), a large tree of the family
Barringtonace?e, native of the Mauritius, where, on account of
the white ants not attacking it, it is used for the foundations
of houses. Its wood has an unpleasant smell. For other Stink-
woods, see Laurel.
Storax. — This name is generally applied to the resin of
Styrax officinale, a small tree of the Benzoin family (Styrace^e),
native of Greece, Asia Minor, and Syria ; now found also in
Italy and Southern France. It is only when the plant has
attained its full size that it seems capable of yielding the
fracjrant resin known as Storax ; and Fluckisjer and Hanburv in
their Fharma/iOfjraijhia say that in most localities where it is
grown " it has been reduced by ruthless lopping to a mere bush,
the young stems of which yield not a trace of exudation. The
storax has thus entirely disappeared, and genuine specimens of
it are scarcely to be found even in museums." The i)lant is
considered by some commentators to be the poplar rod of
394 DICTIOXAP.Y OF POPULAR NAMES STRA:\I0NIUM
Jacob, but its nature of growth is such that its branches can
scarcely be called rods. Liquid Storax is furnished by Liquid-
miibar orientalis, a small tree of the family Hamamelidese, native
of Asia Minor, as also by L. altingia, a tree native of the
Malayan Archipelago.
Stramonium. {See Datura.)
Straw, the culms (flower-stalks) of wheat, barley, oats,
and rye, which, after being deprived of their grains, furnish the
straw used for many purposes in domestic economy — such as
thatching, making baskets, beehives, cradles, hassocks, and mats,
as also hats and bonnets, the latter being generally made of
wheat straw, which forms an important part of the occupation
of the people of St. Albans, Dunstable, and Luton. The large
fashionable bonnets worn fifty years ago, which came from
Italy^ and were called Leghorn bonnets, were made of Triticitm
Spelta. (See Spelt.)
Their high price, £2 each, led the celebrated political writer
"William Cobbett to endeavour to find a native grass capable of
making as flue bonnets as the expensive Leghorn. He selected
the sweet-scented vernal grass Antlioo:anthum odoratum. He
employed two women to collect it in Kew Gardens, but the
project proved a failure. The large sun-hats of India are made
of wheat straw.
Strawberry. — Fragaria resca and F. clatior, perennial herbs
of the Eose famil}^ (Eosaceae). These are the wild or native
strawberries of this country. They were the only ones known
in early times. The cry " Strawberry ripe " was to be heard in
London 400 years ago. After the introduction of F. virginiana
from Xorth America, F. chilcnsis from South America, and F.
graiidiflora from Surinam, by crossing them with the native
species many fine varieties were obtained, such as the Alpine,
hautbois, scarlet, pine, and others. Of late years much atten-
tion has been paid to the cultivation of strawberries, and
fruits of the size of small apples are now to be seen at horti-
cultural exhibitions. Before the time of railwavs and lidit
spring vans, strawberries were conveyed to the London markets
STRELITZIA OF ECONOMIC PLANTS. 393
ill baskets caniecl "by women ou tlieir heads. These carriers
were principally from Shropshire, and found employment in the
market gardens in the neighbourhood of London during tlie
summer season ; and it was a curious siglit to see twenty or
thirty Shropshire girls, as they wxre called, marching along in a
line with their baskets sitting freely on their heads. It is
proper to explain that the fruit of the strawberry, so called, is
not a fruit but a fleshy receptacle, tlie so-called seeds seated
on the outside of the pulp being the true fruits. The strawl^erry
is one of the most wholesome of fruits. Besides being eaten fresh
by all classes during the season, immense quantities are made into
jam and preserves, one firm in London in 1873 using 200 tons.
Strawberry Tree. {See Arbutus.)
Strelitzia, a genus of the Banana family (Musaceoe), natives
of South Africa. They possess no economic properties, but
are remarkable plants. 1. Strelitzia aur/ustahas a palrn-like stem,
in its native country attaining a height of 20 or more feet,
and a foot in diameter. It has large distichous leaves, the
general habit of the plant being similar to that of the Traveller
Tree (Urania). It produces its flowers in a sheath at the base
of the leaves ; they are small, white, and inconspicuous, con-
sidering the magnitude of the plant. Its stem is not solid as in
that of the Traveller Tree, and both in its native country and
under cultivation, when attaining above 20 feet in height, its
w^eighty crown of leaves causes it to break over. A plant at
Kew being supported attained the height of 34 feet, and was
still progressing when it was ordered to be cut down. The
seeds, like those of Urania, are furnished ^\'ith a woolly arillus,
those of Strelitzia being red, and those of Urania blue. 2. Stre-
litzia regino:. — This differs entirely from the preceding in having
no arborescent stem. It has firm, oval, elliptical, glaucous
leaves, borne on long foot-stalks, about 3^ to 4 feet high, which
rise direct from the ground in Cccspitose tufts. The flower-
stem also rises direct from the ground, bearing on its apex an
open sheath, containing many flo\vers of orange and purple tints,
which, with the peculiar form, make the plant very attractive.
396 DICTIONARY OF POPULAR NAMES STRINGY
It has been long cultivated at Kew, and derives its name
from the late Queen Charlotte, who was princess of the house of
Mecklenbursj Strelitz,
stringy Bark. {See Eucalyptus.)
Strychnine. {Sec Nux Vomica.) '
Succory, a name for Chicory (which see).
Sugar is the sweet constituent of plants found in more or less
abundance in their sap or juice, from which, by undergoing
certain processes of manufacture, the common, raw, and lump
sugar of domestic use is obtained. The principal supply is
furnished by the Sugar Cane {Saccliarimii officinarum), a strong
cane -stemmed grass 10 to 12 feet high, producing a large
feathery plume of flowers. It is a native of the eastern hemi-
sphere, but, like many other plants that have been long under
cultivation, the cradle of its birth is not well known. It is
found wild, as well as cultivated, throughout tropical and sub-
tropical Asia, and the islands of the Indian and Pacific Oceans.
It was first known in India, from whence it is said to have been
brought to Europe by the Venetians about the middle of the
twelfth century, and was early cultivated in the islands of tlie
Mediterranean. It was afterwards introduced into Spain and
Portugal, and also to the continent of America, becoming firmly
established by the middle of the sixteenth century. It has acted
an important part in the social condition of the world, the
native Indian race, especially in America, being driven before
it, and the curly-haired African negro established in his place,
originally under the bonds of slavery. The great supply of
sugar imported into this country comes from the AVest Indies
and Brazil, as also from Mauritius, of which island it forms the
staple product. Sugar is the expressed juice of the cane, which
by boiling and other processes becomes crystallised, and is
called Brown Sugar ; after being refined and cast in conical
moulds it is Loaf or Lump Sugar. The uncrystallised portion
is called Treacle or Molasses. From the scum and rou^h
portions of the latter rum is obtained by distillation. The
sugar-cane is probably the sweet cane from a far country,
SUMACH OF ECONOMIC PLANTS. 397
spoken of by the prophet Jeremiah (chap. vi. 20). In Europe
large quantities of Sugar are manufactured from Beetroot, and
in America from the Sugar Maple. Grape Sugar produced from
the fruit of the grape is also a well-known article ; an account
of these will be found under their respective names ; also see
Date and Wine Palms.
Sugar Berry. (See Nettle Tree.)
Sumach. — Under this name are included the species of
Blius, a genus of Anacardiaceae. They consist of bushy,
stiff- branched shrubs, with winged, rarely simple leaves, and
bunches of inconspicuous flowers, followed by small berries ;
they are mostly poisonous in a more or less degree, and highly
astringent ; they are used for tanning. B. Coriaria, a shrub
with pinnate leaves, is common to all the coasts of the Mediter-
ranean, and is extensively cultivated in Sicily for its leaves,
which, with the young shoots cut when a foot or more in height,
are ground between millstones into a fine powder. It is used for
tanning, and also produces a yellow dye. An average of 10,000
to 18,000 tons is annually imported into this country. 11.
Cotinus is also employed in the same manner ; it is called Venice
or Venetian Sumach {see Fustic). Several North American
species are highly poisonous, such as B.. venenata, a shrub with
wdnged leaves, and the trailing and climbing three -leaved
species B. Toxicodendron and B. radicans, known as the Poison
Oaks ; the mere rubbing or handling of the leaves of which has
been known to lead to serious consequences.
Sumach, Jamaica (B. Metophm), a strong -growing shrub,
native of Jamaica; its leaves are used for tanning; it yields
a gum called by the negroes Doctor's Gum ; it is a powerful
purgative and emetic.
Sumach, Myrtle-leaved. {Sec Coriaria.)
Sumach, Virginian {B. iyphina), is commonly to be seen
in shrubberies, especially in old gardens in this country ; cases
are recorded of much injury having been done to the eyes from
its fumes on being burnt. It is also commonly known by tlie
name of Sta^j's-horn Sumach.
398 DICTIONAPwY OF POPULAK NAMES SUMBUL
Sumbul, a name of a spongy root, smelling strongly of
musk, known to druggists to come from Eussia, and supposed to
be the root of an umbelliferous plant ; but what plant was not
known until 18 69, when Mr. Kaufmann, a Paissian explorer,
discovered it growing on the mountains of Eiissian Turkestan,
and proved it to belong to the above-named family. He suc-
ceeded in introducing it into the Moscow Botanic Gardens, from
whence it came to Kew. It has been described as a new genus
under the name of Euryangium Sumhul ; it is now referred to
the genus Ferula, and called Ferula Sitmhd. Its root comes to
this country in pieces, varying in size from 2 J to 5 inches in
diameter ; it is valued as a medicine, being stimulant and highly
antispasmodic.
Sumpunghee. (See Champaca.)
Sun Flower {Helianthus annuus), an annual of the Composite
family (Composita^), bearing large terminal, flat, circular flower-
heads, sometimes a foot in diameter, having yellow rays. It
is said to be a native of Mexico and Peru, and to have been in-
troduced into this country at the end of the sixteenth century.
It is extensively cultivated in this and other countries for its
seeds, which are highly valued for feeding sheep, pigs, poultry,
pigeons, rabbits, etc., and are considered superior to linseed for
feedins: cattle. An oil is obtained from the seeds, said to be
equal to olive oil. They are also ground into a meal and made
into cakes, or roasted and used as coffee. It is an excellent
plant for bees, large quantities of honey and w^ax being obtained
from the flowers. It is extensively grown in China ; and in
Eussia the seeds are sold in the streets and eaten as nuts.
Sunn Hemp. {Sec Hemp.)
Supple Jacks (Pccullinia curassavica), a scandent hard-
wooded climber of the Soapberry family (Sapindaceae), native of
the West Indies and tropical America. The stems are flexible,
and converted into walking-sticks, and known in the West
Indies, as well as in this country, under the above name.
Swamp Oak (Casuarina suherosa), a tree of the Casuarina
family (Casuarinacea?), native of Australia ; it is of singular and
SWEET OF ECOXOMIC TLANTS. 309
handsome growtli, pyraniidal in form, growing in moist situa-
tions ; its wood is hard, and is used for structural purposes.
Sweet Basil (Ocyimtin hasilicwn), an annual plant of the
Mint family (Labiata3), said to be a native of India, but it
appears to have been early known in the South of Europe, and
in this country for about 300 years. It has a strong aromatic
scent, analogous to cloves, and is used for culinary purposes.
Sweet Flag {Acorus Calamus), a strong-growing sub-aquatic
of the Aroid family (Aroidese), having a thick creeping rhizome,
from which rise sw^ord-shaped leaves, 2 to 3 feet in length ; tlie
spathe containing the spadix is borne on a narrow^, leafy, ilat
stalk. It is common in England and most temperate countries
of the northern hemisphere. The whole plant has a strong,
sweet, aromatic smell. The pounded root is used by perfumers
.for scenting hair-powder, and in Lincolnshire, where it abounds,
it is used as a cure for acjue. In Norwich it is or was a custom
on festivals to strew the floor of the cathedral with the leaves
of the Sweet Elag, which on being trodden upon raised a pleasant
odour.
Sweet Plum. {Sec Sour Plum.)
Sweet Potato or Batata {Batatas cdulis), a perennial plant
of the Bindw^eed family (Convolvulaceas). This is supposed to
be originally a native of India, but it has long been universally
cultivated throughout all tropical and sub-tropical regions. It
forms one of the principal articles of food of the natives of
New Zealand and the islands of the Pacific. It is a twining
plant, with heart-shaped leaves, having flowers like the convol-
vulus, and tuberous roots like potatoes. By change of letters
and pronunciation the name potato was derived from the
Spanish Batata. There are many varieties, varying considerably
in size and shape, from that of an ordinary potato to several
pounds in w^eight, some in Java attaining a large size. The Sweet
Batata was known in this country in the time of Gerard (1507),
who had it growing in his garden at Holborn, London ; he says,
"In summer it flourished, but rotted in winter, this climate
being too cold for its cultivation as a food plant." It, however,
400 DICTIONARY OF POPULAR NAMES SWEET
is cultivated in the South of France and Spain ; it makes an
excellent preserve, which is highly prized by the Spaniards.
From the latter country tubers are exported to this country.
Sweet Sop {Anona squctinosa), a tree of the Custard Apple
family (Anonacea^), native of the West Indies and tropical
America, and cultivated in many parts for its fruit, which is
netted, scaly, and hard, but softens after being gathered; it
possesses a fine luscious flavour, but is rather disagreeable to eat
on account of its numerous seeds.
Sycamine Tree, a scriptural name for the Mulberry
tree.
Sycomore Fig Tree {Ficus Sycomoms), a bushy tree of the
Mulberry family (Moracese), from 30 to 40 feet high, with lobed
heart-shaped leaves, something like the common fig, but smaller.
It is a native of Syria and Egypt, and has been called Pharaoh's
Fig. The fruit is small, but is produced in great abundance, and
is extensively used in Egypt for food. Although its wood is
light and soft, it is nevertheless very durable, mummy coffins
having been found made of it. That the Sycomore was common
in Palestine appears evident from the circumstance that King
Solomon made cedars " to be as the sycomore trees that are in
the vale, for abundance," also that it grew in the neighbourhood
of Jerusalem in the time of Christ, as we read that Zacchteus
" climbed up into a sycomore tree."
Syringa. {See Lilac.)
Tacamahaca. {See Poplar.)
Talipot Palm {Corypha umhraculifera), a noble fan-leaved
palm, native of Ceylon, with a stout cylindrical stem, attain-
ing a height of 50 to 100 feet. Its fruit is a hard nut, like
ivory, and is converted into buttons, toys, etc. Its large
fan-shaped leaves are, like those of the Pahnyra Palm, carried
over the heads of people of rank as an umbrella ; they are also
used for making books, and for domestic purjDOses. C. Taliera
is similar in habit, but does not attain such a great height, and
is more common throuGjhout India.
Tallicoonah, a name for Crab Oil (which see).
TAMARISK OF ECOXOMIC PLANTS. 401
Tallow Tree {Stillinfjia scbifcra), a tree of the Spiirgewort
family (Euphorbiacece), native of China, where it is, as well as
in India and some warm parts of America, extensively cultivated.
It is a small tree, with rhomboid tapering leaves and a three-
celled capsular fruit, each cell containing a single seed thickly
coated with a white greasy substance that yields tallow, of
wdiich candles are made ; it has been used in this country
in the manufacture of soap, and as a substitute for linseed oil,
also for dressing cloth and for burning in lamps.
Tamanu. {See Bitter Oil.)
Tamarind (Tamarindus indica), a wing -leaved spreading-
branched tree of the Bean family (Leguminosse). In India it
is said to attain a height of 80 feet, and a girth of 25 feet. It
is also found wild in Arabia and Egypt, and has become in-
digenous in the "West Indies. It has flat pods, about 4 or C
inches in length, which contain a sweet pulp. These pods are
pressed in syrup or sugar, and form the preserved Tamarinds of
the shops.
Tamarind, Velvet {Codarium acutifolium), a small tree of
the Bean family (Leguminosoe), having winged coriaceous leaves,
native of Sierra Leone. The seed-pods are about the size and
form of a filbert, and are covered with a beautiful black velvety
down. They contain an agreeable acid farinaceous substance,
which is used as food.
Tamarisk, Common (Tamarix gcdlica), aheath-lenyed shrub
of the Tamarisk family (Tamaricacese), common on the southern
coasts of this country, and the coasts of the Atlantic and
Mediterranean. It or an allied species {T. mannifera) is common
in the Peninsula of Sinai. Its stems are punctured by a small
insect of the Cynips family, from which a juice exudes, which
hardens, and is collected by the Bedouin Arabs and made into
cakes, and called ^lanna. It is sweet, and consists of a mucila-
Qinous suiiar, and forms a small article of commerce at the
present day. It is by some supposed to be the manna of the
Israelites, but it does not in all points agree with the descriptions
of that substance. {Sec ]\Ianna.)
2d
402 DICTIONARY OF POPULAR NAMES TAMARISK
Tamarisk Salt Tree {Tamarix oriental is), native of North-
West India. It is a most remarkable tree, and of rapid growth.
Trees six or seven years old measure 5 feet in girth, and fall in
twenty years from old age. It contains much salt, with which
the tree becomes incrusted, and is used by the natives to season
their food. The wood when burned has a very offensive odour.
In the Punjab T. articulata attains a height of 60 feet. On
the banks of the Jordan and hilly country of Bashan T. Pallasii
forms graceful trees, which by some Bible commentators are
supposed to be the oak under which Saul and Jonathan were
buried.
Tanekaha, the native ISTew Zealander's name for Fliyllodadus
trichoinanoidcs, a tree of the Yew family (Taxaceae). It attains
a height of 40 to 50 feet, and a girth or circumference of
2 feet. The bark is plain and of a light colour ; it comes off in
rings of about 6 inches. The leaves in the young plants are very
small and parsley-like, but in the mature plant they entirely
disappear, the terminal brandies becoming flat and leaf-like.
Its wood is somewhat darker than that of the Kauri, it has a
closer grain, smells strongly of turpentine, is less affected by wet
than any other yew, and is an exceedingly valuable wood. It
is used for all kinds of outside work.
Tanghin. {Sec Ordeal Tree.)
Tangle. (See Facus.)
Tansy {Tanacetum vulgare), a strong-growing perennial of
the Composite family (Compositse), having finely-cut leaves, and
heads of yellow button-like flowers, native of this country.
The whole plant has a strong aromatic scent and a bitter taste,
which led it to be considered as possessing highly medicinal
properties ; it is prescribed by herb doctors.
Tapa Cloth. {See Paper ]\Iulberry.)
Tapioca. {See Cassava.)
Tar is the concrete resinous sap of Fir and Pine trees
(which see). It is obtained by a rough system of distillation,
which is effected as follows : — The boles, roots, branches, and
waste timber are cut up into billets ; a conical hole is dug in the
TAVOLA OF ECONOMIC PLANTS. 403
ground, generally in the side of a bank, in wliicli the billets are
placed, and formed into a heap above the surface, the whole
being closely and compactly covered with turf or earth ; a fire is
then kindled from below, and the slow combustion causes the tar
to exude from the wood, and flow from an opening into ban-els
placed below to receive it. The greatest quantities used in
this country are imported from ports in the Baltic and Arch-
angel. Tar by distillation yields the products, wood-vinegar
(pyroligneous acid), oil of tar, and creosote, and leaves a resinous
residue called Pitch ; the principal quantity of pitch, however,
is obtained by boiling tar ; by evaporation the volatile oil passes
off, and the residue hardens into pitch.
The above method of obtaining tar and pitch was de-
scribed by Theophrastus 2200 years ago, and at the present
time is much modified by the introduction of modern appli-
cations.
Tare, or Vetch ( Vicia sativa), an annual of the Bean family
(Leguminosce), extensively cultivated in this country as early
fodder for cattle. It must be understood that it is not the
tares among the wheat spoken of in the New Testament, for
which see Darnel.
Taro. — Colocasia escuhnta, C. antiquoriim, and C. macrorhiza,
herbs of the Arum family (Aroidea3). They have large, heart-
shaped leaves, borne on long foot-stalks, which rise from a
short, fleshy, farinaceous corm. Numerous varieties are culti-
vated throughout all tropical countries. The corms furnish an
important article of food to the inhabitants of tropical India, the
islands of the Pacific, and also in the West Indies, where they
are called eddoes, and scratch-coco. Taro is the general name
for them.
Tarragon [Artemisia Dracunmihis), a strong, erect, perennial
of the Composite family (Composita^), native of Siberia, intro-
duced more than 300 years ago, and cultivated in our gardens
as a culinary herb for flavouring dishes.
Tartarian Lamb. (Sec Barometz.)
Tavola. (Sec ]\Iyrobalans.)
404 DICTIONARY OF POPULAR NAMES TAWHAI
Tawhai, or New Zealand Beech, a name in Xew Zealand
for Fagus fusca, a tree of the Oak family (Cupuliferae), 60 to 90
feet high and 5 to 8 feet in diameter. The wood is very tough,
hard, and durable, and is much used at Wellington.
Tea, the Chinese name for the dried leaves of two evergreen
shrubs, named by Linnaeus Thea holica and T. viridis, of the
Tea Tree family (Ternstroemiacete), both wild and extensively
cultivated throughout the Chinese Empire and Japan. A third
species, T. assamica, native of Assam, has been added. Modern
botanists, however, consider these to be only varieties of one
species, especially the first two, now known by the name of
T. cJmiensis, or still more recently as that of Camellia Thea.
The Assam form is, however, perhaps distinct ; it assumes the
character of a tree, and has longer leaves. A beverage made by
an infusion of the leaves in water has been in use by the
Chinese from time immemoriaL It was first introduced into
Europe by the Dutch in 1610. Pepys in his Diary records
having drunk a "cup of tea" on 25th September 1660. Six
years later its price was 60s. a pound, and was imported from
Holland ; it was first imported from China by the East India
Compan}" in 1669. In 1725 the price of black tea was 13s. to
20s. per pound, and of green 12s. to 30s. Its consumption
continued yearly to increase, but it was not till the end of the
last or the beginning of the present century that it came into
general use as a beverage in this country. In 1800 the quantity
imported into England amounted to 23,723,000 lbs., and in
1880 to 208,404,333 lbs. Tea was early subject to an import
duty, the consequence of which was that during the first half of
the present century the average retail price of common black
tea was between 6s. and 8s. per pound. This high price led to
the manufacture of spurious tea in this country, chiefly from
the leaves of the sloe, willow, and other tea -leaved-like plants,
which being mixed with re-dried and spent tea leaves, to which
was added a little genuine tea to give scent, its sale gave em-
ployment to a considerable number of itinerant tea packmen.
The duty having been reduced from 2s. 2d. per pound to Is.,
TEA OF ECONOMIC PLANTS. 405
and ultimately in 1865 to 6cL per pound, put an end to the
manufacture of home-made tea. Before the political and trade
arrangements with China, Canton was the only port open to
trade with foreigners, and all teas were examined before ship-
ment by a special officer appointed by the East India Company,
called the Tea-taster ; this had the effect of insuring crenuine
tea ; but since the opening of other ports and the demand for
tea continuing to increase, and the office of tea-taster being
abolished, the opportunity of again adulterating tea has presented
itself, and is earned on to a great extent at the present time.
About thirty years ago tea began to be cultivated in Assam,
and being successful has led to the formation of companies for
cultivating it in various parts of India suitable to its growth, as
also in Ceylon, where it has been eminently successful ; no less
than 45,371,704 lbs. Avere exported from India to this country
in 1880. Tea having^ become a universal beverai^e in all civil-
ised countries has led Japan to compete %vith China, and to
furnish the United States with their principal supply, liussia
and other nations of Northern Asia receive their tea from China
made up into solid, hard lumps called Brick Tea, which is boiled
and eaten like a vegetable. It was long supposed that black
and green teas were the produce of distinct plants, the former
from Tlua hohea, and the latter T. viridis; but it is now known
that both kinds are made indiscriminately from the same plant,
the difference depending on the age of the leaf when gathered,
and the mode of preparing. Originally pure green tea was
considered the finest, and fetched the highest price ; the demand
led black tea to be artificially coloured, even almost to shiny
blue, as was at one time to be seen in grocers* windows, the
substances used being indigo, turmeric, prussian blue, and
gypsum, specimens of which are to be seen in the ^luseum at
Kew, and were obtained by^ Dr. Seeman on visiting a toa
manufactory at Canton. The active principle of tea is called
Theine ; diff'erent opinions are entertained of its effects on tlie
human frame when used as a daily beverage, but it may l")e
considered beneficial, as the same principle, theiiic, is found in
406 DICTIONAEY OF POPULAR NAMES TEA
coffee, Paraguay tea, and Guarana, the two latter being in as
much repute in South America as the true tea is in China, and
coffee in Europe and America. Xext to these is an infusion of
Catlia edulis called Khat, which is extensively used in Arabia
as a stimulating drink, but it contains no theine. An account
of these will be found under the words Khat, Guarana,
and Paraguay Tea. Besides the above special tea plants,
many other plants have been used as substitutes for tea, but
their use is very local, and in many cases prescribed by herb-
doctors as a cure for different complaints; and as Chinese,
Japanese, and Indian teas are now becoming abundant and
cheap, all substitutes lose favour. The follow^ing are a few of
the principal of the substitutes : —
1. American, Xorth (Ceanothus americanus), a shrub of the
Buckthorn family (Pihamnaceie). The plant is known as the
'New Jersey Tea Shrub, and also as Pedwood.
2. Gaultlieria procumhcns, a low, evergreen, bushy shrub of
the Heath family (Ericacccc), a native of Canada, and called
Mountain Tea.
3. Lcdiu }i 2Mhcst7'e,2in erect, hwshy shvnh with small leaves,
of the Heath familv, native of Canada and Labrador, called
Labrador Tea.
4. Monarda didyma, a perennial, with pretty scarlet flowers,
of the Mint family (Labiatie), native of the Northern United
States and Canada, called Osw^ego Tea.
5. Prinos glaher^ an evergreen, smooth-leaved bushy shrub
of the Holly family (Aquifoliacea;), native of Canada, and
called Winterberry Tea.
6. Ilex voviitoria, a shrub, or small evergreen tree of the
same family, native of the Southern L'nited States, called
South Sea Tea. (See Black Drink.)
7. Chcnoidodium amhrosioides, a perennial of the Chenopo-
diace^e, native of Korth America, but long naturalised in
Southern Europe, called Mexican Tea ; in Chili it is called
Culen.
8. Australian (Smilax glycypliylla), an evergreen shrubby
TEAK OF ECONOMIC PLANTS. 407
climber of the Sarsaparilla family (Smilacea^), native of Xew
South Wales, known as Botany Bay or Sweet Tea.
9. Le'ptospcrmiim scoparium, a small hard- wooded tree of
the Myrtle family (Myrtaceae), native of New Zealand, wliere
it is c;illed the New Zealand Tea Tree. In Australia several
species of the Myrtle family, especially of the genera Lcjjto-
sperimim and Melaleuca, are known as tea shrubs.
10. Bourbon [Angrcccum fragrans), a small, narrow-leaved,
epiphytal orchid, native of Bourbon, highly fragrant, which
fragrance is due to the principle called Coumarin.
11. Brazilian {Stacliytarplm j'amaicensis), a tall, single-
stemmed biennial, with spikes of blue flowers, of the Verbena
family (Verbenacese), native of the "West Indies and many
parts of tropical America. In Brazil it is held in high rej)ute
for its medicinal virtues, and is said to be imported into Austria
as Brazilian Tea.
12. Cape. — The leaves of Cyclopia genistoides, and other
allied species, are said to be used at the Cape of Good Hope as
tea. One kind is known by the name of Bush Tea.
13. Malayan {Leptospcrmum [Glaphyria'] nitida), a shrub of
the ]\Iyrtle family (Myrtacese), native of the ^Malayan Islands,
where it is called the Tree of Long Life, and in Sumatra it is
used as a tea, called Bencoolen Tea.
14. "West Indian (Capraria hiflora), a shrub of the Figwort
family (Scrophulariacete), said to be a native of North America,
but has become naturalised in the West Indies, and is called
West Indian Tea ; it is also known as Goat-weed.
In political history tea has claim to fame. In 1767 a tax
having been imposed on tea imported into the British Colonies
of North America, led to war and the ultimate separation from
the mother country of the Colonies, now the United States.
Tea Tree. {Sec Box Thorn.)
Teak Tree, African {Oldfieldia africana), a large tree of
the Spurge family (Euphorbiaceae), native of Sierra Leone, with
digitate leaves and a dry, three-valved, capsular IVuit. The
wood was introduced in 1819 for shipbuilding purposes, but
408 DICTIONARY OF POPULAR NAVIES TEAK
was found too heavy for general use ; it is adapted, however,
for steam- vessels, as it stands a great degree of heat.
Teak Tree, Indian [Tcdona grandis), native of India, ex-
tending eastward to Burinah and islands of the Indian Ocean.
It is a magnificent timber-tree of the Verbena family (Yqy-
benacese) ; the wood is hard and very durable ; a specimen is
exhibited in the Kew Museum said to be 2000 years old. It is
largely imported into this country, and used for shipbuilding
and railway carriages. Its young branches are quadrangular,
with opposite ovate or elliptical leaves, about 6 or 8 inches in
length, and very rough on the upper surface, which renders
them useful for polishing ; they also yield a red dye, which is
to be seen by the upper surface of the young leaves becoming
of a red colour on being bruised. An oil called Teak-wood Oil
is extracted and used for varnishing and polishing wood, etc.
The Indian teak-forests are now under Government protection.
An allied Indian tree of tlie same family is Gmeliiia arhorea ;
it also has hard wood, winch is used in India for similar purposes
to teak, but it is a much smaller tree.
Teak Tree, New Zealand ( Vitex littomlis), a large tree of
the Verbena family (Verbenacese), native of ISTew Zealand,
attaining a height of 50 or 60 feet, and of large diameter ; it
has digitate leaves, and very hard and heavy wood that is used
for purposes under water. It is known by the native name
Puriri.
Teazle {Dipsacus Fullonum), a biennial plant of tlie Teazle
family (Dipsacese) ; its flower-stems attain a height of 4 to
6 feet, having large, opposite, lanceolate, stiff leaves, wdth their
broad bases united, forming a reservoir which holds vrater. The
flowers are small, growing in compact, cylindrical heads, about
4 inches in length and 1 inch in diameter. The flowers (florets)
are separated by scales, which when the head is ripe become
very hard, each furnished with a horn-like point, turned down-
wards at a right angle to the apex of the scale. The circum-
stance of the outward direction of the horn or bristle, as it mav
be called, makes the teazle-head of great importance to the fuller,
TEREBINTH OF ECONOMIC PLANTS. 409
as no mechanical contrivance has been discovered to supersede
it in bringing up the nap in the dressing of broadcloth ; fur
which purpose it is cultivated in Yorkshire and many [»arts
of Europe, besides which large quantities are imported from
France, Germany, and other parts of the Continent.
Teele. {See Bulrush.)
Telegraph Plant {Desmodium gyrans), a slender erect slirub
of the Bean family (Leguminosaj), native of India; it attains a
height of 2 to 3 feet, having trifoliate leaves, the centre one
being of an elliptical form, about 2 inches in length, the two
side ones being small, about half an inch in length, which are
in almost constant motion, rising and falling alternately, but
not in regular time, sometimes resting. They are generally very
active early in the morning, and in large plants many may be
seen in motion at the same time ; their rise and fall are com-
pared to the railway telegraph signals. It is also known as the
Moving Plant, and is cultivated in hothouses as a curiosity.
Teosinte, a French name for Eiiclilccna luxiirians, a strong-
growing perennial fodder grass. It is a native of Gua-
temala, and was first introduced into France in 1872, and
extended to the Colonies. The plants grow to the height of H)
feet, a single plant sending up 100 or more stems. It is highly
valued for the excellent quality and enormous yield of its foli-
age ; its leaves are 3 to 4 feet long and 2 or 3 inches wide. It
somewhat resembles maize, but is much stronger ; the head of
corn is contained in a sheath. It is too tender for the open air
in this country. At Kew, where it flowered in the Water Lily
house, it attained the height of 15 feet.
Terebinth, a Hebrew name of a tree in our Bible trans-
lated Turpentine Tree, and by Linnasus called Plstacia Tere-
hinthus. It belongs to the fomily Anacardiacea?. It has
winded leaves similar to those of the ash, but smaller and of
a reddish tinge ; the flowers are small and inconspicuous. It
is common in the Greek islands and in Palestine, generally
growing solitary, forming small trees. It also extends into
Egypt and westward through North Africa ; it is abundant in
410 DICTION AEY OF POPULAR NAMES TERRA
Algeria, the latter supposed by some to be a distinct species
known as T. atlantica. By making incisions in the stem and
branches a liquid flows, which is the Chian turpentine of com-
merce. It has a pleasant aromatic smell ; and comes chiefly from
the Island of Ohio, and only in small quantities. This substance
has been brought very prominently into notice during the past
two years as a remedy for the cure of cancer.
Terra Japonica. {Sec Gambir.)
Thatch Palms, a name given in Jamaica to several species
of low-growing fan palms, such as Thrinax parviflora, T. argcn-
tea, and in jSTorth America to Sahcd Palmetto and S. Adansomi,
and Euteiye montana in Brazil. A wing-leaved species is called
Mountain Thatch. As the name implies, they are employed by
the nefijroes for thatchino; their huts, and for making; hats and
baskets. The unexpanded leaves of the Palmetto or Silver
Thatch (^T. arr/entea) were largely imported some years ago for
making Cliip Palm Hats.
Thistle, the common name for different species of Carduus
and C/iicus, consisting of biennial and perennial prickly plants
of the Composite family (Compositai). About fourteen or fifteen
are natives of this country, C. arvensis and C. lanccolatus being
pests in cornfields. C. marianus is known as the Blessed Milk
or Mary's Thistle, tradition ascribing the white lines or marks on
its leaves to a drop of the Virgin Clary's milk falling on it, and
becoming permanent in its progeny. It is common in Pales-
tine, and has become indigenous in most of the temperate regions
both in the northern and southern hemisphere, being a pest to
the cultivator ; but in some parts it is used as fodder in dry
seasons. A great portion of the once grassy pampas of South
America has become overrun with thistles. A flowering head
of thistle is the badge of Scotland, but early history assigns no
cause, nor does there seem to be any authority for adopting any
particular species, all legends, and what has been written about
it in modern times, being merely fables. Thistles are ^^dlolesome,
and when bruised to destroy the prickles are given to cattle.
Thitsee, or Theetsee. {See Varnish.)
TICK OF ECONOMIC PLANTS. 411
Thorn, a general term for spiny plants, chiefly applied to
the different species of Cratmjus, as the Hedge Thorn {C.
Oxyacantha), and the Cockspur Thorn {C. Cms (jalli).
Thorn Apple. {Sec Datura.)
Thrift, a common name for Statice Armeria or Armcria
viUgaris, and minor tufty grass-leaved herbs of llie Lead^^•ort
family (Plumbaginacete), common on hanks and rocky places on
sea-coasts of this country. They are known in gardens as Greater
and Lesser Thrift, also by the names of Sea Gilliflowers and
Sea Thrift. They are suitable for forming edges for Avalks and
borders, for which they are in some gardens used instead of box.
Thus, or Frankincense, a resin from Alies excelsa.
Thyme [Tliymus vidgaris), a small-leaved, compact, evergreen
shrub, not exceeding 1 to 2 feet in height, of the ]\Iint family
(Labiata3), native of Southern Europe, introduced into this country
more than 300 years ago, and a favourite for its aromatic scent :
also used as a flavouring agent for culinary purposes. In France
an oil is extracted from it, known as Oil of Thyme, but fur which
marjoram oil is often substituted.
Thyme, Oat {Teucrium Marum and T. Folium), small, neat
shrubs, also of the family Labiata?, not exceeding a foot in
height, with small leaves, natives of the ishands and coasts of
the Mediterranean. The first is used medicinally, and excites
sneezing. Cats are fond of rolling on it.
Thymol. (See Ajowan.)
Ti, a name in ISTew Zealand for Dracama tcrmincdis, a tree of
the Lily family (Liliaceas), common in the Sandwich Islands
and in the islands of the Pacific generally. It has thick flesliy
roots which contain saccharine matter, from which the natives
extract sugar. They also bake and eat the roots, and a spirituous
liquor is obtained from them by distillation.
Tibisiri, the Indian name for the Miriti Palm (which see).
Tick Seed, a name in the United States for Dcsmodium
acuminaticm and D. nudiflorum, perennial trifoliate-leaved lierbs
of the Bean family (Leguminosoj), common in the Soutliern
United States. Used as fodder plants, and to increase the secrc-
412 DICTIONARY OF POPULAR NAMES TIGER
tion of milk in cattle. It takes the name Tick Plant from the
flat-jointed hispid seed-pods becoming attached to animals and
to clothing. Tick Seed is also the name of Corispermum Jiyssopi-
folium, an annual of the Chenopod family.
Tiger Grass {Chamcerops Pdtcliieana), a dwarf fan palm,
native of the region between India and Afghanistan, where it is
called Maryarri, It is put to all manner of uses by the natives ;
fans and mats are made of the leaves, and a strong fibre is
obtained from the leaves and stalk by maceration in w^ater.
Eopes are made of the inferior fibre, and for sandals the finer
kind of fibre is used ; the downy hair of the spathe is used as
tinder. The young unexpanded leaves are sweet and astringent,
and are considered beneficial in diarrhcea.
Tiger Wood, a name in British Guiana for the wood of
MachcErium Scliomhiorghii, a large tree of the Bean family, pro-
ducing the beautifully mottled wood called Itaka, Itiki, or Tiger
Wood, used for furniture in that countrv.
Til. (See Laurel, also Sesamum.)
Timbee, a Brazilian name for a poisonous honey made by a
wasp from the flowers of Serjania letalis, a strong-growing, wing-
leaved climber of the Soapberry family (Sapindacea^). Experi-
ments have been made with it, and its effect is to produce a sort
of drunkenness and delirium, sometimes occasioning death. It
is also a fish poison, to which may be added an allied plant,
Pcadlinia pinnata,
Timothy Grass (Phlcum prateTise), a perennial meadow and
hay grass, cultivated in this country.
Tinder, German, a preparation made from Polyporus fomen-
tariiis, a large-growing leathery fungus, a foot or more in diameter,
growing on trees in this country, but more abundantly in
Germany, where it is collected in large quantities, and forms a
considerable article of trade. It is cut in slices and beaten out,
forming large sheets like thick felt, which is used for warm
underclothing, and when mixed with saltpetre forms the sub-
stance called Amadou, or German tinder.
Toadstools, a vulgar name for fleshy fungi represented by
TOBACCO OF ECONOMIC PLANTS. 413
the genus Agaricus and its allies, of Avliich the common ^liish-
room may be considered the type (whicli see).
Tobacco {Nicotiana Tahacum), an annual herb of the Xigl it-
shade family (Solanacoa?). The original country of tliis and several
other species producing Tobacco is America, where its use was
first discovered by Columbus in 1492, by wliom on liis return it
was introduced into Spain, and by Sir Walter IJaleigli into
England in 1589. Although great objections to its use were
raised by kings and popes, it nevertheless spread over Europe
and all countries of the East. Tobacco now constitutes a most
important article of commerce, being imported into England
from various countries under different names and qualities. The
great bulk comes from the United States, where it forms one of
the chief articles of cultivation (till recently by slaves). The
word Tobacco is said to be derived from the original name of
the pipe used by the Carib Indians for smoking it. It is a hand-
some growing plant, attaining a height of from 4 to 6 feet,
having broad oblong or sharp leaves, and pretty pink, tubular,
or bell-shaped flowers. It grows freely in this country, but on
account of excise restrictions is not cultivated to any extent.
The different methods of manufacturimr and usimj Tobacco are
too well known to be noticed here. Various kinds of snuff are
made from the leaves first being dried and then ground into
powder. . 'No plant is of more extensive use, and it is calculated^
that one man out of every four uses it. In 1878, 960 tons of
cigars were imported into this country, nearly half of wliicli are
imported from Cuba and other West Indian Islands ; the other
half from the United States and other countries. The high duty
on foreign tobacco has led to various plants being substituted for
it, as the leaves of cabbage, rhubarb, dock, and suchlike plants,
which are soaked wdth tobacco liquor, and so have imparted to
them the flavour of true tobacco ; they are then dried and made
into cigars.
Tobacco, Mountain, a name given to Arnica moiitana, a low-
growing perennial herb of the Composite family (Composita^),
native of tlie Alps and other parts of Central Europe. Its roots
414 DICTIONARY OF POPULAR NAMES TOCUSSA
and leaves are powerfully acrid. It is nevertheless employed as
a stimulant in low fevers, and other conditions of debility ; also
in paralytic affections. Externally it is much used as a tincture
applied to bruises, wounds, and sprains. Its peculiar properties are
due to a resinous substance called ArniciriCj and to a volatile oil.
Tocussa. {See Natchnee.)
Toddy. {See Palm Wine.)
Toi Grass, the native Xew Zealander's name for Arunclo
conspicim, a tufted caespitose grass, producing a culm from 3 to 4
feet high, bearing a feathery plume similar to that of the pampas
grass ; but it is not so hardy, as in this country it requires the
protection of a greenhouse.
Toko -Pat {Livistona Jenkinsiana), a fan -leaved palm of
moderate height, native of ISTepal. The leaves are used for
making the peculiar umbrella hats worn by the natives, also for
thatching, etc.
Tomato, or Love Apple (Lycopersicum csculcntum), an annual
of the Mghtshade family (Solanaceai), a weak, trailing plant,
with a soft stem, winged leaves, and yellow flowers. It is a
native of South America, and is cultivated in most warm coun-
tries for the sake of its fruit. It succeeds best in this country
when trained against walls. There are several varieties, bearing-
large red or sometimes yellow fruit, which are used for culinary
.purposes, the well-known sauce call Tomato Sauce being made
from them. Tomatoes are extensively grown in Arlington and
Belmont, United States, and preserved in tins for trade.
Tonga. — Under this name there have been of late received in
this country from the Fiji Islands small packets of leaves, bark,
and woody fibres, so broken up as to be most difficult of botanical
determination. Some of the fragments, however, show traces of
the roots or stems of an Aroideous plant, and they have since
been determined as belonging to the genus Epipremnum, and
possibly to E. vitiensis, the remaining bark and leaf fragments
being yielded, it is said, by Premna taitensis, a verbenaceous plant
which probably has no active principles whatever. The drug
seems to have an extraordinary effect in cases of neuralgia.
TORCH OF ECONOMIC PLANTS. 415
Tonquin Bean (I)i;pteryx odorata), a liard-Avooded tree of
the Bean family (Leginninosic), attaining a lieiglit of GO to 80
feet, native of Guiana and Cayenne, Laving sini})le -winged
leaves, and fruit-pods of an oval form, like an almond, eacli con-
taining one seed about an inch in length, whicli is fragrant, and
is used for scenting snuft' and in perfumery — the fragrance being
due to the presence of the principle known as Coumarin.
Tontel (Tontelea j;?/r^/b?'??i?s, or by some called Salacia
pyriformis), a shrub of the family Hippocratcce, native of Sierra
Leone. Its fruit is about the size and shape of a bergamot pear ;
its flavour is very rich and sweet. In Brazil Salacia dulcis pro-
duces a fruit the size of a crab apple ; it is yellowish in colour,
sweet and juicy, and according to Dr. Spruce is much eaten by
the Indians on the Pdo Negro, where it is called Waiateima.
Toona. {See Cedar, Indian.)
Toothache Tree. — As might be expected, various plants have
obtained a reputation for the cure of toothache. The common
Toothache Tree is Zanthoojylum fraxineum, a native of North
America, a small tree of the family Zanthoxylacea;, introduced
into this country, and like most North American trees, is
hardy.
Torch Thistles, a name early given to the erect columnar
species of the genus Cactus, and forming part of the section
Cereus of the family Cactacea?. Their stems are plain, cylindrical,
or ribbed and fluted, or of 4 to 5 or 6 sided, of whicli C. tctra-
go7ius, C. pentayonus, and C. hexagomcs s.ve examples. They attain
a heifrht of 20 to 30 feet, and with a^i^e lose their succulent
character, becoming hard and woody, and are used for house-
building and other purposes. These and other allied species arc
found in more or less abundance from Chili in the south to
Mexico in the north. The fruit of many of them is like the
Indian fig, sweet and luscious. In C. Pitaya, native of Western
Mexico, the fruit is red, and when eaten in quantity they colour
the secretions of the body. C. senilis and C. yigantciis are wortliy
of special notice ; the first is a native of Mexico, in the district
of Eeal-del- Monte, where it grows in a hot valley called Terra
416 DICTIONARY OF POPULAR NAMES TORTOISE
Calieutes. It lias a cylindrical stem, consisting of many ridges,
and grows to a height of 20 to 30 feet, with a diameter of 9
to 10 inches. In 1846 about 100 plants were received at Kew,
varying in size from 1 to 3 feet ; while three specimens were from
8 to 12 feet high. In the greater number of them the roots were
on one side at a right angle with the stem, clearly showing that
they w^ere grown in crevices of rocks. The whole is of a grey
colour, the top part being furnished with long white hairs and
spines, which hoary aspect has led to its being called the Old
Man Cactus. The stem of this plant contains a large quantity
of oxalate of lime in small sand-like grains, which renders the
plant very heavy and brittle. C. giganteics is a still more remark-
able plant. It is a native of the hot, arid, and almost desert regions
of New Mexico, extending from 30° north to William's Eiver 35°
north, growing in rocky valleys and on mountain sides, often
springing out from crevices in the hard rocks, and imparting a
singular aspect to the scenery of the country. The stems are
cylindrical, and according to age 50 to 60 feet in height, with a
diameter of about 2 feet at middle height ; they are generally
simple, but some are branched ; the branches turning upwards, in
the distance give to the plant the appearance of a chandelier, or,
as some say, a toasting-fork. The fruit is oblong, 2 to 3 inches
in length, green, full of black seeds embedded in a crimson
pulp, Avhich the Indians use as an article of food. They gather
the fruit by means of a forked stick tied to a long pole. The
Indians call it Sas^uara.
Tortoise Plant, also called Elephant's Foot (TestucUnaria
dephantijjes), a remarkable plant of the Yam family (Diosco-
reacccc), native of South Africa. It consists of a large woody,
above-ground, corm-like stem, generally of a conical form,
having a diameter of from 3 to 4 feet, and as much in height, of
a fleshy fibrous substance, covered with a hard tesselated coat
composed of numerous angular protuberances, and producing
from its apex slender twining herbaceous stems. The leaves
are small and cordate ; the flowers small and yellow. It was
originally used by the Hottentots as food, and was called Hot-
TRAVELLER OF ECONOMIC PLANTS. 417
teutot Bread. .The popular name Elephant's Foot is given to it
from the resemblance which small plants bear to the rough
foot of that animal. Large plants of it are frequently imported
into this country.
Totara, a name in New Zealand for Podocarpus Totara, a tree
of the Yew tree family (Taxace^). It attains a height of
from 60 to 120 feet. The wood is somewhat like cedar, fine-
grained and very durable, and is used for carpenter's work of all
kinds ; the largest canoes of the natives are made of it.
Touch-me-not {Imioatiens Noli-me-tangere), an annual of the
Balsam family (Balsaminaceae), native of this country, attaining
a height of 2 to 3 feet. Its seed-vessel, which is 2 inches in
length, bursts open with force, expelling the seed with a slight
noise.
Tous-les-mois. {See Arrowroot.)
Tow, a name in Tahiti for Cordia sicbcordata, a tree of the
Sebesten family (Cordiace?e), attaining a height of 50 to 60
feet. It is similar in appearance to C. Schestena of the East and
West Indies ; but its orange-coloured flowers are neither so
brilliant nor so numerous. The wood is of a dark-red colour,
and is used for frames of huts ; its leaves yield a red dye, used
by the natives for colouring their tapa cloth ; its bark is tough,
and used for making^ nets.
Towai, a name in New Zealand for Fagus Menziesii, a
tree of the Oak family (Cupuliferse), 80 to 100 feet high, and 2
to 3 feet in diameter. The wood is durable, and adapted for
masts, oars, etc., and for cabinet-work.
Tragacanth. {See Gum.)
Traveller's Joy. {See Virgin's Bower.)
Traveller's Tree {Urania speciosa), a palm-like tree of the
Musa family. This noble plant, a native of Madagascar, is also
known as Bavencda madagccscarieiisis. It has a cylindrical stem,
about 1 foot in diameter and 30 or more feet in height. It has
large leaves like the 3Iicsa Etiscte, but set in two rows (dis-
tichous), and they have their foot -stalks dilated at the base
firmly imbricate over one another. The flower-spike is short
2 E
418 DICTIONARY OF POPULAR NAMES TREBIZOND
and produced from the centre as in Musa. The fruit consists
of a dry three-valved capsule, and the seeds are the size of
large peas, and are surrounded by a woolly coat of a beautiful
blue colour (ariilus). The stems harden, and are used in Mada-
gascar for house-building, making durable floors for warehouses,
etc.; for this purpose they are split in halves, and the convex
side is placed uppermost ; this soon flattens down and becomes
extremely hard.
The broad leaves of this plant are well adapted for collecting
rain-water, which trickles down the leaf-stalk, and collects in
considerable quantities within its sheathing base. If the bases
of the leaf-stalks are pierced with a knife the water gushes out
like a jet, and on this account it has received the appellation of
Traveller's Tree.
Trebizond Date. {See Oleaster.)
Tree Hair. — Usnea harhata and Cornicularia juhaia, fila-
mentous lichens growing in tufts on trees, and hanging down
from the branches, like bunches of thread or grey hair. They
are ccmmon in this country, especially in damp woods, often
quite covering the trees, while in Lapland they are so abundant
as to give the fir forests quite a thick gloomy appearance.
Trefoil, a name for Clover (which see).
Tripe-de-Roche, or Rock Tripe, a name given by Arctic
navigators to Umhilicaria and Gyrophora, genera of the Lichen
family, growing on rocks ; they are of a circular form, and
attached by the centre. In consequence of their mucilaginous
character, of the nature of Iceland moss, they have been of great
utility as food to Polar navigators.
TrufiGie {Tuber cibarmm), a fleshy fungus of the ^lushroom
alliance. It is common throughout temperate Europe, and in
this country it is chiefly found in Kent, Wiltshire, and Hamp-
shire. It is of a spherical shape, seldom exceeding the size of a
walnut, and when old is of a black colour veined with white ;
it grows just below the surface of the ground in calcareous soils,
generally under trees ; it emits a fleshy smell, which leads to its
place of growth being found by dogs scenting it ; it is now more
TRUMPET OF ECONOMIC TLANTS. 419
generally discovered by observing a species of fly liovering over
the spot, to which they are attracted by the flesh-like scent of
the fungus. Truffles are used in cookery, forming a much-
esteemed expensive dish. In France tliey are cultivated.
Trumpet Flower, a general name for the species of Bijiionia,
the type of the Trumpet Flower family (Bignoniaccic), which
consists of numerous species widely distributed in both tropical
and temperate regions. Those possessing special properties are
noticed under their respective local names.
Trumpet Lily, Eichardia ccthiojnca, better known as
Calla wthiopica, a perennial of the Arum family (AroideaB),
native of Eastern Africa, and found growing in wet places from
Egypt to the Cape of Good Hope. It is recorded as having
been introduced into this country 130 years ago. It grows freely
in the greenhouse, and its pretty white flowers (spathes) have
made it a favourite ornamental plant for rooms, etc.
Trumpet, Sea (Ecklonia huccinalis), a strong -growing sea-
weed of the Laminaria section of Algse. It is a native of many
parts of tlie South Seas, and common at the Cape of Good
Hope. The stem varies in length according to the depth of
water, 10 to 20 or more feet, narrow below, gradually widening
upwards, terminated by a crown of broad, floating, fan-shaped
leaves, 10 to 12 feet long ; its stem is hollow, and forms an
excellent syphon ; it is also cut into lengths, and formed
into a kind of trumpet. Deprived of its alkaline properties by
a chemical process, it becomes tough and plastic like morocco
leather, and has then been used for binding books. l>y other
processes it becomes hardened, so that it can be applied for
walking-sticks, whips, and knife handles, also as a substitute
for stag-horn.
Laminaria digitata is used for the same purposes.
Trumpet Tree, a name in the West Indies and tropical
America for Ceci^ojna peltata, a tree of the Ih'oad-fruit family
(Artocarpacea?), a rapid -growing tree, attaining a height of
40 feet, terminated by branches which stand out at nearly
ri<>ht anoles with the stem. Its leaves are large, about a foot
420 DICTIONARY OF POPULAE NAMES TUBEROSE
in diameter, attached near tHe centre to a long foot-stalk, the
margin being deeply lobed, the under side white ; after falling
their regular position on the stem is marked by permanent
scars. The wood is soft, and the young branches are hollow, so
that musical instruments are made from them. This tree is a
great resort of ants.
Tuberose {PoUanthes hiherosa), one of the Lily family
(Liliacese). This is said to be a native of the East Indies,
but has been long introduced into the South of Europe, and is at
present extensively cultivated in Italy for its bulbs, which form
an article of trade, and are exported to this and other countries.
It derives its generic name from 2^olis, a city, and antlios, a
flower, literally flower of the city. It must not be con-
founded wdth Polyanthus of the Primrose family, or with
Narcissus polyanthus.
Tucuma, the Indian name of Astrocaryum Tucuma, a
wing-leaved palm, attaining a considerable height, native of
the upper regions of the Amazon. The fruit consists of a
hard nut covered with a thin coating of pulp, eaten by the
natives.
Tulip (Tulijya Gesneriana), a bulbous plant of the Lily
family (Liliaceoe). The Tulip is said to be a native of the
Levant, the specific name being given in honour of a botanist
named Gesner, who was the first to describe and figure it, in
1559. It appears to have been cultivated in this country about
1577. The original, or wild plants, have yellow flowers, but
cultivation has produced hundreds of beautiful varieties, vary-
ing greatly both in colour and size. Formerly some of these
varieties were so famous that high prices were paid for the
bulbs, which in Holland became a speculative mania. In 1639,
120 tulips sold for 90,000 florins, and 1 sold for 4203 guilders,
bulbs representing scrip to a large amount, and even scrip
circulated on ideal bulbs. This ruinous traffic was ultimately
stopped by the State. For many years tulips have been favourite
objects of cultivation and competition amongst florists in this
country.
TURMERIC OF ECONOMIC PLANTS. 421
Tulip Tree {Ziriodendron tidijnfera), a tree of the ^Magnolia
family (Magnoliaceic), native of North America. A noble tree,
attaining, even in this country, a height of 70 to 80 feet ; this,
however, is exceeded by one at Longleat, in Wiltshire, wliicli
is stated to be 100 feet high, and 10 feet in circumference at
0 feet from the ground. Its leaves are three-loljed ; it has
numerous erect flowers of a pale-yellow colour, similar in form
to a tulip. The wood is hard and durable, takes a good polisli,
and is used for many purposes.
Tulip-wood of Brazil {Physocalymma florihunda), a small
deciduous tree of the Henna family (LythracCcT), native of
Brazil ; it has opposite, oval, rough leaves, and large terminal
opposite-branched panicles of purplish flowers. Its wood is
Leautifully striped and rose-coloured, and is highly esteemed by
cabinetmakers for inlaying costly furniture.
Tulip-wood, Queensland {Harimllia pendida), a lofty tree of
the Soapberry family (Sapindaceic), native of Queensland, its stem
varying from 18 to 20 inches in diameter. Its wood is light
coloured, interspersed with darker mahogany-coloured patches
capable of taking a high polish.
Tumboa, the native name of Welwitschia (which see).
Tupelo Tree {Nyssa villosa), a tree of the Cornel family
(Cornaceoe), native of North America ; it has simple, entire,
small leaves, and attains a height of 40 to 70 feet. In
autumn it is very conspicuous by its leaves turning red. It
has a hard wood, and is difficult to split on account of its hbre
being twisted. It is used for naves of carriage-wheels. X.
caintata, N, hiflora, and N. denticulcda, natives of North America,
are also known as Tupelo trees.
Turk's-cap Cactus. (Sec Melon Thistle.)
Turmeric (Curcuma longa), a perennial herb of the Ginger
family (Zingiberace?e), with elliptical leaves rising from a
fascicle of tuber-like roots, which differ in form, some being
round, others long and narrow. It is in general cultivation
throughout the whole of the Eastern tropics, the Polynesian,
and most of the Pacific Islands. The tubers yield the yellow
422 DICTIONARY OF POPULAR NAMES TURNIP
dye Turmeric, which is used in cookery for colouring curries,
confections, etc. It is greatly used by the natives of the
Pacific Islands for painting their bodies, which they often do, in
various colours, imitating the dress of Europeans. Other species
of Curcuma yield a kind of Turmeric similar to the above.
Turnip {Brassica Eapa, considered by some botanists a
sub-species of B. caw^pestris), a biennial of the Cabbage family
(Cruciferse), native of this country and other parts of Europe ;
there are several varieties, such as the White and Yellow Garden,
and the White Eield Turnip. The Swede Turnip, cultivated for
feeding cattle, is referred to B. campestris proper. The Turnip,
during its growth in summer, is subject to be attacked by the
mildew fungus, Feronospora parasitica, or sometimes Oidium
halsamiiy allied to the vine, peach, and potato mildews. Whole
fields of Turnips become white in a night, with one or other of
these, especially the first, which, with the Turnip Fly, cause
great havoc to the crops.
Turnsole {Croton \Clirozopliorci\ tinctoria), an annual of the
Spurge family (Euphorbiaceae), 6 to 12 inches in height, native
of the South of Europe. In France and other parts it is culti-
vated for the sake of a dye called Turnsole, which is obtained
by bruising the whole plant.
Turpentine Trees and Turpentine, a resinous generally
fragrant liquid exudation that issues either naturally or by in-
cisons made in stems or branches of certain trees, the greater
number belonging to the Conifera; family.
Turpentine, American. — The greatest quantity and best
quality is the produce of Piims australis, generally called
P. palustris, a tree widely diffused over the Southern United
States, occupying extensive tracts, and making its appear-
ance in all waste places, and quickly occupying worn-out
cotton-fields. In Eussia and Finland turpentine is yielded by
F. sylvestris, the Scotch Fir; in Corsica and Austria by F.
Laricio ; and in South-Western France by F. Finasier. The
resinous sap is obtained in the usual way ; by a process of
refining, it becomes Common Turpentine. It, however, is much
TUSSOCK OF ECONOMIC PLANTS. 423
inferior to the American ; the residual or thickened part is
distilled, and the oil separates and forms the well-known Oil of
Turpentine ; the matter that remains at the bottom of the still
is the common yellow rosin.
Turpentine, Australian.— An aromatic oil so called is ob-
tained from Tristania conferta and Syncarjjia laurifolia (T.
albens), spreading -branched laurel- leaved trees of the Myrtle
family (Myrtacese), natives of New South Wales and Queensland.
Turpentine, Canada. — The resinous substance well known
as Canada Balsam is the produce of Abies halsamifcra, a
tall tree, native of North America, extending from Canada to
California. The balsamic fluid collects in bladder-like blisters
formed in the bark, and is collected in the same manner as the
preceding. It is used chiefly for mounting microscopic objects,
also for varnishinG^.
Turpentine, Chian or Scio. {Sec Terebinth.)
Turpentine, Strasburg, obtained from Ahies (Ficea) ijec-
tinata, the Silver Fir. A tall tree common in the Alps and
Central and Eastern Europe. The turpentine of this tree is
found in bladder -like blisters in the bark, they are most
abundant on the higher parts of the tree, and are reached by
expert climbers, who carry with them vessels for holding the
liquid, which freely flows when the bladders are punctured ; it
is purified by straining. It is called Strasburg Turpentine from
a large forest of silver firs growing near the city. {See also Fir
Trees.)
Turpentine, Venetian or Venice, is the resinous sap that
flows from Larix europcea, the Common Larch (which see).
Turpentine Plant. {See Compass Plant.)
Tussock Grass {Dactylis ccvspitosa), a strong-tufted perennial
grass, native of the Falkland Islands, where it lines the shores
for one or two miles inland ; it is a sweet grass, and cattle are
very fond of it, and devour the tufts even to the root, and on
that account care has to be taken to prevent its entire extinc-
tion. In 1842 a living plant was brought to Kew by Dr.
J. D. Hooker, and afterwards seeds were obtained, which were
424 DICTIONARY OF POPULAR NAMES TUTU
freely distributed, and hopes were entertained that it would be-
come freely established in this country ; but it was found that
the climate was too hot and dry for it. It has, however, suc-
ceeded in the West of Scotland, especially on the coast of the
Island of Lewis, where it has become established.
Tutu. (^See Coriaria.)
Ugni, a name given in Chili to a species of Fugenia, called
K Ugni. It is a small, neat-leaved, bushy shrub, belonging to
the Myrtle family (Myrtacese) ; it is nearly hardy, and if kept in
a greenhouse it bears abundance of black berry -like fruits about
the size of cherries, said to be highly esteemed in Chili ; but our
experience of it here is such as not to render it worthy of culti-
vation other than as a curiosity.
Umbra Tree (Phi/tolacca dioica), a tree of the Bloodberry
family (Phytolaccacea?), native of South America, noAv naturalised
in many warm countries, even in the South of Europe, where it
becomes a large tree of from 20 to 30 feet higli. It has a thick,
gouty, soft-wooded stem, often with large buttresses ; the
branches are furnished with large, dark, broad, elliptical leaves,
the whole aspect of the tree being sombre and dull. In the
hothouses of this country it soon attains a great height and
thickness. The juice of its berries is said to be used for colon r-
ini:^ wine.
Umbrella Tree. {See Magnolia.)
Upas Tree (Antiaris toxicarico), a tall tree of the Bread-fiTiit
family (Artocarpaceae). It has long narrow leaves, and grows
in valleys in Java, rendered unwholesome by an escape of
carbonic acid gas from crevices in the ground, which is fatal
to animal life coming within its influence. The juice of the
tree is highly poisonous. " Criminals condemned to die have
the chance of life if they Avill go up the Upas tree and col-
lect the poison, but not more than two out of every twenty
returned." This account of the tree was first published by a
Dutch surgeon, and became popular about the end of the
last century. It is now known to be very much exaggerated.
The tree, however, is not harmless, evil effects being felt by
VANILLA OF ECONOMIC PLANTS. 425
handling the leaves or branches, and the juice, mixed with other
ingredients, forms a deadly arrow poison.
Urari, an Indian name for a poison made from the bark of
Strijchnos toxifera, a straggling-branched small tree of tlie Nux
Vomica family (Loganiaceaj), native of British Guiana and the
upper regions of the Orinoco and Amazon. It has sessile, ovate,
elliptical leaves, with well-marked longitudinal veins. The
famous poison of the natives {see Blowpipe), called Ourari,
Wourali, and Curarie, is obtained from the bark, which is
stripped off and macerated in water. After lying some time
the water is evaporated, when a black sediment resembling tar
is left. This substance is harmless when eaten, but is fatal
when it comes in contact with the blood through wounds. The
flesh of animals poisoned by it is, nevertheless, perfectly whole-
some. The mode of preparation of Urari poison is kept as a
secret by the Indians. Dr. Schomburgk found that it consists
of eight ingredients, five of which are known to botanists ; three
of these are said to be species of Strychnos, and it is expected
that the others belong to the same genus. Other plants are
mentioned by different writers as being connected with tlie
preparation of this poison. This may be so, or may be simply
a statement to throw more mystery over the manufacture.
Vacoua. {See Screw Pine.)
Valerian. — Valeriana officinalis and V. dioica, perennial
herbs of the Valerian family (Valerianacea?), natives of Britain,
in moist places. They are extensively collected for tlieir
medicinal properties, which are of an antispasmodic character ;
the plants possess a strong, disagreeable smell, but cats and rats
are very fond of them. Its leaves are very efficacious in the
cure of wounds, hence it is sometimes called All-heal. An
allied species, V. capensis, is a native of the Cape of Good Hope,
and possesses similar properties, but is not so powerful.
Valonia. {See Oak.)
Vanilla {Vanilla planifolia)^ an epiphytal phint of the
Orchid family (Orchidaceoe), growing somewliat like ivy, with
thick laurel-like leaves, native of the "West Indies and tropi-
426 DICTIONARY OF POPULAR NAMES VARNISH
cal America. It has insignificant greenisli flowers, and produces
a pod-like fruit, 5 to 10 inches long, and 1 inch in circumfer-
ence, which is well known for its grateful aromatic qualities,
and is used in confectionery, perfumery, and medicine. In com-
merce it is, in proportion to bulk, the highest-priced vegetable
production imported. The greatest importation to this country
is from the eastern parts of Mexico. It is now cultivated in
Guiana and other parts of tropical America, as also in Ceylon,
India, and other parts of the East. Vanilline, the active
principle of Vanilla, is now closely imitated, and manufactured
from pine-wood and clove oil.
Varnish, Black (J^Ielanorrhma usitadssima), a large tree of
the Cashew iN'ut family (Anacardiacece), native of the forests
of Pegu, Tenasserim, and Sylhet, said to attain a height of 80
to 100 feet, having a large spreading head, and broad, simple,
thick, firm leaves. Its wood is black, hard, and heavy, so much
so that boat anchors are made of it. It is known by the name
of Pegu Lignum Vit?e and Thitsee. Its most important product
is the sap which flows from the trunk on being wounded, of
which large quantities are collected. It is first white, and
becomes black on exposure to the air. It is largely used as a
varnish for all kinds of household furniture and ornamental
work. It possesses the acrid property of most plants of the
family, in causing swellings on the skin if incautiously handled.
Varnish, Japan, the sap of EJms vernicifera, a slender-
branched tree with winged leaves, attaining a height of 20
feet, belonging to the Cashew Nut family (Anacardiacese). It is
common throughout Japan, and is cultivated for its sap, which
flows from its stem and branches on beinir wounded. It is first
cream-coloured, but on exposure to the air soon turns black,
and is the varnish which the Japanese use for lacquering or
varnishing their furniture or ornamental articles ; the antique
ware is now scarce and highly prized by connoisseurs.
Varnish, New Grenada {Elcmgia utilis), a lofty tree of the
Cinchona family (Cinchonacese), native of the Andes of Xew
Grenada. It is remarkable for secreting a quantity of green,
VENUS OF ECONOMIC PLANTS. 427
waxy, or varnish-like substance between the stipules. It is
collected by the Indians, and employed to varnish boxes and
other useful and ornamental articles. After undergoing a pro-
cess of purifying, various colouring matters are applied to it,
which impart a variety of colours to the articles vai-nished witli
it. Several other plants yield varnish, which will be found
noticed under their respective names.
Vegetable Ivory. (Sec Ivory-nut Palm.)
Vegetable Marrow {CucurUta ovifcra), an annual trailing
plant of the Gourd family (Cucurbitacea?). It is supposed to be
a variety of the common Gourd {CvAiurhita mao:ima), and is
extensively cultivated in the summer months in this country as
a culinary vegetable. The average size of the fruit is 6 or 9
inches in length, but specimens have been known to reach 2
feet.
Vegetable Sulphur. {Sec Club Moss.)
Venus Fly-Trap {Dlonxa muscipula), a remarkable perennial
plant of the Sundew family (Droseracea}), with leaves rising
from a centre in the form of a rosette about 3 inches in
diameter, each leaf consisting of two parts, the lower part
being linear, and terminated by two distinct lobes, about the
size of the thumb-nail. The margin of each lobe is frinired
with cilia, and the disc is furnished with from three to five
hairs. On these being touched by an insect, the lobes im-
mediately collapse like a common rat-trap, and remain closed
until the insect ceases to move. This action can also be
witnessed by touching the hairs with a fine point. It is a very
rare plant, being found in a very small area near "Wilmington,
in -Smitk Carolina, United States. Of late much has been said
of this and other insect-catching plants, and it is proved by
experiments that the insects are absorbed by the tissues of the
plant, it is presumed for the purpose of promoting its growth,
and that when artificially fed with pieces of fiesh, the increased
growth of the plant becomes evident. Be this as it may, it is
quite certain that they thrive as well without such food.
Several other plants are provided with special organisms
428 DICTIONARY OF POPULAR NAMES VERATRINE
evidently for tlie purpose of entrapping flies and other insects,
of which the Pitcher Plant, Side-saddle Flower, Darlingtonia,
and Sundews, are well-known examples. In these plants
it has been proved that the decomposed matter of the insects
enters the tissues of the plants for the supposed purpose
of nutrition. In Swallowworts, Birthworts, Orchids, and
others, the insects are entrapped for the purpose of assisting the
fertilisation. Many plants having viscid leaves are also fly-
catchers, and are often thickly covered with flies ; but for what
purpose is not very evident (see Pitcher Plants, etc.)
Veratrine. {See Sabadilla.)
Vermicelli. {See Wheat and Macaroni.)
Vervain (Verbena officinalis), a weedy plant of the Verbena
family (VerbenacCce), native of this country, growing abundantly
by roadsides and in waste places. In the time of the Druids
it was held in high repute, and was worn as a charm against
evil, and for good luck ; but the advance of knowledge makes
the history of Vervain, like many other things, only curious as
legends. Verbenas have become favourite plants for ornamental
flower-beds, a great number of varieties having come into notice
of late years, which first originated from the scarlet-flowered
species, V. Melindres, a native of South Brazil. The Lemon-
scented Verbena, known either as V. trijjhylla or Aloysia citrio-
dora, is a stiff- branching shrub, with whorls of three leaves,
native of Chili, and was introduced into this country about the
end of the last century. It is hardy in many parts, and on
account of its fragrance is often to be seen growing against
cottages.
Vetch. {See Tare.)
Victoria Lily {Victoria regia), a plant of the Water-lily
family (Nympha^aceee). This remarkable plant was first dis-
covered by a German botanist in 1801, and afterwards seen by
several others in different parts of tropical America. It was
not, however, brought into special notice till found by Sir E.
Schomburgk in British Guiana in 1837, and introduced into
the Eoyal Gardens, Kew, 1847. On account of its remarkable
VINE OF ECONOMIC TLAXTS. 429
appearance it has yearly excited public curiosity. In its native
country it is a perennial, having a long under- water rhizome,
like the yellow water-lily. In this country it seldom lives
through the winter, but is readily grown from seeds each year.
The plant consists of a crown producing leaves and flowers.
The leaves when full grown measure 6 or 7 feet in diameter,
and are perfectly circular, with the margin turned up about two
inches, resembling a large tray. The under side is full of raised
ribs, and very prickly. They are attached by their centre to a
stalk which when full grown is often not less than 10 feet in
length, and about the thickness of the finger. The leaves are
produced in succession round the crown from left to right, each,
when the plant is perfect, producing a flower-bud in its axis,
which gradually rises on a stalk to the surface, opening in the
afternoon. The flower consists of numerous petals of a pure
white, and when fully expanded is from 10 inches to 1 foot in
diameter ; it then emits a powerful and pleasant odour. During
the morning of the next day it partially closes, expanding again
in the afternoon, the colour then being pink, and on the third
day it finally closes and withers.
Vinatico Wood. {See Laurel.)
Vine ( Vitis vinifera), a tendril climbing shrub, having long,
slender branches, of the Grape Vine family (AmpelidccT), sup-
posed to have been originally a native of the region of the
Caspian, and early cultivated in Western Asia, through which it
has spread, and is now^ cultivated in the temperate zones of both
hemispheres. The fruit is a berry, growing in bunches, and
called Grapes. The chief manufactured products of the grape
are wine and brandy, the former obtained from the juice by
fermentation, the latter by distillation. The Vine was early
cultivated in Egypt and Southern Europe, and is supposed to
have been introduced into England by the Komans. It appears
to have been extensively cultivated by the monks for wine-
making ; but on account of the seasons not being favourable,
has long ceased to be grown for that purpose. The great wine
and brandy producing districts are the countries of the RhLne,
430 DICTIOXARY OF POPULAR NAMES VINE
France, Portugal, and Spain, from whence the chief supplies
come to thi^ country. Wine is now also made in South
Africa, the Australian Colonies, and in California. The different
qualities are due to the differences of soil, climate, the various
kinds of grape, and mode of manufacture. It is extensively
grown in hothouses in this country ; many fine varieties have
been obtained by cultivation, and bunches have lately been
produced in Scotland weighing 25 or 26 lbs. each. The
weight of these bunches seems to explain the passage in the
Bible, of the spies carrying the bunch of grapes on a
staff between two. In 1846-47 grapes in the hothouses in
this country, and ultimately throughout the wine countries of
Europe, were attacked by a mildew fungus, Oidiiim tuckeri,
which in some cases completely destroyed the crops. This in a
few years disappeared ; but a more formidable enemy has taken
its place, in the form of a small insect, Phylloxera vastatri/:,
which breeds and lives on the roots of the vine to such an
extent that in a comparatively short time it completely destroys
the plant. No remedy has yet been found for it. The destruc-
tion of this pest is of so important a character that in 1874 the
French Government offered a large reward for the discovery
of a means of destroying it, and preventing its spread. During
1880 another Vine mildew has made its appearance in France.
It attacks the leaves of the Vine about the time of the vintage ;
they become brown and shrivelled, as if scorched by the sun
or bitten by the frost, and this is found to be caused by a
mildew-mould. AVhen it first appears it is of a pure white
colour, which changes to a leaden tint. It has received the
name of Peronospora viticola. It is very similar in appearance
to Peronospora infestans, the potato mildew. Eaisins are the
dried berries of the grape. The name Vine is also popularly
applied to climbing plants in general.
Vine of Sodom.— In the Bible we read, " Their vine is of
the vine of Sodom and of the fields of Gomorrah ; their grapes
are grapes of gall, their clusters are bitter." Josephus, in liis
History of the Jews, says — " Which fruits have a colour as if
VIOLET OF ECONOMIC PLANTS. 431
they were fit to be eaten, but if you pluck tliem witli your
hands they dissolve into smoke and ashes." Much dillerence of
opinion prevails among modern writers as to what tlie plant
above spoken of is ; but if we restrict the inquiry to the words,
"their vine is the vine of Sodom," and take tlie word vine as a
name for trailing and climbing plants in general, with Joseplius's
description of the fruit, it seems to lead us to believe that the
plant was the Colocynth (see Colocynth).
Another plant (Solanum sodow.eum) has received its specific
name from its being supposed to be the fruit that tempts to the
eye, and turns to ashes on the lips. It is abundant in the
valley of the lower Jordan, and the region of the Dead Sea,
especially near the remains of what Josephus calls the City of
Sodom. It is, however, not a vine, but a rude-growing, stiff-
branched, spiny shrub, 4 or 5 feet high. The fruit is about the
size of a small apple, and when ripe of a yellowish colour, fair to
look at. It is pulpy inside. When ripe, the shell hardens, and
the inside dries up, and on being broken, it emits what appears
to be the " dust and ashes " of Josephus, the ashes, no doubt,
being the seeds. Of other plants mentioned as producing the
Apple of Sodom, Calotrojns procera is one. It is a small
gouty tree of the Swallowwort family (Asclepiadacese), growing
abundantly about the south end of the Dead Sea. Its fruit is a
follicle, about the size of a small apple, and completely filled
with fine silky hairs, to which the seeds are attached, and
certainly cannot be compared to dust and ashes.
Vinegar Plant is the mycelium of a fungus of the nature
of dry-rot, and can be generated in a mixture of sugar, treacle,
and water, placed in a shallow vessel. After a certain period a
filamentous mycelium appears on the surface of the water, which
thickens, becoming, according to age, a tough leather-like sub-
stance, the water becoming a good vinegar. This process is
hastened by impregnating the new mixture with a small portion
of the old. It is one of the forms of the common mould
(■Penicillium glaucum).
Violet ( Viola odorata), a perennial herb of the Violet family
432 DICTIONARY OF POPULAR NAMES VIOLET
(Violacese), native of this country, growing on banks and way-
sides. The Violet is used in medicine in the preparation of
Syrup of Violets ; it is considered to have aperient and emetic
properties. The scent of the Violet makes it a favourite with all
classes. In the spring it is largely collected by flower-gatherers
and sold in bunches in all the principal towns. The double
variety is highly prized and is extensively cultivated in gardens,
especially the sort called Neapolitan, which, on account of its
forming a short stem, is called the Tree Violet.
Shakespeare says, " I think the king is but a man as I am ;
the violet smells to him as it does to me."
V. tricolor, an annual native of this country, has small
w^hite and yellow flowers, but by cultivation and cross-breeding
many varieties have been raised, remarkable for their large size
and beautiful various-coloured flowers, popularly know^n by the
name of Heartsease and Pansies.
Violet-wood. {Sec Myall-wood.)
Viper Grass. {See Scorzonera.)
Virgin's Bower {Clemcctis F^i!rt/6a), a slender-stemmed climber
of the Buttercup family (Eanunculacese), native of this country,
climbing over hedges, bushes, and trees, and is in common use
for covering garden arbours. It is also called Traveller's Joy
and Old Man's Beard.
Virginian Creeper {AmjJclopsis hederacea), a tendril, cling-
ing climber of the Vine family (Ampelide?e), native of North
America. This plant has no special property except that it is
useful in covering naked walls, to which it clings by tendrils,
the points of which adhere to the walls. It presents a very
showy appearance in autumn, its leaves, which are digitate,
turning red before they fall.
Vitivert, an Indian name for Cuscus.
WaUaba, a name in Demerara of Eperua fcdcata, a large
tree of the ftimily Leguminos?e, attaining a height of 50 feet. It
has winged leaves and red flowers, produced in long-stalked
drooping bunches ; its pod is curved in form of a hatchet, con-
taining three or four very flat seeds ; its wood is of a bright
WALNUT OF ECONOMIC PLANTS. 433
red-brown colour, marked with whitish streaks, hard and heavy, but
somewhat coarse-grained ; it splits readily, and being impregnated
with a resinous oil, is durable, and used for shingles, palings, etc.
The bark is bitter, and is used by the Indians as an emetic.
Wallflower (CliierantMts Cheiri), a perennial plant of the
Cabbage family (Cruciferas), native of Southern Europe, growing
on walls and rocky places. It was introduced into this country
more than 300 years ago, and its fragrance has led it to become
a general favourite. It seldom grows more than a foot in height ;
in its natural state the flowers are single and of a yellowish
colour, but by cultivation various fine-coloured double flowers
have been introduced, of which many acres are cultivated for
the supply of the markets, especially near London.
Walnut {Jitglans regia), a tree of the Walnut family (Juglan-
dacese), attaining a height of 60 or more feet, native of the
region of the Caspian and eastward through the Himalaya to
China, coming through Persia westward. It was cultivated in
Palestine in the time of Solomon, and early extended West
through South Europe, and is recorded to have been cultivated
in this country more than 300 years ago. The wood of the
Walnut is valued by cabinetmakers for its beautiful veining and
dark colour, the plain wood being used for gunstocks. An oil is
extracted from the nuts equal to olive oil, which is used by
painters, and forms an article of trade. It is also used in soap-
making.
The edible nutty part of the Walnut is the two lobes
(cotyledons) which are crumpled up in the shell. Although a
considerable quantity of Walnuts are produced in this country,
they nevertheless fall far short of the demand, large quantities
being imported from France, Belgium, Holland, the Two Sicilies,
and other places. In 1870, 152,681 bushels were imported,
valued at £42,638. Many trees of large size and apparent old
age are to be found in this country ; one in Somersetshire being
60 to 70 feet high, with a girth near the ground of 18 feet, and
the circumference of branches 300 feet. This tree has been
known to produce 25,000 nuts in a year.
2f
4:34: DICTIONARY OF POPULAR NAMES WALNUT
Walnut, Black {Juglans nigra), a large tree native of Xortli
America. Its wood is much valued for furniture and also for
making gunstocks ; its fruit is globose, but the kernel is not
palatable.
Wampee [Coolda punctata), a small tree with large winged
leaves, of the Orange family (Aurantiaceie). The fruit is a berry
the size of an ordinary grape, with a thin but hard woody rind
of a yellowish colour, containing a pulp tasting somewhat like
that of grapes combined with a peculiar flavour. It is esteemed
in China.
Waratah, a name for the red anemone-flowered Camellia
{Camdlia japo7iica), also of TelojMU sjieciosisswia, a shrub with
slender rod-like stems 8 to 10 feet high, bearing splendid scarlet
flowers, belonging to the family Proteacea?, native of New South
Wales. About fifty or more years ago it was a great favourite
with amateurs, but being diflicult of cultivation it is now seldom
seen.
Water Caltrops. (See Chestnut, Water.)
Water Celery {Ranunculus scelcratus), an annual of the
Buttercup family (PLanunculace?e), native of Britain, growing
abundantly in ditches and damp places. It is something like
celery, but highly acrid, blistering the mouth and skin ; it is
said to be used by beggars for making artificial sores. In Scot-
land the same use is made of the Lesser Spearmint (E. Flam-
mula), but wounds so made often become incurable.
Water-cress. (See Cress.)
Water Crowfoot (Bcmunculus ctgucctilis), native of tliis
country, and, as its name implies, growing entirely in water,
occupying rivers, ditches, and ponds, to a great extent, giving
the surface a gay appearance with its pretty white flowers. It
has leaves of two kinds, the floating ones being like little round
shields, and the submerged ones finely divided and threadlike.
This is one of the few wholesome species of the family. In
some parts of England cows are entirely fed on it during winter;
they as well as horses and hogs eat it greedily.
"Water Dropwort {CEuanthe crocata), a perennial herb of the
WATER OF ECONOMIC PLANTS. 435
Carrot family (UmbelliferDs), attaining a heiglit of 2 to 3 feet,
having compound much- divided leaves. It grows in ditches
and watery places. It has thick parsnip-like roots, hut differs
from the parsnijo in forming a cluster of these roots from the
same crown. They are poisonous in the higliest degree. The
smell and flavour being like parsnips has led them to be mis-
taken for that root, and many fatal cases have occuri'ed. A few
years ago a band of convicts working on the embankments at
Woolwich dug up a quantity of the roots, of whicli seventeen
ate, all of whom became seriously ill, and four died ; cattle have
also died from eating the roots when thrown out of ditches.
Water Hemlock. {See Cowbane.)
Water Lemon. (See Granadilla.)
Water Lettuce, or Tropical Duckweed, a name in the
West Indies for Pistia strcUiotcs, a floating plant growing on
stagnant waters in the tropics ; the plant grows in the form of
a rosette, consisting of somewhat spongy wedge-shaped leaves
which form an open cup ; its flowers are small and produced
from a sheath at the back of the leaves, the whole being of a
yellowish colour ; it increases rapidly by sarmenta, quickly
covering a large surface of water. In the West Indies it is
considered to produce malaria.
Water Lily, White {Nymplum alha), Yellow {Nuplw.r
luted), plants of the Water Lily family (Xympbreace^e), natives
of this country and common throughout Europe. Nuphar
advena is a native of North America ; its seed-pods (so called)
are an important article of food to the Indians, who collect them
in large quantities and keep them for winter use. Nymp]ia:a
cccridecc, JV. rubra, A. clentcUa, N. gi/jetntcct, and others, are culti-
vated in the gardens of this country, being well known for their
beautiful flowers ; also A. tJiermcdis, a white flowering species
found in Hungary, whicli appears to be the same as the A! Lotus
of the Nile. It is common in India, where it is held sacred ;
likewise in Egypt, where it is found rudely sculptured on the
ancient idols (see Lotos).
Water Melon {Citrullus mdgaris, generally known as Cucu-
436 DICTIONARY OF POPULAR NAMES WATER
mis Citrullus), a trailing annual of the Gourd family (Cucur-
bitacese), grown extensively in warm countries for the sake of its
cool refreshing fruit. It is not much cultivated in this country,
but may sometimes be seen in fruit shops, being imported from
Spain and Portugal. It is supposed to be the melon of Egypt,
the loss of which the Israelites regretted.
Water Parsnip (Sium latifolium), an aquatic perennial of
the Carrot family (Umbelliferte), having a stem about a foot in
height furnished with winged leaves, and bearing its flowers in
umbels. It is, like other water Umbelliferte, highly poisonous.
Water Tree of Sierra Leone {Tetracera alnifolict), a climb-
ing shrub of the family Dilleniaceie ; it is called the Water
Tree on account of its stems being full of water, which issues
from it on its being cut.
Wattles, a name given in Australia to Acacia floribuncla,
A. decuii'cns, A. clcalhata, A. melcmoxijlon, A. ciffinis, and others.
They are middle-sized trees, having hard wood, especially that of
A. melcmoxylon, called Black-wood, which takes a fine polish.
They are also of high commercial importance for their bark,
which is astringent, and of late years has formed one of the
principal parts of ships' cargoes to tliis country. To such an
extent has the demand for this bark for tanning increased that
whole districts of Acacia forests are fast disappearing in Australia.
Wax Palm. — There are two so called : 1. Copernicia cerifera,
a fan palm native of Brazil, its cylindrical stem rising to a
height of about 40 feet and measurinf;^ a foot in diameter,
curiously studded its whole length with the permanent base foot-
stalk of the leaves in the form of knobs. The wood is very hard,
and is imported into this country for cabinet-work. Its young
leaves are covered with a waxy secretion, which is obtained by
shaking and beating them ; it is imported into this country for
making candles.
2. Ceroxylon anclicola, a tall wing-leaved palm, native of
the elevated regions of New Grenada. The whole of the stem
and leaves is covered with a ^^'hitish waxy substance, which
is collected from the stem by scraping ; it is principally used
WELWITSCHIA OF ECONOMIC PLANTS. 437
for making candles for tlie Eoman Catholic clmrches, and forms
an article of trade.
Wax Tree (Lijustrum luciclmn), a small tree or handsome
shrub of the Olive family (Oleacese), hardy in this country. It
is a native of China. An insect that deposits a wax is said to
feed on it. This is well known to be the case with L. ihota, a
native of Japan, which is cultivated for that purpose.
Wax Tree, Japanese {Rhus succedanea), an evergreen tree of
the Cashew N"ut family (Anacardiaceoe), with shining winged
leaves, native of Japan, having bunches of fruit like small
grapes, which by pressure yield a wax analogous to beeswax ;
it is sometimes imported into this country, and is used in
making candles and night lights. The plant has been long
known *in our botanic gardens, but is not sufficiently hardy to
stand the cold of this climate.
¥/ax-work Shrub. {Sec Staff" Tree.)
Weld {Reseda Luteola), an erect single -stemmed annual
of the Mignonette family (Eesedaceae), attaining a height of 2 or
3 feet, native of this country, at one time much cultivated for
the dye afforded by it, which, according to the different mordants
employed, was either green, yellow, or blue ; it is chiefly used
in colouring paperhangings. The colour called Dutch pink is
also obtained from it.
Welwitschia ( WelioitscMa mirahilis). — This remarkable
plant was first discovered by Dr. Welwitsch growing in stony sandy
plains on the plateau of Benguela in Africa, and in similar situa-
tions by other travellers in Damaraland. It consists of a hard
woody obconical mass in old plants, not rising more than a foot
above the ground, of nearly a circular form, and according to age
varying in diameter from a few inches to 5 or 6 feet, having a long
tapering taproot penetrating deeply into the earth. Its surface
is nearly flat, rough, and cracked, and depressed towards the
centre, seemingly as it were divided in two parts by a furrow.
Eound the margin are yearly produced several forked flower-stalks
rising about a foot in height, bearing round or four-sided cones
about an inch or more in diameter at the base. It has two leaves,
438 DICTIOXARY OF POPULAR XAMES WHAXGEE
SO called, ^vlrich are of a leathery texture, and in old plants attain
the length of 5 or 6 feet with the breadth of a foot or more, their
apex being torn or divided, and they lie nearly flat on the ground
in opposite directions, their original axis or point of development
being overgro\Yn above and below by the continued enlargement
of the trunk, giving the leaves the appearance of being artificially
inserted in two slits which extend nearly half-way round,
almost meeting each other. It is difficult to determine the age
of these plants ; the largest, which have the appearance of flat
tables lying on the ground, may be presumed as not being
less than 500 years old. It belongs to a small family called
Gnetace?e, allied to the Fir and Yew famil3^ It presents a con-
trast to the long, slender, whipcord-like branches of the genus
Eljhedra, which belongs to the same family. Several specimens
are to be seen in the Museum at Kew.
Whangee Cane, a Chinese name for the stems of Fliyllo-
stacliys, a genus of the Grass family (Graminaceffi), allied to the
bamboo. The regularly jointed walking-sticks, known by the
above name, are furnished by P. nigra ; walking-sticks are also
made of P. hamhusoides.
Wheat [Triticum vulgare, of which there are many varieties),
an annual corn-grass, cultivated in Egypt from remote antiquity,
and now" throughout all the temperate regions of the world, and
in the Andes of South America, where it is cultivated at an
elevation of 9260 feet. It may be considered the most important
bread -food of the world, forming the staff of life to millions.
Large quantities of wheat-flour are made into starch, and used
for dressing woollen fabrics. {See Hard Grass.)
Wheel Tree, or Paddle -wood (AsjndosjKrma excelsinn), a
large tree of the Dogbane family (Apocynaccte), native of Guiana.
Eemarkable in havine^ the stem re^ularlv fluted, often givincf
the appearance of several small trees stuck to a large one ; they
are cut away, and used by the natives as paddles. These trunks
are sometimes 4 or 5 feet in diameter, and when cut trans-
versely the section has the appearance of the rays of a wheel.
Whins. {See Furze.)
WILLOW OF ECONOMIC PLANTS. 439
White Beam Tree {Pijrus Aria), a small tree of the Apple
family (PomacecT). It lias simple serrated leaves, snow-white
on the under side. Its fruit is acerb. It is found wild in some
parts of this country, but is more general on the Continent. Its
wood is hard.
White Deal. {See Spruce Fir.)
White Tree. {See Cajeput Oil.)
White-woods. — The wood of several trees is so called. 1.
American {see Tulip Tree.) 2. West Indian {Bignonia leueoxy-
lon), a tree of the Trumpet Flower family (Bignoniacea?). 3.
Neetanclra leucantha, a large tree of the Laurel family (LauracCce),
native of Guiana ; it attains a height of 60 to 70 feet, and a
diameter of 2 to 3 feet. 4 Tasmanian {Pittoqwrum hicolor), a
tree of the family Pittosporese. It has light close-grained wood
used by cabinetmakers, and employed for engraving purposes.
5. Norfolk Island {Lrigunctria Patersonii), a soft -wooded small
tree of the Mallow family (jNIalvaceoe).
Whortleberry. {See Bilberry.)
Wig Tree. {See Fustic.)
Wild Cinnamon. {See Canella Bark.)
Wild Mammee, a name in Jamaica for the fruit of PheecHcc
lateriflora, a tree of the Gamboge family (Guttiferre). Its fruit
is oblong, of a yellowish colour, and has a pleasant acid taste.
The fruit of B. eclulis, a native of Panama, is also eaten.
Wild Plum, the name at the Cape of Good Hope for the fruit
of Papijea capensis, a small tree of the Soapberry family (Sapin-
daceffi). Its fruit consists of three ovaries united so as to form
a drupe like a plum. A vinous beverage and excellent vinegar
are made from the pulp.
Willow, Bitter {Salix jmrpurea), a small tree of the AVillow
family (Salicacea^), an osier, extensively grown in some places ;
it is so remarkably bitter that even rabbits will not attack it.
Willow, Weeping {Salix habylonica). — As its name implies, it
is considered to be a native of the country about Babylon, where
it would appear to have flourished 3000 years ago, judging from
the Psalmist, who thus beautifully writes, "J'y the rivers of
440 DICTIONARY OF POPULAR NAMES WILLOW
Babylon we sat down, yea we wept, when we remembered Zion.
We hanged our harps upon the willows in the midst thereof."
According to tradition, the pendulous nature of this willow
was caused by the weight of the harps, and this habit was
permanently imparted to the progeny of these trees. The tree,
however, is not recorded to have been seen in modern times
growing by the streams of Babylon, and it is now therefore
generally understood that the trees which the Jews hanged
their harps on were a species of poplar (Fopidus cuphratica). It
was also early known that the Weeping Willow is wikl in China,
and that it migrated westward. It is recorded to have been
introduced into this country, and cultivated in the Eoyal Gardens,
Hampton Court, in 1692, and it is said that the original tree was
received by Pope, and planted in his garden at Twickenham,
where it was long famed. In 1825 it came into special public
notice on account of a twig having been received at Kew, taken
from a tree growing over Xapoleon's grave at St. Helena. To
see this twig the crowd was so great that one Sunday, before the
hour of opening, the gates were burst open. The twig grew into a
fine tree 40 feet high, French visitors paying reverence to it by
taking off their hats on passing it. In 1SG7 this popular tree
was cut down.
Willow, White {Salix alha), also called the Huntingdon
Willow. This species and Saliv Patsselliana are large trees,
affording useful timber for many purposes, the wood being light
and firm. Cricket bats are made of it.
Willow and Oak Mannas are produced in Kurdistan, the
latter being an exudation on the upper side of the leaves of
Quercus mannifera ; it is produced during the hottest months of
the year. The natives cut the branches and steep them in
boiling water until the manna is entirely dissolved; they are
then taken out, and the fluid evaporated to the consistence of
thick honey. "When cool it is shaped into flat round cakes,
wdiich are sold as a sweetmeat. Being found on the upper
surface of the leaves, as well as upon stones, the natives suppose
that it falls from the sky ; they call it Ghiok helvahsee, which
WOAD OF ECONOMIC PLANTS. 441
means the sweet bread of heaven. It possesses no purgative
properties.
A similar kind of manna is produced on a species of Willow
(Salix maniiifera ?) which is common at Van and Armenia.
DuriniT the summer season the leaves and branches become
covered with a syrupy fluid, which is said to be the production
of a small insect (a species of bug), common on these trees.
It is probable that these mannas are not the exudations of
the sap of the trees, but secretions of insects similar to the
honey-dew common on lime trees in this country.
Winterberry, a name in North America for the species of
Frinos, a genus of the Holly family (Aquifoliaceie) ; they are
bushy evergreen shrubs with oblong, lanceolate, smooth leaves,
and small incons]3icuous flowers. F. verticillatus, F. glciber, and
F. hwidus have been long cultivated as ornamental shrubs in
this country.
Winter's Bark (Drimys Winteri), a small tree of the ]\Iag-
nolia family (Magnoliacea^), native of Terra del Fuego, and extend-
ing northwards through Chili. It has beautifully smooth leaves,
of an oblong lance form, generally silvery white on the under
side. The bark was brought into repute by Captain Winter as an
antiscorbutic, so long ago as 1579, he having found it very
efficacious in cases of scurvy among his crews. Other remedies,
however, having since been discovered, it has fallen into disuse.
Winter Cherry (Fhyscdis Alkckengi), a perennial herb of
the Nightshade family (Solanaceae), native 'of the South of
Europe, having fruit like a small cherry, which becomes enclosed
in the enlarged leafy permanent calyx ; in some parts the fruit is
eaten, but is much surpassed by what is called the Cape Goose-
berry {Fhyscdis edidis), a native of tropical America. It is
a weak sub-erect plant, cultivated in some gardens for its
fine-flavoured luscious fruit.
Winter Green. (See Shallon.)
Witches. (See Club :Moss.)
Woad, also known by the name of Dyer's Weed (Iscdis
tinctoria), a biennial of the Cabbage family (Crucifera3), attain-
442 DICTIOXARY OF POPULAR NAMES ^yOAD
ing a lieigiit of 3 or 4 feet, a native of this country, and throiigli-
out Europe it lias been long famed as yielding a dye obtained by
macerating the leaves in water. Its use is rapidly dying out in
this country, and it is manufactured now only at Parsons Drove
near Wisbech.
Woad Waxen. (Sec Kendal Green.)
V/old-wolle, a fibre, prepared in Germany from the leaves
of Pinus sylvestris, used for stuffing pillows, mattresses, etc.,
also woven into blankets, counterpanes, etc. A similar kind
of pine-wool is made from the leaves of P. Zaricio.
Wolf s-bane. (See Aconite.)
Wood Apple. (See Elephant Apple.)
Woodbine, or Honeysuckle (Lonicera Pcriclymenuiii), a
twining shrub of the AVoodbine family (Caprifoliaceoe), attaining
a considerable height on trees, native of this country. It is a
favourite for forming arbours and planting against houses, and
is prized for its sweet-scented flowers. There are a number
of other species cultivated in gardens as ornamental climbers,
L. sempervirens being called the Trumpet Honeysuckle.
Wood Oil, or Gurjun Oil.— This is obtained from Piptero-
carpus turhinatus, a magnificent tree of the Dryobalanops family
(Dipterocarpaceffi), attaining a height of 200 feet and a girth
of 10 feet. It is a native of Lower India. Its wood is hard, and
used for boat-building and other purposes. It yields an oil,
which is obtained by making a deep notch in the trunk near
to the ground, and applying fire, which chars the wood, and the
oil then flows. It is used as a varnish, and medicinallv as a
substitute for copaiba balsam. It is chiefly imported from
Moulmein. D. alcttus and P. incanus are magnificent trees,
natives of Chittagong, also yielding wood oil, and are equally
valued for their timber. In Java the resin of P. trinervis is
smeared on plantain leaves for making torches. In Sumatra it
is mixed with rotten wood and made into candles.
Wood Paper.— The making of the material called AVood
Paper originated in the United States some years ago, where it
continues to be still extensively carried on. Tlie trees of which
WORMWOOD OF ECONOMIC PLANTS. 443
it is made consist chiefly of Maple, Beech, Cheny, Ash, and
Oak. The trunks of the trees are cut into lengths not exceed-
ing 4 feet ; the logs are then placed in a steam chamber, where
they remain for three or four hours ; they are then placed in a
revolving lathe, and by the aid of the knife the bark and all
superfluity is removed ; and when the log becomes perfectly
smooth and cylindrical, the knife is then graduated to cnt it a
certain thickness, and by the constant revolution of the log a
continuous thin sheet is pared off, which is cut into lengths
according to requirements, and made into packages of different
sizes, ready for exportation. It partakes of the colour and
marking of the tree from which it is made. It is nsed for
veneering furniture, and for covering the walls instead of paper.
Woodruff (Asperidct ocloratct), a perennial of the bladder
family (Eubiacese), native of this country, generally growing in
shady places in woods. It is peculiar that while green it emits
no smell, but when dry it has a strong odour of the principle
termed Coumarin. In Germany it is put into wine, giving it
a peculiar flavour known under the name of " Mai trank,"
meaning Woodruff AVine. {See also Coumarin.)
Wood Vinegar. {See Pitch Pine.)
Woody Pear, a name for the fruit of Xylomehmi pyriforme,
a small tree, with opposite leaves, of the natural order Proteaceae,
native of New South Wales. It is remarkable for its fruit,
which bears the exact resemblance and size of an ordinary pear,
but is attached by the broad end. It consists entirely of a
hard, woody substance, difficult to cut. When ripe, it splits
lengthwise, and contains a flat winged seed.
Worm Grass, or Pink-root (Sjnr/elia 7narilandica), a peren-
nial herb of the N'ux Vomica family (Loganiace?e), native of the
United States. It attains a height of about a foot or more,
having ovate, opposite leaves. Its flowers are funnel-shaped, of
a beautiful carmine colour, borne in terminal spikes. This and an
allied species, aS'. Antlielmia, are highly purgative, and efficacious
in destroying intestinal worms, hence its name Worm Grass.
Wormwood. — Artemisia Absinthium, A. maritima, natives
444 DICTIOXARY OF POPULAR NAMES WRACK
of Britain, and A. 2^ontica, of Germany, Eastern Europe, and
Western Asia. They belong to the Composite family (Com-
posite), and are all hardy perennials, having the same habit and
properties, being aromatic, intensely bitter, and in great repute
as a vermifuge, hence the name Wormwood. They are used
to prevent moths and other insects from infesting clothes and
furniture. Wormwood is frequently mentioned in the Bible, and
is symbolical of bitter calamity. It is frequently used as a
substitute for hops (see Absinthe and Southernwood).
Wrack. (See Fucus.)
Wukkum. (See Sappan-wood.)
Yacca, a name in the West Indies for Fodocarjms PurcUeanus
and P. coriaceus, large trees of the Yew family (Taxaccce), native
of Jamaica. They afford excellent hard timber, used for many
purposes.
Yaka, or Wayaka, a name given by the Fijians to Pachy-
o'hiztis angidatus, a plant of the Bean family (Leguminosae),
having a climbing stem, and trifoliate, angular leaves, rising
from a thick root, or, more properly speaking, an underground
stem, 6 to 8 feet in length, and as thick as a man's thigh. In
the Fijis and Xew Caledonia it is in times of scarcity used as
an article of food. When cooked it is of a dirty white colour,
and has a slightly starchy, but insipid flavour, much inferior to
that of the wild yam. The fibre of the climbing stems is very
tough, and the Fijians make their fishing-nets of it. The plant is
widely diffused, being found throughout tropical America, East
and West Indies, Mauritius, and islands of the South Seas.
Yam (Dioscorca sativa, D. aculcata, and several other species),
climbing plants of the Yam family (Dioscoreacece), natives of
India and other warm countries of the East, where they are
extensively cultivated, and take the place of the potato of more
temperate climes. There are many varieties varying in size and
quality, but all contain more or less of a nutritive farina. The
Yam was early introduced into the West Indies, where it forms
a great part of the food of the negro population. Yams are
imported into this country, but not in any quantity.
YEAST OF ECONOMIC PLANTS. 445
Yam, Chinese (Dioscorea hatatas), a native of China and
Japan, where it is extensively cultivated. It differs from the
preceding in having a spindle-shaped, black root, about the
size of a parsnip, 2 to 3 feet long. It has been introduced into
this country, and is perfectly hardy ; indeed at one time
expectations were entertained that it might prove a good substi-
tute for the potato ; but so long as potatoes are to be had it
will not find much favour, being far inferior to them as a
vegetable.
Yangmae, a name in China for the fruit of Myrica Nagi, a
small tree of the Candleberry Myrtle family (Myricaceae), native
of China. In the island of Chusan it is described by Mr.
Fortune as a bushy shrub or tree, 15 to 20 feet in height, and
when he saw it, " it was loaded with a dark-red fruit, not very
unlike the fruit of the strawberry tree (Arbutus), but much
larger. There was also a variety with yellowish fruit. The
natives were busily engaged in gathering the fruit, and packing
it in baskets for the markets. The gatherers offered me liberal
supplies of this fine fruit."
Living plants were introduced into this country in 1844, bub
it has not received the patronage of fruit -cultivators that it
seems to merit. M. Nagi is also known in Western India, but
its fruit is very inferior to that of the Chinese. It is probable
they are two distinct species.
Yari-Yari, a name in Guiana for Lancewood (which see).
Yeast, or Barm, a name given to the frothy scum that forms
on the surface of fermenting sugary liquids, and rises from the
bung-holes of barrels of newly-brewed beer. The microscope
shows that this froth consists of particles which multiply with
extraordinary rapidity when placed in a moderately-warm
temperature. By experiments it has been ascertained that the
particles or globules germinate ; and they are considered to be
the spores of a mould fungus, belonging to the genus Torula, the
spores of which are but slightly united, the mycelium being
almost absent. Yeast is not only employed in hastening the
fermentation of worts, it also is an important agent in leaven-
446 DICTIONARY OF POPULAR NAMES YELLOW
ing dough in bread-making. For this purpose the yeast is
dried and formed into a cake or paste, known as German
Yeast.
Yellow Berries. {See Buckthorn.)
Yellow Iris {Iris Pseudaxiorus), and Gladwin, or Roast-beef
Plant {C. fcetidissima), of the family Iridaceoe, two beautiful
species, natives of this country, growing in ditches, and on the
margins of ponds and streams. ThQ seeds of the first are said
to have been used as a substitute for coffee. (See Iris.)
Yellow-root {Xanthorhiza ainifolia), a low shrub of the
Buttercup family (Ranunculaceie), seldom exceeding 2 feet in
height, having parsley -like leaves and inconspicuous flowers.
It is a native of the South United States of America. Its roots
are of a pale yellow, and were originally employed as a dye.
They are bitter, and have some reputation with American
doctors as a tonic.
Another North American Yellow-root is Hydrastis cana-
densis, which is also called Yellow Puccoon and Oraii^e-root ; it
is a perennial of the same family as the above, about a foot in
height, with palmate-lobed leaves, and inconspicuous flowers ;
its fruit is similar to the raspberry, its juicy flesh being of a
briglit crimson colour. The root is a bright yellow, and used
as a dye, and also as a tonic medicine.
Yellow-wood, a name applied in difl'erent countries to trees
having wood of a yellow colour. Different species of the genus
Xantlioxylum, which means yellow-wood, are so called.
Yellow- wood, American ( Virgilia lutea), a tree of the Bean
family (Leguminosce), native of North America. It has winged
leaves, and attains a height of 40 to 50 feet. The wood is hard.
Its yellow flowers and winged leaves make it an ornamental tree,
but it seldom exceeds 10 to 12 feet in heidit in this countrv.
Yellow-wood, Indian (Podocarpus latifolia and Chloroxylon
Swictenia). (See Satin-wood.)
Yellow-wood, Moreton Bay (Acronychia Icevis, Forst. ;
Cyminosma oblong if olium, Cunn.), a small tree of the family
Xanthoxyllaccce, native of Moreton Bay.
ZACHUN OF ECONOMIC PLANTS. 447
Yellow-wood, Queensland (Flindcrsia Oxlcijana, better
known as Oxleya Xcmtho.dya), a tree 40 to 50 feet liigli, of the
Mahogany family (Cedrelacete). The wood is used for fur-
niture.
Yellow-wood, South African (Podocarjms elongatus), a
large tree of the Yew family (Taxaceie), a useful timber tree.
Yellowwort, the common name for Chlora 'perfoliata, a
pretty annual herb of the Gentian family (Gentianacea^), native
of this country ; it is an erect single-stemmed plant, about a foot
in height, with few root-leaves, and small, opposite, perfoliate
stem leaves ; the flowers are produced singly on short terminal
branches ; they are yellow and showy, opening only during sun-
shine. It differs from the rest of Gentians in having 8 stamens.
The whole plant , is intensely bitter, used as a tonic ; it also
yields a yellow dye.
Yerba. (See Paraguay Tea.)
Yercum. {See Mudar.)
Yew {Taxiis haecata), a tree of the Yew family (Taxacese),
native of tlie temperate regions of Europe and Asia. It is
famed for the age of some of the trees and for the durability of
its wood, remains having been found in the ruins of ancient
Mneveh. It is much planted as an ornamental tree, and is also
used in forming edges. When grown singly, it forms a hand-
some tree, 30 to 40 feet high. The red succulent cups in which
the seeds are seated are frequently eaten for their agreeable
taste. In winter they form an important source of food to the
feathered tribe. The seeds themselves are, however, poisonous.
The branches and leaves are in a high degree poisonous to horses
and horned cattle, and act on man like Digitalis in arresting the
action of the heart. The Irish Yew is a variety.
Yulan, a Chinese name for Magnolia conspicua {sec Mag-
nolia).
Zachun, the Arab name of an oil expressed from the fruit
of Balanites ccgyptiaca, a thorny shrub or small tree of forbid-
ding aspect belonging to the family Amyridaceie. Tlie leaves
are biuate ; the flowers small, greenish wliite, fragrant, on
448 DICTIONAKY OF POPULAR NAMES ZAMAXG
short axillary racemes ; the fruit is about the size of a walnut,
and when ripe of a greenish colour. It is common through-
out the deserts of Western Asia, Egypt, and many parts
of North and Western Africa. It also otows abundantly
in the region of the Dead Sea, and has extended into India,
and may be called truly a plant of the desert. It is supposed
to be one of the plants that yielded the balm of Gilead carried
by the Ishmeelites into Egypt. In Palestine, at the present day,
the oil obtained from its fruit is of a healing nature, and is
extensively prepared by the Arabs, and sold by them to the
pilgrims. The wood is hard, and used by the turners of
Jerusalem for making walking-sticks. In Western Africa
an intoxicating drink is made from its fruit.
Zamang, the Spanish name of a tree, native of Venezuela,
of which Humboldt says — " We saw in the evening, at a league
distant, an object which appears in the horizon like a round
hillock covered with trees. It is neither a hill nor a group of trees
close to each other, but one single tree, the famous Zamang-del-
C^zirtyre, remarkable for the enormous extent of its branches, which
form a hemispheric head 576 feet in circumference, the diameter
of the stem being 9 feet near the ground." It belongs to the
Mimosa section of Leguminosae, and is a species of the genus
Fithccolohium [P. saman). Seeds taken from the tree were raised
in the Botanic Garden, Trinidad, in 1820 ; it appears to be fast-
growing when young, a tree 40 years old measuring 15 feet in
circumference near the ground. It has thick, flattish, curved
pods, about 8 inches in length and 1 in width, containing a
sweetish pulp ; they are in common use for feeding cattle, and
for that purpose the tree is now cultivated in different countries.
It is also known as the Eain Tree.
Zamia, a name of the genus of the Cycad family (Cycada-
cese). They have globose cylindrical stems, the interior of which
is soft and spongy, increasing in height by the successive yearly
development of a crown of winged leaves, the pinn^ of which
are firm and rigid, entire, toothed, or spiny. The fructification
consists of male and female cones, produced on separate plants,
ZELKONA OF ECONOMIC PLANTS. 449
in some species nearly 2 feet in length and 6 inches in diameter,
formed of fleshy scales ; the seeds are nut-like, produced on the
under side of the scales of the female cone. About 50 species
are recorded. They are widely distributed, being found chiefly
in the West Indies, Mexico, South Africa, and Australia ; in
the latter country some attaining a height of 30 to 40 or more
feet. They have been by modern botanists characterised under
separate genera : those of the Cape of Good Hope form the genus
Enceplmlartos, and of Australia Macrozamia. Their stems con-
tain a kind of sago {see Sago and Caffer Bread). They are found
in a fossil state in this and other countries.
Zebra Poison {Eufliorhia arhorea), a succulent-branched
almost leafless tree of the Spurgewort family (Euphorbiacese),
native of South Africa. Its milky juice is highly poisonous,
whole herds of zebras having been killed by branches of it
being placed in the water which they drink. It is also used
for poisoning arrows.
Zebra- wood. — The wood of several distinct trees is so
called. 1. Om;plialobium Lairiberti (now referred to Connarus),
a large tree of the family Connaraceae, native of Guiana ; it is
very scarce ; its wood is of a light-brown colour, with dark
stripes. It makes handsome furniture. 2. Eugenia fragrans,
a small tree of the Myrtle family (Myrtaceae), native of Jamaica.
3. Guettarda, a shrub or small tree of the Cinchona family (Cin-
chonacege), native of the East Indies.
Zelkona Tree {Planera Richardi), a tree of the Elm family
(Ulmaceae), native of North America, attaining a height of 70
or 80 feet, having much the appearance of the elm, and in the
countries where it is abundant is used for the same purposes as
the elm, especially for making furniture.
2 G
INDEX OF THE GENEEA NOTICED IN THE
PEE CEDING PAGES.
Abelmoschus, 280.
Abies, 174, 323, 411, 423.
Abrus, 42.
Abuta, 313.
Acacia, 1, 8, 30, 53, 80,
98, 99, 177, 203, 236,
282, 376, 384, 436.
Acsena, 376.
Acantlius, 3.
Acer, 267, 329.
Achillea, 383.
Aclilya, 186.
Achras, 69.
Acmena, 245.
Aconitum, 4.
A.corus, 399.
Acrocomia, 254.
Acrodiclidium, 290.
Acrouychia, 446.
Acrosticlmm, 193.
Actsea, 36, 382.
Adausonia, 37, 57, 142.
Adeuanthera, 43, 367.
Adiantum, 91.
^cidium, 39.
^gilops, 205.
^gle, 30, 268.
Aerides, 302.
^schynomene, 376.
^sculus, 109.
^thusa, 179.
Agaricus, 6, 14, 54, 279,413.
Agathophyllum, 290.
Agave, 6, 12, 326.
Agrimonia, 6.
Agrostis, 174,
Ailanthus, 6,
Aletris, 128.
Aleurites, 83.
Alhagi, 80, 265.
Allium, 113, 299, 353.
Alnus, 8.
Aloe, 12.
Aloexylon, 78.
Aloysia, 428.
Alpinia, 188.
Alsophila, 171.
Alstonia, 155.
Althaea, 213, 259.
Amanita, 14.
Amaryllis, 14.
Amelanchier, 375.
Ammoi^hila, 268.
Amomum, 197.
Ampelodesmos, 155.
Ampelopsis, 432.
Amygdalus, 11, 815.
Amyris, 163, 357.
Auacardium, 76, 96.
Auacharis, 333.
Anacyclus, 316.
Anamirta, 122.
Ananassa, 321.
Auastatica, 355.
Anchusa, 9.
Andira, 74, 314.
Andromeda, 16.
Andropogon, 64, 78, 145,
193, 243.
Anemone, 16.
Anethum, 154, 386.
Angelica, 16.
Angiopteris, 171.
Angrajcum, 136, 302, 407.
Anilidotus, 277.
Anona, 9, 68, 107, 133,
146, 386, 400.
Anopterus, 241.
Anthemis, 81.
Anthistiria, 232.
Anthospermum, 15.
Anthoxanthum, 136, 171,
207, 394.
Anthriscus, 109.
Antiaris, 358, 424.
Apium, 103.
Aplotaxis, 134.
Apocynum, 211.
Aponogeton, 240.
Aporosa, 236.
Aquilaria, 160.
Aquilegia, 128.
Arachis, 161.
Aralia, 16, 352.
Araucaria, 21.
Arbutus, 23, 43, 255.
Archangelica, 16.
Arctium, 69.
Arctostaphylos, 23.
Arduina, 284.
Areca, 47, 74, 286.
Argania, 24, 223.
Aristolochia, 50, 201, 382.
Armeria, 241, 411.
Arnica, 413.
Arracacha, 95.
Artanthe, 270.
Artemisia, 1, 82, 277, 362.
386, 403, 443.
Arthrostilidium, 35.
Artocarpus, 61, 225.
Arum, 158, 231, 362.
Arundinaria, 35.
Arundo, 156, 381, 414.
Asagmea, 98, 358.
Asarum, 26.
Asparagus, 27.
Asperula, 136, 257, 443.
Asphodelus, 27.
Aspidosperma, 343, 438.
Asplenium, 49.
Aster, 280.
Astericus, 356.
Astragalus, 204.
Astrocaryum, 420.
Atheros]3erma, 370.
Atriplex, 299, 388.
Atropa, 286.
Attalea, 127, 131, 320.
Aucuba, 28.
Auricula, 44.
Avena, 295.
Averrhoa, 54.
Avicennia, 264.
Aydendron, 290.
Azalea, 29
Azorella, 32.
Baccaurea, 346.
Baccharis, 273.
Backhousia, 238.
Balanites, 31, 447
Balautium, 144,
452
INDEX.
Baloghia, 55.
Balsamodendron, 31, 41,
195, 283.
Bambusa, 35.
Banksia, 214.
Baphia, 82.
Barosma, 65.
Barringtonia, 51, 217.
Basella, 388.
Bassia, 70, 257.
Batatas, 399.
Batis, 364.
Bauhinia, 260, 390.
Bedfordia, 156.
Begonia, 46.
Benzoin, 387.
Berberis, 38.
Bergera, 245.
Berthollctia, 61.
Betula, 49.
Beta, 46.
Bignonia, 50, 92, 112, 419,
439.
Bixa, 24.
Blakea, 274, 355.
Bligbia, 7.
Blumea, 82.
Boehmeria, 198, 346.
Bolax, 32.
Boldoa, 369.
Boletus, 331.
Bombax, 278, 378.
Bongardia, 247.
Bontia, 298.
Borassus, 307, 309.
Borago, 56.
Boswellia, 181.
Botrytis, 186.
Bo vista, 340.
Brabejum, 11.
Brassica, 73, 280, 281, 346,
422.
Bromelia, 325.
Brosimum, 62, 137, 243.
Broussonetia, 312.
Brya, 161.
Bryonia, 64.
Bubon, 188.
Bumelia, 68.
Bunium, 160.
Bursaria, 58.
Bursera, 49, 246.
Butea, 204, 340.
Butyrospermum, 71.
Buxus, 57.
Cactus, 75, 415.
Caesalpinia, 43, 56, 60,155,
179, 286, 325, 367.
Cajanus, 153, 320.
Caladium, 231.
Calamus, 84, 157, 258.
Calceolaria, 79.
Calendula, 267.
Calla, 419.
Callistemon, 57.
Callitris, 21, 23, 367.
Callopisma, 79.
Calluna, 207.
Calodendron, 109.
Calophj'llum, 51, 77.
Calotropis, 278, 431.
Caltha, 268.
Calyptranthes, 200.
Calystegia, 275.
Camassia, 341.
Camelina, 346.
Camellia, 80, 404, 434.
Campanula, 346.
Campomanesia, 305.
Campyloneurum, 78.
Cananga, 218.
Canai-ium, 12, 113, 150,
163.
Canavalia, 304.
Canella, 84.
Canna, 220.
Cannabis, 210.
Capparis, 90, 280.
Capraria, 407.
Capsicum, 91.
Carapa, 140.
Carduus, 410.
Carex, 120, 374.
Cargillia, 330.
Carica, 311.
Carissa, 92.
Carludovica, 311.
Carolinia, 378.
Carpinus, 215, 223.
Carpodinus, 325.
Carthamus, 361.
Carum, 7, 92.
Carya, 215, 316, 320.
Caryocar, 385.
Caryophyllus, 120.
Caryota, 307, 362.
Casearia, 382.
Cassia, 339, 375.
Castanea, 110.
Castanospermum, 110.
Castilloa, 87, 89.
Casuarina, 294, 398.
Catalpa, 98.
Catha, 233, 406.
Cathartocarpus, 339.
Cattleya, 302.
Ceanothus, 406.
Cecropia, 419.
Cedrela, 74, 101.
Cedrus, 99.
Celastrus, 390.
Celosia, 123.
Celtis, 252, 285.
Centaurea, 55.
Cephaelis, 221.
Cephalanthus, 73.
Cephalotus, 326.
Ceradia, 41.
Cerasus, 107, 108, 256
289, 336.
Ceratonia, 93, 249.
Cerbera, 303.
Cercis, 229.
Cereus, 76, 104, 415.
Ceroxylon, 436.
Cetraria, 218.
Clijerophyllum, 136, 190.
Chamsecyparis, 100.
Chamserops, 116, 169, 306,
308, 412.
Chara, 105.
Chieranthus, 433.
Chierostemon, 205.
Chenopodium, 343, 388,
406.
Chickrassia, 257.
Chiococca, 381.
Chionanthus, 182.
Chlora, 447.
Chlorogalum, 384.
Chloroxylon, 370, 446.
Chondrus, 91.
Chondodendron, 313.
Chrozophora, 422.
Chrysanthemum, 115.
Chrysobalanus, 125, 320.
Chrysophyllum, 391.
Cibotium, 40, 341.
Cichorium, 112, 164.
Cicuta, 139.
Cimicifuga, 67.
Cinchona, 117.
Cinclidotus, 277.
Cinnamomum, 81, 118.
Cissampelos, 313.
Cissus, 345.
Cistus, 238, 282.
Citrullus, 128, 435.
Citrus, 47, 119, 236, 242,
245, 300, 375.
Cladouia, 348.
Clathrocystis, 130.
Clathrus, 393.
Clematis, 432.
Clusia, 34.
Cnicus, 410.
Coccoloba, 242, 374.
Cocculus, 123.
Cochlearia, 216.
Cocos, 123, 254.
Codarium, 401.
CoflFea, 125, 127.
Coix, 43, 229.
Cola, 127.
Colchicum, 128.
Collophora, 138.
Colocasia, 403.
Colubrina, 200.
Combretum, 72, 194.
Commidendrou, 373.
Conferva, 130.
Conium, 180,^209.
Conocarpus, 73^.
Convalaria, 245.
Convolvulus, 48, 275, 3/1
Cookia, 434.
Copaifera, 32.
Copernicia, 436.
Coptis, 195, 274.
Corchorus, 229, 231.
Cordia, 15, 357, 374, 387,
417.
Coriandrum, 132.
Coriaria, 132.
Corispermum, 412.
Cornicularia, 418.
Cornus, 58, 133, 156, 339.
Corylus, 207.
Corynocarpus, 232.
Coryplia, 400.
Coscinium, 80^
Couroupita, 85.
Crambe, 231.
Crassula, 141.
Crategus, 206, 270, 271,
411.
Cratajva, 190.
Crescentia, 78.
Critlmuin, 364.
Crocus, 361.
Crotalaria, 211.
Croton, 96, 143, 238, 258
422.
Cryptocarya, 290.
Cryptomeria, 100.
Cryptostegia, 89.
Cubeba, 318.
Cucumis, 143, 271, 436.
Cucurbita, 341, 427.
Cuminum, 144.
Cupressus, 100, 147.
Curatella, 145.
Curtisia, 206.
Curcuma, 421.
Cuscuta, 155.
Cyathea, 171.
Cycas, 146.
Cyclopia, 407.
Cydonia, 343.
Cyminosma, 446.
Cvmopteris, 190.
Cynara, 25, 93.
Cynodon, 157.
Cynomorium, 187, 345.
Cynosurus, 207.
Cyperus, 146, 188, 312,
Cypripedium, 302.
INDEX.
Cytisus, 63, 237.
Cyttaria, 45.
Dacrydium, 217, 353.
Dactylis, 423.
Dsedalea, 158.
Dahlia, 148. ^ o^^
Dalbergia, 53, 225, 356
357, 379.
Damraara, 139, 148.
Daniellia, 182.
Daphne, 56, 219,^ 389.
Darlingtonia, 326.
Datiira, 152.
Daucus, 94.
Davallia, 206.
Delabechea, 57.
Delphinium, 392.
Dendrobiuin, 302, 353.
Dendrocalamus, 36.
Desmodium, 409, 411.
Dianthus, 120.
Dichopsis, 204,
Dicypellium, 121.
Dieffenbachia, 159.
Digitalis, 180.
Dillenia, 154, 367.
Dimorphandra, 276.
Dionfea, 427.
Dioscorea, 444, 445.
Diospyros, 78, 151, 161,
190, 253, 254, 267.
Dipsacus, 408.
Dipterix, 136, 415.
Dipterocarpus, 442.
Dirca, 242.
Dittelasma, 384.
Dodecatheon, 140.
Dolichos, 114, 216.
Doona, 157.
Dorema, 15.
Dorstenia, 130.
Doryphora, 369.
Dractena, 157, 411.
Dracocephalum, 31.
Dracuncuhis, 158.
Drimys, 441.
Dryobalanops, 82.
Duboisia, 328.
Duguetia, 239.
Durio, 159.
ECBALIUM, 389.
Echinocactus, 75, 76, 208.
Echinocystis, 51.
Ecklonia, 419.
Edgeworthia, 219.
Edwardsia, 237.
Elcegia, 426.
Elseagnus, 297.
Elseocarpus, 43, 212.
453
Elseodendron, 298.
Elais, 306.
Eleusine, 273, 285, 345.
Ellettaria, 92.
Elymus, 268.
Encephalartos, 76, 449.
Entada, 51, 371.
Eperua, 432.
Epiphyllum, 76.
Epiprenmum, 414.
Ecmisetum, 160, 294.
Erica, 63, 207, 208.
Eriobotrya, 250^.
Eriodendron, 377, 3<8.
Erioglossum, 384.
Eriophorum, 135.
Erodium, 191.
Ervum, 243.
Eryngium, 373.
Erythrsea, 103, 104.
Erythrina, 43, 132, 231.
Erythroxylon, 122, 223.^
Eucalyptus, 55, 165, 179,
227, 265, 319.
Eucheuma, 227.
Euchlsena, 409.
Eugenia, 121, 202, 22/,
242, 260, 355, 424, 449.
Euonymus, 389.
Eupatoriuni, 136.
Euphorbia, 90, 98, 167,
449.
Euryale, 196.
Euryangiuni, 398.
Eurybia, 280.
Euterpe, 28, 30, 410.
Excoecaria, 5.
Exocarpus, 108.
Exogonium, 226.
Faba, 43.
Fagopyrum, 67.
Fagus, 44, 46, 404, 417.
Fatsia, 352.
Feronia, 163.
Ferula, 25, 95, 170, 188,
361, 398.
Festuca, 172.
Feuillsea, 18.
Ficus,36,88,l72,325,360,
400.
Flacourtia, 331.
Flindersia, 389, 447.
Foeniculum, 169.
Foetidia, 393.
Fragaria, 394.
Frasera, 79.
Fraxinus, 26, 264.
Fritillaria, 143.
Fuchsia, 182, 236.
Fucxis, 183.
Fusanus, 43.
454
INDEX.
Galbanum, 188.
Galipea, 17.
Galium, 107.
Garciuia, 1 89, 263.
Gardenia, 154,
Gastrolobium, 98.
Gaultheria, 376, 406.
Genipa, 190.
Genista, 234.
Gentiana, 190, 382.
Geoffroya, 10.
Geranium, 191.
Gerrardantlius, 52.
Gleditschia, 249.
Glvceria, 265.
Glycine, 386.
Glycyrrhiza, 247.
Gmelina, 408.
Gompliocarpus, 90.
Gonolobus, 144.
Gordonia, 55.
Gossypium, 134.
Gouania, 106.
Graptophyllum, 93.
Grevillea, 379.
Grias, 15.
Guaiacum, 244.
Guatteria, 239.
Guettarda, 449.
Guevina, 29.
Guibourtia, 131.
Guilandiua, 43, 56.
Guilielma, 315.
Guizotia, 346.
Gymuarrliena, 356.
Gymnocladus, 234.
Gyiierium, 310.
Gyuocardia, 106.
Gypsopliila, 384.
G3Tand.ra, 104.
GjTophora, 418.
H^MAlfTHUS, 54, 331.
Haematostapliis, 55, 330.
Hfematoxylon, 250.
Hagenia, 145.
Halesia, 383.
Halimodendron, 364.
Hancornia, 89.
Harpagoph5i;um, 197.
Harpulia, 421.
Hedera, 224.
Hedysarum, 182, 265.
Heisteria, 314.
Heliamphora, 327.
Helianthus, 228, 398.
Heliotropium, 209.
Helleborus, 209.
Helotium, 200.
Helvella, 276.
Hemidesnius, 369.
Hemileia, 126.
Heracleum, 137.
Herrainiera, 377.
Heucliera, 14.
Hevea, 85, 89.
Hibiscus, 14, 53, 233, 296,
356.
Hierochloa, 214.
Hippomane, 262.
Hippophae, 67.
Hirneola, 228.
Hirtella, 337.
Hopea, 150.
Hordeum, 39.
Humirium, 217.
Humulus, 215.
Hura, 365.
Hyaciutbus, 217.
Hydrastis, 446.
Hymenaja, 131, 136.
Hymenophyllum, 174.
Hyoscyamus, 211.
Hypbaene, 192.
Hyssopus, 218.
IciCA, 92, 102, 163.
Ilex, 53, 213, 313, 406.
Illicium, 17.
Impatiens, 33, 417.
Indigofera, 220.
Inga, 202, 222.
Inocarpus, 111.
Inula, 163, 195.
Ipomoea, 88, 226, 275.
Iriartea, 347.
Iris, 179, 222, 303, 446.
Irvingia, 153.
Isatis, 441.
Jacaranda, 225.
Jacquinia, 58, 143.
Jasminum, 227.
Jateorliiza, 80.
Jatropha, 319, 392.
Jubaea, 131.
Juglans, 433, 434.
Juncus, 358.
Jungermannia, 249.
Juniperus, 99, 100, 230,
370.
Justicia, 284.
K^MPFERIA, 188.
Kalmia, 232.
Kigelia, 360.
Kingia, 199.
Knightia, 349.
Kokoona, 236.
Krameria, 349.
Lablab, 236.
Lachenalia, 140.
Lactuca, 243.
Lagenaria, 57, 439.
Lagerstromia, 55.
Lagetta, 238.
Laminaria, 183, 419.
Landolphia, 88.
Lansium, 239.
Larix, 239, 265, 423.
Larrea, 142.
Lastrtea, 171, 258.
Laurelia, 241, 369, 370.
Laurus, 240, 369, 387.
Lavandula, 241.
Lavatera, 259.
Lawsonia, 81.
Lecanora, 144, 266.
Lecythis, 368.
Ledum, 406.
Lens, 243.
Leonia, 3.
Leoutice, 247.
Leopoldinia, 320.
Lepidium, 142.
Lepidostacbys, 236.
Lepironia, 147.
Leptospermum, 407.
Lespedeza, 227.
Leucadendron, 379.
Leucaena, 42.
Lewisia, 51.
Liatris, 382.
Libocedrus, 8, 23, 234.
Licben, 266.
Licuala, 317.
Ligustrum, 437.
Liliuni, 245.
Limnantbemum, 182.
Limonia, 234.
Linociera, 357.
Linum, 177.
Liquidambar, 247, 394.
Liriodendron, 421.
Litbrffia,249 ; rcnd/or'Rh.ns.
Livistona, 74, 414.
Lodoicea, 124.
Loiseleuria, 29.
Lolium, 151, 207, 347. ;,
Lonicera, 442.
Lorantbus, 3.
Lotus, 194, 253.
Loxopterygium, 342.
Lucuma, 76, 268.
Lupinus, 254.
Lycium, 57.
Lycoperdon, 340.
Lycopersicum, 414.
Lycopodium, 121.
Lysiloma, 358.
Mach^rium, 225, 412.
Madura, 187, 303.
Macrochloa, 165.
Macrozamia, 449.
INDEX.
455
Madia, 255.
Magnolia, 255, 447.
Mahonia, 39.
Mallotus, 232.
Malpighia, 108.
Malva, 229, 259.
Mamillaria, 76.
Mammea, 261.
Mandragora, 262.
Mangifera, 263.
Manicaria, 69.
Manihot, 88, 96.
Maranta, 25.
Marasmius, 169.
Marcgravia, 225.
Marchantia, 249.
Marsdenia, 221.
Marsilea, 284.
Matisia, 115.
Mauritia, 92, 273.
Maximiliana, 226.
Medicago, 270.
Megarrhiza, 51.
Melaleuca, 56, 77, 407.
Melanorrhoea, 426.
Melhania, 162.
Melia, 42, 285.
Meliantlius, 214.
Melicocca, 214.
Melilotiis, 136, 271.
Melissa, 31.
Melocactus, 76, 271.
Mentha, 319, 387.
Menyanthes, 65, 182.
Merulius, 158.
Mesembryanthemum, 173,
218.
Mespilus, 271.
Mesua, 223.
Metrosideros, 7, 331, 347.
Metroxylon, 362.
Michelia, 105.
Mikania, 201.
Mimosa, 3, 216.
Mimulus, 280.
Mimusops, 139, 205.
Mirabilis, 269.
Monarda, 304, 406.
Monizia, 95.
Monstera, 275.
Moquilea, 337.
Mora, 275.
Morchella, 276.
Morinda, 4, 276.
Moronobea, 212.
Morus, 278.
Mi;cor, 278.
Mucorini, 185.
Mucuna, 139.
Muntingia, 78.
Murray a, 245.
Mnsa, 1, 164, 211, 329.
Mylitta, 61.
Myoporum, 366.
Myrica, 84, 384, 445.
Myristica, 289.
Myrospermum, 33.
Myrrhis, 109, 282.
Myrsine, 68.
Myrtus, 283.
Nandina, 359.
Narcissus, 148, 283, 420.
Nardostachys, 387.
Nartheciuni, 28.
Narthex, 25.
Nasturtium, 142.
Nauclea, 275.
Nectandra, 200, 289, 370,
439.
Nelumbium, 359.
Neottopteris, 49.
Nepenthes, 327.
Nephelium, 248.
Nerium, 296.
Nicotiana, 413.
Nigella, 169.
Nipa, 287.
Nitella, 106.
Nitraria, 253, 287.
Norantea, 225.
Nostoc, 391.
Notelsea, 223.
Nuphar, 435.
Nuytsia, 177.
Nymphea, 251, 435.
Nyssa, 421.
OCHROMA, 133.
Ocymum, 399.
Odontoglossum, 302.
CEnanthe, 139, 434.
ffinocarpus, 30.
CEnothera, 168.
Oidium, 164, 422, 430.
Oldenlandia, 106.
Oldfieldia, 407.
Olea, 53, 223, 297.
Omphalobium, 449.
Oncocarpus, 223.
Oncosperma, 286.
Onobrychis, 362.
Onopordon, 135.
Onosma, 256.
Ophelia, 113.
Ophiocaryon, 381.
Ophioglossum, 5.
Ophiorrhiza, 381.
Opoidia, 188.
Opopanax, 299.
Opuntia, 76, 219, 288.
Orchis, 302, 363.
Oreodaphne, 369.
Origanum, 268.
Onnosia, 42.
Ornithogalum, 27, 391.
Omus, 26.
Orobanche, 64, 345.
Oryza, 83, 351.
Ostrya, 215, 223.
Ouvirandra, 240.
Owenia, 386.
Oxalis, 296, 385.
Pachira, 378.
Pachyrhizus, 444.
Ppeonia, 317.
Paliurus, 115.
Panax, 193.
Pandanus, 372.
Panicum, 202, 272,
Papaver, 334.
Pappea, 439.
PapjTus, 312.
Parechites, 225.
Parinarium, 192.
Paritium, 41.
Parkia, 287.
Parkinsonia, 227.
Parmelia, 144.
Pamientiera, 84.
Paspalum, 273, 352.
Passiflora, 197, 314.
Pastinaca, 299, 313.
Paullinia, 201, 398, 412.
Pelargonium, 191.
Penea, 368.
Penicillium, 184, 431.
Pentaceros, 102.
Pentachlethra, 305.
Pentadesma, 72.
Pereskia, 76, 196.
Peronospora, 337, 422, 430.
Persea, 10, 83.
Petroselinnm, 313.
Peucedanum, 137, 386.
Peziza, 200.
Phalaiuopsis, 302.
Phalaris, 83.
Phallus, 393.
Phaseolus, 235, 371.
Phlebodinm, 78.
Phleum, 207, 412.
Phcenix, 76,151,306,307.
Phormium, 178.
Photiuia, 250.
Phragmites, 348.
Phyllocladus, 103, 402.
Phyllocor}'ne, 229.
Phyllostachys, 438.
Phylloxera, 430.
Physalis, 441.
Physocalymma, 421.
Physostignia, 77.
Phytelephas, 224.
Phytolacca, 331, 424.
456
IJ^DEX.
Picea, 31, 379, ,423.
Picraena, 342.
Pierardia, 346.
Pimenta, 10.
Pimpinella, 17.
Piuguicula, 72.
Pinus, 174, 181, 322, 372,
422, 442.
Piper, 47, 233, 270, 317.
Pistacia, 30, 203, 269, 325,
409.
Pistia, 43p.
Pisum, 315.
Pithecolobium, 383, 448.
Pittosporum, 58, 439.
Planera, 449,
Platanus, 73, 111, 328.
Platycerium, 390.
Plocaria, 104.
Plumbago, 242.
Plumieria, 180.
Poa, 207.
Podocarpus, 234, 417, 444,
446, 447.
Podophyllum, 270.
Pogostemon, 314.
Poiuciana, 179.
Poinsettia, 167.
Polianthes, 420.
Polyactis, 185.
Polygala, 382.
Polygonatum, 384.
Polygouum, 221.
Polypodium, 332.
Polyporus, 158, 191, 277,
412.
Polystichum, 78.
Polytriclium, 277.
Pomaderris, 130.
Ponganiia, 333.
Populus, 27, 136, 333, 440.
PorphjTa, 242.
Poterium, 69.
Praugos, 338.
Primula, 28, 140, 331,
338.
Pringlea, 74.
Prinos, 406, 441.
Prionium, 309.
Prosopis, 8, 9.
Protea, 214, 339.
Protococcus, 347.
Primus, 11, 20, 68, 240,
330, 336, 380.
Psidium, 201.
Psophocarpus, 194.
Psoralea, 41, 228, 337.
Psychotria, 222.
Pteris, 58, 171.
Pterocarpus, 204, 340, 356,
367.
Pteroxylon, 383.
Ptychosperma, fi.
Ptychotis, 7.
Puccinia, 214.
Pulmonaria, 253, 305.
Punica, ?32.
Puya, 341.
Pyrethrum, 172, 178.
Fyvns, 18, 20,27,316,375,
439.
QUADRIA, 29.
Quassia, 342.
Quercus, 133, 291, 295, 366,
440.
Quillaja, 343.
Rafflesia, 345.
Ramalina, 301.
Randia, 221.
Ranunculus, 320, 434.
Raphanus, 344.
Raphia, 230, 307.
Ravenala, 417.
Reseda, 272, 437.
Rliagodia, 363.
Rhamnus, 65, 156, 253.
Rheedia, 439.
Rheum, 350.
Rhinacanthus, 284.
Rhipsalis, 76.
Rhizomorpha, 185.
Rhizophora, 264.
Rhododendron, 177, 349.
Rhodomenia, 159.
Rhodorrhiza, 296.
Rhus, 187, 249, 397, 426,
437.
Rliynchosia, 43.
Rhynchospermum, 225.
Ribes, 145, 195.
Riccia, 249.
Richardia, 419.
Richardsonia, 122, 222.
Ricinus, 307.
Rivina, 54.
Robinia, 250, 355.
Rocella, 90, 301.
Rollinia, 239.
Rosa, 353.
Rosmarinus, 356.
Rottlera, 232.
Roupellia, 141.
Rubia, 254.
Rubus, 60, 346.
Rnellia, 353.
Rumex, 155, 212, 351, 385.
Ruscus, 7b.
Ruta, 357.
Sabal, 308, 410.
Saccharum, 396.
Saccolabium, 302.
Sagittaria, 24.
Saguerus, 307.
Sagus, 224, 362.
Salacia, 415.
Salicornia, 193.
Salisburia, 257.
Salix, 304, 363, 439, 440,
441.
Salsola, 193, 364.
Salvadora,' 281,
Salvia, 112, 361.
Sambucus, 150, 162.
Sangiiinaria, 55.
Sanguisorba, 69.
Sanseviera, 210. '^
Santalura, 43, 342, 365.
Sapindus, 383.
Saponaria, 384.
Sapota, 68, 284.
Sarcocephalus, 316.
Sargassum, 202.
Sarracenia, 377.
Sassafras, 363, 369.
Satureia, 370.
"Sauvagesia, 212.
Saxifraga, 44, 250.
Schinus, 269, 275.
Schistostegia, 277.
Schleichera, 237.
Scilla, 389.
Scirpus, 6S.
Scorzonera, 371.
Seaforthia, 74.
Secale, 358.
Sechium, 113.
Selaginella, 349.
Semecarpus, 268.
Sempervivum, 216.
Senecio, 200.
Sequoia, 261, 348,
Serjania, 412.
Sesamum, 193, 375,
Sesbania, 150.
Shepherdia, 67.
Shorea, 363.
Sideroxylon, 223.
Silphium, 129.
Simaba, 102.
Simaruba, 342.
Sinapsis, 280, 281.
Slum, 379, 436.
Srailax, 94, 113, 36S, 406.
Smyrnium, 8.
Soja, 386.
Solanum, 52, 85, 162, 336,
431.
Solenostemma, 24.
Solidago, 195.
Souneratia, 232.
Sophora, 3S5.
Sorghum, 63, 202, 272.
Soymida, 257.
INDEX.
457
Spartiura, 63, 187, 344.
Sphseria, 186.
Sphagnum, 277.
Spigelia, 443.
Spinacia, 388.
Spir«a, 389.
Spodiopogon, 68,
Spondias, 213, 304.
Stachytarpheta, 407.
Stadtmannia, 222.
Stanhopea, 302.
Stapelia, 94.
Staphylea, 53.
Statice, 241, 411.
Steenhammara, 305.
Sterculia, 57, 177.
Sticta, 253.
Stillingia, 401.
Stipa, 169.
Strelitzia, 395.
Strychnos, 119, 290, 383,
425.
Styrax, 47, 393.
Swartzia, 310.
Swietenia, 256.
Symphonia, 212.
Symphoricarpus, 383.
Symphytum, 129.
Syraplocarpus, 380.
Symplocos, 250.
Syncarpia, 423.
Syringa, 244.
Tabern^montana, 138.
Tacca, 105, 319.
Tamarindus, 401.
Tamarix, 265, 401, 402.
Tamus, 64.
Tanacetum, 402.
Tanghinia, 303.
Taraxacum, 150.
Tarchonanthus, 178.
Tasmannia, 319.
Taxodium, 147.
Taxus, 447.
Tecoma, 58.
Tectona, 408.
Telopea, 434.
Tephrosia, 220.
Terminalia, 282.
Testudinaria, 416.
Tetracera, 436.
Tetragouia, 388.
Teucriuiu, 411.
Thapsia, 25, 94, 190.
Thea, 404.
Thelephora, 158.
Theobroma, 114.
Thrinax, 410.
Thuja, 22, 101, 367.
Thymus, 411.
Tilia, 41, 246.
Tillandsia, 277.
Tinospora, 189,
Toluifera, 34.
Tontelea, 415.
Torreya, 290.
Torrubia, 186.
Torula, 445.
Trachylobiura, 131.
Tradescantia, 387«
Tragopogon, 364.
Trapa, 111.
Treculia, 62.
Tribulus, 79.
Trichcosanthes, 381.
Trichilia, 357.
Trichomanes, 174.
Trifolium, 121.
Trigonella, 170.
Tripsacum, 67.
Tristania, 423.
Triticum, 319, 387, 394,
438.
Tropa^olum, 83, 142.
Tuber, 418.
Tulipa, 420.
Tussilago, 128.
Typha, 68, 348.
Ulex, 187.
Ulmus, 163, 285.
Ulva, 242.
Umbilicaria, 418.
Uncaria, 189.
Urania, 395, 417.
Urceola, 88.
Urtica, 211, 285, 286.
Usnea, 418.
Ustilago, 380.
Uvaria, 239.
Vaccinium, 48, 141, 217.
Valeriana, 387, 425.
Vanda, 302.
Vanilla, 425.
Valeria, 131.
Vepris, 223.
Veratrum, 209.
Verbascum, 278.
Verbena, 428.
Vernonia, 235.
Viburnum, 202,
Vicia, 403.
Victoria, 428.
Vigna, 114.
Viola, 431.
Virgilia, 446.
Viscum, 274.
Vismia, 190, 275.
Vitex, 341, 408.
Vitis, 52, 429.
Voandzeia, 161<
Vochysia, 130.
Wellingtonia, 261.
Welwitschia, 437.
Willughbeia, 88.
Wrightia, 221, 305.
Xanthium, 69.
Xanthorrhoea, 199.
Xanthoxylon, 188, 212,
318, 415, 446.
Xirnenia, 366.
Xylia, 222.
Xylomelum, 443.
Xylopia, 202, 318.
Yucca, 5, 157.
Zamano, 448.
Zamia, 76, 362, 448.
Zanthorhiza, 446.
Zasmidium, 185.
Zea, 257.
Zingiber, 192.
Zizania, 83.
Zizyphus, 115, 229.
Zostera, 200.
Zygophyllum, 43.
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