U.S-Arm
Coast Ens. an Ctr.
MR 78-3
(AD -A062. OLS)
Ecological Effects of an Artifical Island,
Rincon Island, Punta Gorda, California
by
G.F. Johnson and L.A. deWit
MISCELLANEOUS REPORT NO. 78-3
SEPTEMBER 1978
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The findings in this report are not to be construed as an official
Department of the Army position unless so designated by other
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un
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REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE sea Se nates
T. REPORT NUMBER 2. GOVT ACCESSION NO.| 3. RECIPIENT'S CATALOG NUMBER
MR 78-3
4. TITLE (and Subtitle) a re = 5. TYPE OF REPORT & PERIOD COVERED
ECOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF AN ARTIFICIAL ISLAND,
RINCON ISLAND, PUNTA GORDA, CALIFORNIA Miscellaneous Report
6. PERFORMING ORG. REPORT NUMBER
7. AUTHOR(a) B. CONTRACT OR GRANT NUMBER(4)
G.F. Johnson
L.A. deWit DACW 72-76-C-0011
9. PERFORMING-ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS 10. PROGRAM ELEMENT, PROJECT, TASK
Dame = & Moore Vas AREA & WORK UNIT NUMBERS
—Dame
C _1100.Greendon Avenue G31532
Los Angeles, California 90024
11. CONTROLLING OFFICE NAME AND ADDRESS 12. REPORT DATE
Coastal Engineering Research Center 13. NUMBER OF PAGES
Kingman Building, Fort Belvoir, Virginia 22060
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16. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT (of thia Report)
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18. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
19. KEY WORDS (Continue on reverse side if necessary and identify by block number)
Artificial island Microecosystem
Bottom sediment Punta Gorda, California
Ecological effects Rincon Island
20. ABSTRACT (Continue om reverse sida if neceasary and identity by block number) ‘
This study documents marine ecological conditions at Rincon Island,
located approximately 0.8 kilometer offshore between Ventura and Santa
Barbara, California, in a depth of 14 meters. The island, which was con-
structed between 1957 and 1958 to serve as a permanent platform for oil and
gas production, is particularly suitable for ecological study. Habitat fea-
tures associated with the armor rock and concrete tetrapods surrounding the
island support a "microecosystem' which differs. in biotic composition from
surrounding natural bottom areas. (continued)
FORM
DD . jan 73 1473 —- EDrTIon OF 1 Nov 65 1S OBSOLETE UNCLASSIFIED
SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE (When Data Entered) /
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SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE(When Data Entered)
Major associations of macrobiota (organisms >1 millimeter in size) were
distinguished on the basis of cooccurrences of conspicuously dominant organ-
isms. Thirteen major associations, covering various parts of the island
between the upper intertidal zone and shell debris or natural bottom at the
foot of the rock revetments, were defined. The boundaries of each of the
major associations and certain questionable or transition zones were mapped
over the entire island. These associations were further characterized by
extensive measurements of biomass and abundance of macrobiota occurring in
quadrats placed according to a stratified random sampling scheme. Using
these data, statistically based comparisons of biotic character were made
between certain transition areas and definite associations. In some cases,
questionable associations were lumped together.
A major part of the study was devoted to analysis of seasonal dynamics
in biotic composition. Permanent transects extending from the high inter-
tidal to natural bottom were established normal to each of the four cardinal
sides of the island. All macrobiota were censused in duplicate 1-square
meter quadrats along each transect during each of the four seasons. Data
analysis indicated that many species exhibit significant variability in
abundance from one season to the next.
Other studies included a gill net survey of fish fauna, mapping of
mussel "talus" beds at the base of the island, and a survey of biota along
a natural bottom transect between the island and shore.
In general, the findings indicate a rich and varied fauna and flora
associated with the high-relief solid substrate of Rincon Island which
differs substantially from the more depauperate natural bottom habitats
in the area.
2 UNCLASSIFIED
SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE(When Data Entered)
PREFACE
The U.S. Army Coastal Engineering Research Center (CERC) conducts
and sponsors research to provide definitive information on the ecological
impacts of constructing coastal structures such as groins, jetties,
breakwaters, and islands. Rincon Island, Punta Gorda, California, was
the first major artificial island to be constructed with full ocean ©
exposure. This report describes an 18-month study sponsored by CERC to
examine ecological effects of construction of Rincon Island (CERC Con-
tract No. DACW 72-76-C-0011).
The report was prepared by G.F. Johnson, Project Marine Ecologist,
and L.A. deWit, Staff Marine Ecologist, with supervision provided by Dr.
B.A. Wales, Principal-in-Charge; all of Dames §& Moore, Consultants in
the Environmental and Applied Earth Sciences, Los Angeles, California.
Professor W.L. Brisby of Moorpark College, Moorpark, California, partici-
pated in the fieldwork and provided valuable consultation and review.
Special recognition is due to the following students of Professor
Brisby, who were responsible for a major part of the field data acquisi-
tion: G. Wilson, D. Ospenson, D. Rasmussen, and R. Dawson. The authors
gratefully acknowledge the interest in the project and valuable assist-
ance provided by Dr. J. Siva, J. Hundley, C. Miller, and R. Carlson, all
of Atlantic Richfield Corporation.
Marine Ecological Consultants, Inc. of Solana Beach, California,
were subcontractors for taxonomic work. Dr. K.R. Critchlow of Dames §&
Moore assisted during two of the seasonal surveys of permanent transects.
Dr. R.A. Park III, Professor of Geology and Ecosystem Analysis, Renssalaer
Polytechnic Institute, directed an analysis of data using an R-mode
cluster analysis computer program.
A.K. Hurme of the CERC Coastal Ecology Branch was the technical
monitor for this contract under the general supervision of E.J. Pullen,
Chief, Coastal Ecology Branch.
Comments on this publication are invited.
Approved for publication in accordance with Public Law 166, 79th
Congress, approved 31 July 1945, as supplemented by Public Law 172,
88th Congress, approved 7 November 1963.
OHN H. COUSINS
Colonel, Corps of Engineers
Commander and Director
IV
V
VI
APPENDIX
A
CONTENTS
CONVERSION FACTORS, U.S. CUSTOMARY TO METRIC (SI).
INTRODUCTION .
POW ACIE ASIFIMUUING Ss 5 o G-6 6
PREVIOUS SREEATED SHUDEESMcecene aes
1. General Studies of Artificial Heibatexe.
2. Previous Studies at Rincon Island.
SHON WIENUCOISS so Glo 5 6 6 oo 6 656 Go
Ho, Geiveraits 6 oo 6 6
2. Reconnaissance Dies
3. Talus Bed Measurements
4, Seasonal Survey of Permanent TRANSCCES
5. Mapping of Major Species Associations.
6
7
8
- Quantitative Characterization of Species Acsockasions.
. Natural Bottom Survey.
- Gill Net Surveys
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION .
1. General. 3/0
2. Volume and Dinensdons of Talus Bedel
3. Analysis of Seasonal Data from Permanent Tansee
4. Distribution of Major Species Associations
5. Quantitative Characteristics of Major Species
Associations.
6. Gill Net Survey RoswiEs.
7. Natural Bottom Survey Results.
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS.
LITERATURE CITED .
DETAILED METHODOLOGY .
SUMMARY DATA, SURVEY OF PERMANENT SEASONAL TRANSECTS .
R-MODE DENDROGRAMS AND BOUNDARIES OF PRELIMINARY SPECIES
ASSOCIATIONS . dep By wy Lolooswosntal Yo
SUMMARY DATA, QUANTITATIVE CHARACTERIZATION OF MAJOR
SPECIES ASSOCIATIONS . OB uor we seb tes Jom Jo
OBSERVATIONS ALONG NATURAL BOTTOM TRANSECT .
SIEVE ANALYSIS OF NATURAL BOTTOM SEDIMENT SAMPLES.
GLOSSARY .
Page
101
103
107
Ss e &
14
15
16
LY
18
19
20
21
CONTENTS--Continued
TABLES
Master species list for Rincon Island.
Seasonal transect data summary
Gill net catch per hour at Rincon Island .
Biota of natural bottom sediment samples
FIGURES
Aerial photograph of Rincon Island, spring 1977.
Local bathymetry of Rincon Island.
Locations of permanent seasonal transects, gill nets, natural
bottom transect, and sediment grab sampling stations.
Structrue of permanent seasonal transects.
North-side talus bed and armor rock measurements
West-side talus bed and armor rock measurements.
South-side talus bed and armor rock measurements
East-side talus bed and armor rock measurements.
Major species associations, northwest quadrant
Major species associations, southwest quadrant
Major species associations, southeast quadrant
Major species associations, northeast quadrant
Seasonal overview of distribution of major species associations
and substrate character, north-side permanent transect.
Seasonal overview of distribution of major species associations
and substrate character, west-side permanent transect
Seasonal overview of distribution of major species associations
and substrate character, south-side permanent transect.
Seasonal overview of distribution of major species associations
and substrate character, east-side permanent transect
Vertical distribution for dominant biota, north side
Vertical distribution for dominant biota, west side.
Vertical distribution for dominant biota, south side
Vertical distribution for dominant biota, east side.
Dominant biota and substrate type along natural bottom transect.
Page
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
59
CONVERSION FACTORS, U.S. CUSTOMARY TO METRIC (SI)
UNITS OF MEASUREMENT
U.S. customary units of measurement used in this report can be converted
to metric (SI) units as follows:
Multiply by To obtain
inches 25.4 millimeters
2.54 centimeters
square inches 6.452 square centimeters
cubic inches 16.39 cubic centimeters
feet 30.48 centimeters
0.3048 meters
square feet 0.0929 square meters
cubic feet 0.0283 cubic meters
yards 0.9144 meters
square yards 0.836 square meters
cubic yards 0.7646 cubic meters
miles 1.6093 kilometers
square miles 259.0 hectares
knots 1.852 kilometers per hour
acres 0.4047 hectares
foot-pounds 1.3558 newton meters
millibars NOI 83 IOe kilograms per square centimeter
ounces 28.35 grams
pounds 453.6 grams
0.4536 kilograms
ton, long 1.0160 metric tons
ton, short 0.9072 metric tons
degrees (angle) 0.01745 radians
Fahrenheit degrees 5/9 Celsius degrees or Kelvins!
1To obtain at aie (C) temperature readings from Fahrenheit (F) seaginesy
use formula:
To obtain Kelvin (kK) readings,
= (6/9) @ -82))o
use formula:
= (6/9) | - 32) + 273.15.
ECOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF AN ARTIFICIAL ISLAND
Rincon Island, Punta Gorda, California
by
G.F. Johnson and L.A. dewit
I. INTRODUCTION
Several studies on the ecological effects of the addition of
artificial substrate in a nearshore coastal marine environment have
been conducted in the past. The California Department of Fish and
Game, for example, has made detailed studies at oil platforms and in
areas where artificial reefs composed of streetcars, old car bodies,
concrete cubicles, and riprap have been established (Carlisle, Turner,
and Ebert; 1964; Turner, Ebert, and Given, 1969).
In general, these studies conclude that the habitat features
created by the addition of solid substrate are beneficial to the
local ecosystem, especially in areas where such substrate is limited.
In time, communities of organisms develop which usually support more
species. than the sedimentary habitat that existed before the addition
of hard, high-relief substrate. The biomass of the encrusting flora
and fauna is an important food source for species of recreational,
commercial, or aesthetic value which would otherwise not populate the
area. In addition, physical characteristics of the solid substratum,
such as crevices and vertical relief in an otherwise featureless
bottom, attract a variety of fishes.
The armor rock revetments of Rincon Island represent a signifi-
cant addition of solid substratum to the local nearshore marine envi-
ronment which has contributed to an enhancement in the richness of
local marine communities (Carlisle, Turner, and Ebert, 1964; Brisby's
Biota Appendix in Keith and Skjei, 1974). Although observations on
Rincon Island's marine life have been made since these studies, no
comprehensive delineation of major habitats nor detailed character-
ization of communities extant at any one time or on a seasonal basis
has been done. This study was undertaken with the recognition that
this information would be valuable in understanding the ecological
consequences of artificial island construction. The objectives of
the study were to:
(a) Delineate, map, and quantitatively characterize major
species associations around Rincon Island, and compare
these with the biota of the natural bottom between the
island and shore;
(b) document the morphology and volume of the beds of shell
debris lying along the flanks of each of the four cardinal
sides of the island;
(c) establish permanent transects on each side of the island
and survey major benthic organisms along these transects
on a seasonal basis, documenting changes in biotic compo-
sition and habitat character; and
(d) conduct a gill net survey of the fish on each side of the
island; and
(e) expand the existing species list of the area.
II. PROJECT SETTING
Rincon Island is located in the Santa Barbara Channel approxi-
mately midway between the cities of Santa Barbara and Ventura,
California. The island is about 0.8 kilometer off Punta Gorda in
about 14 meters of water, and is connected to the mainland by a
causeway (Fig. 1). The extreme tidal range at the island is 3.05
meters. Mean sea level (MSL) lies 0.79 meter above mean lower low
water (MLLW). The island covers about 0.026 square kilometer of
ocean floor and the area above MLLW is approximately 0.013 square
kilometer.
The island is constructed of rock revetments containing sandfill.
It was constructed in stages between February 1957 and September
1958, using many types and gradations of quarry rock. The most
exposed face (west side) is protected with 1,130 concrete tetrapods,
each weighing about 31,000 kilograms. The general shape of the is-
land and the local bathymetry are shown in Figure 2 (Dames § Moore,
1974). Bottom conditions vary uniformly throughout the area (Blume
and Keith, 1959). The sediment consists of siity sand ranging into
sandy silt with a thickness ranging from 4.3 to 7.6 meters. It
overlies a geologically recent shale or "siltstone" formation.
Average bottom slope is 3 percent.
Details of the construction and engineering considerations in
the design of Rincon Island are summarized in Keith and Skjei (1974)
and Blume and Keith (1959).
III. PREVIOUS RELATED STUDIES
i General Studies of Artificial Reef Habitat.
The value of artificial structures for attracting marine fishes
was the subject of many papers presented at an International Arti-
ficial Reef Conference, cosponsored by Texas A&M University, the
Texas Coastal and Marine Council, and the National Marine Fisheries
Service (Colunga and Stone, 1974). The fish-attracting properties of
nearshore artificial reefs composed of tires, car bodies, and riprap
on the gulf and Atlantic coasts have been documented by Buchanan
(1972), Stone (1972, 1973); Stone, Buchanan, and Parker (1973);
and Stone, Buchanan, and Steimle (1974). The latter investigators
reported an increase in the fish-carrying capacity of an area 300 to
1,800 times that of the open bottom before reef construction.
Figure 1. Aerial photograph of Rincon Island, spring 1977.
100 METERS
KEY:
=== APPROXIMATE LOCATION OF RUBBLE=HOUND TOE
= BATHYMETRIC CONTOURS IN FEET BELOW MLLW
Figure 2. Local bathymetry of Rincon Island
(from Dames § Moore, 1974).
Studies of artificial substrate properties affecting fish attrac-
tion and ecological succession in southern California were reported
by Carlisle, Turner, and Ebert (1964), Turner, Ebert, and Given
(1969), and Fager (1971). Carlisle, Turner, and Ebert (1964) con-
ducted visual surveys of biota in bottom areas before and after
artificial reef establishment, noting that fishes were attracted
within hours of reef construction. Carlisle, Turner, and Ebert
(1964) also made ecological observations at a number of offshore oil
installations, including Rincon Island. They concluded that these
sites exhibited similar attractions for fish and, more generally,
that "habitat changes brought about by establishing offshore oil-
drilling installations were generally beneficial to the flora and
fauna."
Results of a 4-year study of various aspects of manmade reef
ecosystems and optimal materials for reef construction, conducted by
the California Department of Fish and Game, were published by Turner,
Ebert, and Given (1969). Of four types of reef construction mate-
rials evaluated, quarry rock was judged optimal on the basis of
practicalities of cost and handling, fish attraction (although con-
crete shelters were better in this regard), and minimal sediment
disturbance. More than 200 invertebrate taxa were recorded during
the study. Succession on the newly established reefs proceeded from
an initial barnacle-hydroid phase, into a mollusk-polychaete assem-
blage, to an ascidian-sponge stage, and finally a stage characterized
by the presence of abundant encrusting ectoprocts (moss animals).
Aggregate anemones, gorgonians, and stony corals appeared in later
stages. Approximately 5 years was required for successional change
to cease on these artificial reefs.
Drs Previous Studies of Rincon Island.
The California Department of Fish and Game biologists made an
initial survey of Rincon Island in July 1958, 18 months after con-
struction of the island began (Carlisle, Turner, and Ebert, 1964).
They conducted 26 observational dives over the period, August 1958 to
December 1960. Despite many fluctuations, possibly due to water
clarity or incoming year classes of fishes, an overall upward trend
in fish populations was observed. Toward the end of the survey
period the biota of the island had the appearance of ''a well-balanced
animal community.'' Fifty-three species of fish belonging to 44
genera in 22 families were observed during this study. About 97
percent of the fish fauna belonged to the following groups: silver-
Side, (Atherinidae), surfperch (Embiotocidae), sea bass (Serranidae),
damselfish (Pomocentridae), rockfish (Scorpaenidae), and halfmoon
(Scorpidae). The biologists noted populations of large, active
fishes in turbulent waters along the west (seaward) side of the
island, sedentary forms such as sculpin (Cottidae), and rockfish
occupying Spaces among the rocks, and the young of many species
(especially keip bass (Paralabrax clathratus), blacksmith (Chromis
punctipinnis), and species of surfperch and rockfish) apparently
using the kelp beds in the lee of the island as nursery grounds.
Approximately 54 months after island construction, the inverte-
brate fauna and algae were surveyed along a transect on the east
(lee) side of the island by sampling a 0.09-square meter area at each
3.05-meter depth interval, This sampling was augmented with
numerous diving observations. The results of the survey are sum-
marized in Appendix H of Carlisle, Turner, and Ebert (1964). Rela-
tively high densities and a pronounced vertical zonation in major
taxonomic groups were apparent.
The work of the California Department of Fish and Game biolo-
gists provided an idea of the pattern of early colonization for
Rincon Island. Brisby's Biota Appendix in Keith and Skjei (1974)
provided valuable insight into the contrast between ecological con-
ditions associated with the island and those of the natural bottom at
the site of the island before its construction. Brisby knew the area
before construction, and has had an arrangement with the Atlantic
Richfield Company to use the island since its construction as a field
station for educational purposes. His study methods involved use of
scuba techniques, surface craft, mechanical collecting gear (includ-
ing Peterson grabs, dredges, trawls, traps, and other fishing gear),
and underwater photography. Brisby's conclusions provide a basic
introduction to the island's ecology.
In summary, Brisby found that with construction of the island,
the area developed from a biologically depauperate condition into a
mature and balanced reef. Before construction, only 14 species of
benthic fish were observed. After establishment of a "climax" com-
munity on the island, 298 species, representing all major marine
phyla, were recorded. Ecological characteristics were somewhat
different on each of the four sides of the island, owing to differ-
ences in degree of exposure to waves and currents. High water tur-
bidity typified conditions on the landward side of the island. The
seaward side was reported to be particularly rich in life. The other
two sides were observed to provide an intermediate environment and
each, because of differences in exposure, had a somewhat different
ecology. "Talus slopes" of mollusk shells were observed along the
bases of the three seaward sides.
IV. STUDY METHODS
ihe General.
This study was divided into five major subtasks. Detailed
information on specific methodologies is provided in Appendix A.
2 Reconnaissance Dives.
The first subtask involved reconnaissance dives by two diver
biologists to make a preliminary survey of major species associations
around the island. A limited amount of randomly placed quadrat
sampling was done to determine variability in densities of biota. .
So Talus Bed Measurements.
The second subtask was to calculate the volume of the mounds of
mollusk shells and shell fragments at the base of the rock revetments
around the island (shell "talus''). The dimensions of the talus beds
were determined and volumes of shell debris in the beds along each of
the four cardinal sides were estimated.
Dimensions of the shell talus beds were determined by the follow-
ing method. Divers swam along each of the cardinal sides of the is-
land, noting significant changes in the morphology of the talus bed
(i.e., changes in slope or upper and lower margin). Where such
changes occurred, the distance between the upper and lower margins
was measured using a steel tape. Depths of the upper and lower
margins were also recorded to +0.2 meter. Cross-sectional geometry
of the talus bed at each measurement point was determined from the
distance from the waterline, water depth, and slope of the rock revet-
ment. These cross sections were plotted on base charts for each of
the four cardinal sides. The volume of the accumulated shell mate-
rial along each side of the island was then estimated. Boundaries of
the talus beds were charted.
4. Seasonal Survey of Permanent Transects.
The third subtask was to survey permanent transects on the island
to determine seasonal variability in densities of macrobiota. Transects,
extending from the upper limit of the wave splash zone to the limit of
the island's influence on the bottom, were established on the four car-
dinal sides of the island (Fig. 3). These transects were surveyed dur-
ing each season for 1 year (see App. B for a summary of the data).
Heavy stakes of steel angle iron marked the upper and lower
limits of each transect. A single stake was anchored in the armor
rock above the splash zone on each side of the island, marking the
upper limit of the transect. Three identical stakes were driven into
the natural bottom sediment near the seaward margin of the talus bed,
and were alined parallel to each side. The three stakes were con-
nected with 0.6-centimeter-diameter polyethylene line and floats were
attached to each stake to facilitate locating them during conditions
of restricted visibility (Fig. 4).
A nylon line marked off in 1-meter increments, was used as the
transect line. During each survey, one end of the transect line was
13
Yo-
Se
WEST SIDE TRANSECT
‘
‘ APPROXIMATE TOE OF REVETMENT
%O e : PPROXIM ae
1
! APPROXIMATE MLLW LINE
‘ 1
94° 21 00
S10E
TRANSECT
“ok. =)
\ ae) oe
TRANSECT
9
NOE a Aaa)
© PERMANENT SEASONAL SURVEY TRANSECT
bs) GILL NET LOCATIONS
9 —— NATURAL BOTTOM TRANSECT
= @ SEDIMENT GRAB SAMPLE STATION
{o) 50 , 100 M
Figure 3.
Locations of permanent seasonal transects, gill nets, natural
bottom transect, and sediment grab sampling stations.
(Depth contours in feet below MLLW.)
STEEL STAKE LODGED
IN ROCKS ABOVE WATER
WATERLINE
TRANSECT LINE
(REMOVED BETWEEN SURVEYS)
POLYPROPYLENE LINE
MARKER FLOATS
X-SECTION THROUGH
ISLAND REVETMENT
1.5-M STEEL STAKES DRIVEN INTO BOTTOM
Figure 4. Structure of permanent seasonal survey transects.
attached to the upper (splash zone) marker stake and the other end
was attached to the center stake on the bottom. This ensured exami-
nation of the same area on each side during the four seasonal sur-
veys. Divers carrying 1-square meter quadrats, underwater clip-
boards, and plastic collecting bags swam the transect lines, re-
cording data on densities of all species of macrobiota (in duplicate.
samples) at l-meter increments.
Seasonal density values were recorded as percent of unit area
covered for algae and encrusting colonial animals or as number per
unit area for species for which individuals could be counted. Cer-
tain species (e.g., Serpulorbis squamigerus, the scaled worm shell)
were recorded for both numbers of individuals and percent coverage.
Species of uncertain identity were collected, making notation of
the quadrat number from which they were collected, and later identi-
fied. Each transect was photographed using an underwater camera.
The marker stakes remained intact during the entire year of sur-
vey. They were located on each sampling trip except one on the north
side of the island. Extreme water turbidity precluded attachment of
the transect line to the bottom marker. In this case, the transect
was repeated by placing the line on structures (including a submerged
pipeline) recognized from previous surveys.
The same two diver biologists recorded the data on each seasonal
survey with the exception of the north side during the summer (August
1976) and the west side during the winter (February 1977) surveys,
when another diver was used. Heavy surf prevented collection of
complete data on the west-side transect during the fall (November
1976) and winter (February-March 1977). Data were not collected in
the upper zone during either of these two seasons.
All data were transcribed from the field sheets to data tables
which listed densities of both plants and animals in each quadrat.
Fifty-four of the more common species were analyzed for seasonal
abundance. Details of the methods used in the analyses of the perma-
nent transect data for significant seasonal differences in species
densities are provided in Subsection 2 of Appendix A.
S. Mapping of Major Species Associations.
The fourth subtask was to chart the distribution of major species
associations over all submerged parts of the island. A series of
charts was prepared depicting the boundaries of major species associ-
ations and the spatial disposition of these associations, accurate to
+0.2 meter in depth and +0.3 meter in horizontal distance from perma-
nent reference points on the island. This phase of the work required
identification of faunal and floral associations on the basis of sub-
strate character and recurrent groups of species that were conspicu-
ous by virtue of size, abundance, or biomass.
16
Initial identification of major species associations was based
on subjective judgment developed during reconnaissance and permanent
transect diving. These preliminary identifications were corroborated
by computer analysis of the field data. An R-mode cluster analysis
program (unweighted pair-group arithmetic average clustering method
(UPGMA) as described by Sneath and Sokal, 1973) was used. Input data
consisted of presence-absence designations for all species encoun-
tered in each 1-square meter quadrat from the east and north sides
for the summer (August) and fall (November) seasonal surveys.
The program generates a matrix of similarity for all species.
A CALCOMP plotter program was used to generate dendrograms showing
the aggregate hierarchical classification among species (see App. C).
On the basis of this information, 13 tentative species associations
were identified.
Measurements were made to the boundaries of the various species
associations from fixed reference points around the island. Depths
(referenced to MLLW) and distances were recorded at transition zones
or boundaries. between associations. These measurements were taken
along transects located at 10-meter intervals around the island (5-
meter intervals were used around the four corners of the island to
assure adequate radial coverage). The starting point for each tran-
sect was the upper boundary of the barnacle-limpet zone. In plotting
the data, boundaries of associations were extrapolated between transect
lines to depict the distributions of the associations. Actual dis-
tances were plotted on a base chart of the island. Boundaries of the
talus beds, measured during the fourth subtask, were also plotted on
this chart. The actual distances were then trigonometrically recti-
fied for plan view plotting according to the methodology in Appendix
AVS):
Areas covered by each species association were determined by
cutting out the associations on the base chart (before trigonometric
rectification), weighing the pieces from each association on a
Mettler analytical balance to a precision of +0.001 gram, and calcu-
lating the percent each association represents of the total area of
the island bounded by the upper limit of the barnacle-limpet zone and
the lower limit of rock on the bottom.
6. Quantitative Characterization of Species Associations.
The fifth subtask involved quantitative characterization of the
species associations. Biomass and densities of macrobiota around the
island were measured. Analysis of these data provided the rationale
for separating or combining associations lying adjacent to one
another or on different sides of the island.
Densities and biomass of macrobiota within the associations were
determined using randomly placed sample quadrats. Quadrats used in
all associations except those in the upper intertidal were of 0.25-
square meter size. Duplicate 0.01-square meter quadrats were used in
the upper zones. Numbers drawn from a random numbers table, equating
to vertical and horizontal distances from permanent points on the ‘is-
land, were used in locating the sampling quadrats.
Divers measured the distances with an underwater steel tape and
then, looking away from the bottom, released the quadrat about 1
meter above the bottom. This minimized sampling bias. If the
quadrat came to lie in or over a crevice between rocks, it was re-
leased a second time. ;
The depth of the quadrat and time of sampling were recorded and
the area within the quadrat was photographed. A record was made of
the densities of each species within the quadrat (numbers or percent
coverage). Large organisms less than 50 percent enclosed within the
quadrat boundaries were not recorded. All detachable macrobiota were
removed and placed in labeled plastic bags for subsequent biomass
measurement. The contents of each collecting bag were wet-blotted
and weighed on a triple-beam balance (precision approximately +0.2
gram). Wet weights were recorded for each species. ¥
To develop biomass data on organisms that are permanently at-
tached to the substrate, measured areas were scraped by a diver using
a steel chisel and hammer. The removed fragments were collected,
using a specially designed slurp gun, fitted with a collecting cham-
ber lined with Nitex plankton netting of 333-micrometer mesh size.
Contents of the collecting chamber were subsequently weighed as
described above.
All raw data (numbers, percent coverage, and wet weight for each
species) were tabulated for each quadrat. Tables were arranged in
columnar form with species categories across the top and quadrat
numbers along the left-hand margin. Quadrats were grouped according
to the association and the sampling locations. Quadrats within tran-
sition zones and from apparently similar associations on different
sides of the island were separated to facilitate testing against
"typel association quadrats (those lying well within the boundaries
of distinct associations). These quadrats were then either combined
with or separated from type associations.
This method of tabulation permitted calculation of summary sta-
tistics for all species in each association which in turn facilitated
intercomparison of the characteristics of these associations. The
following summary statistics were calculated: Frequency (ratio of
number of quadrats of occurrence to number of quadrats sampled in
each group); mean abundance and 95-percent confidence limits for the
mean abundance; and average weight per individual (or per 100-square
18
centimeter coverage for species whose densities were estimated as
percent coverage).
Comparison of summary statistics on biomass and densities per-
mitted separation of associations in a subjective manner for the
intertidal associations (down to and including the macrophytic algae
zone). However, this approach was too arbitrary when it came to
identifying possible differences between similar associations on
different sides of the island or between associations grading into
one another on the same side. For these instances, a more rigorous
statistical test was necessary. Application of parametric statistical
tests requires that the data be normally distributed. This was not
the case for most of the data collected during quantitative sampling.
Also, it is unlikely that data transformation could be effectively
used to normalize the data. The nonparametric Wilcoxon "'t"' test
(Tate and Clelland, 1957) was applied to test differences between
densities of selected dominant species within potentially similar
associations and between dissimilar associations. An association on
the north side, which is dominated by the encrusting coralline alga,
Lithothamnium-Lithophyllum complex, was selected as the type associ-
ation against which most other associations were tested.
Uke Natural Bottom Survey.
In addition to the above subtasks, ecological conditions in
nearby natural bottom habitats were investigated. This information
was to aid in interpreting the ecological changes induced by the
presence of the island.
The composition of the epibenthic macrobiota (plants and animals)
on or just above the surface of the sediment or rock on the natural
bottom between the island and shore was surveyed along a transect lo-
cated away from the influence of the island and causeway (Fig. 3).
The transect survey was completed in two segments. The first segment,
over a depth of 13.7 meters MLLW near the island to a depth 6.1
meters MLLW toward shore, was surveyed by divers using Farallon
underwater propulsion units. The second segment, extending from
shore to the 6.1-meter MLLW depth, was surveyed by divers entering
through the surf and swimming offshore. Triplicate sediment samples
for infauna (animals inhabiting the sediments) were taken at the
outer terminus of the.transect at a 13.7-meter depth and at a point
midway in the transect at a depth of 10.7 meters MLLW (Fig.3). The
samples were collected by pushing 3.13-liter lidless coffee cans into
the sediment and carefully sealing both ends of the cylinder with
plastic caps. Samples for grain-size analysis were collected by
pushing 0.2-liter jars 10 centimeters into the sediment. Infaunal
samples were sieved through 1-millimeter sieve screens and preserved
for later taxonomic analysis.
8. Gill Net Survey.
A gill net survey was conducted on 15 and 16 June 1977. A
single multimesh nylon monofilament net, 30.5 meters long and 2.4
meters deep, was deployed obliquely along each cardinal side of the
island (Fig. 3). The nets consisted of ten 3.05-meter-long panels
with two panels each of 1.27-, 2.54-, 3.81-, 5.08-, and 6.35-centi-
meter bar mesh. Position of these panels in the net was random.
When deployed, the nets extended from the intertidal zone of the
island to the toe of the island revetment. The nets were fished for
two periods: a daytime period of about 4 hours, and a day-night
period ranging from a minimum of 17 hours (west side) to a maximum of
23.5 hours (east side).
Fishes caught in each net were removed and identified, and a
record was made of the standard length (snout to distal end of caudal
peduncle) for bony fishes and total length (snout to end of caudal
fin) for sharks. Lengths were recorded to the nearest 0.5 centi-
meter. Numbers of individuals occurring in each mesh size were also
recorded. Summary data tables were prepared listing numbers of indi-
viduals, mean length, and length range for each species captured on
each side of the island.
V. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
IL General.
A total of 330 species of macrobiota was identified during this
study; 160 of these taxa had not been reported as occurring at Rincon
Island. This addition to the number of species reported in Keith and
Skjei (1974) brings the total species list to 458. Many additional
species undoubtedly exist among the island's varied habitats. An up-
dated master list of taxa of Rincon Island is given in Table 1.
DD Volume and Dimensions of Talus Beds.
Dimensions of the shell talus beds along each of the four cardi-
nal sides are shown in perspective view in Figures 5 to 8 and in plan
view in Figures 9 to 12. (The upper boundaries of the talus beds do
not match precisely with the lower boundaries of the deepest associ-
ations in these figures for two reasons: First, talus bed measurements
were taken at positions of change of the talus bed geometry, while
associations were measured along fixed transects; second, the deepest
association frequently extended into the talus bed on isolated rocks.)
Approximate volumes of shell calculated from the measurement of
talus bed dimensions are as follows:
West side: 1,450 cubic meters
South side: 98 cubic meters
20
Table 1. Master species list for Rincon Island.
Occurrence during present study
c aa 1
Scientific name Common name North West South East
ALGAE
DIVISION CHLOROPHYTA 2 GREEN ALGAE
Bryopsis corticulans
Chaetomorpha aerea?
Cladophora sp. x
Codium fragile Deadman's fingers X
Derbesia marina xX
cf. Enteromorpha sp. x x
Ulva sp. Sea lettuce x xX xX
Unid. green algae #1 x
DIVISION CYANOPHYTA BLUE-GREEN ALGAE
cf. Phormidium sp. xX xX X xX
DIVISION PHAEOPHYTA BROWN ALGAE
Cystoseira osmundacea xX x
Desmarestia herbaceae?
Dictyota binghamiae xX
D. flabellata , x xX xX
Ectocarpus sp-
Egregia menziesii (=laevigata) Feather-boa kelp xX x
Giffordia granulJosa X
Halidrys dioica
Macrocystis sp. 2 Giant kelp x
Petrospongium rugosum
Pterygophora californica
Ralfsia pacifica
Taonia lennebackeriae
Unid. brown alga #1
Unid. brown alga #2
Unid. brown alga #3
Unid. juv. laminariales
DIVISION RHODOPHYTA RED ALGAE
Antithamnion sp. x
Bossiella orbigniana x x x
Bossiella sp.
Callithamnion sp.
Callophyllis flabellulata x
Ceramium codicola
cf. Ceramium sp. X x xX x
Corallina officinalis x x x
Cryptopleura cf. crispa
Delesseria sp. x
Gelidium coulteri
G. cf. robustum
G. purpurascens
G. cartilagineum
G. sp. #1
G. sp. #2 x
Gigartina canaliculata x
G. cf. exasperata ; Re
G. sp.
G. spinosa armata x
G. sp. (juv.)
Grateloupia doryphora (=abreviata) x
Hildenbrandia prototypus2
Laurencia pacifica x
Lithothamnium/Lithophyllum complex x x x x
Lithothrix aspergillum
Lomentaria hakodatensis x
Microcladia cf, coulteri
Neoagardhiella (=Agardhiella) sp. x x
Peyssonellia sp, Kooi x x
PS OO OS
CN te)
x
DP SD OS
SS OS OOS OOS
See footnotes at end of table.
2 |
Table 1. Master species list for Rincon Island.--Continued.
Occurrence during present study
1
Scientific name Common name North West South ‘East
Scientific name
DIVISION RHODOPHYTA (Continued)
Platythamnion villosum
P. sp. x X x
Polysiphonia simplex x
P. cf. pacifica x u
P. spp.
Porphyra perforata?
Prionitis lanceolata x xX xX x
Pterosiphonia dendroidea
Pterosiphonia sp. x xX
Rhodoglossum affine x x x
Rhodymenia sp. F xX xX x
R. californica X fs
cf. R- sp.
Schizymenia pacifica :
Stenogramme interrupta x x xX xX
Tiffaniella snyderiae xX
Veleroa subulata/Murrayellopsis
dawsonii complex 4 xX
Unid. red alga #1 x
Unid. red alga #2
Unid. filamentous red alga #1
Unid. juvenile red alga
Unid. filamentous red alga #2
Unid. "leafy" red alga
Unid. "tall" red alga
Unid. red alga #3
Unid. red alga #4
Unid. red alga #5
Unid. "flat" red alga ig
Unid. red alga #6
Unid. red alga #7
Unid. coralline #1 x
Unid. coralline #2 % x
Unid. coralline #3
De DS OS OOS
bd DS OO OK
PHYLUM PORIFERA SPONGES
Cliona celata californiana Boring sponge x x x x
Geodia mesotriaenia2
Halichoclona gellindra
Haliclona ecbasis?
Geode sponge
Lavender sponge
Lavender-blue encrust-
ing sponge
Hymenamphiastra (=Hymeniacidon)
cyanocrypta Blue leaf sponge x x x
Hymeniacidon ungodon2 Little leaf sponge
H. sinapium Yellow leaf sponge
Leucetta losangelensis x x
Leucilla (=Rhabdodermella) nuttingi Urn sponge
Leuconia heathi?
Leucosolenia sp. Finger sponge
Lissodendoryx noxiosa? Noxious sponge
Spheciospongia confoederata Liver sponge x
Tedania toxicalis
Tethya aurantia2
Verongia thiona
Unid. "sulfur" sponge
Unid. red sponge #1
Unid. purple sponge #2
Unid. orange sponge #3
Unid. yellow sponge #4
Thistle sponge
Sponge
Orange. puff-ball sponge
Sulfur sponge x x
See footnotes at end of table.
22
Table 1. Master species list for Rincon Island.--Continued.
Scientific name
PHYLUM PORIFERA (Continued)
Unid. grey sponge #5
Unid. sponge #6
Unid. sponge #7
Unid. "white" sponge
PHYLUM CNIDARIA
CLASS HYDROZOA
Aglaophenia struthionides
Antennella avalgnia
Campanularia sp.
cf. Eudendrium sp.
Obelia sp.
Sertularia cf. furcata
cf. Plumularia sp.
cf. P. lagenifera
cf. Sertularia sp
Unid. green hydroid
Unid. hydroid sp. #1
Unid. hydroids
CLASS ANTHOZOA
Anthopleura xanthogrammica/
A. elegantissima3
Antropora tincta
Astrangia lajollaensis
Balanophyllia elegans
Cerianthiopsis sp.
Corynactis californica
Eugorgia rubens2
cf. Epiactis prolifera
Lophogorgia chilensis
Metridium sp. 2
Muricea californica/
M. fruticosa3
cf. Pachycerianthus sp.
Paracyathus stearnsii
Renilla kollikeri?
Stylatula elongata?
Tealia sp.
Unid. anemone #1
Unid. white anemone #2
Unid. burrowing anemone
Unid. red cerianthid
PHYLUM ANNELIDA 2
Chaetopterus variopedatus
cf. Chaetopterus sp.
Dexiospira spirillum
Diopatra ornata
Dodecaceria fewkesi
Eudistylia polymorpha
Eudistylia sp-
Eunereis longipes
Eupomatus gracilis
Halosydna tuberculifera
H. brevisetosa?
See footnotes at end of table.
Common name
ANEMONES, HYDROIDS,
CORALS, GORGONIANS
HYDROIDS
Ostrich plume hydroid
Campanulate hydrozoan
ANEMONES /CORALS
Green anemone
Colonial coral
Solitary orange coral
Burrowing anemone
Colonial red anemone
Purple sea fan
Prolific anemone
Pink gorgonian
Solitary anemone
California/rust
gorgonians
Tube anemone
Solitary coral
Sea pansy
Elongate sea pen
Anemone
WORMS
Parchment tube worm
Parchment tube worm
Feather-duster worm
Feather-duster worm
Nereid worm
Scale worm
Scale worm
23
Occurrence during present study
North
SO OOM
West
MOS OO
mS OS
be
South
mM OS OS
x
Ete
East
DS PS Od OS
Table 1.
Scientific name
PHYLUM ANNELIDA (gontinued)
Nereis eakini
N. mediator?
Paleonotus bellis?
Salmacina tribranchiata
Serpula vermicularis?
Spirorbis eximius
Polyopthalmus pictus
Unid. serpulids
Unid. Syllidae
PHYLUM ARTHROPODA
CLASS CRUSTACEA
Alpheus clamator
Ampithoe sp.
Balanus cariosus?
B. crenatus2
B. galeata
B. glandula
B. nubilus
B. pacificus
B. tintinnabulum
B. sp.
Cancer antennarius2
(a5 anthonyi2 ;
Cancer cf. productus
Chthamalus fissus
Crangon dentipes2
Erichthonius brasiliensis
Heptacarpus palpator
Hippolysmata californica?
Hyale frequens
Jaeropsis dubia
Loxorhynchus crispatus
L. grandis?
Membranobalanus orcutti
Munna chromatocephala
Pachycheles pubescens
Pachygrapsus crassipes
Paguristes turgidus2
P. ulreyi
Pagurus californiensis
Pandalus gurneyi?
Panulirus interruptus
Petrolisthes cinctipes2
5 Bs
Pollicipes polymerus
cf. Isocheles pilosus
Pugettia producta
P. sp.
Scyra acutifrons*
Spirontocaris brevirostris?
Tetraclita squamosa rubescens
Unid. pagurids
Unid. shrimp ;
Unid. barnacles
PHYLUM MOLLUSCA
CLASS GASTROPODA
Acanthina spirata
Acanthodoris lutea
Acmaea mitra
See footnotes at end of table-
Occurrence during present study
Common name North
Nereid worm
Nereid worm
Chrysopetalid worm
Colonial tube worm
Serpulid worm
JOINT-LEGGED ANIMALS
CRUSTACEANS
Shrimp
Amphipod
Acorn barnacle
Acorn barnacle
Acorn barnacle
Acorn barnacle
Acorn barnacle
Acorn barnacle
Tcorn barnacle
Rock crab
Yellow crab
Rock crab
Acorn barnacle
Pistol shrimp
Amphipod
Shrimp
Red rock shrimp
Amphipod
Isopod
Sheep crab
Sheep crab
Barnacle
Amphipod
Hermit crab
Striped shore crab
Hermit crab
Hermit crab
Hermit crab
Shrimp
Porcelain crab
Porcelain crab
Gooseneck barnacle
Hermit crab
Kelp crab
Kelp crab
Masking crab
Bent-back shrimp
Thatched barnacle
Hermit crabs
SNAILS, NUDIBRANCHES,
CLAMS, OCTOPUSES
SNAILS AND NUDIBRANCHES
Oyster drill
Nudibranch
White-cap limpet
24
Master species list for Rincon Island.--Continued.
West South
mM
x OM OS
East
x
CLASS GASTROPODA
Table l.
Scientific name
A. persona?
Amphissa sp.2
Anisodoris nobilis
Antiopella barbarensis
Aplysia californica
A. vaccarla
Archidoris montereyensis
Armina californica?
Astraea undosa?
Cadlina luteomarginata
Callistochiton crassicostatus
Calliostoma annulatum
Cc. canaliculatum
Cc. gloriosum
Ce supragranosum?
Ceratostoma nuttalli
Collisella cf. conus
C. digitalis
c. cf. limatula
(G5 pelta?
C. scabra
Go Bao fink
C. sp. #2 (ridges)
Cc. sp. #3
C. cf. strigatella
Conus californicus
Coryphella trilineata
Crepidula Cf- aculeata
Crepipatella lingulata
Cypraea spadicea
Diaulula sandiegensis
Diodora aspera
Doriopsilla albopunctata
(=Dendrodoris fulva)
Fissurella volcano
Flabellinopsis iodinea
Haliotis corrugata2
H. cracherodii2
He fulgens?
H. rufescens
Hermissenda crassicornis
Hypselodoris californiensis?
Jaton festivus
Kelletia kelletii
Laila cockerelli?
Littorina planaxis2
L. scutulata?
L. sp.
Lottia gigantea
Maxwellia gemma
Megathura crenulata
Mitrella carinata
Mitra idae
Nassarius mendicus
Navanax inermjs
Neosimnia sp.
Norrisia norrisii?
Ocenebra foveolata
See footnotes at end of table.
(Continued)
Common name
Mask limpet
Amphissa
Nudibranch
Nudibranch
Sea hare
Sea hare
Light yellow sea slug
Pansy sea slug
Wavy turban snail
Nudibranch
Chiton
Purple-ringed top shell
Channeled top shell
Glorious top-shell
Granulose top-shell
Nuttall's hornmouth
Limpet
Fingered limpet
File limpet
Shield limpet
Rough limpet
Limpet
Limpet
Limpet
Limpet
California cone
Nudibranch
Spiny slipper shell
Half-slipper shell
Chestnut cowry
Circle-spotted sea slug
Rough keyhole limpet
Yellow sea slug
Volcano limpet
Purple sea slug
Pink abalone
Black abalone
Green abalone
Red abalone
Yellow-green sea slug
Blue-orange sea slug
Festive murex
Kellet's whelk
Orange-white sea slug
Eroded periwinkle
Checkered periwinkle
Periwinkle
Owl limpet
Gem murex
Giant keyhole limpet
Carinate dove shell
Ida's mitre
Lean nassa
Nudibranch
Pink louse shell
Smooth turban
25
Master species list for Rincon Island.--Continued.
Occurrence during present study
North
DS OS PS PS OP
be
West
South
MOS OO OM
East
Table 1. Master species list for Rincon Island.--Continued.
Occurrence during present study
Scientific name 1 Common name North West South East
CLASS GASTROPODA (Continued)
oO. poulsoni?
O. cf. barbarensis
Poulson's dwarf triton
O. sp. x
Polycera tricolor Nudibranch x
Pteropurpura festiva Festive murex x xX x
P. macroptera Murex xX
Pterynotus trialatus? Three-winged murex
Serpulorbis squamigerus Scaled worm shell x xX xX x
Simnia (Neosimnia) vidleri Vidler's simnia x x
Tegula aureotincta? Gilded tegula
T. brunnea? Brown tegula
T. funebralis Black turban snail
Triopha maculata Nudibranch
Tritonia festiya Nudibranch x
Unid. limpet #1 x
Unid. limpet #2 2
Unid. blue/white eolid a
Unid. navanax-like eolid x
Unid. gastropod #1 as
Unid. dorid #1 2s
Unid. chiton #1 23
Unid. limpet #3 28
Unid. eolid #1 2
Unid. eolid #2 %
CLASS PELECYPODA CLAMS AND SCALLOPS
Anomia peruviana/ Pearly jingle/
Pododesmus cepio3 Abalone jingle x x x x
Bankia setacea Ship worm
Chaceia ovoidea? Wart-necked piddock
Chama pellucida Agate chama ? x
Chlamys latiaurata? Kelp scallop
Gari californica? Sunset clam
Hiatella arctica Nestling clam x x
Hinnites multirugosus Rock scallop
Kellia laperousii xX
Lima hemphilli? File shell
Lithophaga plumula Date mussel
Mytilus californianus California mussel xX xX
M. edulis Bay mussel x x x
Nettastonnella rostrata? Beaked piddock
Parapholas sp. Boring clam x x x
Pecten diegensis San Diego scallop
Penitella penita? Flap-tipped piddock
Pseudochama exogyra Reversed chama
Semele rupicola? Rock dwelling semele
Teredo diegensis? Ship worm
Unid. pholads x x
Unid. boring clam x
CLASS CEPHALOPODA OCTOPUSES AND SQUIDS
Octopus bimaculoides Two-spot octopus
Octopus. sp. : x x
CLASS POLYPLACOPHORA
Mopalia muscosa2
Callistochiton crassicostatus
See footnotes at end of table.
26
Table 1. Master species list for Rincon Island.--Continued.
Occurrence during present study
1 Common name North West South East
Scientific name
PHYLUM ECTOPROCTA
MOSS ANIMALS
Antropora tincta x xX x
Bugula neritina xX X x x
Crisia occidentalis xX
Diaperoecia californica x xX xX
Filicrisia franciscana X
Lagenipora punctulata x X xX x
Hippothoa hyalina
Membranipo.a membranacea
M. savarti?
M. tuberculata X
Phidolopora pacifica xX xX x X
Rhyncozoon rostratum x ».4 x xX
Scrupocellaria diegensis xX X x x
Smittina sp.2
Thalamorporella californica?
Unid. encrusting ectoprocts x x x xX
Unid. ectoproct #1 x x
Unid. yellow ectoproct X xX
PHYLUM ECHINODERMATA SEASTARS, URCHINS,
BRITTLE STARS,
CUCUMBERS
CLASS ASTEROIDEA SEASTARS
Astropecten armatus Sand starfish
Patiria miniata Bat star x xX x x
Pisaster brevispinus Pink seastar <a ».4 x
P. giganteus Giant seastar Xx x x D4
P. ochraceus Ochre seastar xX X x X
P. sp. -(juv.) x
Solaster dawsoni? Sunburst starfish
CLASS ECHINOIDEA URCHINS
Lytechinus pictus Pale urchin x
Strongylocentrotus franciscanus Red urchin x xX X xX
S. purpuratus Purple urchin x X x x
CLASS OPHIUROIDEA BRITTLE STARS
Ophiopsilla californica xX
Ophiopteris papillosa2 Brittle star
Ophiothrix spiculata x x
Unid. ophiuroid x x
CLASS HOLOTHUROIDEA SEA CUCUMBERS
Cucumaria sp.2 Sea cucumber
Dermasterias imbricata2 Leather star
Eupentacta quinquesemita? Yellow sea cucumber
Parastichopus californicus/
P. parvimensis3 x x x x
Unid. holothuroid x x
Unid. burrowing holothuroid x x
PHYLUM CHORDATA CHORDATES
CLASS ASCIDIACEA TUNICATES (Sea squirts)
cf. Amaroucium californicum x
Aplidium californicum
Boltenia villosa X xX x
Chelyosoma productum? Simple sea squirt
Cystodytes lobatus2 Compound sea squirt
Didemnum carnulentum x
Pyura haustor
See footnotes at end of table.
Tunicate
27
Table 1. Master species list for Rincon Island.--Continued.
» Scientific ae
CLASS ASCIDIACEA (Continued)
Styela gibbsii
S. montereyensis
S. sp.
Unid. white tunicate
Unid. orange tunicate
Unid. encrusting pink tunicate
CLASS CHONDRICHTHYES
Cephaloscyllium ventriosum
Cetorhinus maximus
Heterodontus francisci?
Prionace glauca?
Rhinobatos productus2
Sphyrna zygaena?
Squalus acanthias
Triakis semifasciata?
Urolophus halleri?
CLASS OSTEICHTHYES
Alloclinus holderi?
Amphistichus argenteus
A. koelzi?
Anisotremus davidsoni
Artedius lateralis?
Atherinops affinis
Atherinopsis californiensis
Brachyistius frenatus
Cheilotrema saturnum
Chromis punctipinnis
Citharichthys sordidus?
Clinocottus globiceps
Clupea harengus pallasi
Coryphopterus nicholsi
Cymatogaster aggregata?
Cynoscion nobilis
Embiotoca jacksoni
E. lateralis
Genyonemus lineatus
Gibbonsia metzi~
G. montereyensis?
Girella nigricans
Gymnothorax mordax?
Halichoeres semicinctus?
Heterostichus rostratus
Hyperprosopon argenteum
H. ellipticum?
Hypsoblennius gilberti?
Hypsurus caryi2
Hypsypops rubicunda
Leuresthes tenuis?
Lynthrypnus dalli?
Medialuna californiensis
Mola mola?
Myliobatus californica’
Oncorhynchus kisutch?
Ophiodon elongatus
Oxyjulis californicus
Oxylebius pictus
Paralabrax clathratus
P. maculato-fasciatus2
2
See footnotes at end of table.
Occurrence during present study
Common name North West South East
x
x X x x
x
x
xX
x
CARTILAGINOUS FISHES
Swell shark
Basking shark
Horn shark
Blue shark
Shovelnose guitarfish
Smooth hammerhead shark
Spiny dogfish
Leopard shark
Round stingray
BONY FISHES
Island kelpfish
Barred surfperch
Calico surfperch
Sargo
Smoothead sculpin
Topsmelt
Jacksmelt
Kelp perch
Black croaker
Blacksmith
Pacific sanddab
Mosshead sculpin
Pacific herring
Blue-spot goby
Shiner surfperch
White seabass
Black perch
Striped seaperch
White croaker
Striped kelpfish
Crevice kelpfish
Opaleye
California moray
Rock wrasse
Giant kelpfish
Walleye surfperch
Silver surfperch
Rockpool blenny
Rainbow surfperch
Garibaldi
California grunion
Bluebanded goby
Halfmoon
Ocean sunfish
Bat ray
Coho salmon
Lingcod
Senorita
Convict fish
Kelp bass
Spotted sand bass
28
Table 1. Master species list for Rincon Island.--Continued.
Occurrence during present study
Scientific name 1 Common name North West South East
CLASS OSTEICHTHYES (Continued)
P. nebulifer
Paralichthys californicus
Pimelometopon pulchrum
Platichthys stellatus?
Phanerodon furcatus
Porichthys spp.
Barred sand bass
California halibut
California sheephead
Starry flounder
White seaperch
Midshipman
Rathbunella hypoplecta Smooth ronquil x x
Rhacochilus toxotes Rubberlip seaperch
Rhacochilus vacca Pile perch
Sardinops sagax? Pacific sardine
Scomber japonicus? Pacific mackerel
Scomberomorus concolor? Monterey Spanish
mackerel
Scorpaena guttata California scorpionfish
Scorpaenichthys marmoratus Cabezon xX
Sebastes atrovirens Kelp rockfish
S. auriculatus Brown rockfish x
S. cf. caurinus Copper rockfish
S. chlorostictus? Greenspotted rockfish
Ss elongatus? Greenstriped rockfish
S. miniatus2 Vermilion rockfish
S. mystinus Blue rockfish
S. paucispinis? Bocaccio
Sig rastrelliger? Grass rockfish
S. rubrivinctus? Flag rockfish
S. serranoides Olive rockfish
S. serriceps2 Treefish
Se Sp. Hl
95 Sjas ii
Seriphus politus Queenfish
Sphyraena argentea2 Pacific barracuda
Symphurus atricauda? California tonguefish
Syngnathus californiensis2 Kelp pipefish
Thunnus alalunga2 Albacore
Trachurus symmetricus? Mack mackerel
Unid. blenny x
al ; c A
Taxa without superscript were observed during this study.
2 : ;
Taxa reported by Carlisle, Turner, and Ebert (1969) or Brisby
in Keith and Skjei (1974), but not observed during this study.
3 i :
The two species were not differentiated during this study.
29
SCALE
1= TALUS PRESENT BUT © 2= IRREGULAR POINT WHERE te) 10 20
ONLY A THIN OVER— TALUS PRESENT, BUT Ce
BURDEN ON ROCK CALCULATED AS BELOW
EXTENDED SLOPE (=OFT) METERS
DEPTHS SCALED TO MLLW
Figure 5. North-side talus bed and armor rock measurements, 15 October 1976.
30
KEE
(0) 60 120
3|
LLZZ
L-AAA-ZTZZZZZZZZZZZ
Z77---Z-ZZZZEZEE —
METERS
DEPTHS SCALED TO MLLW
_ 7I7™”z =_—
LBA
Ta
\
West-side talus bed and armor rock measurements, 15 October 1976.
Figure 6.
“961 LOGUOAON 61 ‘S}USWOINSesM YOOX LOWLe pue peq SNTe} eptTs-yyNos ‘7 san3TY
(140=) 3d01S G30N31LX3
MO138 Sv d31vqNndqVv2 4904 NO N3GuNB
MTIW OL G31V9S SH1d3d ing ‘1N3S3Y¥d SNtVvL —-Y3AO NIHL Vv ATINO
SualaW 3Y3HM LNIOd YvINDaNY! =z ing LN3S3ud SNIvl =1
lnm)
OL : 0)
a1Wwds
e111 /
sualaw
LY
Lip
Q>
saw
32
x
S
Bs)
SCALE
0 10 20
ee
METERS 1= TALUS PRESENT BUT
ONLY A THIN OVER—
DEPTHS SCALED TO MLLW BURDEN ON ROCK
Figure 8. East-side talus bed and armor rock measurements, 15 October 1976.
33
+ -@-© OUTLINE OF TALUS BED
—-— TRANSECT LINES(DEPTH IN METERS BELOW MLLW)
FIMAL ASSOCIATIONS BASED OM STATISTICAL COMPARISONS:
- BARNACLE/LIMPET
- MYTILUS/POLLICIPES
. ANTHOPLEURA SPP
» MACROPHYTIC ALGAE
~ LITHOTHAMNIUM/VELEROA
« VELEROA/LAGENIPORA/LOPHOGORGIA/MURICEA
. RIODYMENTA/VELEROA.
LITHOTHAMN] UM/TETRACLITA
DIOPATRA/CERIANTHID ANEMONES
H=ammonw>
O10 20-30 40 __SOFEET
C) 5 10 15 20 METERS
—
(FOR ACTUAL DISTANCES DOWN NORTH AND WEST SIDES,
DIVIDE BY 0.893 AND 0.925, RESPECTIVELY)
Figure 9. Major species associations, northwest quadrant.
34
(SCR ACTUAL DISTANCES DOWN WEST AND SOUTH SIDES,
DIVIDE BY 0,925 AND 0.892, RESPECTIVELY)
<3
x E
Sn
~ 9-),
~>
TT .
% ®
:
‘
My
go
bd AS
id i
x ~ s
‘ get
g Nowe
PSP SS SSSS
t
+
¢
t
+
— ¢ “
a +
ce fe : =
Se
einer O-s N17 at
11.9 EGE Ppa
— 10.4 pa = ae
Ze : = 5
. a 81S mr i
F
C = E
4p
6.8 ~
\ e+e OuTLINe oF TALUS AcD
| \\ HE vocari0y oF prrsnwent gaanscers
sete —-—— TRANSECT LINFSIOEPTH IN METERS BELOW MLLW)
/ FIMAL ASSOCIATIONS BASED OM STATISTICAL COMPABIGOMS:
BARNACLE/LIMPET
MYTILUS/POLLICIPES
ANTIIOPLEURA SPP.
MACROPHYTIC ALGAE
~ LITHOTHAMNIUM/VELEROA
VELEROA/LAGENIPORA/LOPHOGORGIA/MURICEA
- RIODYM! VELEROA
LITHOTHAMNJ UM/TETRACLITA
+ DIOPATRA/CERIANTHID ANEMONES
Hzanmong»
© SAMPLE SIZE INADEQUATE FOR STATISTICAL COMPARISON
E \
. —— 0 19 20 30 _40__SOFEET
: ——= = S —
Nh a
\ \ 0 5 lo 15 20 METERS
Figure 10. Major species associations, southwest quadrant.
55
TRANSECTS
——-—- TRANSECT LINES(DEPTH IN METERS BELOW MLLW)
FINAL ASSOCIATIONS BASED ON STATISTICAL COMPARISONS;
A. BARNACLE/LIMPET
B. MYTILUS/POLLICIPES
- LITHOTHAMNIUM/TETRACLITA
+ DIOPATRA/CERIANTHID ANEMON
O10 2030 -40__SOFEET
10 15 20 METERS
(FOR ACTUAL DISTANCES DOWN SOUTH AND EAST SIDES,
DIVIDE BY 0.892 AND 0.877, RESPECTIVELY)
Figure 11. Major species associations, southeast quadrant.
36
P TALUS BEC
TON OF PERMANENT TRANSECTS
— TRANSECT LINES(DEPTH IN METERS BELOW MLLW)
FIMAL ASSOCIATIONS BASED OM STATISTICAL COMPARISONS:
A. BARNACLE/LIMPET
B, MYTILUS/POLLICIPES
ANTHOPLEURA SPP.
IC ALGAE
NIUM/VELEROA
ENIPORA/LOPHOGORGIA/MURICEA
D
E
=
c
4
I
* SAMPLE SIZE INADEQUATE FOR STATISTICAL COMPARISON
50 FEET
I
Figure 12. Major species associations, northeast quadrant.
Sil
North side: 49 cubic meters
East side: No significant accumulation.
Moreuls 1,597 cubic meters
These figures apply only to the talus beds shown in Figures 9 to
12. The talus beds extended around the southwest and northwest wings
of the island and contained a large volume of shell debris. At the
west edge of each of these wings, talus beds were of dimensions
similar to those lying along the west side. The beds diminished
markedly on the flanks of the southwest and northwest wings where
they adjoin the south and north sides, respectively, of the island.
No significant shell talus accumulations were observed around the
base of either the northeast or the southeast wing.
The west-side talus beds, averaging 16.5 cubic meters per meter
of lineal distance along the west revetment, were considerably more
voluminous and extensive than the beds on the other sides. This is
because the tetrapods on the west side supported a very heavy growth
of mussels (Mytilus californianus) in the intertidal zone. Parts of
this are sometimes removed by heavy surf, which is most pronounced on
the west (seaward) side. Some of the detached mussels gravitate into
quarry rock and tetrapod interstices, but many accumulate at the foot
of the revetments.
West-side talus beds were composed almost entirely of mussel
shells, many of which were of unusually large size for this species.
Paine (1976) reported a specimen of M. californianus exceeding 26.6
centimeters in length from a subtidal mussel bed on Duncan Rock off
Washington. The previous record was 25.1 centimeters, as reported by
Chan (1973). A mussel measuring 25 centimeters has been reported at
an offshore oil platform in southern California (Southern California
Coastal Water Research Project, 1976). Although no measurements were
taken on shells in the Rincon Island talus bed, many specimens appar-
ently approaching this size were observed. Some shells of Pododesmus
cepio were also present in the west-side talus area. The seaward
boundary of the west-side talus bed (where it graded into natural
sedimentary bottom) was very distinct and lacking in irregularities.
The inner margin was somewhat irregular and interspersed with iso-
lated rocks. Isolated pockets of talus existed above the upper
margin of the main talus bed.
In contrast, the east side was nearly devoid of shell talus.
Only one pocket'of talus was observed, approximately 4 meters from
the south boundary of the side. Small mounds of mussel shells were
observed at the bases of causeway pilings. The east side is the most
sheltered side, and appears to act as a deposition site for sediment
carried to the rear of the island in turbulent eddies (Keith and
Skjei, 1974). The middepth and deeper parts of the east-side re-
vetments were always overlain by a veneer of fine sediment: the
38
transition from rock revetment to sedimentary bottom is distinct,
primarily because of a contrast in slope of the two substrate types.
The north- and south-side talus beds are intermediate in size
between those of the west and east sides. The upper and lower mar-
gins are highly irregular on both the north and south sides. Some
"fingers' of talus extend more than 3 meters up the north-side re-
vetment, and an isolated shallow pocket of talus exists in a flat
area about half way down the side near the location of the permanent
transect. The sediment lying near the base of the island on both the
north and south sides is inclined, possibly because it overlies a
buried part of the talus bed. Many isolated rocks punctuate the
natural bottom sediment, particularly along the north side. Shells
of the bivalves, Pododesmus cepio (jingles), Hinnites multirugosus
(rock scallop), and unidentified species form the bulk of the talus
beds on the north and south sides. Some Mytilus talus exists near
the west end of the north side which may have been carried around
from the west side by currents. Biota frequently encountered in
association with the talus beds include the tube worm, Diopatra
ornata; the tube anemone, Pachycerianthus sp; the nudibranch,
Dendrodoris fulva; the whelk, Kelletia kelletii; the bat star,
Patiria miniata; and hermit crabs including Paguristes ulreyi and
Isocheles pilosus.
Sr Analysis of Seasonal Data from Permanent Transects.
An overview of the vertical distribution of tentatively discrimi-
nated major species associations, synthesized from data of the first
two seasonal permanent transect surveys (summer and fall, 1976) is
graphically represented for each side of the island in Figures 13 to
16. Figures 17 to 20 augment information provided in Figures 13 to
16 by illustrating the vertical distributions of selected dominant
macrobiota over the permanent transects. A broad vertical pattern
for Patiria miniata is apparent on all sides. Also noteworthy is the
dominance of the Lithothamnium-Lithophyllum complex over the upper
reaches of all but the east side. The east side also appears unique
in that distributions of several species are much less restricted
vertically than is the case on the other sides (e.g., the red algae,
Veleroa subulata-Murrayellopsis dawsonii complex and the abundant
ectoproct, Lagenipora punctulata).
A total of 250 taxa of macrobiota was identified during the four
seasons of the permanent transect sampling program. These taxa are
listed in Table 1 together with information on which side of the is-
land each occurred. The species occurring in transects on all four
sides of the island may be regarded as ubiquitous and generally the
dominant macrobiota over the entire island. Many of the species listed
in Table 1 undoubtedly occur on more sides of the island than indi-
cated. An example is the giant kelp, Macrocystis sp. Kelp is most
39
Waterline
(MLLW)
Depth MLLW
(m)
LITHOTHAMNION
with Muricea
MACROPHYTIC
ALGAE ZONE
BARNACLE/LIMPET ZONE
Transition
present
10 |
|
Distance (meters)
@
©) i)
SUBSTATE: SCATTERED ROCKS WITH TALUS ROCKS WITH SOME POCKETS ROCK ROCK
OF COBBLES
DOMINANT BIOTA: Cerianthid anemones Muricea spp. Gelidium robustum Collisella spp.
Astrangia lajollaensis Dodecaceria fewkesi Corallina officinalis Lottia gigantea
Lophogorgia chilensis Serpulorbis squamigerus Prionitis lanceolata Pachygrapsus crassipes
Phidolopora pacifica Lithothamnion complex Egregia laevigata Balanus glandula
Diopatra ornata Veleroa/Murrayellopsis complex Chthamalus fissus
Tetraclita squamosa
Figure 13. Seasonal overview of distribution of major species
associations and substrate character, north-side
permanent transect.
40
41.5
Waterline
(MLLW)
TRANSITION LITHOTHAMNION
ZONE
TALUS SLOPE
ZONE
MUSSEL/GOOSENECK BARNACLE ZONE
MACROPHYTIC ALGAE ZONE
BARNACLE/LIMPET ZONE
SUBSTRATE
DOMINANT BIOTA
SUBSTRATE:
DOMINANT BIOTA:
TALUS WITH
ISOLATED ROCKS
Cerianthid anemones
Doriopsilla albopunctata
Muricea spp. (R)*
Diopatra ornata
Corynactis californica (R)
@
TETRAPODS
Egregia laevigata
Coralline algae
Stenogramme interrupta
(R) = Associated only with isolated rocks in
this zone
Figure 14.
Seasonal overview of distribution of major species
Distance (meters)
@
ROCK
Corynactis californica
Veleroa/Murrayellopsis complex
Lagenipora punctulata
Scrupocellaria diegensis
Phidclopora pacifica
©
TETRAPODS
Mytilus californianus
Pollicipes polymerus
TETRAPODS
Lithothamnion complex
Serpulorbis squamigerus
Dodecaceria fewkesi
Strongylocentrotus purpuratus
©
TETRAPODS
Balanus glandula
Chthamalus fissus
Collisella spp.
Lottia gigantea
associations and substrate character, west-side
permanent transect.
4
SUBSTRATE ;
DOMINANT BIOTA:
SUBSTRATE:
DOMINANT BIOTA
TRANSITION ZONE
LITHOTHAMNION
|ZONE
MACROPHYTIC ALGAE ZONE
BARNACLE/LIMPET ZONE
Waterline (MLLW)
Depth MLLW
TALUS WITH ISOLATED ROCKS
Cerianthid anemones
Diopatra ornata
Astrangia lajollaensis (R)*
Lophogorgia chilensis (R)
@
ROCK
Lithothamnion complex
Dodecaceria fewkesi
Strongylocentrotus purpuratus
(Note: Veleroa very sparse
in this zone)
(R) = Associated only with isolated rocks
in this zone
20
Distancq (meters)
@
ROCKS WITH TALUS POCKETS
Corynactis californica
Lagenipora punctata
Scrupocellaria diegensis
Phidolopora pacifica
©
ROCK
Gelidium coulteri
Corallina officinalis
Lithothamnion complex
Codium fragile
Tetraclita squamosa
ROCK
Lithothamnion complex
Veleroa/Murrayellopsis complex
Serpulorbis squamigerus
©
ROCK
Lottia gigantea
Collisella spp.
Chthamalus fissus
Balanus glandula
Pachygrapsus crassipes
(}) Not a separate zone but shows less Veleroa and greater
Lithothamnion coverage than the lower zone 3.
Figure 15. Seasonal overview of distribution of major species
associations and substrate character, south-side
permanent transect.
TETRACLITA
ZONE
| } ZONE
| +09
PILING
LOPHOGORGIA| TRANSITION
ZONE ZONE
PILING
Depth MLLW
(a)
®
SUBSTRATE : ROCK WITH SILT
DOMINANT
BIOTA ; Lophogorgia chilensis
Corynactis californica
Veleroa/Murrayellopsis complex
Scrupocellaria diegensis
Serpulorbis squamigerus
10 pDistance| (meters
@
ROCK
Veleroa/Murrayellopsis complex
Dodecaceria fewkesi
Lagenipora punctulata
Scrupocellaria diegensis
(20 |
®@ | ® | @
r at
@
ROCK
Lithothamnion complex
Lagenipora punctulata
Veleroa/Murrayellopsis complex
(Ny, BARNACLES/LIMPET
Waterline
(MLLW)
@
ROCK
Tetraclita squamosa
Collisella spp.
Lottia gigantea
Balanus glandula
Chthamalus fissus
Figure 16. Seasonal overview of distribution of major species
associations and substrate character, east-side
permanent transect.
43
tal
o 4
a EY %
* Q tl un 2) is)
o 5 vu 4 Gal za
= 4 Dd a Q S %
12] Qy ro) 1) 1 . S C q\ vv
3 E 0 E a oO 0 (<) %
2 ° % “< o a, 4 oq 4 rt)
% £0) 13) v = 3 0) vu “4 ion 4 ie)
4 q v oO o v << Oo i) &
os wv Ss 4 Y Q n % (3) ~ % 3
al gu is) 5 3 s 0 vu is) Q
fs MB Q % ) Q 4 oO % |] a)
al Og g 3 al al Q fe) Qy tal a) % U
n E Ow [= a) Ny Q C a dD a) | 4 bea
o 40 cy oO re (3) % q 4 v Q s
Yn Lal % Dw c vu 16) fo) "4 KK vu fe) d ie) v
7s) is} aa BH oO % bal v v o d S % ta] Ss
v o is iis) Q is iS) 3 1) % aS) Q A Ss g %
Q, Ss Tr) OSs eS ie) oO Q % Q q << 4 =) a) atl
Bo te) eS ge 0S) t yal oe ee Slee men Ch
al % al 7
4 a Q HAY HN 5 Q Lop) Ay Q = g x 1s) ny 1S)
Coan 150/ (%) 8/1 9/1 (%) (%) (%) 73/ 3/1 100/ 7/1 4/1 (%) (%) (%) 60/
(m2) 10 100/ 100/ 90/ 26/ 1 1 10/ 10/ 20/ 1
: 20 i eas yp eben
(1)
Values below each column indicate maximum (upper value)
and minimum (lower value) densities encountered in 1-square
meter quadrats over those depths where each species occurred.
Values below the (%) signs represent percent coverage for
encrusting forms. The remaining values represent numerical
densities.
Figure 17. Vertical distribution for dominant biota, north side.
44
(il
% %
* | 4 73) ~ a
ery ‘a 3 0 v 3 A s
Oy as] y # S ~ % ~ % ‘4
7) s mi i} 3 7) “41 ar) is uy
ci Se pea 8 ‘A S (ty ise % Yu q %
0 4 Os] a £ 3 Cl tl “4 a5 c “OO SM 4 re) ~
4 D fal a oO E Quy fag Mm waa HY ee)
4 ce gi g sits} Cy Oy ye) OS Qs 9 % 4 U4
o 4 YW Tw SK aX ADT ON © OM VWH DW GH An BV H 970 04
a 3 30 On HO OO WH DH AH AH DH HE BOND O b nO c
gl Sai AGS OA re) ied) ORG Ky eis Maly Wat SCS) fet) O-n R60
4 G ed PA SO oO a WX cd Rus RS VG HH GO US & ao 3b
ol 4 tn 4 2 Is ae AN O> @ Gs TMH HN DE SH 0 NHS HY
fo) Gg De Sax A ao OW ge Ss OS SH AN OG R38 O03 vA 54 Ov
.S) gm =u PA HO SO OO H & HH PH Ah VO 2&2 AG QA FH HV
60 se) ze)
Q H
50
+
eit
a
|
40
d----
30
20
— <q]
e— —ee—
tof - -
pet: -
10
1
Max/Min 120/ (%) (%) 39/1 (%) (%) (%) (%) 15/ 28/ 9/1 3/1 (%) (%) 4/1 98/7 10/ (4)
(m2) 1 35/ 100/ MOO/ Bo)? HO/ 257 “1 Tl 60/ 20/ 2 OY;
1 3 1 sty Sie Si i oR iL
(1)
Values below each column indicate maximum (upper value)
and minimum (lower value) densities encountered in 1-square
meter quadrats over those depths where each species occurred.
Values below the (%) signs represent percent coverage for
encrusting forms. The remaining values represent numerical
densities.
Figure 18. Vertical distribution for dominant biota, west side.
45
y
es % & u
4 vo “4 vO 4
ii a 1 g Dd a] 7)
S jon n q Ta v i=
GAS Q ® Wo
| fo} xX oo a % v o
1) ie) is) 4 % Ry ty) al 3 is} to
o wv “4 3 v v Oy] oS & fo} ° v %
Ls Lan wy S n S % w 4 0 a 3 7> q A
al 3 w ie) 5 8 4 3 is) Q % q
oS ee Sah re MG MSO oe See, eb Mu gchas
oO hy © 5 5 Ga) E wy 7) > Q q 6 in)
v “ 5 ag 3 8) 0 sf q g 3s On
q tr) "i fs a, S % O wx OO fey a H OO
is) v 5 4 xy rm) 4 % 4 % OO ra ste S Seas
6 us} tal 9 By q is} is} a is} 3 S % x O
S a ba) 4 % S Q Ww ia oO oa Q a) q BD
4 E is] 4 yy rt) ee) UO 5 re 4 co v ie) Yo
© Q is) fy) e) “A . . % 2 o 3° i) 8 Lo) Ba) Gey
a ee S & § SF & & & So § 4 = Qa aD
40
1 1
a hh op 1
30
@
hes
cod} gs
|
- 4
--|
st
@id) ,
30/ 110/ (%) (%) (%) (%) 29/7 6/1 10/ (%) (%) (%) 48/7 (%) (8) 50/ (8)
oe IM BY AS) BO? Gor Heap “a 1 30/2 90/457) al (50/1257, Il 140/,
Loris eae ee te see eka 1
(1)
Values below each column indicate maximum (upper value)
and minimum (lower value) densities encountered in 1-square
meter quadrats over those depths where each species occurred.
Values below the (%) signs represent percent coverage for
encrusting forms. The remaining values represent numerical
densities.
Figure 19. Vertical distribution for dominant biota, south side.
46
Serpulorbis squamigerus
Corynactis californica
Lithothamnion complex
Lagenipora punctata
Patiria miniata
Parastichopus sp.
Dodecaceria fewkesi
Strongylocentrotus
purpuratus
Phidalopora pacifica
Velorea subulata
Lophogorgia chilensis
complex
Scrupocellaria
diegensis
nw
ov
a
12}
oO
i=
My
oO
a
Limpets
40
30
10
CER. -
5s 2
ee ae
fee =
1
@Oiax/min (s) 35/ (8) (%) go/ 9/1 6/1 (%) 26/ (%) (%) (8) 5/1 (8)
(m2) 100/ 6 25/ 85/ 1 50/ 1 10/ 30/ 95/ 80/
7 1 al
(1)
Values below each column indicate maximum (upper value)
and minimum (lower value) densities encountered in 1-square
meter quadrats over those depths where each species occurred.
Values below the (%) signs represent percent coverage for
encrusting forms. The remaining values represent numerical
densities.
Figure 20. Vertical distribution for dominant biota, east side.
47
abundant on the south end of the west side of the island, but sparse
in the central part, which is where the transect was located. This
small kelp bed on the southwest wing of the island varied considerably
in size during the course of the study. Heavy wave action and grazing
by sea urchins may have offset normal seasonal growth. Also, many
species, in addition to those listed in Table 1, have distributions
that did not coincide with the permanent transects. Some of these
were collected during quantitative characterization of major species
associations using randomly placed quadrats. Others were found dur-
ing reconnaissance dives.
The analysis of the permanent transect data for significant sea-
sonal differences in species densities is summarized in Appendix B,
Table B-1. Table 2 provides a summary of the permanent seasonal tran-
sect data. The table shows that a total of 37 of the 52 taxa (71
percent) examined exhibited significant variability in mean abundance
in the transects, apparently due in most cases to seasonal changes in
population densities. Twenty of these taxa were absent from the
transects during one or more seasons. Seventeen taxa showed signifi-
cant seasonal differences despite being present in the transects
during all four seasons. Table 2 also indicates the side of the
island and season of maximum abundance in the transects for each
species.
Among echinoderms, the urchins (Strongylocentrotus franciscanus
and S. purpuratus) and cucumbers (Parastichopus spp.) showed apparent
seasonal differences, while none of the four starfish species examined
were Significantly variable. The results for motile species such as
these must be interpreted with caution: seasonal differences may re-
flect changes in distribution rather than actual variations in abun-
dance. All three ectoproct (moss animal) species examined, which
collectively account for the bulk of ectoproct biomass on the island,
showed seasonal variability. Gorgonians of genus Muricea varied sea-
sonally; Lophogorgia chilensis did not. Among other coelenterates,
significant differences were shown by the anemone, Corynactis
californica, and the coral, Paracyathus stearnsii, but not by
Anthopleura sp. or Astrangia lajollaensis. The two sponges examined
showed seasonal differences. Most of the red algae species (Codes 22
to 45 in Table 2, and Table B-1) were seasonally variable, as was
expected. The only exceptions were Laurencia pacifica, Prionitis
lanceolata, and Rhodoglossum affine. Most red algae showed peak den-
sities in spring and summer, as was the case with the green algae
(Codes 1 to 6 in Table 2, and Table B-1) and generally with the
browns (Codes 11 to 20). Conversely, the widely distributed blue-
green alga, Phormidium sp., was most abundant during the winter.
48
Table 2.
Species
Common Name
Enteromorpha sp.
Ulva sp.
Codium fragile
Cystoseira osmundacea
Egregia menziesii
Unid. juv. laminariales
Dictyota flabellata
Bossiella orbigniana
Corallina officinalis
Gelidium coulteri
G. robustum
Gigartina canaliculata
G. exasperata
Laurencia pacifica
Lithothamnion- ;
Lithophyllum complex
Peyssonellia sp.
Prionitis lanceolata
Rhodoglossum affine
Rhodymenia sp.
R. californica
Stenogramme sp.
S. interrupta
cf. Phormidium sp.
Cliona sp.
Hymenamphiastra cyanocrypta
Anthopleura sp.
Astrangia lajollaensis
Corynactis californica
Lophogorgia chilensis
Muricea spp.
Paracyathus stearnsii
Anomia peruviana
Pododesmus cepio
Doriopsilla albopunctata
Kelletia kelletii
Lottia gigantea
Megathura crenulata
Mytilus californianus
M. edulis
Serpulorbis squamigerus
Diopatra ornata
Dodecaceria fewkesi
Eudistylia sp.
Lagenipora punctulata
Phidalopora pacifica
Scrupocellaria diegensis
Parastichopus spp.
Patiria miniata
Pisaster brevispinus
P. giganteus
P. ochraceus
Strongylocentrotus franciscanus
S. purpuratus :
Sea lettuce
Deadman's fingers
Boring sponge
Blue leaf sponge
Anemone
Colonial coral
Colonial red anemone
Pink gorgonian
Gorgonians
Solitary coral
Jingles
Yellow sea slug
Kellet's whelk
Owl limpet
Giant keyhole limpet
California mussel
Bay mussel
Scaled worm shell
Worm
Worm
Feather-duster worm
Moss animal
Lace moss animal
Moss animal
Sea cucumber
Bat star
Pink seastar
Giant seastar
Ochre seastar
Red urchin
Purple urchin
1
Species code referenced in Appendix B, Table B-1.
*(s)
'S)
NS
Significant, based on absence during one or more seasons
Significant, despite presence during all seasons
Not significant at the 95 percent confidence level
49
Seasonal transect data summary.
Seasonal
Variability’
(S)
NS
(S)
(S)
NS
(S)
(S)
(Ss)
Ss
(S)
(S)
(S)
(S)
NS
High Densit
Side
East
East
South
North
West
East
West
West
South
South
North
East
West
West
South
South
North
North
East
North
North
East
East
West
East
South
East
West
East
North
East
East
West
West
South
West
North
North
North
South
North
North
East
East
East
East
North
North
West
East
North
West
Season
Summer
Summer
Summer
Spring
Summer
Fall
Spring
Spring
Summer
Fall
Spring
Winter
Summer
Winter
Spring
Winter
Spring
Summer
Spring
Winter
Summer
Summer
Winter
Winter
Summer
Spring
Spring
Spring
Spring
Winter
Winter
Spring
Summer
Spring
Summer
Summer
Spring
Winter
Fall
Fall
Summer
Winter
Fall
Summer
Fall
Spring
Winter
Summer
Winter
Winter
Spring
Fall
4. Distribution of Major Species Associations.
Dendograms resulting from the computer analysis are presented
in Appendix C. The species groups identified by the computer generally
agreed with the field observations. Clusters are particularly distinct
for intertidal associations, as might be expected. On the basis of
this exercise and first-hand field observations, the following 13
species associations (not including the shell talus beds) were tenta-
tively identified and designated with generic names of conspicuously
dominant species:
Diopatra/cerianthid anemones
Astrangia/gorgonians
Lagenipora/Scrupocellaria
Lithothamnium complex/Serpulorbis/Veleroa
Macrophytic algae
Mytilus/Pollicipes
Barnacles/limpets
Corynactis/Astrangia
Lithothamnium complex/Serpulorbis/Dodecaceria/Veleroa
Astrangia/Corynactis/Lophogorgia
Tetraclita/Lithothamnium complex
Lithothamnium/Lagenipora/Veleroa
Lophogorgia/Corynactis/Veleroa
lo Oe 2 oe © a’)
The results of the fieldwork which entailed charting of the bound-
aries of these preliminary or tentatively identified associations rela-
tive to permanent features on the island are shown in Appendix C (Figs.
C-3 to C-6). The scale on each of these charts may be used to determine
plan view distances and actual (i.e., measured down the slope of each
side) distances of all association boundaries from permanent features
on the island. Permanent features include: navigational warning
devices, surveyor triangulation points, and corners of concrete
planter boxes used for landscaping the island.
Over most transects, boundaries between associations were distinct.
Certain areas which appeared to have characteristics in common with
adjacent associations are labeled "transition" zones in the charts.
The intertidal associations 5, 6, 7, and 11 were particularly dis-
tinct. They contained species not found in other associations, their
boundaries were sharply defined, and they were generally much nar-
rower than the remaining (subtidal) associations. Associations 4 and
9, characterized by heavy coverages of Lithothamnium complex, accounted
for the largest subtidal area of the island.
The east (protected) side differs in the general pattern of as-
sociations from the other three (more exposed) sides. Over most of the
east side, sea cucumbers (Parastichopus), gorgonians (Muricea,
Lophogorgia), stony corals (Astrangia, Paracyathus), and ectoprocts
(Lagenipora, Scrupocellaria) occurred in abundance. These groups were
50
generally restricted to the deeper waters on the other three sides. On
the east side, a layer of silt varying in thickness from a few milli-
meters to over a centimeter covered most rock surfaces up to the lower
intertidal. This silt precludes growth of some encrusting organisms
(especially Lithothamnium complex), while others (e.g., Veleroa com-
plex) seem tolerant of it.
Se Quantitative Characteristics of Major Species Associations.
The following average biomass values were developed for common
attached biota not amenable to routine quantitative removal from the
substrate:
Dodecaceria fewkesi (animals only, no tubes): 465 grams per
0.25 square meter
Lithothamnium complex: 783 grams per 0.25 square meter
Serpulorbis squamigerus (animals only, no shells): 1.9 grams
per individual
Veleroa complex: 242 grams per 0.25 square meter
Corynactis californica: 190 grams per 0.25 square meter
When the 250 quantitative quadrats were grouped according to the
preliminary association in which the quadrat was placed and the side
of the island sampled, 26 groups or "subareas'' resulted (see App. D,
Table D-1). The designation of each of the 26 subareas in Table D-1
corresponds to the numerical association designations in Figures C-3
to C-6. For example, the data in Table D-1 for south-side association
5, refer to the macrophytic algae association on the south side only.
Data for this association in other areas of the island are found under
correspondingly different designations.
For all species encountered in each of the 26 subareas, the fol-
lowing summary statistics are tabulated in Tables Dl and D-2: fre-
quency of occurrence (ratio of occupied quadrats to total number of
quadrats examined in the subarea; mean abundance per quadrat (numer-
ical or percent coverage); 95-percent confidence limits for mean
abundance; and average weight per individual (or per 100-square
centimeter coverage for species with densities estimated as percent
coverage). Multiplication of the value for mean density by the aver-
age weight value yields an estimate of biomass for any species in any
of the 26 groupings. Reliability of this estimate will be best for
common species whose densities are relatively uniform from one
quadrat to the next, as indicated by relatively narrow confidence
limits for the mean. Table D-3 contains information on areas covered
by each of the 26 subareas which were subjected to statistical
analysis.
The resulting biomass data are useful in characterizing and com-
paring the major species associations of Rincon Island. However, the
S|
data are of limited use beyond this for species whose weight is
largely composed of nonliving material (e.g., clams, stony ectoprocts).
Species associations as determined by statistical differences
within and between the 13 preliminary associations on each side of
the island are shown in Figures 9 to 12. These associations may be
compared with the preliminary species associations of Figures C-3 to
C-6. Based upon statistical analysis, 4 of the 13 preliminary associ-
ations were combined with other associations, resulting in a total
of 9 distinctly different major species associations. Areas covered
by each of these final associations are given in Table D-3.
The quantitative characteristics of these major species associ-
ations are discussed below.
a. Barnacle-Limpet Association. This uppermost association
(association A in Figs. 9 to 12) was relatively uniform in composi-
tion on all sides of the island. Dominant biota include acorn barna-
cles (Chthamalus fissus, Balanus glandula, and Tetraclita squamosa,
in descending order of abundance) and limpets (Collisella digitalis,
C. scabra, and Lottia gigantea).
The thatched barnacle, Tetraclita squamosa, was the species with
the highest biomass in the aggregate samples. The only algae occur-
ring in the samples from this zone were small amounts of Enteromorpha
sp. and patches of Ralfsia sp.
b. Mytilus/Pollicipes Association. This association (associ-
ation B in Figs. 9 to 12) is largely confined to a narrow band (about
2 meters wide) on the west side of the island. A small area of this
association also exists on the southwest wing, but it was not sam-
pled. The association is dominated in biomass by the California
mussel (Mytilus californianus), which has an average biomass of 16.9
kilograms per square meter, and gooseneck barnacles (Pollicipes
polymerus) which average 1.0 kilograms per square meter. A few
limpets, striped shore crabs (Pachygrapsus crassipes), and acorn
barnacles (Balanus spp.) are also found here. Small bay mussels
(Mytilus edulis) were common below the surface layer of larger
California mussels. Both species also occur in small numbers on the
north and south sides, but only M. edulis was found on the east (most
sheltered) side. Algae occurring in this association include
Bossiella orbigniana and Lithothamnium complex. The Mytilus-
Pollicipes association is higher in biomass per unit area than any
other association on the island. —
c. Anthopleura spp. Association. This association (associ-
ation C in Figs. 9 to 12) is composed almost entirely of green
anemones of the genus Anthopleura. Although Anthopleura spp. occur
in large numbers in the macrophytic algae zone, their occurrence in
52
large patches which could reasonably be labeled as a distinct associ-
ation was limited to a few areas on the southeast and northeast
"wings'' of the island.
,
d. Macrophytic Algae Association. The macrophytic algae
association (association D in Figs. 9 to 12), extends around the
island in a continuous band except on the east side under the wharf,
where light is presumably the limiting factor. Its composition is
variable from side to side. Statistical comparisons between associ-
ation D in various parts of the island and association E on the north
side (the type Lithothamnium association) generally showed no signifi-
cant differences for the three taxa selected as characteristic domi-
nants for association E (Lithothamnium complex, Veleroa complex, and
Dodecaceria fewkesi). The only exceptions were the south side,
which had significantly less Veleroa and Dodecaceria than association
E, and the southeast wing, which had significantly less Veleroa.
Thus, it appears reasonable to consider association D as an extension
of association E, overgrown by macrophytes to depths where physical
conditions (including illumination) are favorable.
Lithothamnium dominates algal biomass on all sides of the island.
The macrophytic algae zone on the south side is unusual in that
Lithothamnium complex there is composed of much thicker and irregular
patches than elsewhere on the island. The south side also supports
the densest growths of a coralline alga (Corallina officinalis) and a
green alga (Codium fragile). Other common species on the south side
include feather boa kelp (Egregia menziesii), Gelidium robustum, and
Gigartina canaliculata. The north side also supports substantial
beds of Egregia. Other north-side macrophytic dominants include
Prionitis lanceolata and Gelidium robustum. Cystoseira osmundacea
and coralline algae are abundant in some areas of the north side.
Quantitative data for the west side are of limited value in character-
izing the macrophytic algae because none occurred in any of the ran-
dom west-side quadrats. Qualitative observations and results of the
seasonal surveys suggest that this zone is dominated by Egregia,
Cystoseira, coralline algae, and Gigartina canaliculata. A bed of
giant kelp (Macrocystis sp.) is located at the south end of the west
Side of the island. Judging from earlier air photos, however, the
present kelp bed is small compared to the extensive beds that have
existed in the past. Large numbers of sea urchins now exist on the
island and may account for this phenomenon. It is possible that kelp
and urchins alternate in cycles of abundance on the island. The in-
verse relationship between urchin and algae abundance has been dis-
cussed, for example, by North (1962).
e. Lithothamnium-Veleroa Association.
The Lithothamnium association (association E in Figs. 9 to
12) is characterized by high concentrations of Lithothamnium complex,
53
Veleroa complex, and Dodecaceria fewkesi. Macrophytic algae and
deeper dominants such as Corynactis, Astrangia, gorgonians, and
ectoprocts are scarce. An exception to this generalization is found
on the north side, where a dense band of gorgonians (Muricea
fruticosa and M. californica) exists (see Figs. 9 to 12). Dense
growths of ectoprocts (mostly Lagenipora punctulata, Scrupocellaria
diegensis, and Phidolopora pacifica) and Serpulorbis squamigerus are
found at the bases of the gorgonians, apparently taking advantage of
sheltered habitat conditions. A quadrat from the northeast wing
Lithothamnium-Veleroa association (outside the dense Muricea band)
produced the highest number of species (37) of all 250 quadrats
analyzed. Bat stars (Patiria miniata) and urchins are abundant over
the Lithothamnium-Veleroa association on all sides. The giant key-
hole limpet (Megathura crenulata) is frequently encountered here, as
are sea cucumbers (Parastichopus californicus and P. parvimensis).
This association accounts for more subtidal areal coverage than all
other associations combined and it is highly uniform in species
composition around the island. Despite relatively intensive sampling,
no statistically significant differences in biomass of the character-
istic dominants (Lithothamnium, Veleroa, and Dodecaceria) were found
between this association on the ncrth side and similar associations
elsewhere on the island (associations 4, 9, and 12 in Figs. C-3 to C-6
were found not significantly different from the north-side
Lithothamnium-Veleroa association).
Bo Veleroa-Lagenipora-Lophogorgia-Muricea Association.
In deeper areas of the Lithothamnium zone around the island,
the upper parts of the rocks support species representative of that
association, while ectoprocts abound on the side and undersurfaces.
Deeper yet, the dominant taxa are distinctly different from those
characteristic of the Lithothamnium association. Taxa commonly oc-
curring in this area include Veleroa complex, solitary and colonial
corals Paracyathus stearnsii, Balanophyllia elegans, and Astrangia
lajollaensis), gorgonians Muricea spp. Lophogorgia chilensis),
colonial anemones (Corynactis californica), ectoprocts
(Scrupocellaria diegensis, Lagenipora punctulata, and Phidolovora
pacifica) and the scaled worm shell gastropod, Serpulorbis
Ssquamigerus. During the phase of work involving charting of the major
species associations, five associations were provisionally discrimi-
nated (2, 3, 8, 10, and 13 in Figs. C-3 to C-6) in this deeper area.
Although this group of associations is distinctly different from the
Lithothamnium association, there was no statistical reason on the
basis of the data and observations to separate any of the five pre-
liminary associations from one another. Accordingly, these deep as-
sociations are combined under the letter designation F in Figs. 9 to
12. A large "transition zone'' on the west side was not significantly
different from the Lithothamnium association; however, two smaller
transition areas, one on the northwest wing and one on the southeast
wing, were significantly different.
54
g. Rhodymenia-Veleroa Association.
On the east side, an association exists which is signifi-
cantly depauperate in Lithothamnium complex and significantly en-
riched (relative to adjacent Lithothamnium associations) in the red
alga, Rhodymenia sp. This is the Rhodymenia-Veleroa association,
labeled G in Figs. 9 to 12. High densities of Veleroa complex,
ectoprocts, colonial anemones, corals, Serpulorbis squamigerus, and
the densest growths of Dodecaceria fewkesi on the island are found
here. Nudibranches, especially Flabellinopsis iodinea, are also
common in this zone. The more fragile branching ectoprocts which
occur in deeper water on all four sides of the island exist at shallow
depths only on the east side, apparently because wave forces are much
reduced relative to the other three more exposed sides.
le Lithothamnium-Tetraclita Association.
Above the Rhodymenia-Veleroa association (association G) on
the east side, an association composed almost entirely of Lithotham-
nium complex and the large thatched barnacle, Tetraclita squamosa
occurs over extensive shallow subtidal and intertidal areas (associ-
ation H in Figs. 9 to 12). Although the two species are found in
association in other parts of the island's intertidal and shallow sub-
tidal areas, these occurrences are very limited in extent.
Th. Diopatra-Cerianthid Anemones Association.
Small pockets of shell talus, usually partially covered
with silt, are commonly found in the deeper areas of association F.
These areas are designated as association I in Figures 9 to 12, and
they extend over the talus beds to the natural bottom. The tube
worm, Diopatra ornata; tube anemones, Pachycerianthus spp.; bat
stars, Patiria miniata, and nudibranches (Dendrodoris fulva) are
very common in these associations.
6. Gill Net Survey Results.
Results of the gill net survey are summarized in Table 3. The
nets yielded a total of 270 fishes of 23 species. Five taxa ac-
counted for 61 percent of individuals captured. In decreasing order,
they were: olive rockfish, Sebastes serranoides; midshipman,
Porichthys spp.; walleye surfperch, Hyperprosopon argenteum; swell
shark, Cephaloscyllium ventriosum; and white seaperch, Phanerodon
furcatus. Four of these species (all except C. ventriosum) were
captured on all four sides of the island. The highest number of
individuals and species was captured on the east (most protected)
side of the island. Average catch rates were highest during the day
on the west side, lowest on the east side. However, for the gill net
sets overlapping day and night periods, this pattern was reversed.
The south and east sides had the greatest number (15) of species in
common; the north and west sides were least similar in this respect.
35
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57
White croakers (Genyonemus lineatus) were captured only on the east
side and an unidentified species of rockfish was captured only on the
south side.
We Natural Bottom Survey Results.
Figure 3 shows the location of the natural bottom transect and
sampling stations for sediment infauna. Dominant epibiota (organisms
on the surface of rocks or sediments) and substrate type encountered
along this transect are shown in Figure 21. In general, the deeper
areas of the transect, which are representative of the natural bottom
existing before the island was constructed, are predominantly sedi-
mentary (sandy silt grading into silty sand in the shoreward direc-
tion). On the basis of diver observations, it may be stated that the
biomass, numbers, and variety of epibiota encountered visually over
natural bottom areas are much lower than that of epibiota oberved on
the rock revetments of the island. Although rocky areas exist in the
shallower parts of the transect, the biota they support was observed
to be of lower abundance and variety than the biota occurring at
corresponding depths on the island. The macrophytic algae band is
broader over the transect than on the island; however, zonation in
general is much less distinct over the natural bottom transect than
over the island's revetments. A more detailed account of biota and
habitat types observed along this transect is provided in Appendix E.
The results of analysis of the sedimentary infauna samples are
summarized in Table 4 (data on grain-size distributions for the two
sediments sampled are given in App. F). A total of 62 species was
encountered in the six samples. Disregarding sample 4 (a part of
which was lost), polychaetes accounted for 35 percent of the wet
weight biomass and 50 percent of the taxa present in the samples
taken collectively.
Diversity, as represented by Simpson's Index, was relatively
uniform and high, averaging about 0.93 for the five complete samples.
These high numbers reflect the relatively even distribution of
individuals among the species present and the fact that the propor-
tion of total individuals accounted for by any single species is
small in these samples.
The biomass values, which averaged approximately 0.7 gram per
sample, convert to approximately 14 grams per 0.25 square meter of
sedimentary bottom. Even considering the added contribution of
epifaunal biomass, the quantitative samples indicate that the biomass
of natural bottom habitats is much lower overall than that of the
rock revetments of the island (see Tables D-1 and D-2). Also, the
number of species encountered during limited sampling of natural
bottom areas is much less than recorded on the rock habitats of the
island.
58
94° 2/00"
°
5
©
o
ic}
d
SS
~
B0 100 M @ SEDIMENT GRAB SAMPLE STATIONS
——-TRANSECT SWIM
Figure 21. Dominant biota and substrate type along natural
bottom transect. (Depth contours in feet below MLLW. )
59
Table 4. Biota of natural bottom sediment samples.
Station No. 1 Il 1 2
Grab sample replicate No. 1 2 3 jl
Taxon Depth (m): WS J 1eo7 1.7) 10.7
PLATYHELMINTHES
Unid. flatworm aL
NEMERTINA
Nemertean sp. #1 2 He TL
Nemertean sp. #2 : i dl
Nemertean sp. #3 dL
Nemertean sp. #4 i
MOLLUSCA
Pelecypoda
Axinopsida sericata 2 2
Thracia curta iL
Naculana sp. (juv.) He
Macoma sp. (juv.)
SIPUNCULIDA
Unid. sipunculid aL 1 1
ANNELIDA
Polychaeta
Driloneris falcata
Lumbrineris sp.
Sigambra tentaculata
Haploscoloplos mexicanus
Spiophanes missionensis
Tauberia gracilis
Axiothella sp.
Cossura candida
Unid. Polynoidae
Tharyx sp.
Ampharete labrops
Notomastus sp.
Glycera sp.
Loimia medusa
Scoloplos armiger
S. acmeceps profundus
Mediomastus californiensis TL
Protodorvillea gracilis
Sthenelanella uniformis 2 3
Pista fasciata
Glycera capitata 1
Ancistrosyllis hamata 4L
Nephthys caecoides ih
Polydora sp. alt
Amaena occidentalis
Polycirrus perplexus
Prionospio nr. malmgreni
Praxiella affinis pacifica
Diopatra ornata
Spiochaetopterus costarum
Typosyllis hyalina
PUN N
NO
PRERPPOFPWNOAKPNNEFE
i
PwWHEN
=
=
=
Sie i
See footnotes at end of table.
60
i)
I) OS) l=! [f
PNPRPRPEPRH
Table 4. Biota of natural bottom sediment samples.--Continued.
1 2 2 2
3 11 2 3
55 7/ 10.7! 10.7 10.7
Station No. 1
Grab sample replicate No.: 1
Taxon Depth (m): W959 133;
We
ARTHROPODA CRUSTACEA
AMPHIPODA
Ampelisca cristata 1
Paraphoxus obtusidiens
Synchelidium sp.
Monoculodes cf. hartmanae
Aorides columbiae
Metaphoxus frequens 1
Paraphoxus heterocuspidatus 1
PrN ND
DECAPODA
Cancer sp. (juv.) 1
Pinnotheridae (juv.) iL it al
CUMACEA
Diastylopsis tenuis 6 3
Cyclaspis sp.> al
Hemilamprops californica al iL 2 3
Lamprops cf. carinata 2 1
OSTRACODA
Asteropella sp. 1
ISOPODA
Serolis carinata iL
ECHINODERMATA
OPHIUROIDEA
Amphiodia digitata 1 1
A. sp. (juv.) 2
Amphipholis squamata
Amphiodia occidentalis 4
HOLOTHUROIDEA
Unid. holothurian Jk
CHORDATA
CEPHALOCHORDATA
Branchiostoma californiense 1 5
Total species 20 17 25 7 23 14
Total individuals 38 30 35 16 35 20
Simpson's index of
diversity4 0.94 0.92 0.95 0.79 0.94 0.91
Wet weight (gm)
Polychaetes 0.42 0.19 0.19 0.01 0.22 0.18
Total 0.44 0.72 1.20 0.02 0.86 0.22
A part of this sample was lost
A hard bottom-type species.
Undescribed species
De= lee
2D (p,)?
1
2
3
4
6|
VI. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
Rincon Island's rock revetments offer a diversity of habitat
features for a great variety of marine species which do not occur in
adjacent natural bottom areas. This study added 160 taxa of macro-
biota to the master species list for the island, bringing the total
to 458.
Extensive beds of mollusk shells lie at the bases of the three
sides of the island most exposed to wave action. The bed on the west
(seaward-facing) side is the most extensive; it is composed primarily
of shells of the California mussel, Mytilus californianus. The
volume of shell on the north and south sides combined are an order of
magnitude less than on the west-side bed. Species other than mussels
characterize these beds. Shell accumulations are lacking along the
flanks of the east (landward) side.
Densities of 53 common taxa occurring in permanent transects on
each of the four sides of the island were analyzed for seasonal
variability. About three-fourths of these showed statistically
Significant variation. This was the case for most of the algae
tested and generally for ectoprocts, sea urchins, and certain worms,
coelenterates, and sponges.
Thirteen major species associations were provisionally iden-
tified on the basis of dominant biotic components. Detailed charts
of the boundaries of these associations, referenced to permanent
features on the island, were prepared from field measurements of
depths and distances. Sharpness of the boundaries generally de-
creases with depth. In general, the associations are continuous
horizontally around the island and grade into one another vertically.
Statistical analysis of species abundance and biomass data from
each of the 13 preliminary major species associations provided a
basis for final characterization of associations. Five of the pre-
liminary 13 associations could not be differentiated statistically.
Combination of these and addition of one association resulted in a
total of nine distinctly different major species associations. An
association dominated by acorn barnacle and limpet biomass encircles
the island in the uppermost part of the intertidal. Below this on
the west side lies a mussel-gooseneck barnacle association, which ex-
ceeds all other associations in biomass per unit area. Small pockets
of an intertidal anemone association are found on the southeast wing.
Starting at about the MLLW line and extending a few meters down the
revetments, a macrophytic algae association is found on all but the
east sides. Below this is a broad zone characterized by encrusting
and filamentous algae and a species of polychaete worm. The deeper
parts of the revetments are characterized by an association dominated
by ectoprocts, colonial anemones, corals, and gorgonians. Talus beds
62
with high densities of tube worms and tube anemones separate the deep
associations from natural bottom on all sides except the east side.
Two associations are unique to the east side. The shallower of the
two is composed almost entirely of large barnacles and encrusting
algae. The deeper association has high densities of certain species
of red algae.
Twenty-three species of fishes were captured in gill nets placed
on all four sides of the island. Rockfish, surfperch, toadfish, and
swell sharks dominated the catch. Nets on the west (most exposed)
side yielded the highest catch (numbers and species) during day-
time sets. The east-side nets had the highest catches in the com-
bined day-night sets.
The biota along a transect over natural bottom from near the
island to shore were considerably lower in abundance or density and
in number of species relative to biota at corresponding depths on the
island's revetments. This was especially the case for sedimentary
bottom in deeper water where the island is situated. Samples of
natural sediments were dominated by polychaete worms (35 percent of
biomass and 50 percent of species), small crustaceans, clams, ribbon
worms, and brittle stars.
The construction of Rincon Island has had a major beneficial
effect on local ecological conditions. The quarry rock and tetrapod
construction materials offer habitat features which are not found in
a natural sedimentary bottom area. The solid substratum is colonized
by a high diversity of encrusting and attached biota. Many of these
are habitat-forming species in the sense that they provide shelter
and food for additional species. High vertical relief and vast
amounts of interstitial space attract many species of fishes which
are seldom or never encountered over sedimentary bottom areas.
63
LITERATURE CITED
BLUME, J.A., and KEITH, J.M., "Rincon Offshore Island and Open
Causeway,'' Journal of the Waterways and Harbors Division,
American Society of Civil Engineers, Vol. 85, No. WW3, Sept. 1959,
pp. 61-93.
BUCHANAN, C.C., "A Comparison of Sport Fishing Statistics from
Man-Made and Natural Habitats in the New York Bight,"
Coastal Plains Center for Marine Development Services, Seminar
Series, No. 1, 1972, pp. 27-37.
CARLISLE, J.G., Jr., TURNER, C.H., and EBERT, E.E., "Artificial
Habitat in the Marine Environment,'' Fish Bulletin 124, The
Resources Agency of California, Department of Fish and Game,
Long Beach, California, 1964.
CHAN, G.L., ''Subtidal Mussel Beds in Baja California With a New
Record Size for Mytilus californianus, The Veliger,", Vol. 16,
1973, pp. 239-240.
COLUNGA, L., and STONE, R. eds., Proceedings of an International
Conference on Artificial Reefs, Center for Marine Resources,
Texas A & M University; National Marine Fisheries Service; and
Texas Coastal and Marine Council, Houston, Tex., 1974.
DAMES & MOORE, ''A Study of the Performance of Certain Artificial
Islands on the Pacific Coast of the United States," Report No.
2443-079-10, Los Angeles, Calif., 1974.
FAGER, E.W., ''Patterns in Development of a Marine Community,"
Limnology and Oceanography, Vol. 16, No. 2, Mar. 1971,
pp. 241-253.
KEITH, J.M., and SKJEI, “Engineering and Ecological Evaluation
of Artificial-Island Design, Rincon Island, Punta Gorda,
California," TM-43, U.S. Army, Corps of Engineers, Coastal
Engineering Research Center, Fort Belvoir, Va., Mar. 1974.
NORTH, W.J., "Ecology of the Rocky Nearshore Environment in
Southern California and Possible Influences of Discharged
Wastes,'' International Conference on Water Pollution Research,
London, Sept. 1962, pp. 247-273.
PAINE, R.T., "Biological Observations on a Subtidal Mytilus
californianus Bed,"" The Veliger, Vol. 19, 1976, pp. 125-130.
64
SNEATH, P.H.A., and SOKAL, R.R., Numerical Taxonomy: the Principles
and Practice of Numerical Classification, Freeman § Company,
San Francisco, 1973.
SOKAL, R.R., and ROHLF, F.J., Biometry, the Principles and Practice
of Statistics in Biological Research, Freeman §& Company,
San Francisco, 1969.
SOOT-RYEN, T., ''A Report on the Family Mytilidae (Pelecypoda) ,"
Allen Hancock Pacific Expedition, Vol. 20, No. 1, University
of Southern California Press, Los Angeles, Calif., 1955.
SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA COASTAL WATER RESEARCH PROJECT, 1976 Annual
Report, El Segundo, Calif., 1976, pp. 179-186.
STONE, R.B., ''Artificial Reefs of Waste Material for Habitat
Improvement," Marine Pollution Bulletin, Vol. 3, No. 2, Feb. 1972,
pp. 27-28.
STONE, R.B., “Artificial Reefs and Coastal Fishery Resources," Pro-
ceedings of the 10th Space Congress, Canaveral Council of Tech-
nical Societies, 1973, pp. 2-19.
STONE, R.B., BUCHANAN, C.C., and PARKER, R.O., ''Expansion and
Evaluation of an Artificial Reef of Murrells Inlet, S.C.,"
Final Report, Coastal Plains Regional Commission, Washington, D.C.,
1973, p. 55.
STONE, R.B., BUCHANAN, €.€., and STEIMLE, F.W., Jr., "Scrap Tires as
Artificial Reefs," Report SW-119, U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Washington, D.C., 1974.
TATE, M.W., and CLELLAND, R.C., Nonparametric and Shortcut Statistics
in the Social, Biological, and Medical Sciences, Interstate,
Danville, I1l., 1957.
TURNER, C.H., EBERT, E.E., and GIVEN, R.R., ''Man-made Reef Ecology,"
Fish Bulletin 146, The Resources Agency of California, Depart-
ment of Fish and Game, Long Beach, Calif., 1969.
65
APPENDIX A
DETAILED METHODOLOGY
il. Details of Talus Bed Measurement and Data Processing Methodology.
An initial dive was made to calibrate depth gages of all divers and
to verify criteria for use in determining the inshore and offshore bound-
aries of the talus bed. The north side had an irregular fill base (where
rock and talus meet), and a heavy sediment overburden downslope which
made the talus boundary difficult to determine.
Using a steel tape, a metered line, and an underwater slate, one
diver made the first measurement of the rock revetment, holding the free
end of the 30.5-meter steel tape on an azimuth perpendicular to the
cardinal side. When the diver reached the end of the rock revetment
(beginning of the talus bed), the depth, distance, and time were re-
corded. Three divers then swam to the first diver's location. Measure-
ments were taken on the cardinal sides between the points where the
angle of the side changed direction (beginning of "wing'' of the island).
The first team of two divers measured the talus bed width (inner to
outer margin) by having one diver hold the free end of a 50-meter line
(marked) in meter intervals) while the sedond diver swam along the per-
pendicular azimuth to the outer edge of the talus bed. At this point
the second diver recorded depth, time, and distance. The first diver
was then signaled to join the second diver at the outer edge. The pair
then measured the outer edge of the talus along the entire length of the
side, using the method discussed below. A second team of two divers
measured the talus along the inner edge.
Swimming along an azimuth parallel to the side, one diver deployed
the steel tape along the inner or outer edge of the talus bed (the
second diver held the free end of the tape and remained at the start
point) until a change in depth (+0.15 meter) or direction (+10°) was
noted. At that point the first diver stopped, noted distance swum,
depth, and time. The second diver was then signaled to swim to the
first diver. From this point the first diver swam up the revetment to
the waterline. At the waterline, the diver noted distance and time.
He then returned to the bottom where the second diver was waiting. The
width of the talus bed was measured from this point to the outer edge
where again time, depth, and distance were recorded. The first diver
returned to the second diver and repeated the process, moving along the
cardinal side. The team on the outer edge used an identical method
except that team measured the width of the talus bed from the outer to
inner edge. Each time a talus width was measured, the corresponding
distance up the revetment (waterline to inner edge of talus bed) was
measured. This method allowed multiple points of measurement and
allowed divers to observe changes at the outside and inside limits of
the bed.
67
The following diagrams illustrate the methodology used for
charting the talus beds.
(1) Line of measured distance (waterline to talus bed-revetment bor
der) (dl) and width of talus bed (d2) was drawn on quadrangle
paper (1 cm = 2.4m)
Sos ‘ waterline
al
|
|
| ac
|
\
!
(2)
The next line (distance between revetment measurement points) was
then plotted in the form of circle with that distance (d3) as the
radius.
waterline
(3)
The length of the second revetment measurement (a4) was then
plotted to where it intersected the circle. This gave the dis-
tance between measurements at the waterline (d>) which could be
converted for three-dimensional diagraming.
68
Sa ——— Wwacerikne
(4) The second talus bed length ca) was then plotted as shown
—— — waterline
(5) This methodology was continued along the entire side until a
planar view of that side was constructed.
(6) To show these data in three-dimensional diagram, the planar
diagram was converted to a series of triangles using dl as the
hypotenus of the revetment and d? as the hypotenus of the talus.
Depths (height) were converted to MLLW by adding or subtracting
the number of meters difference according to time (e.g., at
1330 hours, 15 October 1976 tide at Rincon Island (Ventura) was
+0.76 meter; thus, 0.76 meter would be subtracted from the
height of the "revetment triangle'').
waterline
69
(7) The series of triangles was then placed in Decspe ceive by con-
verting the USUENCO between measurements (d> ) to a distance
0.71 times d° The 0.71 conversion allowed a three-dimensional
depiction of these triangles scaled to the total side of the
lisitande) | (0.71l = sinwot alr she trrangillen= M2)
De Permanent Transects Seasonal Data Analysis Methods.
The master species list for the seasonal surveys included 250
taxonomic categories (70 were marine algae and 180 were marine in-
vertebrate taxa). From this master list 24 taxa of marine algae and
30 taxa of invertebrates were selected for special study of seasonal
variability. Proportionately, more algal taxa were used than in-
vertebrate taxa, because seasonal effects are often well pronounced
among algae, especially reds (Rhodophyta). The only algal taxa
omitted from the analysis were those of uncertain identity or which
(a) occurred in low density, and (b) were found on only one side and
during only one season. The number of invertebrate taxa selected for
analysis was in part dictated by data-handling considerations. Even
when unidentified taxa were eliminated, the amount of data remaining
was formidable. Many of these taxa were observed at such low fre-
quencies as to be of little value in any seasonal analysis. Either
these species are uncommon on the island; the transects missed their
centers of abundance; or, if they were seasonally abundant, their
peaks in abundance did not overlap the sampling periods. Many taxa
were observed only once (i.e., in only one quadrat). It is assumed
that most if not all of the singular-occurrence taxa and most of the
low-frequency taxa were generally uncommon on the island. Observa-
tions elsewhere:on the island during other times of the year (i.e.,
during reconnaissance diving, measurement of boundaries of associa-
tions, and biomass measurements) tend to corroborate this. For these
reasons, these rarely encountered taxa were excluded from the sea-
sonal analysis.
70
For the 54 taxa selected for the seasonal effects analysis, ad-
ditional analysis was necessary to maximize data utility. A bias
factor existed if a particular species occurred over a limited part
of a permanent transect, and its density was calculated by dividing
total abundance by n, the total number of quadrat samples taken in
the permanent transect. This provided a value for mean density
over the entire island; however, this would be justified only for
species ubiquitously distributed (i4.e., over the entire length of the
transect). The distribution of only one species, the starfish,
Patiria miniata, approaches this (see Figs. 17 to 20). A better
approach would be to divide total abundance by the number (n) of
quadrats where the species may reasonably be expected to occur, and
express mean density with reference to the parts of the island over
which the species actually occurs (or those associations of which it
is a member). Mean densities of each species may be more meaning-
fully compared to resolve seasonal differences using this approach.
Briefly, the mechanics of this data processing operation involved
scanning the raw data tables to bracket the upper and lower occur-
rence limits for each species and then logging onto computer keypunch
forms the frequency of every density value observed (including zero
density values for quadrats lacking a given species, but falling
within its range of occurrence).
Before the data were subjected to parametric statistical analy-
sis, it was necessary to perform data transformations to normalize
the data. For species whose densities were recorded as percentage
coverage, the values were transformed to angles through the use of
the arcsine transformation (6 = arcsin WOE where pg is a proportion).
This transformation rendered a distribution of percentages or pro-
portions more nearly normal by stretching out both tails of the dis-
tribution and compressing the middle values (Sokal and Rohlf, 1969).
Numerical densities were subjected to the square root transformation.
Because zero values were frequent in the data, the computer was pro-
gramed to add 0.5 to all values before data transformation. The
transformation was then of the form \/Y + % (Sokal and Rohlf,
1969).
The actual calculations of the means used all the raw data for
variances to be calculated for each of the 54 taxa examined.
Seasonal means (data for all four sides lumped) were first tested for
Significant differences by performing an F test (variance ratio test)
to determine whether variances for two seasons under comparison were
equal. If the F test was nonsignificant (variances probably equal),
the following student's t test for differences between seasonal
means was applied (Sokal and Rohlf, 1969):
|
with n, =n 2 df. When significant F ratios were found, indicat-
ing disparaté variances, an approximate t test was used (Sokal and
Rohlf, 1969): \
Me er ~ ¥)) oa * 5)
S
Summary data for all 54 species selected for seasonal analysis
are presented in Table B-1. For each species, this table presents
transformed and untransformed means, standard deviations, transformed
variances, transformed range data, and an indication of whether the F
and t tests are significant at the 95-percent confidence level.
These values are tabulated for each of the four seasons with
data combined for all four sides, and for each of the four sides with
data combined for all four seasons. Side differences were not tested
for significance.
Note that the values in Table B-1 of Appendix B for mean densities
for each species refer to their abundance only over the parts of the
island wherein the species may reasonably be expected to occur--not
over the entire extent of the island revetments.
Because of the lack of data during two seasons for the west-side
macrophytic algae, Mytilus-Pollicipes, and barnacle-limpet zones,
special consideration was required for the species that occurred in
these zones. These included most of the algae species and the follow-
ing invertebrates: Anthopleura sp., Lottia gigantea, Mytilus
californianus, and Pisaster ochraceus. For these species, means for
seasons 1 and 4 were compared since data from seasons 2 and 3 were
questionable. A rerun of the entire analysis for all these species
resulted in changes from significant to nonsignificant (at the 95-
percent confidence level) for only four species: Laurencia pacifica,
Rhodoglossum affine, Lottia gigantea, and Pisaster ochraceus. No
species changed from nonsignificant to significant with the
reanalysis.
UZ
oe Methodology for Preparation of Figures 9 to 12 and Appendix C
Figures C-3 to C-6 (Boundaries of Major Associations).
ARCO Drawing No. CE~1-8, dated 3 March 1965, was used as a base
chart for plotting field-acquired data on boundaries of species asso-
ciations. Different tide levels were shown on the drawing for four
different parts of the island; these levels corresponded to times
when measurements were taken over the four parts of the island. Spot
measurements taken between fixed reference points and the waterline
(which was not at MLLW) at times of corresponding tidal heights
agreed well with the distances represented on the drawing.
The first step was to adjust the waterline to MLLW. This was
done by dividing the tidal height (e.g., +1.2 meters MLLW) by the
tangent of the side-slope angle. The slope angle for each side was
determined by averaging data obtained during the talus bed measure-
ment phase of this project (see Figs. 5 to 8). The resulting MLLW
line is as it would appear if observed directly from some altitude
above the island. True distances measured down the slope of each
side may be determined using the scale provided on each island sector
chart (Figs. 9 to 12 and Figs. C-3 to C-6).
Next, distances measured from fixed reference points at the top
edge of the island to the upper limit of the splash zone (barnacle-
limpet association) were trigonometrically corrected for slope and
plotted. The width of the zone bounded at the top by the barnacle-
limpet line and at the bottom by the MLLW line (representing the main
part of the intertidal zone) was uniform around the island, providing
a positive check on accuracy of the waterline shown on the drawing.
Only 2 of the 15 points showed discrepancies. One on the south side
was off by about 1.2 meters, and the decision was made to redraw the
MLLW line at this point to maintain width uniformity for the inter-
tidal. The other, on the west side, was off by almost 6.1 meters
(the measurement during this study indicated a shorter distance).
This discrepancy may be due to movements of tetrapods in response to
wave forces since the 1965 drawing (a semisubmerged tetrapod lies
just seaward of the "first" waterline); or the difference may be a
result of the manner in which the measuring tape was laid over the
tetrapods (i.e., a greater distance would result if the tape were
placed over the highest points on the tetrapods).
The top margin of the barnacle-limpet zone served as the ref-
erence point for all distance measurements taken during the associ-
ation mapping phase of the project. Distances to association bounda-
ries measured down the slope of each side of the island were multi-
plied by the sine of the average slope for each side. These cor-
rected distances were plotted in Figures 9 to 12 and Figures C-3 to
C-6.
73
APPENDIX B
SUMMARY DATA, SURVEY OF
PERMANENT SEASONAL
TRANSECTS
74
SIDE/ 2
SPECIES con! SEASON
eee
eee
NNNN NANNY
BAe FARR
ll
ll
ll
ll
11
1
ll
1)
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
eee
eo
eee
eee
eee
NAN ARAN eee eee
ee ee
eee
eee
eee
rune
Baru
COMBINED
rune
By
COMBINED
Pune
Ce)
COMBINED
eune
DNA
COMBINED
rune
Bae
COMBINED
rune
Ce a)
COMBINED
@BvYAanN PUN
COMBINED
Table B-1.
min 4
2524 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000 v.000
0.000 0.000
2524 0.000
0.000 0.000
524 0.000
«464 0.000
-322 0.000
2580 0.000
2464 0.000
«322 0.000
2071 0.000
2580 0.000
0.000 0.000
2580 v.000
2685 0.000
2464 0.000
0.000 0.000
2685 0.000
0.000 0.000
2685 0.000
9.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
2685 0.000
0.000 0.000
e142 0.000
0.000 0.000
2247 «0.000
2247 0.000
0.000 0.000
2142 0.000
0.000 0.000
2247 0.000
2.739 0.000
1.225 2707
1.225.707
1.225 «707
1.225
2707
°707
2.739
2.739
0.000 0.000
2580 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
©580 0.000
0.000 0.000
2580 0.000
0.000 0.000
2100 0.000
0.000 0.000
2464 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
e100 0.000
2464 0.000
2464 0.000
Summary data:
seasonal surveys of permanent transects.
TRANSFORMED
See footnotes at end of table.
2003
0.00U
0.000
0.000
210s
2054
0.000
0.000
0.000
2066
0.000
0.000
o
o
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
201)
0.000
0.000
02000
veouu
0.000
2104
0.000
US)
UNTRANSF OK MEO
22.500
15.u00
0.000
0.000
?
=
Species
(8) ©£. Enteromorpha sp.
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
Ulva sp.
Codium fragile
Cystoseira osmundacea
Egregia menziesii
Unid. juvenile
Laminariales
Dictyota flabellata
SPECIES
37
37
37
37
37
37
=
37
39
39
39
39
39
39
39
39
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
41
41
41
41
41
41
41
41
42
42
42
42
42
42
42
42
48
46
48
48
48
48
48
48
CON
wee
s1oes 2
SEASON
rune
DAW
COMBINED
rune
DIAN
COMBINED
rune
DAW
COMBINED
PUNE
DAN
COMBINED
rwNe
Daan
COMBINED
rune
PNW
COMBINED
Pune
PYDrH
COMBINED
rwne
DATUM
COMHINED
TRANSFORMED
MAX
see2D s.vev.6
0.000
2049
2057
ley
min 4
0.000 001
0.000 +000
0.000 001
0.000 0.000
0.000 000
v.000 2001
0.000 =000
0.000 -000
0.000 +000
0.000 +006
0.000 2002
0.000 =007
0.000 2015
0.000 +010
0.000 -0ue
0.000 0.000
0.000 -002
0.000 -007
0.000 2022
0.000 2003
0.000 0.000
0.000 011
0.000 +015
0.000 +01
0.000 0.000
0.000 v.000
0.000 2010
0.000 0.000
0.000 2002
0.000 +003
0.000 2017
+006
+001
008
0.00u
0.000 2006
U.000 0.000
0.000 v.000
0.000 20le
0.000 0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000 2005
See footnotes at end of table.
76
UNTRANSFO*4ED
SeNEv. MEAN
239? 2005
«lee +05)
2 5b6 2066
v.00 Uevu0
1.ATT 2403
1.604 +231
2904 2667
4.1719 eld
2 BMG 200
v.000 0.0u0
1.41) 242
4eB44 1-529
+?36 2086
v.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
4,963 1.019
0.000 0.600
1.239 22465
12825 2323
6.543 1.668
4.024 2959
-Slo +070
4.141 «820
0.000 0.000
3.506
v.000 0.000
7.477 07193
v.00 0.000
7.609 +821
0.000 02000
v.000 uv.000
D.06K 1.621
v.000 0.000
0.000 9.u00
u.000 2000
400 096
4.650) leouse
4.204 wKse
cotue 2465
€.40H 3432
1e1sl e171
0373 2069
1.035 «169
2.697 2357
elie -017
1.390 e151
NS
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
Species
Peyssonellia sp.
Prionitis lanceolata
Rhodoglossum affine
Rhodymenia sp.
Rhodymenia californica
Stenogramma sp.
Stenogramma
interrupta
cf. Phormidium sp.
SPECIES CON
68
68
68
68
68
68
68
68
89
89
89
69
a9
89
89
89
103
103
103
103
103
103
103
103
104
104
104
104
104
104
104
104
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
108
108
108
108
108
108
108
108
109
109
109
109
109
109
109
109
110
110
110
110
110
110
110
110
mann
NUNN
NUNN NAN
nun
nnn
NNANN ANAND
SIDE/
SEASON
rune
mya
COMBINED
rune
DNA
COMBINED
rune
RiIT)
COMBINED
rue
DARN
COMBINED
rune
PAOD
COMBINED
rune
Dar
COMBINED
rune
DAA
COMBINED
rune
BAW
COMBINED
2 max 3
o1T4
«226
2396
«322
#226
174
322
2398
2398
+226
0.000
0.000
+142
071
9.000
«226
2174
+226
3.937
3.536
4.526
4.528
1.225
4.52
1.581
2.915
4.528
«886
464
1.107
1.173
322
1.107
+785
1.173
1.173
2.345
22345
2.550
2.345
1.581
2.345
2.550
0.000
2.550
2.121
2.739
4.528
3.937
4.528
0.000
0.000
0.000
4.528
1.671
2.12)
2elel
1.871
2.121
1.581
2.121
0.000
TRANSFORMED
MINS seez5 S.vev.6 Fay
0.000 001 2U2Zb 2005
6.000 +002 +042 efit
0.000 +00> 2070 2032
0.000 006 «0646 Ned
0.000 2002 =039 -O11
0.000 001 +040 2010
0.000 «002 2udU O17
0.000 2006 -08U -037
0.000 0023 2055 uly
0.000 +003 205¢ -01>
0.000 0.000 u.uou 0.006
0.000 0.000 v.00Uu U.00U
0.000 200) 2032 2007
0.000 -0uU 2013 20nd
0.0uuU 0.0uu veuou 0.000
0.000 001 20365 2008
0.000 001 +037 2906
0.000 2001 «03 2006
«707 «206 #454 2HNS
«707 e137 371 o TAT
707 +2lo +467 +796
«707 +265 2515 ehl>
«707 2010 2090 «720
«707 1-306 1el4s 1.269
«707 016 +13> +734
+707 +09" +307 “777
707 2207 2455 «HOL
0.000 2006 077 2026
0.000 2003 25a 200%
0.000 2005 +Ule 20aT7
0.000 2004 -09uU 2034
0.000 2003 2059 2019
0.000 +006 «0BY 2937
0.000 006 090 2060
0.000 001 2025 2003
0.000 2006 076 +03¢
0.000 2050 e172 ell?
0.000 2013 ell4 2055
0.000 -036 «1AY ele7
0.000 2044 +210 114
0.000 2005 +060 2025
0.000 2029 2176 207K
0.000 «014 +116 20RD
062 2469 215
2054 + lR6 ell¢
707 elao 366 otha
2707 +136 2369 24d
2707 147 Perry B52
«707 163 =404 2 A968
-707 2011 +106 2725
707 2091 «302 2 7TRO
2707 2216 #464 2960
0.000 0.000 u.2000 0.00U
«707 «144 «379 2864
2707 2200 2 46T 2975
2707 2348 +590 14105
+707 1.Sue 1eees 2450
-707 2722 -85U 1.140
«707 706 1.168
0.000 0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000 v.000
0.000 0.000 0.000
2707 2708 Bal 1.148
2707 2021 0730
«707 2060 2793
707 071 oAle
0707 2063 2804
2707 2 0R1 +793
«707 2071 2737
«707 2071 otlT
0.000 0.000 0.000
707 2056 2 7hG
e121
See footnotes at end of table.
(OG
UN TH ANSF On ar)
S.DEV.
ejoT
eT49
1.790
1.504
MEAN
269
2149
2D6R
254
eud4
veuon
+154
2136
(s)
Species
Cliona sp.
Rymenamphiastra
cyanocrypta
Anthopleura sp.
Astrangia
dajollaensis
Corynactis
californica
Lophogorgia
chilensis
Muricea spp.
Paracyathus
stearnsii
TRANSFORMED UNTRANSFUR™EU
SIDE/
spectes con! season 2 wax 3 NA rocco iapecien
8 2 1 2707 2707 2000 2000 e797 u.000 ueduU Ale (s) , "
5 2 2 1.225 2707 2009 097 2722 «147 2036 Hae sepeeayeeruviane
128 2 3 1.225 707 2010 +101 eTe7 e195 2039 1hee ododesmus cepio
128 e 4 2.739 2707 2060 2249 2756 Ton e135) Awe
128 2 5 1.225 707 +01) +104 2774 220) 5042 1146
128 2 6 2707 = 707 2000 2000 .707 0.000 U.000 Se.
128 2 7 2.739 2707 2036 olde 2735 257? 207K Abe
128 2 Pp 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 v.00 0.0u0 0.000 ve
COMBINED 2.739 «707 01 2144 2730 244 2053 397.
148 2 1 2.121 =o 707 2064 ra 2318 259K 2237) 1446 ss Doriopeilla
148 2 2 1.225 707 2008 2092 2724 2177 eus2 124, albopunctata
148 2 3 1.871 707 2023 2182 2739 2346 2070 «1A.
148 2 4 2.121 «707 +060 2244 2795 257? 219) 19h.
148 2 5 1.871 «707 2040 2190 2743 lib.
148 2 6 1.581 707 2015 2124 +736 248.
148 2 7 1.581 707 2027 +163 2752 170.
148 2 8 2.121 .707 .074 2273 eID 250.
COMBINED 2.121 4707 2041 2204 2770 2466 2144 744.
153 2 1 1.871 «707 +205 2775 2444 2143) 154. (Ss) Kelletia kelletii
153 2 2 2707 = 707 2000 2707 0.000 e000 Ino.
153 2 3 1.871 707 2116 2725 2270 2940 176.
153 2 4 2.121 707 2227 e777 2546 2155 lab.
144
153 2 5 1.871 707 0173 2748 2397 2090 O
153 2 6 1.581 707 2088 e714 2194 2023-132.
153 2h Guat) 1.871 2707 2166 e751 2367 2042 1206
153 2 8 2.121 .707 -186 275> 2437 2105) can.
COMBINED 2.121 707 20eT 2164 2745 2377 20d? 634.
155 2 1 4.528 .707 1.038 1.019 1.201 4.673 1.960 38650. S&S Tottia gigantea
155 2 2 3.674 707 2519 -720 2937 22953 2875 24,
155 2 3 32240 2707 2269 2519 2925 1.738 2619 42.
155 2 4 3.240 2707 237b 2615 2935 2.119 2750 4b.
155 2 5 3.082 2728 1615 22423 16421 3h.
155 2 6 4.183 1.073 1.292 4.628 ce2y5 ah,
155 2 7 1.225 2097 2725 2187 2036 56.
155 2 a 4.528 2776 2919 3.939 2923 Ao.
COMBINED 4.528 +760 «1.015 30191 16104 164.
157 2 1 1.581 .707 2033 -160 2375 e118 149. s Ss Megathura crenulata
157 2 2 1.561 707 2013 elle 223? 2043 lhe.
157 2 3 1.225 707 2013 2115 o2e2 2051 136.
157 2 4 1.581 707 2022 2150 e311 207A 1h6.
157 2 5 1.225 6707 2016 2127 2246 2064 1716
157 2 6 1.225 707 2005 2070 2135 2019 Low.
157 2 7 1.225 2707 2000 2091 2175 2032 272.
157 2 8 1.581 707 2056 2236 2506 +205 132.
COMBINED 1.581 e707 20A1 2144 0744 2296 0974 FASS
158 2 1 30240 2707 2313 2560 Aol 20105 2542 Pee s NS Mytilus
158 2 2 2707 «707 0.000 0.000 2707 0.000 v.000 2. californianus
158 2 3 3.808 .707 0437 2661 2BOs €0965 +636 2c.
158 2 4 11.853 6707 = 44790 9 2o HY =e LKO 270439 50500
158 2 5 11.853 6707) «= 20860 = 16691) 10057) = ue 283) 341TH
158 2 6 1.871 707 e117 2343 2713 2803 2273, 2.
158 2 7 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 6.000 0.
158 2 8 2707 «707 0.000 0.000 2707 0.000 v.000 4.
COMBINED 11.853 6707 16891 14375 2965 166354 2.247) TH
159 2 1 3.240 2707 2267 2517 2813 2.04) 2417 9 24 (s) Mytilus edulis
159 2 2 0.000
159 2 3 14.509
159 2 4 0.000
159 2 5 14,509
159 2 6 2707
159 2 7 0.009
159 2 8 0.000
COMBINED 14.509
See footnotes at end of table.
78
SPECIES
170
170
170
170
170
170
170
170
185
185
185
145
185
185
185
165
186
186
186
186
186
186
186
186
187
187
187
187
187
167
187
187
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
201
201
201
201
201
201
201
201
202
202
202
202
202
202
202
202
228
228
228
228
228
228
228
228
See footnotes at end of table
1 SIDE/
CON * SEASON
2 1
2 2
2 3
2 4
2 5
2 6
2 7
2 a
COMBINED
2 1
2 2
2 3
2 4
2 5
2 6
2 7
2 A
COMBINED
1 1
1 2
1 3
1 4
1 5
1 6
1 7
1 8
COMBINEU
2 1
é 2
e 3
2 4
2 Ss
2 6
2 7
2 8
COMBINED
1 1
1 2
1 3
1 4
1 5
1 6
1 v
1 aR
COMBINED
1 1
1 2
1 3
1 4
1 5
1 6
1 7
1 8
COMBINED
1 1
1 2
1 3
1 4
1 5
1 6
1 7
1 8
COMBINED
2 1
2 2
2 3
2 4
2 5
2 6
2 7
2 8
COMBINED
2
TRANSFORFEIY
UNTHANSF OREN)
10,025
A.9T2
8.860
10.025
6-205
10.025
7.106
9.925
7.106
7.106
7.106
7.106
0.000
9.925
9.925
+785
+535
2398
2685
2685
540
785
2524
«785
1.871
1.871
1.581
2.121
2.121
1.871
1.225
1.581
2-121
«846
1.173
2866
0735
3464
580
1.173
2404
1.173
2322
2398
2142
+226
2247
2396
322
«142
2398
322
1.107
2466
2464
322
3464
1.107
322
1.107
2.550
2.121
3.536
3.536
2.345
1.871
3.530
2.550
3.536
1.550
1.635
leetio
1.767
e.loe
1-195
1.591
1.096
ols
11.30%
13.604
o.97)
14.605
lo.35A
yelo7
1.038
Gaur
6.002
12.62)
4.499
b.150
7.773
7.53n
v.900
10.441
79
Species
Serpulorbis
squamigerus
Diopatra ornata
Dodecaceria fewkesi
Eudistylia sp.
Lagen{pora
punctulata
Phidolopora
Pacifica
Scrupocellaria
diegensis
Parastichopus spp.
SPECIES
229
229
229
229
229
229
229
229
230
230
230
230
230
230
230
230
231
231
231
231
231
231
231
231
241
241
241
241
241
241
261
241
242
242
242
242
242
242
242
242
con! Season 2
SIDE/
NnaNnNNw
NANNY
NnNNN
NANNY
Nann
NNN
NUNN NANNY
NNN
NAnNnw
NNN NaNNwNn
rune
DAD
COMBINED
rune
@Onouw
COMBINED
rune
@Ooryoryn
COMBINED
rUWNne
@noyw
COMBINED
ewne
Rana
COMBINED
rwne
DBraDN
COMBINED
TRANSFORMED
max3 MIN4 See22 5.0EV.9 MEAN
3.536 2707 2409 2639 1.315
3.937 0707 2359 2599 1.354
4.301 2707 2501 2708 1.368
3.808 0707 2429 2655 1.336
4.301 2707 2551 2742 1.515
3.536 2707 2516 2718 1.454
3.0862 2707 0297 2545 1.277
3.937 0707 2283 2532 1.172
4.301 0707 2425 2652 1.3463
1.225 °707 e011 2106 e73U
1.225 2707 2004 Vol e714
1.225 0707 2000 2089 e723
1.225 2707 2004 2063 e715
1.225 2707 e011 2107 0730
1.225 707 2004 2065 e719
0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
1.225 707 2005 2073 eTlT
1.225 e707 2007 2 0ARc e720
1.871 0707 2056 0236 0 ANG
2.121 2707 20049 e221 2° 79K
220345 e707 2063 2252 0h14
2.12) o707 2051 2226 e791
1.871 0707 2046 e215 eBN6
1.581 2707 2038 0196 o7Re
2.121 2707 2058 2240 2f12
22345 0707 2067 2259 eANT
223485 0707 2055 0234 ele
1.225 e707 2008 2091 0773
1.225 2707 e012 e110 e731
1.581 e707 2037 0192 e774
1.225 0707 2013 e1l5 0 134
1.581 e707 2022 e149 e743
1.225 0707 2017 e131 0742
1.581 0707 2026 ol62 e756
1.225 0707 2007 20RO e722
1.581 e707 2917 0130 0739
3.082 2707 0224 0473 0976
20915 0707 0194 0440 0943
32536 0707 e301 0546 1.0160
3.082 2707 0308 2555 1.072
3.391 °707 1.147
22550 0707 1.004
20121 2707 2856
3.536 2707 0924
3.536 .707 9254 2504 2996
2707 2576 0759 1.195
0707 070¢ °B38 1.209
0707 0157 0396
0707 0984 2992
0707 048 2694
See footnotes at end of table
80
UNTRANSFORMED
SeDEV.
NS
NS
Species
Patiria miniata
Pisaster
brevispinus
Pisaster
giganteus
Pisaste.
ochraceus
Strongylocentrotus
Strongylocentrotus
purpuratus
N
ONDMHHWN re
= Arcsin conversion used for data transformation
Square root conversion used for data transformation
summer (July 1976)
fall (November 1976)
winter (February 1977)
spring (April 1977)
north side
south side
east side
west side
Sieecimem value of density (transformed)
“gen dance value of density (transformed)
variance
standard deviation
7y number of quadrats examined over zone of occurrence
BF "F ratio'' (ratio of variances)
2s "Student's t,'’ the deviation of the estimated mean from that of
the sample population
S Significant (95 percent confidence level)
NS = Not significant (95 percent confidence level)
(S) Significant difference in means due to absence during at least
one season
8|
APPENDIX C
R-MODE DENDROGRAMS AND BOUNDARIES
OF PRELIMINARY (TENTATIVELY IDENTIFIED) SPECIES
Note:
ASSOCIATIONS
In Figures C-3 to C-6, each association is labeled
with an alpha or numeric designation. The number
refers to the preliminary identity applied to each
association for purposes of field recognition and
charting of the boundaries of each major species
association (see Sec. I1V,4). The letter represents
the designation of the identity of the association
after the completion of statistical analysis of
quantitative compositional data as described in
Section V,5.
82
Se r ° = r Yr 1
no eco £2'0 ALO so°0 ho"o
2p) qr r ¥ r
sayaadc AOU 56°0 9e°0 at) e9°0 6s°0 0s°0
S3ILIYMIIWIS
83
North-side R-mode dendrogram showing similarities in occurrence among species
Figure C-1.
surveyed in a permanent transect (species with high frequencies of co-occurrence
cluster at high similarity values)
See Table C-1 for key to species codes.
pop
sainads
howl $6°0 98'0 cL'0 e9'0 65'0 0s'0 Vheo 2e'0 €2'0 ALO s0'0 hO*O°
S3ILIYBIIHIS
84
North-side R-mode dendrogram. --Continued.
Figure C-1l.
epo> |
sarnads yo)
=
S60
S=
6S°
= <I
0 os‘ \n'o
SSTLIYYIIWI
85
larities in occurrence among species surveyed
th high frequencies of co-occurrence cluster at
See Table C-1 for key to species code.
East-side R-mode dendrogram showing simi
in a permanent transect (s
high similarity values).
Figure C-2.
pecies wi
apo)
sainads
os"9 \n'o
S3PLIYHVIHIS
86
East side R-mode dendrogram. --Continued.
Figure C-2.
ONOuSBWnNr
48.
49.
58.
él.
Veleroa subulata
Codium fragile
Gelidium cartilagineum
Grateloupia abreviata
cf. Fucus sp.
Litho/Lithop.
Peyssonellia sp.
Stenogramme interupta
Corallina officinalis
Unid. fil green alga
Unid. fil red alga
Unid. juv. red alga
Unid. bushy red alga
(c£. G. coulteri)
cf. Enteromorpha sp.
Prionitis lanceolata
Unid. "brown scum"
Unid. red alga #1 (WwW)
Unid. red alga #2 (WwW)
Unid. lobate red alga
Egregia laevigata
Unid. brown alga
Unid. red alga #1 (E)
Unid. red alga #2 (E)
cf. Callophyllis
Unid. red alga #3 (E)
Unid. flat red alga (E)
cf. Agardhiella sp.
cf. Ceramium sp.
Unid. red alga (N)
cf. Gelidium sp.
Gigartina spinosa armata
Unid. red alga (S)
Unid. fil red alga (S)
Unid."spindly gr-br alga"
Macrocystis sp.
Unid. green algal slime
Unid. coraline alga (N)
(cf. C. officinalis)
Rhodoglossum affine
cf. Microcladia sp. (E)
cf. Gigartina exasperata
Unid. fil red alga (E)
Unid. leafy red (E)
Unid. small brown alga (E)
cf. Platythamnion sp. (WwW)
cf. Bossiella orbigniana
"Wiry" red alga (E)
"Spiny" red alga (E)
Unid. sponge (W)
Cliona sp.
Spheciospongia confoederata
Hymeniacidon cyanocrypta
Unid. purple sponge (N)
Unid. grey sponge (S)
"Sulfur sponge" (S)
Unid. sponge (N)
Rhabdodermella nuttingi
Unid. sponge (E)
cf. Verongia thiona 3
Leucetta losangelensis
Astrangia lajollaensis
Paracyathus stearnsii
Table C-1.
62.
63.
64.
65.
66.
67.
68.
69.
70.
71.
72.
73.
74.
Wo
76.
ile
78.
79.
80.
81.
82.
GIs}o
84.
85.
86.
87.
88.
89.
90.
91.
92.
Or
94.
95.
96.
97.
98.
99%
100.
101.
102.
103.
104.
105.
106.
107.
108.
109.
110.
lll.
112.
113.
114.
115.
116.
117.
118.
119.
120.
121.
122.
Anthopleura cf. vanthogrammica
Key to R-mode dendrograms
Corynactis californica
Lophogorgia chilensis
Unid. hydroid (S)
Unid. anemone (S) #1
Unid. anemone #2 (S)
Muricea fruticosa
Unid. yellow hydroid
cf. Sertularia sp.
Balanophyllia elegans
Cerianthid anemones
Hydractinia sp.
Unid. "alternate" hydroid (E)
cf. Tealia sp.
Unid. hydroids (N)
Aglaophenia struthionides
cf. Eudendrium sp.
cf. Plumularia lagenifera
Pteropurpura festiva
cf. Dendrodoris fulva
Kelletia kelletii
Calliostoma canaliculatun
Mitra idae
Lottia gigantea
Collisella digitalis
Cc. cf. strigatella
C. scabra
Conus californicus
Acanthina spirata
Serpulorbis squamigerus
Megathura crenulata
Mytilus californianus
cf. Anisodoris nobilis
cf. Collisella limatula
Dialula sandiegensis
Hermissenda crassicornis
(Ww)
Navanax inermis
Hinnites multirugosus
Chama pellucida
Unid. gastropod sp. #1 (N)
Pholads (cf. Parapholas calif.)
Unid. dorid (N)
Collisella cf. conus
Cypraea sSpadicea
Acmaea mitra
Pododesmus cepio
Ceratostoma nuttalli
Mytilus edulis
Diodora aspera
Nassarius mendicus
Unid. black/yellow dorid
Unid. nudibranch (S)
Unid. orange dorid (Ss)
Flabellinopsis iodinea
Crepipatella lingulata
Maxwellia gemma
Octopus sp.
Aplysia californica
Unid. limpet (E)
cf. Anomia sp.
Unid. white spot dorid (Ww)
Unid. yellow doris (W)
(S)
87
123.
124.
125.
126.
127.
128.
129.
130.
131.
132.
133.
134.
iS}S)5
136.
137.
138.
WI),
140.
141.
142.
143.
144.
145.
146.
147.
148.
149.
150.
Glo
1525
153.
154.
NS
156.
157.
158.
159.
160.
161.
162.
163.
164.
165.
166.
167.
168.
169.
170.
171.
172.
W736
174.
175.
176.
177.
178.
WTS)e
180.
181.
182.
183.
184.
185.
(Figs. C-l and C-2).
Unid. orange cerata eolid (W)
Unid. boring clam (S)
Calliostoma annulatum
Unid snail (N)
Diopatra ornata
Unid. serpulids (W)
Dodecaceria fewkesi
cf. Eudistylia sp.
cf. Chaetopterus sp.
Unid. cf. sabellid (N)
Unid. serpulid (E)
Salmacina tribranchiata
Lagenipora punctulata
Scrupocellaria diegensis
Phidolopora pacifica
Unid yellow ectoproct (W)
Encrusting ectoprocts
Unid. "brain coral" ectoproct
Antropora tincta
Diaperoecia californica
Bugula neritina
Unid. ectoprocts (E)
Membranipora tuberculata
Balanus pacificus
B. tintinnabulum
B. nubilus
Tetraclita squamosa rubescens
Chthamalus fissus
Pollicipes polymerus
Balanus glandula
cf. Paguristes ulreyi
Unid. pagurids (W) |
Loxorhynchus crispatus
Pachygrapsus Crassipes
Unid. pagurid (N)
Unid. shrimp (N)
Unid. barnacles
Unid. small barnacle (E)
Unid. pagurid (E)
cf. Isocheles pilosus
Patiria miniata
Pisaster brevispinus
P. giganteus
P. ochraceus
Parastichopus sp. #1
(short knob-like projections)
P. sp. #2 (long black-tipped
projections)
Strongylocentrotus franciscanus
S. purpuratus
cf. Ophiopsilla californica
Unid. holothuroid (N)
Unid ophiuroid (S)
Ophiothrix spiculata
Unid ophuroid (E)
Lytechinus sp.
Boltenia villosa
Unid. tunicate (W)
Styela montereyensis
cf. Amaroucium sp.
Unid. organisms
Ocenebra foveolata
Not sampled
Unid. coraline (E)
Collisella spp. (E)
(E)
PRELIMINARY ASSOCIATIONS BASED ON FIELD OBSERVATIONS:
. DIOPATRA/CERIANTHIDS
» ASTRANGIA/GORGONIANS
- LAGENIPORA/SCRUPOCELLARIA
= LITHOTHAMNION COMPLEX/SERPULORBIS/VELEROA
- MACROPHYTIC ALGAE
+ MYTILUS/POLLICIPES
- BARNACLES/LIMPETS
CORYNACTIS /ASTRANGIA
LITHOTHAMNION COMPLEX/SERPULORBIS/DODECACERIA/VELEROA
- ASTRANGIA/CORYNACTIS/LOPHOGORGIA
<= TETRACLITA/LITHOTHAMNION COMPLEX
= LITHOTHAMNION/LAGENIPORA/VELEROA
» LOPHOGORGIA/CORYNACTIS/VELEROA
OUTLINE OF TALUS BED
LOCATION OF PERMANENT TRANSECTS
TRANSECT LINES(DEPTHS IN METERS BELOW MLLM)
FIMAL ASSOCIATIONS BASED OW STATISTICAL COMPARISONS:
HEONmMOOD>
BARNACLE /LIMPET
MYTILUS/POLLICIPES
ANTHOPLEURA SPP.
MACROPHYTIC ALGAE
LITHOTHAMNION/VELEROA
VELEROA/LAGENIPORA/LOPHOGORGIA/MURICEA
RHODYMENIA/VELEROA
. LITHOTHAMNION/TETRACLITA
« DIOPATRA/CERIANTHID ANEMONES
1020 30 _40__SOFEET
5 lo 15 20 METERS
(POR ACTUAL DISTANCES DOWN NORTH AND WEST SIDES,
DIVIDE BY 0.893 AND 0.925, RESPECTIVELY)
Figure C-3. Preliminary and final species associations,
5
a
1 fe
northwest quadrant.
88
eee
(ESR ACTUAL DISTANCES DOWN WEST AND SOUTH SIDES,
DIVIDE BY 0.925 AND 0.892, RESPECTIVELY)
PRELIMINARY ASSOCIATIONS BASED OW FIELD OBSERVATIONS:
. DIOPATRA/CERIANTHIDS
« ASTRANGIA/GORGONIANS
- LAGENIPORA/SCRUPOCELLARIA
- LITHOTHAMNION COMPLEX/SERPULORBIS/VELEROA
1
2
3
4
s
6. MYTILUS/POLLICIPES
7
8
9
10
- 1 MACROPHYTIC ALGAE
> BARNACLES/LIMPETS
* CORYNACTIS/ASTRANGIA
) LYTHOTHAMNION COMPLEX /SERPULORBIS/DODECACERIA/VELEROA
| _ASTRANGIA/CORYNACTIS/LOPHOGORGIA
11. TETRACLITA/LITHOTHAMNION COMPLEX
12) LITHOTHAMNION/LAGENIPORA/VELEROA
13. LOPHOGORGIA/CORYNACTIS /VELEROA
+ OUTLINE OF TALUS BED
(=: * LOCATION OF PERMANENT TRANSECTS
—-—— TRANSECT LINES(DEPTHW IM METERS BELOW KLLM)
PIMAL ASSOCIATIONS BASED OM STATISTICAL COMPARISONS :
BARNACLE /LIMPET
MYTILUS/POLLICIPES
ANTHOPLEURA SPP.
MACROPHYTIC ALGAE
LITHOTHAMNION/VELEROA
VELEROA/LAGENIPORA/LOPHOGORGIA/MURICEA
RHODYMENIA/VELEROA
LITHOTHAMNION/TETRACLITA
. DIOPATRA/CERIANTHID ANEMONES
rzoannoos>
O10 20 30 _40__SOFEET
Figure C-4. Preliminary and final special associations,
southwest quadrant.
89
PRELIMINARY ASSOCIATIONS BASED ON FIELD OBSERVATIONS:
1. DIOPATRA/CERIANTHIDS
2. ASTRANGIA/GORGONIANS
3. LAGENIPORA/SCRUPOCELLARIA
4. LITHOTHAMNION COMPLEX/SERPULORBIS/VELEROA
5. MACROPHYTIC ALGAE
6. MYTILUS/POLLICIPES
7. BARNACLES/LIMPETS
8. CORYNACTIS/ASTRANGIA
9. LITHOTHAMNION COMPLEX/SERPULORBIS/DODECACERIA/VELEROA
10. ASTRANGIA/CORYNACTIS /LOPHOGORGIA
11. TETRACLITA/LITHOTHAMNION COMPLEX
12. LITHOTHAMNION/LAGENIPORA/VELEROA
13. LOPHOGORGIA/CORYNACTIS/VELEROA.
+= OUTLINE oF TALUS BED
* LOCATION OF PERMANENT TRANSECTS
——-—— TRANSECT LINES(DEPTHS IN METERS BELOW MLLW)
FIMAL ASSOCIATIONS BASED ON STATISTICAL COMPARISONS:
BARNACLE/LIMPET
MYTILUS/POLLICIPES
ANTHOPLEURA SPP.
MACROPHYTIC ALGAE
LITHOTHAMNION/VELEROA
VELEROA/LAGENIPORA/LOPHOGORGIA/MURICEA
RHODYMENIA/VELEROA
LITHOTHAMNION/TETRACLITA,
+ DIOPATRA/CERIANTHID ANEMONES:
HrONMOOeD>
°
i
15 20 METERS
(POR ACTUAL DISTANCES DOWN SOUTH AND EAST SIDES,
DIVIDE BY 0.892 AND 0.877, RESPECTIVELY)
| 1e 12/136
AP PAB
Figure C-5. Preliminary and final special associations,
southeast quadrant.
90
12/136
PRELIMIMARY ASSOCIATIONS BASED OW FIELD OBSERVATIONS:
1
2.
3.
a
5.
6
7
- DIOPATRA/CERIANTHIDS
ASTRANGIA/GORGONIANS
LAGENIPORA/SCRUPOCELLARIA
LITHOTHAMNION COMPLEX /SERPULORBIS/VELEROA
MACROPHYTIC ALGAE
- MYTILUS/POLLICIPES
BARNACLES/LIMPETS
CORYNACTIS /ASTRANGIA
LITHOTHAMNION COMPLEX/SERPULORBIS/DODECACERIA/VELEROA
ASTRANGIA/CORYNACTIS /LOPHOGORGIA
- TETRACLITA/LITHOTHAMNION COMPLEX
. LITHOTHAMNION/LAGENIPORA/VELEROA
- LOPHOGORGIA/CORYNACTIS/VELEROA
+++ OUTLINE OF TALUS BED
* LOCATION OF PERMANENT TRANSECTS
—-— TRANSECT LINES(DEPTHS IN METERS BELOW MLLW)
FIMAL ASGSOCIATIOMS BASED OM STATISTICAL COMPARISONS :
BARNACLE /LIMPET
MYTILUS/POLLICIPES
ANTHOPLEURA SPP.
MACROPHYTIC ALGAE
LITHOTHAMNION/VELEROA
VELEROA/LAGENIPORA/LOPHOGORGIA / MURICEA
RHODYMENIA/VELEROA
LITHOTHAMNION/TETRACLITA
- DIOPATRA/CERIANTHID ANEMONES
nxanmooo>
(POR ACTUAL DISTANCES DOWN NORTH AND EAST SIDES,
DIVIDE BY 0.876 AND 0.877, RESPECTIVELY)
Figure C-6. Preliminary and final special associations,
northeast quadrant.
w)I
APPENDIX D
SUMMARY DATA, QUANTITATIVE CHARACTERIZATION OF
Note:
MAJOR SPECIES ASSOCIATIONS
In order to calculate biomass values per
unit area (0.25 square meter or, in the
case of associations 6 and 7, 0.01 square
meter), multiply values for average weight
(average weight per individual specimen)
by values for x (mean abundance per unit
area). See Section 5 for average weight
values applicable to Dodecaceria fewkesi,
Lithothamnium complex, Serpulorbis
squamigerus, Veleroa complex, and
Corynactis californica.
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Table D-3. Areal coverages of major species associations (areal
coverages are expressed as percent of total island
area between the upper limit of the barnacle-limpet
zone and the lower limit of revetment rock on the bottom).
Provisional Species Associations (numerical designations for associ-
ations on various sides of the island correspond to those designations
in Table D-1 and Figs. C-3 to C-6).
Table D-1 Percent Table D-1
Subarea Coverage Subarea Percent coverage
Upper Intertidal 11 2S
Association #7 12 Sool
(Barnacle-Limpet) 6.70 13 3.80
Association #6 14 4.80
(Mytilus-Pollicipes) 1.28 15 3.62
Lower Intertidal and Subtidal 16 1.22
1 0.76 17 185
D 0.95 18 1.78
3 DIN 19 2.36
4 0.91 20 2.66
5 0.54 21 1.02
6 0.23 22 1.40
7 0.70 23 1.69
8 ADs 24 0.66
9 Seri
10 12.40
Remaining island area not quantitatively sampled: polo}
Total 100.00
(15,560 m2)
Final Species Associations (see Figs. 9 to 12)
Association Percent
Designation Coverage
A Barnacle- limpet 6.70
B Mytilus-Pollicipes ZS
C Anthopleura Spp. 0.10
D Macrophytic algae 7.38
E Lithothamnium complex 53.47
8 Veleroa-Lagenipora-Lophogorgia-Muricea 29.1
G Rhodymenia-Veleroa 1.02
H Lithothamnium- Tetraclita 0.61
I Diopatra-cerianthid anemones 0.34!
Total 100.00
(15,560 m2)
lpresent as small isolated pockets on the lower parts of association F
and, on the north side, association E. 4
100
APPENDIX E
OBSERVATIONS ALONG NATURAL BOTTOM TRANSECT
The following is a discussion of substrate and biotic composition
of the first segment of the transect (13.7- to 6.1l-meter depth).
Over the depth range 13.7 to 11.3 meters, the substrate is silt
with some shell fragments. The sediment is very soft and similar to
that existing at the base of the east side of the island. The domi-
nant biota are sea pens (Stylatula elongata), bat stars (Patiria
miniata), whelks (Kelletia kelletii), and cerianthid anemones. Ona
few isolated rocks (maximum vertical relief 0.25 meter) stony corals
(Astrangia lajollaensis) were present and the tectibranch, Navanax
inermis, was observed.
At about 10.7 meters the substrate is more sandy with many shell
fragments. Isolated smooth boulders (1- to 2-meter diameter) are
present with the evidence that they are intermittently covered with
sand (no epiphytic algae present). Diopatra spp. are common to abun-
dant in patches of up to about 100 individuals. Kelletia, Patiria,
and Strongylocentrotus franciscanus are present. Vertical pipes
(about 1 meter high) were observed with cf. Metridium sp. attached.
Diaulula sandiegensis, Corynactis california, Cancer sp., cf.
Stylatula, and cerianthid anemones were present. Also at this depth,
gorgonians (Muricea spp. and Lophogorgia chilensis) appear on iso-
lated rocks, with Muricea common to locally abundant.
From 10.7 to 9.1 meters, smooth boulders, as described above,
dominate the substrate. However, these boulders are more heavily
encrusted with Astrangia, Veleroa, and Lithothamnium complex. Around
the rock bases, where some sand is present, Diopatra ornata occur.
The midshipman (Porichthys spp.), juvenile olive rockfish (Sebastes
serranoides) and sanddabs (Citharichthys sp.) are also present.
Lithothamnium coverage ranges up to 15 to 20 percent of exposed rock
areas. Also present on vertical pipes and rocks are sponges (Leucetta
losangelensis), Metridium, and Strongylocentrotus franciscanus.
Strongylocentrotus purpuratus was also observed along these depths,
but this species was not abundant. Cypraea spadicea, Tethya aurantia,
Pisaster brevispinus, P. giganteus, and Dermasterias imbricata were
also present to common on the solid substrate.
From 7.6 to 6.1 meters the substrate changes from smooth boulders
to solid shale bedrock with isolated boulders and sand patches.
Pholad bivalves, starfish, and urchins dominate the macrobiota. Some
red alga (Veleroa complex and Lithothamnium) are present; also juve-
nile red algae was observed attached to the rock.
101
The next segment of the transect, extending from a depth of
about 4.6 meters to shore, is predominantly sand and largely de-
pauperate in macrobiota (visibility was yery poor during the two
occasions this area was examined). From this point shoreward, scat-
tered rocks (30- to 60-centimeter diameter) were commonly encountered.
Acorn barnacles were abundant on these rocks, and coverages of
Lithothamnium complex and the tunicate, Styela montereyensis average
about 15 and 45 percent, respectively. Other organisms present to
common in this nearshore zone include starfish (Patiria miniata and
Pisaster ochraceus), feather boa kelp (Egregia menziesii), hydroids
and tunicates. Tunicates are especially abundant (60 to 70 percent
coverage) between depths of 4.3 to 3.7 meters.
In general, the deeper parts of this transect are predominantly
Silt. Where rocks occur, they are comparable to the deeper areas of
the east-side permanent transect (i.e., very little epibiota, and
much silt). Farther inshore along the natural bottom transect, less
silt and more sand are present. The rocks, which are smoother than
in deeper water, resemble deeper rocks on the north side of the
island in that much Astrangia lajollaensis is present but differs in
that ectoprocts are for the most part missing.
102
APPENDIX F
SIEVE ANALYSIS OF NATURAL BOTTOM
SEDIMENT SAMPLES
103
Han
i GHG Hl
A
¥aSuVOD INZ9u3d
UNITS
PHI
Seive analysis results from natural bottom sediments
(station locations shown on Fig.
Figure F-1.
18).
104
Table F-l. Sieve analysis, natural bottom sediments, Sample 1
(Sample location shown on Figure 18.).
T5307
SIEVS ANALYSIS Sax.ie Date anc no. SED SamPes at)
Megh. As2l. Shzet No. 3 os A
(Revised Nov. 1930) ESSREY tp Null VINO ise RI anne oR
Pe4 Mig = 3.65
Big 2-25 Avspa 4
prea Z eS = a4 Analyzed by Dy Dat P0hhlg7?
£e.+816 () = Mg =
Mg-Nas =(S) «= :
S/og 0 = ag = KiJCOn
SAMPLE DESCRIPTION
Color __ Size
Sorting Roundness
Composition
Wt. Dish] Wt. of | Wt. of % of Cum % Notes
Sample Dish Sample | Tot21
Wits
Bs
SNS
wW
Ly
we
ES
S
i)
Be |hes
~N
>
q
uy
Ki
S
™
~
WY
~s
ion
| bs
105
Table F-2. Sieve analysis, natural bottom sediments, Sample 2
(Location shown on Figure 18.).
oe’
SIEVE ANALYSIS Sr 23 Date ane no. SBD Sampee ee
Meck. Anal. Sh=2t No. 3 ‘ Sa =)
(Reyised Nev. 1930) ccaLity 38
Analyzed by D. Avarey DateCIWET?
a a eye
fgathyg 3.62) = Ng = 1 7G
Mg-d 5s =S = Le
S/og Sag = a
SAMPLE DESCRIPTION
Color Size
Sorting Roundness
Composition
Dish [Wt. Dish} Wt. of | Wt. of hb of Cun -% Notes
No. Sample Dish Sample Total i
We. |
az | F_|48.93014 05, | roo
BS
ns
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| 32027 03. AF
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shyt 74¢a Vox |
ese EO pss hes
106
APPENDIX G
GLOSSARY
armor rock - Heavy rock, usually
weighing 500 pounds or more,
used to protect a coastal
structure or shore from heavy
wave attack.
associations - In ecology, a
subunit of community organi-
zation identified by its
major organisms.
azimuth - In this case, the arc
of the horizon measured in
degrees, clockwise from
north to the point toward
which the diver is swimming.
bathymetry - The measurement
of depths of water in oceans,
seas, and lakes, also infor-
mation derived from such
measurements.
benthic - Pertaining to the
subaquatic bottom.
biomass - The amount of living
material in a unit area for
a unit time.
biota - The living part of a
system; flora and fauna.
caudal peduncle - The con-
stricted part of a fish
immediately ahead of the tail
fin.
climatic community - a community
that is in equilibrium with the
general climate.
climax - The final stage in
community succession.
complex - An assemblage of inter-
connected or interacting parts.
dendogram - The type of diagram
commonly referred to as a
"family tree'' designed to show
postulated relationships between
taxa.
depauperation - Falling short of
usual development or size.
ecosystem - The living organisms
and the nonliving environment
interacting in a given area.
ectoprocts - A bryozoan (moss
animal) of the group Ectoprocta.
epibiota - Life forms attached to
or living upon surfaces.
F test - A method used to test
the hypothesis that the means
in several classes statistically
are similar.
genus - A unit of biological
classification (taxa) which
includes one or several species
that share certain fundamental
characteristics, supposedly by
common evolutionary descent.
gill net - A single-webbed net
with meshes sized to catch in
the gills of the fish being
sought.
infauna - The animals that live
in the bottom sediment.
intertidal zone - The zone
bounded by the high and low
water extremes of the tide.
macrobiota - Large forms of life
visible to the naked eye.
macrophytic - Refers to large
aquatic plants, e.g., kelps.
nonparametric test - A statistical
test that is not concerned with
the specific parameters, but
rather with the distribution of
the variates. Also referred to
as distribution free. See
parameter.
parameter - A parameter is a
measurable characteristic of a
population. The mean is an
example of a parameter.
quadrat - A plot usually square
but occasionally rectangular or
circular, in which the organisms
are intensely examined and one or
several of which form the basis
for assessing the entire popu-
lation of the area.
revetment - A facing of stone, con-
Erete,) tC y, DuIlitReonprorectaa
Scarp, embankment, or a shore
structure against erosion by
wave actions or currents.
riprap - A layer, facing, or pro-
tective mound of stones randomly
placed to prevent erosion, scour,
or sloughing of a structure or
embankment. Also, the stone so
used.
Simpson's Index - An index of the
proportions and numbers of
species and individuals in a
community used to measure the
diversity.
species - A group of individuals
having common attributes and
designated by a common name.
splash zone - The zone immediately
landward of the mean high water
level affected by the wave
spray.
substrate - The base on which an
organism lives.
subtidal - Below mean low water
(lower low on the Pacific coast
of the United States).
succession - In ecology, an order-
ly process of community
development and changes with
time which result from inter-
actions between species and
environment.
108
taxa - A taxanomic group or entity
such as genus or species in a
formal system of scientific
nomenclature.
tetrapod - A massive concrete
shape for wave protection con-
sisting of a central body and
four equal-length limbs radiat-
ing out at equal angles from
the central body. The tetrapods
at Rincon Island weigh between
19.5 and 38.0 tons each.
transect - A line (or belt)
through a community along which
the important characteristics
of the individuals of the
species being studied are
observed and noted; sampling
along a transect may be plotless
or refer to specific plots
located along a line.
turbidity - An optical condition of
water resulting from suspended
matter; water is turbid when its
load of suspended materials is
conspicuous.
Wilcoxon ''t'' test - A nonpara-
metric test used to statistically
determine whether the ranked
differences between measurements
came from the same or different
populations.
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