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Pibrary of the Museum
COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY,
AT HARVARD COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE, MASS.
Pounded by private subscription, in 1861.
DR. L. DE KONINCK’S LIBRARY.
No. 672.
_ ELEMENTS OF CONCHOLOGY,
THE FOSSIL GENERA
AND
THE ANIMALS.
By T. EDWARD BOWDICH, Eso.
HONORARY MEMBER OF THE CAMERIDGE PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY AND OF THE
WETTERAVIAN SOCIETY OF HANAU. MEMBER OF THE GEOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY
OF PARIS. CONDUCTOR OF THE MISSION TO ASHANTEE.
PART I. UNIVALVES.
WITH tpwarps or 500 FIGURES.
PARIS,
PRINTED BY J. SMITH,
AND SOLD BY TREUTTEL AND WURTZ, SOHO-SQUARE, LONDON.
Feb, © 1822.
(Price Twenty Shillings.)
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PREFACE.
VUVADAARUAAVAYD
Tus Manual, like those of the Mammalia and the Orni-
thology already published, originated in the notes and
drawings collected during a study of the subject, prepa-
ratory to a second travel in Africa. I had intended to
arrange the similar materials for the publication of the
Reptiles and Fish before the Mollusca, until a further
progress in the study of Geology convinced me that the
present Manual was not wanting to the Zoologist alone.
M. Brongniart has shown that the Mormations containing
the remains of marine shells, very rarely, and then under
peculiar and evident local causes, present those of fresh-
water shells ; and that the contrary had been alleged. be-
cause Genera containing both marine and fresh-water
shells, differing not merely in specific but in generic cha-
racters, had nat been reformed or subdivided. M. Lamarek
acknowledged the justice of the observation, and resumed
his labours, which had previously advanced this branch of
Natural History considerably towards perfection, by es-
tablishing separations of marine, fresh-water, and ter-
restrial shells; but, unfortunately, his Laxtrait du Cours
de Zoologie, published in 1812, contains the mere outline
of his system, without the descriptions of the genera; and
the Ist and only part (which appeared two years ago) of
the 6th volume of his Histotre Naturelle des Animaux
sans Vertebres, without figures, contains merely the three
or four first genera of the Univalves, and reminds us so
frequently of the melancholy affliction which has now
compelled this illustrious Naturalist to depend entirely on
the eye-sight of others, that the appearance of the remain-
1V PREFACE.
ing parts, if they should appear, must be hailed by the
friends of science with much less confidence, although
with equal admiration and gratitude.
The system of classification desirable to the Geologist,
is that by which a shell may be readily and accurately
determined, without considering the’ animal which has
inhabited it. Such a system is equally convenient to the
Conchologist, when each genus is followed by a reference
to the place which the animal occupies in the Natural
System, which should always be adjoined. To be unable
to determine the shell, unless we found the animal, would
be like having no other aid than Crystallography for the
study of Minerals. u &
These elements are principally compiled from Cuvier’s
‘¢ Mémoires pour servir a U Histoire et a Anatomie des
Mollusques,” and the 2d vol. of the ‘‘ Regne Animal”
of the same author; M. Lamarck’s Mémoires sur les Fos-
siles des Environs de Paris ;” M. Brongniart’s “Mémoires
sur des Terrains qué parotssent avoir été formés sous 0 Hau
Douce,’ and others on the. same subjects, scattered
through the 22 quarto volumes of the ‘‘ dnnales du Mu-
seum ;” M. Blainville’s and M. Defrance’s articles: in the
‘“< Dictionnaire des Sciences Naturelles ;” M. de Ferussac’s
“ Histoire Naturelle, générale et. particuliere, des Mot-
lusques Terrestres et Fluviatiles ;” and many other rare
and costly wurks, collected in the splendid library of
Baron Cuvier, to which I have had access at all hours,
with the liberty. of taking dome, whatever I pleased, for
the last two years. sh at
The figures which illustrate the system of M. de Ferussac
have been copied from those which accompany his work,
with the, exception of such as were to be found im the
Museum. Almost all the other figures of the recent, and
some few of the fossil shells, have been drawn from the
objects. themselves ; which I have invariably been per-
mitted to take home, from the Museum for that purpose,
without being limited either to ume or number. | have
occasionally been favoured with such specimens as were“
not to be found there, from the cabinets of MM. Lamarck
and Dufresne. be
PREFACE. Me
The remaining part will contain the Bwalves, Mulu:-
valves, and the Sub-Coronalia and Vermicularia of La-
marck (the Brachiopoda and Tubicole of Cuvier): a
figure of the entire shell, of each valve, and of the hinges
and teeth, when at all complicated, will be given. The
Animals and Fossil Genera will also be included.
I beg to repeat that this Manual, as well as the others,
has been compiled for those of my countrymen, whose
remote situations in our colonies do not permit of their
acquiring so desirable a species of knowledge, by the study
of collections; as well as for those who, like myself, may
cullivate Natural History, as the most agreeable delasse-
ment to mathematical studies.
Paris, November §, 1821.
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INTRODUCTION.
ss
I ossi shells, being necessarily without brilliance, colours, or
beauty, and frequently imperfect, were formerly rejected from
collections as destitute of interest; but since it has been observed
that these fossils are precious monuments for the study of the
revolutions undergone by diflerent points on the surface of the
globe, they have become objects of the greatest interest to the
Naturalist (1).
It appears to have been proved that. the shells, lestaceous ver-
micularia, echini, and different species of polypt which are found
so profusely in the fossil state beneath the soil or on its surface,
even in the middle of continents and on the highest mountains (2),
are the remains of multitudes of marine animals which lived in
these places, and that several of the species are analogous to
those now inhabiting the seas (5). For, as the quantity of these
remains is enormous, since we know of masses nearly a hundred
miles in extent, and as shells of an extreme thinness and fragility
are found entire amongst them, we cannot but conclude that
their animals havo veally lived in these parts of the globe, and,
consequently, that the sea has formerly been stationary there (‘).
(4) Conchology, when rendered subservient to geognostic investigations,
assumes the rank of an useful science, and then becomes a subject of the
highest importance. Bulimus trifasciatus, a very common West Indian shell,
occurs imbedded in the same limestone which incloses the fossil human ske=
leton, lately sent to the British Museum, from the grande terre of Guadaloupe,
by Sir A. Cochrane, proving that rock to be of modern date, and contempo-
raneous with the existing creation of animals.—Leach’s Zoological Miscel-
lany. Vol. t, p. 42.
(2) According to Ulloa, shells have been found at the height of 14,220 feet
above the sea, on a mountain in Peru.
(3) M. Defrance has discovered at least 500 species of fossil shells in the
calcaire grossier at Grignon, the equivalent of the London clay.
(4) Les terrains les plus bas, les plus unis, excayés jusqu’a de trés-grandes
profondeurs, ne montrent que des couches horizontales de maticres variées,
enyeloppant presque toutes dinnombrables produits de la mer. Des couches
eae
Vill INTRODUCTION.
The shells whose analogous species do not live in our seas, but
in those of warm climates, form a part of the fossils found in the
north of Europe. The Nautilus Pompitius found at Courtagnon,
and the remains of which are not uncommon at Grignon, is one of the
pele des produits semblables, composent les collines jusqu’aux plus grandes
auteurs. Quelquefois les coquilles sont si nombreuses, qu’elles forment a elles
seules toute la masse du sol. Presque partout elles sont si bien conservées, que
les plus petites d’entre elles gardent leurs parties les plus délicates, leurs crétes
les plus subtiles, leurs pointes les plus délices. Elles s'élévent a des hauteurs
supérieures au niveau de toutes les mers, et ot nulle mer ne pourroit ¢tre
portée aujourd'hui par des causes existantes. Elles ne sont pas seulement en-
veloppées dans des sables mobiles, mais les pierres les plus dures les incrustent
souvent et en sont pénétrées de toute part. Toutes les parties du monde, tous
les hémisphéres, tous les continens, toutes les fles un peu considérables pré-
sentent leméme phénoméne. On est donc bientdt disposé a croire, non seule-
ment que la mer a envahi toutes nos plaines, mais qu'elle y a séjourné long-
temps et paisiblement pour y former des dépdts si étendus, si épais, en parle
si solides, et contenant des dépouilles si bien conservées. Le temps n'est. plus
ou Tignorance pouvoit soutenir que ces restes de corps organisés étoient de
simples jeux de la nature, des produits concus dans le sein de la terre par ses
forces créatrices. Une comparaison scrupuleuse de leurs formes, de leur tissu,
souvent méme de leur composition chimique, ne montre pas la moindre diffé-
rence entre ces coquilles et celles que la mer nourrit ; elles ont donc vécu dans
la mer; elles ont été déposées par la mer : Ia mer existoit donc dans les lieux
ott elle les a laissées; le bassin des mers a donc éprouvé au moins un change-
ment, soit en étendue, soit en situation. Voila ce qui résulte déja des premieres
fouilles, et de Pobseryation la plus superficielle.
Les traces de réyolutions deviennent plus imposantes quand on s’éléve un
peu plus haut, quand on se rapproche davantage du pied des grandes chaines.
Il y a bien encore des bancs coquilliers; on en apercoit méme de plus épais,
de plus solides: les coquilles y sont tout aussi nombreuses, tout aussi bien
conservéess; mais ce ne sont lis les mémes espéces; les couches qui les con=
tiennent ne sont plus aussi eénéralement horizontales. Elles se redressent
obliquement, quelquefois presque verticalement. Au lieu que, dans les plames
et les collines plates, il falloit creuser prufsudement pow connoitre la suc-
cession des bancs, on les voit ici par leur flanc, en suivant les vallées produites
par leurs déchiremens. D’'immenses amas de leurs débris forment au pied de
Icurs esearpemens des collines arrondies, dont chaque dégel ect chaque orage
augmentent la hauteur.
Et ces bancs redressés, qui forment les crétes des montages secondaires, ne
sont pas posés sur les banes horizontaux des collines qui leur servent de pre-
micrs échelons; ils s’enfoncent au contraire sous eux. Ces collines sont ap-
puyées sur leurs pentes. Quand on perce les couches horizontales dans le
voisinage des couches obliques, on retrouye celles-ci dans la profondeur :
quelquefois méme, quand les couches obliques ne sont pas trop éleyées, leur
sommet est couronné par des couches horizontales. Les couches obliques sont
done plus anciennes que les couches horizontales; et, comme il est impossible
qu’elles n’aient pas été formées horizontalement, il est évident qu’elles ont été
relevées, qu’elles Pont été avant que les autres s'appuyassent sur elles. _,
Ainsi la mer, avant de former les couches horizontales, en avoit formé
d'autres, qu'une cause quelconque ayoit brisées, redressées, bouleversées de
mille manicves. Hy a done eu aussi au moins un changement dans le sein de
INTRODUCTION. 1X
=~
numerous instances (i). The fragments of palm-trees; the fossil
masses of gum-elastic ; the impressions of exotic ferns in slate and
coal; and the fossil bones of the Elephant, Crocodile, etc. found
in England, France, Germany, and other parts of Europe, seem to
attest a mutation of climate (2).
Cuvier and Brongniart were the first who announced the exist-
ence of formations, anterior to history, composed in the same
manner and presenting the same characters, although situated at
reat distances from each other, and containing Terrestial and
F resh-}V ater instead of Marine productions (3). It is impossible
to admit the hypothesis of the transport of these terrestrial produc-
tions to the sea by means of rivers. They might have carried into
the sea some remains of vegetables and some fluviatick and terrestrial
shells, but then the formations which are composed of them ought
cette mer qui avoit précédé la notre; elle a éprouvé aussi au moms une
catastrophe ; et comme plusieurs de ces bancs obliques qu'elle avoit formés les
premiers s’élévent au-dessus de ces couches horizontales qui leur ont succédeé,
et qui les entourent, cette catastrophe, en rendant ces bancs obliques, les avoit
aussi fait saillir au-dessus du niveau de la mer, et en avoit fait des tiles, ou au
moins des écueils et des inégalités, soit qwils eussent été relevés par une
extrémité, ou que laflaissement de lextrémité opposée ett fait baisser les
eaux; second résultat non moins clair, non moins demontré que le premier,
pour quiconque se donnera la peine d’étudier les monumens qui l'appuient,—
Cuvier, Discours sur la Théorie de la Terre. Paris, 1821.
See the note on that singular shell the Zrochus agglutinans, p. 35.
The Terebellum perditum (the analogous living species of which is not
known) is found in great numbers and of all ages at Grignon, which M. La-
marck considers would not have been the case unless the enormous quantity of
marine shells had lived in that region, instead of being accumulated there by
some great catastrophe, At Courtagnon, near Rheims, an enormous bed of
fossil shells discovers itself in several pomts ; it proceeds from east to west,
appears again al Grignon and some other places, and from M. Lamarck’s
comparison of the species with those found in Hampshire, appears to have
extended to that part of England. If so, there is reason to believe that this
bed has been divided by the Channel since its formation ; and, consequently,
that its formation was anterior to the last invasion of the sea.
(2) The rocks of the western coasts of France are interlarded with Gry-
phites, Ammonites and other shells (coqguilles pelagiennes) known to inhabit
the sea only at great depths. Recent littoral shells have been found fixed on
these fossil deep-water shells, which are also common in the hills called Vaches-
Noires. There isa pottery in that neighbourhood which is supplied with clay
from that part of the beach which is uncovered at low water; this clay, which
is said to be very superior, contains quantities of deep-water fossil shells. Tt
would seem, therefore, that these parts are not now subjected to the sea for
the first time. Again, the fossil marine shells found more than 60 feet deep in
the earth, probably were not deposited during the last invasion or passage of
the sea.—Hydrogeologie, par J. B. Lamarck. Pages 85, 86.
(5) Lamanon is said to have observed immense beds of fresh-water shells
on beds of marine shells in the mountains of Proyence.
x INTRODUCTION.
to present the forms and all the characters of alluvium; that is to
say, a mixture of all sorts of heterogeneous matters, more fragments
than entire bodies, coarse sands, unequal and irregular strata.
We find nothing of this kind in the Fresh-Water Formations; the
limestone is almost pure, every thing is in its place and perfectly
entire, the most delicate shells present themselves in complete
preservation; indeed, fragments of them are scarcely to be found
in this formation, whilst, in the marine, fragments are met with in
large quantities. We must, therefore, suppose a great tranquillity
in the waters wherein these shells have lived. They are deposited
in beds, often very thin and perfectly horizontal, like the masses
of limestone and the zones of silex which they contain; the silex
is in beds, frequently continuous, and never in rolled pieces. The
disengagements of gas, indicated by the tubulures, have almost
always been made vertically, and have often proceeded from the
same plane, which is a further proof of the tranquillity of the liquid
and the homogeneity of the Formation. Lastly, the immense extent
of these deposits, which occupy spaces of more than 1200 square
leagues, and which in so great a surface do not present any trace
of disorder, renders this hypothesis perfectly admissible (1).
The extent of these masses of Fresh- Water Formation ought not
to astonish us; we know of others at least as vast in North America.
If the lakes Superior, Michigan, Huron, Erie, and Ontario de-
posited stony layers on their beds and became dry, they would
leave Fresh-Water Formations more extensive than any of those
just described (2). ;
Among the different stages of alteration in which we find fossil
shells, the most frequent is that in which only the animal part has
(1) M. Brongniart remarks that marine and fresh-water shells have in no
instance been found mixed together, except in the quarries of Grés at Beauchamp
near Pierrelaie, where the cause is local ; for the fresh-water limestone, which
forms the surface of the soil, reposes immediately on the marine sand which
forms the bed or fond ; the mixture of the two, therefore, in this point of contact
is natural. M. Defrance has since adduced and explained another instance ;
see note on the Genus Helix. At Montmartre the Calcaire Marin forms a kind
of mamelon or small hummock, and the gypsum in depositing itself on these
beds, which are porous and friable, has enveloped the marine shells which
they contain. Indeed, there is no proof that gypsum may not be a salt-water
deposit; the upper marine formation contains small beds of gypsum at inter-
vals, and the oysters are often covered with chrystals of selenite. There are
only 3 fresh-water genera of bivalve shells, and it is remarkable that no species
of either has been found in the Fresh Water Formation.
(2) Fresh-water deposits must not be determined by the presence of doubt-
ful shells, but, like that of the environs of Paris, on the constant presence of a
“considerable majority of shells not found elsewhere, and on the constant
absence of all marie bodies. See Pl. 4.
INTRODUCTION. XI
been destroyed, that is to say, the gelatinous or membraneous
portion which is mixed with the cretaceous part ; so that after its
destruction the shell is almost exclusively composed of calcareous
matter. It has lost its brilliance, its colours, and often evenits mother
of pearl, if it had any, for it owed all these to the presence of the
animal part. It has generally become quite white, but sometimes,
having been long buried in a slime containing coloured particles, it
has acquired a peculiar hue, not its own. Other fossils have not only
lost the animal part, but even their substance has been transformed
into siliceous matter; in this case, the closer approximation of the
component parts leaves a small void space around the shell,in the
stone wherein it is imbedded, more or less interrupted by lateral
adherences. Shells have sometimes been so peculiarly disposed by
volcanic eruptions, as to preserve their natural colours even in the
fossil state.
We scarcely condescend to examine microscopic shells, from
their insignificant size ; but when we reflect that it is by means of
the smallest objects that Nature every where produces the most
astonishing and remarkable phenomena, they become highly in-
teresting, from their multiplication or abundance, and their conse-
quent influence on the composition and extent of the masses com-
posing the exterior crust of the globe. Whatever Nature may seem
to lose in point of volume in the production of such bodies, is
amply made up by the number of the individuals, which she mul-
tiplies with admirable promptitude to infinity. The remains of
these minute animals, therefore, have much more influence on the
surface of the globe than those of Elephants, Hippopotami, or
Whales.
.
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UNIVALVE SHELLS.
DIVISIONS.
flatz . .
not CONCAVE; LON sy . sf oes we Se ee ote gs «ny oe) UMISCOUS.
spheroid
straight or almost straight. .
Symmetrical ....
volute;with whorls '
COHCAVG;: cn s:cu> & teecencs
volute: <1. apenas
monoloculat. 22. '. sn.@arched .. .(. seam.
straight ; in the form
VEIVslAIP ON m0, ioe coger aes
entire... . elliptical... 27 8.
semi-round. ....
ii(o(riate | ere ee Bees
angular... «gsi «
moderate
conical or spiral; mouth
Not Symmetrical . . Channeled “oS... 3: Spies ar. heres
motchedse “si. sae ae
anivelites-Omeminely HAG ee cco 6 nice -w Sele Oe Getta alee © ak
ofa.
adhering
multilocular, ¢..". . .. 3 ¢partly straight... 426 . 53
jnot adhering
Sepiacer. ...
Nummulacee. .
Spherulacez.. .
Orthoceracez. .
Lituacez. ...
Spirulacee. . .
touching. . Ammonacez. .
penetrating Nautilacee. . .
...... Argonautacez. .
sheath.
shield.
Carinacex.. . .
Vaginacee. ..
Clypeacee. . .
Megastomata. .
ie} Ae)
7 OS SO POS so os) Sar
.
.
Ellipsostomata.. . p.
Hemicyclostomata. p. 32.
Cricostomata. . . p.
Gonyostomata. . . p.
Syphonostomata.. p.
Entomostomata. . p.
Angyostomata.. . p. 41.
ae.
33.
35.
36.
38,
el)
DIVISION I. SEPIACEA.
GENERA.
4. Lorico. Lam. CALMAR.
A plate of horn on the Y. Animal, p. 54.
back, instead of a shell,
in the form of a sword or
lancet. Pl. 41, fig. 2.
2. Sepia. Lam.
Shell oval, thick, gib- V. Animal, p. 54.
bous ; composed of an in- .
finity of very thin cal-
careous plates, parallel,
joined together by innu-
merable inttle hollow co-
lumns. Pl. 1, fig. 4 (1).
(1) Being friable, from its structure, it is employed to polish various substances ;
it is also given to young birds to sharpen their beaks,
CS)
DIVISION I. NUMMULACER,
GENERA.
4, {Nummuta. Lam. Ca-
MERINA. Brug.
Exterior form lenticu- No siphon. Marine.
Jar, without any apparent
opening ; a spiral cavity
divided by septa mto an
infinity of small chambers
(1).
a. Perfectly discous. Only one row of cham- Fossil and living.
Pl. 1, fig 3,4. (2) bers to each turn of the
spire.
b. (Siderolites, Lam.) The edge with bluntor Microscopic.
sharp rays. P}. 4, fig. 23.
ec. (Renulites, Lam.) Several rows of cham- ......... a 'aKb so chins acai
bers to each turn of the
spire,
2. DiscorsirEs. (3) Lam.
Spiral, all the turns vi- No siphon.
sible and exposed. (4) PI.
1, fig. 5.
(1) The Nummutites are amongst the most widely-spread fossils, forming, al-
most exclusively, entire chains of calcareous hills and immense beds of building
stone. The Pierre de Laon is composed of Nummulites; the pyramids of Egypt
were constructed with stone of this nature, and are raised upon the rocks which
supplied it. They were formerly considered, by some, to be Lusus Natura, by
which portions of calcareous matter assumed the form of organised hoties? by
others, as petrified seeds, opercula, bivalve shells, etc. etc. Breynius, in 1732 bana
Gesner, in 1758, concluded them to be univalve shells, very analogous to the Am-
monifes. Bruguiere thought that the animal was contained in the last chamber of
the shell. Cuvier considers them to be interior shells. To observe the chambers
more distinctly, let a drop of ink fall on the worn face, and when it is quite dry,
rub the Nummulite delicately on a stone to take off the exterior black, after which
all the points which have retained the ink become evident on a white ground, and
the interior organization is perfectly discovered. This practice is useful for recog-
nising several other delicate fossil shells.
(2) These are the most common and the largest amongst the fossil species, but
the living species are very small. ;
(3) The termination tes distinguishes the Genera exclusively fossil, no analogous
living species having been yet discovered,
(4) This character distinguishes them from the Spirolinites, the absence of the
siphon from the Naut#.
DIVISION IU.
4. Mrxrora. Lam.
Oval, globulous, or ob-
long ; subtrigonal ; the spi-
ral turning around an axis
perpendicular to theplanes
of the turns; divided into
2 or 3 chambers, the last
pierced by a lateral hole,
which is the only aperture.
Pl. 1, fig. 6.
2. Pottontes. Monéf.
Resembling the Miliola,
but the chambers pierced
alternately towards both
ends of the shell, and
the last open the whole
breadth. Pl. 3, fig. 16.
3. Aretuusa. Monif.
Chambers rolled ob-
liquely (making the shell
turreted) and only the
Jast perforated. Pl. 3,
fig. 17.
4, Metonires. Lam.
No apparent mouth ;
consisting of numerous
tubes or siphons united in
a plane rolled on itself.
Pl. 2, fig. 1.
5. Gyroconires. Lam.
Hollow spheroids, com-
posed of seyeral linear
pieces, curved, jomed at
the sides, the extremities
terminating in the poles;
the surface furrowed in
transversal circles (2).
Pit, ent.
( 16 )
GENERA.
With chambers.
ee a cM A ee oe a
Without chambers.
SPHERULACEZ.
Marine. Some species
found on Fuci, in the
neighbourhood of Cor-
sica (1).
-
On the shores of the
Mediterranean Sea and
Indian Ocean.
Microscopic. On the
shores of the Adriatic.
Scattered throughout
the masses of silex be-
longing to the First and
Secous Fresh Water
Formation of the enyi-
rons of Paris.
(1) The fossil species have formed, exclusively, immense beds of stone, espe-
cially in the quarries of the environs of Paris.
(2) Only one species known, the size of a pin’s head, G, medicaginula, Lam.
(PA)
DIVISION IV. ORTHOCERACEZ.
4. Brremnites. Boet. de
Boot.
A thin double case,
composed of two cones
united at their bases ;
the interior cone much
shorter than the other,
divided within by paral-
jel septa, concave towards
the base ; only one cham-
ber (conical) apparent, the
older ones being succes-
sively effaced by the piling
up and contiguity of the
septa. Pl. 4, fig. 9, 22, etc.
GENERA.
A siphon extending
from the summit of the
exterior to the same part
of the interior cone,
whence it continues ei-
ther along the edge or
through the centre of the
septa.
Very abundant, es-
ecially in strata of
Chalk and Compact
Limestone.
a. Elongated in cylinders, sharpened at the end only.
6. Narrowed towards the base, like a distaff or lance.
2. OrtHOcERATITES. Brey-
nius.
Straight or slightly bent;
chambered; margins of
the septa even, or with 4
or 2 small undulations.
A 1, fig. 25. Pl. 2, fig.
3. ConuranitEs. Miller.
Concave, hollow, mouth
half closed by an inflexion
ofthe lip. Pl. 3, fig. 19,24.
4. AmpLExitTEs. Sowerby.
Nearly cylindrical; di-
vided into chambers by
numerous transverse sep-
ta embracing each other
with their reflected mar-
gins. Pl. 2, fig. 10.
5. Noposaria. Lam.
Straight, chambered,
slender, with a contrac-
tion at each septum.
A siphon central or
lateral.
Septa imperforate.
Said to characterise
the Transition Rocks of
Werner.
In Transition Lime-
Stone, in Ironstone, in
Schale, with marine
shells.
In the Bimestane of
the Black Rock at Lime-
rick.
Akin to the Raphanis- ~
ter (PI. 2, fig.15), Echid-
nus (PI. 2, fig. 14), and
Telebois (Pl. 3, fig. 22)
of Montfort ?
B
( 18 ) (Orthoceracee.)
a, Contractions moderate. Pl. 2, fig. 9.
6. Contractions so deep that the septa are united by the siphon only and ap-
pear as if strung together. Pl. 2, fig. 12.
6. Hreruritrs. Lam. Cor-
nu-cop1z. Thomson.
Thick, cylindrical or A siphon, agutter in- Several large species
conical, with irregular sep-° steadofasiphon,orboth. in the older Secondary
ta traversing two longitu- Mountains.
dinal cylindrical projec-
tions adhering to one of
the sides; mouth closed
by an operculum. Pl. 4,
fig. 21, 26, 28, 34,33. Pl.
2, fig. 18.
ae Conical, more or less arched. Pl. 4, fig, 21.
6. Batholites, Montf. Straight, cylindrical.
7. Bacusites. Faujas. Ha-
mites. Parkinson.
Straight, cylindrical, a Maestricht. In the ~
litttle conical, fusiform, clay at Folkstone. In
hooked or bent, com- the chalk at Hamsey and
pressed : septa transverse, at Horton.
undulated at the mar-
gins. Pl. 4, fig. 17, 19.
PLA? thie. 10s) PI. 3) fig.
48, 23.
a, With a siphon at the outer edge of the chambers.
6. Without oe oe ee
8. ‘Turaiwites. Montf.
Spiral, turreted; with — Septa pierced in their — St. Catherine’s Mount
chambers divided by si- disks. near Rouen. In the
nuous septa: the turns green sand at Horning-
contiguous, all visible : sham, Wilts. Hamsey
mouth round. Pl. 4, fig. Marl Pit.
16.
Belemnites.
According to M. Beudant, they have never been found in transition limestone,
or grey wacke, but first appear in the argillaccous iron stone which alternates with
bituminous slate. The internal of the two testaceous cones is filled with a solid
substance, presenting either radiating fibres or conical beds enveloping each other,
and their bases corresponding with the edges of the septa of the interior cone:
this solid part is sometimes found alone ; at others, the kernels of the chambers of
the interior cone or the alveoliare also met with. P1.1, fig.9. Most frequently the al-
veoliand the chambers themselves have left no other traces than some projecting cir-
cles within the interior cone; but we sometimes meet with the alveoli still piled on
one another, but detached from the double conical case which envelopes them.
The exterior cone has generally a notch on one side of the base continued in a longitu-
dinal furrow. Klein, in 41734, was the first who considered the fusiform Belemnites to
be spines of Echini, from the similar exterior form, and the radiation presented in
(19)
both on fracture, P.4, fig. 8. pl. 2, fig. 7 : it does not appear, however, that he thought
of making a longitudinal section of the Echinus, such as M. Beudant has submitted, pl.
1, fig. 8. pl. 2, fig.8. A Belemnite, in the collection of the Conseil des Mines, which has
not entirely passed into the calcareous state, presents in some of its parts the same
spongy and radiated tissue which we observe in the spines of the Echinus. This Belem-
nite also offers the peculiarity of a nipple at the base, with projecting sides, striated
transversely, and ee ole from the centre to the circumference ; the centre is per-
forated by a small shallow round hole: the summit sometimes terminates in folds.
Pl. 4, fig. 10,141,412. Some present a large conical cavity at the base, which has been
often considered as the last chamber or dwelling of the animal; others have none,
or at least a very small cavity. Theophrastus’s description of the lynx stone is not
applicable to the Belemnite : it would seem that we owe the first notice of it to
Pliny, but it is not quite clear whether his dactylus deus (1. 37, c. 10) which he
clearly distinguishes from the lynx stone (1. 8, c. 38) was a fossil species of Echinus
or Belemnite. In the 15th century they were considered to be meteoric stones, and
marvellous medicinal virtues were ascribed to them. Boetius de Boot, in his
Treatise on Stones, pronounces them to be petrified darts, and it was not until the
end of the 16th century that they were first regarded as natural organised bodies.
Erhart, in 1724, appears to have been the first who concluded them to be shells
akin to the Nautilus. Deluc insisted that the Belemnite was an organised bone,
like that of the Sepia; and they have been concluded by other authors to be sta-
lactites; petrified wood; the teeth or the back bones of fish; the tusks of the
Narwal ; Crocodile’s teeth ; tubulites, etc. ete. Cuvier, Régne Animal, t. 2. p. 371.
Sage, Jour. de Phys. ventose, an. x. Beudant, Observations sur les Belemnites.
Ann. du Mus, t. 16. p.77. Faure Biguet. Considerations sur les Belemnites, etc. Lyon,
4819.
Orthoceratites.
Mr. Farey ‘‘ finds them referable to twenty different places in the British series
of strata; extending from (4st) the London clay above the chalk, to (20th) the lime-
stone resting on slate.” According to Spallanzani, the islands of the coasts of Dal-
matia are masses of orthoceratites. M. Sage thinks, from the sections he has made,
pl. 4, fig. 24, that the Orthoceratites are alveoli of different species of Belemnites, and
contained within the funnel, pl. 4, fig. 29, which, however, according to M. Beu-
dant, does not always exist. This opinion has not been generally adopted. Deluc, in
particular, combated it (Journ. de Phys. vent. an. 12.), asserting that the alveoli
of the Belemnites have no siphon. M. Sage considers the organization of the
siphon to be evident in pl. 4, fig. 27, and in the centre of fig. 25, which is confirmed
by Platt and Beudant : Montfort seems to have viewed the alveoli as the envelope
of a parasite. Breynius submits fig. 30 as an orthoceratite, with the siphon passing
through the axis; fig. 35, as the convex front of the last articulation, with the
siphon, of a species found most frequently in the marble of Oeland, on the coast of
Sweden, four feet long, and only two inches in diameter at the base; fig. 34, or
the same part of another species, whose diameter is three inches, whence he infers
its length to be more than five feet; fig. 11, p.2, isthat of a species from Gothland
with a large siphon at the circumference, and remarkable for the projecting rays,
sometimes filled with crystals of fluor, the proportion between the length and the
diameter appeared to be 10:1. Dissertatio Physica de Polythalmiis. Gedani, 1732.
Some are smooth, others have circular sides ; both kinds are found in the greyish
marble of Norway 5 they are of a whitish calcareous spar, with a case or envelope
of a reddish brown ; the chambers are separated by hemispherical yellowish lines.
Hippurites.
Some consider what we call the operculum to be the last septum, in which case
the shell may be interior, unless it is hereafter discovered to be a bivalve: fig. 26,
pl. 1, shows the gutter or canal, c. which replaces the siphon ; fig. 28 is the under
part of a convex operculum, with two prolongations having the appearance of a
( 20 )
hinge ; whether this is natural or accidental to the petrifaction cannot be decided,
for no other example is known amonst the various species which have been found ;
fig. 34 is a Hippurite, with a gutter, a, and a siphon, b; its surface is smooth and
the septa are concave: fig. 33 is one of the most singular species which have yet
been discovered ; the operculum is entire, and pierced with two eyes; it is only
six lines in depth and fifteen in diameter: fig. 18, pl. 2, found in a considerable bed
on the mountain of Montferrand is sometimes a foot and a half long, the diameter
not exceeding an inch; the operculum has been destroyed by long exposure; M.
de la Peyrouse observes, that their situation in the rock clearly indicates that they
have been petrified in the same position and in the same place in which they had
originated. De novis quibusdam Orthoceratitum et Ostracitum speciebus Dissertatiun-
cula, Erlange, 1700. Dr. Thomson, formerly Professor of Anatomy at Oxford, saw
several species in the cabinet of M. Chiarelli, at Palermo, in 1789, in the form of
the femur of a cow or horse, which had been found entire at Cape Passora (the
ancient Pachynus), with no bones whatever in their neighbourhood. Dr. Thomson,
on visiting the spot expressly, could only meet with species in the form of a case or
sheath, and equal in dimension to the horn of a bull about three years old; the
interior hollow, and containing two cylindrical bodies, like two candles. The base
of this cone is closed by a species of lid, similar to that of a powder hern. The
internal structure resembles a heap of egg shells, broken transversely, and piled
up so as to touch each other, but leaving a void space in the middle. These plates
are so flexible that they allow the concave part of the horn to bend inwards when
squeezed. Their disposition has some resémblance to the diaphragm of the human
body. The Hippurite, therefore, is not entirely divided into concamerations, and has __
no tubes of communication, or siphons, as we find in the Ammonites, Belemnites,
and Orthoceratites. The texture of this case, as it exists in a fossil state, is scaly
lengthwise and across. The transversal fracture, when it is fresh, appears to be
strong, and composed of concentric layers; but after having been some time ex-
posed to the air, this fracture appears rotten and spongy, so that in the part
changed by the air, it becomes ramified like an animal substance, which gives it
the appearance of a bone. This fossil case is closed by an operculum, the internal
surface of which is imbricated in converging rays, like the shell of the Pecten.
The thickness of the operculum led Dr. Thomson to conclude that this case was
inhabited by one animal only, and that it was not the nest of several.
DIVISION V. LITUACER.
GENERA.
4. Lirovs. Breynius.
The last turn elongated.
a, Lituites, Mont. Turns contiguous. Pl. 1,
fig. 7.
b. Hortolus, Mont/. Turns separated, Pl. 1, © China: Foss. in the
fig. 32. red limestone of Oeland ;
Meudon ; in the limestone
at Namur.
2. Scapuires. Parkinson.
The last turn (after bemg In the London lCay ;
enlarged and elongated) Crag Marl; Melbury
diminished and reflected Marble.
inwards. Pl. 2, fig. 6.
DIVISION VI. SPIRULACEX.
4. Spmvta. (1) Lam.
The turns of the spire
not touching ; divided
transyersally into cham-
bers. Pl. 4, fig. 18.
2. Sprrouinites. Lam.
The turns of the spire
touching; the septa pro-
GENERA.
Siphon occupying the
middle of each chamber
and continued to the ex-
tremity of the shell.
Siphon traversing the
septa and chambers.
Ausiral Seas. Gulph
of Florida. V. Animal,
p. 4.
Grignon. (2)
jecting ina small degree,
so as to divide the exterior
surface of the spire by
crests or strive. Pl. 1, fig.
13.
3. AmMonocenratites. (3)
Lam.
Rolled on itself in the
same plane?
Septa numerous, undu- Siphon marginal, in-
lated at the margins. Pl. 3, terior.
fig. 14.
(1) Peron’s discovery of the animal of the Spirula, so nearly akin to the Nautili
that Linnzus placed it amongst them, has thrown much light on all the multilocular
univalves : thitherto, it was a question whether the animal inhabited the last
chamber of the shell; whether it was contained entirely or partly within it; or
whether the shell was enveloped more or less completely by the animal. The
animal of the Spirula is perfectly analogous to the Sepia, and its shell is enchased
in the posterior extremity of the body, and only visible in part. There is now very
little, or no doubt, therefore, that the Rotalites, Belemnites, Hippurites, etc etc.
were more or less enchased in the posterior extremity of the animal, a portion of
whose body was enveloped in the last chamber, and connected, probably, by a
tendinous filament inserted at the extremity of the siphon, similar to that of the
Nautilus. Breynius, on the authority of Woodward (Catalogue of English Fossils.
Part I, p. 113), says, that the shells of the Spirula abound on the shores of Jamaica,
Barbadoes and the Bahamas: he adds, ‘‘de figura autem animalculi domicilium
hoc testaceum curiosissimum inhabitantis, altum apud omnes silentium.” p. 22.
(2) Lamarck has mentioned the genus Cristellaria (Pl. 3, fig. 13), but withoui
defining it, and there are none in the Museum. These shells are cretaceous, and
almost microscopic. Fossil species, pyritous or ferruginous, are found in Tuscany ;
and M. Defrance possesses others, which are said to have been brought up with
the soundings off Teneriffe.
(3) The ep: is unknown. M. Lamarck purchased it by accident: he kindly
allowed me to take it home, in order that the figure, whichis the first that has been
made, might be as accurate as possible,
( 22)
DIVISION VII. AMMONACE.
GENERA.
4. Ammonites. Brug.
Septa of the chambers A_ siphon, generally | Abounding in the Se-
undulated at the mar- marginal. condary Mountains,
gins. (4) from the size of a pin to
that of a coach-wheel.
a. Ammonites, Zam. All the turns visible. Pl. 1, fig. 45.
6. Orbulites, Lam. The last turn enveloping all the others. Pl. 3, fig. 14, 12.
(1) According to Spallanzani, there are vast beds of Ammonites in the environs
of Nevers. They have been found in England, in all the formations from the 4st
or alluvium, to the Sth or first sand stonc, inclusive.
DIVISION VIII. NAUTILACES.
GENERA.
1. Naurinus.
The last turns of the | Septa numerous, sim- —_-YV.. Animal, p. 54.
spire not only touch but ple, transverse, siphun-
envelope the preceding. culated.
PI. 2, fig. 2, 3, 4.
a Nauzinires, (1)
§ Microscopic.
a Lenticulina, (2) Lam. The last turn, as in the existing species, pl. 2, fig. 17.
} in the middle of the septa.
*\ towards the anterior edge.
towards the edge.
scattered.
ranged in a longitudinal line.
ranged in a transversal line.
33-0 , § longitudinal.
A slit, instead of a siphon. . yiltrasbueréals
& Rotalites. (3) Lam. The mouth placed more on one side than the other,
or entirely on one side, pl. 2, fig. 13...
y Discorbites. (3) Lam. All the turns visible, pl. 4, fig. 5.
CP) ae The last turn very large in comparison with the
rest of the spire.
One siphon.
Several siphons...
§§ Large or moderate.
a Angulites.(4) Montf. One siphon.
f Bisiphites. Montf. Two siphons.
y Planulites. Lam. Siphon towards the edge.
§ Ellipsolites.(5) Montf. Spire elliptic, pl. 3, fig. 15.
» Amaltes. Montf- Siphon in the middle.
(1) Foss. in the London Clay; Crag Marl; Chalk Marl; Green Sand ; Under
Oolite ; Blue Lias; Derbyshire Peak or Mountain Lime Stone.
(2) Foss. at Senlis; Soisson; Grignon; Meudon. Lamarck possesses Lenticu-
line in the recent state which were found in 125 fathoms off Teneriffe.
(3) Foss. Grignon.
(4) Foss. Grignon. Defrance has received specimens in the recent state from
New-Holland and the Red-Sea.
(5) Foss. in the Derbyshire Peak Lime Stone.
DIVISION IX. ARGONAUTACEM.
4. ARGONAUTA.
Very thin ; the last turn
so dieaapereona elylarge
as to give the spire the ap-
pearance of the poop ofa
ship. Pl. 13, fig. 4.
Mediterranean. At-
lantic. — Fossil species
between Rouen and St.
Ouen (Pl. 3, fig. 9),
and at D’Anyvers. Y.
Animal, p. 55.
DIVISION X. CARINACEE.
GENERA.
4. Carman. Lam.
Conical, flattened at the Mouth entire, oval, Mediterranean, At-
sides. The summit an oblong, narrowed to- dantic, Indian Seas.
involute and very small wards the angle of the —V. Animal, p. 72.
spire; the hack with a keel.
dentated keel: very thin.
PI. 5, fig. 16.
DIVISION XI. VAGINACE/E.
GENERA.
4. Vacinewiitrs. Daudin.
Tubular, oblong; thin A superior but no la- ‘In the interior of the
and pointed at one end, teral aperture. Jossil shells of the envi-
and an enlarged mouth at rons of Bourdeaux.
the other. Pl. 3, fig. 10.
2. Crropora. Peron.
Cartilo-gelatinous; like . ... . Shes AN ee Seas of warmclimates.
a reversed truncated py- Y. Animal, p. 56.
ramid. PI. 5, fig. 2.
3. CymsuLrA. Peron.
Cartilo-gelatinous, very Aperture lateral and Mediterranean, near
transparent, crystalline, anterior. Nice.
oblong, like a truncated Y. Animal, p. 56.
sabot or boat. Pl. 5, fig. 3.
4. Hyavea. Lam.
Horny, oval-globulous ; = Pte, RR Bee 8 Mediterranean, At-
tridentated posteriorly. PI. lantic, etc. YV.Animal,
6, fe pu7o0:
DIVISION XII.
4. PATELLA. (1) Lin.
Oval or almost orbicular,
in dilated cones, more or
less obtuse and concave
beneath. PI. 5, fig. 5,6.
2. Fissunetra. (2) Lam.
3. Emareinuta. (3) Lam.
4. Scutus. Montf. Par-
MAPHORA. Blainv.
Elongated, flattened ;
summit apparent towards
the posterior part, which
is rounded; the anterior
truncated. PI. 5, fig. 4.
5. Seprarra.
NAVICELLA.
Feruss.
Lam.
Summit symmetrical ,
inclined towards the pos-
terior edge : an opercu-
lum. PI. 5. fig. 23.
6 AncyLus. Geoff:
Conical.
a. PI.5, fig. 7.
(24)
GENERA.
~
A small hole at tke
summit. Pl. 5, fig. 10.
A notch at the poste-
rior edge. Pl. 5, fig. 11.
A horizontal plate
within.
6. Plectrophorus, Fer. With an interior winding
impression. PI]. 6, fig. 2,3.
CLYPEACE/.
Mostly marine, ad-
hering to the rocks and
other hard substances
bordering the sea.
VY. Animal, p. 73.
Marine. VY. Animal,
p- 72:
-
Marine. VY. Animal,
p.. 72:
Marine. New Zea-
land. Fossil species at
Grignon.. Animal un-
known.
In the rivers of warm
climates.
Y. Animal, p. 72.
VY. Animal, p. 63,
Fresh-water.
Terrestrial.
Teneriffe. Maldives.
(1) The animal of the fresh-water Patella differs from that of the marine,
although the shell has. scarcely any distinguishing character.
The fossil species
P. cornucopie (pl. 5. fig. 6.) resembles a cap, and is of considerable thickness.
Foss. in Alluvia; Crag Marl; Chalk Marl; Clunch Cla
Forest Marble.—Grignon; Houdan; Pontoise.
ry; Alum Shale of Whitby ;
(2) Foss. in the beds of coarse marine limestone at Grignon, and in the marl-pits
of Touraine.
. (3) Foss. in Limestone analogous to that at Grignon.
DIVISION XIII.
GENERA.
A. In the form of a shield or cap.
4. Carutus. Mont.
Conical, the summit
curving spirally. Pl. 5,
fight ton
2. Hirponyx. (1) De
France.
Conical, summit in- Support adherent and
clined backwards. Pl. 6, bearing (as well as the
fig. 1.
shell) a muscular impres-
sion in the shape of a
horse-shoe.
3. CREPIDULA. Lam.
Oval or oblong, the
summit obtuse, inclined
towards the edge. Pl. 5,
fig. 12.
Half closed by a ho-
rizontal plate.
4. Catyerrma. (2) Lam.
_Conical, the summit ver-
tical and pointed.
MEGASTOMATA.
Marine.
Mediterranean.
badoes.
V. Animal, p. 71.
Bar-
Marine.
Marine.
On the rocks of the
Caribbean Sea. Mediter-
ranean.
Y. Animal, p. 72.
Marine. :
Atlantic, Indian Seas.
a The plate (adhering to the bottom of the cone) folded, and descending
vertically. Pl. 5, fig. 8.
6 Infundibulum, Montf. The plate simple, almost horizontal, adhering to
the sides of tbe cone, which has a spiral line on the exterior. Pl. 5, fig. 20.
5. Umprewta. Lam.
Orbicular, slightly con- — A callous, colored disk,
vex above, a small apex within.
near the summit. Pl. 5,
fig. 15
Marine:
Mediterranean,
dian Seas.
Tn-
(41) Several valves of different sizes having been found at Grignon, in the marl-
pits of Hauteville, Montmirail, etc. they were considered by some naturalists as
the type of the genus Acardo. M. Defrance having remarked a similar support
adhering to a recent shell (Patella mitrata, Gm.), foresaw that some other Patell
were to be separated from that Genus to form the present. His conjectures were
afterwards realised by finding one of the fossil species on its support.
(2) Foss. Grignon.
(3) Foss. in the London Clay; Crag Marl; Woolwich Loam; Green Sand.
( 26 )
B. In the form of an ear.
7. Hatyoris. Lam.
Spire or spiral apex flat-
tened, excedingly small.
a. Halyotis, Lam.
6. Padolla, Montf.
A deep furrow with-
in, forming a_ ridge
without. PI, 6, fig. 4.
c. Stomatia, Lam.
Spire more promi-
nent; shell deeper.
Pl. 5, fig. 24.
d, Stomatella, Lam.
Whorls carinated.
Pl. 5, fig. 22,
8. Sicarntus. Adans.
Ditto ; mouth very deep ;
shell hidden within a spon-
gy buckler. Pl. 5, fig. 25.
9. Trstacrtta. Lam.
Oval, spire very small ;
semi-corneous, transpar-
ent. Pl. 5, fig. 9. Pl. 6,
fig. 7, 8,9.
10. ParmAcELia. Cuy.
Oblong, flat, with a
slight commencement of a
spire behind. P1.6. fig. 10.
44. Virrina.
HE.ico-timax. Feruss.
Very thin, transparent,
flattened. PI. 5, fig. 14.
Draparn.s
Pierced by a series of
holes. Pl. 5, fig, 24.
Almost all the holes ob-
literated,
No holes.
ei Stee erhe
No holes.
The mouth (diminish-
ed by the projection of
the penultimate whorl of
the spire) in the form of
a crescent, broader than
deep.
(Megastomata.)
Marine.
Adhere to the rocks like
limpets, but inhabit deep
water, generally at ashort
distance from the shore
(14). V. Animal, p.. 7/,
Coasts of Africa, Ani-
mal unknown.
?
Animal unknown.
Seas of warm chi-
mates.
V. Animal, p. 71.
Terrestrial. South of
France. 'Tenerifte.:
V. Animal, p. 614.
Terrestial, . Mesopo-
tamia.
V. Animal, p. 61.
*
Terrestial. ‘Those of
Europe live in ‘humid
places and are very
small; those of warm
climates are larger.
(1) They are found on the coasts of Brittany, Asia Minor, Barbary, Western
Africa, India, New Holland, New Zealand, and California. Luid and Scheuchyer
report that they have found the Halyotis in a fossil state.
Bertrand, in his Dic-
tionnaire Orictologique, says that he possesses a shell of this Genus, brought from Vir-
ginia, resembling a ferruginous stone.
( 27 )
DIVISION XIV. ELLIPSOSTOMATA.
GENERA.
A. Longitudinally volute; the last whorl considerably larger than
the preceding.
4. Lymnaxus. (1) Lam.
Spire oblong; thin; no _Columella* with a lon- In stagnant waters
operculum. vf. 6, fig. 12. gitudinal fold entering and marshes.
obliquely intothe mouth. VY. Animal, p. 63.
2. Paysa. Drap. :
Spireshort or moderate; | Columella simple. In springs.
very thin; no operculum. V. Animal, p. 63.
Pl. 6, fig. 13.
3. Meranta. (2)
Outer lip advancing and cage Fh lay a, Marine and Fresh
narrowing the mouth; an Water. -
operculum. V. Animal, p. 67.
a. Melania, Zam,
Peristoma complete, Turreted. Fluviatie. Isle of France.
effusive (3) at the base Madagascar. East Indies.
of the columella; black.
P1.6, fig. 14.
6. Melantho.
Peristoma incom- Sub-globular. Marine.
plete, not effusive ; very
thick: white. Pl. 6,
fig. 45.
c. Melanopsis, Lam.
Peristoma incom- Turreted. Fluviatic.
plete, inner lip very
broad, reflected, effu-
sive; black. Pl. 6, fig.
18.
d, Melanella, Dufresne.
Semi-transparent, Turreted; spirecurved. = Marine.
mouth invaded by the
last whorl; white. Pl.
6, fig. 17.
(1) Foss. in the Cowes Roch of Limestone; Grignon ; 1st and 2nd Fresh Water
Formations of the environs of Paris. * See the section Pl. 12, fig. 16.
(2) I have ventured to separate the marine Melanizx, under the name of Melantho,
the Melanella (in the cabinet of M. Dufresne), and the Melanamona; adding the
‘name of Melanatriato Lamarck’s Pyrene, in order to indicate its connexion with the
others. Foss. in the London Clay; Purbeck Limestone; Coral Rag; Blue Lias ; at
Grignon, Courtagnon, Houdan, Parnes and Ponchartrain. The fossil species of Me-
lania found at Grignon differ remarkably from the fresh water species. In the M.
costellata, pl. 13, fig. 14, the peristoma is continuous, but the mouth is not circu-
lar, and it is entirely detached from the columella towards the upper part of the
lip. In the M. cochlearella, pl. 13, fig. 13, the lip is prolonged like a spoon; in the
M. marginata, pl. 13, fig. 10, the peristoma is margined or thickened. The fluviatic
Melaniacbrought by Olivier from the East are very distinct in appearance from all other
species: see Pl. 8, fig. 14, 17, This Genus is, probably, entirely foreign to Europe.
(3) Versante is the French term, which they explain by saying if the shell were
laid on its back and filled with water, it would run out at this part of the mouth:
this has beep concluded to be the meaning of Linnzus’s term E/fusus, but it appears
improbable that he should take a perfect instead of a present participle, when we
consider his Latinity.
( 28 ) (£l/ipsostomata.)
e. Melanamona.
Effusive, with one Turreted. Fluviatic.
very deep sinus ; black.
PI. 6, fig. 19.
f. Melanatria. Pyrene.
Lam.
With 3 undulating .. 1... - -- ee ees tte es oe 8 a shes
sinuses: black. Pl. 6,
fig. 20.
4, Prastanewia. (1) Lam.
Oblong : operculum, Columellasimple, flat- — Marine. Indian Seas.
calcareous. PI. 6, fig. 21, tened at the base. Shores of New Holland.
VY. Animal, p. 67.
5. AurictLa. (2)
Oval or oblong, outer _Columella, with large = Mostly Fresh Water,
lip thickened. Pl. 6, fig. oblique channellings or but some Marine.
: folds ; no umbilicus. VY. Animal, p. 63.
6. Scariszus. Montf.
Oblong-oval, spire a- Imnerliptoothed, with — On herbs in the Mo-
cute ; ouier lip thickened, a hollow below the mid=- luccas. The marshes,
dentated. Pl. 6, fig. 23. dle. woods, and mountains
of Asia.
Animal wiknown.
7. Carycuium. Muller.
Oval or oblong, spire Immerlipplicatewitha The /oods of Europe,
obtuse ; outer lip thicken- hollow belowthe middle, under moss. St, Vin-
ed, margined ; penulti- the upper part wanting. cent’s.
mate whorl much larger
than the preceding, but
considerably less than the
last ; no operculum. Pl. 6,
fig. 24;
8. Conovutus. Lam.
Mexampus. Montf.
An inverted cone; lip | Columella with pro- — Rivers of the West
finely striated ; no opercu- jecting folds. Indies.
lum. PI. 6, fig. 25. VY. Animal, p. 63.
9. Acnatina. (3) Lam.
‘AGATHINA.
Oval or oblong. Columella truncated TZrees and sands of
at the end. warm climates.
VY. Animal, p. 62.
(1) Foss. in the Cowes Rock of Limestone.
(2) Foss. in the London Clay; Green Sand; at Grignon.
(3) A smooth, thin, globulous shell is found in the marine deposits of Plaisantin,
approaching very nearly to the Achatina, but without the columella being trun-
cated at the base, pl. 8, fig. 22. Broechi calls it Bulla Helicoides. ©
( 29 )
a, Liguus, Montf.
A callosity within the
last whorl, Pl. 6, fig, 26.
6, Polyphemus, Montf.
The end of the colu-
mella curving inwards.
Pl. 12, fig. 41.
40. Butrmus. (4) ;
Oyal, or oval oblong. Columella smooth. On rocks and trees in
‘ cool shady places. Large
species in warm climates.
V. Animal, p. 62.
a Bulimus, Lam. Outer lip thick, blunt, pl. 6, fig. 27.
6 Bulimopsis, Zam. Outer lip thin, sharp, pl. 4, fig. 15.
ce Bulimulus, Leack. Outer lip thin, sharp ; inner lip inflected, pl. 6, fig. 28.
44. Ampnurputma. Lame.
Succinga. Drap.
Elongated or oval ; spire, V. Animal, p. 62.
short, of 2-4 whorls, the
last forming almost the
whole of the shell. Pl. 6,
he, 5,6. Pl. 7, fig..5, 6.
12. Tornatetta. Lam.
Acrzon. Montf:
Spire projecting but lit- Columellawithoneor Marine.
tle; mouth elongated, en- two large folds. Coasts of Africa.
ee below. Pl. 6, fig. VY. Animal, p. 63.
20.
B. Longitudinally volute ; the last whorl very little larger, or less, than
the preceding.
43. Craustuia. Drap.
Slim, long, pointed; With orwithoutteeth In mosses at the feet
the last whorl contracted, or projecting plates. of trees.
compressed ; mouth edged V. Animal, p. 62.
with a callous pad. Pl. 6,
fig. 36
(1) Fossil species have been found in the 2d Fresh Water Formations of the en-
virons of Paris. The marine species at Grignon have not the same generic cha-
racter as the Bulimi, according to Brongniart, and ought to be referred to the
Phasianella. Lamarck has observed that only terrestrial shells have the lip reflected.
The Bulimus dombeyanus , B. octronus, and B. terebraster, pl. 13, fig, 15, and many
other species which inhabit Asia, Africa, or America, are turreted with numerous
whorls ; others are of a conical form, as the Bulimus trochoides of Bruguiere. See the
singular species, and its monstrosity, Pl, 6, fig. 35. 31,
( 30 ) _ (Ellipsostomata.)
14. Oposromra. Fleming.
Spire produced; mouth With teeth or plates. The greater number
contracted , subangular , terrestrial; under stones,
distinct ‘from the body on rocks, and in mosses.
whorl. Animal unknown.
a, Spire dextral. Pl. 8, fig. 28.
bos. sinistral, Pl. 8) fig 523.
15. Pura. (1) Lam.
Summit obtuse; mouth = Withor without teeth Marine and Terres-
narrowed byacallous pad, or plates. trial.
and qunihitied on the side V. Animal, p. 62.
of the spire by the prece-
ding whorl. Pl. 6, fig. 37,
34.
a Without a tooth, pl. 8, fig. 29.
6 A tooth in the part of the mouth invaded by the penulti-
timate whorl, pl. 8, fig. 32. -
e Teeth within the outer lip, pl. 6, fig. 37.
Oval { d Chondrus, Cuv. Teeth at the lip, or plates within the mouth,
: pl. 8, fig. 24.
Cylindrical.
C. Horizontally volute ; mouth transyersally elliptical.
16. Pranoruis. (2) Brug.
Rolled almost in the Slagnant waters.
same plan ; the whorls in- V. Animal, p. 63.
creasing gradually ; no
operculum. Pl. 6, fig. 32.
47. Hex. (8)
Globulous or subconical, Pappesteant
spire depressed ; mouth V. Animal, p. 62.
somewhat diminished by
the projection of the pen-
ultimate whorl. Pl. 7.
(1) The shells of the marine and terrestrial Pup are similar, but an experienced
Conchologist may always distinguish them : the animal of the former is not known.
Lamarck doubts the Pupa mumia to be marine. Foss. in the 2d Fresh Water
Formation.
(2) Fossil species have been found in the Limestone of Fontainebleau (2d Fresh
Water Formation) ; in the Silea near Paliseau (2nd Fresh Water Formation) ; in the
Marne Blanche covering the Gypsum at Pantin and Chaumont (1st Fresh Water For-
mation); in the Cowes Rock of Limestone ; London Clay ; Green Sand ; Under Oolite ;
Derbyshire Peak Limestone. Neither of the three Planorbes cited at Grignon can be
exactly referred to this Genus ; the Carinata resembles the Delphinata.
(3) ‘The distinction of fresh water formations, so precisely established by Geo-
logists, has made it indispensably necessary to study this Genus attentively. An ar-
rangement with a view of easily distinguishing the species is difficult, from the
great accumulation, for whilst the shells present the greatest varieties of form, the
animals offer no differences of any importance. As M. de Ferussac appears to
have studied the excessively numerous species of tl:is Genus more completely than
any other author, accompanying the BE Ft of his system, which comprebends
all the known species, with accurate and beautiful engravings, J shall adjoin bis
:
( 51 )
a Helis, Lam. Globulous, pl. 7, fig. 9.
6 Garacolla, Lam. Carinated, conical, pl. 7, og. 22
c Anostoma, Lam. Mouth dorsal, toothed, pl. 7, fig. 20.
18. Heuicrna. (1) Lam.
Subglobulous or coni- Columella callous. Terrestrial.
cal; spire a little depress- VY. Animal, p. 66.
ed; inner lip enlarged at
the base in a callous pad
entirely covering the um-
bilicus ; a small blunt an-
le at the base of the right
ip. Pl. 12, fig 6.
49. Hexicarton. Ferruss.
Very thin, transparent. Columellaspiral, solid, © Marine.
formed by the inner lip —_ Australasia.
and confounded withthe Y. Animal, p. 62.
whorl of the mouth.
20. Amputrarta. (2) Lam.
Round and yentricose, | Columella umbilical.
spire short; umbilicate ; i
operculum horny.
as
Mouth narrower, Inner lip sharp. Fresh VWVaters of warm
more elliptical, thinner. climates,
BE Os ifies 1.
6, Ampullina.
Considerably thick- Marine.
er. P1.9, fig. 2. V. Animal, p. S/,
method of distribution, impressing that it is purely artificial. The Helices being
terrestrial shells, it appears extraordinary that we should meet with them in the
fossil state in marine deposits; but when that happens they have been brought
there by floods or rivers, or by some irruption of the sea, attesting that previously
to these deposits there had been dry land in the same places, whereon the animals
lived which formed the shells. The Marl Pit of Touraine is the only place on
record where they thus occur, and there they are frequeutly filled with the remains
of Polypi and marine shells. Fossil Helices are generally found in Fresh Water
Formations, and often accompanied by Lymnzi and Planorbes. We meet with
them in breccia, and sometimes in the districts which have been overthrown by
volcanoes. In England they have been found in the Cowes Rock of Limestone, in
the Green Sand, and in the Derbyshire Peak Limestone.
(1) Foss. Blue Lias Limestone.
(2) Their opercula, being horny, are never found, although these shells are very
common in beds of coarse, calcareous, shelly matter ; whilst the opercula of the
Natice, to which some authors would refer them, are very frequently met with,
from their being calcareous. Fossil Ampullariz are also found in the extinct vol-
canoes of the valley of Ronca, where they have been so disposed by the eruptions
as to preserve their colours. M. Faujas found a species of Ampullaria, with a very
thick shell, at St. Paulet, near Pont St. Esprit, in bituminous marl, above a mine of
fossil coal; the upper edge of each whorl bears an ascending keel, and it differs
from all that are Con, by an oval mouth, pl, 12, fig 12,13, 14.
( 52)
DIVISION XV. HEMICYCLOSTOMATA.
GENERA.
Nenita, Lin.
Semi-globulous ; mouth Columella in a straight
semi-circular or semi-el- line.
liptical, closed entirely by
an operculum ; spire al-
most effaced.
a. Natica, (1) Lam.
Operculum horny. Columella umbilicate. Marine.
Pl. 9, fig. 24. V. Animal, p. 67.
6, Nerita, (2) Lam.
Operculum_ stony, | Columella umbilicate, _ Marine.
shell thick, Pl. 9, fig. dentated. V. Animal, p, 67.
e. Neritina, Lam.
Operculum horny, Columella rarely den- _ Fluviatic.
at thin, Pl. 9, fig. tated. (3) V. Animal, p. 67.
(4) In the fossil state, in the London Clay and Crag Marl; at Grignon.
(2) In the fossil state, at Retheutl, Courtagnon, Houdan, Grignon.
(3) Those with the columella dentated form the genus Clithon of Montfort, whose
Clithon corona, pl. 9, fig. 23, differs from the Clithon coronata of Leach.
DIVISION XVI. CRICOSTOMATA.
4. Turso. (1) Lam.
Round or oyal ; thick.
GENERA.
Mouth completed by
the penultimate whorl.
a. Meleager, Montf. Umbilicate. Pl. 9, fig. 3.
6. Turbo, Montf. Not umbilicate, Pl. 12, fig. 15.
2. Turriveia. (2) Lam.
Spire elongated like an
obelisk ; thin : operculum
horny or cartilaginous. PI.
J; fig. 42. Pl. 12;fig. 17:
3. Vermicutaria. dAdan-
Son.
Whor!s not touching,
irregularly curyed. Pl. 9,
fig. 17.
4. Drteninuta. (3) Lam.
Thick ; rolled almost in
ne same plane. Pl. 9. fig.
5- Scararra (4) /am.
Turreted, with pro-
jecting sharp longitudinal
ribs. Pl. 9, fig. 6.
6. Actona. (5) Leach.
WENDLETRAP.
Ditto, but whorls dis-
Mouth completed by
the penultimate whorl.
Ditto.
Mouth entirely formed
by the last whorl.
Ditto ; but margined.
Mouth entire and mar-
tinct and distant; no co- gined.
lumella. Pl. 9, fig. 5,
(1) Foss. in the Crag Marl; at Presles; Grignon.
Marine.
V. Animal, p. 65.
Marine.
V. Animal, p. 65.
Marine.
V. Animal, p. 65.
Marine.
V. Animal, p. 65.
Marine.
V. Animal, p. 65.
Marine.
Animal unknown.
No fossil species of this genus
has been discovered in the Fresh Water Formations ; the little shellvof the ponds
of Havre and Magentone have been erroneously referred to it.
(2) Foss. in the London Clay; Crag Marl ; at Grignon, Chaumont.
(3) Foss. Grignon, Courtagnon.
(4) Foss.in the London Clay; Crag Marl; at Grignon, Presles.
(5) ** The museum of Mr, Bullock contains the largest known specimen of the
Aciona Scalaris, which was purchased at a sale for twenty-seven pounds; but it
4s now estimated at worth more than double that sum,”—Leach’s Zoological Mis-
ecllany, vol, 2, 1815,
C
( 34 ) (Cricostomata.)
7. Cycrostoma. (1) Lam.
Oval - spiral, mouth Mouth bordered by a | Yerrestrialand aqua-
round or nearly round, callous pad. lic.
closed entirely by a round, V. Animal, p. 66.
thin, calcareous opercu-
lum : peristoma complete.
PI. 9, fig. 13, 14.
8. Varyata. Muller.
Rolled almost in the Fresh waters. ;
same plane. PI. 9, fig. 22. Y. Animal, p. 66.
9. Patupina. (2) Lam.
Vivieara. Montfort.
Oval-spiral; opercu- Mouth with a small Marine, and in stag-
lum with an angle like angle towards the upper nant waters.
that of the mouth. P1.9, part. VY. Animal, p. 66.
fig. 45.
40. Moxoponta. Lam.
Oval, or conical ; oper- A blunt and slightly Marine.
culum round, horny. Pl. projecting tooth at the —V. Animal, p. 66.
9, fig. 25: base of the columella.
Base flat or concaye.
(1) Young Cyclostome may sometimes be confounded with the shell of the genus
Turbo; for the upper part of the peristoma is not completed, that is to say, the
lips do not join, before the adult state ; in the Turbo they always remain separated.
The Missenau chain of hills near Mayence is composed of fossil Cyclostomex, not of
Bulimi, and of two species which, according to M. de Ferussac, are again found in
Quercy, Agenois, and in Silesia. M. Brongniart expects that the Cyclostome will
hereafter be divided into two genera; the one aquatic, the other terrestrial. The
C. mumia, Lam. pl. 4, fig. 1, belongs to the latter; it has only been found as yet
in the 1st ox Lower Fresh Water Formation in the environs of Paris ; M. Brongniart
conceives that on further investigation it may. be found to characterise it: the
enlargement or projection of the upper part of the peristoma is uot unfrequent in
the living species. All those indicated at Grignon differ from true Cyclostome,
The Cyclostoma carinata of the canals of Egypt, Pl. 13, fig. 9; C. bulimoides of the
environs of Alexandria, Pl. 8, fig. 13; C. unicolor, Pl. 8, fig. 15; and the Helix cre-
nelata, Pl. 12, fig. 10; brought by Olivier, differ in form from all the other fresh-
water shells yet known, and, as M. Brongniart justly observes, if found in the fossil
tate, would certainly have been considered as-marme.
(2) Foss. in Gravel and Alluvial Clay; London Clay ; Crag Marl.
( 35 )
DIVISION XVII.
GENERA.
4. Trocnrus. (1) Lam.
Conical; mouth more or Base flat or concave.
less quadrangular, in an
oblique plane to the axis
of the shell; operculum
thin, horny, orbicular.
a The columella, in
outer lip. Pl. 9, fig. 7
fig. 4
the columella.
Not umbilicate.
spiral canal,
f Turreted.
g No projection to the columella.
h Flattened; the exterior angle edged.
i Flattened; the lips rounded.
Umbilicate.
£ Columella embattled lengthwise.
2. Crrrites. Sowerby,
Conical ; whorls united.
Pl? 9) fig. 4.
No columella: umbi-
licus funnel-shaped.
3. Sorarnium. (2) Lam.
Spire like a dilated cone.
PI 9, fig. 44.
A very large umbili-
cus, hollowing out the
base.
4, Evompuatires. Sow-
erby.
Rolled almost in the Concave or largely um-
same plane, depressed bilicate underneath.
above. PI. 9, fig. 18, 19.
5. [antarna. Lanz.
Subglobulous, horizon-
tally volute ; no opercu-
lum. Pl. 9, fig. 26.
Columella prolonged
eyond the mouth.
GONYOSTOMATA
Marine, or inhabiting
the brackish ponts com-
municating with the sea.
Y Animal, p. 66.
the form of a concave arch, continued with the
6 Calear, Montf. Flattened; lip sharp, like the rowel of a spur. Pl. 9,
ec With a small prominence, or vestige of a tooth, towards the base of
d Mouth much broader than long; base concave. Pl. 9, fig. 9.
e Mouth much broader than long; and the columella in the form of a
k Columella with a prominence towards the base.
In the Chalk Marle,
under Oolite, and Der-
byshire - Peak Lime-
Stone.
Marine.
V. Animal, p. 66.
In the LimestoneShale ;
in the 4st or Upper
Grey and in the Peak
Limestone of Derby
shire.
Marine.
Mediterranean.
tralasia.
A floating shell.
VY. Animal, p. 67.
Aus-
(1) Foss inthe London Clay ; Crag Marl; Under Oolite; Blue Lias 3; at Grignon;
fo)
near Pont Chartrain; Longjumeau. The Trochus agglutinaus, Pl. 9, fig. 8, is re-
markable for its habit of agglutinating to, and even of incorporating with, its
shell, during the growth, small pebbles, fragments of other shells, sand, etc. ete.
It often covers the umbilicus with a testaceous plate. A fossil variety of this cu-
rious shell, which inhabits the seas of South America, is found at Griznon,
(2) Foss, in the London Clay; Purbeck Limestone; at Grignon, z
( 56 )
DIVISION XVII. SYPHONOSTOMATA.
GENERA. ah
A. With varices. (1)
4, Murex. (2) Lam.
Oval or oblong; turbi- Varicesintwo opposite Marine.
nated, canal projecting rows. VY. Animal, p. 70.
and straight ; operculum
horny.
a Murex, Montf. Canal long and slim ; varices spinous. PI. 10, fig. 3.
6 Brontes, Montf. Canal long and slim; varices knotty.
c Typhis, Montf. Canal moderate ; varices spinous, with projecting tubes
between, penetrating thé shell. Pl. 12, fig. 7.
d Chicoracexe, Montf. Canal moderate or long, with folded leaves notched
or divided. PI, 10, fig. 5.
e Aquila, Montf. Canal moderate or short; varices knotty; umbilicate.
f. Usionam, Montf. Canal moderate or short ; varices knotty; not umbi-
icate.
g Tritonium, Montf. Canal moderate or short; varices simple; spire ele-
vated ; mouth generally wrinkled transversely on both lips. Pl. 10, fig. 4.
h Trophones, Montf. Canal moderate or short; varices numerous, com-
pressed, almost membranous.
t Canal moderate or short; varices few, very much
compressed, projecting considerably.
2. Ranrtra. Lam.
Turbinated; canalshort; Varices bordering both Marine.
surface armed with tuber- sides. V. Animal, p. 70.
cles; lips of the mouth
wrinkled. Pl. 40, fig. 6.
a. Apollo, Montf. Umbilicate.
B. Without varices.
3. Fusus. (3) Lam.
Fusiform, peristomaen- Columella simple. Marine.
tire ; spire elevated. VY. Animal, p. 70.
a. Fusus, Montf. Umbilicate.
b. Lathires, Montf. Not umbilicate. Pl. 10, fig. 7.
‘
(1) Varices are projecting callous pads with which the animal edges the mouth
or aperture of its shell, each time that it suspends the growth. V. Pl. 10, fig. 2,
a, b.c.d.e.
(2) Foss. in the London Clay; Crag Marl; Woolwich Loam; Green Sand; at
Grignon, Courtagnon. The Murew& tripteris, living in the Indian Seas, near Batavia,
is very common at Grignon.
(3) Foss. in the London Clay. In France they are found in the newest Shelly Lime-
stone, and are much more abundant in that than in any other formation. Although
the fossil species are numerous, we meet with scarcely any which are perfectly
analogous to those now found in the recent state. These remarks also apply to
the Fasciolaria, A
(od. )
4. Fasctovaria. Lam.
Subfusiform. Pl. 10, Columellawithoblique = Marine.
fig. 14, folds at the base. V. Animal, p. 70.
a. Fulgur, Montf, Whorls of spire flattened at top ; striated within the mouth.
5. Tursrnerta. Lam.
Turbinated or subfusi- | Columella with large = Marine.
form. Pl. 10, fig. 15. transverse folds. VY. Animal, p. 70.
6. Pyrura. (1) Lam.
Subpyriform : spire flat- | Columella simple. Marine.
tened or rounded. Generally in warm
climates.
VY. Animal, p. 70.
a. Umbilicate. Pl. 10, fig. 8.
6. Not umbilicate.
7. Preurnoroma. (2) Lam.
Fusiform; a notch in Diito. Marine.
the right lip towards the V. Animal, p. 70.
spire ; canal long : opercu-
lum horny. Pl. 10, fig. 13.
8. Cravaruta. (3) Lam.
Subturreted; a notch Columella toothed. Marine.
im the right lip towards Coasts of Africa.
the spire ; left lip excayat- ' Animal unknowia.
ed; spire pointed. Pl. 13,
ig. 8.
(1) Foss. at Grignon; Courtagnon; Houdan; Parnes.
_ \2) Foss. in the London Clay ; Green Sand; at Grignon ; Betz, near Crepy ; Parnes.
(3) There is no Clavatula in the Museum ; I was therefore compelled to copy the
obscure figure of Seba,
( 58 )
DIVISION XIX. ENTOMOSTOMATA.
A. Turreted.
4. Esurna. Lam. — Nf
Shell smooth. Pl. 10.
fig. 9
2. ANCILLARIA. (1) Lam.
ANCILLA.
Oblong, spire short.
Pl. 40, fig. 10.
3. Mirra. (2) Lam.
ri Turreted or sub-fu-
siform; spire pointed ,
mouth oblong. Pl. 10,
fig. 44
4. Pyramipenra. Lam.
Mouth broad, crescent
shaped. Pi. 10, fig. 12.
5. ‘Terepra. (3) Brug.
Spire atleast double the
greater diameter of the
mouth : no operculum.
PL. 10, fig 20.
6. Crriruium. (4) Brug.
Mouth oval, curved to
the left at the notch: oper-
culum round and horny.
GENERA.
Columella deeply and
broadly umbilicate.
A callous pad on the
base of the columella.
Columella with large
folds, the largest nearest
the spire.
Columella with the
base twisted obliquely
in sharp, spiral folds.
Columella convex or
naked, the visible part
very short.
A gutter in the upper .
part of the right lip.
Marine.
V. Animal, p. 69.
Marine.
Marine.
Warm climates.
VY. Animal. p. 69-
Marine.
V. Animal, p. 63.
Marine.
VY. Animal, p. 70.
Marine.
V. Animal, p. 70.
a. With varices, but no fold on the columella.
b. With folds on the columella. Pl. 13, fig. 2.
e. No folds on the columella; no varices. Pl. 10, fig. 19.
(4) Foss. in the London Clay; at Grignon; Courtagnon; Environs of Paris.
(2) Foss. at Grignon; Parnes near Magiiy.
(3) Foss. at Grignon; Parnes.
(4) This genus of univalves presents more species in the fossil state than any
other. There are already upwards of a hundred in the cabinet of M. De France:
they are almost all found in the newest formations. M. de Gerville, however, re-
ports that he has found four species in the bed of Ammonites and Belemnites, in the
environs of Bayewx.—Journal de Physique, October, 1813. They have been found
in England, in the London Clay and in the Chalk Marl. The Cerithium Gigas,
pl. 13, fig. 2, is sometimes from fifteen to sixieen inches long, and four in diameter
at the last whorl.
( 59 )
7. Poramuprs. (1) Brongn.
Notch less apparent, No gutter. Salt-water marshes,
right lip dilated. Pl. 10, or the brackish waters
fig. 18. of the mouths of rivers.
8. Rosrevtaris. (2) Lam.
Fusiform ; a second Marine. ‘i
canal, ascending along V. Animal, p. 70.
the spire, formed by the
outer lip and by the con-
tinuation of the columella.
Pl. 10, fig. 16.
B. Oval, sub-conical, or sub-globulous.
9. Bucetnum. (3) Lam.
Oval or elongated ; Columella convex, na- Marine.
mouth notched below ; ked. VY. Animal, p. 69.
lips simple : operculum
cartilaginous. Pl. 10, fig.
Tia :
10. Dotium. Lam.
Ventricose ; sub-globu- — Columella twisted or — Marine. f
lous ; outer lip undulated, sharp at the base. VY. Animal, p. 69.
notched below. PI. 40,
fig. 22.
11. Harpa. (4) Lam.
Oval or gibbous ; with Columella smooth. Marine.
longitudinal or oblique Generally in) warm
sharp ribs, the last form- climates.
ing a callous pad at the V. Animal, p. 69.
lip; mouth oblong, sim-
ple, notched below. PI.
11, fig. 1.
(1) This Genus is founded on the habits of the animal, rather than on the im-
portance of the character of the shell. Fossil species are found in formations pre-
senting only terrestrial and fresh-water shells. P. Lamarckii, pl 4, fig. 6, is found
in the opaque silex which covers the sand at Longjumeau ; in the forests of Mont-
morency ; above St. Cloud; mixed with Lymnzi, Planorbes, and stalks of reeds in
the Limestone, east of Aurillac, in Cantal; in the compact limestone beds (with
the Helix Cocquii, pl. 4, fig. 20) , at Nonette, near Issois, in Puy de Dome. \t re-
sembles the Cerithium radula, figured by Lister as a fresh-water shell; and, ina
lesser degree, the Bulimus auritus of Bruguiere, from the interior of Africa.
(2) Foss. in the London Clay; at Courtagnon; St. Germain en Laye; Parnes.
(3) Foss. at Grignon.
(4) Although the Harp are by no means rare in the seas of warm climates, only
two species have as yet been found in the fossil state, and those in the coarse Shelly
Limestone at Grignon and Hauteville.
42. Nassa. Lam.
( 40 )
Oval;mouthterminated Columellacoyered with
below by a deep notch.
Pl. 10, fig. 23.
43. Purpura. (1) Lam.
Oval. Pl. 14, fig. 2.
a. Purpura.
a plate.
Columella naked, flat-
tened.
(Entomostomata.)
Marine.
Y. Animal, p. 69.
Marine.
VY. Animal, p. 69.
6. Monoceros, Montf. A spine projecting from the base of the outer lip.
#
. Ricinella, Lam.
14. Concuorepas. (2)
Lam.
Patelliform ; outer lip
dentated ; spire ey
small: operculum oval,
horny. Pl. 410, fig. 47.
45. Cassrparta. Lam.
Monto. Montfort.
Cenical; mouth effu-
sive; notch terminating
in a small canal reflected
to the left at the base. Pl.
41, fig. 6.
16. Canceirarrs, (3) Lam.
Oval, last whorl ven-
tricose, right lp furrow-
ed within the mouth;
almost entire at the base.
Pl. 11, fig. 6.
(1) Foss. at Courtagnon.
1, fig. 3
Lip of the columella toothed. Pl. 14, fig. 4.
A furrow from the
cavity of the summit ter-
minating between the
two anterior teeth of the
mouth.
Columella covered by
a simple plate formed by
the left lip.
Columella with com-
pressed folds and a plate
formed by the inner lip.
Marine.
Coast of Peru.
Animal unknown.
Marine.
Y. Animal, p. 70.
Marine.
V. Animal, p. 69.
(2) Lamarck placed the Concholepas with the Patella, but most zoologists seem
now to agree with Bruguiere in approaching it to the Buccinum, since, according
to Dombey’s report, the animal is furnished with a tendinous operculum, which
only partly closes the shell. The muscular impression, like a large horse-shoe open
in front, has some resemblance to that of the Calyptrea,
(3) Foss, at Grignon; Piedmont; Environs of Florence.
(41 )
DIVISION XX. ANGYOSTOMATA.
GENERA.
_ A. With folds, plaits, or wrinkles, on the columella.
4. Cassis. (1) Brug.
Oval ; mouth oblong or Columella covered with Marine.
narrow ; thenotchtermi- a plate formed bytheleft | Generally in warm
nating ina short canal re- lip, wrinkled transver- climates, at some dis-
flected towards the left at sally. tance from the shore, in
the base; right lip wrinkled sandy bottoms.
transversally. VY. Animal, p. 70.
a. The callous pad of the lip dentated exteriorly towards the notch. Pl. 11,
fig. 11.
b. The callous pad of the lip not dentated exteriorly towards the notch.
2. Cyprza. (2) Lam.
Oval, gibbous in the Mouth long, narrow, Marine.
middle, and narrowed at wrinkled transversally = -Y. Animal, p. 68.
both ends; lip rolled in- on both sides.
wards : no epidermis. PI. ;
41, fig. 7,9. a, b,c.
3. Oxtva. (3) Lam.
Sub-cylindrical; notch- _ Columella striated ob- = Marine.
ed at the base; mouth nar- liquely. In warm climates.
row; channels between VY. Animal,"p. 68.
the whorls of the spire.
Pl. 11, fig. 13,
4. Conoerix. Swainson.
Coniform ; spire very Columella plaited. Marine.
_ short; mouth linear, nar- Pellew Islands, Ota-
row. Pl. 12, fig. 1. heite.
5. Vout. (4) Lam.
Oval ; spire varyingin — Columella with folds, Marine.
projection, summit obtuse the lowest the largest. Generally in warm
or nippled. Pl. 12, fig. 2, climates.
3, 4, 5. V. Animal, p. 68.
a Cymbium, Montf. The last whorl ventricose
6 Voluta, Montf. The last whorl conical, narrowing at the ends.
s (4) The fossil species (and amongst them the Cassis Harpaformis, pl. 11, fig. 12)
are found only in the newest formations, and it is remarkable that they are very
small, compared with the living ones, which are sometimes of a considerable size.
_ They have been found in England in the London Clay and in the Crag Marl.
{2) In the infant state, the Cypra@a resembles a small thin Ancillaria, curved and
truncated at the base, pl. 11, fig. 9, a; in the middle age, it is thin, with a project-
ing spire, pl. 11, fig. 9, 6; when adult, it is thicker, and the spire is covered, pl. 14,
fig 9,e. Foss. in the London Clay; at Grignon.
(3) Foss. at Grignon; Aumont, near Montmorency.
(4) Foss. in the London Clay ; in the Crag Marl; at Grignon ; Courtagnon ;
Chaumont; Beauvais.
6. Marcrensa. (1) Lam.
Oblong-oyal ; a project-
ing callous pad on the
outer lip ; mouth scarcely
notched at the base: no
operculum.
a Spire conical. Pl 11, fig. 20.
b Spire obscure. Pl. 11, fig 19.
c Colombella, Lam.
7. Votvarta. (2) Lam.
Cylindrical, no appa-
( 42)
Columella with folds.
( Angyostomata.)
Marine.
Seas of warm climates,
principally in the neigh-
bourhood of the Senegal.
VY. Animal, p. 69.
The callous pad of the right lip swelled in the
middle; folds of the columella numerous. Pl. 11, fig. 17.
Columella with one or
rent spire; mouth narrow, several folds at the base.
as long as the shell. Pl. 14,
fig. 18.
B. Columella simple.
8S. SrruruHrovaria.
Lam.
(3)
Turreted: 3 undulating
sinuses. Pl. 12, fig. 9.
9, Srromeus. (4) Lam.
Ventricose, with a short
canal; notched’ or trun-
cated at the base ; right
lip dilated in a wing (in
the adult), with a sinus to-
wards the base : opercu-
lum horny, long, narrow.
Pl. 14, fig. 15.
10. Terepexium. (5) Lam.
Oblong or sub-cylin-
drical ; mouth narrow
above, simple, enlar2ed
towards the base, notch-
ed. Pl. 44, fig. 14.
(1) Foss. at Grignon.
(2) Foss. at Grignon.
Columella covered with
a plate formed by the left
lip.
Columella truncated
below.
Ditto.
Marine.
Marine.
Animal unknown.
Marine.
Generally in warm
climates.
V. Animal, p. 70.
Marine.
V. Animal, p. 68.
(3) The Museum gave 100 francs for the type of this new genus, which is now
figured for the first time.
(4) Foss. in the London Clay; at Grignon.
(5) Foss, at Grignon; Environs of Paris. The Tercebellum perditum (the analo-
gous living species is not known) is found in great numbers, and of all ages, at
Grignon.
41. Prerocera. Lam.
Ventricose , with an
elongated canal; right lip
dilated in a wing (in the
adult) divided into long,
narrow digitations. Pl. 11,
fig. 16.
12. Conus. (4) Lam.
Like inverted cones, or
cylindrical ; mouth longi-
tudinal, narrow, simple,
effusive at the base : oper-
culum small, horny.
pee
~
Marine.
V. Animal, p. 70.
Marine.
Generally within the
tropics, at ten or twelve
fathoms deep, near sandy
coasts.
V. Animal, p. 68.
a Conical spire, crowned with tubercles. Pl, 11, fig. 21.
6 Conical spire, not crowned with tubercles. Pl. 11, fig. 22.
e Sub-cylindrical spire, not crowned with tubercles.
3. Ovuta. Brug.
Gibbous, elongated in
a pomtateachend; mouth
longitudinal, Pl. 11, fig.
8, 10. ;
14. Axera. Muller.
Oval-oblong or oval-
concave; more or less
rolled on itself; no pro-
jecting spire; mouth as
long or almost as long as
the shell, without notch or
canal.
Both lips rolled in-
Right lip sharp.
V. Animal, p. 68.
Marine.
In the muddy bottoms
of the seas of all climates.
V. Animal, p. 61.
a Bullea, Law. Contained within the mantle, too small to hold the
animal, Pl. 5, fig 18.
6 Bulla (5), Zam. Covered with a thin epidermis, large enough to contain
the animal, and turned more than the Buttwa, PI. 5, fig. 17.
C. Almost flat.
45. Aptysra. Lin. La-
PLISIA. Sam.
A little convex within,
obliquely conical ; base
thin, summit thickened
and obscurely spiral. PI.
13, fig, 5.
(4) Foss. at Courtagnon; Grignon.
Horny.
Marine.
V. Animal, p. 60.
The Conus deperditus, Lam. found. in the
calearéous shelly matter in the environs of Paris, is, according to Bruguiere, the
analogous fossil of the Cone treilliséc, which lives in the Pacific Ocean, in the neigh-
bourhood of Otahcite.
(9) Foss at Grignon.
( 44 ) (4d ngyostomata.)
16. Donapewra. Lam. PI.
13, fig. 6.
Ditto, but base more Calcareous. Marine.
enlarged in proportion ; Mediterranean, In-
summit more prolonged dian Seas.
and curved. VY. Animal, p. 60.
47. PLEUROBRANCHUS. Cuv.
An oval plate. Marine.
V. Animal, p. 60.
48. Puanospirirrs. (1 )
Faujas.
Sub-orbicular ; a spiral Maestricht.
cord-like ridge on the in-
ferior surface. Pl. 1, fig.
20. :
(1) This is one of the rarest and most singular shells found at Maestrieht, only
three having as yet been met with. It seems impossible to determine whether it is
an univalve or a bivalve; for although it resembles the valve of an oyster in form
and thickness, it wants the little hollow found at the summit of that shell and
serving to lodge the ligament which characterises the genus; neither has it any
apparent muscular impression. If it be a bivalve, it is nearest to the genus
Acardo of Lamark, but its spiral cord or ridge, with the absence of the hollow
and muscular impression, lead us to conclude that it is an univalve.
( 45 )
GENUS HELIX. (1) FERUSSAC.
SUB-GENERA.
A. Horizontally volute,
4, Heuicocena. Fer.
Globulous or elliptical ; Umbilicus masked.
peristoma simple.
a Collumellate. Columella solid and twisted. Pl. 7, fig. 7, 8.
6 Acave. Umbilicus entirely covered by an expansion of the columella,
Pl.7, fig. 44544:
c Perforate. Umbilicus appearing in part, like a cleft, behind the expan-
sion of the columella. Pl. 7, fig. 9, 10
d Imperforate. Depressed, umbilicus closed. Pl. 7, fig. 15, 16, 18.
2. Heticoponta. Fer.
More or less globulous Mouth generally tooth-
and depressed ; peristoma ed in the perfect state.
reflected or thickened.
a Personate. Peristoma sinuous and thick; or reflected with teeth, plates,
or folds. Pl. 7, fig. 17.
6 Lamellate, Mouth with one or more elongated internal plates. Pl. 7,
ip. 495 a, 6, c,d, ¢.
e Maxillate. Peristoma with large teeth; a gutter at the base of the co-
lumella, Pl. 7, fig. 21,
d Anostomz. Tomogeres, Montf. Mouth reversed or dorsal, with elevated
folds or teeth. Pl. 7, fig. 20.
e Impresse. Inner lip with longitudinal elevated folds. Pl, 7, fig. 23.
3. Hexicicona. Fer. Ca-
RACOLLA. Lam.
Carinated, somctimes
conical. ;
a Caracollx, Umbilicus covered. Pl. 7, fig. 22; pl. 8, fig. 1, 2.
6 Vortices, Ocken. Umbilicus masked or visible. Pl. 8, fig. 3.
4. Henicetra. Fer. VYor-
TEX. Ocken.
Elliptical or flattened. Umbilicus exposed.
a Lomastome. Peristoma reflected. Pl. 8, fig. 8.
6 Aplostome. Peristoma simple. Pl. 8, fig. 4.
e Marginate. Peristoma margined, Pl, 8, fig. 5, 7,18.
(1) Fide p. 30,
( 46 )/ (Helix, Fer.)
5. Heurcostyia. Fer.
Elliptical or trochiform. Columella solid.
a Aplostome. Columella straight; peristoma simple PI. 8, fig. 6.
4 Lamellate. Columella straight, round; peristoma simple; an internal
plate on the last whorl. P1. 8, fig. 9, 10. -
c Canaliculate. Columella twisted, as if truncated at the base, or with an
internal spiral rib forming a gutter, under the form of a tooth or cal-
losity. Pl. 13, fig. 1. 2
d Marginata. Columella flattened, without teeth or plates; peristoma
reflected. Pl, 8, fig. 11.
6. Hevicopuanta. Fer.
Spire depressed ;_ volu- Perforated or umbili-
tions rapidly increasing cate.
horizontally ; mouth very
large and oblique ; only
three to three and a half
whorls; the last enormous.
a Vitrinoides. Peristoma simple. Pl. 7, fig. 2.
6 Vesicule. Peristoma thickened and sub-reflected. Pl. 7, fig. 3, 4.
B. Longitudinally volute.
7. Cocutonypra. Fer.
AmpninuLima. Lam. Suc-
cINEA. Drap.
Elongated, oval ; volu- Peristoma simple.
tions rapidly increasing
vertically ; spire short,
with 2 to 4 whorls, the
last forming almost the
whole of the shell; mouth
very large. Pl. 6, fig. 5s
Pl. 7, fig. 5, 6
8. Cocniostyia. Fer.
Elongated or ventricose ; Columella solid, not
spire elevated : whorls in- truncated at the base.
creasing rapidly.
a Lomastome. Peristoma reflected. Pl. 8, fig. 27.
b Aplostome. (1) Peristoma simple.
9. Cocutirroma. Fer.
AcnHatTinaA. Lam.
Conical or very ventri- Columella solid, flat,
cose , solid, little transpa- andiruncatedat the base.
rent.
a re Base conical; mouth short; outer lip advanced. Pl. 8,
1g. 40.
b ae, ey Ventrical; mouth very large; outer lip vertical. Pl.
Bees 3,
_ (4) The Sultana (Helix Gallina Sultana, Chem.) was sold, at the sale of the
Count de Latour d’Auvergne, for 560 franes,
40. _ CocuircopaA. Fer.
(Acuarina. Lam.)
Oviform or turreted ; Columella solid, flat,
thin, transparent; mouth truncated, and arched at
narrow. the base.
a Polyphemus, Montf. Oviform ; mouth long; outer lip vertical. Pl. 8,
fig. 22.
6 Styloides. Columna, Perry. Turreted; mouth short; outer lip a little
advanced, Pl. 8, fig. 19.
41. Cocnytcrrra. Fer.
(Burmus. Brug,)
Conical or turreted; — Columella twisted and
perforated ; whorls nearly hollow.
equal, or the last shorter
than all the others toge-
ther. PI. 6, fig. 38.
42. Cocutocena. Fer.
(Auricuta. Lam. Butt-
mus. Lam.)
Oblong or oviform ; last Columella hollow,
whorl of the spire gene- twisted, straight, perfo-
rally longer and larger rated, umbilicate.
than all the others toge-
ther; mouth elongated. :
a Umbilicate. Columella straight. Pl. 8, fig. 20.
» | Raliorakee, Leach, } Columella twisted. Pl. 6, fig. 28.
ec Lomastome. Bulimus, Lam. Columella twisted; peristoma reflected.
Pl. 6, fig. 27.
d Helicteres. Turbo, Chemn. Mouth short, crescent-shaped. Pl. 12, fig. 15.
e Stomotoides. Auricula, Zam. Mouth elongated, angular at its extremi-
ties, or effusive in the upper part ; peristoma thickened and reflected ;
columella large, more or less spiral, sometimes forming a fold in
the mouth. Pl. 6, fig. 22, 34.
f Dontostomex. Mouth crescent-shaped ; peristoma margined, a little re-
flected ; columella twisted, hollowed, flattened at the base, or forming
a protuberance; often perforated. Pl. 8, fig. 23.
43. Cocutoponta. Fer.
(Pura. Lam. Onosro-
mia. Fleming.)
Cylindrical orfusiform ; Columella solid or
whorls equal, numerous. nearly hollow.
narrow: mouth short, al-
most as broad as deep in
the direction of the axis ;
several inner teeth or thin
plates: peristoma reflected.
« Pupa, Lam. Cylindrical, Pl. 6, fig. 34, 37 ; pl. 8, fig. 32.
6 Chondrus, Cuv, Fusiform. Pl. 8, fig. 25 ; pl. 13, fig. 12,
( 48 ) (felix, Fer.)
44. Cocntopina. Fer.
Cravusinia. Drap. Vou-
yutus. Ocken.
Cylindricalorfusiform; | Columella solid, often A pedunculated elas-
whorls equal, numerous, with plates. lic operculum,
narrow; mouth generally
with eleyated plates, and
always wth one or two
gutters.
a Pupoides. Mouth without teeth or plates; peristoma not continuous.
b { Tracheloides. i]
Cyclostoma, Zam. §
| Pad Ba, \ Mouth without plates. Pl. 8, fig. 29.
d Clausilia, Drap. Mouth with plates. Pl. 6, fig. 36.
45. Vertico. Muller.
Cylindrical, very spi- Peristomaoften sinuous
ral ; volute increasing and reflected.
gradually; mouth narrow,
short in the direction of
the axis, often dentated.
Peristoma continuous, Pl. 8, fig. 31.
a Mouth not dentated. PI. 8, fig. 34.
6 Mouth dentated. PI. 8, fig. 35, 36.
46. Partuta. Fer.
Oval, pointed ; spire Columellar side callous
conical ; last whorl gib- at base.
bous and longer than all
the others together ; mouth
short in the direction of
the axis, sometimes den-
tated or with elevated
plates; peristoma general-
‘ly much reflected. Pl. 8,
ig. 30.
( 49 )
SHELLS.
Shells are envelopes, formed by a calcareous substance, of a foliated
texture, and almost as heavy and hard as marble. They form coverings for a
great number of animals of the class of Mollusca ; and every one knows that
the variety of their forms, their more or less vivid colours, and the brilliancy
of their mother of pearl, constitute some of the finest ornaments of the
cabinets of virtuosi. We have sufficiently explained these forms, and we shall
presently show their relation with the Orders and Genera of the animals
which inhabit them : at present we have only to consider their texture, their
growth, andthe manner in which they are united to the rest of the body)
They are composed, like bones, of a calcareous matter ; intimate y con-
nected with a gelatinous substance, and which may be, in like manner,
separated by means of acids ; but this matter is not disposed in lamina, or in
fibres ; it is uniformly extended throughout the whole body of the shell.
It is only in some species that we find strata easily separated, and, as it
were, agglutinated to each other like the leaves of paper in the formation of
pasteboard. We know, from observation, that these strata do not all exist in
younganimals; they haye only the most external, which are, at the same
time, the smallest. In proportion as the animal increases in age, it forms a
new stratum on the internal surface of the shell, which extends beyond the
edges of all the preceding strata, so that each operation of this kind adds to
the size of the shell, in length, breadth, and thickness. These are certain
facts ; to prove them it is only necessary to compare some shells of the same
species that have belonged to individuals of different ages; the fewest strata
will always be found in the shells of the young. Muscles, which may be
observed when very young, and eyen before they quit the matrix of their
mother, have, at that period, shells consisting of one stratum only; but the
shell is not therefore soft and gelatinous; it possesses the same firmness as the
adult shell, and its greater fragility is merely owing to its thinness.
But are the strata which thus SiICERSmneAR augment the dimensions of shells,
produced by developement, or by a simple juxta-position? Do the nutritive
vessels deposit the calcareous juice at different points, or does it only transude
through the skin of the animal, and attach wself to the pre-existing strata ?
These are questions with respect to which physiologists are not agreed.
The body of the snail appears to adhere to its shell only where the muscles
are attached ; but Reaumur having placed thin pellicles between the body and
parts of the shell, which he purposely broke, these fractures were not
repaired ; but when this, or any other obstacle, no longer prevented the
juices flowing from the surface of the skin, the injured part was speedily
regenerated.
These facts fayour the idea of the simple juxta-position of a transuded
matler : we observe, however, on the other hand, that the oyster and muscle
adhere to the shell not only by their muscles, but by the whole border of
their mantle; besides, the oyster has always between the two last strata of
the conyex valve. a considerable yacuity, which is filled with a feetid acrid
liquor, and which communicates with the interior of the body by a particular
aperture. How is this vacuity produced? and, above all, how is it removed
upon the formation of each new stratum, if the arterial and absorbent vessels
do not penetrate into the centre of the strata, to regulate its position, and to
remove, from time to time, the particles of the shell?
Some observations seem to prove that there are testaceous animals, which,
D
(50 )
at certain periods, cast their old shells entirely off, and acquire new ones ;
but this re-production may also take place by development, as in the horns
of the Deer. If the internal strata of those shells which are not cast off, be
produced bya developement of this kind, it may be compared to that which
forms the internal laminz of the hollow horns of the Ox, Sheep, and other
Ruminating Mammalia, and even to that by which the epidermis is produced
in all animals; that isto say, there must take place a withering, or, as it were,
the death of a membrane, which seems to preserve a sort of organization
while it remains unexposed to external elements, or while it has not acquired
its proper degree of solidity.
In this manner, it appears, are produced all the hard parts which may be
regarded as the bones of animals that have no vertebre. In cray-fish, for
example, the calcareous crust which, in them, is at once skin and skeleton,
grows no more after it is completely indurated. The animal, however, con-
linues to increase in all its soft parts; and when these become too much
confined by the envelope, the latter splits and is detached : but a new covering
is found below the old one, which is formed while the latter loses its con-
nection with the body, and as it were dies. The new envelope is at first soft,
sensible, and eyen provided with vessels : but a quantity of calcareous par-
ticles, previously accumulated in the stomach, is soon deposited in this
covering, hardens it, obstructs the pores and the vessels, and renders it in
every respect similar to the shell it has replaced.
The induration of the covering of insects is not completed until they acquire
their last form, after which they have no longer any occasion to change their
skin: but all their skins they previously cast, though soft, are dead, and
already replaced by others, which develope themselves underneath that which
is destined to fall off.
All the hard parts, therefore, of white blooded animals, whatever may be
their consistence and chemical nature, ought to be compared with respect to
the manner of their growth to the epidermis, to nails, and to hollow horns,
rather than to real bones. 'The same remark should perhaps be applied to
certain external parts of fishes, though their substance is strictly osseous; for
instance, to the bucklers of the Sturgeon and Cyclopterus, and the spinous
tubercles of the Ray.
Some white losticd animals have also hard parts internally; but they are
not articulated in such a manner as to form the bases of moveable members,
and their texture differs considerably from that of ordinary bones. The most
remarkable of these hard parts are the teeth in the donee of the lobster.
The common Cuttle-fish (Sepia officinalis) contains in the flesh of the
back an oval substance, convex before and behind, white, solid, friable, and
of a calcareous nature. This substance is not attached to the flesh, but has
the appearance of a foreign body introduced into it. 'There is no indication
of any vessel or nerve penetrating it, nor is any tendon affixed to it. It is
composed of thin parallel lamelke, which are not in immediate contact with
each other. ‘The intervals are occupied by an infinite number of small
hollow columns standing perpendicular between one lamella and another, and
arranged in a very regular guincunx.
As the superfices of the lamelle are plane, and those of the bone itself
convex, they necessarily mtersect each other: the points of intersection are
marked on the surfaces of the bone by regular cuvilinear striz. ‘lhese bones
have a kind of wings which are of a less opaque nature, less brittle, and haye
greater resemblance to thin elastic horn. than the body of the bone.
To this last substance the parts called the bone in the Calmar (Sepia
loligo) bear a resemblance; they are transparent, elastic, and yery brittle ;
®
(51 )
their shape is sometimes that of a leaf, and sometimes it is similar to a sword
blade. Their connection with the soft parts is the same as the bone of the
Cuttle-fish.
We also find a small semi-corneous and semi-friable plate in the body of
the fleshy lobe which covers the branchize of the Aplysia, and there is one
still smaller inthe cloak of the Slug.
Every thing tends to convince us that those hard parts which are found
within Mollusca, grow by strata, like their external envelope, and that they
are a kind of internal shells. :
Mottusca. Cuvier. (4)
Without vertebrz or articulated members ; with blood vessels and nerves (2) ;
a simple spmal marrow; lymph, chyle and blood of the same color (a bluish
white) ; generally with salivary glands; a voluminous liver furnishing a great
quantity of bile ; no pancreas or mesentery ; muscles (3) attached to the skin,
which forms a soft envelope, contractile, engendering (in several species)
stony plates or shells; the viscera and nervous system within this envelope,
the latter composed of scattered masses united by nervous filaments, the
principal of which, placed on the cesophagus, are called the brain; a coms
plete system of circulation; respiratory organs; organs of digestion and se-
cretion almost as complicated as in yertebrated animals (4).
(1) Before Cuvier, naturalists divided all the invertebral animals into two classes,
Insects and Worms.
(2) Humboldt has adopted an ingenious method of distinguishing the nerves
from the arteries, or other parts, in the smallest animals. He uses two needles, one
gold, the other silver : a point of one is applied to the muscles, and a point of the
other to the filament, the nature of which he wishes to discover, while the other
extremities of these instruments are brought in cuntact. If the filament bea nerve,
contractions immediately take place in the muscular fibre.
(3) The Mollusca with an exterior shell, as Helices, Bulimi, Volutz, etc. have but
one muscle which attaches their body to the shell, by a small part of the back and
nearly in the middle of its length. This muscle forms a considerable tendon,
similar to a thin ribband, which divides itself into two or three principal ribbands.
Each of these subdivides itself into several smaller, which disperse and distribute
themselves into all parts of the body. The Mollusca witha univalve shell furnished
with an operculum, have two muscles of attachment : one of these muscles unites
the animal to its shell and resembles that just described in the univalves without
opercula; the other, which adheres to the operculum, is generally round, very
wide, but not thick.
(4) The Mollusca with a trunk, as the Buccini, Volutaw, etc. are carnivorous ;
they make use of their trunk asa gimblet, and even bore through other shells and
suck the flesh of the animals within. Those which have strong horny jaws and a
beak like a parrot, are also carnivorous or nourish themselves with animal sub-
stances, like the Cephalopoda. The Mollusca which have a muffle and two jaws,
one of which at least is furnished with small teeth, are herbivorous or frugivorous,
such as the Limaces, Helices, Bulimi, etc.
.
( 52 )
MOLLUSCA.
CLASSES.
A. With unwalve shells, or none.
4. CEPHALOPODA.
Body in the form of a A head covered with Sexes separate.
bag, open before, con- large, long, fleshy pro-
taining the branchiz. ductions, serving for lo-
comotion and prehen-
sion. ‘
2. PreRopoDa.
Body entirely closed. Appendages of the Hermaphrodite.
head small or none; or-
gans of movement two
Wings or membranous
fins on the side of the
neck, and frequently
bearing the branchial
tissue.
3. GASTEROPODA.
Creep on the fleshy disk A head distinct and Hermaphrodite and
of the belly, sometimes anterior, or none. sexes separate.
compressed into a fin (2).
(1) These are the only Mollusca in which organs of hearing have been disco-
vered, and which have the brain (sending forth innumerable optic nerves from the
two ganglions) within a cartilaginous box: they are called Cephalopoda because
they have the feet on the head. They have three hearts; they respire in water by
branchiz ; their mouth is placed in the centre of their feet, and resembles a beak;
the head is also distinguished by very large eyes, and has the ears placed inter-
nally; the stomach is muscular like a gizzard, the liver very voluminous. A par-
ticular gland secretes a black liquor, which they throw out, and which darkens the
water around them whenever they wish to conceal themselves. They swim with
their head behind; and walk in all directions with the head below and the body
above. Aristotle remarked, that certain herbs, which have a strong odour, were
avoided by cuttle-fishes and the octopus.
(2) They are so called because they crawl on their bellies; the head is move-
able, and frequently provided with tentacula ; the heart is single.
When the name of the genus appears in the following tables without any cha-
racteristic particulars, the animal is very imperfectly known,
(93 )
B. With bivalve shells, or none.
4. ACEPHALA.
No apparent head ;
mouth hidden in the bot-
tom or between the folds
of a two-lobed mantle
containing the branchiz
and yiscera.
5. BrAcutopopa.
Mantle lobed; mouth
exterior, between the ba-
ses of two long fleshy
arms supplying the place
of a foot and with nume-
rous filaments.
6. CrkRHopPopA.
With numerous hairy
filaments, in pairs, com-
posed of small articula-
tions representing feet or
fins, towards the orifice
of the shell; mouth at the
bottom of the shell.
Branchiz composed
of large leaves covered
with vasculary net-
work, upon or between
which the water passes.
Branchiz composed
of small leaves, ranged
vound the edge of the
inner face of each lobe.
Hermaphrodite.
Fixed, without the
power of lecomotion.
Ditto.
( 54 )
CLASS [{. CEPHALOPODA.
GENERA.
A. No exterior shell.
4. Ocropus. Lam. (Poly-
pus of the Ancients.)
(1). Pl. 44, fig. 44.
Bag oval, without fins. 8 Feet, very large in %& 2 Small conical horny
proportion to the body, grains on each side of
and united by a mem- the back.
brane at their base.
~
2. Louico. Lam.
Bag with two fins to- 8 Feet with little A horny plate within
wards the point. Pl. 14, suckers (or short pedi- the back.
fig. 1, 10. cles), and two arms to
the head, much longer
than the feet, with suck-
ers at the end only (2).
3. Sepia. (3) Lam.
A fleshy fin along each _ Ditto. Shell oval, thick, gib-
side of the bag. bous.
B. Shells interior ; chambered.
4. Sprruta. Lam.
Ditto. Pl. 14, fig. 3.
5. Nautivus.
Ditto. Mouth with several A ligament from the
‘ circles of numerous back passing through-
small tentacula without out the syphon, and at-
suckers. taching the animal. (4)
(1) The reservoir for the ink is enchased in the liver. Some believe that the
Sepia rugosa is the species which furnishes the Indian mk. The Mediterranean
produces a species remarkable for its musky odour.
(2) They make use of these as anchors.
(3) They lay their eggs attached to one another like bunches of grapes, which
has given rise to the vulgar name of Sea-grapes.
(4) According to Rumphius; who says that the animal of the Nautilus Pompilius
is partly lodged in the last chamber of the shell, and has the bag, eyes, parrot-beak
and funnel of the other Cephalopoda. It is also probable that the epidermis is
prolonged on the exterior of the shell.
(ae)
C. Shells exterior ; not chambered.
6. Arconaura. (1)
Ditto. Two of the tentacula
with a membranous en- -
largement.
(4) The animal uses its shell as a boat, and when the sea is calm it is seen navi-
gating on the surface, employing six of its tentacula as oars, and raising two, which,
from the considerable membranous enlargement, serve as sails. Pl. 15, fig. 1. If
the waves are agitated, or any danger appears, the Argonaut draws its tentacula or
arms within the shell, concentrates itself, and sinks to the bottom. The ancients
were acquainted with this singular animal and its manceuvre; it is their Nautilus
and Pompilus.—Plin. IX, cap. 29. Blainville and Dr. Leach consider the animal
found in the 4. argo (PI. 15, fig. 2) to be parasitical, and allied to the Octopus,
under the name of Ocythoé.
CLASS Il. PTEROPODA.
GENERA.
A. Head distinct.
1. Guo. Lin.
No mouth; head form- Fins with a yasculary _No shell.
ed by two rounded lobes; net-work instead of
tentacula small. Pl. 15, branchie.
fig. on
2. Creopora. Peron.
Two membranous An envelope. PI. 5.
wings, with the mouth fig. 2.
between, haying a small ‘
lip.
3. CymeButias. Peron.
A large fin with three Envelope cartilagi-
lobes, two tubercles and nous or gelatinous. PI.
a small fleshy beard at 5; fie, 3:
the base of the smallest.
,
4. Limacina. (1) Cuv.
Head and wings resem- A shell.
bling those of the Clio:
body terminated by a spi-
ral tail lodged in a very
thin shell.
5. PNEUMODERMON. Cuv.
Branchie on the sur- No mantle. No shell.
face of the body ; fins
small; a small foe or
fleshy tentaculum beneath
hi ha PL 45, fig.
48
B. Head indistinct.
6. Hyarea. Lam.
Two large wings ; man- A shell.
ue cleft at the sides, bran-
chie within the clefts.
PL. 14, fig. 8.
(1) This animal also uses its shell as a boat, and its wings as oars, when it swims
on the surface of the sea. The species known (Clio Helicina of Phipps. Gmel. Ar-
gonauta arctica, Fabric Faun. Grant. 387 ) is scarcely less abundant in the northern
seas than the Clio borealis, and, like it, is said to be one of the principal aliments of
the whale.
CLASS III.
4. Nupmrancur. (1)
No shell. Pl. 15, fig. 7,
8, 9.
2. INFEROBRANCHI.
Ditto. Pl. 15, fig. 10,
a4, 42.
3. TEcTiIBRANCHI.
Shell more or less de-
veloped, within the man-
tle. PI. 16, fig. 1, 2, 3.
4. PULMOBRANCHI.
A great number with
turbinated shells, always
without opercula.
5. PEcTINIBRANCHI.
Shells completely tur-
binated, and generally
more or less closed by
an operculum attached to
the posterior part of the
foot.
6. Scurmrancu. (2)
Shells very open, often
in the form of a shield,
without opercula. Pl. 14,
fig. 20.
7. CYcLoBRANCHI.
Shells of one or several
pieces, never turbinated,
without opercula.
(57 )
ORDERS.
Branchie naked, dor-
sal.
Branchis naked, un-
der the edges of the
mantle.
Branchie covered by
the mantle. -
A cavity for respira-
tion, opened and shut
at will.
Branchiz hidden in a
dorsal cavity open above
the head. PI. 13, fig. 18.
Ditto.
Branchie around the
foot, under the edges of
the mantle. Pl. 14, fig.
5,6
GASTEROPODA.
Hermaphrodite.
Sexes separate.
Hermaphrodite.
(1) The greater number swim reversed, the foot (concave like a boat) on the surface,
aiding themselves with the edges of their mantle and using their tentacula as oars.
(2) The heart is traversed by the rectum, and receives the blood by two auricles,
as in the greater number of Bivalves.
(98 )
Mouth a small trunk
ORDER J. NUDIBRANCHI.
GENERA.
1. Donts. (1) Cuv.
Branchiz posterior, 2 Small conical ten-
ranged in aciele. tacula to the mouth,
2. Potycena. Cuyv.
Branchiz as in Doris,
but more simple and with
two membranous plates
covering them in the mo-
ment of danger.
3. Tritonta. (2) Cuv.
Branchie ranged along
the two sides of the back.
4. Tuernys. Lin.
Two rows of branchiz
the whole length of the
back, like bunches of fea-
thers; a large, membra-
nous, fringed veil on the
head.
5. Scyuima. (3) Lin.
Body compressed ; foot
narrow, with a furrow
for seizing the stems of
fuci : two pair of mem-
branous crests on ‘the
back. Pl. 15, fig. 7, 8, 9.
6. Guaucus. (4)
Body long, slim; three
or four branchize on each
side, formed of long
thongs, disposed like fans
and serving as fins.
1) A peculiar liquor issues from a gland interlaced with the liver.
P q §
and 2 club-shaped from
the upper part of the
mantle.
2 Club-shaped tenta-
cula before; 4 or 6
others simply pointed.
Ditto.
2 Compressed _tenta-
on the fore part of the
mantle.
*
Mouth with
membranous lips.
large
Mouth a membranous
cula, with a small coni- trunk without jaws.
cal point on the edge,
Ditto.
4 Very small conical
tentacula.
Mouth like a small
trunk.
Swim on their back.
They are
found in allseas. Their spawn is spread like gelatinous bands onstones, varecs, etc.
(2) The orifice for the liquor is pierced to the right, and their mouth is armed
within by two lateral jaws, horny and sharp, and resembling shears.
(3) The middle of the stomach is furnished with a fleshy ring, armed with sharp
horny blades like knives.
(4) They are beautiful little animals inhabiting the Mediterranean and the Ocean,
agreeably coloured with azure and mother of pearl, and swim on their back with
great swiftness.
clearly distinguished.
They have not yet been dissected, and the species are not very
7. Eourpia.
Branchiz like plates or
leaves, in transversal rows
on the two sides of the
back. Pl. 15, fig. 6.
8. Tercires. Cuv.
A row of branchiz (1)
along each side of the
back.
ORDER II.
1. Puynwipra. (2) Cuv.
Mantle naked, general-
ly coriaceous. Pl. 15, fig.
0,44, 12.
2. Dipnysurmra.
Mantle more pointed
behind : head semicircu-
lar.
(59 )
2 Tentacula.
GENERA.
1 Tentaculum on each
side of the mouth, and
2 from above the two
small cavities of the
mantle.
1 Pointed tentaculum
and a slight tubercle on
each side of the head.
Walk on their back.
INFEROBRANCHI.
Mouth a small trunk.
(1) These are each terminated by a little sucker, and serve as fect for walking on
the back.
(2) Their heart is towards the middle of the back, the stomach is simple and
membranous, and the intestine short.
ORDER Ill.
1. PLeuroprancuus. (1)
Cuv.
Body as if between two
shields formed by the foot
and the mantle; the lat-
ter sometimes containing
an oval calcareous plate.
2. APLYSIA. (2) Lin.
Edges of the foot turn-
ed up, flexible, encircling
the back in every part:
head borne on a_ neck.
Pl. 44, fig. 2,44* 14.
( 60 )
GENERA.
2 Tubulous and cleft
tentacula on the mouth
(a small trunk), sur-
mounted by a lip.
2 Superior tentacula,
hollowed like the ears
of a quadruped, with
the eyes at the base ; 2
others flattened and at
the edge of thelower lip.
TECTIBRANCHI.
Branchie along the
left side, in the furrow
between the mouth and
the foot.
Branchiz on the back
and attached to a stem
covered by asmall mem-
branous mantle, con-
taining a_ hollow flat
shell.
3. DorasEetta. Lam.
Body erga atrun- _— Ditto. Branchiz at the pos-
cated cone; shell calca- terior extremity of the
reous. body.
4. Norarcnus. Cuv.
Mantle with an oblique _Ditto. Branchie as in 4phy-
cleft above the neck com-
municating with the bran-
chie.
sla.
(1) They have four stomachs; the second is fleshy, sometimes armed with bony
pieces, and the third furnished interiorly with longitudinal projecting plates ; the
intestine is short.
(2) An enormous membranous crop conducts to a muscular gizzard, armed with-
in by pyramidal, cartilaginous corpuscles, followed by a third stomach sown with
sharp crooks, and a fourth in the form of a cecum: the intestine is yoluminous.
These animals feed on fucus. A peculiar gland furnishes, by an orifice situated
near the womb, alimpid humour, which is said to be sour in some species; a deep
purple liquor issues abundantly from the edges of the mantle, with which the
animal colors the water to a considerable distance on the approach of danger.
When Apuleius was accused of magic and poisoning, it was reported as a principal
evidence that he had engaged some fishermen to procure him an Aplysia (Sea-
Hare) ; and it is to the following part of his description that we owe the only cha-
racteristic which has enabled us to recognise so celebrated an animal. ‘ It has
an extraordinary property, of which my predecessors have been ignorant, which
is, that being otherwise destitute of bone, it has twelve small ones in its belly,
similar to the astragali of the hog, attached and tied together.” The form of the
Aplysia explains the name of Sca-Hare ; and their smell, and the liquor which they
produce, account for the pernicious properties attributed to them.
5. AKERA. (1) Muller.
ORDER IV.
A. Terrestrial ; shell interior ; almost all with 4 tentacula.
4. Limax. (2) Lin.
Body elongated ; a
fleshy disk instead of a
mantle, anterior and co-
vering the pulmonary ca-
vity only. Pl. 13, fig. 18.
Pl. 15, fig, 13.
2. Testacenra. (3) Lam.
Mantle very small, pos-
terior. Pl. 16, fig. 18.
3. PARMACELLA. Cuv.
Mantle membranous,
with the edges flaccid.
Pl. 14, fig. 9. PI. 16, fig.
9.
B. Terrestrial ; shell exterior ; almost all with 4 tentaculc.
4. Vitrina. Drap. He-
tico-Lmax. Ferus. (4)
Body protected in front
by a sort of cuirass, and
behind by a thin shell
which may be partly co-
vered by the lobes of the
collar or mantle. Pl. 14,
fig. 12.
(1) Their hermaphroditism, the position of their two sexes, the complication
and armour of their stomach, the purple liquor produced by several of their spe-
cies, approach them to the Aplysia.
(2) Their mouth has only an upper jaw, in the form of a dentated crescent,
(61 )
Tentacula so short
and broad as to appear
wanting or replaced
by a fleshy rectangular
shield. Pl. 16, fig. 1, 2,
ee nse
GENERA.
Orifice of respiration
on the right side towards
the front.
Orifice of respiration
posterior. =
Orifice of respiration
under the right side of
the middle part of the
mantle.
Body too large to en-
ter entirely within the
shell.
which enables them to gnaw herbs and fruits.
(3) The 7, haliotidea lives under ground, and feeds principally on worms. M
de Ferussac has observed, that its mantle expands extraordinarily when it is oS
too dry a place, affording it a sort of shelter.
(4) The mantle has a double edge ; the upper, which is divided int
lobes, can extend far beyond the shell, and fold back to rub aul polish it. rae ge
PULMONACEZ.
5. HexicAnton. Ferus.
Body truncated behind,
with a cuirass in front,
under the anterior edge
of which it retires its
head : shell posterior ;
foot separated from the
body by a furrow and
with a mucous pore at its
extremity. Pl. 14, fig. 7.
Pl. 16, fig. 6.
6. Hexix. (1) Lin.
Body with a muscular
disk or foot, sometimes
pediculated, more or less
gibbous and spiral above.
( 62 )
Mantle forming a kind
of ring or collar (at the
point of junction of the
two parts of the body),
in which is pierced the
round orifice of the re-
spiratory cavity.
(Pulmonacee.)
Head indistinct, with
two pair of retractile
tentacula, the posterior
the larger, and bearing
the eyes at the summit ;
mouth with a pair of
short appendages.
a. Bulimus, Lam. (2)
6. Pupa, Lam.
c. Scarabeus, Montf.
d. Chondrus, Cuv.
e. Amphibulima, Lam.
f. Clausilia, Drap. (4)
g. Achatina, Lam. (5)
Inferior tentacula very small.
(3)
(1) V. p. 74.
(2) Large and beautiful species are found in warm countries : some are remark-
able for the size of their eggs, the shell of which is stony ; and others for their sinis-
tral shell. The Helix decollata has the singular habit of breaking the whorls at the
top of its spire, proving that the muscles of the animal can detach themselves from
the shell without injury, and that they adhere to different points of the shell suc-
cessively. How is it that they thus effect the separation of the vessels from one
part to implant them in another? for it sometimes happens that this Helix or Bu-
limus has but one of the original whorls of its spire lett. Some species of Pupa,
Clausilia, and Melania are found in the same state. The Kambeul of Adanson ap-
ears to pass the dry season in a deep trance, like the Limax of Europe, for he
Foand several half buried after the month of September. Some had even already
began to close the mouth of their shell with a whitish plastery matter, to defend
themselves from the long drought, which continues at Senegal from October to the
following June.
(3) This animal may perhaps be considered as a Testacella with a large shell.
Its inferior tentacula are very small, and it lives on herbs and bushes by the side
of streams, which has caused it to be thought an amphibious genus.
(4) In the narrow part of the last whorl we generally find a small plate, slightly
curved like an S: its use to the animal is uaknown.
(5) At the extremity of the truncated columella we find the first indication of
the notches in the shells of the marine Gasteropoda,
( 65 )
C. Aquatic ; 2 tentacula.
Without a shell.
5. Oncuipwm. (1) Bu-
chanan.
A broad fleshy mantle. 2 Long retractileten- Orifice of respiration
Pl, 16, fig. 8. tacula, and two triangu- under the posterior part
lar lips. of the mantle.
With shells.
6. Ancytus. Geoff:
Eyes at the inner base
of the tentacula.
bo |
. Pranonsis. (2) Brug.
Pl. 16, fig. 10.
—~Tentacula thin, fili- Ditto.
form.
Ne
. Lymnaus. (3) Lam.
Tentacula compress- _ Eyes near the base of
ed, broad, triangular. the inner edge.
8. Puysa. (4) Drap.
Two dentated lobes to Tentacula thin, point- —_ Eyes at the inner base,
the mantle. ed. which is much enlarged.
9. Auricuta. Lam.
40. Conovura. Lam.
41. Tornarenna. Lam. Animals unknown, but (from the form of the shell
and the absence of the operculum) approximating
to the Auricula,
42. Pyramipriia. Lam. ane
4€
(1) The mollusea, destitute of jaws, have a muscular gizzard, followed by two
membranous stomachs.
(2) A red and abundant liquor exudes from the edges of its mantle, but it is not
their blood ; they are the constant companions of the Lymnzi in all stagnant waters.
(3) We find them floating on the surface of the water with the foot turned up-
wards, and very rarely creeping on hard substances ; when disturbed they fall or
sink, and remain a long time immoveable before they reappear at the surface.
(4) This animal, when it swims or creeps, covers its shell with the two dentated
lobes of its mantle.
( 64 )
ORDER V. PECTINIBRANCHI.
4. Trocnoipa.
Shell spiral, mouth en-
tire, without notch or ca-
nal. Pl. 9, fig. 7.
2. Buccinoipa.
Shell spiral, with a
notch or canal for the
passage of the siphon,
which is a prolonged fold
of the mantle. Pl. 10, fig.
21.
3. SIGARETOIDA.
Shell flattened, hidden
during life within a spon-
gy buckler which is the
true mantle. Pl. 5, fig. 25.
PL. 14, fig, 15, 16.
FAMILIES.
An operculum.
FAMILY I. TROCHOIDA.
GENERA.
4; Turbo. Lin. ;
Shell turbinated, mouth
round.
a. Turbo, Lam. (1)
Membranous wings 2 Long tentacula. Eyes on stems at the
on the side of the foot. outer bases of the tenta-
ltrs ap. 6, 7,8, 9, cula.
10.
6. Delphinula, Lam.
c. Vermicularia. PI.
19, fig,8. 9.
Marine.
2 Triangular, flattened, _—_ Ditto.
small tentacula.
d. Turritella, Lam.
e. Scalaria, Lam. (2)
Pl. 17, fig. 4.
2 Long, slim tentacula. _Ditto.
(1) To these belong the thick, strong opercula, so frequently found in collections,
which were formerly employed in medicine under the name of unguis odoratus.
(2) The mouth is encircled by a callous pad, which the animal repeats from
space to space as its shell increases, so as to give the appearance of ladders,
( 66 ) (Pectinibranchi. Trochoida.)
f. Cyclostoma, Lam.
A vascular net-work 2 Tentacula terminated Eyes on two tubercles
on the partitions of the by blunt tubercles. near the base of the ten-
pectoral cavity, instead tacula.
of branchiz ; respira-
tory cavity communi-
cating with the exte-
rior air by a lateral!
cleft,
g- Helicina, Lam. (1) y
Head _proboscidi- 2 Filiform tentacula, Eyes at the outer base.
form, bilabiate ; respi-
ratory cavily as in Cy-
clostoma.
hk, Valvata, Muller, (2)
With branchiz. 2 Slim tentacula.
Eyes at the superior
base,
é. Paludina, Lam. (3)
With branchie; a 2 Pointed tentacula. Eyes at the outer base.
very short trunk. PI.
14 feel eRl. 17, fig.
Fresh-water and Terrestral.
J» Monodonta, Lam.
Animal more orna-
namented, generally
with three filaments
on each side as long
as the tentacula.
2. Trocuus. Lin.
Mouth of the shellan- Three filaments at
gular, more or less quad- each edge of the man-
rangular, oblique to the tle, or appendages to
axis. the foot. Pl. 17, fig. 3,
4,.12*, 13.
a. Trochus.
6. Solarium.
(1) M. Blainville is convinced that this is the place of the Helicina; but M. de
Ferussac says that it has a collar, with the respiratory hole pierced to the left.
(2) In the V. cristata the branchie, formed like a feather, proceed from under-
neath the mantle, and float beyond it with a vibratory motion when the animal
wishes to breathe ; on the right side of the body is a filament resembling a third
tentaculum.
(3) The female of the P. vivipara produces living young, which are found in her
oviductus, in the spring, in all the stages of developement. Spallanzani asserts that
these young separated at the moment of their birth, and nourished apart, repro-
duce without fecundation like those of the Vine-fretter. The P. cristata one of
the small species found in salt water ponds, and described by M. Beudant, moves
its tentacula incessantly as oars when it sails on the surface of the water.
3. Conenyiium. Cuy.
Entirely aquatic or
breathing by branchie.
a. Ampullaria.
4. Melania.
ce. Phasianella.
Double lips notched
and fringed, each wing
with three filaments.
d, Tauthina. (1)
A vesicular organ un-
der the foot, like a fro-
thy ball but solid, which
admits of floating but
not of creeping; head
like a cylindrical trunk,
mouth with little fangs.
Pl. 14, fig. 13.
4. Nenira. Lin.
Shells with the colu-
mella straight, the mouth
semi-circular or semi-el-
liptic, and closed entirely
by an operculum.
a. Natica, Lam.
Foot large; opercu-
lum horny. Pl. 47, fig.
17, 18.
b. Nerita, Lam. (2)
Foot moderate ; oper-
culum stony. Pl. 17,
fig. 41, 12.
c. Neritina.
Foot moderate ; oper-
culum horny.
( 67 )
2 Long tentacula,
Tentacula simple.
Animal not yet de-
scribed, but probably re-
sembling the Paludina.
Animal not wellknown.
Eyes on two tubercles
at the outer base of the
tentacula,
Eyes at ihe base of the
tentacula.
Eyes on stems at the
side of the tentacula.
(1) The common species (Helix Janthina, Lin.) List. 572, 24, is a pretty violet-
coloured shell, abounding in the Mediterranean.
it sheds a thick liquor of a deep violet colour, which tints tbe sea around it.
When the animal is touched,
(2) The opercula of some univalve shells, particularly of the Nerita, are articu-
lated by ginglymus.
FAMILY II.
4. Conus. Lin.
Trunk elongating con-
siderably ; operculum
placed obliquely on the
foot, narrow, too short
to close the mouth of the
shell; a long respiratory
tube. Pl. 16, fig. 12.
2. Cypraa. (1) Lin.
Mantle large enough to
curl up and enyelope the
shell : foot thin; no oper-
culum. Pl. 16, fig. 11.
3. Ovuta. Brug.
4. Trrepertum. Lam.
5. Vorura. Lin.
Shell termmated by a
notch, with projecting
and oblique folds on the
columella. Pl. 18, fig. 1,2.
a, Oliva, Brug.
A tube above the
head for respiration.
6. Voluta.
An elongated trunk,
cylindrical and retrac-
tile, with small crook-
ed teeth; a respiratory
tube projecting ob-
liquely behind the
head ; foot very large ;
no operculum. PI. 48;
fig. 2.
c. Cymbium.
A very large foot;
no operculum. Pl. 18,
fig. 1.
( 68 )
GENERA.
Tentacula elongating
considerably.
Tentacula moderate.
2 Long pointed tenta-
cula.
2 Pointed tentacula,
from a veil on the head.
2 Tentacula, from a veil
on the head.
(Pectinibranchi.)
BUCCINOIDA.
Eyes near the points
on the outer side of the
tentacula.
-
Eyes at the outer base,
Eyes towards the mid-
dle of the tentacula,
Eyes at the outer base.
Eyes on the veil outside
the tentacula.
(4) The mantle is sufficiently large to turn back upon the shell and envelope it ;
at a certain age it covers the shell with a layer of another colour, so that this differ-
ence, added to the form assumed by the aperture, might cause the adult to be
taken for another species.
V. p. 41.
d, Marginella.
Foot very large, part- Eyes on the outer base
ly covers the shell by of the tentacula,
raising the lobes of the
mantle ; a retractile
trunk, a respiratory
tube above the head;
no operculum.
c. Mitra.
f. Cancellaria.
6. Buccinum.
Shells without folds on
the columella ; with a
notch or short canal in-
flected towards the left,
for the passage of the re-
spiratory tube. Pl. 410,
fig. 24.
a. Buccinum.
No veil to the head ; 2 Conical tentacula far Eyes on the outer side
a trunk; a respiratory apart, of the tentacula.
tube formed by the
mantle ; operculum
horny. Pl. 47, fig, 45,
ae Ps. 13, fies 165419,
20.
6. Eburna, Lam.
c. Dolium, Lam.
d. Harpa, Lam.
ce. Nassa, Lam. .
Ventral disk en- 2 Pointed tentacula. Eyes in the middle part
larged, truncated an- of the tentacula.
teriorly, prolonged be-
yond the head; a tube
above the head formed
by the mantle.
f. Purpura, Brug. (1)
Foot elliptical; re- Ditto. Eyes in the middle of
* spiratory tube prolong- the outer part of the ten-
ed above the head ; tacula.
operculum _ cartilagi-
nous, Pl. 47, fig. 14,
(1) The animal furnishes a matter fit for dying red, which the ancients used, and
which is still employed in the north of Europe.
_g- Cassis. Brug.
Animal resembling
the Buccinum, but the
operculum horny and
dentated in order to
pass between the wrin-
kles of the outer lip.
Pl. 18, fig. 7.
h. Cassidaria, Lam.
Animal resembling
the Buccinum.
t. Terebra, Lam.
7. Cerium.
Shell with a turreted
spire, mouth oval, canal
short, curved to the lett
or backwards ; operculum
round and horny. Pl. 13,
fig. 17. Pl. 18, fig. 3.
8. Murex. Lin.
Canal of the shell pro-
jecting, straight ; opercu-
lum horny. Pl. 10, fig. 2.
a. Murex, Lam.
( 70 ) (Pectinibranchi. Buccinoida.)
A veil on the head.
No veil.
A retractile trunk; a tubu-
lous prolongation of the man-
tle ; operculum small, horny.
Pl. 18, fig. 4, 6. Pl. 19, fig. 2.
6. Ranella, Lam.
e. Fusus, Lam. Pl. 18, fig. 5.
d. Turbinella, Lam.
é. Pleurotoma, Lam.
f. Pyrula, Lam.
g. Fasciolaria, Lam.
9. Stromeus. Liv.
Canal straight or in-
flected towards the right ;
lip dilating with age but
preserving a sinus near
the canal, under which
the animal passes its head.
a. Strombus, Lam.
Operculum horny, long, nar-
vow; foot small. Pl. 19, fig. 1,
6. Pterocera, Lam.
¢, Rostellaria, Lam.
Two tentacula, far
apart, with the eyes at
the side. .
2 Long tentacula,
near to each other, with
the eyes at the exterior
side.
FAMILY ill. SIGARETOIDA.
4. SigArerus. Cuv.
A notch and semi-canal
in front, conducting the
water into the branchial
cavity. Pl. 14, fig. 15, 16.
2. Crvyrerosroma. Blain.
Foot enormous, four or
five times larger than the
GENERA.
Tentacula conical.
Tentacula short, co-
nical, with appendages
body; mouth hidden un- at thé base.
der the anterior edge of
the shell.
ORDER VI.
1, Haryoris. Lin.
Shell turbinated. Pl. 5.
fig. 24,
a, Halyotis. Lam. (1)
Mouth a short trunk.
Pleas stic: 24. Pile 44:
fig. 20. PI. 19, fig. 3
bd
2
6. Padolla.
c. Stomatia. (2)
2. Carutus. Montif.
Shell conical; branchize
on the anterior edge of
the cavity: trunk rather
long; a folded membra-
nous yeil under the neck.
Pl. 16, fig. 7.
(1) The mantle is deeply cleft on the right side, and the
through the holes of the shell, proceeds by the cleft in “
GENERA.
Tentacula long, some
at the edges of the cavity
of the branchia, and pass-
ing through the last holes
of the shell,
2 Conical tentacula.
Eyes at outer base of
the tentacula.
SCUTIBRANCH I,
Eyes on two cylindrical
stems,
Eyes on the outer base
of the tentacula.
water which passes
ato the branchial cavity. There
are three or four filaments along the edges of the mantle, which the animal has the
power of pushing out through the holes.
(2) The animal is not known: it may possibly belong to the Pectinibranehi.
3. CREPIDULA. Lan.
Shell with an oval base ;
the abdominal bag) con-
taining the viscera) on the
late of the shell ; the
Fea beneath; the head
and branchize in front.
Pl. 16, fig. 15, 16, 17.
( 72)
(Scutibranchi.)
Shells, and the position of the heart and branchie, symmetrical.
4. Fissurevta. Lam.
A conical shell on the
middle of the back, with
a small hole at the sum-
mit (for the passage of the
water for respiration) ex-
tending to the cavity of
the branchiz on the fore
part of the back; a bran-
chial comb on each side;
with filaments on the sides
of the foot. Pl. 46, fig.
44. (PEAY, fiet6..7-
5. Emarernura. Lam.
A fissure instead of a
hole, for the same pur-
pose ; edges of the mantle
covering a great part of
the shell. Pl. 16, fig. 13.
6. Sepragra. Fer. Navi-
CELLA. Lan.
A moveable, angular,tes-
taceous plate (besides the
shell) hidden in the back
of the abdominal bag.
7. Carmarra. (1) Lam.
A compressed, muscu-
lar portion under the bel-
ly, serving as a fin; shell
attached on the branchix :
a trunk; head furnished
beg tubercles. Pl. 14, fig.
AV
8. Caryerrma. Lam.
2 Conical tentacula.
2 Tentacula.
Eyes at the outer base
of the tentacula.
Eyes on a tubercle at
the outer base of the ten-
tacula.
Eyes at the base of
the tentacula.
(1) The skin of these animals is almost gelatinous, and has a layer of fibres under
it, which, when they are taken, contracts so much as to tear the body and let out
the intestines,
ORDER VII. CYCLOBRANCHI.
GENERA.
4. Pareuza. (1) Lin.
Shell of a single piece ; 2 Pointed tentacula. Eyes at the outer
a cord of small branchial base of the tentacula.
leaves under the edges of
the mantle; a thick, short
trunk. Pl. 14, fig. 5, 6.
2. Curron. (2) Lin.
A range of testaceous, | A | membranous veil
symmetrical scales along on the mouth instead of
the back of the mantle. tentacula.
(1) The mouth is fleshy, and contains a spiny tongue, lengthened posteriorly,
and folded deeply within.
(2) The shell of the Ghiton will be figured and described with the Multivalves.
SYNOPTIC TABLE
0 foot for crawling; no
arms for dragging orf
PIPROLODA sitet aiele' ses > seizing prey. Two fins,, Shell ensheathing; of one
alike and opposite, for|
SVVADAININ 0h. o cece «arches
or with a shell capable
of containing it ; a mus-
cular foot united to the
body in_ its whole
length, placed under
the belly, for crawling.
Shell without columella or
operculum ; not forming
a complete spire, unless
rolled. > .e owen oes
fe)
tw
Lal
lez]
=]
{>}
wW
°
o
tw
EE ati
Body straight, never spiral |
Greater part of the body
twisted in a spire, sepa-
4 rate from he foot, and }Shell always spiral, whorls
ne always enveloped in a enerally numerous, with
TRacHERpoDA jie aauivelse shell; foot Sane s eolanielia or an
free, flat, attached to} operculum
the inferior base of the
neck, for crawling....
een er
~
projecting from this Bip fe E eee
bag, crowned by arms, é
Lower part of the body
contained in a mantle ;
formed like a bag ; head Shell regularly multilocu-
at oe ; «a? \ plane; the spire entering
| not articulated, furnish tito the faoutk ne
CEPHALOPODA,... »
ed with suckers sur- ite ;
LS = pee ee ee
rounding the mouth; 2 clining towards it
horny jaws.......--++-
OF LAMARCK’S SYSTEM.
piece, never spiral, always exterior........+- cesses eee eneees aealeve efecto ip
Shell exterior, covering: in one piece in the form of a shield, cap, or
sandal; or in several imbricated pieces : imperfectly or not at all> 2.
Shell partly or completely interior ; cavity simple or none; only forming) 3
Shell exterior ; not capable of entirely containing the animal; the spire( 4
imperfectly formed of two whorls............... SiS CAoonDnS dOoue
Mouth of the shell entire ; no notch or canal at the base.............. iy
A channel more or less long at the base of the shell ; ) Go Gina
outer lip not changing with age................. 7 PEER
A channel more or less long at the base of the shell; %
outer lip changing its form with age and havinga} 7. Avatz.
Shell channelled sinus below.... ie of
ea ETI,
seep ats A short channel ascending towards the back, or nt Cy ee ee
Pasc oblique notch sub-ascending at the base of the shell. f ~° ;
+ ee eee y No channel, a notch at the base of the mouth; folds) 9: Gos
onthe columiellays 3:4: tejsiooieepotevrd betes Sepatelaseperos a es 2 ee
No channel, the base of the mouth notched or effu- 40” Tee
sive; the whorls large, rolled round the axis...... \ eh Seer Ss
Shell straight or almost straight ;
no spire . Sic Uo Uo COBOOpOAE ce do Maa. Onrnocenaces,
Shell partially spiral, last whorl
Multilocular, §Septa simple at fevininatinp ie straight line... \42, DiMCOLACEm.
with septa, ..4 the edges, su-} Shell semi-discoid, spire eccentric 13, Cristacex,
tures neither } Shell globulous spheroidal or oval ;
notched or un-} whorls of the spire enveloping, 514.
dulated on the or cells united within a covering
internal parti- | Shell discoid, spire central, cells
tion of the tes- | radiating from the centre to the $45. Ravrarez.
taceous cover-§ circumference................
SHEE cD BBOIUO Shell discoid, spire central, cells
in a spiral line, not extending 6. N
from the centre to the circum-{—-* -\AUTUACE®.
RELEMC Este Nensyatels noc) ote cutie oleh <rars :
Septa notched at the edges, united against the inter-
nal partition of the testaceous covering and ae A
culated in sinuated sutures notched like parsley; /* “™MONACE®.
TO@AWENES 32 271:5)210 o1<iopeleeate SAH EOUeG CORE Serer oh: aboae
Jnilocular, univalve, involute; spire entering the mouth or pendant 18
FOWVATOS Tease oi), </ols''« pia aie tcxal o/s area sanbo man topes dpoeaane A ae
* V. Note, p. 27.
: 3. Zabel ri
Roe cc je ARTI Lieto me
1 eee oa ¢
DRE A i UE SO
th Vie i y he Bis Be a
eek iy 5 ate ke
1S RE te etek ade NS ada at:
“ae want ueie inthis bie Rae) 4
fr 2
“1
oT,
. ;
& ,,
. Ne Hy aes’
’ Netty e po ga ¥
bes
“ A ’ 4 t ; ot ~ oT) >
> d ‘) 3) Lee
: "ee
=i Toh" 4 i Pie
x bn ao ‘
5 Ch a ,
Acephala. . 53
APHAED Ay ois ol scrss 28
it Soe 46
Se eee 47
ee | SG 62
AG ION Age retelels.216,ey51e05)s By
AlGteOniosis: 3 ci stete.e 29
Agathina....... Seay eee
FAUCET AWS misredsisue-s.0:8)5. 45
ARE Rates 64
Aomaltes' ca sternecicts 22
Ammonaceratites... 214
Ammonites........ 22
Amphibulima ...... 29
——————...... 46
er 62
Amplexites ........ 17
Ampullaria ........ 3L
= ee Sys. Se ccs 67
Ampullina. ....... 34
AmaStOmMalas s ss:0. 6. ¢ Rd:
ACH agers ope oats aoc 38
Ancillaria... ....... 38
Ane ylues cies as5\ +5,- 24
Sa SS inlodauoeee 63
AMPalites orci. Sisto > 22
Aplysias ce <style. 43
“oe SO 60
1) oR eae F 36
PNP Uslalce eta areiao i= 5 35
Arethnsas. 4. s:<:0.:cvexe 16
Argonauta......... 23
eS OEE 55
Aurienla’ ses. nests 28
—_ a ts oie 47
—— 63
Baculites ........... 18
Batholitestaer « <vor.-85 18
Belemnites....... a Al7,
Bistphitessere.). 210. 22
Brachiopoda ...... 53
BrOntess a.ceiec.s o.0i0% 36
Buccinoida...,..... 64
Cee as Sens 68
BuaccinpM pets, < 0.6, 39
23 ma TES jays Foch 69
Bulimopsis,........ 29
Bulimulus..... .... 29
INDEX.
Beaihimus\ es. oie we se ere 29
ee E pldieooan t 47
2 Do ecue 62
Pullaisshaseweeniowss 45
Bullwaessccctosaocs 43
Calmar.......- Ws 3 Oia A
Calyptrea,......-.- 25
ey elo oe 72
Gamerina .’.. 2.05 15
Cancellaria...... came
enon acee 69
Capulus..........+% 25
ee Sod bud ooO eS 74
@aracollatseenvescdec 34
eae ae 45
GCarinarial. cay oeeicc 23
a ede ene my /?)
Carychium......... 28
Cassidaria.......... 40
aaa en nr sees 70
Cassis ctecle aerate 41
aR ay te ereeae 70
Cephalopoda....... 52
Gerithinms . © jest 38
— Set hs evater sda oycts 70
Chicoracee......... 36
Ghitone oe Us:
@hond@rus)./::. ciastaes 30
a a eee 62
Cirrhopoda....4.... 53
Girrites...... Balen 35
Glavatalay.: Ssee sae 37
Clausilia....... sai 29
ee Eig 48
SS ene ne 62
Cleodora.......3...- 23
a bee oa oee 56
NOs ae aae cs 56
Cochlicella.o.......: 47
@ochlicopa nec cn ki 47
@ochlitomasaeee ssc: 46
Cochlodina......... 48
Cochlodonta....... 47
Cochlogena......... 47
Cochlohvdra....... 46
Cochlostyla........ 46
Columbella .%.,.... 49,
; Page
Concholepas ,......
Conchylium........ 69
Conoelix..: 4 ckokss 41
@onovalus!s) 5 esi. 28
rr esr PCI CUTAN Se ae 63
Gonulantes......... 47
Conus.) oc cease 43
—— ...... Rr Es; 68
Cornucopia ........ 18
Grepidalaysc..c.5.c<0 25
ee ne 72
Cristellaria......... PA
Cryptostoma....... 71
Cyclostoma........ 34
Se gee si lel 66.
Cyclobranchi....... 57
mr oe 73
Cymbiuny.).) 2s sy 44
TS a ss die rh 68
Cymbulia.......... 23
a eee 56
GY predes.6 soca 41
Sa meine ho Naa et N 68
Delphinula......... 23
Sa ees ar ig Paes 65
Diphyllidia daddies 59
Discorbites......... 45
es 22,
Dolabella. ......:6%:. 44
perms 5 ng ha fave lebayels 60
Molin 335.3) 65g: 39
Oe oes 69
Oris s OA = cicias closets 58
Bburnaky. vsooseas wise
Seen ei faretene eae 69 -
Bilipsolites.\jjeiecs 22,
Emarginula..... retleay heed:
mt a Siavehol 72
HioMdiale ssa te coer . 459
Euomphalites ...... 35
Fasciolaria..,.... Bree U/
et ae ei? Mo pha rethekal i
Fissurella..... die cere DA.
eee hg sd ccialpeye tn dio
LUCEY ean es niA36
Ea Se ore 70
Gyrogonites........
ee
Blelixe. st0% ax papien?
ever cesrse se teos
eee reer eer ene
re a
ee
atetetotetete else ipreve
eleteleieha Seu e's 80
INDEX.
Page
Melanopsis......... 27
Melantho. chen s.tae «- 27
Meleager...... .... 33
Melonites.......... 16
Maliglacd. ic nceee oe 16
Mitra...) eee ee 38
ame wal oleversre e eitote 69
Monoceros......... 40
Monodonta......... 34
—— ———.... 1. 66
Morrie: es. 6.63 HR 40
Murex soi os ccten cee 36
ee ANN ooo dae 70
INassa'snc.0%.' shearer ee 40
mee ha wiolatc clarelnictesctere 69
WNatica «. ofc saec-ces 32
asf ts coe ete 67
Nautilites. ..:.:%. c.0% 22
Nautilus........... 22
CE ic ius icc 54
WNavicella- ss: s22.. 25
ae ee 72
WNevita:s.occ5 00 20 32
pee SNe awe he]
Neritina .... .....- 32
PO aod 67
Nodosaria.......... sf
Notarchus.......:.. 60
Nudibranchi.......+ 57
at Fi dlaleele 58
Nummula.... 5.2... 45
Octapusiaas eee 54
Odostomia......'... 30
Olivacaccccssice eee 41
ee err atric 47
Bannon osauccic 68
Onchidium......... , 63
Orbulites: ; 625.0520 22
Orthoceratites...... 17
Ovulals cece 43
On oo ae 68
Padollasjj3s0520eF: 26
a Eee 741
Paludinat.s<2%: 42205 34
eee 66
Parmacella.:..2. 2%. 26
ee ee nO.
Parmaphora........ 24
Partulay.4Kcsscs hoe 48
iPatella.:.7.. tse eee 24
Anco moi 73
Pectinibranchi...... 57
en:
Phasianella......... 28
ee 67
Phyllidia: ./..2 2. 59
Bhiysarn.—2i.s1.. sonctere 27
PRGA oa). 0100s ee
Planorbis:.2).2)--62
Planospirites.......
Planulites. 2. omctek
Plectrophorus ......
Pleurobranchus.... -
Pleurotoma........--
Preumodermon.....-
Pollonteéss.. 3-70. s=
Polycera........-+-
Polyphemus.......-
Polypus.........---
ee
Potanvndes’<- 1). tase
Pterocera........+:
Pteropoda eos eee
Pulmobranchi......
a
— ———w STs 8) © eer eae
Renulitest sat seem
Ricinellas3:2.5 722-3
Rostellaria.........
Rotalitests): « 2@ecer
Sealaria..........¢ 5
Scaphites;.... -..-.
Scarabcens =’. .% 2.
SS OO
Goutis...4 1... nn
Scyllza.......-----
Sepia... cess eee ees
———— ee 4 0 eLanen are
Siderolites.........
Sigaretoida........- ’
Sigaretus ......--+-
————— ee) see
INDEX.
Page.
Mestacellaiss «.ix,ae.osie 61
meth ys): \<)<.s<isisr et 58
Tornatellars scissors 29
eee 63
WrILOMIAts bee eerste 58
PREALON TUM 56/1 <)a¥eles le 36
Trochoiday...cicsesies 64
_— ata aha evere 65
Prochusis fecssars 35
SS MHS ter 66
Trophonesi-y 23s 36
urbinellarey tte ssc 37
eee 70
PRO sess evsaic sieve 33
Sere ey cteas a ert stare, stove 65
Murrsliees|sociciee eens. « 18
arritellas scarce <3 33
ee 65
Valvatas=ccicicteteern:
Witrinia s,s ostelstetere
eee ee ee
: ae : De Toh
bi
PRES E «
Fi un
sian ith if
poet Senet aie
Bac }
4 “tesa,
aay Sea he
BY THE AUTHOR.
Au ANALYSIS of the NATURAL CLASSIFICATIONS of MAMMALIA, includ-
ing the Systems of Cuvier and Illiger, and illustrated by upwards of 200 figures
(comprehending the Extinct or Fossil Genera and Species), principally from the
objets themselves in the Gallery and Cabinet of Comparative Anatomy of the
Jardin des Plantes. Price 15s.
An INTRODUCTION to the ORNITHOLOGY of CUVIER, illustrated by 261
figures (including several anatomical), principally from the objects themselves,
and drawn off on tint. Price 15s.
These two works have been adopted as text books by Professor Jamieson of the
Edinburgh University.
An ESSAY on the SUPERSTITIONS, CUSTOMS, and ARTS common to the
Ancient EGYPTIANS, ABYSSINIANS and ASHANTEES : with coloured
figures of part of the objects of manufacture presented by the Author to the -
British Museum. 4to. Price 8s.
It is presumed that this little Essay will prove, by a variety of curious Evidence,
that Abyssinia is not the only part of Africa which has been partly civilised by an
intercourse with colonists and emigrants from ancient Egypt, and that much light
may be reflected on Antiquity as well as Natural History and Physical Science, by
pursuing the British Discoveries in the interior of Africa, gradually apd in detail.
An ENQUIRY into the BRITISH and FRENCH EXPEDITIONS to TEEMBO,
with remarks on Civilisation in Africa, Price 2s.
An ESSAY on the GEOGRAPHY of NORTH WESTERN AFRICA, with a
2-sheet lithographic map, constructed by the Author from original Itineraries,
and detailing the Arabic Itinerary from Ashantee to Mecca, which was mislaid
at the time of the publication of the Mission to Ashantec. Price 10s. 6d.
‘¢ M. Bowdich a donné a part une carte speciale du pays des Aschantis, base
sur ses propres observations, sur des itinéraires détaillés et sur la comparaison
qu’il en a faite avec les cartes de d’Anville et les relations des autres voyageurs.
Cette partie de son travail, ainsi que ce qu’il a donné sur les environs de Gaboon,
sont des acquisitions précieuses pour la géographie. Le reste de la carte de
M. Bowdich est beaucoup plus hypothétique, et se fonde sur des documents plus
incertains.—— Malgré tant de causes d’imperfection, la carte de M. Bowdich
sera utile, parce qu’a beaucoup de sagacité l’auteur 4 joint une profonde étude
de son sujet, et qu’elle offre des recherches, des rapprochements curieux, et des
conjectures probables, présentés d’une maniere claire et méthodique. Tout ce
que M. Bowdich écrira sur lintérieure de l’Afrique, sera toujours un objet
d’attention pour tout homme instruit.”—/Valchenaer (Président de P Académie
des Inscrip. et des Belles Lettres) Recherches sur l’Afrique, p.326, 330, 344.
The CONTRADICTIONS in PARK’S LAST JOURNAL EXPLAINED, and his
Astronomical Observations in 1796 re-established, by the corrections necessitated
by his having reckoned on the 34st of April. ft, fa,
The ELEMENTS of ALGEBRA, with Historical and Explanatory Notes, and a
Supplementary Volume containing calculations and notes for the aid of Students
(who are out of the reach of a Tutor) in reading Le Gendre’s Trigonometry,
Biot’s Analytical Geometry, La Croix’s Cateul Differentiel et Integral, and Pois-
son’s Mechanics.
ee
During a residence of tyo years and a half at Paris, with the view of perfecting
himself in Mathematics and Physical Science, as necessary for the greater scientific
results of a second travel in Africa, the Author has had occasion to read the greater
number of the French works on the elementary parts of mathematics, and to com-
pare them with our own. He was astonished to find that England, which has
produced Harriot, Wallis, Barrow, and Newton who may be considered as the
father of analysis; that England, possessing at the present moment so many illus-
trious men of science, does not afford elementary books enabling students to read
the works of Euler, Lagrange, Laplace, Legendre, Poisson, and the later English
publications, without being arrested by difficulties every moment. :
He is aware that the illustrious Professors of Mathematics at our Universities,
supply that in their lectures which is wanting in their books ; but he recollects also,
from experience, that there are a great number of students throughout the three
kingdoms, and especially in our colonies, who are denied the enviable advantages
of attending University lectures. )
In the hope of remedying this inconvenience in some degree, that is as far as his
limited means permit, the Author is induced to publish a course of Algebra, assem-
bling and connecting the materials scattered through the works of La Croix, Bour-
don, Boisbertrand, Garnier, etc. etc. ;
He is not so presumptuous as to believe that this Essay is -the best the subject
admits of, but he will feel grateful for every candid critic; ‘sufficieatly recom-
pensed if it leads to the production of a better work on the same subject; bis sole
object being to offer something useful to his countrymen,
| ee —
int Ode ati
ria,
Aandi
2 ana
bel
PLATE I.
URE ATID
4. Shell of the Sepia rugosa.
is Set 2. Shell of the Calmar. Loligo sagittata, Lam.
; A 3. 4. Nummulites, with sections.
od 5. Discorbite.
8 6. Miliolite coeur de Serpent.
od 7. Lituolite. ,
ih 8. Transverse and longitudinal sections of a Belemnite.
A 9.40. 41. 12. Belemnites.
-A 43. Spirolinites.
44, Upper and under view, with a section, of the @yrogonites medicag!
nula. .
45. Simplegades colubrinus.
7
A
¢
16. Turrilites compressus.
=
ia Recess SPP
47. Baculites. vertebralis.
18. a. Spirula fragilis seu australis.
b. The siphon traversing the chambers.
c. Section magnified.
. Baculites gigas.
Planospirites ostracinus.
. Hippurites cornu-copiw.
. Belemnite.
. Siderolites calcitrapoides.
. Section of a Belemnite.
. Orthoceratite.
. Hippurite with a gutter, c.
. Hippurite with a siphon.
. Under view of the operculum of a Hippurite, shewing the two prolonga-
tions resembling a hinge.
. Belemnite.
. Section of an Orthoceratite with a siphon passing through the axis.
. Hippurite, with a gutter, a. and a siphon, d.
. Lituites Breynii, found in the marble of OEland: the shaft or straight
part extends in a length equal to the depth of the Plate, gradually
enlarging towards the base.
. Hippurite, the operculum pierced with two eyes.
. 35. Orthoceratites with a siphon towards the edge or periphery.
=
PLATE If,
. a. b. c. d. Nautilus melo, with sections.
2. Section of Nautilus flammatus, shewing the siphon.
is)
. Nautilus Pompilius.
. Section of Nautilus caudatus, Lister (N. major seu crassus, Rumph.)
shewing the siphon passing through the chambers. 1-4th.
. Nautilus auricula.
. Scaphites Defrancii.
a. b. c. d. Scaphites equalis.
. 8. Transverse and logitudimal sections of the spine of the Echinus ci-
daris.
Nodosaria (Nautilus raphanus).
. Amplexus coralloides.
. Orthoceratites Gothlandie, 1-2.
. Molossus gracilis.
. Rotalite.
. Echidnis diluvianus.
. Raphanister campanulatum.
. Hamites gibbosus.
. Lenticulite.
. Hippurites organicus.
=
=
i
ye
yes
nw
PLATE Hf.
. Helix Lemani, in the 2d Fresh-Water Formation.
. Helix Menardi, in the limestone near Mans.
Second Fresh-~Water Formation.
3. Oval grain found in the silex at Longjumeau.
4. Cylindrical, channelled grains, found in opaque silex at Longjumeau.
They have no resemblance to any genus now known.
. 6. Small cylindrical stems, with a channel in the centre, and divided by
transverse partitions.
. A body in the form of a date, with sinuous channels.
. The ear of a plant (which may be compared to certain species of Paspa-
lum) found in the silex at Longjumeau.
. Arethusa corymbosa.
. Argonautites levis.
. Vaginella depressa.
. 12. Orbulites-
. Cristellaria .. . 1 ee ees
. Ammonaceratites Lamarckii, 1-30. s. siphon.
. Ellipsolites compressus.
. Pollontes vesicularis.
. Baculites vertebralis. Montf.
. Conularia quadrisulcata.
teres.
quadrisulcata.
. Telebois annulatus.
23. Tiranites gigas.
PLATE IV.
First Fresh-Water Formation.
. Cyclostoma mumia.
. Lymneus strigosus.
a longiscatus.
acuminatus.
. Planorbis lens.
. An articulated stem (with projecting papille), resembling the root of
an Equisetum.
Second Fresh-Water Formation.
. 2. Lymneus ovum.
. Bulimus pusillus.
atomus.
. Cyclostoma elegans antiquum.
. Potamides Lamarckit.
. 8. Planorbis rotundatus.
cornu.
Prevostinus.
. Lymneus corneus.
Fabulum.
ventricosus.
enflatus.
. Bulimus pygmeus.
terebra.
. Lymnaus palustris antiquus.
. Pupa Defrancii.
. Helix Ramondi.
Desmarestina.
Cocquii.
Moroguesi.
Tristant.
CaoauNuawr wn =
PLATE VY.
. Hyalea, tricuspidata.
. Cleodora pyramidal.
. Cymbulia proboscidea.
. Parmaphora elongata.
. Patella elongata.
cornucopia.
. Ancylus flwiatilis.
. Upper and under view of the Calypireea equesira.
of the Zestacella haliotidea.
. Fissurella (Patella Greeca, List.).
. Emarginula clypeata.
. Under and side view of the Crepidula porcellana.
of the Capulus tortus.
4. Vitrina pellucida.
. Umbrella Indica.
. Carinaria vilrea.
. Dolabella.
. Bullea.
. Bulla operta.
. Infundibulum echinulatum.
. Stomatia phymotis
. Stomatella imbricata.
. Septaria seu Navicella (- Patella Borbonica).
a. Back view.
b. Under ..
c. Side
d. Operculum.
. Halyotis vulgaris.
. Sigaretus concavus.
Some of the figures in this Plate ave inadyertently reversed.
PLATE VI.
1. lipponyx cornucopie. Defr.
In profile, 1-2.
», Shewing the support within, 4-2.
c. In profile, without the SuBPOF, 1-2.
d. Seen within.
e. On its support, as it was found.
J. The support seen within.
g. Hipponyx mitrata, Defr. a recent shell, with its support.
h. Hipponyx cornucopie, shewing the mouth.
2 Plectrophorus costatus, Feruss.
3 b orbignii, Feruss.
4 Padollus scalaris, Leach.
5 Ambrette Succinea, Drap. (Amphibulima, Lam.)
€ Amphibulima, Lam.
1 Testacellus ambiguus, Feruss.
é Z haliotideus, Feruss.
se. . Maugei, Feruss.
10 Parmacella Olivieri, Feruss.
41 Helicarion Cuvierii, Feruss.
12 Lymneus stagnalis.
13 Physa N. Hollandica.
. Melania.
- Melantho.
- Melania amarula.
: Melanella Dufresnii.
- Melanopsis.
. Melanamona.
. Pyrene, Lam. Melanatria.
- Phasianella picta.
. Auricula Judea.
Scarabiis imbrium, Leach.
- Carychium undulatum. Leach.
- Conovula coniformis.
. Achatina Virginiana.
- Bulimus radiatus.
. Bulimulus trifasciatus.
» Tornatella fasciata.
: Helicina neritella.
. Bulimus auris-leporis (monst.).
. Planarbis.
. Bulimus ovularis.
» Pupa modiolinus.
- Bulimus auris-leporis.
Clausilia.
» Pupa.
Bulimus decollatus.
PLATE: VII.
4. Helico-Limax elongata, Feruss.
2. Helix brevipes, Drap.
3. 4. Cornu giganteum, Chemn. in the young and in the adult state; one
of the smaller figures represents the egg entire, and the other the
animal in its shell coming out of the egg: 1-2 the natural size.
5. Bulimus patulus, Brug. (Amphibulima cucullata, Lam.)
Ouse" aie in the young state.
7. Helix naticoides, Drap.
8 Listeri, Feruss.
9 ligata, Muller.
10. .. deformis, Feruss.
44.
42.
15.
16.
17.
48.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
Helix aspersa, Muller.
Be kaa oes (monstrosities).
Pouchet Adans (Turbo variegatus, List.)
Helix alonensis, Feruss.
Helix plicata, Lin.
aspersa, List.
carabinata, Feruss.
ringens (Tomigeres ringens, Leach. Anostoma, Lam.).
imperator (Polydontes imperator, Montf.),
carocolla, Chemn. (Carocolla, Lam.)
sorora, Feruss.
fs
: \\a
PLATE VIII.
. 2. Helix pyrostoma, Feruss.
Madagascariensis, Lam.
. Helicella levipes, Feruss. Helix spadicea, Gmel.
. Helix sub-dentata, Feruss.
albella, Chemn. side view.
planata, Chemn.
. Helicellg sepulcralis, Feruss.
. Helix ochroleuca, Feruss. Helix albella, Chemn.
10. epistylium, Gmel.
44 strobilus, Feruss.
A2. nitida, Drap.
13. Cyclostoma bulimoides, Oliv.
. Melania buccinoidea.
. Cyclostoma unicolor, Oliy.
- Bulimus labrosus, Oliv.
. Melania costata, Oliv.
. Helix villosa, Drap.
19. Bulimus acicula, Drap. -
20, Buccinum majus, List. (Kambeul, Adanson.)
24. Bulimus Dufresnii, Leach.
22. Bulla helicoides, Brocchi.
23. Bulimus montanus, Drap.
24. Pupa quadridentata, Drap.
25. .. granum, Drap.
26. Helix regina, Feruss. Achatina, Lam.
27. +. frater, Feruss.
28. Cyclostoma Odostomia. (Auris Mida, etc. Chem.)
29. Pupa fragilis, Drap.
30. Partula australis, Feruss. (Auris Mid@ fasciata, etc. Chemn.)
31. Cochlodina Blainvilliana, Feruss. (Cyclostoma, Lam.)
32. Pupa modiolus.
33. Clausilia plicata, Drap.
34. Pupa edentula, Drap.
35... vertigo, Drap.
36. .. antivertiga, Drap.
athe
—
40.
43:
42.
CONAN wD
PLATE IX,
. Ampullaria.
. Ampullina.
. Turbo picta, with its operculum.
. Cirrus acutus, Sowerby.
. Aciona scalaria (Wendletrap), Leach.
Scalaria clatrata.
Trochus crenularis.
agglutinans, with and without the adhering substances.
imperator (Imperator coronatus, Montt.)
calcar.
Solarium perspectivum.
Turriiella.
aye’ he,
43.
44.
15.
16.
47,
48.
49.
20.
24.
22."
23.
24.
25.
26,
Cyclostoma mumia.
elegans.
Paludina fasciata (Helix vivipara, Lin.)
Delphinula.
Vermetus; Adans.
Euomphalus pentangulatus,
aes catillus,
}Sowerby.
Nerita Malaccensis, and its operculum.
Neritina zebra.
Valvata spirorbis, Drap.
Clithon coronata.
Natica.
Monodonta.
Tanthina fragilis.
PLATE X.
. Murex lampas.
wo —_
Tritonia.
Brandaris.
. Tritonia Atlantica, Montl.
. Murex frondescens.
. Ranella Buffonia.
Fusus.
Pyrula melongena.
Conran s o
. Eburna areolata.
—
SS
. Anciliaria cinamomea.
_
—
. Mitra.
; S
= ane
eens gs 8 Ss a PS
Seo Ses ee AS US 8
SESSSE: Psi
= PS SBE su S&S
AS es s Ss £ ws
3 4 Ss mw re ae a
SCR Sen soe Ss 2 8 8
Sy = 4 Sg
= — aS a E Es
SE ae a
Sespicese ss Ss cae aS
ess = Ss 2s ace &
=~ os! WY”) s
PR RARE OROCR RA SE
BE RAE ae aa
OoOnONIA Tf WON >
40
PLATE XI.
. Harpa mutica.
. Purpura patula.
. Monoceros.
. Ricinula horrida.
. Cassidaria echinophora.
. Cancellaria reticulata.
. Cyprea meneta.
. Ovula gibbosa.
. a. Cyprea in the infant state.
Bike .. middle.
CLD Kee ean Ove adult
. Ovula oviformis.
. Cassis glauca.
harpeeformis.
. Oliva litterata.
- Terebellum punctatum.
- Strombus pugilis.
. Pterocera lambis.
- Colombella hilaris.
. Volvaria monilis.
- Marginella bimarginata.
sub-cerulea.
. Conus nocturnus.
beltulinus.
dic
2
3
1
a
6
7
38
9
PLATE XII.
Conelix lineatus, Swainson.
. Voluta rugifera seu musica.
volvacea.
vespertilio.
olla.
. Helicina neritella.
. Murex tubifer.
. Bulimus zebra, Oliv.
. Struthiolaria Lamarcki:.
. Helix crenelata, Oliv.
. Polyphemus Bruguireus.
. Ampullaria (found in bituminous marlabove a mine of fossil coal.
compressed laterally ; givingit an accidental, elongated form.
vertically ; changing the form of the mouth, and
giving it the appearance of another species.
. Turbo lugubris, Chemn.
. Section of a Pyramidella, to shew the columella.
Vee 09 bank
. Turritella. (au jour).
. Cyclostoma bulimoides, Oliv. see.
PLATE XIII.
. Helix unidentata, Chemn.
wo =
Cerithium gigas, 1-4th.
. Achatina fulica, Lam.
. Argonauia. Laaber oun lade
. Aplysia.
- Dolabella.
SIO oO & ww
- Interior mould of a Cerithium gigas, 4-Ath.
Clavatula scabra.
© ©
Cyclostoma carinata, Oliv.
10. Melania marginata.
11. Helix conoidea, Drap.
12. Pupa avena, Drap.
13. Melania cochlearella.
44... costellata.
15. Bulimus terebraster.
16. Buccinum Barbadense, Lister.
h. The head.
. «tf. .. tentacula.
“m. .. mouth.
Bo run:
ee. .. eyes.
RSS tec
Oo. .. operculum.
17. Cerithium. (Buccinum Africanum, Lister.)
h. The head.
i... tentacula.
m. « mouth.
ee. .. eyes.
T. .. trunk.
Tb or ilin
o. .. operculum.
18. Limax phosphorescens, 1-2.
19. 20. Yetus, Adans. (Buccinum Persicum, Lister.)
h. The head.
tt. .. tentacula.
m. .. mouth.
ee. «.. eyes.
T. . trunk,
k. .. extremity of the manitle, forming a sort of pipe.
nn. membrane accompanying the mantle.
ape A ace of its enormous foot.
21. Halyotis.
h. The head.
wt. .. four tentacula.
ee. .- eyes.
n. _.. membrane which attaches the lower tentacula to the head.
i, .. two anterior extremities of the mantle, coming out of the se-
cond hole of the shell.
Orde Go
&
10.
PLATE XIV.
. The hearts of the Calmar.
a. The hollow vein. | dd. The place of the branchic.
bb. .. lateral hearts. ee. .. pulmonary veins.
cc... pulmonary arteries. Jf... middle heart.
' gg. .. aorta.
. The heart of the Aplysia.
fe. The auricle and pulmonary vein.
So yea eats
eri. geaktenteds
a. The hollow vein.
d. .. branchie.
. Spirula fragilis with its shell.
. Tapada putris, with its shell.
. The under side of a Patella, the head bent towards the foot.
a. The foot. e. The pericardium.
Be 2. month: Fe .. trunk of the branchial vein.
cc. .. tentacula. ggg. .. circular part of the above
d._.. anus. and orifice of ge- vein.
neration. hh. .. branchie.
ii. .. branchial artery.
. A Patella of the species in which the branchiz are interrupted.
a. The mouth. gg. The intestines.
bb. .. tentacula. h. .. branchie.
c. .. fleshy mass. wz. .. branchial veins.
d. _.. nervous collar. qq. +. oviductus.
S- .. Ovarium.
. Helix brevipes, with its shell.
. Hyalea australis, with its shell seen on the side of the projecting valve.
a. b. c. The projecting points of the flat or ventral valve.
d. The dorsal valve.
Sf... mantle coming out from the interstice between the valves, close
to which are the branchie.
“om. .< fms.
Tee. “mouth.
Parmacella Olivieri, Cuy. opened.
a. The mouth. w. The retracting muscles.
bb. .. great horns. kk, <, “ayer:
C3) 3. gaa LB > lungs.
d. _.. salivary glands. m.....,aurtele.
e.ff .. organs of generation. NR. 4. weart,
g. .. bag for the colouring | 0. .. intestine.
liquid. z. ., mantle turned back.
hk... stomach.
Calmar (Sepia Loligo).
a. The head. e. The funnel.
Bos. CYGS. J... abdomen.
Co eo uteet. gS. «.) Mis,
ad... \sanms:
14. Brain of the Polypus;
a. The ring round the so-) dd. The lateral ganglions.
phagus. | e. .. abdominal plexus.
b. .. brain.
ce. .. optical ganglions. |
41.* Brain of the Aplysia.
a. The ring round the cesophagus.
b. .. brain.
e. .. abdominal ganglion.
42. The animal and shell of the Helico-Limax elongata.
43. Janthina penicephala, with its yesicular appendage (spuma cartila-
ginea) attached to the posterior part of the foot.
14. Aplysia.
a. The head.
b. .. inferior tentacula.
c. superior
d. eyes.
e. .. mantle.
fi. + operculum of the branchie.
45. The female Sigaretus seen underneath: the head and foot a little bent,
to shew the entrance of the branchial cavity.
a. The notch. | 4. The anus.
46. The male Sigaretus seen underneath.
a. The notch. d. The anterior part of the foot cleft
bb... tentacula. transversely.
cc. .. foot. e. .. organs of generation:
Of .. edges of the mantle.
47. Carinaria Mediterranea.
18. Plectophorus with its shell.
19. The female Vivipara taken out of its shell.
a. The foot partly folded in two.
b. .. operculum attached to the posterior part.
c. .. head with the tentacula and trunk.
d. .. little siphon prolonged under the right tentaculum.
e. .. lateral membrane of the left side.
f. edge of the mantle.
g. A small portion of the branchie shewing itself from underneath.
h. The orifice of the womb and anus.
20. Halyotis, drawn from the living animal, with all its ornaments.
Cr
PLATE XY.
.
. The 47gonauta argo sailing.
. Ocythoé Cranchii, Leach, sitting within the shell.
. Clio Borealis.
a. The body.
b. _.. viscera seen through the common coverings.
cc. .. tubercles of the head, and the holes into which the three tenta-
cula on each side retire.
dd. .. branchiz and fins.
, Pneumodermon, front view.
a. The body. ' | e. The chin or pointed fleshy appen-
Bite 3.7, eae. dage.
c. mouth. ifs oe INS.
ad! ps: g. .. branchie.
h. .. trunk of the branchial vein.
, Pneumodermon, with ¢he skin divided to shew the position of the peri-
cardium and fleshy tunic.
i... The auricle.
k. .. pericardium. _
ll. .. fleshy tunic with its longitudinal fibres.
. The Eolis, placed obliquely, shewing the belly and right side.
. Scyllea pelagica, on the right side.
HH. The under surface of the foot hollowed into a deep furrow, by
which it suspends itself.
G. .._ mouth.
AA. .. two tentacula.
BC. Two pair of membranous flexible ‘These and the back bear the
Wings. branchiz in the form of little fi-
D. A crest on the tail. brous tufts.
E. The orifice of generation.
F. .. orifice of the anus.
se
8. Scyllea pelagica seen on the side of the belly.
9. Scyllea pelagica suspended to a branch of the Fucus nalans.
10. Phyllidia trilineata seen on the upper side.
aa. The indentations for the upper tentacula.
ty ae - of the anus.
41. An upper tentaculum magnified.
12. Phyllidia trilineata seen underneath.
aa. The inferior tentacula, between which is the mouth.
b. .. branchie of the left side.
c. .. orifice of generation,
43. A Limax seen on the right side, the tentacula half developed.
aa. The great tentacula.
bb... smaller
c. .. mouth, between which and the small tentacula are seen the
papilla of the upper lip.
dd. .. foot
é. .». posterior point of the back, whence issues the mucosity by
which it suspends itself. f
f. mantle.
g-_.. orifice for respiration.
h generation. |
Ww
. Bulla aperta, seen underneath.
. Bulla aperta, partly dissected.
. The tongue of the Bulla aperta greatly magnified.
. Helix pomatia, taken from its shell, and seen on the left side: a large
PLATE XVI.
. Bulla aperta entire, seen on the back.
a. The fleshy plate which covers the front of the body, or the tentacular
disk
c. .. part containing the shell.
. Bulla aperta on the right side, with the ventral fleshy plate separated
from the dorsal, to shew what is between them. |
a. The tentacular disk. e. The anus.
b. .. plate serving as a foot. | f. .. common orifice of the male
organ and oviductus,
b. The plate serving as a foot.
¢. .. part containing the shell.
d. A part of the branchiz.
a. The stomach. e. The heart.
b: .. cesophagus. poate syeuivels
d. .. branchie. g. .. intestine.
h. testicle.
portion of the covering of the pulmonary cavity has been taken away
to shew its position; also the teguments of the remainder of the spire,
to shew the situation of the heart, the bag of viscous matter, etc.
a. The large right tentaculum| 4. The hole for respiration seen
half developed. : within the pulmonary ca<
P v Pp ry
b. .. hole whence the left vity.
tentaculum issues. i .. diaphragm.
c. .. hole for the small tenta- ‘ 7s :
Gulia! Ghhibie sani teeo heart and auricle in their
Gag. proper place im the open
dd. .. two lobes of the veil or pericardium.
upper lip. 0. commencement of the great
ece. .. edges of the foot. < artery of the spire.
> Two of the lobes placed un-
a gs ne
det Ocal pe ee
ge. The pad of the collar. q: irst part ol the intestine,
hh. .. place where the cover- | r-. second part.
ing of the pulmonary | 55;— .. _—_Jobes of the liver.
cavity has been cut
away.
We .. rectum.
yu
- Capulus, Mont. (Patella Hungarica, Lin.) detached from its shell, and
seen on one side.
a. The foot. d. The trunk.
6. A sort of ruff which this foot | ee. .. tentacula.
has in front. : «+ liver and apart of the viscera,
ec. The muscle which attaches which occupy the bottom
the foot to the shell, of the shell.
- Onchidium, under yiew.
. Parmacella, seen on the back: the shell has been taken away, and only
its impression remains.
. The horned Planorbis, with its shell.
- The animal of the Cypreea.
Conus.
. Emarginula entire.
- Nervous system of the Fissurella.
- Animal of the Crepidula, detached from its shell, seen above; the ab-
domen and branchial cavity in their natural position.
. Shell of the Crepidula seen underneath.
a. Plate which retains the point of the abdomen.
- Animal of the Crepidula, detached from its shell, and the upper parti-,
tion of its branchial cavity turned back to shew the branchie.
- Testacellus halyotideus, animal and shell.
4.
2.
PLATE XVII.
Scalaria.
The female Vivipara taken out of its shell, and the branchial cavity
opened.
a. The foot folded in two. | h. The orifice of the womb.
b. .. operculumattached toits | 7, part situated under the spire.
posterior part. ;
c. .. head, with the tentacula | @- -- @nUuS. -
_and trunk. l. canal of viscous matter.
d... nae aa i m. .. projecting line, forming a se-
mea ao ee perros Po terminates
‘e. .. lasveral membrane of the Bond ia A =
left side. n. .. heart and its auricle.
S- edge of the mantle. o. .. partsof the liver and intestine.
g. .. branchie.
A. womb swelled by the fe-
tus within.
Trochus. (Cochlea sublivida, Lis.)
h. The head. p. The langueite.
tt... tentacula. AP. &: feat:
ee... -€Yes. 0. operculum.
Do. seen underneath.
J: The foot. | m. The mouth.
. Animal of the Zrochus pharonius, taken out of its shell, with its oper-
culum.
Hoe Turbo littoreus.
.9.10... .. Turbo chrysostomus.
Nerita canrena, takenzout of its shell.
Nerita e2uvia, with its operculum.
Trochus, Gualt.
14,
. Trochus levis, List.
A. The head. P. The foot.
ee. .. eyes. f «filaments.
wu... tentacula. o. .. operculum.
p- «+ male organ.
Purpura.
kh. The head. 7. The trunk.
ce. .. eyes. p- + foot.
tt, .. tentacula. o. .. operculum.
. Buccinum undatum, half the natural size, seen on the left side; the
trunk drawn in, and the male organ turned back, and hidden in the
branchial cavity.
a. The male organ.
c. .. siphon.
dd. .. position of the branchiz.
e. The position of the heart,
R mucous plates placed to the
right of the branchiz.
. Buccinum undatum, with the trunk and male organ extended,
a. The male organ.
b... trunk.
c. «. siphon.
. Natica ee Fossar, Adan. magnified.
h. The head. tw. The tentacula.
ee. .. eyes. 0. .. operculum.
i... fleshy appendages at the
base of each tentacu-
lum.
. Natica
m. The mouth
B iets! (is
Peat aren te SRD
PLATE XVII.
Foluta Ethiopica, 41-2.
Voluta.
Cerithium.
Aquila.
Fusus.
. Murex decussalus.
. Cassts glaucus.
F BowolicA Lt
(SC =
PLATE XIX.
. Strombus pugilis.
. Murex saxatilis.
. Halyotis vulgaris, its shell taken away, seen on the back, and the edges
of the branchial cavity put asunder.
A. The large muscle which attaches the animal to the shell.
a. The anus. | c. The viscous organ.
bb. ... branchie. | d. .. heartin its pericardium.
. Halyotis, etc. the pericardium and branchial cavity opened.
A. The large muscles above. d. The heart.
SAA. . ARIS e. .. right auricle. 3
bb. .. branchiz. fo... leftianriele:
c. .. viscous organ. 8. heart surrounding the rectum.
wz. .. branchial arteries.
. The beart and large vessels magnified.
a. t. As the preceding figure.
h. The right branchial vein.
8.
3. Fissurella entire, covered with its shell, which is set in the edges of its
mantle.
: open.
a. The disk of the foot. g. The heart.
bb. .. circular muscle which | 747°. auricles.
joins it to the shell, | _ . i
and which has been| “ -- Intestine.
cut. k. .. cesophagus.
b. A portion of this muscle re- | 7. . pharynx.
maining with the man- 4
tle. mm. .. salivary glands.
ce. Themantle thrown back,and |’ nz. .. lateral ganglions ofthe brain.
seen on the under side. .
z As ieee WAY .. extremity of the tongue.
d. .. hole with which it is a a Som
pierced. pe a oliver.
ee. .. branchie, q: .. oyarium.
pr eee ane
Vermeius, Adanson.
c. The tentacula. o. Operculum.
Y. .. eyes: M. Mantle.
P; <.. foof. A, Aperture by which the animal
F. Cylindrical filaments. breathes.
9. The same animal seen underneath.
p. The foot put on one side, to make it more apparent.
B. The mouth,
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