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UC-NRLF

L* BOTANY
COTTON,

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BEVISlO EDITION

PRISE.

GIFT OF
Dr. Horace Ivie

EDUCATION DEFT

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€bucational <Ser«*.

THE ELEMENTS

STRUCTURAL BOTANY

WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE STUDY OF

CANADIAN PLANTS;

TO WHICH IS ADDED A SELECTION . Of , -EX AGINATION ,
PAPERS V ,

H. B. SPOT TON, M.A., F.L.S.

PRINCIPAL OF HARBORD ST. COLLEGIATE INSTITUTE.

Authorised for use in the Schools of Ontario.
Authorized for use in the Schools of Quebec.
Authorized for use in the Schools of New Brunswick.
Authorized for use in the Schools of Nova Scotia.
Authorised for use in the Schools of Manitoba.

Revised Edition. With many Illustrations by the Author and others.

W. J. GAGE & COMPANY,

TORONTO.

<&,

Entt--re,-l acionllag t<> Act of Parliament of Canada, in the office of the
Minister 01 Agriculture, by THE W. J . GAGE COMPANY (Limited), in
the year one thousand eight hundred and ninety-seven.

GfFTOF

fcOUCATlOW

PREFACE TO FIRST EDITION.

The work, of which the present little volume forms the
first part, has been undertaken, at the suggestion of several
eminent educationists, to supply a palpable want. The
works on Botany, many of them of great excellence, which
have found their way into this country, have been prepared
with reference to climates differing, in some cases, very
widely from our own. They consequently contain accounts
of many plants which are entirely foreign to Canada, thus
obstructing the search for descriptions of those which happen
to be common to our own and other countries ; and, on the
other hand, many of our Canadian species are not mentioned
at all in some of the Classifications which have been in use.
It is believed that the Classification which is to form the
second part of this work will be found to contain all the
commonly occurring species of the Provinces whose floras it
is designed to illustrate, without being burdened with those
which are either extremely rare or which do not occur in
Canada at all.

The present part is designed to teach the Elements of
Structural Botany in accordance with a method which is
believed to be more rational than that commonly adopted ;
and it will be found to supply all that is requisite for passing
the examinations for Teachers' Certificates of all grades, as
well as any others demanding an elementary knowledge of
the subject. It contains familiar descriptions of common
plants, illustrating the chief variations in plant-structure,
with a view to laying a foundation for the intelligent study
of Systematic Botany with the aid of the second part ; then
follow a few lessons on Morphology ; and the Elements oi

924231

IV PREFACE TO FIRST EDITION.

Vegetable Histology are treated of in as simple and brief a
manner as was thought to be consistent with the nature of
the subject.

The Schedules, the use of which is very strongly recom-
mended, were devised by the late Professor Henslow, of
Cambridge University, to fix the attention of pupils upon the
salient points of structure. They will be found invaluable
to the teacher as tests of the accuracy of his pupils' knowl-
edge. The cost of striking off a few hundred blanks of each
sort would be very trifling, and not worth considering in
view of the resulting advantages.

The wood-cuts are from drawings from living specimens,
except in two or three instances where assistance was derived
from cuts of well-known excellence in standard works on
Botany. It need hardly be said that the engravings are not
in any sense intended to take the place of the living plants.
They are designed chiefly to assist in the examination of the
latter ; and whilst it is hoped that they may be of service to
those who may desire to read the book in the winter season,
it is strongly urged upon teachers and students not to be
satisfied with them as long as the plants themselves are
available.

The works most frequently consulted in the preparation
of the text are those of Hooker, Gray, Bentley, and Oliver.

Finally, the Author looks for indulgence at the hands of
his fellow-teachers, and will be glad to receive suggestions
tending to increase the usefulness of the work, and to extend
a taste for what must ever be regarded as one of the most
refining as well as one of the most practically useful of
studies.

September, 1W9.

PREFACE TO REVISED EDITION.

The re-arrangement of the course of study in Botany for
Teachers' Certificates and for Junior Matriculation has
afforded an opportunity for revising and, it is hoped, improv-
ing the present text-book, to which so kind a reception was
accorded on its first appearance some years ago.

The principal feature of the new curriculum is the addition
of certain Cryptogamous types. These are necessarily some-
what more difficult of study than the Phanerogams, because
their characteristics cannot be satisfactorily made out without
employing high powers of the microscope ; but it is hoped
that the numerous illustrations which accompany the text,
and which have been gathered from various sources, will
materially assist the student in this part of the work.

The chapter relating to minute structure has been re-
written, and, as will be seen, considerably extended. Though
it is still but a sketch, it is hoped that it will serve a useful
purpose in paving the way for the fuller study of the anatomy
and physiology of plants with the aid of advanced works.

Other changes and additions have also been made, chiefly
in the chapter on Morphology.

The writer need hardly add that in preparing this revision
he has laid under contribution the various text-books of
recognized merit which have come within his reach, and that
beyond the mere presentation of the subject he lays no claim
to originality.

Barrie, August. 1887,

TABLE OF COMMON PLANTS EXAMINED.

PHANEROGAMS.

BUTTERCUP, HEPATICA, MARSH -

MARIGOLD , representing RANUNCULACE^E.

SHEPHERD'S PURSE " CRUCIFER^E.

ROUND-LEAVED MALLOW " MALVACEAE.

GARDEN PEA " LEGUMINOS^:.

GREAT WILLOW-HERB " ONAGRACE^.

SWEET BRIER, STRAWBERRY, CRAB-
APPLE, CHERRY, RASPBERRY ROSACES.

WATER- PARSNIP " UMBELLIFER^:.

DANDELION " COMPOSITE.

CATNIP " LABIATE.

CUCUMBER " CUCURBITACE^E.

OAK " CUPULIFER.E.

WILLOW . . " SALICACEJE.

MAPLE " SAPINDACE^E.

DOG'S-TOOTH VIOLET " LILIACEJS.

IRIS ' ' IRIDACEJE.

ORCHIS " ORCHIDACE^:.

INDIAN TURNIP, CALLA " ARACE^E.

TIMOTHY, RED - TOP, MEADOW -
GRASS, CHESS, COUCH-GRASS,
OLD-WITCH GRASS, BARNYARD
GRASS, FOXTAIL GRAMINE^E.

WHITE PINE, GROUND HEMLOCK CONIFERS.

CRYPTOGAMS.

POLYPODY representing FERNS.

COMMON CLUB- Moss LYCOPODS.

COMMON HORSETAIL " HORSETAILS,

HAIR-MOSS MOSSES.

MARCHANTIA POLYMORPHA LIVERWORTS.

PARMELIA PARIETINA LICHENS.

COMMON MUSHROOM •' MUSHROOMS.

CHARA FR VGILIS. ...... • r . • • • " THE CHARAS.

CONTENTS.

PAttB.

INTRODUCTION 1

CHAPTER, I. — Examination of a Buttercup *&

CHAPTER II. — Functions of the Organs of the Flower 11

CHAPTER III. — Examination of Hepatica and Marsh-Mari-
gold— Resemblances between their Flowers and that
of Buttercup 14

CHAPTER IV. — Examination of other Common Plants with
Hypogynous Stamens — Shepherd's Purse — Round-
leaved Mallow '. 22

CHAPTER V. — Examination of Common Plants with Perigy-

nous Stamens — Garden Pea — Great Willow-herb 29

CHAPTER VI. — Examination of Common Rosaceous Plants —
Sweet Brier — Strawberry — Cherry — Crab- Apple —
Raspberry 35

CHAPTER VII. — Examination of a Plant with Epigynous

Stamens — Water-Parsnip «• 41

CHAPTER VIII. — Examination of Common Plants with Epi-

petalous Stamens — Dandelion — Catnip 43

CHAPTER IX. — Examination of Plants with Monoecious

Flowers — Cucumber — Oak 48

CHAPTER X.— Examination of Plants with Dioecious Flowers

—Willow— Maple 54

CHAPTER XI. — Characteristics possessed in common by all
the Plants previously examined — Structure of the
Seed in Dicotyledons 59

CHAPTER XII. — Examination of Common Plants continued

— Dog's-Tooth Violet— Trillium— Iris— Orchis 61

Vlll CONTENTS.

CHAPTER XIII. — Examination of Spadiceous Plants — Indian

Turnip— Calla 72

CHAPTER XIV. — Examination of Glumaceous Plants — Timo-
thy and other Grasses 78

CHAPTER XV. — Common Characteristics of the Plants just

Examined— Structure of the Seed in Monocotyledons. . . 84

CHAPTER XVI. — Examination of Coniferous Plants — White

Pine— Ground Hemlock 87

CHAPTER XVII. — Morphology of Roots, Stems, and Foliage-
Leaves of Phanerogams 93

CHAPTER XVIII. — Morphology of Flower-Leaves — Inflor-
escence—The Calyx— The Corolla -The Stamens—
The Pistil— The Fruit— The Seed— Germination 123

CHAPTER XIX.— On the Minute Structure of Plants— The
Cell — Tissues — Tissue -Systems — Exogenous and
Endogenous Stems 156

CHAPTER XX. — Food of Plants — Chemical Processes —

Movements of Water — Phenomena of Growth 177

CHAPTER XXI. — Examination of a Fern — A Horsetail — A

Club-Moss 184

CHAPTER XXII. — Examination of a Moss and a Liver wort... 190

CHAPTER XXIII. — Examination of a Mushroom — A Lichen

—A Chara 196

CHAPTER XXIV. — Classification of Plants according to the

Natural System 206

INDEX . . . . I".*

THE ELEMENTS • !f :\j i /;.

STRUCTURAL BOTANY.

1. The study of Botany is commonly rendered unat-
tractive to the beginner by the order in which the parts
of the subject are presented to him. His patience be-
comes exhausted by the long interval which must neces-
sarily elapse before he is in a position to do any practical
work for himself. In accordance with the usual plan,
some months are spent in committing to memory a mass
of terms descriptive of the various modifications which
the organs of plants undergo ; and not until the student
has mastered these, and perhaps been initiated into the
mysteries of the fibro- vascular system, is he permitted to
examine a plant as a whole. In this little work, we
purpose, following the example of some recent writers,
to reverse this order of things, and at the outset to put
into the learner's hands some common plants, and to
lead him, by his own examination of these, to a know-
ledge of their various organs — to cultivate, in short, not
merely his memory, but also, and chiefly, his powers of
observation.

2 ELEMENTS OP STRUCTURAL BOTANY.

It is desirable that the beginner should provide him-
self with a magnifying glass of moderate power for
examining the more minute parts of specimens ; a sharp
penknife for dissecting -: and a couple of fine needles,
which he can himself insert in convenient handles, and
v.'hicl* wil* be found of Treat service in separating delicate
parts, and in impaling line portions for examination
with the aid of the lens.

CHAPTER I,

EXAMINATION OF A BUTTERCUP.

2. To begin with, there is no plant quite so suitable
as our common Buttercup. This plant, which has con-
spicuous yellow flowers, may be found growing in almost
every moist meadow. Having found one, take up the
whole plant, loosening the soil a little, so as to obtain as
much of the Root as possible. Wash away the earth

adhering to the
latter part, arid
then proceed to
examine your
specimen. Begin-
ning with the
Root (Fig. 1), the
first noticeable
Fig. 1 thing is that it is

not of the same colour as the rest of the plant. It is

Fie. 1.— Fibrous Root pi Buttercup.

EXAMINATION OF A BUTTERCUP. 6

nearly white. Then it is not of the same form as the
part of the plant above ground. It is made up of a num-
ber of thread-like parts which spread out in all directions,
and if you examine one of these threads through your
magnifying glass, you will find that from its surface are
given off many finer threads, called rootlets. These
latter are of great importance to the plant ; it is largely
by means of their tender extremities, and the parts
adjacent to these, that it imbibes the nutritious fluids
contained in the soil.

Whilst you are looking at these delicate rootlets, you
may perhaps wonder that they should be able to make
their way through the soil, but how they do this will be
apparent to you if you examine the tip of one of them
with a microscope of considerable power. Fig. 2 repre-
sents such a tip highly magnified. It is to
be observed that the growth of the rootlet
does not take place at the very extremity,
6 but immediately behind it. The extreme
a tip consists of harder and firmer matter than
Fig. 2. that behind, and is in fact a sort of cap or
thimble to protect the growing part underneath. As
the rootlets grow, this little thimble is pushed on first
through the crevices of the soil, and, as you may sup-
pose, is soon worn away on the outside, but it is as
rapidly renewed by the rootlet itself on the inside.

Another difference between the root and the part
above ground you will scarcely have failed to discover :
the root has no leaves, nor has it any buds.

You may describe the root of the Buttercup as fibrous.

Fig 2 — Extremity of rootlet ; a, the harder tip ; ft, the growing portion be-
hind the tip.

ELEMENTS OP STRUCTURAL BOTANY.

3. Let us now look at the
Stem (Fig. 3). It is upright,
pretty firm, coloured green,
and leaves spring from it at
intervals. As there is scarcely
any appearance of wood in
it, we may describe it as
herbaceous. At several points
along the main stem branches
are given off, and you will
observe that immediately be
low the point from which every
branch springs there is a leaf
on the stem. The angle be-
tween the leaf and the stem,
on the upper side is called the
axil of the leaf (axilla, an
armpit), and it is a rule to
which there are scarcely any
exceptions, that branches can
only spring from the axAls of

The stem and all the
branches of our plant termi-
Fig. 3. nate, at their upper extremi-

ties, either in flowers or in flower- buds.

4. Let us now consider the Leaves. A glance wiU
show you that the leaves of this plant are not all alike.
Those at the lower end of the stem have long stalks (Fig.
4), which we shall henceforward speak of as petioles. Those
a little higher up have petioles too, but they are not

Fig. 8.— Stem of Buttercup.

EXAMINATION OF A BUTTERCUP.

quite so long as the lower ones, and the highest leaves
have no petioles at all. They appear to be sitting on
the stem, and hence are said to be sessile. The lowest
leaves of all, as they seem to spring from
the root, may be described as radical,
whilst the higher ones may be called
cauline (caulis, a stem). The broad part
of a leaf is its blade. In the plant we
are now examining, the blades of the
leaves are almost divided into distinct
pieces, which are called lobes, and each of
these again is more or less deeply cut.
Both petioles and blades of our leaves are

covered with minute hairs, and so are said

^J^BK
, ^ to be hairy.

rig. 4.

Hold up one of these leaves to the light, and you will
observe that the veins run through it in all directions,
forming a sort of net-work. The leaves are therefore
net-veined.

The points along the stem from which the leaves
arise are called nodes, and the portions of stem between
the nodes are called internodes.

5. Let us next examine the Flowers. Each flower in
our plant is at the end either of the stem or of a branch
of the stem. The upper portions of the stem and its
branches, upon which the flowers are raised,
are called the peduncles of the flowers.

Take now a flower which has just opened.
Beginning at the outside, you will find five
little spreading leaves, somewhat yellowish Fi

Fig. 4.— Radical leaf of Buttercup.

Fig. 5.— Flower of Buttercup, from the bacic.

6 ELEMENTS OF STRUCTURAL BOTANY.

in colour. Each of these is called a sepal, and the live
together form the calyx of the flower. If you look at
a flower which is a little older, you will probably not
find any sepals. They will have fallen off, and for this
reason they are said to be deciduous. So, in like manner,
ie leaves of most of our trees are deciduous, because
they fall at the approach of winter. You will find that
you can pull off the sepals one at a time, without dis-
turbing those that remain. This shows that they are
not connected together. They are therefore said to be
free, and the calyx is described as polysepalous.

Inside the circle of sepals there is another circle of
leaves, usually five in number, bright yellow in colour,
and much larger than the sepals. Each of them is
called a petal, and the five together form the corolla of
the flower. Observe carefully that each petal is not in-
serted in front of a sepal, but in front of the space be-
tween two sepals. The petals can be removed one at a
time like the sepals. They, too, are free, and the cor-
olla is polypetalous. If you compare the petals with one
another, you will see that they are, as nearly as possible,
alike in size and shape. The corolla is therefore regular.

6. We have now examined, minutely enough for our
present purpose, the calyx and corolla. Though their
divisions are not coloured green, like the ordinary leaves
of the plant, still, from their general form, you will have
no difficulty in accepting the statement that the sepals
and petals are in reality leaves. It will not be quite so
apparent that the parts of the flower which still remain
are also only modifications of the same structure. But
there is good evidence that this is the case. Let us,
however, examine these parts that remain. There is

EXAMINATION OF A BUTTERCUP.

Fig. 6,

a large number of little yellow bodies, each at the
top of a little thread-like stalk. Each of
these bodies, with its stalk, is called a
Stamen. The little body itself is the
anther, and the stalk is its filament. Your
magnifying glass will show you that each
anther consists of two oblong sacs, united lengthwise, the
filament being a continuation of the line of union (Fig. 7).

If you look at a stamen of a flower which
has been open some time, you will find that
each anther-cell has split open along its
outer edge, and has thus allowed a fine
yellowish dust to escape from it (Fig. 8).
This dust is called pollen. A powerful
magnifier will show this pollen to consist of Fig. 7. Fig. 8.
grains having a distinct form.

As the stamens are many in number, and free from
each other, they are said to be polyandrous.

7. On removing the stamens there is still left
a little raised mass (Fig. 9), which, with the aid
of your needle, you will be able to separate into
a number of distinct pieces, all exactly alike, and
looking something like unripe seeds. Fig. 10
shows one of them very much magnified, and cut
through lengthwise. These little bodies, taken
separately, are called carpels. Taken together,
they form the pistil. They are hollow, and
Fig. 10. each of them contains, as the figure shows, a

Fig. 6. — Section of a flower of Buttercup.
Fig. 7.- Stamen of Buttercup.

Fig. 8.— The same, showing longitudinal opening of the anther-
Fig. 9.— Head of carpels of Buttercup.
Mg. 10. — A single carpel cut through lengthwise to show the ovcfcc

Fig. 9.

8 ELEMENTS OF STRUCTURAL BOTANY.

little grain-like substance attached to the lower end or
its cavity. This substance, in its present condition, is
the ovule, and later on becomes the seed.

You will notice that the carpel ends, at the top, !r_ a
little bent point, and that the convex edge is more or
less rough and moist, so that in flowers
whose anthers have burst open, a quantity
of pollen will be found sticking there.
This rough upper part of the carpel is
called the stigma. Fig. 1 1 shows a stigma
greatly magnified. In many plants the Fig. 11.
stigma is raised on a stalk above the ovary. Such a
stalk is called a style. In the Buttercup the style is so
short as to be almost suppressed. When the style is
entirely absent, the stigma is said to be sessile. The
hollow part of the carpel is the ovary.

In our plant the pistil is not connected in any way
with the calyx, and is consequently said to be free or
superior, and, as the carpels are not united together,
the pistil is said to be apocarpous.

8. Remove now all the carpels, and there
remains nothing but the swollen top of the
peduncle. This swollen top is the receptacle of
the flower. To it, in the case of the Butter-
cup, all four parts, calyx, corolla, stamens,
and pistil, are attached. When a flower has
all four of these parts it is said to be complete.

9. Let us now return to our statement that
Fig. 12. the structure of stamens and pistils is only a

modification of leaf -structure generally. The stamen

Fig. 11. — Stigma of Buttercup with adhering pollen-grains; highly
magnified.
Fig. 12.— Diagram to show leaf-structure of a stamen.

EXAMINATION OF A BUTTERCUP. 9

iooks less like a leaf than any other part of the flower.
Fig. 12 will, however, serve to show us the plan upon
which the botanist considers a stamen to be formed. The
anther corresponds to the leaf -blade, and the filament to
the petiole. The two cells of the anther, correspond to
the two halves of the leaf, and the cells burst open
along what answers to the margin of the leaf.

10. In the case of apocarpous pistils, as that of the
Buttercup, the botanist considers each carpel to be
formed by a leaf-blade doubled lengthwise until the edges
meet and unite, thus forming the ovary. Fig. 13 will
make this clear.

11. There are many facts which support this theory
as to the nature of the different parts of the flower.
Suffice it to mention here, that in the white Water-Lily,

in which there are several circles of sepals and
petals, it is difficult to say where the sepals end
and the petals begin, on account of the gradual
change from one set to the othf r. And not only
Fig. is. is there a gradual transition from sepals to
petals, but there is likewise a similar transition from
petals to stamens, some parts occurring which are neither
altogether petals, nor altogether stamens, but a mixture
of both, being imperfect petals with imperfect anthers at
their summits. We can thus trace ordinary leaf-forms,
by gradual changes, to stamens.

We shall then distinguish the leaves of plants as
foliage-leaves and flower-leaves, giving the latter name
exclusively to the parts which make up the flower, and
the former to the ordinary leaves which grow upon the
stem and its branches.

Fig. 13. —Diagram to illustrate the leaf-structure of the carpe/.

10 ELEMENTS OF STRUCTURAL BOTANY.

12. You are now to try and procure a Buttercup whose
lowers, or some of them, have withered away, leaving

only the head of carpels on the
receptacle. The carpels will have
swollen considerably, and will now
show themselves much more dis-
Fig. 14. Fig. 15. tinctly than in the flower which
we have been examining. This is owing to the growth
of the ovules, which have now become seeds. Remove
one of the carpels, and carefully cut it through the
middle lengthwise. You will find that the seed almost
entirely fills the cavity. (Figs. 14 and 15.)

This seed consists mainly of a hard substance
called albumen, enclosed in a thin covering. At
the lower end of the albumen is situated a very
small body, which is the embryo. It is this
which developes into a new plant when the seed Fi£- 16-
germinates.

13. We have seen, then, that our plant consists of
several parts :

(1). The Root. This penetrates the soil, avoiding
the light. It is nearly white, is made up of fibres, from
which numbers of much finer fibres are given off, and is
entirely destitute of buds and leaves.

(2). The Stem. This grows upward, is coloured,
bears fouage-1 eaves at intervals, gives off branches from
the axils of these, and bears flowers at its upper end.

(3). The Leaves. These are of two sorts : Foliage-
heaves and Flower-leaves. The former are sub-divided

Fig. 14.— Ripe carpel of Buttercup.

Fig. 15. — Section of same.

Fig. 16. — Section of seed showing the small embryo. All much magnified.

FUNCTIONS OF THE ORGANS OF THE FLOWER. 11

into radical and cauline, and the latter make up the
flower, the parts of which are four in number, viz.:

calyx, corolla, stamens, and pistil

It is of great importance that you should make your-
selves thoroughly familiar with the different parts of the
plant, as just described, before going further, and to
that end it will be desirable for you to review the pre-
sent chapter carefully, giving special attention to those
parts which were not perfectly plain to you on your first
reading.

In the next chapter, we shall give a very brief account
of the uses of. the different parts of the flower. If found
too difficult, the study of it may be deferred until further
progress has been made in plant-examination.

CHAPTER It

FUNCTIONS OF THE ORGANS OF THE FLOWER.

1 4. The chief use of the calyx and corolla, or floral
envelopes, as they are collectively called, is to protect the
other parts of the flower. They enclose the stamens and
pistil in the bud, and they usually wither away and dis-
appear shortly after the anthers have shed their pollen,
that is, as we shall presently see, as soon as their services
as protectors are no longer required.

15. The corollas of flowers are usually bright-coloured,
and frequently sweet-scented. There is little doubt that
these qualities serve to attract insects, which, in search

12 ELEMENTS OF STRUCTURAL BOTANY.

of honey, visit blossom after blossom, and, bringing theii
hairy limbs and bodies into contact with the open cells
of the anthers, detach and carry away quantities of
pollen, some of which is sure to be rubbed off upon the
stigmas of other flowers of the same kind, subsequently
visited.

16. The essential part of the stamen is the anther,
and the purpose of this organ is to produce the pollen,
which, as you have already learned, consists of minute
grains, having a definite structure. These little grains
are usually alike in plants of the same kind. They are
furnished with two coats the inner one extremely thin,
and the outer one mucl. thicker by comparison. The
interior of the pollen-grain is filled with liquid matter.
When a pollen-grain falls upon the moist stigma it begins
to grow in a curious manner (Fig. 17). The inner coat
pushes its way through the outer one, at some
weak point in the latter, thus forming the beginning
of a slender tube. This slowly penetrates the stigma,
and then extends itself downwards through the
Fig. 17- style> until it comes to the cavity of the ovary.
The liquid contents of the pollen-grain are carried down
through this tube, which remains closed at its lower end,
and the body of the grain on the stigma withers away.

The ovary contains an ovule, which is attached by one
end to the wall of the ovary. The ovule con-
sists of a kernel, called the nucleus, which is
usually surrounded by two coats, through both
of which there is a minute opening to the .nucleus.
This opening is called the micropyle, and is

Fig. 17.— Pollen -grain developing a tube.

Fig. 18 —Section of an ovule, showing central nucleus coats, and micropyl

FUNCTIONS OF THE ORGANS OP THE FLOWER. 13

always to be found at that end of the ovule which is not
attached to the ovary. (Fig. 18, ra.)

About the time the anthers discharge their pollen, a
little cavity, called the embryo-sac, appears inside the
nucleus, near the micropyle. The pollen-tube, with its
liquid contents, enters the ovary, passes through the
micropyle, penetrates the nucleus, and attaches itself to
the outer surface of the embryo-sac. Presently the tube
becomes empty, and then withers away, and, in the mean-
while, a minute body, which in time developes into the
embryo, makes its appearance in the embryo-sac, and from
that time the ovule may properly be called a seed.

17. In order that ovules may become seeds, it is always
essential that they should be fertilized in the manner just
described. If we prevent pollen from reaching the stigma
— by destroying the stamens, for instance — the ovules
simply shrivel up and come to nothing.

Now it is the business of the flower to produce seed,
and we have seen that the production of seed depends
mainly upon the stamens and the pistil. These organs
may consequently be called the essential organs of the
flower. As the calyx and corolla do not play any direct
part in the production of seed, but only protect the
essential organs, and perhaps attract insects, we can under-
stand how it is that they, as a rule, disappear early
Their work is done when fertilization has been accom-
plished.

Having noticed thus briefly the part played by each
set of floral organs, we shall now proceed to the exami-
nation of two other plants, with a view to comparing
their structure with that of the Buttercup.

ELEMENTS OF STRUCTURAL BOTANY.

CHAPTEK III.

EXAMINATION OF HEPATICA AND MARSH-MARIGOLD — RESEM

BLANCES BETWEEN THEIR FLOWERS AND THAT OF

BUTTERCUP.

18. Hepatica. You may procure specimens of the
Hepatica almost anywhere in rich dry woods, but you
will not find it in flower except in spring and early
summer. It is very desirable that you should have the

Fig. 19.

plant itself, but for those who are unable to obtain
specimens, the annexed engravings may serve as a
substitute.

Fig. 19. — Anemone Hepatica.

HEPATICA, 15

Beginning, then, at the root of our new plant, you see
that it does not differ in any great measure from that of
the Buttercup. It may, in like manner, be described as
fibrous.

The next point is the stem. You will remember that
in the Buttercup the stem is that part of the plant
from which the leaves spring. Examining our Hepa-
tica in the light of this fact, and following the petioles
of the leaves down to their insertion, we find that they
and the roots appear to spring from the same place —
that there is, apparently, no stem. Plants of this kind
are therefore called acaulescent, that is, stemless, but it
must be carefully borne in mind that the absence of the
stem is only apparent. In reality there i? a stem, but it
is so short as to be almost indistinguishable.

The leaves of the Hepatica are, of course, all radical.
They will also be found to be net-veined.

19. The Flowers of the Hepatica are all upon long
peduncles, which, like the leaves, appear to spring from
the root. Naked peduncles of this kind, rising from the
ground or near it, are called scapes. The flower-stalks of
the Tulip and the Dandelion furnish other familiar
examples.

Let us now proceed to examine the flower itself. Just
beneath the coloured leaves there are three leaflets, which
you will be almost certain to regard, at first sight, as sepals,
forming a calyx. It will not be difficult, however, to con-
vince you that this conclusion would be incorrect. If,
with the aid of your needle, you turn back these leaflets,
you will readily discover, between them and the coloured
portion of the flower, a very short bit of stem (Fig. 20),
the upper end of which is the receptacle. As these

16 ELEMENTS OF STRUCTURAL BOTANY.

leaflets, then, are on the peduncle, below the receptacle,
they cannot be sepals. They are simply small foliage
leaves, to which, as they are found beside the flower, the
name bracts is given. Our flower, then, is
apparently without a calyx, and in this re-
spect is different from the Buttercup. The
whole four parts of the flower not being
Fig. 20. present, it is said to be incomplete.

20. It may be explained here that there is an under-
standing among botanists, that if the calyx and corolla are
not both present it is always the corolla which is wanting,
and so it happens that the coloured part of the flower
under consideration, though resembling a corolla, must be
regarded as a ialyx, arid the flower itself, therefore, as
apetalous.

21. Remove now these coloured sepals, and what is left
of the flower very much resembles what was left of our
Buttercup, after the removal of the calyx and corolla. The
stamens are very numerous, and are inserted on the
receptacle. The carpels are also numer-
ous (Fig. 21), are inserted on the recep-
tacle, and are free from each other
(apocarpous). And if you examine one

of the carpels (Fig. 22) you will find Fig. 21. Fig. 22.
that it contains a single ovule. The flower, in short, so
much resembles that of the Buttercup that you will be
prepared to learn that the two belong to the same Order
or Family of plants, and you will do well to observe and
remember such resemblances as have just been brought to
your notice, when you set out to examine plants lor your

Fig. 20. — Flower of Hepatica, with bracts odow.
Fig. 21.— Carpels of Hepatica. Fig. 22.— Single carpel, enlarged.

MARSH-MARIGOLD.

selves, because it is only in this way, and by slow steps,
that you can acquire a satisfactory knowledge of the
reasons which lie at the foundation of the classification of
plants.

22. Marsh- Marigold. This plant grows in wet
places almost everywhere, and is in flower in early summer.

Note the entire absence of hairs on the surface of the
plant. It is therefore glabrous.

The root, like that of the Buttercup and of the He
patica, is fibrous.

The stem is hollow and furrowed.

The foliage-leaves are of two kinds, as in the Butter-
cup. The radical leaves spring from the base of the
stem, whilst the higher ones are cauline. The leaves
are not lobed, as in the other two plants, but are in-
dented on the edge. They are also net-veined.

23. Coming to the flower (Fig. 23)
we find a circle, or whorl, of bright
yellow leaves, looking a good deal
like the petals of the Buttercup, but
you will look in vain for the corres-
ponding sepals. In this case there
is no whorl of bracts to mislead you. %
Are we to say, then, that there is no
calyx? If we adhere to the under-
standing mentioned when describing
the Hepatica, we must suppose the
corolla to be wanting, and then the

bright yellow leaves of our plant will Fig> 23.

be the sepals, and will together constitute the calyx. As

to the number of the sepals, you will find, as in the

Fig. 23.— Flower and leai of Marsh-Marigold.

18 ELEMENTS OP STRUCTURAL BOTANY.

Hepatica, some variation. Whilst the normal number is
five, some flowers will be found to have as many as nine.
24. The stamens are next to be examined, but you
should first satisfy yourselves as to whether the calyx is
polysepalous or otherwise, and whether it is free from the
other floral leaves or not. If your examination be properly
made, it will show you that the calyx is free and poly-
sepalous.

The stamens are very much like those of the Buttercup
and Hepatica. They are numerous, they have both anthers
and filaments, and they shed their pollen through slits on
the outer edges of the anthers. They are all separate from
each other (polyandrous), and are all inserted on the
receptacle. On this latter account they are said to hypogy-
nous (below the pistil).

25. Remove the stamens, and you have left, as before,
a head of carpels (Fig. 24). Examine one : there is the
^ lower broad part, which you recognize as the ovary,
the very short style, and the sticky stigma. To all
appearance the carpels are pretty much the same as
those of the two plants already examined. It will
not do, however, to trust altogether to appearances
Fig. 24. in this case. Cut open a carpel and you find that,
instead of a single ovule at the bottom of the ovary, there
are several ovules in a row along that edge of the ovary
which is turned towards the centre of the flower.
The ovary is, in fact, a pod, and, when the seeds
ripen, splits open along its inner edge. If you can
find one which has split in this way, you can hardly
fail to be struck with the resemblance which itFi 25
bears to a common leaf. (Fig. 25.)

Fig. 24. — Head of carpels of Marsh-Marigold.

Fig. 25.— Single carpel, opened to show the two rows of seeds.

FLOWER-SCHEDULES.

On the whole the resemblance between the structure
of the Marsh-Marigold and that of the Hepatica and
Buttercup is sufficiently great to justify us in placing it in
the same family with them.

26. Having now made yourselves familiar with the
different parts of these three plants, you are to write out
a tabular description of them according to the following
form ; and, in like manner, whenever you examine a new
plant, do not consider your work done until you have
written out such a description of it.

BUTTERCUP.

ORGAN OR PART
OP FLOWER.

NO.

COHESION.

ADHESION.

REMARKS.

Calyx.
Sepals.

Polysepalous.

Inferior.

Corolla.
Petals.

Polypetalous.

Hypogynoi s

Each Petal
with a pit at
the base in side

Stamens.
Filaments.
Anthers.

Polyandrous.

Hypogynous.

Pistil.
Carpels.
Ovary.

Apocarpous.

Superior.

Carpels
1 -seeded.

In the form the term cohesion relates to the union of
like parts ; for example, of sepals with sepals, or petals
with petals ; while the term adhesion relates to the union
of unlike parts ; for example, of stamens with corolla, or
ovary with calyx. Neither cohesion nor adhesion takes
place in any of the three flowers we have examined, and
accordingly, under these headings in our schedule we
write down the terms polysepalous, polypetalous, &c., to
indicate this fact.

20 ELEMENTS OF STRUCTURAL BOTANY.

HEPATICA.

ORGAN.

NO.

COHESION.

ADHESION.

REMARKS. 1

Calyx.
Sepals.

7-12

Polysepalous.

Inferior.

Coloured like a
corolla.

Corolla.

Wan tiny.

Petals.

Stamens.

Polyandrous.

Hypogynous.

Filaments.

Anthers.

Pistil.

I Apocarpous.

Carpels.
Ovary.

Superior.

Carpels
1-seeded.

MARSH-MARIGOLD.

ORGAN.

NO.

COHESION.

ADHESION.

REMARKS.

Calyx.
Sepals.

5-9

Polysepalous.

Inferior.

Coloured like a
corolla.

Corolla.

Wanting.

Petals.

Stamens.

Polyandrous.

Hypogynous.

Filaments.

Anthers.

Pistil.
Carpels.

Apocarpous.

Carpels contain
several seeds.

Ovary.

Superior.

CHARACTERS OF RANUNCDLACE.E.

The symbol oo means " indefinite," or " numerous," and
may be used when the parts of any organ exceed ten in
number.

Under the head "Remarks" you may describe any-
thing worthy of notice, for which provision is not made
elsewhere in the schedule.

If you use the exercise-book which has been prepared
to accompany the text-book, you will find also space for
drawing such parts as are not easy to describe in words.

27. The three plants upon which we have been en-
gaged up to this point are representatives or types of a
very large group, called by botanists Ranunculacece, that
is, Ranunculaceous plants. All the members of it, whilst
they may differ in certain minor characteristics, agree in
all the more important respects. The minor differences,
such as we have observed in our examination of the
specimens, lead to the sub-division of the group into
several smaller groups, but any plant exhibiting the
peculiarities common to all three may be regarded as
typical of the Order, which is the name given to the
group as a whole. These common peculiarities may be
summed up with sufficient accuracy for our present pur-
pose, as follows :

1. The circles of flower-leaves, that is to say, the sepals,

petals, stamens, and carpels, are entirely distinct,
and unconnected with each other.

2. The several members of each circle are also entirely

separate from each other.

3. It may be added that the stamens are almost invari-

ably numerous, and that the plants are acrid to
the taste

2 ELEMENTS OF STRUCTURAL BOTANt.

CHAPTER IV.

EXAMINATION OF OTHER COMMON PLANTS WITH HYPOGY
NOUS STAMENS SHEPHERD'S PURSE ROUND-
LEAVED MALLOW.

28. We shall now proceed to examine some plants,
the flowers of which exhibit, in their structure, impor-
tant variations from the Buttercup, Hepatica, and
Marsh-Marigold.

Shepherd's Purse. This plant (Fig. 26) is one of
the commonest of weeds. As in the Buttercup, the
foliage-leaves are of two kinds, radical and cauline, the
former being in a cluster around the base of the stem.
The cauline leaves are all sessile, and each of them, at
its base, projects backward on each side of the stem, so
that the leaf somewhat resembles the head of an arrow.
Such leaves are, in fact, said to be sagittate, or arrow-
shaped. The flowers grow in a cluster at the top of the
stem, and, as the season advances, the peduncle gradu-
ally elongates, until, at the close of the summer, it forms
perhaps half of the entire length of the stem. You will
observe in this plant, that each separate flower is raised
on a little stalk of its own. Each of these little stalks
is a pedicel, and when pedicels are present,
the term peduncle is applied to the por-
tion of stem which supports the whole
cluster.

29. The flowers (Fig. 27) are rather small,
and so will require more than ordinary care
in their examination. The calyx is polysepalous, and of

Fig. 27.— Flower of Shepherd's Purse, enlarged.

SHEPHERD'S

. 26.— Shepherd's Purse.

24 ELEMENTS OF STRUCTURAL BOTANY.

four sepals. The corolla is poly petal ous, and of four
petals. The stamens (Fig. 28) are six in number, and if
you examine them attentively, you will see that
two of them are shorter than the other four The
stamens are consequently said to t>e tetradynamous.
But if there had been only four stamens, in two
sets of two each, they would have been called
didynamou'i. The stamens are inserted on the receptacle
(hypogynous). The pistil is separate from the other parts
of the flower (superior).

30. To examine the ovary, it will be better to select a
ripening pistil from the lower part of the peduncle.
It is a flat body, shaped something like a heart (Fig. 29),
and having the short style in the notch. A ridge divides
it lengthwise on each side. Carefully cut or pull away

the lobes, and this ridge will remain, pre-
senting now the appearance of a narrow
loop, with a very thin membranous parti-
tion stretched across it. Around the edge,
on both sides of the partition, seeds are
suspended from slender stalks (Fig. 30).

Fig. 29. Fig. so. There are, then, two carpels united together,

and the pistil is, therefore, syncarpous.

31. Shepherd's Purse is a type of a large and important
Order, the Cruciferce, or Cress Family. Other common
examples, which should be studied and compared with
Shepherd's Purse, are the garden Stock (single flowers are
best for examination), Water-Cress, the yellow Mustard

Fig. 28.— The same, with calyx and corolla remo\ed.

Fig. 29.— Ripened pistil of Shepherd's Purse.

Fig. 30.— The same, with one side removed to sho\r the seeds.

SHEPHERD'S PURSE.

of the wheat-fields, Kadish, Sweet Alyssum of the gardens,
&c. All these plants, while differing in unimportant par-
ticulars, such as the colour and size of the petals and the
shape of the pod, agree in presenting the following char-
acters :

1. The sepals and petals are each four in number.

2. The stamens are tetradynamous (and hypogynous).

3. The fruit is syncarpous, and is %-celled by reason of

a thin partition stretched between the carpels.
4- It may be added that the plants are generally pungent
to the taste, and the flowers are almost invariably
in terminal clusters, like that of Shepherd's Purse.

SHEPHEKD'S PURSE.

OBGAN.

No.

COHESION.

ADHESION.

REMARKS.

Calyx.
Sepals.

Polysepalous.

Inferior.

Corolla.
Petals.

Polypetalous.

Hypogynous.

Stamens.
Filaments.
Anthers.

Tetradyna-
mous.

Hypogynous.

Two sepals
with a pair of
long stamens
opposite each ;
the other two
with one short
stamen opp.
each.

Pistil.
Carpels.
Ovary.

Syncarpous.

Superior.

The two cells
of the ovary
separated by a
thin partition.

ELEMENTS OP STRUCTURAL BOTANY.

32. Mallow. The round-leaved Mallow (Fig. 31)

grows along every
wayside, and is
a very common
weed in cultivat-
ed grounds. Pro-
cure, if possible,
a plant which has
ripened its seeds,
as well as one in
flower. The root
Fig. 33. of this plant is of
of a different kind
from those of the
three plants first
examined. It
consists of a stout
tapering part, de-
scending deep in-
to the soil, from the surface of which fibres are given off
irregularly. A stout root of this kind is called a tap-root.
The carrot is another example.

33. The leaves are long-petioled, net-veined, and in^
dented on the edges. On each side of the petiole, at its
junction with the stem, you will observe a little leaf-like
attachment, to which the name stipule is given. The
presence or absence of stipules is a point of some import-
ance in plant-structure, and you will do well to notice it
in your examinations. You have now made yourselves

Fig. 31.— Round-leaved Mallow. Fig. 32.— Section of the flower.

Fig. 33.— Flower with calyx and corolla removed.
Fig. 34.— A ripened pistil with the persistent calyx.

Fig. 34.

BOUND-LEAVED MALLOW. 27

acquainted with all the parts that any leaf has, viz., blade,
petiole, and stipules.

34. Coming to the flower, observe first that the parts
of the calyx are not entirely separate, as in the flowers
you have already examined. For about half their length
they are united together so as to form a cup. The upper
half of each sepal, however, is perfectly distinct, and
forms a tooth of the calyx ; and the fact that there are
five of these teeth shows us unmistakably that the calyx
is made up of five sepals. We therefore speak of it as a
gamosepalous calyx, to indicate that the parts of it are
coherent.

As the calyx does not fall away when the other parts
of the flower disappear, it is said to be persistent. Fig.
31, a, shows a persistent calyx.

35. At the base of the calyx there are three minute
leaf-like teeth, looking almost like an outer calyx. A
circle of bracts of this kind is called an involucre. The
three bracts under the flower of the Hepatica also consti-
tute an involucre. As the bracts in the Mallow grow on
the calyx, some botanists speak of them as an epicalyx.

The corolla consists of five petals, separate from each
other, but united with the stamens at their base.

36. The stamens are numerous, and as their filaments
are united to form a tube, they are said to be monadelpkous.
This tube springs from the receptacle, and the stamens ure
therefore hypogynous. Fig. 32 will help you to an under-
standing of the relation between the petals and stamens.

Having removed the petals, split the tube of the stamens
with the point of your needle. A little care will then
enable you to remove t\e stamens without injuring the

ELEMENTS OF STRUCTURAL BOTANY.

pistil. The latter organ will then be found to consist of
a ring of coherent carpels, a rather stout style, and num-
erous long stigmas (Fig. 33). If you take the trouble to
count the carpels and the stigmas, you will find the num-
bers to correspond. As the seeds ripen, the carpels separate
from each other (Fig. 34).

MALLOW.

OBGAN.

No. | COHESION.

ADESION.

REMARKS.

Calyx.
Sepals.

Gamosepa-
lous.

Inferior.

Three bracts
growing on the
calyx.

Corolla.
Petals.

Polypetalous.

Hypogynous.

Stamens.
Filaments.
Anthers.

Monadelphous
One-celled.

Hypogynous.

Pistil.
Carpels.
Ovary.

Syncarpous.

Superior.

Carpels as
many as the
stigmas.

37. Compare now the structure of the Hollyhock (single
flowers should be selected) with that of the Mallow, and
write out a description. Musk-Mallow and Abutilon (a
common green-house plant) may also be examined with
advantage.

38. The Order (Malvaceae) of which Mallow is a type
is very distinctly marked by the following characteristics :

1. The sepals are always placed edge to edge (valvate)

in the bud, while the petals overlap and are rolled
together (convolute).

2. The stamens are numerous and monadefyhous, and

their anthers are 1-celled. Although united at the

GARDEN PEA.

base with the claws of the petals, they are neverthe-
less inserted on the receptacle (hypogynous).

3. -The carpels are almost always united in a ring, which

breaks up at maturity.

4. It may be added that the leaves are furnished with

stipules, and the juice of the plants is mucilaginous.

CHAPTEE V.

EXAMINATION OF COMMON PLANTS WITH PERIGYNOUS
STAMENS GARDEN PEA — GREAT WILLOW-HERB.

39. Garden Pea. In the flower of this plant, the
ealyx is constructed on the same plan as in the Mallow.
There are five sepals, coherent below, and spreading out
into distinct teeth above (Fig. 35). The calyx is there-

Fig. 36.

fore gamosepalous.
Examine next the form
of the corolla (Fig. 36).
One difference between
the corolla and those of
the previous plants will
strike you at once. In
the flowers of the latter
you will remember that
each petal was precisely
like its fellows in size and shape, and we therefore spoke
of the corolla as regular. In the Pea, on the other hand,

Fig. 35.— Flower of Garden Pea. Fig. 36.— Front view of the same.

Fig, 37. — Diadelphous stamens of the same.

Fig. 38. -The pistil. Fig. 39.— The same cut through lengthwise.

Fig. 39.

Fig. 37.

30 ELEMENTS OF STRUCTURAL BOTANY.

one of the petals is large, broad, and open, whilst two
smaller ones, in the front of the flower, are united into a
kind of hood. We shall speak of this corolla, then, and
all others in which the petals are unlike each other in
size or shape, as irregular.

As the Pea blossom bears some resemblance to a butter-
fly, it is said to be papilionaceous.

40. Remove now the calyx-teeth and the petals, being
very careful not to injure the stamens and the pistil, en-
veloped by those two which form the hood. Count the
stamens, and notice their form (Fig. 37). You will find
ten, one by itself, and the other nine with the lower halves
of their filaments joined together, or coherent. When
stamens occur in this way, in two distinct groups, they
are said to be diadelphous ; if in three groups, they would
De triadelphous ; if in several groups, polyadelphous. In
iLe Mallow, you will remember, they are united into one
group, and therefore we described them as monadelphous.

You will, perhaps, be a little puzzled in trying to
determine to what part of the flower the stamens are
attached. If you look closely, however, you will see
that the attachment, or insertion, is not quite the same
as in the Buttercup and the other flowers examined.
In the present instance they are inserted upon the lower
part of the calyx, and so they are described as perigynous,
a term meaning " around tho pistil."

41. But the pistil (Figs. 38, 39) is not attached to the
calyx. It is free, or svpirior. If you cut the ovary
across, you will observe there is but one cell, and if you
examine the stigma, you will find that it shows no sign
of division. You may therefore be certain that the pistil
is a single carpel,

GARDEN PEA.

You are now prepared to fill up the schedule descrip-
tive of this flower.

GABDEN PEA.

OKGAN.

NO.

COHESION.

ADHESION.

REMARKS.

Calyx.
Sepals.

Gamosepalous

Inferior.

Corolla.
Petals.

Papilionace-
ous. Irregular.

Perigynous.

The two front
petals united.

Stamens.
Filaments.
Anthers.

Diadelphous.

Perigynous.

Pistil.
Carpels.
Ovary.

Apocarpous.

Superior.

42. The beginner will be very likely to think, from its
appearance, that the largest of the petals is made up of
two coherent ones, but the following considerations show
clearly that this is not the case. In the Buttercup, and
other flowers in whz'jh the number of sepals and petals is
the same, the petals do not stand before the sepals, but
before the spaces between them. In the Pea-blossom this
rule holds good if the large petal is considered as one,
but not otherwise. Again, the veining of this petal is
similar to that of a common leaf, there being a central rib
from which the veins spring on each side ; and lastly,
there are some flowers of the Pea kind — Cassia, for
example — in which this particular petal is of nearly the
same size and shape as the other four.

£5. The Pea is a type of a highly important group of
plants — the Order Leguminosce. To it belong many plants

32 ELEMENTS OF STRUCTURAL BOTANY.

differing very widely in external appearance — the Locust-
Tree and the Clover, for example — but exhibiting in the
structure of their flowers so marked a similarity that their
relationship is beyond question. The characters by which
the Order is distinguished are chiefly these :

1. The corolla is more or less papilionaceous, and is

inserted on the base of the calyx (perigynous).

2. The stamens, almost invariably ten in number, are

also perigynous, and nearly always diadelphous.

3. The pistil is nearly always a legume, that is to say,

it is a single carpel which splits into two pieces at
maturity, like the pod of the Pea or Bean.

4. The leaves have stipules, and are nearly always com-

pound, that is, of several distinct leaflets.
Plants which may be compared with the Pea are Eed
Clover, White Clover, Sweet Clover, Medick, Locust-Tree,
Bean, Vetch, Lupine, Sweet Pea, &c.

44. Great Willow-herb. This plant is extremely
common in low grounds and newly-cleared land, and you
may easily recognize it by its tall stem
and bright purple flowers.

Observe the position of the flowers.
In the three plants first examined we
found the flowers at the end of the
stem. In the Willow-herb, as in the
Mallow, they spring from the sides
of the stem, and immediately below
the point from which each flower Fig. 40.

springs you will find a small leaf or bract (Fig. 40). Flowers

Fig. 40. -Flower of Great Willow-herb.

GREAT WILLOW-HERR 33

which arise from the axils of bracts are said, co be axillary,
whilst those which are at the ends of stems are called
terminal, and you may remember that flowers can only be
produced in the axils of leaves and at the ends of stems
and branches.

45. Coming to the flower itself, direct your attention,
first of all, to the position of the ovary. You will find it
apparently under the flower, in the form of a tube tinged
with purple. It is not in reality under the flower, because
its purplish covering is the calyx, or, more accurately, the
calyx-tube, which adheres to the whole surface of the
ovary, and expands above into four long teeth. The ovary,
therefore, is inferior, and the calyx, of course, superior, in
this flower. As the sepals unite below to form the tube
the calyx is gamosepalous.

The corolla consists of four petals, free from each other,
and is consequently polypetalous. It is also regular, the
^ -v » petals being alike in size and

> shape. Each petal is narrowed

Pig. 42> I i //^^f'" v a^ the base into what is called

the claw of the petal, the broad
part, as in the ordinary foliage-
leaf, being the blade. The
stamens are eight in number
(octandrous), four short and
four long, and are attached to
the calyx (perigynous).

46. The pistil has its three
Fig. 41. parts — ovary, style,and stigma

—very distinctly marked. The stigma consists of four long
lobes, which curl outwards after the flower opens. The

Fig. 41.— Ripened pistil of Willow-herb. Fig. 42.— Cross section of the same.

ELEMENTS OF STRUCTUEAL BOTANY.

style is long and slender. The examination of the ovary
requires much care ; you will get the best idea of its
structure by taking one which has just burst open and
begun to discharge its seeds (Fig. 41). The outside will
then be seen to consist of four pieces (valves), whilst the
centre is occupied by a slender four-winged column (Fig.
42), in the grooves of which the seeds are compactly
arranged. The pistil thus consists of four carpels united
together, and is therefore syncarpous. Every seed is
furnished with a tuft of ,silky hairs, which greatly facili-
tates its transportation by the wind.

47. The Willow-herb furnishes an excellent example
of what is called symmetry. We have seen that the calyx
and corolla are each made up of four parts ; the stamens
are in two sets of four each ; the stigma is f our-lobed, and
the ovary has four seed-cells. A flower is symmetrical
when each set of floral leaves contains either the same
number of parts or a multiple of the same number.

Observe that the leaves of our plant are net-veined.

The schedule will be filled up as follows :
GEE AT WILLOW-HERB.

ORGAN.

NO.

COHESION.

ADHESION.

BEMABKS.

Calyx.
Sepals.

G-amosepalous

Superior.

Corolla.
Petals.

Polypetalous.

Perigynous.

Stamens.
Filaments.
Anthers.

Octandrous.

Perigynous.

Four short and
four long.

Pistil.
Carpels.
Ovary.

Syncarpous.

Inferior.

Seeds provided
with tufts of
hair. j

ROSACEOUS PLANTS. 35

Flowers to compare with Great Willow-herb are Fuchsia
and Evening Primrose. Either of these will serve as the
type if Willow-herb cannot be obtained.

CHAPTER VI.

EXAMINATION OF COMMON ROSACEOUS PLANTS SWEET BRIER

STRAWBERRY — CHERRY CRAB-APPLE RASPBERRY.

48. Sweet Brier. As in the flowers examined in

the last chapter,
the sepals of Sweet
Brier are not en-
tirely distinct;
their lower halves
cohere to form a
tube,' and the calyx
is therefore gamo-
sepalous.

The corolla con-
sists of five sepa-
rate petals of the
same size and
shape, and is there-
fore both regular
and polype talous.

4S- The stamens are

very numerous, and separate from each other. As in the
Pea and the Willow-herb, so in this flower they will be

Fig. 43.— Flower and leaves of Sweet Brier.

36 ELEMENTS OF STRUCTURAL BOTANY.

found to be attached to the calyx. They are, therefore;,
perigynous.

49. To understand the construction of the pistil, you
must make a vertical section through the roundish green
mass which you will find on the under side of the flower.

You will then have presented to
you some such appearance as that
in Fig. 44. The green mass, you
will observe, is hollow. Its outei
covering is simply the continua-
tion of the calyx-tube. The lin*
ing of this calyx-tube is the recep-
44> tacle of the flower ; to it are at-

tached the separate carpels which together constitute the
pistil (Fig. 45), just as the carpels of the Buttercup are
attached to the raised receptacle of that flower.

We must remind you again that whenever the ovary is
enclosed in the calyx-tube, and the calyx appears to spring
from the summit of the ovary, the latter is said to be
inferior, and the former superior.

In the case of Sweet Brier and similar forms,
where the pistil is strictly apocarpous, and the
other parts cohere at their base so as to form
a tube enclosing the really free carpels, the
pistil may be described as half-inferior, and
the calyx consequently as half -superior.

50. Strawberry. So far as calyx, corolla, and sta-
mens are concerned, the flower of Strawberry very
nearly resembles that of Sweet Brier. Alternating with
the five calyx-lobes, however, will be found five bractlets,

Fig. 44.— Vertical section through the pistil.

Fig. 46.— Vertical section through ripe fruit of Sweet Brier.

ROSACEOUS PLANTS. S7

which constitute, as in Mallow, an epicalyx. The pistil
must be carefully examined. In this case there will be
found a conical elevation in the centre of the
flower, on the surface of which are inserted
many separate carpels, much in the same way
as in Buttercup. At maturity this elevated
receptacle will have become greatly enlarged
and pulpy, with the real fruit, the ripened
Fig. 46. carpels, dotted over its surface (Fig. 46).

51. Cherry or Plum. Here also the calyx, corolla,
ind stamens are all adherent, and a hollow cup is formed,
in the bottom of which

(but entirely free from
these parts) the pistil is
developed (Fig. 47). If\
consists of a single carpel,
in which there are at first
two ovules, though gen-
erally but one seed is
ripened. The fruit is

called a drupe, the seed being surrounded by three distinct
layers: (1) a hard shell (the putameri), (2) a mass of soft
pulp, and (3) the outer skin.

52. Crab- Apple. Here, as before, we have a gamo-
sepalous calyx, the lower part forming a tube. The five
petals are separate and inserted on the calyx, as are also
the numerous stamens. To understand the structure of
the pistil, make a vertical section through the centre of
the flower, and also a cross section. The cross section

Fig. 46.— Vertical section of Strawberry.

Fig. 47.— Vertical section through flower of Cherry. (Gray.)

ELEMENTS OF STRUCTURAL BOTANY.

(Fig. 50) will show you that in this case we have a
syncarpous pistil of five carpels, and the vertical section
(Fig. 49) shows that the ovary is here truly inferior ', the

calyx-tube be-
ing completely
adherent or
agnate to it.
The style is
divided into
five parts, cor-
responding to
the five car-

Fig. 48. Fig. 49.

53. At maturity, whilst the pistil or central organ has
enlarged considerably, it will be found that the calyx-
tube, which is adherent to it, has also grown very much.
It is, in fact, the largely developed calyx-tube which con-
stitutes the edible part of the apple, the true pistil forming
the core. It is not very easy to distin-
guish the line which separates these two
parts of the ripe fruit, but if a cross-
section be made through the_ apple a circle
of greenish dots may generally be made
out at the outer limit of the core. A fruit
of this sort -is called a pome. The wither-
ed calyx-teeth may be found in the hollow Fis- 50-
at the end opposite the stem, as also, generally, the
remains of the five styles.

Fig. 48.— Flower of Crab- Apple. Fig 49.— Vertical section of ovary.
Fig. 60.— Cross section of fruit of Crab- Apple.

ROSACEOUS PLANTS.

54. Raspberry. Calyx, corolla, and stamens have
the same arrangement as in Strawberry, and the pistil is
likewise apocarpous, the numerous carpels covering the
surface of a raised receptacle. But here the carpels do not
produce achenes. Each of them at maturity forms a fruit
resembling a drupe, so that the raspberry is a mass of
drupes heaped upon a common receptacle.

55. Let us now sum up our observations upon the repre-
sentatives of the great Order of Rosaceous plants. We
have found them to possess the following characters in
common:

1. The petals and the numerous stamens are inserted on

the calyx (perigynous).

2. The pistil, except in the Apple, is apocarpous and

free from the calyx.

3. It may be added that the leaves are furnished with

stipules.

56. The differences (which lead to the sub-division of
the Order into subordinate groups) are chiefly in the fruit.
In Sweet- Brier, with which may be compared any wild
Rose, the achenes are enclosed in the calyx-tube. In Straw-
berry the receptacle is conical; so also in Raspberry. In
the Cherry the carpel is single, forming a drupe. In the
Apple the ovary is syncarpous and combined with the
fleshy calyx. Compare with the Apple the Hawthorn and
the Mountain Ash or Rowan Tree.

57. The following are the schedules descriptive of
3weet Brier and Crab-Apple. Those relating to Cherry,
Strawberry, and Raspberi y should be carefully filled up
by the pupil

ELEMENTS OF STRUCTURAL BOTANY.

SWEET BRIER.

OBGAN.

No.

COHESION.

ADHESION.

REMABKS.

Calyx.
Sepals.

Gamosepalous

Half -superior.

Corolla.
Petals.

Polypetalous.

Perigynous.

Stamens.

Polyandrous.

Perigynous.

The hollow re-
ceptacle lines
the calyx-tube

Pistil.
Carpels.

Apocarpous.

Half-inferior.

CRAB-APPLE.

ORGAN.

No.

COHESION.

ADHESION.

REMARKS.

Calyx.
Sepals.

j Gamosepa-
5 loUS-

Superior.

Corolla.
Petals.

Polypetalous.

Perigynous.

Stamens.

Polyandrous.

Perigynous.

Pistil.
Carpels.

Syncarpous.

Inferior.

Fruit consists
chiefly of a
fleshy enlarge-
ment of the
calyx-tube.

EXAMINATION OP AN UMBELLIPEE. 41

CHAPTER VII.

EXAMINATION O? A PLANT WITH EPIGYNOUS STAMENS

WATER-PARSNIP.

58. Water-Parsnip. This is a common swamp
plant in Canada \ but if any difficulty be experienced in
procuring specimens, the flower of the common Carrot or
Parsnip or of Parsley may be substituted for it, all these
plants being closely related, and dif-
fering but slightly in the structure
Fig. 53. ^llStlSv of tneir flowers.

Notice first the peculiar appearance
of the flower cluster (Fig. 51 ). There
are several pedicels, nearly of the same
length, radiating from the end of the
peduncle, and from the end of each
pedicel radiate in like manner a num-
ber of smaller ones, each with a flower
at its extremity. Such a cluster is
Fig. 52. Fig. 51. known as an umbel. If, as in the

present case, there are groups of secondary pedicels, the
umbel is compound. As the flowers are very small we
shall be obliged to use the lens all through the examination.
Even with its aid you will have a little difficulty in making
out the calyx, the tube of which, in this flower, adheres to
the surface of the ovary, as in Willow-herb, and is reduced
above to a mere rim or border of five minute teeth. The
petals are five in number, and free from each other.
Observe that each of them is incurved at its extremity

Fig. 51.— Compound umbel of Water-Parsnip.
Fig. 52.— Single flower of same. Fig. 53.— Vertical section of the ovaiy.

ELEMENTS OF STRUCTURAL BOTANY.

'Fig. 52). They are inserted on a disk which crowns the
ovary, as are also the five stamens, which are hence said
to be epigynous. In the centre of the flower are two short
styles projecting above the disk, and a vertical section
through the ovary (Fig. 53) shows it to be two-celled, with
a single seed suspended from the top of each cell.

WATER-PARSNIP.

OBGAN.

NO.

COHESION.

ADHESION.

BEMARKS.

Calyx.
Sepals.

Gamosepalous

Superior.

Calyx-teeth al-
most obsolete.

Corolla.
Petals.

Polysepalous.

Epigynous.

Petals in-
curved.

Stamens.

Pentandrous.

Epigynous.

Pistil.
Carpels.

Syncarpous.

Inferior.

59. The Water-Parsnip is a type of the large Order
Umbelliferce, which is well marked by the following
characters :

1. The flowers are clustered in umbels, and these are

generally compound.

2. The calyx is perfectly adherent to the ovary, so that

almost none of it projects above.

3. The petals and stamens (Jive each) are epigynous.

4. The ovary is two-celled, and is surmounted by two

styles. At maturity the pistil separates into two
dry carpels.

A COMPOSITE FLOWER. 43

CHAPTEE VIII.

EXAMINATION OF COMMON PLANTS WITH EPIPETALOUS STA-
MENS— DANDELION CATNIP.

60. Dandelion. The examination of this flower will
be somewhat more difficult than that of any we have yet
undertaken.

Provide yourselves with specimens in
flower and in seed.

The root of the plant, like that of the
Mallow, is a tap-root.

The stem is almost suppressed, and,
Fig. 54. as in the case of the Hepatica, the leaves

are all radical. They are also net-veined.

The flowers are raised on scapes, which are hollow. At
first sight the flower appears to have a calyx of many
sepals, and a corolla of many petals. Both of these ap-
pearances, however, are contrary to facts. With a
sharp knife cut the flower through the middle from
top to bottom (Fig. 54). It will then appear that
the flower, or rather flower-head, is made up of a
large number of distinct pieces. With the point of
your needle detach one of these pieces. At the
lower end of it you have a small body resembling
an unripe seed (Fig. 55). It is, in fact, an ovary.
Just above this there is a short bit of stalk, sur-
mounted by a circle of silky hairs, and above this a yellow
tube with one side greatly prolonged. This yellow tube
is a corolla, and a close examination of the extremity of

Fig. 54.— Vertical section of Dandelion flower.
Fig. 55— Single floret.

44 ELEMENTS OP STRUCTURAL BOTANY.

its long side will show the existence of five minute points,
or teeth, from which we infer that the tube is made up of
five coherent petals. As the corolla is on the ovary,
it is said to be Epigynous.

Out of the corolla protrudes the long style, divided
at its summit into two stigmas.

To discern the stamens will require the greatest
nicety of observation. Fig. 56 will help you in your
task. The stamens are five in number. They are
inserted on the tube of the corolla (epipetalous) and
Fig. 56. their anthers cohere (Fig. 57), and form a ring about
the style. When the anthers are united in this way, the
stamens are said to be syngenesious.

61. It appears, then, that the Dandelion, instead
of being a single flower, is in reality a compound of
a great many flowers upon a common receptacle, and
what seemed at first to be a calyx is, in
reality, an involucre, made up of many
bracts.

But have the single flowers, or florets, as
they are properly called, no calyx? The
theory is that they have one, but that it is
adherent to the surface of the ovary, and that
the tuft of silky hairs which we noticed is a
prolongation of it.
Pig. 58. Now turn to your specimen having the

seeds ready to blow away. The seeds are all single ; the
little bit of stalk at the top has grown into a long slender
thread, and the tuft of hairs has spread out like the rays
of an umbrella (Fig. 58). But though the seeds are

Fig. 56.— Corolla laid open to show epipetalous stamens.
Fig. 57.— Syngenesious anthers of Dandelion. Fig. 58.— Fruit of Dandelion.

A COMPOSITE FLOWER.

invariably single, it is inferred from the two-lobed stigma
that there are two carpels. The following is the schedule:

DANDELION.

1 —

ORGAN.

No.

COHESION.

ADHESION.

EEMABKS.

Calyx.
Sepals.

Gamosepalous

Superior.

The number
of sepals is in-
ferred fr o m
analogy to be
five.

Corolla.
Petals.

Gamopetalous

Epigynons.

Stamens.

Syngenes'ous.

Epipetalous.

Pistil.
Carpels.

Syncarpous.

Inferior.

Number of
carpels in .er-
red from r um-
ber of stigmas.

62. Flowers constructed on the plan of the Dandelion
are called Composite flowers. The Order (Composite)
comprises an immense number of common plants, in
some of which all the corollas in the head are, as in the
Dandelion, of one sort, namely, with one side prolonged
into a strap, and hence called strap-shaped or ligulate.
In most cases, however, the ligulate corollas form a circle
round the margin of the head only, as in Sunflower,
while the central disk is filled up with small regular
gamopetalous corollas with a five-toothed border. Or it
may happen, as in Thistle, that all the flowers are regu-
lar, ligulate corollas being absent. These, however, are
minor points, and, while serving to distinguish subor-
dinate groups, do not interfere with the great and salient
characters which mark the Ord^r as i whole. So, also.

46 ELEMENTS OF STRUCTURAL BOTANY.

instead of the tuft of silky hairs (technically called the
pappus) which surmounts the ovary, there may be, as
in Sunflower, a few teeth-like projections, or scales, or
a mere rim hardly to be distinguished at all.

63. The Order is easily recognized by the following
characters :

1. The flowers, or florets, are in heads on a common re-

ceptacle, and surrounded by an involucre.

2. The stamens are inserted on the corolla, and are

united by their anthers (syngenesious ).

3. The style is %-loled at the apex.

64. Representatives of this Family are so numerous
that it is needless to give a list. Specimens exhibiting
all the variations in regard to the corollas, pappus, &c.,
should be gathered and notes made of their structure.
In Part IT. will be found a very full account of all the
species likely to be met with, and the exercise book has
a number of blank schedules specially arranged for Com-
posites.

65. Catnip. Note carefully the appearance of the
stem. It is square.

The flowers are in axillary clusters. The calyx is a
tube (Fig. 59), terminating in five sharp
teeth, and you may observe that the tube is
a little longer on the upper side (that is, the
side tc wards the stem) than on the lower.
The corolla is somewhat peculiar. It has
somewhat the appearance of a wide-open
mouth, and is known as a labiate or two-lipped Fig. 59.
corolla. The upper lip is erect and notched at the apex.

Fig. 59.— Flower of Catnip.

A LABIATE FLOWER 47

The lower lip spreads outward, and consists of a large
central lobe and two small lateral ones. Altogether,
therefore, there are five lobes constituting the gamopetal-
ous corolla. Pull out the corolla, and with the point of
your needle split its tube in front. On laying it open,
the stamens will be found to be inserted upon it (epipet-
alous). They are four in number, two of them
longer than the other two. Hence they are
described as didynamous. The anthers are
peculiar in not having their lobes parallel (Fig.
60), these being wide apart at the base, in con-
sequence of the expansion of the connective, the
Fig. 60. name given to that part of the anther which
unites its two lobes or cells.

The pistil consists of a two-lobed stigma, a
long style, and an ovary which seems at first as
if made up of four distinct carpels (Fig. 61).
But the two-lobed stigma will warn you against
this supposition. The ovary really
consists of two carpels, each of two deep
lobes, and, as the seeds ripen, these
Fig. 62. lobes form four little nutlets (Fig. 62), Fig. 61
each containing a single seed.

66. The Catnip is a type of the Order Labiatce (Mint
Family), so called because the corollas are usually
labiate. It is marked by the following characters :

1. The stem is square, and the leaves are opposite and

generally aromatic.

2. The corolla is more or less labiate.

3. The stamens are mostly didynamous.

Fig. 60.— Front view of the same. Fig. 61.— Pistil of Catnip.

Fig. 62.— Ripe ovary of four separate nutlets.

ELEMENTS OF STRUCTURAL BOTANY.

4. The ovary is four-lobed, and at maturity breaks up

into four nutlets.

Other types are the various Mints, Sage, Thyme,
Summer Savory, Pennyroyal, Bergamot, Sel^-heal,
Horehound, &c., many of which are of very common
occurrence.

CATNIP.

OBGAN.

No.

COHESION.

ADHESION.

EEMARKS.

Calyx.
Sepals.

Gamosepalous

Inferior.

Calyx- tube
nerved.

Corolla.
Petals.

Gamopetalous

Hypogynous.

Two-lipped.
Upper lip of
two, and lower
of three, lobes.

Stamens.
Anthers.

Didynamous.

Epipetalous.

Lobes of an-
thers not par-
allel.

Pistil.
Carpels.

Syncarpous.

Superior.

The ripe
ovary of four
nutlets.

CHAPTER IX.

EXAMINATION OF PLANTS WITH MONOECIOUS FLOWERS —
CUCUMBER — OAK.

67. Cucumber. You can hardly have failed to
notice that only a small proportion of the blossoms on
a Cueumber vine produce cucumbers. A great many

MONCECIOUS FLOWERS.

wither away and are apparently of no use. An atten-
tive inspection will show that some of the blossoms
have oblong fleshy pro tuber-,
ances beneath them, whilst
others are destitute of these
attachments. Select a flower
of each kind, and examine first
the one with the protuberance
(Fig. 63), which latter, from
its appearance, you will pro-
bably have rightly guessed to be
the ovary. The situation of the
ovary here, indeed, is the same
as in the Willow-herb. The Fig 63>
calyx-tube adheres to its surface, and is prolonged to
some little distance above it, expanding finally into five
teeth. The corolla is gamopetalous, and is adherent to
the calyx. Remove now the calyx and the adherent
corolla^ and there is left in the centre of the flower a
short column, terminating in three stigmas, each two_
Jobed.

There are no stamens.

68. Now examine the other blossom (Fig. 64). Calyx
and corolla have almost exactly
the same appearance as before.
Remove them, and you have left
three stamens growing on the
calyx-tube, and slightly united
by their anthers (syngenesious).
Fig. 64. There is no pistil.

Fig. 63. —Pistillate flower of Cucumber.
Fig. 64.— Staminate flower of Cucumber.

ELEMENTS OP STRUCTURAL BOTANYo

You see now why some blossoms produce cucumbers
and others do not. Most of the blossoms have no pistil,
and are termed staminate or sterile flowers, whilst the
others are pistillate or fertile. Flowers in which either
stamens or pistils are wanting are also called imperfect.
When staminate and pistillate flowers grow on the same
plant, as they do in the case of the Cucumber, they are
said to be monoecious.

69. In plants of this kind the pollen of one kind of
blossom is conveyed to the stigmas of the other kind,
chiefly by insects, which visit the flowers indiscrimin-
ately in search of honey. The pollen dust clings to
their hairy legs and bodies, and is presently rubbed off
upon the stigma of some fertile flower.

70. In order to describe monoecious flowers, our
schedule will require a slight modification. As given
below, the symbol $ stands for "staminate flower,"
and the symbol £ for "pistillate flower."

CUCUMBER.

OBGAN.

No.

COHESION.

ADHESION.

REMARKS.

Calyx.
Sepals.

Gamosepalous

Superior.

Corolla.
Petals.

G-amopetalous

Perigynous.

+ Stamens.

Syngenesious.

Perigynous.

Two anthers
are2-celledand
one 1-cellecU

$ Pistil.
Carpels.

$? Stamens.

£ Pistil.
Carpels.

Syncarpous.

Inferior.

CUPULIFEROUS PLANTS.

71. Oak. The Oaks are among our finest and most
valuable forest-trees, and while everyone is familiar with

Fig. 67. Fig. 65,

the appearance of the acorn, as the fruit of the Oak is

Fig. 66.— Twig of White Oak with sterile catkins.

Fig. 67.— Single staminate flower.

Fig. 68.— Fruit and leaf of Oak. (Wood and Steele.)

52 ELEMENTS OP STRUCTURAL BOTANY.

called, the fact that the flowers are not to be obtained
without effort on account of their distance from the ground,
as well as the circumstance of their being rather incon-
spicuous, may lead to their being overlooked unless special
attention is directed to them. The White Oak is perhaps
the best known species with us. It may be pretty well
distinguished from other species by its leaves, the lobes of
which (Fig. 65) are rounded. However, for the purposes
of this lesson, any other species may be used, if the White
Oak is not at hand. The flowers are monoecious, the
sterile ones forming long and slender drooping catkins,
which are either single or, more generally, several in a
cluster, from the same lateral bud (Fig. 66). Each sterile
flower (Fig. 67) consists of a perianth or calyx of a vari-
able number of sepals, mostly from four to six, and gen-
erally eight stamens. The fertile flowers spring mostly
from the axils of the leaves of new shoots, and they occur
either singly or two or three in a cluster. Each flower
consists of a syncarpous pistil of three carpels. The ovary
is three-celled, or nearly so, and two ovules are formed
in each cell. The flower is surrounded at the base by a
scaly involucre, which, at maturity, has become quite
woody, and forms in fact the cup in which the acorn rests.
If you dissect an acorn you will observe that there is but
one seed in it. Although the ovary contains six ovules at
starting, it always happens that all but one disappear
before the fruit is matured.

The White Oak ripens its acorns the first year. The
Ked Oak, on the other hand, does not ripen its fruit till
the autumn of the second year.

72. It will be a valuable exercise to compare flowers of
the Beech with those just described. They will be found

OUPULIFEROUS PLANTS. 53

to be monoecious also ; the sterile ones in small drooping
heads, with stamens and sepals variable in number, and the
fertile ones from the axils of new leaves, usually two
together, surrounded by an involucre of many bristle-
pointed scales. These develope into the familiar bristly
iour-valved involucre which encloses the pair of three-
cornered nuts at maturity. Each nut is the product of
one flower, and contains but one seed, although at first
the ovary was (like that of the Oak) three-celled, with two
ovules in each cell.

These resemblances lead us to the conclusion that the
Oak and the Beech are nearly related plants. They belong
to the same Order (Gupuliferce), as do also the Ironwood,
the Chestnut, and the Hazelnut, all of which should be
examined and compared, if within reach.

73. The following are the distinguishing characters of
the Order :

1. The flowers are moncecious, the sterile ones being in

catkins (or, in Beech, in close heads), the fertile
single or in small clusters, with an involucre form-
ing at maturity a cup or covering for the 1 -seeded nut

2. The ovary is at first several-celled, but at maturity is

1-celled and 1-seeded.

The pupil will write out descriptions of one or more
representatives of the Order, taking the description of
Cucumber for his model.

ELEMENTS OF STRUCTURAL BOTANY.

CHAPTEE X.

EXAMINATION OF PLANTS WITH DIOECIOUS FLOWERS —
WILLOW MAPLE.

74. WillOW. The flowers of most kinds of Willow
appear in spring or early summer
before the leaves. They grow from
the axils in long, close clusters called
catkins or aments. Collect a few oi
these from the same tree or shrub.
Fig. 68. You will find them to be exactly

alike. If the first one you examine is covered with yellow
stamens (Fig. 68), all the rest will likewise consist of
stamens, and you will searcli
in vain for any appearance
of a pistil. If, on the other
hand, one of your catkins is
evidently destitute of sta-
mens, and consists of oblong
pistils (Fig. 69), then all the
others will in like manner Fig. 69.

be found to be without stamens. Unlike our Cucumber
plant, the staininate and pistillate flowers of the
Willow are borne on different plants. These
flowers are therefore said to be dioecious. As a
general thing, staminate and pistillate catkins
will be found upon trees not far apart. Procure
one of each kind, and examine first the stami-
nate one. You will probably find the stamens
Fig-. TO. *n pairs. Folios any pair of filaments down to

Fig. 68.— Staminate catkin of Willow. Fii?. ft). —Fertile catkin.
Fig. 70.— Single staminate flower.

DKECIOUS FLOWERS.

fcheir insertion, and observe- that they spring from the
axil of a minute bract (Fig. 70). These bracts are the
scales of the catkin. There is no appearance of either
calyx or corolla, and the flowers are therefore said to be
achlamydeous, that is, without a covering. Now
look at the fertile catkin. Each pistil will, like
the stamens, be found to spring from the axil of
|/ a scale (Fig. 71). The stigma is two-lobed, and,
on carefully opening the ovary, you observe that
though there is but one cell yet there are two
rows of seeds. We therefore infer that the pistil
Fig. 71. consists of two carpels. The pistillate flowers,
like the staminate, are achlamydeous. In dioecious plants
HEABT-LEAVED WILLOW.

ORGAN.

No.

COHESION.

ADHESION.

REMARKS.

Calyx.

Corolla.

* Stamens.

Diandrous.

A- Pistil.

Q Stamens.

? Pistil.
Carpels.

Syncarpous.

. 0

the process of fertilization is assisted by insects, especially
when the flowers are showy or odoriferous and nectar-
Fig. 71.— Single pistillate flower of Willow.

ELEMENTS OF STRUCTURAL BOTANY.

bearing ; otherwise the wind is the principal agent.
Flowers which depend on insects to effect the transfer of
pollen from the anther to the stigma are said to be ento-
mophilous. Those which depend upon the wind are
anemophilous. The Willow belongs to the former class.
75. Maple. In early spring, while the branches are
as yet bare of leaves, our Red Maples are covered with
a profusion of scarlet and yellow blossoms, and the air
about them is alive with busy insects gathering honey for
themselves, and performing at the same time an impor-
tant service for the trees in return ; for it will be found
on examining a few of the trees that, like the "Willow,
they do not all bear the same kind of
flowers. In some, the ends of the
reddish twigs will present the appear-
ance shown in Fig.72,withnumerous
stamens protruding from the scaly
lateral buds. On looking into one
of these buds it will be found that
there are several flowers on short
pedicels, each like that shown in
Fig. 73, except that the number of
stamens will probably be found to
be somewhat variable. Observe
the fleshy disk in the bottom of
the calyx, upon which the stamens
are inserted. These flowers with
the projecting stamens are without
pistils. They produce nothing but
pollen, and the tree upon which you find them produces
no other kind.

Fig. 72.— Twig of Bed Maple bearing staminate flowere.
Fig. 73.— Single gtaminate flower. (Wood & Steele).

Fig. T3.

THE MAPLES.

In other trees, the twigs will be found to resemble Fig.

74. The scaly buds are present, and the clusters of flow-
ers within them as before, but the projecting stamens
are wanting. If stamens are present at all, they are
short and almost concealed in the calyx, as shown in Fig.

75, where two anthers are just visible over the edge of

the calyx. The centre of the flower
is occupied by a syncarpous pistil,
having a two-celled ovary and two
long styles, as shown in the figure.

The flowers of the Maple, there-
fore, being sterile or staminate upon
one tree, and fertile or pistillate upon
another, are, as in Willow, said to be
dioecious ; or, if we take into account
the fact that some of the flowers
have stamens as well as pistils, we
shall more accurately describe the
whole inflorescence ( or mode of
flowering) as polygamo-dioeciom.

In Maple, as in
Fig. 75. willow, the assist-
ance of insects is necessary to ensure
the transfer of the pollen to the stigma.
The flowers are, therefore, entomophilous.
After fertilization, a wing is devel-
oped from the back of each of the two Fig. 76>
carpels, and the pedicels lengthen, so that as the fruit
ripens it presents the familiar aspect of hanging clusters of
double samaras, as these winged fruits are called (Fig. 76).

Fig. 74.— Twig of Eed Maple bearing pistillate flowers.
Fig. 75.— Single pistillate flower. (Wood & Steele.)
Fig. 76.— Winged fruit or samara of Maple.

Fig. 74.

58 ELEMENTS OF STRUCTURAL BOTANY.

The Ked Maple ripens its seeds early in the summer,
and these, on falling, germinate immediately, so that by the
autumn of the same year a vigorous young tree, a foot or
more in height, is produced. The seeds will not germi-
nate if kept over till the following spring.

The Sugar Maple, on the other hand, flowers later, the
leaves and flowers appearing about the same time, and
the seeds do not ripen till the fall. If kept slightly moist
through the winter they will germinate the following
spring.

76. The several species of common occurrence should
be carefully studied and distinguished. Their character-
istics are given in the proper place in Part II.

The Maples form a subordinate group of the natural
Order Sapindacece. They are distinguished by the follow-
ing characters :

1. The flowers are dioecious (orpolygamo-dicecious), and

commonly unsymmetrical.

2. The ovary is tioo-lobed and two-celled, with two

ovules in each cell, only one of which, however^ is

8. The fruit is a double samara.

4. The leaves are opposite.

77. From this type there are important deviations in
other representatives of the Order. Horse-chestnut, for
instance, while its flowers are unsymmetrical and some-
what irregular, as in the Maples, produces a three-celled
ovary, with two ovules in each cell. But as in Maple,
again, only one ovule in each cell forms a seed. The fruit,
however, is not a samara, but a leathery pod which splits
into three pieces at maturity, liberating the three large
shining seeds.

CHARACTERS COMMON TO DICOTYLEDONS. 59

Schedules descriptive of the Maple should be filled up,
taking that of Willow as the model.

CHAPTEE XL

CHARACTERISTICS POSSESSED IN COMMON BY ALL THE PLANTS

PREVIOUSLY EXAMINED — STRUCTURE OF THE SEED

IN DICOTYLEDONS.

78. Before proceeding further in our examination of
plants, we shall direct your attention to some characters
of those already examined, which they all possess in
common. The leaves of every one of them are net-veined.
Some leaves, at least, of each of them have distinct petioles
and hlades. The parts of the flowers we found, as a gen-
eral thing, to be in fives. In one or two instances they
were in fours, that is four sepals, four petals, and so on.
79. Now, in addition to these resem-
blances, there are others which do not
so immediately strike the eye, but which,
nevertheless, are just as constant. One
of these is to be found in the structure
Fig. 77. Fig. 78. Fig. 79. of the embryo. Take a Cucumber or a
Pumpkin seed, and having soaked it for some time in
water, remove the outer coat. The body of the seed will
then readily split in two, except where the parts are joined
at one end (Figs. 77, 78, 79). The thick lobes are called
cotyledons, or seed-leaves, and as there are two, the embryo
is dicotyledonous. The pointed end where the cotyledons

Figs. 77, 78, 79.— Different views of Pumpkin seed, showing radicle,
cotyledons, and plumule.

60 ELEMENTS OF STRUCTURAL BOTANY.

are attached, and from which the root is developed, is
called the radicle, a term meaning " little root." As it is
strictly, however, a rudimentary stem, and not a root, the
term caulicle would be better. Between the cotyledons,
at the summit of the radicle, you will find a minute upward
projection. This is a bud, which is known as the plumule.
It developes into the stem.

80. If you treat a Pea or a Bean (Figs. 80, 81) in the
same manner as the Cucumber seed, you will find it to be
Fig. so. constructed on the same plan. The em-

bryo of the Bean is dicotyledonous also.
But you will observe that in these cases
the embryo occupies the whole of the in-
terior of the seed. In describing the seed
of the Buttercup, it was pointed out that
the embryo occupies but a very small
Fig. siT" space in the seed, the bulk of the latter
consisting of albumen. Seeds like those of the Buttercup
are therefore called albuminous seeds, while those of the
Bean and Pea are exalbuminous. But, notwithstanding
this difference in the structure of the seed, the embryo of
the Buttercup, when examined under a strong magnifier,
is found to be dicotyledonous like the others. In short,
the dicotyledonous embryo is a character common to all
the plants we have examined — common, as a rule, to
all plants possessing the other characters enumerated
above. From the general constancy of all these charac-
ters, plants possessing them are grouped together in a vast
Class, called Dicotyledonous plants, or, shortly, Dicoty-

ledons.

Figa 80 and 81. -Seed of the Bean.

LILIACEOUS PLANTS. 61

81. Besides the characters just mentioned, there is still
another one of great importance which Dicotyledons
possess in common. It is the manner of growth of the
stem.. In the Willow, and all our trees and shrubs with-
out exception, there is an outer layer of bark on the stem,
and the stem increases in thickness, year by year, by form-
ing a new layer just inside the bark and outside the old
wood. These stems are therefore called exogenous, that is,
outside growers.

Now, in all Dicotyledonous plants, whether herbs,
shrubs, or trees, the stem thickens in this manner, so that

Dicotyledons are also Exogens.

CHAPTER XII.

EXAMINATION OF COMMON PLANTS CONTINUED DOG'S-TOOTH

VIOLET TRILLIUM IRIS ORCHIS.

82. Dog's-tooth Violet. This plant (Fig. 82), which
flowers in spring, may be pretty easily recognized by its
peculiar blotched leaves. It may be found in rich, moist
pasture lands and low copses. The name " Violet " is
somewhat unfortunate, because the plant is not in any
way related to the true Violets. To obtain a complete
specimen requires some trouble, owing to the fact that the
root is commonly six inches or so below the surface of the
ground ; you must therefore insert a spade or strong trowel
sufficiently deep to avoid cutting or breaking the tender
stem. Having cleared away the adhering earth, you will
ftnd that the roots proceed from what appears to be the

62 ELEMENTS OF STRUCTURAL BOTANY.

swollen end of the stem. This swollen mass is coated on
the outside with thin scales. A section across the middle
shows it to be more or less solid, with the stem growing

Fig. 82.

up through it from its base. It is, in fact, not easy to say
how much of this stem-like growth is in reality stem,

Fig. 83. -Dog's-tooth Violet,

LILIACEOUS PLANTS. 63

because it merges gradually into the scape, which bears
the flower, and the petioles of the leaves, which sheathe
the scape. The swollen mass is called a bulb.

83. The leaves are two in number, gradually narrowing

at the base into sheaths. If you hold one of them up to

the light, you will observe that the veins do not, as in the

leaves of the Dicotyledonous plants, form a network, but

xs^ run only in one direction : namely, from

If <&. end to end of the leaves. Such leaves are

If \S| consequently called straight-veined.

\, 84. In the flower there is no appearance
vV of a green calyx. There are six yellow
Fig. 83. leaves, nearly alike, arranged in two sets,
an outer and an inner, of three each. In such cases, we
shall speak of the coloured leaves collectively as the peri-
anth. If the leaves are free from each other we shall
<speak of the perianth as polyphyllous, but if they cohere
we shall describe it as gamophyllous. Stripping off the
leaves of the perianth, we find six stamens with long
upright anthers which open along their outer edges. If
the anthers be pulled off, the filaments will be found to
terminate in long, sharp points.

The pistil (Fig. 83) has its three parts-
ovary, style, and stigma — well marked. The
stigma is evidently formed by the union of
three into one. The ovary, when cut across,
is seen to be three-celled (Fig. 84), and is, Fig. 84.
therefore, syncarpous.

Fig. 83.— Pistil of Dog's-tooth Violet.
Fig. 84.— Cross section of the pistil.

ELEMENTS OP STRUCTURAL BOTANY.
DOG'S-TOOTH VIOLET.

ORGAN.'

No.

COHESION.

ADHESION.

KEMABKS

Perianth.

Polyphyllous.

Inferior.

Leaves.

Stamens.

Hexandrous.

Hypogynous.

Filaments ter-
minating in
sharp points.

Pistil.

Syncarpous.

Superior.

Carpels.

Fig. 87.

85. Trillium. This plant
(Fig. 85) may be found in
flower about the same time as
the one just described. The
perianth of Trillium consists
of six pieces in two sets, butx
in this case the three outer
leaves are green, like a com-
mon calyx. The stamens are
six in number. There are
three styles, curving outwards,
the whole of the inner side of
each being stigmatic. The
ovary (Fig. 86) is six-angled,
and on being cut across is seen
to be three-celled.

Fig. 85.

Fig. 85.— Trillium. Fig. 86.— Cross section of the pistil,

Fig. 87.— Net- veined leaf of Trillium.

LILIACEOUS PLANTS.

86. Comparing this flower with that of Dog's-tooth
Violet, we find the two to exhibit a striking resemb-
lance in structure. But in one respect the plants are
strikingly unlike : the leaves of the Trillium are net-
veined (Fig. 87), as in the Exogens. From this circum-
stance we learn that we cannot altogether rely on the
veining of the leaves as a constant characteristic of
plants whose parts are not in fives.

TEILLIUM.

OKGAN.

No.

COHESION.

ADHESION.

BE MARKS.

Perianth.
Sepals.

Polyphyllous.

Inferior.

Sepals persist-
ent.

Petals.

Stamens.

Hexandrous.

Hypogynous.

Pistil.
Carpels.

Syncarpous.

Superior.

The inner face
of each style
stigmatic.

Leaves net-veined.

87. The two plants just examined are types of the
natural Order Liliacece. The distinguishing characters
are as follows :

1. The parts of the flower are almost invariably in sets
of three, the perianth being of two such sets, and
also the stamens. The flowers are therefore sym-
metrical ; they are also regular.

8. The stamens are opposite the divisions of the perianth.
3. The ovary is nearly always 3-celled, and is superior.

ELEMENTS OP STRUCTURAL BOTANY.

The representatives of this large Order are very nu-
merous. From the gardens may be had lilies of various
sorts, Asparagus, Star-of-Bethlehem, Tulip, Onion, Hya-
cinth, &c., whilst the fields and woods supply the Bell-
wort, Clintonia, Solomon's Seal, Smi-
lacina, and others. As a rule the plants
flower in spring and early summer.

88. Iris. For this lesson any variety
of the common garden Flag will answer
very well. In our marshes in early
summer abundant specimens of a wild
species may be obtained without much
trouble, but the cultivated plants will
probably be more accessible. Note first
the fleshy underground stem or root-
stock, with the fibrous roots below
(Fig. 88). If you have a sufficient
length of this root- Fig. 89.

stock you will notice
the scars upon the
older portions, show-
ing where the leaves
of former seasons
have been sent .up.
The new buds ex-
pand into a crowded Fig. 88.
cluster of leaves, the shape and arrangement of which
should be carefully observed. Cut the whole cluster
across near the base, and the section will be as repre-
sented in Fig. 89, the section of each leaf being V-shaped,

Fig. 88.— Root-stock and leaves of Iris. (Gray.)

Fig. 89.— Cross section of cluster of equitant leaves. (Gray.)

IRIS. 67

and astride the next one within. Leaves disposed in this
manner are consequently said to be equitant (eques, a
horseman). As the leaf rises upward it alters in shape,
becoming flat and sword-like. Besides being equitant,
these leaves, on account of their direction, are described
as vertical. You will observe, also, that they are straight-
veined.

From the centre of the cluster of leaves rises the scape
which bears the flower. If your specimen has a flower-
bud upon it, as is most likely, you will notice the way in
which its leaves are folded. The mode of folding here
exhibited is common to a great
many flowers, and is described
as convolute. In the full-blown
flower the perianth will be found
to consist of six pieces, in two
distinct sets of three each ; the
outer three are considerably
larger than the others, and are
bent backwards or reflexed; the
Fig- 90- inner ones are erect. There are

three stamens, each of them beneath and close against
an over-arching body, the nature of which is not at first
quite manifest. Cut away the perianth and the stamens,
and you will then have left the three radiating coloured
arches (Fig. 90), which will be seen to unite below into
a slender column. You have also left what is apparently
the swollen top of the scape. This, when cut across, is
found to be a three-celled ovary, which is thus, of course,
inferior. The slender column above is the style, and the

Fig. 90.— Pistil of Iris. (Wood and Steele.)

ELEMENTS OP STRUCTURAL BOTANY.

three petal-like arches are its branches. Immediately
beneath the tip of each arch will be found a thin lip or
plate, which is the stigma.

The anthers open outwards to discharge the pollen,
and this fact, in addition to the peculiar situation of the
anther as regards the stigma, makes it almost impossible
that self-fertilization should take place in this flower.
As was the case with other flowers already examined,
the Iris is honey-bearing, and, besides, exceedingly showy.
The nectar is situated in a cavity at the bottom of the
flower, and cross-fertilization is accomplished by the aid
of insects. It will be remembered that flowers thus
fertilized are said to be entomophilous.

89. The Crocus and Gladiolus of the gardens and the
Blue-eyed Grass of our low meadows may be examined
and compared with the Iris. They are all types of the
natural Order Iridacece, which you will observe differs from
Liliacece chiefly in having flowers with only three stamens
and an inferior ovary.

IBIS.

ORGAN.

No.

COHESION.

ADHESION.

REMARKS.

Perianth.
Leaves.

Gamophyllous

Superior.

2 sets. Outer,
large and re-
flexed ; inner,
erect.

Stamens.

Triandrous.

Perigynous.

Opposite the
stigmas.

Pistil.
Carpels.

Syncarpous.

Inferior.

Stigmas pet-
al-like,arching
over the ex-
trorse anthers.

ORCHIS.

90. Showy Orchis. The flower of this plant (Figs.
91, 92) is provided with floral envelopes, all coloured like
a corolla. As in Dog's-tooth Violet, we shall call them
collectively the perianth, although they are not all alike.
One of them projects forward in front of the flower,

Fig. 91.

forming the Up, and bears underneath it a long, hollow
spur which, like the spurs of Columbine, Jis honey-bearing.
The remaining five converge together, forming a kind of

Fier. 91.— Showj' Orchis.

TO ELEMENTS OF STRUCTURAL BOTANY.

arch over the centre of the flower. Each flower spring*
from the axil of a leaf -like bract, and is apparently
raised on a pedicel. What seems to be a pedicel, how-
ever, will, if cut across, prove to be the ovary,
which in this case is inferior. Its situation is
similar to the situation of the ovary in Willow-
herb, and, as in that flower, so in this the
calyx-tube adheres to the whole surface of the
ovary, and the three outer divisions of the
perianth are simply upward extensions of this
tube. Notice the peculiar twist in the ovary.
The effect of this twist is to turn the lip away
Fig. 92. from the scape, and so give it the appearance
of being the lower petal instead of the upper one, as it
really is.

91. The structure of the stamens and pistil remains
to be examined, and a glance at the flower shows you
that we have here something totally different from the
common arrangement ol these organs. In the axis of the
flower, immediately behind the opening into the
spur, there is an upward projection known as the
column. The face of this column is the stigma ;
on each side of the stigma, and adhering to it, is
an anther-cell. These cells, though separated by
the column, constitute but a single stamen. The
stamen, then, in this case is united with the pistil,
Fig. 93. a condition which is described as gynandrous.

•92. If you have a flower in which the anther-cells are
bursting open, you will see that the pollen does not issue
from them in its usual dust-like form, but if you use the

Fig. 92.— Single flower of Orchis.

Fig. 93.— Pollen-mass of Orchis, greatly enlarged.

ORCHIS.

point of your needle carefully you may remove the con-
tents of each cell in a mass. These pollen-masses are of
the form shown in Fig. 93. The grains are kept together
by a fine tissue or web, and the slender stalk, upon which
each pollen-mass is raised, is attached by its lower end
to a sticky disk on the front of the stigma just above the
mouth of the spur. Insects, in their efforts to reach the
honey, bring their heads in contact with these disks, and,
when they fly away, carry the pollen-masses with them
and deposit them on the stigma of the next flower visited.
In fact, it is difficult to see how, without the aid of
insects, flowers of this sort could be fertilized at all.

SHOWY ORCHIS.

OBGAN.

No.

COHESION.

ADHESION.

EEMABKS.

Perianth.

G-amophyllous

Superior.

Leaves.

Stamens.

Monandrous.

Gynandrous.

Pollen-grains
collected in

masses.

Pistil.

Syncarpous.

Inferior.

•

Carpels.

Ovary twisted.

93. Showy Orchis is a representative of the vast
Order Orchidacece, the members of which are chiefly
tropical. Some of our handsomest Canadian wild flow-
ers, however, belong to it, such as the Lady's Slipper,
the Rattlesnake Plantain, the beautiful little Calypso,
and the Habenarias. Most of our orchids will be found
in low and wet situations, and they flower rather early

72 ELEMENTS OF STRUCTURAL BOTANY.

in the year. The most remarkable characteristics oi the
Order are the gynandrous arrangement of the stamen or
stamens, and the cohesion of the pollen-grains, though
this latter peculiarity is exhibited also by other groups
— notably, the Milkweeds.

CHAPTER XIIL

EXAMINATION OF SPADICEOUS PLANTS — INDIAN TURNIP —
CALLA.

94. Indian Turnip. This plant may be easily met
with in our woods in early summer. If you are not
familiar with its appearance, the annexed cut (Fig. 94;
will help you to recognize it. Procure several speci-
mens : these will probably at first seem to you to be
alike in every respect, but out of a number some are
pretty sure to differ from the rest. Notice the bulb
from i^hich the stem springs. It differs from that of
the Dog's-tooth Violet, and Lilies generally, in having a
much larger solid part. It is called a corm. Between
the pair of leaves you observe a curious striped sheath,
having an arching, hood-like top, and enclosing an up-
right stalk, the top of which almost touches the hood
(Fig. 95). Can this be a flower? It is certainly the
only thing about the plant which at all resembles a
flower, and yet how different it is from any we have
hitherto examined ! Carefully cut away the sheaths

INDIAN TURNIP. 73

from all your specimens. Most, and perhaps all, of
them will then present an appearance like that in Fig.
96. If none of them be like Fig. 97 it will be well to
gather a few more plants. We shall suppose, however,

Fig. 94.

that you have been fortunate in obtaining both kinds^
and will proceed with our examination. Take first a
specimen corresponding with Fig. 96. Around the base
of the column are compactly arranged many spherical
green bodies, each tipped with a little point. Separate

Fig. 94.— Indian Turnip.

ELEMENTS OF STRUCTURAL BOTANY.

one of these from the rest and cut it across. It will be
found to contain several ovules, and
is, in fact, an ovary, the point at the
top being a stigma. In the autumn
a great change will have taken
place in the appearance of plants
like the one we are now examining.
The arched hood will have dis-
appeared, as also the long naked
top of the column, whilst the part
below, upon which we are now en-
gaged, will have vastly increased in

O O * *

size, and become a compact ball of
red berries. There can be no doubt,
then, that we have
here a structure anal-
ogous to that found
in the Cucumber and

the Willow, the fertile, or pistillate,
flowers being clustered together separate-
ly. But in the Cucumber all the flowers
were observed to be furnished with calyx
and corolla, and in the Willow catkins,
though floral envelopes were absent, each
pair of stamens and each pistil was sub-
tended by a bract. In the present plant
there are no floral envelopes, nor does
each pistil arise from a separate bract.

95. But, you will now ask, what is this sheathing
hood which we find wrapped about our column of pistils?

Fijj. 95. — Spathe of Indian Turnip.
Fig. 96.— Fertile spadix of the same. Fig. 97. — Steviie spadix.

Fig. 95.

INDIAN TURNIP.

There is no doubt that we must look upon it as a bract,
because from its base the flower-cluster springs. So that,
whilst the flowers of Indian Turnip are, like those of
Willow, imperfect and dioecious, the clusters differ in
having but a single bract instead of a bract under each
flower.

96. We must now examine one of the other specimens ;
and we shall have no difficulty in determining the nature
of the bodies which, in this case, cover the base of the
column. They are evidently stamens, and your magni-
fying-glass will show you that they consist mostly of an-
thers, the filaments being extremely short, and that
some of the anthers are two-celled and some four-celled,
all discharging their pollen through little holes at the
top of the cells.

INDIAN TUENIP.

ORGAN.

No.

COHESION.

ADHESION.

£ Stamens.

Monandrous.

o Pistil.
Carpels.

Apocarpous.

Flowers crowded on a spadix, and surrounded by a spathe.
Leaves net- veined.

97. The column upon which, in plants like Indian
Turnip, the flowers are crowded, is known as a spadix,
and the surrounding bract as a spathe.

You will observe that the leaves of this plant are net"
veined, as we found them in the Trillium.

ELEMENTS OP STKUCTURAL BOTANY.

98. Marsh Calla. This plant must be looked for
in low, marshy grounds, where it will be found in flower
generally in the month of June. With the knowledge
which you have of the structure of Indian Turnip, you

Fig. 98.

Fig. 99.

will hardly doubt that the Calla is closely related to it.
You will easily recognize the spadix and the spathe
(Fig. 98), though in the present instance the spadix
bears flowers to the top, and the spathe is open instead
of enclosing the column. Observe, however, that the
veining of the leaf (Fig. 99) is different, that of Calla
being straight, like the Dog's-Tooth Violet. There is
also a difference in the flowers. Those of Indian Turnip
were found to be dioecious, but the spadix, in the present

Fig. 98.— Spadix and spathe of Marsh Calla.
Fig. 99.— Leaf of the same.

MARSH CALL A.

case, bears both stamens and pistils, and most of the
lower flowers, if not all, are perfect ;
sometimes the upper ones consist of sta-
mens only. Fig. 100 shows one of. the
perfect flowers much enlarged. The sta-
mens, it will be observed, have two-celled

Fig. 100.

anthers, opening lengthwise.

MAESH CALLA.

OBGAN.

No.

COHESION.

ADHESION.

Perianth.

Wanting.

Stamens.

Hexandrous.

Hypogynous.

Pistil.

Apocarpous.

Superior.

Carpels.

99. These two plants, Indian Turnip and Marsh Calla,
are representatives of the Order Aracece. The characters
which distinguish it are very well displayed in the two
types we have selected for examination. The great feature
is the aggregation of the flowers on a spadix. Generally,
though not invariably, a spathe is also present. Among
wild plants the Skunk Cabbage and Sweet Flag (the latter
without a spathe) are common Araceous types, while the
familiar green-house and window plant, known as the
Calla-Lily, will serve very well for examination in winter.
It may be added that the plants of this Order have a very
acrid juice.

Fig. 100.— Perfect flower of Calla.

78 ELEMENTS OP STRUCTURAL BOTANY.

CHAPTER XIV.

EXAMINATION OP GLUMACEOUS PLANTS — TIMOTHY AND
OTHER GRASSES.

100. Timothy. The top of a stalk of this well-
known grass is cylindrical in shape, and upon examina-
tion will be found to consist of a vast number of similar
pieces compactly arranged on very short pedicels about

the stalk as an axis. Carefully separate one of
\mJ these pieces from the rest, and if the grass has
ITI not yet come into flower the piece will present
\ttjf the appearance shown in Fig. 101. In this
Fig. the three points in the middle are the pro-
' truding ends of stamens. The
piece which you have separated is, in
fact, a flower enclosed in a pair of bracts,
and all the other pieces which go to
make up the top are flowers also, and,
except perhaps a few at the very sum-
mit of the spike, precisely similar to this
one in their structure.

101. Fig. 102 is designed to help you in dissecting a
flower which has attained a greater degree of development
than the one shown in Fig. 101. Here the two bracts
which enclose the flower have been drawn asunder. To
these bracts the name glumes is applied. They are
present in all plants of the Grass Family, and are often

Fig. 101.— Closed flower of Timothy.
Fig. 102.— Expanded flower of the sam«.

GRASSES.

found enclosing several flowers instead of one as in
Timothy. Inside the glumes will be found a second pair
of minute chaff-like bracts, which are known as palets or
pales. These enclose the flower proper.

102. The stamens are three in number, with the anthers
fixed by the middle to the long slender filament. The
anthers are therefore versatile. The styles are two in
number, bearing long, feathery stigmas. The ovary contains
a single ovule, and when ripe forms a seed-like grain,
technically known as a caryopsis.

TIMOTHY.

ORGAN.

No.

COHESION.

ADHESION.

Glumes.

Palets.

Stamens.

Triandrous.

Hypogynous.

Pistil.

Apocarpous.

Superior.

Carpels.

103. It will be observed that the stalk of Timothy is
hollow except at certain swollen knot-like joints. This
peculiar stem of the Grasses is called a culm. Occasionally,
however, it is not hollow. The leaves are long and narrow
and straigh.t-veined, and each of them at its base surrounds
the culm with a split sheath. Observe also that at the

ELEMENTS OF STRUCTURAL BOTANY.

junction of the blade and the sheath there is a thin
appendage which is called a ligule.

104. In many grass-flowers, besides the parts described
above there will be found one or two minute scales below the

pistil. These are known as
lodicules, and are analogous
to the perianth in ordinary
flowers. They are, on ac-
count of their minuteness,
very liable to be overlooked
in a superficial examination.
105. The immense Order
Graminece (Grass Family)
includes all our valuable
grains, and is, on the whole,
the most important and
useful of all the Orders. Its
representatives are to be
found in every part of the
world, and they vary in size
from the stunted growths
of the polar regions to the
tree-like Bamboo of the
tropics. Wheat, Indian
Corn, Barley, Oats, Rye,
Sugar-cane, Rice, are all
Grasses, as well as the plants which make the verdure of
our meadows and pastures. The flowers of all are very
similar, but the Order is sub-divided on the basis of

Pig. 103.— Panicle of Red -top.
Fig. 104.— Single flower. (Gray.)

Fig. 104.

Fig. 103.

GRASSES.

modifications which will be best understood by studying
a few examples.

106. Procure specimens of the common
Red-top, and first compare the general
aspect of the flower-cluster (Fig. 103)
with that of Timothy, Instead of a dense
spike we have here a loose, open inflor-
escence ; it is technically known as a
panicle. You will see that
it is an irregular branched
raceme. As in Timothy,
L each pair of glumes encloses
Fig. ice. but one flower (Fig. 104), and
we must observe that the
term spikelet, so far as
Grasses are concerned, is
applied to the pair of glumes
and whatever is contained in
them, whether one flower, or
many, as is often the case.
In Red-top and Timothy, the
spikelets are 1-flowered. Ob-
serve the very thin texture
of the palets, and also that
one of them (the lower, i.e.,
the one farthest from the
stalk) is nearly twice as large
as the other, and is marked

Fig. 105.

with three nerves.

Fig. 105.— Common Meadow-Grass.

Fig. 106.— Spikelet enlarged, showing the glumes at the base.

Fig. 107. — Single flower of same.

S ELEMENTS OP STRUCTURAL BOTANY.

107. Next let us inspect a specimen of the Common
Meadow-Grass. The inflorescence of this very common
grass (Fig. 105) is a greenish panicle. The spikelets (Fig.
106) contain from three to five flowers, and are laterally
compressed. The glumes are the lowest pair of scales, and
they are generally shorter than the flowers within them.
Observe the delicate whitish margin of the lower palet of
each flower (Fig. 107), and the thin texture of the upper
one. Count also, if you can, the five nerves on the lower
palet, and observe the two teeth at the apex of the upper
one. In this Grass the principal thing to notice is that
there are several flowers within each pair of glumes.

108. A common pest in wheat-fields is the Grass
known as Chess. It is comparatively easy of examination

on account of the size of the
spikelets (Fig. 108) and flow-
ers. The spikelets form a
spreading panicle, eachof them
being on a long, slender, nod-
ding pedicel, and containing
from eight to ten flowers. Of
the two glumes at the base of

each spikelct one is consider-
Fig.ios. Fig. 109. ably larger than the other

The outer or lower palet of each flower is tipped with a
bristle or awn (Fig. 109), while the upper palet at length
becomes attached to the groove of the oblong grain.
Observe that the glumes are not awned.

109. The Couch Grass is another very common weed
in cultivated grounds. In this Grass the spikelets are

Fig. 108.— Spikelet of Chess. Fig. 109.— Single flower. (Gray.)

GRASSES. &

sessile on opposite sides of the zigzag peduncle, so that
the whole forms a spike. Each spikelet is four- to eight-
flowered, and there is but one at each joint of the
peduncle, the side of the spikelet being against the stalk.
The glumes are nearly equal in size, and the lower palet
of each flower closely resembles the glumes, but is sharp-
pointed or awned. The grass spreads rapidly by running
root-stocks, and is troublesome to eradicate.

110. Old- Witch Grass is to be found everywhere in
sandy soil and in cultivated grounds. The leaves are
very hairy, and the panicle very large, compound, and
loose, the pedicels being extremely slender. Of the two
glumes one is much larger than the other. Unless you
are careful you will regard the spikelets as 1 -flowered ;
observe, however, that in addition to the one manifestly
perfect flower there is an extra palet below. This palet
(which is very muchlike the larger glume)is a rudimentary
or abortive second flower, 9'\d the spikelet may be
described as IJ-flowered.

111. Barnyard Grass is a stout, coarse plant, common
in manured soil. It is from one to four feet in height,
and branches from the base. The spikelets form dense
spikes, and these are crowded in a dense panicle which is
rough with stiff hairs. The structure of the spikelets is
much the same as in Old-Witch Grass, but the palet of
the neutral flower is pointed with a rough awn or bristle.

112. In the common Foxtail the inflorescence is
apparently a dense, bristly, cylindrical spike. In reality,
however, it is a spiked panicle, the spikelets being much
the same as in Barnyard Grass, but their pedicels are
prolonged beyond them into awn-like bristles. In this

4 ELEMENTS OF STRUCTURAL BOTANY.

piant the bristles are in clusters and are barbed upwards.
The spikes are tawny-yellow in colour.

113. These examples, if conscientiously studied with
the aid of the plants themselves, will give you a good
general idea of the kinds of variation which may be looked
for in the Grasses. They may be said, roughly, to consist
in the presence or absence of glumes, of awns, and of the
upper palet ; in the general aspect of the whole flower-
cluster ; in the number of flowers in the spikelets ; and
in the varying relative size of the glumes and of the palets.

114. The Order as a whole is distinguished by the
following characters :

1. The sheaths of the leaves are split on the side of the

culm opposite the blade.

2. The separate flowers are enclosed in glumaceous bracts

called palets

3. The perianth is represented by the lodicules.

4. The stamens are three in number, and the pistil is

syncarpous (two carpels), with a one-celled ovary
producing a single seed, which is always albuminous
with the embryo on one side.

CHAPTER XV

COMMON CHARACTERISTICS OP THE PLANTS JUST EXAMINED

STRUCTURE OF THE SEED IN MONOCOTYLEDONS.

4 15. It is now to be pointed out that the plants
examined in the last three chapters, though differing in
various particulars, yet have some characters common to
all of them, just as the group ending with Maple was

CHARACTERS COMMON TO MONOCOTYLEDONS. 85

found to be marked by characters possessed by all its
members. The flowers of Dicotyledons were found to
have their parts, as a rule, in fours or fives ; those of our
second group have them in threes or sixes, never in fives.
116. Again, the leaves of these plants are straight-
veined, except in Trillium and Indian Turnip, which must
be regarded as exceptional, and they do not as a rule
sxhibit the division into petiole and blade which was
found to characterize the Exogens.

117. We shall
now compare the
structure of a
grain of Indian
Corn with that of
the Cucumber or
Fig. no. Fig. 112. Fig. in. pumpk in Seed

which we have already examined (page 59). It will
facilitate our task if we select a grain from an ear which
has been boiled. And, first of all, let us observe that the
grain consists of something more than the seed. The
grain is very much like the achene of the Buttercup, but
differs in this respect, that the outer covering of the
former is completely united with the seed-coat underneath
it, whilst in the latter the true seed easily separates from
its covering. Remove the coats of the grain, and what is
left is a whitish, starchy-looking substance, having a
yellowish body inserted in a hollow (Fig. 110) in the
middle of one side. This latter body is the embryo, and
may be easily removed. All the rest is albumen. Fig.
Ill is a front view of the embryo, and Fig. 112 shows a
vertical section of the same. The greater part of the

Figs. 110, 111, 112.— Sections of a grain of Indian Corn. (Gray.)

86 ELEMENTS OF STRUCTURAL BOTANY.

embryo consists of a single cotyledon. The radicle is
near the base, and the plumule above. Compare an Oat
(Fig. 113) with the grain of Corn and make out the corre-
sponding parts. In all essential particulars they are alike.
118. Comparing the result of our observations with what
we have already learned about the Cucumber seed, we find
that whilst in the latter there are two cotyledons, in the
present case there is but one, and this peculiarity is
common to all the plants just examined, and
to a vast number of others besides, which are
consequently designated Monocotyledon-

ous plants, or shortly Monocotyledons.

The seeds of this great group may differ -as to
JA the presence or absence of albumen, just as
the seeds of Dicotyledons do, but in the num-
ber of their cotyledons they are all alike.
The Orchids, however, are very peculiar from
having no cotyledons at all.

1 1 9. In addition to the points just mentioned,
viz : the number of floral leaves, the veining of
the foliage leaves, the usual absence of distinct petioles, and
the single cotyledon, which characterize our second great
group, there is still another, as constant as any of these,
and that is, the mode of growth of the stem, which is
quite at variance with that exhibited in Dicotyledonous
plants. In the present group the increase in the thickness
of the stem is accomplished not by the deposition of circle
after circle of new wood outside the old, but by the pro-
duction of new wood-fibres through the interior of the
stem generally. These stems are therefore said to be

Fig. 113. — Vertical section of Oat grain ; R, radicle ; G, plumule ; C,
cotyledon ; A, albumen (or endosperm) ; O, hairs ; T, testa, (Thome.)

CHARACTERS OP MONOCOTYLEDONS. 8?

endogenous, and the plants composing the group are called

Endogens, as well as Monocotyledons. The term

Endogen, however, is used in quite a different sense by
some recent botanists, and is discarded by them as a
synonym for monocotyledon, as having been given originally
under a misconception as to the true mode of growth of
the wood in stems of this kind. We shall explain more
fully the structure of exogenous and endogenous stems
when we come to speak of the minute structure of plants
in a subsequent chapter.

120. The typical flower of the Monocotyledons is that
of the Lily ; it consists of five whorls, two belonging to the
perianth, two to the anthers, and one to the pistil. Other
flowers of the group, as we have seen, exhibit departures
from the type, chiefly in the suppression of whorls or
parts of whorls. Thus in the Iris one whorl of stamens
is suppressed. In this plant, also, the ovary is inferior.
In the spadiceous plants the perianth is suppressed, and
m the Grasses there may be suppression in all the whorls.

CHAPTER XVI.

EXAMINATION OP CONIFEROUS PLANTS — WHITE PINE

GROUND-HEMLOCK.

121. The cone-bearing trees are so striking and important
;a feature in Canadian vegetation that even an elementary
work like the present would be incomplete without a
notice of them. They form, besides, a very distinct group

ELEMENTS OF STRUCTURAL BOTANY.

of plants, intermediate in structure, as we shall see,
between the groups upon which we have so far been

Fig. 115.

Fig. 114.

engaged and others to which we shall presently direct
attention.

122. As perhaps the commonest Canadian type of the
Coniferous Group, the White Pine first demands our
attention. This noble tree, in its general aspect, is
familiar to every one. It produces a straight trunk,
which is continued upward year after year by the develop-
ment of a strong terminal bud, the new branches of each
year being developed from a circle of lateral buds formed
behind the apex of the stem or old branch. The general
aspect of the tree, therefore, unless it is a very old one, is
that of a broad-based cone or spire. The leaves are straight

Fig. 114.— Leaves and cluster of staminate catkins of White Pine. (Wood
and Steele.)
Fig. 115.— Pollen-grain of Pine. (Wood and Steele.)

WHITE PINE.

needles, and are produced in clusters of five each. In the
Red Pine, on the other hand, there are but two leaves in
the cluster. Other species have bundles of three each.
These leaves, as is well known, are evergreen, that is to
say, they do not perish in the first autumn, but persist
through the winter and until the new leaves of the
following season are fully developed.

123. The flowers of the Pine must be looked for in
spring just before the new leaves are put forth. They are

monoecious or dioecious. The staminate flowers,
consisting of a single stamen each, are produced
around the bases of the new shoots, where they
form dense clusters of small catkins (Fig. 114).
Each anther is two-celled, and the pollen-grains
(Fig. 115) are rather peculiar in shape, having, in
fact, the appearance of three grains cohering
together. The two outer portions, however, are
only bladder-like developments of the outer coat
(extine) of the real grain, which occupies the
Fig. lie. centre.

124. The pistillate or fertile flowers are aggregated
together upon an elongated axis, forming in fact the well-
known cone of the Pine (Fig. 116). The young cones
will be found to occupy lateral positions on the branches ;
each of them is made up of many spirally arranged scales,
each scale being in the axil of a bract (Fig. 117). At the
base of each scale, on the inside, will be found two ovules
turned downwards (Fig. 118). Observe that these ovules
are not enclosed in an ovary. Because of this fact the
group of plants of which the Pine is a type is said to be

Fig. 116.— Cone of Pine. (Wood and Steele.)

§0 ELEMENTS OF STRUCTURAL BOTANY.

gymnospermous, that is, naked-seeded. All the plants
previously examined, on the other hand, have their seeds
enclosed in ovaries ; hence they are all angiospermous. The
scales of the cone are to be regarded as open
carpellary leaves, and each of them, with its
pair of ovules, constitutes a fertile flower.
The pollen is carried by the wind directly to
Fig. 117. the micropyle of the ovule, there being no
intervening stigma; but, as the quantity of pollen produced
is immense, the chances of failure to reach the ovules
are very slight. At the time of pollination, the air in a
pine forest is full of pollen. The yellow scum often
found on water after a summer shower is chiefly Pine
pollen. After fertilization the ovules develope into seeds,
and the scales of the cone, which are origin-
ally of rather soft texture, attain a woody
consistency. This process of maturing, how-
ever, in the Pine takes considerable time.
The cones do not ripen until the autumn of Fig. us.
the second year, after flowering. At this time the scales
diverge from the axis, and the seeds are allowed to
escape, each of them being now furnished with a wing,
which enables the wind more readily to waft it away.
The number of cotyledons in the embryo is variable,
but is always more than two ; sometimes there
are as many as twelve.

The wood of the Gymnosperms is essentially
like that of the Dicotyledons, and the stem
thickens in the same way. Certain differences
Fig. 119. wiH be noticed in another place.

Fig. 117. — Single scale of Pine cone with its bract. (Wood and Steele.)
Fig. 118.— Inner side of the scale, showing the two naked ovules. (Wood
Fig. 119.— Stamin&te catkins of Ground Hemlock. [and Steele.)

GROUND HEMLOCK 91

125. It will be interesting now to compare with the
structure of the Pine that of another member of the same
group — the Ground Hemlock, a low shrub common enough
in our Canadian woods. This, like the Pine, is evergreen.
The leaves, however, are not needle-shaped, but flat ; and
they are not clustered, but project singly from the sides of
the stem.

126. The staminate flowers (Fig. 119) grow in small
catkins at the ends of very short lateral shoots which

bear about their bases
many scale-like
bracts. The stamens
are somewhat differ-
ent from those of
Pine, being umbrella-
shaped (peltate), and
bearing from three to
Fig- m Fig- liL- eight pollen-sacs upon

the under surface. The fertile flowers are also at the
extremities of short, scaly-bracted branches, but in this
plant the flowers occur singly^ and are not aggregated in
cones. Fig. 120 shows a section of a fertile branch with
its bracts and the single naked ovule at its extremity.
Around the base of the ovule there is a fleshy ring or disk
(shown in section at a in the figure). The pollen is conveyed
by the wind directly to the micropyle, and after fertiliza-
tion, and during the development of the seed, the fleshy
ring upon which it rests grows upward so as to surround
the seed and give the fruit a remarkable berry-like
appearance (Fig. 121). This fleshy covering (which is

Fig. 120.— Section of fertile branch of Ground Hemlock ; s, the apparently
terminal ovule ; i, its integument ; k, the nucellus ; in, the micropyle ; a a,
the rudiment of the aril, which fina<ly surrounds the seed ; b bt bracts. (Prantl).

Fig. 121.— The same with mature fruit, /. (Prantl).

92 ELEMENTS OP STRUCTURAL BOTANY.

bright red at maturity) is a good example of what is
called an aril.

127. We find, then, that although there is at first sight
little in common, apparently, between the cone of the
Pine and the berry-like fruit of the Ground Hemlock
(Taxus baccata), yet they both have the characteristic
naked ovules.

128. Among our cone-bearing trees will readily be
recognized the Arbor Vitse (commonly called Cedar), the
Larch or Tamarack, which, however, is not evergreen,
and the various kinds of Spruce or Fir. The Juniper,
also, belongs to this group, but is marked by the
peculiarity that the few scales of the cone cohere together
in ripening and become succulent, thus forming what
looks like a berry.

129. To sum up the results of our observations upon
plant-structure, we have found

(1) That all the plants to which our attention has so

far been directed produce flowers; they are all,
therefore, flowering or phanerogamous plants, or,
briefly, phanerogams.

(2) That in a large number of the plants there are

ovaries enclosing the seeds. All such plants are
grouped as angiosperms.

(3) That in others the seeds are not enclosed in an

ovary. Hence we have a group known as gymno-
sperms.

(4) That the angiosperms are either dicotyledonous or

monocotyledonous.

MORPHOLOGY OF BOOTS, STEMS, AND FOLIAGE-LEAVES. 93

These conclusions may be conveniently shown in a
tabular form as follows :

PHANEROGAMS.

I I

ANGIOSPERMS. GYMNOSPERMS.

I I

DICOTYLEDONS. MONOCOTYLEDONS.

CHAPTEE XVII.

MORPHOLOGY OF ROOTS, STEMS, AND FOLIAGE-LEAVES OF
PHANEROGAMS.

130. Before proceeding with the examination of other
selected plants illustrative of other divisions of the
vegetable kingdom, we shall present in a systematic way
the more important facts in connection with the Phanero-
gams, dealing in turn with the organs of vegetation. —
the root, the stem, and the foliage-leaves — and then with
the organs of reproduction as displayed in the flower.
The various forms assumed by these organs, whether in
different plants or in different parts of the same plant,
will have our attention, as also their various modes of
arrangement. We shall consider, also, rather more
minutely than We have hitherto been able to do, the
development of the seed from the ovule, the process of
pollination and of fertilization, and the subsequent
germination of the seed and development of the new
plant. To this study of forms the name Morphology
has been given. It need hardly be said that effective
morphological work can only be accomplished by actual

94 ELEMENTS OF STRUCTURAL BOTANY.

contact with and inspection of the forms which are, for
the time being, the objects of study. The young student
must provide himself with specimens, and learn to
associate the descriptive terms with the actual condition
which the terms describe. Only in this way can this
branch of botanical work be relieved of the element of
irudgery, and made what it ought to be — a means of
developing in a high degree those powers of observation
with which the young are so exceptionally endowed. It
is believed that with proper management even the
more difficult technical terms, which are derived from
Latin and Greek, and specially devised for botanical
purposes, will be learned without extraordinary effort. It
is the writer's experience that a term is insensibly
acquired and almost indelibly impressed upon the mind if
there is first created the want of the term to describe what
is seen when some new form has been the subject of obser-
vation, and its peculiarities have been thoroughly grasped
through the medium of the eye. With a good many of
the terms there will be found no difficulty whatever,
since they have the same meaning in their botanical
applications as they have in their every-day use.

131. The Root. This organ is called the descending
axis of the plant, from its tendency to grow downward
into the soil from the very commencement of its develop,
ment. Its chief use is to imbibe liquid nourishment,
and transmit it to the stem, from which it is well distin-
guished by the presence of the root-cap (Fig. 122, a) and
the absence of leaves. The absorbing surface of a young
root or rootlet is largely increased by the development of
root-hairs, the nature of which will be explained later on
when we come to treat of trichomes or hair-like growths

ROOTS. 95

generally. It must be mentioned here, also, that there are
some exceptions to the general statement that roots do
not produce buds. It is well known that new stems are
sent up by the roots of Poplars and of Apple trees, for
example, especially if the roots have been injured. These
oases must be regarded as abnormal.

132» You will remember that in our examination of
some common seeds, such as those of the
Pumpkin and Bean (Figs. 7 7-81), we found
at the junction of the cotyledons a small
pointed projection called the radicle. Now,
when such a seed is put into the ground,
under favorable circumstances of warmth
ind moisture, it begins to grow or germi-
nate, and the radicle, which in reality is a
minute stem, not only lengthens, in most
Fig. "122. cases, so as to push the cotyledons
upwards, but developes a root from its lower
extremity. All seeds, in short, when they
germinate, produce roots from the extremity
of the radicle, and in a direct line with it, and
roots so produced are called primary roots. In
Monocotyledons the primary root is but very
slightly developed, the fibrous roots character-
istic of these plants bursting forth from the
sides of the radicle at an early period of growth.
In other plants the primary root either assumes Fig. 123.
the form of a distinct central axis larger than any of its
branches, and called a tap-root (Fig. 123), examples of
which are furnished by the Mallow, the Carrot, and the

Fig. 122. — Magnified tip of Hyacinth root ; a, the root-cap. (Hooker.)
Fig. 123.— Tap-root of Dandelion,

ELEMENTS OP STRUCTURAL BOTANY.

Fig. 124.

Bean, or it may branch at an early stage into numerous
similar threads, and so form a fibrous root, as in Buttercup.

133. Tap-roots receive different names according to

the particular shape they happen to assume.
Thus, the Carrot (Fig. 124) is conical, because
from a broad top it tapers gradually and regularly
to a point. The Radish, being somewhat thicker
at the middle than at either end, is spindle-
shaped. The Turnip, and roots of similar shape,
are napiform (napus, a turnip).

These fleshy tap-roots belong, as a rule, to
biennial plants, and are designed as storehouses
of food for the plant's use during its second year's

growth. Occasionally fibrous roots also thicken in the

same manner, as in the Peony, and then they are said to

be fascicled or clustered.

(Fig. 125).

134. But you must have
observed that plants some-
times put forth roots in
addition to those develop-
ed from the embryo of the
seed. The Verbena of our
gardens, for example, will
take root at every joint if •

the stem be laid upon the ground (Fig. 126). The
runners of the Strawberry take root at their extremities;
and nothing is more familiar than that cuttings from
various plants will make roots for themselves if put into
proper soil, and supplied with warmth and moisture.

Fig. 124.— Tap-root of Carrot.

Fig, 125. — Fascicled roots of Peony.

ROOTS.

Ail such roots, not developed from the end of the radicle
and in a straight line with it, are called secondary or
adventitious roots. Under this head should, of course, be
placed the fibrous roots of all Monocotyledonous plants,
the true primary roots of which are but very feebly

developed. So,
also,all branches
of primary roots
should be re-
garded as adven-
titious. When
such roots are
developed from
parts of the stem
which are not in
contact with the
ground, they are
aerial, as, for example, the roots developed from the
lower joints of the stem of Indian Corn.

135. There are a few curious plants whose roots never
reach the ground at all, and which depend altogether
upon the air for food. These are called epiphytes. There
are others whose roots penetrate the stems and roots of
other living plants, and thus receive their nourishment
as it were at second-hand. These are parasitic plants.
The Dodder and Beech-drops, of Canadian woods, are
well-known examples. Others, again, subsist upon
decomposing animal or vegetable matter, and are hence
known as saprophytes. Indian Pipe and Coral-root are
good examples of saprophytic plants. Both parasites
and saprophytes are usually destitute of green leaves,
Fig. 126.— Adventitious roots of Verbena,

Fig. 126.

98 ELEMENTS OF STRUCTURAL BOTANY.

being either pale or brownish. The Mistletoe, however,
is a green parasite.

136. As to duration, roots (and, consequently, the
plants themselves) are either annual, or biennial, or
perennial. The plant is called an annual if its whole life,
from the germination of the seed, is limited to one
season. It is biennial if it flowers and ripens its seed
in the second season. Between these two classes it is
difficult to draw a sharp line, because, with proper care,
some annuals may be induced to live for two years; and,
on the other hand, some plants, as the Radish, which
are properly biennial if the seed is sown in the fall, will
flower and produce seed in one season if sown in the
spring. Something, also, depends upon the climate in
which the plant is grown, its life, in some cases, being
prolonged in a more favourable situation. Perennials
live on year after year, as is the case with all our shrubs
and trees, and also with some herbaceous plants, as Peony
and Dahlia, which only die down to the surface of the
ground in the autumn.

137. The Stem. As the root is developed from the
lower end of the radicle of the embryo, so the stem is
developed from the upper end, but with this important
difference, that a bud always precedes the formation of
the stem or any part of it or its branches. If a bud, such
as that of the Lilac, be picked to pieces, it will be found
to consist mostly of minute leaves closely packed together
on a short bit of stem. A bud, in fact, is only a special
condition of the extremity of the stem, and is not to be
regarded as an organ distinct from it. As the bud unfolds,
the stem may lengthen so as to exhibit the internodes, or

STBtfS. 99

it may remain short, in which case the expanded leaves
form a cluster or rosette, as in Dandelion. The tender
leaves of the bud are not uncommonly protected from the
weather by coverings in the form of tough scales, with the
additional safeguard sometimes of a wax-like coating on
the surface of the latter, as seen in the conspicuous buds
of the Horse-Chestnut, and the cap-like coverings of those
of the Spruce.

138. Between the cotyledons of the Bean (Fig. 81), at
the top of the radicle, we found a minute bud called the
plumule. Out of this bud the first bit of stem is developed
(leaving out of consideration the radicle itself), and during
the subsequent growth of the plant, wherever a branch is
to be formed or a main stem to be prolonged, there a bud
will invariably be found. The branch buds are always in
the axils of leaves, and so are called axillary, and it not
uncommonly happens that several buds are found together
in this situation.

139. Adventitious buds, however, are sometimes produced
in plants like the Willow, particularly if the stem has
been wounded. As already mentioned, they are also
occasionally produced upon roots, as, for example, upon
those of the Poplars.

140. The bud from which the main stem is developed,
or a branch continued, is of course at the end of the stem
or branch, and so is terminal.

141. Branching or Ramification. By a branch

is meant an off-shoot similar in structure to the member
from which it springs. Hence the side-shoots of roots
are root-branches ; so, also, the lateral out-growths of the
stem which resemble the stem itself in structure are

100

ELEMENTS OF STRUCTURAL BOTANY.

stem-branches. It is found that the branching of stems
proceeds upon two well defined plans.

142. Monopodial Branching. This system is distin-
guished by the circumstance that all the branches are the
result of the development of strictly lateral buds. In
other words, there is invariably a terminal bud at the
apex of the stem distinct from the lateral buds produced
behind the apex. Of this system there are several

Fig. 130.

Fig. 127.

modifications. If the terminal bud develops regularly, as
well as the lateral ones, it is clear that we shall have a
straight and well-defined trunk, easily distinguished by
its vigorous growth from the branches. The Pine or
the Spruce is an excellent example of this effect.

Figs. 127, 128, 130. — Diagrams of various forms of monopodial branching.
(Sachs.)

MONOPODIAL BRANCHING. 101

But if the terminal bud, though produced, ceases
to grow, while the lateral buds are vigorously developed,
as is well exhibited in the spring by the annual shoots
of the Lilac, then it is clear that the
branches will overtop: ti^Orlg^n^l ste.m;

and the latter will finally become unrecog-
nizable. > .y. f ;;••''•;!•;'•
143. The Pine and the Spruce and
similar forms are said to be racemose or
botryose, and the Lilac, in the development
of its annual shoots, is said to be cymose.
Fig. 127 is a representation of the latter
mode. Here 1 is the extremity of the
main stem, but the terminal bud at that
point has failed to grow, while two vigor-
ous branches have been produced. The
terminal buds of these branches (2 and 2),
have in their turn failed, and the laterals
immediately behind them have, as before,
given rise to new shoots. This is the result, then, when
both the lateral buds grow with equal vigour, and it is
known as a forked cyme.

144. But sometimes one member of each pair of buds
is developed far more strongly than the other. If the
strong buds are developed in succession on the same side
of the stem an effect will be produced like that represented
in Fig. 128. This is known as a helicoid cyme. If,
however, the strong buds are developed alternately on
both sides of the stem, we get the form shown in Fig.
129, which is then called a scorpioid cyme. Not un.

Fig. 129. — Diagram to illustrate scotninid cyme. (Sachs.)

ELEMENTS OP STRUCTURAL BOTANY.

commonly this latter form becomes straightened out, as in
Fig. 130, so that the successive branches are in the same
line, and look like a stem developed from the terminal

bud. As the foot or
support is not in this
case the continuation
of a single axis, but
is made up of a num-
ber of successive
branches superposed,
these forms are said
to be sympodial, the
prefix in this term
having the same sig-
nificance as in " syn-
carpous" and the like,
and implying that the
foot is composed of
several coherent parts.
In these cases, then,
we have a sympodial
monopodium.
In this system the
growing point at the apex of the stem divides into two new
growing points, both of which are, therefore, terminal and
not lateral, as in the first mode. The growing points of
the branches, in their turn, are each converted into two
new ones, as shown in Fig. 131. As in the monopodial
mode, there may be helicoid and scorpioid dichotomy,
due to the superior development of the growing points on

Fig. 135. Fig. 132.

145. Dichotomous Branching.

Figs. 131, 132, and 133.— Diagrams to illustrate dichotomous branching.
<Sachs.)

DICHOTOMOUS BRANCHING. 103

one side, or on alternate sides of the stem, as shown in
Figs. 132 and 133. These forms are, of course, sympodiai.

146. A comparison of Figs. 127 and 131 will show
that there is a superficial resemblance between the forms.
On this account the forked cyme is sometimes referred to
as a dichasium or false dichotomy.

147. Dichotomous branching is rare, but occurs in the
roots of Club-Mosses, and in Lichens. In the phanero-
gams, monopodial branching is the almost invariable rule.
The flowering stems, which afford the best illustrations,
will be referred to hereafter.

148. If you examine a few stems of plants at random,
you will probably find some of them quite soft and easily
compressible, while others will be firm and will resist
compression. The stem of a Beech or a Currant is an
instance of the latter kind, and any weed will serve to
illustrate the former. The Beech and the Currant have
woody stems, while the weeds are herbaceous. Between
the Beech and the Currant the chief difference is in size.
The Beech is a tree, the Currant a shrub. But you are
not to suppose that there is a hard and fast line between
shrubs and trees, or between herbs and shrubs. A series
of plants could be constructed, commencing with an
unquestionable herb and ending with an unquestionable
tree, but embracing plants exhibiting such a gradual
transition from herbs to shrubs and from shrubs to trees,
that you could not say at what precise point in the series
the changes occurred.

149. The forms assumed by stems above ground are
numerous, and they are described mostly by terms in
common use. For instance, if a stem is weak and trails

104

ELEMENTS OF STRUCTURAL BOTANY.

along the ground, it is trailing or prostrate ; and if, as in
the runners of the Strawberry, it takes root on the lower

side, then it is
creeping. Such a
shoot as the run-
ner of the Straw-
berry, which takes
root at a distance
from the parent

Pig.. 134. plant> is commonly

called a stolon.

150. Many weak stems raise themselves by clinging to
any support that may happen to be within their reach.
In some instances the stem itself winds
round the support, assuming a spiral
form, as in the Morning-Glory, the
Hop, and the Bean, and is therefore
distinguished as twining. In other
cases the stem puts forth thread-like
leafless branches called tendrils (Fig.
134), which grasp the support, as in
the Virginia Creeper and the Grape.
In the Pea, the end of the extended
mid-rib of the leaf is transformed into a
tendril (Fig. 135). Sometimes the leaf-
stalks themselves serve the same purpose, as in the
Clematis or Virgin's Bower. In these cases the stems
are said to climb. Our Poison Ivy climbs over logs, &c.,
by the aid of its aerial roots.

The stems of wheat and grasses generally are known as

Fig. 134. — Leaf and tendril of Grape-vine.
Fig. 135— Tendril of the Pea.

Fig. 135.

UNDERGROUND STEMS.

105

tulms. They are jointed, and usually hollow except at
, the joints.

151. Besides the stems which grow above ground,
there are varieties to be found below the surface. Pull
up a Potato plant, and examine the underground portion
(Fig. 136). It is not improbable that you will regard the
whole as a mass of roots, but a very little trouble will
undeceive you. Many of the fibres are unquestionably

Fig. 136.

roots, but an inspection of those having potatoes at the
ends of them will show you that they are quite different
from those which have not. The former will be found to
be furnished with little scales, answering to leaves, each
with a minute bud in the axil ; and the potatoes them-
selves exhibit buds of the same kind. The potato, in
short, is only the swollen end of an underground stem.
buc'n swollen extremities are known as tubers, whilst the

Fig. 136.— Tubers of the Potato.

106 ELEMENTS OP STRUCTURAL BOTANY.

underground stem is called a root-stock or rhizome, and may
almost always be distinguished from a true root by the
presence of buds. The Solomon's Seal and Toothwort of

Canadian woods, and
the Canada Thistle,
are common instances
of plants producing
these stems. Fig. 137
shows a rhizome.

152. Take now an
Onion, and compare
it with a Potato. You
Fig- 137< will not find any such

outside appearances upon the former as are presented by
the latter. The Onion is smooth, and has no buds upon
its surface. From the under side there spring roots, and
this circumstance will probably suggest that the Onion
must be a stem of some sort. Cut
the Onion through from top to bot-
tom (Fig. 138). It will then be
seen to be made up of a number of
coats. Strip off one or two, and ob-
serve that whilst they are somewhat
fleshy where the Onion is broadest,
they gradually become thinner to-
wards the top. The long, green tubes
which project from the top of the
Onion during its growth are, in fact, the prolongations of
these coats. But the tubes are the leaves of the
plant itself. The mass of our Onion, therefore, consists

Fig. 137.— A rhizome.

Fig. 138.— Vertical section of bulb of the Onion.

UNDERGROUND STEMS. 107

of the fleshy bases of the leaves. But you will observe
that at the bottom there is a rather flat, solid part
upon which these coats or leaves are
inserted, and which must consequently
be a stem. Such a stem as this, with its
fleshy leaves, is called a bulb. If the
leaves form coats, as in the Onion, the

bulb is coated or tunicated; if they do
Fig. 139. notj ag in tne Lilies (Fig 13g^ it ig scaiy^

153. Tubers and bulbs, then, consist chiefly of masses
of nourishing matter; but there is this difference, that
in the latter the nourishment is contained in the fleshy
leaves themselves, whilst in the former it forms a mass
more or less distinct from the buds.

154. The thickened mass at the base of the stem of
our Indian Turnip (Fig. 94) is more like a tuber than a
bulb in its construction. It is called a corm or solid
bulb. The Crocus and Gladiolus of the gardens are
other examples. The chief difference between the corm
and the ordinary bulb is in the relative space occupied
by the stem or solid part. In the former it is very much
greater than in the latter. The student should dissect
specimens of Indian Turnip, Crocus, Tulip, Hyacinth,
&c., when these differences will be readily apprehended.

155. In the axils of the leaves of the Tiger Lily are
produced small, black, rounded bodies, which, on
examination, prove to be of bulbous structure. They
are, in fact, bulblets, and new plants may be grown from
them.

156. Foliage-Leaves. These organs are usually
more or less flat, and of a green colour. In some plants,

Fi&. 139. -Bulb of a Lily.

108 ELEMENTS OF STRUCTURAL BOTANY.

however, they are extremely thick and succulent ; and
in the case of parasites and saprophytes, such as Indian
Pipe and Beech-drops, they are usually either white or
brown, or of some colour other than green. The scaly
leaves of underground stems are also, of course, destitute
of colour. The green colour is due to the presence of
granular particles of a substance called chlorophyll. It
is formed, as a rule, only in those parts which are
exposed to the action of sunlight, and it is intimately
connected with the process of assimilating nutritious
matter for the plant's use during growth. Further
reference will be made to it later on.

157. As a general thing, leaves are
extended horizontally from the stem or
branch, and turn one side towards the
sky and the other towards the ground.
But some leaves are vertical, and in the
case of the common Iris (Figs. 88 and 89)
each leaf is doubled lengthwise at the
base,and sits astride the next one within.
Such leaves are called equitant.

158. Phyllotaxis or Leaf- Arrangement. As to

their arrangement on the stem, leaves are alternate when
only one arises from each node (Fig. 3). If two are formed
at each node, they are sure to be on opposite sides of the
stem, and so are described as opposite. If, as in Mint
and Maple, each pair of opposite leaves stands at right
angles to the next pair above, then the arrangement is
decussate. Sometimes there are several leaves at the same
node,in which case they arewhorled or verticillate (Fig. 140).

Fig. 140.— Whorled leaves of Galiura.

PHYLLOTAXIS. 109

159. Even if the leaves are placed single and apparently
irregularly at intervals along the stem, it will be found on
examination that their arrangement is governed by defi-
nite laws. Take, for instance, a branch of Poplar with
a number of leaves upon it. Fix upon any one leaf near
the lower end of the branch, and then from its point of
insertion draw a line, by the nearest way, to the insertion
of the next higher leaf, and from this to the next, and so
on till you reach a leaf which is exactly over the first one.
If the branch itself has not been twisted out of its normal
shape, it will be found that the sixth leaf is always pre-
cisely over the first, the seventh over the second, the
eighth over the third, and so on, and that the line joining
the points of insertion of successive leaves forms a spiral
round the stem. It will also be found that this spiral
goes twice round the stem before passing tnrough the
sixth leaf. The sixth leaf, as standing exactly over the
first, begins a new set, which lasts in a similar manner till
we reach the eleventh. The leaves are therefore in sets or
cycles of five each, and the phyllotaxis in this case is
conveniently described by the fraction f , the denominator
of which gives the number of leaves in the cycle, and the
numerator the number of turns in the spiral.

160. Now,if through the insertions of the leaves which are
vertically over each other — that is, through those numbered
1, 6, 11, 16, etc., and then through those numbered 2, 7,
12, 17, and so on — lines be drawn, it is evident we shall
have five such vertical lines on the stem. These lines
mark the ranks of leaves, or orthosticliies. The number
of orthostichies in any case always corresponds to the
number of leaves in the cycle.

110 ELEMENTS OF STRUCTURAL BOTANY.

161. In the Elm, the phyllotaxis is much simpler.
Here, starting with any given leaf, it will be found that
the next one is exactly half way round the circumference
of the stem, and the third one exactly over the first, and
so on. So that the spiral completes the circuit in one
turn, and the number of orthostichies is only two, the
phyllotaxis being therefore described as \. The J arrange-
ment is also common. The Poplar, as we see, has a f
arrangement ; this is extremely common.

162. If we set down these fractions in order, thus : J,
•J, f, it will be noticed that the sum of the first two
numerators gives the third numerator ; so also with the
denominators. If we proceed to make other fractions in
this way, the series would read £, |, f , f , T^, /r , J|, and these
are, as it happens, the actual cases of phyllotaxy which we
commonly meet with. The cone of the White Pine
furnishes a very good exercise. In this case the scales
(which, of course, are leaf-forms) have a ^ arrangement.

163. The conclusion come to from a close examination
of the incipient buds is, that the newer leaves are produced
over the widest intervals between those next below. In
short, the arrangement is that which secures to the leaves
the most advantageous conditions for exposure to the light,
and at the same time economizes space. As has been aptly
said, the growth of the new leaves follows the " lines of
least resistance."

164. When leaves are in whorls instead of in spirals,
the members of any whorl stand over the spaces of the
whorl below, as might be expected. As to leaves which
are clustered or fascicled, like those of the Pine and Larch,
it may be pointed out that the clustering is due simply to

FORMS OF FOLIAGE-LEAVES. Ill

the non-development of internodes. The clusters when
carefully examined, show in some cases an alternate, and
in others a whorled, arrangement.

165. As branches are produced in the axils of leaves, it
is clear that the arrangement of branches will be the same
as that of the leaves. It rarely happens, however, that
all the buds develope into branches. Many of them fail,
so that generally branches appear to have no very definite
arrangement.

166. Vernation or Prsefoliation. These terms have

reference to the mode in which the new leaves are folded
in the bud. Very commonly the leaf is simply doubled
lengthwise, the upper side of the leaf within ; then its
vernation is said to be conduplicate. In the Maple and
Mallow the folding is fan-like, and is described as plaited.
In the Cherry the leaf is coiled in a single coil beginning
with one edge : this is convolute vernation ; but if the
coiling is from both edges to the mid- rib, it is said to be
involute ; if both edges are rolled backward, it is revolute.
The vernation is circinate when the leaf is coiled from the
tip, as in Ferns.

/ 16/f. Forms Of Foliage-Leaves. Leaves present
an almost endless variety in their forms, and accuracy
in describing any given leaf depends a good deal upon
the ingenuity of the student in selecting and combining
terms.' The chief terms in use will be given here.

Compare a leaf of the Round-leaved Mallow with one
of Red Clover (Figs. 141, 142). Each of them is
furnished with a long petiole and a pair of stipules. In
the blade, however, there is a difference. The blade of
the former consists of a single piece / that of the latter

112

ELEMENTS OF STRUCTURAL BOTANY,

is in three separate pieces, each of which is called a
leaflet, but all of which, taken collectively, constitute the
blade of the leaf. The leaf of the Mallow is simple ;
that of the Clover is compound. Between the simple
and the compound form there is every possible shade of
gradation. In the Mallow leaf the lobes are not very
clearly denned. In the Maple (Fig. 143) they are well

Fig. 141.

Fig. 142.

marked. In other cases, again, the lobes are so nearly
separate that the leaves appear at first sight to be really
compound.

168. You will remember that in our examinations of
dicotyledonous plants, we found the leaves to be invariably
net- veined. But, though they have this general character
in common, they differ considerably in the details of
their veining, or venation, as it is called. The two
leaves employed as illustrations in the last section will

Fig. 141.— Simple palmately-veined leaf of Mallow.
Fig. 142. — Compound leaf of Clover.

FORMS OF FOLIAGE-LEAVES.

113

Fig. 143.

serve to illustrate our meaning here. In the Mallow^

there are several ribs of
about the same size, radiat-
ing from the end of the
petiole, something like the
spread-out fingers of a hand.
The veining in this case is
therefore described as digi-
tate, or radiate, or palmate.
The leaflet of the Clover, 011
the other hand, is divided
exactly in the middle by a
single rib (the mid-rib), and
from this the veins are given off on each side, so that
the veining, on the whole, presents the appearance of a
feather, and is, therefore, described as pinnate fpenna, a
feather).

169. Both simple and compound leaves exhibit these
two modes of venation. Of simple pinnately-veined
leaves, the Beech, Mullein, and
Willow supply familiar instances.
The Mallow, Maple, Grape, Cur-
rant, and Gooseberry have simple
radiate - veined leaves. Sweet-
Brier (Fig. 43), Mountain Ash,
and Rose have compound pinnate
leaves, whilst those of Virginia- Fig-. 144.

Creeper (Fig. 144), Horse-Chest-nut, and Hemp are
compound digitate.

Fig. 143.— Palmately-lobed leaf of Maple.
Fig. 144.— Palmate leaf of Virginia Creeper.

114

ELEMENTS OF STRUCTURAL BOTANY.

As has already been pointed out, the leaves of Mono-

cotyledonous plants are almost invariably straight- veined.

170. In addition to the venation, the description of a

Fig. 145. Fig. 146.

simple leaf includes particulars concerning : (1) the gen-
eral outline, (2) the edge or margin, (3) the point
or apex, (4) the base.

171. Outline. As to outline, it will be convenient tc
consider first the forms assumed by leaves without

Deltoid

Fig. 147. Fig. 148.

and whose margins are therefore more or less continuous.
Such leaves are of three sorts, viz.: those in wh?ch both
ends of the leaf are alike, those in which the apex is

Figs. 145 to 148.— Various forms of foliage-leaves.

FOLIAGE-LEAVES.

115

narrower than the base, and those in which the apex is
broader than the base.

172. In the first of these three classes it is evident that
any variation in the outline will depend altogether on the

Fig. 152. Fig. 153. Fig. 149. Fig. 150. Fig. 151.

relation between the length and the breadth of the leaf.

When the leaf is extremely narrow in comparison with its

length, as in the Pine, it is acicular or

needle-shaped (Fig. 145). As the width

increases, we pass through the forms

known as linear, oblong, oval, and

finally orbicular, in which the width

and length are nearly or quite equal

(Fig. 146).

Fig. 154.

173. In the second class the different ^-
forms arise from the varying width of
the base of the leaf, and we thus have subulate or awl-
shaped (Fig. 147), lanceolate, ovate, and deltoid leaves
(Fig. 148). .

Figs. 149 to 154. — Various forms of foliage-leaves.

116

ELEMENTS OF STRUCTURAL BOTANY.

174. In the third class, as the apex expands, we have
the forms spathulate (Fig. 149), oblanceolate — that is, the
reverse of lanceolate (Fig. 150), and obovate (Fig. 151).

175. In leaves of the second kind we frequently find
the base indented, and then the leaf is cordate or heart-

Fig. 155.

Fig. 156.

Fig. 157.

shaped (Fig. 152). The reverse of this — that is, when the
indentation is at the apex — is obcordate (Fig. 153). The
hastate or spear-shaped (Fig. 154), sagittate or arrow-
shaped (Fig. 155), and reniform or kidney-shaped (Fig.
156) forms are modifications of the second
/;- A class, and will be readily understood from

' the annexed figures.

If the petiole is attached to any part of
the under surface of the leaf, instead of to
the edge, the leaf is peltate (shield-shaped)
Fig. 158. (Fig. 158).

176. Leaves which are lobed are usually described by
stating whether they are palmately or pinnately veined; and

Figs. 155 to 158. — Various forms of foliage-leaves.

FOLIAGE-LEAVES.

117

Fig. 159.

if the former, the number of lobes is generally given. If the
leaves are very deeply cut, they are said to be palmatijld
QI pinnatifid, according to the veining (Fig. 1 59). If the leat
is pinnatifid and the lobes point backwards
towards the base, as in Dandelion, the leaf
is said to be runcinate. If the leaf is palmately
lobed, and the lobes at the base are them-
selves lobed, the leaf is pedate (Fig. 160),
because it looks something like a bird's foot.
If the lobes of a pinnatifid leaf are them-
selves lobed, the leaf is bipinnatifid. If the
leaf is cut up into tine segments, as in
Dicentra, it is said to be multifid.

177. Apex. The principal forms of the
apex are the mucronate (Fig. 157), when
the leaf is tipped with a sharp
point, as though the mid-rib were
projecting beyond the blade ;
cuspidate, when the leaf ends
abruptly in a very short, but
distinctly tapering, point (Fig.
161) ; acute, or sharp ;
and obtuse, or blunt.

It may happen that the apex does not end in
a point of any kind. If it looks as though the
end had been cut off square, it is truncate. If
Fig.\6i the end is slightly notched, but not sufficiently
so to warrant the description obcordate, it is emarginate.

178. Margin. If the margin is not indented in any
way, it is said to be entire. If it has sharp teeth, pointing

Figs. 159 to 161.— Various forms of foliage-leaves.

118 ELEMENTS OP STRUCTURAL BOTANY.

in the direction of the apex, it is serrate, and will be
coarsely or finely serrate, according to the size of the
teeth. Sometimes the edges of large teeth are themselves
finely serrated, and in that case the
leaf is doubly serrate (Fig. 162). If
the teeth point outwards, that is,
if the two edges of each tooth are of
the same length, the leaf is dentate;
but if the teeth, instead of being
sharp, are rounded, the leaf is crenate
(Fig. 163). The term wavy explains
itself.

179. Base. There are two or three peculiar modifica-
tions of the bases of simple sessile leaves which are of
considerable importance in distinguishing plants. Some-
times a pair of lobes project backwards and
cohere on the other side of the stem, so that the
stem appears to pass through the leaf. This is
the case in our common Bellwort, the leaves of
which are accordingly described as perfoliate
(Fig- 164). Sometimes two opposite
sessile leaves grow together at the base
and clasp the stem, as in the upper
leaves of Honeysuckle, in the Triosteum, and in
one of our species of Eupatorium. Such leaves
are said to be connate or connate-perfoliate (Fig.
165). In one of our Everlastings the margin
Fig. 164. of the leaf is continued on each side below the
point of insertion, and the lobes grow fast to the sides of
the stem, giving rise to what is called the decurrent form
(Fig. 166).

Figs. 162 to 164. — Various forms of foliage-leaves.

FOLIAGE-LEAVES.

119

The terms by which simple leaves are described are
applicable also to the leaflets of compound leaves, to the
sepals and petals of flowers, and, in short, to any flat forms.

Fig. 165.

Fig. 166.

180. We have already explained that compound leaves
are of two forms, pinnate and palmate. In the former the
leaflets are arranged on each side of the mid-rib. There may
be a leaflet at the end, in which case the leaf is odd-pinnate;
or the terminal leaflet may be wanting, and then the leaf is

Fig. 167.

abruptly pinnate. In the Pea, the leaf is pinnate and
terminates in a tendril (Fig. 135). Yery frequently the
primary divisions of a pinnate leaf are themselves pinnate,
and the whole leaf is then twice-pinnate (Fig. 167). If

Figs. 165 to 167.— Various forms of foliage-lap-" s.

120

ELEMENTS OF STRUCTURAL BOTANY.

the sub-division is continued through another stage, the
leaf is thrice-pinnate, and so on. Sometimes, as in the
leaves of the Tomato, very small leaflets are found "between
the larger ones, and this form is
described as interruptedly pinnate
(Fig. 168).

In the palmate or digitate forms
the leaflets spread out from the end
of the petiole, and, in describing
them, it is usual to mention the
number of divisions. If there are
three, the leaf is tri-foliolate ; if there
are five, it is quinque-foliolate.

181. In the examination of the
Mallow we found a couple of small
leaf-like attachments on the petiole
of each leaf, just at the junction

Fig. 168.

with the stem. To these the name
stipules was given. Leaves which
have not these appendages are

182. Besides the characters of
leaves mentioned above, there re-
main a few others to be noticed.
With regard to their surface,
leaves present every gradation from
perfect smoothness, as in Winter-
green, to extreme roughness or
woolliness, as in the Mullein. If hairs are entirely absent,

Fig. 169.

Fig. 168.— Interruptedly pinnate leaf.
Fig. 169.— Leaf of Pitcher-Plant.

FOLIAGE-LEAVES. J 21

the leaf is glabrous ; if present, the degree of hairiness is
described by an appropriate adverb ; if the leaf is com-
pletely covered, it is villous or villose ; and if the hairs are
on the margin only, as in our Clintonia, it is ciliate.
Some leaves, like those of the Cabbage, have a kind of
bloom on the surface, which may be rubbed off with the
fingers ; this condition is described as glaucous.

183. A few plants have anomalous leaves. Those

of the Onion are filiform. The Pitcher-Plant of our
northern swamps has very curious leaves (Fig. 169),
apparently formed by the turning in and cohesion of the
outer edges of an ordinary leaf so as to form a tube,
closed except at the top, and armed on the inner surface
with bristles pointing towards the base of the leaf.

184. Finally, as leaves present an almost infinite
variety in their forms, it will often be necessary in
describing them to combine the terms explained above.
For instance, a leaf may not be exactly linear, nor exactly
lance-shaped, but may approximate to both forms. In
such a case the leaf is described as lance-linear, and so
with other forms.

The following form of schedule may be used with
advantage in writing out descriptions of leaves. Two
leaves — one of Maple and one of Sweet Brier — are
described by way of illustration. If a leaf is compound,
the particulars as to outline, margin, apex, base, and surface
will have reference to the leaflets.

The exercise-book prepared to accompany this work
contains a supply of blank schedules for leaf-description,
with space for drawings.

122

ELEMENTS OF STRUCTURAL BOTANY/.

LEAF SCHEDULE.

LEAP OF

MAPLE.

SWEET BRIER.

1. Position.

Cauline.

2. Arrangement.

Opposite.

Alternate.

3. Insertion.

Petiolate.

4. Stipulation.

Exstipulate.

Stipulate.

5. Division.

Simple.

Odd pinnate, 7 leaflets.

6. Venation.

Palmate.

7. Outline.

Roundish or oval.

8. Margin.

Deeply lobed.

Doubly serrate.

9. Apex.

Pointed.

Acute.

10. Base.

Cordate.

Hardly indented.

11. Surface.

Glabrous above ;
whitish beneath.

Downy above ; covered
with glands beneath.

INFLORESCENCE. 123

CHAPTER XVIII.

MORPHOLOGY OF FLOWER-LEAVES INFLORESCENCE THE

CALYX — THE COROLLA — THE STAMENS — THE PISTIL

THE FRUIT — THE SEED — GERMINATION.

185. From an examination of the various forms
presented by foliage-leaves, we proceed now to those of
the floral ones, and we shall first consider the chief
modifications in the arrangement of flowers as a whole^
to which the term inflorescence is applied.

As the organs of which flowers are made up are strictly
leaf -forms, the special stalks upon which they are
produced (peduncles and pedicels) are true branches, and
their development is in strict accordance with the
principles enunciated in sections 141-144. As there
stated, the almost invariable mode of branching in phan-
erogams is monopodial, either after the botryose type or
after the cymose type. So inflorescence is found to
proceed upon one or other of these two plans.

186. To understand these let us recur to our specimens
of Shepherd's Purse and Buttercup. You wiM remember
that in the former the peduncle continues to lengthen
as long as the summer lasts, and new flowers continue
to be produced at the upper end. Observe, however,
that every one of the flowers is produced on the side of the
stem, that as the stem lengthens new lateral buds appear,
and that there is no flower on the end of the stem. The
production of the flowering branches (pedicels) and the
continuation of the main axis are, in fact, exactly
analogous to the growth of the Spruce, as explained in
section 142-

124 ELEMENTS OP STRUCTURAL BOTANY.

You will easily understand,- then, that the production
of flowers in such a plant is only limited by the close of
the season or by the exhaustion of the plant. Such

inflorescence is, therefore, called indefinite, or inde-
terminate, or axillary. It is sometimes also called
centripetal, because if the flowers happen to be in a close
cluster, as are the upper ones in Shepherd's Purse, the
order of development is from the outside towards the
centre.

187. If you now look at your Buttercup you will be
at once struck with the difference of plan exhibited.
The main axis or stem has a flower on the end of it, and
its further growth is therefore checked. And so, in like
manner, from the top downwards, the growth of the
branches is checked by the production of flowers at their
extremities. The mode of inflorescence here displayed

is definite, or determinate, or terminal. It is

also called centrifugal, because the development of the
flowers is the reverse of that exhibited in the first mode.
The upper, or, in the case of close clusters, the central,
flowers open first.

188. In either mode the flowers are said to be solitary,
if (1) single flowers are produced in the axils of the
ordinary foliage-leaves (botryose), or (2) if a single flower
terminates the stem, as in Tulip (terminal).

189. Of indeterminate or botryose inflores-
cence there are several varieties. In Shepherd's Purse
we have an instance of the raceme, which may be described
as a cluster in which each flower is supported on a
lateral pedicel of its own, usually in the axil of a bract.
If the pedicels are absent and £he flowers consequently

INFLORESCENCE.

125

sessile in the axils, the cluster becomes a spike, of which
the common Plantain and the Mullein furnish good
examples. The catkins of the Willow (Figs. 68 and 69)
and Birch and the spadix of the Indian Turnip (Figs.
96 and 97) are also spikes, the former having scaly
bracts and the latter a fleshy axis. If you suppose the

Fig. 170.

Fig. 171.

internodes of a spike to be suppressed so that the flowers
are densely crowded, you will have a head, of which
Clover and Button-bush supply instances. If the lower
pedicels of a raceme are considerably longer than the

Fig. 170.— Plan of the simple corymb.
Fig. 171.— Compound raceme. (Gray.)

126

ELEMENTS OP STRUCTURAL BOTANY.

upper ones, so that all the blossoms are nearly on the
same level, the cluster is a corymb (Fig. 170). If the
flowers in a head were elevated on separate pedicels of
the same length, radiating like the ribs of an umbrella,
we should have an umbel, of which the flowers of
Geranium and Parsnip (Fig. 51) are examples. A
raceme will be compound (Fig. 171) if, instead of a
solitary flower, there is a raceme in each axil, and a
similar remark will apply in the case of the spike, the
corymb, and the umbel.

190. The inflorescence of most Grasses is what is
called a panicle. This is a compound form, and is

Fig. 172.

usually a kind of raceme having its primary divisions
branched in some irregular manner.

191. Of determinate inflorescence the chief

modification is the cyme. This is a rather flat-topped
Fig. 172.— A cyme. (Gray.)

INFLORESCENCE. 127

cluster, having something the appearance of a compound
corymb, but easily distinguished by this peculiarity : that
the central blossom opens first ;, then those at the ends of
the first set of branches of the cluster, then those on the
secondary branches, and so on until the outer buds are
reached. The Elder, Dogwood, and St. John's Wort
furnish good examples of the cymose structure. Fig.
172 shows a loose, open cyme.

Helicoid and Scorpioid cymes have already been
described in section 144.

192. Besides the two distinct modes of inflorescence
just described, forms are met with which exhibit the
peculiarities of both modes. For example, the flower-
cluster of the Lilac is botryose or racemose as to the
production of its primary branches, but the development
of the flowers on the branches is according to the cymose
type. On the other hand it sometimes happens, in many
of the Composites for example, that the primary
branches are cymose while the secondary are botryose.
In the Lilac and the Horse-Chestnut the compact mixed
cluster is called a thyrse. Panicles, also, instead of being
altogether botryose, may be of a similar mixed character.

193. In many plants of the Mint Family the flowers
appear to form dense whorls at intervals about the stem.
Each of these whorls, when analysed, is found to consist
of two cymose clusters on opposite sides of the stem.
Such whorls are, therefore, mixed, and are often spoken
of as verticillasters.

194. It has already been pointed out that cauline
lea v 3s tend to diminish in size towards the upper part
of the steir where the flowers are found. Such reduced

128 ELEMENTS OP STRUCTURAL BOTANY.

leaves, containing flowers in their axils, are called bracts.
In the case of compound flower-clusters this term is
limited to the leaves on the peduncle or main stem, the
term bradlet being then applied to those occurring on
the pedicels or subordinate stems. In the case of the
umbel and the head, it generally happens that a circle of
bracts surrounds the base of the cluster. They are then
called, collectively, an involucre, and in the case of
compound clusters a circle of bractlets is called an
involucel. Bracts are often so minute as to be reduced
to mere scales. On the other hand they are occasionally
very conspicuous and showy, as, for instance, in the
four white bracts resembling a flower in the Bunchberry.
From our definition it will be evident, also, that the
spathe surrounding the spadix in Indian Turnip is merely
a bract.

195. Floral symmetry. Before dealing with the mor-
phology of the separate leaf -forms which go to make up
the flower, a few words are necessary in regard to the
relations of the different sets of floral organs, both as to
number and as to position. The leaves which constitute
the flower are arranged about the axis either in whorls,
when the flowers are said to be cyclic; or in spirals, after
the manner of most foliage-leaves, in which case the
flowers are acyclic. Occasionally the outer sets (the
perianth) are in whorls, while the stamens are spirally
arranged ; then the flowers are said to be hemicyclic.
The spiral arrangement prevails, as a rule, where the
floral organs are very numerous, as, for instance, in the
Water Lily and in Buttercup ; though Columbine, with
very numerous stamens, has cyclic flowers.

FLORAL DIAGRAMS. 129

196. In cyclic flowers, whilst there is usually one
whorl each of sepals, petals, and carpels, there are not
unfrequently two whorls of stamens. If each whorl is
made up of the same number of members the flower is
isomerous, and will, at the same time, be monomerous,
dimerous, trimerous, tetramerous, or pentamerous, accord-
ing as each whorl contains one, two, three, four, or five
members. If the numbers of the members in the whorls
do not correspond, the flowers are heteromerous.

197. The relations of the whorls to each other in any
particular case may be very conveniently exhibited by a

diagram. Fig. 173, for example,
shows the plan of a Lily. The dot at
the top of the figure represents the
position of the axis of the plant, and
should always be shown in a floral
diagram. The side of the flower
Fig. 173. towards the stem is the posterior side,

the opposite one being anterior, and a plane passing
through the centre of the flower and also through the
stem or axis is called the median plane. We have in the
flower of the Lily an outer whorl of three members ; then
alternately with these (and this is the usual plan in
cyclic flowers) a second whorl of three members ; then
the outer whorl of stamens, also three in number ; then
the three inner stamens ; and, finally, the three carpels.

198. The composition of this flower may also be
expressed by a formula, as follows : K3, C3, A3+3, G(a),
where K stands for calyx, C for corolla, A for anthers,
G for gyncecium. The brackets enclosing the figure

Fig. 173.— Diagram of Lily flower. (Prantl.)

130

ELEMENTS OF STRUCTURAL BOTANY.

which follows G show the carpels to be united, and the
placing of the figure above the short line indicates that
the ovary is superior ; if inferior, the figure would be
• written below the line. Fig. 174 shows

the plan of a Grass-flower. Here parts
which are suppressed, and the position
of which can in general be easily
inferred from that of those which are
present, are represented by dots. The

Fig. 174.

formula would be : K0, C2, A3+0,

199. The gynoecium is very frequently made up of
fewer members (carpels) than the other whorls, and in
all such cases the position of the carpels is more or less
irregular.

200. Fig. 175 gives the plan of Shepherd's Purse.
This shows the four sepals to be in two whorls of two
sepals each ; the four petals, however, are arranged
alternately with the four sepals, as if »

the latter were all in one whorl ; the

position of the stamens indicates that

the two posterior ones, as well as the

two anterior ones, occupy the place of

single stamens, and have, therefore,

probably arisen from the early division

of single stamens into pairs. The Fi=- 175>

formula would be : K2+2, C4, A2+2a, G(^); the expression

22 indicating the reduplication of the inner stamens.

201. If there is no clear distinction between the calyx
and corolla, the letter P (for perianth) may be used to
include both ; and, finally, if the members of any whorl

Fig. 174.— Diagram of a Grass-flower. (Prantl.)

Fig. 175.— Diagram of flower of Shepherd's Purse. (Prantl.)

THE CALY*. 1

stand opposite those of the one exterior to it, a vertical
line may be placed between the symbols, thus : C5 [ A5.

202. Other methods of indicating symbolically the
relations of the parts of the flower are in vogue ; the one
just given is recommended by Prantl, and is sufficiently
convenient.

203. It has already been mentioned that flowers are
said to be irregular when the members of any whorl are
of different sizes or shapes, as, for example, in the Pea ;
and regular, when the opposite is true. Fig. 173 repre-
sents one of these regular flowers. A moment's reflection
will show that any line whatever drawn across the centre
of this diagram will divide it into two exactly similar
halves. The term actinomorphic, as well as "regular," is
applied to all such flowers. Flowers, on the other hand,
which can be cut symmetrically in one vertical plane only
are zygornorpTiic.

204. In this book, as in most English books, the term
" symmetrical " is employed to indicate that the whorls
consist of the same number of members each, and it is, in
fact, the same in meaning as "isomerous." The later
German botanists define a symmetrical flower as "one
which can be divided vertically into two halves resembling
each other like an object and its reflected image."

We shall now proceed to consider in detail the variations
in form assumed by the floral organs individually.

205. The Calyx. As you are now well aware, this
term is applied to the outer circle of floral leaves. These
are usually green, but not necessarily so ; in some Exogens,
and in nearly all Endogens, they are of some other colour.
Each division of a calyx is called a sepal, and if the sepals

132 ELEMENTS OF STRUCTURAL BOTANY.

are entirely distinct from each other, the calyx is poly-
sepalous; if they are united in any degree, it is gamo-
sepalous. A calyx is regular or irregular according as the
petals are of the same or different shape and size.

206. In a gamosepalous calyx, if the sepals are not
united to the very top, the free portions are known as
calyx-teeth, or, taken collectively, as the limb of the calyx.
The united portion, especially if long, as in Willow-herb,
is called the calyx-tube, and the entrance to the tube its
throat. In many plants, particularly those of the Com-
posite Family, the limb of the calyx consists merely of a
circle of bristles or soft hairs, and is then described as
pappose. In other cases the limb is quite inconspicuous,
and so is said to be obsolete. A calyx which remains after
the corolla has disappeared, as in Mallow (Fig. 31), is
persistent. If it disappears when the flower opens, as in
our Bloodroot, it is caducous; and if it falls away with the
corolla, it is deciduous.

We must repeat here, that when calyx and corolla are
not both present, the circle which is present is considered
to be the calyx, whether green or not.

207. The Corolla. The calyx and corolla, taken
together, are called the floral envelopes. When both
envelopes are present, the corolla is the inner one ; it is
usually, though not invariably, of some other colour than
green. Each division of a corolla is called a petal, and the
corolla is polypetalous when the petals are completely
disconnected ; but gamopetalous if they are united in any
degree, however slight. The terms regular and irregular,
applied to the calyx, are applicable also to the corolla, and
Uifl terms used in the description of leaves are applicable

THE COROLLA. 133

to petals. If, however, a petal is narrowed into a long and
slender portion towards the base, that portion is known
as the claw, whilst the broader upper part is
called the limb (Fig. 176). The leaf-terms
are then applicable to the limb.

208. Gamopetalous corollas assume various
forms, most of which are described by terms
Fig. 176. easily understood. The forms assumed
depend almost entirely on the shape of the petals
which, when united, make up the corolla. If
these, taken separately, are linear, and are united
to the top, or nearly so, the corolla will be tubular
(Fig. 177). If the petals are wedge-shaped, they
will, by their union, produce a funnel-shaped
corolla (Fig. 178). In the campanulate or bell-
shaped form, the enlargement from base to sum-
mit is more gradual. If the petals are narrowed Fig. 177.
abruptly into long claws, the union of the claws into a
tube and the spreading of the limb at
right angles to the tube will produce the
salver-shaped form, as in Phlox (Fig. 179).
The rotate corolla differs from this in
having a very short tube. The corolla of
the Potato is rotate.

209. The most important irregular
gamopetalous corollas are the ligulate,
which has been fully described in the
178* examination of the Dandelion, and the
labiate^ of which we found an example in Catnip (Fig.
59). The corolla of Turtle-head (Fig. 180) is another

Fig. 176.— Single petal of a Pink. Fig. 177.— Tubular corolla of a Honeysuckle.
Fig. 178.— Funnel-shaped corolla of Calystegia.

134 ELEMENTS OF STRUCTURAL BOTANY.

example. When a labiate corolla presents a wide opening
between the upper and lower lips, it is said to be ringent ;
if the opening is closed by an upward projection of the
lower lip, as in Toadflax (Fig. 181), it is said to be
personate, and the projection in this case is known as the
palate. A good many corollas, such as those of Toadflax,
Dicentra, Snapdragon, Columbine, and Violet, have
protuberances or spurs at the base. In Violet one petal
only is spurred ; in Columbine the whole five are so.

Fig. 179. Fig. ISO. Fig. 181.

210. ^Estivation. This is the term applied to the
mode in which the sepals and petals are folded in the
bud. In general, the members of a calyx or of a corolla
overlap in the bud, or they do not. If they stand edge
to edge, as in the calyx of Mallow, the aestivation is
valvate. If there is overlapping, and one or more of
the members have both edges covered, the aestivation is
imbricate; and if each member has one edge covered
and the other uncovered, as in the corolla of Mallow*
Evening Primrose, Phlox, &c., it is then said to be con-
volute. Gamopetalous corollas are frequently plaited in
the bud, and the plaits may be convolute, as in Morning
Glory.

Fig. 179.— Salver-shaped corolla of Phlox.
Fig. 180.— Labiate corolla of Turtle-head.
Fig. 181.— Personate corolla of Toadflax.

THE STAMENS. 135

211. The Stamens. As calyx and corolla are called
collectively the floral envelopes, so stamens and pistil are
spoken of collectively as the essential organs of the flower.
The circle of stamens alone is sometimes called the
andrcBcium. A complete stamen consists of a slender
stalk known as the filament, and one or more small sacs
called collectively the anther. The filament, however, is
not uncommonly absent, in which case the anther is sessile.
As a general thing, the anther consists of two oblong cells
with a sort of rib between them called the connective, and
that side of the anther which presents a distinctly grooved
appearance is the face, the opposite side being the back.

Fig. 182. Fig. 183. Fig. 184.

The filament is invariably attached to the connective, and
may adhere through the entire length of the latter, in
which case the anther is adnate (Fig. 182); or the base of
the connective may rest on the end of the filament, a
condition described as innate (Fig. 183); or the extremity
of the filament may be attached to the middle of the back
of the connective, so that the anther swings about : it is
then said to be versatile (Fig. 184). In all these cases, if
the face of the anther is t/urned towards the centre of the
flower, it is said to be introrse ; if turned outwards,
extrorse.

Figs. 182, 183, 184.— Stamens showing adnate, innate, and versatile attach-
ments of the anther.

136 ELEMENTS OF STRUCTURAL BOTANY.

The cells of anthers commonly open along their outer
edges to discharge their pollen (Fig. 185). In most of the
Heaths, however, the pollen is discharged through a
minute aperture at the top of each cell (Fig. 186), and in
our Blue Cohosh each cell is provided with a lid or valve
near the top, which opens on a kind of hinge (Fig. 187).
Occasionally, examples of barren or abortive stamens are
met with, as the fifth stamen in Turtle Head and
Pentstemon. These are filaments without anthers, and are
known as staminodes.

212 Stamens may be either entirely distinct from each
other — in which cise they are described as diandrous,
pentandrous, octandrous, &c., according to their number
(or, if more than twenty, as indefinite) — or
they may be united in various ways. If
their anthers are united in a circle, while
the filaments are separate (Fig. 57), they
are said to be syngenesious ; but if the
filaments unite to form a tube, while the
Figs. 185. 187. 186. anthers remain distinct, they are said to be
monadclphous (Fig. 32) ; if they are in two groups they
are diadelphous (Fig. 37) ; if in three, triadelphous ; if in
more than three, polyadelphous.

213. As to insertion, when stamens are inserted on
the receptacle they are Tiypogynous ; when borne on the
calyx, perigynous ; when borne on the ovary, epigynous ;
and if inserted on the corolla, epipetalous. They may,
however, be borne even on the style, as in Orchis, and
then they are described as gynandrous.

214 If the stamens are four in number, and in two

Figs. 185, 186, 187.— Anthers exhibiting different modes of dehiscence.

THE PISTIL. 137

pairs of different lengths, they are said to be didynamom
(Fig. 60) ; if six in number, four long and two short, they
are tetrad 'ynamous (Fig. 28) ; and, finally, if the stamens
are hidden in the tube of a gamopetalous corolla they are
said to be included, but if they protrude beyond the tube
they are exserted (Fig. 177).

215. The Pistil. This is the name given to the
central organ of the flower. It is sometimes also called the
gyncecium. As in the case of the stamens, the structure
of the pistil must be regarded as a modification of the
structure of leaves generally. The pistil may be formed
by the folding of a single carpellary leaf, as in the Bean
(Fig. 188), in which case it is simple; or it may consist
of a number of carpels, either entirely separate from each
other or united together

in various ways, in which

case it is confound. By

some botanists, however,

the term compound is

restricted to the case of Fig. 188.

united carpels. If the carpels are entirely distinct, as in

Buttercup, the pistil is apocarpous ; if they are united in

any degree, it is syncarpous. A pistil of one carpel is

monocarpellary ; of two, dicarpellary ; and so on, to

poly carpellary.

216. The terms inferior and superior, as applied to the
pistil, describe its situation upon the axis relative to
that of the calyx, corolla, and stamens. It will be
remembered that the end of the peduncle is usually
enlarged, forming what is called the torus or receptacle.
Usually the receptacle is a little higher in the centre

Fig. 188.— Legume of the Bean.

138

ELEMENTS OF STRUCTURAL BOTANY.

than at its margin, and as the gynoecium occupies this
central part, its position is above that of the other floral
leaves, as shown in Fig. 1 89. Here the pistil is superior,
and the stamens and petals hypogynous. But frequently
the outer part of the receptacle grows more vigorously
than the centre, forming, in fact, a cup with the pistil
in the bottom of it, and the stamens and petals around

Fig. 189. Fig. 190. Fig. 191.

its margin (Fig. 190). In this case the pistil may be
described as half -inferior, and the stamens and petals as
perigynous. Often the cup-shaped receptacle grows fast
to the ovary all round. In other cases, the carpels,
instead of being developed from the bottom of the cup,
spring from the margin, thus forming a roof-like disk,
around the edge of which the stamens are attached
(Fig. 191). Here the stamens are epigynous, and the
ovary is truly inferior. Other cases of epigyny and
perigyny arise from the adnation (growing together) of
the floral whorls without exceptional development of the

Figs. 189, 190, 191.— Diagrams illustrating hypogynous (H), perigynous (P),
and epigynous (E) flowers ; a, axis ; fr, calyx ; c, corolla ; s, stamens ; /
carpels ; », stigma ; sk, ovule. (Prantl.^

THE PISTIL. 139

receptacle. The cases of the Rose, Cherry, and Apple
have already been referred to (Chapter VI.).

217. In our examination of the Marsh Marigold (Figs.
24 and 25) we found an apocarpous pistil of several
carpels. We found also that each carpel contained a
number of seeds, and that in every case the seeds were
attached to that edge of the carpel which was turned
towards the centre of the flower, and that, as the carpels
ripened, they invariably split open along that edge, but
not along the other, so that the carpel when opened out
presented the appearance of a leaf with seeds attached to
the margins. The inner edge of a simple carpel, to
which the seeds are thus attached, is called the ventral
suture^ the opposite edge, corresponding to the mid-rib
of a leaf, being the dorsal suture.

218. If we suppose a number of simple carpels to
approach each other and unite in the centre of a flower,
it is evident that the pistil so formed would contain as
many cells as there were carpels, the cells being separated
from each other by a double wall, and that the seeds
would be found arranged about the centre or axis of the
pistil ; and this is the actual state of things in the Tulip,
whose pistil is formed by the union of three carpels.
When the pistil ripens, the double walls separating the
cells split asunder. To these separating walls the name
dissepiment or partition is given.

219. The cells are technically known as loculi. An
ovary with one cell is unilocular ; with two, bilocular ;
with several, multilocular. Between the unilocular and
multilocular forms there are all shades of gradation. In
some cases, as, for example, in Saxifrage, the carpels

140 ELEMENTS OF STRUCTURAL BOTANY.

are united below but separate above. Sometimes, also,
false partitions are formed across the loculi in the course
of growth. In the Mints, for instance, there are at
first but two loculi ; eventually, however, there are four,
which completely separate at the time of ripening.

220. But it often happens that though several carpeli
unite to form a compound pistil, there is but one cell in

the ovary. This is because the separ-
ate carpellary leaves have not been
folded before uniting, but have been
joined edge to edge, or rather with
Fig. 193. Fig. 192. their edges slightly turned inwards.
In these cases the seeds cannot, of course, be in the
centre of the ovary, but will be found on the walls, at
the junction of the carpels (Figs. 192 and 193). In
some plants the ovary is one-celled, and the seeds are
arranged round a column which rises from the bottom of
the cell (Figs. 194 and 195). This case is
explained by the early obliteration of the
partitions, which must at first have met in
the centre of the cell; Special cases, how-
ever, are found in which no trace of parti-
tions has been observed, and these must
consequently be explained by the actual 1J
upward growth of the axis into the centre of the ovary.

221. In all cases the line or projection to which the
seeds are attached is called the placenta, and the term
placentation has reference to the manner in which
the placentas are arranged. In the simple pistil the
placentation is marginal or sutural. In the syncarpous

Figs. 192, 193. — Compound one-celled ovary of Mignonette.
Figs. 194, 195. — Sections of ovary of a Pink, showing free central pla-
centation.

PHYLLOME AND TRICHOME. 141

pistil, if the dissepiments meet in the centre of the ovary,
thus dividing it into separate cells, the placentation is
central or axile ; if the ovary is one-celled and bears the
seeds on its walls, the placentation is parietal ; and if
the seeds are attached to a central column it is free
central.

222. Besides the union of the ovaries there may also
foe a union of the styles, and even of the stigmas.

223. A very exceptional pistil is found in plants of
the Pine Family. Here the ovules, instead of being

enclosed in an ovary, are
usually simply attached to
the inner surface of an open
carpellary leaf or scale, the

Fig. 196. Figs. 197, 198. -, ,. . , , . ,

scales torming what is known

as a cone (Figs. 196, 197, and 198). The plants of this
family are hence called gymnospermous, or naked-seeded.

224. Nectaries. This name is given to that part of a
flower which has been specially formed for the secretion
af honey. The nectaries need not, however, be looked
upon as separate or independent organs. Sometimes
they are to be found at the base of the petals, as in
Buttercup ; sometimes at the base of the stamens, as in
the Grape. Very commonly they are at the bottom of
deep spurs formed on one or more divisions of the
perianth, as in Violet, many Orchids, and in Columbine.

225. Phyllome and Trichome. To all leaf-forms,
whether ordinary foliage-leaves or those special modifica
bions which make up the flower — sepals, petals, stamens,

Fig. 196.— A cone.

Fig. 197. — Single scale showing position of the two seeds on the inner face.

Fig. 198.— One of the winged seeds removed.

142 ELEMENTS OF STRUCTURAL BOTANY

and carpels — the general term phyllome is applicable.
The characteristic of the phyllome is that it is a lateral
outgrowth of the stem or its branches.

226. The term trichome, on the other hand, is applic-
able to any hair-like appendage on the surface of the
plant generally, whether of root, stem, or leaf. The
commonest form of trichome is the hair. The root-
hairs which generally clothe the surface of young roots
are of great importance as absorbing agents. Each
root-hair consists of a single, delicate, tube-like cell with
extremely thin walls. Other hairs may consist of several
such cells placed end to end. Others, again, may branch
extensively. It sometimes happens that the terminal
cell of a hair produces a gummy substance which comes
away with the slightest touch. The sticky surfaces of
many common plants are due to the presence of such
hairs, which are then described as glandular. Gummy
matters are also secreted by glands close to the surface
of the plant. Peltate hairs are occasionally met with,
as in the leaves of Shepherdia. They give a scurfy
appearance to the surface upon which they grow. Then
there are hairs which secrete odorous fluids, as, for
example, those upon the surface of the Sweet Brier-
These probably serve to attract insects. Stinging hairs
are also common. They contain an irritating fluid.
When the point of the hair pierces the skin it is broken
off, and the fluid then escapes into the wound.

227. Besides the trichome forms just mentioned, there
are also bristles, formed from hairs by the gradual thick-
ening and hardening of their walls, and prickles, such as
those of Sweet Brier (Fig. 199), which consist of many

THE FRUIT.

143

Fig. 200.

Fig. 199.

hard-walled woody cells closely packed together. That

prickles are really trichomes is shown by the fact that

when the bark is stripped off they

come away along with it. Spines, on

the other hand (Fig. 200), are lateral
outgrowths of the stem.
They are, in fact, gener-
ally stunted branches, and
will be found to spring
originally from the axils
of leaves. Occasionally
the petiole of a leaf is
converted into a spine, which then becomes a
true phyllome. Ovules are generally regarded
as trichomes since they arise from the inner-
surface of the carpels.

228. The Fruit. In coming to the consideration of
the fruit, you must for the present lay aside any popular
ideas you may have acquired as to the meaning of this
term. You will find that, in a strict botanical sense,
many things are fruits which, in the language of common
life, are not so designated. For instance, we hardly speak
of a pumpkin or a cucumber as fruit, and yet they are
clearly so, according to the botanist's definition of that
term. A fruit may be defined to be the ripened pistil
together with any other organ, such as the calyx or
receptacle, which may be adherent to it. This definition
will, perhaps, be more clearly understood after a few speci-
mens have been attentively examined.

229. For an example of the simplest kind of fruit let
Fig. 199.— Prickles of Sweet Brier. Fig. 200.— Spines of the Hawthorn.

144 ELEMENTS OP STRUCTURAL BOTANY.

us revert to our Buttercup. As the carpels ripen, the
style and stigma are reduced to a mere point. On cutting
open one of these carpels when fully ripe, we find it
contains a single seed, hot quite filling the cavity, but
attached at one point to the wall of the latter. What you
have to guard against, in this instance, is the mistake of
considering the entire carpel to be merely a seed. It is a
seed enveloped in an outer covering which we called the
ovary in the early stages of the flower, but which, now
that it is ripe, we shall call the pericarp. This pericarp,
with the seed which it contains, is the fruit. The
principal difference between the fruit of Marsh Marigold
and that of Buttercup is that, in the former, the pericarp
envelopes several seeds, and, when ripe, splits open down
one side. The fruit of Buttercup does not thus split open.
In the Pea, again, the pericarp encloses several seeds, but
splits open along both margins. The fruits just mentioned
all result from the ripening of apocarpous pistils, and they
are consequently spoken of as apocarpous fruits.

230. In Willow-herb, you will recollect that the calyx-
tube adheres to the whole surface of the ovary. The
fruit in this case, then, must include the calyx. When
the ovary ripens, it splits longitudinally into four pieces
(Fig. 41), and, as the pistil was syncarpous, so also is the
fruit.

231. In the Peach, Plum, Cherry, and stone-fruits or
drupes generally, the seed is enclosed in a hard shell
called aputamen. Outside the putamen is a thick layer
of pulp, and outside this, enclosing the whole, is a skin-
like covering. In these fruits all outside the seeds is the
pericarp. In one respect these stone-fruits resemble the

THE FRUIT. 145

fruit of the Buttercup : they do not split open in order
to discharge their seeds. All fruits having this peculiarity
are said to be indehiscent, whilst those in which th«
pericarp opens, or separates into pieces, are dehiscent-

232. In the Apple (Fig. 50) and Pear, the seeds are
contained in five cells in the middle of the fruit, and
these cells are surrounded by a firm fleshy mass, which is
mainly an enlargement of the calyx. In fact, the remains
of the five calyx-teeth may be readily detected at the end
of the apple opposite the stem. As in Willow-herb, the
calyx is adherent to the ovary, and therefore calyx and
ovary together constitute the pericarp. These fleshy fruits,
or pomes, as they are sometimes called, are of course
indehiscent.

233. In the Currant, as in the Apple, you will find the
remains of a calyx at the top, so that this fruit, too, is
inferior^ but the seeds, instead of being separated from the
mass of the fruit by tough cartilaginous cell-walls, as in the
Apple, lie imbedded in the soft, juicy pulp. Such a fruit as
this is a berry. The Gooseberry and the Grape are other
examples. The Pumpkin and other gourds are similar in
structure to the berry ; but, besides the soft inner pulp, they
have also a firm outer layer and a hard rind.

The name pepo is generally given to fruits of
this sort.

234. A Raspberry or Blackberry (Fig. 201)
proves, on examination, to be made up of a
large number of juicy little drupes, aggregated Fis- 201.
upon a central axis. It cannot, therefore, be a true berry,
but may be called an aggregated fruit.

Fig. 201.— Aggregated ruit of the Raspberry.

146 ELEMENTS OF STRUCTURAL BOTANY.

235. A strawberry (Fig. 202) is a fruit consisting chiefly
of a mass of pulp, having its surface dotted all over
with little carpels (achenes), similar to
those of the Buttercup. The flesh of the
Strawberry is simply an enlarged recep-
tacle ; so that this fruit, also, is not a true
berry.

236. The fruit of Sweet Brier (Fig. 45)
Fig. 202. consists of a red fleshy calyx, lined with
a hollow receptacle which bears a number of achenes. This
fruit is, therefore, analogous to that of the Strawberry.
In the latter the achenes are on the outer surface of a
raised receptacle, while in the former they are on the
inner surface of a hollow receptacle.

"When other parts of the flower are combined with the
ovary in fruit, as in Apple, Rose, and Strawberry, the
result is sometimes described as a pseudocarp, or spurious
fruit.

237. The cone of the Pine (Fig. 116) is a fruit which
differs in an important respect from all those yet mentioned,
inasmuch as it is the product, not of a single flower, but
of as many flowers as there are scales. It may, therefore,
be called a collective or multiple fruit. The Pine Apple
is another instance of the same thing.

238. Of dehiscent fruits there are some varieties which
receive special names. The fruit of the Pea or Bean
(Fig. 188), whose pericarp splits open along both margins,
is called a legume; that of Marsh Marigold (Fig. 25),
which opens down one side only, is a follicle. Both oi
these are apocarpous.

Fig. 202.— Section of a Strawberr*.

THE FRUIT.

147

239. Any syncarpous fruit having a dry dehiscent
pericarp is called a capsule. The dehiscence of syncarpous
or polycarpellary fruits is of several kinds. If the rupture

takes place along the partitions the
fruit will be split up into its original
carpels ; this form of dehiscence is
septicidal (Fig. 203). But the
dehiscence may take place along the
dorsal suture of each carpel, half-
way between the partitions, so that
the opening is into the loculus ; this
Fig. 203. mode is known as loculicidal (Fig.

204). Or again, the valves (separate

pieces of the pericarp) may fall away,

leaving the partitions standing ; this

dehiscence is septifragal (Fig. 205).

240. A long and slender capsule
having two cells separated by a
membranous partition bearing the

seed, and from which, when ripe, Fig. 204.

the valves fall away on each side,
is called a silique (Fig. 206). If,
as in Shepherd's Purse (Fig. 29),
the capsule is short and broad, it is
called a silicle. If the capsule
opens horizontally, so that the top
comes off like a lid, as in Purslane
(Fig. 207), it is & pyxis.

241. Any dry, one-seeded, indehiscent fruit is called an
ichene, of which the fruit of Buttercup (Fig. 14) is an

Figs. 203, 204, 205.— Diagrams illustrating septicidal, loculicidal, and septi-
fragal dehiscence.

148 ELEMENTS OF STRUCTURAL BOTANY.

example. In Wheat the fruit differs from that of Buttercup
in having a closely fitting and adherent pericarp. Such a
fruit is called a carynpsis or grain. A nut is
usually syncarpous, with a hard, dry pericarp.
A winged fruit, such as that of the Maple (Fig.
208), is called a samara or key.

242. A fruit which splits up when ripe into
several one-seeded pieces is called a scliizocarp.
The samara of the Maple is a good example ;
also the fruit of Catnip, which splits up
at maturity into four one-seeded portions.
Fig. 206. The fruit of Mallow is another common Fig'207-
instance. The separate portions in these cases are called
mericarps. In some leguminous plants
the pod breaks up transversely into one-
seeded portions, giving rise
to the form called a lament.
243. A special schizocarp
is that of Umbelliferous
plants (Fig. 209). Here the Fig. 208.

fruit splits into two mericarps, each attached,
however, by a fibre to the axis. Such a fruit
Fig. 209. js called a cremocarp.

244. The Seed. The seed has already been described
as the fertilized ovule. During the formation of the
carpels, the ovules arise as outgrowths from the inner
surface of the ovary, mostly, as has been pointed out,
upon the margins of the carpellary leaves, but occasion-
ally also upon the surface generally, At first the ovule

Fig. 206.— Silicle of Stock. Fig. 207. -Pyxis of Purslane.

Fig. 208.— Samara of Maple.

Fig. 209. — Cremocarp of an Umbellifer ; a, the fibre attaching the mericarp
to the axis. (Thome.)

THE SEED. 749

is p simple, soft mass with no indication whatever of
the covering so manifest in ripe seeds of all kinds. Very
soon, however, after the appearance of the body of the
ovule, a circular ridge is developed upon it, and this
gradually extends upwards over the surface so as to form
a coat, which at length entirely covers it except at the
very apex, where a minute opening is left. Very
commonly, but not always, a second coat is developed
exactly in the same manner, outside the first, and an
opening is left in this coat also, precisely over the other.
This minute passage through both coats to the ovule body
has already been named the micropyle. The two coats
are known as the primine (generally, though not always,
applied to the outer) and the secundine, and the central
body is the nucleus.

245. If the ovule appears to arise directly from the
placenta without the intervention of a stalk, it is sessile ;
but if a stalk is present, this is known as the funiculus.
In the accompanying diagram (Fig. 210) which represents
a section of the complete ovule, k is the nucleus ; ai, the
primine ; n, the secundine ; m, the micropyle ; /, the
funiculus. The point (c) where the two coats and the
nucleus are blended together is called the chalaza. The
portion of the nucleus marked em is the cavity called
the embryo-sac, already referred to in Chapter II.

246. 'It must now be pointed out that though the ovules
at the commencement of their growth are straight, as in
the diagram just described, yet they do not commonly
remain so. Very often the ovule bends over so as to appear
completely inverted, in which case the funiculus grows
fast to one side of the primine, becoming completely fused

150

ELEMENTS OF STRUCTURAL BOTANY.

with it, and forming what is then called the raphe. Fig.
211 represents this condition, r being the raphe, s the
chalaza, and the other letters corresponding to those in
Fig. 210.

Sometimes the curving of the ovule upon itself is not
carried to this extreme, and an intermediate form is
presented, as in Fig. 212.

Fiff. 212.

Fig. 210. Fig. 211.

If the ovule remains straight it is said to be orthotro-
pous ; if completely inverted, anatropous ; if half bent
over, campylotropous.

247. Pollination. The process of fertilization, by
which the ovule is converted into the seed, has been
briefly described in Chapter II. A few words may be
added here upon pollination — the process of supplying
pollen to the stigma. In very many flowers which have
both stamens and pistil (and hence called hermaphrodite),
the process is very simple. Either the anthers and
stigma are so close together that the pollen cannot fail to
be deposited upon the stigma immediately upon the
opening of the anther, or the stigma is upon a lower level,
so that the pollen drops upon it, or, in special cases, as in

Figs. 210, 211, 212.— Diagrams of orthotropous, anatropous, and campylo-
tropous ovules. (Prantl.)

POLLINATION 151

Tinpafciens and Wood Sorrel, besides the ordinary large
flowers, there are special small ones (known as cleistoga-
™.s>us flowers) whose floral envelopes do not open, thus
Compelling self-fertilization. But it is well established
that in a vast number of cases the ovules in any given
hower have to depend for fertilization upon the pollen of
some other flower. Nature seems to have provided
against self-fertilization by various contrivances. Some-
times the relative positions of the anthers and the stigma
in the same flower are such as to render it impossible.
Sometimes the pollen comes to maturity and is shed from
the anthers before the stigma is in a suitable condition to
receive it ; whilst, ori the other hand, the stigma is often
developed first and has withered before the opening of
the anthers. (Flowers showing these peculiarities are
said to be dichogamous.) When for any reason cross-
fertilization has become a necessity, the conveyance of the
pollen from one flower to another is ensured in various
ways. When the flowers are inconspicuous, as in Grasses,
the wind is the great agent, and flowers so fertilized are
said to be anemophilous. In other cases the flowers,
either by their brightness or their odour, attract insects in
quest of honey, and these then become the carriers of the
pollen. Flowers of this sort are said to be entomophilous,
and are usually so constructed as to the situation of their
honey receptacles, and the relative position of anthers and
stigma, as to ensure the transfer of the pollen from the
anther of one flower to its destination upon the stigma of
another. The case of the Orchids has already been
referred to in section 92.

248. After fertilization, the embryo, or young plantlet,
as exhibited in the seed, begins its growth in that end of

152 ELEMENTS OF STRUCTURAL BOTANY. «

the embryo-sac which is next the micropyle, and about
the same time, in the other end of the embryo-sac, tnere
begins a deposit of matter intended for the nourishment
of the embryo during the germination of the seed. This
deposit has been already referred to under the name of
albumen. It is also known as endosperm. As the embryo
developes, this endosperm or albumen may be completely
absorbed by it, so that at maturity the embryo will occupy
the whole space within the seed-coats, as in the Bean. In
this case the seed is exalbuminous. In other cases, as in
Indian Corn, the endosperm remains as a distinct mass
with the embryo embedded in it, or sometimes wrapped
round it. Seeds of this kind are albuminous. Rarely
this nourishing material is deposited outside the embryo-
sac, in the body of the ovule. It is then known as

249. The ripened seed presents very different aspects
in different plants. It may be resolved, however, into the
nucleus and the integument (the spermoderm of some
botanists). The former is made up of the embryo,
together with the endosperm or perisperm, if present,
while the latter consists of two layers : an outer, known
as the testa, and an inner, the tegmen. The scar showing
where the seed has been attached to the placenta is called
the hilum ; it is very distinct in the Bean.

250. Besides the integument just mentioned, occasionally
an additional outer coat is formed, to which the term aril
is applied. The fleshy red covering of the seed in our
Ground Hemlock is a good example.

'251. The seeds of Willow-herb, Milkweed, and many
otner plants are furnished with tufts of hair-like bristles

GERMINATION. 153

which facilitate their dispersion by the wind. These
tufts grow from the testa of the seed, and are not to be
confounded with the pappus of the Thistle, Dandelion,
<fec.; the latter, it will be remembered, is an outgrowth
of the calyx.

252. The embryo, as already explained, generally
consists of an axis or stem called the radicle (or, more
properly, the caulicle, because it is in all respects a true
stem and not a root), and one or more leaves called
cotyledons, with sometimes, also, a bud known as the
plumule. As to the number of cotyledons, it may be
repeated here that seeds are, as a rule, either dicotyle-
donous or monocotyledonous. Some plants of the Pine
Family, however, have six cotyledons, whilst, on the
other hand, in the Orchids and a few other plants, these
organs are altogether wanting.

253. The cotyledons vary greatly in thickness. In the
Maple, for example, they are very thin, while in the Pea,
the Bean, and the Oak they are extremely thick and
fleshy.

254. Germination. If a seed is supplied with
proper warmth and moisture it soon begins to swell and
soften by absorption of water, with the effect of bursting
the seed-coats to a greater or less degree. At the same
time the process of growth is begun. This early growth
of the embryo is germination. The details of the process
vary somewhat according to the structure of the seed. In
dicotyledons, if the seed-leaves are thin and leaf -like,
containing within themselves but scanty store of nourish-
ment, the radicle will grow throughout its length so as to
raise the cotyledons above the soil, where they at once

154 ELEMENTS OF STRUCTURAL BOTANY.

expand and become the earliest leaves of the new plant;
and during this upward extension of the radicle a toot
also is being rapidly developed from its lower end. It is
important, also, to notice here that the mode of growth of
the root portion is at variance with that of the radicle or
stem proper, for while the latter grows throughout its
length, the former grows by the addition of successive new
portions to its extremity. (The protection of the growing
root by a root-cap has already been referred to.) As soon
as the root is prepared to absorb nourishment from the
soil, then, and not till then, the development of the next
bit of stem commences between the first pair of leaves.

255. But when the cotyledons are loaded with nour-
ishment, as in the Bean, it will generally be found that
the elements of additional bits of stem (the plumule) are
already present in the embryo, and although the radicle
may lengthen so as to lift the cotyledons above the
surface, yet these do not, as in the thin-leaved embryos,
fully perform the office of foliage-leaves ; their true
function is to supply the newly developing parts with
nourishment, and when this duty is performed they
usually drop off. In fact, it is not uncommon for such
extremely fleshy cotyledons to remain under the surface
altogether, as in the case of the Pea and the Acorn. In
these cases the growth of the radicle is but slight. The
plumule and the end of the radicle are liberated from
the seed, and the former at once grows vigorously upward,
being practically independent of the root as long as one
stock of nourishment in the cotyledons holds out.
Simultaneously with the development of the stem, the root
is Strongly developed from the end of the short radicie.

GERMINATION. 155

256. In the monocotyledons the process of germination
is much the same as that just described, with the
important difference, however, that the primary root
from the end of the radicle can scarcely be said to develope
at ail, a cluster of nbi-ous roots bursting out almost at
once from its sides. Indian Corn answers very well as
an illustration. Here the seed, largely made up of
endosperm or albumen, remains in the ground. The
single cotyledon is wrapped round the plumule and
adheres by its back to the endosperm, acting thus as a
medium through which nourishment is absorbed, and of
course not being carried up to the surface. The plumule
is rapidly carried upward, developing alternate leaves,
and the numerous fibrous roots are given off from the
sides of the short radicle.

257. The young student is strongly recommended to
investigate for himself the phenomena of germination as
exhibited in common seeds. For this purpose he may
place a few Windsor beans and grains of Indian Corn
between layers of moist flannel or coarse paper in a
shallow dish. If kept damp, germination will begin in a
day or two, and if sufficient specimens have been provided
the process may be observed at various stages. Trial
should also be made of the length of time during which
seeds will retain their vitality. Many seeds, such as
those of Elm and Poplar, will be found to germinate
only if they have been kept fresh and not permitted to
dry up, whilst others, such as Indian Corn and Wheat,
and in general those containing starch, may be kept for
a very long time without losing their germinating power.

156 ELEMENTS OF STRUCTURAL BOTANY.

CHAPTER XIX.

ON THE MINUTE STRUCTURE OP PLANTS — THE CELL

TISSUES TISSU E-S YSTE MS — EXOGENOUS AND

ENDOGENOUS STEMS.

258. Up to this point we have been engaged in observ-
ing such particulars of structure in plants as are manifest
to the naked eye. It is now time to enquire a little more
closely, and find out what we can about the elementary
structure of the different organs. We have all observed
how tender and delicate is a little plantlet of any kind
just sprouting from the seed ; but as time elapses, and the
plant developes itself and acquires strength, its substance
will, as we know, assume a texture varying with the
nature of the plant, either becoming hard and firm and
woody, if it is to be a tree or a shrub, or continuing to be
soft and compressible as long as it lives, if it is to be an
herb. Then, as a rule, the leaves of plants are of quite a
different consistency from the stems, and the ribs and
veins and petioles of foliage-leaves are of a firmer texture
than the remaining part of them. In all plants, also, the
newest portions, both of stem and root, are extremely soft
compared with the older parts. It will be our object in
this chapter to ascertain, as far as we can, the reason of
such differences as these ; and to accomplish this we
shall have to call in the aid of a microscope of much
higher power than that which has hitherto served our
purpose.

259. First let us examine under our microscope a very
thin slice of the pith of the Elder. You see at once that

THE CELL.

157

the whole slice is made up of more or less rounded,
nearly transparent bodies, rather loosely thrown together,
as shown in Fig. 213. Next let us examine, in the same
way, a thin slice of the tuber of the Potato. Here,
again, it is evident that the object under
examination is wholly composed of en-
closed spaces, not so much rounded, how-
ever, as those of the Elder pith, because
they are more closely packed together.
Fig. 214 is a representation of two of
Fig. 213. these spaces. Now look at the leaf of a
Moss, and you see again that we have an aggregation of
enclosed spaces as before (Fig. 215). So, also, if we
examine a hair from the surface of a Petunia or a
Geranium, we have some such appearance presented to
us as that shown in Figs. 216 and 217, the hairs
manifestly consisting of several enclosed spaces placed
end to end. In short, the microscope reveals to us the
fact that every part of a plant is made up of such
enclosed spaces, varying greatly in shape and size and
general aspect, it is true, but always
(except in some of the very lowest
plants) clearly exhibiting bound-
aries ; and since these boundaries

are visible, no matter in what direc-
tion we make our cutting, it is clear Fig. 214.
that the spaces must be shut in on all sides. These
enclosed spaces are called cells, and their boundaries are
known as the cell-walls.

Fig. 213.— Loosely-packed cells of Elder-pith.

Fig. 214.— Two cells of Potato tuber containing starch-granules and oryp-
tallpids. (Gray.)

158 ELEMENTS OF STRUCTURAL BOTANY.

260. Whilst looking at the parts of plants just sub-
mitted to examination, it must have struck you that the

interior of the cell
presents a very dif-
ferent appearance in
different cases. The
Potato section, for
example, is not at all
like the Moss-leaf
section in the matter
of cell-content ls, and
the cells of the Elder-
pith appear to be
quite empty. We
shall discuss these
differences presently.
In the meantime let
us study the appear-
Fic. 215 ance of some cells

taken fresh from some part of a plant where growth is
actually going on— say the point of a new rootlet. If our
section is taken
near enough to
the point we shall
get cells which
have just been ^^

formed. Such a Fig. 217.

section is very well shown in Fig. 218. Here the cells
are seen to be completely filled with liquid having a

Fig. 215.— Cells from leaf of a Moss containing protoplasm and chlorophyll-
granules.
Fig. 216.— Hair from Petunia leaf. Fig. 217.— Hairs from Geranium leaf.

THE CELL.

159

granular appearance, and in the centre of each a rounded
denser portion may be made out, each of these again
enclosing one or more smaller bodies. This liquid which
thus fills the newly-formed cells is
ca>\]edprotoplasm; the large rounded
central mass is the nucleus, consist-
ing of denser protoplasm, and the
smaller enclosed masses are the
nucleoli.

Now let us consider Fig. 219.
This is a representation of a section
of the same rootlet, taken a little

Fig. 218.

farther back from the point, so

that the cells now in view are a

little older than the first ones.

They are manifestly larger ; that

is to say,, they have grown. The

nucleus and the nucleoli can still

be made out in some of them, but

the protoplasm no longer entirely

fills the cell. There are now

transparent spaces (vacuoles)

which are filled with water, and

between these the protoplasm is

seen in the form of strings or

bands, as well as lining the cell. Fig. 219.

The water has been absorbed through the cell-wall, and

after saturating the protoplasm the excess has formed the

vacuoles.

Fig, 218.— Young cells filled with protoplasm (p) ; 6, cell wall ; h, nucleus :
kk, nucleolus. (Sachs.)
Fig. 219.— Cells a little older, exhibiting vacuoles (s). (Sachs.)

160

ELEMENTS OF STRUCTURAL BOTANY.

Fig. 220 shows some cells from the same rootlet taken
>till farther back. It is clear that the change observed
>n Fig. 219 has been carried to a still greater extent.
In some of these cells the proto-
plasm is restricted to the lining
of the cell and the nucleus.
/ 261. It is now to be observed
that the protoplasm is the es-
sential part of , every living cell.
Through its agency all the vital
processes of the plant are carried
on. Every cell of every plant
at some time or other contains
this substance, and when at
length it disappears the cells
which are deprived of it no
/{ longer take any active part in
the growth of the plant, but serve
merely mechanical purposes, such
as that of support or conduction,
and are in that stage of their
history filled usually with air or
water. The pith of the Elder
is made up of such dead cells,
as is also the greater part of the
wood and bark and older parts
generally of all plants.

262. The most marked feature of the living protoplasm
is its activity. We may observe this property by

Fig1. 220. — Cells still older ; h, the wall ; s, vacuoles ; pt protoplasm ; kt
nucleus ; xy, swelling of nucleus caused by water used in preparation of the
section. (Sachs,)

THE CELL. 161

examining plant-hairs and other parts under high powers
of the microscope, when it will be seen that there are
movements of two kinds. The whole mass of protoplasm
has a rotary motion, sliding upon the cell-wall, down-
wards on one side and upwards on the other. This is
the mass-movement. Also, currents may be traced passing
across the protoplasm in different directions. This is
the streaming-movement.

In some of the very lowest plants, where there is no
cell-wall, and the whole is a mass of naked protoplasm,
these movements may be observed more readily because
they are less restricted.

263. There is some doubt as to the exact chemical
composition of protoplasm. It is, however, a very complex
substance belonging to a group of bodies known as
albuminoids, of which nitrogen is an important con-
stituent.

The consistence of protoplasm depends upon
the amount of water it contains. In dry seeds,
for example, it is tough and hard, but when
the same seeds are soaked in water it becomes
partially liquid.

264. Forms Of Cells. As cells become
older they tend as a rule to change their form,
though sometimes we find them differing but
little from their original conformation. Com-
monly a cell grows more rapidly in some one
direction, thus giving rise to long forms, as is Fis- 221.
the case in stems generally, and in the petioles and veins
of leaves, the superior toughness and strength of which

Fig. 221.— Prosenchyma of the wood. (Gray.)

162 ELEMENTS OF STRUCTURAL BOTANY.

are due to the lengthening and hardening of the cells
of which they are composed (Fig 221).

265. The Cell-wall. In the portions of plants just
selected for microscopic examination we have seen that
the protoplasm is in every instance bounded by a wall.
It has been ascertained that the wall is a chemical com-
pound of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, and to this
compound the name cellulose has been given.

We have said that the protoplasm is the active principle
through the agency of which all the vital processes of
the plant are carried on. It contains at some time or
other every constituent of the plant. The cell-wall is
itself, therefore, a product or secretion of the protoplasm,
and is at first an extremely thin film, which, however,
gradually increases in thickness by the addition of further
material. This new material is deposited between the
molecules of the original film, and so extends not only
bhe surface of the wall, but, by deeper deposits, the
thickness also. This process of acquisition of new
material is known as intussusception.

266. As the wall between two cells increases in thick-
ness, a distinct middle layer is discernible in it, known as
the middle lamella. This portion of the common wall is
different in chemical composition from the rest, so that it
may, under proper treatment, be dissolved and the cells
thereby separated.

267. It is in the earlier stages of their history, while
the walls are comparatively thin, that the cells possess
the greatest activity. By these alone is carried on the
process of growth, which consists in the multiplication
and enlargement of cells.

THE CELL

163

268. It is seldom the case that the wall is thickened
uniformly. Often numerous round thin spots are left, so
that the cell has a dotted appearance (Fig. 222). When

the thin spots in adjacent cells are contiguous,
as they commonly are, a ready means of inter-
communication is afforded. Sometimes the spots,
instead of being round, are oblong, so that the
cell under the microscope presents a ladder-like
appearance, and so is said to be scalariform. Then
again, the thickening may take the form of spiral
lands upon the inner surface ; or, instead of a
continuous spiral band, we may find a series of
Fig, 222. isolated rings, when the marking is said to be

annular. Reticidated cells are also found, in which the

markings, as the name implies, form a sort

of network on the walls. Several of these

forms are shown in Figs. 223 and 224.

269. Sometimes round thin spots will
be left in the wall, and over each of these
a thick-walled dome with an opening at
the top will be formed. At the same time
a similar dome is raised at exactly the
same spot on the other side of the wall in
the next cell ; and, finally, the thin par-
tition between the opposite domes breaks
away, permitting free communication.

Thus are formed what are called bordered Fig. 223. Fig. 224.
pits, which abound in the wood of Conifers.

270. When cells stand end to end, and thin spots are

Fig. 222.— Dotted duct. (Gray.)

Fig. 223. — Spiral and annular markings on cell-wall. (Gray.)

Fig. 224.— Various markings on cell- wall. (Gray.)

164 ELEMENTS OF STRUCTURAL BOTANY.

left in the cross-partitions between them, sieve-cells are
formed. Here, again, the thin spots finally disappear,
thus practically uniting adjacent cells.

271. It sometimes happens that the thickening takes
place throughout the length of a cell but in its angles
only. Cells of this kind, which are often found im-
mediately under the surface of the stem in the higher
plants, are called collenchyma cells.

272. Besides the markings on the inside, cells often
show markings on the outside. The pollen-grains of the
Mallow, for instance, are seen under the microscope to be
covered with pointed projections. Other pollen-grains,
also, exhibit outside markings of different sorts.

273. The thickening deposit may be so excessive in

some cases as to almost completely fill up
the cavity of the cell (Fig. 225). The
shells of nuts and the tough coatings of
seeds consist of cells of this kind ; but even
in these cases the wall may be seen to be
traversed by slender pores or canals, either

simple or branched, radiating from the centre of the cell.

To these hardened cells the name sclerenchyma is applied.

; 274. The Contents of Cells. If you look at Fig.

215, or, better still, if you have the opportunity of
viewing a Moss-leaf through a good microscope, you will
see that in the protoplasmic lining of the cells there
are numerous greenish, rounded granules. These are
the bodies to which the green parts of plants owe
their colour. They are called chlorophyll-granules, and
consist of protoplasmic matter in which particles of green

Fig. 225.— Sclerenchyma, the cell-cavity being almost obliterated. (Gray.)

THE CELL. 165

colouring matter are embedded. The colouring matter
itself is chlorophyll, and may be dissolved out of the
granules, leaving the latter as ordinary protoplasm.
Almost without exception chlorophyll requires the action
^ of sunlight for its production, and the chlorophyll dis-
appears from green parts when sunlight is withdrawn, as
is well seen in the process of bleaching celery. In many
of our brightly coloured foliage-plants the chlorophyll is
concealed from view by other colouring matters. In
flowers various colours are found in the protoplasm, but
these, unlike chlorophyll, are produced in darkness as
well as in sunlight.

275. Chlorophyll is of the utmost importance to the
plant, seeing that only in the cells which contain it, and
in the presence of sunlight, can the materials which the
plant imbibes from the soil and the air be assimilated,
that is, converted into matter which the plant can use for
the purposes of growth.

276. Now consider Fig. 214. Here are exhibited cell-
contents of an entirely different aspect. The rounded
bodies here visible are starch-granules, as may be easily
demonstrated by adding a drop of iodine solution to the
Potato section under the microscope, a characteristic blue
colour being at once produced. Such granules, differing
somewhat in shape in different cases, abound in the cells
of tubers and in grains of all sorts, where they have been
stored up for use during the process of germination.
They are originally formed during sunlight in the chloro-
phyll granules of the green parts. When the light is
withdrawn, as at night, they are dissolved and carried in
solution to other parts to promote growth or to be
stored up.

166 ELEMENTS OP STRUCTURAL BOTANY.

277. If starch-granules be subjected to the action of
saliva, it will be found that a portion of each granu\e is
slowly dissolved out, leaving an insoluble skeleton behind.
The granule, therefore, consists of two distinct parts, the
more soluble portion being known as granulose, and the
less soluble framework as starch-cellulose.

278. Crystals. These are of common occurrence in
many plants, not only in the cell - cavities, but also
imbedded in the substance of the cell-wall. They are
also of various shapes, and may either occur separately or
be massed together in clusters. The needle-shaped forms
are known as raphides. These crystals consist for the
most part of calcium oxalate, but calcium carbonate
is also found, and may be readily distinguished from the
former by the effervescence occasioned on the addition of
hydrochloric acid. The oxalate dissolves in this acid
without effervescence.

Crystals may be readily observed under the microscope
in thin sections of scales from the Onion bulb, Rhubarb,
Indian Turnip, and many other plants.

279. In the leaves of plants of the Nettle Family it
frequently happens that a wart-like growth of cellulose
takes place on the inside of the cell-wall, the inwardly
projecting mass being attached to the wall by a slender
stalk, and having multitudes of small crystals imbedded
in it. Such inward growths are called cystoliths ; they
may be readily seen in cross-sections of the Nettle leaf.

280. Crystalloids. Seeds, especially those of an
oily nature, as they approach maturity and become dry,
develope in their cells multitudes of small rounded bodies
of an albuminous nature known as aleurone-grains, and

FORMATION OF NEW CELLS. 167

these often envelope minute substances of crystalline
aspect, which, however, under the action of potash and
other re-agents, undergo such changes of form as to lead
to the belief that they are not true crystals. They are
called crystalloids, 'and are to be regarded as forms of
protoplasm.

Occasionally crystalloids are observed without the
albuminous envelope, as, for example, in the tuber of the
Potato. Fig. 214 shows a cell having two or three such
crystalloids of a cubical shape.

The aleurone-grains in seeds containing starch fill the
spaces between the starch-granules. In oily seeds, such
as the Brazil-nut, they replace the starch.

281. Other cell-contents. Besides the important
substances already enumerated as products of the proto-
plasm, many others are found, such as sugar, inuline (a
substance nearly related to starch, and found in a few
special plants), fixed oils (castor, olive, linseed, &c., chiefly
in seeds), essential oils (turpentine, oil of lemons, . and
essences of different kinds), gums, resins, and various
acids, J\~J)>

282. How new cells are formed. There are

several methods by which new cells are produced, but in
the higher plants the common method is that of cell-
division. We have already stated that only the newer
thin- walled cells are capable of exercising this function.
The process is briefly as follows : in the cell about to
divide, the protoplasm first separates into two portions,
each containing part of the nucleus ; then a partition-wall
of cellulose is developed between the two portions, thus
forming two cells out of the original one. Each part then

168 ELEMENTS OP STRUCTURAL BOTANY.

enlarges and divides again, and so the process goes on..
When cell-division takes place in one direction only
filaments or threads are formed ; if in two directions,,
surfaces are formed ; while division in three directions
gives rise to masses.

It is evident that every part of a plant, however much
altered in its later history, must in its earlier stages have
consisted of this thin-walled cellular substance, or
meristem, as it is called from its power of dividing.

283. Cell-division, then, is the method of new cell
formation which prevails in the vegetative parts of the
higher plants. In the production of pollen, however, and
of the spores of vascular cryptogams, four new nuclei are
formed in the cell, and the protoplasm collects about
these, eventually secreting walls, so that four new and
complete cells are formed within the original one, and
these sooner or later make their escape. This mode is known
as free cell-formation. In the production of the endo-
sperm cells in the embryo-sac and the spores of many of the
lower plants a similar process goes on ; but here the
division of the nucleus is not limited to four portions, as
in the cases just mentioned, but may be carried on to an
indefinite extent.

284. In some lower plants the entire contents of two
adjacent cells may coalesce to form a single new cell.
This mode is known as conjugation. Also, the contents
of a cell may contract and develope a new cell- wall, a
process known as the rejuvenescence or renewal of a cell.

285. Tissues. An aggregation of similar cells is
Called a tissue. Originally, every part of a plant consists
oi meristem, that is, of cells capable of dividing. But

TISSUES. 169

changes set in, as we have seen, at a very early stage, and
eventually all the cells assume permanent forms, some
developing in one way, others in quite a different way,
according to the function of each particular part. So that
in any given plant we find tissues, or groups of cells, of
very various kinds, and very different arrangements of
these tissues in different cases. By examining sections
taken in succession from the growing point backwards,
every degree of change from meristem to permanent tissue
may be made out.

286. In the growing parts of all plants, in the pulp of
fruits, in the pith, in the green parts of leaves, and in
the entire substance of many plants of low organization,
we find tissue composed of short and comparatively thin-
walled cells, to which the name parenchyma has been
given. On the other hand, in the substance of wood, in
the inner bark, in the petioles and veins of leaves, &c.,
we meet with tissue consisting of long, pointed, and
overlapping cells, and known as prosenchyma. That of
the wood is fibrous tissue, and that of the inner bark is
the bast, specially characterized by the extraordinary
length and flexibility of the cells. Sclerenchyma and
collenchyma have already been referred to. In the
former the cells are commonly, though not always, short;
while in the latter they are usually long, but the ends
are not pointed.

287. Cells have been described which are characterized
by peculiar markings on their walls. When such cells
stand end to end, the cross-partitions commonly dis-
appear, with the effect of forming long tubes, generally
of larger diameter than the other cells with which they

170 ELEMENTS OP STRUCTURAL fcOTANY.

are associated. Such large cells are known as vessels,
and tissue formed of them is called vascular or tracheary
tissue. Hence we have spiral, scalariform, annular,
reticulated, and dotted vessels. These different kinds of
vessels are usually found associated with fibrous tissue,
and the combination of the two is known as the fibro-
vascular system.

288. Many plants, such as Dandelion, Blood-root,
Milkweed, and Spurge, emit a coloured or milky juice
when wounded. This juice is technically called the latex,
It is contained in a special tissue which is peculiar to
such plants, known as laticiferous tissue. Its form
differs in different cases. In some instances it consists
of long tubes which may or may not branch. In others,
the cells composing it form a net-work. As in the case
of vessels, the latex tubes are commonly formed by the
coalescence of cells originally separate, but sometimes by
the continued apical growth of single cells.

289. Sieve-tissue has been already noticed. The
cells are usually rather wide, and the walls are not
hardened, but the cross-partitions between the cells are
thickened and perforated.

290. It may be added that single cells which resemble
Vessels in their markings are often spoken of as tracheids.

291. Tissue-Systems. While groups of similar
cells are designated tissues, we may have also different
combinations of these tissues in different plants, or in
different parts of the same plant, and thetee various
combinations are known as tissue-systems. These are now
usually ranged under three heads : (1) The Epidermal
System, including those combinations of tissue which go to

TISSUE-SYSTEMS. 171

form the coverings of young steins, roots, and leaves ;
(2) The Fibro-vascular System, including such combina-
tions as form the stringy masses which abound in the
substance of the higher plants ; and (3) The Fundamental
System, including the combinations of cells which have
undergone little or no change of form ; in short, all the
rest of the plant except the two systems first mentioned.
292. The epidermal System is most highly devel-
oped in Phanerogams. Fig. 226 shows a section through

the thickness of a leaf. Here
it will be observed that there
is a closely-packed layer of
cells forming the upper sur-
face, and a similar layer form-
ing the lower surface. These
layers constitute the epidermis
or skin of the leaf. The outer
part of the epidermis is usu-
ally a continuous layer, and
is known as the cuticle. It
will be seen that the walls of these cells are much
thicker than those of the cells in the body of the leaf,
and also that the epidermal cells, unlike the interior
ones, have been emptied of their protoplasmic contents
and are rectangular in shape. It sometimes happens
that the epidermis consists of two or three layers instead
of one.

The outgrowths of the epidermis, included under the
general term trichomes, have already been referred to ;
they must be regarded as part of the epidermal system.

Fig. 226. — Cross-section of a leaf, showing epidermis above and below,
palisade cells under the upper epidermis, and loose tissue with intercellular
spaces below the palisade cells. (Gray.)

172 ELEMENTS OP STRUCTURAL BOTANY.

293. An examination of the under surface of almost
any leaf will show the presence of large numbers of oval
openings, somewhat similar to that shown in Fig. 227.
These are stomata. They are formed by two epidermal
crescent-shaped cells with a space between them, and
these have the power of separating or closing together
according to circumstances ; separating in the light, in

moist weather, and closing in dry. The
openings communicate with intercellular
spaces in the body of the leaf, a number of
which are seen in Fig. 226. In ordinary
leaves with an upper and a lower surface,
the stomata are far more numerous on the
lower side ; indeed, many such leaves are
entirely without stomata on the upper sur-
Fig. 227. face. Vertical leaves have them rather
equally distributed on both surfaces. Immersed leaves
and underground stems have hardly any at all, and they
are never found 011 roots. The use of the stomata will
be referred to presently.

294. The stems of Dicotyledons lose their epidermis at
a comparatively early period, and a tissue consisting of
cells of cork, filled with air, takes its place. These cork-
cells are modifications of the cells beneath the epidermis,
and they form an effectual protection to the tissues
within. The skin of the Potato-tuber exhibits this corky
layer very clearly. The special tissue from which the
cork is developed is called pliellogen.

295. In the fibre- vascular System, different plants
exhibit a very different arrangement of the component

Fig. 227. — Stoma from the urface of a leaf, showing the crescent-shaped
guard -cells.

TISSUE-SYSTEMS. 173

tissues. As a rule, these tissues are capable of division
into two groups, in one of which the wood is developed,
and in the other the bast. To the former of these groups
the general term xylem is applicable, and to the latter the
term phloem. The xylem is made up of the elongated
woody cells with pointed and overlapping ends, already
referred to as fibrous tissue, the wide tubes (vessels)
with variously marked walls, formed by the disappearance
of the cross-partitions between cells placed end to end,
and more or less short-celled tissue or parenchyma. The
phloem is likewise made up of three constituents : the
long, thick-walled, flexible cells called bast-cells, which
correspond to the fibrous tissue of the xylem ; the wide
thin-walled sieve-cells, corresponding to the vessels; and a
certain amount of thin-walled parenchyma.

296. The fibre-vascular bundles, as they are called,
have their origin in the meristem of the growing point.
This meristem is at first uniform, but soon groups of long
cells arise in it, and these are then
^^^ ,^r\ known as procamMum, to distinguish
4H| iijr \ them from the surrounding ground-
^? gdm& I tissue. This procambium is gradually
converted into the fibro- vascular
bundles.

297. In dicotyledonous plants, the
fibro-vascular bundles are more or less
wedge-shaped, as shown in Fig. 228. The inner part of
each bundle consists of xylem and the outer of phloem,
and between the xylem and the phloem there is a layer
of meristem, known as the cambium. The soft cells of

Fig. 228.— Cross-section of a young dicotyledonous stem, showing six bundles.

174 ELEMENTS OP STRUCTURAL BOTANY.

the cambium divide, and the new cells thus continually
being formed become modified on the one hand into tissues
which increase the thickness of the xylem, and, on the
other, into tissues which are added to the phloem. Later
on cambium cells are formed in the ground-tissue between
the bundles, thus linking together the cambium-layers of
the various bundles, and forming a continuous ring. The
links are then known as interfascicular cambium, that of
the bundles themselves being the fascicular. Bundles of
this kind, characterized by the cambium-layer, and so
capable of continuous enlargement, are called open bundles.

298. In monocotyledons, on the other hand, there is no,
cambium-layer, and consequently the bundle when once
formed is incapable of further in-
crease, and so is said to be closed.
Fig. 229 is a representation of the
cross-section of an endogenous stem
in which many of these closed bundles
are visible. Of course in such stems
no bark is formed.

Figl 229> 299. It has been explained that

in the exogenous stem the xylem occupies one side of the
fibro-vascular bundle, while the phloem occupies the other.
In the closed bundles of Ferns and Club-Mosses, as well
as of some monocotyledons, however, a different arrange-
ment prevails, the xylem occupying the central part of
the bundle, and the phloem forming a circle around it.
The former arrangement is described as collateral, while
the latter is concentric. In many of the monocotyledons,
as well as in the exogens, the bundles are collateral.

Fig. 229.— Cross-section of monocotyledonous stem, showing closed bundles.

TISSUE-SYSTEMS. 175

300. Fig. 230 shows a section of an exogenous stem
somewhat older than that shown in Fig. 228. Here new
bundles have been formed between the earlier ones, so
that the whole centre of the stem, except the pith and the
lines radiating from it, is occupied by
the wood. This cylinder of wood is
now encircled by a ring of cambium,
beyond which are the tissues of the
phloem.

301. The appearance presented by
the cross-section of an exogenous stem
Fig. 230. is that of a series of concentric rings,

each ring showing the limit of a year's growth. The
portions of wood formed late in the summer are more
compressed by the outlying tissue than those formed in
spring, and hence the outer part of each year's ring appears
denser, and is sharply marked off from the ring of the
following year. No growth of the cambium takes place
in winter. The rays which intersect these rings as fine
lines consist of portions of the ground or fundamental
tissue which have been squeezed into their present form
by the increasing nbro-vascular bundles on each side of
them ; they are called medullary ray,c, and, as the stem
grows, new ones are formed from the cambium. Only the
primary ones, however, extend from the pith to the bark;
those formed later are shorter.

302. In roots a special arrangement of the tissues of
the bundles prevails, the xylem and phloem forming
alternate rays. This is the radial arrangement.

303. The fundamental or ground tissue com-
prises all the parts of the plant not already included in

Fig. 230.— Section of an older, dicotyledon, the bundles now forming a ring.

176 ELEMENTS OF STRUCTURAL BOTANY.

the epidermal and fibro-vascular systems. In the
sxogens it embraces the pith, the medullary rays, and
parenchyma generally. The collenchyma found just
beneath the epidermis, sclerenchyma occurring in different
parts, and laticiferous tissue are also constituents of the
fundamental system, as well as the cork cells already
referred to. In the monocotyledons ground-tissue in the
form of parenchyma fills the space between the closed
bundles of the stem ; while in many plants in which
Gbro-vascular bundles are not produced, the ground-
tissue constitutes the whole of the interior.

304. In exogenous stems the wood developed from
bhe cambium is often different from that of the primary
bundle as developed from the procambium. Pines, for
example, have vessels in the primary xylem, but none in
the secondary, the latter being almost entirely made up
of the cells with bordered pits, already described.

305. The bundles of the leaves are continuous with
bundles in the stem. Leaves appear at first as protuber-
ances on the side of the stem close to the growing point,
and . the upper ends of the primary bundles almost at
the very beginning bend outwards towards the new
leaves, the lower part being continued down the stem.
In the monocotyledons these bundles first arch inwards
towards the centre of the stem, and then outwards and
downwards, thinning out as they descend. Hence, in a
cross-section (Fig. 229) the bundles appear more crowded
towards the circumference, and also smaller. Such a
stem is, therefore, found to be harder at the outside than
at the centre.

CONSTITUENTS OP PLANTS. 177

CHAPTER XX

FOOD OF PLANTS — CHEMICAL PROCESSES MOVEMENTS OF

WATER PHENOMENA OF GROWTH.

306. The materials of which the substance of a plant
is made up are various, and some of them occur in far
larger quantities than others. Water forms a very
considerable percentage of the whole weight, but is
present to a greater extent in some portions of a plant
than in others. Fleshy roots, for example, may contain
as much as 90 per cent, of water, while dry seeds contain
only about 12 per cent.

307. The water may be expelled by careful drying,
and if what is left is then burnt, what is called the
organic part of the plant disappears, and a small quantity
of ash remains behind. The organic part is found to
consist mainly of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen,
and sulphur ; while the inorganic part (or ash) contains
very small quantities of phosphorus, iron, calcium, mag-
nesium, and potassium. All these materials are obtained
from the air or the soil. There is constantly present in
the air carbonic acid gas, a compound of carbon and
oxygen, which is exhaled from the lungs of animals, and
which is always found wherever wood or coal, or carbon
in any form, is being burned. This gas is absorbed
directly from the air by the leaves of land-plants, and
(being soluble) from the water in which they live by
immersed plants. In the presence of chlorophyll and in
sunlight the gas is decomposed into its carbon and
oxygen. The excess of oxygen is then exhaled and the
carbon chemically combined with the other elements to

178 ELEMENTS OF STRUCTURAL BOTANY.

form starch for purposes of growth. The oxygen
required by the plant is derived chiefly from the carbonic
acid gas and from water. Hydrogen is obtained by the
decomposition of water, and nitrogen from the ammonia,
which, like the carbon dioxide, is carried down from the
air by rain, and also from nitrates contained in the soil.
Sulphur is obtained from salts (such as calcic sulphate)
found in the soil, as are also, of course, all the inorganic
elements.

Of all these constituents of the dry plant, carbon is
the most abundant, amounting to about half of the entire
weight.

308. The inorganic elements, though small in quantity,
are, nevertheless, essential. If, for example, a plant be
altogether deprived of iron it will produce no chlorophyll;
while, if potassium is withheld, it will not produce starch.
These facts are proved by causing seeds to grow under
conditions which enable us to accurately control the
supply of nutrition in the form of carefully prepared
solutions of the different ingredients. Several substances
of common occurrence in the ash of plants, as silica,
sodium, and some others, are in this way shown not to
be essential to healthy growth.

309. The process by which the carbon, obtained from
the carbon dioxide, is combined with the elements of
water to form starch is called assimilation. ,As already
explained, the particles of starch which are formed b}>
the chlorophyll granules in sunlight are converted by
combination with oxygen into soluble forms, and carried
away, when the light is withdrawn, to other parts where
growth is going on, or to storehouses such as tubers and
seeds. This oxidising and converting process is metastasis.

RESPIRATION. 179

In consequence of having such a store of material,
tubers can grow in the dark as long as the material holds
out, but will not, of course, produce green leaves.

Besides starch, oil is a common form of reserve material,
particularly in seeds. Sugar, also, is found; as, for
example, in the Sugar-Beet.

310. Parasites and saprophytes, which are as a rule
without chlorophyll, do not assimilate, but obtain their
nourishment from the stores of other plants or from
decomposing organic matter,

311. The so-called carnivorous plants, such as the
Bladder-wort and the Pitcher-plant, obtain a portion of
their nitrogen by entrapping insects and other small
animal organisms, and absorbing them as they decompose.
Some such plants appear to cover their prey with an acid
secretion, and to go through a digestive process not
altogether unlike that performed by animals.

312. Respiration. Plants, like animals, are continu-
ally inhaling oxygen, and the presence of this gas is
essential to their existence. The oxygen so inhaled is
combined with carbon to form carbon dioxide, and this in
the day-time is at once decomposed and the carbon
assimilated. The absorption of oxygen and its subsequent
combination with organic matters in the plant is accom-
panied by evolution of heat, a fact well illustrated in the
process of malting, where damp barley is heaped together.
As soon as the grain begins to sprout, oxygen is rapidly
absorbed, and a very decided rise of temperature takes
place. The starch of the grain is oxidised and converted
into sugar, and the growth is then stopped by rapid drying.
The sugar, on fermenting, produces alcohol.

180 ELEMENTS OF STRUCTURAL BOTANY.

313. Transpiration. The openings in the epidermis,
called stomata, have already been described. Through
these the excess of water-vapour in the plant is exhaled,
it may often be observed, in hot, bright weather, that the
leaves of plants droop if exposed to the sun. This is
because the rate of evaporation through the stomata is
greater than the rate of supply at the roots. At night,
however, the stomata close and the balance being restored
the plant recovers. The water which is thus supplied to
the leaves appears to be conveyed through the stem by
means of the cell-walls of the wood-prosenchyma, since the
supply is not diminished if a ring of bark and the under-
lying bast and cambium be removed.

314. But water is also supplied to the growing points,
and in a different way. It is well known that if two
liquids (or gases) of different density are separated by a
porous diaphragm they will tend to change places, the
fluid of less density passing through the diaphragm more
rapidly than the other. This is the principle of osmose,
and wherever in a plant a cell-wall separates cell-contents
of different density it is found to apply. Hence, water is
absorbed by freshly-formed cells, containing dense proto-
plasm, from neighboring cells which are a little older and
in which the protoplasm has been diluted. These absorb
from the older cells behind them, and so on. Such water
is transmitted, not-through the prosenchyma of the wood,
but through the parenchyma and the meristem.

315. It is a matter of common observation that the
stems of many plants " bleed " if cut in the spring. This
is due to the upward pressure of the water with which the
roots are charged at that time, and it takes place in the

GROWTH. 181

absence of transpiration. When the leaves are formed
and transpiration sets in actively, the root-pressure is
relieved and the stems will no longer bleed immediately
on being wounded. In some plants the excessive root-
pressure even causes drops of water to exude from the
leaves.

3 1 6. We may observe, then, three distinct movements of
water in the plant: (1) the rapid movement to make up
for the loss by transpiration, (2) the slow movement to
supply the growing cells with requisite moisture, and (3)
the movement due to root-pressure.

317. Growth. Growth has already been referred to
as consisting in the formation and subsequent enlargement
of new cells, accompanied in many cases by change of
form. It has also been mentioned that the enlargement
is the result of the introduction of new particles of
vegetable material into the spaces between the molecules
of the parts already formed — a process known as intussus-
ception. It is now generally admitted that each of the
molecules of which the plant-body is made up is enveloped
in a sheath of water. We know that the presence of
water is essential to growth ; when it is absorbed by a
growing cell the immediate effect is to stretch the cell, as
it were, to its utmost capacity ; in other words, to separate
the molecules as far as possible and so increase the amount
of water between them, thus making it possible to inter-
pose new molecules of solid matter. The use of the water,
also, as a vehicle for conveying ihe new material is obvious.
This new material, the presence of which is essential to
growth, is commonly supplied to the growing points from
older parts which serve the purpose of storehouses, as

and tubers, or of manufactories, as the leaves.

182 ELEMENTS OF STRUCTURAL BOTANY.

318. Stems and roots, as a rule, exhibit three distinct
regions according to tne stage of development at which
they have arrived. There is, first, the growing point,
the chief characteristic of which is the rapid formation of
new cells by division ; secondly, ,the elongating part,
chiefly characterized by the growth of the cells in length,
there being practically no further division here ; and,
thirdly, the fully developed part, in which there is no
further division or enlargement, though the cells may
continue to discharge various important functions.

319. Growth, whilst dependent upon an adequate supply
of water and of new material, is also largely affected by
external conditions, such as temperature and light. Growth
may be stopped altogether by either too low or too high a
temperature, and between the limits within which any
given plant is found to be capable of growth there will be
found a particular degree of temperature more favourable
to growth than any other either above it or below it.
This may be called the optimum. The effect of tempera-
ture differs considerably according to the amount of water
present in the part affected, dry seeds, for instance, resist-
ing a temperature, either high or low, to which soaked
seeds would at once succumb.

320. Light is essential to assimilation, but seeds and
tubers, as well as many of the lower plants which are
without chlorophyll, such as Mushrooms, will grow in the
absence of light as long as the stock of assimilated
material upon which they draw is not exhausted. The
growth which takes place in the cambium-layer of
dicotyledons and in roots is another example of increase
in size in the absence of light. The assimilated material

* GROWTH. 8

in all these cases, however, has been previously elaborated
elsewhere.

321. Light is found to exercise a retarding influence
upon growth. A plant, for instance, in a window will
bend towards the light, because the cells on the side
nearest the window grow more slowly than those which
are shaded, thus causing curvature of the stem and
petioles.

322. Gravitation also affects growth, as we know that
the stem and root, or axis of the plant, are usually in the
line of the radius of the earth at the place of growth. If
a seedling plantlet be laid with the stem and root
horizontal, the stem will curve upward and the root
downward in the endeavour to restore the vertical direction.

323. The twining movement of the stems of many
plants is due to inequality of growth at successive points
in the sides of the stems. Leaves unfold from the bud
because the growth on the upper side at the time of
unfolding is more rapid than on the under side. These
movements are called nutations, and are not due to the
external action of light, but entirely to internal causes.
The movements of tendrils, however, are affected by
contact with the object which they grasp.

184 ELEMENTS OF STRUCTURAL BOTANY.

CHAPTER XXI.

EXAMINATION OF A FERN A HORSETAIL A CLUB-MOSS.

324. We shall now proceed to the examination of some
common plants which will be found to be typical of groups
differing in important respects from the phanerogams.

Ferns. Fig. 231 is a representation of our com-
mon Polypody. You may find it in almost any shaded
rocky place. Running horizontally beneath the surface
you will find the stem of the plant, which in this case is,
therefore, a rhizome. A portion of the rhizome is shown
in the lower part of the figure, with fibrous roots on the
under side. From the upper side are developed the
leaves, which, as you see, have long petioles, and if you
find one which is still in the bud you will observe that it
is rolled up lengthwise, as shown in Fig. 232. The
vernation is, therefore, circinate, and this is the case in
nearly all the Ferns. On examining the back of the leaf
(Fig. 231 shows the back) we observe rows of brownish
dots on each side of the middle veins of the upper lobes.
Fig, 233 is an enlarged view showing the position of these
dots at the extremities of the veinlets. When we put one
of these dots under the microscope it is seen to be a
cluster of minute, stalked bodies, such as that shown in
Fig. 234. These bodies are further found to be sacs filled
with extremely fine dust, and the dust consists of multi-
tudes of rounded particles all exactly alike. They are, in
short, spores, and the sacs m wnich they are contained
are the spore-cases, or sporangia ; while the clusters of
sporangia are the fruit-dots, or sori. Around each spor-
angium there is an elastic jointed ring which breaks at

FERNS.

185

maturity, and by its elasticity ruptures the spore-case,

which then discharges its
spores, as shown in Fig.
234. The leaf of the Fern,
then, is something more
than an ordinary foliage-
leaf, and is known as the
frond. The petiole is
called the stipe, while the
mid-rib is the rhachis.

325. A spore under
proper conditions developes
a slender thread-like cell
which eventually gives
rise to a thin, flat, green
expansion, resembling that
shown in Fig.
235. This is
called the pro-
thallium. From
the under sur-
face root-hairs
are produced as
shown in the
figure. On the
same surface,
among the root-
hairs, arise mi-
Fig. 231. nute projections

Fig. 231.— Root-stock and frond of Polypody.

Fig. 232.— Circinate vernation of the frond.

Fig. 233.— Magnified view of the sori.

Fig. 234. —Sporangium discharging spores ; greatly magnified.

Fig. 232.

186

ELEMENTS 01* <(W*CTtTRAL BOTANY.

of tissue in which are developed cells corresponding to ths
pollen-grains of phanerogams. These projections are the
antheridia; they contain ceHs in wh?ch are fertilizing bodies
known as antherozoids. Also on the under suiface of the

prothallium, near the notch,
we find structures analogous
to the embryo-sac of the
phanerogamous ovule. These
are the archegonia. They
are mostly flask-shaped bod'
ies, having a germ-cell — the
oosphere — in the lower end.
The antherozoids, on escap-
ing from the antheridia,
make their way down the
necks of the archegonia, and
coming in contact with the
oospheres fertilize them. As a result of this fertilization,
a plant is developed in all respects IrVe *fre one which
originally bore the spores on its fronds.

326. It is manifest, then, that we have here two distinct
generations : first, the spore produces the prothallium
which bears the antheridia and archegonia ; secondly, the'
interaction of these gives rise to a plant which boars the
spores. This phenomenon is spoken of as the alternation
of generations.

327. The stems and roots of Ferns are found to contain
vascular bundles which, like those of monocotyledons, are
closed.

Fig. 235.

Fig. 235.— Prothallium of a Fern, under side ; h, root-haira ; an, antheridia}
ar, archegonia. Magnified 10 times. (Prantl.)

THE HORSETAILS. 187

328. From the account here given of the mode of
reproduction in the Ferns, it will be evident that the
Gymnosperms occupy an intermediate position between
them and the Angiosperms.

For a description of other common Ferns differing in
detail from the Polypody, the student is referred to Part
II.

329. The Horsetails. At the end of Part II. will
be found a description of the common Horsetail, with an
illustration of the fertile stem, or rather "branch, because
both the pale spore-bearing branch and the later green
shoots with whorled branches are sent up from an under-
ground stem or rhizome. The spores, upon germination,
give rise to prothallia bearing antheridia and archegonia
precisely as in the Ferns. The prothallium is usually
small, flat, and irregularly branched or lobed, developing
the antheridia at the projecting ends of the lobes, and the
archegonia in the angles between them ; or, in other
cases, the prothallia may be dioecious. Fertilization of the
germ-cell, which occupies a cavity at the base of the arche-
gonium, takes place exactly as in the Ferns, and, as a
result of fertilization, the germ-cell developes into a spore-
bearing plant similar to the original one. Here, therefore,
we have again exhibited an alternation of generations.

Other species of Equisetum of common occurrence,
instead of producing a special fertile branch, develope
sporangia at the extremities of the ordinary leafy stems.

330. These plants, like the Ferns, exhibit fibro- vascular
bundles, and the epidermis is especially characterized by
the excessive amount of silica contained in it, some of
the species being used for scouring or polishing by reason
of this property.

ELEMENTS OP STRUCTURAL BOTANY.

Fig. 236.

331. The curious elaters (Fig. 236) attached to the
spores doubtless assist them to escape from

the spore-cases, and subsequently aid in
dispersing them.

332. The Club-Mosses. Fig. 237 is

a representation of a branch
of Lycopodium clavatum, one of our com-
mon Club-Mosses. The creeping stem lies
flat upon the ground, and often attains a
great length, sending up at intervals erect
branches with crowded linear-awl-shaped
leaves, some of which, like the one shown
in the figure, are terminated by a slender
peduncle bearing one or more cylindrical
spikes. These are the fertile branches,
and the leaves upon them, or at all events
upon the slender upper part, are very much
smaller than upon the ordinary sterile
branches.

It is to be observed that the stems and
ro^>ts of these plants branch diclioiomously
(145,.

333. The sporangia are produced in the
axils of the leaves of the terminal spike.
One of these leaves, greatly magnified,
with its attached sporangium, is shown in
Fig. 238. The sporangium opens by a
slit at the top to discharge the spores.

334. It is only quite recently that, the
prothallium has been detected. It is

described in the case observed as a " yellowish- white

Fig. 236. — Spore of Equisetum with elaters ; highly magnified.

Fig. 237.— Branch of Lycopodium clavatum,; natural size. (Thom£.)

CHARACTERS OF PTERIDOPHYTES. 189

irregular lobed body, sparingly furnished on its under sur-
face with small root-hairs." The antheridia and archegonia
appear to be produced on the upper sur-
face, and these by their interaction, give
rise to the new plant which bears the
spores, just as in the Ferns and Horse-
tails ; so that again there is an alternation
of generations.

335. It is a fact of great interest that
Fig."238. in some plants nearly related to the Club-
Mosses, two kinds of spores — large and small — are produced
in separate sporangia. The large ones develope prothallia
upon which archegonia are formed, and the smaller others
upon which antheridia appear.

336. The three plants just considered, while evidently
differing in certain details of structure and in general
aspect, nevertheless have a number of characters in
common :

1. They agree in their mode of reproduction, which is

by spores, these bodies being quite unlike the SEEDS
with which we are now familiar, and which, you will
recollect, always contain the embryo of the new
plant.

2. They all exhibit an alternation of generations.

3. They all have true, roots.

4. The three tissue-systems — the epidermal, the fibro-

vascular, and the fundamental — though not all
developed to so high a degree as in the Phanerogams,
still can be very clearly made out in both roots and
stems. The Jibro-vascular bundles are always closed,
as in monocotyledons, and are, as a general rule,
concentric (299).

Fig. 238.— Leaf of Lycopodium bearing sporangium ; greatly magnified

190 ELEMENTS OP STRUCTURAL BOTANY.

337. Plants with these common characteristics constitute
a group called Pteridophytes or Vascular Crypto-
gams, " cryptogam " being a general term applicable
to all plants which do not produce true flowers, as
" phanerogam " applies to all those which do.

CHAPTER XXII.

EXAMINATION OP A MOSS AND A LIVERWORT.

338. Mosses. Fig. 239 is a representation of the
common Hair-Moss (Polytrichum commune), which may
be found in early summer almost anywhere. It grows in
dense masses, and upon examination it will be found
that while many of the stems resemble that shown in
Fig. 239, the upper extremities of others form rosettes,
as in Fig. 240, whilst others again terminate in ordinary
vegetative buds.

339. Let us first examine a specimen as represented
in Fig. 239. There is, it will be observed, a well-marked
stem, or leaf-bearing axis, upon which the crowded
minute leaves are sessile. In the Mosses they always
are so, and they are found, upon examination with a
good microscope, to consist as a rule of only one layer of
cells, being therefore much simpler in structure than
those of the plants we have so far been engaged upon.
It is also to be noticed that the leaves of Mosses are
without stomata.

340. Observe now that our Moss has no true roots.
It is, however, fixed to the soil upon which it grows by
numerous root-hairs or rhizoids.

EXAMINATION OF A MOSS.

191

341. The slender scape-like stalk which rises above
the leaves is technically called the seta, or bristle ; in the
left-hand part of the figure (c) the upper end of the seta
is covered by a hairy cap, the
calyptra. In the right-hand por-
tion the calyptra has been re-
moved, disclosing a little pod,
variously spoken of as the theca,
or urn, or capsule, or sporangium.
Fig. 241 is an enlarged view.
This capsule is closed at the top
by a circular lid, the operculum,
which falls away when the cap-
sule is mature, thus allowing the
escape of the spores, which are,
produced in it. The spores are
developed upon the surface of a
central column which rises from
the bottom of the capsule, and
which is known as the columella.
The opening through which the
spores escape is called the stoma,
and a good lens reveals the fact
that around the stoma there is a
circle (sometimes two) of minute
teeth,- known collectively as the
peristome. In the Moss now be-
fore us the peristome consists of sixty-four teeth. In
other Mosses the number varies, being always, however,
seme power of 2 ; either 4, or 8, or 16, or 32, or 64.
Occasionally the teeth are altogether absent.

Fig. 239. — Two fertile stems of a Moss (Potytrichum commune) of the
natural size ; at c the calyptra is seen enveloping the capsule. (Wood and
Steelel

Fig. 239.

192

ELEMENTS OF STRUCTURAL BOTANY.

342. We shall now consider the mode of reproduction
in the Mosses. Let us commence with the spore. This,
upon meeting with proper conditions, bursts its outer
coat (the exospore), and the inner
coat (the endospore) is then pro-
truded as a slender tube. This
continues to grow by repeated divi-
sion, until at length, in most cases,
a tangled thread-like mass of vege-
tation is produced, to which the
name protonema has been given.
After the lapse of several days
Fig. 240. minute buds are developed at differ-

ent points upon the protonema, and these are found to
consist of whorls of scaly leaves. This is the beginning
of the development of the ordinary Moss-plant. Upon
the plants thus arising from the buds are developed
antheridia and archegonia,
the former in the axils of
the leaves forming the
rosettes shown in Fig. 240,
and the latter at the apex
of other stems, as shown in
Fig. 239. The antheridia
are seen under the microscope
bo be club-shaped bodies, containing a mass of cells in
which the antherozoids are formed. The archegonia are
flask-shaped bodies, with a lower expanded portion and a
long neck above. Fig. 242 shows the apex of a fertile

Fig. 240.— Apex of sterile stem, showing rosette of perigonial leaves, in the
axils of which are the antheridia ; greatly enlarged.

Fig. 241. — Enlarged view of capsule, showing peristome and detached oper-
3Uluin. (Wood and Steele.)

Fig. 241.

EXAMINATION OF A MOSS.

193

stem with several archegonia in the centre, and Fig. 243
shows a single archegonium very highly magnified. The
antherozoids upon being set free
make their way down the necks
of the archegonia, and unite
their substance with that of
special cells in the lower end
(one in each archegonium). These
cells, as a consequence of being
thus fertilized, become sur-
rounded by a thin coat and
immediately begin to grow up-
wards, developing the slender
stalks (setse) with the capsules
at the summit, and surmounted
by the calyptra, which is, in
fact, nothing but the wall of the
archegonium which is torn away
at its base and carried upwards. Then the
spores are developed around the columella,
and the round of life of the plant is com-
pleted.

As in the Ferns, we have here also
exhibited an alternation of generations, the
one generation being that arising from the
Fig. 243. development of the spore and resulting in
the production of the antheridia and the archegonia ; the
other being that arising from the fertilization of the

Fig. 242. — Enlarged view'of apex of the fertile stem of a Moss; a, archegonia;
b, leaves.

Fig. 243. — Very highly magnified view of an archegonium; &, the basp;
h, the neck ; in, the mouth ; the germ-cell is seen at the bottom of the flask-
shaped cavity. (Sachs.)

194 ELEMENTS OP STRUCTURAL BOTANY.

special cells in the archegonia, and resulting in the
production of spores.

343. Liverworts. Figs. 244 and 245 are representa-
tions of portions of a very common Liverwort, Marchantia
polymorpha. It may be found growing along the borders
of marshes and in wet places generally, often with inter-
mingled moss. It is of a deep green colour, and usually

spreads over a consid-
erable extent of sur-
face. There is no ap-
pearance of leaves, the
plant-body lying flat
upon the surface upon
which it grows, and
putting forth root-hairs
on the under side.
Fig. 244. From the upper side

arise peculiar stalked bodies of two sorts, as shown in
the figures ; the one consisting of flattened or slightly
convex disks, and the other being star-shaped. These
stalked bodies contain the reproductive organs. In
cavities .on the upper surface of the flattened disks are
produced the antheridia, from the cells of which are
liberated the antherozoids. On the under surface of the
rays of the star-shaped bodies are produced clusters of
flask-shaped archegonia, each with a germ-cell at its
base, and fertilization takes place in the manner already
described in the account of the Moss. As a result of
fertilization a capsule is developed which produces spores,

Fig. 244. — Portion of a Liverwort (Marchantia pnlymorpha), showing the
thallus and several stalked disks which bear the antheridia ; natural size.
(Thome,)

EXAMINATION OF A LIVERWORT. 195

pretty much as in the Mosses, though in Marchantia
the stalk of the capsule is very short, and the whole is
surrounded by a loose sheath
which grows up from the base
and at length completely encloses
it. The spores on germinating
develope into plant -bodies such
as we have described, so that the
alternation of generations is here
also well marked.

344. Other Liverworts more
nearly resemble the Mosses in
form, having leafy stems, from
the summit of which arise slender
stalks with capsules at the upper
end. These capsules, however, do
not open by a stoma, but are four-
Fig. 245. valved, and at maturity the valves
split asunder, allowing the escape of the spores. In the
leaves of these latter forms there are no veins of any kind.
Forms in which the plant-body is a flat expansion, as in
Marchantia, are distinguished as thalloid, while the leafy
forms are said to be foliose.

345. It remains to be added that Marchantia and other
Liverworts reproduce themselves by buds as well as by
spores. These buds (gemmce) are formed in little cup-
shaped receptacles which appear on the upper surface of
the plant-body. They consist of simple masses of tissue,
which fall away when fully grown, and immediately
develope into new plants.

Fig. 245.— Thallus with star-shaped r^eptaclo, hearing archegonia ; natural
size. (Thomg.)

196 ELEMENTS OF STRUCTURAL BOTANY.

346. The Mosses and Liverworts constitute a distinct
group of plants called Bryophytes. It will be evident
from the preceding descriptions that in the matter of
reproduction they do not differ materially from the Pteri-
dophytes. They are, however, distinctly separated from
them by the simpler organization of their tissues. The
Bryophytes have no true roots, but only root-hairs or
rhizoids. The whole plant-body is, as a rule, composed
of thin-walled parenchyma, and only in a few cases is
there any appearance of a development of a nbro-vascular
system, and that only of the vaguest possible kind. There
is, however, a well-defined epidermal system, and stomata
are not uncommon.

CHAPTEE XXIII.

EXAMINATION OF A MUSHROOM A LICHEN A CHABA.

347. Mushroom. Fig. 246 is a representation of
the Common Mushroom of the natural size, while Fig.
247 shows the several stages of its growth. At A is seen
a matted fibrous mass, which is the underground portion
of the plant. It is called the mycelium; at several
places on it rounded outgrowths of different sizes are
visible. These eventually develope into the overground
part of the Mushroom. At // is shown a vertical section
through one of these outgrowths at an early stage ; at I
in this figure you will observe two dark dots ; these are
the open ends of a channel which forms a complete ring

EXAMINATION OF A MUSHROOM.

197

in the interior. At 777 they are much more distinct, and
here is also manifest a difference between the upper and
lower sections, which is still more marked at IV and V.
The upper spreading portion is called the pileus ; at V
the lower edge of the pileus is still attached by a circular
membrane to the stalk. In this stage the membrane is

Fig. 246.

called the veil ; later on, as seen in Fig. 246, it is torn
away from the pileus and now forms the annulus, or ring,
about the stalk. Upon the under side of the pileus are
produced a great many vertical, thin plates, called lamella
or gills. If we make a vertical section through the pileus
so as to cut across a number of the lamellae, they will

Fig. 246.— The Common Mushroom (Agaricus campestris) ; a, the
pileus ; 6, the lamellae ; c, the annulus. (Thomd.)

iy» ELEMENTS OF STRUCTURAL BOTANY.

present the appearance shown at A, Fig. 248, and if we
magnify one of these cross-sections it will appear as at 13,

Pig. 247.

where there is seen an outer layer of cells standing on
end. The whole of both surfaces of the lamellae is
covered with such cells, and this special layer is the

Fig. 247.— Various stages in the development of a Mushroom. (Sachs.)

EXAMINATION OP A MUSHROOM.

199

hymenium. At (7, the left hand portion of the figure
shows a number of these long cells much more highly

Fig. 248.

magnified, some of them narrowed in at the top so as to
form slender point", upon each of which is a rounded body.

Fig. 248.— Greatly enlarged views of sections of the lamellae of a
Mushroom. (Sachs.)

200 ELEMENTS OF STRUCTURAL BOTANY.

These rounded bodies are the spores ; the narrowed ends
of the cells are called steriymata, and the projecting cells
which bear them are specially known as basidia. The
spores are formed by the simple narrowing in of the outer
ends of the basidia.

The mycelium is, therefore, the vegetative part of the
Mushroom, while the stalked pileus above the surface is
the fructification. The mycelium is developed directly
from the spore, but so far there have not been dis-
covered any indications of the interaction of sperm-
cells and germ-cells such as characterize the Bryophytes
and Pteridophytes.

348. You will note the entire absence of green colouring-
matter. The Mushrooms produce no chlorophyll, and,
consequently, are incapable of assimilation. They are
always found growing upon decaying organic matter, as
the leaf-soil of forests and meadows, &c.

349. The Mushrooms are representatives of a l?,rge class
of plants called Fungi, all the members of which are
destitute of chlorophyll. The cells of which they are
made up are generally in rows so as to form long threads
which are known as hyphce, and these may be either
loosely interwoven, as in ordinary Moulds, or firmly
compacted together, as in the Mushroom.

350. As just mentioned, Mushrooms are saprophytic in
their habits ; but there are also Fungi wMch are parasitic,
such as Rust and Smut. To the Fungi belong such
organisms as the Yeast-plant, and the Bacteria which are
found in putrefying matter, and are the cause of, or are
associated with, diseases of various kinds.

EXAMINATION OF A LICHEN.

2<h

3^1. Lichens. These plants may be found growing
m the bark of -trees, on old fences, on rocks, or on the
ground. They differ widely in external
appearance, sometimes growing erect and
imitating a stem and branches, as in Fig.
249 ; sometimes forming flat expansions
which adhere to the surface upon which
they grow, as in Fig. 250. Some species
are yellow, others red, others grey. A
very common one is that represented in
Fig. 250. It may be found upon many
Fig. 249. tree-trunks, and will be easily recognized
by the yellow disks which dot its
surface.

352. The flat part of the Lichen is
the thallus, or vegetative portion,
while the yellow, cup-shaped disks
(the apothecia) contain the fructifica-
tion. Fig. 251 shows a section of the
apothecium, and also the lobing of
the margin of the thallus. Fig. 252 Fig- 25°-
is a very highly magnified view of a section of a thallus,
showing it to be largely made up
of cells, or hyphce, similar to those
of the Mushroom. But in the
?. 25i. Lichen there are visible, in addi-

tion, large numbers of spherical green cells (g g in the
Fig.) known as gonidia, which either occupy well-marked

Fig. 249. — A fruticose Lichen (Cladonia digitata) of the natural size ; b, the
cup ; c, the thallus ; the rounded bodies at the summit are the apothecia.
(Thorn 4. )

Fig. 250.— A foliaceous Lichen growing on a stone ; natural size. (Gray.)

Fig. 251. —Section of an apotheoium. (Gray.)

262

ELEMENTS otv STRUCTURAL. BOTANY.

layers, as in the present instance, or are scattered through
the body of the thallus. The presence of these gonidia
may be said to be the distinguishing feature of the
Lichens. Their true relation and function were for a long
time doubtful, widely different opinions being held, but

Fig. 252.

it is now generally admitted that the gonidia are them-
selves chlorophyll-bearing plants, and that the remainder
of the Lichen is a true Fungus, parasitic upon the gonidia.

Fig. 252.— Very highly magnified view of section of the thallus of a Lichen :
r, rhizoids; m, spurious tissue of hyphse ; g, green gonidia; o, boundary
cells of upper side ; u, boundary cells of under side. (Sachs.)

CHARA. 203

The question as to the origin of the gonidia is not yet
settled.

353. The structure of the apothecium is very well
shown in Fig. 253. From the hyphse are developed
large, club-shaped, vertical cells (the asci) which penetrate
between the narrower vertical branches of the hyphse (the
paraphyses). In the asci arise the spores (technically,
ascospores), usually eight in each, and these when mature
are discharged from the asci, and give rise to new plants.
The ascospores are formed in the asci by the process
known as free cell-formation (283). The protoplasm in
the asci collects about as many different points as there

Fig. 253.

are spores to be formed, and a wall is then secreted about
each. This mode, which is characteristic of a large
number of Fungi, is quite distinct from that which
prevails in the Mushrooms, where, as we have seen, the
spores are formed by abstridion.

354. Chara. Fig. 254 represents a Chara of the
natural size. It grows almost everywhere in fresh waters,
and is quite readily distinguished from other thread-like

Fig. 253. —Very highly magnified view of section p an apotheciura, showing
the club-soaped a?ci. (Thome.)

204 ELEMENTS OF STRUCTURAL BOTANY.

aquatics by the whorls of so-called
leaves which encircle the stem, and
also by the general gritty nature of
the plant. A very offensive odour
is emitted by the plant in the course
of decay. Its green colour shows at
once the presence of chlorophyll. On
the branches you may observe num-
bers of minute, more or less rounded,
bodies ; Fig. 255 is an enlarged view
of one of them. Here, at 6, is shown
a large central nucleus (the nucule)
enclosed in a spiral covering. This
spiral consists of five long cells side
by side, all of which wind about the
central body, and have their ends
projecting above it. The nucule is a
row of cells of which the highest is
the germ-cell, and the whole answers,
in fact, to the archegonium of the
Bryophytes and Pteridophytes. It
is, in this plant, called the carpo-
gonium. Just below it is a globular
body made up of eight triangular
shield - shaped segments arranged
about a central cavity. From the
inner end of each segment several
coiled filaments of many cells each
project into the cavity. At maturity
the shields separate, and the fila-
Fig. 254. ments eventually break up into their

Fig. 2te.—Charafragilis; natural size. (Thorns'.)

CHARA.

205

constituent cells, each of which then liberates an anthero-
zoid. The antherozoids make their way down the necks
of the carpogonia and fertilize the germ-cells. The spiral
cells then harden, and form a firm coat for the spore
within. As the plant decays in the autumn, these seed-
like sporocarps, as they are now called, drop off and fall
to the bottom of the water, where they eventually ger-
minate. On germination, they first
produce a simple form to which the
name pro-embryo has been given,
and from which arises the plant-
body which bears the antheridia
and carpogonia.

There isr therefore, displayed in
this case an alternation of genera-
tions.

355. Chara belongs to a group of
Fig. 255. plants known as AlgSB. They

grow either in the water or upon damp surfaces. They
differ from the Fungi principally in developing chlorophyll,
so that they are able to assimilate. In colour, the Algae
are often green, but in other cases the chlorophyll is
obscured by the presence of other colours, such as brown
and red. In the lowest forms of both Alg8B and Fungi
reproduction takes place by simple division of the cells.
In higher forms the entire contents of two similar adjacent
cells coalesce to form a new one, from which the new
plant springs. This is the process of conjugation (284).
In still higher forms, as in Chara, reproduction takes place
by fertilization.

Fig. 255.— Highly magnified view of part of the fertile thallus of Chara,
(Thome'.)

206 ELEMENTS OF STRUCTURAL BOTANY.

356. The Algae, Fungi, and Lichens together consti-
tute a great group called Thallophytes. The Lichens
from their peculiar constitution were once regarded as
transitional between the Algae arid the Fungi, and by
some the Charas are looked upon as links between the
Algae and the Bryophytes.

Some further reference will be made to the Thallo-
phytes in the next chapter, in which is given a brief
outline of the classification of plants generally.

CHAPTER XXIV.

CLASSIFICATION OF PLANTS ACCORDING TO THE NATURAL
SYSTEM.

357. Hitherto our examination of plants has been
confined to a few selected specimens, and we have
examined these chiefly in order to become acquainted
with some variations in the details of growth, as exem-
plified by them. Thus we have found plants which agree
in exhibiting two cotyledons in the embryo, and others,
again, which are monocotyledonous. Some members of
the former group were found to exhibit two sets of floral
envelopes, others only one, and others, again, were entirely
without these organs. And so on through the various
details. We now set out with the vegetable world before
us — a world populated by forms almost infinite in number
and variety. If, therefore, our study of these forms is
to be carried on to advantage, we shall have to resolve
upon some definite plan or system upon which to proceed;
otherwise we shall merely dissipate our energies, and our
results will be without meaning. Just as, in our study

CLASSIFICATION. 207

of language, we find it convenient to classify words into
what we call parts of speech, and to divide and sub-divide
these again, in order to draw finer dictinctions, so, in our
study of plants, it will be necessary to arrange them
first of all in comprehensive groups, on the ground of
some characteristic possessed by every member of each
group. Just as, in Latin, every noun whose genitive
case is found to end in ce is classed with nouns of the
first declension, so in Botany every plant presenting
certain peculiarities will be placed in a group along with
all the other plants presenting the same peculiarities.

358. Some hints have already been given you as to
the kind of resemblances upon which classification is
based. For instance, an immense number of plants are
found to produce seeds with a dicotyledonous embryo,
while an immense number of others have monocotyledon-
ous embryos. This distinction, therefore, is so pro-
nounced, that it forms the basis of a division into two
very large groups. Again, a very large number of
dicotyledonous plants have their corollas in separate
petals ; many others have them united, whilst others
again have no petals at all. Here, then, is an opportunity
to sub-divide the Dicotyledons into polypetalous, gamo-
petalous, and apetalous groups. And so we go on, always
on the plan that the more widely spread a peculiarity is
found to be, the more comprehensive must be the group
based on that peculiarity ; and so it happens, that the
smallest groups of all come to depend upon distinctions
which are, in many cases, by no means evident, and upon
which botanists often find themselves unable to agree.

359. As our divisions and sub-divisions will necessarily
be somewhat numerous, we shall have to devise a special

208 ELEMENTS OF STRUCTURAL BOTANY.

name for each kind of group, in order to avoid confusion
of ideas. We shall, then, to begin with, draw a broad
line of distinction between those plants which produce
flowers of some kind, and those which do not, and to each
of these great groups we shall give the name Series.
We thus have the Flowering, or, to use the Greek

term, Phanerogamous, Series, and the Flowerless

or OryptOgamOUS Series ; or we may speak of

them briefly as Phanerogams and Cryptogams.

Then, leaving the Cryptogams aside for the moment, we
may break up the Phanerogams into two great Classes,
Dicotyledons and Monocotyledons, for reasons
already explained. By far the greater number 'of
Dicotyledons produce seeds which are enclosed in a
pericarp of some kind ; but there is a remarkable group
of plants (represented in Canada only by the Pines and
their immediate relatives) which dispense with the
pericarp altogether, and whose seeds are consequently
naked. So that we can make two Sub-classes of the
Dicotyledons on the basis of this difference, and these

we shall call the Angiospermous Sub-class and
the Gymnospermous (naked-seeded) Sub-class.

The first of these may be grouped in three Divisions,
the Polypetalous, Gamopetalous, and Apetalous, and the
Monocotyledons also in three, the Spadiceous, the
Petaloideous, and the Glumaceous, types of which we have
already examined in the Marsh Calla (spadiceous),
Trillium (petaloideous), and Timothy (glumaceous), and
the distinctions between which are sufficiently obvious.

The Cryptogams are divided into three great
Classes, viz.: PteridophyteS, embracing Ferns,
Horsetails, and Club-mosses ; Bryophytes, embracing

CLASSIFICATION. 209-

Mosses and Liverworts ; and Thallophytes, embracing
Lichens, Seaweeds (Algae), and Mushrooms (Fungi).

360. So far, then, our classification is as follows :

f Sub-class 1-Angiosperma.

§ Series I.

Class I.— Dicotyle-
dons

Polypetalous Division.
-{ Gamopetalous do.
Apetalous do.
\. Sub-class 2-Gymnosperms

•a Phanero-
gams.

Class II.— Mono-
cotyledons

fSpadiceous Division.
•< Petaloideous do.
\Glumaceous do.

Series II f Class III-~I>teridoPnytes-

•< Class IV.— Bryophytes.
Cryptogams.

361. The above is very nearly the arrangement adopted
by Gray, but many botanists prefer another arrangement
as follows :

/ ( ( Class I— Dicotyledons.

Group I. A.— Angiosperms. 4

< V. Class II.— Monocotyledons.

Phanerogams. I

{B.— Gymnosperms. Class III— Gymnosperms.

Group II. J

( Class IV.— Ferns.
Class V,— Horsetails.

Pteridophytes.

V Class VI.— Club-Mosses.

Group III. /Class VII.— Mosses.

Bryophytes. \ Clasg vm.-Wi-noorte

Group IV. f Class IX.— Fungi.

Thallophytes. \ClassX.-.

In this arrangement the last three Groups constitute
the Cryptogams, and the Gymnosperms are raised to the
rank of a sub-division of the Phanerogams, instead ot

210 ELEMENTS OF STRUCTURAL BOTANY.

being a sub-division of the Dicotyledons. The Lichens,
also, are included in the Fungi.

362. The whole question of botanical classification is
still in an unsettled state. For further information in
regard to the various modes that have been put forward,
the student must consult larger works. In the second
part of this book, whilst the classification of Gray (who
follows Bentham and Hooker) is followed in a general
way, those who prefer the second arrangement of the
Phanerogams as given above may easily make the
requisite change.

363. Each of the Divisions is sub-divided into a number
of Families or Orders ; each Order into a number of

Genera j and each Genus into Species.

The names of the Orders as a rule have the ending
-acece, as : Manunculacece, Rosacece. These names are
adjectives agreeing with the noun Plantce understood, so
that they mean " Rosaceous plants," " Ranunculaceous
plants," &c.

364. A species is the sum of all the individual plants
whose resemblances in all essential respects are so great
as to warrant the belief that they have sprung from one
common stock. De Candolle has this statement : " We
unite under the designation of a species all those indi-
viduals that mutually bear to each other so close a
resemblance as to allow of our supposing that they may
have proceeded originally from a single being or a single
pair." We may also speak of each one of these individual
plants as a species. For example, you may say, after
finishing the first lesson of this book, that you have
examined a species of Buttercup. Mere differences of

CLASSIFICATION.

colour Or size are not sufficient to constitute different
species. The Balsams of our gardens, for instance, are
of various colours, and the plants vary greatly in size,
yet they all belong to one species. These minor differ-
ences, which are mainly the result of care and cultivation,
give rise to varieties. These are of great interest to the
horticulturist, but the study of species is the great end and
aim of the botanist.

365. Those Species which are considered to resemble
each other most nearly are grouped into Genera, and the
Genera, in like manner, into Orders ; but these particular
groupings are more or less artificial, and are subject to
continual alteration in consequence of our imperfect
knowledge. As year by year new facts are brought to
light, modifications in arrangement take place. In the
Classification of common plants which constitutes the
Second Part of this work, the Divisions spoken of above
are placed in the order named. In the Polypetalous
Division, those Orders are put first which embrace plants
with hypogynous stamens and apocarpous pistils, the
parts of the flowers being consequently separate; then
those with similarly inserted stamens, but syncarpous
pistils; then those with perigy nous stamens; and, generally,
we proceed from plants whose flowers have all their parts
separate to those exhibiting more or less cohesion and
adhesion, and finally to those having one or more parts of
the flower wanting.

366. In looking up the name of a plant, it will be your
object to determine the Genus to which it belongs, and
also the Species. The name of every plant consists of two
parts : its Genus first, and then its Species. The name of

212 ELEMENTS OF STRUCTURAL BOTANY.

the Genus is a Latin noun, and that of the Species
generally a Latin adjective agreeing with the noun. The
Buttercup, for example, which we examined at the
outset, belongs to the Genus Ranunculus. In this Genus
are included many Species. The particular one examined
by us is known as acris; so that the full name of the
plant is Ranunculus acris. In like manner, the name
of the plant popularly called Marsh-Marigold is Caltha
palustris.

367. The Key which is prefixed to the Classification
will enable you to determine without much difficulty the
Order to which a plant belongs, but nothing more. Having
satisfied yourselves as to the Order, you must turn to the
page on which that Order is described, and, by carefully
comparing the descriptions there given with the characters
exhibited by your plant, decide upon its Genus, and, in
the same manner, upon its Species.

THE HERBARIUM.

368. Those who are anxious to make the most of their
botanical studies will find it of great advantage to gather
and preserve specimens for reference. A few hints,
therefore, on this subject will not be out of place. It will,
of course, be an object to collectors to have their specimens
exhibit as many of their natural characters as possible, so
that, although dried and pressed, there will be no difficulty
in recognizing them ; and to this end neatness and care
are the first requisites.

Specimens should be collected when the plants are in
ilower, and, if possible, on a dry day, as the flowers are

THE HERBARIUM. 213

then iv> better condition than if wet. If the plant is
small, the whole of it, root and all, should be taken up ;
if too large to be treated in this way, a flower and one or
two of the leaves (radical as well as cauline, if these be
different) may be gathered.

As many of your specimens will be collected at a
distance from home, a close tin box, which may be slung
over the shoulder by a strap, should be provided, in which
the plants may be kept fresh, particularly if a few drops
of water be sprinkled upon them. Perhaps a better way,
however, is to carry a portfolio of convenient size — say 15
inches by 10 inches — made of two pieces of stout paste-
board or thin deal, and having a couple of straps with
buckles for fastening it together. Between the covers
should be placed sheets of blotting-paper or coarse
wrapping-paper, as many as will allow the specimens to
be separated by at least five or six sheets. The advantage
of the portfolio is, that the plants may be placed between
the sheets of blotting-paper and subjected to pressure by
means of the straps as soon as they are gathered. If carried
in a box, they should be transferred to paper as soon as pos-
sible. The specimens should be spread out with great care,
and the crumpling and doubling of leaves guarded against.
The only way to prevent moulding is to place plenty of
paper between the plants, and change the paper frequently;
the frequency depending on the amount of moisture con-
tained in the specimens. From ten days to a fortnight
will be found sufficient for the thorough drying of almost
any plant you^ are likely to meet with. Having made a
pile of specimens with paper between them, as directed,
they should be placed on a table or floor, covered by a flat

214 ELEMENTS OF STRUCTURAL BOTANY.

board, and subjected to pressure by placing weignts uu
the top ; twenty bricks or so will answer very well.

369. It is of great importance that the sheet of paper
within ivhich the plant is first placed should not be
interfered with during the drying process. The directions
as to frequent changes refer only to the sheets not
immediately in contact with the plant. These, to ensure
the best results, should be changed once a day for the
first few days ; less frequently thereafter. Gray recom-
mends ironing with hot irons in order to remove more
rapidly the moisture from fleshy leaves, and in any case
to warm the driers in the sun before putting them
between the plants.

When the specimens are thoroughly dry, the next
thing is to mount them, and for this purpose you will
require sheets of strong white paper ; a good quality of
unruled foolscap or cheap drawing paper will be suitable.
The most convenient way of attaching the specimen to
the paper is to take a sheet of the same size as your
paper, lay the specimen carefully in the centre, wrong
side up, and gum it thoroughly with a very soft brush.
Then take the paper to which the plant is to be attached,
and lay it carefully on the specimen. You can then lift
paper and specimen together, and, by pressing lightly
with a soft cloth, ensure complete adhesion. To render
plants with stout stems additionally secure, make a slit
with a penknife through the paper immediately under-
neath the stem ; then pass a narrow band of paper round
the stem, and thrust both ends of the band through the
slit'. The ends may then be gummed to the back of tho
sheet.

THE HERBARIUM. 215

The specimen having been duly mounted, its botanical
name should be written neatly in the lower right-hand
corner, together with the date of its collection and the
locality were found. Of course only one Species should
be mounted on each sheet ; and when a sufficient number
have been prepared, the Species of the same Genus should
be placed in a sheet of larger and coarser paper than
that on which the specimens are mounted, and the name
of the Genus should be written outside on the lower
corner. Then the Genera of the same Order should be
collected in the same manner, and the name of the Order
written outside as before. The Orders may then be
arranged in accordance with the classification you may
be using, and carefully laid away in a dry place. If a
cabinet, with shelves or drawers, can be specially devoted
to storing the plants, so much the better.

INDEX AND GLOSSABY.

The numbers refer to Sections unless Figures are specified^

Abruptly pinnate, 180.

Absorption by roots, 2.

Abstriction, 353.

Acaulescent: apparently without
a stem, 18.

Accessory fruits : such as consist
chiefly of an enlargement of
some organ, such as the calyx
or receptacle, not organically
united with the pistil, 235.

Achenium or Achene, 54, 56, 241.

Achlamydeous : having neither
calyx nor corolla, 74.

Acicular, Fig. 145.

Acorn, 71.

Actinomorphic flowers, 203.

Acuminate : with a long tapering
point.

Acute: sharp-pointed, 177.

Acyclic flowers, 195.

Adherent : a term applied to the
union of unlike parts, e. g., sta-
mens with corolla, &c., 26.

Adnate, 52, 211.

Adventitious : occurring out of the
natural position.

Adventitious roots, 134.

Adventitious buds, 139.

Aerial roots, 134.

^Estivation : the folding of the
floral envelopes in the bud, 210.

Aggregated fruits, 234.

Air-plants (epiphytes), 87.

Albumen (of the seed): solicl nour-
ishing matter distinct from the
embryo, 12, 80, 117, 248.

Albuminoids, 263.

Albuminous seeds, 80, 248.

Aleurone-grains, 280.

Algffi, 355.

Alternate (leaves), 158.

Alternation of generations, 326,
329, 334, 342, 343.

Ament or Catkin, Figs. 68, 69.

Amplexicaul : clasping a stem.

Anatropous: a term applied to
ovules when inverted, so that
the micropyle is close to the
point of attachment, 246.

Androecium : the circle of stamens
collectively, 211.

Androus : an ending of adjectives
descriptive of stamens, e. g.,
monandrous, polyandrous, &c.

Anemophilous, 74, 247.

Angiospermous : applied to plants
whose seeds are enclosed in an
ovary, 124, 129.

Annual : a plant whichjgrows from
the seed, flowers, and dies in
the same season, 136.

Annular vessels, 268, 287.

Annulus, 347.

Anterior, 197.

Anther: the essential part of a
stamen containing the pollen,
6,211.

Antheridium, 325.

Antherozoid, 325.

Apeta'ous : without a corolla; hav-
ing only one set of floral en-
velopes, 20.

Apex of leaves, 177.

Apocarpous : applied to pistils
when the carpels are free from
each other, 7, 21, 215, 229.

Apothecium, 352, 353.

Appendage : anything attached or
added.

Appressed : in contact, but not
united.

Aquatic : growing in the water,
whether completely or only
partially immersed.

Arborescent : resembling a tree.

Archegonium, 325.

Aril, 126, 250.

Arrow-shaped, Fig. 155.

INDEX AND GLOSSARY.

217

Ascending: rising upwards in a
slanting direction ; applied
chiefly to weak stems.

Ascending axis: the stem of a plant.

Asci, 3y3.

Ascidium: a pitcher-shaped leaf,
Fig. 169.

Ascospore, 353.

Ash of plants, 307.

Assimilation, 275, 309.

\uriculate : same as auricled, hav-
ing rounded lobes at the base ;
applied mostly to leaves.

iwl-shaped, Fig. 147.

iwn : a bristle, such as is found
on the glumes of many Grasses,
Barley for example, 108.

Axil, 3.

Axile : relating to the axis, 221.

Axillary : proceeding from an axil,
44, 138.

Axillary buds, 138.

Axillary flowers, 186.

Axis : the stem and root, 131.

Baccate : like a berry.

Bark, 286.

Bases of leaves, 179.

Basidium, 347.

Bast, 286.

Bearded: furnished with hairs, like
the petals of some Violets, &c.

Be.l-shaped, 208.

Berry, 233.

Biennial: a plant which grows
from seed in one season, but
pi-educes its seed and dies in the
foilowing season, 133, 136.

Bifoliolate : having two leaflets.

Bilabiate: two-lipped, Fig. 180.

Biloculax', 919.

Bipinnate : twice pinnate, Fig. 167.

BipinnatiV^ : twice pinnatifid, 176.

Blade : tho V«id part of a leaf or
petal, 4, 4).

Bleeding of pUnts, S15.

Bordered pits, *&$.

Botryose, 143.

Botryose inflorescence, 185, 189.

Bracts, 19, 44, 194.

Bracteate : subtencje'l by a bract.

Bractlets : secondary oracts grow-
ing on pedicels. 194.

Branches, 3, 132, 141.
Branching, Modes of, 141.
Breathing-pores (stomates), 293,

313

Bristles, 227.
Bryophytes, 346.
Bud: an undeveloped stem 01

branch, 137.
Buds on roots, 131, 139.
Bulb, 82, 94, 152.
Bulbiferous : producing bulbs.
Bulblets, 155.

Bulbous : like a bulb in shape.
Bundles, 296.

Caducous, 206.

Calcium, 307.

Calcium carbonate, 278.

Calcium oxalate, 278.

Calyptra, 341.

Calyx, 5, 13, 205.

Calyx-teeth, 206.

Calyx-tube, 206.

Cambium layer, 297.

Campanulate, 208.

Campylotropous, 246.

Capillary : fine and hair-like.

Capitulum : same as head, 189.

Capsule, 239, 341.

Carbon, 307.

Carbon dioxide. 307.

Carbonic acid, 307.

Carina, or keel : the two coherent

petals in the front of a flower of

the Pea kind, Fig. 36.
Carnivorous plants, 311.
Carpel 7.
Carpellary : relating to a carpel,

e.g., a carpellary leaf, &c.
Carpogonium, 354.
Cartilaginous : tough,
Caryopsis, 102, 241.
Catkin, 71, 74, 123, 189.
Caulescent: with an evident stem.
Caulicle : another name for the

radicle, 79, 252.
Cauline : relating to the stem, e.g.,

cauline leaves, &c., 4, 13, 28.
Cell-contents, 260, 274.
Cell-division, 282.
Cell-formation, 282.
Cells, 259.
Cellulose. 265.

218

INDEX AND GLOSSARY.

Cell- wall, 259, 265.
Centrifugal inflorescence, 187.
Centripetal inflorescence, 186.
Chalaza: the part of an ovule

where the coats are united to

the nucleus, 245.
Chlorophyll, 156, 274, 307.
Ciliate, 182.
Circinate : curled up like the young

frond of a Fern, 166, 324.
Circulation in cells, 262.
Circuincissile : opening like a

pyxis, Fig. 207.
Classification, 357.
Claw (of a petal), 45, 207.
Cleistogarnous flowers, 247.
Climbing stems, 150.
Closed bundles, 298.
Club-shaped : with the lower part

more slender than the upper, as

the style of Dog's-tooth Violet,

Fig. 82.

Clustered, 133, 164.
Coats of the ovule, 244.
Coherent: a term applied to the

union of like parts, 26.
Cohesion, 26.
Collateral bundles, 299.
Collective fruits, 237.
Collenchyma, 271, 286, 303.
Colour of flowers, 274.
Columella, 341.
Column, 91.
Coma : a tuft of hairs, such as that

on the seed of Dandelion, Fig. 58.
Complete, 8.
Compound or Composite flowers,

62.

Compound leaf, 43, 167.
Compound pistil, 215.
Compound spike, corymb, &c.,189.
Concentric bundles, 299.
Conduplicate vernation, 166.
Cone, 124, 223.
Conical, 133.

Coniferous : bearing cones.
Conjugation, 284, 355.
Connate : grown together.
Connate-perfoliate, Fig. 165.
Connective, 65, 211.
Convolute : rolled inward from ov»

edge, 38, 88, 166, 210.
Cordate, 175.

Cork, 294, 303.
Corm, 94, 154.
Corolla, 5, 13, lD; 207.
Corymb, 189.

Corymbose : like a corymb.
Cotyledons, 78, 117, 252.
Creeping, 149.
Cremocarp, 243.
Crenate, Fig. 163.
Cross-fertilization, 247.
Cruciform: cross-shaped, as th<;
flowers of Shepherd's Purso, &n.
Cryptogams, 359.
Crystalloids, 280.
Crystals, 278.
Culm, 103, 150.
Cuneate : wedge-shaped.
Currents of water, 315, 316.
Cuspidate, Fig. 161.
Cuticle, 292.
Cycle, 159.
Cyclic flowers, 195.
Cyme, 191.

Cymose : like a cyme, 143, 185.
Cystoliths, 279.

Decandrous : with ten separate
stamens.

Deciduous, 5, 206.

Decompound : applied to leaves
whose blades are divided and
sub-divided.

Decumbent: applied to stems
which lie on the ground but turn
upward at the extremity.

Decurrent, Fig. 166.

Decussate : applied to the arrange-
ment of leaver, when successive
pairs of oppot'te leaves are at
right angles, as in the plants of
the Mint Family, 158.

Definite inflorescence, 187,x191.

Deflexed : bent down.

Dehiscence of anther?, Figs. 185,
186, 187.

Dehiscent, 231.

Deliquescent: applied to stems
which dissolve into branches.

Deltoid, Fig. 148.

Dentate, 178.

Depauperate : unnaturally

Depressed : flattened down.

INDEX AND GLOSSARY.

219

Descending axis : the root, 131.

Determinate inflorescence,187, 191 .

Diadelphous : applied to stamens,
40, 212.

Diandrous: with two separate
stamens, 212.

Dicarpellary, 215.

Dichasium, 146.

Dichlamydeous : having both sets
of floral envelopes.

Dichogamous, 247.

Dichotomous branching, 145, 332.

Dicotyledonous, 78.

Dicotyledons, 80.

Didynamous (stamens), 29, 65, 214.

Digitate, 168.

Dimerous flowers, 196.

Dioecious, 74.

Disk : in flowers of the Composite
Family, the centre of the head
as distinguished from the bor-
der, 62 ; a fleshy enlargement of
the receptacle of a flower, 58, 75,
126.

Dissected : finely cut.

Dissepiment, 218.

Distinct : not coherent, (see Cohe-
rent).

Divergent : separating from one
another.

Dodecandrous : with 12 distinct
stamens.

Dorsal suture, 217.

Dotted ducts, Figs. 222, 287-

Double flowers : abnormal flowers
in which stamens and carpels
have been transformed into
petals.

Downy : covered with soft hairs.

Drupe, 51, 231.

Drupelet : a little drupe.

Ducts, 287.

Earthy constituents of plants, 307-

Elater, 331.

Elementary constituents of plants,
307.

Elliptical : same as oval, Fig. 146.

Emarginate, 177.

Embryo, 12, 78, 117.

Embryo-sac, 16, 245.

Emersed: raised above the sur-
face of water.

Endocarp: "When the walls of a
pericarp form two or more lay-

. ers of dissimilar texture, the
outer layer is called the Epicarp,
the middle one Mesocarp, and
the innermost Endocarp." —
Gray.

Endogen, 119.

Endogenous growth, 119.

Endospore, 342.

Endosperm, 248.

Enneandrous: with nine distinct
stamens.

Entire, 178.

Entomophilous, 74, 75, 88, 247.

Ephemeral : lasting one day only.

Epicalyx, 35, 50.

Epicarp : see Endocarp.

Epidermal system, 291, 292.

Epidermis, 292.

Epigynous : inserted on the ovary,
58, 60, 213, 216.

Epipetalous : inserted on the cor- /'I
olla, 60, 65, 213. >

Epiphytes, 135.

Equitant (leaves), 88, 157.

Essential organs, 17, 211.

Evergreen : retaining foliage dur-
ing winter, 122, 125.

Exalbuminous, 80, 248.

Excurrent : said of main stems
which are distinct and well-
marked to the top, as in the
Pine and Fir; the reverse of
deliquescent.

Exogen, 81.

Exogenous growth, 81.

Exospore, 342.

Exserted : protruding, 214.

Exstipulate, 181.

Extine, 123.

Extrorse, 211.

False dichotomy, 146.

Families, 363.

Fascicle : a close bundle, either of

leaves or flowers.
Fascicled (roots), 133; (leaves), 164.
Fascicular cambium, 297.
Feather- veined: same as pinnately-

veiued, 168.
Fertile-flower, 68.
Fertilization, 17.

220

INDEX AND GLOSSARY.

Fibrous : thread-like, 2, 18, 22.

Fibrous tissue, 286.

Fibro-vascular system, 287, 291,
295.

Filament, 6, 211.

Filiform, 183.

Fimbriate: fringed.

Fleshy fruits, 232.

Flora : a description of the plants
of a district ; a collective name
for the whole of the species of a
district.

Floral diagram, 197-

Floral envelopes, 14, 207.

Floral formula, 198.

Floral symmetry, 195.

Floret, 61.

Flower: the part of a phanero-
gamous plant in which the sta-
mens and pistil are situated.

Flower-head, 60.

Flower-leaves, 11.

Flowering plants, 359.

Flowerless plants, 359.

Foliaceous : like a leaf in appear-
ance.

Foliage-leaves, 11, 156.

Foliolate : having leaflets.

Foliose (Liverwort), 344.

Follicle, 238.

Foot, 144.

Forked cyme, 143.

Free, 5, 7, 41.

Free cell-formation, 283, 353.

Free-central placentation, 221.

Frond, 324.

Fruit, 228.

Fruit-dots, 324.

Fugacious : falling away early.

Fundamental tissue, 291, 303.

Funiculus, 245.

Funnel-shaped, Fig. 178.

Furcate: forked.

Fusiform : same as spindle-shaped,
133.

G-alea: an arching petal or sepal,
as the two upper ones in Catnip,
Fig. 59.

Gamopetalous, 207.

Gamophyllous, 84.

Gamosepalous, 34, 205.

Gemmae, 345.

Genera : plural of genus.

Genus, 363.

Germ : same as embryo.

Germ-cells, 347.

Germination, 132, 254.

Gibbous : swollen on one side.

Gills, 347.

Glabrous, 22, 182.

Gladiate : sword-shaped.

Glands : applied generally to celli
or hairs on the surfaces of plants
in which resinous or oily mat-
ters are secreted; but the term is
also used to describe any pro-
jection, the use of which is not
clear, 226

Glandular : bearing glands, 226.

Glaucous, 182.

Globose : like a globe or sphere.

Glumaceous : bearing or resemc
ling glumes, 114, 359.

Glumes, 101.

Gonidia, 352.

Gourd, 233.

Grain, 102, 117, 241.

Granules : particles.

Granulose, 277.

Gravitation, 322.

Ground-tissue, 303.

Growing point, 145.

Growth, 317.

Gum, 281.

Gymnospermous, 144 223.

Gymnosperms, 124, 12&, S59.

Gynandrous, 91, 213.

Gynoecium, 199, 215.

Habitat : a term applied to C^u
region most favourable to tJ-.a
growth of a plant: tha plwi-
where it grows naturally.

Hairs, 226.

Hairy, 4.

Halberd-shaped, Fig. 154.

Half-inferior, 49, 216.

Half- superior, 49.

Hastate, Fig. 154.

Head, 189.

Heart-shaped, 175.

Helicoid cyme, 144.

Hemicyclic flowers, 195.

Heptandrous : with seven distinct
stamens.

INDEX AND GLOSSARY.

221

Herb, 148.

Herbaceous, 3, 89, 136, 148.

Herbarium : a botanist's collection

of dried plants, 368.
Hermaphrodite, 247.
Heteromerous flowers, 196.
Hexandrous : with six distinct

stamens.
Hilum, 249.

Hirsute : rough with hairs.
Hispid : covered with stiff haira.
Hoary: densely covered with fine

grayish hairs.

Hortus siccus : same as herbarium.
Hybrids : plants resulting from

the crossing of nearly related

species.

Hydrogen, 307.
Hymenium, 347.
Hyphae, 349, 352.
Hypogyuous, 24, 29, 213.

Imbricate : overlapping like the
shingles on a rooi, 210.

Immersed : wholly under water.

Imperfect, 68.

Included, 214.

Incomplete, 19.

Incurved (petals), Fig. 52.

Indefinite, 26, 212.

Indefinite inflorescence, 186, 189.

Indehiscent, 231.

Indeterminate inflorescence, 186,
189.

Indigenous : naturally growing in
a country.

Inferior : underneath ; farthest
from the axis ; the ovary is in-
ferior when the calyx adheres to
it throughout ; the calyx is in-
ferior when free from the ovary,
45, 49, 52, 88, 216.

Inflorescence, 75, 185.

Innate, 211.

Inorganic elements, 307.

Inserted : attached to.

Insertion : the point or manner
of attachment, 40', 212.

Integument, 249.

Intercellular space, 293.

Interfascicular cambium, 297.

Internodes, 4.

Interruptedly pinnate, Fig. 168.

Intine, 123.

Introrse, 211.

Intussusception, 265, 317.

Inuline, 281.

Involucel, 194.

Involucre, 35, 61, 71, 72, 194.

Involute : rolled inward from both

edges, 166.
Iron, 307, 308.
Irregular, 39, 205, 207.
Isomerous : having the parts equal

in number, 196.

Joints : a name sometimes given
to the nodes of a stem.

Keel, see Carina.
Kernel, 16.
Key-fruit, 241.
Kidney- shaped, Fig. 156.

Labellum (or lip), 90.

Labiate, 65, 209.

Lamellae, 347.

Lanceolate, Fig. 148.

Latex. 288.

Laticiferous tissue, 288, 303.

Leaf, 4, 13.

Leaf -arrangement, 158.

Leaf-green, see Chlorophyll.

Leaflet, 167.

Leaf- schedule, 184.

Leaf-stalk, 4

Leaf-tendril, 150.

Legume, 43, 238.

Leguminous : producing or relat-
ing to legumes.

Light, 320, 321.

Ligneous : woody.

Ligulate, 62, 209.

Ligule: a strap-shaped corolla ; m
Grasses, a scale-like projection
between the blades of a leaf and
the sheath, 103.

Limb, 207.

Linear, Fig. 146.

Lip, 90.

Lobe, 4, 167.

Loculicidal (dehiscence) : splitting
midway between the partitions,
239.

Loculus, 219.

222

INDEX AND GLOSSARY.

Lodicule, 104.

Loment : a jointed legume, 242.

Lyrate : pinnately-lobed, with the

terminal lobe much larger than

the others.

Magnesium, 307.

Marcescent : withering persistent.

Margin of leaves, 178.

Marginal : relating to the margin,
221.

Markings (on cells), 268.

Mass-movement of Protoplasm,
262.

Median plane, 197.

Medullary rays, 301.

Membranous : thin, like a mem-
brane.

Mericarp, 242.

Meristem, 282, 285.

Mesocarp : see Endocarp.

Metastasis, 309.

Micropyle, 16, 244.

Middle lamella, 266.

Mid-rib, 168.

Mixed inflorescence, 192.

Monadelphoua, 36, 40, 212.

Monandrous : with a single stamen.

Monocarpellary. 215.

Monochlamydeous : with only one
set of floral envelopes.

Monocotyledonous. 118.

Monocotyledons, 118.

Monoecious, 68, 71-

Monomerous flowers, 196.

Monopodiai branching, 142.

Morphology, 130.

Mucronate, 177.

Multifid, 176.

Multilocular, 219.

Multiple fruits, 237.

Mycelium, 347.

Naked flowers : those which are
destitute of calyx and corolla.

Naked seeds : those not enclosed
in an ovary, 127.

Napiform, 133.

Natural system of classification,
357, &c.

Naturalized: introduced from

other countries, but growing

spontaneously from seed.
Nectary : that in which nectar is

secreted, 88, 224.
Needle-shaped, 122.
Net-veined, 4, 18.
Neutral flowers: those having

neither stamens nor pistil.
Nitrogen, 307.
Nodding : hanging with the top

downward, like the flower in

Fig. 82.
Node, 4.

Normal: regular ; according to rule.
Nucleolus, 260.
Nucleus (of an ovule), 16, 244, 249:

(of a cell), 260.
Nucule, 354.
Nut, 241.
Nutations, 323.
Nutlet: a small nut or nut-like

body, 65.

Obcordate, 175. '

Oblanceolate, 174.

Oblique : having the sides unequal.

Obliteration (of partitions], 220.

Oblong, Fig. 146.

Obovate, 174.

Obsolete, 206.

Obtuse, 177.

Ochrea: a tube formed by -the
union of both edges of a pair of
stipules.

Ochreate : having ochrese.

Octandrous: having eight separ-
ate stamens, 45.

Odd-pinnate, 180.

Offset : a short, prostrate branch,
rooting at the end.

Oils, 281, 309.

Open bundles, 297.

Operculum, 341.

Opposite, 158.

Optimum temperature, 319.-

Orbicular, Fig. 146.

Orders, 363.

Organic elements, 307. r

Organs : the parts or members c
a living body.

Organs of Keproduction the part
of the flower.

INDEX AND GLOSSARY.

223

Organs of Vegetation : root, stem,
and leaves.

Orthostichies, 160.

Orthotropous : applied to ovules
when straight, so that the mi-
cropyle is as far as possible from
the point of attachment, 246.

Osmose, 314.

Outline of leaves, 171.

Oval, Fig. 146.

Ovary, 7, 25.

Ovate, Fig. 148.

.Ovoid: egg-shaped.

Ovule, 7, 16.

Oxygen, 307.

Palate, 209.

Palet, 101.

Palmate, 168.

Palmately-lobed, 176.

Palmatifid, 176.

Panicle, 106, 190.

Papilionaceous, 39.

Pappose, 206.

Pappus: a circle of bristles or
hairs representing the limb of
the calyx in flowers of the Com-
posite Family, 62.

Parallel-veined : same as straight-
veined, 83.

Paraphyses, 353.

Parasites, 135, 156, 310.

Parenchyma, 286.

Parietal : on the walls, 221.

Parted : almost completely cut
through.

Pectinate: pinnatifid with lobes
like the teeth of a comb.

Pedate, Fig. 160.

Pedicel, 28, 58.

Peduncle, 5, 28.

Peltate, 126, 175.

Pentamerous flowers, 196.

Pentandrous : with five distinct
stamens. •

Pepo, 233.

Perennial : a plant which con-
tinues to grow year after year,

Perfect : having both stamens and
pistil.

Perfoliate, 179.

Perianth, 84, 90.

Pericarp, 229.

Perigynous, 40, 48, 213, 216.

Perisperm, 248.

Peristome, 341.

Permanent tissue, 285.

Persistent, 34, 206.

Personate, 209.

Petal, 5, 207.

Petaloideous, 359.

Petiolate : having petioles.

Petiole, 4.

Phanerogamous or Phsenogamous,
129, 359.

Phellogen, 294.

Phloem, 295.

Phosphorus, 307.

Phyllome, 225.

Phyllotaxis, 158.

Pileus, 347.

Pilose : having long, soft hairs.

Pinna: a primary division of a
pinnately-compound leaf.

Pinnate, 168.

Pinnately-lobed, 176.

Pinnatifid, 176.

Pinnule : a secondary division of
a pinnately-compound leaf.

Pistil, 7, 13, 215.

Pistillate : having a pistil, 68, 70.

Pitcher-shaped (leaf), Fig. 169.

Pith, 300.

Placenta, 221.

Placentation, 221.

Plaited, 166, 210.

Plumose : feathery.

Plumule, 79, 117, 138, 252.

Pod : a dehiscent fruit, 25.

Pollen, 6, 16.

Pollen-masses, 92.

Pollen-tube, 16.

Pollination, 124, 247.

Pollinia : pollen-masses, Fig. 9?.

Polyadelphous, 40, 212.

Polyandrous: with numerous dis-
tinct stamens, 6, 24.

Polycarpellary, 215.

Polygamous: having perfect as
well as imperfect flowers.

Polygamo-dicecious, 76.

Polypetalous : having separate
petals, 5, 207.

224

INDEX AND GLOSSARY.

Polyphyllous, 84.

Polysepalous : having separate

sepals, 5, 205.
Pome, 53, 232.

Posterior : next the axis, 197.
Potassium, 307, 308.
Praefloration, see Estivation.
Praefoliation : the disposition of

leaves in the hud, 166.
Prickles, 227.
Primary roots, 132.
Primine, 244.
Procarnbium, 296.
Procumbent : lying on the ground.
Proembryo, 354.
Prosenchyma, 286.
Prostrate, 149.
Pro thallium, 325.
Protonema, 342.
Protoclasm, 260.
Pseudocarp, 236.
Pteridophytes, 337.
Pubescent: covered with fine down.
Punctate: having transparent dots,

like the leaves of St. John's Wort.
Putamen, 51, 231.
Pyxis, 240.

Quinquefoliolate : having five leaf-
lets, 180.

Raceme, 189.

Racemose : like a raceme, 143.

Radial bundles, 302.

Radiate, 168.

Radical : pertaining to the root,
4,13,18,60.

Radical leaves, 4, 28.

Radicle, 79, 117, 132, 252.

Ramification, 141.

Raphe, 246.

Raphides, 278.

Ray: the marginal florets of a
Composite flower,as distinguish-
ed from the disk.

Receptacle, 8.

Recurved : curved backwards.

Reduplication, 200.

Reflexed : bent backwards, 88.

Regular; with parts of the same
size and shape, 5, 205, 207,

Rejuvenescence, 284.

Reniform, Fig. 156.

Resin, 281.

Respiration, 312.

Reticulated cells, 268, 287.

Retuse : slightly notched at the
apex.

Revolute : rolled back, 166.

Rhachis : an axis, 324.

Rhizoid, 340.

Rhizome, 151.

Ringent, 209.

Root, 2, 13, 131.

Root-cap, 131.

Root-hairs, 131, 226.

Rootlet, 2.

Root- pressure, 316.

Root-stock, 88, 151.

Rotate, 208.

Rudimentary : imperfectly devel-
oped.

Rugose : wrinkled.

Runcinate : with teeth pointing
backwards, as in the leaf of
Dandelion, 176.

Runner, 134.

Sagittate, 28, 175.
Salver-shaped, Fig. 179.
Samara, Figs. 76, 208.
Saprophytes, 135, 156, 310.
Sarcocarp : the flesh of a drupe.
Scabrous: rough.
Scalariform cells, 268, 287.
Scales, 74, 124, 137, 194.
Scandent: climbing.
Scape, 19, 60, 88.
Scar, 88.
Schizocarp, 242.
Scion : a young shoot.
Sclerenchyma, 273, 286, 303.
Scorpioid cyme, 144.
Secondary roots, 134.
Secundine, 244.
Seed, 12, 244.
Seed-leaves, 78.
Seed-vessel, see Ovary.
Self-fertilization, 88.
Sepal, 5, 205.

Septicidal (dehiscence) : splitting
open along the partitions, 239,

INDEX AND GLOSSARY.

225

Beptifragal, 239.

Septum : a partition.

Series, 359.

Serrate, 178.

Sessile, 4, 28, 211.

Seta, 341.

Setaceous : like a bristle.

Sheath : a tube surrounding a

stem, 103.
Sheathing : surrounding like a

sheath.

Shield-shaped, see Peltate.
Shoot : a newly-formed branch.
Shrub, 148.
Sieve-tubes, 270, 289.
Silica, 308, 330.
Silicic, 240.
Silique, 240.

Simple (leaves), 167; (pistil), 215.
Sinuate : wavy on the margin.
Sodium, 308.
Solitary, 188.
Sori, 324.
Spadiceous, 359.
Spadix, 97, 98, 189.
Spathe, 97, 98, 194.
Spathulate, 174.
Species, 363, 364.
Sperm-cells, 347.
Spermoderm, 249.
Spike, 100, 189.

Spikelet, a secondary spike, 106.
Spindle-shaped, 133.
Spine, 227.

Spiral markings, 268, 287.
) Spores: the reproductive bodies

in Cryptogams which correspond

to the seeds of Phanerogams,

324: 341, 347. •
Sporangium, 324,341.
Sporocarp, 354.
Spur, 90, 209.
Stamen, 6, 13,211.
Staminate (flower): having no

pistil, but only stamens, 68, 70.
Staminode, 211.
Standard: the broad upper petal

of a papilionaceous corolla.
Starch, 276.
Starch-cellulose, 277.
Stem, 3, 13, 137.
Stemless, 18.

Sterile (flower): having no pistil,68.

Sterigma, 347.

Stigma, 7.

Stigmatic : bearing the stigma.

Stinging-hairs, 226.

Stipe, 324.

Stipulate : having stipules.

Stipule, 33, 181.

Stolon: a short branch which

droops to the ground and takes

root, 149.

Stoma (of Moss), 341.
Stomata, 293, 313.
Stone, see Putamen.
Stone-fruit, see Drupe.
Straight- veined, 83.
Strap-shaped, see Ligulate.
Streaming of protoplasm, 262.
Striate: marked lengthwise with

lines or furrows.
Strobile : same as Cone.
Style, 7.

Subulate, Fig. 147.
Succulent : juicy ; fleshy.
Sucker: an underground branch,

at length emerging and forming

a stem.
Sugar, 309.
Sulphur, 307.

Superior, 7, 41, 45, 49, 216.
Suppression : absence of parts.
Surface of leaves, 182.
Suspended : hung from above.
Suture, 217.
Symmetrical, 47, 204.
Sympodial, 144, 145.
Syncarpous, 30, 215, 230.
Syngenesious, 60, 68, 212.

Tap-root, 32, 132.

Teeth (of calyx1, 34.

Tegmen, 249.

Temperature, 319.

Tendril, 150.

Terete : cylindrical.

Terminal: at the end of a stem x

branch, 44, 122, 140, 187.
Ternate : in threes.
Testa, 249.

Tetradynamous, 29, 214.
Tetramerous flowers, 196.

226

INDEX AND GLOSSARY.

Tetrandrous : having four distinct
stamens.

Thalamiflorous : having the sta-
mens inserted on the receptacle.

Thalamus : the receptacle.

Thalloid (Liverwort), 344.

Thallophytes, 356.

Thallus, 352,

Theca, 341.

Thread-shaped, see Filiform.

Throat (of calyx), 206.

Thorn, see Spine.

Thyrse, 192.

Tissue, 285.

Tissue-systems, 291.

Tomentose: woolly.

Toothed, see Dentate, 112.

Torus : same as receptacle, 216.

Tracheary tissue, 287.

Tracheids, 290.

Trailing, 149.

Transpiration, 313.

Tree, 148.

Triadelphous, 40, 212.

Triandrous : having three distinct
stamens.

Trichomes, 131, 226, 292.

Triennial : lasting three years.

Trifoliolate : having three leaflets,
180.

Trimerous flowers, 196.

Truncate, 177.

Trunk : the main stem.

Tube, 34, 128.

Tuber, 151.

Tuberous : like a tuber.

Tubular, 208.

Tunicated, 92.

Twining, 150.

Two-lipped, see Labiate.

Types, 27.

Umbel, 58, 189.

Umbellet : a secondary umbel.

Unguiculate : having a claw.
Unilocular, 219.
Urn, 341.

Vacuoles, 260.

Valvate : edge to edge, but Hot

overlapping, 38, 210.
Valve, 46.

Valved : having valves.
Varieties, 364.
Vascular cryptogams, 337.
Vascular tissue, 287.
Veil, 347.
Veins : the finer parts of the

framework of a leaf.
Venation, 168.
Ventral suture, 217.
Vernation, same as Prsefoliation,

166.

Versatile, 102, 211.
Vertical leaves, 88, 157.
Verticillate, 158.
Verticillaster, 193.
Vessels, 287.
Villose, 182.
Volatile oils, 281.

Water in the plant, 306, 315, 316.
Wavy : with alternate rounded

hollows and projections, 178.
Wedge-shaped : like a wedge, the

broad part being the apex.
Wheel-shaped, see Eotate.
Whorl : a circle of three or more

leaves at the same node, 23, 120,

158. .

Wing, 75, 124, 241.
Woody stems, 148.

Xylem, 295.
Zygomorphic flowers, 203.

APPENDIX.

from examination flaper0.

UNIVEESITY OF TOEONTO.

1 . Define suckers, stolons, offsets, runners, tendrils, thorns, and
prickles, describing their respective origins and uses, and giving
examples of plants in which they occur.

2. What are the functions of leaves ? Describe the different kinds
of compound leaves.

3. What is meant by inflorescence ? Describe the different kinds
of flower-clusters, giving an example of each.

4. Mention and explain the terms applied to the various modes
of insertion of stamens.

5. How are fruits classified ? What are multiple or collective
fruits ? Give examples.

6. Relate the differences in structure between endogenous and
exogenous stems. Describe their respective modes of growth.

7. What is the food of plants ? how do they obtain it ? and how
do they make use of it ?

8. Describe the component parts of a simple flower. How is
reproduction effected ?

9. Describe the anatomical structure of a leaf, and the formation
and office of leaf-stomata.

10. Explain the consequences of flowering upon the health of a
plant, and show how these effects are remedied in different climates.
What practical bearing has this upon horticulture ?

11. Trace the development of a carpel from a leaf. Describe the
different forms assumed by placentae in compound ovaries, and
explain the origin of these variations.

12. Mention the principal modes in which pollen gains access to
the stigma. What are hybrid plants, and how are they perpetuated ?

13. Describe the anatomy of a leaf. What are stomata?

14. What is the placenta in a seed-vessel ? Describe the different
modes of placentation. Show how the varieties of placentation
agree with the " altered-leaf theory " of the pistil.

15. Give the characters of the Composite. How is the order
sub-divided ? Describe the composite flower, and mention some of
the common Canadian examples of this order. '

228 EXAMINATION PAPERS.

16. Give the peculiarities of Endogens in seed-leaf, leaf, and stem.
Sub-divide the class. Describe shortly the orders Araceae and
Graminese.

17. Describe the wall of a seed-vessel, and notice its varieties of
form.

18. What is meant by the dehiscence of a capsule ? Show the
different modes in which pods dehisce, and give examples of each.

19. Give the characters and orders of Gymnospermous Exogens.

20. Give the characters of Banunculaceae. Describe shortly some
of the principal plants of the order.

21. Give some account of the special forms which the leaves of
plants assume.

22. What are stipules ? What their size and shape ?

23. What is meant by Imperfect, Incomplete, and Unsymmetrical
flowers respectively '?

24. Describe Papilionaceous and Labiate corollas.

25. Write notes on Abortive Organs, Gymnospermous Pistil, and
Pollen Granule.

26. Distinguish between the essential and non-essential materials
found in plants, and notice the non-essential.

27. What is vegetable growth ? Illustrate by a reference to the
pollen granule in its fertilization of the ovary.

28. What is an axil ? What is the pappus ?

29. What are the cotyledons ? What is their function, and what
their value in systematic Botany ?

30. Distinguish between Epiphytes and Parasites. Describe their
respective modes of growth, and give examples of each.

31. What is the difference between roots and subterranean
branches ? Define rhizoma, tuber, corm, and bulb, giving examples
of each. How does a potato differ botanically from a sweet-potato ?

32. Describe the calyx and corolla. What modifications of parts
take place in double flowers ?

33. What is a fruit in Botany ? Explain the structure of an apple,
grape, almond, strawberry, fig, and pine-apple.

34. What organs appear in the more perfect plants ? In what two
divisions are they comprised ?

35. Weak climbing stems distinguished according to the mode in
which they support themselves, the direction of their growth, the
nature of their clasping organs.

36. Structure and parts of a leaf : What is most important in
their study ? Give the leading divisions, and mention what
secondary distinctions are required in specific description ?

37. Function of the flower : its origin ; its essential and accessory
parts : name of the circles and their component organs: circumstances
which explain the differences among flowers.

38. Parts of the fully formed ovule and distinctions founded on
their relative position.

EXAMINATION PAPERS. 229

89. Sub-kingdoms and classes of the vegetable kingdom.

40. What is meant by a composite flower ? Illustrate your answer
by reference to the dandelion, and point out in what respect its
flower-head differs from that of the common clover.

41. Define what is meant by the terms Exogen and Endogen.

42. Explain what is meant by the following : Stamens and petals
are, from a morphological point of view, leaves.

What is the morphological nature of onion bulbs, and potato
tubers ?

43. Name and describe the different parts of stamens and pistils.
Why are these two sets of organs called the essential parts of a
flower ? State what is meant by a staminate flower, and what by a
pistillate flower ? How is fertilization accomplished in the case of
the latter ?

44. What is meant by the terms, berry, drupe, and pome ? Why
cannot a raspberry or a strawberry be termed a true berry £

45. Draw outlines of the following forms of leaves : ovate, deltoid,
lanceolate, reniform, peltate, sagittate, hastate, cordate, obcordate.

46. Define the following terms : involucre, glume, gyncecium,
micropyle, pappus, spadix, tendril, cyme.

SECOND AND THIRD CLASS TEACHERS' CERTIFICATES,
PROVINCE OF ONTARIO.

1. Name the parts of the pistil and stamens of a flower and give
their uses.

2. What are Perennial plants ? Describe their mode of life.

3. " There are two great classes of stems, which differ in the way
the woody part is arranged in the cellular tissue." Fully explain this.

4. Describe the functions of leaves. How are leaves classified as
to their veining.

5. Name and describe the organic constituents of plants.

6. Name the organs of reproduction in plants, and describe their
functions.

7. Give, and fully describe, the principal parts of the flower.

8. What are^the different parts of a plant ? Describe the functions
of each part.

9. State all the ways by which an Exogenous stem may be
distinguished from an Endogenous.

10. Describe the functions of leaves. Wliat is the cause of their
fill in autumn ? Draw and describe a maple leaf.

11. Name the different parts of a flower, and describe the use of
each part. Draw a diagram showing a stamen and a pistil and the
parts of each.

230 EXAMINATION PAPERS.

12. What is the fruit ? Why do some fruits fall from the stem
more easily than others ?

13. Of what does the food of plants consist ? In what forms and
by what organs is it taken up, and how is it assimilated ? Name
the substances inhaled and those exhaled by plants, and the uses of
each in the economy of nature.

14. Describe fully (1) the plant in Vegetation ; (2) the plant in
Eep reduction.

15. Describe Fibrous roots, Fleshy roots, and different kinds of
Tap-root.

16. Describe the structure and veining of leaves.

17. " The nourishment which the mother plant provides in the
seed is not always stored up in the embryo." Explain and illustrate.

18.- Describe the various modes in which Perennials "provide a
stock of nourishment to begin the new growth. "

19. Describe fully the organs of reproduction in a plant. Describe
the process of germination.

20. What are the parts of a flower ? Give illustrations by diagram,
with a full description.

21. Name and describe the principal sorts of flowers.

22. What elementary substances should the soil contain for the
nourishment of plants ?

23. How are plants nourished before and after appearing above
ground ?

24. Tell what you know about the various forms of the calyx and
the corolla.

25. Explain the terms Cotyledon, Pinnate, Boot-stock, Filament,
and Radicle.

26. Explain the terms Papilionaceous, Cruciferous, Silique, and
Syngenesious ; and in each case name a family in the description of
which the term under consideration may be properly applied.

27. Give the characters of the Rose family.

28. Describe the various modes in which biennials store up
nourishment during their first season .

29. Explain the meaning of the terms Sepal, Bract, Raceme, and
Stipule. Describe minutely the Stamen and the Pistil, and give
the names applied to their parts.

30. Are the portions of the onion, the potato, and the turnip which
are capable of preservation through the winter, equally entitled to
the name of roots ? Give reasons for your answer.

31. Describe briefly a vegetable cell in regard to its form, size,
contents, &c.

What differences usually exist between cells found in pith and
those found in wood ?

32. Name two kinds of underground stems.
How do we know that they are not roots ?

State any uses of these stems (a) to the plant, (b) to man.

EXAMINATION PAPERS. 231

33. What are the functions of the leaf in plant life ?

State any differences between leaves which are surrounded by air
and leaves which float upon water.

Give any laws according to which leaves are arranged upon the
stem.

34. Give the names and relative positions of the parts of a com-
plete flower.

Can you name a flower which is perfect but not complete ?

35. When a pea is soaked in water it splits into two parts, united
by a small ligament, but a grain of corn does not. Explain the
meaning of this difference.

36. Is an apple a Botanical fruit? If not, what is it?

37. Name any plants belonging to the following natural orders : —
Cruciferae, Carophyllaceae, Compositae, Labiatae.

38. From what does the root of an exogenous plant originate?
What are the chief functions of roots ? How may roots be distin-
guished from underground stems ?

39. From what do stems originate? Compare in appearance
transverse sections of the stem of an elm and of a stalk of maize.
How do these stems differ in their modes of growth ?

40. What are the functions of foliage-leaves? Describe briefly
the general structure and appearance of the leaf of (a) the Sugar
Maple (Acer saccharinum) ; (b) the Indian Turnip (Ariscema
triphyllum).

41. Name the parts of a complete flower, and briefly describe the
chief modifications due to cohesion, adhesion, and suppression of
parts. (Name illustrative examples of each modification you
describe.)

42. Contrast a strawberry, a raspberry, and an apple, and compare
a gooseberry, a lemon, and a melon.

43. What are the general characters of the Cruciferae, the Legu-
minosae, the Liliaceae, and the Graminese ?

44. What are the morphological characters of roots? How do
adventitious roots differ from normal roots as respects their origin?
Briefly describe the normal mode of growth of the roots of Gym-
nosperms and Dicotyledons.

45. Describe briefly the structure of the stem of the Sunflower
(Helianthus annuus). Mention the chief differences in the structure
and the mode of growth of the bark in different dicotyledonous
trees ?

46. What is meant by an inflorescence? Distinguish between
definite and indefinite inflorescence, and briefly describe the chief
kinds of indefinite inflorescence, giving an example of each.

47. Describe the structure and the process of germination of the
following named seeds : bean, buckwheat, marsh-marigold, oat.

48. What are stomata ? On what plants and parts of plants are
they found ? What are their functions ?

EXAMINATION PAPERS.

49. Give the distinguishing characters of the Sapindacese, the
Rosaceae, the Coniferae, and the Iridaceae. Name a Canadian plant
belonging to each of these orders, and mention any uses made of it
or of any part of it.

50. Define the following terms : bract, scale, involucre, spathe,
scape, pedicel, asepalous, monoecious, monadelphous, perianth,
stamen, pistil, pome, thallus, drupe.

51. Describe briefly the structure, the mode of growth, and the
use to the plant of roots. Name an example of a plant with aerial
roots.

52. Name the enveloping and the essential organs of the flower,
and give a morphological comparison of foliage-leaves, floral en-
velopes, stamens, and carpels.

53. Describe briefly the general process of plant-nutrition, and
name the essential elements in the food of plants.

54. Give the chief distinctive characters of the Cruciferae, the
Leguminosae, the Umbelliferse, and the Liliaceae. Name three
common examples of each of these families.

55. Describe the modes by which the fertilization of a flower is
accomplished.

56. Distinguish between " definite " and " indefinite " inflorescence.

57. Which are the nutritive and which the reproductive organs
of plants ?

Briefly describe the principal ones of each kind.

58. Describe the structure of a "follicle," a "siliqua" and a
" legume."

59. When is a flower said to be " complete," " regular," and
"symmetrical? "

60. Fill the accompanying Floral Schedule with an accurate
description of the specimen before you, referring it to its proper
order, &c.

61. Distinguish between (the series): Phanerogams and Crypto-
gams. State their divisions and note the distinctions of those of
the first (series).

62. What is the foundation of all vegetable tissue? and of its
elements which is essential for its growth and development ?

63. Describe the functions of the roots, stems, and foliage-leaves
of plants. State the kinds and sources of their nourishment.
Mention the changes the nutritive elements undergo in their passage
through them and the agencies by which these changes are effected.

64. Name, describe, and give the functions of the several parts of
a typical flower. State which are essential and why.

65. Give the general characteristics of the Leguminosae, Kosacese
and Coniferae.

66. Eefer to their botanical orders, genera, etc.: the plum, pear,
orange, pumpkin, cucumber, carrot.

67. Describe the structure and mode of growth of exogenous and
endogenous stems.

EXAMINATION PAPERS. 233

68. Give the meanings of apocarpous and syncarpous, and name
two allied genera which may be distinguished by the difference
these terms express.

69. Where, in plants, are stomata most abundant ? What is their
chief function ? Describe chlorophyll and explain its physiological
importance.

70. By what means is fertilization effected (1) in Phanerogams,
and (2) in Cryptogam s ?

71. How would you distinguish a root from a stem ? Enumerate
the most important varieties of roots, giving examples.

72. Make a drawing of the leaf of the sugar maple (Acer Sacchari-
num) and of the beech (Fagus ferruginea), and describe them with
special reference to form, parts, and venation.

73. Fill the accompanying Floral Schedule with an exact descrip-
tion of the specimen before you. Classify, if you can.

FIEST CLASS CERTIFICATES.

1. What are the cotyledons ? Describe their functions, &c. State
their value in systematic botany.

2. Describe the difference in structure and modes of growth of
exogenous and endogenous stems.

3. Describe the circulation in plants. "In the act of making
vegetable matter, plants purify the air for animals." Explain this
fully.

4. What are Phaenogamous plants ? Define Eaceme, Corymb,
Head, Panicle, Ament.

5. Give the characters of (a) the classes Exogens and Endogens;
(&) the Mint and Lily families.

6. To what family do the Cedar, Clover, Mustard, and Dandelion
respectively belong ?

7. Why does a botanist consider the tuber of the potato an under-
ground stem.

8. Give the philosophical explanation of the nature of a flower
considered as to the origin and correspondence of its different parts.

9. Draw a spathulate, an obcordate, a truncate, a palmately-
divided and an odd-pinnate leaf.

10. Explain the constitution of a pome or apple-fruit.

11. What organs appear in the more perfect plants, and in what
divisions are they comprised ?

12. Give the function of the flower, its origin, and its essential
and accessory parts.

13. Describe the nature and chief varieties of roots, and distinguish
between them and underground stems.

234 EXAMINATION PAPEBS.

14. " As to the Apex or Point leaves are Pointed, Acute, Obtuse,
Truncate, Eetuse, Emarginate, Obcordate, Cuspidate, Mucronate."
Sketch these different forms.

15. " There is no separate set of vessels, and no open tubes for the
sap to rise through in an unbroken stream, in the way people
generally suppose." Comment on thia passage.

16. The great series of Flowering Plants is divided into two
classes. Describe these classes.

17. Give the cniet characteristics of the order Cruciferce (Cress
Family), and name some common examples of this order.

18. State the difference between definite and indefinite inflores-
cence, and give examples of the latter.

19. Of wnat does the food of plants consist? In what form is it
found in the soil ? How is it introduced into the plant ? What
inference may be drawn respecting the culture of the plant ?

20. Distinguish weak climbing stems according to the mode in
which they support themselves, the direction of their growth, and
the nature of their clasping organs.

21. Name the three classes of Flowerless Plants, and give an
example of each.

22. Explain the terms Spore, Capsule, Bract, Stipule, Albumen,
and Epiphyte.

23. "What are tendrils, and of what organs are they supposed to
be modifications ?

24. Give the characters of the Cress Family, and name as many
plants belonging to it as you can.

25. Tell what you know about the minute structure and the
chemical composition of vegetable tissue.

26. Describe the origin of the different kinds of placentas ; and
of the different parts of the .fruit of the plum, the oak, and the maple.

27. Describe fully the process by which it is supposed that water
is carried up from the roots of plants.

28. Give the meaning of the terms stomate, indehiseent, thyrse,
glume, pyxis. Distinguish epiphytes from parasites.

29. Describe any plant you have examined; if you can, tabulate
your description.

30. Name all the families of monopetalous dicotyledons which you
remember, and give the characters of any one of them.

81. Describe the following : primordial cell (utricle), protoplasm,
cyclosis, mode of plant growth.

32. Describe the process of reproduction in a phanerogamic plant.

33. How are the pulse family — order Leguminosse — distinguished?
Show the utility of the plants of this order.

34. What is ^Estivation ? Describe the different kinds, and men-
tion a natural order of which each is characteristic.

35. Describe the course of the sap through the root and trunk of
an exogenous tree.

EXAMINATION PAPERS 235

36. Enumerate the chief nitrogenous and non-nitrogenous sub-
stances which are found in plants.

37- Fill in the accompanying Floral Schedule with a full and
accurate description of the specimen under observation.

McGILL UNIVERSITY.

1. Describe the germination cf a plant.

2. Explain the differences in the structure of the embryo.

3. Explain the functions of the Root.

4. Describe the structures in a leaf, and explain their action on
the air.

5. Mention the several parts of the stamen and the pistil, and
explain their uses.

6. Describe an Achene, a Samara, a Drupe, and a Silique.

7. Describe the differences in the stems of Exogens and Endogens,
and the relations of these to the other parts of the plant and to
classification.

8. Explain the terms Genera, Species, Order.

9. What is an excurrent stem, an axillary bud, bud scales ?

10. Explain the terms primordial utricle, parenchyma, proto-
plasm, as used in Botany.

11. What are the functions of the nucleus in a living cell ?

12. Explain the movements of the sap in plants.

13. Describe the appearance under the microscope of raphides,
spiral vessels, and disc-bearing wood-cells.

14. Describe the structure of the bark of an Exogen.

15. Describe freely the anatomy of a leaf.

16. Describe shortly the parts and structures denoted by the
following terms : spine, aerial root, phyllodium, cambium, stipule,
rhizoma.

17. Give examples of phcenogams, cryptogams, exogens, and
endogens, properly arranged.

18. Describe the principal forms of indeterminate inflorescence.

19. In what natural families do we find siliques, didynamous
stamens, labiate corollas, or pappus-bearing achenes. Describe
these structures.

20. State the characters of any Canadian exogenous order, with
examples.

21. Describe the cell-walls in 'a living parenchymatous cell.

22. Describe the nbro-vascular tissues in an Exogenous stem.

23. Describe the appearance of stomata and glandular hairs under
the microscope.

24. Define prosenchyma, corm,

236 EXAMINATION PAPERS.

25. Explain the sources of the Carbon and Nitrogen of the plant,
and the mode of their assimilation.

26. Describe the pericarp, stating its normal structure, and naming
some of its modifications.

27. Explain the natural system in Botany, and state the gradation
of groups from the species upward, with examples.

ONTAEIO COLLEGE OF PHARMACY.

1. What do plants feed upon ?

2. What do you understand by the terms Acaulescent, Apetalous,
Suffrutescent, Culm ?

3. Name some of the different forms of Primary, Secondary, and
Aerial Roots, giving examples.

4. Explain the following terms descriptive of forms of leaves,
giving sketch :— Ovate, Peltate, Crenate, Serrate, Cleft, Entire,
Cuspidate, Perfoliate.

5. Explain difference between Determinate and Indeterminate
inflorescence, giving three examples of each.

6. What organs are deficient in a sterile and a fertile flower ?

7. Give the parts of a perfect flower, with their relative position.

8. Give the difference between simple and compound Pistil, with
examples of each.

9. Name the principal sorts of buds, and explain how the position
of these affects the arrangement of branches.

10. Give description of multiple and primary roots, with two
examples of same; also explain the difference between these and
secondary roots.

11. Name the principal kinds of subterranean stems and branches,
and explain bow you would distinguish between these and roots.

12. In the classification of plants explain difference between
classes and orders : genus and species.

13. Name three principal kinds of simple fruits.

14. When roots stop growing does the absorption of moisture
increase or decrease ? Give reason for it.

15. Upon what do plants live ? Indicate how you would prove
your answer correct.

16. In what part of the plant, and when, is the work of assimila-
tion carried on ?

17. Name three principal kinds of determinate, and some of
indeterminate, inflorescence ; name the essential organs of a flower.

18. In what respects do plants differ from inorganic matter ? And
from animals ?

19. Describe a Rhizome, Tuber, Bulb ; and say if they belong
to the root or stem. Which are Rheum, Jalapa, Sweet Potato, Onion ?

EXAMINATION PAPERS. 237

20. Define the difference between natural and special forms of
leaves; between simple and compound leaves. Give example of
each. Sketch a connate-perfoliate leaf.

21. Mention the parts of an embryo. Of a leaf. Of a pistil. Of a
stamen. Of a seed.

22. What is meant by an albuminous seed ? By dioecious flowers ?
By a compound ovary ?

23. What is the difference between determinate and indeterminate
inflorescence ? How do they influence growth of the stem. Give
three principal kinds of each.

24. Name the parts of a flower. What office is performed by the
ovule ? Name two kinds.

25. Name the parts of a vegetable cell. What are spiral ducts ?

26. In what parts of the plant is the work of absorption carried
on ? In what part the work of assimilation ? How do the plants
purify the air for animals?

27. Explain the natural system of classification in Botany? Name
and characterize the classes of plants.

28. Explain the structure and functions of the Leaf, Bud, Koot.

29. Give some of the terms used in describing the shape of a
simple leaf as concerns (a) its general contour, (6) its base, (c) its
margin, (d) its apex.

30. Name the organs in a perfect flower; describe fully the
structure of the anther and pollen. What is coalescence and adna-
tion of the parts of a flower ?

31. Explain the terms Raceme, Pappus, Coma, Ehizome, Pentas-
tichous.

32. State the distinction between Exogens and Endogens.

33. What are cellular structures as distinguished from vascular?
What is chlorophyll ?

34. Mention the organs of fructification, and explain the process
of fertilization in a flowering plant.

35. Explain the structure of a seed, and describe in a few words
the process of germination.

36. Define what is meant by the following terms: Morphology,
Polycotyledonous, Epiphyte, Peduncle, Stipules.

37. Describe briefly the root, stem, leaf, and flower of the common
dandelion, giving the functions or office of each.

38. Name some of the most common forms of leaves, giving a
few rough outlines.

CONTENTS.

Preface to the First Edition V

Preface to the Third Edition '. . vii

Abbreviations of Names of Authors viii

How to Use the Key and the Flora ix

Key to the Orders xii

Flora : —

Flowering or Phanerogamous Plants 1

Dicotyledons . 1

Angiosperms 1

Polypetalous Division 1

Gamopetalous " 95

Apetalous " 182

Gymnosperms 214

Monocotyledons 217

Spadiceous Division 217

Petaloideous " 224

Glumaceous " 248

FJowerless or Cryptogamous Plants 252

Glossary 272

List of Common Cultivated Plants 280

Index . 291

PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITIOJN.

A few words will not be out of place by way of preface to
the List of Common Canadian Plants contained in the fol-
lowing pages. It will be observed that the List is confined
to wild plants, the exclusion of cultivated Species having
been determined on, partly because of the difficulty of know-
ing where to stop when an enumeration of them has once
been entered upon, and partly because it was thought that,
on the whole, more important results would be attained by
directing attention exclusively to the denizens of our own
woods and fields. What is really desired is, to create among
our young people an interest in the Botany of Canada, and
it seems not unreasonable to hope that this end may be better
attained by placing within their reach some such handy
volume as the present, dealing only with such plants as grow
spontaneously within our limits.

The great majority of the plants described have been per-
sonally examined, and their occurrence verified, by the writer,
his observations having been directed to what may fairly be
regarded as representative districts of the older Provinces,
but special acknowledgments are also due to Prof. Macoun,
of the Geological Survey, for the free use of his valuable
notes, and other friendly assistance.

Whilst diligence has been exercised that no commonly
occurring plant should be omitted, yet it can hardly be that
such omissions do not occur, and the writer will be most
grateful to any observers into whose hands the List may
come, if they will kindly draw his attention to any such
defects, so that they may be remedied in subsequent editions.

The Classification and Nomenclature adopted are very
nearly those of the Sixth Edition of Dr. Gray's Manual of

VI PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION.

the Botany of the Northern United States, and the writer
most gratefully acknowledges the great assistance he has
received from the admirable descriptions in that work.

Except in a very general way, no attempt has been made
to define the limits of the range of the various Species, a?
observations tend to show that the range, in many cases, is
undergoing constant alteration from various causes. When,
however, a Species has appeared to be confined to a particulai
locality, mention has been made of that fact, but, as a rule
Species known to be of rare occurrence have been excluded

Characters considered to be of special importance in tht
determination of the various Species have been emphasized
by the use of italics, and where the Species of a Genus, or
the Genera of an Order, are numerous, a system of grouping
according to some prominent character has been adopted,
so as to reduce the labour of determination as much as
possible.

To assist the non-classical student, names which might be
mispronounced have been divided and accentuated, the divi-
sion having no reference whatever to the etymology of the
words, but being simply based upon their sound when
properly pronounced.

It need hardly be added that the writer's ELEMENTS OF
STRUCTURAL BOTANY is designed to be the constant com-
panion of the present Flora, in the hands of the young
student, for the explanation of such technicalities as he may
not have previously mastered.

BARE-IE, November, 1883,

PREFACE TO THE THIRD EDITION.

The greatly increased interest in Botany as a subject of
study in the schools of the Dominion has necessitated a revi-
sion and enlargement of the List of Common Canadian Wild
Plants. The following pages now include most of the wild
plants of Manitoba and the prairie region generally, as well
as those of the older Provinces. Plants known to be pecu-
liar to the west are indicated by the addition of the letters
"N.W." to the descriptions, while the note " Atl. Prov."
sufficiently marks those peculiar to the east. No attempt
has been made to enter the plants of the Pacific coast.

In accordance with suggestions from several teachers of
Botany a short list of the commoner cultivated plants has
been added, which it is hoped will be found useful.

In connection with this revision, grateful acknowledg-
ments are due to many friends for valuable assistance, but
more particularly to Mr. Wm. Scott, B.A., Vice-Principal
of the Toronto Normal School, who has placed his splendid
herbarium at the writer's disposal and has revised all the
proofs; A. H. MacKay, LL.D., Chief Superintendent of
Education for Nova Scotia, whose extensive acquaintance
with the flora of the Atlantic Provinces has been of the
greatest service ; Professor Brittain of the Provincial Nor-
mal School at Fredericton, who has described most of the
New Brunswick plants ; Professor Bryce of Winnipeg ; and
last, but not least, Mr. Jno. Dearness of London, whose
accuracy in determination and diligence as a collector in
Western Ontario are well known.

Toronto, June, 1897.

PRINCIPAL ABBREVIATIONS OF NAMES OF
AUTHORS CITED IN THE FLORA.

Adans for

Adanson.

Less. "

Lessing.

Ait.

Aiton.

L'Her.

L'Heritier.

Anders. "

Anderson.

Lehm. "

Lehmann.

Bart. "

Barton.

Lindl.

Lindley.

Beauv. "

Palisot de Beauvois.

Loisel. "

Loiseleur - Deslong-

Benth. "

Bentham.

champs.

Bernh. "

Bernhardi.

Marsh . ' '

Marshall.

Bigel.

Bigelow.

Medic. "

Medic us.

Boiss.

Boissier.

Michx. "

Michaux.

Borkh. "

Borkhausen.

Mill. "

Miller.

Britt. "

Britton.

Muhl.

Muhlenberg.

Cass.

Cassini.

Murr. "

Murray.

Carr. "

Carriere.

Nees.

Nees von Esenbeck.

Cav.

Cavanilles.

Nutt.

Nuttall.

Cham. "

Chamisso.

Pall.

Pallas.

Coult.

Coulter.

Pers.

Persoon.

Darlingt. "

Darlington.

Poir.

Poiret.

DC.

De Candolle.

R. Br.

Robert Brown.

A. DC. "

Alphonse De Candolle.

Raf.

Rafinesque.

Desf.

Desfontaines.

Rich. "

Ri ch ard.

Dill.

Dillenius.

Richards. ' '

Richardson.

Dougl. '•

Douglas.

Rostk. "

Rostkovius.

Eat.

Eaton.

Roem. "

Roemer.

Ehrh.

Ehrhart.

Rottb. "

Rottboell

Ell.

Elliott.

Salisb. "

Salisbury.

Endl.

Endlicher.

Sav. "

Savi.

Engelm. "

Engelmann.

Schlecht. "

Schlechtendal.

Gsert.

Gsertner.

Schrad. "

Schrader.

Ging.

Gingins de Lassaraz.

Schreb. "

Schreber.

Gray.

Schum. "

Schumacher.

Griseb. "

Grisebach.

Schwein. "

Schweinitz.

Gronov. "

Gronovius.

Scop. "

Scopoli.

Haussk. "

Haussknecht.

Sibth.

Sibthorp.

Haw.

Haworth.

Spreng. "

Sprengel.

Hoffm. "

Hoffmann,.

Torr. "

Torrey.

Holl.

Holleck.

Tourn.

Tournefort.

Hook. "

W. J. Hooker.

Tratt. "

Trattenick.

Horn em. "

Horneman.

Tuckerm."

Tuckerman.

H. B. K. "

Humboldt, Bonpland,

Vaill.

Vaillant.

and Kunth.

Vent.

Ventenat.

Huds. "

Hudson.

Vlll.

Villars.

Jacq.

Jacquin.

Wahl. "

Wahlenberg.

Juss. "

Jussieu.

Walt. "

Walter.

Linnaeus.

Wangh. "

Wangenheim.

Lam. "

Lamarck.

Willd. "

Willdenow.

HOW TO USE THE KEY AND THE FLORA.

Assuming that the student has carefully read the Intro-
ductory part of this work, and is familar with the ordinary
botanical terms, and the chief variations in plant structure
as there set forth, it should, with the aid of the accompany-
ing Key, be a very simple task to refer to its proper Family
any Canadian wild plant of common occurrence. To illustrate
the method of using this Key, let us suppose that specimens
of the following plants have been gathered, and that it is
desired to ascertain their botanical names, that is, the name
of the Genus and the Species of each : — Eed Clover,
Strawberry, Blue Flag and Cat-tail Flag.

All of these produce flowers of some kind, and must
therefore be looked for under the head of FLOWERING, OB
PHANEROGAMOUS, PLANTS.

With the specimen of Red Clover in hand, and the book
open at page xii. , we find that we have first to determine
whether our plant is Dicotyledonous or not. The veining of
the leaves suggests that it is so ; and this impression is con-
firmed by the fact that the parts of the flower are in fives.
Then, is the plant an ANGIOSPERM ? As the seed will be found
enclosed in an ovary, we answer— Yes. Has the plant both
calyx and corolla ? Yes. Are the parts of the corolla sepa-
rate ? Here a little doubt may arise ; but suppose we answer
— Yes. Then our plant will be found somewhere in the
POLYPETALOUS DIVISION. Proceeding with the enquiries
suggested under this heading : — Are the stamens more than
twice as many as the petals ? We find that they are not.

X HOW TO USE THE KEY AND THE FLORA.

Turn, then, to the heading marked B, page xv, *« stamens not
more than twice as many as the petals." Under this we find
two subordinate headings, designated by asterisks * and **.
The first of these is not applicable to our plant. Under the
second, marked thus **, we find two minor headings, desig-
nated by daggers, -Hand-J— 1-. The firstof these, ' Corolla irreg-
ular," is clearly the one we want. We have now, therefore,
five families to select from. We cannot choose any one
of the first four, because our plant has ten stamens, but the
characters of the fifth are precisely the characters exhibited
by Clover. Our Clover, therefore, belongs to the Order
LEGUMINOS^I. Turning to page 50, and running through the
" Synopsis of the Genera " as there given, we observe that
No. 2, TRIFOLIUM, is the only Genus in which the flowers are
in heads. Clover answers the description in the other respects
also — viz. : " leaves of three leaflets," and " stamens diadel-
phous." Theonly question then remaining is, whichSpecies
of TRIFOLIUM have we in hand ? Turning to page 52, we find
we have eight Species to choose from. No. 2, TRIFOLIUM
pratense, is the only one of them with purplish floivers.
TRIFOLIUM pratense must, consequently, be the botanical
name we are looking for.

Possibly the observer may decide that the parts of the
corolla are not separate from each other, because in some
instances it is really a doubtful question. He must then turn
to page xvii, and under II. GAMOPETALOUS DIVISION, he must
pursue his enquiries as before. Is the calyx superior ? Plainly
not. Proceed then to the heading B, "Calyx inferior." Are
the stamens more than the lobes of the corolla ? Yes. Then
the choice of the six Orders in the section marked * is easily
made as before, and the plant is referred to LEGUMINOS.E.

Now let us take the Strawberry. As with Clover, we decide
without difficulty that the plant is a DICOTYLEDON. The
carpels are separate, and produce achenes in fruit ; the plant
must, therefore, be an ANGIOSPERM. And there is no doubt
that it is Polypetalous. As the stamens are very numerous it
must come under the section marked A. Under this section

HOW TO USE THE KEY AND THE FLORA. XI

we hare three subordinate headings, marked by one, two, and
three asterisks, respectively. The stamensareclearlyinserted
on the calyx, and so our plant must be found under the
heading marked **. Without hesitation, we refer it to the
Order ROSACES. Turning to page 62, we find seventeen
Genera to select from. A very little consideration will show
us that No. 11, FRAGARIA, is the Genus we must fix upon.
Referring to page 69, we have to choose between two species,
Virginiana and vesca, and the choice is found to depend upon
such obvious characters as to furnish no difficulty.

The leaves of Blue Flag are straight- veined ; the parts of the
fiower, also, are in threes. We therefore decide that the
plant is Monocotyledoiious, and on turning to page xxii, we
find three Divisions of Monocotyledons. The Flag clearly
belongs to the PETALOIDEOTJS DIVISION. Then, is the peri-
anth superior or inferior ? Clearly the former. Next, are the
flowers dioecious or perfect? Clearly perfect. And as the
flower has three stamens, it must belong to the Order
IRIDACH;^, described on page 235. The Genus is at once seen
to be IRIS, and the Species is determined without difficulty.

TheCat-tailFlagisalso manifestly Moriocotyledonous, from
the veining of the leaves. But it is not Petaloideous. The
flowers are collected on a more or less fleshy axis at the top
of a scape. It therefore belongs to the SPADICEOUS DIVISION,
in which there are four Orders. The only practical question
is, whether our plant belongs to ARACEJE or TYPHACEJE. On
the whole, we choose the latter, and find our decision con-
firmed on reading the fuller account of the two Orders on
pages 217 and 219. The Genus is immediately seen to be
TYPHA, and the Species latifolia.

These examples need not be extended here ; but the
beginner is recommended to run down , in the same manner, a
few plants whose names he already knows. If successful in
these attempts, he will naturally acquire confidence in his
determinations of plants previously unknown to him.

KEY TO THE FAMILIES OR ORDERS

INCLUDED IN THIS WORK.

SERIES I. PHANEROGAMS.
Plants producing true flowers and seeds.

CLASS I. DICOTYLEDONS.

Distinguished ordinarily by having net-veined leaves, and the
parts of the flowers in fours or fives, very rarely in sixes. Wood
growing in rings, and surrounded by a true bark. Cotyledons
of the embryo mostly two.

SUB-CLASS I. ANGIOSPERMS.
Seeds enclosed in an ovary.

I. POLYPETALOUS DIVISION.

Two distinct sets of Floral Envelopes. Parts of the corolla
separate from each other.

A. Stamens more than twice as many as the petals.

* Stamens hypogynous (inserted on the receptable).
4- Pistil apocarpous (carpels separate from each other).

RANUNCULACE.E. — Herbs. Leaves generally decompound

or much dissected 2

ANONACE^E. — Small trees. Leaves entire. Petals 6, in 2

sets 10

MAGNOLIACE.E — Trees. Leaves truncate. Fruit resem-
bling a cone 9

MENISPERMACE^E. — Woody twiners. Flowers dioecious.

Leaves peltate near the edge 10

Brasenia,' in

NYMPHJEACE^E. — Aquatic. Leaves oval, peltate ; the peti-
ole attached to the centre 12

MALVACEAE. — Stamens monadelphous. Calyx persistent.

Ovaries in a ring 38

KEY TO THE ORDERS. Xlll

Podophyllum, in

BERBERIDACE^. — Calyx fugacious. Leaves large, peltate,

deeply lobed. Fruit a large fleshy berry, 1 -celled. 10

4_4_ Pistil syncarpous. (Stigmas, styles, placentas, or cells,
more than one).

Aetsea, in

RANUNCULACE.E, might be looked for here. Fruit a

many-seedy berry. Leaves compound 2

NYMPH^EACE^E. — Aquatics. Leaves floating, large, deeply

cordate 12

SARRACENIACEJE. — Bog-plants. Leaves pitcher-shaped .. 13

PAPAVERACE.E. — Juice red or yellow. Sepals 2, caducous. 14

CAPPARIDACE^:. — Corolla cruciform, but pod 1-celled.

Leaves of 3 leaflets 25

HYPERICACE^E. — Leaves transparent - dotted. Stamens

usually in 3, but sometimes in 5, clusters 30

CISTACE.E. — Sepals 5, very unequal, or only 3. Ovary 1-

celled, with 3 parietal placentae 29

MALVACEAE. — Stamens monadelphous, connected with the
bottom of the petals. Calyx persistent. Ovaries
in a ring 38

TILIACE^E. — Trees. Flowers yellowish, in small hanging
cymes, the peduncle with a leaf-like bract at-
tached 39

* * Stamens perigynous (inserted on the calyx).
Portulaea, in

PORTULACACE^E. — Low herbs, with fleshy leaves. Sepals
2, adhering to the ovary beneath. Pod opening
by a lid , 37

ROSACES. — Leaves alternate, with stipules. Fruit apo-
carpous, or a drupe, or a pome ... , 62

CACTACE^:. — Very fleshy (commonly prickly) plants, of
peculiar appearance ; either globose or of flattened
joints. Sepals and petals many. Stamens many,
inserted on the tube of sepals and petals 86

* * * Stam.ens epigynous (attached to the ovary).

Nymphaea, in

NYMPILEACE.E. — Aquatic. Leaves floating. Flowers
white, large, with numerous petals gradually
passing into stamens ; 12

XIV KEY TO THE ORDERS.

It. Stamens not more than twice as many as the petals.

* Stamens just as many as the petals, and one stamen in front of

each petal.
BERBERIDACE.E. — Herbs (with us). Anthers opening by

uplifting valves 10

PORTULACACE.E. — Sepals 2. Styles 3-cleft. Leaves 2,

fleshy 37

VITACE.E. — Shrubs, climbing by tendrils. Calyx minute. 44

RHAMNACE.E. — Shrubs, not climbing 45

PLUMBAGINACE^E. — Herbs. Calyx plaited. Styles 5.

Ovary ] -celled and 1-seeded 144

Lysimaehia, in

PRIMULACE.E, is occasionally polypetalous. Flowers yel-
low, in axillary spikes ; the petals sprinkled with
purplish dots : 145

* * Stamens either just as many as the petals and alternate ivith

them, or not of exactly the same number.
H- Corolla irregular.

FUMARIACEJE. — Corolla flattened and closed. Stamens 6. 15

VIOLACE.E. — Corolla 1 -spurred. Stamens 5. Pod with 3

rows of seeds on the walls 26

BALSAMINACE^E.— Corolla 1-spurred, the spur with a tail.

Stamens 5. Pod bursting elastically 42

POLYGALACEJE. — Lower petal keel- shaped, usually fringed
at the top. Anthens 6 or 8, 1-celled, opening at
the top. Pod 2-celled 48

LEGUMINOS^E. — Corolla mostly papilionaceous. Filaments
often united. Ovary simple, with one parietal
placenta. Leaves compound 49

-i- -!- Corolla regular, or nearly so.

1. Calyx superior (i.e., adherent to the ovary, wholly or
partially).

(a) Stamens perigynous (Inserted on the calyx).

Cratsegus, in

ROSACE^E. — Shrubs. Stamens occasionally from 5 to 10 only.

Leaves alternate, with stipules. Fruit drupe-like,

containing 1-5 bony nutlets 62

SAXIFRAGACE^E. — Leaves opposite or alternate, without

stipules. Styles or stigmas 2 ; in one instance 4.

Ovary 1-celled, with 2 or 3 parietal placentae. ... 75

KEY TO THE ORDERS. XV

HAMAMELACE^E. — Shrubs. Stamens 8 ; styles 2. Flowers

yellow, in autumn 79

HALORAGE.E. — Aquatics. Stamens 4 or 8. Styles or ses-
sile stigmas 4 '... 79

OXAGRACE.E. — Flowers symmetrical. Stamens 2, 4, or 8.

Stigmas 2 or 4, or capitate. 81

MELASTOMACE.E. — Anthers 1-celled, opening by a pore at
the apex. Stamens 8. Style and stigma 1. Flow-
ers purple 84

LYTHRACE^E. — Calyx apparently adherent to, but really
free from, the ovary. Stamens mostly unequal.
Leaves mostly whorled. Flowers varying as to
relative lengths of stamens and style 84

CUCURBITACE^E. — Tendril-bearing herbs. Flowers monoe-
cious 85

(6) Stamens epigynous (on the ovary, or on a disk which covers
the ovary).

Euonymus, in

CELASTRACE^E. — Shrub, with 4-sided oranchlets, not climb-
ing. Leaves simple. Pods crimson when ripe.
Calyx not minute 46

UMBELLIFER^:. — Flowers chiefly in compound umbels.
Calyx very minute. Stamens 5. Styles 2. Fruit
dry, 2-seeded 87

ARALIACE^:. — Umbels not compound ; but sometimes pan-
icled. Stamens 5. Styles usually more than 2.
Fruit berry-like 92

CORNACE^;. — Flowers in cymes or heads. Stamens 4. Style

1 93

2. Calyx inferior (i.e., free from the ovary),
(a) Stamens hypogynous (on the receptacle).

CRUCIFER^. —Petals 4. Stamens 6, tetradynamous. Pod

2-celled 16

CISTACE^:.— Petals 3. Sepals 5, very unequeal ; or only 3.

Pod partly 3-celled 29

DROSERACE^E. — Leaves radical, beset with reddish glandu-
lar hairs. Flowers in a 1-sided raceme 30

Elodes, in

HYPERICACE.E. —Leaves with transparent dots. Stamens

9, in 3 clusters 30

Xvi KEY TO THE ORDERS.

CARYOPHYLLACE^E. — Styles 2-5. Ovules in the centre or
bottom of the cell. Stem usually swollen at the
joints. Leaves opposite 32

LINAGES. —Stamens 5, united below. Pod 10-celled, 10-

seeded 40

GERANIACE^E. — Ovaries or lobes of the ovary 5 or 3, with
a common central style or axis which remains
after the ripe ovaries separate from it 41

OXALIDACEJE. — Stamens 10. Pod 5-celled. Styles 5, dis-
tinct. Leaflets, obcordate, drooping at night-fall. 42

ERICACEAE. — Anthers opening by pores at the top, or across
the top. Leaves mostly evergreen, sometimes
brown beneath ; but in some instances the plant
is white or tawny 137

RUTACE^E. — Shrubs, with polygamous flowers and leaves
of 3 leaflets, dotted with transparent glands.
Stigmas 2. Fruit a 2-seeded samara winged all
round 43

(b) Stamens perigynous (plainly attached to the calyx).

SAXIFRAGACE^E. — Leaves opposite or alternate, without
stipules. Styles or stigmas 2 ; in one instance 4.
Carpels fewer than the petals 75

CRASSULACE.E. — Flowers symmetrical. Stamens 10 or 8.

Leaves sometimes fleshy 78

LYTHRACE.E. — Stamens 10, in two sets. Calyx enclosing,
but really free from, the ovary. Leaves mostly
whorled 84

ANACARDIACE^E. — Trees, or shrubs, not prickly. Leaves

compound. Stigmas 3. Fruit a 1 -seeded drupelet. 43

CELASTRACE.E. — Twining shrub. Leaves simple. Pods

orange when ripe 46

SAPINDACE/E. — Shrubs, or trees. Fruit 2-wiuged, and leaves
palmately-veined. Or, Fruit an inflated 3-celled
pod, and leaves of 3-leaflets. Styles 2 or 3 47

(d) Stamens attached to the petals at their very base.

Claytonia, in

PORTULACACE^. — Sepals 2. Leaves fleshy. Style 3-cleft. 37
AQUIFOLIACE^;. — Shrubs, with small axillary flowers, hav-
ing the parts in fours and sixes. Fruit a red berry-
like drupe. Stigma sessile. Calyx minute .... 145

KEY TO THE ORDERS. XV11

II. GAMOPETALOCJS DIVISION.

Corolla with the petals united together, in however slight a
degree.

A, Calyx superior (adherent to the ovary).

* Stamens united by their anthers.

CUCCTRBITACE.E. — Tendril-bearing herbs 85

COMPOSITE; — Flowers in heads, surrounded by an involucre 102
LOBELTACE^E. — Flowers not in heads. Corolla split down

one side 135

* * Stamens not united together in any way.

-H Stamens inserted on the corolla.

DIPSACE^E. — Flowers in heads, surrounded by an involucre.

Plant prickly 101

VALERIANACEJE. — Flowers white, in clustered cymes. Sta-
mens fewer than the lobes of the corolla 101

RUBIACE^:. — Leaves, when opposite, with stipules ; when
whorled, without stipules. Flowers, if in heads,
without an involucre 98

CAPRIFOLIACE.E. — Leaves opposite, without stipules ; but,

in one genius, with appendages resembling stipules. 95

4- H— Stamens not inserted on the corolla.

CAMPANULACE^E. — Herbs with milky juice. Stamens as

many as the lobes of the corolla 136

ERICACEAE. — Chiefly shrubby plants or parasites. Stamens

twice as many as the lobes of the corolla 137

B. Calyx Inferior (free from the ovary).

* Stamens more than the lobes of the corolla.

LEGUMINOS.E. — Ovary 1 -celled, with 1 parietal placenta.

Stamens mostly diadelphous 49

Adlumia, in

FUMARIACE^. — Plant climbing. Corolla 2-spurred 15

MALVACEAE. — Filaments monadelphous. Carpels in a ring. 38
ERICACEAE. — Chiefly shrubby plants, with simple entire
leaves. Stamens twice as many as the lobes of

the corolla 137

POLYGALAC.E. —Anthers 6 or 8, 1-celled, opening at the
top. Pod2-celled. Flowers irregular ; lower petal
keel-shaped, and usually fringed at the top 48

XVill KEY TO THE ORDERS.

OXALIDACE^E. — Stamens 10, 5 of them longer. Styles 5,
distinct. Leaflets 3, obcordate. drooping at night'
fall 42

* * Stamens just as many as the lobes of the corolla, one in ,/ront

of each lobe.

PRIMULACE.E. — Stamens on the corolla. Style 1. Ovary
1 -celled, with a free central placenta rising from
the base 145

PLTJMBAGINACE^E. — Styles 5. Ovary 1-celled and 1 -seeded. 144

* * * Stamens just as many as the lobes of the corolla, inserted on

its tube alternately with its lobes.

4- Ovaries 2, separate.

APOCYNACE^E. — Plants with milky juice. Anthers converg-
ing round the stigmas, but not adherent to them.
Filaments distinct 179

ASCLEPIADACEJS. — Plants with milky juice. Anthers ad-
hering to the stigmas. Filaments monadelphous.
Flowers in umbels 179

4- 4- Ovary 4~lobed around the base of the style.
Mentha, in

LABIATE. — Stamens 4. Leaves opposite, aromatic 160

BoRRAGiNACEvE. — Stamens 5. Leaves alternate. 167

4-4 — *- Ovary 1-celled ; the seeds on the walls.

HYDROPHYLLACE^E. — Stamens 5, usually exserted. Style

2-cleft. Leaves lobed and sometimes cut-toothed. 171

GENTIANACE^E. — Leaves entire and opposite ; or (in Men-

yanthes) of 3 leaflets 176

4-4-4-4- Ovary with 2 or more cells.

AQUIFOLIACE^. — Shrubs. Corolla almost poly petal ous.

Calyx minute. Fruit a red berry-like drupe.

Parts of the flower chiefly in fours or sixes 145

PLANTAGINACE^E. — Stamens 4. Pod 2-celled. Flowers in

a close spike 148

Verbaseum, in

SCROPHULARIACE.E. — Corolla nearly regular. Flowers in a

long terminal spike. Stamens 5 ; the filaments,

or some of them, woolly 151

POLEMONIACE.E. — Style 3-cleft. Corolla salver-shaped,

with a long tube. Pod 3-celled, few-seeded ;

seeds small. 172

KEY TO THE ORDERS. XIX

CONVOLVULACE.E. — Style 2-cleft. Pod 2-celled. generally
4-seeded ; seeds large. Chiefly twining or trailing
plants 173

SOLAXACE^E. — Style single. Pod or berry 2-celled, many-
seeded 174

* * * * Stamens fewer than the lobes of the corolla ; the
corolla mostly irregular or %-lipped,

LABIAT^E. — Ovary 4-lobed around the base of the style.

Stamens 4 and didynamous, or occasionally only

2 with anthers. . Stem square 160

VERBENACE^S. — Ovary 4-celled, but not lobed ; the style

rising from the apex. Or, Ovary 1 -celled and 1-

seeded. Stamens didynamous 158

LENTIBULARTACE.E. — Aquatics. Stamens 2. Ovary 1-

celled, with a free central placenta 149

OROB.YNCHACE^E. — Parasitic herbs, without green foliage.

Ovary 1 -celled, with many seeds on the walls.

Stamens didynamous 150

SCROPHULARIACE.E. — Ovary 2-celled, with many seeds.

Stamens didynamous, or only 2 151

ACANTHACE^E. — Stamens 2, the anther-cells separated.

Ovary flat, 2-celled, 4-seeded. Aquatics 159

III. APETALOUS DIVISION.

Corolla (and sometimes calyx also) wanting.

A. Flowers not in catkins.

* Calyx and corolla both wanting.

PIPERACE^E. — Flowers white, in a dense terminal spike,
nodding at the end. Carpels 6 or 4, nearly separ-
ate 182

CERATOPHYLLACE.E. — Immersed aquatics, with whorled

finely dissected leaves. Flowers monoecious .... 213

.* * Calyx superior (i.e., adherent to the ovary ).

SAXIFRAGACE.E. — Small, smooth herbs, with inconspicuous
greenish-yellow flowers. Stamens twice as many
as the calyx-lobes, on a conspicuous disk 75

HALORAGE^E. — Aquatics. Leaves finely dissected or linear.

Stamens 1-8. Ovary 3-4-lobed or (Hippuris)l -celled. 79

ONAGRACE^E. — Herbs, in ditches. Stamens 4. Ovary 4-

celled, 4-sided. ^. 8!

XX KE? TO THE ORDERS.

ARISTOLOCHIACE^E. — Calyx 3-lobed, dull purple inside.

Ovary 6-celled 182

SANTALACE.E. — Low plants with greenish-white flowers in
terminal clusters. Calyx-tube prolonged, and
forming a neck to the 1-celled nut-like fruit 195

EL^EAGNACE^E.— Shrubs with scurfy leaves. Flowers per-
fect or dioecious. Calyx 4-parted, in the fertile
flowers apparently adherent to the ovary, and
becoming fleshy in fruit 194

* * * Calyx inferior (plainly free from the ovary).
4- Ovaries more than one and separate from each other.

RANFNCULACE^E. — Calyx present, coloured and petal-like.

Achenes containing several seeds, or only one .... 2

RTJTACE^E. — Prickly shrubs, with compound transparent-
dotted leaves, and dioecious flowers 43

-H 4- Ovary only one, but with more than one cell (except in
Glaux).

CRASSULACE.E. — Herbs, in wet places. Pod 5-celled and

5-horned 78

PHYTOLACCACE.E. — Herbs. Ovary 10-celled and 10-seeded 183

EUPHORBIACE^E. — Herbs. Ovary 3-celled, 3-lobed, pro-
truded on a long pedicel. Juice milky 195

SAPINDACEJE. — Trees. Ovary 2-celled and 2-lobed. Fruit
two 1-seeded samaras joined together. Flowers
polygamous 47

RHAMNACE.E.— Shrubs. Ovary 3-celled and 3-seeded ;

forming a berry 45

FICOIDE^E. — Prostrate herbs with whorled leaves. Ovary

3-celled, many-seeded 86

URTICACE^E. — Trees. Leaves simple. Ovary 2-celled, but
fruit a 1-seeded samara winged all round. Stig-
mas 2 t 198

EMPETRACE.E. — Low shrubby evergreens with heath-like

leaves , 213

Glaux, in

PRIMULACE^E. — Herbs. Ovary 1-celled, the placenta cen-
tral 145

4- 4- 4- Ovary only one, 1-celled and 1-seeded.

POLYGON ACEJE. — Herbs. Stipules sheathing the stem at

the nodes 188

KEY TO THE ORDERS. XXI

URTICACE^. — Herbs. Stigma 1. Flowers monoecious or
dioecious, in spikes or racemes. No chaff-like bracts
among the flowers. Or, Stigmas 2 ; leaves pal-
mately-compound 198

ILLECEBRACE.E. — Herbs, small, tufted. Flowers greenish
or whitish, terminal. Stamens as many as the
divisions of the 5-parted calyx and opposite them,
or fewer, perigynous. Sepals hooded at the top
and bristle-pointed. Style 2-cleft 183

AMARANTACE^E. — Herbs. Flowers greenish or reddish, in

spikes, with chajf-like bracts interspersed. Stigmas 2. 187

CHENOPODIACE.E. — Herbs. Flowers greenish, in spikes.

No chaff-like bracts. Stigmas 2 184

OLEACE.E. — Trees. Leaves pinnately compound. Fruit a 1-

seeded samara 181

URTICACE.E. — Trees. Leaves simple. Fruit a 1 -seeded sa-
mara winged all round, or a drupe 198

LAURACE^E — Trees or shrubs. Flowers dioecious. Sepals 6,

petal-like. Stamens 9, opening by uplifting valves. 193

THYMELEACE.E. — Shrubs with leather-like bark, and jointed
branchlets. Flowers perfect, preceding the leaves.
Style thread-like 194

B. Flowers in catkins.

* Sterile or staminate flowers only in catkins.

JUGLANDACE.E. — Trees with pinnate leaves. Fruit a nut

with a husk 202

CUPULIFER^E. — Trees with simple leaves. Fruit one or
more nuts surrounded by an involucre which
forms a scaly cup or bur 204

* * Both sterile or fertile flowers in catkins, or catkin-like heads.

SALICACE^E. — Shrubs or low trees. Ovary 1-celled, many-
seeded ; seeds tufted with down at one end 209

PLATANACE.E. — Large trees. Stipules sheathing the branch-
lets. The flowers in heads 201

MYRICACE^E. — Shrubs with resinous-dotted, usually fra-
grant, leaves. Fertile flowers one under each
scale. Nutlets usually coated with waxy grains . . 203

BETULACE.E. — Trees or shrubs. Fertile flowers 2 or 3 under
each scale of the catkin. Stigmas 2, long and
slender 207

XX11 KEY TO THE OBDERS.

SUB-CLASS II. GYMNOSPERMS.

Ovules and seeds naked, on the inner face of an open scale ;
or, in Taxus, without any scale, but surrounded by a ring-like
disk which becomes red and berry-like in fruit,

CONTFER^E. — Trees or shrubs, with resinous juice, and
mostly awl-shaped or needle-shaped leaves. Fruit
a cone, or occasionally berry-like 214

CLASS II. MONOCOTYLEDONS.

Distinguished ordinarily by having straight-veined leaves
(though occasionally net-veined ones), and the parts of the
flowers in threes, never in fives. Wood never forming rings,
but interspersed in separate bundles throughout the stem.
Cotyledons only 1.

I. SPADICEOUS DIVISION.

Flowers collected on a spadix, with or without a spathe or
sheathing bract. Leaves sometimes net-veined.

ARACE.E. — Herbs (either flag-like marsh-plants, or terres-
trial,) with pungent juice, and simple or compound
leaves, these sometimes net-veined. Spadix usu-
ally (but not always) accompanied by a spathe.
Flowers either without a perianth of any kind,
or with 4-6 sepals 217

TYPHACE^E. — Aquatic or marsh plants, with linear straight-
veined leaves erect or floating, and monoecious
flowers. Heads of flowers cylindrical or globular,
no spathe, and no floral envelopes 219

LEMNACE^:. —Small aquatics, freely floating about 218

NAIADACE^I. — Immersed aquatics. Stems branching and
leafy. Flowers perfect, in spikes, generally on the
surface.. 221

II. PETALOIDEOUS DIVISION.

Flowers not collected on a spadix, furnished with a corolla-
like, or occasionally herbaceous, perianth.

KEY TO THE ORDERS. XX111

A. Perianth superior (adherent to the ovary)*

*. Flowers dioecious or polygamous, regular.

HYDROCHARIDACE.E. — Aquatics. Pistillate flowers only

above water ; perianth of 6 pieces 226

DIOSCOREACE^E. — Twiners, from knotted rootstocks. Leaves

heart-shaped, net-veined. Pod with 3 large wings. 236

* * Flowers perfect.

ORCHIDACE^E. — Stamens 1 or 2, gynandrous. Flowers irreg-
ular 226

IRIDACE.E. —Stamens 3 235

AMARYLLIDACE.E. — Stamens 6. Flowers on a scape from a

bulb 236

B. IN i i an I h Inferior (free from the ovary).

ALISMACE^E. — Pistil apocarpous : carpels in a ring or head,

leaves with distinct petiole and blade 224

SMILACEJE. — Climbing plants, with alternate ribbed and

net- veined petioled leaves. Flowers dioecious . . . 237

Trigloehin, in

ALISMACE.E. — Rush-like marsh herbs. Flowers in a spike
or raceme. Carpels when ripe splitting away
from a persistent axis 224

LILIACE^. — Perianth of similar divisions or lobes, mostly
6, but in one case 4. One stamen in front of each
division, the stamens similar 237

Trillium, in

LILIACE^. — Perianth of 3 green sepals and three coloured

petals 237

PONTEDERIACE.E. — Stamens 6, 3 long and 3 short. Perianth

(blue or yellow) tubular, of 6 lobes. Aquatics. . 247

JUNCACE^. —Perianth wholly glumaceous, of similar pieces. 243

XYRIDACE^.— Perianth partly glumaceous ; inner set of 3

yellow petals. Flowers in dense heads, perfect . 247

ERIOCAULONACE^E. — In shallow water. Flowers monoecious
or dioecious, in a small woolly head, at the sum-
mit of a 7-angled scape. Leaves in a tuft at the
base 247

XXIV KEY TO THE ORDERS.

III. GLLTMACEOUS DIVISION.

Flowers without a true perianth, but subtended by thin
scales called glumes.

CYPERACE^E. — Sheaths of the leaves not split 248

GRAMINE^E. — Sheaths of the leaves split on the side away

from the blade 251

SERIES II. CRYPTOGAMS.

Plants without stamens and pistils, reproducing themselves
by spores instead of seeds.

CLASS III. PTER1DOPHYTES.
Stem containing vascular as well as cellular tissue.

FILICES.— Spores produced on the fronds 257

EQUISETACE^E — Spores produced on the under side of the

shields-shaped scales of a terminal spike or cone . 267

LYCOPODIACEJE. — Low, long-stemmed, moss-like ever-
greens. Spores-cases produced in the axils of
the simple leaves or bracts. Spores of one kind
only 269

SELAGINELLACE^:. — Spores of two kinds, large and small.
Spore-cases solitary in the axils of small 4-ranked
leaves, or at the bases of linear radical leaves. . . . 270

SALVINIACE^E. — Sporocarps beneath the stem. Floating
aquatics, pinnately branched, with minute imbri-
cated leaves. . 271

THE COMMONLY OCCURRING

WILD PLANTS OF CANADA.

SEEIES I.

FLOWERING OR PHANEROGAMOUS
PLANTS.

Plants producing flowers (that is to say, stamens and
pistils, and usually floral envelopes of some kind), and
seeds containing an embryo.

CLASS I. DICOTYLE'DONS.

Embryo having at least two cotyledons. Parts of the
flower usually in fours or fives. Leaves net-veined.
Wood in circular layers between the pith and the bark.

SUB-CLASS I. AN'GIOSPERMS.

Seeds enclosed in a seed-vessel or pericarp.

I. POLYPET'ALOUS DIVISION.

Plants with flowers having both calyx and corolla, the
latter consisting of petals entirely separate from each
other. (In some genera and species, however, petals are
absent.)

2 COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.

ORDER I. RANUNCULA'CE^l. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.)

Herbs or woody climbers, with an acrid colourless juice.
Parts of the flower separate from each other. Coroila some-
times wanting. Stamens numerous. Pistil (with one or
two exceptions) apocarpous. Fruit an achene, follicle, or
berry. Leaves exstipulate, with the blades usually dis-
sected, and petioles spreading at the base.

Synopsis of tlie Genera.

1. denial is. Real petals none or stamen -like. Coloured sepals 4 or

more, valvate in the bud. Fruit an achene, with the long and
feathery style attached. Leaves all opposite. Plant climbing by
the bending of the petioles.

2. Auemo'iie. Petals none or stamen-like. Coloured sepals imbri-

cated in the bud. Achenes many, in a head, pointed or tailed,
not ribbed. Stem-leaves opposite or whorled, forming an invo-
lucre remote from the flower.

3. Hepat'ica. Petals none. Coloured sepals 6-12, whitish or bluish.

Achenes many, not ribbed. Leaves all radical. An involucre of
3 leaves close to the flower, and liable to be mistaken for a calyx.

4. Tlialic Iriiin. Petals none. Coloured sepals 4 or more, greenish.

Achenes several, angled or grooved. No involucre. Stem-leaves
alternate, decompound. Flowers in panicles or corymbs, mostly
dioecious.

5. Myosu'rus. Petals 5, white, with slender claws. Sepals 5, spurred

at the base. Achenes in a long slender spike. Small plants with
tufted narrow root-leaves, and 1-flowered scapes.

6. Itn n ii ncii I us. Sepals 5, deciduous. Petals generally 5, each with

a pit or little scale on the inside of the claw. Achenes many, in
heads, short-pointed. Stem-leaves alternate. Flowers solitary
or corymbed, mostly yellow, rarely white.

7. < al Ilia. Petals none. Sepals 5-9, yellow. Fruit a many-seeded

follicle. Leaves large, glabrous, heart-shaped or kidney-shaped,
mostly crenate. Stem hollow and furrowed.

8. Cop'tis. Sepals 5-7, white, deciduous. Petals 5-7, yellow with

slender claws, and somewhat tubular at the apex. Carpels 3-7,
on slender stalks. Fruit a follicle. Flowers on naked scapes.
Leaves radical, shining, divided into three wedge-shaped leaflets,
sharply toothed. Root fibrous, golden yellow.

9. Aquilc gia. Sepals 5, coloured. Petals 5, each a long hollow spur.

Carpels 5. Follicles erect, many-seeded. Flowers very showy,
terminating the branches. Leaves decompound.

RANUNCULACE^. 6

10. Delpliiii'tum. Sepals 5, unequ.il, petal-like, the tipper one pro-

duced backward into a spur. Petals 4, irregular, the upper pair
spurred, and projecting backward into the spur of the upper sepal
(rarely only 2). Flowers blue or whitish, in terminal racemes.
Leaves palmately dissected.

11. Actse'a. Sepals 4-5, caducous. Petals 4-10, with slender claws.

Stamens many, with long filaments. Fruit a many-seeded berry.
Flowers in a short thick raceme. Leaves decompound, leaflets
sharply toothed.

12. Cimicif 'uga. Sepals 4-5, caducous. Petals several, small, two-

horned at the apex. Carpels 1-8, becoming pods. Flowers in
long plume-like racemes.

13. Hydras'tis. Petals none. Flowers solitary. Sepals 3, petal-like,

greenish-white. Carpels 12 or more, forming a head of crimson
1-2-seeded berries in fruit. Stem low, from a knotted yellow root-
stock. Leaves simple, lobed.

1. CLEM'ATIS, L. VIRGIN'S BOWER.

1. C. Virginia'na, L. (COMMON VIRGIN'S BOWER.) A
woody-stemmed climber. Flowers in panicled clusters, of ten
dioecious, white. Leaves of 3 ovate leaflets, which are cut
or lobed. Feathery tails of the achenes very conspicuous
in the autumn. — Along streams and in swamps.

2. C. ligUStieifo'lia, Nutt. Very much like the last,
but the leaves have usually 5 leaflets. — N. W.

3. C. vertieilla'ris, DC. Shrubby climber. Peduncles
bearing single large flowers, with thin, wide-spreading,
bluish-purple sepals. Tails of the achenes plumose. Leaves
of three leaflets, which are entire, or sparingly toothed or
lobed. — Rocky places.

2. ASEMO'XE, L. ANEM'ONE.
* Styles long and hairy, forming feathery tails in fruit.

1. A. patens, L., var. Nuttallia'na, Gray. (PRAIRIE A.
OR PASQUE FLOWER.) Villous with long silky hairs. Flower
erect, appearing before the leaves. Sepals 5-7, purplish or
white, an inch or more in length, spreading at maturity.
Involucre sessile, its lobes numerous, all united at the base
to form a shallow cup. Leaves radical, the blades deeply
cut into 3 well-marked divisions, the middle one stalked,

COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.

and all again dissected into narrow lobes. Feathery tails
of the carpels 2 inches long. A low plant, flowering in
early spring.— N. .W.

** Styles short, not plumose.

2. A. parviflo'ra, Michx. (SMALL-FLOWERED A.) Stem
3-12 inches high, one-flowered. Sepals 5 or 6, white. Invo-
lucre 2-3-leaved far below the flower. Head of carpels
woolly, globular. Boot-leaves small, 3-parted, their divi-
sions crenately lobed. — Bocky river-margins.

3. A. multifida, DC. (MANY-CLEFT A.) Silky-hairy.
Principal involucre 2-3-leaved, bearing one naked and one
or two 2-leaved peduncles. Leaves of the involucre short-
petioled, twice or thrice 3-parted and cleft, their divisions
linear. Sepals red, greenish-yellow, or whitish. Head of
carpels spherical or oval, woolly. — Bocky river-margins, etc.

4. A. eylin'driea, Gray. (LONG-FRUITED A.) Carpels
very numerous, in an oblong woolly head about an inch
long. Peduncles 2-6, long, upright, leafless. Stem-leaves
in a whorl, twice or thrice as many as the peduncles, long-
petioled. Sepals 5, greenish-white. Plant about two feet
high, clothed with silky hairs. — Dry woods.

5. A. Virginia'na, L. (VIRGINIAN A.) Very much like
the last, but larger. Also, the central peduncle only is
naked, the others having each a pair of leaves about the
middle, from whose axils other peduncles occasionally
spring. Sepals greenish. Head of carpels oval or oblong.
— Dry rocky woods and river banks.

6. A. Pennsylvan'ica, L. (A.dichotoma,L., in Macoun's
Catalogue.) (PENNSYLVANIAN A.) Carpels fewer and the
head not woolly, but pubescent and spherical. Stem-leaves
sessile, primary ones 3 in a whorl, but only a pair of smaller
ones on each side of the flowering branches. Badical leaves
5-7-parted. Sepals 5, obovate, large and white. Plant
hairy, scarcely a foot high. — Low meadows.

7. A. nemoro'sa, L. (WooD A. WIND-FLOWER.) Plant
not more than six inches high, nearly smooth, one-flowered.

RANUNCULACE.E. 5

Stem-leaves in a whorl of 3, long-petioled, 3-5-parted. Sepals
4-7, oval, white, or often purplish on the back. — Moist
places.

3. HEP AT' 1C A, Dill. LIVER-LEAF. HEPATICA.

1. H. aeutil'oba, DC. (SHAKP-LOBED H.) Leaves with 3
(sometimes 5) acute lobes, appearing after the flowers.
Petioles silky-hairy. — "Woods in spring.

2. H. tril'oba, Chaix. (ROUND-LOBED H.) Leaves with 3
rounded lobes ; those of the involucre also obtuse. — Dry
rich woods in spring.

(The two species just described are included under ANEMONE in
Macoun's Catalogue, the first named being A. acutiloba, Lawson, and
the second A. Hepatica, L.)

4. TIIALIC'TKOI, Tourn. MEADOW-RUE.

1. T. anemonoi'des. Michx. (Anemonella thalictroides,
Spach.) (RuE- ANEMONE.) Stem low. Stem-leaves all in a
whorl at the top. Roots tuberous. Flowers several in an
umbel, by which character this plant is easily distinguished
from Wood Anemone, which it otherwise resembles. — South-
westward, in spring.

2. T. dioi'eum, L. (EARLY M.) Stem smooth, pale and
glaucous. 1-2 feet high. Flowers dicecious, in ample panicles,
purplish or greenish ; the yellow anthers drooping and very
conspicuous. Leaves alternate, decompound ; leaflets with
5-7 rounded lobes. — Woods.

3. T. polyg'amum, Muhl. (T. Cornuti, L.) (TALL M.)
Stem smooth or nearly so, 2-6 feet high. Leaves sessile;
leaflets very much like No. 2. Flowers white, in compound
panicles ; anthers not drooping ; filaments club-shaped. —
Low wet meadows, and along streams.

4. T. purpuras'eens, L. (PURPLISH M.) Stem mostly
purplish, 2-4 feet high. Stem-leaves sessile or nearly so ;
leaflets veiny beneath, often glandular-pubescent, and so
distinguished from No. 3. Flowers resembling those of
No. 2.

6 COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.

5. MYOSIT'RUS, Dill. MOUSETAIL.

1. M. min'imus, L. Scapes 2-6 inches high. Leaves
linear-spathulate. Achenes blunt, in a spike 1-2 inches
long when ripe.

2. M. arista' tUS, Benth., is easily distinguished from the
above by the persistent style nearly as long as the achene. —
N.W.

6. RANUN'CULtIS, L. CROWFOOT. BUTTERCUP.

1. R. aquat'ilis, L., var. triehophyllus, Gray. (WHITE
WATER-CROWFOOT.) Foliage under water, filiform, usually
collapsing when withdrawn from the water. Flowers white,
floating, each petal with a little pit on the inside of the
claw. — Stagnant pools and slow-flowing streams.

2. R. eireina'tus, Sibth. Much like No. 1, but the
immersed leaves are mostly sessile, and do not collapse when
withdrawn from the water. — Toronto harbour ; and abund-
ant in N. W.

3. R. Cymbala'ria, Pursh. (SEA-SIDE CROWFOOT.) Low,
smooth, spreading by runners which take root at the joints.
Leaves long-petioled, roundish, crenate, rather fleshy. Pet-
als 5-8, yellow. Carpels striate, in an oblong head. — Sea-
shore, and beside brackish streams and springs.

4. R. multif idus, Pursh. (YELLOW WATER-CROWFOOT.)
Like No. 1, but larger, and with yellow flowers, sometimes
creeping in the mud ; the leaves round kidney-shaped, and
more or less deeply lobed and toothed. — Ponds and ditches.

5. R. Flam'mula, L., var. reptans, Meyer. (CREEPING
SPEARWORT.) Stem reclining, rooting at the joints, only 3-6
inches long. Leaves linear, entire, remote. Flowers yellow,
\ of an inch broad. — Sandy and gravelly shores of ponds
and rivers.

6. R. rhomboi'deus, Goldie. Stem erect, low (3-8 inches),
hairy ; root-leaves roundish or rhombic-ovate, mostly cre-
nate ; lowest stem-leaves similar or 3-5-lobed, the upper
nearly sessile and deeply cut into linear lobes. Petals large,
exceeding the calyx ; achenes orbicular, with a minute beak,
in a globular head. — Dry plains, in early summer.

RANUNCULACE^J. 7

7. R. affl'nis, R. -Br. (ROUGH-FRUITED C.) Taller than
No. 6, more or less pubescent. Boot-leaves petioled, usually
pedately multifid ; stem-leaves nearly sessile, with broadly
linear lobes. Petals light-yellow, about half an inch long.
Achenes, with recurved beaks, forming an oblong head. —
N. W.

8. R. aborti'VUS, L. (SMALL-FLOWERED C.) Petals shorter
than the reflexed calyx. Stem erect, very smooth, slender.
Radical leaves roundish, crenate, petiolate ; stem-leaves 3-5-
parted, sessile. Carpels in a globular head, each with a
minute curved beak. — Shady hill-sides and wet pastures.
Var. mieranthus, Gray, is pubescent, with more slender
peduncles and fewer achenes.

9. R. seelera'tus, L. (CURSED C.) Petals about the same
length as the calyx. Stem thick, hollow, smooth. Radical
leaves 3-lobed ; stem-leaves 3-parted, uppermost almost
sessile. Head of carpels oblong. — Wet ditches.

10. R. reeurva'tus, Poir. (HOOKED C.) Petals shorter
than the reflexed calyx. Stem hirsute, with stiff spreading
hairs. Radical and cauline leaves about alike, long-petioled.
Head of carpels globular, each with a long recurved beak.- —
Woods.

11. R. Pennsylvan'ieus, L. (BRISTLY C.) Petals not

longer than the reflexed calyx. Stem hirsute. Leaves ter-
nately divided, divisions of the leaves stalked, unequally
3-cleft. Head of carpels oblong, achenes with straight beaks,
and so easily distinguished from No. 10. — Wet places.

12. R. his'pidus, Michx. Resembling the last species,
but with few-leaved ascending or reclining stems, not always
hirsute. Root a cluster of stout fibres. Calyx hardly
reflexed, soon deciduous, much shorter than the petals.
Achenes strongly margined, with straight beaks ; in a
globular or oval head. — Wesley Park, Niagara.

13. R. septentriona'lis, Poir. Petals much longer than
the calyx. Early-flowering stems ascending, putting forth
long runners during the summer. Leaves ternate, divisions

O COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.

generally stalked, deeply and sharply lobed, petioles ap-
pressed-pubescent. Achenes large, compressed, strongly mar-
gined, in globular heads, and with long flat beaks. Peduncles
furrowed. — Wet places.

14. R. repens, L. Much resembling the last in habit,
but smaller, and the leaves not so deeply and sharply cut.
Flowering later. Leaves often blotched with white. The
style shorter than in No. 13, and stigmatic along the whole
inner side, persistent. — Low ground, chiefly eastward.

15. R. bulbo'SUS, L. (BULBOUS C. or BUTTERCUP. ) Petals
much longer than the calyx. Stem erect, from a bulb-like
base. Flowers an inch broad, on furrowed peduncles. —
Pastures. Rather rare.

\ 16. R. a'eris, L. (TALL C. or BUTTERCUP.) Much taller
than No. 15. Petals much longer than the calyx. Stem
upright, no bulb at the base. Peduncles not furrowed.

17. R. faseieula'ris, Muhl. (EARLY C.) Petals much
longer than the calyx. Plant 5-9 inches high, erect, pubes-
cent with silky hairs. Radical leaves appearing pinnate,
the terminal division long-stalked, the lateral ones sessile.
Boot a bundle of thickened fleshy fibres. — Rocky woods and
fields in spring.

7. CAL'THA, L. MARSH-MARIGOLD.

C. palustris, L. (MARSH-MARIGOLD.) Stem about a foot
high, hollow, round, forking, very glabrous. Flowers golden
yellow, 1-1^ inches broad. — Swamps and wet meadows. A
very conspicuous plant in early spring.

8, COP'TIS, Salisb. GOLDTHREAD.

C. trifolia, Salisb. (THREE-LEAVED GOLDTHREAD.) Low
and stemless. Scapes 1-flowered, with a single bract above
the middle. Petals much smaller than the sepals. — On logs
and about stumps in cedar swamps.

9. AQIIILE'GI\, Tourn. COLUMBINE.

1. A. Canadensis, L. (WILD COLUMBINE.) Stem branch-
ing, a footer more in height, smooth. Leaves decompound ;
leaflets in threes. Flowers nodding, scarlet outside, yellow
within. — Rocky woods and thickets.

RANUNCULACE.E, MAGNOLIACE^. 9

2. A. VUlffa/ris, L. (GARDEN COLUMBINE.) This species
has escaped from cultivation in some places. Spurs hooked.
Flowers blue, purple, or whitish.

10. DELPHIX'IOI, L. LARKSPUR.

1. D. azu'reum, Michx. (PRAIRIE LARKSPUR.) Carpels 5,
the pods erect. Lobes of the leaves numerous, narrowly
linear. Eaceme strict, but not dense. Spur usually curved
upwards. — N. W.

2. D. Consol'ida, L. (FIELD L.) Has escaped from gar-
dens in a few places. The pistil is single, and the flowers
are scattered on the spreading branches. Petals 2, united.

11. ACTJS'A, L. BANEBERRY.

1. A. spiea'ta, L., var. rubra, Ait. (BED B.) Eaceme
short, breadth and length being about the same. Pedicels
slender. Berries red. — Rich woods.

2. A. alba, Bigel. (WHITE B.) Raceme longer than broad.
Pedicels thickened in fruit, cherry-coloured. Berries white.
— Same localities as No. 1.

12. CmiCIF'IJGA, L. BUGBANE.

C. raeemo'sa, Ell, (BLACK SNAKEROOT.) Stem 3-6 feet
high. Resembling a tall Actaea, but easily distinguished
by its plume-like raceme of white flowers. — South-western
Ontario.

13. II v lilt AS' T IS, L. ORANGEROOT. YELLOW PUCCOON.
H. CanadensiS, L. A low plant, bearing a single radi-
cal leaf, and a pair of cauline ones near the summit of the
simple stem. Leaves rounded, cordate, <5-7-lobed, very large
when fully grown.— Wet meadows, in early summer, south-
westward.

ORDER II. MAGNOLIA' CE1E. (MAGNOLIA FAMILY.)
Trees or shrubs, with alternate entire or lobed (not ser-
rate) leaves. Sepals 3, coloured, deciduous. Petals 6-9,
deciduous. Stamens hypogynous, indefinite, separate ;
anthers adnate. Carpels numerous, in many rows on an
elongated receptacle. Fruit resembling a cone.

10 COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.

1. LIRIODEN'DRON, L. TULIP-TREE.

L. Tullpif'era, L. A large and stately tree, growing to
a great height in many parts of the western peninsula of
Ontario. Leaves large, truncate, or with a shallow notch
at the end. Flowers large, showy, solitary ; petals greenish-
yellow, marked with orange. Fruit a dry cone, which, at
maturity, separates into dry winged indehiscent carpels.

ORDER III. ANONA'CE^l. (CUSTABD- APPLE FAMILY.)
Trees or shrubs, with alternate and entire leaves, and
solitary, axillary, perfect, hypogynous flowers. Sepals 3.
Petals 6, in two sets, deciduous. Stamens numerous. Car-
pels few or many, fleshy in fruit.

1. ASOTINA, Adans. NORTH AMERICAN PAP AW.
A. tril'oba, Dunal. (COMMON PAP AW.) Found only in
the Niagara Peninsula. A small tree, not unlike a young
beech in appearance, and forming thickets near Queenston
Heights. Flowers purple, appearing before the leaves ; the
three outer petals much larger than the three inner ones.
Fruit 2 to 3 inches long, edible.

ORDER IV. MEKISPERMA'CE^E. (MOONSEED FAMILY.)

Woody twiners, with peltate alternate leaves and small
dioacious flowers. Sepals and petals yellowish-white, usually
six of each, the petals in front of the sepals. Stamens
numerous. Fruit a drupe, in appearance something like
a small grape, with moon-shaped seeds.

1. MENISPER'MUM, L. MOONSEED.

M. Canadense, L. (CANADIAN MOONSEED.) A twining
plant, found, though not abundantly, in low grounds in
rich woods. It may be pretty easily recognized by its
usually 7-angled thin leaves, which are peltate near the edge.
Fruit bluish-black.

ORDER V. BERBERIDA'CETE. (BARBERRY FAMILY.)
Herbs (or shrubs), with alternate petiolate leaves. Sepals
and petals in fours, sixes, or eights (except in the genus

BERBERIDACE.E. 11

Podophyllum), with the petals in front of the sepals. Sta-
mens (except in Podophylhim) as many as the petals, one
before each. Anthers usually opening by a valve at the
top. Fruit berry-like, or a pod.

Synopsis of the Genera.

*Petals and stamens 6.

1. Ber'beris. Shrub, with yellow wood and yellow flowers in droop-

ing racemes. Stamens irritable. Petals 6, obovate, concave,
each with two glandular spots inside at the base. Fruit a sour
berry, oblong, scarlet.

2. < aiilopli.vl lam. A purplish herb, flowering in early spring.

Petals thick, much shorter than the sepals. Leaves decompound.

* *Petals 6-9. Stamens 8-18.

3. r.xlophvl I urn. Petals 6-9. Stamens 12-18. Anthers not opening

by uplifting valves. Fruit a large berry. Leaves peltate.

4. Jcfferso'iiia. Petals and stamens mostly 8. Anthers opening by

uplifting valves. Pod opening by a lid. Leaves divided in two.

1. BER'BEKIS, L. BARBERRY.

B. VUlga'ris, L. (COMMON BARBERRY.) Shrub. Leaves
on the fresh shoots of the season mostly reduced to branched
spines, from whose axils proceed the next year close clus-
ters of obovate-oblong, bristly-toothed leaves, with short,
jointed petioles, and many-flowered racemes. Sepals, petals
and stamens 6 each. Outside of sepals are 2-6 bractlets.
Petals yellow. Fruit an oblong, sour, scarlet berry. — Cul-
tivated grounds.

2. CAIJLOPHYL'LUM, Michx. BLUE COHOSH.

C. thalietroi'des, Michx. (BLUE COHOSH.) Plant 1-2
feet high, very glaucous and dull purple when young.
Flowers yellowish-green, in a terminal small raceme, ap-
pearing in spring before the decompound leaves are developed.
Sepals 6, with 3 little bractlets at their base. Petals 6, thick
and somewhat kidney-shaped, much smaller than the sepals.
Stamens 6, one before each petal. Ovary bursting soon
after the flowering, and leaving the two drupe-like seeds
naked on their rather thick stalks. Fruit bluish, \ of an
inch across. — Rich woods.

12 COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.

2. POnoPIIl LLI M, L. MAY APPLE. MANDRAKE.

P. pelta'tum, L. Stem about 1 foot high. Flowerless stems
with one large 7-9-lobed umbrella-like leaf, peltate in the
centre ; the flowering ones with two leaves, peltate near the
edge, the flower nodding from the fork. Sepals 6, caducous.
Petals 6-9, large and white. Stamens 12-18. Fruit large,
oval, yellowish, not poisonous. — Found in patches in rich
woods. The leaves and roots are poisonous.

5. .JKI FFKSO M A, Barton. TWIN-LEAF.

J. diphyTla, Pers. A low plant, flowering in early spring ;
the solitary white flowers on naked scapes. Sepals 4, fuga-
cious. Petals 8. Stamens 8. Ovary pointed. Stigma
2-lobed. Pod pear-shaped, the top forming a lid. Leaves
radical, long-petioled ; the blades divided into two leaflets
with the outer margins lobed. — Woods, chiefly in the western
peninsula of Ontario.

ORDER VI. NYMPHjEACEJE. (WATER-LILY FAMILY.)

Aquatic herbs with cordate or peltate, usually floating,
leaves. Floating flowers on long immersed peduncles.
Petals and stamens generally numerous.

Synopsis of the Genera,

1. Brase'nia. Sepals and petals each 3 (occasionally 4). Stamens

12-24. Leaves oval, peltate.

2. Nympliw'a. Sepals 4-6. Petals numerous, white, imbricated in

many rows, gradually passing into stamens, hypogynous, or epi-
gynous. Stamens epigynous. Stigmas radiating as in a Poppy-
head.

3. tu pliur. Sepals 5-6, yellow. Petals many, small and stamen-

like. Stamens under the ovary.

1. Kit ASK' M.l. Schreber. WATER- SHIELD.

B. pelta'ta, Pursh. Stems and under surface of the
leaves coated with jelly. Leaves oval, two inches across,
peltate. Flowers small, purplish. — Ponds and slow-flowing
streams.

NYMPH.EACE.E, PAPAVERACE.E. -13

2, NYMPHS' A, Tourn. WATER-LILY.

1. N. odora'ta, Ait. (SWEET-SCENTED WATER-LILY.)
Leaves orbicular, cleft at the base to the petiole, 5-9 inches
wide, often crimson underneath. Flower very sweet-scented.
Ponds and slow streams.

Var. minor, Sims, has much smaller leaves and flowers,
and the latter are often pink-tinted.

2. N. tubero'sa, Paine. (TUBER-BEARING W.) Leaves
larger and more prominently ribbed than in No. 1, reni-
form-orbicular, green on both sides. Flower not at all, or
only slightly, sweet-scented. Root-stocks producing tubers,
which come off spontaneously.— Mostly in slow waters
opening into Lake Ontario.

3. XI I'll. IK, Smith. YELLOW POND- LILY.

1. N. ad' vena, Ait. (COMMON Y. P.) Leaves floating, or
emersed and erect, thickish, roundish or oblong, cordate.
Sepals 6. — Stagnant water. Var. minus is more slender,
and has smaller leaves and flowers. Probably a hybrid
between this and the next.

2. N. Kalmia'num, Ait. (SMALL Y. P.) (N. luteum, var.
pumilum, Gray.) Floating leaves usually not more than two
inches across, the sinus very narrow or closed ; the radical
ones very thin and with a wide obtuse sinus. Flowers hardly
an inch across. Sepals 5. — Northward, in slow waters.

ORDER VII. SARRACENIA'CE^. (PITCHER-PLANT F.)
Bog-plants, easily distinguished by their pitcher-shaped
leaves, all radical.

1. SAKIKACK'MA, Tourn. SlDE-SADDLE FLOWER.

S. purpu'rea, L. (PURPLE S. HUNTSMAN'S CUP.) Leaves
hollow, with a wing on one side, purple- veined, curved, with
the hood erect and open. Sepals 5, coloured, with 3 small
bractlets at the base. Petals 5, fiddle-shaped, curved over
the centre of the flower, deep purple. Ovary 5-celled, glo-
bose, the short style expanding above into a 5-angled
umbrella, with a hooked stigma at each angle. Flowers on
naked scapes, nodding.— rBogs.

14 COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.

ORDER VIII. PAPAVERA'CE^l. (POPPY FAMILY.)

Herbs, with milky or coloured juice and alternate leaves
without stipules. Flowers polyandrous, hypogynous. Sepals
2, caducous. Petals 4-12. Stamens numerous, anthers in-
trorse. Fruit a 1-celled pod (in Poppy imperfectly many-
celled), with numerous seeds.

Synopsis of the Genera.

1. < Iirlido ilium. Juice yellow. Petals 4, crumpled in the bud,
yellow.

2. Saiigulna'ria. Juice red. Petals 8-12, not crumpled in the bud,
white.

3. Papa'ver. Juice milky. Petals mostly 4. Ovary imperfectly
many-celled. Stigmas united into a radiate sessile crown.

1. < in i iito MI >i. L. CELANDINE.

C. majllS, L. Petals 4, deciduous, crumpled in the bud.
Juice of the plant yellow. Flower-buds nodding. Flowers
small, yellow, in a kind of umbel. Fruit a smooth 1-celled
slender pod, from which the two valves fall away, leaving
the parietal placentas as a slender framework, with the
seeds attached. — Waste places.

2. SAXCiri VVKIA, Dill. BLOOD-ROOT.

S. CanadensiS, L. Petals 8-12, not crumpled in the bud.
Flower-buds not nodding. A stemless plant, with a thick
rhizome which emits a red juice when cut, and sends up in
early spring a single rounded, 5-7-lobed, thickish leaf, and
a 1-flowered scape. Flowers white. — Bich woods.

3. PAPA'VER, Tourn. POPPY.

1. P. SOmnif erum, L. (COMMON POPPY.) Smooth and
glaucous. Leaves clasping, wavy, cut-toothed. Pod globose.
Petals white or purple, the buds nodding. — "Waste places
and old gardens.

2. P. RhOB'as, L. (CORN POPPY.) Sparingly hispid.
Leaves deeply pinnatifid, the lobes cut- toothed. Pod
globular, smooth. Corolla 2-4 inches in diameter, scarlet,
often with a dark centre. — Waste-heaps, Atl. Prov.

3. P. dubium, L. Smaller than the last, and the lobes
of the leaves narrower. Pod oblong, narrowed at the base.
Corolla a paler red. — Ballast-heaps, Atl. Prov.

ORDER IX. FUMARIA'CE^l. (FUMITORY FAMILY.)

Smooth herbs, with brittle stems, watery juice, dissected
leaves, and irregular flowers. Sepals 2, very small. Corolla
flattened and closed, of 4 petals, the two inner united by
their tips over the anthers of the 6 stamens. Stamens in
two sets of 3 each ; filaments often united ; the middle
anther of each set 2-celled, the others 1-celled. Fruit a
1-celled pod.

Synopsis of tbe Genera.

1. Adlu'iuia. Corolla 2-spurred. Petals all permanently united. Plant

climbing.

2. Diccu'tra. Corolla 2-spurred. Petals slightly united, easily sepa-

rated. Not climbing.

3. Coryd'alis. Corolla 1-spurred. Fruit a slender pod, many-seeded.

4. Fuma'ria. Corolla 1-spurred. Fruit a globular 1-seeded nutlet,

indehiscent.

1. ADLIJ'MIA, Raf. CLIMBING FUMITORY.

A. eirrho'sa, Eaf. A smooth vine, climbing by the peti-
oles of its decompound leaves. Flowers in axillary pendu-
lous clusters, pale pink. — Low and shady grounds, and rocky
woods.

2. DICEX'TRA, Borkh. DUTCHMAN'S BREECHES.

1. D. Cueullaria, DC. (DUTCHMAN'S BREECHES.) Leaves
all radical, multifid ; these and the slender scapes rising
from a bulb-like rhizome of coarse grains. Flowers several
in a raceme, whitish, spurs divergent, elongated, acute,
straight, — Rich woods.

2. D. Canadensis, DC. (SQUIRREL CORN.) Underground
shoots bearing small yellow tubers, something like grains
of corn. Leaves very much as in No. 1. Corolla merely
heart-shaped ; spurs very short and rounded. Flowers green-
ish-white, fragrant. — Eich woods.

16 COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.

3. CORYD'ALIS, Vent. CORYDALIS.

1. C. au'rea, Willd. (GOLDEN CORYDALIS.) Stems low
and spreading. Leaves dissected, flowers in simple racemes,
golden yellow, the outer petals keeled, but not crested, on the
back. Pods pendulous. — Kocky river-margins and burnt
woods.

2. C. flav'ula, DC. (YELLOW C.) Stems low and spread-
ing. Flowers pale yellow, the outer petals wing-crested, on
the back ; crest 3-4- toothed. — South-western Ontario.

3. C. glauea, Pursh. (PALE CORYDALIS.) Stems upright,
1-4 feet high. Flowers in compound racemes, purplish tipped
with yellow. Pods erect. — Eocky woods.

4. FIIMA'RIA, Tourn. FUMITORY.

F. officina'lis, L. (COMMON FUMITORY.) Corolla flesh-
coloured, tipped with crimson. Flowers small, in. dense
racemes or spikes. — Waste places near dwellings.

ORDER X. CRUCIF'ER^E. (CRESS FAMILY.)

Herbs with a pungent watery juice, alternate letives with-
out stipules, and regular hypogynous flowers in racemes or
corymbs. Pedicels without bractlets. Sepals 4, deciduous.
Petals 4, forming a cross-shaped corolla. Stamens 6, two
of them shorter. Fruit a silique or silicle. (See Chap. IV.,
Part I. for dissection of typical flower.) The genera are
distinguished by the pods and seeds, the flowers in all cases
being much alike. The seeds are exalbuminous, consisting
entirely of the embryo, which is folded up in a variety of
ways. The radicle may be bent so as to lie against the
edge of the cotyledons, and the seed when cut through cross-
wise shows this section : OQ ; the cotyledons are then said
to be accumbent. Or the radicle may be folded against the
back of the cotyledon, showing this cross-section : V3^ , in
which case the cotyledons are said to be incumbent ; and if,
beside's being incumbent, the cotyledons are doubled round
the radicle, thus : ^^ , they are then conduplicate.

CRUCIFERjE. 17

synopsis of the Genera.

* Pod dehiscent by 2 valves, usually much longer than broad.

1. Nastitr'f ium. Flowers white or yellow. Pod terete, oblong-linear

or ellipsoid. Seeds in two rows in each cell, globular, without a
wing. Cotyledons accumbent.

2. Barbarc'a. Flowers yellow. Pod somewhat 4-sided, the valves

strongly 1-nerved. Seeds in one roio in each cell. Cotyledons
accumbent.

3. Yesica'ria. Flowers yellow. Plant densely hoary with stellate

hairs. Pods ovate or globose. Seeds flattened, in two rows in
each cell. Cotyledons accumbent.

4. Denta'ria. Flowers white or pale purple. Pod lanceolate, flat.

Seeds wingless, on broad seed-stalks. Stem-leaves 2 or 3 in a
whorl ; stem naked below. Root-stock toothed or tuberous.
Cotyledons accumbent.

5. Cardam'iue. Flowers white or rose-coloured. " Pod linear or lance-

olate, flat, the valves nerveless. Seeds wingless, on slender seed-
stalks. Stem leafy below. Cotyledons accumbent.

6. Ar'abis. Flowers white or whitish. Pod linear or elongated, flat-

tened, the valves usually tvith a distinct mid-rib. Stem leafy.
Cotyledons accumbent.

7. Erys'iiniiiu. Flowers yellow (or creamy). Pod linear, distinctly

4-sided. Stigma broadly 2-lobed. Pedicels of the pods diverging
from the stem. Leaves simple, not clasping. Pubescent with
appressed hairs. Cotyledons incumbent.

8. Sis> in hriimi. Flowers yellow, small. Pods awl-shaped or 4-6-

sided, the valves 1-3-nerved. Stigma small. Cotyledons incum-
bent.

9. lies peris. Flowers large, purple. Pod terete, elongated. Stigma-

lobes narrow; erect. Cotyledons incumbent.

10. Bras' siea. Flowers yellow. Pod linear or oblong, nearly terete,

or 4-sided, with a distinct beak extending beyond the end of the
valves. Seeds usually in one row. Cotyledons conduplicate.

11. IMpIolax is. Sepals, petals, and stamens almost as in Brassica.

Pods slender, on slender spreading pedicels. Beak conical,
usually short. Seeds in two roivs.

* * Pod dehiscent by 2 valves, comparatively short.
-f- Silicle compressed parallel with the broad partition or globular.

12. Draba. Flowers white. Pod flat ; seeds several or many, 2 rows

in each cell. Cotyledons accumbent. Low herbs.

13. Alys sum. Flowers pale yellow or white. Pod orbicular, flat,

2-t-seeded.

14. Camel' iua. Flowers yellow. Pod pear-shaped, pointed; valves

1-nerved. Cotyledons incumbent.

18 COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.

15. Nes'lia. Flowers very much as in the last. Pod nearly globular^

Tiardly one-twelfth of an inch across, usually only 1-celled and
1-seeded, wrinkled, tipped with the slender style.

-i- -4-Silicle compressed contrary to the narrow partition.

16. Capsd'la. Flowers white. Pod obcordate-triangular 5 valves

boat-shaped, wingless. Seeds numerous. Cotyledons incumbent.

17. TMas'pi. Flowers white. Podobovateorobcordate,«;zft#e(Z. Seeds

several. Cotyledons accumbent.

18. l,«-|»i<l him. Flowers white or whitish. Pod roundish, very flat;

the valves boat-shaped and winged. Seeds solitary.

19. SeneMe'ra. Flowers greenish-white, very small. Pod 2-seeded,

the valves wrinkled and separating at maturity as 2 closed one-
seeded nutlets. Prostrate diffuse herbs, with a disagreeable char-
acteristic odour.

* * * Pod indehiscent, fleshy, jointed.

20. Caki'le. Flowers purplish. Pod 2-jointed, fleshy. Leaves fleshy.

Cotyledons accumbent.

21. Rapli'aiius. Flowers yellow, turning whitish or purplish. Pod

elongated, several-seeded, mostly constricted between the seeds.
Cotyledons conduplicate.

1. NASTUR'TIUJM, R. Br. WATER-CRESS.

1. N. Offleina'le, R. Br. (WATER-CRESS.) Flowers white.
Stem spreading and rooting. Leaves pinnate ; leaflets 3-11,
roundish or oblong, nearly entire. Pods oblong-linear. —
Ditches and streamlets.

2. N. palus'tre, DC. (MARSH CRESS.) Flowers yellow.
Stem erect. Leaves pinnately parted, the lobes cut-toothed.
Pods ovoid.- — Wet places.

3. N. laeus'tre, Gray." (LAKE CRESS.) Flowers white.
An aquatic plant, with the submerged leaves finely dissected ;
the leaves out of the water oblong, and either entire, serrate,
or pinnatifid. Pods ovoid, 1-celled.

4. N. Armora'cia, Fries. (HORSERADISH.) Has escaped
from gardens in many places. Flowers white. Boot-leaves
very large, oblong, and generally crenate ; stem-leaves
lanceolate. Pods globular. Eoots very large.

5. N. traehyear'pum, Gray. Flowers white. Stem
nearly glabrous, erect, branching. Leaves lyrate-pin-
natifid. Pods oblong-linear, somewhat roughened, soon

CRUCIFER^. 19

recurved, shorter than the awl-shaped style. — N. W., in
beds of pools and streams.

6. N. amphib'ium, E. Br. Flowers white. Stem tall,
erect, branching above, sparingly pubescent. Leaves lyrate-
pirinatifid, rough-pubescent, the lobes coarsely toothed.
Pods several times longer than the style, but much shorter
than the pedicels. — Wet places.

2. BARBARE'A, R. Br. WINTER CRESS.

B. VUlga'ris, E. Br. (YELLOW EOCKET.) Stem smooth,
1-3 feet high. Lower leaves lyrate, the terminal division
round and generally large, and 1-5 pairs of lateral ones (the
latter sometimes absent) ; upper leaves obovate, more or less
pinnatifid at the base. Pods linear, erect, or slightly
spreading. In var. Strieta, a common form in the North-
West, the pods are appressed. — Low grounds.

3. VESICA'RIA, Lam. BLADDER-POD.

V. LudOVieia'na, DC. (WESTERN BLADDER-POD.) (Lesque-
rella Ludoviciana, Watson, var. arenosa, Watson.) Stem
low, simple, or somewhat branched above. Flowers large.
Eadical leaves spathulate, entire ; stem-leaves linear. Pods
hairy, globose, rather longer than the style. — N. W.

4. DENT A' RI A, L. TOOTHWORT. PEPPER-ROOT.

1. D. diphyl'la, L. (TWO-LEAVED T.) Flowers white.
Stem-leaves 2, nearly opposite, ternately divided. Eoot-stock
toothed, pleasantly pungent to the taste. — Eich woods.

2. D. laeinia'ta, Muhl. (LACINIATE T.) Flowers purplish.
Stem-leaves 3, in a whorl. Eoot-stock jointed, scarcely
toothed. — Eich woods.

5. CARDAM'INE, L. BITTER CRESS.

1. C. rhomboi'dea, DC. (SPRING CRESS.) Flowers white
or (in var. purpurea) rose-purple. Stem tuberous at the
base. Lower leaves round-cordate ; upper nearly lance-
olate ; all somewhat angled or toothed. — Wet meadows.

2. C. pratensis, L. (CUCKOO-FLOWER. LADIES' SMOCK.)
Flowers white or rose-colour, showy. Stem from a short

20 COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.

root-stock. Leaves pinnate, leaflets 7-15, those of the lower
leaves rounded and stalked, entire or nearly so. — Bogs.

3. C. hirsu'ta, L. (SMALL BITTER CRESS.) Flowers white,
small. Root fibrous. Leaves pinnate, leaflets 5-11, the
terminal leaflets largest. Pods erect, slender. — Wet places.

6. AR'ABIS, L. RoCK CRESS.
* Seeds in one row in each cell, nearly as broad as the partition.

1. A. lyra'ta, L. (Low R.) Flowers white, petals twice
as long as the calyx. Stem branching from the base. Radi-
cal leaves clustered, pinnatifid, the terminal lobe largest ;
stem-leaves scattered, linear, with tapering base. Pods
slender, erect, and spreading. — Rocky or sandy shores.

2. A. hirsu'ta, Scop. (HAIRY R.) Flowers greenish-
white, small, petals slightly longer than the calyx. Stem-
leaves many, rough, sagittate ; often a dense rosette at the
base of the stem. Pods erect, straight. Stems 1-2 feet high,
2 or 3 from the same root. — Rocky shores and dry plains.

. A. laeviga'ta, DC. (SMOOTH R.) Flowers white, rather
small. Leaves linear or lanceolate, entire or slightly toothed,
sagittate, clasping. Pods long and narrow, recurved-spread-
ing. Stem glaucous, 1-2 feet high. — Dry hill-sides. Easily
recognized by the pods.

4. A. Canadensis, L. (SICKLE-POD.) Flowers whitish,
with linear petals, about twice the length of the calyx.
Stem-leaves pointed at both ends, downy, the lower ones
toothed. Pods 2-3 inches long, scythe-shaped, hanging.
Stem 2-3 feet high. A striking plant when the pods are
fully formed. — Dry woods and ravines.

5. A. petrSB'a, Lam. Petals rose-colour or whitish. Pods
shorter and less flat than A. lyrata. Leaves spathulate
or oblong, entire or sparingly toothed. — Rocks ; reported
from New Brunswick.

* * Seeds in two distinct rows in each cell, narrower than the partition.

6. A. perfolia'ta, Lam. (TOWER MUSTARD). Flowers
yellowish-white. Petals scarcely longer than the calyx.

CRUCIFERjE. 21

Stem 2-4 feet high, glaucous. Cauline leaves ovate-lance-
olate or oblong, clasping with sagittate base. Pods long
and very narrow, on erect pecZice/s.— Meadows and old fields.
Pretty easily recognized by its strict habit.

7. A. eonft'nis, Watson. (A. Drummondii, Gray.) Flow-
ers white or rose-colour. Petals twice as long as the
calyx. Stem 1-2 feet high, smooth above. Cauline leaves
lanceolate or oblong-linear, with sagittate base ; lowest
leaves spathulate and toothed. Pods long and flat; the
pedicels not so strictly erect as in the last species. — Rocky
banks of streams.

8. A. HolbOBl'lii, Hornem. Petals white or rose-colour,
occasionally purplish, becoming reftexed, twice as long as
the sepals. Stem 6-24 inches high, usually simple, more or
less hairy. Lowest leaves small, spathulate, somewhat
toothed, with margined petioles; upper sessile, sagittate,
linear-lanceolate. Pods reflexed. Style none. — N. W.

7. KllYS MUM, L. TREACLE MUSTARD.

1. E. eheiranthoi'des, L. (WORM-SEED MUSTARD.) Flow-
ers yellow, inconspicuous. Stem slender, branching. Leaves
lanceolate, scarcely toothed, roughish with appressed pubes-
cence. Pods small and short, on slender diverging pedicels.
— Waste wet places.

2. E. as'perum, DC. (PRAIRIE EOCKET.) Flowers showy,
bright orange-yellow, rarely purple. Stem stout, 1-2 feet
high, simple, hoary, with minute appressed hairs. Leaves
oblanceolate. Pods long, ascending on stout spreading pedi-
cels.—Dry soil, N. W.

3. E. parviflo'rum, Nutt. Stem low and simple, hoary.
Leaves all linear, densely clustered at the base of the stem.
Flowers small, sulphur-yellow. Pods long, narrow, ascend-
ing, on short pedicels. — N. W.

4. E. orienta'le, KBr. Stem slender and branching,
1-2 feet high. Leaves grayish-green, oblong to oval, slightly
clasping; radical ones spathulate. Flowers pale yellower
cream-coloured, small. — N. W. and Atl. Prov.

22 COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.

8. SISV11 KKI1 31, L. HEDGE MUSTARD.

1. S. offleina'le, Scop. (HEDGE MUSTARD.) Flowers yel-
low, small. Leaves runcinate. Stem 1-2 feet high, with
spreading branches. Pods aid-shaped^ close pressed to the
stem. — A very common roadside weed.

2. S. eanes'eens, Nutt. (TANSY-MUSTARD.) . Flowers yel-
lowish, very small. Leaves twice pinnatifid, hoary with
short branching hairs, the divisions toothed. Pods acute at
each end, shorter than the slender spreading pedicels. —
N. W.

3. S. Soph'ia, L. Hoary. Leaves dissected into very
numerous small leaflets. Pods very slender, about an inch
long, ascending. — Scarce.

4. S. Sinapistrum, Crantz. Tall, branching. Loosely
pubescent below, smooth above. Leaves deeply pinnatifid,
the lobes narrowly linear. Pods very long (3-4 inches) and
slender, spreading. — An introduced weed which has now
become a pest in the North- West.

5. S. inei'sum, Engelm., var. Hartwegia'num, Watson,

has pinnate leaves, the leaflets narrowly oblong and toothed.
Pods only one-eighth to one-fourth of an inch long, in a
crowded raceme. — N.W.

9. HES' PERIS, Tourn. ROCKET.

H. matrona'lis, L. (GARDEN ROCKET.) Tall, leaves lance-
olate, acuminate, serrate, usually petiolate. Flowers large,
purple. Pods 2-4 inches long, spreading. — Waste places.

10. BRAS' SIC A, Tourn. CABBAGE, MUSTARD, ETC.

1. B. Sinapis'trum, Bois. (CHARLOCK.) Flowers bright
yellow. Stem 1-2 feet high, branching, it and the leaves
hairy. — Too common in our grain fields.

2. B. ni'gra. (BLACK MUSTARD.) Flowers sulphur-yel-
low. Stem 3-6 feet high, round, smooth and branching.
Lower leaves lyrate. — Fields and waste places.

2. B. eampes'tris, L. Stem tall and erect, it and the
leaves smooth. Lower leaves ovate or elliptical, coarsely

CRUCIFERJE. 23

toothed, on long petioles ; upper ones narrow and sessile.
Pods an inch long or more, on ascending pedicels; beak
about ^ the length of the pod. —A common weed in Mani-
toba.

11. DIPLOTAXIS, DC.

1. D. mura'lis, DC. Branching from near the base.
Smooth or sparingly hispid. Leaves oblanceolate, shallowly
and bluntly toothed or pinnatifid. Petals pale yellow.
Pods over an inch long, on slender spreading pedicels half
as long as the pods. Valves 1-nerved. — Ballast-heaps,
Atl. Prov.

2. D. tenuifo'lia, DC. Like the last, but the leaves are
deeply sinuate- pinnatifid, with narrow lobes. Pedicels of
the pods over an inch long. — Ballast- heaps, Atl. Prov.

12. DRABA, DC. WHITLOW-GRASS.

1. D. inea'na, L. Hoary - pubescent. Flowers white.
Leaves lanceolate or oblanceolate to ovate, entire or spa-
ringly toothed. Pods oblong to lanceolate, usually straight,
on short erect pedicels. Style short or none. — Dry rocks.

Var. arab'isans, Watson, has the pod glabrous, twisted,
and tipped with a distinct style. — Rocks.

2. D. nemoro'sa, L. A small slender plant with leaves
about \ of an inch long. Flowers white. Leaves oblong,
or somewhat lanceolate, hairy, sessile, serrate. Eacemes
elongated. Pods elliptical-oblong, half as long as the wid,e-
spreading pedicels, pubescent or smooth. Style none. —
N.W.

3. D. Carolinia'na, Walt. Flowers white. Stem 1-5
inches high. Leaves obovate, entire. Raceme very short.
Pods broadly linear, smooth, longer than the ascending
pedicels. Style none. — Rocks; Southern Ontario.

13. ALYS'SOI, Tourn. ALYSSUM.

A. ealyci'num, L. A dwarf hoary annual, with linear-
spathulate leaves. Calyx persistent. Pod 4-seeded, sharp-
edged. — Rather rare ; abundant at Queenston Heights.

24 COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.

14. CAMEL'INA, Crantz. FALSE FLAX.

C. sati'va, Crantz. (COMMON F. FLAX.) Flowers yellow-
ish. Stem 1-2 feet high, straight, erect, branching. Leaves
lanceolate, sagittate. Pods pear-shaped, large, margined ;
style slender. — In flax fields.

15. NESLIA, L. BALL MUSTARD.

N. panieula'ta, Desv. Flowers yellow, in small pan-
icles.— A troublesome weed in Manitoba.

16. CAPSEL'LA, Vent. SHEPHERD'S PURSE.
C. Bursa-pastO'ris, Moench. Flowers small, white. Eoot-
leaves clustered, pinnatifid ; stem-leaves clasping, sagittate.
— A very common weed.

17. THLASPI, Tourn. PENNYCRESS.

T. arvense, L. (FIELD PENNYCRESS. FRENCH WEED.) A
low smooth plant, with undivided radical leaves, and stem-
leaves sagittate and clasping. Pods half an inch broad,
deeply notched at the top. — Waste places : common N.W.

18. LEPID'HJDI, L. PEPPERGRASS.

1. L. Virgin'ieum, L. (WILD P.) Flowers small; petals
present, white. Stem 1-2 feet high. Leaves lanceolate, the
upper linear or lanceolate and entire, -the lower toothed or
pinnatifid, tapering towards the base. Pods marginless or
nearly so, oval oi>orbicular. — Eailways and roadsides.

2. L. interfile dium, Gray. Distinguished from No. 1 by
having the cotyledons incumbent instead of accumbent, arid
the pods minutely winged at the top. —Dry sandy fields.

9. L. rudera'le, L. Petals always absent. More branched
than the preceding.

4. L. eampestre, L. Well distinguished from other spe-
cies by its sagittate, clasping leaves. Pods ovate, winged.
— Bather rare.

5. L. sati'vum, L.. has leaves variously divided and cut,
with numerous roundish winged pods, and flowers white or
rose-coloured.— Escaped from cultivation in some places.

6. L. Draba, L. An obscurely hoary perennial. Upper
leaves auricled, lower sessile, oblong. Pods heart-shaped,
the style conspicuous. — Abundant about Clifton, Ont.

CAPPARIDACEJE. 25

19. SEXEBIE'RA, DC. WART-CRESS. S WINE CRESS.

1. S. did'yma, Pers. Pods notched at the apex.— A tl. Prov.

2. S. COrono'pUS, DC. Pods not notched. — Atl. Prov.

20. CAKI'LE, Tourn. SEA-ROCKET.

C. Ameriea'na, Nutt. (AMERICAN S.) Flowers purplish.
Leaves obovate, fleshy, wavy-toothed. Pod fleshy, 2-jointed.
— Seashore, and borders of the Great Lakes.

21. RAPH'ANUS, Tourn. RADISH.

R. Raphanis'trum, L. (WILD RADISH.) Pods linear or
oblong, tapering, indehiscent, long-beaked, necklace-form
when ripe. Style long. Cotyledons conduplicate. Leaves
rough, lyrate. Petals yellow, veiny, turning whitish or
purplish. — An introduced weed ; chiefly eastward.

ORDER XT. CAPPARIDA'CE^. CAPER FAMILY.
Herbs (in Canada), with an acrid watery juice, and alter-
nate palmately compound leaves. Flowers cruciform. Sta-
mens 8 or more. Pod like that of a crucifer, but only 1-celled.

Synopsis of the Genera.

1. Polauis'ia. Stamens 8 or more. Pod sessile or nearly so.

2. Cleo'nie. Stamens 6. Pod long-stalked.

1. POLANIS'IA, Raf. POLANISIA.

1. P. grave' Olens, Raf. A strong-scented herb, with a vis-
cid hairy stem. Leaflets 3. Flowers in terminal racemes.
Sepals 4. Petals 4, yellowish-white, narrowed below into
long claws. Stamens 8-12, exserted. Pod glandular- pubes-
cent, 2 inches long, linear, with a very short stalk. — Shore
of Lake Ontario, Hamilton to Niagara.

2. P. traehysper'ma, Torr. and Gray, has larger flowers
and strongly exserted stamens, and a sessile pod. — N.W.

2. CLEO'ME, L.

C. integrifolia, Torr. and Gray. Stem 2-3 feet high,
glabrous. Flowers showy, rose-coloured or white, in leafy -
bracted racemes. Leaves of 3 lanceolate or oblong leaflets.
Stipe of the pod as long as the pedicel of the flower. — Dry
clay soil; N.W.

26 COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.

ORDER XII. VIOLA' CE^E. (VIOLET FAMILY.)

Herbs, with alternate stipulate leaves. Flowers irregular,
the lower of the 5 petals being spurred. Sepals 5, persis-
tent. Stamens 5, the anthers more or less coherent, and
surrounding the pistil. Fruit a 1-celled pod, splitting into
3 valves. Seeds in three rows on the walls of the ovary.

Synopsis of the Genera.

1. Vi'ola. Sepals auricled at the base. Lower petal distinctly

spurred. Stamens only slightly, if at all, coherent ; the 2 lower
ones spurred.

2. So lea. Sepals not auricled. Lower petal saccate at the base. Sta-

mens completely united and sheathing the ovary. Plant 1-2 feet
high.

l. VI'OIA, L. VIOLET.

* Stemless Violets ; leaves and scapes all from root-stocks.
-i- Flowers white.

1. V. blanda, Willd. (SWEET WHITE V.) Lower petal
streaked with purple. Leaves round-heart-shaped or reni-
form. Petals beardless. Flower sweet-scented. — Swamps
and wet meadows, in spring.

Var. renifolia, Gray, has leaves much larger and more
pubescent than those of the preceding. — Dry cedar swamps,
and ravines in rich woods.

2. V. laneeola'ta, L. (LANCE-LEAVED V.) Flowers
white. Petals beardless. Leaves lanceolate, erect, tapering
into a long, margined petiole, nearly entire. — Damp ground,
mostly eastward.

3. V. primulsefo'lia, L. (PRIMROSE-LEAVED V.) Flowers
white, lateral petals usually somewhat bearded. Leaves
ovate or oblong, heart-shaped, or abrupt at the base. — Damp
or dry ground ; Atl. Prov.

i- i- Flowers blue or purple.

4. V. peda'ta, L. (BIRD-FOOT V.) Nearly smooth. Koot-
stock" shorty thick and erect. Leaves all deeply cut into 3-5
segments, the lateral divisions 2-3-parted. Flower about

stigma large and not beaked. — N W.

VIOLACE^E. 27

5. V. pedatif Ida, G. Don. Very much like the last, but
the flowers are smaller and of a deeper blue, and the stigma
is beaked.— Prairies, N. W.

6. V. Selkirk'!!, Pursh. (GREAT-SPURRED V.) A small
and delicate plant, distinguished by the slender root-stock,
and the very large spur, thickened at the end. The pale
violet petals also are beardless. — Damp, shady places.

7. V. palustris, L. (MARSH V.) Very similar in foliage,
etc., to No. 1, but the flowers are pale lilac, and the root-
stock is jointed. — Wet swamps amongst moss.

8. V. palma'ta, L. (COMMON BLUE V.) Leaves on very
long petioles, cordate or reniform, the sides folded inwards
when young, the later ones variously lobed or parted. Lateral
petals bearded. Spur short and thick — Low grounds every-
where.

Var. eueulla'ta, Gray, has the later leaves merely cre-
nate.

9. V. Odora'ta, L. (ENGLISH SWEET V.) has escaped from
gardens in some places. Flowers very fragrant.

10. V. sagitta'ta, Ait. (ARROW-LEAVED V.) Smoothish,
Leaves cordate, halberd-shaped, or sagittate, slightly
toothed, the first ones on short and margined petioles. Side-
petals bearded. — Dry hill-sides and old pastures.

•»--»-•»- Flowers yellow.

11. V. rotundifo'lia, Michx. (BOUND-LEAVED V.) Leaves
round-ovate, cordate, repand-crenulate, about an inch wide
at flowering, increasing later to 3 or 4 inches, and then flat
on the ground, shining above. Lateral petals bearded and
marked with brown lines. Spur very short. — Cold woods,
chiefly eastward.

* * Leafy -stemmed Violets.
t- Flowers yellow.

12. V. pubes'eens, Ait. (DOWNY YELLOW V.) Plant
downy, 6-12 inches high. Leaves broadly cordate, coarsely
serrate ; stipules large, entire. Lower petals veined with
purple. Spur very short. — Rich woods.

28 COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.

Var. SCabriuseula, Torr. and Gray, is smaller, and less
pubescent, often nearly smooth.

13. V. Nuttal'lii, Pursh. Low, densely pubescent, or
sometimes nearly glabrous. Leaves oblong-ovate or oblong,
obtuse, entire or obscurely sinuate, decurrent on the petiole ;
stipules mostly narrow, entire. — Dry soil. N.W.

•I-H- Flowers not yellotv.

14. V. Canadensis, L. (CANADA V.) Tall, often a foot
high. Leaves large, cordate, serrate, pointed. Petals white
inside, purplish outside. Spur very short. — Flowering all
summer.

15. V. eani'na, L., var. sylvestris, Eegel. (DOG V.)

Low, spreading by runners. Leaves broadly cordate or
reniform, with fringed-tootlied stipules. Spur cylindrical,
half as long as the petals, which are pale purple. — Wet
places.

Var. lon'glpes, Watson, of the N. W. plains, has ovate
leaves, obscurely crenate. Spur as long as the sepals, stout,
obtuse, and nearly straight.

16. V. Stria' ta, Ait. (PALEV.) Stem angular, 6-10 inches
high. Leaves cordate, finely serrate ; stipules fringed-
toothed. Spur thickish, much shorter than the cream-
coloured or white petals. — Low grounds.

17. V. POStra'ta, Pursh. (LONG-SPURRED V.) Distin-
guished at once by its extremely long straight spur. Petals
violet-coloured .

18. V. tri'COlor, L., var. arvensiS, DC. (PANSY.) Stip-
ules large, leaf-like and lyrate-pinnatifid. Stem angled and
branched. Leaves roundish. Petals variable in colour,
about as long as the sepals. — Dry soil.

2. SO'LEA, Spreng , in part. GRKEN VIOLET.

S. eon' color, Ging. A homely herb with oblong entire
leaves pointed at each end, and 1-3 small greenish- white
flowers in the axils, on short recurved pedicels. Pod an inch
long. — Rare ; Niagara River and the banks of the Thames.

CISTACE^E. 29

ORDER XIII. CISTA'CE^!. (EOCK-ROSE FAMILY.)

Herbs or low shrubs, with simple entire leaves and regular
polyandrous flowers. Calyx persistent, usually of 3 large
and 2 smaller sepals. Petals 5 or 3, convolute in the bud.
Stamens 3-20. Pod 1-celled, 3-valved. Seeds on 3 parietal
projections.

Synopsis of the Genera.

1. Helian'thenmm. Petals 5, fugacious. Style none.

2. lliulso iiia. Petals 5, fugacious. Style long and slender.

3. Lecli'ea. Petals 3, persistent. Style none.

1. HELIAX'THEMUIM, Tourn. ROCK-ROSE.
H. Canadense, Michx. (FROST- WEED.) Flowers of two
sorts, some solitary, with large yellow corolla and many
stamens, the petals lasting but one day after the flower
opens ; others small, clustered in the axils of the leaves,
and apetalous. Leaves lanceolate, downy beneath. — Sandy

places.

2. HIJDSO'NIA, L. HUDSONIA.

1. H. tomento'sa, Nutt. (DOWNY H.) Hoary. Leaves
oval or narrowly oblong, short, close-pressed, or imbricated.
Flowers small, sessile, yellow, very numerous. — A little heath-
like shrub, on the shores of the Great Lakes and the River
St. Lawrence.

2. H. erieoi'des, L. Downy, but greenish. Leaves slen-
der, awl-shaped. Flowers on slender naked stalks. — Dry soil,
Atl. coast.

3. LECH'EA, L. PlNWEED.

1. L. minor, Lam. (SMALLER P.) Flowers inconspicuous,
purplish, loosely racemose, on distinct pedicels. Stem
slender, rough with appressed scattered hairs, producing
radical shoots. Leaves scattered, linear. Pods the size of a
pin's head. — Dry soil.

2. L. major, Michx. Stem 1-2 feet high, stout, very
leafy, villous with spreading hairs, producing prostrate
branches at the base. Leaves elliptical, mucronate. Flowers
densely crowded, on very short pedicels. — Dry soil, S. W.
Ontario.

3U COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.

ORDER XIV. DROSERA'CE^l. (SUNDEW FAMILY.)

Low glandular-hairy marsh herbs, with circinate tufted
radical leaves, and regular hypogynous flowers borne on a
naked scape. Sepals, petals, and stamens, 5 each ; anthers
turned outwards. Styles 3-5, deeply 2-parted. Pod 1- celled,
3-valved. The only genus with us is

DROS'ERA, L. SUNDEW.

1. D. rotundifo'lia, L. (BOUND-LEAVED SUNDEW.) Flowers
small, white, in a 1-sided raceme. Leaves orbicular, ab-
ruptly narrowed into the hairy petiole, clothed with reddish
glandular hairs. — Bogs.

2. D. longifo'lia, L. (LONGER-LEAVED S.) has oblong-
spathulate leaves gradually narrowed into erect naked
petioles. — Bogs; not common.

ORDER XV. HYPERICA'CE^. (ST. JOHN'S-WORT F.)

Herbs or shrubs, with opposite entire dotted leaves, and no
stipules. Flowers regular, hypogynous, mostly yellow.
Sepals 5, persistent. Petals 5, deciduous. Stamens mostly
numerous, and usually in 3 or more clusters. Styles 3-5,
sometimes united. Pod 1-5-celled. Seeds numerous.

Synopsis of the Genera.

1. Hyper' icum. Petals 5, unequal-sided, convolute in the bud, yellow.

2. Elo'des. Petals 5, equal-sided, imbricated in the bud, purplish.

1. HYPER'ICUM, L. ST. JOHN'S- WORT.
* Pod 3-celled. Styles 3, separate. Petals with black dots.

1. H. perfora'tum, L. (COMMON ST. JOHN'S-WORT.) Stem
much branched, producing runners at the base, slightly 2-
edged. Leaves linear-oblong, with transparent dots, easily
observed by holding the leaf up to the light. Petals deep
yellow. Flowers in open leafy cymes.— Fields.

2. H, eorymbo'sum, Muhl. (CORYMBEDS.) (H. macula-
tum, Walt.) Stem rounded, not so branching as No. 1.
Leaves with both black and transparent dots, oblong, somewhat

HYPERICACEJ!. 31

clasping. Flowers small, pale yellow, crowded, corymbeti. —
Damp woods and wet places generally.

** Pod 5-celled. Styles more or less united. Stamens very many, in 5
clusters, if clustered at all.

3. H. pyramida'tum, Ait. (GREAT ST. JOHN'S- WORT.)
Stem 3-5 feet high. Leaves 2-3 inches long, somewhat
clasping. Flowers very large, the petals about an inch long,
and narrowly obovate. Stamens showy. Pod conical,
large. — Along streams ; not common.

4. H. Kalmia'num, L. (KALM'S S.) Shrubby, a foot or
more in height ; leaves linear-lanceolate, crowded, revolute
on the margins, thickly punctate, and sessile. Flowers
about 1 inch across, in clusters. — Niagara Falls and west-
ward.

*** Pod l-celled, purple.

5. H. ellip'tieum, Hook. (ELLIPTICAL-LEAVED S.) Stem
about 1 foot high , not branched. Leaves spreading, elliptical-
oblong, obtuse, thin. Flowers rather few, showy, in a nearly
naked cyme. Pod purple, ovoid, obtuse. Petals pale yel-
low.— Banks of streams, eastward.

6. H. mu'tilum, L. (SMALL S.) Stem slender, branching
above, hardly a foot high. Leaves 5-nerved. Cymes leafy
at the base. Flowers small, not £ of an inch across. — Low
grounds.

7. H. Canadense, L. (CANADA S.) Stem upright, 6-15
inches high, with branches erect. Leaves linear or linear-
lanceolate, 3-nerved at the base, the upper ones acute, sessile.
Cymes naked. Pod much longer than the calyx. Flowers
small, deep yellow. — Wet, sandy places.

2. ELO'DES. Adans. MARSH ST. JOHN'S-WORT.
E. Virgln'iea, Nutt. (E. campanulata, Pursh.) Stem
smooth.Leaves oblong or oval, clasping, often purple- veined,
obtuse, conspicuously dotted beneath. Flowers flesh-
coloured, in the axils, and at the summit of the stem. The
whole plant is of a purplish hue. — Marshes.

33 COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.

ORDER XVI. CARYOPHYLLA'CE^E. (PINK FAMILY.)
Herbs with opposite (occasionally whorled) and entire
leaves, the stems swollen at the joints. Flowers regular, with
the parts mostly in fives, occasionally in fours. Stamens
not more than twice as many as the petals. Styles 2-5,
stigmatic along the inner side. Pod usually 1-celled, with
the seeds attached to the base, or to a column which rises
from the centre of the cell. (Part I., Fig. 194.)

Synopsis of the Genera.

* Sepals united into a tube or cup. Petals and stamens borne on the

stalk of the ovary ; petals with long narrow claws.

1. Sappna'ria. Calyx cylindrical or 5-angled. Styles 2.

2. Sile'iie. Calyx 5-toothed. Styles 3.

3. Lycn'iiis. Calyx 5-toothed. Styles 5.

* * Sepals separate to the base or nearly so. Petals without claws, they

and the stamens inserted at the base of the sessile ovary.
Low herbs.

-i- Stipules none.

4. Arena'ria. Petals not cleft at the apex. Styles usually 3. Pod

splitting into 3 or 6 valves.

5. Stella'ria. Petals 2-cleft at the apex. Podsplitting to the base into

twice as many valves as there are styles. Styles generally 3.

6. Ceras'tiuni, Petals 2-cleft, or notched. Styles 5. Pod opening at

the apex by 10 teeth.

7. Sagi'iia. Petals 4 or 5, entire. Stamens as many or twice as many.

Styles 4 or 5. Pod 4-5-valved.

-«- -i- Stipules present.

8. Hu<l;i. Styles 3. Pod 3-valved, short. Leaves filiform or linear,

opposite.

9. Sper'gula. Styles 5. Valves of the pod opposite the sepals. Leaves

thread-like, whorled.

1. SAPOtfARIA, L. SOAPWORT.

1. S. Offleina'lis, L. (BOUNCING BET.) A stout perennial,
with rose-coloured or pinkish flowers clustered in corymbs.
Leaves 3-5-ribbed, the lower ovate, upper lanceolate. Pod
raised on a short stalk. Styles 2.— Old gardens and road-
sides.

2. S. vaeea'ria, L. (COMMON COW-HERB.) Annual, gla-
brous. Flowers pale red. in corymbed cymes. Calyx 5-
angled, wing-angled in fruit. — Waste places.

CARYOPHYLLACE.E. 33

2. siLE'NE, L. CATCHFLY. CAMPION.

1. S. infla'ta, Smith. (BLADDER CAMPION.) (S. Cucubalus,
Wibel.) Pale or glaucous, very smooth. Stem erect, a foot
high. Leaves ovate-lanceolate. Calyx much inflated, pur-
ple-veined. Stamens and styles exserted. — Not common
westward.

2. S. antirrhi'na, L. (SLEEPY C.) Stem slender, simple
or slightly branching above, a portion of the upper inter-
nodes sticky. Leaves linear or lanceolate. Flowers small,
pink or purplish, opening only for a short time in sunshine.
Calyx ovoid, shining. — Dry soil.

3. S. noetiflo'ra, L. (NIGHT-FLOWERING CATCHFLY.) Stems
very sticky, pubescent. Lower leaves spathulate, upper
lanceolate. Flowers few, peduncled. Calyx-tube with awl-
shaped teeth. Petals white or whitish, 2-parted. Opening
only at night or in cloudy weather. — A very common weed
in cultivated grounds.

4. S. Arme'ria, L. (SWEET-WILLIAM CATCHFLY.) Glau-
cous. Leaves ovate-lanceolate. Flowers pink, in flat cymes.
Calyx club-shaped. — Escaped from gardens in some places.

5. S. Virgin'iea, L. (FIRE PINK.) Occurs in south-
western Ontario, and may be recognized by its crimson petals,
and bell-shaped calyx, nodding in fruit.

6. S. aeau'lis, L. (Moss CAMPION.) A very small tufted
moss-like perennial, 1-2 inches high, with linear crowded
leaves. Petals purple or rarely white. — Atl. Prov.

3. LYCH'NIS, Tourn. COCKLE.

1. L. Githa'gO, Lam. (CORN COCKLE.) Plant clothed
with long soft appressed hairs. Calyx-lobes extremely long,
very much like the upper leaves, surpassing the purple, pc-ials.
—Wheat-fields.

2. L. vesperti'na, Sibth. (EVENING L.) Viscid- pubescent.
Flowers commonly dioecious, white or pinkish, opening at
evening. — Waste grounds in a few localities.

3. L. diurna, Sibth., resembles the last, but has red
flowers, opening in the morning. — Rare.

34 COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.

4. ARENA'RIA, L. SANDWORT.

1. A. serpyllifo'lia, L. (THYME - LEAVED S.) Much
branched, 2-6 inches high, roughish-pubescent. Leaves
small, ovate, acute. Petals white, hardly as long as the
sepals. Sepals pointed, 3-5-nerved. Pod pointed, 6- toothed,
— Sandy fields.

2. A. strieta, Michx. (A. Michauxii, Hook., in Macoun's
Catalogue.) Stem erect, or diffusely spreading from a small
root. Leaves awl-shaped or bristle-form, the upper ones
reduced to 1-nerved bracts, crowded in the axils. Cyme
diffuse, many-flowered. Sepals pointed, 3-ribbed, half as
long as the white petals. — Rocky fields.

3. A. lateriflo'ra, L. Stem erect, slender, minutely
pubescent. Leaves oval or oblong, £-1 inch long. Peduncles
usually three-flowered. Sepals obtuse. Petals white, large,
twice as long as the sepals. Flower ^ of an inch across
when fully expanded. — Gravelly shores.

4. A. Grcenlan'diea, Spreng., is densely tufted, with soft
filiform-linear leaves. Flowering stems erect, smooth, 2-4
inches high, few-flowered. Sepals oblong, obtuse, nerveless.
— Atl. sea-coast.

5. A. peploi'des, L., with very fleshy stems and leaves, the
latter somewhat clasping, occurs eastward towards the sea-
coast.

5. STELLA'RIA, L. CHICKWEED. STAR WORT.

1. S. media, Smith. (COMMON CHICKWEED.) Stems
branching, decumbent, soft and brittle, marked lengthwise
with one or two pubescent lines. Lower leaves on hairy
petioles, ovate. Flowers small, white. Petals shorter than
the sepals. — Extremely common in damp grounds and old
gardens.

2. S. longifo'lia, Muhl. (LONG -LEAVED STITCHWOBT.)
Stems branching, very weak and brittle, supporting them-
selves on other plants. Leaves linear. Pedicels of the
flowers long, slender, and spreading-, reflexed. Petals white,
longer than the 3-nerved sepals. — Low grassy banks of
streams.

CARYOPHYLLACE^E. 35

3. S. Ion' gipes, Goldie. (LONG - STALKED STITCHWORT.)
Leaves somewliat rigid, ascending, lanceolate, acute,
broadest at the base. Cyme terminal, few-flowered, the
long pedicels erect, scaly-bracted. Petals longer than the
sepals. Seeds smooth.

4. S. gramin'ea, L. Like the last, but the leaves broadest
above the base, the pedicels widely spreading, and the seeds
strongly but finely rugose. (Int. from Eu.)

' 5. S. Uligino'sa, Murr. (SWAMP S.) Stems weak, de-
cumbent or diffuse. Leaves lanceolate or oblong, veiny.
Petals and ripe pods as long as the sepals. Seeds roughened.
Cymes naked, becoming lateral. — Swamps and rills, eastward.

6. S. erassifo'lia, Ehrh. Stems diffuse or erect, weak.
Leaves rather fleshy, lanceolate to oblong, those of flowering
branches smaller and thinner. Petals longer than sepals or
wanting. Seeds rugose-roughened. Flowers terminal or in
the forks of stem or branches. — Wet places.

7. S. borea'lis, Bigelow. (NORTHERN S.) Stem erect or
spreading, weak, forking. Leaves broadly-lanceolate to
ovate-oblong. Petals 2-5, shorter than the sepals or want-
ing. Cyme leafy. Seeds smooth. — "Wet places.

8. S. humifu'sa, Eottb. Low, spreading or creeping.
Leaves^esAy, ovate or oblong. Pedicels axillary or terminal,
on leafy stems or branches. Petals a little longer than the
sepals. Seeds smooth. — Atl. Prov.

0. < 1:1: tv m >i. L. MOUSE-EAR CHICKWEED.

1. C. viSGO'SUm, L. (LARGER M.) Stem ascending, hairy
and somewhat clammy. Leaves ovate or obovate, obtuse.
Flowers in close clusters. Pedicels not longer than the
sepals. Petals shorter than the calyx. — Not common, some-
times confounded with No. 2.

2. C. VUlga'tum, L. (COMMON M.) Stems hairy, viscid,
spreading. Leaves lanceolate-oblong, rather acute. Flowers
in loose cymes. Pedicels longer than the sepals. Petals
equalling the calyx. — Fields and copses ; common.

36 COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.

3. C. arven'se, L. (FIELD CHICKWE^D.) Stem decumbent
at the base, pubescent, slender, 4-8 inches high. Leaves
linear, or linear-lanceolate, often fascicled in the axils, longer
than the lower internodes. Petals obcordate, more than
twice as long as the calyx. Pod scarcely longer than the
calyx. Cyme few-flowered.

Var. Oblongifolium, Holl. and Britt. Taller, pubescent.
Leaves oblong or oblong-lanceolate. Pod twice as long as
the calyx. — S. W. Ontario.

4. C. nu'tans, Raf. Stems very clammy-pubescent and
branching diffusely. The loose and open cymes many-
flowered. Leaves lance-oblong. Pods nodding on the stalks,
curved upwards, thrice the length of the calyx. — In places
where water lies in spring.

7. SAGI'NA, L. PEARLWORT.

1. S. proeum'bens, L. (PEARLWORT.) A low, matted
herb with narrowly linear leaves. Flowers small, terminal,
with their parts in fours, rarely in fives. Petals shorter than
the ovate, obtuse sepals, or none. Pod many-seeded, 4-5-
valved. Top of peduncle often bent into a hook. — Damp
places, Atl. Prov.

2. S. nodo'sa, Fenzl. A low, tufted herb. Lower leaves
thread-form ; the upper short, awl-shaped, with clusters of
minute ones in their axils. Parts of flower in fives, the
stamens sometimes ten. Petals much longer than sepals.
Flowers terminal. Pods as in S. procumbens. — "Wet sandy
shores, Atl. Prov.

8. BITDA, Adans. SAND-SPURREY.

1. B. ru'bra, Dumort. (^Spergula'ria ru'bra, Prcsl.)
Leaves linear, flat, hardly fleshy. Stipules lanceolate.
Stems usually glandular-pubescent near the summit. Caly*
rather longer than the pink-red corolla, and small pod-
Seeds rough with projecting points. — Dry sandy ground
Atl. Prov.

2. B. mari'na, Dumort. (Spergularia sali'na, Presl.;
More fleshy than B. rubra, usually pubescent. Stipules

PORTULACACE.E. 37

ovate. Leaves terete. Sepals a little shorter than the pod.
Petals pale. Seeds usually roughened with points. — Sea-
coast, Atl. Prov.

3. B. borea'lis, Watson. (Spergularia me'dia, Presl.)
Much branched, glabrous. Petals white. Pod about twice
as long as the sepals, nearly or quite smooth. — Sea-coast,
and N. W.

9. SPER'GULA, L. SPURREY.

S. arven'sis, L. (CORN SPURREY.) An annual herb re-
sembling a Buda, with numerous thread-like leaves in
whorls. Flowers white in panicled cymes. Pod 5-valved.
— Grain fields, Atl. Prov. (Int. from Eu.)

ORDER XVII. PORTULACA'CE^l. (PURSLANE F.)

Herbs with fleshy entire exstipulate leaves, and regular
iiypogynous or perigynous flowers. Sepals 2. Petals 5.
Stamens 5-20. Styles 3-8, united below. Pod 1-celled, few
or many-seeded.

Synopsis of the Genera.

1. Portula'ca. Stamens 8-20. Pod opening by a lid (Fig. 207, Part I.),

many-seeded.

2. Clay to' nia. Stamens 5. Pod 3-valved, 3-6-seeded.

3. Moit'tia. Stamens usually 3. Petals 5, three of them somewhat

smaller. Pod 3-val.ved and 3-seeded.

1. FORTULA'CA, Tourn. PURSLANE.

P. Olera'eea, L. (COMMON PURSLANE.) A low fleshy herb,
very smooth, with obovate or wedge-shaped leaves. Calyx
2-cleft, the sepals keeled. Petals yellow, fugacious. — A
common pest in gardens.

2. CLAYTO'NIA, L. SPRING-BEAUTY.

1. C. ViFgin'ica, L. Leaves linear-lanceolate, 3-6 inches
long.

2. C. CaFOlinia'na, Michx. Leaves ovate-lanceolate or
oblong, tapering at the base. In both species the corolla is
rose-coloured, with dark veins. The stem, springs from a
small tuber and bears two opposite leaves and a loose raceme
of flowers. — Rich wood*; in early spring.

38 COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.

3. IIOX'TIA, L.

M. fonta'na, L. A small, spreading, somewhat fleshy
herb, with opposite, spathulate leaves. Sepals 2. Petals 5,
three of them somewhat smaller. Stamens usually 3, borne
on the claws of the smaller petals. Pod 3-valved and 3-
seeded. — Wet places, Atl. Prov.

ORDER XVHI. MALVA'CE^). (MALLOW FAMILY.)
Herbs, with palmately-veined alternate stipulate leaves.
Flowers regular. Calyx valvate. Corolla convolute in the
bud. Sepals 5, united at the base, Petals 5, hypogynous.
Stamens numerous, monadelphous, hypogynous ; anthers 1-
celled. Carpels united in a ring, separating after ripening.
Seeds kidney-shaped.

s> n ops is of the Genera.

1. Malva. Carpels without beaks, 1-seeded. A circle of 3 bractlets at

the base of the calyx. Stigmas occupying the inner face of the
style.

2. Hal v as t rum. Carpels without beaks, 1-seeded. Involucel of 3

bractlets, or none. Stigmas terminal, capitate. Low hoary herbs.

3. Aim ti Ion. Carpels 2-beaked, 1-6-seeded. No circle of bractlets.

4. Hibis'cus. Column of stamens naked and 5-toothed at the apex.

Pod 5-celled, many-seeded. Involucel of many bractlets.

1. MALTA, L. MALLOW.

1. M. rotundifo'lia, L. (BOUND-LEAVED MALLOW.) Stems
several, procumbent, from a stout tap-root. Leaves long-
petioled, round-heart-shaped, crenate, crenately - lobed.
Petals obcordate, whitish, streaked with purple, twice as
long as the sepals. — Waysides and cultivated fields.

2. M. sylves'tris, L. (HIGH M.) Stem erect, 2 feet high.
Leaves sharply 5-7 -lobed. Petals purple, 3 times as long as
the sepals. — Near dwellings.

3. M. eris'pa, L. (CURLED M.) A tall erect annual, with
round and angled toothed and crisped leaves, and small
sessile flowers crowded in the axils. — Escaped from old
gardens.

1. M. moseha'ta, L. (MusK M.) Stem erect, 1 foot high.
Stem leaven 5-parted, the divisions cleft. Flowers large and

TILIACE.E. 39

handsome, rose-coloured or white, on short peduncles,
crowded on the stem and branches in the upper axils. —
Roadsides near gardens.

2. MALVAS'TKUM, Gray. FALSE MALLOW.
M. eocein'eum, Gray. (PKAIRIE MALLOW.) A low hoary
perennial, with rose-pink flowers in spikes or racemes.
Leaves 5-parted or pedate. Petals much larger than the
Is.— N. W.

3, ABU'TILON, Tourn. INDIAN MALLOW.

A. Avieen'nse, Gsertn. (VELVET-LEAF.) Stem 2-5 feet
high, branching. Leaves velvety, round-cordate, long-
pointed. Corolla yellow. — Near gardens ; not common.

4. HIBIS'CITS, L. ROSE-MALLOW.

1. H. Moseheu'tOS, L. (SWAMP ROSE-MALLOW.) A tall
perennial, with very large and showy pink or white flowers,
in late summer. Calyx not inflated. Leaves ovate, pointed,
toothed ; the lower 3-lobed, all white-downy beneath. — S.W.
Ontario, in marshes.

2. H. Trio'num, L. (BLADDER, KETMIA.) A low hairy
annual. Calyx inflated in fruit, and 5-winged. Corolla
sulphur-yellow, with dark centre. — Escaped from gardens.

ORDER XIX. TILIA'CE^E. (LINDEN FAMILY.)

Trees with fibrous bark, soft and white wood, and heart-
shaped and serrate leaves, with deciduous stipules. Flowers
in small cymes hanging on an axillary peduncle, to which
is attached a leaf-like bract. Sepals deciduous. The only
Canadian genus is

TILIA, L. BASSWOOD. WHITEWOOD.

1. T. Ameriea'na, L. (BASSWOOD.) A fine tree, in rich
woods. Flowers yellow or cream-coloured, very fragrant.
Leaves smooth and green on both sides, obliquely cordate or
truncate at the base, sharply serrate. Sepals 5. Petals 5.
Fruit a globular nut, 1-celled, 1-2-seeded.

40 COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.

2. T. Europse'a, L. The European Linden is planted as
a shade tree in some places. It is easily distinguished by
the absence of petal-like scales among the stamens, which are
present in the native Linden.

ORDER XX. LINA'CE^E. (FLAX FAMILY.)

Herbs with entire exstipulate leaves (but sometimes with
glands in place of stipules), and regular hypogynous flowers.
Sepals, petals, stamens, and styles, 5 each. Filaments
united at the base. Pod 10-celled, 10-seeded. Our only
genus is

LINUM, L. FLAX.

1. L. Virginia'num, L. (VIRGINIA F.) Flowers yellow,
small (J of an inch long), scattered. Stem erect, it and the
spreading branches terete. Leaves lanceolate and acute,
the lower obtuse and opposite. No glands, styles distinct. —
Dry soil.

2. L. Stria' turn, Walt., has the branches wing-angled,
broader leaves and more crowded flowers than No. 1. The
whole plant is stouter. — Shores of the Great Lakes.

3. L. SUlea'tum, Eiddell, has yellow flowers twice as large
as the preceding, wing-angled branches, and a pair of dark
glands in place of stipules. Sepals strongly 3-nerved, with
rough bristly margins. Styles united to the middle. — Dry
soil, rare.

4. L. rig'idum, Pursh. Glaucous. Flowers yellow, large.
Sepals lanceolate, glandular-serrulate. Branches rigid,
angled. Stipular glands usually present. Styles united. —
N.W.

5. L. peren'ne, L., var. Lewisii, Eat. and Wright.

Flowers blue, on long peduncles. Perennial, glabrous and
glaucous, leaves linear, acute. .Styles distinct. Pod ovate.
-N.W.

6. L. USitatiS'Simum, L. (COMMON F.) Annual. Floioers
blue, the sepals ciliate. Leaves alternate, linear-lanceolate,
acute, 3- veined. — Cultivated grounds.

GEEAtflACEJl. 41

ORDER XXL GERANIA'CE^). (GERANIUM FAMILY.)

Herbs (often strong-scented) with, symmetrical flowers,
having the parts in fives or threes, the filaments usually
united at the base, and glands on the receptacle alternate
with the petals. Stigmas 5 or 3. Carpels 5 or 3, each 1-2-
ovuled, they and the lower part of the styles attached to an
axis which rises from the receptacle. In the fruit the styles
split away from the axis, carrying the carpels with them.

Synopsis of the Genera.

1. Geranium. Stamens 10, all with anthers.

2. Kro din m. Stamens with anthers, only 5.

3. Flcerk'ea. Stamens 6. Sepals, petals, and ovaries 3.

1. GERANIUM, L. CRANESBILL.

1. G. maeula'tum, L. (WiLD C.) Perennial. Stem erect,
hairy, about a foot high. Leaves 5-7-parted, the wedge-
shaped divisions lobed and cut. Flowers purple, an inch
across. Petals entire, bearded on the claw, much longer than
the long-pointed sepals. — Open woods and fields.

2. G. inei'SUm, Nutt. Perennial. Villous and glandular-
pubescent. Leaves 5-7-cleft nearly to the base, the lobes cut
into narrow divisions. Petals deep purple. — N. W.

3. G. Carolinia'num, L. (CAROLINA C.) Not perennial.
Stem usually decumbent, hairy. Sepals awn-pointed, as
long as the notched rose-coloured petals. — Waste places.

4. G. Robertia'num, L. (HERB EGBERT.) Not perennial.
Stems reddish, spreading, pubescent; branches weak.
Leaves 3-divided, or pedately 5-divided, the divisions twice
pinnatifid. Sepals awned, shorter than the reddish-purple
petals. Plant with a very strong odour.— Shaded ravines
and moist woods.

4. G. pusil'lum, L. (SMALL-FLOWERED C.) Not perennial.
Stem procumbent, slender, minutely pubescent. Leaves
rounded, kidney-shaped, deeply 5-7-cleft. the divisions
wedge-shaped. Sepals awnless, about the same length as the
purplish petals. — Waste places.

42 COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.

2. EKO'DIOI, L'Her. STORKSBILL.

E. eieuta'rium, L'Her. Stem low and spreading, hairy.
Leaves pinnate, the leaflets sessile, pinnatifid. Peduncles
several-flowered. Styles when they separate from the beak
bearded on the inside. — Not common.

3, FLIERK'EA, Willd. FALSE MERMAID.

F. proserpinaeoi'des, Willd. A low tender annual with
very small solitary flowers on axillary peduncles. Leaves
alternate, pinnate, of 3-5 lanceolate leaflets. — Marshes and
river-banks.

ORDER XXII. OXALIDA'CEJE. (WOOD-SORREL F.)

Low herbs with an acid juice and alternate compound
leaves, the 3 leaflets obcordate and drooping in the evening.
Flowers very much the same in structure as in the preced-
ing Order, but the fruit is a 5-celled pod, each cell opening
in the middle of the back (loculicidal), and the valves per-
sistent. Styles 5, separate. The only genus is

OX' ALLS, L. WOOD-SORREL.

1. 0. Acetosel'la, L. (WHITE WOOD-SORREL.) Scape 1-
flowered. Petals white, with reddish veins. — Cold woods.

2. 0. COrnieula'ta, L. (YELLOW W.) Annual, or peren-
nial by running Bunder ground shoots. Stipules present.
Peduncles 2-6-flowered, longer than the leaves. Petals
yellow. Pod elongated, erect in fruit. — Bare.

Var. strieta, Sav. (0. stricta, L.), is less pubescent, has
an erect stem, and is without stipules. — Common,

ORDER XXIII. BALSAMINA'CE^E. (BALSAM FAMILY.)

Smooth herbs, with succulent stems and simple exstipu-
late leaves. Flowers irregular, the sepals and petals
coloured alike, one of the coloured sepals spurred, the spur
with a tail. Stamens 5, coherent above. Pod bursting
elastically, and discharging its seeds with considerable force.
The only genus is

RUTACEJ2, AtfACAftDtACE.32. 43

IMPA'TIENS, L. TOUCH-ME-NOT. JEWEL-WEED.

1. I. fulva, Nutt. (SPOTTED TOUCH-ME-NOT.) Flowers
orange-coloured, spotted with reddish brown. Sac longer than
broad, conical, tapering into a long recurved spur. — Cedar
swamps and along streams.

2. I. pal'lida, Nutt. (PALE T.) Flowers pale yellow, spar-
ingly dotted with brown. Sac dilated, broader than long,
ending in a short spur. — Wet places.

ORDER XXIV. RUTA'CE^). (EuE FAMILY.)
Shrubs, with compound transparently-dotted leaves, and
an acrid taste. Flowers (with us) dioecious or polygamous,
appearing before the leaves. Stamens hypogynous, as
many as the petals.

Synopsis of the Genera.

1. Xanthox'ylum. Flowers dioecious. Ovaries separate, forming pods.

Leaflets more than 3.

2. Ptel'ea. Flowers polygamous. Fruit a samara, winged all round.

Leaflets 3.

1. XANTHOX'YLITM, L. PRICKLY ASH.

X. America' num, Mill. (NORTHERN PRICKLY ASH.
TOOTHACHE TREE.) A prickly shrub, with yellowish-green
flowers in dense umbels in the axils. Sepals obsolete or
none. Petals 5. Stamens in the sterile flowers 5. Carpels
3-5, forming fleshy 1-^2-seeded pods. Fruit very pungent
and aromatic. Leaves pinnate, 4-5 pairs, with an odd one
at the end. — Forming thickets in low grounds along streams.

2. PTE'LEA, L. SHRUBBY TREFOIL. HOP-TREE.
P. trifolia'ta, L. A tall shrub with greenish-white
small polygamous flowers in compound terminal cymes.
Sepals 3-5. Stamens as many. Ovary 2-celled. Stigmas 2.
Fruit a 2-celled and 2-seeded samara, winged all round.
Leaves of 3 ovate pointed leaflets.-— S. W. Ontario.

ORDER XXV. ANACARDIA'CE^E. (CASHEW FAMILY.)
Trees or shrubs, with a milky or resinous juice , and
alternate leaves without dots or stipules. Sepals, petals and

44 COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.

stamens, each. 5. Fruit a 1-seeded drupelet. The petals
and stamens inserted under the edge of a disk which, sur-
rounds the base of the ovary. The only genus is

Kill's, L. SUMACH.

1. R. typh'ina, L. (STAGHORN SUMACH.) A small tree,
10-30 feet high, with densely soft-hairy branches and stalks.
Flowers greenish- white, polygamous, forming a terminal
thyrse. Fruit globular, covered with crimson hairs. Leaves
pinnate, leaflets 11-31. oblong, lanceolate, serrate, pointed.
— Dry hill-sides.

2. R. glabra, L., (SMOOTH S.) is smooth, and seldom ex-
ceeds 5 feet in height.

3. R, Toxieoden'dron, L. (POISON IVY. POISON OAK.)
Shrub about a foot high, smooth, often climbing by rootlets.
Leaves 3-foliolate, leaflets rhombic-ovate, notched irregu-
larly. Flowers polygamous, in slender axillary panicles.
Plant poisonous to the touch. Var. radi'eans, L., has the
leaves entire, and climbs high.

4. R. venena'ta, DC. (POISON ELDER.) A tall shrub,
smooth or nearly so. Leaves odd-pinnate ; leaflets 7-13,
obovate-oblong, entire. Greenish-white flowers as in No. 3.
— Swamps.

5. R. Canadensis, Marsh. (FRAGRANT S.) (R. aromat-
ica, Ait.) A shrub 2-3 feet high, or more, with 3-foliolate
leaves, sweet-scented when crushed, and catkin-like spikes
of pale yellow flowers appearing before the leaves. — Dry
rocky banks. Var. triloba'ta, with small leaflets and an
unpleasant odour, is rather common in the North- West.

ORDER XXVI. VITA'CE^. (VINE FAMILY.)

Shrubs climbing by tendrils, with small greenish flowers
in panic!ed clusters opposite the leaves. Stamens as many
as the petals and opposite them. Calyx minute. Petals 4
or 5, hypogynous or perigynous, very deciduous. Fruit a
berry, 1-4-seeded. Leaves palmately-veined, or compound

RHAMNACE^E. 45

Synopsis of the Genera.

1. Yitis. Leaves simple, heart-shaped, and variously lobed.

2. A in PC lop sis. Leaves compound-digitate, of 5 serrate leaflets.

1, VIT1S, Tourn. GRAPE.

1. C. sestiva'lis, Michx. (NORTHERN FOX-GRAPE.) Leaves
and branches woolly. Berries large, dark purple or amber-
coloured. — Moist thickets.

2. C. COrdifo'lia, Michx. (FROST GRAPE.) Leaves smooth
or nearly so, bright green on both sides, heart-shaped,
sharply serrate. Berries small, blue or black. Var. ripa'ria,
Michx., has broader cut-lobed leaves. — Banks of streams.

2. AMPELOP'SIS, Michx. VIRGINIA CREEPER.
A. quinquefo'lia, Michx. A common woody vine in low
grounds. Leaves digitate, of 5 oblong-lanceolate leaflets.
Tendrils with sucker-like disks at the end, by which they
cling to walls, trunks of trees, etc. Fruit a small black
berry.

ORDER XXVII. RHAMNA'CE^E. (BUCKTHORN FAMILY.)

Shrubs with simple stipulate leaves, and small regular

perigynous greenish or whitish flowers. Stamens opposite

the petals, and with them inserted on the margin of a fleshy

disk which lines the calyx-tube. Fruit a berry-like drupe,

or a pod.

Synopsis of the Genera.

1. Kliaiii mis. Petals minute, or none. Drupe berry-like. Calyx and

disk free from the ovary.

2. Cenno'tkiis. Petals white, long-clawed, hooded. Fruit dry, dehis-

cent. Calyx and disk adherent to the base of the ovary.

1. lili A 1IM S, Tourn. BUCKTHORN.

R. alnifo'lia, L'Her. A low erect shrub, not thorny,
with oval, acute, serrate leaves, and apetalous flowers.
Fruit a 3-seeded berry. — Swamps.

2. CEANO'THUS, L. NEW JERSEY TEA.

1. C. America' nus, L. A shrubby plant with downy
branches, and ovate, 3-ribbed, serrate leaves. Flowers in
white clusters at the summit of the naked flower-branohes.

46 COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.

Sepals and petals white, the latter hooded, and with slender
claws. Pedicels also white. — Dry hill-sides.

2. C. OVa'tus, Desf. (C. ovaUs, Bigel.), has the leaves nar-
rowly oval or elliptical-lanceolate, finely serrate, and gla-
brous or nearly so. The flowers, also, are larger than in
No. 1. — South-western Ontario.

ORDER XXYHI. CELASTRA'CEJE. (STAFF-TREE F.)
Shrubs with simple stipulate leaves, alternate or opposite,
and small regular flowers, the sepals and petals both imbri-
cated in the bud. Stamens 4-5, alternate wdth the petals,
and inserted on a disk which fills the bottom of the calyx.
Pods orange or crimson when ripe.

Synopsis of the ftenern.

1. Euon'ymns. Flowers perfect. Sepals 4 or 5, united at the base,

and forming a flat calyx. Branchlets 4-sided ; leaves opposite.
Flowers axillary.

2. Celas trus. Flowers polygamous. Petals and stamens 5. Calyx

cup-shaped. Leaves alternate. Flowers in terminal racemes.

1. EUOJP ¥MIJS, Tourn. SPINDLE-TREE.

1. E. Ameriea'nus, L., var. obovatus, Torr. and Gray.

(STRAWBERRY BUSH.) A low, rather straggling shrub, with
short- petioled or sessile leaves, the latter ovate or obovate,
pointed. Flowers greenish, with the parts generally in
fives. Pods rough-warty, depressed, crimson when ripe. —
Wooded river-banks and low grounds.

2. E. atropurpu'reus, Jacq. , (BURNING BUSH) occurs at
Toronto and westward in Ontario, and may be distinguished
from No. 1 by its greater size (4-8 feet high) its long-petioled
leaves, purplish flowers, and smooth pods.

2. CELAS'TRUS, L. STAFF-TREE.

C. seandens, L. (WAX-WORK. CLIMBING BATTER-SWEET.)
A twining smooth shrub, with oblong-ovate, serrate, pointed
leaves. Flowers small, greenish, in terminal racemes.
Pods orange- coloured. These burst in autumn and display
a scarlet pulpy aril, presenting a highly ornamental appear-
ance.— Twining over bushes on river-banks and in thickets.

SAPINDACE.E. 47

ORDER XXTX. SAPINDA'CE^l. (SOAPBERRY FAMILY.)

Trees or shrubs, with compound or lobed leaves, and
usually unsymmetrical and often irregular flowers. Sepals
and petals 4-5, both imbricated in the bud. Stamens 5-10,
inserted on a fleshy disk which fills the bottom of the calyx-
tube. Ovary 2-3-celled, with 1 or 2 ovules in each cell.

Synopsis of the Genera.

1. Stapuyle'a. Flowers perfect. Lobes of the coloured calyx, the

petals, and the stamens, each 5. Fruit a 3-celled, 3-lobed, inflated
pod. Leaves pinnately compound.

2. Acer. Flowers polygamous. Leaves simple, variously lobed, op-

posite. Calyx coloured, usually 5-lobed. Petals none, or as many
as the sepals. Stamens 3-12. Fruit two 1-seeded samaras joined
together, at length separating.

3. Negun'do. Flowers dioecious. Leaves pinnace, of 3 or 5 leaflets.

Fruit a double samara, as in Acer.

1. STAPHYLE'A, L. BLADDER-NUT.

S. trifO'lia, L. (AMERICAN BLADDER-NUT.) Shrub, 4-6
feet high. Leaflets 3, ovate, pointed. Flowers white, in
drooping racemes, at the ends of the branchlets. — Thickets
and hill-sides.

2. ACER, Tourn. MAPLE.

1. A. Pennsylvan'ieum, L. (STRIPED MAPLE.) A small
tree, 10-20 feet high, with light-green bark striped with
dark lines. Leaves 3-lobed at the apex, finely and sharply
doubly-serrate, the lobes taper- pointed. Flowers greenish,
in terminal racemes, appearing after the leaves. Samaras
large, with divergent wings. — Rich woods.

2. A. spiea'tum, Lam. (MOUNTAIN MAPLE.) A shrub or
small tree, 4-8 feet high, growing in clumps in low grounds.
Leaves 3-lobed, coarsely serrate, the lobes taper-pointed.
Flowers greenish, appearing after the leaves, in dense up-
right racemes. Fruit with small widely-diverging wings.

3. A. saeehari'num, Wang. (A. saccharum, Marshall.)
(SUGAR MAPLE.) A fine tree, with 3-5-lobed leaves, breadth
and length the same, dull above, a paler green underneath,
the rather narrow sinuses rounded, and the lobes sparingly

48 COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.

sinuate -toothed, the petioles without stipules. Flowers green-
ish-yellow, drooping on slender hairy pedicels, appearing at
the same time as the leaves. Calyx fringed on the margin.
Var. barbatum, Michx., has rather glossy leaves, mostly
broader than long, 3-lobed, with very open rounded sinuses,
and no stipules. Var. nigrum, Toi»r. and Gray, may be
distinguished from the ordinary form by its paler and more
pubescent leaves, the petioles with adnate foliaceous stipules.
— Rich woods.

4. A. dasyear'pum, Ehrhart. (A. saccharinum L.)
(WHITE OR SILVER M.) Leaves deeply 5-lobed. the sinuses
rather acute, silvery-white underneath, the divisions nar-
row, sharply-toothed. Flowers in erect clusters, greenish-
yellow, appearing much before the leaves ; petals none.
Samara very large, ivoolly when young. River-banks and
low grounds.

5. A. ru'brum, L. (RED M.) Leaves 3-5-lobed, the sin uses
acute. Flowers red, appearing much before the leaves.
Petals linear-oblong. Samara small and smooth, on drooping
pedicels. A smaller tree than No. 4, with reddish twigs,
and turning bright crimson in the autumn. — Swamps.

2. MXil VI>O, Moench. ASH-LEAVED MAPLE. BOX-ELDER.
N. aeeroi'des, Moench. Calyx minute, 4-5-cleft. Petals
none. Staminate flowers in rather dense clusters on slender
pedicels, the pistillate ones in drooping racemes. Wings of
the samaras incurved. — N. W., common. Also, Don valley
near Toronto, and planted as a shade-tree.

ORDER XXX. POLYGALA'CE^. (MILK WORT FAMILY.)

Herbs with entire exstipulate leaves, and irregular hypo-
gynous flowers. Stamens 6 or 8, monadelphous or diadelph-
ous, the anthers 1-celled, and opening at the top by a pore.
Pod 2-celled and 2-seeded, flattened contrary to the partition.
The only genus with us is

POLYG'ALA, Tourn. MILK-WORT.
Sepals 5, the upper one and the two lower ones small and

LEGUMINOS^E. 49

often greenish, the 2 lateral ones (called wings) larger and
coloured like petals. Petals 3, connected with each other
and with the tube of filaments, the lower one keel-shaped,
and usually fringed or crested at the top. Style prolonged
and curved.

1. P. verticilla'ta, L. Flowers small, greenish-white, in
slender spikes. Stems 4-8 inches high, much branched.
Stem-leaves linear, 4-5 in a whorl, the upper ones scattered.
— Dry soil.

2. P. Sen'ega, L. (SENECA SNAKEROOT.) Flowers green-
ish white, in a solitary cylindrical close spike. Stems
several, from a hard knotty rootstock, 6-12 inches high.
Leaves lanceolate, with rough margins, alternate. — Dry
hill-sides and thickets.

3. P. polyg'ama, Walt. Flowers rose-purple, showy,
fringed, in a many-flowered raceme. Stems 5-8 inches
high, tufted and very leafy, the leaves linear-oblong or
oblanceolate. Whitish fertile flowers on underground
runners. — Dry soil.

4. P. paueifo'lia, Willd. (FRINGED P.) Flowers rose-
purple, very showy, fringed, only 1-3 in number. Stems 1-4
inches high, from long underground runners, which also
bear concealed fertile flowers. Leaves ovate, crowded at the
top of stem. — Dry woods.

5. P. sangTlin'ea, L. Flowers usually bright red-purple,
but sometimes pale. Corolla inconspicuously crested.
Flowers in dense globular heads, at length oblong. True
petals mostly shorter than the wings, the latter broadly
ovate, closely sessile. Stem leafy to the top ; leaves oblong-
linear. — Sandy and moist places.

ORDER XXXI. LEGUMINO'S^E. (PULSE FAMILY.)

Herbs, shrubs, or trees, mostly with compound alternate
stipulate leaves, and papilionaceous corollas. (For descrip-
tion of a typical flower, see Part I. , cap. v.) Stamens usually
10 (rarely 5), monadelphous, diadelphous, or distinct. Fruit
a legume,

50 COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.

Synopsis of the Genera.

* Flowers papilionaceous. Stamens monadelphous or diadelplious.
H- Not climbing or twining. Pod not jointed.

1. Lupi mis. Leaves palmately -compound, leaflets 7-9. Flowers in

terminal racemes. Stamens monadelplious.

2. Trifo'lium. Leaves of 3 leaflets. Flowers in heads. Stamens

diadelphous.

3. Uledica'go. Leaves pinnate, of 3 leaflets. Flowers in axillary spikes

or racemes. Pod curved or coiled. Stamens diadelphous.

4. Melilo'tiis. Leaves pinnate, of 3 leaflets, the leaflets toothed.

Flowers in slender axillary racemes. Pod wrinkled, 1-2-seeded.
Stamens diadelphous.

5. llosack'ia. Leaves pinnate, of 1-3 leaflets, stipules gland-like,

minute. Flowers yellow, often turning reddish, solitary on axil-
lary peduncles bearing each a leafy bract. Pod linear, several-
seeded, partitioned between the seeds.— N. W. only.
G. Kohipi iu. Trees. Leaves odd-pinnate, of ten with spines for stipules,
and the leaflets with small stipules. Flowers in hanging axillary
racemes. Pod margined on one edge. Stamens diadelphous.

7. Astrag'alus. Leaves odd-pinnate, leaflets numerous. Flowers in

dense axillary spikes. Corolla long and narrow, the keel not
tipped with a sharp point. Pod turgid, one or both sutures (see
Part I., section 217) projecting into the cell, thus partially or
wholly dividing the cavity. Stamens diadelphous.

8. Oxyt'ropis. Low perennials with very short tufted stems from a

hard rootstock, covered with scaly stipules. Flowers nearly as in
Astragalus, but the Iceel is tipped with a sharp appendage.
Peduncles scape-like.

9. Glycyrrhi'za. Leaves odd -pinnate, glandular -viscid. Flowers

whitish, in axillary spikes, like those of Astragalus. Root long,
perennial, sweet. Pods few-seeded, clothed with rough glands or
short hooked prickles.— N. W. chiefly.

10. Tephro'aia. Hoary perennials. Stem simple. Flowers yellowish-

white marked with purple, in a terminal dense oblong raceme.
Wings coherent with the keel. Pod linear, flat, several-seeded.

11. Psora'lea. Leaves palmate, of 3-5 leaflets. Stamens diadelphous

(sometimes monadelplious). Flowers spiked or racemed, mostly
bluish, sometimes white. Pod as long as the calyx, 1-seeded.
Calyx, pods, &c., usually glandular -dotted.— N. W. only.

12. Amor'pba. Leaves odd-pinnate, of many leaflets, glandular-dotted.

Corolla of one petal only, the standard, enfolding the stamens and
style. Flowers violet or purple, in dense terminal spikes.
Stamens 10, monadelphous at the base only, distinct above.—
N. W. only.

LEGUMINOS.E. 51

13. Petaloste'nion. Leaves odd-pinnate, crowded, glandular-dotted.

Flowers small, in dense terminal heads or spikes. Corolla hardly
papilionaceous. Stamens only 5. Petals on thread-like claws, 4
of them on the tube of filaments, the fifth on the bottom of the
calyx. Pod 1-2-seeded.— N. W. only.

t- -*- Climbing by tendrils at the ends oftlie leaves.

14. Vicia. Leaves abruptly pinnate, the leaf static prolonged into a ten-

dril. Flowers axillary. Style filiform, hairy at the apex. Pod
2-several-seeded. Stamens diadelphous.

15. Lath yrus. Leaves as in Vicia. Style flatfish, flattened above,

and hairy down the side opposite the free stamen. Stamens
diadelphous.

-i- -i- -i- Twining herbs.

16. A'pios. A twining herb, leaves pinnate, of 5-7 leaflets. Keel of the

flower slender and coiled inward. Flowers brown-purple, in
dense racemes. Stamens diadelphous.

17. Stropliosty'les. A twining herb. Leaves pinnate, of 3 leaflets.

Keel long, strongly incurved. Standard recurved-spreading.
Style bearded along the upper side. Pod terete. Seeds oblong,
pubescent. Stamens diadelphous.

18. AmphicarpaVa. A low and slender twiner, the stem clothed with

brownish hairs. Leaves pinnate, of 3 leaflets. Flowers polygam-
ous, those of the upper racemes perfect, those near the base fertile,
with the corolla inconspicuous or none. Stamens diadelphous.
-•- -f- -i- -»- Pods transversely jointed, the joints reticulated.

19. Desmo'diiim. Leaves pinnate, of 3 leaflets. Calyx 2-lipped.

Flowers purple or purplish, in axillary or terminal racemes.
Pod flat, the loioer margin deeply lobed, thus making the pod
jointed, roughened with hooked hairs, causing the pods to adhere
to the clothing, etc. Stamens diadelphous.

20. Hcdys'nmm. Leaves pinnate, of numerous leaflets. Calyx 5-cleft.

Pod flat, several-jointed, the joints roundish, reticulated, not
rough. .Flowers purple, deflexed, in racemes. Stamens dia-
delphous.

21. Lespede'za. Leaves pinnate, of 3 leaflets. Calyx 5-cleft. Pod flat,

oval or roundish, occasionally 2-jointed. but only 1-seeded. Flowers
sometimes polygamous. Stamens diadelphous.

* * Flowers papilionaceous. Stamens all separate.

22. Baptls'ia* Leaves palmate, of 3 leaflets. Flowers yellow. Stamens

all separate. The Iceel-petals nearly separate. Racemes termin-
ating the bushy branches. Pods inflated.

23. Thermop'si.s. Leaves palmate, of 3 leaflets, and with broad leaf-

like stipules. Stamens all separate. Flowers yellow. Pod flat,
linear, curved,— N-W. only.

52 COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.

* * * Floivers not papilionaceous ; polygamous. Trees.

24. Gledtt'scliia. Thorny trees, with abruptly once- or twice-ninnate

leaves. Flowers greenish, inconspicuous, in small spikes.
Stamens separate, 3-10.

25. Gynmoc'ladus. Not thorny. Large trees with doubly pinnate

leaves, the leaflets vertical. Pod very long and broad. Stamens
10. Petals on the summit of the long calyx-tube, whitish.

1. LUPI'NUS, Tourn. LUPINE.

1. L. peren'nis, L. (WILD LUPINE.) Stem erect, some-
what hairy. Leaflets 7-9, oblanceolate. Calyx deeply
2-lipped. Pods hairy. — Sandy soil.

2. L. argen'teus, Pursh., var. argophyl'lus, Watson,

occurs in the far west. The petals are blue or cream-
coloured, and the calyx is decidedly spurred at the base.
Plant hoary-pubescent.

3. L. King'ii, Watson (L. pusillus, Pursh.), is also a
N.W. species. Seeds only 2 or 8. Plant low, villous with
white soft hairs. Racemes short, few-flowered, on long
slender peduncles.

2. TRIFO'LIUM, L. CLOVER. TREFOIL.

1. T. arvense, L. (EABBIT-FOOT or STONE CLOVER.) Stem
erect, 4-12 inches high, branching. Heads of whitish
flowers oblong, very silky and soft. Calyx- teeth fringed
with long silky hairs. — Dry fields.

2. T. pratense, L. (RED C.) Stems and leaves some-
what hairy, the latter marked with a pale spot on the upper
side. Flowers purplish, in dense sessile heads. — Pastures.

3. T. medium, L. (ZIGZAG C.) Like the last, but
smoother, and the leaves without the pale spot. Heads
mostly stalked. — Atl. Prov.

4. T. repens, L. (WHITE C.) Smooth, creeping. Heads
of white flowers rather loose. — Fields everywhere.

5. T. hy'bridum, L. (ALSIKE C.) Resembles the last, but
the flowers are rose-tinted, and the stems erect or ascending.

6. T. reflexum, L. (BUFFALO C.) Only in south-western
Ontario, in the neighbourhood of the Detroit river. Heads

LEGUMINOS.E. 53

large, on naked peduncles ; standard rose-red, wings and
keel whitish. Flowers reflexed when old.

7. T. agrarium, L. (YELLOW or Hop-C.) Flowers yellow,
reflexed when old. Leaflets obovate-oblong, all 3 from the
same point. Stem 6-12 inches high. — Sandy fields.

8. T. proeumbens, L. (Low Hop-C.) Flowers yellow,
reflexed when old. Leaflets wedge-obovate, the lateral ones
at a short distance from the terminal one. Stem smaller
than in No. 6, spreading. — Sandy fields.

3. MEI>I€A'G«, L. MEDICK.

1. M. lupuli'na, L. (BLACK MEDICK.) Stem procumbent,
downy. Leaflets obovate, toothed at the apex. Flowers
yellow. Pods kidney-shaped. — Waste places.

2. M. sati'va, L., (LUCERNE) is upright, has purple
flowers in a long raceme, and spirally-twisted pods. — Culti-
vated fields.

3. M. macula' ta, Willd. (SPOTTED M.) Spreading or
procumbent. Leaflets obcordate, with a purple spot. Ped-
uncles 3-5-flowered. Pods compactly spiral, furrowed on the
thick edge, bristly. — Atl. sea-coast.

4. M. dentieula'ta, Willd. Pods loosely spiral, deeply
reticulated, with a thin keeled edge ; otherwise like the last.
— Atl. sea-coast.

4. DIELILO'TUS, Tourn. SWEET CLOVER.

1. M. Offleina'lis, Willd. (YELLOW MELILOT.) Stem erect,
2-4 feet high. Leaflets obovate-oblong. Flowers yellow.
Pod drooping, 1-2-seeded. — Waste places.

2. M. alba, Lam., (WHITE M.) is much like No. 1, but has
white flowers. — Escaped from gardens.

5. HOSA€K'IA, Douglas.

H. Purshia'na, Benth. A low annual, more or less silky-
villous, sometimes glabrous. Leaves nearly sessile ; leaflets
varying from ovate to lanceolate. Calyx-teeth linear, much
longer than the tube.— :N,W.

54 COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.

6, KOISI VIA, L. LOCUST-TREE.

1. R. Pseudaea'Cia, L. (COMMON LOCUST.) Racemes slen-
der, loose. Flowers white, fragrant. A large tree.

2. R. viSGO'sa, Vent. (CLAMMY L.) Racemes crowded.
Flowers white, with a reddish tinge. Branchlets and leaf-
stalks clammy. Smaller than No. 1.

7. ASTRAG'ALUS, Tourn. MILK- VETCH.

NOTE. — All the following species except Nos. 2, 7, 8 and
10 belong to the North- West.

*Pod completely 2-celled, being divided lengthwise by the intrusion
of one or both sutures.

(a) Pod thick and fleshy, sessile.

1. A. earyoear'pus, Ker. (GROUND PLUM.) A pale per-
ennial, with low leafy stems, and minutely pubescent.
Flowers violet, large, in short spike-like racemes. Leaflets
about 21, elliptical-oblong.

(6) Pod coriaceous or cartilaginous.
,1- Pod sessile.

2. A. Canadensis, L. (CANADIAN MILK- VETCH.) Stem
erect, 1-4 feet high, somewhat pubescent (or glabrous).
Leaflets 21-27, linear-oblong, comparatively large. Flowers
greenish -yellow, in long dense spikes. Pod and ovary
glabrous. — Common from Quebec to the Rocky Mountains.

3. A. adsur'gens, Pall. Stem 4-18 inches high, ascend-
ing or decumbent, grayish with appressed pubescence.
Leaflets about 21, narrowly oblong. Flowers purplish,
medium-sized, in dense short spikes. Pod finely pubescent,
triangular-compressed, with a dorsal furrow.

-i- -i- Pod with a very short stalk.

4. A. hypoglot'tis, L. Stem slender, 6-24 inches long,
diffusely procumbent or ascending, sparingly pubescent.
Leaflets 15-21. Flowers violet, in capitate clusters. Calyx
copiously pubescent. Pod silky- villous, with a dorsal furrow,

LEGUMINOS.E. 55

**Pod incompletely 2-celle~.

•i- Pod sessile.

5. A. MiSSOUrien'sis, Nutt. Stem very short, prostrate or
matted, hoary -silky -pubescent. Leaflets 5-15 or more.
Flowers large, violet or purplish, in few-flowered heads on
scape-like peduncles. Pod obcom pressed (flattened contrary
to the usual way), nearly straight, pubescent.

f- H- Pod tvith a very short stalk.

6. A. lotiflo'rus, Hook. Stems very short, hoary with
close pubescence. Leaflets 7-13. Flowers yellowish, in
few- flowered heads. Pod oblong-ovate, acute at the base,
hoary. — Rare.

7. A. oroboi'des, Homem., var. Amerieanus, Gray.

Stems 12-18 inches high, grayish-puberulent. Leaflets 11-
15, oval to linear-oblong. Flowers in a long 1-sided raceme.
Pod lens-shaped, gray-pubescent, grooved on the back. —

Atl. Prov.

i- •*- i- Pod long-stalked.

8. A. alpi'nus, L. Stems diffuse, 6-12 inches high, smooth
or hairy-pubescent. Leaflets 13-25, oval or oblong. Racemes
short, many-flowered, the flowers violet-purple. Pod nar-
rowly oblong, black -pubescent, triangular- turgid, deeply
grooved on the back, pendent. — Atl. Prov.

* * * Pod strictly 1-celled, coriaceous or cartilaginous.

A. Leaves pinnate, of many leaflets.
-•- Pod sessile.

9. A. peetina'tUS, Dougl. Stem a foot high, grayish-
pubescent, the branches striate and angled. Leaflets
numerous, nearly filiform. Flowers large, white. Pod short,
thick-cartilaginous, pendulous, cuspidate, smooth, with a very-
thick dorsal suture.

-t- -t- Pod with a very short stalk.

10. A. COO' peri, Gray. Stem erect, nearly smooth, 1-2
feet high. Leaflets 11-21, comparatively large, minutely
hoary beneath. Flowers white, in short spikes. Pod
inflated, smooth, slightly furrowed on both sides.— Ontario
and Quebec.

56 COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.

11. A. flexuo'SUS, Dougl. Stem 1-2 feet high, ascending,
grayish-pubescent. Leaflets numerous, narrow. Flowers
white or purplish, small, in loose racemes. Pod very finely
pubescent, not furrowed.

•+- -i- •*- Pod exserted on its stalk.

12. A. bisulea'tUS, Gray. Stem stout, a foot or more
high, with short rigid pubescence. Leaflets numerous.
Flowers violet, in dense spike-like racemes. Pod straight,
narrowly oblong, the furrow of the ventral surface divided
lengthwise into two by the projecting suture.

13. A. multiflo'rus, Gray. Stem slender, somewhat
glabrous. Leaflets 13-21 , rather narrow. Flowers yellowish-
white, tinged with purple, in loosely few-flowered racemes, the
peduncles not exceeding the leaves. Stipules mostly connate.
Pod 7-20-seeded, reflexed.

14. A. aborig'inum, Rich. Stems slender, rigid, clus-
tered, hoary, pubescent or somewhat villous. Leaflets 7-13.
Flowers white or bluish, the keel violet, in short spike-like
racemes. Pod with a straight dorsal edge {not furrowed},
and a rounded ventral edge.

B. Leaves apparently palmate, mostly of 3 leaflets.

15. A. triphyl'lus, Pursh. A low stemless glossy-silky
perennial, with crowded long-petioled leaves, mostly having
3 lanceolate leaflets, and whitish crowded sessile flowers. Pod
conical-ovate, villous.

8. OXYT'ROPIS, DC.

* Leaves simply pinnate.

1. 0. eampes'tris, DC., var. eseru'lea, Koch. Flowers

white or yellowish, often tinged with purple or violet, in
short spikes on naked scapes. Pods ovate or oblong, of a
thin or papery texture. Leaves pinnate, of many leaflets.
Gravelly river-margins. — N. W. and Atl. Prov.

* * Leaflets numerous, mostly in fascicles of 3 or 4 along the axis.

2. 0. Lambert'!, Pursh. Silvery-silky-pubescent. Flow-
ers large, purple, violet, or white. Scapes often a foot high.

LEGXJMlNOSjE. 57

Pods silky -pubescent, cartilaginous, about half an inch long,
imperfectly 2-celled.— N. W.

3. 0. montie'ola, Gray, is reported as common in the
prairie region. It is smaller than No. 2, and has denser
spikes, usually smaller flowers, and less downy leaves.

4. 0. splendens, Dougl. Silvery-silky-villous, 6-12 inches
high. Flowers erect-spreading. Pod erect, hardly surpas-
sing the villous calyx. — N. "W.

- 9, GLYCYRRHI'ZA, Tourn. LiQUOElCE.

G. lepido'ta, Nutt. (WILD LIQUORICE.) Two to three
feet high. Leaflets 15-19, sprinkled with little scales when
young. — Fort Erie and N. W.

10. TEPHRO'SIA, Pers. HOARY PEA.

T. Virginia'na, Pers. (GOAT'S EUE. CATGUT.) Stem 1-2
feet .high, simple, leafy to the top. Leaflets 17-29, linear-
oblong. Rrots long and slender and tough. — Sandy soil,
Lake Erie coast.

11. PS OR A' LEA, L.

1. P. argophyl'la, Pursh. Silvery-silky all over. Leaves
of 3-5 leaflets, the latter elliptical-lanceolate. Spikes of
flowers interrupted. Roots not tuberous. — N. W. prairies.

2. P. laneeola'ta, Pursh. Smooth or nearly so. Leaf-
lets 3. Flowers small, in short spikes. Boots not tuberous.
— N. W.

3. P. eseulen'ta, Pursh. Rough-hairy all over. Leaf-
lets 5, obovate or lance-oblong. Spikes dense. Roots tuber-
ous.—N. W.

12. A.HOR'PiiA, L. FALSE INDIGO.

1. A. eanes'eens, Nutt. (LEAD-PLANT.) White-downy
all over, 1-3 feet high. Leaflets less than half an inch
long, crowded. Spikes generally clustered. Pods 1-seeded.
— N.W.

2. A. mierophyl'la, Pursh, differs from the last in
being lower and nearly smooth. Spikes usually solitary.
—N.W.

58 COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.

3. A. frutieo'sa, L. A tall shrub. Leaflets larger and
not so crowded as in the other species. Pods 2-seeded. —
River-banks, N. W.

13. PETAXOSTE'MON, Michx. PRAIRIE CLOVER.

1. P. Viola' eeus, Michx. Leaflets 5, very narrow. Calyx
silky-hoary. Corolla rose-purple. — Dry prairies, N. W.

2. P. can'didus, Michx. Leaflets 7-9, lanceolate or
linear-oblong. Calyx smooth or nearly so. Corolla white.
— Dry prairies, N. W.

14. VICIA, Tourn. VETCH. TARE.

1. V. sati'va, L. (COMMON VETCH or TARE.) Stem simple,
somewhat pubescent. Leaflets 10-14, varying from obovate-
oblong to linear. Flowers purple, large, one or two together,
sessile in the axils, or nearly so. — Cultivated fields and waste
grounds.

2. V. tetrasper'ma, L. Peduncles long and slender,
1-2-flowered. Flowers small. Calyx- teeth unequal. Corolla
whitish. Pod 4-seeded, smooth. Leaflets about 4 pairs. —
Atl. Prov. ; also at Ottawa and opposite Montreal.

3. V. Craeea, L. (TUFTED V.) Downy-pubescent. Leaf-
lets 20-24, oblong-lanceolate, strongly mucronate. Peduncles
long, bearing a dense one-sided raceme of blue flowers, bent
downward in the spike, and turning purple before withering.
— Borders of thickets, and pastures. Chiefly eastward.

4. V. Carolinia'na, Walt. Smooth. Leaflets 8-12, ob-
long. Peduncles bearing a rather loose raceme of whitish
flowers, the keel tipped with blue. — Low grounds and river-
banks.

5. V. Ameriea'na, Muhl. Smooth. Leaflets 10-14, oval
or ovate-oblong, very veiny. Peduncles 4-8-flowered, flowers
purple. — Moist places.

Var. linearis, Watson, a low form, with linear leaflets, is
common in the N.W. prairie region.

6. V. hirSU'ta, Koch. Stem weak. Leaflets 12-16, linear.
Peduncles 3-6-flowered. Pods hairy, 2-seeded. — Chiefly east-
ward.

LEGUMINOS^E. 59

15. LATH'YRIIS, L. EVERLASTING PEA.

1. L. marit'imus, Bigel. (BEACH PEA.) Stem stout, about
a foot high. Leaflets 8-16, oval or obovate. Stipules broad-
ly halberd-shaped, about as large as the leaflets. Flowers
large, purple. — Sea-coast, and shores of the Great Lakes.

2. L. veno'sus, Muhl. (VEINY E.) Stem 2-3 feet high.
Leaflets 10-14. Stipides very small, slender, half arrow-
shaped. Flowers numerous. — Shady banks, chiefly west-
ward and southward.

3. L. OChroleu'CUS, Hook. (PALE E.) Stem slender.
Leaflets 6-8, smooth and glaucous. Stipules half heart-
shaped, large. Corolla yellowish-white. — Chiefly northward.

4. L. palus'tris, L. (MABSH E.) Stem slender, wing-
margined. Leaflets 4-8, lanceolate, linear, or narrowly
oblong, sharply mucronate. Stipules small, half arrow-
shaped. Corolla blue-purple. — Moist places. Var. myrti-
folius has oblong-lanceolate leaflets, and pale purple flowers.
Upper stipules much larger than the lower ones.

16. A'PIOS, Boerhaave. GROUND-NUT. WILD BEAN.
A. tubero'sa, Moench. Flowers brown-purple. — A com-
mon twining plant in low grounds.

17. STROPHOSTVLES, Ell.

5. angulo'Sa, Ell. (Phase'olus diversifolius, Pers.) An-
nual. Stems 1-6 feet long. Leaflets ovate to oblong-ovate,
often with a rounded lobe at the base. Flowers greenish-
white and purplish, few, sessile, clustered on the long
peduncles. — S. W. Ontario chiefly.

18. AMPHICARP^'A, Ell. HOG PEA-NUT.
A. mono'iea, Nutt. Flowers white or purplish. — Moist
thickets and river-banks.

19. DESMO'DIUM, DC. TlCK-TREFOlL.

* Pod raised on a stalk much surpassing the calyx, the latter slightly
toothed. Stipules bristle-form.

1. D. nudiflo'rum, DC. Stem smooth, 4-8 inches high.
Leaves crowded at the summit of sterile stems. Flowers in

60 COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.

a terminal raceme or panicle, on a scape which rises from
the root. Leaflets broadly ovate.

2. D. aeumina'tum, DC. Stem pubescent. Leaves all
crowded at the summit of the stem, from which the raceme
or panicle arises. Leaflets conspicuously pointed. — Eich
woods.

3. D. paueiflO'rum, DC. Leaves scattered along the low
ascending stems ; leaflets rhombic-ovate, rather blunt.
Racemes few-flowered, terminal. — Eich woods, western
Ontario.

* * Pod raised on a stalk hardly surpassing the calyx, the latter deeply
cleft. Stipules ovate, taper-pointed.

4. D. rotundifo'lium, DC. Stem prostrate, soft-hairy.
Leaflets orbicular. Flowers purple. Pods indented on both
edges. — Dry sandy woods, western Ontario. Also at Queens-
ton Heights.

* * * Pod hardly, if at all, stalked.

5. D. CUSpida'tum, Torr. and Gray. Stem tall, erect,
very smooth. Leaflets ovate-lanceolate, taper-pointed, very
large, green on both sides. Flowers and bracts large. Pod
4-6-jointed.— Thickets.

6. D. Illinoen'se, Gray, has been found in the Thames
valley. Leaflets obtuse and roughish, grayish beneath, with
prominent veins. Pod about an inch long, 3-5-jointed,
indented on both margins. Otherwise nearly like the last.

7. D. panieula'tum, DC. Stem slender, nearly smooth,
leaflets oblong-lanceolate, tapering to a blunt point.
Flowers medium-sized. Pod 3-5-jointed, the joints trian-
gular. Eacemes panicled. — Eich woods.

8. D. Dille'nii, Darlingt. Distinguished from the last by
the pubescent stem and finely pubescent leaflets, the latter
oblong or oblong-ovate. — Dry and open thickets.

9. D. Canadense, DC. Stem erect, hairy, tall, furrowed.
Leaflets oblong-lanceolate (1J-3 inches long), with many
straightish veins. Flowers large, about £ inch long, in dense
racemes. Joints of the pod roundish. — Dry woods.

LEGUMINOSJJ. 61

10. D. eilia're, DC. Stem ascending, slender, hairy. Leaf-
lets round-ovate (£-1 inch long). Flowers small, in loose
racemes. — Dry thickets, south-western Ontario.

20. I1MIYS A KMI.

H. borea'le, Nutt. Leaflets 13-21, oblong or lanceolate.
Stipules scaly, united opposite the petiole. Calyx 5-cleft,
the awl-shaped lobes nearly equal. Pod of 3-4 flattened
roundish joints, easily separated. — Rocky banks, Atl. Prov.
and N. W. prairies.

21. LESPEDE'ZA. BUSH-CLOVER.

* Flowers of two sorts ; the larger perfect, the smaller pistillate and
usually apetalous, mingled with the others.

1. L. viola' eea, Pers. (L. reticulata, Pers., in Macoun's

Catalogue.) Stems upright, branched. Leaflets varying
from oblong to linear, downy underneath. Flowers violet-
purple. — Dry borders of woods, western Ontario. Also at
Queenston Heights.

* * All the flowers perfect, in close spikes or heads.

2. L. hlrta, L. Stem erect, wand-like, tall, pubescent.
Leaflets roundish or oval, pubescent. Spikes dense, on
peduncles longer than the leaves. Corolla yellowish-white, with
a purple spot on the standard.

3. L. capita' ta, Michx. Peduncles and petioles short.
Leaflets varying from oblong to linear, silky underneath.
Flowers in dense heads ; corolla as in No. 1. Calyx much
longer than the pod. — Both species are found in dry soil.

22. BAPTIS'IA, Vent. FALSE INDIGO.

B. tineto'ria, E. Br. (WILD INDIGO.) Smooth and slen-
der, 2-3 feet high, branching. Leaves nearly sessile. Leaf-
lets wedge-obovate, turning black on drying. Flowers yel-
low.— Dry soil, Lake Erie coast and Thames valley.

23. THERMO P' SIS, R. Br.

T. rhombifO'lia, Rich. A low perennial, with short,
few-flowered racemes terminating the branches. Stipules
as long as the petioles. Pods recurved, 10-14-seeded. — N.
W. prairies.

6'2 COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.

24. GLEDIT'SCHIA, L. HONEY-LOCUST.

2. G. triaean'thos, L. Thorns stout, often triple or
compound. Pods linear, often more than a foot long, with
pulp between the flat seeds. — Common in cultivation, and
established on Point Pelee.

25. GYMNOC'LADUS, Lam. KENTUCKY COFFEE-TREE.
G. CanadensiS, Lam. Leaves 2-3 feet long, without
stipules ; leaflets ovate. Pod 6-10 inches long and 2 inches
broad. — Established in a few localities.

ORDER XXXII. ROSA'CE^E. (EosE FAMILY.)

Herbs, shrubs, or trees, with alternate stipulate leaves,
and regular flowers. The petals (mostly 5) and stamens
(mostly more than 10) inserted on the edge of a disk which
lines the calyx- tube. (See Part L, sections 48 to 57, for
typical flowers.)

Synopsis of tbe Genera.
SUBORDER AMYGDALE^.

Carpel solitary, becoming a drupe, entirely free from the
calyx, the latter deciduous. Ovules 2, but seed solitary as
a rule. Trees or shrubs with simple leaves and deciduous
stipules.

1. I'm 11 us. Flowers perfect. Petals and calyx-lobes 5. Fruit a

drupe.

SUBORDER ROSACES.

Carpels few or many, free from the persistent calyx, be-
coming achenes, follicles, or drupe-like in fruit.

2. Spira a. Carpels mostly 5, forming follicles in fruit. Calyx 5-cIeft,

short. Petals obovate, similar.

3. Gillc'uia. Carpels and fruit as in Spiraea. Calyx elongated, 5-

toothed. Petals slender, dissimilar.

4. Agrliiio'uia. Carpels 2, forming achenes enclosed in the hardened

calyx-tube. Calyx armed with hooked bristles. Flowers yellow,
in slender spikes.

5. AlclicmH'la. Carpels 1-4, forming achenes enclosed in the persis-

tent calyx-tube. Petals none. Stamens 1-4. Calyx-tube inver-
sely conical, the limb 4-parted, with 4 alternating bractlets. Low
herbs, with palmately-lobed leaves.

ROSACEJ1. 63

6. Potc'rinm. Carpels 1-3. Achene (mostly solitary) enclosed in the

dry 4-angled closed calyx-tube. Petals none. Lobes of the top-
shaped calyx 4, petal-like, spreading. Stigma tufted. Tall herbs,
with pinnate leaves and a dense white spike of small flowers, often
polygamous or dioecious.

7. Genm. Carpels numerous, one-ovuled, becoming dry achenes, the

persistent styles becoming tails, plumose or naked, and straight
or jointed. Calyx-lobes with 5 alternating bractlets.

8. Waldstci'nia. Carpels 2-6, forming achenes. Leaves radical, of 3

wedge-form leaflets. Bractlets of the calyx minute and deciduous.
Flowers yellow, on bracted scapes.

9. Potentil'la, Carpels numerous, forming achenes heaped on a dry

receptacle, the styles not forming tails. Lobes of the calyx with
5 alternating bractlets.

10. < haiiiic rhodos. Carpels 5-10, on a dry receptacle. Petals white,

obovate. Stamens 5, opposite the petals. Calyx campanulate, 5-
cleft. Small glandular-pubescent herbs with flowers in forked
cymes, and many-cleft leaves.

11. Fraga'ria. Flowers as in Potentilla, but receptacle becoming

fleshy or pulpy and scarlet in fruit. (See Part I., sec. 235.) Leaves
all radical, of 3 leaflets. Low plants, producing runners.

12. Dalibar'cla. Carpels 5-10, each 2-ovuled, forming nearly dry

drupelets. Calyx 5-6-parted, 3 of the divisions larger than the
others, and toothed. Calyx without bracts, persistent, enclosing
the fruit. Leaves radical, round heart-shaped. Flowers white,
on scapes.

13. It ii bus. Carpels numerous, 2-ovuled, forming drupelets heaped on

the receptacle. (See Part I., section 234.) Fruit edible. Calyx
without bracts.

14. Rosa. Carpels numerous, 1-ovuled, forming achenes enclosed in

the fleshy calyx-tube. (See Part I. , section 49.)

SUBORDER POME^E.

Carpels enclosed in and adnate to the fleshy calyx-tube,
forming a pome in fruit. Styles often united below. Trees
or shrubs.

15. Cratae'gus. Calyx-tube urn-shaped, becoming thick and fleshy in

fruit, enclosing and combined with the 2-5 carpels. Fruit a pome,
but drupe-like, containing 2-5 bony nutlets. Thorny shrubs.
Flowers generally white.

16. Pyrus. Fruit a pome or berry-like, the 2-5 carpels or cells of a

papery or cartilaginous texture (see Part I., sections 52 and 232),
each 2-seeded. Shrubs- or trees.

64 COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.

17. Amelaii elifer. Pome berry-like, 10-celled, i.e., with twice as many
cells as styles. Petals narrow. Otherwise as in Pyrus. Shrubs
or small trees, not thorny.

I. PRUtfUS, Tourn. PLUM. CHERRY.

1. P. America' na, Marshall. (WILD PLUM.) A thorny
tree 8-10 feet high, with orange or red drupes half an inch
or more in diameter ; and ovate, conspicuously pointed,
coarsely or doubly serrate, veiny leaves. Flowers white,
appearing before the leaves, in umbel-like lateral clusters.
— Woods and river-banks.

2. P. pu'mila, L. (DWARF CHERRY.) A small trailing
shrub, 6-18 inches high. Leaves obovate-lanceolate , tapering
to the base, toothed near the apex, pale beneath. Flowers in
umbels of 2-4, appearing with the leaves. Fruit ovoid,
dark red, as large as a good-sized pea. — Crevices of rocks,
and sand-beaches and plains.

3. P. Pennsylvan'iea, L. (WILD BED CHERRY.) A tree
20-30 feet high, or shrubby. Leaves oblong-lanceolate,
sharply serrate, green both sides. Flowers (appearing with
the leaves) in large clusters, the pedicels elongated. Fruit
globular, as large as a red currant, very sour. — Rocky
thickets, and in old windfalls.

4. P. Virginia' na, L. (CHOKE-CHERRY.) A good-sized
shrub, 3-10 feet high. Leaves oval, oblong, or obovate, finely
and sharply serrate, abruptly pointed. Flowers in short
erect racemes, appearing after the leaves. Fruit red, becom-
ing darker, very astringent. — Woods and thickets.

5. P. sero'tina, Ehrhart. (WiLD BLACK CHERRY.) A
large tree, with reddish-brown branches. Leaves smooth,
varying from oval to ovate-lanceolate, taper-pointed, serrate,
with short and blunt incurved teeth, shining above. Flowers
in long racemes. Fruit purplish-black, edible. — Woods and
thickets.

2. SPIILE'A, L. MEADOW-SWEET.

1. S. Opulifo'lia, L. (Physocarpus opulifolius, Maxim.)
(NINE-BARK.) Shrub 3-7 feet high, the old bark separating

ROSACES. 65

in thin layers. Leaves broadly ovate or cordate, 3-lobed,
doubly crenate, smooth. Flowers white, in umbel-like
corymbs terminating the branches. Policies 2-5, inflated,
purplish. — River-banks.

2. S. salieifo'lia, L. (COMMON MEADOW-SWEET.) Shrub
2-3 feet high, nearly smooth. Leaves wedge-lanceolate,
doubly serrate. Flowers white or rose-coloured, in a dense
terminal panicle. — Low grounds along streams.

3. S. tomento'sa, L. (DOWNY M.), with deep rose-coloured
flowers, and the stems and under surface of the leaves
densely woolly, occurs eastward toward the sea-coast, and
in the northern counties of Ontario.

3. <;iLLE'\I A, Moench. INDIAN PHYSIC.

G. trifolia'ta, Moench. (BOWMAN'S BOOT.) Herb witt
3-foliolate leaves ; the leaflets ovate-oblong, pointed, rather
coarsely serrate ; stipules small, awl-shaped, entire. Flow-
ers white or rose-coloured, in loose few-flowered corymbs. —
Rich woods, chiefly south-westward.

4. AGRIMO'NIA, Tourn. AGRIMONY.

1. A. Eupato'ria, L. (COMMON AGRIMONY.) Stem herba-
ceous, hairy, 2-3 feet high. Leaves interruptedly pinnate,
larger leaflets 5-7, oblong-ovate, coarsely serrate. Petals
yellow, twice as long as the calyx. — Borders of woods.

2. A. parviflo'ra, Ait. (SMALL - FLOWERED A.), has
crowded lanceolate leaflets, 11-19, with smaller ones inter-
mixed, and small petals. — S. W. Ontario.

5. ALCIIEMIL'LA, Tourn. LADY'S MANTLB.
A. VUlga'ris, L. Leaves large, several-lobed, serrate.
Flowers small, yellowish-green, in corymbose terminal
clusters. — Atl. sea-coast.

6. POTE'RIOI, L. BURNET.

P. Canadense. Stamens 4, long-exserted, white. Stem
3-6 feet high. Leaflets numerous, heart-shaped, ovate or
oblong-lanceolate, coarsely serrate. — Bogs and wet mea-
dows, Atl. Prov.

66 COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.

7. GEIIM, L. AVENS.

1. G. album, Gmelin. (WHITE AVENS.) Stem 2 feet high,
slender, branching, smoothish or downy. Hoot-leaves pin-
nate, the cauline ones 3-divided, lobed, or only toothed.
Petals white, as long as the calyx. Achenes bristly, tipped
with the hooked lower joint of the style, the upper joint
falling away. Receptacle of the fruit bristly. — Low rich
woods and thickets.

2. G. Virginia' num, L. Stem stout, bristly - hairy.
Leaves nearly as in No. 1. Petals white, shorter than the
calyx. Receptacle of the fruit nearly smooth. — Meadows and
thickets ; not common.

3. G. maerophyrium,Willd. Bristly-hairy, stout. Root-
leaves interruptedly pinnate, with a very large round-heart-
shaped terminal leaflet. Stem-leaves with 2-4 minute lateral
leaflets, the terminal 3-cleft, with wedge-form rounded lobes.
Petals yellow, longer than the calyx. Receptacle nearly
naked. — Atl. Prov. chiefly.

4. G. Strietum, Ait. (YELLOW A.) Stem 2-3 feet high,
rather hairy. Root-leaves interruptedly pinnate ; stem-
leaves 3-5-foliolate, leaflets obovate or ovate. Petals yellow,
longer than the calyx. Receptacle of the fruit downy.
Achenes tipped with the hooked style. — Dry thickets.

5. G. riva'le, L. (WATER or PURPLE AVENS.) Petals pur-
plish-yellow ; calyx brown-purple. Flowers nodding, but the
fruiting heads upright. The upper joint of the style feathery,
persistent. Stem simple, 2 feet high. Root-leaves lyrate ;
stem-leaves few, 3-foliolate, lobed. — Bogs and wet places.

6. G. triflO'rum, Pursh. Stem about a foot high, soft-
hairy. Flowers 3 or more, on long peduncles, purple.
Styles not jointed, feathery, at least 2 inches long in the fruit.
— Dry hills and thickets. Not common.

8. WALDSTEI'NIA, Willd. BARREN STRAWBERRY.
W. fragarioi'des, Tratt. A low plant, 4-6 inches high.
Leaflets 3, broadly wedge-form, crenately toothed. Scapes
several-flowered. Petals yellow, longer than the calyx. —
Dry woods and hill-sides.

ROSACES. 67

». POTEffTILLA, L. ClNQUE-FOIL. FIVE-FINGER.

* Styles thiclcened and glandular towards the base. Inflorescence

cymose.
t~ Style arising from near the base of the carpel.

1. P. argu'ta, Pursh. Stem stout, 1-2 feet high, brown-
ish-hairy. Leaves pinnate, of 7-11 oval serrate leaflets,
downy underneath. Flowers in dense cymose clusters.
Petals yellowish or cream-coloured, deciduous. Stamens
about 30. Plant clammy above. — Dry thickets.

-<- 1- Style arising from the top of the carpel.

2. P. Norve'glca, L. (NORWAY CINQUE-FOIL.) Stemerec£,
hairy, branching above. Leaves palmate, of 3 leaflets ; leaf-
lets obovate-oblong, coarsely serrate. Flowers in cymose
clusters. Calyx large. Petals pale yellow, small, not longer
than the sepals. Stamens about 15. — Fields and low grounds.

3. P. riva'lis, Nutt., var. millegra'na, Watson. More

slender and branching than the last, softly villous. Leaves
all of 3 serrate leaflets. Cymes loose. Calyx small. Petals
yellow, minute. Stamens 10-20, rarely 5.— N.W.

4. P. paradOX'a, Nutt., (P. supi'na, L.) a plant of
spreading or decumbent habit, with pinnate leaves of 5-11
leaflets, loose leafy cymes, small petals, as long as the sepals,
and achenes with an appendage at the base, occurs along
the western shore of Lake Ontario.

5. P. Pennsylvan'iea, L. Perennial ; more or less white-
woolly. Leaflets 5-9, white-woolly beneath, less so above,
cut-pinnatifid, the segments linear. Stamens about 25.—
Chiefly eastward and N.W.

Var. StrigO'Sa, Pursh, is silky-woolly throughout, 6-12
inches high. Leaflets deeply pinnatifid, the margins of the
narrow lobes revolute. Cyme short and close. — N.W.

6. P. recta, L. Perennial, tall, sparingly villous, glandu-
lar-puberulent. Leaves palmate, of 5-7 leaflets, the latter
cut-pinnatifid. Flowers yellow, large, in a broad cyme. —
Not common.

68 COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.

* * Styles filiform, not glandular at the base. Inflorescence

cymose.
-i- Style arising from the top of the carpel.

7. P. Hippia'na, Lehm. Densely white-tomentose through-
out. Stem slender. Leaves pinnate, of 5-11 leaflets, dimin-
ishing regularly down the petiole. Leaflets sharply toothed
at least at the apex. Stamens 20. — N.W.

Var. puleher'rima, Watson, has the upper surf aces of the
crowded leaflets green and pubescent. — N.W.

8. P. effu'sa, Dougl. Tomentose throughout, with scat-
tered villous hairs. Stems diffusely branched above, 4-12
inches high. Leaflets 5-11, interruptedly pinnate. Carpels
10.— N.W.

9. P. Flatten' Sis, Nutt. Stems decumbent. Pubescence
appressed silky- villous throughout. Leaflets 7-13, crowded,
deeply cut-pinnatifid into linear segments. Flowers few.
Carpels many. — N.W.

10. P. gra'CiliS, Dougl. Stems 2-3 feet high. Leaves
palmate, of about 7 leaflets, the latter serrate, tomentose
beneath, green above. Carpels many. — N.W.

Var. flabellifOP'mis, Torr. and Gray, has very deeply
pinnatifid leaflets.— N.W.

Var. riglda, Watson, is villous, but not tomentose, and
usually tall and stout. — N.W.

11. P. pilo'sa, Willd., is distinguished from the preceding
species by its tall rigid stems and light yellow flowers. —
Niagara Falls, not common.

12. P. argen'tea, L. (SILVERY C.) Stem ascending,
branched at the summit, white-woolly. Leaves palmate, of
5 leaflets, the latter deeply serrate towards the apex, with
revolute margins, and woolly beneath. Petals yellow, longer
than the sepals. — Dry fields and roadsides.

13. P. humifu'sa, Nutt. Stems decumbent, 2-4 inches
long, slender. Densely white-tomentose. Leaflets 5, serrate
at the rounded or truncate apex with 3 or 5 teeth. — N.W.

ROSACES. 69

-»- -»- Style arising from the side of the carpel.

14. P. frutieo'sa, L. (SHRUBBY C.) Stem erect, shrubby,
1-3 feet high, much branched. Leaves pinnate, of 5-7 leaf-
lets, closely crowded, entire, silky, especially beneath.
Flowers numerous, large, yellow, terminating the branches.

15. P. tridenta'ta, Ait., (THREE-TOOTHED C.) is common
eastward towards the sea-coast. Stem 4-6 inches high.
Leaves rigid, palmate, of 3 wedge-shaped leaflets, 3-toothed
at the apex. Petals white.

16. P. palustris, Scop. (MARSH FIVE-FINGER.) Stem
ascending. Leaves pinnate, of 5-7 lanceolate, crowded,
deeply serrate leaflets, whitish beneath. Calyx an inch
broad, dark purple inside. Petals purple. — B.ogs.

* * * Styles filiform, lateral. Peduncles axillary, solitary, 1-flowered.

17. P. Anseri'na, L. (SILVER -WEED.) A low plant,
creeping with slender runners. Leaves all radical, interrupt-
edly pinnate ; leaflets 9-19, serrate, green above, silvery-silky
beneath. Flowers solitary, on long scape-like peduncles, bright
yellow. — Biver and lake margins.

18. P. Canaden'siS, L. (CANADA C.) Stem prostrate or
ascending, silky-hairy. Leaves palmate, of 5 leaflets, the
latter serrate towards the apex. Flowers solitary. Petals
yellow, larger than the sepals. — Dry soil.

10. 4 II \ U I ICIIOIMIS, I Jmmv.

C. ereeta, Burige. Stem slender, 2-12 inches high,
branching above. Radical leaves many-cleft, forming a
rosette; cauline ones 3-5-cleft. — N.W. prairies.

11. Fit .VGA/ IMA, Tourn. STRAWBERRY.

1. F. Virginia' na, Ehrhart. Achenes deeply imbedded in
pits on the surface of the fleshy receptacle ; calyx erect
after flowering. Leaflets firm.

2. F. ves'ea, L. Achenes not sunk in pits, but merely on
the surface of the receptacle; calyx spreading. Leaflets
thin.

70 COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.

12. DALIBAR'DA, L. DALIBARDA.

D. repens, L. (Rubus Dalibarda, L., in Macoun's Cata-
logue.) Stems tufted, downy. Whole plant with something
of the aspect of a violet. — Low woods.

13. HI HIS, Tourn. BRAMBLE.

1. R. Odora'tus, L. (PURPLE FLOWERING -RASPBERRY.)
Shrubby 3-5 feet high. Branches, peduncles, and calyx
clammy with glandular hairs. Floioers large and handsome,
rose-purple. Leaves large, broadly ovate, 3-5-lobed, the
lobes acute, minutely toothed. Fruit flat.

2. R. Nutka'nus, Mocino, is distinguished from No. 1 by
its oval white petals, and its 5-lobed coarsely toothed leaves.
— N.W.

3. R. ChamSBmo'rus, L. (CLOUD-BERRY. BAKED-APPLE
BERRY.) A low herb with dicecious flowers. Stem simple,
without prickles, 2-3-leaved, bearing one large white flower.
Leaves simple, kidney-form, 5-lobed, serrate. — Sphagnous
swamps, chiefly eastward.

4. R. triflo'rus, Eichardson. (DWARF RASPBERRY.) Stems
ascending or trailing, a foot high, not prickly. Leaflets
3-5, nearly smooth, rhombic-ovate, acute at both ends,
doubly serrate. Peduncle usually 3-flowered. Petals white ;
sepals reflexed. Fruit red. — Cedar-swamps.

5. R. strigO'SUS, Michx. (WiLD RED RASPBERRY.) Stems
upright, beset with stiff straight bristles. Leaflets 3-5, ob-
long-ovate, pointed, cut-serrate, whitish beneath. Fruit
light red. — Hillsides and thickets.

6. R. Occident a' lis, L. (BLACK RASPBERRY.) Stem glau-
cous, recurved, armed with hooked prickles. Leaflets 3, ovate,
pointed, coarsely serrate, white-downy beneath. Fruit
purplish-black. — Borders of fields, especially where the
ground has been burned over.

7. R. villO'SUS, Ait. (HIGH BLACKBERRY.) Stem shrubby,
furrowed, erect or reclining, armed with hooked prickles.
Leaflets 3-5, unequally serrate, the terminal one conspicu-

ROSACES. 71

ously stalked. Lower surface of the leaflets hairy and glan-
dular. Flowers racemed, numerous, large and white. Fruit
oblong, black. Var. fPOHd.OSUS is smoother and less glandu-
lar. Var. humifusUS is trailing and smaller, and the flowers
are less numerous. — Borders of thickets.

8. R. Canaden'sis, L. (Low BLACKBERRY. DEWBERRY.)
Stem shrubby, extensively trailing, slightly prickly. Leaflets
chiefly 3, oval or ovate-lanceolate, nearly smooth, sharply
serrate. Flowers in racemes. — Thickets and rocky hills.

9. R. his'pidus, L. , (EUNNING SWAMP-BLACKBERRY) occurs
occasionally in low meadows. Stem prostrate, with small
reflexed prickles, sending up at intervals the short flowering
shoots. Leaflets mostly 3, smooth and shining. Fruit of
few grains, red or purple.

14. ROSA, Tourn. ROSE.
* Styles cohering in a protruding column, as long as the stamens.

1. R. SCtig'era, Michx. Stem climbing. Prickles nearly
straight. Leaflets 3-5, ovate. Petals deep rose-coloured,
changing to white. — Borders of thickets and along fences ;
south-western Ontario.

** Styles separate, included within the calyx-tube; sepals spreading
after flowering , and deciduous.

2. R. Caroli'na, L. (SWAMP ROSE.) Stem 1-7 feet high,
erect, armed with stout straight or somewhat curved prickles.
Leaflets 5-9, very finely serrate, mostly narrowly oblong.
Stipules long and very narrow. Flowers in corymbs, numer-
ous. Calyx and globular calyx-tube beset with glandular
bristles. — Wet places, Ontario.

3. R. lu'eida, Ehrhart. Stem 1-6 feet high, armed with
stout more or less hooked prickles. Leaflets 5-9, coarsely
serrate, smooth and often shining above, rather thick. Ped-
uncles 1-3-flowered. — Dry soil, or borders of swamps, chiefly
eastward.

4. R. hu' mills, Marsh. Low, more slender and less leafy
than the last, with straight slender spines. Stipules nar-
row. Leaflets thin and pale. Outer sepals always more or
less lobed. — Mostly in sandy soil.

72 COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.

5. R. nit'ida, Willd. Low. Stem and branches usually
thickly covered with prickles interspersed with straight
slender spines. Stipules mostly dilated. Leaflets bright
green and shining, mostly narrowly oblong. Flowers gen-
erally solitary. Sepals entire. — Margins of swamps, Atl.
Prov.

6. R. rubigino'sa, L. (SWEET - BRIER.) Stem tall.
Prickles numerous, the larger hooked, the smaller awl-
shaped. Leaflets 5-7, doubly serrate, glandular beneath,
aromatic. Flowers mostly solitary. Fruit pear-shaped or
obovate. — Roadsides and fields.

*** Styles separate ; sepals erect and connivent after flowering ,
persistent.

•*- Fruit

7. R. blanda, Ait. (EARLY WILD ROSE.) Stem 1-3 feet
high. Prickles (if any) few and scattered, straight. Leaflets
5-7. mostly oblong-lanceolate, cuneate at the base, not
resinous, simply serrate. Sepals hispid, not lobed. Ped-
uncles 1-3-flowered. — Rocks and rocky shores, mostly east-
ward.

8. R. Say'i, Schwein. Stems 1-2 feet high, very prickly.
Leaflets 3-7, broadly elliptical to oblong-lanceolate, resinous,
the teeth serrulate. Flowers large, mostly solitary. Outer
sepals usually lobed, not hispid. — Our most northern rose.

9. R. Arkansa'na, Porter. Stems low, very prickly.
Stipules narrow. Leaflets 7-11, broadly el iptical to oblong-
lanceolate, wedge-shaped at the base, simply serrate, not
resinous. Outer sepals lobed, rarely hispid. — N.W. prairies.

H- Fruit oblong-ovate to oblong.

10. R. Engelman'ni, "Watson. Stems 3-4 feet high, often
very prickly. Leaflets 5-7, the teeth serrulate. Flowers
solitary. Sepals not lobed. Fruit J-l inch long. — Shores
of Lake Superior and westward.

15. CRATJil'GUS, L. HAWTHORN.

1. C. COCCin'ea, L. (SCARLET - FRUITED THORN.) A low
tree, with reddish branches, and sjbout chestnut-brown

ROSACES. 73

Spines. Peduncles and calyx glandular. Leaves rather
thin, roundish-ovate, on slender petioles ; acutely glandular-
toothed, sometimes cut-lobed. Fruit bright red, globose or
obovate, half an inch broad. — Thickets, common.

Var. maeraeantha, Dudley, (C. tomentosa, L. in part)
has longer spines and thicker leaves, wedge-shaped at the
base, on stout petioles and often deeply cut. The cymes
also are broader and the flowers and fruit rather large. —
Thickets.

Var. mollis, Torr. and Gray, (C. tomentosa, L., var. mollis,
Gray) has densely pubescent shoots and large slender-
petioled leaves, usually with acute narrow lobes. Fruit
bright scarlet with a slight bloom, an inch broad. — Queens-
ton and westward along Lake Erie.

2. C. puneta'ta, Jacq. Not glandular. Branches hori-
zontal. Leaves rather small, wedge-obovate, tapering and
entire below, unequally toothed above, villous-pubescent
when young, not shining. Fruit globose, about an inch
broad.

3. C. Crus'galli, L. (COCKSPUR THORN.) A shrub or low
tree, glabrous. Leaves thick, shining above, wedge-obovate,
finely serrate. Petioles very short. Fruit globular, dull
red, J of an inch broad. Thorns very long. — Thickets,
south-western Ontario.

4. C, Douglasii, Lindl. , has few short and stout spines,
ovate thin doubly serrate leaves, and small black-purple
fruit. — N.W. prairies.

16. PYRUS, L. PEAR. APPLE.

1. P. eorona'ria, L. (AMERICAN CRAB- APPLE.) A small
tree, with ovate serrate simple leaves, tomentose beneath.
Flowers in umbel-like cymes. Styles woolly and cohering
at the base. Fruit a greenish apple. — Toronto and west-
ward.

2. P. arbutifo'lia, L. (CHOKE-BERRY.) A shrub, with
oblong or oblanceolate finely serrate simple leaves, tomentose

74 COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.

beneath. Flowers in compound cymes. Fruit berry-like,
nearly globular, dark red or purple. — Swamps.

Var. melanoear'pa, Hook., is nearly smooth throughout,
and has large black fruit. — Swamps.

3. P. Ameriea'na, DC. (AMERICAN MOUNTAIN- ASH.) A
small tree with odd-pinnate leaves of 13-15 leaflets, the latter
lanceolate, taper-pointed, sharply serrate, bright green.
Fruit scarlet, berry-like, not larger than peas. Flowers in
flat cymes. — Swamps and cool woods, northward.

4. P. sambueifO'lia, Cham, and Schlecht., differs from
the last in having oblong, oval or lance-ovate, obtuse leaf-
lets, smaller cymes, and larger flowers and berries. — N.W.

IT. AMELAN'CIIIEK, Medic. JUNE-BERRY. SASKATOON-BERRY.

1. A. Canadensis, Torr. andGray. (SHADBUSH. SERVICE-
BERRY.) A tree 10-30 feet high, with a purplish, berry-like
edible fruit. Leaves ovate to ovate-oblong, slightly cordate,
pointed, very sharply serrate, nearly or soon glabrous.
Bracts and stipules sillsy-ciliate. Flowers large, in drooping
nearly glabrous racemes. Petals oblong. Pedicels of the
berries long. — Open woodlands.

Var. rotundifolia, Torr. and Gray^has broader leaves.

Var. Oblongifolia, Torr. and Gray, is a small tree (6-10
feet), with ^the young leaves and racemes densely white-
tomentose. Leaves broader and generally rounded at the
base. Flowers in shorter and denser racemes, and pedicels
of the fruit shorter. Petals oblong -spathulate. — Low
grounds.

2. A. oligOCarp'a, Boem. A shrub 2-4 feet high. Leaves
thin, oblong, acute at both ends. Petals oblong-obovate.
Fruit dark purple with a dense bloom.— Cold swamps.

3. A. alnifolia, Nutt. A shrub 3-8 feet high. Leaves
mostly broadly elliptical and obtuse, coarsely toothed to-
wards the apex. Kaceme short and rather dense. Petals
wedge-shaped-oblong. — N. W. prairies.

8A±IfBAGACE^E. 5

ORDER XXXIII. SAXIFRAGA'CEjE. (SAXIFRAGE P.)

Herbs or shrubs, distinguished from Rosacese chiefly in
having opposite as well as alternate leaves, and usually no
stipules ; stamens only as many or twice as many as the
(usually 5) petals ; and the carpels fewer than the petals
(mostly 2), and usually more or less united with each other.
Stamens and petals generally inserted on the calyx.

Synopsis of the Genera.

1. Ri'bes. Shrubs, sometimes prickly, with alternate and palmately-

veined and lobed leaves, which are plaited in the bud. Calyx
5-lobed, the tube adherent to the ovary (superior). Petals 5, small,
inserted on the calyx. Stamens 5. Styles 2. Fruit a many-seeded
berry.

2. Parnas'sia. Smooth herbs, with entire and chiefly radical leaves,

and solitary flowers terminating the long scapes. Petals 5, large,
veiny, each with a cluster of sterile filaments at the base. Proper
stamens 5. Stigmas 4. Pod 4-valved. Calyx free from the
ovary.

3. Saxifraga. Herbs with clustered root-leaves. Flowers in close

cymes. Calyx-lobes hardly adherent to the ovary. Petals 5.
Stamens 10. Fruit a pair of follicles, slightly united at the base.

4. Mitel'la. Low and slender herbs, with round-heart-shaped radical

leaves, those on the scape (if any J opposite. Flowers in terminal
racemes. Calyx 5-lobed, adherent to the base of the ovary. Petals
5, slender, pinnati/id. Stamens 10, short. Styles 2. Pod 2-beaked,
but 1-celled.

5. Tiarel'la. Slender herbs, with radical heart-shaped leaves, and

leafless scapes, bearing a simple raceme of flowers. Calyx bell-
shaped, 5-parted. Petals 5, entire. Stamens 10, long and slender.
Pod 2-valved, the valves unequal.

6. Heu'chera. Perennial herbs with round -heart -shaped radical

leaves ; those on the stem (if any) alternate. Greenish or purple
flowers, clustered in a long narrow panicle. Petals 5, small,
spathulate, entire. Stamens 5. Styles 2. Pod 2-beaked.

7. Chrysosple' ilium. Small and smooth herbs, with mostly opposite

roundish leaves. Calyx-tube adherent to the ovary. Petals none.
Stamens twice as many as the calyx-lobes (8-10), inserted on a
conspicuous disk. Pod 2-lobed.

1. RI'BES, L. CURRANT. GOOSEBERRY.

1. R. Cynos'bati, L. (WILD GOOSEBERRY.) Stem with
small thorns at the bases of the leaves, the latter downy, on

'/6 COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.

slender petioles, roundish heart-shaped, 3-5-lobed. Ped-
uncles slender, 2- 3 -flowered. Berry covered with long
prickles. — Open woods and clearings.

2. R. oxyaeanthoi'des, L. (R. hirtellum, Michx.) (SMALL
WILD GOOSEBERRY.) Stems with very short thorns or none.
Peduncles very short, 1-2-flowered. Stamens shorter than
the broadly oblong calyx-lobes. Berry small, smooth.— Low
grounds.

3. R. rotundifo'lium, Michx. Like the last, but the
stamens are longer than the narrowly oblong-spathulaie calyx-
lobes. — Chiefly eastward.

4. R. laeus'tre, Poir. (SWAMP GOOSEBERRY.) Shrubby.
Young stems prickly, and thorny at the bases of the leaves.
Leaves cordate, deeply 3-5-lobed, the lobes deeply cut. Racemes
4-9-flowered, slender, nodding. Fruit bristly. — Swamps and
wet woods.

5. R. flor'idum, L. (WILD BLACK CURRANT.) Stems and
fruit without prickles or thorns. Leaves resinous -dotted,
sharply 3-5-lobed, doubly serrate. Racemes many- flowered,
drooping. Calyx bell-shaped. Fruit black, smooth. —
Woods.

6. R. rubrum, L. (WILD BED CURRANT.) A low shrub
with straggling stems. Leaves obtusely 3-5-lobed. Racemes
from lateral buds separate from the leaf -buds,, drooping.
Calyx flat. Fruit red, smooth. — Bogs and wet woods.

7. R. prostra'tum, L'Her. (FETID CURRANT.) Stems re-
clined. Leaves deeply cordate, 5-7-lobed, smooth, the lobes
ovate, acute, doubly serrate. Racemes erect, slender, the
flowers greenish. Fruit pale red, glandular-bristly. — Cold
damp woods and rocks.

8. R. Hudsonia'num, Richards. Like the last, but with
white flowers crowded in the erect raceme, and darker and
smooth fruit. — N. W. Also in central Ontario.

2. PARNAS'SIA, Tourn. GRASS OF PARNASSUS.
1. P. Carolinia'na, Michx. Petals sessile, very veiny.
Sterile filaments 3 in each set. Leaves ovate or rounded,

SAXIFRAGACE^. 77

usually only one low down on the stalk. Flower an inch
across, the petals much longer than the calyx. — Beaver
meadows and wet banks.

2. P. palustris, L. Sterile filaments 9-15 in each set.
Scapes 3-10 inches high. Flower nearly an inch across, the
petals not much longer than the sepals. Leaves cordate. —
Sandy banks.

3. P. parviflO'ra, DC. Petals but little longer than the
sepals. Sterile filaments about 7 in each set. Leaves ovate
or oblong. — Atl. Prov. and northward.

3. SAXIF'KAGA, L. SAXIFRAGE.

1. S. Vjrglnien'sis, Michx. (EARLY SAXIFRAGE.) Stem
4-9 inches high. Scape clammy. Leaves obovate, crenate-
ly toothed. Petals white, oblong, twice as long as the sepals.
— Rocks and hillsides.

2. S. trieuspida'ta, Retz. Stems tufted, 4-8 inches high.
Leaves alternate, oblong or spathulate, with 3 rigid sharp
teeth at the end. Petals yellow. — Chiefly N. and N.W.

3. S. Aizo'on, Jacq. Scape 5-10 inches high. Leaves
thick, spathulate, with white finely-toothed margins. Petals
cream-colour, obovate, often spotted at the base. — Moist
rocks, Atl. sea-coast and northward.

4. MITEL' LA, Tourn. MITRE-WORT. BISHOP'S-CAP.

1. M. diphyl'la, L. (TWO-LEAVED MITRE-WORT.) Stem
hairy. Leaves cordate, 3-5-lobed, those on the scape 2, op-
posite, nearly sessile. Flowers white, oblong. --Rich woods.

2. M. nuda, L. (NAKED-STALKED M.) Stem small and
delicate. Leaves kidney-shaped, doubly crenate. Scape
leafless, few-flowered. Flowers greenish. — Deep woods, on
moss-covered logs, etc.

5. TIAREL'LA, L. FALSE MITRE-WORT.

T. COrdifo'lia, L. Scapes leafless, 5-12 inches high.
Leaves heart-shaped, sharply toothed, sparsely hairy above,
downy beneath. Petals white, oblong. — Rich- woods.

78 COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.

6. HEIT'CHERA, L. ALUM-ROOT.

1. H. America' na, L. (COMMON ALUM-ROOT.) Stems 2-3
feet high, glandular and short-hairy. Flowers small, in a
loose' panicle. Petals not longer than the calyx-lobes.
Stamens and style exserted. — S. W. Ontario.

2. H. his'pida, Pursh, has larger flowers in a very narrow
panicle, and taller stems, with long spreading hairs. Sta-
mens short, but soon exserted. — N. W. prairies.

7, CHRYSOSPLE'NIUM, Tourn. GOLDEN SAXIFRAGE.
C. America' num, Schwein. A low and delicate smooth
herb, with spreading and forking stems. Flowers greenish-
yellow, inconspicuous, nearly sessile in the forks. — Shady
wet places.

ORDER XXXIV. CRASSULA'CEJE. (ORPINE FAMILY.)

Succulent herbs (except in one genus), chiefly differing
from Saxifragacese in having symmetrical flowers, the sepals,
petals and carpels being the same in number, and the
stamens either as many or twice as many.

Synopsis of the Genera.

1. Pen'thoruni. Not succulent. The carpels united, forming a 5-

celled pod.

2. Sedum. Succulent. Carpels distinct.

1. PEX'TIIORUM, Gronov. DITCH STONE-CROP.

P. sedoi'des, Gronov. Not succulent. Sepals 5. Petals
5, if any ; sometimes wanting. Stamens 10. Pod 5-anghd,
5-horned, and 5-celled. Leaves scattered, lanceolate, acute
at both ends. A homely weed, with greenish-yellow flowers
in a loose cyme. — Wet places. (Parts of the flowers occa-
sionally in sixes or sevens.)

2. si:m >i, Tourn. STONE-CROP. ORPINE.

1. S. acre, L. (MOSSY STONE-CROP.) Leaves very thick
and succulent, crowded, very small. Petals yellow. A
spreading moss-like plant, which has escaped from culti-
vation in many places. — Boadsides.

HAMAMELACEJE, HALORAGE^E. 79

2. S. Tele'phium, L. (LIVE-FOR-EVER.) Stems tall and
stout. Leaves oval, toothed. Flowers in compound cymes,
petals purple. Sepals, petals, and carpels 5 each. Stamen
10. (Int. from Eu.)

3. S. Rhodi'ola, DC. (KOSE-ROOT.) Stems 5-10 inches
high. Flowers dioecious, greenish - yellow or purplish.
Stamens mostly 8, other parts in fours. — Rocky shores, Atl.
Prov.

ORDER XXXV. HAMAMELACEJE. (WITCH-HAZEL F.)

Tall shrubs, with alternate simple leaves, and deciduous
stipules. Flowers in clusters or heads, often monoecious.
Calyx 4-parted, adherent to the base of the ovary, the latter
of 2 united carpels. Fruit a 2-beaked, 2-celled, woody pod,
opening at the top. Petals 4, strap-shaped, inserted on the
calyx. Stamens 8, 4 of them anther-bearing, the remainder
reduced to scales. The only genus with us is

HAMAME'LIS, L. . WlTCH-HAZEL.

H. Virginia' na, L. Leaves obovate or oval, crenate or
wavy-toothed, pubescent. Flowers yellow, appearing late
in the autumn. — Damp woods, chiefly west of Toronto.

ORDER XXXVI. HALORAGEJE. (WATER-MILFOIL F.)

Aquatic or marsh plants, with small inconspicuous flowers,
sessile in the axils of the leaves or bracts. Calyx-tube ad-
herent to the ovary (but calyx and corolla wanting in Calli-
triche), the latter 2-4-celled (in Hippuris of a single carpel).
Limb of the calyx minute or none. Petals small or none.
Stamens 1-8. Fruit indehiscent, a single seed in each cell.

Synopsis of the Geiiera.

1 . My riopliyl' 1 inn . Flowers monoecious or polygamous , with the parts

in fours. Stamens 4 or 8. Immersed leaves pinnately dissected
into capillary divisions.

2. Hippu'ris. Flowers perfect. Stamen, style, and carpel only one.

Leaves entire, linear, acute ; in whorls of 8 or 10.

80 COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.

3. Proserpina' ca. Flowers perfect, the parts in threes. Petals none.

Stems creeping at the base. Leaves alternate, the immersed ones
pinnately dissected.

4. Callit'riche« Flowers monoecious. Calyx and corolla wanting.

Leaves entire, opposite. Staminate flower of a single stamen ;
pistillate flower a single 4-celled ovary. Fruit compressed, 4-
lobed. 4-celled, breaking up into 4 one-seeded pieces.

1. MYRIOPHYL'LUM, Vaill. WATER- MILFOIL.

1. M. spiea'tum, L. Stamens 8. Bracts ovate, entire,
shorter than the flowers. Leaves in whorls of 3 or 4.
Flowers greenish, in terminal spikes. Steins very long. —
Deep water.

2. M. vertieilla'tum, L. Stamens 8. Leaves finely dis-
sected and whorled as in No. 1. Bracts pectinate-pinnatifid,
much longer than the flowers, and the spikes therefore
leafy. Stem 2-4 feet long. — Stagnant water.

3. M. heterophyl'lum, Michx. Stamens 4. Lower leaves
dissected, in whorls of 4 or 5. Bracts ovate or lanceolate,
finely serrate, crowded, the lower ones pinnatifid. Stem
stout. — Stagnant or slow water.

4. M. tenellum, Bigel. Flowering stems nearly leafless.
Bracts small, entire. Flowers alternate, monoecious.
Stamens 4. — Borders of ponds.

2. HIPPIJ'RIS, L. MARE'S TAIL.

H. VUlga'ris, L. A perennial aquatic, with jointed erect
stem. — Muddy margins of ponds and streams.

3. PROSERPINA'CA, L. MERMAID-WEED.

P. palustris, L. (MERMAID- WEED.) Low herb. Stem
creeping at base. Leaves alternate, lanceolate, sharply
serrate. Petals none. Stamens 3. Fr uit nut-like, 3-seeded.
— Wet swamps,

4. CALEIT'RICHE, L. WATER-STARWORT.

1. C. ver'na, L. Amphibious. Floating leaves obovate,
tufted ; submersed leaves linear. Flowers monoecious,
axillary, usually between a pair of bracts. Sterile flower a
single stamen ; fertile flower a single pistil with a 4-celled
ovary. Leaves beset with stellate scales.

ONAGRACE^. 81

2. C. autumna'lis. Growing under water. May be dis-
tinguished from C. verna by its leaves being retuse and all
linear from a broader base, and its flowers without bracts.

ORDER XXXVII. ONAGRA'CE^E. (EVENING-PRIMROSE F.)

Herbs with perfect and symmetrical flowers, the parts of
the latter in twos or fours. Calyx-tube adherent to the
ovary, and usually prolonged above it. Petals and stamens
inserted on the calyx. Style 1. Stigmas 2 or 4 or capitate.
(See Part I., sections 44-47, for description of a typical

plant.)

Synopsis of tlie Genera.

1. Circae'a. Petals 2, obcordate. Stamens 2. Stigma capitate. Fruit

bur-like, 1-2-seeded, beset with hooked bristles. Delicate low plants
with opposite leaves and very small white flowers in racemes.

2. Epilo'bium. Petals 4. Stamens 8. Calyx-tube hardly prolonged

beyond the ovary. Fruit a linear pod, many-seeded, the seeds pro-
vided with tufts of downy hairs.

3. <l iioilir ra. Petals 4. Stamens 8. Stigma" 4-lobed or discoid.

Flowers yellow (white in one species). Calyx-tube much pro-
longed. Pods cylindi-ical or club-shaped. Seeds without tufts.

4. Gau'ra. Petals 4, clawed and unequal. Stamens 8. Stigma 4-lobed,

with a cup-like border. Calyx-tube much prolonged. Fruit hard
and nut-like, ribbed, indehiscent or nearly so, few-seeded.
Flowers rose-coloured or white, turning scarlet.

5. Lurtwig'ia. Petals 4, or none. Stamens 4. Calyx-tube not pro-

longed. Stigma capitate.

1. CIRC^'A, Tourn. ENCHANTER'S NIGHTSHADE.

1. C. Lutetia'na, L. Stem 1-2 feet high. Leaves oppo-
site, ovate, slightly toothed. No bracts under the pedicels.
Fruit roundish, bristly-hairy, 2-celled. — Rich woods.

2. C. alpi'na, L. Stem low and delicate (3-8 inches).
Leaves cordate, coarsely toothed. Minute bracts under the
pedicels. Fruit club-shaped, soft-hairy, 1-celled. — Deep low

woods.

2. EPILO'BIUM, L. WILLOW-HERB.

1. E. angustifo'lium, L. (E. spica'tum, Lam.) (GREAT
WILLOW-HERB.) Stem 3-6 feet high, simple. Leaves lance-
olate, scattered. Flowers purple, very showy, in a terminal

82 COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.

raceme or spike. Stamens and style deflexed. Stigma of 4
long lobes. — Newly-cleared land.
Var. eaneseens, Wood, has white flowers and silvery pods.

2. E. hirsu'tum, L., is found about Niagara Falls. The
stem is tall, erect, and densely soft-hairy, with opposite
lance-oblong leaves. Flowers smaller than in No. 1, rose-
purple, forming a leafy short raceme. Stamens and style
erect.

3. E. panieula'tum, Nutt. Glabrous, or pubescent
above. Stem varying from 1 to 10 feet high, branching
above. Leaves narrowly linear, mostly alternate and fasci-
cled. Flowers few, small, terminating the spreading slender
and almost leafless branches. Stamens and style erect.
Stigma club-shaped. — Colpoy's Bay, Lake Huron ; and N. W.

4. E. linea're, Muhl. (E. palustre, L. , var. lineare, Gray.)
Stem 1-2 feet high, erect, slender, branching above, hoary-
pubescent. Leaves linear-lanceolate, nearly entire. Flowers
small, corymbed at the ends of the branches, purplish or
white. Petals erect. Stigma club-shaped. — Bogs.

5. E. Strietum, Muhl., (E. molle, Torr.) is occasionally
met with. It differs from No. 4 chiefly in having the leaves
crowded, broader, and their points more obtuse. The petals
are rose-coloured. — Bogs.

6. E. palustre, L. Stem low, slender, and simple (about
a foot high), finely pubescent. Leaves erect or ascending,
sessile, linear to linear-lanceolate, obtuse, with revolute
margins. Seeds roughened with points. — Atl. seacoast and
N.W.

7. E. COlora'tum, Muhl. Stem 1-2 feet high, nearly
smooth, but with 2-4 hairy lines decurrent from the leaves,
the latter lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, serrate, with conspic-
uous petioles. Flowers small, more or less nodding,
corymbed. Petals pale, deeply notched. Coma of the seed
brownish. — Not so common as the next.

8. E. adenoeau'lon, Haussk. More glandular-pubescent
tljan the last. Leaves abruptly contracted into sjiort

ONAGRACE.E. 83

petioles. Flowers erect. Coma of the seed much lighter in
colour. — Common in wet places.

3. CEXOTHE'RA, L. EVENING PRIMROSE.

* Stigma-lobes linear.

1. (E. bien'nis, L. (COMMON EVENING PRIMROSE.) Stem
2-4 feet high, hairy. Leaves ovate-lanceolate. Flowers
yellow, odorous, in a leafy spike, opening in the evening or
in cloudy weather. Pods oblong, narrowing towards the
top. — Waste places.

Var. grandiflo'ra, Lindl., has petals as long as the
calyx-tube.

Var. murica'ta, Lindl. has rough-bristly stem and pods,
and petals rather longer than the stamens.

2. (E. albieau'lis, Nutt. Flowers white, changing to
rose-colour, nodding in the bud. Stem white, and common-
ly glabrous.— N. W.

3. (E. pu'mila, L. (SMALL E.) Stem low, 5-12 inches high,
smooth or nearly so. Leaves lanceolate or oblanceolate.
Pods nearly sessile, club-shaped, 4-angled. Flowers pale
yellow, opening in sunshine. — Eiver and lake margins.

4. (E. Chrysan'tha, Michx. Distinguished from the pre-
ceding by the orange-yellow flowers, and pedicelled pods, the
latter scarcely wing-angled. — Drier ground than the pre-
ceding.

* * Stigma discoid.

5. (E. serrula'ta, Nutt., var. Douglasii, Torr. and Gray.
A low and slender plant, with linear to lanceolate leaves.
Calyx-tube broadly funnel-form. Petals obovate. — N.W.

4. GAIIRA, L.

G. COeein'ea, Nutt. Hoary and very leafy, 6-12 inches
high. Flowers small, in simple spikes. — N. W.

5. LUDWIG'IA, L. FALSE LOOSESTRIFE.

1. L. palustris, Ell. (WATER PURSLANE.) Stems creep-
ing in the mud of ditches or river margins, smooth. Leaves
opposite, tapering into a slender petiole. Flowers sessile,
solitary, usually without 'petals. Pod 4-sidecl.

84 COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.

2. L. alternifo'lia, L. (SEED-BOX.) Stem branching,
about 3 feet high, nearly smooth. Flowers yellow, conspicu-
ous, peduncled in the upper axils. Leaves alternate, pointed
at both ends. Capsules wing-angled. — S. W. Ontario.

3. L. polyearp'a, Short and Peter. Stem 1-3 feet high,
erect and branching, but producing runners at the base.
Flowers small, sessile in the axils, with greenish petals or
none. Leaves acute at both ends, those of the runners
oblong-spathulate. Bractlets at the base of the capsules
linear-awl-shaped. — S. W. Ontario, not common.

ORDER XXXVIII. MELASTOMA'CE^l. (MELASTOMA F.)

Low herbs with opposite 3-5-ribbed leaves. Calyx-tube
adherent to the ovary, the limb 4- cleft. Petals 4, showy,
convolute in the bud. Stamens 8, with 1-celled anthers
opening by a pore at the apex ; these and the petals inserted
on the calyx. Style and stigma 1. Pod 4-celled, many-
seeded ; seeds coiled. The only representative with us is

KIIEXIA, L. DEER-GRASS. MEADOW-BEAUTY.
. R. Virgin'iea, L. Stem square, wing-angled. Leaves
oval-lanceolate. Petals purple. — Shores of the Muskoka
Lakes.

ORDER XXXIX. LYTHRA'CE^E. (LOOSESTRIFE F.)
Herbs, or slightly woody plants, with opposite or whorled
entire leaves, without stipules. Calyx enclosing, but free
from, the ovary. Petals and stamens inserted on the calyx,
Flowers axillary or whorled. Style 1. Stigma capitate.

Synopsis of tlic Genera.

1. L.vtli ruin. Petals mostly 6. Stamens mostly 6 or 12. Flowers

purple, solitary in the axils, or forming an interrupted spike.
Calyx-teeth with projections in the sinuses. Pod oblong-, 2-celled.

2. Nesse'a. Petals 5 (rarely 4). Stamens twice as many, in two sets.

Pod 3-5-celled.

1. LYTH'RUIW, L. LOOSESTRIFE.

1. L. ala'tum, Pursh. Tall and wand-like. Flowers
solitary in the upper axils. Calyx- teeth often shorter than

CUCURBITACE.E. 85

the projections between them. Petals deep-purple. — S. W.
Ontario.

2. L. Saliea'ria, L. (SPIKED LOOSESTRIFE.) More or less
downy and tall. Flowers purple, crowded, and forming an
interrupted spike. Stamens twice as many as the petals, in
two sets. — Atl. Prov. Also at Ottawa and opposite Mon-
treal.

2. NESJE'A, Commerson, Juss. SWAMP LOOSESTRIFE.

N. vertieilla'ta, H. B. K. (Dec'odon vertitillatus, Ell.)
Stems curving, 2-6 feet long, 4-6-sided. Leaves lanceolate,
mostly whorled. Flowers purple, in the axils of the upper
leaves. Calyx bell-shaped, with 5-7 erect teeth, with sup-
plementary projections between them . Stamens 10, exserted ,
5 longer than the rest. — Swamps.

ORDER XL. CUCURBIT A' CEJE. (GOURD FAMILY.)
Herbs, climbing by tendrils. Flowers monoecious. Calyx-
tube adherent to the 1-3-celled ovary. Corolla commonly
more or less gamopetalous. Stamens usually 3, united by
their tortuous anthers, and often also by the filaments.
Leaves alternate, palrnately lobed or veined.

Synopsis of the Genera.

1. Si'cyos. Flowers greenish- white, small ; the staminate corymbed,

the pistillate clustered in a head on a long peduncle. Corolla 5-
cleft, with a spreading border. Style slender ; stigmas 3. Ovary
l-celled. Fruit dry and indehiscent, prickly, bur-like in appear-
ance.

2. Echiuocys'tis. Flowers whitish, small ; the staminate in long

compound racemes, the pistillate in small clusters from the same
axils. Corolla, 6-parted. Stigma broad, almost sessile. Ovary
2-celled, 4-seeded. Fruit fleshy, becoming dry, clothed with weak
prickles.

1. SI'CYOS, L. STAR CUCUMBER.

S. angllla'tus, L. A clammy-hairy weed in damp yards.
Leaves roundish heart-shaped, 5-angled or lobed.

2. ECHIXOCYS'TIS, Torr. and Gray. WILD BALSAM-APPLE.
E. loba'ta, Torr. and Gray. Climbing high about dwel-
lings. Leaves deeply and sharply 5-lobed. The oval fruit
2 inches long.

86 COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.

ORDER XLI. CACTA'CE^E. (CACTUS FAMILY.)

Very fleshy and commonly leafless plants; the stems
globose or columnar and angled, or of flattened joints, mostly
prickly. Flowers solitary, sessile. The numerous sepals
and petals adherent to the 1-celled ovary. Style 1, stigmas
many. Fruit a 1-celled berry with many seeds on the walls.

Synopsis of the Genera.

1. jflamilla'ria. Stems globose or oval, covered with spine-bearing

tubercles, the flowers between these.

2. Opnu'f ia. Stems of flattened joints, bearing- very small awl-shaped

leaves with clusters of bristles in their axils.

1. MAMILLA'RIA, Haw.

M. Vivip'ara, Haw. Stems 1-5 inches high, the tubercles
bearing bundles of 5-8 reddish-brown spines, surrounded by
numerous grayish ones. Flowers purple. — N. W. plains.

2. OPUN'TIA, Tourn. PRICKLY PEAR.

0. Rafines'quii, Engel. Stem prostrate, deep green.
Bristles reddish- brown. Spines few. Flowers yellow, some-
times with reddish centre. — Point Pelee.

ORDER XLII. FICOI'DE^. (!CE-PLANT FAMILY.)

A miscellaneous group, embracing plants formerly in-
cluded in Caryophyllacese and Portulacacese ; differing,
however, from true representatives of these in having parti-
tions in the ovary. Petals wanting in our genus.

MOLLI '<;o, L. CARPET-WEED.

M. vertieilla'ta, L. A prostrate much-branched herb,
growing in patches. Leaves spathulate, apparently verti-
cillate. Flowers on long axillary pedicels, clustered into a
sort of umbel. Sepals 5, white inside. Petals none.
Stamens mostly 3. Styles 3. Pod 3-celled, 3-valved, loculi-
cidal. the partitions breaking away from the many-seeded
axis. — Mostly in south-western Ontario.

UMBELLIFSILE. 87

ORDER XLIII. UMBELLIF'ER^. (PARSLEY FAMILY.)

Herbs with small flowers mostly in compound umbels.
Calyx-tube grown fast to the surface of the ovary ; calyx-
teeth minute or none. The 5 petals and 5 stamens inserted
on a disk which crowns the ovary. Styles 2. Fruit dry,
2-seeded. Stems hollow. Leaves usually much cut. (See
Part I., Chapter VII., for description of a typical flower.)

Synopsis of the Genera.

§ l. Seeds flat (not hollow) on the inner face.

1. Hydrocot'yle. Umbels simple, or one springing from the summit of

another, axillary. Flowers white. Stem slender and creeping.
Leaves round-kidney-shaped.

2. Sa iiic' til a. Umbels irregular (or compound), the greenish flotvers

capitate in the umbellets. Leaves palmately lobed or parted.
Fruit globular, covered with hooked prickles.
(In the Genera which follow, the umbels are regularly compound.)

3. Daii'ciis. Stem bristly. Leaves twice or thrice-pinnate, or pinna-

tifid. Bracts of the involucre pinnatifid, very long. Fruit ribbed,
the ribs bristly.

4. H crude um. Stem 3-4 feet high, woolly and grooved. Leaves 1-2-

ternately compound. Flowers white, the outer corollas larger
than the others. Fruit wing-margined at the junction of the car-
pels, very flat. Carpels 5-ribbed on the back.

5. Pastiua'ca. Stem smooth, grooved. Leaves pinnate. Flowers

yelloiv, all alike. Fruit as in No. 4.

6 Fenced' aiium. Low acaulescent herbs, with spindle-shaped roots
and twice-pinnate leaves. No involucre 5 involucels of scarious-
margined (often purplish) lanceolate bractlets. Flowers white or
yellow. Fruit round, winged on the sides. — N. W. only.

7. Archem'ora. Stem smooth. Leaves pinnate, of 3-9 rather narrow

leaflets. Flowers white. Fruit broadly winged, flat, 5-ribbed on
the back.

8. Archangel' ica. Stem smooth, stout, purple. Leaves 2-3-ternately

compound. Flowers greenish-white. Fruit smooth, flattish on
the back, double- wing -margined, each carpel with 3 ribs on the
back.

9. Conioseli'uum. Stem smooth. Leaves 2-3-pinnately compound, the

petioles inflated. Flowers white. Fruit doubly wing-margined,
and with 3 narrow wings on the back of each carpel.

88 COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.

10. Tliaspiiim. Stem smooth. Leaves 1-3-ternately divided. Floioers

yellow. Fruit not flattened, 10-winged or ribbed.

11. .Kl h ;i s;i. Leaves twice or thrice ternately compound, the divisions

finely dissected. No involucre: involucels of long narrow bract-
lets. Flowers white. Fruit ovate-globose, the carpels with 5
thick sharp ribs.

12. Ligiis'ticum. Stem smooth, from large aromatic roots. Leaves

twice ternate, coarsely toothed. Flowers white. Fruit with pro-
minent acute ribs, having broad spaces between them.

13. Zizia. Stem slender, smooth and glaucous. Leaves 2-3-ternately

compound. Flowers yellow. Rays of the umbel long and slender.
Fruit contracted at the junction of the carpels; the carpels nar-
rowly 5-ribbed.

14. Cicu'ta. Stem streaked with purple, stout. Leaves thrice com-

pound. Flowers white. Fruit a little contracted at the sides, the
carpels strongly 5-ribbed.

15. < arum. Stem erect, slender, smooth. Leaves pinnately decom-

pound, the divisions filiform. Eoots tuberous. Flowers white.
Ribs of the ovate or oblong fruit inconspicuous.

16. Si mil. Stem grooved. Leaves simply pinnate. Flowers ivhite.

Fruit as in No. 10.

17. Cryptotse'nia. Stem smooth. Leaves 3-foliolate. The umbels ivith

very unequal rays. Flowers white. Fruit nearly as in Nos. 10
and 11.

§ 2. Inner face of each seed hollowed lengthwise.

18. Biipleu'rum. Stem smooth. Leaves perfoliate, ovate, entire. No

involucre : involucels of 5 very conspicuous ovate mucronate
bractlets. Flowers yellow.

19. 'flux niiim. Stem short, branching from the base. Flowers

yellow. Leaves twice-pinnatitid. Roots spindle-shaped. No
involucre ; involucels 1-sided, of a few narrow bractlets. Ribs of
the ovate fruit slightly prominent.— N. W. only.

20. Osmorrlii'za. Leaves large, 2-3-ternately compound. Flowers

white. Fruit linear-oblong, angled, tapering downwards into a
stalk-like base. Ribs of the carpels bristly upwards.

21. Co' uium. Leaves large, decompound. Flowers white. Fruitovate,

flattened at the sides, 5-ribbed, the ribs wavy.

§ 3. Inner face of each seed curved inwards at top and bottom.

22. Erlge'iiia. Stem low and smooth. Leaves 2-3-ternately divided.

Fruit twin. Carpels nearly kidney-form. Umbels 3-rayed, small,
Flowers white.

UMBELLIFEILE. 89

1. HYDROCOT YLE, Tourn. WATER PENNYWORT.

H. Ameriea'na, L. Stem spreading and creeping,
very slender. Leaves kidney-shaped, crenate, slightly
lobed. Umbels 3-5-flowered, inconspicuous, in the axils of
the leaves. — Shady wet places.

2. SAXIC'IILA, Tourn. SANICLE. BLACK SNAKEROOT.
S. Marilan'diea, L. Leaves 5-7-parted. Staminate
flowers very numerous, and on slender pedicels. Styles long,
recurved. — Rich woods.

Var. Canaden'sis, L. Leaves 3-5-parted. A few stam-
inate flowers among the perfect ones, and on very short
pedicels. Styles shorter than the prickles of the fruit. — Low
rich woods, not so common.

3. DAU'CITS, Tourn. CARROT.

D. Caro'ta, L. (COMMON CARROT.) Found wild occa-
sionally in old fields. In fruit the umbel becomes hollow
like a bird's nest.

4. aci i: v< 1 1 i ti L. COW-PARSNIP.

H. lana'tum, Michx. Umbels large and flat. Petioles
of the leaves spreading and sheathing. Leaves very large ;
leaflets broadly heart-shaped, deeply lobed. Low wet
meadows.

5. PASTIffA'CA Tourn. PARSNIP.

P. sati'va, L. (COMMON PARSNIP.) Found wild in old
fields and along roadsides. Leaflets shining above.

6. PEU€ED ANCM, L.

1 . P. nudieaule, Nutt. Pubescent. Peduncles 3-8 inches
high. Flowers white, in early spring. — N.W.

2. P. villo'sum, Nutt., has yellow flowers.— N.W.

T. ARCHEM'ORA, D.C. COWBANB.

A. riglda, DC. Calyx 5-toothed. Involucre almost none ;
involucels of many small bractlets. — Sandy swamps, south-
western Ontario.

90 COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.

8. ARCHANGEL ICA, Hoffm. ARCHANGELICA.

1. A. atropurpu'rea, Hoffm. (Angelica atropurpurea,
L.) (GREAT ANGELICA.) Stem very tall (4-6 feet) and stout,
dark purple. Whole plant strong-scented. Petioles much
inflated at the base. — Marshes and low river-banks.

2. A. Gmel'ini, DC. Stem slightly downy at the top.
Involucels about as long as the umbellets. Plant but little
aromatic.— Rocky coasts ; Atl. Prov.

9. COMOSELI'NUM, Fischer. HEMLOCK-PARSLEY.
C. Canadense, Torr. and Gr. Stem 2-4 feet high.
Petioles much inflated. Leaflets of the involucels awl-shaped-
— Swamps.

10. THASPIUM, Nutt. MEADOW-PARSNIP.

1. T. au'reum, Nutt. Stem 1-2 feet high, angular-fur-
rowed. Leaflets oblong-lanceolate, sharply serrate. Flow-
ers deep yellow. Fruit with 10 winged ridges, or in var.
apterum with 10 ribs.— Dry or rich woods.

Var. trifoliatum, Coult. and Rose, is a far western
form. Leaflets crenate.

2. T. barbino'de, Nutt. Loosely branched, pubescent
on the joints. Leaflets ovate to lanceolate, coarsely cut-ser-
rate. Flowers light yellow. — S.W. Ontario.

11. £!THlJ'SAt L. FOOL'S PARSLEY.

M. Cyna'pium, L. A poisonous annual, with an un-
pleasant odour, found occasionally in cultivated grounds.

13. LIGUS'TICUM, L. LOVAGE.

L. Seot'ieum, L. (SCOTCH LOVAGE.) Stem 1-2 feet high,
simple. Leaflets ovate. Fruit narrowly oblong. — Salt
marshes, Atl. sea- coast.

13. ZIZIA, DC. ZIZIA.

Z. integep'rima, DC. (Pimpinella integerrima, Benth.
and Hook., in Macoun's Catalogue.) Stem slender, 1-2 feet
high, from a stout root stock. Involucels none. Plant
strong-scented. — Rocky hill sides.

UMBELLIFER.E. 91

14. CICU'TA, L. WATER-HEMLOCK.

1. C. maeula'ta, L. (SPOTTED COWBANE. BEAVER
POISON.) Stem 3-6 feet high, purplish, smooth. Leaflets
ovate-lanceolate, coarsely serrate, pointed. — Swamps and low
grounds.

2. C. bulbif'era, L., is easily distinguished from No. 1
by bearing clusters of bulblets in the axils of the upper leaves.
The leaflets, also, are linear. — Swamps and low grounds.

15. CARITJI, L. CARAWAY.

C. Car'ui, L. (CARAWAY.) Escaped from cultivation in
many places.

16. SUM, L. WATER-PARSNIP.

S. linea're, Michx. (8. cicutcefolium, Gmelin, inMacoun's
Catalogue.) Stem 2-3 feet high, smooth, furrowed. Leaf-
lets varying from linear to oblong, sharply pointed and ser-
rate. Fruit oblong or ovate, with prominent ribs. — Borders
of marshes usually in the water.

17. CRYPTOTjE'NIA, DC. HONEWORT.

C. Canadensis, DC. Stem 1-2 feet high, slender. Leaf-
lets large, ovate, doubly serrate. No involucre. — Rich
woods and thickets.

18. BUPLEU'RUM, L. THOROUGH-WAX.

B. rotundifolium, L. Ballast-heaps. — Atl. Prov.

19. MIISE'NIUM, Nutt.

M. divariea'tum, Nutt. Decumbent. Leaves glabrous
and shining, the divisions confluent with the winged rhachis.
Rather ill-smelling herbs.— N.W.

20. OSmORRHI'ZA, Raf. SWEET CICELY.

1. 0. longls'tylis, DC. (SMOOTHER SWEET CICELY.) Stem
reddish, nearly smooth. Leaflets sparingly pubescent,
short pointed. Styles slender, nearly as long as the ovary,
recurved. — Rich woods.

COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.

2. 0. brevis'tylis, DC. (HAIRY SWEET CICELY.) Whole
plant hairy. Leaflets taper-pointed. Styles very short,
conical. — Rich woods.

21. CO'iXIIIM, L. POISON HEMLOCK.

C. maeula'tum, L. Stem smooth, spotted. Leaflets
lanceolate, pinnatifid, pale green, with an offensive odour
when bruised. Involucels one-sided. Inner face of the
seed marked with a deep groove. — Waste places.

22. ERIGE'NIA, Nutt. HARBINGER-OF-SPRING.

E. bulbo'sa, Nutt. Stem 4-6 inches high, from a tuber
deep in the ground, producing 2 leaves, the lower radical.
Leaflets much incised. Flowers few. — Alluvial soil.

ORDER XLIV. ARALIA'CEJE. (GINSENG FAMILY.)
Herbs (with us) differing from the last Order chiefly in
having, as a rule, more than 2 styles, and the fruit a drupe.
The umbels, also, are either single, or corymbed, or panicled.
Flowers often polygamous. The only Canadian genus is

ARA Lit, Tourn. GINSENG. WILD SARSAPARILLA.

* Umbels corymbed or panicled. Petals, stamens, and styles each 5.

Fruit black or dark-purple:.

1. A. raeemo'sa, L. (SPIKENARD.) Umbels in a large
compound panicle. Stem 2-3 feet high, widely branching.
Leaves very large and decompound ; leaflets ovate-cordate,
doubly serrate. Roots aromatic. — Rich woods.

2. A. his'pida, Michx. (BRISTLY SARSAPARILLA. WILD
ELDER.) Stem 1-2 feet high, bristly, leafy, somewhat
shrubby at the base. Umbels 2-7, corymbed. Leaves twice-
pinnate. Leaflets sharply serrate. Fruit black. — Rocky or
sandy woods.

3. A. nudieaulis, L. (WILD SARSAPARILLA.) True stem
very short, sending up a naked scape bearing 3 or 4 long-
peduncled umbels at the summit, and one long-petioled leaf,
ternately divided, and with 5 leaflets on each division. Root
horizontal, aromatic. — Rich woods.

CORNACEJI, 93

* * Umbel single, on a long peduncle. Styles 2 or 3.

4. A. quinque folia, Decaisne. (GINSENG.) Leaves in a
whorl of 3 at the summit of the stem, the latter a foot high.
Leaflets mostly 5, long-stalked. — Rich woods.

5. A. tpifolia, Decaisne. Stem 4-6 inches high. Leaves
in a whorl of 3 at the summit, but the leaflets usually only 3>
and sessile. — Rich woods.

ORDER XLV. CORNA'CE^E. (DOGWOOD FAMILY.)
Shrubs or trees (rarely herbs) with simple leaves. Calyx-
tube adherent to the 1-2-celled ovary, the limb of the calyx
inconspicuous. Petals and stamens all epigynous. Style 1 ,
stigma flat or capitate. Fruit a 1-2-seeded drupe.

Synopsis of the Genera.

1. Cornus. Flowers perfect (the parts in fours), either forming

cymes, or in close heads surrounded by a showy involucre
resembling a corolla. Leaves mostly opposite.

2. Nyssa. Flowers dioeciously polygamous, the parts in fives.

Leaves alternate, mostly crowded at the ends of the branchlets.

1. CORNUS, Tourn. CORNEL. DOGWOOD.

*Flowers in a, close head, surrounded by a showy involucre of
k white bracts. Fruit red.

1. C. Canadensis, L. (BUNCH-BERRY.) Stem simple,
5 or 6 inches high. Upper leaves crowded and apparently
whorled, ovate, the lower scale-like. -Leaves of the involucre
ovate. Rich woods.

2. C. florlda, L. (FLOWERING DOGWOOD.) A small
tree, with opposite ovate pointed leaves. Leaves of the in-
volucre notched at the apex, very showy. — Rocky woods.
South-west Ontario.

* * Flowers (white) in flat cymes. No involucre. Fruit blue or white.

3. C. Cireina'ta, L'Her. (ROUND-LEAVED DOGWOOD.)
A shrub 4-6 feet high, with greenish warty dotted branches.
Leaves opposite, broadly oval, white-woolly beneath. Fruit
light blue. — Rich woods.

94 COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.

4. C. serie'ea, L. (SiLKY CORNEL.) A large shrub
with purplish branches. Leaves opposite, narrowly ovato
or oblong, silky beneath . Branchlets often rusty. Fruit
light blue. Distinguished from No. 3 by the colour of the
branches and the much smaller leaves. — Low wet grounds.

5. C. stolonif era, Michx. (RED-OSIER, DOGWOOD.) A
shrub forming clumps by the production of suckers or stolons,
3-6 feet high. Branches bright red-purple, smooth. Leaves
opposite, ovate, roughish, whitish beneath. Fruit white or
whitish. — Low wet grounds.

6. C. panieula'ta, L'Her. (PANICLED CORNEL.) A shrub
4-8 feet high, with erect, gray, and smooth branches.
Flowers white, very numerous. Leaves opposite, ovate-
lanceolate, taper-pointed. Cymes convex. Fruit white. —
Thickets and river-banks.

7. C. asperifo'lia, Michx., (ROUGH-LEAVED DOGWOOD)
is reported by Macoun as common on Point Pelee. Branches
brownish, the branchlets rough-pubescent. Leaves oppo.
site, rather small, oblong or ovate ; rough above, downy
beneath. Fruit bluish or white.

8. C. alternifo'lia, L. (ALTERNATE-LEAVED]CORNEL.) A
large shrub or small tree, with alternate greenish branches
streaked with white. Leaves mostly alternate, oval, acute at
each end, crowded at the ends of the branches. Flowers
yellowish, in loose cymes. Fruit deep blue, on reddish
stalks.— Thickets.

2. NYSSA, L. PEPPERIDGK. SOUR-GUM TREE.
N. sylvatlea, Marsh. A middle- sized tree with hori-
zontal branches, reported from Niagara and south-western
Ontario. Sterile flowers in dense axillary clusters, with small
calyx, and small fleshy petals or none. Stamens mostly 10, but
sometimes fewer. Fertile flowers in clusters of 3-8, at the
summit of a slender axillary peduncle, larger than the stam-
inate ones. Style re volute. Ovary 1-celled, Drupe ovoid,
bluish-black, about half an inch long.

CAPRIFOLIACEJE. 95

II. GAMOPET'ALOUS DIVISION.

Embracing plants with both calyx and corolla, the
latter with the petals united (in however slight a degree,)

ORDER XLVI. CAPRIFOLIA'CE^E. (HONEYSUCKLE F.)

Shrubs, rarely herbs, with the calyx-tube adherent to the
ovary, the corolla borne on the ovary, and the stamens on
the tube of the corolla. Leaves opposite and without
stipules, but some species of Vibur'num have appendages
•i-esembling stipules. Fruit a berry, drupe, or pod.

Synopsis of the Genera.

* Corolla tubular, sometimes 2-lipped. Style slender.

1. Linn:*' a. A trailing or creeping herb, with evergreen oval crenate

leaves and slender scape-like peduncles which fork at the top into
2 pedicels, each of which bears a nodding narrowly bell-shaped
purplish flower. Stamens 4, 3 shorter than the others.

2. Symphoricar'pus. Upright branching shrubs, with oval entire

short-petioled leaves. Flowers in interrupted spikes at the
ends of the branches, rose-coloured. Corolla bell-shaped, 4-5-
lobed, with as many stamens. Berries large and white, 4-celled,
but only 2-seeded.

3. Lonice'ra. Upright or twining shrubs, with entire leaves.

Corolla funnel-form, more or less irregular, often with a pro-
jection on one side at the base. Berry several-seeded.

4. Diervilla. Low upright shrubs with ovate pointed serrate leaves.

Calyx-tube tapering towards the top, the teeth slender. Flowers
light yellow, peduncles mostly 4-flowered. Corolla funnel-form,
nearly regular. Pod slender-pointed.

5. Trios' teuin. Coarse herbs. Lobes of the calyx leaf -like. Flowers

brownish-purple, sessile in the axils of the leaves. Corolla
bulging at the base. Fruit a 3-seeded orange-coloured drupe.
* * Corolla rotate or urn-shaped, regular, 5-lobed. Flowers
white, in broad cymes.

6. Sambu'cns. Upright shrubs with pinnate leaves, the leaflets

serrate. Stigmas 3. Fruit purple or red, a juicy berry-like
drupe, with 3 seed-like stones.

7. VilMir iiiini. Upright shrubs with simple leaves, and white

flowers in compound cymes. Fruit a 1-seeded drupe.

96 COMMON CANADIAN Wilt) PLANTS,

1. MSffJE'A, Gronov. TWIN-FLOWER,

L. borea'lis, Gronov. — Cool mossy woods and swamps.
2. STMPHORICAR'PUS, Dill. SNOWBERRY.

1. S. raeemo'sus, Michx. (SNOWBERRY.) Corolla bearded
inside. Flowers in a rather loose spike. Var. paueiflo'rus,
Robbing, is low, diffusely branched, and spreading, with two
or three flowers only, in the axils of the uppermost leaves. —
Dry rocky hill-sides.

2. S. occidentals, Hook. (WOLFBERRY.) Flowers in
denser spikes than the last, and with larger and more funnel-
form corolla and longer stamens. Corolla much bearded
within.— N.W.

3. LONICE'RA, L. HONEYSUCKLE. WOODBINE.

1. L. parviflo'ra, Lam. (L. glauca, Hill, in Macoun's
Catalogue.) (SMALL HONEYSUCKLE.) Twining shrub, 2-4 feet
high, with smooth leaves which are glaucous beneath, the
upper ones connate-perfoliate ; corolla yellowish-purple. —
Rocky banks.

2. L. hirsu'ta, Eaton. (HAIRY HONEYSUCKLE.) Stem
tuning high. Leaves not glaucous, very large, downy-hairy,
the upper ones connate-perfoliate. Flowersin close whorls ;
corolla greenish-yellow, clammy-pubescent. — Deep thickets.

3. L. Sullivan'tii, Gray. Tunning. At length glaucous-
whitened. Leaves oval and ovate-oblong, mostly connate on
the flowering stems. Corolla pale yellow. — N.W.

4. L. eilia'ta, Muhl. (FLY-HONEYSUCKLE.) A branch-
ing, straggling shrub, with thin oblong-ovate ciliate leaves.
Peduncles axillary, filiform, shorter than the leaves, each
%-flowered at the top. Corolla greenish-yellow, almost
spurred at the base. The two berries separate. — Damp
woods.

5. L. eserulea, L. (MOUNTAIN F.) Smaller (1-2 feet
high), and with upright branches. Leaves oval. Ovaries
united into one berry. — Eastward and northward.

CAPRIFOLIACE^E. 97

6. L. oblongifolia, Muhl. (SWAMP FLY-HONEYSUCKLE).
A shrub with upright branches, and oblong leaves. Peduncles
long and slender, 2-flowered. Corolla deeply 2-lipped.
Berries united at the base. — Swamps and low grounds.

7. L. involuera'ta, Banks, is at once recognized by the
involucre of four leaf-like bracts under the two flowers.
Corolla yellowish, viscid-pubescent. Berries dark-purple. —
Woods and banks of streams, Atl. Prov. and N. W.

4. mi KVll I l, Tourn. BUSH-HONEYSUCKLE.
D. trif Ida, Moench. — Rocky woods and clearings.

5. TRIOS Ti; I II, L. FEVER-WORT.

T. perfolia'tum, L. A coarse herb, 2-4 feet high, soft-
hairy. Leaves oval, narrowed at the base. Fruit orange-
coloured. — Old clearings and thickets.

6. SAMBU'CIJS, Tourn. ELDER.

1. S. Canadensis, L. (COMMON ELDER.) Shrub 5-10
feet high, in clumps. Leaflets 5-11, oblong. Cymes flat.
Fruit black-purple.— Open grounds, and along streams.

2. S. raeemo'sa, L. (S. pubens, Michx.) (RED-BERRIED
ELDER,) may be distinguished from No. 1 by its warty bark,
brown pith, 5-7 leaflets, convex or pyramidal cymes, and
red berries. — Rocky woods.

7. YIBlTR'NUM, L. ARROW-WOOD. LAURESTINUS.

1. V. Lenta'go, L. (SWEET VIBURNUM. SHEEP- BERRY.)
A small tree, with ovate finely-serrate pointed leaves, with
long and margined petioles. Cynie sessile. Fruit black. —
Along streams.

2. V. cassinoides, L. (WITHE-ROD.) A smooth shrub
with somewhat scurfy shoots and tall straight stems. Leaves
thickish, entire or wavy-toothed, dotted beneath. Cymes
with short peduncles, about 5-rayed. Fruit black. — Cold
swamps.

3. V. pubes'eens, Pursh. (DOWNY ARROW-WOOD.) A
straggling shrub, not more than 4 feet, high, with small ovate

98 COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.

coarsely serrate leaves, the lower surface soft-dotvny. Cymes
small. Fruit oblong, dark-purple. — Rocky places.

4. V. aeepifolium, L. (MAPLE-LEAVED A. DOCKMACKIE.)
A shrub 3-6 feet high, with greenish bark. Leaves 3-lobed,
3-ribbed, soft-downy beneath. Stipular appendages bristle-
shaped. Cymes small, on long peduncles. Fruit red, be-
coming black. — Thickets and river- banks.

5. V. Op'ulus, L. (CRANBERRY-TREE.) An upright shrub,
5-10 feet high, with strongly 3-lobed leaves, broader than
long, the lobes spreading and pointed. Cymes peduncled.
Marginal flowers of the cyme very large and neutral.
Stipular appendages conspicuous. Fruit red, pleasantly
acid. — Low grounds.

6. V. paueiflo'Plim, Pylaie. A low shrub. Leaves 5-
ribbed at the base, serrate, with 3 short lobes at the summit.
Cyme few-flowered. Stamens shorter than the corolla. Fruit
red, sour, with a very flat stone.— Cold woods, Atl. Prov.
chiefly.

7. V. lantanoi'des, Michx. (HOBBLE-BUSH.) A straggling
shrub with reclining branches. Leaves large, round-ovate,
heart-shaped at the base, serrate, many-veined, the veins
underneath and the stalks and branchlets very rusty-scurfy.
Stipular appendages conspicuous. Cymes sessile, very broad
and flat, with very conspicuous neutral flowers on the margin.
— Moist woods.

ORDER XL VII. RUBIA'CEJE. (MADDER FAMILY.)

Herbs or shrubs, chiefly distinguished from the preceding
Order by the presence of stipules between the opposite
entire leaves, or by the leaves being in whorls without
stipules. Calyx superior. Stamens alternate with the
(mostly 4) lobes of the corolla, and inserted on its tube.
Ovary 2-4-celled.

RUBIACEjE. 99

Synopsis of tlie Genera.

1. Ga'Iium. Leaves in whorls. Slender weak herbs with square

stems. Calyx-teeth inconspicuous. Corolla 4-parted, wheel-
shaped. Styles 2. Fruit twin, separating into two 1-seeded
carpels.

2. Sherard'ia. Leaves in whorls. Stems square, slender, procum-

bent. Corolla funnel-form, 4-5-lobed. Calyx-lobes lanceolate.
Flowers blue or pinkish, with a gamophyllous involucre.

3. Cephalau'thus. Leaves opposite. Shrubs with the flowers in a

globular peduncled head. Lobes of calyx and corolla each 4.
Style very slender, much protruded. Stigma capitate.

4. lUitcnel'la. Leaves opposite. Shining trailing evergreen herbs,

with flowers in pairs, the ovaries united. Lobes of calyx and
corolla each 4, the corolla bearded inside. Style 1. Stigmas 4.
Fruit a red 2-eyed berry.

4. Houston ia. Leaves opposite. Low and slender erect herbs, with
the flowers in small terminal clusters. Lobes of calyx and
corolla each 4. Style 1. Stigmas 2.

1. GA'LIUM, L. BEDSTRAW. CLEAVERS.

1. G. Apari'ne, L. (CLEAVERS. GOOSE-GRASS.) Leaves
about 8 in a whorl, lanceolate, rough-margined. Peduncles
1-2-flowered, axillary. Fruit covered with hooked prickles.
Low grounds.

2. G. triflo'rum, Michx. (SWEET-SCENTED BEDSTRAW.)
Leo.ves chiefly 6 in a whorl, elliptical-lanceolate, bristle-
pointed. Peduncles 3-flowered, terminating the branches.
Fruit covered ivith hooked prickles. — Woods.

3. G. pilo'sum, Ait. Leaves in whorls of 4, hairy, oval.
Peduncles twice- or thrice-forked. — Southwestern Ontario.

4. G. laneeola'tum, Ton*. (WILD LIQUORICE.) Leaves
all in who? Is of 4 each, lanceolate, tapering at the apex, more
or less 3-nerved. Peduncles mostly once-forked. Flowers
few or several, remote. Fruit covered with hooked prickles.

5. G. eirese'zans, Michx., is similar to No. 4, but the
leaves are obtvue instead of tapering. — Woods.

100 COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.

6. G. KamtSChatleum, Steller, has leaves orbicular to
oblong-ovate, and corolla yellowish-white and glabrous. —
Mountain woods, Atl. Prov.

7. G. asprellum, Michx. (ROUGH BEDSTRAW.) Leaves
in whorls of 6, or 4 or 5 on the branchlets, elliptical-lanceo-
late, very rough on the edges and midrib. Stem weak, 3-5
feet high, leaning upon and clinging to bushes by its rough
edges. Flowers numerous in panicled clusters. Fruit not
rough. Thickets.

8. G. trif idum, L. (SMALL BEDSTRAW.) Leaves in
whorls of 4-6. Stem 6-18 inches high, roughened on the
edges, as are the leaves usually. Flowers few, not panicled.
Parts of thefloivers generally in threes. Fruit smooth. Var.
latifolium, Torr., is easily known by its broad leaves and
widely branching stems. — Low grounds and swamps.

Var. tineto'rium, Torr. and Gray. Stem taller and
stouter, with nearly smooth angles. Peduncles 3-7 -flowered.
Corolla-lobes and stamens 4.

9. G. borea'le, L. (NORTHERN BEDSTRAW.) Leaves in
whorls of 4, linear-lanceolate, 3-nerved. Flowers very
numerous, crowded in a narrow and compact terminal
panicle. Stem erect and rigid, 1-3 feet high. — Rocky
thickets and river-banks.

2. SHERARD IA, Dill.

S. arven'sis, L. Sparingly naturalized.

3. CEPHALAN'THUS, L. BUTTON BUSH.

C. OCeidenta'lis, L. A smooth shrub growing in swamps,
with ovate petioled pointed leaves, which are opposite or in
whorls of 3. Easily recognized by the globular head of
white flowers.

4. >ll l< ill l I t. L. PARTRIDGE BERRY.

M. repens, L. — Common in dry woods. Leaves round-
ovate, shining, sometimes with whitish lines.

VALERIANACE.E. 101

5. IIOUSTO'NIA, L. HOUSTONIA.

1. H. purpu'rea, L. Stems tufted, 3-6 inches high.
Leaves varying from roundish-ovate to lanceolate, 3-5-
ribbed, sessile. — Woodlands.

Var. longifo'lia, Gray, has thinner oblong-lanceolate to
linear leaves, and is lower. — Chiefly N.W.

2. H. eaeru'lea, L. (BLUETS. INNOCENCE.) A slender
herb with erect stems. A single flower on each slender
peduncle. Leaves oblong-spathulate. Corolla light blue to
nearly white, with a yellowish eye and a long tube. — Moist
grassy places, Atl. Prov.

ORDER XL VIII. VALERIANA'CEJE. (VALERIAN F.)
Herbs with opposite exstipulate leaves, and small cymose
flowers. Calyx-tube adherent to the ovary, the latter 3-
celled, but only one of these fertile. Stamens 1-3, fewer than
the lobes of the corolla. Style slender. Stigmas 1-3. The
only common genus is

TALERIA'KA. Tourn. VALERIAN.

1. V. sylvat'iea, Banks. Not uncommon in cedar-swamps.

Root fibrous. Calyx-limb consisting of several bristles rolled
inwards in the floiver, but expanding in fruit. Corolla
gibbous at the base. Stamens 3. Root-leaves ovate or
oblong, entire ; stem-leaves pinnate, leaflets 5-11. Stem
erect, striate, 1-2 feet high.

2. V. ed'lllis, Nutt. Root spindle-shaped, large. Flowers
in a long and narrow interrupted panicle, nearly dioecious.
Stem- leaves deeply pinnatifid. — Low grounds, western
Ontario.

ORDER XLIX. DIPSA'CE^E. (TEASEL FAMILY.)
Herbs with the flowers in heads, surrounded by a many-
leaved involucre, as in the next Family, but the stamens are
distinct. Leaves opposite. Represented in Canada by the
genus

102 COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS,

DIPSACUS, Tourn. TEASEL.

D. sylves'tris, Mill. (WILD TEASEL.) A stout, coarse,
prickly plant, not unlike a thistle in appearance. Flowers
in oblong very dense heads, bluish. Corolla 4-cleft. Sta-
mens 4, on the corolla. Bracts among the flowers terminat-
ing in a long awn. Leaves generally connate. — Roadsides
and ditches. Very common in the Niagara district, but
found also elsewhere.

ORDER L. COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)
Flowers in a dense head on a common receptacle, and sur-
rounded by an involucre. Calyx-tube adherent to the ovary,
its limb either obsolete or forming a pappus of few or many
bristles or chaffy scales. Corolla either tubular or with one
side much prolonged (strap-shaped or ligulace). Stamens
usually 5, on the tube of the corolla, their anthers united
(syngenesious). Style 2-cleft. (See Part I. , sections 60-62,
for examination of a typical flower.)

The heads of flowers present some variety of structure.
All the flowers of a head may be tubular ; or only the central
ones or disk-flowers, as they are then called, may be tubular,
whilst those around the margin, then known as ray-flowers,
are ligulate or strap-shaped. Or again, all the flowers may
be strap- shaped. It is not unusual also to find a mixture of
perfect and imperfect flowers in the same head.

The bracts which are often found growing on the common
receptacle among the florets are known as the chaff. When
these bracts are entirely absent the receptacle is said to be
naked. The leaves of the involucre are called its scales.

Artificial Synopsis of flic Gciicra.

SUBORDER I. TUBULIFLO'RE.

Heads either altogether without strap-shaped corollas, or
the latter, if present, forming only the outer circle (the ray).
Ray- flowers, when present, always without stamens, and
often without a pistil also.

COMPOSITE. 103

A. Ray-flowers entirely absent.

* Scales of the involucre in many rows, bristly -pointed, or fringed.

i- Florets all perfect.
1. €ni'cus. Leaves and scales of the involucre prickly. Pappus of

long plumose bristles. Receptacle with long soft bristles among

the florets. Flowers reddish-purple.

2. Car'duus. Resembling Cnicus, but the bristles of the pappus

are not plumose. Atl. Pro v.

3. Oiiopordou. Leaves and scales of the involucre prickly.

Heads much as in Cnicus, but the receptacle naked, and deeply
honeycombed. Pappus of long bristles, not plumose. Stem
winged by the decurrent bases of the leaves. Flowers purple.

4. Arc'tium. Leaves not prickly, but the scales of the globular in-

volucre tipped with hooked bristles. Pappus of many short
rough bristles. Receptacle bristly. Flowers purple.
Yerno'nia. One species has scales of the involucre somewhat
bristly. See No. 15.

^ ^Marginal florets often sterile, and much larger than the others,
forming a kind of false ray.

5. Ceiitaure'a. Leaves not prickly. Scales of the involucre

fringed. Pappus double and bristly, or very short or none.
Receptacle bristly.

H — i-^-Sterile and fertile florets in separate heads, i.e., monoecious.
Fruit a completely closed involucre (usually bristly] containing only
one or two florets, these heads sessile in the axils of the bracts or
upper leaves. Sterile heads with more numerous florets in flattish
involucres, and forming racemes or spikes. Pappus none.

6. \ a u Ui hi in. Fertile florets only 2 together in burs with hooked

prickles, clustered in the axils. Sterile heads in short spikes
above them, the scales of their involucres in one row only, but
not united together.

7. Ambro'sia. Fertile florets single, in a closed involucre armed

with a few spines at the top . Sterile heads in racemes or tpikes
above, the scales of their involucres in a single row and united
into a cup.

8. Frause'ria. Inflorescence much like that of Ambrosia, but the

fruiting involucre is armed with a number of long flat and thin
spines.— N.W.

* * Scales of the involucre without bristles of any kind.
•+- Marginal florets without stamens.

++ Pappus none or minute. Receptacle naked. Very strong -scented
herbs.

104 COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.

9. la n ar<- Mini. Flowers yellow, in numerous corymbed heads.
Scales of the involucre dry, imbricated. Pappus 5-lobed.
Leaves dissected.

10. Artemis'ia. Flowers yellowish or dull purplish, in numerous

small heads which are panicled or racemed. Scales of the
involucre with dry and scarious margins, imbricated. Achenes
with narrow top.

++++Pappus of all the florets bristly. Receptacle naked.

11. Erechti'tes. Flowers whitish. Scales of the involucre in a

singlerow, linear, with a few bractlets at the base. Corolla of the
marginal florets very slender. Pappus copious, of fine soft
white hairs. Heads corymbed. Erect and coarse herbs.

12. Giiaplia'liuiu. Flowers whitish or yellowish. Scales of the

involucre yellowish-white, in many rows, dry and scarious,
woolly at the base. Outer corollas slender. Pappus a single
row of rough bristles. Flocculent- woolly herbs.

13. Antenna'rla. Very much like Gnaphalium in appearance, being

white-woolly, but the heads are usually dicecious, and the
bristles of the pappus thicker in the sterile florets.

-s- •+- All the florets in the head perfect.

13. Antenna ria, with dioecious heads, may be looked for here. See

previous paragraph.

Bideng. One or two species have no rays. See No. 41.
Sene'cio. One species is without ra^s. See No. 19.

14. Lla'tris. Flowers handsome, rose-purple. Receptacle naked.

Pappus of long and slender bristles, plumose or rough. Achenes
slender, 10-ribbed. Lobes of the corolla slender. Stem wand-
like, leafy, from a corm or tuber. Leaves narrow or grass-like.

15. Yerno'ula. Flowers purple. Scales of the involucre (with us)

with slender bristly tips. Receptacle naked. Pappus double,
Jhe outer minute, the inner capillary. Branches of the style
long and slender, minutely bristly.

16. i:npai» rimii. Flowers white or purple. Receptacle naked.

Pappus of slender hair-like bristles, smooth or nearly so.
Achenes 5-angled. Heads in corymbs. Leaves whorled, or
connate, or opposite.

••-••-+• Marginal florets pistillate and fertile, those in the centre of
the head staminate and sterile. Receptacle chaffy. Pajtpus
wanting.

105

17. Caca'lia. Flowers white or whitish. Heads 5-Jtowered, rather

large, in flat corymbs. Involucre 5-leaved. Receptacle naked,
bearing a scale-like pointed appendage in the centre. Corolla
deeply 5-clef t. Pappus of numerous capillary bristles.

18. Ira. Marginal pistillate florets 1-5, with very small tubular

corolla or none. Staminate florets with funnel-form 5-toothed
corolla. Anthers nearly separate. Achenes very short.
Coarse plants with small greenish-white nodding heads. N. W.

B. Kays or strap-shaped corollas round the margin of the head.

* Pappus of hair-like bristles. Receptacle naked.

19. Seiie'cio. Rays yellow, or in one species none. Scales of the

involucre in a single row, or with a few bractlets at the base.
Pappus very fine and soft. Heads corymbose. Leaves alter-
nate.

20. Iii'ula. Rays yellow, numerous, very narrow, in a single row^

Outer scales of the involucre leaf -like. Anthers with two tails
at the base. Stout plants, with large alternate leaves which
are woolly beneath.

21. Chrysop'sls. Rays yellow, many. Disk yellow. Pappus double,

the outer of very small chaffy bristles, the inner capillary.
Low hairy herbs.— N. W. only.

22. Aplopap'pus. Rays yellow, many. Disk yellow. Pappus sim-

ple, of unequal bristles.— N. W. only.

23. Solida'go. Rays yellow, few, as are also the disk-florets. Invol-

ucre oblong, scales of unequal lengths, appressed. Achenes
many-ribbed. Heads small in compound racemes, or corymbs.
Stems usually wand-like. Leaves alternate.

21. Ar'iiica. Rays yellow. Disk yellow. Scales of the bell-shaped
involucre in two rows, lanceolate, erect. Receptacle flat, min-
utely fringed. Achenes slender. Leaves opposite. Heads
showy, with long peduncles. Stem simple.

25. Tussila'go. Rays yellowish, in several rows, very narrow.

Involucre nearly simple. Pappus copious, soft. A low peren-
nial, with creeping rootstocks, sending up a scaly scape in early
spring bearing one head, and producing later heart-shaped
angled or toothed leaves, woolly when young.

26. Petasi'tes. Rays whitish or purplish. Heads in a corymb, fra-

grant. Scales of the involucre in a single row. Heads some-
what dioecious, the staminate with one row of pistillate ray-
flowers, the pistillate with ray-flowers in many rows. Woolly
herbs, with large leaves, all radical, and sheathing scaly bracts
on the scape.

106 COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.

27. Aster. Rays white, purple, or blue, never yellow, but the disk

generally yellow. Pappus of numerous fine roughish bristles,
(in one species double). Achenes flattish. Heads corymbed or
racemose. Flowering in late summer.

28. Erig'eron. Rays and disk as in Aster, but the rays very narroiv,

and usually in more than one row. Scales of the involucre in
one or two rows, nearly of equal length. Pappus of long
bristles with shorter ones intermixed. Heads corymbed or
solitary. Leaves generally sessile.

* * Pappus not of hair-like bristles, but either altogether wanting or
consisting of a few chaffy scales or teeth, or only a minute crown.

+- Receptacle naked.

29. Cirimlelia. Rays yellow, many. Disk yellow. Heads large.

Pappus of 2 or 3 rigid awns, falling off early. Scales of the
involucre with spreading tips. Coarse herbs with sessile ser-
rate leaves.— N.W. chiefly.

30. duticrre'zia. Rays yellow, few. Disk-florets 3 or 4. Heads

numerous, small, crowded. Pappus of a few short chaffy
scales. A low partly shrubby plant, with narrowly linear
entire alternate leaves. N.W. only.

31. Hi 1< n in in. Rays yellow, wedge-shaped, 3-5-cleftat the summit.

Scales of the involucre reflexed, awl-shaped. Pappus of 5-8
chaffy scales, 1-nerved, the nerve usually extending to a point.
Leaves alternate, decurrent on the angled stem. Heads corym-
bed, showy.

32. Clirysan'thcmuin. Rays white ; disk yellow. Disk-corollas

with a flattened tube. Pappus none. Heads single, or
corymbed. Involucre broad and flat, the scales with scarious
margins. Receptacle flattish.

33. Belli*. Rays white or pink, numerous. Scales of the involucre

in about 2 rows. Receptacle conical, naked. Low herbs with
solitary heads on scapes. Escaped from cultivation.

34. I»Iatrica'ria. Rays white, disk yellow. Receptacle conical.

Achenes 3-5-ribbed. Pappus a short crown or border.

HT- +- Receptacle chaffy.

35. An themis. Rays white. Disk yellow. Ray-florets pistillate or

neutral. Pappus none or a minute crown. Receptacle conical^
more or less chaffy. Herbs with strong odour, and pinnately
dissected leaves. Heads terminal.

COMPOSITE. 1 07

36. Rudbeck la. Rays yellow, usually long ; disk dark-purple, or in

one species greenish-yellow. Scales cf the involucre leaf -like.
Receptacle conical. Pappus none, or only a minute crown.
Ray-florets neutral.

37. Ilelian thus. Rays yellow, neutral. Receptacle flattish or

convex. Chaff persistent, and embracing the U-sided achenes.
Pappus deciduous, of 2 thin scales. Stout coarse herbs.

38. Actinom'eris. Rays 2-8, irregular, yellow, neutral. Receptacle

small, convex. Scales of the involucre few, soon deflexed.
Achenes flat, obovate, spreading when ripe. Pappus of 2 or 3
smooth awns, persistent. Tall branching perennials, with
mostly decurrent leaves.

39. Coreop'sis. Rays mostly 8, yellow (sometimes brown-tinted),

neutral. Receptacle flat. Involucre double, each of about 8
scales, the outer leaf-like and spreading, the inner rather
membranaceous and appressed. Achenes flat, compressed
parallel with the scales of the involucre, 2-toothed or some-
times naked. Heads corymbed.

40. Gaillard'ia. Rays yellow (sometimes purplish), numerous. 3-

cleft. Receptacle convex, the chaff bristly or awl-shaped.
Achenes top-shaped, 5-ribbed. Pappus of several long thin
scales, awn-tipped. Heads showy, fragrant, terminal, on scape-
like stems.— N.W.

41. Bidcns. Rays yellow, few; but 2 species are without rays. Scales

of the involucre in 2 rows, the outer large and leaf-like. Ray-
florets neutral. Aohenes crowned with 2 or more stiff awns
which are barbed backward.

42. Heliop'sis. Rays yellow, 10 or more, pistillate. Scales of the

involucre in 2 or 3 rows, the outer leaf -like. Receptacle coni-
cal; chaff linear, Achenes smooth, 4-angled. Pappus none.

43. Achille'a. Rays white (occasionally pinkish), few. Receptacle

flattish. Pappus none. Achenes margined. Heads small, in
flat corymbs. Leaves very finely dissected.

44. Poly m ilia. Rays whitish-yellow, wedge-form, shorter than the

involucre, few in number. Scales of the involucre in 2 rows,
the outer leaf-like, the inner small, and partly clasping the
achenes. Pappus none. Coarse clammy herbs with an un-
pleasant odour.

4o. Sil phiuiii. Easily known by its stout square stem, and the
upper connate leaves forming a sort of cup. Flowers yellow.
Achenes broad and flat.

108 COMMOtf CAffADiAtf WILD

SUBORDER II. LIGULIFLO'RjE.

Corolla strap-shaped in all the florets of the head. All
the florets perfect. Herbs with milky juice, and alternate
leaves.

46. Krig'ia. Flowers yellow. Pappus double, the outer short, of

many minute chaffy scales, the inner of many long capillary
bristles. Low perennials branching from the base, with single
small heads on scapes.

47. Lump sana. Flowers yellow, 8-12 in a head. Scales of the invol-

ucre 8, in a single row. Pappus none. S.tem slender. Heads
small, in loose panicles.

48. Ciclio'rium. Flowers bright blue, showy. Scales of the invol-

ucre in 2 rows, the outer of 5 short scales, the inner of 8-10
scales. Pappus chaffy. Heads sessile, 2 or 3 together.

49. Leoii'todon. Flowers yellow. Involucre with bractlets at the

base. Papp^ls of plumose bristles, these broader at the base.
Heads borne on branching scapes. Leaves radical.

50. Hlera'cium. Flowers yellow. Scales of the involucre more or

less imbricated. Pappus a single row of tawny hair-like rough
bristles. Heads corymbose.

51. Crepis. Like Hieracium, but the pappus is of copious white

and soft capillary bristles.

52. Preiuiu thes. Stems leafy- Flowers yellowish or greenish- white

often tinged with purple; heads nodding. Involucre of 5-14
scales in a single row, with a few bractlets below. Pappus
copious, of brownish or yellowish rough bristles. Achenes
short, blunt.

53. Lygodes'mia. Stems nearly leafless. Flowers white or cream-

colour or pinkish. Involucre with bractlets below. Pappus
white. Heads erect. Achenes long, tapering.— N.W. only.

54. Trox'iiiion. Flowers yellow. Head large, solitary, borne on a

scape. Leaves radical, elongated, linear, tufted. Achenes 10-
ribbed. Involucre loosely imbricated in 2 or 3 rows.— N.W.
only.

55. Tarax'acum. Flowers yellow, on slender naked hollow scapes.

Achenes prolonged into a slender thread-like beak. Leaves all
radical. (See Part L, Chapter viii. )

56. Lactu'ca. Flowers pale yellow or purplish. Florets few (aoout

20) in the head. Scales of the involucre in 2 or more rows of

COMPOSITE. 100

"Unequal length. Achenes with long thread-form beaks, and a
pappus of very soft white bristles. Heads numerous, panicled.
Tall smooth herbs with runcinate leaves.

57. Jtliilge'dium. Flowers chiefly blue. Structure of the heads and

general aspect of the plant as in Lactuca, but the beak of the
achenes short and thick, and the pappus tawny. Heads in a
dense panicle.

58. Son Vims. Flowers pale yellow. Heads many-flowered, enlarg-

ing at the base. Achenes without beaks. Pappus very soft
and white. Tall glaucous herbs with spiny-toothed leaves.

59. Tragopo'goii. Flowers yellow or purple. Heads large. Involucre

of about 12 lanceolate rather fleshy scales in one row, somewhat
united at the base, Achenes with long tapering beaks. Pappus
of plumose bristles, 5 of these longer and naked at the summit.
Leaves entire, straight-veined, clasping.

1. CNI'CVS, Tourn. COMMON THISTLE.

1. C, laneeola'tus, Hoff. (Cirsium lanceolatum, Scop.)
(COMMON THISTLE.) All the scales of the involucre prickly-
pointed. Leaves decurrent, pinnatifid, the lobes prickly-
pointed, rough above, woolly with webby hairs beneath. —
Fields and roadsides everywhere.

2. C. undula'tus, Gray. (Cirsium undulatum, Spreng.)
White-woolly throughout. Low and stout, leafy. Scales
tipped with short prickles. Leaves undulate-pinnatifid.
— N.W. prairies.

4. C. pu'milus, Torr. Differs from the last in being
pubescent but not woolly. The leaves, also, are not pin-
natifid. Stem 1-flowered. — Lake Huron.

5. C. altiss'imus, Willd., var. dis'eolor, Gray. (Cirsium
discolor, Spreng.) The inner scales of the involucre not
prickly. Stem grooved. Leaves prickly, green above,
white-woolly beneath. Flowers pale purple. Whole plant
with a whitish aspect. — Dry thickets.

3. C. mu'tieus, Pursh. (Cirsium muticum, Michx.)
(SWAMP THISTLE.) Scales of the webby involucre hardly prickly,

110 COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.

and not spreading. Stem very tall, and smoothish, and
sparingly leafy. Heads single or few. — Swamps and low
woods.

4. C. arvensis, Hoff. (Cirsium arvense, Scop.) (CANADA
THISTLE.) Scales of the involucre with reflexed points.
Leaves prickly, smooth both sides, or slightly woolly
beneath. Roots extensively creeping. Heads small and
numerous. — Fields and roadsides.

2. CAR'DUUS, Tourn. PLUMELESS THISTLE.

1. C. nu'tans, L. (MusK THISTLE.) Leaves decurrent,
sinuate, spiny. Heads solitary, drooping. Flowers purple.
— Atl. Prov.

3. ONOPOR'DON, Vaill. SCOTCH THISTLE.

0. Aean'thium, L. A coarse branching herb, 2-4 feet
high, with woolly stem and leaves. Bristles of the pappus
united at the base into a ring. — Roadsides and old fields ;
not common.

4. ARC'TIIJltt, L. BURDOCK.

A. Lappa, L. (Loppa officinalis, All., var. major. Gray.)
A coarse plant with very large cordate petioled leaves, and
numerous small globular heads of purple flowers. The in-
volucre forms a bur which clings to one's clothing, or to the
hair of animals. — Near dwellings, mostly in manured soil.
Varies somewhat as to size and pubescence of the heads.

5. CENTAURE'A, L. STAR-THISTLE.

1. C. Cy'anus, L. (BLUE-BOTTLE.) An old garden plant,
found occasionally along roadsides. False rays very large.
Scales of the involucre fringed. Leaves linear, entire or
nearly so. Stem erect. Heads single at the ends of the
branches, the flowers bluish. Pappus very short.

2. C. ni'gra, L. (KNAPWEED.) No false i ays. Scales
of the globular involucre black-fringed. Leaves lanceolate,
mostly entire, rough. Flowers purple. Pappus short or
none. — Waste places, chiefly eastward.

COMPOSITE. Ill

3. C. benedie'ta, L. (Cnicus benedictus, L.) Flowers

yellow. Pappus double, of 10 long outer bristles and 10

short inner ones. A low branching annual, with clasping

cut leaves, and large sessile leafy-bracted heads. — Atl. Prov.

6. XAN'THIUM, Tourn. CLOTBUR.

1. X. Canadense, Mill.,var. eehina'tum, Gray. (COM-
MON COCKLEBUR.) Stem rough, not prickly or spiny.
Leaves broadly triangular, and somewhat heart-shaped, long-
petioled. Fruit a hard 2-celled bur, nearly an inch long,
clothed with stiff hooked prickles, the two beaks of the fruit
long and usually incurved. — Low river-banks and waste places.

2. X. spino'sum, L. (SPINY CLOTBUR.) Stem armed
with conspicuous straw-coloured triple slender spines, at the
bases of the lanceolate short-petioled leaves, the latter white-
woolly beneath. — Town of Dundas, Ontario ; the seeds having
been brought in wool from South America.

T. AMBRO'SIA, Tourn. RAGWEED.

1. A. artemisisefolia, L. (HOG-WEED.) Stem erect,
1-3 feet high, branching, hairy. Leaves twice-pinnatifid, the
lobes linear, paler beneath. — Waste places everywhere, but
not so common northward.

2. A. trifida, L., (GREAT RAGWEED) is found in low
grounds in the south-west of Ontario ; also at Montreal and
Ottawa. Stem stouter than No. 1, 2-4 feet high. Leaves
opposite, deeply 3-lobed, the lobes oval-lanceolate and serrate.

8. FRANSE'RIA, Cav.

F. Hookeria'na, Nutt. Low and diffuse, hairy. Leaves
bipinnatifid, at least the lower ones. — N.W.

9. TANACE'TUM, L. TANSY.

1. T. Vulga'Pe, L. (COMMON TANSY.) A very strong-
scented herb, 2-4 feet high, smooth. Leaves twice-pinnate,
the lobes serrate, as are also the wings of the petiole. Heads
densely corymbed. Var. erispum, DC., is easily disting-
uished by its crisper and more incised leaves. — Old gardens
and roadsides near dwellings.

112 COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.

2. T. Huronen'se, Nutt. Hairy when young. Heads
usually few, and much larger than in T. vulgare. Pistillate
flowers flattened, instead of terete as in T. vulgare. — River-
margins, Atl. Prov.

10. ARTEMIS'IA, L. WORMWOOD.

1. A. Canadensis, Michx. Stem smooth or sometimes
hoary with silky down, erect, usually brownish. Lower leaves
twice-pinnatifid, the lobes linear. — Shores of the Great Lakes.

2. A. eauda'ta, Michx., has the lobes of the dissected
leaves flliform, and the heads small, in a wand-like long
panicle. Disk-flowers perfect but sterile ; marginal florets
fertile.— Atl. Prov. and N.W.

3. A. draeuneuloi'des, Pursh. Glabrous or slightly
hoary. Stems 2-4 feet high, branching. Leaves mostly
entire, linear, sometimes 3-cleft. Heads very numerous, in
a compound pan.cle. — N.W. plains.

4. A. glau'ea, Pall. A smaller plant than the last, of stricter
aspect. Leaves linear to oblong-lanceolate. — N.W. plains.

5. A. vulga'ris, L. (COMMON MUG WORT.) Stem tall, and
branching above, weaves green and smooth above, white-
woolly beneath, pinnatifid, the lobes linear-lanceolate.
Heads small, erect, in panicles. Flowers purplish. — Old
fields near dwellings.

6. A. Ludovieia'na, Nutt. White-woolly throughout.
Leaves lanceolate, the upper entire, the lower lobed or
toothed, the upper surface sometimes green and smoothish.
Heads small, mostly sessile in narrow panicles. — N.W.

Var. gnaphalo'des, Torr. and Gr., has the leaves
serrate at the tips. — N.W.

7. A. bien'nis,Willd. Glabrous; stem strict, 1-3 feet high.
Leaves once- or twice-pinnately parted, the lobes linear,
acute. Heads in very short axillary spikes or clusters,
crowded in a narrow leafy panicle. Florets all fertile. —
N.W., and spreading through the Eastern Provinces.

COMPOSITE. 113

8. A. Absinthium, L. (COMMON WORMWOOD.) Some-
what shrubby. Whole plant silky hoary. Stem angular,
branched, the branches with drooping extremities. Leaves
2-3-pinnately divided, the lobes lanceolate. Heads nodding.
— Escaped from gardens in some places.

9. A. friglda, Willd. (PASTURE SAGE-BRUSH.) A low
plant, growing in tufts, white-silky. Leaves dissected into
narrowly linear divisions. Heads globose, in racemes. —
N.W.

10. A. ea'na, Pursh. (SAGE-BRUSH.) Slightly shrubby,
1-2 feet high, much branched, silvery-hoary. Leaves
narrow, tapering to both ends, small, mostly entire. Heads
clustered in a leafy narrow panicle, few-flowered. — N. W.
plains.

11, ERE€IITI'TES, Raf. FIREWEED.

E. hieraeifolia, Raf. Stem tall, grooved. Leaves
sessile, lanceolate, cut-toothed, upper ones clasping. —
Common in places recently over-run by fire.

12. GXAPHA'LIirm, L. CUDWEED.

1. G. deeur'rens, Ives. (EVERLASTING.) Stem erect, 2
feet high, clammy-pubescent, white-woolly on the branches.
Heads corymbed. Leaves linear-lanceolate, partly clasping,
decurrent. — Fields and hillsides.

2. G. polyeeph'alum, Michx. (COMMON EVERLASTING.)
Stem erect, 1-2 feet high, white-woolly. Heads corymbed.
Leaves lanceolate, tapering at the base, not decurrent. —
Old pastures and woods.

3. G. uligino'sum, L. (Low CUDWEED.) Stem spread-
ing, 3-6 inches high, white-woolly. Leaves linear. Heads
small in crowded terminal clusters subtended by leaves. —
Low grounds.

4. G. sylvat'ieum, L.— Erect, usually 9-12 inches high.
Leaves linear. Heads axillary, nearly sessile, forming an
erect leafy spike. Scales obtuse with a brown bar across each
near the top.— ML Prov,

114 COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.

13. ANTENNA'RIA, Gsertn. EVERLASTING.

1. A, margarita' eea, K. Brown. (Anaphalis margari-
tacea, Benth. and Hook., in Macoun's Catalogue.) (PEARLY
EVERLASTING.) Stem in clusters, downy. Leaves linear-
lanceolate, taper-pointed, sessile. Scales of the involucre
pearly- white. Heads in corymbs. — Along fences and in
open woods.

2. A. plantaginifo'lia, Hook. (PLANTAIN -LEAVED E.)
Stem scape-like, 4-6 inches high. Radical leaves spathulat*-
or obovate; stem-leaves few, linear. Heads small, in »
crowded corymb. Involucre white or purplish. — Old pas.
tures and woods.

14. MA'TRIS, Schreb. BLAZING-STAR.

1. L, eylindra'eea, Michx. Stem wand-like, 6-18 inches
high. Leaves linear, rigid, generally 1- nerved. Heads few,
cylindrical. Scales with abruptly mucronate tips. Pappus
plumose. — Sandy fields and thickets.

2. L. spiea'ta, Willd. Stem stout and rigid, 2-5 feet high,
very leafy. Leaves linear, erect, the lowest 3-5-nerved.
Heads crowded in a long spike. Scales obtuse. Pappus not
obviously plumose. — Low grounds, south-western Ontario.

3. L. SCario'Sa, Willd. Heads many-flowered, large, few
or many. Pappus not obviously plumose. Stem 2-5 feet
high, stout, pubescent or hoary. Leaves lanceolate. Scales
of the involucre obovate or spathulate, often with coloured
tips or edges. — S. W. Ontario, and rather common N.W.

4. L. puneta'ta, Hook. Heads 4-6-flowered, usually many
in a dense spike. Pappus plumose. Stem 10-30 inches high,
stout. Scales of the involucre acuminate. Leaves narrow-
ly linear.— N.W.

15. VEBNO'NIA, Schreb. IRON-WEED.

V. altiss'ima, Nutt. Tall. Leaves lanceolate to lance-
oblong. Heads in an open cyme, the involucre purplish. — >
Fields and roadsides, S. W. Ontarip,

COMPOSITE. 115

16. EUPATO'RIUM, Tourn. THOROUGHWORT.

1. E. purpu'reum, L. (JOE-PYE WEED. THUMPET-WEED.)
Stem tall and simple. Leaves petioled, 3-6 in a whorl.
Flowers purplish or flesh-coloured. Heads in dense corymbs.
— Low grounds.1

2. E. perfoli'atum, L. (BONESET.) Stem short, hairy.
Leaves rugose, connate- perfoliate, tapering. Flowers whitish.
Corymbs very large. — Low grounds.

3. E. ageratoi'des, L. (WHITE SNAKE-BOOT.) Stem very
smooth, commonly branching, 2-3 feet high. Leaves
opposite, petioled, broadly ovate, pointed, coarsely serrate.
Flowers white, in corymbs. — Low rich woods.

17. CACA'L,IA, L. INDIAN PLANTAIN.

C. tubero'sa, Nutt. Stem angled and grooved, tall, from
a thick root. Leaves 5-7-nerved, the lower lance-ovate or
oval, tapering into long petioles. — Western Ontario.

18. IVA, L. MARSH ELDER.

1. I. axilla'ris, Pursh. Stem 1-2 feet high, the nodding
heads mostly solitary in the axils of the upper leaves.
Leaves small, obovate to oblong-linear, entire, sessile. —
N. W.

2. I. xanthiifo'lia, Nutt. Stem 3-5 feet high, the nar-
row spike-like clusters of heads forming a naked panicle.
Leaves large, broadly ovate, long-petioled, serrate. — N. W.

19. SENE'CIO, L. GROUNDSEL.

1. S. VUlga'ris, L. (COMMON GROUNDSEL.) Hay- florets
wanting. Stem low, branching. Leaves pinnatifid and
toothed, clasping. Flowers yellow, terminal. — Cultivated
and waste grounds.

2. S. viSCO'SUS, L. Ray- florets very minute. Stem viscid-
pubescent and strong-scented. Leaves twice-pinnatifid. —
Atl. Prov.

3. S. au'reus, L. (GOLDEN RAGWORT. SQUAW-WEED.)
Rays 8-12. Stem smooth, or woolly when young, 1-2 feet

116 COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.

high. Boot-leaves simple, rounded, usually cordate, crenate-
ly-taothed, long-petioled. Stem leaves sessile, lanceolate,
deeply pirmatifid. Heads in a corymb nearly like an umbel.
— Swamps, often in gardens.

Var. ObOVa'tUS, Torr. and Gr., has root-leaves round-
obovate with a cuneate or truncate base.

Var. Balsam' itse, Torr. and Gr., has root-leaves oblong,
spathulate, or lanceolate, serrate.

Var. laneeola'tus, Oakes, has thin lance-oblong root-
leaves on long petioles. — Atl. Prov.

4. S. integer'rimus, Nutt. Bays conspicuous. Stem
woolly-pubescent when young, soon smootliish and green.
Leaves oblong-lanceolate or oblong, the upper bract-like.
Heads in a naked corymb, the scales green-tipped. — N.W.

5. S. eanus, Hook. Low, persistently woolly. Leaves
small, spathulate to oblong. Bays conspicuous. — N.W.

6. S. Jaeobsea, L. (COMMON BAGWORT.) Flowers golden
yellow, the heads forming a spreading corymb. Stem erect,
2-3 feet high, branching, glabrous or somewhat cottony.
Leaves numerous, lyrate, bipinnatifid, the lower with broad
segments, the upper with linear divisions, all glabrous. —
A troublesome weed in the Atl. Prov. Bare westward.

20. IN'ULA, L. ELECAMPANE. ,

I. Hele'nium, L. (COMMON ELECAMPANE.) Stem stout,
2-5 feet high. Boot-leaves very large, ovate, petioled.
Stem-leaves clasping. Bays numerous, narrow. — Boadsides.

31. CHKYSOP'SIS, Nutt. GOLDEN ASTER.

C. villo'sa, Nutt. Hirsute and villous-pubescent. Leaves
narrowly oblong, hoary, bristly-ciliate towards the base.
Stem branching, the branches terminating in the single
heads. — Dry plains, N.W.

32. APLOPAPPUS,Cass.

1. A. Spinulo'SUS, DC. Low, perennial, branches very
minutely hoary-pubescent. Leaves narrow, pinnately or
tripinnately lobed, the lobes and teeth bristly, as are also
the scales of the involucre,— Dry plains, N. W,

COMPOSITE. 117

2. A. laneeola'tus, Torr. and Gr. Stem simple, with a
tuft of coriaceous radical leaves, and bearing 3 to 15 heads.
Eays 20 to 50. Scales of the involucre in 3 or 4 unequal
series, lanceolate, with greenish tips and whitish base. —
Marshy plains, N.W.

3. A. aeau'liS, Gray, var. glabra'tUS, Eaton. Stems
depressed-tufted, from a woody rootstock, glabrous or nearly
so. Leaves rigid, persistent, crowded below, a few only on
the scape-like flowering stems, which occasionally branch
above and bear 2 or 3 heads. — Dry gravelly ridges, N.W.

33. SOL,IDA'GO, L. GOLDEN-ROD.

* Heads clustered in the axils of the feather-veined leaves.

1. S. Squarro'sa, Mulil. Stem stout, 2-5 feet high,
simple, hairy above. Scales of the involucre with reflexed
herbaceous tips. Leaves large, oblong, serrate, veiny ; the
lower tapering into a long winged petiole, the upper sessile
and entire. Heads in racemose clusters, the whole forming a
dense, leafy, interrupted, compound spike.— Rocky woods.

2. S. bi' color, L. Stem hoary-pubescent, usually simple.
Leaves oval-lanceolate, acute at both ends ; the lower oval
and tapering into a petiole, serrate. Heads in short racemes
in the upper axils, the whole forming an interrupted spike
or compound raceme. Hay-florets whitish. The variety
COn'eolOP has yellow rays. — Dry banks aud thickets.

3. S. latifo'lia, L. Stem smooth, angled, zigzag, 1-3 feet
high. Leaves broadly ovate or oval, strongly and sharply
serrate, pointed at both ends. Heads in very short axillary
clusters. Bays 3 or 4. — Cool woods.

4. S. ese'sia, L., var. axilla'ris, Gray. Stem smooth,
terete, glaucous, slender, usually branching above. Leaves
smooth, lanceolate, pointed, serrate, sessile. Heads in very
short clusters in the axils of the leaves. — Rich woods and
hillsides.

* * Racemes terminal, erect, loosely thyrsoid, not one-sided.

Leaves feat.lier-veined.

5. S. hu'miliS, Pursh. (S. virgaurea, L., var. humilis,
Gray.) Stem low, 6-12 inches high, usually smooth j the

118 COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.

heads, peduncles, etc., mostly glutinous. Leaves lanceolate
or oblanceolate, serrate or entire, the radical ones petiolate,
obtuse, and serrate at the apex. — Rocky banks, not common.

6. S. macrophyl'la, Pursh. (8. thyrsoidea, E. Meyer.)
Stems stout, simple, pubescent near the summit. Leaves
thin, ovate, with sharp projecting teeth, the lower ones
abruptly contracted into long margined petioles. Heads large,
in an oblong raceme, loose and thin, long-pointed. Bays
8-10, long.— Wooded hillsides, chiefly Atl. Prov.

*** Heads in a compound corymb terminating the simple stem, not at
all racemose.

7. S. Ohioen'siS, Riddell. Very smooth throughout. Stem
slender, reddish, leafy. Radical leaves very long (often a
foot), slightly serrate towards the apex, tapering into long
margined petioles; stem-leaves oblong-lanceolate, entire,
sessile. — Wet grassy shores of Red Bay, Lake Huron.

8. S. Pigf'ida, L. Rough and rather hoary. Stem stout,
2-5 feet high, very leafy. Leaves oval or oblong. — Dry soil,
western Ontario, and N. W.

* * * * Heads in one-sided racemes, spreading or recurved. Leaves not
3-ribbed, but sometimes obscurely 3-nerved.

9. S. Semper' Virens, L. Stem stout. Leaves long,
lanceolate, thickish, smooth, entire, obscurely 3-nerved.
Racemes short, in a terminal panicle. Heads large, showy.
— Salt marshes and sea-shores.

10. S. puber'ula, Nutt. Stem and panicle minutely hoary.
Stem-leaves lanceolate, acute, tapering to the base, some-
what smooth, the lowermost spathulate, sparingly toothed.
Heads not large, crowded in compact short racemes, which
form a long, dense, terminal panicle. Rays 10-14. — Barren
soil, Atl. Prov.

11. S. Uliglno'sa, Nutt. (8. stricta, Ait.) Smooth. Stem
simple, strict. Leaves lanceolate, pointed, smooth, the
lower tapering into winged petioles, finely but sparingly
serrate, or entire. Racemes crowded and appressed in a
close wand-like panicle. Heads middle-sized. Rays 5-6,

COMPOSITE.

119

small. — Peat-bogs and wet places, Atl. Prov., westward and
northward.

12. S. speeio'sa, Nutt., somewhat resembles the last, but
the leaves are oval or ovate, and the stem is taller and
stouter (3-6 feet). The rays, also, are larger.— Copses,
Atl. Prov.

13. S. jun'eea, Ait. (S. arguta, Torr. and Gray.) Whole
plant smooth, 1-4 feet high, rigid, branching above. Lower
leaves oval or elliptical-lanceolate, serrate with spreading
teeth, pointed, tapering into winged and ciliate petioles ;
upper ones lanceolate. Racemes very dense, naked, at
length elongated and recurved. — Woods and banks.

14. S. argu'ta, Ait. (S. Muhlenbergii, Torr. and Gray.)
Stem smooth, angled or furrowed. Leaves large and thin,
ovate ; the upper elliptical-lanceolate. Racemes much
shorter and looser than in No. 13, and the rays much
larger. — Moist woods and thickets.

15. S. rugO'sa, Mill. (S. altissima, Torr. and Gray.)
Stem rough-hairy, less than a foot high. Leaves ovate-
lanceolate or oblong, coarsely serrate, veiny, often rugose.
Racemes panicled, spreading. — Borders of fields and copses.

16. S. negleeta, Torr. and Gr. Stem smooth, 2-3 feet
high, stout. Leaves thickish, smooth both sides, the upper
oblong-lanceolate, nearly entire, the lower ovate-lanceolate
or oblong, sharply serrate, tapering into a petiole. Heads
rather large. Racemes short and dense, at first erect and
scarcely one-sided, at length spreading. — Swamps.

***** Racemes one-sided and recurved, and the leaves plainly 3-ribbed.

17. S. nemora'lis, Ait. Stem minutely and closely
hoary-pubescent, simple or corymbed. Leaves more or less
hoary, obscurely serrate or entire ; the lower oblanceolate,
somewhat crenate, and tapering into a petiole. Racemes
numerous, dense, at length recurved, forming a large pani-
cle.—Dry fields.

18. S. Missouriensis, Nutt. Stem smooth. Leaves linear-
lanceolate, tapering to both ends, with rough margins,
Racemes densely crowded. — Dry prairies, N.W.

120 COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.

Var. monta'na, Gray, is only 6-15 inches high, with a
small and compact panicle, not more than 2 or 3 inches long.
— N.W.

19. S. CanadensiS, L. Stem rough-hairy, tall and stout.
Leaves lanceolate, serrate, pubescent beneath, rough above.
Panicle exceedingly large. — Very common along fences
and in moist thickets.

Var. seabra, Torr. and Gray, has the leaves very rough
above and whitish- woolly beneath. — N. W.

20. S. sero'tina, Ait. (8. gigantea, Torr. and Gray.)
Stem smooth, stout. Leaves lanceolate, taper -pointed,
sharply serrate, except at the base, smooth both sides, rough-
ciliate. Bays 7-14, rather long. Panicle large, pubescent. —
Open thickets and meadows.

Var. gigante'a, Gray, is very tall and the leaves more or
less pubescent beneath. — Thickets and low grounds.

****** Inflorescence a fiat-topped corymb.

21. S. laneeola'ta, L. Stem pubescent above, much
branched. Leaves linear-lanceolate, the nerves (3-5) and
margins rough-pubescent. Heads in dense corymbed clus-
ters, giving a decidedly characteristic aspect to this species.
— Low lake- and river-margins.

34. AK'NICA, L.

1. A. ChamiSSO'nis, Less. Soft-hairy. Stem leafy to the
top, bearing 1-5 heads. Leaves thin and veiny, toothed ;
the upper ovate-lanceolate, sessile ; the lower narrow, taper-
ing to a margined petiole. — Atl. Prov.

2. A. folio'sa, Nutt., has lanceolate leaves, the upper
partly clasping and the lower with tapering bases connate.
Stem strict.— N. W.

3. A. alpi'na, Olin. Less leafy, low, yellowish-pubescent
or villous. Stem simple, bearing a single head as a rule.
Leaves thickish, narrowly oblong to lanceolate, the cauline

1 or 2 pairs,— N, W,

COMPOSITE. 121

85. TUSSILA'GO, Tourn. COLTSFOOT.

T. Far'fara, L. Wet places, chiefly eastward, "but also
in Ontario.

26. PETASI'TES, Tourn. SWEET COLTSFOOT.

1. P. palma'ta, Gray. Leaves rounded, somewhat kid-
ney-shaped, palmately 5-7-lobed, the lobes toothed and cut.
— Cedar-swamps and bogs ; wet banks of streams.

2. P. sagitta'ta, Gray. Leaves deltoid-oblong to reni-
form-hastate, repand-dentate. — Swamps, N.W.

27. ASTER, L. STARWORT. ASTER.
* Leaves, at least the lower ones, heart-shaped and petioled.

1. A. eorymbo'SUS, Ait. Kays 6-9, white or nearly so.
Heads in corymbs. Stems slender, 1-2 feet high, zigzag.
Leaves thin, smoothish, sharp-pointed, coarsely serrate, all
the lower ones on slender naked petioles. — Woodlands.

2. A. maerophyl'lus, L. Kays white or bluish. Stem
stout, 2-3 feet high. Leaves thickish, rough, finely serrate,
the lower long-petioled. Heads in closer corymbs than in
No. 1. — Woodlands.

3. A. azu'reus, Lindl. Kays 10-20, bright blue. Heads
racemed or panicled. Stem roughish, erect, racemose-com-
pound above. Leaves entire or nearly so, rough ; the lower
ovate-lanceolate, on long petioles ; the upper lanceolate or
linear, sessile. The latest flowering of our Asters. — Dry soil.

4. A. undula'tus, L. Rays bright blue. Heads racemed
or panicled. Stem hoary with close pubescence, spreading.
Leaves with somewhat wavy margins, entire or nearly so,
ovate or ovate-lanceolate, roughish above, downy beneath ;
the lowest cordate, on margined petioles; the upper with
winged short petioles clasping at the base, or sessile. — Dry
woods.

5. A. cordifo'lius, L. Kays pale blue or nearly white.
Heads mncdl, profuse, panicled. Stem much branched.
Leaves thin, sharply serrate, the lower on slender ciliate

122 COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.

petioles. Scales of the inversely conical involucre all ap-
pressed, and tipped with very short green points. — Woods
and along fences.

6. A. saglttifo'lius, Willd. Bays pale blue or purple.
Heads small, in dense compound racemes or panicles. Stem
smooth or nearly so, erect, with ascending branches. Leaves
conspicuously serrate, ovate-lanceolate, pointed, pubescent,
the lowest on long margined petioles, the tipper lanceolate
or linear, pointed at both ends. Scales of the oblong invo-
lucre linear, tapering into awl-shaped, slender and loose
tips. — Thickets and along fences.

7. A. Lindleya'nus, Torr. and Gr. Kays pale violet.
Stem rather stout, smooth or sparsely pubescent. Leaves
conspicuously serrate. Root-leaves and lowest stem-leaves
ovate, more or less cordate, with margined petioles ; upper-
most sessile, and pointed at both ends. Heads rather small,
in a loose ihyrse or panicle. Scales linear, green-tipped. —
Open barren grounds.

* * "Upper leaves all sessile or clasping by a heart-shaped base ; lower
ones not heart-shaped.

8. A. IseviS, L. Rays large, sky-blue. Very smooth
throughout. Heads in a close panicle. Leaves lanceolate
or ovate-lanceolate, chiefly entire, rough on the margins,
the upper ones clasping by an auricled base. — Dry woods.

9. A. Novae- An 'gliae, L. Bays many, narrow, violet-
purple, showy ; heads large. Involucre of many slender equal
scales, apparently in a single row, clammy. Stem stout, 3-8
feet high, hairy, corymbed above. . Leaves very numerous,
lanceolato, entire, clasping by an auricled base, pubescent.
— River-banks and borders of woods.

10. A. puni'eeus, L. Rays long, lilac-blue. Scales of the
involucre narrowly linear, loose, in about two rows. Stem
3-6 feet high, stout, rough-hairy, usually purple below.
Leaves oblong-lanceolate, clasping by an nuricled base,
sparingly serrate in the middle, rough above, smooth
beneath, pointed. — Swamps ; usually clustered.

COMPOSITE. 123

11. A. tardiflo'ms, L. Rays pale violet. Stem glabrous
or nearly so, 1-2 feet high. Leaves lanceolate or oblong-
lanceolate, acuminate, with tapering and somewhat auricled
base. Heads few, as a rule. Involucre loose, the outer
scales leaf-like. — Atl. Prov.

***None of the leaves heart-shaped; those of the stem sessile, tapering
at tlie base (except in No. 11).

12. A. rad'ula, Ait. Bays light violet. Eadical leaves
all tapering into margined petioles. Stem-leaves sessile,
oblong-lanceolate, pointed, sharply serrate in the middle,
very rough both sides, rugose. Scales of the bell-shaped
involucre oblong, appressed, with slightly spreading herb-
aceous tips. — Low grounds, Atl. Prov.

13. A. erieoi'des, Ait. Rays white or nearly so. Stem
smooth or nearly so, 1-3 feet high, the branchlets or ped-
uncles racemose on the upper side of the spreading branches.
Lowest leaves oblong-spathulate, the others linear-lance-
olate or linear-awl-shaped. — Barren soil, and margins of
lakes and rivers. Var. villOSUS, Torr. and Gray, has hairy
stems and leaves.

14. A. multiflo'rus, Ait. Rays white, 10-20. Stem pale
or hoary with minute pubescence, 1 foot high, bushy.
Leaves crowded, linear, with rough margins ; the upper
partly clasping. Heads small, crowded on the racemose
branches. Scales of the involucre with spreading green
tips. — Dry soil.

15. A. Tradesean'ti, L. (A. tenuifolius,} Rays white or
purplish. Scales of the involucre narrowly linear, in 3 or 4
rows. Heads small, very numerous, in 1-sided close racemes
on the branches. Stem 2-4 feet high, much branched,
smooth. Leaves linear-lanceolate, with long slender point,
the larger ones with a, few remote teeth in the middle. — Low
grounds.

16. A. diffu'SUS, Ait. (A. miser, L.) Rays pale blue or
whitish. Involucre nearly as in No. 15. Stem more or less
pubescent, much branched. Heads small, in loose 1-sided

124 COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.

racemes on the spreading branches. Leaves lanceolate,
acute at each end, sharply serrate in the middle. — Low
grounds.

17. A. panieula'tUS, Lam. (A. simplex, Willd.) Bays
pale blue or whitish. Scales of the involucre linear-awl-
shaped. Stem stout, smooth or nearly so, with numerous
leafy branches. Heads medium-sized, scattered, loosely
paniculate. Leaves smooth, oblong to lanceolate, tapering
at both ends, the lower serrate. — Moist and shady banks.

18. A. jun'eeus, Ait. Bays light purple. Stem slender,
1-3 feet high, simple, with few small heads, or loosely
branching. Leaves narrow, entire, or the lower sparingly
denticulate. Scales of the involucre small, narrow, in 2 or
3 rows. — Bogs and wet places.

19. A. vimin'eus, Lam. Bays white or nearly so. Stem
2-5 feet high, smooth, bushy. Leaves linear or narrowly
lanceolate, the larger ones sparingly serrate in the middle
with fine teeth. Heads very numerous, in 1-sided racemes
on short branchlets. Scales of the involucre narrowly
linear, in 3 or 4 rows. — Moist banks.

20. A. nemora'lis, Ait. Bays lilac-purple, elongated.
Stem slender and leafy, the upper branches terminating in
1-nowered nearly naked peduncles. Leaves small, rigid,
narrowly lanceolate, nearly entire, with revolute margins. —
Swamps, Atl. Prov. and Muskoka.

21. A. ptarmieoi'des, Torr. and Gr. Bays pure white.
Stems clustered, generally a foot high, each bearing a flat
corymb of small heads. Leaves linear-lanceolate, acute,
rigid, entire, mostly 1-nerved, with rough margins. — Dry or
gravelly hills. Our earliest Aster.

22. A. aeumina'tus, Michx. Bays white or faintly
purple. Stem about a foot high, somewhat hairy, zigzag,
panicled-corymbose at the top. Leaves large, thin, oblong-
lanceolate, pointed, coarsely toothed towards the apex, entire
at the base. — Cool sandy woods ; mostly eastward.

23. A. umbella'tUS, Mill. (Diplopappus umbellatus, Torr.
and Gr.) Pappus double, the inner of long capillary bristles,

COMPOSITE. 125

the outer of short and rigid bristles. Rays white. Stem
smooth, leafy to the top, tall, simple. Leaves lanceolate,
long-pointed. Heads small, very numerous, in compound
flat corymbs. — Moist thickets.

28. ERIG'ERON, L. FLEABANE.

1. E. Canaden'sis, L. (HORSE -WEED. BUTTER -WEED.)
Rays white, but very inconspicuous, shorter than their tubes.
Heads very small, numerous, in panicled racemes. Stem
1-5 feet high, erect and wand-like, bristly-hairy. Leaves
linear, mostly entire. — Common in burnt woods and new
clearings.

2. E. aeris, L. Kays purplish or bluish, about the same
length as the copious simple pappus. Heads several or
many, small, at length corymbose, hirsute. Stem 10-20
inches high, pubescent or smoothish. Leaves mostly lance-
olate, entire. A set of pistillate flowers within the circle of
ray-flowers, — Atl. Prov. and N. W.

3. E. bellidifO'lius, Muhl. (ROBIN'S PLANTAIN.) Rays
bluish-pur pie , numerous. Heads medium-sized, few, on
slender corymbose peduncles. Stem hairy, producing offsets
from the base. Radical leaves spathulate or obovate, toothed
above the middle ; stem-leaves oblong, few, sessile or partly
clasping, entire. — Thickets.

4. E. hyssopifo'lius, Michx. Rays rose-purple or whitish.
Stem slightly pubescent, slender, 6-12 inches high, from
slender rootstocks. Leaves very many, short, linear. Heads
small, terminating the slender naked branches. Pappus
simple. — Atl. sea-coast and northward.

5. E. CSBSpitO'SUS, Nutt. Stem dwarf, tufted, from a
stout rootstock, more or less hoary-pubescent. Rays white,
40-50, narrow.— N. W. '

6. E. Philadel'phieus, L. (COMMON FLEABANE). Rays
rose-purple, very numerous and narrow. Heads small, few,
in corymbs. Stem hairy, with numerous stem-leaves.
Radical leaves spathulate and toothed ; the upper ones
clasping by a heart-shaped base, entire. — Moist grounds.

126 COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.

7. E. Strigo'SUS, Muhl. (DAISY FLEABANE.) Eays white,
conspicuous, numerous. Pappus plainly double. Stem and
leaves roughish with minute appressed hairs, or nearly
smooth. Lower leaves spathulate and slender-petioled,
entire or nearly so, the upper lanceolate, scattered. — Dry
fields and meadows.

8. E. glabell'US, Nutt. Bays purple, very many, much
longer than the hoary-hispid involucre. Stem 6-15 inches
high, stout, smooth below, bearing 1-7 large heads on the
naked summit. Pappus double. Leaves smooth but ciliate,
the upper oblong-lanceolate and pointed, sessile or clasping ;
the lower petiolate, spathulate. — N.W.

Var. as'perus, has very rough leaves and stem.

9. E. an'nilUS, Pers. (LARGER DAISY FLEABANE.) Rays
white, tinged with purple. Pappus double. Stem rough
with spreading hairs. Leaves coarsely toothed ; the lower
ovate, tapering into a margined petiole ; the upper ovate-
lanceolate. Heads corymbed. — Fields and meadows.

29. GRINDEXIA, Willd.

G. Squarro'sa, Dunal. Leaves spathulate to linear-
oblong. Heads large, terminating the leafy branches. —
Dry prairies, N.W. ; also at Ottawa.

30. GTJTIERRE'ZIA, Lag.

G. Eutha'mise, Torr. and Gr. Not more than 8 inches
high.— Dry plains, N.W.

31. HELE'NIUM, L. SNEEZE- WEED.

H. autumna'le, L. (SNEEZE- WEED.) Stem nearly smooth.
Leaves lanceolate, toothed. Disk globular. — Low river- and
lake-margins.

32. CHRYSAN'THEMTJM, Tourn. Ox-EYE DAISY.

1. C. Leuean'themum, L. (Leucanthemum vulgare, Lam.)
(Ox-EYE DAISY. WHITE- WEED.) Stem erect, naked above,
bearing a single large head. Leaves pinnatifid or cut-
toothed, the lowest spathulate, the others partly clasping. —
Pastures and old fields.

COMPOSITE. 127

2. C. Parthe'nium, Pers. (FEVEBFEW.) Stem branch-
ing, leafy. Leaves twice-pinnately divided, the divisions
ovate, cut. Heads corymbed. — Escaped from gardens.

3. C. Balsam'itse, L. (COSTMARY.) A garden-escape,
smooth, with pleasant odour. Leaves pale, oblong, some-
what toothed. Heads small, pale yellow.

33. BEIXIS, Tourn. DAISY.

B. perennis, the true Daisy, a native of the Old "World,
is a low stemless herb. It is an uncommon garden escape.
The heads are many-flowered with numerous pistillate rays.
The scales of the involucre equal, in about 2 rows, herbace-
ous. Receptacle conical. Pappus wanting.

34. MATRICA'BJA, Tourn. WILD CHAMOMILE.
M. inodo'ra, L. Leaves twice-piiinately divided into
very narrow lobes. Heads large, naked-peduncled, the rays
many and long. — Chiefly Atl. Prov.

35. AN'THEMIS, L. CHAMOMILE.

1. A. Cot'ula, DC. (Maruta Cotula.} (MAY- WEED.) Stem
branching. Leaves thrice-pinnate, finely dissected. Odour
disagreeable. Rays soon reflexed. — Roadsides everywhere.

2. A. arven'sis, L. (CORN CHAMOMILE.) Resembling the
last, but the leaves are not so finely dissected, and the odour
not so unpleasant. — Atl. Prov., rare.

36. KUDBECK'IA, L. CONE-FLOWER.

1. R. laeinia'ta, L. Rays linear, 1-2 inches long, droop-
ing. Disk greenish-yellow. Stem tall, smooth, branching.
Lowest leaves pinnate, of 5-7 lobed leaflets ; upper ones 3-5-
parted, or the uppermost undivided and generally ovate.
Heads terminal, long-peduncled. — Swamps.

2. R. hir'ta, L. Rays bright yellow. Disk purplish-
brown. Stem very rough-hairy, naked above, bearing
single large heads. Leaves 3-ribbed, the lowest spathulate,
narrowed into a petiole, the upper ones sessile. — Meadows.

3. R. eolumna'riS, Pursh. (Lepachys columnaris, Torr.

2 COMMON CANADIAN WILD

and GT.) Rays yellow or purplish ; disk grayish. Recept-
acle oblong. Chaff thickened and bearded at the tip.
Pappus none or of 2 teeth. Stem branching from the base,
1-2 feet high. Leaves pinnately divided, the divisions 5-9,
narrow. Heads single, on the naked branches. — N.W., and
at Ottawa.

37. HELIAN'THUS, L. SUN-FLOWER.
* Annuals. Leaves alternate. Receptacle flat. Disk brotvnish.

1. H. an'nuus, L. (COMMON SUNFLOWER.) Tall, rough.
Leaves 3-ribbed, ovate, serrate. Scales of the involucre
long-pointed, ciliate. — Escaped from cultivation.

2. H. petiola'ris, Nutt. More slender, 1-3 feet high.
Leaves narrow, mostly entire. Scales seldom ciliate.— N.W.

* * Perennials. Receptacle convex. Lower leaves usually opposite.
i- Disk dark.

3. H. rig'idus, Desf . Stem tall and stout, rough. Leaves
very thick and rigid, rough both sides, oblong-lanceolate,
pointed at both ends, the lowest oval, 3-nerved. Bays
20-25. Pappus of 2 large, and often several small scales. —

N.W.

H- -»- Disk yellow.

4. H. Nuttall'ii, Torr. and Gr. Stem slender, smooth,
simple. Leaves lanceolate or linear. Pappus-scales long
and narrow. — N.W.

5. H. Strumo'SUS, L. Stem 3-6 feet high, smooth below.
Leaves broadly lanceolate, rough above food. t/phitish beneath,
pointed, serrate with small appressed teeth, short-petioled.
Rays about 10. — Moist copses and low grounds.

6. H. divariea'tUS, L. Stem 1-4 feet high, smooth, simple
or forking above. Leaves all opposite, widely spreading,
sessile, rounded or truncate at the base, ovate-lanceolate,
o-nerved, long-pointed, serrate, rough on both sides. Heads
few, on short peduncles. Rays about 12.— Open thickets
and dry plains.

7. H. deeapet'alus, L. Stem 3-6 feet high, branching,
smooth below, rough above. Leaves thin, green on both
sides, ovate, coarsely serrate, pointed, abruptly contracted

COMPOSITE. 129

into short margined petioles. Bays usually 10. — Thickets
and river-banks.

8. H. gigante'US, L. Stem tall, hairy or rough, branch-
ing above. Leaves lanceolate, pointed, serrate, very rough
above, hairy below, narrowed and ciliate at the base.
Heads somewhat corymbed, not large. Disk yellow; rays-
pale yellow, 15-20. — Low grounds, western and south-
western Ontario.

9. H. tubero'SUS, L., (JERUSALEM ARTICHOKE) has escaped
from cultivation in some places. It is at once recognized
by its tubers.

38. ACTINOM'ERIS, Nutt.

A. squarro'sa, Nutt. Stem hairy, tall, commonly winged
above. Leaves oblong to ovate-lanceolate, pointed at both
ends.— S. W. Ontario.

39. COKJEOP'SIS, L. TlCKSEED.

1. C. tineto'ria, Nutt. Stem smooth, 2-3 feet high.
Leaves once- or twice-pinnately divided, the lobes narrow.
Pappus none. Achenes oblong. Bays yellow, brown-tinted.
— N. W.

2. C. triehosperm'a, Michx., var. tenuilo'ba, Gray.
(TICKSEED SUNFLOWER.) Stem smooth, branching. Bays
golden-yellow. Leaves short-petioled, pinnately divided, the
segments serrate. Achenes narrowly wedge-oblong, 2-toothed.
— Swamps, S. W. Ontario.

3. C. vertieilla'ta, L. Glabrous. Leaves sessile, divided
into 3 sessile leaflets (appearing whorled), these pinnately
dissected into very narrow divisions. — Damp places, S. W.
Ontario.

4. C. trip'teris, L. Smooth. Stem tall, corymbed above.
Leaves petioled. pinnately divided, the divisions lanceolate,
acute, entire. Disk turning brownish. — Damp places, S.W-

Ontario.

40. GAILLAKD'IA, Fong-.

G. arista'ta, Pursh. Rough-hairy, about 2 feet high.
Leaves lanceolate to oblanceolate, entire to coarsely pinnat-
ifid.— Dry soil, N. W.

130 COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.

41. BIDENS, L. BUR-MARIGOLD.

1. B. frondo'sa, L. (COMMON BEGGAR-TICKS.) Rays none.
Achenes flat, wedge-obovate, dilate on tlie margins with
bristles, pointing upwards, 2-awned. Stem tall, branched.
Leaves thin, long-petioled, pinnately 3-5-divided, the leaf-
lets ovate- lanceolate, pointed, serrate.

2. B. COnna'ta, Muhl. (SWAMP BEGGAR-TICKS.) Rays
none. Achenes flat, narrowly wedge-shaped, 2-4-awned,
ciliate with minute bristles, pointing downwards. Stem 1-2
feet high, smooth. Leaves lanceolate, pointed, serrate,
tapering and connate at the base, the lowest often 3-parted
and decurrent on the petiole. — In shallow water and low
grounds.

3. B. eer'nua, L. (SMALLER BUR-MARIGOLD. ) Rays short,
pale yellow. Achenes flat, wedge-obovate, 4-awned, ciliate
with bristles pointing downwards. Stem nearly smooth,
5-10 inches high. Leaves all simple, lanceolate, unequally
serrate, hardly connate. Heads nodding. — Wet places.

4. B. ehrysanthemoi'des, Michx. (LARGE BUR-MARI-
GOLD.) Rays an inch long, showy, golden yellow. Achenes
wedge-shaped, 2-4-awned, bristly downwards. Stem smooth,
6-30 inches high, erect or ascending. Leaves lanceolate,
tapering at both ends, connate, regularly serrate. — Swamps
and ditches.

5. B. Beek'ii, Torr. (WATER MARIGOLD.) Aquatic. Stems
long and slender. Immersed leaves dissected into fine hair-
like divisions; those out of water lanceolate, slightly con-
nate, toothed. Rays showy, golden yellow, larger than the
involucre. Achenes linear, bearing 4-6 very long awns barbed
Awards the apex. — Ponds and slow streams.

42. HELIOP'SIS, Pers. Ox-EYE.

1. H. IseviS, Pers. Stem smooth, slender, branching.
Leaves ovate-lanceolate, acute, sharply serrate, on slender
petioles. Heads showy ; peduncles elongated. — Dry open
thickets ; London and westward.

COMPOSITE. 131

2. H. seabra, Dunal. Roughish, especially the leaves.
Pappus of 2 or 3 teeth, or a mere chaff-like border. — Niagara
Falls and N.W.

43. ACHILLE'A, L. YARROW.

1. A. millefo'lium, L. (MILFOIL.) Stems simple. Leaves
dissected into fine divisions. Corymb flat- topped. Kays
only 4 or 5, short. — Fields and along fences ; very common.

2. A. Ptar'miea, L. (SNEEZE- WORT.) Leaves simple,
lance-linear, serrate. Corymb loose. Bays 8-12, much
longer 'than the involucre. — Atl. Prov.

44. POIiYM'NIA, L. LEAF-CUP.

P. Canadensis, L. A coarse clammy-hairy herb. Lower
leaves opposite, petioled, pinnatifid ; the upper alternate,
angled or lobed. Heads small ; rays pale yellow. — Shaded
ravines; south-westward.

45. SIL'PHIUM, L. ROSIN-PLANT.

1. S. per folia' turn, L., (Cup- PLANT) is found in south-
western Ontario. Stem stout, square. 4-8 feet high. Leaves
ovate, coarsely toothed, the upper ones united by their
bases.

2. S. terebinthina'eeum, L. (PRAIRIE DOCK.) Stem
tall, round, naked above, smooth. Radical leaves some-
times 2 feet long, rough-hairy, coarsely serrate, on slender
petioles. Heads small, loosely panicled. — Open woods and
grassy banks, south-western Ontario.

46. KRIG'IA, Schreber. DWARF DANDELION.
K. amplexieaulis, Nutt. (Cynthia Virginica, Don.)
Roots fibrous. Stem-leaves 1-2, oblong or lanceolate-spa-
thulate, clasping, mostly entire, the radical ones on short
winged petioles. Peduncles 2-5. — South-western Ontario.

47. LAMP'SANA, Tourn. NIPPLE-WORT.

L. COmmu'nis, L. Very slender and branching. Leaves
angled or toothed. Heads small, loosely panicled. — Borders
of springs ; common at Queenston Heights.

132 COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.

48. CICHO'RIOI, Tourn. SUCCORY. CICHORY.

C. In'tybllS, L. Stem-leaves oblong or lanceolate, partly
clasping ; radical ones runcinate. — Roadsides and waste
places.

49. LEOX'TODOX, L. FALL DANDELION.

L. autumna'le, L. (FALL DANDELION.) Leaves lanceolate,
laciniate- toothed or pinnatifid. Scape branched. — Roadsides
and waste places ; not common westward.

50. HIERA'CIUM, Tourn. HAWKWEED.

1. H. Canadensis, Michx. (CANADA HAWKWEED.) Heads
large. Stem simple, leafy, corymbed, 1-3 feet high. Ped-
uncles downy. Leaves ovate-oblong, with a few coarse teeth,
somewhat hairy, sessile, or the uppermost slightly clasping.
Achenes tapering towards the base. — Dry banks and plains.

2. H. SCabrum, Michx. (ROUGH H.) Heads small. Stem
stout, 1-3 feet high, rough-hairy, corymbose. Peduncles or
involucre densely clothed with dark bristles. Achenes not
tapering. — Sandy woods and thickets.

3. H. Grono'vii, L. (HAIRY H.) Heads small. Stem
wand-like, leafy and very hairy below, naked above, forming
a long and narrow panicle. Achenes with a very taper sum-
mit.— Dry soil, western Ontario.

4. H. veno'sum, L., (RATTLESNAKE- WEED) with a smooth
naked scape (or bearing one leaf), and a loose corymb of
very slender peduncles, is found in the Niagara region and
south-westward.

5. H. panicula'tum, L. Stem slender, leafy, diffusely
branched, hairy only below. Heads very small, in a loose
panicle, on slender diverging pedicels, 10-20 -flowered.
Achenes short, not tapering above. Leaves lanceolate,
acute at both ends. — Open woods, S.W. Ontario.

6. H. auranti'aeum, L., a low hirsute species, with
clustered heads of deep-orange flowers on a simple peduncle,
leafy at the base, is reported from the neighbourhood of
London, Ont.

COMPOSITE. 133

51. CREPIS, L.

C. runeina'ta, Torr. and Gr. Stem 1-2 feet high, gla-
brous. Radical leaves obovate-oblong to oblong-lanceolate,
with short lobes or teeth. Cauline leaves absent or very
small. Involucre pubescent, sometimes it and the upper
part of the scape glandular. — N.W.

52. PREffAN'THES, Vaill. RATTLESNAKE-ROOT.

1. P. alba, L. (Nabalus albus, Hook.) (WHITE LETTUCE.)
Heads8-12-flowered. Pap pus deep cinnamon-coloured. Stem
2-4 feet high, smooth and glaucous, corymbose-paniculate.
Leaves triangular-halberd-shaped, or 3-5-lobed, the upper-
most oblong and undivided. — Rich woods.

2. P. altiss'ima, L. (Nabalus aUissimus.) (TALL WHITE
LETTUCE.) Heads 5-6-flowered. Pappus pale straw-coloured.
Stem taller but more slender than in No. 1, with a, long, leafy
panicle at the summit. — Rich woods.

3. P. raeemo'sa, Michx. (Nabalus racemosus, Hook.)
Heads about 12-nowered. Involucre and peduncles hairy.
Stem wand-like, smooth. Leaves oval or oblong-lanceolate,
slightly toothed. Heads crowded in a long and narrow
interruptedly spiked panicle. Pappus straw-colour ; flowers
flesh-colour. — Shore of Lake Huron and south-westward.

4. P. Mainen'sis, Gray. Leaves as in the last, but the
radical ones ovate and more abruptly narrowed to the short
petiole. Heads 8-12-flowered, persistently drooping on
slender pedicels. — Atl. Prov.

53. LYGODES'MIA. Don.

L. jun'eea, Don. Much branched from the base, the
branches closely erect and rigid, rush-like, terminating in
erect heads of pinkish flowers. Leaves small, the lower
lance-linear, the upper scale-like. — N.W. plains.

54. TRO VIHO V Nutt.

1. T. CUSpida'tum, Pursh. Scape a foot high. Leaves
lanceolate, tapering to a sharp point, entire, woolly on the
margins. Achenes beakless.— N.W. prairies.

134 COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.

2. T. glau'eum, Nutt. Scape 1-2 feet high. Leaves
varying from entire to dentate or laciniate. Achenes long-
beaked. — N.W. prairies.

55. TARAX'ACUM, Haller. DANDELION.

T. Offleina'le, Weber. (T. dens-leonis, Desf.) (COMMON
DANDELION.) Outer involucre reflexed. Leaves runcinate.
— Fields everywhere.

56. LACTU'CA, Tourn. LETTUCE.

1. L. Canaden'sis, L. (WILD LETTUCE.) Heads numer-
ous, in a long and narrow naked panicle. Stem stout,
smooth, hollow, 4-9 feet high. Leaves mostly runcinate,
partly clasping, pale beneath ; the upper entire. Achenes
longer than their beaks. — Borders of fields and thickets.

2. L. seari'ola, L. (PRICKLY LETTUCE.) Stem below
sparingly bristly. Leaves vertical, spinulose-denticulate,
oblong or lanceolate, prickly on the midrib below. Heads
small, 6-12 flowered.— Waste places.

3. L. integTifo'lia, L. Stem 3-6 feet high; leaves all
undivided, entire or slightly toothed. Flowers pale yellow,
cream-colour, or purple. — Dry soil.

4. L. hiFSU'ta, Muhl. Leaves runcinate, the midrib
beneath often sparingly bristly-hairy. Flowers yellowish-
purple, rarely white. — Dry soil.

5T. nUJLGE'DIOI, Cass. FALSE OR BLUE LETTUCE.
M. leueophse'um, DC. (Lactuca leucophcea. Gray, in
Macoun's Catalogue.) Stem tall and very leafy. Heads in
a dense compound panicle. — Borders of damp woods, and
along fences.

58. SOX'CIHIS, L. SOW-THISTLE.

1. S. OlePa'eeus, L. (COMMON SOW-THISTLE.) Stem-
leaves runcinate, slightly toothed with soft spiny teeth,
clasping ; the auricles acute. — Manured soil about dwellings.

2. S. asper, Vill. (SPINY- LEAVED S.) Leaves hardly
lobed, fringed with soft spines, clasping; the auricles
rounded. Achenes margined. — Same localities as No. 1.

LOBELIACE^E. 135

3. S. arven'sis, L., (FIELD S.) with bright yellow flowers
and bristly involucres and peduncles, is found eastward.

59. TRAGOPO'GON, L. GOAT'S BEARD. SALSIFY.

1. T. praten'sis, L. (YELLOW GOAT'S BEARD.) Spread-
ing westward along the railway lines. Flowers yellow.
Peduncle little thickened below the head.

2. T. porrifo'lius, L. (SALSIFY.) Stem 2-3 feet high.
Peduncle thickened below the head. Flowers purple.

ORDER LI. LOBELIA' CEJE. (LOBELIA FAMILY.)

Herbs with milky acrid juice, alternate leaves, and loosely
racemed flowers. Corolla irregular, 5-lobed, the tube split
down one side. Stamens 5, syngenesious, and commonly
also monadelphous, free from the corolla. Calyx tube adhe-
rent to the many-seeded ovary. Style 1. The only genus is

LOBE'LIA, L. LOBELIA.

1. L. eardina'lis, L. (CARDINAL FLOWER.) Corolla large,
deep red. Stem simple, 2-3 feet high, smooth. Leaves
oblong-lanceolate, slightly toothed. Bracts of the flowers
leaf-like. — Low grounds.

2. L. syphilit'iea, L. (GREAT LOBELIA.) Corolla rather
large, light blue. Stem hairy, simple, 1-2 feet high. Leaves
thin, acute at both ends, serrate. Calyx-lobes half as long
as the corolla, the tube hemispherical. Flowers in a dense
spike or raceme. — Low grounds.

3. L. infla'ta, L. (INDIAN TOBACCO.) Flowers small, £
of an inch long, pale blue. Stem leafy, branching, 8-18
inches high, pubescent. Leaves ovate or oblong, toothed.
Pods inflated. ' Racemes leafy. — Dry fields.

4. L^ spica'ta, Lam. Flowers small, ^ of an inch long,
pale blue. Stem slender, erect, simple, 1-3 feet high, min-
utely pubescent below. Leaves barely toothed, the lower
spathulate or obovate, the upper reduced to linear bracts. —
Racemes long and naked. — Sandy soil.

136 COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.

5. L. Kal'mii, L. Flowers small, | of an inch long, light
blue. Stem low, 4-18 inches high, very slender. Pedicels
filiform, as long as the flowers, with 2 minute bractlets
above the middle. Leaves mostly linear, the radical ones
spathulate and the upper ones reduced to bristly bracts. —
Wet rocks and banks, chiefly northward.

6. L. Dortman'na, L., (WATER LOBELIA) with small
leaves, all tufted at the root, and a scape 5 or 6 inches long
with a few small light-blue pedicelled flowers at the sum-
mit, occurs in the shallow borders of ponds in Muskoka.

ORDER LIT. CAMPANULA'CE^!. (CAMPANULA F.)

Herbs with milky juice, differing from, the preceding
Order chiefly in having a, regular 5-lobed corolla (bell-shaped
or wheel-shaped), separate stamens (5), and 2 or more (with us,
5) stigmas.

Synopsis of the Genera.

l Tampan ula. Calyx 5-cleft. Corolla nearly wheel-shaped, 5-lobed.

Pod short.
2. Specula' ria. Calyx 5-cleft. Corolla nearly wheel-shaped, 5-lobed.

Pod prismatic or oblong.

1. CAMPANULA, Tourn. BELL-FLOWER.

1. C. rotundifo'lia, L. (HAREBELL.) Flowers blue,
loosely panicled, on long slender peduncles, nodding. Stem
slender, branching, several-flowered. Boot-leaves round-
heart-shaped ; stem-leaves linear. Calyx-lobes awl-shaped.
—Shaded banks.

2. C. aparinoi'des, Pursh. (MARSH BELL-FLOWER.)
Flowers white or nearly so, about ^ of an inch long. Stem
very slender and weak, few-flowered, angled, roughened back-
wards. Leaves linear-lanceolate. Calyx-lobes triangular.
—Wet places in high grass. This plant has the habit of a
Galium.

3. C. Ameriea'na, L. (TALL BELL-FLOWER.) Flowers
light blue, about an inch across, crowded in a leafy spike.
Corolla deeply 5-lobed. Style long and curved. Stem 3-6

ER1CACEJ!. 137

feet high, simple. Leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, taper-
pointed, serrate. — Moist rich soil.

4. C. rapuneuloi'des, L. Flowers nodding, single in the
axils of bracts, forming a raceme. Stem-leaves pointed,
lanceolate, serrate ; the lower cordate, long-petioled. — Atl.
Prov. ; int. from Europe.

5. C. Seheuehz'eri, Vill. Stem low, from a filiform
rootstock, bearing usually a single erect flower. Leaves 1-2
inches long, lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, all more or less
dentate. Calyx-lobes much longer than the tube, and ex-
ceeding the tube of the shallow reddish-purple corolla. —
N.W.

2. si*E4'i:LA'itiA, Heister. VENUS'S LOOKING-GLASS.
S. perfolia'ta, A. DC. Flowers purplish -blue, only the
latter or upper ones expanding. Stem hairy, 3-20 inches
high. Leaves roundish or ovate, clasping. Flowers solitary
or 2 or 3 together in the axils. — Sterile open ground, chiefly
south-westward.

ORDER LIII. ERICA'CE^E. (HEATH FAMILY.)
Chiefly shrubs, distinguished by the anthers opening, as a
rule, by a pore at the top of each cell. Stamens (as in the two
preceding Orders) free from the corolla, as many or twice as
many as its lobes. Leaves simple and usually alternate.
Corolla in some cases polypetalous.

Synopsis of the Genera.

SUBORDER I. VACCINIEjE. (WHORTLEBERRY FAMILY.)
Calyx-tube adherent to the ovary. Fruit a berry crowned
with the calyx-teeth.

1. Gayliissa'cia. Stamens 10, the anthers opening by a pore at the

apex. Corolla tubular, ovoid, the border 5-cleft. Berry to-celled.,
10-seeded. Flowers white with a red tinge. Leaves covered with
resinous dots. Branching shrubs.

2. Vacciii jinn. Stamens 8 or 10, the anthers prolonged upwards into

tubes with a pore at each apex. Corolla deeply 4-parted and revo-
lute, or cylindrical with the limb 5- toothed. Berry 4-celled, or
more or less completely 10-celled. Flowers white or reddish, soli-
tary or in short racemes. Shrubs.

138 COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.

3. Chiog'enes. Stamens 8, each anther 2-pointed at the apex. Corolla

bell-shaped, deeply 4-cleft, Limb of the calyx 4-parted. Flowers
very small, nodding from the axils, with 2 bract lets under the
calyx. Berry white, 4-celled. A trailing slender evergreen.

SUBORDER II. ERICINE^l. (HEATH FAMILY PROPER.)
Calyx free from the ovary. Shrubs or small trees. Corolla
gamopetalous, except in No. 10.

4. Arctostapli'ylos, Corolla urn-shaped, the limb 5-toothed, revolute.

Stamens 10, the anthers each with 2 reflexed awns on the back.
Fruit a berry-like drupe, 5-10-seeded. A trailing thick-leaved
evergreen, with nearly white flowers.

5. Epigee'a. Corolla salver-shaped, hairy inside, rose-coloured. Sta-

mens 10 ; filaments slender ; anthers awnless, opening lengthwise.
Calyx of 5 pointed and scale-like nearly distinct sepals. A trail-
ing evergreen, bristly with rusty hairs.

6. Ganlthe'ria. Corolla ovoid or slightly urn-shaped, 5-toothed,

nearly white. Stamens 10, the anthers 2-awned. Calyx 3-cleft,
closing the pod and becoming fleshy and berry -like in fruit. Stems
low and slender, leafy at the summit.

7. Cassan'dra. Corolla cylindrical, 5-toothed. Stamens 10, the

anther-cells tapering into beaks with a pore at the apex, awnless.
Calyx of 5 overlapping sepals, and 2 similar bractlets. Pod with
a double pericarp, the outer of 5 valves, the inner cartilaginous
and of 10 valves. A low shrub, with rather scurfy leaves, and
white flowers.

8. Audrom'eda. Corolla globular-urn-shaped, 5-toothed. Calyx of 5

nearly distinct valvate sepals, without bractlets. Stamens 10 ;
the filaments bearded 5 the anther-cells each with a slender awn.
A low shrub, with white flowers in a terminal umbel.

9. Cnllu'iin. Corolla bell-shaped, 4-parted, persistent, becoming

scarious. A low evergreen shrub, with numerous minute oppo-
site leaves. Flowers rose-coloured or white, in mostly 1-sided
racemes.

10. Kal'mia. Corolla broadly bell-shaped, with 10 pouches receiving as

many anthers. Shrubs with showy rose-purple flowers.

11. Le'diim. Calyx 5-toothed, very small. Corolla of 5 obovate and

spreading distinct petals. Stamens 5-10. Leaves evergreen, with
revolute margins, covered beneath, with rusty wool.

12. Rhododcn'dron. Corolla irregular (in our species), nearly an

inch long, 2-lipped, the upper lip 3-lobed, the lower of 2 oblong-
linear curved nearly or quite distinct petals. Stamens 10, as long
as the rose-coloured corolla. A shrub with alternate oblong
somewhat pubescent leaves.— Atl. Prov.

ERICACEAE. 139

SUBORDER III. PYROLE^). (PYROLA FAMILY.)

Calyx free from the ovary. Corolla, polypetalous. More or
less herbaceous evergreens.

13. Py'rola. Calyx 2-parted. Petals 5, concave. Stamens 10. Stigma

5-lobed. Leaves evergreen, clustered at the base of an upright
scaly -br acted scape which bears a simple raceme of nodding
flowers.

14. Moiie'ses. Petals 5, orbicular, spreading. Stamens 10. Stigma

large, peltate, with 5 narrow radiating lobes. Plant having the
aspect of a Pyrola, but the scape bearing a single terminal flower.

15. < liiiuaph ila. Petals 5, concave, orbicular, spreading. Stamens

10. Stigma broad and round, the border 5-crenate. Low plants
with running underground shoots, and thick, shining, sharply
serrate, somewhat whorled leaves. Flowers corymbed or um-
belled on a terminal peduncle.

SUBORDER IV. MONOTROPE^E. (INDIAN -PIPE FAMILY.)

16. Monot'ropa. A smooth perfectly white plant, parasitic on roots,

bearing scales instead of leaves, and a single flower at the summit
of the stem.

17. Pteros'pora. A purplish-brown clammy-pubescent plant, parasitic

on the roots of pines. Stem simple. Flowers numerous, nodding,
white, forming a raceme.

18. Hypop'itys. A tawny or reddish parasitic plant, with several

flowers in a scaly raceme, the terminal one generally with 5
petals and 10 stamens, and the others with 4 petals and 8 stamens.

1. <;AYU SSA <IA, H.B.K. HUCKLEBERRY.

1. G. resino'sa, Torr and Gr. (BLACK HUCKLEBERRY.)
Fruit black, without a bloom. Racemes short, 1-sided, in
clusters. Leaves oval or oblong. Branching shrub, 1-3 feet
high. — Low grounds.

2. G. dumo'sa, Torr. and Gr. (DWARF HUCKLEBERRY.)
Fruit black, insipid. Eacemes long, with leaf-like, persis-
tent bracts. Leaves obovate, oblong, mucronate. — Sandy
low ground, Atl. Prov.

2. VACCIN'IIIM, L. CRANBERRY. BLUEBERRY.
1. V. OxyCOe'CUS, L. (Oxycoccus vulgaris, Pursh, in
Macoun's Catalogue.) (SMALL CRANBERRY.) A creeping or

140 COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.

trailing very slender shrubby plant, with ovate acute ever-
green leaves only £ of an inch long, the margins revolute.
Corolla rose-coloured, 4-parted, the lobes reflexed. Anthers
8. Stein 4-9 inches long. Berry only about £ of an inch
across, often speckled with white. — Bogs.

2. V. maeroear'pon, Ait. (Oxycoccus macrocarpus,
Pursh, in Macoun's Catalogue.) (LARGE or AMERICAN CRAN-
BERRY.) Different from No. 1 in having prolonged stems
(1-3 feet long) and the flowering branches lateral. The
leaves also are nearly twice as large, and the berry is fully %
an inch broad. — Bogs.

3. V. Vitis-Idgea, L. A low plant with erect branches
from tufted creeping stems. Leaves evergreen, obovate,
with revolute margins, shining above, dotted with blackish
bristly points beneath. Corolla bell-shaped, 4-lobed. An-
thers 8-10. Flowers in a short bracted raceme. — Northward
and eastward.

4. V. Pennsylvan'ieum, Lam. (DWARF BLUEBERRY.)
Stem 6-15 inches high, the branches green, angled and
warty. Corolla cylindrical, bell-shaped, 5- toothed. An-
thers 10. Flowers in short racemes. Leaves lanceolate or
oblong, serrulate with bristly-pointed teeth, smooth and
shining on both sides. Berry blue or black, with a bloom.
— Dry plains and woods.

5. V. Canaden'se, Kalm. (CANADIAN BLUEBERRY.) Stem
1-2 feet high. Leaves oblong-lanceolate or elliptical, entire,
downy both sides, as are also the branchlets. — A very com-
mon Canadian species.

6. V. vaeil'lans, Solander. (Low BLUEBERRY.) Stem
1-2 feet high, glabrous, with yellowish-green branchlets.
Leaves obovate or oval, very pale, or dull and glaucous, at
least beneath. Corolla between bell-shaped and cylindra-
ceous, the mouth somewhat contracted. — Dry soil ; western
Ontario mostly.

7. V. COrymbo'sum, L., (SWAMP BLUEBERRY) is a tall
shrub (3-10 feet) growing in swamps and low grounds, with

ERICACEAE. 141

leaves varying from ovate to elliptical - lanceolate, and
flowers and berries very much the same as those in No. 4,
but the berries ripen later.

Var. amoe'num, Gray, has the leaves bristly-cilia te,
green both sides, shining above. — S.W. Ontario.

Var. pal'lidum, Gray, has the leaves mostly glabrous,
pale or whitish, glaucous at least underneath, and serru-
late with bristly teeth. — Atl. Prov.; also Niagara River.

Var. atPOCOC'CUm, Gray, has the leaves entire, downy,
or woolly underneath, as well as the branchlets. — Chiefly
eastward.

8. V. Stamin'eum, L. (DEER-BERRY. SQUAW HUCKLE-
BERRY.) Stem diffusely branching, 2-3 feet high. Leaves
ovate or oval, pale, whitish beneath. Corolla open-bell-
shaped, 5-lobed, greenish- white or purplish. Anthers 2-
awned on the back, much exserted. Flowers slender-pedi-
celled. Berries greenish or yellowish, large. — Niagara
River, above Queenston.

3. CHIOG'ENES, Saliab. CREEPING SNOWBERRY.

C. hispid.' ula, Torr. and Gr. Leaves very small, CTatf

and pointed, on short petioles, the margins revolute. The

lower surface of the leaves and the branches clothed with

rusty bristles. Berries bright white. — Bogs and cool woods.

4. ARCTOSTAPH'ILOS, Adans. BEARBERRY.
A. Uva-ursi, Spreng. Flowers in terminal racemes.
Leaves alternate, obovate or spathulate, entire, smooth.
Berry red. — Bare hillsides.

5. i;n<;.i;'A, L. GROUND LAUREL. TRAILING ARBUTUS.
E. re' pens, L. (MAYFLOWER.) Flowers in small axillary
clusters from scaly bracts. Leaves evergreen, rounded and
heart-shaped, alternate, on slender petioles. Flowers very
fragrant. — Dry woods in early spring.

6. <; Al'LTHK'ltlA, Kalm. AROMATIC WINTERGREEN.
G. proeum'bens, L. (TEABERRY. WINTERGREEN). Flow-
ers mostly single in the axils, nodding. Leaves obovate or

142 COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.

oval, obscurely serrate, evergreen. Berry bright red, edible-
— Cool woods, chiefly in the shade of evergreens.

7. CASSAN'DRA, Don. LEATHER-LEAF.

C. calycula'ta, Don. Flowers in 1-sided leafy racemes.
Leaves oblong, obtuse, flat. — Bogs.

8. AMHHMI i:i» A, L. ANDROMEDA.

A. polifo'lia, L. Stem smooth and glaucous, 6-18 inches
high. Leaves oblong-linear, with strongly re volute mar-
gins, white beneath. — Bogs.

9. CALLU'NA, Salisb. HEATHER.

C. VUlga'PiS, Salisb. (HEATHER.) A low evergreen shrub
with numerous opposite minute leaves, mostly auricled at
the base. Flowers axillary or terminating very short
shoots, forming close racemes mostly one-sided, rose-coloured
or white. Calyx of 4 sepals. Corolla 4-parted, bell-shaped.
Calyx and corolla both persistent and becoming dry. Sta-
mens 8. Capsule 4-celled. — Found sparingly in a few places
on the coast of Nova Scotia and Newfoundland.
10. KAL'MIA, L. AMERICAN LAUREL.

1. K. glau'ca, Ait. (PALE LAUREL.) A straggling shrub
about a foot high, with few-flowered terminal corymbs.
Branchlets 2-edged. Leaves opposite, oblong, the margins
revolute. Flowers^ an inch across. — Bogs.

2. K. angustifo'lia, L. (SHEEP LAUREL. LAMBKILL.)
Leaves opposite or in threes, oblong, obtuse, petioled.
Corymbs lateral, many-flowered. Pod depressed. Pedicels
recurved in fruit. — Bogs and damp barren grounds, abun-
dant eastward.

11. LE'DITM, L. LABRADOR TEA.

L. latifo'lium, Ait. Flowers white, in terminal umbel-
like clusters. Leaves elliptical or oblong. Stamens 5, or
occasionally 6 or 7. — Bogs.

12. RHODODENDRON, L. (ROSE BAY. AZALEA.)
R. Rhodo'ra, Don. Corolla irregular, nearly an inch
long, two-lipped ; the upper lip 3-lobed ; the lower lip of two

ERICACEAE. 143

oblong-linear, curved, nearly or quite distinct petals. Sta-
mens 10, as long as the rose-coloured corolla. Leaves alter-
nate, oblong, somewhat pubescent. Shrub. — Bogs and
damp barrens, from Montreal eastward.

13. PY'ROLA, Tourn. WINTERGREEN. SHIN-LEAF.

* Style straight, narrower than the 5-rayed stigma.

1. P. mi' nor, L. Leaves roundish, slightly crenulate,
thickish, usually longer than the margined petiole. Raceme
not one-sided. Flowers white or rose-colour. Style short and
included in corolla. — Cold woods, Atl. Prov. and north-
ward.

2. P. seeun'da, L. Easily recognized by the flowers of
the dense raceme being all turned to one side. Leaves ovate.
Style long, protruding. — Rich woods. Var. pu'Hlila has
orbicular leaves, and is 3-8 -flowered. — Peat -bogs and
swamps.

* * Style declined, the apex curved, upward. Stigma narrower than the
ring-like apex of the sty*e.

3. P. rotundifO'lia, L. Leaves orbicular, thick, shining,
usually shorter than the petiole. Calyx-lobes lanceolate.
Flowers white, or in var. inearna'ta rose-purple. — Moist
woods.

Var. asarifo'lia, Hook., has round- reniform leaves, and
mostly rose-coloured petals.

Var. uliglno'sa, Gray, has broadly ovate calyx-lobes,
mostly obovate dull leaves, and flesh-coloured petals.

4. P. ellip'tiea, Nutt. (SHIN-LEAF.) Leaves elliptical,
thin, dull, usually longer than the margined petiole. Flowers
greenish-white. — Rich woods.

5. P. ehloran'tha, Swartz, has small roundish dull
leaves, converging greenish- white petals, and the anther-cells
contracted below the pore into a distinct neck or horn. — Open
woods.

14. MONE'SES, Salisb. ONE-FLOWERED PYROLA.

M. uniflo'ra, Gr. (M. grandiflora, Salisb.) Leaves thin,
rounded, veiny, and serrate. Scape 2-4 inches high, bearing
a single white or rose-coloured flower. — Deep woods.

144 COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.

15. CHIMAPH'ILA, Pursh. PlPSISSEWA.

1. C. umbella'ta, Nutt. (PRINCE'S PINE.) Leaves wedge-
lanceolate, acute at the base. Peduncles 4-7- flowered.
Corolla rose- or flesh-coloured. — Dry woods. .

2. C. macula' ta, Pursh. (SPOTTED WINTERGREEN.) Leaves
ovate-lanceolate, obtuse at the base, the upper surface varie-
gated with white. — Dry woods.

16. MONOT'ROPA, L. INDIAN-PIPE. PlNE-SAP.

M. uniflo'ra, L. (INDIAN- PIPE. CORPSE-PLANT.) Smooth,
waxy- white, turning black in drying. — Dark rich woods.

IT. PTEROS'PORA, Nutt. PlNE-DROPS.

P. Andromede'a, Nutt. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla ovate,
urn-shaped, 5-toothed, persistent. Stamens 10. Stigma
5-lobed. Pod 5-lobed, 5-celled. — Usually under pines in dry
woods.

18. HYPOP'ITYS, Scop. PINE-SAP.

H. lanugino'sa, Nutt. Somewhat pubescent. Sepals
bract-like. Stigma ciliate. Style longer than the ovary,
hollow. Pod globular or oval. — Oak and pine woods.

ORDER LIV. PLUMBAGINA'CE^. (LEADWORT F.)

Maritime herbs with regular pentamerous flowers, a
plaited calyx, 5 stamens opposite the lobes (or separate
petals) of the corolla, and a 1-celled and 1-seeded ovary.
STAT'ICE, Tourn.

S. Limo'nium, L. (MARSH-EOSEMARY.) A maritime herb,
with a thick, woody, astringent root, and oblong, spathulate
or obovate-lanceolate radical leaves, tipped with a deciduous
bristle. Flowers lavender-colour, panicled on branching
scapes. Calyx funnel- form, membraiiaceous. Corolla of 5
nearly or quite distinct petals, with the 5 stamens severally
borne on their bases. Ovary 1-celled and 1-ovuled. — Salt
marshes, Atl. Prov.

AQUIFOLIACE.E, PRIMULACE^. 145

ORDER LV. AQUIFOLIA'CEjE. (HOLLY FAMILY.)

Shrubs or small trees, with small axillary polygamous or
dio3cious flowers, the parts mostly in fours or sixes. Calyx
very minute, free from the ovary. Stamens alternate with
the petals, attached to their base, the corolla being almost
polypetalous. Anthers opening lengthwise. Stigma nearly
sessile. Fruit a berry-like 4-8-seeded drupe.

1. ILEX, L. HOLLY.

I. vertieilla'ta, Gr. (BLACK ALDER. WINTERBERRY.) A
shrub with the greenish flowers in sessile clusters, or the
fertile ones solitary. Parts of the flowers mostly in sixes.
Fruit bright red. Leaves alternate, obovate, oval, or wedge-
lanceolate, pointed, veiny, serrate. — Swamps and low
grounds.

2. ffEMOPAN'THES, Raf. MOUNTAIN HOLLY.

N. CanadensiS, DC. A branching shrub, with grey bark,
and alternate oblong nearly entire smooth leaves on slender
petioles. Flowers on long slender axillary peduncles, mostly
solitary. Petals 4-5, oblong-linear, distinct. Fruit light
red. — Moist woods.

ORDER LVI. PRIMULA'CE^E. (PRIMROSE FAMILY.)

Herbs with regular perfect flowers, well marked by having
a, stamen before each petal or lobe of the corolla and inserted
on the tube. Ovary 1-celled, the placenta rising from the
base. Style 1 ; stigma 1.

Synopsis of the Genera.

* Stemless. Leaves all in a cluster from the root.

1. Prlm'ula. Flowers in an umbel at the summit of a simple scape.

Corolla salver-shaped or funnel-form, open at the throat. Stamens
5, included.

2. Aiidros'ace. Flowers very small, white, in an umbel at the summit

of a scape. Corolla salver-shaped or funnel-form, constricted at
the throat. Stamens included.— N.W.

3. Do<lecatu'eon» Flowers showy, rose-coloured or white, in an umbel

at the summit of a scape. Corolla reflexed, 5-parted. Stamens
exserted, cpunivent .in a-s'lender cx>ne.— y.W,

146 COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.

* * Stems leafy. Corolla rotate, wanting in Glaux.

4. Trieiila'lis. Leaves in a whorl at the summit of a slender erect

stem. Calyx usually 7-parted, the lobes pointed. Corolla usually
7-parted, spreading, without a tube. Filaments united in a ring
below. Flowers usually only one, white and star-shaped.

5. Lysimaeli'la. Leafy-stemmed. Flowers yellow, axillary or in a

terminal raceme. Calyx usually 5-parted. Corolla wheel-shaped,
mostly 5-parted, and sometimes polypetalous.

6. Glaux. A fleshy herb with purplish and white axillary flowers.

Corolla wanting, the calyx petal-like. — Atl. Prov.

7. Anagal'lis. Low and spreading. Leaves opposite or whorled,

entire. Flowers variously coloured, solitary in the axils. Calyx
5-parted. Corolla wheel-shaped, 5-parted. Filaments bearded.

8. Sam'olns. Smooth and spreading, 6-10 inches high. Corolla bell-

shaped, 5-parted, with 5 sterile filaments in the sinuses. Calyx
partially adherent to the ovary. Flowers very small, white,
racemed. Leaves alternate.

1. Plini'l.'LA, L. PRIMROSE. COWSLIP.

1. P. farino'sa, L. (BIRD'S-EYE P.) Lower surface of
the leaves covered with a white mealiness. Corolla lilac
with a yellow centre. — Shores of Lake Huron and north-
ward.

2. P. MiStassin'iea, Michx. Leaves not mealy. Corolla
flesh-coloured, the lobes obcordate. — Shores of the Upper
Lakes, and northward.

2. ANDROS'ACE, Tourn.

A. septentriona'liS, L. Almost glabrous, 2-10 inches
high. Leaves lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, narrowed
at the base, toothed. Bracts of the involucre awl-shaped.
—N.W.

3. DODECATH'EON, L. AMERICAN COWSLIP.
D. Mead'ia, L. (SHOOTING-STAR.) Smooth. Leaves ob-
long or spathulate. Flowers nodding on slender pedicels. —
N.W.

4. TRIENTA'LIS, L. CmCKWEED-WlNTERGREEN.

T. America' na, Pursh. (STAR-FLOWER.) Leaves thin
and veiny, lanceolate, tapering towards both ends. Petals
pointed. — Moiat woods.

PRIMIUACE.E. 147

5. LYSIMACH'IA* Tourn. LOOSESTRIFE.

1. L. thyrsiflo'ra, L. (TUFTED LOOSESTRIFE.) Flowers
in spike-like clusters from the axils of a few of the upper
leaves. Petals lance-linear, purplish-dotted, as many minute
teeth between them. Leaves scale-like below, the upper
lanceolate, opposite, sessile, dark-dotted. — Wet swamps.

2. L. Stricta, Ait. Flowers on slender pedicels in a long
terminal raceme. Petals lance-oblong, streaked with dark
lines. Leaves opposite, lanceolate, acute at each end, sessile,
dark-dotted. — Low grounds.

3. L. quadrifo'lia, L. Flowers on long slender peduncles
from the axils of the upper leaves. Petals streaked. Leaves
in whorls of 4 or 5, ovate-lanceolate, dark-dotted. — Sandy
soil.

4. L. eilia'ta, L. (Steironema ciliatum, E-af., in Macoun's
Catalogue.} Flowers nodding on slender peduncles from the
upper axils. Petals not streaked or dotted. Leaves opposite,
not dotted, ovate-lanceolate, pointed, cordate at the base, on
(ong fringed petioles. — Low grounds.

5. L. longlfo'lia, Walt, (Steironema longifolium, Gray,
in Macoun's Catalogue.) Petals not streaked or dotted.
Stem-leaves sessile, .narrowly linear, 2-4 inches long, the
margins sometimes revolute. Stem 4-angled. — Moist soil,
western Ontario.

6. L. lanceola'ta, Walt. (Steironema lanceolatum,Gra,y.}
Stem erect, 1-2 feet high. Leaves lanceolate to oblong and
linear, narrowed into a short margined petiole, or the lowest
short and broad on long petioles, not dotted. Petals not
streaked or dotted. — S. W. Ontario.

7. L. nummula'ria, L., (MONEY-WORT), has escaped from
gardens in a few places. Stem trailing and creeping,
smooth. Leaves roundish, small, opposite. Peduncles
axillary, 1-flowered. — Damp places.

6. GLAUX, Tourn.

G. marit'ima, L. (SEA-MILKWORT.) A fleshy herb, with
Usually opposite, oblong, entire, sessile leaves. Flowers

148 COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.

single in the axils, nearly sessile. Calyx bell-shaped, 5-cleft,
purplish and white. Corolla wanting. Stamens 5, on the
base of the calyx. Capsule 5-valved, few-seeded. — Sea-shore,
Atl. Prov.

7. ANAGAL'LIS, Tourn. PIMPERNEL.

A. arven'sis, L. (COMMON PIMPERNEL.) Petals obovate,
fringed with minute teeth, mostly bluish or purplish. Flowers
closing at the approach of rain. Leaves ovate, sessile. —
Sandy fields and garden soil.

8. SAM'OLFS, L. Tourn. WATER- PIMPERNEL. BROOK-WEED.
S. Valeran'di, L., var. America' nus, Gray. Stem slen-
der, diffusely branched. The slender pedicels each with a
bractlet at the middle. — Wet places, not common.

ORDER LVII. PLANTAGINA'CE^l. (PLANTAIN FAMILY.)

Herbs, with the leaves all radical, and the flowers in a
close spike at the summit of a naked scape. Calyx of 4
sepals, persistent. Corolla 4-lobed, thin and membranace-
ous, spreading. Stamens 4, usually with long filaments,
inserted on the corolla. Pod 2-celled, the top coming off
like a lid. Leaves ribbed. The principal genus is
PI ANT A' GO, L. PLANTAIN. RIB-GRASS.

1. P. majOF, L. (COMMON P.) Spike long and slender.
Leaves 5-7-ribbed, ovate or slightly heart-shaped, with chan-
nelled petioles. Pod 7-16-seeded. — Moist ground about dwel-
lings.

2. P. KamtSChat'iea, Hook. (P. Rugelii, Decaisne, in
Macoun's Catalogue.) Resembling small forms of No. 1,
but pod 4-seeded.

3. P. laneeola'ta, L. (RIB-GRASS. ENGLISH PLANTAIN.)
Spike thick and dense, short. Leaves 3-5-ribbed, lanceolate
or lanceolate-oblong. Scape grooved, long and slender. —
Dry fields and banks.

4. P. COrda'ta, Lam. Tall and glabrous. Bracts round-
ovate, fleshy. Pod 2-4-seede(J,— South-western. Ontario,

LENTIBULARIACE^. 149

5. P. marit'ima, L., var. juneoi'des, Gr., with very

narrow and slender spike, and linear fleshy leaves, is found
on the sea-coast and Lower St. Lawrence.

0. P. eriop'oda, Torr. Usually a mass of yellowish wool
at the base. Leaves thickish, oblanceolate to obovate, with
stout short petioles. Pod never more than 4-seeded. — Atl.
sea-coast and N.W.

7. P. Patagon'iea, Jacq., var. gnaphalioides, Gray.

White with silky wool. Leaves oblong-linear to filiform.
Spike very dense, woolly. — Dry soil, N.W.

ORDER LVIII. LENTIBULARIACE^E. (BLADDERWORT F.)

Small aquatic or marsh herbs, with a 2-lipped calyx and
a personate corolla with a spur or sac underneath. Sta-
mens 2. Ovary as in Primulacese. Chiefly represented by
the two following genera : —

1. I f Kl< I I A Kl V. L. BLADDERWORT.

1. U. VUlga'ris, L. (GREATER BLADDER WORT.) Immersed
leaves crowded, finely dissected into capillary divisions,
furnished with small air-bladders. Flowers yellow, several
in a raceme orv a naked scape. Corolla closed ; the spur
conical and shorter than the lower lip. — Ponds and slow
waters.

2. U. interme'dia, Hayne. Immersed leaves 4 or 5 times
forked, the divisions Jinear-awl-shaped, minutely bristle-
toothed on the margin, not bladder-hearing, the bladders
being on leafless branches. Stem 3-6 inches long. Scape
very slender, 3-6 inches long, bearing few yellow flowers.
Upper lip of the corolla much longer than the palate ; the
spur closely pressed to the broad lower lip. — Shallow waters.

3. U. COrnu'ta, Michx., with an awl-shaped spur turned
downward and outward, and the lower lip of the corolla
helmet-shaped, is not uncommon in the northern parts of
Ontario. Flowers yellow. Leaves awl-shaped.

4. U. Clandesti'na, Nutt. Stems and scapes slender.
Leaves hair-like, bearing small bladders, rinrolla yellow j

150 COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.

lower lip 3-lobed, longer than the thick, blunt spur. Sub-
merged stems bearing cleistogamous flowers. — Ponds, Atl.
Prov.

5. U. glb'ba, L. Scape only 1-3 inches high, 1-2-flowered,
with very slender short branches at the base, bearing capil-
lary root-like leaves and scattered bladders. Corolla yellow,
the lower lip with sides reflexed. Spur very thick and
blunt, conical, gibbous. — Shallow water, central and S. ~W.

Ontario.

2. PltfGUIC'ULA, L. BUTTERWORT.

P. VUlga'ris, L. A small and stemless perennial growing
on damp rocks. Scapes 1-flowered. Leaves entire, ovate or
elliptical, soft-fleshy, clustered at the root. Upper lip of
the calyx 3-cleft, the lower 2-cleft. Corolla violet, the lips
very unequal, the palate open, and hairy or spotted. — Shore
of Lake Huron.

ORDER LIX. OROBANCHA'CE£). (BROOMRAPE F.)

Parasitic herbs, destitute of green foliage. Corolla more
or less 2-lipped. Stamens didynamous. Ovary 1-celled with
2 or 4 parietal placentae, many-seeded.

1. EPIPHE'GUS, Nutt. (BEECH-DROPS.)

E. Virginia' na, Bart. • A yellowish-brown branching
plant, parasitic on the roots of beech- trees. Flowers race-
mose or spiked ; the upper sterile, with long corolla ; the
lower fertile, with short corolla.

2. CONOPH'OLIS, Wallroth. SQUAW-ROOT.

C. America' na, Wallroth. A chestnut-coloured or yel-
low plant found in clusters in oak woods in early summer,
3-6 inches high and rather less than an inch in thickness.
The stem covered with fleshy scales so as to resemble a cone.
Flowers under the upper scales ; stamens projecting.

3. APIIYL'LOff, Mitchell. NAKED BROOM-RAPE. CANCER-ROOT.

1. A. Ulliflo'rum, Torr. and Gr. Plant yellowish-brown.
Flower solitary at the top of a naked scape. Stem, subter-
ranean or nearly so, short and scaly. Scapes 3-5 inches

SCROPHULARIACE^E. 151

high. Calyx 5-cleft, the divisions lance-awl-shaped. Corolla
with a long curved tube and 5-loV,ed border, and 2 yellow-
bearded folds in the throat. Stigma 2-lipped. — Woods, in
early summer.

2. A. faSCiCUla'tum, Gray. Scaly stem erect, and rising
8 or 4 inches above the ground, mostly longer than the
crowded peduncles. — N.W.; parasitic on Artemisia, etc.

ORDER LX. SCROPHULARIA'CE^E. (FIGWORT F.)

Herbs distinguished by a 2-lipped or more or less irregular
corolla, stamens usually 4 and didynamous, or only 2, (or
in Verbascum 5) and a 2-celled and usually many-seeded
ovary. Style 1 ; stigma entire or 2-lobed.

Synopsis of the Genera.

* Corolla wheel-shaped, and only slightly irregular.

1. Yerfoas'cum. Stamens (with anthers ) 5. Flowers in a long ter-

minal spike. Corolla 5-parted, nearly regular. Filaments (or
some of them) woolly.

2. Veroit'ica. Stamens only 2 ; filaments long and slender. Corolla

mostly 4-parted, nearly or quite regular. Pod flattish. Flowers
solitary in the axils, or forming a terminal raceme or spike.

* * Corolla 2-lipped, or tubular and irregular.

-»- Upper lip of the corolla embracing the lotoer in the bud, except occa-
sionally in H i MI ii 1 ii s.

3. Liua'ria. Corolla personate (Fig. 181, Parti.), with a longer spur

beneath. Stamens 4. Flowers yellow, in a crowded raceme.

4. Scroplmla'ria. Corolla tubular, somewhat inflated, 5-lobed ; the 4

upper lobes erect, the lower one spreading. Stamens with anthers
4, the rudiment of a fifth in the form of a scale on the upper lip
of the corolla. Flowers small and dingy, forming a narrow ter-
minal panicle. Stem 4-sided.

5. <1ol I i ns'in. Corolla 2-cleft, the short tube saccate on the upper side ',

the middle lobe of the lower lip sac-like and enclosing the 4
declined stamens ; the upper lip 2-cleft, the lobes partly turned
backward. Fifth stamen rudimentary. Leaves opposite. Flow-
ers blue and white, in umbel-like clusters.

6. Cbelo'iie. Corolla inflated-tubular (Fig. 180, Part I.). Stamens 4,

with woolly filaments and anthers, and a fifth filament without
an anther. Flowers white, in a close terminal spike.

152 COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.

7. Peutste'mon. Corol la 2-lipped, gradually widening upwards. Sta-

mens 4, with a fifth sterile filament, the latter yellow-bearded.
Flowers white or purplish, in a loose panicle.

8. Him u Ins. Calyx 5-angled and 5-toothed. Upper lip of the corolla

erect or reflexed-spreading, the lower spreading, 3-lobed. Stamens
4, alike ; no rudiment of a fifth. Stigma 2-lipped. Flowers blue
or yellow, solitary on axillary peduncles.

9. Grati'ola. Corolla tubular and 2-lipped. Stamens ivith anthers
only 2, included. Flowers with a yellowish tube, on axillary
peduncles, solitary. Style dilated at the apex.

10. I I.ysHii't IKVS. Corolla tubular and 2-lipped. Stamens with anthers

only 2, included ; also a pair of filaments which are two-lobed but
without anthers. Flowers purplish, axillary. Style 2-lipped at
the apex.

H- -t- Lower Up of the corolla embracing the upper in the bud.

11. Gerar'dia. Corolla funnel-form, swelling above, the 5 spreading

lobes more or less unequal. Stamens 4, strongly didynamous,
hairy. Style long, enlarged at the apex. Flowers purple or yel-
low, solitary on axillary peduncles, or sometimes forming a
raceme.

12. Castille'ia. Corolla tubular and 2-lipped, its tube included in the

tubular and flattened calyx ; the upper lip long and narrow and
flattened laterally, the lower short and 3-lobed. Stamens 4, didy-
namous. Floral leaves scarlet (rarely yellow) in our species.
Corolla pale yellow.

13. Orthocarp'us. Corolla tubular and 2-lipped. Calyx tubular-cam-

panulate, 4-cleft. Upper lip of the corolla much narrower than
the inflated lower one. Flowers golden yellow, in a dense spike.
— N.W.

14. Euphra'sia. Calyx 4-cleft. Upper lip of the corolla erect, 2-lobed,

the sides turned bade ; the lower spreading. Stamens 4, under the
upper lip. Very small herbs, with whitish or bluish spiked
flowers. (Chiefly on the sea-coast, and north of Lake Superior).

15. Kart sin. Calyx 4-cleft. Upper lip of the corolla entire, the sides

not turned back. Flowers small, rose-red, in loose spikes. Small
herbs with opposite sessile leaves.— Atl. sea-coast chiefly.

16. IMiiii.-m Ilius. Calyx flat, greatly inflated in frnit, 4-toothed.

Upper lip of the corolla arched, flat, with a minute tooth on each
side below the apex. Stamens 4. Flowers yellow, solitary in the
axils, nearly sessile, the whole forming a ci'owded 1-sided spike.
(Chiefly on the sea-coast, and north of Lake Superior.)

17. Pedicnla'ris. Calyx split in front, not inflated in fruit. Corolla

2-lipped, the upper lip arched or hooded, incurved, flat, 2-toothed
under the apex, Stamens 4. Pod flat, somewhat sword-shaped,

SCROPHULARIACEjE. 153

18. Hclnmp.v rii in. Calyx 4-cleft, the lobes sharp-pointed. Corolla
greenish-yellow ; upper lip arched, compressed, the lower 3-lobed
at the apex. Stamens 4 ; anthers hairy. Pod 1-4-seeded, flat,
oblique. Upper leaves larger than the lower ones and fringed
with bristly teeth at the base.

1. VI;IM; is « I >i, L. MULLEIN.

1. V. Thap'sus, L. (COMMON MULLEIN.) A tall arid very
woolly herb, with the simple stem winged by the decurrerit
bases of the leaves. Flowers yellow, forming a dense spike.
— Fields and roadsides everywhere.

2. V. Blatta'ria, L. (MOTH M.) Stem slender, nearly
smooth. Lower leaves petioled. doubly serrate ; the upper
partly clasping. Flowers whitish with a purple tinge, in a
loose raceme. Filaments all violet-bearded. — Roadsides ; not
common northward.

2. VERON'ICA, L. SPEEDWELL.

1. V. America na, Schweinitz. (AMERICAN BROOKLIME.)
Flowers pale blue, in opposite axillary racemes. Leaves
mostly petioled, thickish, serrate. Pod swollen. — A common
plant in brooks and ditches.

2. V. anagal'lis, L., (WATER SPEEDWELL) is much like
No. 1, but the leaves are sessile, with a heart-shaped base.

3. V. SCUtella'ta, L. (MARSH S.) Flowers pale blue, in
racemes, chiefly from alternate axils. Leaves sessile, linear,
opposite, hardly toothed. Racemes 1 or 2, slender and zig-
zag. Flowers few. Pods very flat, notched at both ends. —
Bogs.

Var. pubeseens, Macoun, has hairy stem and leaves.

4. V. Offleina'lis, L. (COMMON S.) Flowers light blue.
Stem prostrate, rooting at the base, pubescent. Leaves
short-petioled, obovate-elliptical, serrate. Racemes dense,
chiefly from alternate axils. Pod obovate - triangular,
strongly flattened, notched. — Hillsides and open woods.

5. V. Chamse'drys, L. Flowers pale blue. Stem pubes-
cent, at least in 2 lines, from a creeping base. Leaves
nearly sessile, ovate or cordate, incisely crenate. Eacemes

154 COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.

axillary, loosely flowered. Pod triangular- obcord ate. —
Chiefly eastward ; also at Niagara Falls.

6. V. serpyllifo'lia, L. (THYME-LEAVED S.) Flowers
whitish or pale blue, in a loose terminal raceme. Stem
nearly smooth, branched at the creeping base. Leaves
obscurely crenate, the lowest petioled. Pod flat, notched. —
Eoadsides and fields. Plant only 2 or 3 inches high.

7. V. peregTi'na, L. (NECKWEED.) Flowers whitish,
solitary in the axils of the upper leaves, short- pedicelled.
Corolla shorter than the calyx. Stem 4-9 inches high, near-
ly smooth. Pod orbicular, slightly notched. — Waste places
and cultivated grounds.

8. V. arven'sis, L. (CORN SPEEDWELL.) Flowers (blue)
as in No. 7, but the stem is hairy, and the pod inversely
heart-shaped. — Cultivated soil.

9. V. agres'tis, L. (FIELD SPEEDWELL.) Leaves round
or ovate, crenate, petioled. Flowers small, in the axils of the
ordinary leaves, long- pedicelled. Seeds few, cup-shaped. —
Sandy fields, Atl. Prov. (Int. from Eu.)

10. V. Buxbaum'ii, Tenore. Leaves as in the last.
Flowers (blue) large, long-pedicelled, in the axils of the
ordinary leaves. Calyx-lobes widely spreading in fruit.
Pod obcordate-triangular, broadly notched, many-seeded. —
Atl. Prov.

3. LIV A RI4, Tourn. TOAD-FLAX.

1. L. VUlga'ris, Mill. (TOAD-FLAX. BUTTER- AND-EGGS.)
Leaves crowded, linear, pale green. Corolla pale yellow,
with a deeper yellow or orange-coloured palate. — Eoadsides.

2. L. Canaden'sis, Spreng. ("WILD TOAD-FLAX.) A
slender herb, with linear, entire, alternate leaves. Flowers
blue, small, in a naked, terminal raceme. Spur of corolla
curved, filiform. — Sandy soil, Atl. Prov.

3. L. eymbala'ria, Mill. A delicate little trailing plant,
with thickish 3-5-lobed leaves ou long petioles, and small
yellow and purple flowers. — A garden escape.

SCROPHULARIACE^J. 155

4. SCROPHULA'RIA, Tourn. FIGWORT.

S. nodo'sa, L.. var. Marilandiea, Gr. Stem smooth,

3-4 feet high. Leaves ovate or oblong, the upper lanceolate,
serrate. — Damp thickets. (There appear to be two forms,
one with broad leaves and greenish-brown flowers, and the
other with narrow leaves and greenish-yellow flowers.)

5. COLLItfS'IA, Nutt.

1. C. verna, Nutt. Slender, 6-20 inches high. Lower
leaves ovate, upper ovate-lanceolate, clasping. Corolla
(blue and white) twice as long as the calyx. Peduncles
long, — Western Ontario.

2. C. parviflo'ra, Dougl. Smaller. Corolla (blue) very
small, scarcely longer than the calyx. Peduncles short. —
Chiefly N.W.

6. CHELO'NE, Tourn. TURTLE-HEAD.

C. glabra, L. Stem smooth, erect and branching. Leaves
short-petioled, lance-oblong, serrate, opposite. Bracts of
the flowers concave. — Wet places.

7. PENTSTE'MON, Mitchell. BEARD-TONGUE.

1. P. pubes'eens. Stem 1-3 feet high, pubescent; the
panicle more or less clammy. Throat of the corolla almost
closed. Stem leaves lanceolate, clasping. — Dry soil.

2. P. gra'eilis, Nutt. Stem 1 foot high or less, glabrous
or nearly so, viscid-pubescent above. Corolla tubular-
funnel-form, the throat open, lilac-purple or whitish. —
N.W.

3. P. aeumina'tus, Dougl. Stem 6-20 inches high, stout,
glabrous and glaucous. Leaves thick, the lower obovate or
oblong, the upper lanceolate to broadly ovate or clasping.
Panicle narrow, leafy below. — N.W.

4. P. erista'tus, Nutt. Pubescent, and viscid-pubescent
above. Leaves from linear-lanceolate to oblong. Corolla
funnel-form, the lower lip long-villous within. Sterile fila
ment copiously yellow-bearded. — N.W.

156 COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.

5. P. confer' tus, Dougl., var. eseruleo - purpureus,

Gray, is at once recognized by the interrupted spike-like
panicle, which consists of 2 to 5 dense verticillate dusters.
Corolla narrow, the lower lip conspicuously bearded within.

— N.W.

8. MIM'ULUS, L. MONKEY-FLOWER.

1. M. ring' ens, L. Stem square. 1-2 feet high. Corolla
blue, an inch long. (A white-flowered variety is sometimes
met with.) Leaves oblong or lanceolate, clasping. — Wet
places.

2. M. Jamesii, Torr. Stem creeping at the base. Corolla
yellow, small. Leaves roundish or kidney-shaped, nearly
sessile. Calyx inflated in fruit. — In cool springs.

9. GRATI'OLA. L. HEDGE-HYSSOP.

1. G. Virginia' na, L. Stem 4-6 inches high, clammy
with minute pubescence above. Sterile filaments minute or
none. Leaves lanceolate. Peduncles slender. — Moist places.

2. G. au'rea, Muhl. Nearly glabrous. Sterile filaments
slender, tipped with a little head. Corolla golden yellow.

10. ILYSAff'THES, Raf. FALSE PIMPERNEL.
I. gratioloi'des, Benth. Stem 4-8 inches high, much
branched, diffusely spreading. Leaves ovate, rounded or
oblong, the upper partly clasping. — Wet places.

11. GERAR'DIA, L. GERARDIA.

1. G. purpu'rea, L. (PURPLE GERARDIA.) Corolla rose-
purple. Leaves linear, acute, rough-margined. Flowers an
inch long, on short peduncles. — Low grounds.

Var. pauper' CUla, Gray, is smoother, with smaller and
lighter- coloured corolla.

2. G. tenuifo'lia, Vahl. (SLENDER G.) Corolla rose-
purple. Leaves linear, acute. Flowers about ^ an inch
long, on long thread-like peduncles. — Dry woods.

3. G. fla'va, L. (DowNY G.) Corolla yellow, woolly
inside. Stem 3-4 feet high, finely pubescent. Leaves oblong
or lance-shaped, the upper entire, the lower usually more
or less pinnatifid, downy-pubescent.— Woods.

SCEOPHTJLARIACEJ1. 157

4. G. quereifo'lia, Pursh. (SMOOTH G.) Corolla yellow,
woolly inside. Stem 3-6 feet high, smooth and glaucous.
Lower leaves twice-pinnatifid, the upper pinnatifid 01
entire, smooth. — Woods.

5. G. pedieula'ria, L. (CUT-LEAVED G .) Nearly smooth.
Flowers nearly as in Nos. 3 and 4. Stem 2-3 feet high, very
leafy, much branched. Leaves pinnatifid, the lobes cut and
toothed.— Thickets.

12. CASTILLE'IA, Mutis. PAINTED-CUP.

1. C. eoeein'ea, Spreng. (SCARLET PAINTED-CUP.) Caly?
2-cleft, yellowish. Stem pubescent or hairy, 1-2 feet high
The stem-leaves nearest the flowers 3-cleft, the lobe?',
toothed, bright scarlet. (A yellow-bracted form occurs or
the shore of Lake Huron.) — Sandy soil.

2. C. pal'lida, Kunth.,var. septentrionalis, Gray. Calyr-

equally cleft, divisions 2-cleft. Upper lip of corolla decidedly
shorter than the tube. Lower leaves linear; upper broader,
mostly entire ; the floral oblong or obovate, greenish-white ,
varying to yellowish, purple or red. — Atl. Prov. and north •
ward.

3. C. sessiliflo'ra, Pursh. Calyx more deeply cleft in
front, the narrow lobes deeply 2-cleft. Leaves mostly 3-5'
cleft, the floral ones similar, and not coloured. — N.W.

4. C. minia'ta, — Dougl. Calyx about equally cleft beforo
and behind, the lobes 2-cleft. Corolla over an inch long, the
upper lip linear, longer than the tube. Leaves lanceolate,
or linear, entire, the floral ones usually bright red. — N.W.

13. ORTHOCARP'US, Nutt.

0. lu'teus, Nutt. Stem about 1 foot high, pubescent,
sometimes viscid. Leaves linear to lanceolate, sometime0.
3-cleft. Bracts not coloured. — N.W.

14. EITPHRA'SIA, Tourn. EYEBRIGHT.

E. offleina'lis, L., is rather common on the Lower St.
Lawrence and the sea-coast. Flowers white, with purple
veins. Lowest leaves crenate, those next the Rowers bristly-
toothed.

158 COMMON CANADIAN WILD

Tar. Tartar'iea, Benth., has pale purple flowers.
15. BART'SIA, L.

B. Odonti'tes, Huds. Stem branching, scabrous-pubes-
cent. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, coarsely and remotely
serrate. - Atl. sea-coast.

1C. RHIXAX'THtIS, L. YELLOW-RATTLE.

R. Crista-galli, L. (COMMON YELLOW-BATTLE.) Locali-
ties much the same as those of Euphrasia. Seeds broadly
winged, rattling in the inflated calyx when ripe.

17. PEDICIJLA'RIS, Tourn. LOUSEWORT.

1. P. Canadensis, L. (COMMON LOUSEWORT. WOOD BET-
ONY.) Stems clustered, simple, hairy. Lowest leaves pin-
nately-parted. Flowers in a short spike. — Copses and
banks.

2. P. laneeola'ta, Michx., has a nearly simple, smooth,
upright stem, and oblong-lanceolate cut-toothed leaves.
Calyx 2-lobed, leafy-crested. Pod ovate. — Grassy swamps.

3. P. Furbish' i8B, Watson. Leavespinnately-parted, and
the short oblong divisions pinnately cut, or (in the upper)
serrate. Calyx-lobes 5. Upper lip of corolla straight and
beakless. — Eiver banks, Atl. Prov.

18. MELAMPY'RUM, Tourn. Cow-WHEAT.

M. America' num, Michx. Leaves lanceolate, short-
petioled ; the lower ones entire. — Open woods.

ORDER LXI. VERBENA' CEJE. (VERVAIN FAMILY.)

Herbs (with us), with opposite leaves, didynamous sta-
mens, and corolla either irregularly 5-lobed or 2-lipped.
Ovary in Verbena 4-celled (when ripe splitting into 4 nut-
lets) and in Phryma 1-celled, but in no case 4-lobed, thus
distinguishing the plants of this Order from those of the
next.

Synopsis of the Genera.

1. Verfoe'na. Flowers in spikes. Calyx tubular, 5-ribbed. Corolla
tubular, salver-form, the border rather irregularly 5-cleft. Fruit
splitting into 4 n-^lets.

ACANTHACEJ:. 159

2. Phry'ma. Flowers in loose slender spikes, re flexed in fruit. Calyx
cylindrical, 2-lipped, the upper lip of three slender teeth.
Corolla 2-lipped. Ovary 1-celled and 1-seeded.

1. VERBE'NA, L. VERVAIN.

1. V. hasta'ta, L. (BLUE VERVAIN.) Stem 3-5 feet high.
Leaves oblong-lanceolate, taper-pointed, serrate. Spikes of
purple flowers dense, erect, corymbed, or panicled. — Low
meadows and fields.

2. V. urtieifo'lia, L. (NETTLE-LEAVED V.) Stem tall.
Leaves oblong-ovate, acute, coarsely serrate. Spikes of
small white flowers very slender, loosely panicled. — Fields
and roadsides.

3. V. angustifo'lia, Michx. Stem low. Leaves narrowly
lanceolate, tapering at the base, sessile, roughish, slightly
toothed. Flowers purple, in a crowded spike. — Dry soil.

4. V. bracteo'sa, Michx. Stem spreading or procum-
bent, hairy. Leaves wedge-lanceolate, cut-pinnatifid or 3-
cleft. Spikes single, thick, sessile, leafy-bracted, the bracts
longer than the small purple flowers. — S. "W. Ontario.

2. PHRY'MA, L. LOPSEED.

P. LeptOStaeh'ya, L. Corolla purplish or pale rose-
coloured. Stem slender and branching, 1-2 feet high.
Leaves ovate, coarsely- toothed. — Woods and thickets.

ORDER LXII. ACANTHA'CE^. (ACANTHUS FAMILY.)

Herbs (with us), with opposite leaves, diandrous (or didy-
namous) stamens inserted on the tube of the 2-lipped corolla,
and a 2-celled and several-seeded capsule. Seeds flat, sup-
ported by hooked projections of the placentas. Flowers
commonly much bracted. Calyx 5-cleft. Represented with
us by the single genus

DIANTHE'RA, Gronov. WATER- WlLLOW.
D. America' na, L. A perennial herb growing in water
or wet places, with entire leaves and purplish flowers in
oblong, dense, long-peduncled, axillary spikes. Corolla

160 COMMON1 CANAblAff VftLti

deeply 2-litoped, the upper erect, notched ; the lower

ing, 3-parted. Stamens 2, the anther-cells separated. Peel

obovate, flat, 4-seeded«

ORDER LXIII. LABIA'T^. (MINT FAMILY.)

Herbs with square stems, opposite leaves (mostly aroma-
tic), didynamous (or in one or two genera diandrous*)
stamens, a 2-lipped or irregularly 4- or 5-lobed corolla, and
a deeply 4-lobed ovary, forming in fruit 4 nutlets or acheiies.
(See Part I., Section 65, for description of a typical plant.)

Synopsis of the Genera.

* Stamens 4, curved upwards, parallel, exserted from a deep notch on

the upper Side oft lie 5-lobed corolla.

1. Te it' cri 11111. Calyx 5-toothed. The four upper lobes of the corolla

nearly equal, with a deep notch between the upper 2 ; the lower
lobe much larger. Flowers pale purple.

2. Isaii finis. Calyx bell-shaped, 5-cleft, almost equalling the small

pale-blue corolla. Lobes of the corolla almost equally spreading.
Stamens only slightly exserted.

* * Stamens 4, the outer or lower pair longer, or only 2 with anthers,

straight and not converging in pairs ! Anthers 2-celled !

+- Corolla almost equally 4-lobed, quite small.

3. Mon Mia. Calyx equally 5-toothed. Upper lobe of the corolla

rather the broadest, and sometimes notched. Stamens 4, of equal
length, not convergent. Flowers either in terminal spikes or in
head-like whorled clusters, often forming interrupted spikes.
Corolla purplish or whitish.

4. Lye' opus. Calyx-teeth 4 or 5. Stamens 2, the upper pair, if any,

without anthers. Flowers white, in dense axillary clusters.

-t- -i- Corolla evidently 2-lipped, but the lobes nearly equal in size ; the
tube not bearded inside. Stamens with anthers 2.

5. Hedeo'ma. Calyx 2-lipped, bulging on the lower side of the base,

hairy in the throat ; 2 stamens with good anthers, and 2 sterile
filaments with false anthers. Low odorous plants, with bluish
flowers in loose axillary clusters.

._ ._ H_ Corolla 2-lipped, the lower of the 5 lobes much larger than the

other 4 ; the tube with a bearded ring inside. Stamens 2

(occasionally 4), much exserted.

6. Colliuso'uia. Calyx ovate, enlarged and turned down in fruit, 2-

lipped. Corolla elongated, the lower lip toothed or fringed.
Strong-scented plants with yellowish flowers on slender pedicels
in terminal panic-led racemes.

LABIATE. 161

•*-•*- -i- •*- Corolla evidently 2-lipped. Stamens with anthers 4.

7. ll.ysso pus. Calyx tubular, 15-nerved, equally 5-toothed. Corolla

blue-purple, short ; upper lip erect, flat, obscurely notched, the
lower 3-cleft, with the middle lobe larger and 2-cleft. Stamens
exserted, diverging-. Flowers in small clusters, crowded in a
spike. Branches simple, wand-like.

8. Pycnaii'themuin. Calyx short-tubular, 10-13-nerved, equally 5-

tootned. The whitish or purplish flowers in small dense heads,
forming terminal corymbs. Aromatic plants, with narrow rigid
leaves crowded and clustered in the axils.

9. Sat lire' in. Calyx bell-shaped, not hairy in the throat, equally 5-

toothed. Aromatic plants, with narrow leaves and purplish
spiked flowers.

* * * Stamens only > 2, parallel ; the anthers only 1-celled. Corolla
2-lipped.

10. Itlouar <la. Calyx tubular, nearly equally 5-toothed, hairy in the

throat. Corolla elongated, strongly 2-lipped, the upper lip narrow.
Stamens with long protruding filaments, each bearing a linear
anther on its apex. Flowers large, in whorled heads surrounded
by bracts.

* * Stamens 4, the upper or inner pair longer ! Anthers approximate
in pairs. Corolla 2-lipped.

11. Nep'eta. Calyx obliquely 5-toothed. Anthers approaching each

other in pairs under the inner lip of the corolla, the cells of each
anther divergent.

12. Dracoceph'aliim. Calyx straight, 5-toothed, the upper tooth

much the largest. Whorls of bluish flowers with awn-toothed or
fringed leafy bracts, in a crowded head or spike.

13. Lophan finis. Calyx obliquely 5-toothed. Stamens exserted, the

upper pair declined, the lower ascending, so that the pairs cross.
Anther-cells parallel. Tall herbs with small flowers in inter-
rupted terminal spikes.

** Stamens 4, the lower or outer pair longer! Anthers approxi-
mate in pairs. Corolla 2-lipped.

11. Calami u'tha. Calyx tubular, 2-lipped, often bulging below. Co-
rolla 2-lipped, the upper lip not arched, the throat inflated. Flowers
pale purple, in globular more or less dense clusters which are
cfowded with linear or awl-shaped hairy bracts.

15. Meii.s'sa. Calyx with the upper lip flattened and 3-toothed, the
lower 2-cleft. Corolla nearly white, the tube recurved-ascending.
Stamens curved and conniving under the upper lip. Flower-
cluster loose, few-flowered, one-sided, with few bracts resembling
the leaves.

162 COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.

16. Pliysoste'gia. Calyx not 2-lipped, 5-toothed or lobed, thin and

membranaceous, inflated-bell-shaped in fruit. Anther-cells par-
allel. Flowers large and showy, rose-colour variegated with pur-
ple, opposite, in terminal leafless spikes.

17. Brimel'la. Calyx 2-lipped, flat on the upper side, closed in fruit;

the upper lip 3-toothed, the lower 2-cleft. Filaments 2-toothed at
the apex, the lower tooth bearing the anther. Flowers violet, in a
close terminal spike or head, which is very leafy-bracted.

18. Scutella'ria. Calyx 2-lipped, short, closed in fruit, the lips rounded

and entire, the upper with a projection on the back. Corolla blue
or violet, the tube elongated and somewhat curved. Anthers of
the lower stamens 1-celled, of the upper 2-celled. Flowers solitary
in the axils of the upper leaves, or in axillary or terminal 1-sided
racemes.

19. Marrn'Mum. Calyx 10-toothed, the teeth spiny and recurved after

flowering. Stamens 4, included in the corolla tube. Whitish
woolly plants with small white flowers in head-like whorls.

20. Galeop'sis. Calyx 5-toothed, the teeth spiny. The middle lobe of

the lower lip of the corolla inversely heart-shaped, the palate with
2 teeth at the sinuses. Stamens 4, the anthers opening cross-wise.
Flowers purplish, in axillary whorls.

21. Slju-li ys. Calyx 5-toothed, beset with stiff hairs, the teeth spiny,

diverging in fruit. Stamens 4, the outer pair turned down after
discharging their pollen. Flowers purple, crowded in whorls,
these at length forming an interrupted spike.

22. Leoiiu'rus. Calyx 5-toothed, the teeth spiny, and spreading when

old. The middle lobe of the lower lip of the corolla narrowly
oblong-obovate, entire. Flowers pale purple, in close whorls in
the axils of the cut-lobed leaves. Nutlets sharply 3-angled.

23. l,a iniuiii. Calyx tubular bell-shaped, 5-nerved, with 5 nearly equal

awl-pointed teeth. Corolla dilated at the throat ; upper lip arched
and narrowed at the base, the middle lobe of the lower lip notched
at the apex and narrowed at the base. Herbs with purple flowers
in few or several whorls or heads.

24. Ballo'ta. Calyx nearly funnel-form, 10-ribbed, with a spreading

5-toothed border. Whorls of purplish flowers dense. Anthers
exserted. Plant erect, hairy (but green).

1. TEIT'CRIUM, L. GERMANDER.

1. T. Canadense, L. (AMERICAN GERMANDER. WOOD
SAGE.) Stem 1-3 feet high, downy. Leaves ovate-lanceolate,
serrate, short-petioled, hoary beneath. Flowers in a long
spike. — Low grounds.

LABIATE. 163

2. T. OCCidenta'le, Gr., is loosely pubescent, and the
calyx is villous with viscid hairs. — S. W. Ontario.

2. IS AX' THUS, Michx. FALSE PENNYROYAL.

I. CSeru'leus, Michx. A low, branching, clammy-pubes-
cent annual. Leaves lance-oblong, 3-nerved, nearly entire.
Peduncles axillary, 1-3-flowered. — Gravelly soil.

3. HIEX'THA, L. MINT.

1. M. vir'idis, L. (SPEARMINT.) Flowers in a narrow
terminal spike. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, wrinkled, veiny,
unequally serrate, sessile. — Wet places.

2. M. piperi'ta, L. (PEPPERMINT.) Flowers in loose inter-
rupted spikes. Leaves ovate or ovate-oblong, acute, petioled.
Plant smooth. — Wet places.

3. M. Canadensis, L. (WiLD MINT.) Flowers in axil-
lary whorled clusters, the uppermost axils without flowers.
Stern more or less hairy, with ovate or lanceolate toothed
leaves on short petioles. Var. glabra'ta, Benth. , is smooth-
ish, and has a rather pleasanter odour. — Sandy wet places.

4. M. sati'va, L. (WHORLED MINT.) Flowers in globular
clusters in the axils of leaves ; the uppermost axils not
flower-bearing. Leaves petioled, ovate, sharply serrate.
Calyx with very slender teeth. — Atl. Prov. (Int. from Eu.)

5. M. arvensis, L. (CORN MINT.) Flowers as in M.
sativa, but leaves smaller, obtusely-serrate, and teeth of the
calyx short and broader. — Atl. Prov. (Int. from Eu.)

4. LYC'OPUS, L. WATER HOREHOUND.

1. L. Virgin'ieus, L. (BUGLE -WEED.) Calyx-teeth 4,
Uuntish. Stems obtusely 4-angled, 6-18 inches high, pro-
ducing slender runners from the base. Leaves ovate-lanceo-
late, toothed, — Moist places.

2. L. sinua'tUS, Ell. (L. Europ&us, var. sinuatus, Gray.)
Calyx-teeth 5, shar p- pointed. Stem sharply 4-angled, 1-3
feet high. Leaves varying from cut- toothed to pinnatifid.
— Wet places.

164 COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.

3. L0 lu'eidus, Turcz., var. America' nus, Gray. Calyx-
teeth 5, very acute. Corolla hardly exceeding the calyx.
Stem strict, short, 2-3 feet high. Leaves lanceolate or
oblong-lanceolate, sessile or nearly so, sharply and coarsely
serrate.— N.W.

5. HEDEO'MA, Pers. MOCK PENNYROYAL.

1. H. pulegioi'des, Pers. (AMERICAN PENNYROYAL). • Stem
5-8 inches high, branching, hairy. Leaves oblong-ovate,
petioled, obscurely serrate. Whorls few-flowered. Plant
with a pungent aromatic odour. — Open woods and fields.

2. H. his'pida, Pursh., has the leaves sessile, linear, and
entire, and the calyx dilate and hispid. — Not common.

6. COLLIffSO'NIA, L. HORSE-BALM.

C. Canaden'siS, L. (RICH- WEED. STONE-BOOT.) Stem
smooth or nearly so, 1-3 feet high. Leaves serrate, pointed,
petioled, 3-6 inches long. — Rich woods.

7. HYSSO'PUS, Tourn. HYSSOP.

H. Offieina'lis, L. Escaped from gardens in a few locali-
ties. Leaves lanceolate or linear, entire.

8. PYCNAtf'THEMUM, Michx. MOUNTAIN MINT. BASIL.

1. P. laneeola'tum, Pursh. Stem 2 feet high, smoothish
or minutely pubescent. Leaves lanceolate or lance-linear,
entire. Heads downy. Calyx-teeth short. Lips of corolla
very short.— Dry soil.

2. P. mu'tieum, Pers., var. pilo'SUm, Gr. Hoary with
loose pubescence. Leaves oblong - lanceolate, denticulate.
Bracts and calyx-teeth villous-pubescent. Heads larger
than in No. 1.— S. W. Ontario.

9. SATUKE IA« L. SAVORY.

S. horten'sis, L. (SUMMER SAVORY.) Stem pubescent.
Clusters few-flowered. — Escaped from gardens in a few

localities. •

10. MONAR'DA, L. HORSE-MlNT.

1. M. did'yma, L. (OSWEGO TEA.) Corolla bright red,
very showy. The large outer bracts tinged with red. —
Along shaded streams.

LABIATE. 165

2. M. fistulo'sa, L. (WILD BEBGAMOT. ) Corona purplish,
the outer bracts somewhat purplish. Dry and rocky banks
and woods.

Var. mollis, Benth., with flesh-coloured or lilac corolla,
is common in the N.W. prairie region.

11. NEP'ETA, L. CAT-MINT.

1. N. Cata'ria, L. (CATNIP.) Mowers in cymose clusters.
Stem erect, downy, branching. Leaves oblong, crenate,
whitish beneath. Corolla dotted with purple. — Roadsides.

2. N. Gleeho'ma, Benth. (GROUND IVY.) Creeping and
trailing. Leaves round-kidney-shaped, crenate, green both
sides. Corolla light blue. — Damp waste grounds.

12. DRACOCEPH'ALUM, L. DRAGON-HEAD.

D. parviflo'rum, Nutt. Stem erect, 8-20 inches high,
leafy. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, cut-toothed, petioled. Cor-
olla small and slender. — N.W. Ontario, in partly cleared
lands.

13. Mtril l V Till S, Benth. GIANT HYSSOP.

1. L. nepetoi'des, Benth. Smooth or nearly so, coarsely
crenate-toothed. Calyx-teeth ovate, rather obtuse. Corolla
greenish-yellow. — Borders of woods.

2. L. SCrophularisefolius, Benth., has lanceolate calyx-
teeth and a purplish corolla. — Near Queenston Heights.

3. L. anisa'tus, Benth.. has the leaves ovate, acute, and
glaucous-white underneath. — N.W. plains.

CALAMIX'THA, Moench. CALAMINTH.

1. C. Clinopo'dium, Benth. (BASIL.) Stem hairy, erect,
1-2 feet high. Flower-clusters dense. Leaves ovate, nearly
entire, petioled. — Thickets and waste places.

2. C. Nuttal'lii, Benth. Smooth, 5-9 inches high. Leaves
narrowly oblong. Clusters few-flowered, the flowers on
slender naked pedicels. Bracts linear or oblong. — Wet lime-
stone rocks, western and south-western Ontario.

166 COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.

15. JMELIS'SA, L. BALM.

M. Offieina'lis, L. (COMMON BALM.) Upright, branch-
ing, pubescent. Leaves broadly ovate, creiiate-toothed,
lemon-scented. — Escaped from gardens in a few places.

16. PHYSOSTE'dlA, Benth. FALSE DRAGON-HEAD.
P. Virglnia'na, Benth. Stem smooth, wand-like. Lower
leaves oblong-ovate, upper lanceolate. Corolla an inch
long, funnel-form, the throat inflated ; upper lip slightly -
arching, the lower 3-parted, spreading, small. — Wet banks
common on Toronto Island.

17. BRUNEI/LA, Tourn. SELF-HEAL.

B. VUlga'riS, L. (COMMON HEAL-ALL.) A low plant witl
oblong-ovate petioled leaves. Clusters 3-flowered, the whol<»
forming a close terminal elongated head. — Woods and fields
everywhere.

18. SCUTELLA'RIA, L. SKULL-CAP.

1. S. galerieula'ta, L. Flowers blue, f of an inch long,
solitary in the axils of the upper leaves. Stem nearly
smooth, 1-2 feet high. — Wet places.

2. S. par'VUla, Michx. Flowers blue, | of an inch long,
solitary in the upper axils. Stem minutely downy, 2-6
inches high. Lowest leaves round-ovate, the upper nar-
rower, all entire. Hoots necklace- form. — Dry banks.

3. S. lateriflo'ra, L. Flowers blue, | of an inch lung, in
1-si led racemes. Stem upright, much branched, 1-2 feet
high. — Wet places.

10, MAKItrifiir.VI. L. HOREHOUND.

M. VUlg'a're, L. Leaves round-ovate, crenate-toothed.
Calyx with 5 long and 5 short teeth, recurved. —Escaped
from gardens in some places.

20. GALEOP'SIS, L. HEMP-NETTLE.

G. Tetra'hit, L. (COMMON HEMP-NETTLE.) Stem bristly-
hairy, swollen below the joints. Leaves ovate, coarsely
serrate. Corolla often with a purple spot on the lower lip.
— Waste places and fields,

BORRAGINACE^E. 167

21. STACH'YS, Tourn. HEDGE-NETTLE.

1. S. palus'tris, L. Stem 2-3 feet high, 4-aiigled, the
angles beset with stiff reflexed hairs or bristles. Leaves
sessile, or the lower short-petioled, oblong or ovate-lanceo-
late, crenately serrate, downy. Calyx hispid. 'Upper lip
of the corolla pubescent. — Wet grounds.

2. S. as'pera, Michx. Taller than the last, the leaves
nearly all distinctly petioled. Calyx mostly glabrous.
Corolla glabrous throughout. — Wet grounds.

22. LEONU'RVS, L. MOTHERWORT.

L. Cardi'aea, L. (COMMON MOTHERWORT.) Stem tall.
Leaves long-petioled, the lower palmately lobed, the upper
3-cleft. Upper lip of the corolla bearded. — Near dwellings.
23. LA'MIUM, L. DEAD-NETTLE.

1. L. amplexieau'le, L. Leaves rounded, deeply cren-
ate- toothed, the upper ones clasping. In gardens in some
places.

2. L. purpu'reum, L. Leaves rounded or oblong, heart-
shaped, crenate- toothed, all petioled. — A garden escape.

3. L. macula' tum, L. Taller. Leaves ovate, heart-
shaped, often with a white spot above. Flowers rather
large, purplish, with hairs at the base inside. — A garden
escape.

24. ISALLO'TA, L. FETID HOREHOUND.

B. nigra, L. (BLACK HOREHOUND.) Leaves ovate, toothed.
Calyx- teeth longer than the tube of the corolla. — S. W.
Ontario.

ORDER LXIV. BORRAGINA'CE^l. (BORAGE FAMILY.)
Herbs, with a deeply 4-lobed ovary, forming 4 seed-like
nutlets, as in the last Order, but the corolla is regularly 5-
lobed, with 5 stamens inserted upon its tube.

Synopsis of the Genera.
* Corolla without any scales in the throat.

1. E'cliium. Corolla with a funnel-form tube and a spi'eading border
of 5 somewhat unequal lobes. Stamens exserted, unequal. Flow-
ers bright blue, with a purplish tinge, in racemed clusters. Plant
bristly.

168 COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.

* * Corolla with 5 scales completely closing the throat.

2. S .viii phylum. Corolla tubular- funnel-form with short spreading

lobes ; scales awl-shaped. Flowers yellowish-white, in nodding
raceme-like clusters, the latter often in pairs. Nutlets smooth.
Coarse hairy herbs.

3. Ecliiuosper'mam. Nutlets prickly on the margin. Corolla salver-

shaped, lobes rounded ; scales short and blunt. Flowers blue,
small, in leafy -bracted racemes. Plant rough-hairy. *

4. Cyuoglos'sum. Nutlets prickly all over. Corolla funnel-form;

scales blunt. Flowers red-purple or pale blue, in racemes which
are naked above, but usually leafy -bracted below. Strong-scented
coarse herbs.

5. Lycop'.sis. Corolla funnel-shaped, the scales in the throat bristly.

Flowers blue, in leafy raceme-like clusters. Nutlets rough-
bristly, as is the whole plant.

* * * Corolla open, the scales or folds not sufficient to completely close
the throat.

6. Hertcn'sia. Corolla bell-funnel-shaped, mostly with 5 small glan-

dular folds in the open throat. Calyx deeply 5-cleft. Style long
and thread-form. Nutlets smooth or wrinkled. Flowers purplish-
blue or white, in loose and short raceme-like clusters, only the
lower one leafy-bracted. Pedicels slender.

7. Oiiosmo (limn. Corolla tubular, the 5 lobes acute and erect or con-

verging. Anthers mucronate ; filaments very short. Style thread-
form, much exserted. Flowers greenish- or yellowish-white.
Rather tall stout plants, shaggy with spreading bristly hairs, or
rough with short appressed bristles. Nutlets smooth.

8. LUhospcr mum. Corolla funnel-form or salver-shaped, the 6 lobes

of the spreading limb rounded. Anthers almost sessile. Root
mostly red. Flowers small and almost white, or large and deep
yellow, scattered and spiked and leafy-bracted. Nutlets smooth
or wrinkled.

9. Myoso'tis. Corolla salver-shaped, with a very short tube, the lobes

convolutein the bud ; scales or appendages of the throat blunt and
arching. Flowers blue, in (so-called) racemes without bracts.
Low plants, mostly soft-hairy. Nutlets smooth.

1. E'CHIUHI, Tourn. VIPER'S BUGLOSS.

•E. Vtllga'pe, L. (BLUE- WEED.) Stem erect, 2 feet high..
Leaves sessile, linear-lanceolate. Flowers showy, in lateral
clusters, the whole forming a long narrow raeeme. — Road-
sides ; common in eastern Ontario and rapidly spreading
westward.

169

2. SYM'PHYTUM, Tottrn. COMFREY.

S. offleina'le, L. (COMMON COMFREY.) Stem winged
above by the decurrent bases of the leaves, branched.
Leaves ovate-lanceolate or lanceolate. — Moist soil ; escaped
from gardens.

2. ECHIXOSPElt'MUDI, Schwartz. SriCKSEED.

1. E. Lap'pula. Lehm. A very common roadside weed,
1-2 feet high, hispid, branching above. Leaves lanceolate,
rough. Nutlets warty on the back, with a double row of
prickles on the margin. Pedicels stout, not deflexed.
Calyx becoming foliaceous.

2. E. floribim'dum, Lehm. Stem strict, 2 feet high or
more, not hispid. Leaves oblong- to linear-lanceolate, the
lowest tapering into margined petioles. Racemes numer-
ous, rather strict. Pedicels slender, deflexed in fruit. Nut-
lets rough and margined with a close row of flat awl-shaped
prickles.— Chiefly N.W.

3. E. Virgin' ieum, Lehm. (Cynoglossum Morisoni, DC.)
(BEGGAR'S LICE.) Stem 2-4 feet high; hispid. Lower
leaves .round-ovate or cordate, slender-petioled ; upper ones
tapering at both ends. Eacemes widely spreading. Pedi-
cels slender, deflexed in fruit. Nutlets prickly all over. —
Open woods and thickets.

4. CYNOGLOS'SUM, Tourn. HOUND'S TONGUE.

"1. C. Offleina'le, L. (COMMON HOUND'S TONGUE.) flowers
red-purple. Upper leaves lanceolate, sessile. Stem soft-
pubescent. — Nutlets rather flat. — A common weed in fields
and along roadsides.

2. C. Virgin' ieum, L. (WILD COMFREY.) Flowers pale
blue. Stem roughish with spreading hairs. Leaves few,
lanceolate-oblong, clasping. Eacemes corymbed, raised on
a long, naked peduncle. — Rich woods.

5, LYCOP'SIS, L. BUGLOSS.

L. arven'SlS, L. (SMALL BUGLOSS.) Very rough-bristly,
1 foot high. Leaves lanceolate. —Dry or sandy fields, chiefly
eastward.

170 COMMON" CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.

6. MERTEN'SIA, Roth. LUNGWORT.

1. M. panicula'ta, Don. Filaments broad and short.
Nutlets wrinkled when dry. Plant more or less hairy, erect,
loosely branched. — N.W.

2. M. marit'ima, Don. (SEA-LUNGWORT.) Corolla white,
trumpet-shaped, conspicuously 5-lobed, throat crested.
Leaves fleshy, glaucous, ovate to spathulate. Stems spread-
ing, often decumbent. Filaments longer and narrower than
the anthers. Nutlets shining. — Atl. sea-coast.

T. ONOSMO'DIITM, Michx. FALSE GROMWELL.

1. 0. Carolinia'num, DC. Stem stout, 3-4 feet high.

Leaves ovate- lanceolate, acute. Lobes of the corolla ovate-
triangular, very hairy outside — Banks of streams.

2. 0. Virglna'num, DC. Stem slender, 1-2 feet high.
Leaves narrowly oblong. Lobes of the corolla lance-awl-
shaped, sparingly bearded outside with long bristles. — Banks
and hillsides j not common.

8. LITHOSPER'MUltt, Tourn. GROMWELL. PUCCOON.
* Corolla almost white. Nutlets wrinkled, gray.

1. L. arven'se, L. (CORN GROMWELL.) Stem 6-12 inches
high, erect. Leaves lanceolate or linear. — Waste grounds
and in wheat-fields.

* * Corolla deep yellow. Nutlets smooth and shining.

2. L. hirtum, Lehm. (HAIRY PUCCOON.) Stem 1-2 feet
high, hispid. Stem-leaves lanceolate or linear ; those of
the flowering branches ovate-oblong, ciliate. Flowers
peduncled. Corolla woolly at the base inside. — Dry woods.

3. L. canes 'eens, Lehm. (HOARY PUCCOON. ALKANET.)
Stem 6-15 inches high, soft-hairy. Corolla naked at the
base inside. Flowers sessile. Limb of the corolla smaller,
and the calyx shorter, than in No. 2.— Open woods and
plains.

4. L. angUStifO' Hum, Michx. Erect or diffusely branched
from the base, somewhat hoary. Leaves all linear. Flow-
ers pedicelled, leafy-bracted, of two sorts : the earlier large
and conspicuous, the later small and pale. — N.W.

ft YDROPHf LLACE S. 171

*** Corolla greenish-white or cream-colour. Nutlets smooth and
shining, mostly white.

5. L. offleina'le, L. (COMMON GROMWELL.) Much branched
above. Leaves broadly lanceolate, acute. Corolla exceeding
the calyx. — Roadsides and fields.

6. L. latifo'lium, Michx. Loosely branched above.
Leaves ovate and ovate-lanceolate, mostly taper-pointed.
Corolla shorter than the calyx. — Borders of woods.

9. MYOSO'TIS, L. FORGET-ME-NOT.

1. M. palus'tris, Withering. (FORGET-ME-NOT.) Stem
ascending from a creeping base, about a foot high, smoothish,
loosely branched. Leaves rough-pubescent. Calyx open in
fruit, its lobes much shorter than its tube. Corolla sky-
blue, with a yellow eye. Pedicels spreading. — Wet places.

2. M. laxa, Lehm. Stem very slender, decumbent, from
thread-like subterranean shoots. Pubescence all appressed.
Calyx open in front, its lobes as long as its tube. Corolla paler
blue. — Wet places.

3. M. arven'sis, Hoffm. Stem erect or ascending, hirsute.
Calyx closing in fruit. Corolla blue, rarely white. Pedicels
spreading in fruit and longer than the 5-cleft equal calyx.
Racemes naked at the base. — Fields.

4. M. verna, Nutt., differs from the last in having a very
small white corolla, pedicels erect in fruit, and the racemes
leafy at the base. The calyx, also, is unequally 5- toothed
and hispid. — Dry hills.

ORDER LXV. HYDROPHYLLA CE£1. (WATERLEAF F.)

Herbs, with alternate cut-toothed or lobed leaves, and
regular pentamerous and pentandrous flowers very much
like those of the last Order, but having a, 1-celled ovary with
the seeds on the walls (parietal^. Style 2-cleft. Flowers
mostly in 1-sided cymes which uncoil from the apex.

Synopsis of the Genera.

1. Hydropuyrinm. Stamens exserted. Calyx unchanged in fruit.

2. Ellis iu. Stamens included. Calyx enlarged in fruit.— N.W. only.

172 COMMON CANADIAN WILD

1. liiUKOPIili/LOI, L. WATERLEAP.

1. H. Virgin'ieum, L. Corolla bell-shaped, the 5 lobes
convolute in the bud ; the tube with 5 folds down the inside,
one opposite each lobe. Stamens and style exserted, the fila~
ments bearded below. Stem smoothish. Leaves pinnately clef t
into 5-7 divisions, the latter ovate-lanceolate, pointed, cut-
toothed. Calyx-lobes very narrow, bristly-ciliate. Flowers
white or pale blue. Peduncles longer than the petioles of
the upper leaves. Rootstocks scaly-toothed. — Moist woods.

2. H. Canaden'se, L., differs from the last in having the
leaves palmately 5-7-lobed, and rounded ; the peduncles
shorter than the petioles ; and the calyx-lobes nearly smooth.
— Rich woods.

3. H. appendieula'tum, Michx. Stem, pedicels, and
calyx hairy. Stem-leaves palmately 5-lobed and rounded,
the lowest leaves pinnately divided. Calyx with a small re-
flexed appendage in each sinus. Stamens sometimes not
exserted. — Rich woods, S. W. Ontario.

2. ELLIS'IA, L.

E. Nyete'lea, L. A delicate branching annual, minutely
or sparingly roughish-hairy. Leaves pinnately parted into
7-13 narrow sparingly cut-toothed divisions. Peduncles
1-flowered, solitary in the forks or opposite the leaves.
Flowers small, whitish. Capsule pendulous. — N. W.

ORDER LXVII. POLEMONIA'CE^E. (POLEMONIUM F.)

Herbs with regular pentamerous and pentandrous flowers,
but a 3-celled ovary and 3-lobed style. Lobes of the corolla
convolute in the bud. Calyx persistent.

Synopsis of the Genera.

1. Phlox. Corolla salver-form. Leaves opposite, entire.

2. CHI' ia. Corolla tubular-funnel-form or salver-shaped, very slender.

Leaves alternate, entire.

1. PHLOX, L. PHLOX.

1. P. divariea'ta, L. Corolla salver-shaped, with a long
tube. Stamens short, unequally inserted. *Stem ascending

CONVOLVULACE^E. 173

from a prostrate base, somewhat clammy. Leaves oblong-
ovate. Flowers lilac or bluish, in a spreading loosely-flowered
cyme. Lobes of the corolla mostly obcordate.—^ioist rocky
woods.

2. P. pilo'Sa, L. Leaves lanceolate or linear, tapering to
a sharp point. Lobes of the pink-purple corolla obovate,
entire. — Southwestern Ontario.

3. P. SUbula'ta, L. , the Moss Pink of the gardens, has
escaped from cultivation in some places. Stem creeping
and tufted in broad mats. Flowers mostly rose-colour. — Dry
grounds.

4. P. Hood'ii, Eichards, of the North- West, forms broad,
dense mats or tufts, 2-4 inches high. Leaves awl-shaped.

2. GIL'IA, Ruiz and Pav.

G. linea'ris, Gray. (Collo'mialinea'ris, Nutt.) A branch-
ing herb with alternate, linear-lanceolate or oblong, sessile
and entire leaves. Corolla salver- form, with stamens un-
equally inserted in its narrow tube, lilac-purple to nearly
white. Ovules solitary. Found on the sands at the mouth
of Eel Eiver, Eestigouche Co. , N.B.

ORDER LXVIII. CONVOLVULA'CE^. (CONVOLVULUS F.)

Chiefly twining or trailing herbs, with alternate leaves and
regular flowers. Sepals 5, imbricated. Corolla 5-plaited or
5-lobed and convolute in the bud. Stamens 5. Ovary
2-celled.

Synopsis of the Genera.

1. Calyste'gia. Calyx enclosed in 2 large leafy bracts. Corolla fun-

nel-form, the border obscurely lobed. Pod 4-seeded.

2. < on vol viiliis. Calyx tvithout bracts.

3. 4 ii scuta. Leafless parasitic slender twiners, with yellowish or red-

dish stems, attaching themselves to the bark of other plants.
Flowers small, mostly white, clustered. Corolla bell-shaped.
Stamens with a fringed appendage at their base.

1. CALYSTE'GIA, R. Br. BRACTED BINDWEED.
1. C. Se'pium, E. Br. (Convolvulus sepium, L., ;n
Macoun's Catalogue.) (HEDGE BINDWEED.) Stem masuy

174 COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.

twining. Leaves halberd - shaped. Peduncles 4 -angled.
Corolla commonly rose-coloured. — Moist banks.

2. C. SpithamSB'a, Pursh. (Convolvulus spithamceus, L.,
in Macoun's Catalogue.) Stem low and simple, upright or
ascending, not twining, 6-12 inches high. Leaves oblong,
more or less heart-shaped at the base. Corolla white. — Dry

soil.

3. CONVOL'VULUS, L. BINDWEED.

C. arven'sis, L. (BINDWEED.) Stem twining or procum-
bent and low. Leaves ovate-oblong, sagittate, Ae lobes
acute. Corolla white, or tinged with red.

3. CUS'CUTA, Tourn. DODDER.

1. C. Grono'vii, Willd. Stems resembling coarse threads,
spreading themselves over herbs and low bushes. Corolla-
lobes obtuse, spreading. Capsule globose, abruptly pointed.
Flowers in loose panicled cymes. — "Wet shady places.

2. C. arven'sis, Beyrich. . Stems pale and slender, low.
Flowers in dense clusters. Capsule depressed- globose. Co-
rolla-lobes acute, with inflexed points. Stamen-scales deeply
fringed.— Dry ridges, N.W.

3. C. Epil'inum, Weihe. (FLAX DODDER.) Stems very
slender, low. Flowers sessile in dense scattered heads.
Corolla short-cylindrical, hardly exceeding the calyx, per-
sistent round the capsule. Stamen-scales short and broad.
Capsule globose, circumcissile. — Atl. Prov.; introduced.

ORDER LXVIIL SOLANA'CE^l. (NIGHTSHADE FAMILY.)

Bank-scented herbs (or one species shrubby), with colour-
less bitter juice, alternate leaves, and regular pentamerous
and pentandrous flowers, but a 2-celled (in Nicandra 3-5-
celled) ovary, with the placentae, in the axis. Fruit a many-
seeded berry or pod.

Synopsis of the Genera.

1. S >la imiii. Corolla wheel-shaped, 5-lobed, the margins turned in-
ward in the bud. Anthers conniving around the style, the cells
, Vening1 by pores at the apex ; filaments very short. The larger
kaves often with an accompanying smaller one. Fruit a berry.

SOLANACEJ3. 175

2. Phys'alis. Calyx 5-cleft, enlarging after flowering, becoming at

length much inflated, and enclosing the berry. Corolla between
wheel-shaped and funnel-form. Anthers separate, opening length-
wise. Plant clammy-pubescent.

3. \i« an <lrn. Calyx 5-parted, 5-angled, the divisions rather arrow-

shaped, enlarged and bladder-like in fruit, enclosing the 3-5-
celled globular dry berry. A smooth herb, 2-3 feet high, with pale
blue flowers.

4. l,\ <• hi m . Corolla funnel-form or tubular. Fruit A small berry, the

calyx persistent but not inflated. A shrubby plant with long
drooping branches and greenish-purple flowers on slender ped-
uncles fascicled in the axils.

5. llyosr.v aimis. Fruit apod, the top coming off like a lid. Calyx urn-

shaped, 5-lobed, persistent. Corolla funnel-form, oblique, the limb
5-lobed, dull-coloured and veiny. Plant clammy-pubescent.

6. Datu'ra. Fruit a large prickly naked pod. Calyx long, 5-angled,

not persistent. Corolla very large, funnel-form, strongly plaited
in the bud, with 5 pointed lobes. Stigma 2-lipped. Rank-scented
weeds, with the showy flowers in the forks of the branching stems.

7. Nicotia'ua. Fruit a, pod, enclosed in the calyx. Calyx tubular-bell-

shaped, 5-cleft. Corolla dull greenish -yellow, funnel-form, plaited
in the bud. Leaves large. Flowers racemed or panicled.

1. SOLA'ffUM, Tourn. NIGHTSHADE.

1. S. Duleama'ra, L. (BITTERSWEET.) Stem somewhat
shrubby and climbing. Leaves ovate and heart-shaped, the
upper halberd-shaped, or with 2 ear-like lobes at the base.
Flowers violet-purple, in small cymes. Berries red. — Near
dwellings and in moist grounds.

2. S. nigrum, L. (COMMON NIGHTSHADE.) Stem low and
spreading, branched. Leaves ovate, wavy-toothed. Flowers
small, white, drooping in umbel-like lateral clusters. Berries
black. — Fields and damp grounds.

3. S. rostra'tum, Dunal, is a prickly herb with large yel-
low flowers and sharp anthers. — Ottawa.

2. PHIS'ALIS, L. GROUND CHERRY.

1. P. ViSGO'sa, L. (P. Virginiana, Mill, in Macoun's
Catalogue.) Corolla greenish-yellow, brownish in the centre-
Anthers yellow. Leaves ovate or heart-shaped, mostly
toothed. Berry orange, sticky. — Sandy soil.

176 COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.

2. P. grandiflo'ra, Hook. Corolla white, large, with a
woolly ring in the throat. Anthers tinged with blue or

violet.

3. NICAN'DRA, Adans. APPLE OF PERU.

N. physaloi'des, Gaertn. Leaves ovate, sinuate-toothed
or angled. Flowers solitary on axillary and terminal ped-
uncles.— Escaped from gardens in some places.
4. LVCIIIM, L. MATRIMONY-VINE.

L. VUlga're, Dunal. Common about dwellings. Berry
oval, orange-red.

5. HYOSCY'AIHIJS, Tourn. HENBANE.

H. niger, L. (BLACK HENBANE.) Escaped from gardens
in some localities. Corolla dull yellowish, netted with pur-
ple veins. Leaves clasping, sinuate-toothed. A strong-
scented and poisonous herb.

6. DATU'RA, L. STRAMONIUM. THORN-APPLE.

1. D. Stramo'nium, L. (COMMON THORN-APPLE.) Stem
green. Corolla white, 3 inches long. Leaves ovate, sinuate-
toothed. — Eoadsides.

2. D. Tat'ula, L. (PURPLE T.) Stem purple. Corolla
pale violet-purple.

6. KfI€OTIA'NA, L. TOBACCO.

N. PUS'tiea, L. (WiLD TOBACCO.) Old fields and in
gardens.

ORDER LX1X. GENTIANA'CE^. (GENTIAN FAMILY.)

Smooth herbs, distinguished by having a 1-celled ovary with
seeds on the walls, either in lines or on the whole inner surface.
Leaves mostly opposite, simple, and sessile, but in one Genus
alternate and compound. Stamens as many as the lobes of
the regular corolla and alternate with them. Stigmas 2.
Calyx persistent. Juice colourless and bitter.

Synopsis of the Genera.

1 . fflra'sera. Corolla wheel-shaped, 4-parted ; a fringed glandular spot
on each lobe. Flowers light greenish-yellow, with small purple-
brown spots.

GENTIANACE.E. 177

2. Hale'nia. Corolla 4-lobed, the lobes all spurred at the base. Flow-

ers yellowish or purplish, somewhat cymose.

3. Geutia'ita. Corolla not spurred, 4-5-lobed, mostly funnel-form or

bell-shaped, generally with teeth or folds in the sinuses of the
lobes. Stigmas 2, persistent. Pod oblong. Seeds innumerable.
Flowers showy, in late summer and autumn.

4. >Icn.vaii tlirs. A bog-plant. Corolla short, funnel-form, 5-lobed,

densely white-bearded on the upper face. Leaves alternate, com-
pound, of 3 oval leaflets. The flowers in a raceme at the summit
of a naked scape, white or tinged with pink.

5. *>ininau tlH'imnii. An aquatic, with simple round-heart-shaped

floating leaves on long petioles. Corolla white, wheel-shaped,
5-parted, bearded at the base only. Flowers in an umbel borne on
the petiole.

1. FRA'SERA, Walt. AMERICAN COLUMBO.
F. Carolinien'siS, Walt. Tall and showy. Leaves
whorled, mostly in fours. Root thick. Flowers numerous
in a pyramidal panicle. — Dry soil.

2. HALE'NIA, Bork. SPURRED GENTIAN.

H. deflex'a, Griseb. Stem erect, 9-18 inches high. Leaves
3-5-nerved, those at the base of the stem oblong-spathulate,
petioled ; the upper acute and sessile or nearly so. Spurs
of the corolla curved.— Not common in Ontario; common
on the Lower St. Lawrence.

3. GENT! A' N A, L. GENTIAN.

1. G. erini'ta, Frosl. (FRINGED GENTIAN.) Corolla fun-
nel-form, 4-lobed, the lobes fringed on the margins ; no plaited
folds in the sinuses. Flowers sky-blue, solitary, on long
naked stalks, terminating the stem or simple branches.
Ovary lanceolate. Leaves lance-shaped or ovate-lanceolate.
— Low grounds.

2. G. deton'sa, Fries., (G-. serrata, Gunner.) (SMALLER
FRINGED G.) is distinguished from No. 1 by the shorter or
almost inconspicuous fringe of the corolla, the linear or
lance-linear leaves, and the broader ovary. — Moist grounds,
chiefly in the Niagara District.

3. G. quinqueflo'ra, Lam. (FIVE-FLOWERED G.j Corolla
tubular-funnel-form, pale-blue, no folds in the sinuses.

178 COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.

Calyx 5-cleft, the lobes awl-shaped. Lobes of the corolla
triangular-ovate, bristle-pointed. Anthers separate. Stem
slender and branching, a foot high, the branches racemed
or panicled, about 5-flowered at the summit. — Dry hill-sides.

4. G. puber'ula, Michx. Stems erect or ascending, 8-16
inches high, minutely rough above. Leaves rigid, lanceolate
to linear-lanceolate, 1-2 inches long. Flowers mostly clus-
tered. Calyx-lobes lanceolate, much shorter than the bell-
funnel-form open bright blue corolla. — High Park, Toronto.

5. G. alba, Muhl. (WHITISH G.) Corolla inflated-club-
shaped, at length open, 5-lobed, the lobes about twice as long
as the toothed appendages in the sinuses. Flowers greenish-
white or yellowish, sessile, crowded in a terminal cluster.
Anthers usually cohering. Leaves lance -ovate, with a
clasping heart-shaped base. — Low grounds.

6. G. Andrews'!!, Griseb. (CLOSED G.) Corolla inflated-
club-shaped, closed at the mouth, the apparent lobes being
really the large fringed-toothed appendages. Flowers blue,
in a close sessile terminal cluster. Anthers cohering.
Leaves ovate-lanceolate from a narrower base. — Low
grounds ; common northward, flowering later than No. 3.

7. G. AmareHa, L., var. aeu'ta, Hook. Corolla some-
what funnel- form, mostly blue, its lobes entire, acute, with a
fringed crown at their base. Calyx-lobes (4-5) lanceolate
or linear, foliaceous. — Atl. Prov. chiefly.

Var. Strieta, Watson, has stem and branches strict, a
whitish corolla, and a less deeply cleft calyx.— N.W.

8. G. linea'riS, Froel., var. latifolia, Gray. Flowers in
a, terminal cluster with a leafy involucre. Corolla blue,
narrow funnel-form, with roundish-ovate lobes, and broad
appendages. Leaves sessile, oblong-linear to ovate-lanceo-
late, smooth. Seeds winged. — Boggy places, Atl. Prov. and
northward.

4. MEffYAN'THES, Tourn. BUCKBEAN.

G. trifolia'ta, L. A common plant in bogs and wet
places, northward. The bases of the long petioles sheathe

APOCYNACE.E, ASCLEPIADACE^E. 179

the lower part of the scape, or thick rootstock, from which
they spring. Plant about a foot high.

5. LI.HXA\'THEMIIM, Gmelin. FLOATING HEART.
L. laeunos'um, Griseb. In shallow waters, northern
Ontario.

ORDER LXX. APOCYNA CE7E. (DOGBANE FAMILY.)
Herbs or slightly shrubby plants, with milky juice, op-
posite simple entire leaves, and regular peritamerous and
pentandrous flowers with the lobes of the corolla convolute
in the bud. Distinguished by having 2 separate ovaries, but
the 2 stigmas united. Calyx free from the ovaries. Anthers
converging round the stigmas. Seeds with a tuft of down
on the apex. Represented with us only by the Genus

APO'CYNOI, Tourn. DOGBANE.

1. A. androssemifo'lium, L. (SPREADING DOGBANE.) The
corolla bell-shaped, 5-cleft, pale rose-coloured, the lobes turned
back. Branches of the stem widely forking . Flowers in loose
rather spreading cymes. Leaves ovate, petioled. Fruit 2
long and slender diverging pods. — Banks and thickets.

2. A* eannab'inum, L. (INDIAN HEMP.) Lobes of the
greenish-white corolla not turned back. Branches erect.
Cymes closer than in No. 1, and the flowers much smaller.
— Along streams, very variable.

ORDER LXXI. ASCLEPIADA'CE^E. (MILKWEED F.)
Herbs with milky juice and opposite or whorled (rarely
scattered) simple entire leaves. Pods, seeds, and anthers as
in the last Order, but the anthers are more closely connected
with the stigma, the (reflexed) lobes of the corolla are valvate
in the bud, the pollen is in waxy masses, and the (monadelph-
ous] short filaments bear 5 curious hooded bodies behind the
anthers. Flowers in umbels.

Synopsis of the Genera.

1. Ascle'pias. Corolla reflexed, deeply 5-parted. A crown of 5 hooded
fleshy bodies with an incurved horn rising from the cavity of each
hood. Leaves mostly opposite or whorled.

180 COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.

2. Accra' tes. Coroll a reflexed or merely spreading. Crown as in No.
1, but no incurved horn. Leaves mostly alternate.

l.'ASCLE'PIAS, L. MILKWEED.

* Flowers greenish, yellotvish or white, or merely purplish-tinged.

1. A. Cornu'ti, Decaisne. (COMMON MILKWEED.) Stem
tall and stout. Leaves oval or oblong, short-petioled, pale
green, 4-8 inches long. Flowers dull greenish-purple. Pods
ovate, soft-spiny, woolly. — Mostly in dry soil ; very common.

2. A. SpeeiO'sa, Torr. Finely white- woolly or becoming
glabrous, the many-flowered umbel and calyx densely woolly.
Leaves oval to oblong, slightly cordate. Corolla-lobes pur-
plish. Hoods with a long lanceolate appendage at the sum-
mit.—N.W.

3. A. phytolaeeoi'des, Pursh. (POKE MILKWEED.) Stem
tall and smooth. Leaves broadly ovate, acute at both ends,
short-petioled. Pedicels loose and nodding, very long and
slender. Corolla greenish, with the hooded appendage white.
Pods minutely downy, but not warty. — Moist thickets.

4. A. OValifO'lia, Decaisne. Low, soft-downy. Leaves
ovate to lance-oblong, acute, short-petioled, soft-pubescent
beneath. Umbels loosely 10-18-flowered. Pedicel slender.
Corolla-lobes greenish-white, slightly tinged with purple
outside. — Hoods yellowish, with a small horn, obtuse, entire.
— N.W.

5. A. quadrifo'lia, L. Stem slender, 1-2 feet high,
mostly leafless below, with one or two whorls of four in the
middle, and one or two pairs of ovate or ovate-lanceolate
taper-pointed leaves. Corolla lobes pale pink ; hoods white.
— Not common, but abundant near Toronto.

6. A. vertieilla'ta, L., has slender stems and filiform-
linear leaves with revolute margins, 3-6 in a whorl. Corolla-
lobes greenish-white.— S.W. Ontario, and N.W.

* * Flowers red.

7. A. inearna'ta, L. (SWAMP M.) Stem tall, leafy,
branching, and smooth. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, acute,
obscurely heart-shaped at the base. Flowers rose-purple.
Pods very smooth and glabrous. — Swamps and low grounds.

OLEACE^E. 181

* * * Flowers orange.

8. A. tubero'sa, L. (BUTTERFLY-WEED. PLEURISY-ROOT.)
Stem very leafy, branching above, rough-hairy. Leaves
linear or oblong -lanceolate, chiefly scattered. Corolla
greenish-orange, with the hoods bright orange-red. Pods
hoary. Dry hill-sides and fields ; almost destitute of milky

juice.

2. ACERA'TES, Ell. GREEN MILKWEED.

1. A. Viridiflo'ra, Ell. Stems ascending, 1-2 feet high,
minutely soft-downy, becoming smoothish. Leaves oval to
linear. The compact umbels of greenish flowers nearly
sessile, lateral, many-flowered. — Dry soil, from Niagara
Falls westward.

Var. laneeola'ta, Gray, has lanceolate leaves.— S.W.
Ontario and N.W.

Var. linea'ris, Gray, has elongated-linear leaves, and
low stems. Umbels often solitary. — N.W.

ORDER LXXII. OLEA'CE^S. (OLIVE FAMILY.)

The only common representative Genus of this Order in
Canada is Fraxinus (Ash). The species of this Genus are
trees with pinnate leaves, and polygamous or dioecious
flowers without petals, and mostly also without a calyx;
stamens only 2, with large oblong anthers. Fruit a 1-2-
seeded samara. Flowers insignificant, from the axils of the
previous year's leaves.

FRAX'INUS, Tourn. ASH.
* Leaflets with petioles.

1. F. Ameriea'na, L. (WHITE ASH.) Fruit wingedfrom
the apex only, the base cylindrical. Branchlets and petioles
smooth and glabrous. Calyx very minute, persistent. Leaf-
lets 7-9, stalked. — Rich woods,

2. F. pubes'eens, Lam., (BED ASH) has the branchlets
and petioles softly pubescent, and the fruit acute at the base,
2-edged, and gradually expanding into the long wing above.
— Same localities as No. 1.

182 COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.

3. F. Vir'idis, Michx. f. (GREEN ASH.) Glabrous through-
out. Fruit as in No. 2. Leaflets 5-9, bright green both sides.
—"Western Ontario and N.W.. along streams.

4. F. quadrangula'ta, Michx. (BLUE ASH.) Branch-
lets often square, smooth. Leaflets sharply serrate, green
both sides. Fruit narrowly oblong, of the same width at
both ends, often notched at the apex, wing-margined. —
Lake Erie coast.

* * Leaflets sessile.

5. F. sambueifo'lia, Lam. (BLACK or WATER ASH.)
Branchlets and petioles smooth. Leaflets 7-9, sessile, serrate.
Fruit winged all round. Calyx wanting, and the flowers
consequently naked. — Swamps.

III. APET'ALOUS DIVISION.

Flowers destitute of corolla, and sometimes also of
calyx.

ORDER LXXIII. ARISTOLOCHIA'CE^. (BIRTHWORT F.)

Herbs with perfect flowers, the tube of the 3-lobed calyx
adherent to the 6-celled many-seeded ovary. Leaves heart-
shaped or kidney-shaped, on long petioles from a thick
rootstock. Stamens 12 or 6. Flowers solitary. Calyx dull-
coloured, the lobes valvate in the bud.

AS'ABOI, Tourn. WILD GINGER.

A. Canaden'se, L. Radiating stigmas 6. Leaves only a
single pair, kidney-shaped, and rather velvety, the peduncle
in the fork between the petioles, close to the ground. Root-
stock aromatic. Calyx brown-purple inside, the spreading
lobes pointed. — Rich woods.

ORDER LXXIV. PIPERACE^E. (PEPPER FAMILY.)
A small family having, with us, but a single representa-
tive ; —

ILLECEBRACE.E. 183

SAUIUJ'RITS, L. LIZARD'S TAIL.

S. cer'nuus, L. A swamp herb, with jointed branching
stem, 2 feet high. Leaves petioled, heart-shaped, with con-
verging ribs. Flowers white, in a dense terminal spike,
nodding at the end, each flower with a lanceolate bract.
Flowers perfect, but entirely destitute of calyx and corolla.
Stamens usually 6 or 7, with long slender white filaments.
Carpels 3 or 4, slightly united at the base.

ORDER LXXV. PHYTOLACCA'CE^l. (POKEWEED F.)

Herbs with alternate leaves and perfect flowers, resemb-
ling in most respects the plants of the next Order, but the
ovary is composed of several carpels in a ring, forming a
berry in fruit. Only one Genus and one Species.

PIIYTOLAC'CA, Tourn. POKEWEED.

P. deean'dra, L. (COMMON POKE.) Calyx of 5 rounded
white sepals. Ovary green, of ten 1-seeded carpels united in
a ring. Styles 10, short and separate. Stamens 10. Fruit
a crimson or purple 10-seeded berry. Stem very tall and
stout, smooth. Flowers in long racemes opposite the leaves.
— Sandy soil.

ORDER LXXV. ILLECEBRA'CE^l. (KNOTWORT FAMILY.)

Small diffuse or tufted herbs, with mostly opposite and
entire leaves, scarious stipules, and a 4-5-toothed or parted
coriaceous persistent calyx. Petals wanting. Stamens
perigynous, as many as the lobes of the calyx and opposite
them, or fewer. Style 2-cleft at the apex. Fruit a 1-seeded
utricle.

PARONYCH'IA, Tourn. WHITLOW-WORT.

P. sessiliflo'ra, Nutt. Flowers terminal, solitary, sessile.
Stems densely matted or tufted, from a woody root. The
dry, silvery stipules 2-cleft. Sepals oblong-linear, concave,
awned at the apex. — N./W. prairies.

184 COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.

ORDER LXXVI. CHENOPODIA'CE^E. (GOOSEFOOT F.)

Homely herbs, with more or less succulent leaves (chiefly
alternate), and small greenish flowers mostly in interrupted
spikes. Stamens usually as many as the lobes of the calyx
and opposite them. Ovary 1-celled and 1-ovuled, forming
an achene or utricle in fruit. Stigmas mostly 2.

Synopsis of i lie Genera.

1. Clienopo'dium. Weeds with (usually) mealy leaves, and very small

perfect greenish sessile flowers in small panicled spiked clusters.
Calyx 5-cleft, more or less enveloping the fruit, and sometimes be-
coming fleshy and berry-like. Stamens mostly 5, filaments
slender.

2. Monol'epis. A low annual, glabrous or somewhat mealy, with small

fleshy leaves. Sepal only 1, bract-like. Stamen 1. Styles 2. Seed
vertical, flattened.— N. W. prairies only.

3. Cyclolo'nia. A much-branched coarse herb, with very small scat-

tered sessile flowers in open panicles. Flowers perfect or pistillate.
Calyx 5-cleft, the concave lobes strongly keeled, at length with a
broad and continuous horizontal wing. Stamens 5; styles 3.
Seed horizontal, flat.

4. At/riplex. Flowers monoecious or dioecious, the staminate with a

regular calyx, in spiked clusters ; the pistillate without a calyx,
but with a pair of appressed bracts.

5. Cori.sper'mum. Flowers all perfect, single, and sessile in the axils

of the upper leaves, usually forming a spike. Calyx of a single
delicate sepal. Low herbs, with linear 1-nerved leaves

6. Salieor ilia. Low saline plants with fleshy leafless jointed stems

and opposite branches. Flowers perfect, densely spiked, 3 together
sunk in each hollow of the fleshy axis of the spike. Calyx small
and bladder-like, with a toothed or torn margin, at length spongy
and narrowly wing-bordered. Stamens 1 or 2. Styles 2, united at
the base.

7. Sinrda. Fleshy saline plants, with alternate terete linear leaves.

Flowers perfect, sessile in the axils of leafy bracts. Calyx 5-
parted, very fleshy. Stamens 5, the anthers exserted. Stigmas
2 or 3. Seed horizontal.

8. Sal sola. A diffusely branching annual, with alternate awl-shaped

prickly -pointed leaves. Flowers perfect, sessile, with 2 bractlets.
Calyx 5-parted, persistent, its divisions at length horizontally
winged on the back. Seed horizontal.

CHENOPODIACE.E. 185

1. CHE^OPO'DIUM, L. GooSEFOOT. PIGWEED.
* Fruiting calyx dry.

1. C. album, L. (LAMB'S QUARTERS.) Stem upright, 1-3
feet high. Leaves varying from rhombic-ovate to lanceo-
late, more or less toothed, mealy, as are also the dense flower-
clusters. — Extremely common in cultivated soil. i

2. C. ur'bieum, L. Rather pale and only slightly mealy,
1-3 feet high, branches erect. Leaves triangular, acute.
coarsely and sharply many-toothed. Spikes erect, crowded in
a long and narrow racemose panicle. — Waste places in
towns.

3. C. hy'bridum, L. (MAPLE-LEAVED GOOSEFOOT.) Bright
green. Stem widely branching, 2-4 feet high. Leaves thin,
large, triangular, heart-shaped, sinuate-angled, the angles
extended into pointed teeth. Panicles loose, leafless. Plant
with a rank unpleasant odour. — Waste places.

4. C. Bot'rys, L. (JERUSALEM OAK.) Not mealy, but
sticky ; low, spreading, sweet-scented. Leaves deeply sinu-
ate, slender- petioled. Racemes in loose divergent corymbs. —
Roadsides ; escaped from gardens.

5. C. ambrosioi'des, L. (MEXICAN TEA.) Not mealy,
but sticky. Leaves slightly petioled, wavy-toothed or nearly
entire. Spikes densely flowered. — Streets of towns.

6. C. glau'eum, L. (OAK-LEAVED GOOSEFOOT.) Somewhat
glaucous-mealy, 5-12 inches high, spreading. Leaves sinu-
ately pinnatifid-toothed , oblong,- obtuse. Clusters small, in
axillary spikes. Seed vertical, exserted, with sharp edges.

7. C. Bonus Henri' CUS, L. (Blitum Bonus Henricus,
Reichenbach.) (GOOD-KING-HENRY.) . Stout, erect, 1-2 feet
high. Leaves broadly triangular-hastate, slightly sinuate
or entire. Flowers somewhat densely paniculate-spiked.
Seed vertical, exserted, with blunt edges. Not common.

* * Fruiting calyx flesliy and often coloured.

8. C. capita' tum, Watson. (Blitum capitatum, L.)
(STRAWBERRY ELITE.) Stem ascending, branching. Leaves

36 COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.

smooth. The axillary head-like clusters bright red in fruit,
and resembling strawberries. — Dry soil, margins of woods,
etc.

9. C. ru'brum, L. (Blitum maritimum, Nutt.) (COAST
ELITE.) Stem angled, much-branched. Leaves thickish,
acuminate, the upper linear-lanceolate. Flower-clusters
scattered in axillary leafy spikes. Stamen 1. — N.W., in
saline soil.

2. MOXOL'EPIS, Schrad.

M. Chenopodioi'des, Moq. ^Branched from the base.
Leaves lanceolate-hastate or sometimes narrowly spathu-
late, entire or sparingly sinuate-toothed. Flower-clusters
often reddish.-N.W.

3. CYCLOLO'MA, Moquin. WINGED PIGWEED.
C. platyphyTlum, Moq. Diffuse, 6-15 inches high, light-
green or sometimes purple. — S.W. Ontario.
4. AT IMPLEX, Tourn. ORACHE.

1. A. pat'ulum, L. Erect or diffuse, scurfy, green or
rather hoary. Leaves varying from triangular or halberd-
shaped to lance-linear, petioled.

Yar. hasta'tum, Gray, has at least the lower leaves
broadly triangular-hastate, often toothod. — Atl. Prov. and
N.W.

Var. littora'le, Gray, is slender, with leaves linear-
lanceolate to linear. — Waste places.

2. A. Nuttal'lii, Watson. A shrubby densely-appressed-
scurfy perennial, with oblong-spathulate to narrowly ob-
lanceolate entire leaves. — N.W. only.

5. CORISPER'JHOI, Ant. Juss. BUG-SEED.
C. hyssopifo'lium, L. Somewhat hairy when young,
pale. Stamens 1 or 2. Styles 2. Fruit oval, flat. — Sandy
beaches, western and south-western Ontario, and N.W.

6. SALICOR'NIA, Tourn. GLASSWORT. SAMPHIRE.
1. S. herba'eea, L. (SAMPHIRE.) Flowers perfect, in
threes, embedded in hollows on the thickened upper joints,

187

forming an elongated narrow spike. Calyx small and
bladder-like, its margin toothed. Stamens 1 or 2. — Salt
marshes, Atl. Prov. and N.W.

2. S. muerona'ta, BigeL, has thick spikes and mucron-
ate-pointed scales. Stem turning red when old. — Atl. sea-
coast.

SILE'DA, Forskal. SEA ELITE.

S. linea'ris, Moq. (Suceda maritima, Gray.) (SEA ELITE.)
A branching fleshy herb, with alternate, roundish, linear
leaves. Flowers perfect, sessile in the axils of leafy bracts
on slender branchlets. Sepals very thick. Stamens 6, with
anthers exserted. — Atl. Prov.

8. SAL'SOLA, L. SALTWORT.

S. Ka'li, L. (SALTWORT.) Flowers perfect, sessile, with
two bractlets, single in axils of leaves. Calyx 5-parted.
enclosing the depressed fruit. Stamens 5. A branching
plant with alternate, awl-shaped, prickly-pointed leaves. —
Sandy sea-shore, and rapidly spreading westward.

ORDER LXXVIL AMARANTA'CEjE. (AMARANTH F.)

Homely weeds, a good deal like the plants of the last
Order, but the flower-dusters are interspersed with dry and
chaff-like (sometimes coloured] persistent bracts, usually 3 to
each flower.

Synopsis of the Genera.

1. Amaran'tiis. Flowers monoecious or polygamous, all with a calyx

of 3 01- 5 distinct erect sepals.

2. Moute'lia. Flowers dioecious ; calyx none in the pistillate flowers.

1. AMARANTHS, Tourn. AMARANTH.

1. A. panieilla'tUS, L. Reddish flowers in terminal and
axillary slender spikes, the bracts awn-pointed. — In the
neighbourhood of gardens.

2. A. retroflex'US, L. (PIGWEED.) Flowers greenish, in
spikes, forming a stiff panicle. Leaves a dull green, long-
petioled, ovate, wavy-margined. Stem erect. — Common in
cultivated soil.

188 COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.

3. A. albllS, L. Flowers greenish, in small close axillary
clusters. Stem low and spreading. — Roadsides.

2. MONTE'LIA. Moquin.

M. tamaris'cina, Gray. (Acnida ruscocarpa, Gray.) A
tall smooth herb, with lanceolate or oblong-ovate alternate
leaves on long petioles, and small clusters of greenish flow-
ers in interrupted spikes. — Wet places.

Var. GOneatena'ta, Gray, (Acnida tuberculata, Moq.) has
the flowers in the lower part of the stem in close clusters in
the axils of the leaves.

ORDER LXXVIII. POLYGON A' CE^E. (BUCKWHEAT F.)

Herbs, well marked by the stipules of the alternate leaves
being in the form of membranous sheaths above the usually
swollen joints of the stem (these obsolete in one Genus).
Flowers usually perfect. Calyx 4-6-parted. Stamens 4-9,
inserted on the base of the calyx. Stigmas 2 or 3. Ovary
1-celled, with a single ovule rising from the base, forming
a little nutlet.

Synopsis of the Genera.

* Flowers involucrate. Stamens 9. Stipules obsolete.

1. Eriog'oiium. Involucre 4-8-toothed, the flowers exserted. Calyx

6-parted, coloured (yellow in ours), enclosing the achene.— N.W.
only.

* * Flowers not involucrate. Stamens 4-8.

2. I'olyg'oimm. Sepals 5 (occasionally 4), often coloured and petal-

like, persistent, embracing1 the 3-angled (or sometimes flattish)
nutlet or achene. Flowers in racemes or spikes, or sometimes in
the axils.

3. Rn'mex. Sepals 6, the 3 outer ones herbaceous and spreading in

fruit, the 3 inner (called valves') somewhat petal-like and, after
flowering, convergent over the 3-angled achene, often with a
grain-like projection on the back. Stamens 6. Styles 3. Flowers
usually in crowded whorls, the latter in panicled racemes.

4. Fagopy'riim. Calyx 5-parted, petal-like. Stamens 8, withS yellow

glands between them. Styles 3. Achenes 3-angled. Flowers wnite,
in panicles. Leaves triangular heart-shaped or halberd-shaped.

POLYGONACE^J. 189

1. KKIOG'OXl'M, Michx.

1. E. fla'vum, Nutt. Woolly throughout, a few inches
high. Leaves oblanceolate. Umbel of 3-9 rays, on a naked
peduncle. Flowers yellow, silky. — N.W.

2. POLYG'OXUM, L. KNOTWEED.

* Flowers along the stem, inconspicuous, greenish-white, nearly sessile
in the axils of the small leaves. Sheaths cut-fringed or torn.

1. P. marit'imum, L. (COAST KNOTGRASS.) Prostrate
with stout stems, glaucous. Leaves thick, oval to narrowly
oblong. Flowers in the axils of leaves, clustered. Stipules
very conspicuous. Stamens 8. Achenes smooth and shin-
ing, projecting above the calyx. — Sea-coast.

2. P. avieula're, L. (KNOTGRASS. GOOSEGRASS.) A weed
everywhere in yards and waste places. Stem, prostrate and
spreading. Stamens chiefly 5. Achene 3-sided, dull.
Stigmas 3. Leaves sessile, lanceolate or oblong. Var.
ereetum, Roth. (P. erectum, L.) is upright and larger, with
broader leaves.

3. P. ramosis'simum, Michx. Erect or ascending, yel-
lowish-green. Leaves lanceolate to linear, acute, very small
above. Sepals mostly 6 ; stamens 3-6. Achene smooth and
shining. — Chiefly westward ; sandy places.

4. P. ten'ue, Michx. Stem slender, upright, sparingly
branched, angled. Leaves sessile, narrowly linear, very
acute, 3-nerved. Stamens 8. Achene dull black. — Dry soil
and rocky places.

* * Flowers in terminal spikes or racemes, mostly rose-coloured or
pinkish, occasionally greenish'.

-t~ Leaves not heart-shaped or arrow-shaped.

5. P. lapathifo'lium, L. Sheaths not fringed, stem
nearly smooth, 3-6 feet high. Leaves long, tapering from
near the base to a narrow point, rough on the midrib and
margins. Spikes oblong to linear and erect or nearly so.
Stamens 6. Styles 2. Achene flat or hollow-sided. — In muddy
places along streams and ponds.

190 COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.

Var. inearna'tum, Watson, has the spikes more slender*
and elongated, nodding.

Yar. inea'num, Koch, is 6-12 inches high, with small
leaves more or less flocculent-hoary underneath, and short
spikes. Chiefly eastward and N. W.

6. P. Pennsylvan'ieum, L. Sheaths not fringed. Stem
1-3 feet high, the upper branches and the peduncles bristly
with stalked glands. Spikes thick, erect. Stamens 8. Achene
flat. — Low open grounds.

7. P. Persiea'ria, L. (LADY'S THTJMB.) Sheaths with a
somewhat ciliate border. Stem nearly smooth, a foot or more
in height. Leaves with a dark blotch on the middle of the
upper surface. Spikes dense, erect, on naked peduncles.
Stamens 6. Achene flat or 3-angled, according as the stig-
mas are 2 or 3. — Very common near dwellings in moist
ground.

8. P. amphib'ium, L, (WATER PERSIC ART A. ) Spike of
flowers dense, oblong, showy, rose-red. Stem floating in
shallow water or rooting in soft mud, nearly glabrous.
Leaves long-petioled, often floating. Sheaths not bristly-
fringed. Stamens 5. Stigmas 2. — In shallow water, mostly
northward.

9. P. Muhlenberg'ii, Watson, differs from the last in
being rough with appressed hairs all over. — Ditches.

10. P. Hart Wright 'ii, Gray, is distinguished from P.
amphibium by its foliaceous and ciliate sheaths. — Muddy
margins of ponds and lakes.

11. P. hydropiperoi'des, Michx. (MILD WATER-PEPPER.)
Stem slender, 1-3 feet high , in shallow water. Leaves narrow,
roughish. Sheaths hairy and fringed ivith long bristles.
Spikes slender, erect, pale rose-coloured or whitish. Stamens
8. Stigmas 3. Achene 3-angled.— In shallow water.

12. P. acre, H. B. K. (WATER SMART-WEED.) Sheaf hs
fringed with bristles. Leaves transparent-dotted. Stem root-
ing at the decumbent base, 2-4 feet high, in shallow water
or muddy soil. Leaves narrow, taper-pointed. Spikes

POLYGONACE.E. 191

slender, erect, pale rose-coloured. Sepals glandular-dotted.
Stamens 8. Achene 3-angled, shining. — Muddy soil or
shallow water.

13. P. Hydrop'iper, L. (COMMON SMARTWEED or WATER-
PEPPER.) Sheaths and leaves as in the last, the leaves, how-
ever, larger. Spikes slender, nodding, greenish. Sepals
glandular-dotted. Stamens 6. Achene dull. — Wet places.

14. P. Virginia' num, L. Calyx greenish, unequally 4-
parted. Stamens 5. Styles 2, persistent on the flat achene.
Flowers in long and slender naked spikes. Stem upright,
nearly smooth. Leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, taper-
pointed, rough-cilia te. Sheaths hairy and fringed. — Thick-
ets, in rich soil.

•I- •«- Leaves heart-shaped or sagittate. Sheaths much longer on one
side than on the other.

15. P. arifo'lium, L., (HALBERD-LEAVED TEAR-THUMB)
with grooved stem, halberd-shaped long-petioled leaves,
flowers in short loose racemes, 6 stamens, and a flattish
achene, is not uncommon on the Lower St. Lawrence ; rare
in Ontario.

16. P. sagitta'tum, L. (ARROW-LEAVED TEAR-THUMB.)
4-angled, the angles beset with reflexed minute prickles,

by which the plant is enabled to climb. Leaves arrow-
shaped. Stamens 8. Achenes 3-angled. — Common in low
grounds, especially beaver-meadows.

17. P. Convol'VUlus, L. (BLACK BINDWEED.) Stem twin-
ing, not prickly but roughish ; the joints naked. Flowers
in loose panicled racemes, 3 of the calyx-lobes rigid in fruit.
Leaves heart-shaped and partly halberd-shaped. Not climb-
ing so high as the next. — Cultivated grounds and waste
places.

18. P. dumeto'rum, L. , var. seandens, Gray. (CLIMB-
ING FALSE BUCKWHEAT.) Stem twining high, smooth; sheaths
naked, 3 of the calyx-lobes winged in fruit. — Moist thickets.

19. P. eilino'de, Michx. Stem twining, minutely downy.
Sheaths fringed at the base with reflexed bristles. — Sandy pine
woods and rocky hills.

192 COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.

3. KOIEX, L. DOCK. SORREL.

* Herbage not sour, nor the leaves halberd-shaped.

1. R. orbicula'tus, Gray. (GREAT WATER DOCK.) Grow-
ing in marshes. Stem erect, stout, 5-6 feet high. Leaves
lanceolate', not wavy-margined or heart-shafted, often over a
foot long. Flow&rs nodding on thread-like pedicels. Valves
nearly orbicular, finely net-veined, each with a grain on
the back. — Wet places.

2. R. s'alieifo'lius, Weinmann, (WHITE DOCK) may be
looked for in marshes on the sea-coast and far northward.
The whorls of flowers are dense and form a very conspicu-
ous spike, owing to the great size of the grains on the back
of the valves.

3. R. vertieilla'tUS, L. (SWAMP DOCK.) Leaves lanceo-
late or oblong-lanceolate, not wavy, the lowest often heart-
shaped. Stem tall. Fruit- bearing pedicels slender, club-
shaped, abrubtly reflexed, several times longer than the
fruiting calyx. Valves dilated-rhomboid, strongly wrinkled)
each bearing a very large grain. — Swamps, common.

4. R. erispus, L. (CURLED DOCK.) Leaves with strongly
wavy or curly margins, lanceolate. Whorls of flowers in
long wand-like racemes. Valves grain-bearing. — Cultivated
soil and waste places.

5. R. Obtusifo'lius, L. (BITTER DOCK.) Lowest leaves
oblong heart-shaped, obtuse, only slightly wavy-margined ;
the upper oblong-lanceolate, acute. Whorls loose, distinct.
Valves somewhat halberd-shaped, deeply toothed at the base,
usually one only grain-bearing. — Waste grounds.

6. R. sanguin'eus, L. Leaves oblong -lanceolate, often
fiddle-shaped, wavy-margined. Whorls distant, in long
slender leafless spikes. Valves narrowly oblong, obtuse,
entire. Veins of the leaf red or green. — Atl. Prov. chiefly.

7. R. marit'imus, L. (GOLDEN DOCK.) Low, slightly-
pubescent, much branched. Leaves linear-lanceolate, wavy-
margined, the lower auricled or heart-shaped at base.
Flowers in whorls forming leafy spikes. Valves oblong,

LAURACE^E. 193

lance-pointed, each bearing 2-3 long bristles on each side,
and a large grain on the back. — Sea-shore, Atl. Prov.

* * Herbage sour ; leaves halberd-shaped.

.8. R. Aeetosel'la, L. (FIELD or SHEEP SORREL.) Stem
6-12 inches high. Flotvers dioecious, in a terminal naked
panicle. — A very common weed in poor soil.

3. FACOPY'RUM, Tourn. BUCKWHEAT.

1. F. eseulen'tum, Moench. (BUCKWHEAT.) Old fields
and copses, remaining after cultivation. Achene smooth
and shining.

2. F. Tartar'ieum, Gsertn., has very small flowers, and
a dull roughish achene. — Escaped from cultivation in a few
places.

ORDER LXXIX. LAURA'CE^E. (LAUREL FAMILY.)

Trees or shrubs with spicy-aromatic bark and leaves, the
latter simple (often lobed), alternate and marked with small
transparent dots (visible under a lens). Sepals 6, petal-like.
Flowers dioecious or polygamo-dioecious. Stamens in sterile
flowers 9, inserted at the base of the calyx. Anthers open-
ing by uplifting valves. Ovary in fertile flowers free from
the calyx, 1-celled, with a single ovule hanging from the top
of the cell. Style and stigma 1. Fruit a 1-seeded drupe.

1. SAS'SAFRAS, Nees. SASSAFRAS.

S. Offieina'le, Nees. A small or moderate-sized tree with
yellowish or greenish-yellow twigs and ovate or 3-lobed
entire leaves. Flowers greenish- yellow, in naked corymbs,
appearing with the leaves in the axils*of the latter. Drupe
blue, on a reddish pedicel. The 9 stamens in 3 rows, the 3
inner each with a pair of yellow glands at the base of the
filament. Anthers 4-celled, 4-valved. — Rich woods, in south-
ern and western Ontario.

2. LIX'DERA, Thunberg. WILD ALLSPICE. FEVER-BUSH.
L. Benzo'in, Meisner. (SPICE-BUSH.) A nearly smooth
shrub with oblong-obovate leaves, pale beneath. Flowers

194 COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.

honey-yellow in lateral umbel-like clusters, before the leaves.
Stamens very much as in Sassafras, but the anthers are
2-celled and 2-valved. Pistillate flowers with 15-18 rudi-
ments of stamens. Drupe red. — Damp woods, in earl^r
spring.

ORDER LXXX. THYMELEA'CE^. (MEZEREUM F.)

Shrubs with tough leather-like bark and entire leaves.
Flowers perfect. Calyx tubular, resembling a corolla, pale
yellow. Stamens twice as many as the lobes of the calyx
(in our species 8). Style thread-like. Stigma capitate.
Ovary 1-celled, 1-ovuled, free from the calyx. Fruit a
berry-like drupe. Only one Species in Canada.

D1RCA, L. LEATHERWOOD. MOOSE-WOOD.

1. D. palustris, L. A branching shrub, 2-5 feet fyigh, with
curious jointed branchlets and nearly oval leaves on short
petioles. Flowers in clusters of 3 or 4, preceding the leaves.
Filaments exserted, half of them longer than the others. —
Damp woods.

2. Daphne Meze'reum, L., has escaped from cultivation
in a few places. A low shrub with purple, rose-coloured or
whitish flowers, preceding the leaves in early spring.

ORDER LXXXI. ELEAGNA'CE.E. (OLEASTER F.)

Shrubs with perfect or dioecious flowers, and leaves which
are scurfy on the under surface. The calyx-tube in the
fertile flowers becomes fleshy and encloses the ovary, forming
a berry-like fruit. Otherwise the plants of this Order are
not greatly different from those of the last.

Synopsis of the Genera.

1. Klwag'mis. Flowers perfect. Stamens 4. Leaves alternate.

2. Shepherd'ia. Flowers dioecious. Stamens 8. Leaves opposite.

1. EL^AG'NUS, Tourn.

E. argen'tea, Pursh. (SILVER-BERRY.) Shrub 6-12 feet
high, the young branches covered with rusty scales. Leaves
elliptical to lanceolate, silvery-scurfy. Flowers many,

SANTALACE.E, EUPHORBIACEJE. 195

deflexed, silvery outside, pale -yellow within, fragrant. —
N.W.

2. SIIEPHERD'IA, Nutt. SHEPHERDIA.

S. Canadensis, Nutt. Calyx in sterile flowers 4-parted.
Stamens 8. Calyx in fertile flowers urn-shaped, 4-parted.
Berries yellow. Branchlets brown - scurfy. Leaves oppo-
site, entire, ovate, green above, silvery-scurfy beneath, the
small flowers in their axils. — Gravelly banks of streams and
lakes.

ORDER LXXXII. S ANTALA' CE^. (SANDALWOOD F.)

Low herbaceous or partly woody plants (with us) with
perfect flowers, these greenish-white, in terminal or axillary
corymbose clusters. Calyx bell-shaped or urn-shaped, 4-5-
cleft, adherent to the 1-celled ovary, lined with a 5-lobed
disk, the stamens on the edge of the latter between its lobes
and opposite the lobes of the calyx, to which the anthers are
attached by a tuft of fine hairs. Fruit nut-like, crowned
with the persistent calyx-lobes.

<:OUA.VI»IM, Nutt. BASTARD TOAD-FLAX.

1. C. limbella'ta, Nutt. Stem 8-10 inches high, leafy.
Leaves oblong, pale-green, an inch long. Flower-clusters
at the summit of the stem. Calyx-tube prolonged and form-
ing a neck to the fruit. Style slender. — Dry soil.

2. C. liv'ida, Richardson. Peduncles axillary, slender,
several-flowered. Leaves oval, alternate, almost sessile.
Fruit pulpy when ripe, red. — Boggy barrens near the Atl.
coast, and N.W.

3. C. pal'lida, A, DC. Leaves glaucous, linear to nar-
rowly lanceolate, acute. Fruit ovoid, sessile or on short
stout pedicels. — N.W.

ORDER LXXXIII. EUPHORBIA'CEJE. (SPTTRGE F.)

Plants with milky juice and monoecious flowers, repre-
sented in Canada chiefly by the two following genera : —

196 COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.

1. i I I'lioirni i, L. SPURGE.

Flowers monoecious, the sterile and fertile ones both des-
titute of calyx and corolla, but both contained in the same 4-5-
lobed cup-shaped involucre which resembles a calyx, and there-
fore the whole will probably at first sight be taken for a
single flower. Sterile flowers numerous, each of a single
naked stamen from the axil of a minute bract. Fertile
flower only 1 in each involucre ; ovary 3-lobed, soon pro-
truded on a long pedicel ; styles 3, each 2-cleft. Peduncles
terminal, often umbellate.

* Leaves all similar and opposite, short -petioled, green or blotched with

brown above, furnished with scale-like or fringed stipules. Steins
spreading or prostrate, much forked. Involucres in terminal or
lateral clusters, or one involucre in each fork, tJie involucre invari-
ably with 4 (mostly petal-like] glands in the sinuses,

1. E. polygonifo'lia, L. Leaves entire, oblong-linear,
mucronate, very smooth. Stipules bristly-fringed. Ped-
uncles in the forks. Glands of the involucre very small, not
petal-like. Pods obtusely angled. — Shores of the Great
Lakes, in sandy or gravelly places.

2. E. serpens, H. B.K. Leaves entire, round-ovate, very
small, smooth. Stipules membranaceous, triangular. Ped-
uncles longer than the petioles, in loose clusters. Glands
of the small involucre with minute crenulate appendages.
Stems thread-like, prostrate. Pods acutely angled. Seeds
smooth. — London and westward, not common.

3. E. glyptOSper'ma, Engel. Leaves serrulate towards
the apex, linear-oblong, very unequal at the base. Stipules
lanceolate, cut into bristles. Peduncles as long as the peti-
oles, in dense lateral clusters. Glands in the small invo-
lucre with crenulate appendages. Stems erect-spreading.
Pods sharply angled. Seeds sharply 4-angled, with 5 or 6
transverse wrinkles. — Gravelly soil.

* * Only the uppermost or floral leaves whorled or opposite. Stems

erect. Stipules none. Involucres B-lobed ; inflorescence umbelli-
form, in the forks of the branches, and terminal.

4. E. maeula'ta, L. Leaves serrulate, oblong-linear,
somewhat pubescent, with a brownish blotch in the centre, very

EUPHORBIACE^. 197

oblique at the base. Peduncles in dense lateral clusters.
Glaiids of the involucre with reddish petal-like attachments.
Pods sharply angled. — Roadsides.

5. E. hyperieifo'lia, L. Stem ascending. Leaves ser-
rate, often with a red spot or with red margins, oblique at
the base, ovate-oblong or oblong-linear. Peduncles in cymes
at the ends of the branches. Glands of the involucre with
white or occasionally reddish petal-like attachments. Pcd
smooth, obtusely angled. — Cultivated soil.

6. E. COPOlla'ta, L. Conspicuous for the 5 bright-white
false lobes of the involucre, resembling petals ; the true lobes
very small. — Gravelly or sandy soil.

* * Involucres chiefly in terminal umbels, and their glands always
^v^thout petal-like attachments. Leaves without stipules or blotches,
those of the stem alternate or scattered, the floral ones usually of a
different shape, and whorled or opposite.

7. E. platyphyl'la, L. Umbel 5-rayed. Stem erect, 8-18
inches high. Upper stem-leaves lance-oblong, acute, serru-
late, the uppermost heart-shaped, the floral ones triangular-
ovate and cordate. Pod warty. — Shores of the Great Lakes.

8. E. Helioseo'pia, L. Umbel first 5-rayed, then with
3, and finally merely forked. Stem ascending, 6-12 inches
high. Leaves all obovate, rounded or notched at the apex,
serrate. Pods smooth. — Along the Great Lakes.

9. E. Cyparis'sias, L., with densely clustered stems, and
crowded linear stem-leaves (the floral ones round heart-
shaped), and a many-rayed umbel, has escaped from gar-
dens in some localities.

10. E. Peplus, L., has the umbel 3-rayed, then forking.
Glands long- horned. Seeds ash-coloured, 2-grooved on the
inner face, and pitted on the back.— Bather rare, waste
places.

2. t€ iLY'PIIA, L. THREE-SEEDED MERCURY.

A. Virgln'iea, L. Flowers monoecious, both kinds hav-
ing a calyx, the staminate 4-parted, the pistillate 3-5-
parted ; no involucre. Staminate flowers very small, in
spikes, with 1-3 pistillate flowers at the base, in the axil of

198 COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.

a large leaf-like 5-9-lobed bract. Stamens 8-16, monadel-
phous at the base, the anther-cells hanging from the apex
of the filament. Styles 3, the stigmas cut-fringed, usually
red. Pod separating into 3 globular carpels. A nettle-like
weed, with ovate, sparsely serrate, alternate, long-petioled
leaves. — Fields and open places.

ORDER LXXXIV. URTICA'CE^l. (NETTLE F.)

Herbs, scrubs, or trees, with monoecious or dioecious (or,
in the Elms, sometimes perfect) flowers, with a regular calyx
free from the 1-2-celled ovary which becomes a 1-seeded
fruit. Stamens opposite the lobes of the calyx. This Order
is divided into four well-marked Suborders.

SUBORDER I. ULMA'CEjE. (ELM FAMILY.)

Trees, with alternate simple leaves, and deciduous small
stipules. Flowers often perfect. Styles 2. Fruit a samara
winged all round, or a drupe.

* fruit a samara ; anthers extrorse,

1. 1 I in us. Flowers in lateral clusters, earlier than the leaves, purplish

or greenish-yellow. Calyx bell-shaped, 4-cleft. Stamens 4-9;
the filaments long and slender. Ovary 2-celled, but the samara
only 1-seeded. Stigmas 2.

* * Fruit a drupe ; anthers introrse.

2. Celtis. Flowers greenish, polygamous, the pistillate solitary or in

pairs, appearing with the leaves. Calyx 5-6-parted, persistent.
Stamens 5-G. - Stigmas 2, long and pointed and recurved. Ovary
1-ovuled.

SUBORDER II. ARTOCAR' PE^E. (BREAD-FRUIT AND FIG F.)

Flowers monoecious or dioecious, crowded in catkin-like
spikes or heads, the whole pistillate catkin becoming an
aggregate fruit from the enlargement of the calyx in the
several flowers. Calyx4-parted. Stamens 4. Ovary 2-celled,
1 cell eventually disappearing. Styles 2.

3. Morns. Pistillate and staminate flowers in separate catkins. Trees

with milky juice and rounded leaves. Staminate spikes slender.

URTICACE.E. 199

SUBORDER III. URTI'CEjE. (NETTLE FAMILY.)

Herbs with watery juice and opposite or alternate leaves,
often beset with stinging hairs. Flowers monoecious or
dioecious, in spikes or racemes. Stamens as many as the
sepals. Style only 1. Ovary 1-celled. Fruit an achene.

4. Urti'ca. Leaves opposite. Plant beset with stinging hairs. Sepals

4 in both sterile and fertile flowers. Stamens 4. Stigma a small
sessile tuft. Achene flat, enclosed between the 2 larger sepals.
Flowers greenish.

5. Laport'ea. Leaves alternate. Plant beset with stinging hairs.

Sepals 5 in the sterile flowers, 4 in the fertile, 2 of them much
smaller than the other 2. Stigma awl-shaped. Achene flat, very
oblique, reflexed on its winged pedicel.

6. Pil'ea. Leaves opposite. Whole plant very smooth and semi-trans-

parent. Sepals and stamens 3-4. Stigma a sessile tuft.

7. Boeluuc'ria. Leaves mostly opposite. No stinging hairs. Sepals

and stamens 4 in the sterile flowers. Calyx tubular or urn-shaped
in the fertile ones, and enclosing the achene. Stigma long and
thread-like.

8. Parleta'ria. Leaves alternate, entire, 3-ribbed. No stinging hairs.

Flowers polygamous, in involucrate-bracted cymose axillary clus-
ters. Calyx of the pistillate flowers tubular or bell-shaped, 4-lobed.
Stigma tufted. Staminate flowers nearly as in the last.

SUBORDER IV. CANNABIN'E^l. (HEMP FAMILY.)

Bough herbs with watery juice and tough bark. Leaves
opposite and palmately divided or lobed. Flowers dioecious.
Sterile ones in compound racemes ; stamens 5 ; sepals 5.
Fertile ones in crowded clusters ; sepal only 1, embracing
the achene. Stigmas 2.

9. Can'uabis. A rather tall rough plant with palmately compound

leaves of 5-7 linear-lanceolate serrate leaflets. Fertile flowers
spiked-clustered.

16. II urn ii I us. Leaves 3-5-lobed. Plant climbing. Fertile flowers in
a short spike, forming a membranaceous catkin in fruit.

1. ULMUS, L. ELM.

1. U. fulva, Michx. (BED or SLIPPERY ELM.) Flowers
nearly sessile. Leaves very rough above, taper-pointed. Buds
downy with rusty hairs. A medium-sized tree, with muci-
bginous inner bark. '

200 COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.

2. U. America' na, L. (AMERICAN or WHITE ELM.) Leaves
not rough above, abruptly pointed. Flowers in drooping
pedicels. Buds glabrous. A large ornamental tree, with
drooping brarichlets. — Moist woods.

3. Uv raeemo'sa, Thomas. (CORKY WHITE ELM.) Ee-
sembling the last, but the bud-scales are downy-ciliate, the
branches corky ', and the flowers racemed. — Chiefly along road-
sides and borders of fields.

2. CEL'TIS, L. NETTLE-TREE. HACKBERRY.
C. oeeidenta'lis, L. (SUGARBERRY.) A small tree of
Elm-like aspect. Leaves reticulated, • ovate, taper-pointed,
serrate, more or less oblique at the base. Fruit as large as
a pea, dark-purple when ripe, the flesh thin. — Low grounds :
a few trees here and there through Ontario.
3. MORUS, Tourn. MULBERRY.

1. M. ru'bra, L. (EED MULBERRY.) Leaves heart-ovate,
rough above, downy beneath, pointed. Fruit red, turning
dark-purple, long. — Niagara district, and south-westward.

2. M. alba, L. ( WHITE M.) Leaves smooth and shining.
Fruit whitish.— S. W. Ontario.

4. URTI'CA, Tourn. NETTLE.

1. U. gra'eilis, Ait. Stem slender, 2-6 feet high. Leaves
ovate-lanceolate, pointed, serrate, 3-5-nerved from the base,
nearly smooth, the long petioles with a few bristles. Flower-
clusters in slender spikes.— Moist ground and along fences.

2. U. dioi'ea, L. (STINGING NETTLE.) Plant bristly with
very stinging hairs. Leaves ovate, cordate, very deeply
serrate. Spikes branching.— Waste places.

3. U. U'rens, L. Leaves elliptical or ovate, coarsely and
deeply serrate with spreading teeth, petioled. Flower-
clusters 2 in each axil, composed of both staminate and pis-
tillate flowers. — Waste grounds, Atl. Prov.

5. LAPORT'EA, Gaudichaud. WOOD-NETTLE.
L. Canadensis, Gaudichaud. Stem 2-3 feet high. Leaves
large, ovate, long-petioled. a single 2-cleft stipule in the axil
— Moist woods.

PLATANACE^l. 201

6. PIL'EA, Lindl. RICHWEED. CLEARWEED.
P. pu'mila, Gray. Stem 3-18 inches high. Leaves ovate,
coarsely- toothed, 3-ribbed. — Cool moist places.
T. iKIinil KIA. Jacq. FALSE NETTLE.

B. eylin'driea, Willd. Stem 1-3 feet high, smoothish.
Leaves ovate-oblong or ovate-lanceolate, serrate, 3-nerve(S,
long-petioled. Stipules separate. — Moist shady places.

8. PARIETA'RIA, Tourn. PELLITORY.

P. Pennsylvan'iea, Muhl. A low annual, simple or
sparingly branched, minutely downy. Leaves oblong-lance-
olate, thin, veiny, roughish with opaque dots. — Usually in
crevices of limestone rocks ; not very common.

9. CAX'NABIS, Tourn. HEMP.

C. sati'va, L. (HEMP.) Common everywhere along road-
sides and in waste places.

10. HU'MULUS, L. HOP.

H. Lu'pulus, L. (COMMON HOP.) A twining perennial.
Leaves heart-shaped, mostly 3-5-lobed, petioled. Calyx of
fertile flower a single sepal. In fruit the calyx, achene.
etc., sprinkled with yellow resinous grains, which give the
hop its taste and smell.

ORDER LXXXV. PLATANA'CE^i. (PLANE-TREE F.)

Represented only by the Genus

PLAT' ANUS, L. PLANE-TRUE. BUTTONWOOD.

P. Occident alls, L. (AMERICAN PLANE-TREE or SYCAMORE.)
A fine large tree found in south-western Ontario. Leaves
alternate, rather scurfy when young, palmately-lobed or
angled, the lobes sharp-pointed : stipules sheathing. Flow-
ers monoecious, both sterile and fertile ones in catkin-like
heads, without calyx or corolla, but with small scales inter-
mixed. Ovaries in the fertile flowers club-shaped, tipped
with the thread-like simple style, and downy at the base.
Fertile heads solitary, on slender peduncles. The white
bark separates into thin plates.

202 COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.

ORDER LXXXVI. JUGLANDA'CE£). (WALNUT F.)

Trees with alternate pinnate leaves and no stipules. Flow-
ers mono3cious. Sterile flowers in catkins. Fertile flowers
solitary or in small clusters, with a regular 3-4-lobed calyx
adherent to the ovary. Fruit a sort of drupe, the fleshy
filter layers at length becoming dry and forming a husk,
the inner layer hard and bony and forming a nut-shell.
Seed solitary in the fruit, very large and 4-lobed. This
Order comprises the Walnuts, Butternuts, and Hickories.

Synopsis of the Genera.

1. .1 111; I. -i ns. Sterile flowers in solitary catkins from the previous

year's wood. Filaments of the numerous stamens very short.
Fertile flowers on peduncles at the ends of the branches. Calyx
4-toothed, with small petals at the sinuses. Styles and stigmas 2,
the latter fringed. Exocarp or husk drying without splitting.
Shell of the nut very rough and irregularly furroived.

2. Car'ya. Sterile flowers in slender clustered catkins. Stamens 3-10.

with very short filaments. Fertile flowers in small clusters at the
ends of the hranches. Calyx 4-toothed; no petals. Stigmas 2 or
4, large. Exocarp 4-valved, drying &nd splitting away from the
very smooth and bony nut-shell.

1. JUCi'LAXS, L. WALNUT.

1. J. Ciner'ea, L. (BUTTERNUT.) Leaflets oblong-lance-
olate, pointed, serrate. Petioles and branchlets clammy.
Fruit oblong, clammy. — Bich woods.

2. J. ni'gra, L. (BLACK WALNUT.) Leaflets ovate-lance-
olate, taper-pointed, serrate. Petioles downy but not clammy.
Fruit spherical. Wood a darker brown than in the Butter-
nut. — Bich woods ; rare northward.

2. CAR'YA, Nutt. HICKORY.

1. C. alba, Nutt, (SHELL-BARK HICKORY. ) Leaflets 5, the
lower pair much smaller than the others. Husk of the
fruit splitting completely into 4 valves. Nut flattish-globu-
lar, mucronate. Bark of the trunk rough, scaling off in
rough strips. — Bich woods.

2. C. tomento'sa, Nutt. (WHITE-HEART HICKORY.) Spa-
ringly found in the Niagara district and south-westward.

MYRICACE^E. 203

Leauets V-9. Bark close but not shaggy, and not scaling off
on tne old trunks. Husk as in the last. Catkins, shoots,
and lower surface of the leaves tomentose when young. Nut
globular.

3. C. ama'ra, Nutt. (SWAMP HICKORY or BITTERNUT.)
Leaflets 1-11. Husk of the fruit splitting half way down.
Nut spherical, short-pointed. Bark smooth, not scaling off.
— Moist ground.

4. C. porei'na, Nutt. (PIG-NUT. BROOM-HICKORY.) Leaf-
lets 5-7. Shoots, etc., glabrous. Husk as in the last. Nut
oblong or oval. — Niagara district, and south-westward.

LXXXVII. MYRICA'CEjE. (SWEET-GALE F.)

Shrubs with monrecious or dioecious flowers, both sterile
and fertile ones collected in short catkins or heads. Leaves
with resinous dots, usually fragrant. Fruit a 1-seeded dry
drupe or little nut, usually coated wrth little waxy grains.

Synopsis of the Genera.

1. Myrl'ca. Flowers chiefly dioecious, catkins lateral, each bract with

a pair of bractlets underneath. Stamens in the sterile flowers
2-8. Ovary solitary in the fertile flowers, 1-celled, tipped with 2
thread-like stigmas, and surrounded by 2-4 small scales at the
base. In our species the 2 scales form wings at the base of the
nut.— A shrub, 3-5 feet high.

2. Compto'iiia. A low shrub, a foot or more in height, with fern-like

very sweet-scented leaves. Flowers monoecious. Sterile catkins
cylindrical. Fertile ones spherical, the ovary surrounded by 8
awl-shaped persistent scales, so that the catkin resembles a bur.

1. DIYRI'CA, L. BAYBERRY. WAX-MYRTLE.

1. M. Ga'le, L. (SWEET GALE.) Leaves wedge-lanceolate,
serrate towards the apex, pale. The small nuts in crowded
heads, and winged by the 2 scales. — Bogs.

2. M. eerif era, L. (BAYBERRY. WAX- MYRTLE.) Leaves
oblong-lanceolate, entire, or wavy-toothed towards the
apex, shining and sprinkled with resinous dots on both
sides, fragrant. Sterile catkins scattered. Nuts naked,

204 COMMOtf CAKADlAff WILD PLANTS.

bony, and covered with white wax. — Sandy soil near the
coast, Atl. Prov.

2. COMPTO'NIA, Solander. SWEET-FERN.

C. asplenifo'lia, Ait. (Myrica asplenifolia, EndL,, in
Macoun's Catalogue.) Leaves linear-lanceolate in outline ,
deeply piunatifid, the lobes numerous and rounded. — Dry
soil ; especially in Pine barrens.

ORDER LXXXVIII. CUPULIF'ER^E. (OAK FAMILY.)

Shrubs or trees, with alternate simple leaves, deciduous
stipules, and monoecious flowers. Sterile flowers in catkins
(but in Beech in small heads) ; the fertile ones solitary or
clustered, and furnished with an involucre which forms a
scaly cup or a bur surrounding the nut.

Synopsis of the Genera.

1. Quer'ciis. Sterile flowers with a calyx including few or several

stamens with slender filaments. Fertile flowers scattered or some-
what clustered, each in a scaly involucre or cupule. Nut (acorn)
rounded, the base enclosed by the cupule. (Part I., sec. 71.)

2. < a>la lira. Sterile flowers in long slender catkins. Calyx 6 -par ted.

Fertile flowers usually 3 in each involucre, the latter prickly,
forming a bur. Calyx 6-lobed. Stigmas bristle-shaped. Nuts
enclosed (mostly 2 or 3 together) in the prickly 4-valved involucre,
flattened when there are more than one.

3. Fa-ins. Sterile flowers in a small head on drooping peduncles.

Calyx bell-shaped. Fertile flowers in pairs in the involucre,
which consists of awl-shaped bractlets grown together at the
bases. Calyx-lobes awl-shaped. Nuts 3-angled, generally in pairs
in the bur-like 4-valved cupule. Bark close, smooth and light gray.

4. Cer'ylus. Sterile flowers in drooping catkins. No calyx. Stamens

8 (with 1-celled anthers), and 2 small bractlets under each bract.
Fertile flowers in a small scaly head; 1 ovary, surmounted by 2
long red stigmas, under each scale, and accompanied by a pair of
bractlets which, in fruit, enlarge and form a leaf -like or tubular
fringed or toothed involucre closely enveloping each nut. Sterile
catkins from the axils of the previous year. Fertile flowers
terminating the new shoots.

5. Os'frya. Sterile flowers in drooping catkins. Calyx wanting.

Stamens several under each bract, but not accompanied by bract-
lets. Fertile flowers in short catkins, 2 under each bract, eaen

CUPULIFER^E. 205

ovary tipped with 2 long stigmas, and surrounded by a tubular
bractlet which, in fruit, becomes a greenish-white inflated bag,
having the small nut in the bottom.

6. Carpi'nus. Sterile flowers in drooping catkins. Calyx wanting.
Stamens several under each bract ; no bractlets. Fertile flowers
much as in Ostrya, but the bractlets surrounding the ovaries are
not tubular but open, and in fruit become leaf -like, one on each side
of the small nut.

1. dVERClTS, L. OAK.

* Acorns ripening the first year, and therefore borne on the new shoots.
Lobes or teeth of the Leaves not bristle-pointed.

1. Q. alba, L. (WHITE OAK.) A large tree. Leaves
(when mature) smooth, bright green above, whitish beneath,
obliquely cut into few or several oblong entire lobes. The
oblong nut much larger than the saucer-shaped rough
cupule. — Rich woods.

2. Q. maeroear'pa, Michx. (BuR OAK. MOSSY -CUP
WHITE OAK.) A medium-sized tree. Leaves deeply lobed,
smooth above, pale or downy beneath. Acorn broadly
ovoid, half or altogether covered by the deep cup, the upper
scales of which taper into bristly points, making a fringed
border. Cup varying greatly in size, often very large.—
Rich soil.

3. Q. bi' color, Willd. (SWAMP WHITE OAK.) A tall tree.
Leaves sinuate-toothed, but hardly lobed, wedge-shaped at the
base, downy or hoary. beneath, the main veins 6-8 pairs.
Cup nearly hemispherical, about half as long as the oblong-
ovoid acorn, sometimes with a fringed border. Peduncles in
fruit longer than the petiole. — Low grounds.

4. Q. Pri'nus, L. (CHESTNUT OAK.) A small tree. Leaves
minutely downy beneath, the main veins 10-16 pairs, sinu-
ate-toothed, acute or obtuse at the base. Peduncle shorter
than the petiole. Cup hemispherical ; acorn as in the last.
— Lake Erie coast.

Var. hu'milis, Marsh, (Q. prinoides, Willd., in Macoun's
Catalogue) is much more abundant with us than the species
itself. It has the characters of the species, but is a shrub,
2-4 feet high. Fruit sessile or nearly so.

206 COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.

* * Acorns ripening the second year, and therefore borne on the previous
year's wood, below the leaves of the season. Lobes or teeth of the
leaves bristle-pointed.

5. Q. eoeein'ea, Wang. (SCARLET OAK.) A large tree.
Leaves bright green, shining above, turning red in autumn,
rounded at the base, deeply pinnatifid, the lobes divergent
and sparingly cut-toothed. Bark gray outside, reddish
inside. Cup top-shaped or hemispherical, with a more or
less conical base, covering half or more of the rather small
acorn.

Var. tineto'ria, Gray. (Q. tinctoria, Bartram, in Macoun's
Catalogue.) (QUERCITRON. YELLOW-BARKED or BLACK OAK.)
Leaves usually less deeply pinnatifid, slender-petioled, rather
rounded at the base, rusty-downy when young, smooth and
shining above when mature, often slightly pubescent be-
neath, turning brownish, orange, or dull red in autumn,
Cup as in the species, but the bark darker and rougher and
yellow or orange inside. — Western Ontario ; mostly in dry
soil, but occasionally in moist places.

Var. ambig>'U'a, Gray. Leaves closely resembling those
of Q. rubra, but the fruit is that of Q. coccinea. — Belleisle
Bay, King's Co., N.B.

6. Q. rubra, L. (BED OAK.) A large tree. Leaves
moderately pinnatifid, turning dark-red in the autumn.
Cup saucer-shaped, sessile or nearly so, very much shorter
than the oblong-ovoid acorn. — Rich and poor soil.

7. Q. palustris, Du Eoi. (Pra OAK.) A medium-sized
tree. Cup flat-saucer-shaped, very much shorter than the
ovoid-globose acorn, which is about half an inch long.
Leaves deeply pinnatifid, with divergent lobes and rounded
sinuses. — Niagara district and south-westward.

2, CASTA'NEA, Tourn. CHESTNUT.

C. vesea, L. , var. America' na, Michx. (C. vulgaris, var.
Americana, A. DC., in Macoun's Catalogue.) (CHESTNUT.)
A large tree. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, pointed, coarsely
and sharply serrate, acute at the base. Nuts 2 or 3 in each
bur. — South-western Ontario.

BETULACE^E. 207

3. FAG IS, Tourn. BEECH.

F. ferrugin'ea, Ait. (AMERICAN BEECH.) A very com-
mon tree in rich woods, the branches horizontal. Leaves
oblong-ovate, taper- pointed, toothed, the very straight
veins terminating in the teeth.

4. COR'YLUS, Tourn. HAZEL-NUT. FILBERT.

1. C. Ameriea'na, Walt. (WILD HAZEL-NUT.) Leave*,
roundish heart-shaped. Involucre spreading out above, leaf-
like and cut-toothed. — Chiefly in south-western Ontario ; in
thickets.

2. C. rostra'ta, Ait. (BEAKED HAZEL-NUT.) A rather
common shrub, easily distinguished from No. 7 *,y the invo-
lucre, which is prolonged into a narrow tube much beyond the
nut, and is densely bristly-hairy.

5. OS'TRYA, Micheli. Hop-HORNBEAM. IRONWOOD.

0. Virgin'iea, Willd. (IRON-WOOD.) A slender tree with
brownish furrowed bark. Leaves oblong - ovate, taper-
pointed, sharply doubly serrate. Fertile catkin like a hop
in appearance. Wood very hard and close. — Rich woods.

6. CARPI'NUS, L. HORNBEAM.

C. Ameriea'na, Michx. (BLUB or WATER BEECH.) Small
trees with furrowed trunks and close smooth gray bark.
Leaves ovate - oblong, pointed, doubly serrate. — Along
streams. Resembling a beech in general aspect, but with
inflorescence like that of Iron- wood.

ORDER LXXXIX. BETULA'CE^l. (BIRCH FAMILY.)

Trees or shrubs with monoecious flowers, both sorts in
catkins, 2 or 3 flowers under each scale or bract of the catkin.
Ovary 2-celled and 2-ovuled, but in fruit only 1-celled and
1-seeded. Fruit a small nut. Stigmas 2, long and slender.
Twigs and leaves often aromatic.

Synopsis of the Genera.

1. Bet'ula. Sterile'catkins long and pendulous, formed during summer
and expanding the following spring ; each flower consisting of

208 COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.

one small scale to which is attached 4 short filaments ; 3 flowers
under each scale of the catkin. Fertile catkins stout, oblong, the
scales or bracts 5-lobed and with 2 or 3 flowers under each ; each
flower a naked ovary, becoming a winged nutlet in fruit. Bark
easily coming off in sheets.

2. II nus. Catkins much as in Betula, but each fertile and sterile
flower has a distinct 3-5-parted calyx. Catkins solitary or clus-
tered at the ends of leafless branchlets or peduncles. Nutlets
wingless or nearly so.

(These two genera are included in Cupulit'erse in Macoun's Catalogue.)

1. BET'ULA, Tourn. BIRCH.

1. B. lenta, L. (CHERRY- BIRCH. SWEET or BLACK BIRCH.)
Bark of the trunk dark brown, close, aromatic ; that of the
twigs bronze-coloured. Wood rose-coloured. Leaves ovate,
with somewhat heart-shaped base, doubly serrate, pointed,
short -petioled. Fruiting catkins sessile, thick, oblong-
cylindrical. — Moist woods.

2. B. lu'tea, Michx. (YELLOW or GRAY BIRCH.) Bark of
the trunk yellowish-gray, somewhat silvery, scaling off in
thin layers. Leaves hardly at all heart-shaped. Fruiting
catkins thicker and shorter than in No. 1. — Moist woods.

3. B. populifo'lia, Ait. (AMERICAN WHITE BIRCH. GRAY
BIRCH.) Leaves very tremulous on slender petioles, trian-
gular, very taper-pointed, nearly truncate at the base,
smooth and shining except when young. Bark of trunk
white, less separable than -in Canoe Birch. — Poor soil, Atl.
Prov.

4. B. papyra'eea, Ait. (B. papyri/era, Michx., in Ma-
coun's Catalogue.) (PAPER or CANOE BIRCH.) Bark of the
trunk white, easily separating in sheets. Leaves ovate,
taper-pointed, heart-shaped, long-petioled. Fruiting cat-
kins cylindrical, usually hanging on slender peduncles. —
Woods.

5. B. pu'mila, L. (Low BIRCH.) A shrub with brownish
bark, not glandular. Leaves ovate or roundish, pale
beneath ; veinlets on both surfaces finely reticulated. Cat-
kins mostly erect, on short peduncles. — Bogs and low-
grounds , northward.

SALICACE^E. 209

2. ALNUS, Tourn. ALDER.

1. A. inea'na, Willd. (SPECKLED or HOARY ALDER.) A
shrub or small tree, growing in thickets in low grounds
along streams. Leaves oval or ovate, rounded- at the base,
serrate, whitish beneath. Flowers preceding the leaves in
early spring, from clustered catkins formed the previous
summer and remaining naked over winter. Fruit wingless.

2. A. vir'idis, DC. (GREEN or MOUNTAIN- ALDER.) A
shrub 3-8 feet high, along mountain streams. Flowers ap-
pearing with the leaves, the staminate catkins having
remained naked during the winter, the pistillate enclosed in
a scaly bud. fruit with a thin wing. — Northward.

ORDER XC. SALICA'CE^E. (WILLOW FAMILY. )

Trees or shrubs with dioscious flowers, both sorts in cat-
kins, one under each scale of the catkin. No calyx. Fruit
1-celled, many-seeded, the seeds furnished with tufts of down.
(Part I., section 74, for description of typical flowers.) This
Order comprises the Willows and Poplars.

Synopsis of the Cieucra.

1. salix. Trees with mostly long and pointed leaves and slender

branches. Bracts or scales of the catkins not toothed. Stamens
mostly 2 under each bract, but in one or two species as many as 5
or 6. Stigmas short. Catkins appearing before or with the
leaves.

2. Pop'uliis. Trees with broad and more or less heart-shaped leaves.

Bracts of the catkins toothed or cut at the apex. Stamens 8-30, or
even more, under each scale. Stigmas long. Catkins long and
drooping, preceding the leaves.

1. SALIX, Tourn. WILLOW.

* Catkinsborne on the ends of the short lateral leafy branchlets. Scales

yellowish, deciduous. Filaments hairy below. Trees or large

shrubs, with taper-pointed leaves.

1. S. nigra, Marshall. (BLACK WILLOW.) A tree with a
roughish black bark, growing along streams. Leaves
narrowly lanceolate, tapering at each end, serrate, smooth,
green on both sides. Stamens 3-6. Ovary short-pedicelled.
Sterile catkins long and narrow.

210 COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.

2. S. amygdaloi'des, Anders. A tree with lanceolate or
ovate-lanceolate leaves, pale or glaucous beneath, and with
long slender petioles. Fertile catkins becoming very loose
from the lengthening of the pedicels. Stamens 3-6. — N.W.

3. S. lu'eida, Muhl. (SHINING WILLOW.) A shrub or
small bushy tree, growing along streams. Leaves ovate-
oblong or narrower, with a long tapering point, shining on
both sides, serrate. Stamens most 5. Scales of catkins
dentate, hairy at the base. Sterile catkins densely- flowered,
showy.

4. S. frag' ills, L. (CRACK WILLOW.) A tall and hand-
some tree. Leaves lanceolate, long-pointed, pale or glauc-
ous beneath, 3-6 inches long. Stamens mostly 2, rarely 3-4.
Capsule short-pedicelled. — Atl. Prov.

5. S. alba, L., var. eaeru'lea, Smith. Leaves ashy-gray
or white both sides, except when old, lanceolate, long and
slender-pointed. Stamens mostly 2. Pods sessile or nearly
so. Old leaves smooth, glaucous beneath, dull bluish-green.
— Cultivated in many places.

6. S. longifo'lia, Muhl. (LONG - LEAVED WILLOW.) A
shrub or small tree, varying greatly in size, growing along
streams in sandy or gravelly places, and often forming
dense clumps. Leaves linear-lanceolate, very long, taper-
ing towards both ends, nearly sessile, serrate with a few
spreading teeth, grayish-hairy when young. Stamens 2.

* * Catkins lateral or terminal. Scales coloured at the tip, persistent.
Stamens 2, the filaments not hairy. Shrubs or small trees.

-H- Ovaries woolly.

7. S. dis'COlor, Muhl. (GLAUCOUS WILLOW.) A shrub or
small tree, 8-15 feet high, growing in low grounds and
along streams. Leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, irreg-
ularly toothed in the middle of the margin, entire at each
end, smooth and bright green above, white - glaucous
beneath, when young. Stipules moon-shaped, toothed.
Catkins sessile, ve'ry early in spring before the leaves.
Scales very dark and hairy.

SALICACE^E. 211

Var. erioeeph'ala, Anders., has densely-flowered and
very silky catkins, and the leaves somewhat pubescent even
when old.

8. S. liv'ida, Wahl. Var. Occident a' liS, Gray. (S. ros-
tra'ta, Rich., in Macoun's Catalogue.) (LIVID WILLOW.) A
good-sized shrub, chiefly in moist situations. Leaves oblong
or obovate-lanceolate, barely toothed, downy above, very
veiny, hairy and glaucous beneath. Stipules semi-lunar,
toothed. Ovary at length raised on a very slender stalk.
Catkins appearing with the leaves.

9. S. hu' mills, Marshall, (PRAIRIE WILLOW.) A grayish
shrub, 3-8 feet high, growing usually in dry or barren
places. Leaves oblanceolate, pointed, the lowest obovate,
slightly downy above, thickly so beneath. Stipules semi-
ovate or moon-shaped, with a few teeth, shorter than the
petioles. Catkins ovoid, sessile, before the leaves, naked at
the base. Scales dark red or brownish.

10. S. petiola'ris, Smith. (PETIOLED WILLOW.) A low
shrub on sandy river banks. Leaves narrowly lanceolate,
finely and evenly serrate, silky-gray or glaucous beneath,
smooth above. Catkins with a few small leaf-like bracts at
the base. Scales of the fertile catkins acute, very hairy.
Ovary tapering, silky, stalked.

11. S. ean'dida, Willd. (HOARY WILLOW.) A shrub not
more than 3 or 4 feet high, growing in bogs and wet places ;
the twigs and leaves clothed with a web-like wool, giving
the whole plant a whitish aspect. Leaves lanceolate, nar-
row, with somewhat revolute margins. Stipules small,
lanceolate, toothed. Catkins cylindrical. Anthers red.

-•- -i- Ovaries glabrous.

12. S. COrda'ta, Muhl. (HEART - LEAVED WILLOW.) A
shrub or small tree, growing in wet grounds. Leaves lance-
olate, not always heart-shaped, sharply serrate, smooth,
green both sides. Catkins cylindrical, rather slender, leafy-
bracted at the base, the sterile ones silky. Var. angUSta'ta
has long narrow leaves;

212 COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.

13. S. balsamif era, Barratt. A small much-branched
shrub. Young twigs shining-chestnut on the sunny side.
Leaves ovate-lanceolate, usually slightly cordate at base, at
first very thin and of a reddish colour, at length rigid, dark-
green above, and paler and conspicuously reticulate-veined
beneath, slightly serrate, with slender petioles. Sterile
catkins very silky, with a few bracts at the base ; fertile
catkins leafy-peduncled, becoming very loose in fruit.
Capsules long-pedicelled. — Swamps, Atl. Prov. and north-
ward.

14. S. myrtilloi'des, L. Low shrub, 1-3 feet high. Leaves
elliptic-obovate, an inch long, entire, smooth, somewhat
coriaceous when mature, revolute, reticulated, pale or glau-
cous beneath. Fertile catkins loosely few-flowered, on long
leafy peduncles. Capsules glabrous, on slender pedicels. —
Peat-bogs.

2. POP'ULIJS, Tourn. POPLAR.

1. P. tremuloi'des, Michx. (AMERICAN ASPEN.) A tree
with a greenish-white bark, and roundish heart-shaped
leaves, continually in a state of agitation, due to the lateral
compression of the petiole, and the consequent susceptibility
of the leaf to the least motion of the air. Teeth of the leaves
small.

2. P. grandidenta'ta, Michx., (LARGE-TOOTHED ASPEN)
has roundish ovate leaves with large irregular sinuate teeth.

3. P. balsamif era, L. (BALSAM POPLAR.) A tall tree,
growing in swamps and along streams ; the large buds var-
nished with resinous matter. Leaves ovate, tapering, finely
serrate, whitish beneath. Stamens very numerous.

Var. ean'dieans, Gray, (BALM OF GILEAD) has broader
and more or less heart-shaped leaves.

4. P. monilif era, Ait. (COTTONWOOD.) A tree with broad
deltoid leaves, slightly heart-shaped, serrate with incurved
teeth. Young branches slightly angled, at length round.
Fertile catkins very long, the scales cut-fringed, not hairy.
— Along the main line of the Grand Trunk Eailway.

EMPETRACE.E. 213

OBDEB, XCI EMPETRA'CE^E. (CROWBERRY FAMILY).

Low shrubby evergreens, resembling heaths as to leaves
and general aspect. Flowers dioecious or polygamous
Calyx somewhat petal-like or none. Ovary 3-9-celled,
berry-like in fruit.

Synopsis of the Genera.

1. Em'petrum. Flowers scattered and solitary In the axils. Sepals a,

somewhat petal-like.

2. Core'ma. Flowers in terminal heads. Calyx none.

1. EM'PETRUM, Tourn. CROWBERRY.

E. ni'grum, L. (BLACK CROWBERRY.) A slender procum-
bent shrub with the foliage and aspect of a heath. Flowers
polygamous, inconspicuous in the axils of the leaves. Calyx
3 petal-like sepals. Corolla wanting. Stamens 3. Fruit a
blackberry-like drupe. — Atl. Prov. and northward.

2. CORE' MA, Don. BROOM-CROWBERRY.

C. Conrad' ii, Torr. (BROOM-CROWBERRY.) Closely resem-
bling the preceding. Flowers dioecious or polygamous, col-
lected in terminal heads, each in the axil of a scaly bract,
having no true calyx, but with 5 or 6 thin, dry bractlets
under each. -Stamens 3 or 4 with slender filaments. Drupes
small, juiceless when ripe. — Atl. Prov.

ORDER XCII. CERATOPHYLLA'CE^. (HORNWORT F.)
Represented, with us, by a single species.

CERATOPHYL'LUM, L. HORNWORT.

C. demer'SUm, L. An aquatic herb, with whorled finely
dissected leaves, and minute axillary sessile monoecious
flowers, without calyx or corolla, but with an 8-12-cleft
involucre. Staminate flowers of 12-24 stamens with large
sessile anthers. Pistillate flowers of a single 1-celled ovary,
forming an achene, beaked with the slender style. Embryo
with 4 cotyledons. — Under water in ponds and slow streams.

214 COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.

SUBCLASS II. GYM'NOSPERMS.

Ovules and seeds naked (not enclosed in a pericarp),
and fertilized by the direct application of the pollen.
Represented in Canada by a single Order.

ORDER XCIII. CONIF'ERjE. (PINE FAMILY.)

Trees or shrubs with resinous juice and mostly monoecious
flowers, these in catkins, except the last Genus (Taxus),
in which the fertile flower is solitary and the fruit berry-
like. Leaves awl-shaped or needle-shaped. (See Part I.,
Cap. xvi.. for descriptions of typical plants.) — The Order
comprises three well-marked Suborders.

SUBORDER I. ABIETIN'E^l. (PINE FAMILY PROPER.)

Fruit a true cone, the imbricated scales in the axils of
bracts. Ovules 2 on the inside of each scale at the base, in
fruit coming off with a wing attached to each. Leaves
scattered or fascicled. (Part I., Figs. 197, 198.)
* Cones not ripening till the second year.

1. I'iniis. Leaves needle-shaped, 2-5 in a cluster, evergreen, in the

axil of a thin scale. Sterile catkins in spikes at the bases of the
new shoots, consisting of many almost sessile anthers spirally
inserted on the axis. Cones more or less woody, the scales widely
spreading when ripe. Cotyledons of the embryo several.

* * Cones ripening the first year.
t- Cones pendulous, bracts smaller titan the scales.

2. Pi'cea. Leaves sessile, keeled on both sides, scattered.

3. Tsu'ga. Leaves petioled, flat, scattered, whitened beneath.

+. H_ Cones erect, the bracts longer than the scales.

4. A'foies. Leaves linear or needle-shaped, scattered uniformly along

the new shoots, evergreen. Sterile catkins in the. axils of last year's
leaves. Cones with thin scales.

5. Larix. Leaves needle-shaped, clustered or fascicled on lateral spurs

of last year's wood, many in each bundle, falling off in the au-
tumn ; those on the new shoots scattered, but deciduous like the
rest.

CONIFERS. 215

SUBORDER II. CUPRESSIN'E^l. (CYPRESS F.)
Fertile flowers of only a few scales, these not in the axils
of bracts, forming in fruit either a very small loose and dry
cone, or a sort of false berry owing to the thickening of the

scales.

* Flowers monoecious. Fruit a small loose cone.

6. Thuja. Leaves some aivl-sliaped, others scale-like, closely imbri-
cated on iheflat branches. Catkins ovoid, terminal.
* * Flowers mostly dicecious. Fruit berry-Wee, black with a bloom.

1. Jimip'erus. Leaves awl-shaped or scale-like, sometimes of both
shapes, evergreen, prickly-pointed, glaucous-white on the upper
surface, and in whorls of 3, or opposite.

SUBORDER'HI. TAXIN'E^. (YEW FAMILY.)
Fertile flower solitary, consisting of a naked ovule sur-
rounded by a disk which becomes pulpy and berry-like in
fruit, enclosing the nut-like seed. Berry red.
8. Tax us. Flowers chiefly dioecious. Leaves evergreen, mucronate,
rigid, scattered.— A low straggling bush, usually in the shade of
other evergreens.

1. PINIJS, Tourn. PINE.

1. P. resino'sa, Ait. (EED PINE.) Leaves in twos, slen-
der. Bark rather smooth, reddish. — Common northward.

2. P. Banksia'na, Lambert. (GRAY or NORTHERN SCRUB
PINE.) Leaves in twos, about 1 inch long. Cones conical,
usually curved, smooth and hard, about one and one-half
inches long. — Barren soil, eastward and northward.

3. P. rig*' Ida, Mill. (PiTCH PINE.) Leaves in threes.
Scales of the cones tipped with a short stout recurved prickle.
— Atl. Prov.

4. P. stro'bus, L. (WHITE PINE.) Leaves in fives, slender.
Bark smooth except on old trees, not reddish. — Common.

2. PI'CEA, Link. SPRUCE.

1. P. nigra, Link. (Abies nigra, Poir.) (BLACK SPRUCE.)
Leaves needle-shaped and 4-sided, pointing in all directions.
Cones hanging, persistent, scales with thin edges. — Swamps
and cold woods.

2. P. alba, Link. (Abies alba, Michx.) (WHITE SPRUCE.)

216 COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.

Leaves as in No. 1. Cones hanging, deciduous, the scales
with thickish edges. — Swamps and cold woods.

3. TSU'GA, Carrtere. HEMLOCK.

T. CanadensiS, Carr. (Abies Canadensis, Michx.) (HEM-
LOCK SPRUCE.) Leaves flat, lighter beneath, pointing out in
two directions, i.e., right and left on each side of the branch,
obtuse. Cones hanging, persistent. — Hilly or rocky woods.

4, A'BIES, Link. FIR.

A. balsa' mea, Miller. (BALSAM FIB.) Leaves flat, the
lower surface whitish and the midrib prominent, crowded,
pointing mostly right and left on the branches. Cones erect
on the upper sides of the branches, violet-coloured, the scales
slender-pointed. — Damp woods and swamps.

5. L. lit IV, Tourn. LARCH.

L. Ameriea'na, Michx. (AMERICAN LARCH. TAMARAC.)
A slender and very graceful tree with soft leaves in fasci-
cles, falling off in autumn. — Swamps.

6. THUJA, Tourn. ARBOR VIT^E.

T. OCCidenta'lis, L. (AMERICAN ARBOR VIT^E.) The well-
known cedar of cedar-swamps. — Common.
T. JIINIP'ERITS, L. JUNIPER.

1. J. COmmu'nis, L. (COMMON JUNIPER.) A spreading
shrub with ascending stems, growing on dry hill-sides.
Leaves in whorls of 3, whitish above, prickly-pointed.

2. J. Virginia'na, L. (EED CEDAR.) A shrub or small
tree with mostly opposite leaves of two forms, viz. : awl-
shaped and loose, and scale-shaped and appressed. Fruit
small, erect. Wood red and odorous. — Dry sterile soil.

3. J. Sabi'na, L., var. proeumbens, Pursh. A procum-
bent or creeping shrub with two sorts of leaves, awl-shaped
and scale-shaped, the latter acute. Fruit on short recurved
peduncles. — Rocky banks and margins of swamps.

8. TAXUS, Tourn. YEW:

T. baeea'ta, L., var. Canadensis, Gray. (AMERICAN

YEW. GROUND HEMLOCK.) A low straggling shrub. Leaves
green on both sides. Berry globular, red.

ARACE^E. 217

CLASS II. MONOCOTYLE'DONS.
For characters of the Class see Part I., chap. xv.

I. SPADIC'EOUS DIVISION.

Flowers aggregated on a spadix (Part I., sec. 94), with
or without a spathe, or sheathing bract.

ORDER XCIV. ARA'CE^l. (ARUM FAMILY.)

Herbs with pungent juice and simple or compound leaves,
these sometimes net-veined and hence suggesting that the
plants may be Dicotyledons. Spadix usually accompanied
by a spathe. Flowers either without a perianth of any
kind, or with 4-6 sepals.- Fruit usually a berry.

Syliopsis of the Geuera.

* Leaves not linear. Flowers without perianth of any sort. Spadix

accompanied by a spathe.

1. Arisa: iiia. Flowers mostly dioecious, collected on the lower part of

the spadix only. Spathe (in our common species) arched over the
spadix. Scape from a solid bulb. Leaves compound, net-veined,
sheathing the scape below with their petioles. Berries bright red.

2. Peltau'dra. Flowers monoecious, covering the whole spadix;

anthers above, ovaries below. Spathe convolute throughout,
wavy on the margin, mostly green. Leaves arrow-shaped. Scapes
from a root of thick fibres. Fruit a fleshy green berry, 1-3 seeded.

3. Calla. Flowers (at least the lower ones) perfect, covering the whole

spadix. Spathe open and spreading, with a white upper surface,
tipped with an abrupt point. Scape from a creeping rootstock.
Leaves not net-veined, simple, heart-shaped.

* * Leaves not linear. Flowers with a perianth of 4 sepals. Spadix

surrounded by a spathe.

4. Symplocar'pus. Leaves all radical, very large and veiny, appear-

ing after the spathes, which are close to the ground and are pro-
duced very early in spring. Flowers perfect, their ovaries im-
mersed in the spadix, the latter globular and surrounded by the
shell-shaped spathe. Sepals hooded. Stamens 4. Fruit consist-
ing of the soft enlarged spadix in which the seeds are sunk.

COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.

' * Leaves linear, sword-shaped. Spadix on the side of the scape.

Flowers ivith a perianth of 6 sepals. No spathe.

5. A< orus. Scape 2-edged, resembling the leaves, the cylindrical spa-
dix borne on one edge. Sepals hollowed. Stamens 6.

1. ARISJE'MA, Martins. INDIAN TURNIP.

1. A. triphyl'lum, Torr. (INDIAN TURNIP.) For full
description and engraving of this plant see Part I., sections
94-97.

2. A. Draeon'tium, Schott., (GREEN DRAGON) is reported
from low grounds near London, Ont. Leaf usually solitary,
pedately divided into 7-11 oblong-lanceolate pointed leaflets.
Spathe convolute, pointed ; the slender point of the spadix
extending beyond it.

3. PELT ABF DR A, Raf. ARROW ARUM.

P. undula'ta, Raf. (P. Virginica of most authors.) Eoot
of thick tufted fibres. Scape 12-18 inches high. Staminate
part of the spadix much longer than the pistillate. — Shallow
water; apparently rare.

3. CALLA, L. WATER ARUM.

C. palustris, L. (MARSH CALLA.) This plant is fully
described and illustrated in Part I. , section 98.

4. S¥MPLOCAR'PITS, Salisl). SKUNK CABBAGE.
S. fOB'tidus, Salisb. Leaves 1-2 feet long, ovate or heart-
shaped, short-petioled. Spathe purplish and yellowish,
incurved. Plant with skunk-like odour. — Bogs and wet
places ; not common northward.

5. AC' ORUS, L. SWEET FLAG. CALAMUS.

A. Cal'amus, L. Scape much prolonged beyond the spa-
dix.— Swamps and wet places.

ORDER XCV. LEMNA'CE^E. (DUCKWEED FAMILY.)

Very small plants floating about freely on the surface of
ponds and ditches, consisting merely of a little frond, com-
monly with a single root or a tuft of roots from the lower
surface, and producing minute monoecious flowers from a

TYPHACE^J. 219

cleft in the edge of the frond, or from the upper surface.
Fruit a 1-7-seeded utricle. The flowers are rarely to be

seen.

Synopsis of the Genera.

1. Lem'iia. Flowers from a cleft in the edge of the frond, usually 2 of

a single stamen each, and 1 of a simple pistil, the three surrounded
by a spathe. Roots several or only one.

2. Wolff'ia. Flowers from the centre of the upper surface of the

frond, only 2 ; one of a single stamen, the other of a simple pistil.
Roots none. The smallest of flowering plants.

1. u;>I\ A, L. DUCKWEED.

1. L. polyrrhi'za, L. (Spirodela polyrrhiza, Schleiden.)
Fronds round-obovate, green above, purplish beneath, mostly
7-nerved. Rootlets several. — Common in ponds and pools.

2. L. trisul'ca, L. • Fronds oblong to oblong-lanceolate,
half an inch or more long, narrowed at the base into a
slender stalk, denticulate at the tip, obscurely 3-nerved.
Rootlet single, often wanting. — Ponds and springy places.

3. L. minor, L. Fronds round to elliptic-obovate, very
small. Rootlet single. — Stagnant waters.

2. WOLFF'IA, Horkel.

1. W. Columbia' na, Karsten. Globular or nearly so,
light green all over, not dotted. — Stagnant waters, usually
rather below the surface.

2. W. Brasilien'SlS, Weddell. Oblong, deep green above,
pale below, dotted all over with brown. — With the last, but
floating.

ORDER XCVI. TYPHA'CE^!. (CAT-TAIL FAMILY.)

Aquatic or marsh herbs with linear sword-shaped leaves,
erect or floating, and monoecious flowers, either in separate
heads or on different parts of the same spike or spadix, but
without a spathe, and destitute of true floral envelopes.
Fruit an achene, 1-seeded.

Synopsis of the Genera.

1. i.vpha. Flowers in a very dense and long cylindrical terminal
spike, the upper ones staminate, the lower pistillate, the ovaries

220 COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.

long -stalked and surrounded by copious bristles forming the
down of the fruit. Leaves sword-shaped, erect, sheathing the
stem below.

2. Sparta iii inn. Flowers in separate globular heads along the upper
part of the stem, the higher ones staminate, the lower ones pistil-
late, each ovary sessile and surrounded by a few scales not unlike
a calyx. Both kinds of heads leafy-bracted. Leaves flat or tri-
angular, sheathing the stem with their bases.

1. TYPHA, Tourn. CAT-TAIL FLAG.

1. T. latifolia, L. (COMMON CAT-TAIL.) Stem 5-8 feet
high. Leaves flat. No space between the staminate and
pistillate parts of the spike. — Marshy places.

2. S. angUStifo'lia, L. (NARROW-LEAVED or SMALL CAT-
TAIL.) Leaves channelled towards the base, narrowly linear.
The two parts of the spike usually with an interval between
them. — Central and eastern Ontario.

2. SPARGA'NIUIW, Tourn. BUR-RKED.

1. S. euryear'pum, Engelm. Stem erect, stout, 2-4 feet
high. Leaves mostly flat on the upper side, keeled and hol-
low-sided on the lower. Heads several, panicled-spiked, the
pistillate an inch across in fruit. Nutlets or achenes with a
broad abruptly-pointed top. — Borders of slow waters and
ponds.

2. S. Simplex, Huds. Stem slender, erect, 6-24 inches
high. Leaves more or less channelled and 3-angled, about one-
third of an inch wide. Fertile heads about half an inch
broad in fruit. Stigma linear. — Borders of ponds, etc.

Var. andrOC'ladum, Engelm., (S. androcladum, Morong.)
is stouter and taller, with usually broader leaves, and
branching inflorescence. Fruiting heads also somewhat
larger.

Var. ang-UStifO'lium, Engelm., (S. affine, Schnitzlein.) is
very slender, with leaves floating, long and narrow and flat.
Inflorescence simple, and fruiting heads smaller.

3. S. minimum, Fries. Usually floating, with very
slender stems, and thin flat narrow leaves. Fertile heads
only 1 or 2. Stigma oval. Fruit oblong-obovate, pointed,
somewhat triangular.

221

ORDER XCVII. NAIADA'CE^E. (PONDWEED FAMILY.)

Immersed aquatic herbs, with jointed stems and sheathing
stipules. Leaves flat, immersed or floating. Flowers per-
fect or imperfect, inconspicuous, naked, or with a free scale-
like calyx. Ovaries 1-celled, 1-seeded, solitary or 2-4, and
distinct.

Synopsis of tlie Genera.

* Flowers perfect, in spikes or clusters.

1. Potamoge'ton. Flowers with sepals, stamens, and sessile ovaries

each 4.

* * Flowers monoecious or dioecious, axillary, naked, monandrons.

2. >ai'as. Flowers dioecious. Ovaries solitary and naked. Stigmas 2

or 4, awl-shaped. Staminate flower (of 1 stamen) enclosed in a
membranous spathe. Stems floating. Leaves linear, opposite,
somewhat crowded in:o whorls, sharp-toothed, sessile and spi'ead-
ing at the base.

3. ZauiiiclH'll i;i. Flowers monoecious, usually both kinds in the same

axil. Ocaries 2-5, from a cup-shaped involucre. Leaves linear-
thread-form, entire.

4. Zoste'ra. Flowers monoecious, the two kinds naked and sessile,

arranged alternately in 2 vertical rows on the inner side of a leaf-
like enclosed spadix. Sterile flowers of single sessile 1-celled
anthers ; the fertile of single ovate-oblong ovaries. Stigmas 2,
bristle-form, deciduous.

1. POTAMOGE'TON, Tourn. PONDWEED.

* Leaves of 2 sorts, the floating ones tvith a dilated petioled blade, differ-
ent in form from the submerged ones.

1. P. natans, L. Submerged leaves grass-like or capillary ;
upper stipules very long, acute. Spikes cylindrical, all out
of the water. Stem hardly branched. Floating leaves long-
petioled, elliptical, with a somewhat heart-shaped base, with
a blunt apex, 21-29-nerved.

2. P. Clayto'nii, Tuckerman. Stem compressed. Sub-
merged leaves linear , 2-5 inches long, 2-ranked, 5-nerved ;
stipules obtuse. Floating leaves short- petioled, chiefly oppo-
site, oblong, 11-17-nerved. Spikes all above water.

3. P. Spiril'lus, Tuckerman. Stems very slender. Float-
ing leaves when present oval to lanceolate, about as long as

222 COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.

the petiole ; submerged leaves narrowly linear, or the upper
ones broad-linear, or lance-oblong. Emersed flowers in
many-flowered spikes ; submersed flowers usually solitary.
Fruit either winged and 4-5- toothed, or wingless and entire.

4. P. rufes'cens, Schrad. Stem simple. Submersed
leaves almost sessile, lanceolate and lance-oblong ; floating
leaves (often wanting) wedge-oblanceolate, narrowed into a
short petiole, 11-17-iierved. Spike dense, many-flowered.
Fruit obovate, lenticular, with acute margin, and pointed
with the long style.

5. P. flu'itans, Both. (P. lonchites, Tuckerm.) Stem
often branching below. Submersed leaves very long, lance-
olate and lance-linear, 7-15-nerved ; floating leaves lance-
oblong, or oblong-elliptical, long-petioled, 17-23- nerved.
Spike dense. Fruit obliquely obovate, 3-keeled when dry,
the middle one winged above. — In streams mostly.

6. P. amplifo'lius, Tuckerman. Submersed leaves large,
lanceolate or oval, acute at each end, recurved, wavy ;
stipules long and tapering. Floating leaves large, oblong
or lance-ovate, or slightly cordate, long-petioled, 30-50-
nerved.

7. P. heterophyl'lus, Schreb. (P. gramineus, Fries.)
Stem slender, very much branched below. Submersed leaves
lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, acuminate or cuspidate, 3-7-
nerved, upper ones petioled, lower sessile ; floating leaves
variable, with short blunt points, 9-15-nerved. Stipules
obtuse.

8. P. Ziz'ii, Mert. and Ivoch. (P. lucens, var. minor,
Nolte.) Much branched at the base. Upper leaves long-
petioled and sometimes emersed, the others nearly sessile,
all usually numerous, wavy and shining. Resembling the
next species, but smaller.

* * Leaves all submersed and similar^ mostly sessile, membranaceous
and dilated. Stipules obtuse, becoming loose.

9. P, lucens, L. Stem thick, branching. Leaves petioled
oval or lanceolate, mucronate, frequently shining. Fruit
roundish, compressed, with blunt edges, slightly keeled.

NAIADACILE. 223

10. P. prselon'gus, Wulfen. Stem very long and branch-
ing. Leaves all submersed and similar, lanceolate, half-
clasping, with a boat-shaped cavity at the end. Spikes
loose-flowered with very long peduncles. Fruit sharply
keeled when dry. Stem white. — Ponds and large rivers.

11. P. perfolia'tUS, L. Leaves all submersed, varying
in width from orbicular to lanceolate, clasping by a heart-
shaped base. Stem branching.

Var. laneeola'tus, Bobbins, has long-lanceolate acum-
inate leaves. Peduncles thickened upward.

* * * Leaves all submersed and similar, mostly sessile, linear or bristle-
like.

12. P. eompreSSUS, Fries. (P. zostercefolius, Schum., in
Macoun's Catalogue.) Leaves linear, grass-like, sessile,
abruptly pointed, with three large nerves and many fine ones.
Stem branching, wing -flattened. Stipules free from the
sheathing base of the leaf. Spikes cylindrical.

13. P. paueiflO'ruS, Pursh. Stem filiform, flattish and
much branched. Leaves narrowly-linear, acute, obscurely
3-nerved. Spikes capitate.

14. P. pusil'lus, L. Stem slender, somewhat flattish,
often much branched. Leaves narrow- or setaceous-linear,
1-3-nerved, with translucent glands on each side at the base.

15. P. mueronat'US, Schrad. Like the last, but the stem
less branching, and the leaves broader (nearly an inch wide),
often 5-nerved.

16. P. peetina'tllS, L. Leaves bristle-shaped. Stem
repeatedly forking, filiform. Spikes interrupted, on long
slender peduncles. Stipules united with the sheathing base of
the leaf.

17. P. Bobbin' Sii, Oakes. Leaves narrowly lanceolate
or linear, crowded in 2 ranks, recurved, serrulate, many-
nerved. Stems rigid with numerous branches. Fruit
keeled with a broadish wing. Stipules united with the
sheathing base of the leaf.

224 COMMON CANADIAN* WILD PLANTS.

2. NAI'AS, L. NAIAD.

N. flex'ilis, Eostk. and Schmidt. Stems very slender.
Leaves very narrowly linear, minutely serrulate.

3. /A.V\I€11KL'JL1A, Micheli. HORNED PONDWEED.
Z. palus'tris, L. Fruit obliquely oblong, flattish and
somewhat incurved. Style half as long as the nutlet.

4. ZOSTE'RA, L. EEL-GRASS. GRASS-WRACK.
Z. mari'na, L. Leaves obscurely 3-5-nerved. — Atl. sea-
coast, in shoal water.

II. PETALOI'DEOUS DIVISION.

Flowers with a perianth coloured like a corolla.

ORDER XCVIII. ALISMA'CEjE. (WATER PLANTAIN F.)

Marsh herbs, with flowers having 3 distinct sepals and
3 distinct petals, pistils either apocarpous or separating at
maturity into distinct carpels, and hypogynous stamens 6-
many. Flowers on scapes or scape-like stems. Leaves
sheathing at the base either rush-like or, when broad, mostly
heart-shaped or arrow-shaped.

Synopsis of the Genera.

* Calyx and corolla both greenish. Carpels more or less imited, but

spreading at maturity. Leaves rush-like and fleshy, or

grass-like.

1. Triglo'chin. Flowers small, in a spike or close raceme, without

bracts. Carpels united to the top ; when ripe, splitting away from
a central persistent axis.

2. Schenclize'ria. A low bog-herb, with a creeping jointed rootstock,

and grass-like leaves. Stamens 6. Carpels 3, globular, nearly
distinct.
(These two genera are included in Naiadacese in Macoun's Catalogue.)

** Calyx green, persistent. Corolla white. Pistil, apocarpous. Leaves
with distinct blades and petioles.

3. Alls' ma. Flowers perfect. Stamens usually 6. Carpels numerous,

in a ring. Leaves all i-adical. Scapes with whorled panicled
branches.

ALISMACE^J. 225

4. Sagltta'ria* Flowers monoecious, sometimes dioecious. Stamens
numerous. Carpels numerous, in more or less globular heads.
Leaves arrow-shaped, but varying1 greatly. Flowers mostly in
whorls of 3 on the scapes, the sterile ones uppermost.

1. TKK.l.o < HIV, L. ARROW-GRASS.

1 . T. palus'tre, L. A slender rush-like plant, 6-18 inches
high, found growing in bogs northward. Carpels 3, awl-
pointed at the base, splitting away from below upwards.
Spike or raceme slender, 3 or 4 inches long.

2. T. marit'imum, L. The whole plant is stouter than
No. 1, and the carpels are usually 6 in number. — Atl. sea-
coast, and saline marshes.

2. S< III 1 < ll/r Kl A, L. SCHEUCHZERIA.

S. palustris, L. Stem zigzag. Flowers in a loose terminal
raceme, with sheathing bracts. — Bogs.

3. ALIS'JIA, L. WATER-PLANTAIX.

A. Planta'go, L., var. America' num, Gray. Leaves
long-petioled, mostly oblong-heart-shaped, but often nar-
rower, 3-9-nerved or ribbed, and with cross veinlets between
the ribs. Flowers small, white, in a large and loose com-
pound panicle. — Low arid marshy places, often growing in
the water.

4, S KilTTA IMA, L. ARROW-HEAD.

* Filaments narrow, as long as the anthers.

1. S. varia'bilis, Engelm. Very variable in size and in
the shape of the leaves. Scape angled. — Common every-
where in shallow water.

Var. obtusa, Engelm., is dioecious, and has large obtuse
leaves.

Var. latifolia, Engelm. , is monoecious, with large broad
acute leaves.

Var. angustifo'lia, Engelm., has narrow leaves, with
long and linear diverging lobes.

* * Filaments very short, with enlarged mostly glandular base.

2. S. heterophyl'la, Pursh. Scape weak and at length
procumbent. Leaves lanceolate or lance-ovate, entire, or
with one or two narrow basal sagittate appendages.

226 COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.

3. S. gramin'ea, Michx. Scape very slender, erect.
Leaves varying from ovate-lanceolate to linear, scarcely ever
sagittate.

4. S. ealyei'na, Engelm., var. spongiosa, Engelm.
Scape weak, and at length usually procumbent. Fertile
flowers perfect. Leaves broadly halberd- shaped with wide-
spreading lobes. Submerged leaves without blades. — Atl.
Prov.

ORDER XCIX. HYDROCHARIDA'CE^E. (FROG'S-BIT F.)

Aquatic herbs, with dioecious or polygamo-dioscious flow
ers on scape-like peduncles from a kind of spathe of one or
two leaves, the perianth in the fertile flowers of 6 pieces
united below into a tube which is adherent to the ovary.
Stigmas 3. Fruit ripening under water.

Synopsis of the Genera.

1. Elode'a. Growing under water, the pistillate flowers alone coming

to the surface. Stem leafy and branching. Perianth of the fertile
flowers with a 6-lobed spreading limb, the tube prolonged to an
extraordinary length, thread-like. Leaves crowded, pellucid, 1-
nerved, sessile, whorled in threes or fours. Stamens 3-9.

2. Vallisue'ria. Nothing but the pistillate flowers above the surface,

these on scapes of great length, and after fertilization drawn
below the surface by the spiral coiling of the scapes. Tube of
the perianth not prolonged. Leaves linear, thin, long and ribbon-
like.
(In both genera the staminate flowers break off spontaneously and

float on the surface around the pistillate ones, shedding their pollen

upon them.)

ELODE'A, Michx. WATEK-WEED.

E. CanadensiS, Michx. (Anach'aris Canadensis, Plan-
chon.) — Common in slow waters.

2. V ALLISXE KIA, L. TAPE-G.KASS. EEL-GRASS.

V. spira'lis, L. Leaves 1-2 feet long. — Common in slow
waters.

ORDER C. ORCHIDA'CEJE. (ORCHIS FAMILY.)

Herbs, well marked by the peculiar arrangement of the
stamens, these being gynandrous, that is, borne on oradher-

ORCHIDACE^E. 227

ent to the stigma or style. There is also usually but a
single stamen, of two rather widely separated anthers, but
in the last genus of the following list there are 2 distinct
stamens, with the rudiment of a third at the back of the
stigma. As explained in Part I., sections 90-93, the Orchids
as a rule require the aid of insects to convey the pollinia, or
pollen-masses, to the stigma, but occasionally it happens
that when the anther-cells bursb open the pollinia fall for-
ward and dangle in front of the viscid stigma beneath,
being sooner or later driven against it either by the wind or
by the head of some insects in pursuit of honey. In all cases
where the student meets with an Orchid in flower, he should,
by experiment, endeavour to make himself acquainted with
the method of its fertilization.

The Orchis family is a very large one, there being prob-
ably as many as 3,000 different species, but the greater
number are natives of tropical regions. Many of them are
epiphytes, or air-plants, deriving their support chiefly from
the moisture of the air, through their long aerial roots
which never reach the ground. The perianth in many
species, and particularly the labellum, or lip, assumes the
most fantastic shapes, making the plants great favourites
for hot-house cultivation. In Canada the representatives of
this great Order, though not very numerous, are among the
most interesting and beautiful of our wild flowers. They
are, as a rule, bog. plants, and will be found in flower in
early summer.

Synopsis of the Genera.

* Anther only one, but of 2 cells, these separated hi the first genus.
-i- Lip loith a spur underneath. Anther on the face of the stigma.

1. Orchis. The 3 sepals and 2 of the petals erect and arching over the

centre of the flower ; the lip turned down. The 2 glands or viscid
disks of the base of the pollen-masses enclosed in a little pouch
just over the concave stigma. Leaves 2, large. Flowers few, in
a spike.

2. Habeua'ria. The lateral sepals usually spreading. The glands or

viscid disks of the pollen-masses not enclosed in a covering.
Flowers in spikes.

228 COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.

i- -•- Lip without a spur. Anther on the back of the column.
++ Flowers small, ichite, in a slender spike.

3. Spiran f hrs. Spike (of white or whitish flowers) more or less spir-

ally twisted. Sepals and petals narrow and generally connivent.
Lip oblong1, the lower part embracing the column, and with a pro-
tuberance on each side of the base.

4. Goodye'ra. Flowers very much as in Spiranthes, but the lip sac-

shaped, and without protuberance at the base. Leaves white-
veiny, in a tuft at the base of the scape.

*+ ++ Flowers racemose, varying from greenish-yellow to purple. Stem
very leafy.

5. Epipac'tis. Stem 1-2 feet high, stout, leafy. Leaves broadly ovate,

the upper narrower. Sepals and petals nearly equal, spreading.
Lip deeply concave at the base, constricted and somewhat joined
in the middle, dilated and petaloid above. Anther sessile behind
the stigma, on a slender-jointed base. Ovaries reflexed at ma-
turity.

•*• +- -"- Lip without a spur. Anther on the apex of the style, hinged like
a lid.

•M- Pollen-masses 2 or 4, powdery or pulpy, without stalk or gland.

6. Lis'tera. Flowers small, greenish or brownish-purple, in a spike or

raceme. Stem bearing a pair of opposite sessile roundish leaves
near the middle. Lip flat, mostly drooping, 2-lobed at the apex.

7. Calopo'gou. Ovary not twisted, the lip consequently turned toward*

the stem. Flowers large, pink-purple, 2-6 at the summit of the
scape ; the lip spreading at the outer end, and beautifully bearded
above with coloured hairs. Leaf grass-like, only one. Pollen-
masses 4.

8. Arctlm'sa. Flower solitary, large, rose-purple. Lip dilated, re-

curved, spreading at the end. Sepals and petals lanceolate, nearly
alike, arching over the column. Pollen-masses 4. Scape low,
sheathed, from a globular solid bulb, with a single linear-nerved
leaf hidden in the sheaths of the scape.

9. Pogo'nta. Flower solitary, irregular, large, sweet-scented, pale

rose-colour or white. Column club-shaped. Lip ci-ested and
fringed. Pollen-masses 2. Stem 6-9 inches high, with a single
oval or lance-oblong leaf near the middle, and a smaller one, or
bract, near the flower.

•M. ++ Pollen-masses 4, smooth and waxy, attached directly to a large
gland : no stalks.

10. Calyp'so. Flower solitary, large, showy, variegated with purple,

pink, and yellow. Lip large, inflated, sac-shaped, 2-pointed under
the apex. Scape short, from a solid bulb, with a single ovate or
slightly heart-shaped leaf below.

ORCHIDACE.E. 229

++ ++ ++ Pollen-masses 4: no stalks or glands.

11. Micros'tylis. Small herbs from solid bulbs ; the scape bearing a

single leaf and a raceme of minute greenish flowers. Column
very small, terete, with 2 teeth at the top, and the anther between
them. Petals thread-like or linear, spreading.

12. Lip'aris. Small herbs from solid bulbs ; the low scape bearing 2

radical leaves and a raceme of a few greenish flowers. Column
elongated, incurved, margined at the apex. Petals thread-like or
linear, spreading. Anther lid-like.

13. Coral lorlii/a. Brownish or yellowish plants, with the small dull

flowers in spikes or scapes which are leafless or have mere sheaths
instead of leaves. Rootstocks branching and coral-like. Peri-
antli gibbous or slightly spurred belotv. Lip with 2 ridges on the
inner part of the face.

14. A pl<><- f rnm. Somewhat like the last, but the perianth is not gib-

bous below, and the rootstock, instead of being coral-like, is slen-
der, and produces each year a solid bulb or corm. Lip with 3
ridges on the palate. Scape with 3 greenish sheaths below.

* * Anthers 2, one on each side of the stigma, and a triangular body,
lohich is the rudiment of a third, at the back of the stigma. Pollen
loose andpoicdery or pulpy.

in. < ,\ |n-i|M- diinu. Lip a large inflated sac, into the mouth of which
the style is declined. Sepals and the other petals much alike, the
former apparently only -2, two of them being generally united into
one under the lip. Leaves large, many-nerved. Flowers solitary
or few.

1. ORCHIS, L. ORCHIS.

0. speeta'bilis, L. (SHOWY ORCHIS.) Scape 4-angled,
4-7 inches high, bearing a few flowers in a spike. The
carching upper, lip pink -purple, the labellum white; each
flower in the axil of a leaf-like bract.

2. H AIJK WKIA, Willd., R. Br. REIN-ORCHIS.

1. H. tridenta'ta, Hook. Spike few-flowered, the flowers
very small, greenish-white. Lip wedge-shaped, truncate and
fi-tootJied at the apex. Spur slender, longer than the ovary,
curved upwards. Stem less than a foot high, slender, with
one oblanceolate leaf below and 2 or 3 much smaller ones
above. — Wet woods.

2. H. Vires' eens, Spreng. Stem 10-20 inches high. Spike
of small greenish flowers at first dense, with the bracts
longer than the flowers, at length long and loose. Lip

230 COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.

oblong, almost truncate at the tip ; a tooth on each side at
the base, and a nasal protuberance on the face. Spur slen-
der, club-shaped. Leaves ovate-oblong or oblong-lanceolate,
the upper ones gradually narrowing and passing in to bracts.
— Wet places.

3. H. Vir'idis, E. Br. , var. braeteata, Eeichenbach. (H.
bracteata, E. Br., in Macoun's Catalogue.) Spike many-
flowered, close. Flowers small, greenish. Lip oblong-linear,
2-3-lobed at the tip, muchlonger than the very short and sac-
like spur. Stem 6-12 inches high, leafy, the lower leaves
obovate, the upper oblong or lanceolate, gradually reduced
to bracts much longer than the flowers.

4. H. hyperbo'rea, E. Br. Spike many-flowered, long
and dense. Flowers small, greenish. Lip lanceolate, entire,
about the same length as the slender incurved spur. Stem
6-24 inches high, very leafy, the leaves lanceolate and erect,
and the bracts longer than the flowers. — Bogs and wet
woods.

5. H. dilata'ta, Gray. Not unlike No. 4, but more slen-
der and with linear leaves and white flowers.

6. H. rotundifo'lia, Eichardson. (Orchis rotundi folia ,
Gray, in Macoun's Catalogue.) Spike few-flowered, loose.
Flowers rose-purple, the lip usually white, spotted with purple,
3-lobed, the middle larger and notched, longer than the
slender spur. Stem 5-9 inches high, naked and scape-like
above, bearing a single roundish leaf at the base. — Bogs and
wet woods.

7. H. Obtusa'ta, Eichardson. Stem as in the last, but
the leaf is obovate or spathulate-oblong. Spike few-flowered,
the flowers greenish-white. Upper sepal broad and rounded,
the others and the petals lance-oblong. Lip entire, deflexed,
as long as the tapering and curving spur. — Bogs.

8. H. Hook'eri, Torr. Spike many -flowered, strict.
Flowers yellowish-green, the lip lanceolate, pointed, incurved;
petals lance-awl-shaped. Spur slender, acute, nearly an inch
long. Stem scape-like above, 2-leaved at the base, the leaves
orbicular. — Woods.

ORCHIDACEJE. 231

Var. Oblongifo'lia, J. A. Paine, has oblong leaves.

9. H. OFbicula'ta, Torr. Spike many-flowered, loose and
spreading. Flowers greenish-white. Lip narrowly linear,
obtuse. Spur curved , more than an inch long, thickened
towards the apex. Scape 2-leaved at the base, the leaves
very large, orbicular and lying flat on the ground, shining
above, silvery beneath. — Bich woods.

10. H. blephariglot'tis, Hook. (WHITE FRINGED-ORCHIS.)
Spike many-flowered, open. Flowers white, very handsome ;
the lip fringed, but not lobed, at the apex. Spur thread-
shaped, three times as long as the lip. Stem a foot high,
leafy ; the leaves oblong or lanceolate, the bracts shorter
than the ovaries. — Peat-bogs, etc.

11. H. leueophse'a, Gray. (GREENISH FRINGED-ORCHIS.)
Spike as in the last, but the flowers greenish or yellowish-
white. Petals obovate, minutely cut-toothed. Lip 3-parted
above the stalk-like base, the divisions fan-shaped, fringed.
Spur gradually thickened downward, longer than the ovary.
Stem leafy, 2-4 feet high. Leaves oblong-lanceolate ; bracts
a little shorter than the flowers. — Wet meadows.

12. H. la'eera, E. Br. (EAGGED FRINGED-ORCHIS.) Like
the last, but the petals are oblong-linear and entire. The
divisions of the lip also are narrow and the fringe is less
copious. — Bogs and rich woods.

13. H. psyeo'des, Gray. (PURPLE FRINGED-ORCHIS.) Spike
cylindrical, many-flowered, fheflowers pink-purple, fragrant.
Lip fan-shaped, 3-parted above the stalk-like base, the divi-
sions fringed. Spur curved, somewhat thickened down-
ward, very long. — Low grounds.

14. H. flmbria'ta, E. Br. Eesembling the last, but the
flowers 3 or 4 times larger, and the petals toothed down the
sides. Divisions of the large lip more fringed. Spike loosely
flowered. — Wet meadows, chiefly eastward.

3. SI'IIMX IHLS, Richard. LADIES' TRESSES.
1. S. latifo'lia, Torr. Flowers white, in 3 ranks, forming
a narrow spike. Lip oblong, yellowish on the face, not

232 COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.

contracted in the middle, wavy-crisped at the "blunt apex.
Stem, nearly naked. Leaves oblong or lance-oblong. — Moist
banks.

2. S. Romanzovia'na, Chamisso. Spike dense, oblong
or cylindrical. Flowers pure white, in 3 ranks in the spike.
Lip ovate-oblong, contracted below the wavy recurved apex.
Sepals and petals all connivent above. Beak of the stigma 2-
horned, short. Stem 5-15 inches high, leafy below, leafy -
bracted above ; the leaves oblong-lanceolate or linear. — Cool
bogs.

3. S. eer'nua, Eichard. Resembling the last, but the
lower sepals are not upturned or connivent with the upper.
Margins of the lower lip much incurved. Gland of the
stigma linear, in a long and slender beak. — Wet places.

4. S. gTac'iliS, Bigelow. Flowers in a single spirally-
twisted rank at the summit of the very slender scape. Leaves
with blades all in a cluster at the base, ovate or oblong.
Scape 8-18 inches high. — Sandy plains and pine barrens.

4. COODYE'KA, R. Br. RATTLE-SNAKE PLANTAIN.

1. G. repens, E. Br. Flowers in a loose 1-sided spike.
Lip with a recurved tip. Scape 5-8 inches high. Leaves
thickish, petioled, intersected with whitish veins. — Woods,
usually under evergreens.

2. G. pubes'eens, R. Br. Spike not 1-sided. Plant rather
larger than the last, and the leaves more strongly white-
vemed. — Rich woods.

3. G. Menzies'ii, Lindl., is found in the north-western
part of Ontario. The leaves are less white-veiny than the
preceding, and the column is continued above the stigma into
a conspicuous awl-shaped beak. The lip, also, is hardly, if at
all, saccate below.

5. EPIPAC'TIS, Haller.

E. Hellebori'ne, Crantz. Xear Toronto, on the bank of
the Humber, and at Montreal.

233

6. LIS'TERA, R. Br. TWAYBLADE.

1. L. eorda'ta, E. Br. Eacemes crowded ; pedicels not,
longer than the ovary. Lip linear, 2-cleft. Column very
short. — Damp cold woods.

2. L. convallarioi'des, Nutt. Eacemes loose and slender ;
pedicels longer than the ovary. Lip wedge-oblong, 2-lobed.
Column longer than the last. — Damp thickets.

7. CALOPO'tiON, R. Br. CALOPOGON.

C. pulehel'lus, E. Br. Leaf linear. Scape a foot high.
Flowers an inch across. — Bogs.

8. Alti; I'll I 'Si, Gronov. ARETHUSA.

A. bulbo'sa, L. A beautiful little bog-plant, bearing a
single large flower (rarely 2), with the lip bearded-crested on
the face.

9, POGO'tfIA, Juss. POGONIA.

P. ophioglossoi'des, Nutt. A bog-plant. Sepals and
petals nearly equal and alike. Eoot of thick fibres.

10, CALYP'SO, Salisb. CALYPSO.

C. borealis, Salisb. A beautiful little plant growing in
mossy bogs. The lip woolly inside ; the petals and sepals
resembling each other, lanceolate, sharp-pointed. Column
winged.

11. UK ROS I YHS, Nutt. ADDER'S MOUTH.

1. M. monophyl'los, Lindl. Leaf sheathing the base of
the stem, ovate-elliptical. Eaceme spiked, long and slen-
der. Lip long-pointed. — Cold swamps.

2. M. ophioglossoi'des, Nutt. Leaf near the middle of
the stem, ovate, clasping. Eaceme short. Lip 3- toothed. —
Damp woods, not so common as the last.

13. LIP' A ms, Richard. TWAYBLADE.

L. Loese'lii, Eichard. Lip yellowish-green, mucronate,
shorter than the unequal petals and sepals. Leaves ellip-
tical-lanceolate or oblong, keeled. — Bogs.

234 COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.

13. CORALLORHI'ZA, Haller. CORAL-ROOT.

1. C. inna'ta, R. Br. Flowers small ; the lip whitish or
purplish, often crimson-spotted, 3-lobed above the base.
Spur very small. Stem slender, brownish-yellow, with a
few-flowered spike. — Swamps,

2. C. multiflo'ra, Nutt. Spike many-flowered. Stem
purplish, stout. Lip deeply 3-lobed. Spur more prominent
than in No. 1. — Dry woods.

3. C. Maerse'i, Gray. (C. striata, Lindl., in Macoun's
Catalogue.) Spike crowded, of numerous large flowers, all
the parts of the perianth strikingly marked with 3 dark lines.
Lip not lobed. Spur none, but the base of the perianth
gibbous. — Rich woods ; not common.

14. APLKC'TRUM, Nutt. PUTTY-ROOT. ADAM-AND-EVE.
A. hyema'le, Nutt. Scape a foot high. Perianth green-
ish-brown.— Rich mould in woods.

15. CYPRIPE'DIUM, L. LADY'S SLIPPER, MOCCASIN-FLOWER.
* The three sepals separate.

1. C. arieti'num, R. Br. (RAM'S-HEAD LADY'S SLIPPEE.)
The smallest species. Stem slender, 6-10 inches high, leafy.
Leaves 3 or 4, elliptical-lanceolate, nearly smooth. Lip only
half an inch, red and whitish veiny, prolonged at the apex
into a deflexed point. — Swamps ; rare.

* * Two sepals united into one piece under the lip.

2. C. parviflo'rum, Salisb. (SMALLER YELLOW LADY'S
SLIPPER.) Stem leafy to the top, 1-3-fLowered. Lip yellow,
flattish above, rather less than an inch long. Sepals and
petals wavy-twisted, brownish, pointed, longer than the lip.
— Bogs and wet woods.

3. C. pubes'eens, Willd. (LARGER YELLOW L. ) Lip flat-
tened laterally, rounded above, larger than No. 2, but the
two species are not sufficiently distinct.

4. C. speeta'bile, Swartz. (SHOWY L.) Lip very large,
white, pinkish in front. Sepals and petals rounded, whiie,
not longer than the lip. — Eogs.

235

5. C. acau'le, Ait. (STEMLESS L.) Scape naked, 2-leaved
at the base. 1-flowered. Lip rose-purple, split down the whole
length in front, veiny. Sepals and petals greenish. — Dry or
moist woods, under evergreens.

ORDER CI. IRIDA'CE^l. (!RIS FAMILY.)

Herbs with equitant leaves and perfect flowers. The 6
petal-like divisions of the perianth in 2 (similar or dissimi-
lar) sets of 3 each ; the tube adherent to the 3-celled ovary.
Stamens 3, distinct or monadelphous, opposite the 3 stigmas,
and with anthers extrorse, that is, on the outside of the fila-
ments, facing the divisions of the perianth and opening on
that side. Flowers from leafy bracts. (See Part I., sections

88 and 89.)

Synopsis of the Genera.

1. Iris. The 3 outer divisions of the perianth reflexed, the 3 inner erect

and smaller. Stamens distinct, the anther of each concealed
under a flat and petal-like arching stigma. The styles below
adherent to the tube of the perianth. Pod 3-angled. Flowers
blue, large and showy. Leaves sword-shaped or grass-like.

2. Sisy riii' chi 11 m. The 6 divisions of the perianth alike, spreading.

Stamens monadelphous. Stigmas thread-like. Pod globular, 3-
angled. Stems 2 edged. Leaves grass-like. Flowers blue, clus-
tered, from 2 leafy bracts. Plants low and slender.

1. IRIS, L. FLOWER-DE-LUCE.

1. I. versie'olOF, L. (LARGER BLUE FLAG.) Stem stout
and leafy, from a thickened rootstock. Leaves sword-shaped,
Flowers violet-blue, 2 or 3 inches long. Inner petals much
smaller than the outer. — Wet places.

2. I. prismat'iea, Pursh. (SLENDER BLUE FLAG.) Dis-
tinguished from the last by its very slender stem and nar-
rowly linear leaves. Tube of the flower very short. — At!,
sea-coast.

3. I. laeus'tris, Nutt. (LAKE DWARF IRIS.) Stem low,
3-6 inches high. Inner petals nearly equal to the outer.
Tube of the perianth slender, less than an inch long, dilated
upwards, rather shorter than the divisions of the perianth.
Leaves lanceolate, 3-5 inches long. — Shore of Lake Huron.

236 COMMOtf CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.

2. siSYKlV't'llini, L. BLUE-EYED GRASS.

1. S. angUStifO'lium, Mill. (8. Bermudiana, var. muero-
natum, Gray.) A pretty little plant, rather common in
moist meadows among grass. The divisions of the delicate
blue perianth obovate, notched at the end, and bristle-
pointed from the notch. The spathe solitary. Boots
fibrous.

2. S. aneepS, Cav., (8. Bermudiana, var. anceps, Gray.)
has the scape 6-18 inches high, and usually bearing 2 or
more peduncled spathes.

ORDER Oil. AMARYLLIDA'CE^!. (AMARYLLIS F.)

Bulbous and scape-bearing herbs, with linear flat root-
leaves, and regular and perfect 6-androus flowers, the tube
of the petal-like 6-parted perianth adherent to the 3-celled
ovary. Lobes of the perianth imbricated in the bud. Style
single. Anthers introrse. — Eepresented with us by one.
species of the genus

HYPOX'YS, L. STAR-GRASS.

H. erect a, L. A small herb sending up a slender scape
from a solid bulb. Leaves linear, grass-like, longer than
the umbellately 1-4-flowered scape. Perianth hairy and
greenish outside, yellowish within, 6-parted nearly down
to the ovary. Stamens 6, sagittate. Pod indehiscent,
crowned with the withered perianth. — Meadows and open
woods.

ORDER GUI. DIOSCOREA'CE^!. (YAM FAMILY.)
Eepresented with us by the genus

DIOSCORE'A, Plumier. YAM.

D. Villo'sa, L. (WiLD YAM-ROOT.) A slender twiner,
with knotted rootstocks, and net- veined, heart-shaped, 9-11-
' ribbed petioled leaves. Flowers dioscious, small, in axillary
racemes. Stamens 6. Pod with three large wings. — Ee-
ported only from the warm and sheltered valley lying

SMILACE^, LILIACE.E. 237

between Hamilton and Dundas, Ont., the banks of the
Thames at London, Ont., and Niagara Falls.

ORDER CIV. SMILA'CE^S. (SMILAX FAMILY.)

Climbing plants, more or less shrubby, with alternate
ribbed and net-veined petioled leaves, and small dioecious flow-
ers in umbels. Perianth regular, of 6 greenish sepals, free
from the ovary. Stamens as many as the sepals, with 1-
celled anthers. Ovary 3-celled, surrounded by 3 sessile
spreading stigmas. Fruit a small berry. Represented by
the single genus

, Tourn. GREEN-BRIER. CAT-BRIER.
(Included in LiliacecR, in Macoun's Catalogue.)

1. S. his'pida, Muhl. Stem woody, densely covered below
with long weak prickles. Leaves large, ovate or heart-shaped,
pointed, thin, 5-9 -nerved. Peduncles of the axillary
umbels much longer than the petioles. Berry black. — Moist
thickets.

2. S. rotundifo'lia, L., var. quadrangularis, Gray. (S.

quadrangularis,Pursh, in Macoun's Catalogue.) Stem woody,
it and the branches armed with scattered prickles. Branches
4-angular. Peduncles not longer than the petioles. Leaves
ovate, broader than long, slightly cordate. Berry blue-
black. — South-western Ontario.

3. S. herba'eea, L. (CARRION-FLOWER.) Stem herbaceous,
not prickly. Leaves ovate-oblong and heart-shaped, 7-9-
ribbed, long-petioled, mucronate. Flowers carrion-scented.
Berry bluish-black. — Meadows and river banks.

ORDER CV. LILIA'CE^l. (LILY FAMILY.)

Herbs, distinguished as a whole by their regular and sym-
metrical flowers, having a 6-leaved perianth (but 4-leaved
in one species of Smilacina) free from the usually 3-celled
ovary, and as many stamens as divisions of the perianth
(one before each} with 2-celled anthers. Fruit a pod or berry,

238 COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.

generally 3-celled. The outer and inner divisions of the
perianth coloured alike, except in the genus Trillium. (See
Part. I., sections 82-87, for description of typical plant of
this Order.)

Synopsis of the Genera.

* Leaves net-veined, all in one or two whorls. The stem otherwise naked,

rising from a fleshy rootstock. Styles 3.

1. Trillium. Leaves 3, in a whorl at the top of the stem. Divisions

of the perianth in 2 sets, the outer green, the inner coloured, (bee
Part I., sections 85 and 86.)

2. Mede'ola. Leaves in 2 whorls, the lower near the middle of the

stem, and consisting of 5-9 leaves, the upper of (generally) 3 small
leaves, near the summit. Stem tall, covered with loose wool.
Flowers small, in an umbel. Divisions of the pe'rianth alike,
greenish-yellow, recurved. Anthers turned outwards. Styles
thread-shaped. Berry globular or nearly so, dark purple.

* * Leaves straight-veined, linear, grass-like, alternate. Stem simple or

tufted. Styles 3.

3. Zygade'nus. Flowers rather large, perfect or polygamous, green-

ish-white, in a few-flowered panicle ; the divisions of the perianth
each with a conspicuous obcordate spot or gland on the inside,
near the narrowing base. Stem smooth and glaucous, from a
coated bulb.

4. Tofield'in. Flowers small, perfect, greenish-white, in a terminal

raceme or spike, which, however, develops from above downward ;
the pedicels in clusters cf 3, from little involucres of 3 bracts.
Pod triangular. Roots fibrous. Stem leafy at the base only, in
our species sticky. Leaves 2-ranked, equitant.

* * * Leaves straight-veined, but broad (not grass-like), alternate. Stem

from a rootstock of fibrous roots, at all events not from a bulb.
Style one, or more or less divided into 3 above.

•<- Perianth pf completely separate pieces ( poly phyllous.)

5. II villa' rla. Stem leafy, forking above. Flowers yellow, at least an

inch long, drooping, lily-like, usually solitary (but occasionally
in pairs) at the end of the forks of the stem. Style deeply 3-
cleft. Pod triangular. Leaves clasping -per foliate or sessile.

6. 4 lint <> iiia. Stemless, the naked scape sheathed at the base by 2, 3,

or 4 large oblong or oval, ciliate leaves. Flowers few, greenish-
yellow, in an umbel at the top of the scape. Filaments long and
slender. Style long, the stigmas hardly separate. Berry blue.

7. Prosar'tes. Downy low herbs, branching above. Flowers greenish,

bell-shaped, rather large, solitary or in pairs, drooping on terminal

239

slender peduncles. Sepals taper-pointed. Stigmas 3. Leaves
ovate-oblong, taper-pointed, closely sessile, doAvny underneath.
Berry oblong or obovate, red.

8. Strop f opus. Stem leafy and forking. Flowers small, not quite in

the axils of the ovate clasping leaves, on slender peduncles which
are bent near the middle. Anthers arrow-shaped, 2-horned at the
apex.

9. Yera'trnm. Stem tall and stout, very leafy to the top, from a thick-

ened base, producing coarse fibrous roots. Flowers yellowish-
green, in a pyramidal panicle of dense spike-like racemes.
Perianth somewhat spreading, slightly adherent to the ovary.
Filaments of the stamens recurved. Anthers kidney-shaped.
Styles 3.

-i- -»- Perianth of one piece ( gamophyllous. )

10. Siuilaci'ita. Flowers small, white, in a terminal raceme. Perianth

6-parted, but 4-parted in one species, spreading. Style short and
thick. Stigma obscurely lobed. Filaments slender.

11. Polygona turn. Flowers small, greenish, nodding, mostly in pair 8

in the axils of the nearly sessile leaves. Perianth cylindrical, 6-
lobed at the summit, the 6 stamens inserted on or above the middle
of the tube. Stem simple, from a long and knotted rootstock.
Leaves glaucous beneath.

12. Aspar'agus. Flowers small, greenish-yellow, axillary, on jointed

pedicels. Perianth 6-parted, spreading above, the 6 stamens on
its base. Stigma 3-lobed. Berry globular, 3-celled. Stem much
branched. Leaves thread-like. Rootstock thick and matted.

* * * * Leaves straight-veined, not grass-like. Stem usually from a
coated or scaly bulb. Style 1, not divided above, but the stigma
sometimes 3-lobed. Fruit a pod, splitting open midway between
the partitions •( loculicidal. )

13. Li I in in. Stem leafy, from a scaly bulb, the leaves often whorled or

crowded. Anthers at first erect, at length versatile. Style long,
rather club-shaped. Stigma 3-lobed. Pod oblong. Flowers large
and showy, one or more.

14. Erytliro'nimn. For full description see Part I., sections 82 and 83.

(Dog's-tooth Violet.)

15. A 1 Hum. Scape naked, from a coated bulb. Flowers in an umbel,

from a spathe. Style thread-like. Strong-scented plants.

16. Hemerocal'lis. Scape not from a bulb, but from a fleshy-fibrous

root. Perianth lai-ge, orange-yellow, lily-like, the short tube en-
closing the ovary, the spreading limb 6-parted. Stamens 6, on the
perianth. Leaves long, linear, keeled, in 2 ranks, at the base of
the scape. Flowers several, bracted.

240 COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.

1. TRII/LII JI,L. WAKE-ROBIN.

1. T. grandiflo'rum, Salisb. (LARGE WHITE TRILLIUM.)
Leaves sessile, longer than broad. Peduncle erect. Petals
white (rose-coloured when old), obovate. — Eich woods.

2. T. ereetum, L. (T. erectum,~L., var. atropurpureum,
Hook, in Macoun's Catalogue.) (PURPLE TRILLIUM.) Leaves
sessile, about as broad as long. Peduncles erect. Petals dull
purple, ovate. — Eich woods. Yar. album, with greenish-
white petals, is found along with the purple form. It does
not appear to be clearly distinguished from No. 1.

3. T. eer'nuum, L. Leaves sessile or nearly so, broadly
rhomboid, abruptly pointed. Peduncle recurved under the
leaves. Petals white, oblong-ovate, acute. — Chiefly east-
ward.

4. T. erythroear'pum, Michx. (PAINTED TRILLIUM.)
Leaves distinctly petioled, rounded at the base. Petals pointed, .
white, with purple stripes inside at the base. — Not uncom-
mon northward in damp woods and low grounds.

2. MEDE'OLA, Gronov. INDIAN CUCUMBKR-ROOT.
M. Virgln'iea, L. Stem 1-3 feet high.— Eich woods.

3. ZYGADE'KUS, Michx. ZYGADENE.

Z. glailCUS, Nutt. (Z. elegans, Pursh.) Not uncommon
in bogs and beaver-meadows northward. Leaves flat and

pale.

4. TOFIELD'IA, Hudson. FALSE ASPHODEL.

T. glutino'sa, Willd. Stem and pedicels very sticky
with dark glands. Leaves short. — Lake Huron coast.
5. I TIJLA'RIA, L. BELLWORT.

1. U. grandiflo'ra, Smith. Leaves clasping-perfoliate.
Eootstock short. — Eich woods.

2. U. sessilifo'lia, L. Leaves sessile or partly clasping,
lance-oblong. Eootstock creeping. — Chiefly eastward.

6. CLIXTO'XIA, Raf. CLINTONIA.

C. borea'lis, Eaf. Umbel 2-7-flowered. Leaves 5-8
inches long. Perianth pubescent outside. — Damp woods,
often under evergreens.

LILIACE.E. 241

7. rieo* t ic Tt>. Don. PROSARTES.

1. P. lanugino'sa, Don. (Disporum lanuginosa, Don.,
in Macoun's Catalogue.) Leaves taper-pointed. Fruit ob-
long, pointed. — Rich woods, western Ontario.

2. P. traehyear'pa, Watson, with whitish perianth,
ovate to oblong-lanceolate leaves, and broadly obovate fruit,
is not uncommon in the N.W.

8, STREP TOPI S, Michx. TWISTED-STALK.

1. S. TO'seus, Michx. Flowers rose-purple. Leaves green
both sides, finely ciliate. Stigma 3-cleft. — Damp woods.

2. S. amplexifo'lius, DC. Flowers greenish - white.
Leaves very smooth, glaucous beneath. Stigma entire. —
Chiefly Atl. Prov. and N.W.

9. YERA/TRIHM, L. FALSE HELLEBORE.

V. vir'ide, Ait. (AMERICAN WHITE HELLEBORE. INDIAN
POKE.) Leaves broadly oval, pointed, sheath-clasping.
Segments of the perianth ciliate-serrulate. — Swamps and
low grounds, Atl. Prov. and Eastern Townships, Q.

10. * M 1 1. u i vi. Desf. FALSE SOLOMON'S SEAL.

1. S. raeemo'sa, Desf. (FALSE SPIKENARD. ) Raceme com-
pound. Stem pubescent, 2 feet high. Leaves many, oblong,
taper-pointed, ciliate. Berries speckled with purple. — Rich
woods and thickets.

2. S. Stella'ta, Desf. Raceme simple. Stem nearly
smooth, 1-2 feet high. Leaves 7-12, oblong-lanceolate,
slightly clasping. Berries black. — Moist woods and copses.

3. S. trifO'lia, Desf. Eaceme simple. Stem low (3-6
inches), glabrous. Leaves usually 3, oblong, the bases
sheathing. Berries red. — Bogs.

4. S. bifo'lia, Ker., var. Canadensis, Gray. (Maianthe-
mum Canadense, Desf., in Macoun's Catalogue.) Disting-
uished at once by the 4- parted perianth and the 4 stamens.
"Raceme simple. Stem 3-5 inches high. Leaves usually 2.
liut sometimes 3. — Moist woods.

242 COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.

11. POLYGON A' TUM, Tourn. SOLOMON'S SEAL.

1. P. biflo'rum, Ell. (SMALLER SOLOMON'S SEAL.) Stem
slender, 1-3 feet high. Leaves ovate-oblong or lance-oblong.
Peduncles mostly 2 -flowered. Filaments hairy. — Rich
woods.

2. P. gigante'um, Dietrich, (GREAT S.) is occasionally
met with westward and south-westward. The stem is taller
and stouter than in the last, the peduncles several-flowered,
and the filaments are not hairy.

13. ASPAR'AGUS, L. ASPARAGUS.

A. offieina'lis, L. (GARDEN ASPARAGUS.) Escaped from
gardens in a few places.

13. LIL'IOI, L. LILY.

1. L. Philadel'phieum, L. (WILD ORANGE-.RED LILY.)
Divisions of the perianth narrowed into claivn below, not
recurved at the top. Flowers erect, 1-3, orange, spotted
with purple inside. Leaves linear-lanceolate, the upper
mostly in whorls of 5-8. — Sandy soil.

2. L. Canadense, L. (WILD YELLOW LILY.) Divisions
of the perianth recurved above the middle. Flowers nodding,
few, orange, spotted with brown inside. Leaves remotely
whorled, 3-ribbed. — Swamps and wet meadows.

8. L. SUper'bum, L. (L. Carolinianum, Michx, in Ma-
coun's Catalogue.) (TURK'S-CAP LILY.) Divisions of the
perianth very strongly recurved. Flowers nodding, often
numerous, in a pyramidal raceme, bright orange, dark-pur-
ple-spotted within. Lower leaves whorled, 3-ribbed or
nerved. Stem taller than either of the first two, 3-7 feet,
— Rich low grounds, commoner southward and south-west-
ward.

14. EKYTIIKO MUI, L. DOG'S-TOOTH VIOLET.

1. E. America' num, Smith. (YELLOW ADDER'S TONGUE.)
Perianth light yeNow, sometimes spotted at the base. — Copses
and rich meadows.

2. E. al'bidum, Nutt. (WHITE DOG'S-TOOTH VIOLET.)
Leaves less blotched than the last. Perianth pinkish-white,
— Not common.

JUNCACE.E. 243

15. ALLIOI, L. ONION. LEEK.
* Bulb cespitose, crowning a rhizome.

1. A. trieOC'eum, Ait. (WILD LEEK.) Leaves 2 or 3,
flat, lance-oblong, 5-9 inches long, 1-2 inches wide, appear-
ing in early spring and withering before the flowers are
developed. Sepals white. Pod strongly 3-lobed. Scape 9
inches high.— Eich woods.

2. A. Sehcenop'rasum, L. (Cm'vES.) Leaves linear,
hollow. Scape naked, or leafy at the base. Flowers rose-
purple, in a globular umbel. Sepals lanceolate, pointed.
Ovary not crested. — Margin of rivers, Atl. Prov. and north-
ward.

3. A. eer'nuum, Both. (WILD ONION.) Scape naked,
angular, nodding at the apex, bearing a loose or drooping
umbel of rose-coloured flowers. Leaves linear, flattened,
sharply keeled. Capsule 6-crested. — N.W.

* * Bulbs mostly solitary. Leaves narrowly linear.

4. A. Canadense, Kalm. (WILD GARLIC.) Leaves nar-
rowly linear. Ovary crested with 6 teeth. Umbel few-
flowered, often bearing a head of bulbs instead of flowers.
Sepals pale rose-colour. — Along river-banks ; rather rare.

5. A. Stella' turn, Nutt. Scape terete, 6-18 inches high,
slender, bearing an erect umbel. Stamens and style exserted.
Bulb-coats membranous. Capsule 6-crested. — N.W. , not
very common.

6. A. retieula'tum, Eraser. Scape 3-8 inches high.
Bulbs densely and coarsely fibrous coated. Stamens not
exserted. Capsule crested. — N. W.

16. HEMEROCAL'LIS, L. DAY-LlLY.

H. fulva, L. (COMMON DAY-LILY.) Inner divisions of the
tawny orange perianth wavy and obtuse. — Escaped from
gardens occasionally.

ORDER CVI. JUNCA'CE^l. (Eusn FAMILY.)
Grass-like or sedge-like plants, with, however, flowers
similar in structure to those of the last Order. Perianth
greenish and o-lumaceous, of 6 divisions in 2 sets of 3 each.

244 COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.

Stamens 6 (occasionally 3). Style 1. Stigmas 3. Pod 3-
celled, or 1-celled with 3 placentae on the walls. The plants
of the Order are not of any very great interest to the young
student, and the determination of the species is rather diffi-
cult. A brief description of a few of the most common is
given here, as an easy introduction to the study of the
Order with the aid of more advanced text-books.

Synopsis of I lie Genera.

1. Lu'zula. Plant less than 1 foot high. Leaves linear or lance-linear,

flat, usually hairy. Pod 1-celled, 3-seeded. Flowers in umbels or
in spikes. Plants usually growing in dry ground.

2. .In IK-US. Plants always smooth, growing in water or wet soil.

Flowers small, greenish or brownish, panicled or clustered. Pod
3-celled, many-seeded.

1. LU'ZULA, DC. WOOD-RUSH.

1. L. pilO'sa, Willd. (L. vernalis, DC.) Flowers um-
belled, long-peduncled, brown-coloured. Sepals pointed. —
Shady banks.

2. L. eampestris, DC., has the flowers (light brown) in
4-12 spikes, the spikes umbelled. Sepals bristle-pointed. —
Fields and woods.

2. JUNCUS, L. RUSH.

* Scapes single and leafless, but with sheaths at the base. Flowers in
sessile panicles, apparently from the side of the, scape, owing to
the involucral leaf being similar to and continuing the scape.

1. J. effu'SUS, L. (COMMON or SOFT RUSH.) Scape 2-4
feet high, soft and pliant, furnished at the base with merely
leafless sheaths, the inner sheaths awned. Panicle many-
flowered. Flowers small, greenish, only 1 on each pedicel.
Stamens 3. Pod greenish-brown, triangular-obovate, not
pointed . — Marshes .

2. J. fllifor'mis, L., has a very slender scape (1-2 feet
high), fewer flowers than No. 1, and 6 stamens in each. Pod
greenish, broadly ovate, and short- pointed. No leaves.

3. J. Bal'tieus, Dethard, var. littoralis, Engelm. Scape
rigid, 2-3 feet high. No leaves. Panicle loose. Flowers
brownish. Pod elliptical, somewhat triangular, obtuse but
pointed, deep-brown.

JUNCACE^E. 245

Var. monta'nus, Engelm. , has an ovate-pyramidal,
angled, arid beaked capsule. — N.W.

* * Stem leafy at the base or throughout ; the leaves flat or channelled
but never knotted. Panicle terminal.

4. J. styg'ius, L. Scape slender, 1-3-leaved below, naked
above. Leaves thread-like, hollow, not knotted. Heads 1
or 2, of 3-4 flowers, about as long as the dry, awl-pointed
sheathing bract. Stamens 6. — Peat bogs, Atl. Prov.

5. J. Greenii, Oakes and Tuckerm. Stem slender, simple,
tufted. Leaves nearly terete, deeply channelled on the inner
side. Flowers solitary, panicled. The principal leaf of the
involucre usually much longer than the panicle. Pod ovoid-
oblong, obtuse, longer than the acute sepals. Seeds ribbed,
and delicately cross-lined. — Wet sandy places.

6. J. Va'seyi, Engelm. Stem slender, rigid, tufted, leafy
below, 12-30 inches high, not branching. Leaves nearly
terete, very slightly channelled. Panicle longer than the
involucral leaf. Flowers greenish or light brown, few, often
1-sided. Pod oblong, retuse, greenish-brown. — Wet mea-
dows, N.W.

7. J. Gerard'i, Loisel. (BLACK GRASS.) Stems rigid, 1-2
feet high. Panicle contracted, usually longer than the in-
volucral leaf. Flowers brown and green. Sepals incurved,
as long as the mucronate capsule. Seeds obovate, delicately
ribbed and cross-lined. — Salt marshes, Atl. Prov.

8. J. longlS'tylis, Torr. and Gr. Flowers in heads.
Heads few, or rarely single. Flowers greenish with brown
lines.— N.W.

9. J. bufo'nius, L. Stem leafy, slender, 3-9 inches high,
branching from the base. Panicle terminal, spreading.
Flowers greenish, single on the pedicels. Sepals awl-pointed,
the outer set much longer than the inner and than the blunt
pod. Stamens 6. — Ditches along roadsides.

10. J. ten'uiS, Willd. Stems leafy below, wiry, 9-18 inches
high, simple, tufted. Panicle loose, shorter than the slender
involucral leaves. Flowers greenish, single on the pedicels ;
the sepals longer than the blunt pod. Seeds white-pointed at
both ends. — Open low grounds.

246 COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.

* * * Stem leafy ; the leaves terete or laterally compreesed, knotted by
internal cross-partitions. Panicle terminal, the flowers mostly
in heads.

-»- Stamens 6.

11. J. peloear'pus, E. Meyer. Stems slender and erect,
6-18 inches high. Leaves few, thread-like, slightly knotted.
Flowers greenish with red, single or in pairs in the forks
and along one side of the branches of the panicle, and often
with accompanying tufts of leaves. The 3 inner sepals
longer than the outer ones, but shorter than the oblong
taper-beaked 1-cel.led pod. Seeds obovate, short-pointed.

12. J, artieula'tus, L. Stems 9-15 inches high, tufted
from a short creeping rootstock, with 1 or 2 slender leaves,
bearing crowded 3-8-flowered heads in short spreading
panicles. Capsule deep-brown. — Wet places, Atl. Prov.

13. J. alpi'nus, Villars, var. insignis, Fries. Stems
erect, 9-18 inches high, with 1 or 2 slender leaves. Branches
of the meagre panicle erect, bearing numerous distant green-
ish or brownish heads of 3-6 flowers each. Outer sepals
mucronate or cuspidate, and longer than the rounded inner
ones. Pod short-pointed, light-brown. Seeds spindle-shaped.
— Lake- and river-margins, common.

14. J. nodo'SUS, L. Stem erect, 6-1 5 inches high, slender,
from a creeping slender and tuber-bearing rootstock, usually
with 2 or 3 slender leaves. Heads few, 8-20-flowered, and
overtopped by the involucral leaf. Flowers brown. Pod
slender, taper-pointed, 1-celled. Seeds obovate, mucronate.
— Common.

Var. megaeepha'lus, Torr., has large 30-80-nowered

heads.

-i- -i- Stamens 3. Seeds tailed.

15. J. Canadensis, J. Gay, var. eoareta'tus, Engel.

Stems slender, 9-18 inches high, tufted, bearing 2 or 3 leaves.
Panicle somewhat erect, contracted ; the heads 3-5-flowered,
deep-brown. Pod prismatic, abruptly pointed, deep-brown.
Seeds slender, with short tails. — A very late-flowering
species.

Var. longieauda'tUS, Engelm., is taller, and the heads
are many-flowered.

PONTEDERIACE.E, XYRIDACE.E, ERIOCAULONACE^E. 247

OBDER CVII. PONTEDERIA'CE^. (PICKEREL-WEED F.)

The most common representatives of this Order with us
are

1. POXTEDE'RIA, L. PlCKEREL-WEED.

P. COrda'ta, L. A stout plant growing in shallow water,
sending up a scape bearing a single large arrow-heart-shaped
blunt leaf, and a spike of violet-blue flowers with a spathe-like
bract. Perianth 2-lipped, the 3 upper divisions united, the 3
lower spreading, the whole revolute-coiled after flowering,
the fleshy base enclosing the fruit. Stamens 6, 3 of them
exserted on long filaments, the rest short.

Var. angnstifolia, Torr., has narrow scarcely cordate

leaves.

2, SCHOL'LERA, Schreber. WATER STAR-GRASS.

S. gramin'ea, Willd. (Heteranthera graminea, Vahl., in
Macoun's Catalogue.) A grass-like herb, wholly under
water, only the small yellowish flowers reaching the surface,
the latter single, from spathes. Perianth salver-shaped,
regular. Stamens 3, anthers sagittate.

ORDER CVIII. XYRIDA'CE^. (YELLOW-EYED-GRASS F.)
Rush-like herbs, with equitant leaves sheathing the base
of a naked scape, terminated by a head of perfect 3-androus
flowers, with glumaceous calyx and coloured corolla. Cap-
sule 3-valved and 1-celled, containing several or many seeds.

XYKIS, Gronov. YELLOW-EYED GRASS.

X. flexuo'Sa, Muhl., vaV. pusill'a, Gray. Scape small
and very slender, 2-9 inches high, not bulbous at the base.
Flowers in the axils of scale-like bracts densely imbricated
in a head. Sepals 3. Petals 3. Fertile stamens 3, with 3
alternating sterile filaments bearded at the apex. — Peat bogs
and wet sandy shores, Atl. Prov. and northward.

ORDER CIX. ERIOCAULONA'CE^l. (PIPEWORT F.)
Represented with us by the genus

KKHH II LO\, L. PlPEWORT.

E. septangula're, Withering. A slender plant with a

248 COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.

naked scape 2-6 inches high, growing in shallow water in
the margins of our northern ponds. Leaves short, awl-
shaped, in a tuft at the base. Flowers in a small woolly
head at the summit of the scape, monoecious. Perianth
double ; the outer set or calyx of 2-3 keeled sepals ; the corolla
tubular in the sterile flowers and of 2-3 separate petals in
the fertile ones. Scape 7-angled. The head (except the
beard) lead- coloured.

III. GLUMAOEOUS DIVISION.

Flowers without a proper perianth, but subtended by
thin scales called glumes.

This Division includes two very large Orders— Cyper-
acese and Gramineae — both of which present many diffi-
culties to the beginner. Accordingly no attempt will be
made here to enumerate and describe all the commonly
occurring species of these Orders. In chapter XIV.,
Part I., the student will find descriptions and illustra-
tions of several typical Grasses. We shall here, there-
fore, only describe two or three of the commonest repre-
sentatives of the Order Cyperacese, so as to put the
beginner in a position to continue his studies with the
aid of Gray's Manual or other advanced work.

ORDER CX. CYPERA'CE^l. (SEDGE FAMILY.)

Grass-like or rush-like herbs, easily distinguished from
Grasses by the sheaths of the leaves, which in the Sedges are
dosed round the clum, not split. Flowers in spikes, each
flower in the axil of a glume-like bract, either altogether
without a perianth or with a few bristles or scales inserted
below the ovary. Ovary 1-celled, becoming an achene (2-
or 3-angled). Style 9- or 3-cleft. Stamens mostly 3, occa-
sionally 2.

CYPERACE.E. 249

We shall describe one species of each of five genera.

1. CYPE'RUS DI4NDRITS.

The plant (Fig. 256) is from 4 to 10 inches in height. The culm
is triangular, leafy towards the base, but naked above. At the
summit there
is an umbel
the rays of
which are
unequal in
length, and
on each ray
are clustered
several flat
brown - colour-
ed spikes, the scales of
which are imbricated in
two distinct rows. At the
base of the umbel there
are 3 leaves of very un-
equal length, forming a
sort of involucre, and the
base of each ray of the
umbel is sheathed. In

each spike every scale ex- // | Fig. 258.

cppt the lowest one con-
tains a flower in its axil.
The flower (Figs. 257 and
258) is entirely destitute of
perianth, and consists of 2
stamens and an ovary sur-
mounted by a %-cleft style,
being consequently perfect.
The plant is pretty easily
met with in low wet places.

Fig. 256.

250 COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.

2. ELEOCH'ARIS OBTV'SA.

In this plant, which grows in muddy soil in tufts 8 to 14 inches
in height, there is but a single spike at the summit of each
sJender culm, and the scales of the spikes, instead of being
imbricated in 2 rows and thus producing a flat form, are imbri-
cated all round. The scales are very thin in texture, with a
midrib somewhat thicker, and are usually brownish in colour.
Each of them contains a perfect flower in its axil. Instead of a
perianth, there are 6 or 8 hypogynous barbed bristles. The
stamens (as is generally the case in this Order) are 3 in number,
and the style is usually 3-cleft. Observe that the style is
enlarged into a sort of bulb at the base, this bulbous portion
persisting as a, flattish tubercle on the apex of the achene. The
culms are without leaves, being merely sheathed at the base.

3. S€IRPUS PUNGEtfS.

A stout marsh-plant, 2 or 3 feet high, with a sharply triangu-
lar hollow- sided culm, and bearing at the base from 1 to 3
channelled or boat-shaped leaves. The rusty-looking spikes
vary in number from 1 to 6, and are in a single sessile cluster
which appears to spring from the side of the culm, owing to the
1 -leaved involucre resembling the culm and seeming to be a
prolongation of it. Each scale of the spike is 2-cleft at the
apex, and bears a point in the cleft. The flowers are perfect,
witn 2 to 6 bristles instead of perianth, 3 stamens, and a 2-cleft
style, but there is no tubercle on the apex of the achene. The
culms of this plant spring from stout running rootstocks.

4. ERIOPH'OROI POLYSTACH'YON.

A common bog-plant in the northern parts of Canada, resem-
bling Scirpus iu the details as to spikes, scales, etc., but differing
chiefly in this, that the bristles of the flowers are very delicate
and become very long after flowering, so that the spike in fruit
looks like a tuft of cotton. The culm of our plant is triangular,
though not manifestly so, and its leaves are hardly, if at all,
channelled. The spikes are several in number, and are on nod-
ding peduncles, and the involucre consists of 2 or 3 leaves.
Culm 15 or 20 inches high.

251

5. CAREX IXTIIHES'CEXS.

The species of the genus Carex are exceedingly numerous and
difficult of study. The one we have selected (Fig. 259) is one of
the commonest and at the same time
one of the easiest to examine. In this
genus the flowers are monoecious, the
separate kinds being either borne in
different parts of the same spike or
in different spikes. The genus is dis-
tinguished from all the others of this
Order by the fact of the achene being
enclosed in a bottle-shaped more or less
Fig. 260. inflated 8aCt which is made by the
union of the edges of two inner bract-
lets or scales. To this peculiar sac
(Figs. 260 and 261) which encloses the
achene the name perigynium is given.
The culms are always triangular and
the leaves grass-like, usually rough-
ened on the margins and on the keel.
In the species under examination
(which may be found in almost any
wet meadow) the culm is some 18
Fig. 261. inches high. The staminate spike
(only one) is separate from and above the fertile
ones, which are 2 or 3 in number, few- (5 to 8)
flowered, and quite near together. The perigynia
are very much inflated, that is, very much larger
than the achene ; they are distinctly marked with
many nerves, and taper gradually into a long 2-
toothed beak from which protrude the 3 stigmas.
The bracts which subtend the spikes are leaf-like,
and extend much beyond the top of the culm.

Fig. 259.

ORDER CXI. GRAMIN'E^E. (GRASS FAMILY.)
Herbs somewhat resembling those of the last Order, but the
culms are hollow except at the joints, and the sheaths of the
leaves are split on the opposite side of the culm from the blade.

SEEIES II.

FLOWERLESS OR CRYPTOG'AMQUS
PLANTS.

PLANTS not producing true flowers, but reproducing
themselves by means of spores instead of seeds, the
spores consisting merely of simple cells, and not con-
taining an embryo.

This series is subdivided into three classes :

1. Pteridophytes, embracing Ferns, Horsetails, and Club-
Mosses.

2. Bryophytes, embracing the true Mosses and Liverworts.

3. Thallophytes, embracing Algse and Fungi.

Types of all of these have already been described and
illustrated in Part I. We shall here enumerate the
common representatives of the Pteridophytes only.

FERNS.

These beautiful plants are favourites everywhere, and we shall
therefore enter into a description of their characteristics with
sufficient minuteness to enable the young student to deter-
mine with tolerable certainty the names of such representatives
of the Family as he is likely to meet with commonly.

In Chapter XXI. of Part I. will be found a full account of the
common Polypody, with which it is assumed the student is
already familiar.

Fig. 262 shows a portion of the frond of the Common Brake
(Pteris aquilina). Here the frond is several times conrT and.
The first or largest divisions to the right and left are called vnndi.

252

FERNS.

253

The secondary divisions (or first divisions of the pinnae) are the
pinnules. The stem, as in the Polypody, and in fact in all our
Ferns which have a stem at all, is a rootstock or rhizome. But
here we miss the fruit-dots or sori, so conspicuous in our first
example. In this case it will be found that
there is a continuous line, of sporangia around
ike margin of every one of the pinnules of
the frond, and that the edge of the pinnule
is reflexed so as to
cover the line of spore-
cases. Fig. 263 is a
very much magnified
view of one of the
lobes of a pinnule,

Fig. 263.

Fig. 262.

with the edge rolled back to show the sporangia. Some of the
sporangia are removed to show a line which runs across the ends
of the forking veins. To this the sporangia are attached. The
veins, it will be seen, do not form a net- work, and so are free, as

254

COMMON" CANADIAN WILD

in Polypody. Observe, then, that in Polypody the sori are not
covered, whilst in Pteris the opposite is the case. The covering
of the fruit-dots is technically known as the indusium. The
individual spore-cases are alike in both plants.

Fig. 264 shows a frond of one of our commonest Shield-Ferns
(Aspidium acrostichoides). It is simply pinnate. The stipe is
thickly beset with rusty-looking, chaff-like scales. The veins
are free, as before. The sori or fruit-clots
are on the back of the upper pinnae, but
they are neither collected in naked clus-
ters, as in Polypody, nor are they covered
by the edge of the frond as in the Brake.
Here each cluster has an indusium of
its own. The indusium is round, and
attached to the frond by its depressed
centre (peltate). Fig. 265 shows an en-
larged portion of a pinna, with the sporan-
gia escaping from beneath the indusium.
From one forking vein the sporangia are
stripped off to show where they have
been attached. The separate sporangia
discharge their spores in the manner
represented in the account of Polypody.
In some Ferns the fruit-dots are elong-
ated instead of being round, and the
indusium is attached to the frond by
one edge only, being free
on the other. Sometimes
two long fruit-dots will be
found side by side, the
free edges of the indusia
being towards each other,
so that there is the appearance of one
long fruit-clot with an. indusium split
down the centre.

Fig. 266 represents a frond of a very
Fig. 26*. common swamp Fern, Onoclea Sensibilis,
or Sensitive Fern. It is deeply pinnatifid, and on one of the

Fig. 265.

FERNS.

255

lobes the veining is represented. Here the veins are not free,
but as they form a net- work they are said to be reticulated. You
will look in vain on this frond for fruit-dots, but beside it grows

Fig. 266.

Fig. 267.

Fig. 268.

Fig. 269.

another, very different in appearance, — so different that you will
hardly believe it to be a frond at all. It is shown in Fig. 267. It
is twice pinnate, the pinnules being little globular bodies, one of

256

COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.

whfch, much magnified, is shown in Fig. 268. You may open

out one of these little globes, and then you will have something

like what is shown in an enlarged form in Fig. 269. It now looks

more like a pinnule than when it was

rolled np, and it now also displays the

fruit-dots on the veins inside. Here,

then, we have evidently two kinds of

frond. That bearing the fruit-dots we

shall call the fertile frond, and the other

we shall call the sterile one. You must

not look upon the pinnule in which the

sori are wrapped up as an indusium.

Sori which are wrapped up in this way

have an indusium of their own besides,

but in this plant it is so

obscure as to be very

difficult to observe.

The spore-cases burst
open by means of an
elastic ring as before.

Fig. 270 represents
one of the Moon-
worts (Botrychi-
urn Virginicum),
very common in
our rich woods
every where. Here
we have a single
frond, but made
up manifestly of
two distinct por-
tions, the lower

aterile and the upper fertile. Both portions are
thrice-pinnate. The ultimate divisions of the
fertile segment are little globular bodies, but
vou cannot unroll them as in the case of the
Onoclea. Fig. 271 shows a couple of them greatly enlarged.
There is a slit across the niddle of each, &r*A «ne <>f the slits is

Fig. 270.

FILICES. 257

partially open, disclosing the spores inside. Each little globe is,
in fact, a spore-case or sporangium, so that here we have some-
thing quite different from what we have so far met with. Up to
this point we have found the sporangia collected into dots or
lines or clusters of some sort. In the Moonwort the sporangia
are separate and naked, and instead of bursting through the
action of an elastic ring, they open by a horizontal slit and
discharge their spores. In other Ferns, as the Osmunda, the
sporangia are somewhat similar, but burst open by a vertical
instead of a horizontal slit.

Observe that the frond of Botrychium is not circinate in the bud.

We shall now proceed to describe the commonly occurring
representatives of the Fern Family.

ORDER CXIL FILICES. (FERN FAMILY.)
Flowerless plants with distinct leaves known as fronds, these
circinate in the bud, except in one suborder, and bearing on
the under surface or margin the clustered or separate sporangia
or spore-cases.

Synopsis of the Genera.
SUBORDER I. POLYPODIA'CE^. (THE TRUE FERNS.)

Sporangia collected into various kinds of clusters called sort.
Each sporangium pedicelled and encircled by an elastic jointed
ring, by the breaking of which the sporangium is burst and the
spores discharged. Sori sometimes covered by an indusium.

1. Polypo'dliim. Fruit-dots on the back of the fronds near the ends

of the veins. No indusium. Veins free. (See Fig. 231, Part I.)

2. Adiun tuiii. Fruit-dots marginal, the edge of the frond being re-

flexed so as to form an indusium. Midrib of the pinnules close to
. the lower edge or altogether wanting. Stipe black and shining.
All the pinnules distinct and generally minutely stalked. Veins
free.

3. Ptc'ris. Fruit-dots marginal. Indusium formed by the reflexed

edge of the frond. Midrib of the pinnules in the centre and
prominent. Veins free. Stipe light-coloured. (See Fig. 262.)

4. Pellae'a. Fruit-dots marginal, covered by a broad indusium. formed

by tbe reflexed margin of the frond. Small ferns with once- or
^vice-pinnate fronds, tbe fertile ones very much like the sterile,
but with narrower divisions, Btlpe shining, purple or btfown,

258 COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.

5. Aspic ilium. Fruit-dots elongated (rarely curved), on veins on the

back of the pinnules, oblique to the midrib, but only on the upper
side of the vein (rarely attached to both sides). Indusium attached
to the vein by one edge, the other edge free. Veins free.

6. Wood war <lia. Fruit-dots elongated, on cross-veins parallel to the

midrib, forming a chain-like row on each side of the latter. In-
dusium as in the last. Veins reticulated.

I. Scolopeii drium. Fruit-dots elongated, occurring in pairs on con-

tiguous veinlets, the free edges of the two indusia facing each
other, so that the sori appear to be single, with an indusium split
down the centre. Veins free. Frond simple, ribbon- shaped, about
an inch broad, generally wavy-margined.

8. Caniptoso'rns. Fruit elongated, those, near the base of the midrib

double, as in Scolopendrium ; others single, as in Asplenium.
Fronds simple, \ to f of an inch wide at the heart-shaped base,
and tapering into a long and narrow point ; growing in tufts on
limestone rocks, and commonly rooting at the tip of the frond,
like a runner. Veins reticulated.

9. Pliegop'teris. Fruit-dots roundish, on the back (not at the apex) of

the veinlet, rather small. Indusium obsolete or none. Veins free.
Fronds triangular in outline, in one species twice-pinnatifid, with
a winged rhachis, and in the other in three petioled spreading
divisions, the divisions once- or twice-pinnate.

10. Aspid'ium. Fruit-dots round. Indusium evident, flat, orbicular

or kidney-shaped, fixed by the centre, opening all round the mar-
gin. Veins free. Generally rather large Ferns, from once- to
thrice-pinnate. (See Fig. 264.)

II. Cystop'teris. Fruit-dots round. Indusium not depressed in the

centre, but rather raised, attached to the frond not by the centre,
but by the edge partly under the fruit-dot, and generally breaking
away on the side towards the apex of the pinnule, and becoming
reflexed as the sporangia ripen. Fronds slender and delicate,
twice- or thrice-pinnate.

12. Striitliiop'lcris. Fertile frond much contracted and altogether

unlike the sterile ones, the latter very large and growing in a
cluster with the shorter fertile one in the centre. Rootstock very
thick and scaly. Fertile fronds simply pinnate, the margins of
the pinnae rolled backward so as to form a hollow tube containing
the crowded sporangia. Very common in low grounds.

13. Ouocle'a. Fertile and sterile fronds unlike. (See Figs. 266, 267,

268, 269, and accompany ing description.)

14. Wood s la. Small ferns with free veins. Sori round. Indusium

very thin and delicate, attached by its base all round under the
sorus, the top at length bursting Into more or less narrow aegT'
ments.

FILICES. 259

15. IHckso nia. Fruit-dots round, very small, each on a recurved

toothlet on the upper margin of the lobes of the pinnules, usually
one to each lobe. Sporangia on an elevated globular receptacle,
and enclosed in a cup-shaped indusium open at the top and partly
adherent to the reflexed toothlet of the frond. Fronds minutely
globular or hairy, 2-3 feet high, ovate-lanceolate in outline, pale
green, very thin, without chaff.

SUBORDER II. OSMUNDA'CE^l.

Sporangia naked, globular, pedicelled, reticulated, open-
ing by a vertical slit.

16. Osniiin <la. Fertile fronds or fertile portions of the frond much

contracted, bearing naked sporangia, which are globular, short-
pedicelled,arid opening by a vertical slit to discharge the spores.
Frond tall and upright, once- or twice-pinnate, from thick root-
stocks.

SUBORDER III. OPHIOGLOSSA'CE^E.

Sporangia naked, not reticulated, opening by a horizontal
slit. Fronds not circinate in the bud.

17. Botryclt iiim. Sporangia in compound spikes, distinct, opening

by a horizontal slit. Sterile part of the frond compound. Veins
free. (See Figs. 270 and 271).

18. Opltioglos'sum. Sporangia coherent in 2 ranks on the edges of a

simple spike. Sterile part of the frond simple. Veins reticu-
lated.

1. POL^PO'DIUM, L. POLYPODY.

P. VUlga'Pe, L. Fronds evergreen, 4-10 inches long,
deeply piiinatifid, the lobes obtuse and obscurely toothed.
Sori large. — Common on shady rocks.

2. ADIAN'TUM, L. MAIDENHAIR.

A. peda'tum, L. Stipe upright, black and shining. The
frond forked at the top of the stipe, the two branches of the
fork recurved, and each bearing on its inner side several
slender spreading divisions, the latter with numerous thin
pinnatifid pinnules which look like the halves of pinnules,
owing to the midrib being close to the lower edge. Upper
margin of the pinnules cleft. — Common in rich woods.

260 COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.

3. PTE'RIS, L. BRAKE. BRACKEN.

P. aquili'na, L. Stipe stout and erect. Frond large and
divided into 3 large spreading divisions at the summit of the
stipe, the branches twice-pinnate, the pinnules margined
all round with the indusium. — Common in thickets and on
dry hillsides.

4. P ELLAS' A, Link. CLIFF-BRAKE.

1. P. gra'eiliS, Hook. Fronds 3-6 inches high, slender,
of few pinnae, the lower ones once- or twice-pinnatifid into
3-5 divisions, those of the fertile fronds narrower than those
of the sterile ones. Stipe polished, brownish, darker at the
base. — Shady limestone rocks ; not common.

2. P. atropurpu'rea, Link. Larger than the last, 6-15
inches high, the stipe dark-purple and shining. Frond
pale, once- or (below) twice-pinnate, the divisions broadly
linear or oblong (or the sterile sometimes oval), stalked at
the base. Stipes clustered. — Dry rocks.

5. ASPLE'NIIJM, L. SPLEENWORT.

* Indusium straight, attached to the upper side of the vein.

1. A. Triehom'anes, L. A very delicate little fern grow-
ing in tufts on shaded cliffs. Fronds 3-6 inches long, linear
in outline, pinnate, the little pinnae oval and unequal-sided,
about -£• of an inch long. The stipes thread-like, purplish-
brown and shining. This species is evergreen.

2. A. viPUde, Hudson. Resembling A. Trichomanes. but
less rigid, and the stipe brownish at base, becoming green
upwards. Pinnae roundish-ovate or ovate-rhomboid, short-
stalked, crenately toothed. — Shaded cliffs, Atl. Prov. chiefly.

3. A. ebe'neum, Ait. Evergreen. Fronds 9-18 inches
high, upright, linear, oblanceolate in outline, fertile ones
much the taller, simply pinnate. Pinnae mostly alternate,
sessile, finely serrate, the base auricled on the upper or both
sides. Stipe and rhachis blackish-purple and shining. —
Rocky open woods, Ontario.

4. A. thelypteroi'des, Michx. Not evergreen. Fronds
2-3 feet high, pinnate, the pinnae linear-lanceolate in outline,

FILICES. 261

3-5 inches long, deeply pinnatifid, each of the crowded lobes
bearing 3-6 pairs of oblong fruit-dots.— Rich woods.

5. A. angUStifo'lium, Michx. Not evergreen. Fronds
simply pinnate, somewhat resembling Aspidium acrosti-
choides, lut very smooth and thin, and larger. Pinnae cren-
ulate, short-stalked. Fruit-dots linear, crowded. — Rich
woods; not common.

* * Indusiiim curved, delicate, often crossing the vein, thus appearing
reniform.

6. A. FiliX-fce'mina, Bernh. Fronds 1-3 feet high,
broadly lanceolate in outline, twice- pinnate, the pinnae lanceo-
late in outline, and the pinnules confluent by a narrow
margin on the rhachis of the pinna, doubly serrate. Indu-
sium curved, often shaped something like a horse-shoe,
owing to its crossing the vein and becoming attached to both
sides of it. — Rich woods.

6. WOOD WARD' I A, Smith. CHAIN FERN.

W. Virgin'iea, Smith. Fronds 2-3 feet high, pinnate ;
pinnae lanceolate, pinnatifid. Veins forming a single row
of meshes next the midrib. — Wet swamps.

T. s< OM)l»i;\ mtl I II, Smith. HART'S TONGUE.
S. VUlga're, Smith. Frond simple, bright green, a foot
or more in length, and an inch or more in width. — Shaded
ravines and limestone cliffs ; not very common.

8. CAMPTOSO'Rl'S, Link. WALKING-LEAF.
C. rhizophyl'lUS, Link. A curious little fern, growing in
tufts on shaded limestone rocks. Frond simple, with a very
long narrow point. — not very common.

9. PHEGOF'TERIS, F6e.* BEECH FERN.

1. P. polypodioi'des, Fee. Fronds triangular, longer
than broad, 4-6 inches long, hairy on the veins, twice-pin-
natifid, the rhachis winged. The pinnae sessile, linear-lance-
olate in outline, the lowest pair deflexed and standing for-
wards. Fruit-dots small and all near the margin. Stipes
rather longer than the fronds, from a slender, creeping

262 COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.

rootstock. — Apparently not common, but growing in rich
woods near Barrie, Ont.

2. P. hexagonop'tera, Fee. Fronds triangular, gener-
ally broader than long, 7-12 inches broad. Pinnae lanceo-
late; the lowest very large, their divisions elongated and
pinnatifid, the basal divisions decurrent on the main rhachis
and forming a many-angled wing. Fruit-dots not exclu-
sively near the margin. — Rich woods.

3. P. Dryop'teris, Fee. Fronds broadly triangular in
outline, primarily divided into 3 triangular spreading
petioled divisions, smooth, the three divisions once- or twice-
pinnate. Fronds from 4 to 6 inches wide. Fruit-dots near
the margin. — Rich woods ; common. Whole plant delicate,
and light green in colour.

4. P. ealea'rea, Fee. Closely resembling P. Dryopteris,
but differs in the fronds being minutely glandular and some-
what rigid, and in the lowest pinnae on the lower side of the
lateral divisions proportionally smaller. — Rocky hillsides,
Restigouche River.

10. ASPID'IUM, Swartz. SHIELD FERN. WOOD FERN.
* Stipes not chaffy.

1. A. thelyp'teriS, Swartz. Fronds tall and narrow,
lanceolate in outline, pinnate, the pinnae deeply pinnatifid,
nearly at right angles to the rhachis, linear-lanceolate in
outline, the margins of the lobes strongly revolute in fruit.
Stipe over a foot long, and usually longer than the frond. —
Common in low, wet places.

2. A. Noveboraeen'se, Swartz. Fronds much lighter in
colour than the preceding, tapering towards both ends, pin-
nate, the pinnae deeply pinnatifid, much closer together
than in No. 1, and not at right angles with the rhachis.
Veins simple. Lower pinnae short; and deflexed. — Swamps.

* * Stipes chaffy.

3. A. Spinulo'SUm, Swartz. Stipes slightly chaffy or
scaly. Fronds large, ovate-lanceolate in outline, twice-pin-
nate^ the pinnules deeply pinnatifid (nearly pinnate), and

FILICES. 263

spiny- toothed. Pinnae triangular-lanceolate in outline.
The variety intermedium, D. C. Eaton, which is very com-
mon in Canadian woods, has the margin of the indusium
denticulate and beset with minute stalked glands, the few
scales of the stipes pale brown icith a dark centre, and the
•ower pinnce unequal- sided. Var. Boottii {A. Boottii, Tuck-
srman) has the scales of the stipe pale brown, the frond
elongated-oblong or elongated-lanceolate arid pinnules less
dissected. Var. dilata'tum, Hook., has the scales of the
stipe brown with a dark centre, the frond broader, ovate or
triangular-ovate in outline, often twice-pinnate, and the
indusium smooth and naked.

4. A. fra' grans, Swartz. Fronds 4-12 inches high, fra-
grant, narrowly lanceolate, with narrowly-oblong pinnately-
partcd pinnae, their divisions nearly covered beneath by
very large thin indusia. — Rocks, Atl. Prov. arid northward.

5. A. crista'tum, Swartz. Stipes chaffy with broad scales.
Fronds large, linear-lanceolate in outline, once-pinnate, the
pinnae deeply pinnatified, the upper ones triangular-lanceo-
late in outline, the lower considerably broader, the lobes
cut-toothed. Fruit-dots large and conspicuous, half way
between the midrib of the lobe and the margin. — Swamps.

Var. Clintonia'num, D. C. Eaton, is distinguished chiefly
by its greater size and more numerous pinnae and segments.

6. A. Goldia'num, Hook. A fine fern, the large fronds
growing in a circular cluster from a chaffy rootstock. Frond
ovate or ovate-oblong in outline, once-pinnate, the pinnae
deeply pinnatifid, 6-9 inches long, broadest in the middle, the
lobes slightly scythe-shaped, finely serrate. Fruit-dots
large, near the midrib of the lobe. — Rich moist woods.

7. A. Fi'lix-mas, Swartz. (MALE-FERN.) Fronds lanceo-
late, very chaffy at the base, twice -pinnate except that the
upper pinnules run together. Pinnse linear-lanceolate,
tapering from the base to the summit. Pinnules very ob-
tuse, the basal ones incisely lobed. Fruit dots rather closer
to the midvein than the margin, Indusium convex, persist-
ent.— Rocky woods, Atl. Prov,

264 COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.

8. A. margina'le, Swartz. Stipes very chaffy at the base.
Fronds ovate-oblong in outline, twice-pinnate, the pinnae
lanceolate in outline, broadest above the base. Pinnules
crenate-margined. Fruit-dots large, close to the margin. —
Rich woods, mostly on hill-sides.

9. A. aerostiehoi'des, Swartz. (See Figs. 264 and 265,
and accompanying description.) — Rich woods.

10. A. Lonehi'tis, Swartz. Not unlike No. 9, but the
fronds are narrower and longer, more rigid and with hardly
any stipe. Pinnae densely spinulose-toothed. — Apparently
not common, but plentifujl in rocky woods west of Colling-
wood, Ont.

11. A. aeulea'tum, Swartz, var. Braun'ii, Koch. Fronds
twice pinnate, oblong-lanceolate, narrowing gradually toward
the base. Pinnules ovate or oblong, truncate and nearly
rectangular at the base (the lower short-stalked), beset with
long and soft as well as chaffy hairs. Indusium fixed by
the centre. Fronds evergreen, very chaffy on the stalk and
rhachis. — Ravines and deep woods, Atl. Prov.

11. CYSTOP'TERIS, Bernhardi. BLADDER FERN.

1. C. bulbif era, Bernh. Frond large (1-2 feet), narrow
and very delicate, twice-pinnate, the pin n re nearly at right
angles to the rhachis. Rhachis and pinnae usually with
bulblets beneath. Pinnules toothed. — Shady, moist ravines.

2. C. fra'giliS, Bernh. Frond only 4-8 inches long, with
a stipe of the same length, twice- or thrice-pinnate. Rhachis
winged. — Shady cliffs.

18. snn TIIIOP i I:KIS, Willd. OSTRICH FERX.
S. German'ica, Willd. (Onoclea StrtUhvopterig, Hoff.)
Sterile fronds with the lower pinnae gradually much shorter
than the upper ones. Pinnae deeply pinnatifid. — Common
in low, wet grounds along streams.

13. OXOCLE'A, L. SENSITIVE FERN.

0. sensib'ilis, L. (See Figs. 266, 267, 268 and 269, and
accompanying description.) — Common in wet grounds along
streams.

FILICES. 265

14. WOOD' SI A, R. Brown.

1. W. Ilven'siS, R. Brown. Stalks indistinctly jointed at
some distance above the base. Fronds oblong-lanceolate,
2-6 inches long, rather smooth and green above, thickly
clothed below with bristly rusty chaff, pinnate ; the pinnae ob-
long, blunt, sessile, pinnately-par'ted with the segments
indistinctly crenate. Fruit dots near the margin. — Exposed
rocks, Atl. Prov. and northward.

2. W. hyperbo'rea, R. Brown. Stalks jointed. Fronds
narrowly oblong-lanceolate. Sparingly hairy beneath with
chaffy hairs, pinnate ; the pinnae triangular-ovate, pinnate-
ly lobed, the lobes few and almost entire. — Ravines, Atl. Prov.
and northward.

3. W. glabel'la, R. Brown. Stalks jointed as in the two
preceding species. Frond linear, very delicate, smooth, pin-
nate. .Pinnae roundish-ovate, the lower somewhat distant,
crenately-lobed. — Moist rocks, Atl. Prov. and northward.

4. W. Obtu'sa, Torr. Stalks not jointed. Frond broadly
lanceolate, beset with small glandular hairs, once or nearly
twice pinnate. Pinnae pinnately parted. Segments of pinnae
crenately toothed. — Cliffs and rocky places ; rare.

15. DICKSO'NIA, L'Her. DICKSONIA.

D. punetilO'bula, Kunze. Pleasantly odorous.— Moist
shady places.

16. OSMIIN'DA, L. FLOWERING FERN.

1. 0. rega'lis, L. (FLOWERING FERN.) Fronds twice-
pinnate, fertile at the top, very smooth, pale green. Sterile
pinnules oblong-oval, finely serrate towards the apex,- 1-2
inches long, either sessile or short-stalked, usually oblique
and truncate at the base. — Swamps, along streams and lake-
margins.

2. 0. Claytonia'na, L. Fronds large, once-pinnate, pale
green, densely white-woolly when unfolding from the bud,
with fertile pinnae among the sterile ones. Pinnae deeply pin-
natifid, the lobes entire. — Low grounds.

266 COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.

3. 0. Cinnamo'mea, L. (CINNAMON FERN.) Fertile fronds
distinct from the sterile ones, contracted, twice-pinnate,
covered with cinnamon-coloured sporangia. Sterile fronds
rusty- woolly when young, smooth afterwards, once-pinnate,
the pinnse deeply pinnatifid. The long, sterile fronds in a
cluster, with the fertile ones in the centre.— Low grounds.

17. 1SOIRY4JII II >I, Swartz. MOONWORT.
* Sterile portion of the frond not fleshy.

1. B. Virginia' num, Swartz. (See Figs. 270 and 271, and
accompanying description.) — Rich woods everywhere.

* * Sterile portion of the frond more or less fleshy.
H- Sterile segment sessile or nearly so.

2. B. Luna'ria, Swartz. Sterile segment very fleshy,
nearly sessile, oblong, simply pinnate, with 5-15 lunate or
fan-shaped fleshy divisions. Fertile segment panicled, 2-3-
pinnate. — Hare.

3. B. Sim'plex, Hitchcock. Fronds small, seldom 6 inches
high, the sterile segment borne nearer the middle of the plant,
short-petioled, fleshy, simple, and roundish, or pinnately
lobed, with roundish lobes decurrent on the broad and flat
indeterminate rhachis. Veins all forking from the base. —
Atl. Prov. chiefly.

4. B. laneeola'tum, Angstroem. Frond 3-10 inches high.
Sterile part closely sessile at the top of the slender common
stalk, very slightly fleshy, triangular, ternately twice-pin-
natifid, with acute, toothed lobes. Veinlets branching from
the continuous midvein. The fertile part twice- or thrice-
pinnate. — Atl. Prov.

5. B. matriearisefo'lium, Braun. Eesembling the pre-
ceding, but the sterile segment not quite sessile, somewhat
fleshy, pinnate to twice-pinnatifid, with obtuse lobes. Mid-
vein broken up into forking veinlets. — Damp woods, Atl.
Prov. chiefly.

H- •»- Sterile segment long-stalked.

6. B. terna'tum, Swartz. Very fleshy, 4-16 inches high,
sparingly hairy. Sterile segment attached near the base of

EQUISETACE^.

267

Fig. 272.

Fig. 273.

the plant, broadly triangular, variously
decompound, with stalked divisions.
Fertile segment erect, 2-4-pinnate. — Not
uncommon.

18. OPHIOGLOS'SVM, L. ADDER'S TONGUE.
0. VUlga'tum, L. Sterile part of the
frond ovate or elliptical-oblong, 2-3 inches
long, rather fleshy, sessile, near the mid-
dle of the stalk ; the latter 6-12 inches
high. — Bogs and grassy meadows.

ORDER CXIII. EQUISETA'CEJE.

(HORSETAIL FAMILY.)
The only genns of the Order is

EQUISE'TOI, L. HORSETAIL. SCOUR-
ING RUSH.

Fig. 272 is a view of the fertile

stem of Equise'tum arvense, the

COMMON HORSETAIL, of about the
natural size. It may be observed
early in spring almost anywhere
in moist sandy or gravelly soil. It
is of a pale brown colour, and in place of leaves
there is at each joint a sheath split into several
teeth. At the summit of the stem is a sort of
conical catkin, made up of a large number of
six-sided bodies, each attached to the stem by
a short pedicel. Each of these six-sided bodies
turns out on examination to be made up of six
or seven sporangia or spore-cases, which open
down their inner margins to discharge their
spores. Figs. 273 and 274 are enlarged outer
and inner views of one of them. The spores
themselves are of a similar nature to those of
the Ferns, and reproduction is carried on in the
same manner ; but each spore of the Horsetail is furnished
with four minute tentacles which closely envelope it when

Fig. 274.

268 COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.

moist, and uncoil themselves when dry. The use of these
tentacles is doubtless to assist in the escape and dispersion
of the spores.

The fertile stems will have almost withered away by the
time the sterile ones appear. The latter are of the same
thickness as the fertile ones, but they are very much taller
and are green in colour. Observe, also, the grooving of the
sterile stem, and the whorls of 4- angled branches produced
at the nodes.

* Annual-stemmed, not surviving the winter.

-f- Fruiting in spring, the fertile stems pale or brownish, and earlier
than the herbaceous sterile stems or brandies.

1. E. arven'se, L. (COMMON HORSETAIL.) Fertile stems
not branching, 4-10 inches high. Sterile stems slender,
taller, with many 4-angular green branches. — Moist sandy
or gravelly soil, common.

2. E. praten'se, Ehrh. Stems more slender, with 3-sided
simple brandies shorter than in E. arvense. Stem-sheaths
with short, ovate-lanceolate teeth (those of the branches
3-toothed.J The fertile stems produce branches, when older,
except at the top, which perishes after fructification. — Low
meadows, Atl. Prov. and northward.

3. E. Sylvat'ieum, L. Fertile stems branching. Branches
compound, with loose sheaths, those of the stem having 8-14
somewhat blunt teeth, while those of the branches have 4-5
(of the branchlets 3) lance-pointed diverging teeth. Top
withering away after fructification. — Damp shady places,
Atl. Prov. and northward.

•t- -*- Fruiting in summer . Stems all similar, or the fertile contempor-
aneous with the sterile ones.

4. E. palus'tre, L. Stems 10-18 inches high, slender,
very deeply 5-9-grooved, the lance-awl-shaped teeth whitish-
margined. — Atl. Prov. and northward.

5. E. limO'SUm, L. Stem 2-5 feet high, sHghtJy many-
furrowed. Sheaths appressed, with 10-22 dark-brown acute
snort rigid teeth. — In shallow water.

LYCOPODIACE^E. 26(J

* * Stems evergreen, all similar, not branching, or only slightly so.

6. E. hyema'le, L. (SCOURING EUSH.) Stems stout ancl
tall. Sheaths elongated, with a black girdle above the base,
and about 20 narrow linear teeth, 1-keeied at the base, and
with awl-shaped deciduous points. — Wet banks.

7. E. Iseviga'tum, Braun. Stems 1-4 feet high, rather
slender, pale green, 14-30-grooved, the ridges almost smooth.
Sheath slightly enlarged upward, with a black girdle at the
base of the white-margined teeth. — N.W.

8. E. variega'tum, Schleicher. Stem slender, in tufts,
with 5-10 grooves, ascending, 6-18 inches high. Sheaths
green, variegated with black above, 5-10 toothed. — Shores
and river-banks.

9 E. SCirpOi'des, Michx. Stem slender, very numerous in
a tuft, filiform, 3-6 inches high, curving, mostly 6-grooved.
Sheaths 3-toothed. — Wooded hill-sides.

ORDER CXI V. LYCOPODIA'CE^. (Cms-Moss F. )

Chiefly moss-like plants ; often with long running and
branching stems, the sporangia solitary in the axils of the
mostly awl-shaped leaves. Spores all of one kind.

LYCOPO'DIUM, L. CLUB-MOSS.

* S2)ore-cases in the axils of the ordinary dark-green rigid lanceolate

leaves.

1. L. sela'gO, L. Stems erect and rigid, forking, forming
a level-topped cluster. Leaves uniform. — Atl. Prov. and
northward.

2. L. lueid'ulum, Michx. Stems less rigid than the last,
forking. Leaves at first spreading ; then deflexed, arranged
in alternate zones of longer and shorter leaves.

* * Spore-cases only in the axils of the upper bract-like leaves, forming

a spike.
H- Leaves of the spike not very different from those of the stem.

3. L. inunda'tum, L. A low plant with weak, creeping,
sterile stems, and solitary erect fertile stems bearing a

270 COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.

short, thick, leafy spike. Stem-leaves lanceolate, acute,
soft, spreading, mostly entire, those of the spike closely resem-
bling them. — Sandy bogs.

Var. BigelOVii, Tuckerm., has taller stems and leaves
more upright and denticulate. — Atl. Prov.

-t- •*- Leaves of the catkin-like spike quite different from those of the
stem.

4. L. anno'tinum, L. Stems creeping, 1-4 feet long.
Branches 4-9 inches high, once- or twice-forked. Spike
sessile, the leaves of it yellowish and scale-like, ovate or
heart-shaped, the others spreading orreflexed, rigid, pointed,
nearly entire, pale green. — Cold woods.

5. L. dendroi'deum, Michx. (GROUND PINE.) Boot-
stock creeping underground, nearly leafless. Stems much
resembling little hemlocks, 6-9 inches high ; numerous fan-
like spreading branches with shining lanceolate entire
leaves. Spikes sessile, nearly as in No. 4, 4-10 on each plant.
— Moist woods.

6. L. Clava'tum, L. (CLTJB-MOSS.) Stem creeping or run-
ning extensively. Spikes mostly in pairs, raised on a slender
peduncle (4-6 inches long). Leaves linear, awl-shaped, oristle-
tipped. — Dry woods.

7. L. COmplana'tum, L. Stem creeping extensively.
Branches flattened, fan-like and spreading, forking above,
the branchlets crowded. Leaves awl-shaped, small, in 4
ranks. Spikes 2-4, cylindrical, on a slender peduncle. — Dry

ORDER CXV. SELAGINELLA'CE^.

Small leafy plants, terrestrial or rooted in mud. Stem
branching or short and corm-like. Spore-cases solitary,
axillary or borne on the upper surface of the leaf at its base
and enwrapped in its margins. Spores of two' kinds, the
large ones (macrospores) developing prothallia which bear
archegonia only, and the small ones (microspores) giving
rise to antheridia only.

SALVINIACE^E. 2*71

Synopsis of the Genera.

1. Selaginel'la. Terrestrial. Stem slender. Leaves small. Spore-

cases very small, axillary, some containing the orange-coloured
powdery microspores, and others with 3 or 4 larger macrospores.

2. Iso'etes. Growing in water. Stem corm-like. Leaves elongated

and rush-like. Spore-cases large, enwrapped by the spreading
bases of the leaves.

1. SELAGINEL'LA, Beauv.

S. rupes'tris, Spring. A little moss-like evergreen, grow-
ing on exposed rocks in dense tufts 1-3 inches high. Leaves
awl-shaped, with a grooved keel, and tipped with a bristle.
Spikes 4-cornered.

2. ISO'ETES. L. QUILL WORT.

I. eehinOS'pora, Durieu, var. Braun'ii, Engelm. (QuiLL-
WORT.) A small aquatic grass-like plant with a corm-like
stem, bearing 15-30 slender leaves. The large sporangia
axillary, partly enwrapped by the thin edges of the exca-
vated bases of the leaves, beset with small spinules.— Lakes
and ponds, chiefly eastward.

ORDER CXVI. SALVINIA'CE^E.

Small floating moss-like plants, with branching axis,
covered with minute 2-lobed imbricated leaves. Sporocarps
in pairs beneath the stem, very soft and thin- walled, the
smaller ones acorn-shaped, containing a single macrospore,
the larger ones globose, containing several microspores.

AZOLLA, Lam.

A. Carolinia'na, Willd. Somewhat deltoid in outline,
much branched, of reddish aspect. Floating on quiet wat-
ers of Lake Ontario, not common.

GLOSSARY.

Abortive, defective or barren.
Acaulescent, apparently without

a stem.
Achene, a dry indehiscent 1-seeded

fruit, with the pericarp free from

the seed.
Achlamydeous, without calyx

and corolla.

Acicular, needle-shaped.
Acuminate, with a long tapering

extremity.

Acute, sharp at the end.
Adnate, grown fast to.
Alternate, not opposite.
-androus, at the end of a word, re-
fers to stamens.
Angiospermous, having seeds

enclosed in an ovary.
Annual, lasting one year or season

only.
Anterior, in front; away from the

axis ; the same as lower and. outer.
Anther, the pollen-bearing part of

the stamen.

Apetalous, without petals.
Appressed, lying close and flat.
Aquatic, growing in water.
Aril, an extra coat or appendage of

certain seeds.
Ascending, growing upwards in a

slanting direction.
Auricle, an ear-like appendage or

lobe.

Auriculate, having auricles.
Awl-shaped, narrowed upward

from the base to a sharp rigid

point.

Awn, a bristle-like appendage.
Axil, the angle on the upper side of

a leaf where it joins the stem.
Axile, central ; in the axis.
Axillary, growing from an axil
Axis, the central line.

Baccate, berry-like.

Barbed, with short sharp points,
usually pointing backward.

Beaked, tipped with a distinct
beak or point.

Bearded, having long or stiff
hairs.

Berry, a pulpy fruit like a currant
or gooseberry.

Bi-, a prefix meaning twice, or two.

Biennial, lasting two years or sea-
sons.

Bind, two-cleft.

Bilabiate, two-lipped.

Bladdery, thin and inflated.

Blade, the broad part of a leaf.

Bract, a modified leaf near a flower
or flower-cluster.

Bractlet, a secondary bract.

Bristle, a stiff hair.

Bud, an undeveloped branch, or

flower.
Bulb, a fleshy underground mass,

consisting chiefly of leaf -scales or

coats.
Bulblet, a small bulb, especially

one borne on the stem.

Bulbous, having the appearance
of a bulb.

Caducous, falling off very early.

Calyx, the outer set of flower-
leaves, often coloured like a co-
rolla.

Campanulate, bell-shaped.

Canescent, grayish-hoary.

Capitate, like a head.

Capsule, any dry dehiscent syn-
carpous fruit.

Carinate, having a keel-like ridge
or projection.

GLOSSARY.

273

Carpel, one of the parts which,
whether separate or united, make
up the pistil.

Cartilaginous, firm and tough.

Caryopsis, a grain or fruit like
that of a grass.

Catkin, a slender spike-like cluster
of usually imperfect flowers, as in
Willow, etc.

Caulescent, having a manifest
stem.

Cauline, belonging to the stem.
Cespitose, growing in tufts.

Chaff, a small thin scale or bract,
becoming dry and membranous.

Channelled, grooved lengthwise.
Ciliate, with hairs on the edge.
Cinereous, ash-coloured.

Circumcissile, opening by a hori-
zontal circular line.

Clavate, club-shaped, thicker at
the tdp.

Cleistogamous, applied to certain
flowers which are fertilized in the
bud, without opening.

Cleft, cut to about the middle.
Climbing, ascending by laying

hold of neighbouring objects by

means of tendi'ils, etc.
Cohesion, the union of similar

parts.

Coma, a tuft of hairs on a seed.
Compressed, flattened.
Conduplicate, folded together

lengthwise.
Confluent, blending together into

one.

Coniferous, cone-bearing.
Connate, grown together.
Connective, the middle portion of

an anther connecting the cells.
Connivent, converging, approach-
ing each other.

Convolute, rolled up lengthwise.
Cordate, indented at the base.
Coriaceous, leathery in texture.
Corm, a solid bulb, like that of

Indian-Turnip.
Corolla, the inner of the two sets

of the perianth.

Corymb, a flat-topped flower-clus-
ter with pedicels arising at differ-
ent points on the stem, the outer
flowers opening first.

Corymbose, in corymbs ; corymb-
like.

Cotyledons, the seed-leaves.

Creeping, trailing on the ground
and striking root at intervals.

Crenate, with rounded teeth.

Crested, bearing an appendage
like a crest.

Crown, an appendage in the throat
of a corolla.

Culm, the peculiar stem of a grass
or sedge.

Cuneate, wedge-shaped, the broad
end upwards.

Cuspidate, tipped with an abrupt
but distinctly tapering point.

Cylindraceous, somewhat cylin-
drical.

Cyme, a flat-topped flower-cluster,
with the central flowers opening
first.

Cymose, bearing cymes, or cyme-
like.

Deciduous, falling off: not per-
sistent.

Decompound, more than once
compound or divided.

Decumbent, reclining.

Decurrent, applied to a leaf when
the lobes at the base extend down
the sides of the stem.

Decussate, with opposite pairs at
right angles to each other.

Deflexed, turned abruptly down-
ward.

Dehiscent, splitting open to allow
the contents to escape.

Deltoid, triangular, the base down
ward.

Dentate, toothed, the teeth point-
ing outward.

Denticulate, minutely dentate.
Depressed, flattened from above.
Di-, twice or two.
Diadelphous, with the filaments

cohering in two sets.
Diandrous, having two stamens.

274

GLOSSARY.

Dichotomons, forking regularly
by pairs.

Dicotyledonous, having two coty-
ledons.

Didynamous,of stamens, when in
two pairs of different lengths.

Diffuse, spreading.

Digitate, compound, the members
arising from the same point.

Dioecious, of flowers when the
staminate and pistillate ones are
on separate plants.

Discoid, of composite flowers when
ray-florets are absent.

Disk, a development of the recept-
acle around the base of the pistil ;
the central part of the head of a
composite flower as distinct from
the ray.

Dissected, cut up into many seg-
ments.

Dissepiment, a partition in an
ovary or fruit.

Distinct, not united.

Divergent, spreading apart.

Divided, lobed to the base.

Dorsal, relating to the back of any
organ.

Drupe, a fleshy fruit with the seed
enclosed in a hard shell, as a plum
or cherry.

Elliptical, oval.

Emarginate, slightly notched at

the end.
Embryo, the undeveloped plant in

the seed.
Endocarp, the innermost layer of

the pericarp.
Endogenous, applied to stems

whose wood does not grow in

rings, but in scattered bundles.
Entire, without indentations of

any kind.
Epigynous, growing on the ovary.
Epiphyte, an air -plant, whose

roots do not reach the ground.
Equitant, applied to such leaves

as those of Iris, which are folded

lengthwise, each astride of the

next one within.
Erect, upright.

Excurrent, applied to stems which

can be readily traced through to

the top, as in Pine.
Exogenous, applied to stems

whose wood grows in layers or

rings.
Exserted, thrust out beyond the

line of the enveloping organ, as

stamens out of a corolla.
Extrorse, facing outward.

Fascicle, a close bundle.
Fertile, applied to flowers having

pistils.

Fibrous, thread-like.
Filament, the stalk of the stamen.
Filiform, thread-shaped ; long and

slender.

Floccose, soft-woolly.
Foliaceous, leaf-like.
-foliate, relating to leaves.
-foliolate, relating to leaflets.
Follicle, a dehiscent fruit of one

carpel, splitting down one side

only.
Free, not growing fast to any other

organ.
Frond, the leaf of a Fern, and some

other cryptogams.
Fruit, the ripened ovary, along

with any adherent part.
Fugacious, falling away very

early.
Fusiform, spindle-shaped, thicker

in the middle than at either end.

Galea, a helmet-shaped piece of a

perianth, as the upper lip of some

labiate corollas.
Gamopetalous, having the petals

united together.
Gamophyllous, having the pieces

of the perianth united.
Gibbous, bulging outward on one

side.
Glabrate, somewhat glabrous ;

becoming glabrous.
Glabrous, smooth.
Gland, a secreting structure of any

kind. Any protuberance having

the appearance of such an organ.

GLOSSARY.

275

Glandular, bearing glands ; or

gland-like.

Glaucous, whitened with a bloom.
Globose, nearly spherical.
Glumaceous, having glumes ; or

glume-like.
Glume, a chaffy bract near a

grass-flower.
Granular, composed of small

grain -like pieces.
Gymnospermous, having seeds

which are not enclosed in an

ovary.
Gynandrous, of stamens which

are borne on the style.

Habit, the general aspect of a

plant.
Halberd-shaped, with spreading

lobes at the base.
Hastate, the same as halberd-

sha,ped.
Head, a dense cluster of sessile

flowers on a very short axis.
Heart-shaped, with an indenta-
tion at the base.
Herb, a plant with little or no wood

in its stem.
Herbaceous, having the character

of an herb ; leaf-like in colour

and texture.
Hilum, the scar showing where a

seed was attached.
Hirsute, pubescent with coarse

hairs.

Hispid, with stiff bristly hairs.
Hoary, grayish- white with fine

close pubescence.
Hooded, shaped like a hood,
j Hypogynous, inserted on the re-
' ceptacle below the ovary, and free

from the latter.

Imbricate, overlapping, as the
bracts of the involucre in most
composite flowers, having one
piece wholly internal and one
wholly external, as in the calyx
and corolla of many flowers.

Immersed, wholly under water.

Incised, sharply cut.

Included, not at all protruded be-
yond the surrounding envelope.

Indefinite, many in number.

Indehiscent, not splitting open so
as to discharge the contents.

Indigenous, native.

Inferior, lower ; outer ; of a calyx
when below and free from the
ovary ; of an ovary when attached
to the calyx.

Inflorescence, the arrangement
of the flowers or flower-clusters.

Inserted, attached to.

Introrse, turned inward.

Involucel, a secondary involucre.

Involucre, a circle of bracts below
a flower or flower-cluster.

Involute, rolled inward.
Irregular, with parts differing in
size or shape.

Keel, a central lougitudinal ridge ;
the two united petals in the front
of a papilionaceous flower.

Kidney-shaped, of a leaf with
large rounded lobes at the base.

Labiate, having two lips.
Laciniate, cut into narrow pointed

lobes.

Lamella, a thin flat plate.
Lanceolate, rather narrow and

tapering from the base to the

point.
Lateral, referring to or borne on

the side.
Lax, loose.
Leaflet, one of the pieces of the

blade of a compound leaf.
Legume, a dehiscent fruit of a

single carpel, which opens as a

rule by two seams.
Lenticular, shaped like a double-
convex lens.

Ligulate, strap-shaped.
Limb, the spreading part of a petal

or corolla, etc.
Linear, long and narrow, with

both ends alike or nearly so.
Lobe, say segment of an organ.

276

GLOSSARY.

Lyrate, pinnatifid with the ter-
minal lobe very large and rounded.

Marginal, along or near the edge.
Membranaceous, thin, somewhat

transparent.
Midrib, the central or main vein

of a leaf.

Monadelphous, with all the fila-
ments grown together.
Monocotyledonous, having only

one cotyledon in the embryo.
Monoecious, having staminate and

pistillate flowers on different parts

of the same plant.
Mucronate, tipped with a minute

sharp point.
Multifld, cut into many segments.

Naked, without a covering, as of

chaff, hairs, etc.
Nerve, a longitudinal line, as on

the calyx of Catnip.
Node, the place on a stem from

which a leaf springs.
Numerous, indefinite in number.
Nut, an indehiscent fruit of one

cell and one seed with a hard

shell, usually the product of a

compound pistil.
Nutlet, a body like a little nut.

Obcompressed, compressed from
above instead of from side to side.

Obcordate, indented at the apex.

Oblanceolate, narrow and taper-
ing towards the base.

Oblique, unequal-sided, slanting.

Oblong, longer than broad, with
rather straight sides, and both
ends alike.

Obovate, egg-shaped, with the
narrow end down.

Obsolete, not evident.

Obtuse, blunt.

Ocreate, having sheathing stip-
ules.

Operculate, having a lid.

Orbicular, circular in outline.

Oval, some what longer than broad,
with rounded sides and both ends
alike.

Ovary, the lower part of the pistil
containing the ovules.

Ovate, egg-shaped, the broad end
down.

Ovoid, a solid with an ovate out-
line.

Palate, an upward projection of
the lower lip of a personate co-
rolla, closing the throat.

Palet, one of the inner chaffy
scales of a grass-flower.

Palmate, with veins or leaflets
radiating from the end of the
petiole.

Panicle, an irregularly compound
inflorescence of pedicelled flowers.

Pantcled, resembling a panicle,
borne in a panicle.

Papilionaceous, having a stand-
ard, wings, and keel, as in legu-
minous corollas.

Pappus, the tuft of hairs or bristles
answering to the calyx-lirnb in
many composite flowers.

Parasitic, living upon other living
plants.

Parietal, borne on the walls.

Parted, very deeply cleft.

Pectinate, cut into comb-like nar-
row teeth.

Pedate, palmately divided or part-
ed, with the basal segments t-
cleft.

Pedicel, a secondary flower-stalk ;
the support of a single flower in a
cluster.

Peduncle, the support of a solitary
flower or of a flower-cluster.

Peltate, shield-shaped; attached
by the lower surface.

Pendulous, hanging down.

Perennial, lasting year after year.

Perfect, having both stamens and
pistil in the same flower.

Perfoliate, with the stem passing
through the leaf.

Perianth, the floral envelopes.

Pericarp, the matured ovary.

GLOSSARY.

277

Perigynous, inserted on the calyx.
Persistent, remaining after other

parts have fallen away.
Personate, applied to a labiate

corolla with the throat closed by

an upward projection of the lower

lip.

Petal, one of the pieces of a corolla.
Petaloid, petal-like.
Petiolate, having a petiole.
Petiole, having a leaf-stalk.
Phanerogamous, having flowers

and producing seeds.

Pilose, with soft hairs.

Pinna, a primary division of a

frond.
Pinnate, with veins or leaflets

proceeding from each side of a

mid-rib.
Pinnatifld, deeply pinnately cleft.

Pinnule, a secondary division of a

frond ; one of the divisions of a

pinna.
Pistil, the seed-bearing organ of

the flower.
Pistillate, having pistil but no

stamens.
Pitted, marked with small pits or

depressions.
Placenta, the ridge or projection

in the ovary to which the ovules

are attached.
Plicate, folded into plaits.

Plumose, feathery ; with fine hairs
on each side of the axis.

Pod, any dry dehiscent fruit.

Pollen, the grains produced in the

anther.
Pollinium (plural pollinia), a mass

of pollen, as in Milkweeds

Orchids.

and

Polypetalous, having petals sep-
arate from each other.

Pome, an inferior syncarpous fruit
with a largely developed adherent
calyx, as the apple.

Posterior, the side next the axis.

Procumbent, lying flat on the
ground.

Prostrate, the same as procum-
bent.

Puberulent, minutely pubescent.

Pubescent, covered with fine short

hairs.
Punctate, showing transparent

dots when held up to the lignt.
Pungent, acrid to the taste.

Raceme, a flower-cluster of lateral
flowers, each on a pedicel of its
own.

Racemose, in racemes ; resem-
bling a raceme.

Radiate, spreading from a centre ;
bearing ray-florets.

Radical, proceeding from the base
of the stem.

Ray, the branch of an umbel : the
circle of marginal florets in a
composite flower, as distinguished
from the disk.

Receptacle, the enlarged top of
the flower-stalk.

Recurved, curved backward.

Reflexed, bent backward or down-
ward.

Regular, with all the parts of the
organ of the same size and shape.

Reniform, kidney-shaped.

Repand, with a margin resembling
that of an expanded umbrella.

Reticulate, in the form of a net-
work.

Retuse, with a shallow notch at
the end.

Revolute, rolled backward from
the margin.

Rhachis, the axis of a frond or
compound leaf.

Rhizome, an underground stem;
a rojtstock.

Rib, one of the main veins of a leaf.

Ringeiit, wide open, gaping.

Rootstock, an underground stem.

Rotate, wheel-shaped.

Rudimentary, but slightly de-
veloped.

Rugose, wrinkled.

Runcinate, with teeth on the
margin pointing backward.

Runner, a thread-like prostrate
branch, proceeding from the base
of a stem, and rooting at the ex-
tremity.

278

GLOSSARY.

Saccate, sac-shaped.

Sagittate, arrow-shaped, the basal

lobes directed downward.
Salver-shaped, with a border

spreading at right angles to the

tube.
Samara, a winged fruit, as that of

the Ash.

Scabrous, rough.
Scape, a leafless peduncle rising

from the ground or near it.
Scarious, thin, dry, and mem-

branaceous.
Sctirf, small rusty-looking scales

on the epidermis.
Segment, one of the parts of a

divided leaf.

Sepal, a division of a calyx.
Septum, a partition.
Serrate, toothed, the teeth directed

towards the apex.
Serrulate, finely serrate.
Sessile, without a stalk.
Setaceous, bristle-like.
Setose, beset with bristles.
Sheath, a tubular envelope.
Sheathing, enclosing as with a

sheath.
Shrub, a woody perennial smaller

than a tree.

Silicle, a short and broad silique.
Silique, tbe peculiar pod of a Cru-
ciferous flower.
Simple, of one piece.
Sinuate, wavy.
Sinus, the indentation between

two lobes.

Sorus, a cluster of sporangia.
Spadix, a spike on a fleshy axis.
Spathe, a bract, subtending or en-
veloping a spadix.
Spathulate, gradually narrowed

downward from a rounded apex.
Spicate, in the form of a spike.
Spike, a cluster of sessile flowers

on a more or less elongated axis.
Splkelet, a small or secondary

spike.
Spindle-shaped, larger in the

middle than at either end.

Spine, a sharp woody outgrowth of
the stem.

Spinose, spine-like, or beset with
spines.

Sporangium, a spore-case.

Sporocarp, the fruit-case of cer-
tain cryptogams.

Spur, a hollow projection.

Squarrose, having spreading tips.

Stamen, a pollen-bearing organ.

Standard, the upper petal of a
papilionaceous corolla.

Stellate, star-shaped.

Sterile, not producing seed, with-
out a pistil.

Stigma, the upper end of the pistil,
adapted for the reception of pollen.

Stigmatlc, stigma-like.

Stipe, the leaf-stalk of a Fern: the
stalk supporting a pistil in certain
flowers.

Stipular, relating to stipules.
Stolon, a branch which roots.
Stoloniferous, bearing stolons.

Striate, marked with fine longitu-
dinal lines.

Strict, rigid and upright.

Strigose, beset with appressed
sharp straight and stiff hairs.

Style, the narrow part of a pistil
between the ovary and the stigma.

Stylopodium, a disk-like expan-
sion at the base of a style, as in
Umbelliferous plants.

Sub-, a prefix meaning "some-
what."

Subulate, awl-shaped.

Succulent, juicy.

Suffrutescent, slightly shrubby.

Suffruticose, low and woody, di-
minutively shrubby.

Sulcate, grooved or furrowed.

Superior (calyx), attached to the
ovary.

Suture, a seam or line of dehis-
cence.

Symmetrical, with sets having
the same number of parts each, or
a multiple of that number.

GLOSSARY.

279

Tail, any slender prolongation.

Terete, cylindrical.

Terminal, at the apex.

Ternate, in threes.

Tetradynamous, with four long
stamens and two short ones.

Throat, the entrance to the tube of
a calyx or corolla.

Thyrse, a compact panicle.

Thyrsoid, like a thyrse.

Tomentose, woolly.

Transverse, across.

Tri-, a prefix meaning three or
thrice.

Trifoliolate, having three leaflets.

Truncate, as if cut off square
across the end.

Tuber, the enlarged end of an un-
derground stem.

Tubercle, a small tuber-like body.

Tuberous, having the appearance
of a tuber.

Tunicated, having coats one with-
in another.

Twining, winding spirally about
a support.

Umbel, a flower-cluster with radi-
ating pedicels.
Umbellate, umbel-like.

Umbellet, a secondary umbel.
Undulate, wavy.
Urceolate, urn-shaped.
Utricle, an indehiscent 1- seeded
fruit, with a thin loose pericarp.

Valvate, with the edges meeting

but not overlapping.
Valve, one of the pieces into which

a capsule splits.
Veins, the threads of fibro-vaseular

tissue running through the sub-
stance of a leaf.
Ventral, belonging to the inferior

or lower side.
Vernation, the folding of a leaf in

the bud.
Versatile, attached by the centre

(of the anther) and so able to

swing about.
Vertical, upright.
Verticillate, whorled.
Villous, with long soft hairs.
Viscid, sticky.

Whorl, a circle of leaves round a
stem.

Wing, a thin expansion bordering
any organ ; one of the side petals
of a papilionaceous corolla.

Woolly, with long matted hairs.

AN ALPHABETICAL LIST

COMMON CULTIVATED PLANTS.

POPULAR NAME.

SCIENTIFIC NAME.

NATURAL ORDER.

Abutilon.

Abutilon striatum.

Malvaceae.

Aconite.

Aconitum Napellus.

Ranunculaceae.

African Marigold.

Tagetes erecta.

Compositae.

Agapanthus.

Agapanthus umbellatus.

Liliaceae.

Ageratum.

Ageratum Mexicanum.

Compositse.

Almond (Flower-

Prunus nana.

Rosaceae.

ing).

Alyssum (Sweet).

Alyssum maritimum.

Cruciferae.

Apple (Common).

Pyrus Mains.

Hosaceas.

Apple (Siberian

Pyrus prunifolia.

E,(jsace93.

Crab).

Apricot.

Prunus Armeniaca.

Bosace83.

Artichoke (True).

Cynara ScoJymus.

Composit83.

Artichoke (Jerusa-

Helianthus tuberosus.

Composite.

lem).

Asparagus.

Asparagus officinalis.

Liliaceae.

Aster (China).

Callistephus Chinensis.

Compositaa.

Auricula.

Primula Auricula,.

Primulace89.

Azalea.

Azalea Indica,

Ericaceae.

Balsam.

Impatiens Balsamina.

Geraniaceae.

Banana.

Musa sapientum.

Scitamineae.

Barberry.

Berberis vulgaris.

Berberidaceae.

Barley.

Hordeum (sev. sp.)

Gramineae.

Bean (Windsor).

Vicia Faba.

Leguminosse.

COMMON CULTIVATED PLANTS.

281

POPULAR NAME.

SCIENTIFIC NAME.

NATURAL ORDER.

Bean (Dwarf).

Phaseolus nanus.

Leguminosse.

Bean (Kidney).

Phaseolus vulgaris.

Leguminosse.

Beet.

Beta vulgaris.

Chenopodiacese.

Begonia.

Begonia Rex (and

Begoniacese.

many other species).

Bleeding Heart.

Dicentra spectabilis.

Fumariacese.

Bluebottle.

Centaurea Cyanus.

Composite.

Blue Flag.

Iris pumila (and other

Iridacese.

species).

Borage.

Borrago officinalis.

Borraginacese.

Boston Ivy.

Ampelopsis Veitchii.

Vitacese.

Bottle Gourd.

Lagenaria vulgaris.

Cucurbitacese.

Bouvardia.

Bouvardia triphylla.

Eubiacese.

Box.

Buxus sempervirens.

Euphorbiacese.

Broccoli.

Brassica oleracea, var.

Cruciferse.

Broccoli.

Buckwheat.

Fagopyrum esculentum.

Polygonacese.

Cabbage.

Brassica oleracea.

Cruciferse.

Caladium.

Caladium (sev. sp.)

Aracese.

Calceolaria.

Calceolaria (sev. sp.)

Scrophularaicese.

Calendula.

Calendula officinalis.

Compositse.

Calla Lily.

Richardia Africana.

Araceae.

Camellia.

Camellia Japonica.

Camelliacese.

Canary-bird Flower.

Tropceolum peregri-

Geraniacese.

num.

Candytuft.

Iberis umbdlata.

Cruciferse.

Canna.

Canna Indica.

Scitaminese.

Canterbury Bells.

Campanula Medium.

Campanulacese.

Capsicum.

Capsicum annuum.

Solanaceae.

Caraway.

Carum Carui.

Umbelliferse.

Carrot.

Daucus Carota.

Castor-oil Plant.

Ricinus communis.

Euphorbiaceae.

Catalpa.

Catalpa bignonioides.

Bignoniaceae.

Catchfly.

Silene Armeria.

Caryophyllaceaa

282

COMMON CULTIVATED PLANTS.

POPULAR NAME.

SCIENTIFIC NAME.

NATURAL ORDER.

Cauliflower.

Brassica oleracea(var.}

Cruciferse.

Celery.

Apium graveolens "

Umbellifer83.

Century Plant.

Agave Americana.

Arnaryllidaceas.

Chamomile.

Anthemis nobilis.

Compositas.

Cherry (Eed).

Prunus Cerasus.

Eosacese.

Cherry (English).

" avium.

China Aster.

Callistephus Chinensis.

Composite.

Chinese Primrose.

Primula Sinensis.

Primulaceae.

Chives.

Allium Schcenoprasum.

Liliaceae.

Cigar-plant.

Cuphea platycentra.

Lythracese.

Cineraria.

Senecio cruentus.

Compositas.

Citron.

Citrullus vulgaris

Cucurbitaceas.

(var.}

Clarkia.

Clarkia elegans.

Onagraceas.

Clematis.

Clematis (sev. sp.)

Eanunculaceaa.

Cobsea.

Cobcea scandens.

Polemoniacese.

Cockscomb.

Celosia cristata.

Amarantacess.

Coffee.

Coffea Arabica.

Eubiaceaa.

Coleus.

Coleus Blumei.

Labiates.

Columbine.

Aquilegia vulgaris.

Eanunculaceaa.

Convolvulus.

Ipomcea purpurea.

Convol vul acese.

Corn.

Zea Mays.

Graminea?.

Cornflower.

Centaurea Cyanus.

Compositaa.

Cotton.

G-ossipium herbaceum.

Malvaceas.

Crocus.

Crocus vernus.

Iridaceaa.

Crown Imperial.

Fritillaria impcrialis.

Liliaceaa.

Cucumber.

Cucumis sativus.

Cucurbitacese.

Cuphea.

Cuphea platycentra.

Lythraceaa.

Currant (Eed and

Ribes rubrum.

Saxifragacese.

White),

Currant (Black).

" nigrum.

Cyclamen.

Cyclamen Persicum.

Primulacese.

Cypress Vine.

Quamoclit vulgaris.

Convol vul aceas.

Cypripedium.

Cypripedium (sev. sp.)

Orchidaceaa.

COMMON" CULTIVATED PLANTS.

283

POPULAR NAME.

SCIENTIFIC NAME.

NATURAL()RDER.

Daffodil.

Narcissus Pseudo-

Amaryllidacese.

Narcissus.

Dahlia.

Dahlia variabilis.

Compositse.

Daisy.

Bellis perennis.

Day-Lily (Common).

Hemerocallisfulva.

Liliacese.

Deutzia.

Deutzia gracilis, etc.

Saxifragacese.

Dianthus.

Dianthus Chinensis

Caryophyllacese

(sev. varieties).

Dielytra.

Dielytra spectabilis.

Fumariace-ae.

Digitalis.

Digitalis purpurea.

Scrophulariacese

Dracaena.

Draccena (sev. sp.)

Liliacese.

Dusty Miller.

Centaurea Cineraria

Compositee.

(or Candidissima).

Dutchman's Pipe.

Aristolochia Sipho.

Aristolochiacese

Egg Tlant.

Solanum Melongena.

Solanacese.

Elephant's Ear.

Begonia (many sp.)

Begoniacese.

Endive.

Oichorium Endivia.

Compositse.

Eschscholtzia.

Eschscholtzia Califor-

Papaveracese.

nica.

Evening-Primrose.

(Enothera biennis(var.)

Onagraceae.

Everlasting.

Grnaphalium(sev. sp.)

Compositse.

Feverfew.

Pyrethrum Parthen-

ium.

Fig.

Ficus Carica.

Urticacese.

Flax.

Linum usitatissimum

Linacese.

(and other species).

Flower-de-luce .

Iris G-ermanica.

Iridacese.

Flower-of-an-hour.

Hibiscus Trionum.

Malvaceae.

Forget-me-not.

Myosotis palustris.

Borraginacese.

Forsythia.

Forsythia viridissima.

Oleacese.

Four-o'clock.

Mirabilis Jalapa.

Nyctaginaceae.

Foxglove.

Digitalis purpurea.

Scrophulariacese

French Marigold.

Tagetes patula.

Compositae.

Fuchsia.

Fuchsia (many sp.)

Onagracese.

284

COMMON CULTIVATED PLANTS.

POPULAR NAME.

SCIENTIFIC NAME.

NATURAL URDER.

Gaillardia.

Gaillardia (sev. sp.}

Compositse.

Gardenia.

Gardenia florida.

Bubiacese.

Garlic.

Allium sativum.

Liliacese.

Genista.

Genista tinctoria.

Leguminosse.

Geranium.

Pelargonium (my. sp.)

Geraniacese.

German Ivy.

Senecio scandens.

Compositse.

Gilliflower.

Matthiola annua.

Cruciferse.

Gladiolus.

Gladiolus (sev. sp.)

Iridacese.

Gloxinia.

Gloxinia speciosa.

Gesneracea?,

Gooseberry.

Ribes Grossularia.

Saxifragacefe-

Grape.

Vitis -vinifera (many

Vitacese.

var.)

Grape Hyacinth.

Muscari botryoides.

Liliaceae.

Ground Pink.

Phlox subulata.

Polemoniacese.

Guelder Eose.

Viburnum Opulus

CaprifoliaccsE

Hawthorn (Eng.)

Cratcegus Oxyacantlia,

Hosace93.

Heart's-ease.

Viola tricolor.

Violaceee.

Heliotrope.

Helitropium Peruvi-

Borraginacese.

anum.

Hellebore (White).

Veratrum viride.

Liliacese.

Hemp.

Cannabis sativa.

Urticacese.

Henbane.

Hyoscyamus niger.

Solanacese.

Holly.

Hex Aquifolium.

Aquifoliacese.

Hollyhock.

Althcea rosea.

Malvaceae.

Honesty.

Lunaria biennis.

Cruciferse.

Honeysuckle.

Lonicera (sev. sp.)

Caprifoliaceas.

Hop.

Humulus Lupulus.

Urticacese.

. Horehound.

Marrubium vulgar e.

Labiates.

Horse-Chestnut.

jEsculus Hippocasta-

Sapindaceaa.

num.

Horse-radish.

Nasturtium Armoracia.

Cruciferse.

Houseleek.

Sempervivum tectorum.

Crassulaceaa.

Hyacinth.

Hyacinthus orientalis.

Liliaceaa.

Hydrangea.

Hydrangea Hortensia.

Saxifragaceaa.

COMMON CULTIVATED PLANTS.

285

POPULAR NAME.

SCIENTIFIC NAME.

NATURAL ORDER .

Ice Plant.

Mesembryanthemum

Mesembryan-

crystallinum.

themeee.

Indian Corn.

Zea Mays.

Graminese.

Indian Cress.

Tropceolum majus.

Geraniacese.

Indian Mallow.

Abutilon Avicennas.

Malvaceae .

Indian Shot.

Canna (sev. sp.)

Scitaminege.

India-Rubber Tree.

Ficus elastica.

Urticaceee.

Iris.

Iris (sev. sp.)

Iridacese.

Ivy.

Hedera Helix.

Araliacege.

Jerusalem Arti-

Helianthus tuber os us.

Composites.

choke.

Jessamine.

Jasminum (sev. sp.)

Oleacese.

Jonquil.

Narcissus Jonquilla.

Amaryllidaceae.

Kale.

Brassica oleracea.

Cruciferse.

Kidney Bean.

Phaseolus vulgaris.

Leguminosse.

Kohlrabi.

Brassica oleracea (var. )

Cruciferse.

Laburnum.

Laburnum vulgare.

Leguminosse.

Ladies' Eardrops.

Fuchsia (many sp.)

Onagracese.

Lamb's Quarters.

Chenopodium album.

Chenopodiacese.

Laritana.

Lantana (sev. sp.)

Verbenacese.

Larkspur.

Delphinium (sev. sp.)

E-anunculaceae.

Lavender.

Lavandula vera.

Labiatae.

Leek.

Allium Porrum.

Liliacese.

Lemon - scented

Lippia citriodora.

Verbenacese.

Verbena.

Lentil.

Lens esculenta.

Leguminosse.

Lettuce.

Lactuca sativa*

Compositse.

Lilac (Common)

Syringa vulgaris.

Oleacese.

Lily.

Lilium (many sp.)

Liliacese.

Lily-of-the-Valley.

Convallaria majalis.

Liliacese.

Linden (Europe).

Tilia Europcea.

Tiliacese.

Live-for-Ever.

Sedum Telephium.

Crassulacese.

Lobelia (blue).

Lobelia Erinus.

Lobeliaceae.

286

COMMON CULTIVATED PLANTS.

POPULAR NAME.

SCIENTIFIC? NAME.

NATURALORDER.

Locust-tree.

Robinia (sev. sj>.)

Leguminosse.

Love-in-a-mist.

Nigella Damascene*,.

Eaiiunculacese.

Love-lies-bleeding.

Amarantus melan-

Amarantacese.

cholicus.

Lychnis.

Lychnis (sep. sp.)

Caryophyllacese.

Lycopodium.

Selaginella (sev. sp.~)

Lycopodiacese.

Madder.

Rubia tinctoria.

Eubiaceae.

Marigold.

Calendula officinalis.

Compositse.

Marvel-of-Peru .

Mirabilis Jala pa.

Nyctaginacese.

Matrimony- Vine.

Lycium vulgare.

Solanacese.

Maurandia.

Maurandia (sev. sp.)

Scrophulariacese.

Melilotus (white).

Melilotus alba.

Leguminosse.

Melon (Musk).

Cucumis Melo.

Cucurbitacese.

" (Water).

Citrullus vulgaris.

Mignonette.

Reseda adorata.

Kesedacese.

Mimosa.

Mimosa pudica.

Leguminosse,

Mock-Orange.

Philadelphus Coron-

Saxifragacese.

arius.

Molucca Balm.

Moluccella Icevis.

Labiatse.

Monkshood.

Aconitum Napellus.

Banunculacese.

Morning Glory.

Ipomoza pur pur ea.

Convolvulacese.

Moss Pink.

Phlox subulata.

Polemoniacese.

Mountain Ash.

Pyrus Americana.

Rosacese.

Mourning Bride.

Scabiosa atropurpurea.

Dipsacese.

Mulberry.

Morus alba.

Urticacese.

Muskmelon.

Cucumis Melo.

Cucurbitaceae.

Musk-plant.

Mimulus moschatus.

Scrophulariacese.

Narcissus (Polyan-

Narcissus Tazetta.

Amaryllidacese.

thus).

Nasturtium.

Tropceolum majus.

Geraniaceae.

Nemophila. Nemophila (sev. sp.)

Hydrophyllacese

Nolana.

Nolana atriplicifolia.

Solanacese.

Oat.

Avena sativa.

Graminese.

COMMON CULTIVATED PLANTS.

287

POPULAR NAME.

SCIENTIFIC NAME.

NATURALORDER.

Oleander.

Nereum Oleander.

Apocynacese. -

Onion.

Allium, Cepa.

Liliacees.

Orange (Sweet).

Citrus Aurantium.

Eutaceas.

Orange-Gourd.

Cucurbita ovifera.

Cucurbitaceas.

Oxalis.

Oxalis (sev. sp.)

Oxalidaceae.

Oyster-Plant.

Tragopogon porrifolius.

Composites.

Po3ony (Common).

PcBonia officinalis^

Eanunculaceas.

Pansy.

Viola tricolor.

Violacees.

Parsley.

Petroselinum sativum.

Umbelliferas.

Parsnip.

Pastinaca saliva.

Passion - Flower

Passiflora ccerulea.

Passifloraceae.

(Common).

Pea.

Pisum sativum.

Leguminosas.

Peach.

Prunus Persica.

Eosacees.

Peanut.

Arachis hypogcea.

Leguminosas.

Pear.

Pyrus communis.

Eosaceas.

Peppermint.

Mentha piper ita.

Labiates.

Perilla.

Perilla Nankinensis.

Labiates.

Periwinkle (Com-

Vinca Minor.

Apocynacees.

mon).

Petunia.

Petunia (sev. sp.)

Solanacees.

Phlox.

Phlox (sev. sp.)

Polemoniacees.

Pie-Plant.

Rheum Rhaponticum.

Polygonacees.

Pimpernel.

Anagallis arvensis.

Primulacees.

Pine'-Apple.

Ananassa saliva.

Bromeliacees.

Pink.

Dianthus (many sp.)

Caryophyllacees.

Plum.

Prunus Domestica

Eosacees.

(many var. )

Plumbago (Blue).

Plumbago Capensis.

Plumbaginaceas

Poinsettia.

Euphorbia pulcher-

Euphorbiaceas.

rima.

Polyanthus.

Primula officinalis

Prinmlaceas.

(sev. var.)

Pomegranate.

Punica Granatum.

Lythracees.

Poppy.

Pa paver somniferum.

Papveraceae.

288

COMMON" CULTIVATED PLANTS'.

POPULAR NAME.

SCIENTIFIC NAME.

NATURAL ORDER.

Portulaca.

Portulaca grandiflora.

Portulacacese.

Potato.

Solanum tuberosum.

Solanacese.

Primrose(Chinese).

Primula Sinensis.

Primulacese.

Princes' Feather.

Polygonum oriental e.

Polygonacese.

Privet (Common).

Ligustrum vulgare.

Oleacese.

Pumpkin.

Cucurbita Pepo.

Cucurbitacese.

Radish.

Ttaphanus sativus.

Cruciferae.

Raspberry (Red or

Rubus Idceus.

Rosacese.

Yellow).

Red Pepper.

Capsicum annuum.

Solancese.

Red-hot-poker.

Tritoma Uvaria.

Liliaceae.

Rhododendron.

Rhododendron Dauri-

Ericaceae.

cum.

Rhubarb.

Rheum Rhaponticum.

Polygonacese.

Rice.

Oryza sativa.

Graminese.

Rocket

Hesperis matronalis.

Cruciferae.

Rose.

Rosa (many sp.)

Rosacees.

Rose-Mallow.

Hibiscus Syriacus.

Malvacee?.

Rosemary.

Rosmarinus officinalis

Labiatee.

Rowan-Tree.

Pyrus Americana.

Rosacese.

Rutabaga.

Brassica campestris.

Cruciferse.

Rye.

Secale cereale.

Graminese.

Sage (Common).

Salvia officinalis.

Labiatae.

Salsify.

Tragopogon porrifolius.

Composita3.

Salvia.

Salvia (many sp.)

Labiatse.

Savory (Summer).

Satureia hortensis.

Scabiosa.

Scabiosa alropurpurea .

Dipsaceae.

Scarlet Lychnis.

Lychnis Chalcedonica.

Caryophyllaceae

Scarlet-Runner.

Phaseolus multiflorus.

Leguminosaa.

Sensitive-plant.

Mimosa pudica.

t i

Shell-Flower.

Moluccella Icevis.

Labiatae.

Smilax.

Myrsiphyllum aspar-

Liliaceae.

agoides.

COMMON CULTIVATED PLANTS.

289

POPULAR NAME.

SCIENTIFIC NAME.

NATURALORDER.

Snapdragon.

Antirrhinum, majus.

Scrophulariacese

Snowball-Tree.

Viburnum Opulus.

Caprifoliacese.

Snowberry.

Symphoricarpus race-

t i

mosus.

Snowdrop.

Galanthus nivalis.

Amaryllidacese.

Spearmint.

Mentha viridis.

Labiatse.

Spiderwort.

Tradescantia zebrina.

Commelinacese.

Spinach.

Spinacia oleracea.

Chenopodiacese.

Spiraea.

Spircea (sev. sp.)

Rosacese.

Spurge.

Euphorbia (sev. sp.)

Euphorbiacese.

Squash.

Cucurbita maxima.

Cucurbitacese.

Star-of -Bethlehem.

Ornithogallum umbel-

Liliacese.

latum.

Stephanotis.

Stephanotis floribunda

Asclepiadacese.

Stock (Ten- Weeks).

Matthiola annua.

Cruciferae.

Stone-crop (Mossy. )

Stdum acre.

Crassulacese.

Strawberry.

Fragaria (sev. sp.)

Eosacese.

Strawberry Geran-

Saxifraga sarmentosa

Saxifraga ceee.

ium.

Strawberry Tomato.

Physalis Alkekengi.

Solanacese.

Sugar Cane.

Saccharum officina-

Graminese.

rum.

Sweet Basil.

Ocimum Basilicum.

Labiatse.

Sweet-Brier.

Rosa rubiginosa.

Rosacese.

Sweet Clover.

Melilotus alba.

Leguminosse.

Sweet- William.

Dianthus barbatus.

Caryophyllacese.

Syringa.

Philadelphia corona-

Saxifragaceae.

rius.

Tansy.

Tanacetum vulgare.

Compositas

Tea Jf iant.

Thea viridis.

Camelliacese.

Thimbleberry.

Rubus occidentalis.

Rosaceas.

Thyme.

Thymus SerpyUum.

Labiataa.

Tiger-Flower.

Tigridia pavonia (sev.

Iridacese.

var.}

290

COMMON CULTIVATED PLANTS.

POPULAR NAME.

SCIENTIFIC NAME.

NATURAL ORDER.

Tobacco(Com mon) .

Nicotiana Tabacum.

Solanaceaa.

Tomato.

Licopersicum esculen-

tum.

Tree of Heaven.

Ailanthus glandulosus .

Simarubaceaa.

Trumpet Creeper.

Tecoma (sev. sp.)

Bignoniaceaa.

Tulip.

Tulipa G-esneriana

Liliaceaa.

(sev. var. )

Turnip.

Brassica Napus.

Cruciferaa.

Vegetable Marrow.

Cucurbita verrucosa.

Cucurbitaceas.

Verbena.

Verbena (sev. sp.)

Verbenaceas.

Veronica.

Veronica (sev. sp.)

Scrophulariace83

Vetch (Common).

Vicia saliva.

Leguminosaa.

Violet (Sweet).

Viola odorata.

Violacese.

Virginia Creeper.

Ampelopsis quinque-

Vitacese.

folia.

Wallflower.

Cheiranthus Cheiri,

Cruciferaa.

Watermelon.

Citrullus vulgaris.

Cucurbitaceaa.

Wax-Plant.

Hoya carnosa.

Asclepiadaceaa.

Wheat.

Triticum vulgare.

Gramineas.

Windsor Bean.

Vicia Faba.

Leguminosaa.

Wistaria.

Wistaria Sinensis.

Wolfsbane.

Aconitum Napellus.

Eanunculaceaa.

Woodbine.

Lonicera (sev. sp.)

Caprifoliaceaa.

Wormwood (Com-

Artemisia Absinthium

Compositaa.

mon).

Yucca.

Yucca aloifolia.

Liliaceaa.

Zinnia.

Zinnia elegans.

Compositae.

I1STDEX.

The names of the Orders, Classes, and Divisions are in large capitals ;
those of the Sub-orders in small capitals. The names of Genera, as well
as popular names and synonyms, are in ordinary type.

PAGE.

Ambrosia Ill

Amela nchier 74

American Brooklime 153

American Colombo 177

PAGE.

Abies 216

ABIETINE^E 214

Abutilon : 39

Acalypha 197

Acanthaceae 159

Acanthus Family 159

Acer 47

Acerates 181

Achillea 131

Acnida 188

Acorus 218

Actsea 9

Actinomeris 129

Adam-and-Eve 234

Adder's-Mouth 233

Adder's-Tongue 267

Adiantum 259

Adlumia 15

^Ethusa 90

Agrimonia 65

Agrimony 65

Alchemilla 65

Alder 209

Alisma 225

ALISMACE^E f

Alkanet

Allium

Alnus

Alum-root

224

170

243

209

Alyssum 23

Amaranth 187

Amaranth Family 187

Amarantus 187

AMARANTACE^E 187

AMARYLLID ACE;E 236

Amaryllis Family 236

American Cowslip 146

American Laurel 142

Amorpha 57

Ampelopsis 45

Amphicarpaea 59

AMYGDALE^E 62

Anachari? 226

ANAGARDIACEJE 43

Anagallis 148

Androsace 116

Andromeda 142

Anemone 3

ANGIOSPERMS 1

ANONACE^E 10

Antennaiia 114

Anthemis . . . . 127

APETALOUS EXOGENS .

182

Aphyllon 150

Apios 59

Aplectrum 234

Aplopappus 116

APOCYNACEvE 179

Apocynum 179

Apple 73

Apple of Peru 176

AQUIFOLIACEJE 145

Aquilegia 8

Arabis 20

ARACE^E 217

Aralia 92

ARALIACE^E 92

Arbor Vitae... .. 216

292

INDEX.

PAGE.

Archangelica 90

Archemora 89

Arctium, 110

Arctostapliylos 141

Arenaria 34

Arethusa 233

Arisaema 218

ARISTOLOCHIACE^E 182

Arnica 120

Aromatic Wintergreen 141

Arrow- Arum .' 218

Arrow-Grass 225

Arrow-Head 225

Arrow-Wood 97

Artemisia 112

ARTOCARPE^E 198

Arum Family 217

Asarum 182

ASCLEPIADACE^E 179

Asclepias 183

Ash 181

Ash-leaved Maple 48

Asimina , . 10

Asparagus 242

Aspen 212

Aspidium 262

Asplenium 260

Aster 121

Astragalus 54

Atriplex 183

Avens 6(5

Azalea 142

Azolla 271

Baked-apple Berry 70

Ballota 167

Balm 163

Balm of Gilead 212

Balsam Family 42

BALSAMINACE^E 42

Baneberry 9

Baptisia 61

Barberry 11

Barbarea 19

Barberry Family 10

PAGE.

Barren Strawberry 6i3

Bartsia 158

Basil 164, 165

Basswood 39

Bastard Toad-flax 195

Bayberry 203

Beach Pea 59

Bearberry 141

Beard-Tongue 155

Beaver-Poison 91

Beech ;.. 207

Beech-Drops " 150

Beech-Fern 26L

Bedstraw 99

Beggar's Lice 169

Beggar-ticks 130

Bellflower 136

Bellis 127

Bellwort 240

BERBERIDACE^E 10

Berberis 11

Bergamot 105

Betula 208

BETULACE^: 207

Bidens 130

Bindweed 174

Birch 208

BirchFamily 207

Birthwort Family 182

Bishop's Cap 77

Bitter-Cress 19

Bitter-Nut 203

Bittersweet 175 .

Black Alder 145

Blackberry TO, 71

Black Bindweed 191

Black Grass 245

Black Horehound 167

Black Mustard 22

Black Snake-root 9, 89

Bladder Campion 33 /

Bladder Fern 264

Bladder-Katmia '39

Bladder-Nut 47

Bladder-pod 19

INDEX.

293

PAGE.

Bladderwort 149

Bladderwort Family 149

Blazing-Star 114

Elite 185

Blitum 185

Blood-root 14

Blue Ash 182

Blue Beech 207

Blueberry 139

Bluebottle 110

Blue Cohosh 11

Blue Flag 235

Bluets 101

Blue-eyed Grass 236

Blue Lettuce 134

Blue-weed 168

Boehmeria 201

Boneset 115

Borage Family 167

BORRAGINACE^E 167

Botrychium

Bouncing Bet ,

Bowman's Root

Box Elder

Bracted Bindweed ,

Bracken 260

Brake 260

Bramble 70

Brasenia , 12

Brasssica 22

Bristly Sarsaparilla 92

Brooklime 153

Brook-weed 148

Broom Crowberry 213

Broom-rape Family 150

Brunella 166

Buckbean .. 178

PAGE.

Bugloss 169

Bunch-berry 93

Bupleurum 91

Burdock. . 110

Bur-Marigold 130

Burnet 65

Burning-Bush 46

Bur-reed 220

Bush-Clover 61

Bush-Honeysuckle 97

Butter-and-Eggs 15t

Buttercup 6

Butterfly-weed 181

Butternut 202

Butter-weed 125

Butterwort 150

Button-bush 100

Button wood... .. 201

Cacalia 115

CACTACEJE 86

266 | Cactus Family 86

32 j Cakile 25

65 j Calamintha 165

48 | Calaminth 165

178

Buckthorn

Buckthorn Family 45

Buckwheat 193

Buckwheat Family 188

Buda 36

Bugbane 9

Bugseed 186

Bugle-weed 162

Calamus 218

Calla 218

Callitriche 80

Calluna 142

Calopogon 233

Caltha 8

Calypso 233

Calystegia 173

Camelina 24

Campanula 136

CAMPANULACE^E 136

Campanula Family 136

Campion 33

Camptosorus 261

Cancer-root 150

CANNABINE.S: 199

Cannabis 201

Caper Family 25

CAPPARIDACE^E 25

CAPRIFOLIACE^E 95

Capsella 24

INDEX.

PAGE.

Caraway 91

Carduus 110

Carex 251

Cardamine 19

Cardinal Flower 135

Carpet- weed 86

Carpinus 207

Carrion Flower 237

Carrot 89

Carum 91

Carya 202

CARYOPHYLLACE^; 32

Cashew Family 43

Cassandra 142

Castanea 206

Castilleia 157

Catbrier 237

Catchfly 33

Catmint 165

Catnip 165

Cat-tail Family 219

Cat-tail Flag 220

Caulophyllum 11

Ceanothus 45

Cedar 216

Celandine 14

CELASTRACE^E 46

Celastrus 46

Celtis 200

Centaurea 110

Cephalanthus 100

Cerastium 35

CERATOPHYLLACEJE 213

Ceratophyllum 213

Chain-Fern 261

Chamaerhodos 69

Chamomile 127

Charlock 22

Chelidonium 14

Chelone 155

CHENOPODIACE^: 184

Chenopodium 185

Cherry..... 64

Chestnut 206

Chickwecd 34

PAGE.

Chickweed-Winterberry 146

Chimaphila 144

Chiogenes 141

Choke-berry 73

Choke-Cherry 64

Chrysanthemum 126

Chrysopsis 116

Chrysosplenium 78

Cichorium 132

Cichory 132

Cicuta 91

Cimicifuga 9

Cinnamon Fern 266

Cinque-foil 67

Circsea 81

Cirsium 109

CISTACEJE 29

Claytonia 37

Clearweed , 201

Cleavers 99

Clematis 3

Cleome 25

Cliff-brake 260

Climbing-Bittersweet 46

Clintonia 240

Clotbur Ill

Cloud-berry 70

Clover 52

Club-Moss 269, 270

Club-Moss Family 269

Cnicus 109

Cockle 33

Cocklebur Ill

Cockspur Thorn 73

Cohosh 11

Collinsia 155

Collinsonia 164

Collomia 173

Coltsfoot 121

Columbine 8

Comandra 195

Comfrey 169

COMPOSITE 102

Composite Family 102

Comptonia 204

INDEX.

295

PAGE.

Cone-Flower 127

CONIFERS 214

Conioselinum 90

Conium 92

Conopholis 150

CONVOLVULACE^E 173

Convolvulus 174

Convolvulus Family 173

Coptis 8

Corallorhiza 231

Coral-root 234

Corema 213

Coreopsis 129

Corispermum 186

CORNACE^E 93

Corn-Cockle 33

Cornel 93

Corn-Spurrey 37

Cornus 93

Corpse-Plant 144

Corydalis 16

Corylus 207

Costmary 127

Cottonwood 212

Cowbane 89

Cow-herb 32

Cow-Parsnip 89

Cowslip 146

Cow- Wheat 158

Crab- Apple 73

Cranberry 139

Cranberry-tree 98

Cranesbill 41

CRASSULACE^; 78

Crataegus 72

Creeping-Snowberry 141

Crepis 133

Cress Family 16

Crowberry Family 213

Crowberry 213

Crowfoot 6

Crowfoot Family 2

CRUCIFER^S 16

CRYPTOGAMS 252

Cryptotsenia 91

PAGE.

Cuckoo-flower 19

CUCURBIT ACE^E 85

Cudweed 113

Cup-plant 131

CUPRESSINE^E 215

CUPULIFER^E 204

Currant 75

Cuscuta 174

Custard-Apple Family 10

Cycloloma 186

Cynoglossum 169

Cynthia 136

CYPERACEJE 248

Cyperus 249

Cypripedium 234

Cystopteris 264

Daisy 127

Daisy Fleabane 126

Dalibarda 70

Dandelion 134

Daphne 194

Datura 176

Daucus 89

Day Lily 243

Dead-Nettie 167

Deer-berry 141

Deer-Grass 84

Delphinium 9

Dentaria 19

Desmodium 59

Dewberry 71

Dianthera 159

Dicentra 15

Dicksonia..... 265

DICOTYLEDONS 1

Diervilla 97

Dioscorea 236

DIOSCOREACEJE 236

Diplopappus 124

Diplotaxis 23

DIPSACE M 101

Dipsacus 102

Dirca 194

Disporum 241

296

INDEX.

PAGE.

Ditch-stone Crop 78

Dock 192

Dockmackie 98

Dodder 174

Dodecatheon 116

Dogbane 179

Dogbane Family 179

Dog's-tooth Violet 242

Dogwood 93

Dogwood Family 93

Downy Arrow-wood 97

Draba 23

Dracccephalum 165

Dragon-head 165

Drosera 30

DROSERACE^E 30

Duckweed 219

Duckweed Family 218

Dutchman's Breeches 15

Dwarf Dandelion 131

Echinocystis '85

Echinospermum 169

Echium 168

Eel-Grass 224, 226

EL^AGNACEJE 194

Elseagnus 194

Elder 97

Elecampane 116

Eleocharis 250

Ellisia 172

Elm 199

Elm Family 198

Elodea 226

Elodes 31

EMPETRACE.E 213

Empetrum 213

ENDOGENS 217

Enchanter's Nightshade 81

Epigsea r. .. 141

Epilobium 81

Epipactus 232

Epiphegus 150

EQUISETACEyE 267

Equisetum 267

PAGE.

Erechtites 113

ERICACEJE 137

ERICINE^; 138

Erigenia 92

Erigeron 125

Eriogonum 189

Eriocaulon 247

ERIOCAULONACE^E 247

Eriophorum 250

Erodium 42

Erythronium 242

Erysimum 21

Euonymus 46

Eupatorium , 115

Euphorbia 196

EUPHORBIACE.E 195

Euphrasia 157

Evening Primrose 83

Evening Primrose Family 81

Everlasting 13, 114

Everlasting Pea 59

EXOGENS 1

Eyebright 157

Fagopyrum 193

Fagus 207

Fall Dandelion. 132

False Asphodel 240

False Dragon-head 168

False Flax 24

False Gromwell 170

False Hellebore 241

False Indigo :>7, 61

False Lettuce 134

False Loosestrife 83

False Mallow 39

False Mermaid 42

False Mitre-Wort 77

False Nettle 201

False Pennyroyal 163

False Pimpernel 156

False Solomon's Seal 241

False Spikenard 241

Fern Family 257

FERNS .. 252

INDEX.

297

PAGE.

Fetid Horehound 167

Fever-bush 193

Feverfew 127

Fever-wort 97

FICOIDE^ 86

Figwort, 155

Figwort Family 151

Filbert 207

FILICES 257

Fir 216

Fire-Pink 33

Fire weed 113

Five-Finder (Cinque-Foil) 67

Flax 40

Flax Dodder 174

Flax Family 40

Fleabane 125

Floating-Heart 179

Floerkea 42

Flower-de-Luce 235

Flowering Fern 265

FLOWERING PLANTS 1

FLOWERLESS PLANTS .... 252

Fool's Parsley 90

Forget-me-not 171

Fragaria 69

Franseria Ill

Frasera 177

Fraxinus 181

French Weed 24

Frog's-bit Family 226

Frostweed 29

Fnmaria 16

FUMARIACE^E 15

Fumitory 15, 16

Fumitory Family 15

Gaillardia 129

Galeopsis 166

Galium 99

GAMOPETALOUS EXOGENS 95

Garlic 243

Gaultheria 141

Gaura 83

Gaj'lussacia t 139

PAGE.

Gentian 177

Gentiana 177

GENTIANACE^E 176

Gentian Family 176

GERIANACE.E 41

Geranium 41

Geranium Family 41

Gerardia 156

Germander 162

Geum 66

Giant-Hyssop 165

Gillenia 65

Gilia 173

Ginseng 92

Ginseng Family 92

Glaux 147

Gleditschia 62

Glycyrrhiza 57

Gnaphalium 113

Goat's Beard 135

Golden Aster 116

Golden Ragwort 115

Golden-Rod 117

Golden Saxifrage 78

Gold-Thread 8

Goodyera 232

Gooseberry 75

Goosefoot 185

Goosefoot Family 184

Goose-Grass 99

Gourd Family 85

GRAMINE^E 251

Grape 45

Grass Family 251

Grass of Parnassus 76

Grass-wrack 224

Gratiola 156

Great Angelica 90

Green Ash 182

Green-brier 237

Green Dragon 218

Green Milkweed 181

Green Violet 28

Grindelia 126

Gromwell 170

298

INDEX.

PAGE.

Ground Cherry 175

Ground Hemlock 216

Ground Ivy 165

Ground Laurel 141

Ground-nut 59

Ground-Pine 270

Groundsel 115

Gutierrezia 126

Gymnocladus 62

GYMNOSPERMS 214

Habenaria 229

Hackberry 200

Halenia 177

HALORAGEJE 79

HAMAMELACE^ 79

Haraamelis 79

Harbinger-of-spring 92

Harebell 136

Hart's-Tongue 261

Hawkweed 132

Hawthorn 72

Hazel-nut 207

Heal-all 166

Heather 142

Heath Family 137

Hedeoma 164

Hedge Bindweed 173

Hedge-Hyssop 156

Hedge-Mustard 22

Hedge-Nettle 167

Hedysarum 61

Helenium 126

Helianthemum 29

Helianthus 128

Heliopsis. 130

Hemerocallis 243

Hemlock 216

Hemlock-Parsley 90

Hemlock-Spruce 216

Hemp 201

Hemp Family 199

Hemp-Nettle 166

Henbane 176

Hepatica 5

PAGE.

Heracleum 89

Herb-Robert 41

Hesperis 22

Heteranthera 247

Heuchera 78

Hibiscus 39

Hickory 202

Hieracium 132

Hippuris 80

Hoary Pea 57

Hoary Puccoon 170

Hobble-bush 98

Hog Pea-nut 59

Hogweed Ill

Holly 145

Holly Family 145

Honey-Locust 62

Honeysuckle 96

Honeysuckle Family 95

Honewort 91

Hop 201

Hop-Hornbeam • 207

Hop-tree 43

Horehound 166

Hornbeam 207

Horned Pondweed 224

Hornwort 213

Hornwort Family 213

Horse-Balm 164

Horse-Mint 164

Horseradish 18

Horsetail 267

Horsetail Family 267

Horse-weed 125

Hosackia 53

Hound's Tongue 169

Houstonia 101

Huckleberry 139

Hudsonia 29

Humulus 201

Huntsman's Cup 13

Hydrastis 9

HYDROCHARIDACE^E 226

Hydrocotyle 89

HYDROPHYLLACE^ 171

INDEX.

299

PAGE.

Hydrophyllum 172

Hyoscyamus 176

HYPERICACEJE 30

Hypericum 30

Hypopitys 144

Hypoxys 236

Hyssop 164

Hyssopus 164

Ice-Plant Family 86

Ilex 145

ILLECEBRACEJE 183

I lysanthes 156

Impatiens 43

Indian Cucumber-root 240

Indian Hemp 179

Indian Mallow 39

Indian Physic 65

Indian Pipe 144

Indian Plantain 115

Indian Tobacco 135

Indian Turnip 218

Innocence 101

Inula 116

IRIDACEJE 235

Iris 235

Iris Family 235

Iron- weed 114

Iron-wood 207

Isanthus 163

Isoetes 271

Iva . . 115

Jeffersonia 12

Jerusalem Artichoke 129

Jerusalem Oak 185

Jewel-Weed 43

Joe-Pye Weed 115

Juglans 202

JUGLANDACE^} 202

JUNCACE^E 243

Juncus - 244

June-berry 74

Juniper 216

Juniperus : 216

PAGE.
Kalmia 142

Kentucky Coffee-tree 62

Knapweed 110

Knotgrass 189

Knotweed 189

Knotwort Family 183

Krigia ! 131

LABIATE 160

Labrador Tea 142

Lactuca 134

Lady's Mantle 65

Lady's Slipper 234

Lady's Thumb , 190

Lady's Smock 19

Ladies' Tresses 231

Lake-Cress 18

Lambkill 142

Lamb's Quarters 185

Lamium 167

Lampsana 131

Laportea 200

Lappa 110

Larch 216

Larix 216

Larkspur 9

Lathyrus 59

LAURACE^E 193

Laurel Family 193

Laurestinus 97

Lead-Plant 57

Leadwort Family 144

Leaf-Cup .- 131

Leather-leaf 142

Leatherwood 194

Lechea 29

Ledum 142

Leek 243

LEGUMINOS^E 49

Lemna 219

LEMNACE JE 218

LENTIBULARIACEJE 149

Leontodon 132

Leonurus 167

Lepidium 24

300

INDEX.

PAGE.

Lespedeza 61

Lettuce 134

Leucanthemum 126

Liatris 114

LlGULEFLOR^E 108

Ligusticum 90

LILIACE^ 237

Lilium 242

Lily ...242

Lily Family 237

Limnanthemum 179

LINAGES 40

Linaria 154

Linden Family 39

Lindera 193

Linnaea 96

Linum 40

Liparis 233

Liquorice 57

Liriodendron — 10

Listera 233

Lithospermum 170

Live-for-ever 79

Liver-leaf 5

Lizard's-tail 183

Lobelia 135

LOBELIACE^E 135

Lobelia Family 135

Locust-tree 54

Lonicera 93

Loosestrife 81, 147

Loosestrife Family 84

Lophanthus 165

Lopseed 159

Lousewort 158

Lovage 90

Lucerne 53

Ludwigia 83

Lungwort 170

Lupine 52

Lupinus 52

Luzula 244

Lychnis 33

Lycium 176

LYGOPODIACE^E .269

PAGE.

Lycopodium 269

Lycopus 163

Lycopsis 169

Lygodesmia, 13:5

Lysimachia 147

LYTHRACE.E 84

Lythrum 84

Madder Family 98

MAGNOLIACE^E 9

Magnolia Family 9

Maidenhair 259

Maianthemum 241

Mallow 38

Mallow Family 38

Malva 38

MALVACEAE 38

Malvastrum 39

Mamillaria 86

Mandrake 12

Maple 47

Mare's-Tail 80

Marrubium 166

Marsh-Cress 18

Marsh-Elder 115

Marsh-Marigold 8

Marsh Rosemary 144

Marsh St. John's-wort 31

Maruta 127

Matricaria l-?7

Matrimony-Vine 176

May-Apple 12

Mayflower 141

Mayweed 127

Meadow-Beauty 84

Meadow-Parsnip 90

Meadow-Rue 5

Meadow-Sweet 64

Medeola 240

Medicago 53

Medick 53

Melampyrum 158

Melastoma Family... 84

MELASTOMACE7E 84

Melilot 53

Melilotus... 63

INDEX.

301

Melissa 166

MENISPERM ACE.E

Menispermuni

Mentha

Menyanthes 178

Mermaid- weed

Mertensia

Mexican Tea

Mezereum Family

Microstylis

Milfoil

Milk- Vetch

Milkweed

Milkweed Family

Milkwort. „,;.

Milkwort Family 48

Mimulus 1~>6

Mint

Mint Family 160

Mitchella 100

Mitella

Mitrewort

Mocassin Flower

Mock Pennyroyal

Mollugo

Monarda

Moneses

Moneywort

Monkey-Flower

MONOCOTYLEDONS ....

Monolepis 186

Monotropa 144

MONOTROPKvE 139

Montelia

Montia

Moonseed

Moonseed Family

Moonwort 266

Moosewood 194

Morus

Moss-Campion

Moss Pink 173

Mossy Stone-crop

Motherwort

Mountain Ash .... .74

SE.
166

Mountain Holly
Mountain Maple

PAGE.

145
47

10
!•)
163

Fountain Mint
Mouse-ear duckweed .
Mousetail ....

164
35
f,

178

Mugwort

... 112

Mulberry

200

170
185

Mulgedium
Mullein

134
15?

194

Musenium

233
131
54

Musk-Mallow
Musk Thistle
Mustard

38
110
22

179
48

Myosotis
Myosurus
Myrica

171
. . ._ 6
. . ." 203

48
156

MYRICACE^;
Myriophyllum .

203
80

163
160
100

Nabalus
NIADACE^E
Naias

133
221
224

77
234

Naked Broom-rape
Nasturtium

1.50
18

164
86
164
143
147

Neckweed
Negundo
Nemopanthes
Nepeta
NesaBa .

154
48
145
165
.. 85

156

Nettle

200

217

Nettle Family

198

186

Nettle-tree . . .

200

144

139
188

New Jersey Tea
Nicandra
Nicotiana

45
176
..176

38
10
10

Nightshade
Nightshade Family . . .
Nine-Bark

175
174
64

266
194

Nipple- wort
Nuphar .

131
13

200

Nymphsea

173
78
167

NYMPH^EACE^: ....
Nyssa

Oak

12
94

205

Oak Family . . ,

.. 204

302

INDEX.

PAGE.

(Enothera 83

OLEACE^E 181

Oleaster Family 194

Olive Family 181

ONAGRACE JE 81

Onion 243

Onoclea 264

Onopordon 110

Onosmodium 170

OPHIOGLOSSACE.E 259

Ophioglossum 267

Opuntia 86

Orache 186

Orange-root 9

ORCHID ACE IE 226

Orchis 229

Orchis Family 226

OROBANCHACEJE 150

Orpine 78

Orpine Family 78

Orthocarpus 157

Osmorrhiza 91

OSMUNDACEJE 259

Osmunda 265

Ostrich Fern 264

Ostrya 207

Oswego Tea 164

OXALIDACEJE 42

Oxalis 42

Ox-Eye 130

Ox-eye Daisy 126

Oxytropis 56

Painted-Cup 157

Papaver 14

PAP AVERAGES 14

Papaw 10

Parietaria 201

Parnassia 76

Paronychia 183

Parsley Family 87

Parsnip 89

Partridge- berry 100

Pasque-Flower 3

Pastinaca 89

Pasture Sage-brush 113

PAGE.

Pear 73

Pearl-wort 36

Pedicularis 158

Pellsea 260

Pellitory 201

Peltandra 218

Pennycress 24

Pennyroyal 164

Penthorum 78

Pentstemon 155

Pepper Family 182

Pepperidge 94

Peppergrass 24

Peppermint 163

Pepper-root 19

Petalostemon 58

Petasites 121

Peucedanum 89

PHANEROGAMS 1

Phegopteris 261

Phlox 172

Phryma 159

Physalis 175

Physostegia 166

Phytolacca 183

PHYTOLACCACEJE 183

Picea 215

Pickerel-weed 247

Pickerel-weed Family 247

Pignut 203

Pigweed 185

Pilea 201

Pimpernel 138

Pine 215

Pine-drops 144

Pine Family 214

Pine-sap 144

Pinguicula 15')

Pink Family 32

Pinus 215

Pinweed 29

PIPERACE^E 182

Pipewort 247

Pipewort Family 247

Pipsissewa , 144

INDEX.

303

PAGE.

Pitcher- Plant Family 13

Plane-tree 201

Plane-tree Family 201

PLANT AGIN ACE.E 148

Plantago 148

Plantain 148

Plantain Family 148

PLATANACE^E 201

Platanus 201

Pleurisy-root 181

Plum 64

PLOMBAGIN ACE^E 144

Plumeless Thistle 110

Podophyllum 12

Pogonia. 233

Poison Elder 44

Poison Hemlock 92

Poison Ivy 44

Poison Oak 44

Poke Milkweed 180

Pokeweed 183

Pokeweed Family 183

Polanisia 25

POLEMONIACE^ 172

Polemonium Family 172

Polygala 48

POLYGALACEJE 48

POLYGONACE.E 188

Polygonatum 242

Polygonum 189

Polymnia 131

POLYPETALOUS EXOGENS. 1

POLYPODIACE.E 257

Polypodium 259

Polypody 259

POME^E 63

Pondweed 221

Pondweed Family 221

Pontederia 247

PONTEDERI ACE^ 247

Poplar 212

Poppy 14

Poppy Family 14

Populus 212

Portulaca . . . 37

PAGE.
PORTULACACE^E 37

Potamogeton 221

Potentilla 67

Poterium. 65

Prairie Clover 58

Prairie Dock 131

Prairie Rocket 21

Prenanthes 133

Prickly Ash 43

Prickly Pear 86

Primrose 146

Primrose Family 145

Primula 146

PRIMULACE^E 145

Prince's Pine 144

Prosartes 241

Proserpinaca 80

Prunu& 64

Psoralea 57

Ptelea 43

Pteris 260

Pterospora 144

Puccoon 170

Pulse Family 49

Purslane 37

Purslane Family 37

Putty Root 234

Pycnanthemum 164

Pyrola 143

PYROLE.35 139

Pyrus 73

Quercitron 206

Quercus 205

Quill wort 271

Radish 25

Ragweed Ill

Ragwort 116

RANUNCULACEJE 2

Ranunculus 6

Raphanus 25

Raspberry 70

Rattlesnake- Plantain 232

Rattlesnake-root 133

Rattlesnake- weed. .. .. 132

304

IXDEX.

PAGE.

Rein-Orchis . 229

RHAMNACE^E 45

Rhamnus 45

Rhexia 84

Rhinanthus 158

Rhododendron 142

Rhus , 44

Ribes 75

Rib-grass 148

Rich-weed 201

Robinia 54

Robin's-Plaintain 125

Rock-Cress 20

Rocket 22

Rock-Rose 29

Rock-Rose Family 29

Rosa 71

Rose 71

ROSACE^E..... : 62

Rose Family 62

Rose Bay 142

Rose Mallow 39

Rose-root . 79

Rosin-Plant 131

RUBIACE^: 98

Rubus 70

Rudbeckia l-'7

Rue Family 43

Rumex 192

Rush 244

Rush Family 243

RUTACE^E 43

Sage-brush 113

Sagina 36

Sagittaria 225

St. John's-wort 30

St. John's-wort Family 30

SALICACEJE 209

Salicornia 186

Salix 209

Salsify 135

Salsola 187

SALVINIAC^E 271

Sambucus 97

Samolus 148

PAGE.

Samphire 186

Sandalwood Family 195

Sand-Spurrey I 36

Sandwort 34

Sanguinaria 14

Sanicle 89

Sanicula 89

SANTALACE^ 195

Sea Elite 187

SAPINDACE^E . . . . . 47

Saponaria 32

Sarracenia 13

SARRACENIACE^E 13

Saskatoon -berry 74

Sassafras 193

Satureia 164

Saururus 183

Savory 164

Saxifraga 77

SAXIFRAGACE^: 75

Saxifrage 77

Saxifrage Family 75

Scheuchzeria 225

Schollera ! . . . 247

Scirpus 250

Scolopendrium 261

Scotch Thistle 110

Scouring Rush 267, 269

Scrophularia 155

SCROPHULARIACE^ 151

Scutellaria 166

Sea Milkwort 147

Sea Rocket 25

Sedge Family 248

Sedum 78

Seed-box 84

Selaginella 271

SELAGINELL ACE^: 270

Self-Heal 166

Seneca Snakeroot 49

Senecio 115

Sensitive Fern 264

Service-berry 74

Shad-bush 74

Sheep-berry 97

Sheep-Laurel 142

305

Shepherdia

PAGE.

195

Spindle-tree

PAGE.

Shepherd's Purse

Spiny Clotbur

Ill

Sherardia •

.. 100

Shield's Fern

262

231

Shin-leaf

143

Spleenwort . ...

260

Shrubby Trefoil

Spotted Cowbane

. 91

Sickle-pod

Spring-Beauty

. 37

S icy os

Side-saddle Flower

Spruce

215

Silene

Spurge . .

190

Silphium
Silver-weed
Sisymbrium

131
69
22

Spurge Family
Spurred Gentian

195
'. 177
37

Sisyrinchium

236

141

Sium

Squaw-root

150

Skullcap

166

Skunk Cabbage

218

Squirrel-Corn

Smart-weed

. 190, 191

Stachys

167

SMILACEJE

937

Staff- tree

Smilacina

241

Staff -tree Fami ly

Smilax

237

Staphylea

Smilax Family

237

Star-Cucumber

Sneeze-weed

126

Star-Flower

146

Sneeze-wort

131

Star-Grass

236

Snowberry

Star-Thistle

... 110

Soapberry Family
Soap wort

47
32

Starwort

.... 34, 121
• 144

SOLANACE^E

174

Steironema

147

Solanum

175

Stellaria

Solea

Stickseed

169

Solidago

117

Stitchwort

Solomon's Seal

242

Sonchus

.134

Stone-root

164

Sorrel

... .192

Stork's-bill

Sour-gum Tree

Stramonium

17G

Sow Thistle

134

Strawberry

Sparganium

2'>0

Strawberry Elite

185

Spearmint

163

241

Spearwort ....

Specularia ....

137

Struthiopteris

264

Speedwell

153

Suseda

187

Spergula

132

Spergularia

200

Spice-bush

193

Spikenard ..

. 92

Summer Savorv . .

.. 164

306

INDEX.

PAGE.

Sundew 30

Sundew Family 30

Sunflower : 128

Swamp Dock 192

Swamp Loosestrife 85

Sweet Brier 72

Sweet Cicely 91

Sweet Clover 53

Sweet Coltsfoot 121

Sweet Fern 204

Sweet Flag 218

Sweet-Gale 203

Sweet-Gale Family 203

Sycamore- 201

Symphoricarpus 96

Symphytum 169

Symplocarpus 218

Tamarac 216

Tanacetum Ill

Tansy Ill

Tansy Mustard 22

Tape-Grass 216

Taraxacum 134

Tare 58

TAXINE^E 215

Taxus 216

Tea-berry 141

Tear-thumb 191

Teasel 102

Teasel Family 101

Tephrosia 57

Teucrium 162

Thalictrum 5

Thaspium 90

Thermopsis 61

Thistle 109

Thorn 73

Thorn- Apple 176

Thoroughwax 91

Thorough wort 115

Thlaspi 24

Three-seeded Mercury 197

Thuja 216

THYMELEACEJE 194

Tiarella ., .97

PAGE.

Tick-Trefoil 59

Tickseed 129

tilia 39

TILIACE^E 39

Toad-Flax ..-. 154

Tobacco 176

Tofieldia 240

Toothache-tree T 43

Toothwort 19

Touch-me-not 43

Tower Mustard 20

Trailing Arbutus 141

Tragopogon 135

Treacle-Mustard 21

Trefoil 52

Trientalis 146

Trifolium 52

Triglochin 225

Trillium 240

Triosteum 97

Troximon 133

Trumpet-weed 115

Tsuga 216

TUBULIFLOB^E 102

Tulip- tree , 10

Turtle-head 155

Tussilago 121

Twablade 233

Twin-flower 96

Twin-leaf 12

Twisted Stalk 241

Typha 220

TYPHACE^E 219

ULMACE^E 198

Ulmus 199

UMBELLIFER^E 87

Urtica 200

URTICACE.E 198

URTICE.E 199

Urticularia ; . . 149

Uvularia 240

VACCINES 137

Vaccinium 139

Valerian . . . . 101

INDEX.

307

PAGE.

Valeriana 101

VALERIAN ACE JE 101

Valerian Family 101

Vallisneria 226

Velvet-leaf .' 39

Venus 's Looking-glass 137

Veratrum „ 241

Verbascum 153

Verbena 159

VERBENACEJE 158

Vernonia 114

Veronica 153

Vervain 159

Vervain Family 158

Vesicaria.. 19

Vetch 58

Viburnum 97

Vicia 58

Vine Family 44

Viola 26

VIC-LACE^ 26

Violet 26

Violet Family 26

Viper's Bugloss 168

Virginia Creeper 45

Virgin's Bower 3

VITACE^ 44

Vitis . . .. 45

Wake-Robin 240

Waldsteinia

Walking-leaf :

Walnut 202

Walnut Family 202

Water- Arum 218

Water-Beech 207

Water-Cress 18

Water-Hemlock 91

Water-Horehound 163

Waterleaf 172

Waterleaf Family 171

Water- Lily 13

Water-Lily Family 12

Water-Marigold 130

Water-Milfoil...

PAGE.

Water-Milfoil Family 79

Water-Parsnip 91

Water-Pennywort 89

Water- Pepper 191

Water-Pimpernel 148

Water Plantain 225

Water-Plantain Family 224

Water-Purslane 83

Water-Shield 12

Water Star-Grass 247

Water-Starwort 80

Water-weed 220

Water- Willow 159

Wax-Myrtle 203

Wax-work 46

White Lettuce. . : 133

White Snakeroot 115

White-weed 126

Whitewood 39

Whitlow Grass 23

Whitlow-wort 183

Wild Allspice 193

Wild Balsam-Apple 85

Wild Bean 59

Wild Bergamot 165

Wild Chamomile 127

Wild Comfrey 169

Wild Elder 92

Wild Ginger 182

Wild Indigo 61

Wild Liquorice 99

Wild Radish 25

Wild Sarsaparilla 92

Willow 209

Willow Family 209

Willow-herb 81

Wind Flower 4

Winterberry 145

Winter Cress 19

Wintergreen 141, 143

Witch-Hazel 79

Witch-Hazel Family 79

Withe-rod 97

I Wolf-berry .. 9;

I Wolffia 219

308

INDEX.

Wood-Betony

PAGE.

158

Y'ini

PAGE.

236

Woodbine

Yam Family

236

Wood-Fern ....

262

Yarrow

131

Wood-Nettle

200

Yellow Adder's-tongne

242

Wood-Rush

244

Yellow-eyed Grass

Wood-Sage
Woodsia
Wood-Sorrel

162
265
42

Yellow-eyed Grass Family.
Yellow Pond-Lily
Yellow Puecoon

.... 247
13
9

Wood-Sorrel Family

Yellow-Rattle

158

Woodwardia

261

Yel low Rocket

Worm-seed Mustard .

. . . . 21

Yew....

216

Wormwood

112

Xanthiurn

. . Ill

Zannichellia

. . 224

Xantho\ylum

. . . . 43

Zizia

1)0

XYRIDACEvK

247

s>->4

Xvris...

.. 247

Zveradenus . . .

.. 240

31 '

Yd 36069

924231

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