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Engineering and
Mining Journal

INDEX TO VOLUME CV

January 1 to June 30, 1918

McGRAW-HILL COMPANY, INC.

10TH AVE. AT 36TH ST.
NEW YORK

7

KNG1NEKK1NG AND MINING JOURNAL

INDEX TO VOLUME CV

January 1 to June 30, 1918

I Ml WATOlti Mil I

Illustrated

t*) ; book DOtlcea by u daggei

This Index Is llimli . ■ i. pi . h. n )\ •■ bQt '"n

else, rains iirf taken tu bring together matter
keJonglag to ii»'- tame subject, bo tbat when *
reader looks up mi article, be will be cited to
related data, Series >o simple pap- Qumbera, fol-
lowing Danes of mines oi companies, usually
refer to news notes When minor references are
numerous, an iu tin iconda," they

are sometimes separately designated as "Various

notes." With u major entry or scries uf ■

may be placed several minor i s, relating to the

same subject in order that Its blstorj may ba
followed, if the anchor's name be known, it is
the simplest means of reference, rroductions are
indexed under names uf metals and countries ol

states, The mere juxtai leraJ and

geographical name usuall) slgnlflt p an output, but
may cover other statistical or news matter. Not
all news are Indexed but a liberal selection of

them is made.

Following Is a list of the puges included In
the several numbers of the volume, by date:

Jan. 5 Pages 144

12 •• 46-136

18 " 137-180

26 •' 181-224

Feb. 2 " 22r, -208

9 " 269-312

16 '■ 313-358

23 " 359-402

March 2 " 403-450

9 " 451-492

16 " 493-534

23 " 535-578

30 " 579-620

Apr. 6 " 621-664

13 •' 6('.o-7os

20 " 709-774

27 " 775-816

May 4 " 817-858

11 ■' 859-904

18 " 905-945

25 " 946-984

June 1 " 985-1028

8 " 1029-1068

15 " 1069-1112

22 " 1113-1152

29 " 1153-1198

Adams,
Lsg.

Adams
Adams,
Adams,

Page

A. B. C, Mo 38

Abe Lincoln Cop., Ark 702

Abrsms Land, Okla 221

Abrasion test, tube-mill pebbles 1038

Absorption determination 1036

Accidents — Butte & Superior. 1917 881

— Coal mine fatalities, TJ. S., 1917 429

— Metal mines, 1916 630

Editorial 653

—Mo 220

—Mont 219

— Quebes mines 697, errata 695

— Standardisation of reports 1165

Acers, N. F 818

Acetic-acid oil test 1043

Acid lines, Safety rules need 18ft

Ackerman, G 1022

Acme, Okla 448

Adam Marsh Molybdenum, Aria 854

Adamant block liners 713

Adams Chrome, Calif 1063

H. 11., Flotation concentrates, Utah

'724

Utah Lsg. flotation plant '535

Adams, J. H 927

L. 1)., died 659

R. E 444

T. S 688

Adams W. W.. Triangulation . . . .164. errata 560

Adanac, Ont 448

— Annual meeting 356

Addition ageDts in flotation *915

Adirondaeks, Gold 612

— Platinum 612

Admiralty Alaska Gold Mng 80

Admiralty Zinc Co 82. 532, 760

Advantageous method of firing drift round.. *1132
Advent of modern mill mechanism to nitrate

leaching «987

Adverse factors. Transvaal Mng 463

Advertisements. Poem 977

Advisory Counc. TJ. K. Iron ore rept '1117

Aeroplanes, Ryan to build 846

Aetna Iron & Steel, B. C 1192

Afterthought, Calif., 81, 354, 446, 575. 661,

810, 813, 937. 1063. 1149, 1192

—Shutdown 221

Agents, Addition, in flotation *915

Agitators. Brown WalbJ Gold Mng *241

Agnew, T. E 767

Agua Santa. Chile 988

Ahlers, R. O., Valuation of manganese ores.. 1164

Ahmeek, Mich 355, 4S7, 532, 1064

— Dividends 260, 843

—Production ..37. 177, 307, 617, 814. 1026, 1149

Air blasts, Kolar Gold, India 957

Air-compressor drive *685

Air-controlled fire-door ^559

Air-hose couplings — Nut and gasket *599

Air-lift for handling tailings '1177

Page

I

rati i
• ■ ■ ■ [, Oolo. . . . ,

AJnx, Ida 37. 899, 818 I 198

Akr,.n. Colo 981, 1149

Lis
Flake Gn . 2s-

rt protest. . .. L68
A labams I Iraphlte ■ ew construct

Alabama, Qraphlh Indu try •281, 2-

Aiahaaia Graphite , Oeyloi mi

i Labor 854

Aladdin Oobalt, out 4-

i' ■ inn 2<

OOP., < »re 942

Alarms, Train 21

Alaska I deposits 777

23

Nenana lands 243

—Copper 203, 486, .'.74, sil', 1024

Fnst 338, 687

Alaska-Gastlneau Mng '922

— Mng. costs loi,7

Alaska, Gold 521

— Copper River dlst 543

ilaaka Gold Co Quai terly reporl

I a i ei

- Production 1108

Alaska Juneau Gold Mng., Alaska 80, 870

— Annual report 1134

Alaska Mines Corp 109, 870

Alaska, Nickel 28

Alaska, Sidelights on 797

Alaska-Treadwell group 870, 1024

Alaska, Weather conditions 687

Albany. Minn 447

Alberta, Canada — Water discovery 574

Alcalde Gold, Calif 1193

AJdrlch, s 7«

Alexander, Okla 1026

Alexandria, Colo 813

Alexo Nickel, Ont 488, 942

■ — Production 222, 264

Algeria, MineralB 1174

Algoma Manganese. Minn 38, 270

Alice, Colo 26S

Alice. Mont 1078

Alkali sulphates In flotation 918

Allen, A. P 1106

Allen, A. W 1106, 1146

— Artificial pebbles for tube-milling "1033

— Tube milling 245

Allen, C. A 529

Allen, C. F. Business law t350

Allen, G. L 718

Allen, R. C 688

— Mineral resources of Mich tH05

Allen, W P 34

Allen, W. S 700

Allison Ranch, Calif . .81, 354, 399, 531, 703, 769

Allouez Mng. Co 82, 399, 487. 858

— Dividends 260, 843

— Production 307, 487, 814, 1026, 1149

Alnutt-Purse, Ark 1149

Alpha & Exchequer, Nev 222, 308, 532, 662

Ajpha & Omega. See "Dig Gold."

"Alpha" metal location apparatus 380

Alsace-Lorraine, Iron 809

Alta, Colo 81. 176, 769, 900

Alta Consol., Utah 140, 178, 306, 448, 576, 662

Alta, Mont 941, 1150

Alta Tunnel & Transp.. Utah 982

Aluminum alloy in Zeppelins. Analysis 425

Aluminum alloys, Estimation of manganese.. 407
Aluminum Co. of Amer., Americanization work 454

Aluminum, France, price 377

— Ga., deposits 13

— Hungary 498

Aluminum market, 1917 67

Aluminum, U. S., 1900-1917 567

Price fixed 1051

Salts, 1917 1003

Alums In flotation 916

Amalgamated, Nev 941

Amalgamated Silver Mines Co., Mont. 177,

814, 856, 941, 1110, 1150

Amalgamated Zinc, Aus 739

Amalgamation practice. Gold Coast 367

Amargosa, Sink of the *985, »1000

Amazon-Dixie, Ida 307, 855, 1193

Amazon-Manhattan, Ida 355, 941, 1026

Ambergris, Ida 818

American Car & Foundry Co 840

America, Central. See "Central."
America, South. See "South."

American- Ariz., Ariz 446

American Assoc, of Engrs..34, 174, 572. 700, 896

— Boosting the engineer 433

— N. T. Chap 304

American Assoc, of Petroleum Geologists.... 572

American Brass Co 907

American Chamb. Comm., London — U. S.

trade mark 1091

American Chem. Soc. — Gibbs medal award. . . . 700

—Papers, etc 919, «997

— Spring meeting omitted 424

American Dredging, Calif 399

American Eagle, Colo 575

American Eagle, Mo 900

American Electrochem. Soc. 614, 659, 1022, 1190

— Papers, etc 163

American Fed. of Labor — Gompers' statement 612

American filter 716, «747

American Gold Dredging. Calif 1025

American Inst, of Chem. Engrs 572

Past
Bogre., OH

Pai en in

Am, 11,11 iDStltUl

987, U7h.

-Annual meeting

239

Bl |>rt . .' 4211

i Becl

enemy aliens

I ■ l 'port

Man; | 1175

Membership n q rei ts 426

■font, s, , tlon 218, 396

.1 11MH

loo 700. 707

Waabtngton i ting 1141

iu Internal. Steel o.rp 804

i. Iron A Steel Inst 937,978

Hanganesa price tcheduie 1053

rial 1057

—New members 804

— l'lg tin defined 327

Pig tin shipments 172

amerlcau Locomotive Ct 887

American Metal Co. See also "Ohanute" 37.
82. 177. 268, 808, B99, 631 B) 841, 1103

American Mineral Prod. Co., Wash 83, •OOS

an Mug. Congress 937

—Colo. Chapter. Denver meeting 852

—4 Ikla. Chapter 1106

—Utah Chapter 35, 305

Protests Govt, control 262

American peace 842

American propaganda. Editorial 625

American Red Cross. See "Red Cross."

American Sbeei J i n Plate Co 795

American Sisters, Colo 866, 1025

American Smg. & Rfg. — Annual report 682

Editorial 693

—Bunker Hill suit 177. 854

—Dividends, 1917 159

By months 32, 200. 658. 84S

— Mexican work, 1017 67

— Smelting schedules 626

— Smelting investigation, Colo 642

— Smoke Investigations 283

—Various notes. .69, SI. 142. 308, 812, 898, 1060
American Soc. of Civil Engrs. 174, 215, 484. 1022

American Soc. of Mecb. Engrs 174. 628

— N. Y. Section ., 700

American Soc. of Testing Materials — Papers,

etc 194. 978

American Steel .V Wire Co 795

American Trona Corp 855, 907

American zinc Industry. Editorial 1018

American Zinc, Lead & Smg 308

— Dividends 440, 1079

— Zinc metallurgy 558

Americanization 648

— Aluminum Co. of Amer 454

— Conference 688

— Steel plants 889

— U. S. Chamber of Comm 801

Ammonia conservation 438

Ammonia licenses 168

Ammonium molybdatp recovery 249

Ammonium nitrat,- substitute 1126

Amparo. Mex., Dividends 1079

Anaconda Copper Mng. — Accident record 38

— Annual report 1005

— Cementation methods 628

— Dividends 440, 1019

— Ferromanganese plant 677

— Ferromanganese production 623

— Fireproofing shaft ****o

— Labor commissioner 529, 918

— Lexington operations 629

— Payroll 852

— Production 252. 202 400, 575, 805, 959, 1101

— Rhodocrosite concentration 573

— Rod and wire plant 219. S08

— Safety practices 979

— Various notes, 37, 57, 68, 82. 222, 264, 308,

356, 488, 532. 660, 704, 811. 814. 898,

1026. 1078. 1150. 1194

Analysis of bismuth in lead bullion 603

Anchorite Ont 704

Anderson, A. E 261

Anderson, G. E. Chinese wolframite 24

— Hongkong metal trade 683

Anderson. L. D 1106

Anderson. R. J 174.1190

— Ferroalloys In 1917 191

Anderson, S. L 218

Andes, Calif 176

Andes Cop. Mng. Chile, Potrerillos mine

devel *137

Andes, Nev 222, 264, 662

Andesite as tube-mill pebble 1039

Andrews. M 91|

Anemometer •99a

Angels Deep, Arls 940

Anglo-Amer. riveting contest. See Riveting.

Ankerlte. Ont 38. 222. 356. 662

Anna Beaver mill, Okla *733

Anna May. Ark , 899

Annex, Colo 4S7

Annual statistical number 45

Anode. Lugless copper *924

Anthracite. Also see "Coal."

Anthracite allotments 1097

I NGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Volume 105

■

(TOOL

•

1 1.0

■

Austr. .
A.i.r. t

. S78

.1140
. 707

■

■

654

:

Alfmbam— Mialng, 1»17. re.i,.,.,

- Mnko . ,:iil

SI

i

. 159

{2?"J*'"" " = ■ "• . 604

855

-

IW 1107

i-Blo»t , . In4

*'C* ' 1108

AitKaa Qamm Aria no. 70J

— *r»ineaila 260 84J

* • .1081

g 101a

: ° •' uoi

,

58
SHE ''■■" .855

717

»>• «s-«

1 107. 114?
510

— Munim "nni

|A

:::::: ass

, - '■ ■•■ MIS. 1024 1108 !!49

'

Kflfl

855
U.«h

:: 220

•1113

SHE u 81-'. 940

Ariaooa. Workmen a compensation 1147

Arkansaa A Arlx. Cop ijji

Arkansas. Viiiuw district 990 MI'S

Arkansaa-Okla.. Ark " iR7

Art .-.« rh—pnaie. Ark...... oil

Arkir..... zinc and ;-a.| fleld »£?£

1917 prod 3„J

Armor plates. Zirconium steel la inrg

Armour. J A " 940

-'•""•8

trm*U •> «, 203. 355. 447. c'e'l'. 941

Army Appropriation Bi: °.n

Army mental tests . ,

Arp.. • • $«

AcUl-. s.-e Van Ardsdale.

Araenlc. C. S .«,

3li

...'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.] 74

9'"'*' r- ' -milling ' »1033

*. Cera wanted 673

: : . 590

— Ot. l.r.raiQ . 071

s««i» :::: ?01

—1917 reviewed I,?

Aeh. C. E lii

A«n Inn Co., Mien .'.".' i?i

Manxaneae. Colo ggg

H. Caonel coal ,-,,i

iEH ^""^-k?,- M«mb*™ :"".:.:::: 390

^n . . . I<j2

Aaaajing metb'.d.'i. Standardltatl.,n ...'...'..' 1024
**g»*r 'allf .. exemption 33

::::::::: "SS

— So tectlon ' q\q

nt 018" 982" 1110

>'«! Lead A Zinc. Mo ' 662

Associated Lead, Ana 930

AaaorL; . .,„... ' 262

' ' rinra. .!' 896

Aaao^L- ■ 35«

Association of the 27th Engl ,.,y-

seventh."

A Smg 68 «730

"

0 a compensation case 373

'allf 61

Atla' :. ;, rimers M133

930

August Mng. Co.. Mont as

Augustus, A. A 81B

Aurora 1150

• ula. 1917 mng review 11

Auatra costs 1100

131

1917 prodoctaoal ' 952

„ a- ; ; . . sa

in controlled mine* 1098

1119

•ive notatioo . 739

— Zini 939

— Zinc o.»>nlni« 1013, 1024

l; Itnf rABI welfare

1131

1173

1

33

1H9
Back :.-';. II ul ei lll« ' 10T0

Badxcr Mux .v Devi 770, 1 193

1 lory -

"■'

Baghou- 97

B.iu. II . 102, 814, 707

11 ore 1003

.1190

.1116
. .U>36

. 474

08

. . 078

. . 204

. . 38

. . 351

. . 888

887

•009

Bak.r. o, 0 Canei

Baker, 1 and pavemi

B»k. r G N. Kill.- output

Bak. r Lead I

Bak.-r M. v

Bald B

Bald 1 Bageley."

Bald U onel, Mont

I 11 J., died

! "

ltald« 1 re Works

I I and practice

Ball-mills. Chalniera i Williunis -7 13

Ballair 304,980

11 D 994

Ballod. Prof, tlt-rumn nutional wealth 1058

lllf 354

Banerofi. II. II 664

■ v, N. L 917

altnn 841

1 Lead 3 Zinc, < ikla 400

Bankers TruM Co., Libert? loan 834

"Baaket" 100

Banna, k. M. & M.. Mont 002, 1194

Banner. Calif 221

Banner Gold Mux. ,v Mix.. Aril 1063

Banner Mag., Ariz 854

Banner Ming; Arix 661

Barabee, C. A 810

Barber-tireeue bucket loader M73

Barcellos Corporation, Brazil 1140

Barium anlphate preelpltation 956

Barker. K. K 700

Barnes Klnx Derel., Mont 2114. 308. 532,

602, 814. 911, 1150

— Annual meetinx 575

— Annual report 1180

•nds 440, 1019

ProdnctlOB 856

Biirn.'Tt Una. Co 1147

Bai di i.|" 1

Burr, ( . .1 H08

Burr, \V. M. Firebrick melting points 22

Barracks. Oonetroctl Iita 1174

Barrier Roasting. N. s. \V 532

Barrh-r South. Aus . . 061

Barron. C. \V. Taiatlon 1096

Barrows. W. A.. Jr 304

Barry. B. Advertisements 977

Barstow, Colo 37, 703

Bartlett runnel, Colo 855, 941

Baruch. B. M 517, 1145

— Editorial on his administration 524

— Mines control 656

as tube-mill pebble 1039

Base-metal mng. as investment 430

Bastin, B. s 1022

Bates. 1. M. Safetj rates Deed for acid lines 188

Batearllle, Ark., manganese '.c.id 1148

Batearille Gas ,v OH, Ark 306

Battelle. J. <;,, ,ii,.(| 1022

Battle. J. It. Lubricating engineers hand-
book tiios

Battlefield metal salvage 380, 476, 654

Batton, C. E 940

Bauiiti- ';a.. Coastal plain 13

1917 production 1004

— -Franee 156

— U. S 974

Beacon, Ont 1026

Beam. T. W 768

Bear Mill. Ark «329

Bear Lake Pool. Mich 177. 263, 355. 399, 532

Bear Top, Ida 770, 1193

Beaty. J. A 937

Beav.-r A Belfast, f'olo 703. 855

- C. W B97

Beaver. Ont 38, 448, 488 858

— Production 942, 1110

Bedford. A. C 1190

Beebe. Calif 81

Beebe. II. C 896

Beeblve. Ariz nos

Beer, Sondbeuner A: Co 843

Behr. II. C 992

Behrman, A. S. Safety pipette *249

Belcher. Wash 307

Beldim- 1 ' 1 ed 572

Belgium. Climate ' 040

■' L. Sili.-a brick . ... 194

Bell. It. N. Mining in Ida 145, t766

Bella I.'nion. Ariz 1024

Bellboy. Mont 704, 814, 941

lion. I'tah 264

Belmont Shawmnr Mng., Calif 855

Belmont Surl [niel .

• Wagner, Colo 487, 1109. 11*03

Belt, computing length .*888

Belt guards, lb-movable •1*14

Bemls ventilation tubes »337

Ben B. Hog., Mo 82 355

Bender Metals ft Milling, Wash 629

- Amal.. Au»- 661

Bendlgo goldfleld, Aos. — 1917 review 308

Benedene, Okla 443

Page

Bl Minn 221, 662, 770, 1110

Bl 810

Bel B >ch, Calif 1003

Bt R 0 767

Her I S 261

Berry lleilble Joint «472

p. U D Co., Minn 177

11. Soil Pipe Co 864

Bi Belcher, I'nilf 1030

Bi . in. , Okla 632, 1084

Bi I Ic 1 li 1 Hri.k Co 1049

Big Ben, Kan 221

Bin in i, i>kla 839

r .. Ida 941

Ida, [917 169

"iitlis 32

I"! ' Mng., Ida 355, 487, 770

1 . Calif 263

B in. nkla 882

Big Blk, Ida 900

Big Ire, Colo 176. 855

in. It, Calif 899

1 . ' "lo 388

Bl 1 tplor., Dtah 897

Big Born Basin, Wyo., Petroleum 23

1 : 1 rrlcane, Ark »313

Big In, linn OOP., I'tah 83

Big Jim 1 mis,. I. Mug., Ariz... 854, 898, 840. 1108

Big Lead, Kun 1020

Big 1/ dge Derel., Ariz 220, 812, 1114

Big ' ak, Calif 768

Big 1 m,- Oonsol., Ariz 661

Big Pine Mng.. Ariz 1108, 1114

Big pine, Nev. 1110

Big Shot, Colo 1064

Big Toud Gold Mng. ft Mlg., Colo 447, 1109

B died 862

Billmr/,. Kan 82,618

Bill 11 ,11, 1 Ikla 448

Billingsley. 1' 1073

Bllsky. (Jut 222

Binding timbers to truck '1132

Bingtuiiii .Mines, Utah.

—Dividends 200. 570, 843

Binoculars wanted 1010

BirctivlUe Consol., Calif llutl

Blrdseye, 11. II 444

Birmingham Clay Products Co., Ala 36

Birmingham Metall. Soc 1022

Birmingham Mng.. Colo 263, 447

Bin EhaxQ Trussville Iron, Ala 80

Blrney, Calif 486

Biabee, Ariz. — Prominent citizens arrested... 980

- — Deportations misunderstood 1055

Bishops Knoll. Ariz 769

Bismarck, S. D 900, 1150

Bismuth analysis In lend bullion 603

— Colorimetrlc determination 882

— Gt. Br 1083

— U. S., 1917 review 134

Bits — Can- v. cross 18")

Bituminous. See also "Coal."

Bituminous schists in Uruguay 828

Bjorge. G. N.. photo 274

Bjorkasens mines, Norway 201

Black Bear. Colo 531, 017, 703, 1109, 1193

Black Chief. Mont 1078

Black Diamond, Ariz 1108

Black Eagle, Okla 982

Black Giant, Ariz 812, 1024

Black, H. P 1012

Black metal, Colo 447

Black metals, Nev 941

Black Mountain Mine, N. Y 83

Black Oak, Calif 703, 708

Bla.k Reef Cop., Ariz 486

Black Hock. Mont 1079

Blackuer. H. M 1107

Blair, A. A. Chemical analysis of iron tllOo

Blake. W. P 1079

Blast furnaces. New, U. S 925

Blasting — Advantageous method of firing drift

round '1132

— Attaching fuse to primers *1133

— Injury to employees 327

— Opencut 305, 001, 1130

—Powder, Perseverance, Alaska *922

— Primers, salety *'^yu

Blasts, Air, Kolar, India 957

Blewett, Wis 488

Bliss, W. A 889

Bloomer Hill, Calif 813

Blow. A. A. Career »152

—Colo, school tribute 216

— Death 34

Blow, G 261

Blue Bell, Ariz 354, 398

— Bonus system 461

Blue Bell Exten.. Ariz 398

Blue Bonnet, Okla 818

Blue Bull, Nev 982

Blue Bagle Mine, Ariz 702

Blue Grass Phosphate, Tenn '285

Blue Jay, Colo 1025

Blue Jeans, Calif 703

Bluehead, S. D 704

Blue Ledge, Calif 399

Blue Ledge, Ore 1150

Bin,- Monster Cop., Ariz 1063

Blue River, Colo 1193

Blue Tent. Calif 221

Bluebell. B. 0 1064

Blueprint holder *338

Bohlander, J 1165

Bohn, Colo 813

Boiling point of metals 425

Boleo, Compagnie du. Production. 252.

-IDS. HIS, Mill. S.-.li. !>.->.<>. 111114. 11111

Bolln. G. H 1163

Bolinas Cop. Mng.. Calif 981

Bolivia. Mining, 1917 review.

— Marketing 1014

IU fining In Chile 874

Bolshevik smelterman's diary 468

Bonanza, Colo 617. 703

Bonds, N. T. Exchange 86

.Iuuku-v I to June 80, L918 ENGINEERING AND .MINIM. J01 RNAL

Bonne if Ifo

tllalloll

lloiill" \ , N . U • ■

Bonui bj item

Iltorlal

ilk' the illK-lliriT

M I

So

B I iltt

Borax, Calif . ■!> poc Its

Bora?

Borat, 0. v.. died

Bi i onii tunnel

i

Page

. 304

.11"S

i

l I
•1

. 208

. :;..i
. i.,i
L8

Pi

Dividend!

aonthi 82,

Boston A Mont. 1 >. v. i - '. 1194

Bolton 1 69

Boston Emerald, V M

Bostwi, k W. \ 81, 761

Boulder Canyon, Colo 1193

Boorkaa Ulnea, Ont

Bourne vs Fed. Mint 8 Bmg 273

Boorquln declalon reversal, Editorial 934

:ind. Alta

Bowers, P. C 810

kei .i \ Coal Relde ol 0 S. . . .i93fl

ncantratae *294

Boy Scouts 798

A 810

Boyd. W. S 4M

Borer, r 761

Boyle. J. W 34

Bratirook. G. H 485

Braden Cop. Corp 171

—Production 282, 806. 959, 1101

Bradford. 1 733

Bradley, W W. Calif, mineral prod t350

Bradataaw Redact, Oo„ Ariz 80, 1114

Brnkpan mines. South Af 129

Braley, l«. Old miner •1169

— The slogan

Branch-raise sub-level caving. Ruth, Nev *503

Brandy City Hydraulic, Calif 703

Brant, Calif 899

Brass, Technical analysis t527

Brassert, II. A 528, "07

Bray. Minn 355. 662. 1110

Brazil — Iron ore deposits 1123

— Iron situation 1002

— Manganese 845, 1140

Imports and exports 28

Piracaua deposits 479

— Mica exports 878

— Mining. 1917 review .' 125

Brett, M. L 930

Bricks, Refractory 954

— Silica, mfr 194

Brigham. A. P 700, 852

Brinson-Kirtley. Okla 1026

Briquetting vs. flotation . . . , 1176

Brie>uetting zinc charge/. ... .370, 883, 1174. 117«
Brissenden, P. A., Investigates rustling cards 445

Bristol-May, Nev 941

Briston Mng., Mich 856 •

Britain plans post-war trade 70o

British Aluminum Co ^. 71

British Amer. Nickel Corp 84, 661, 814.

982, 1026, 1087

— Subsidized 178

British Columbia, Copper 1100

— Iron bounties act 939, 985

— Labor 939

—Law 702. 854. 939

—Minerals prod. 1917 318, 353. 1100

— Taxation 812, 939

Brockunier, C. R. Mng. -camp welfare 798

Brockunier. S. H 261. 896

— Crowning a wooden pulley 431

— Dietary for miners 627, 883, lOflo

Broken Hill mines, Aus 4S6

Broken Hill Prop., Aus 739

— Annual report 11S0

Broken Hill So. Silver Mng., Ans ."7^739

— Semi-annual report 250

Broken Hills. Ariz 36, 354, 486. 940

Brokers, Chrome. Calif 967

Bromine, TJ. S.. 1917 537

Bronson, B 26

Brookerson. D. 3 899

Brooks, G. G 1061

Brooks Hill. Ark 263, 1129

Brooks Oil. Calif 1063

Broome Co., Aria 1108

Brother, G. H. Filtration f.i'

Brown, A. H 1190

Brown. F. C. Tube milling 245

Brown, G. W

Brown, H. L. Molybdenum mng., Colo.*905, *920

Brown Hoisting Mach. Co 597

Brown, L: L 1108

Brown, J. B ?s7

Brown. R. G 1079

Brown. T. R 1008

Browne, L. E. R. R. electrification 646

Browning, A. J., died 898

Bruhl, P. T. Amalgamation practice. Gold

Coast 367

— Cyaniding graphitic ores I'.'T

Brunker, A 927

Brunton. D. W 930, 978

Brush, B. Silver in 1917 45

Bryce, R, A 767

Buck, C. A 1012

Bucket-elevators — Use with concentrates 725

Bucket loader. Self-feeding #473

Buckeye, Mo 941

Buckshot Mng., Okla 1194

Buffalo Hunter Mne. & Mis.. Colo lO^r;

Buffalo, Okla 221, 447

Buffalo. Ont 488, 814, 900, 1087

— Flotation 785

— Production 264, 942. 1110

1149

• 11H

812
769
487

1139

810

1147

Bulldlii, dal i

Building, 1 . B., 1911

Building, iry, banned .

Iiiilnh 11. M

Hulki'lry Well

Bully lllll. Calif 37. 221, 57S, cm, BIS,

Bamberger, Va

Bumblebee, Calif
Banker I Ivan,

a ,\ b -mt 177

itioD machine

otea 84, - '

Hunker lllll. Arlr. 708, 769

220

Banker BU , •

Bunker Hill, Kim

\. W 896,

Batch, 11. K 717

Hur.-li. I,

F

Ol Mines 7o7. 971'. 1012

it-, 1919 630

1 343

—Annual report t766

Caron proceat teata 065

notation 422

I itioti 26

— Co-operative rescue work 202

— Co-ordinate metal mng, work

633

[ i tromagnetic separator 803

—Explosives act 378, 1022

line safety rules 610

— Globs rescue apparatus *323

—Liberty loan 974

—Lignite investigation 24

Manganese exper 256

— Oxidized ore flotation 718

— Proposed transfer 701

— Quicksilver research 520

making in r. s

— Selective flotation exper 768

— Smelter smoke investigations 283

— Standardization of accident reports 1185

— Technical men needed 888

— War work budget 477

-Yearbook t350

Bureau of Standards. See "Standards."

Iturko. Ida '787

Burnett, F. H 971

Burns. J. T 1106

Burns-Moore, Colo 37

Burnside, Ont 308, 448. 704, 1026

Burrage. A. C, vs. L. Ross 1185

Burton, G. E 1022

— Petroleum geologists' work 822

Burton, Wm 700, 1106

Business favors trade war 474

"But the Engineers — " 793

Butchart table covering 207

Butler Bros., Minn 308

— Shenango Suit 221

Butler, G. M 1190

Butte & Pentus, Mont 618

Butte & Superior Mng.

—Accidents. 1917 881

— Annual report 1005

— Elm Orlu litigation 4--- 701

—Flotation litigation 99. 397, 609, 938, 1141

Editorial 934

U. S. Ct. of Appeals decision 962, 974

Editorial 976

—Production 400, 488, 578, 704

— Quarterly report 799

— Various Notes 178, 895, 900, 1194

Butte Consol. G. & S., Calif 531, 1025

Butte Cop. & Zinc. Mont 618, 662, 900

Butte Cop. Czar. Mont 660. 662 900

Butte-Detroit, Mont 178, 308 811

— Ophir devel 529

— Re-opened 305

Butte district, 1917 review 57

Butte-Kansas Mng., Mo 35

— Destruction by fire 36

Butte Main Range, Mont 900

Butte Metal Trades Council 673

Butte, Mont., Labor. See "Montana."

— Manganese. Description of ores 1076

— Production 397

Butterfly, Colo 941

liutters Salvador Mm - 222

Buying monopoly 801

Buzzell, J. W. Cementation 585

Bwana M'Kubwa Cop. Mng. Co 23

Bybee, Nev 457

Byers, A. M. Co. Pipe corrosion 287

Cabinet, Foreign trade Sec 887

Cable rates, So. Amer 211

Cabrillas mine, Mex. — Triangulation 164

Cafeteria. Kerr I-'ce "946

Cageway covers #1047

Caging, Simplified with heavy mine cars.... '559

Calaveras Consol., Calif 81, 768

Calcium chlor. prevents freezing 247

Calcium sulphate in flotation 916

Calculations of a German professor. Edit-
orial 1058

Caldwell, A., died 659

Caldwell, C. F 938

Caldwell, F. S. Ore sales comm 305

Caledonia, Colo 941

Caledonia Mng., Ida ■• 37

— Annual report 616, 800

—Dividends, 1917 159

By months 32, 260, 440, 656. 843. 1019

Caliche deposit, Calif ' _28

California Alkali. Calif 81, 1061

California — Borax deposits '985, *1000

— Caliche deposit - ■ • • 28

— Chrome. 305. 5fi+. 574. 660. 93S.

M- i L02 I 1063 11 09, ll+n

Specifications and producers 420

California Chrome Co 664

California Comstock, Utah 178

— Bought by Silver King Con. ... 264

Pago

California

1149

Dl *

• atlfornbl 811

\1l,k'. Hint:

80, 813

480

ower *99

178, 615,
979, 1061

Naval '!■»

New map

l'.il? , 1142

'985, M000

■ w 62

mating Co 80

i liur 1061, t93«

California Trona <<,. vs. U. 8

California, Wage schedule, on Acids 796

Water luppl] 1147

Calltun, Mo 38

Callahan, J. F 614, 017

Calliope, Colo 487

died

J. M 718

pneumatic cells *708. 710, 717

— Bottom pans '734

Calumet & Aria. Mng. Co., Aril.. 80, 306, 980

— Annual report 885

—Dividends. 1917 151

By months 32, 656

—Production 854. 981. 1149

Calumet & Hecla Mng. Co.:

— Annual report 1093

—Death of T. L. Livermore '234

—Dividends, 1917 ■ • • JJ»

By months 32, 6^6

—Haulage 853

—Labor • ■ 80

-Production, 177. 252. 263, 307, 487, 5,0,

806, 814, 959, 1026, 1101, 1149
— Various notes, 82, 221, 263, 353, 355, 399

486, 632, 617, 704, 855. 1064

— Wage bonus 219

Calumet & Jerome, Aria., 220, 702, 855, 981,

1108, 1149. 1192

Cameron vs. Bass 233

Camp Bird, Cole., 176, 117 187, 769 -

941, 1109

—Dividends .260

Campbell F. W. Petroleum In Kan '811

Campbell, H. A. Air lift for tailings '1177

Campbell. J. A. 659

Campbell, M. B '"'

<i ol Tazin. I

-

Canada Carbide Co 441

Canada, Chromite, 1917 590

Canada, Copper, 1917 688

Canada Cop. Corp., 83. 532. "4^*2.^

—Production, 252. 488. 806, 959. 1101

— Tax appeal g» J

Canada Dept. of Mines rept t76S

Canada. Gas. natural «i" iVna

—Gold =88, 1108

—Iron, 1917 590

0« deposits ..........^...1118

— Labor ".'..'.'.'.'.'..... 513, 768

—Lead, 1917 589

-Macnesite 591 (erratum) 695

—Mineral production. 1917 513. 588

— Mining accidents d97 (errat

-Molybdenum

530

1917 production 591

— Nickel deposits "20

1917 production •>>>»

Peat 1108

— Petroleum fields 10J2

—Silver. 1917 589

— Zinc bounty "«■*

1917 production »<>

Canadian Electro-Products Co. •■•■■■■■••■■ **\

Canadian Klrkland. Ont 488, 576, 770. 982

Canadian Klondike Mng. Co .109

Canadian Mng. Inst 572, 852. 1060

—Annual meeting 513, 1146

—Officers DJ8

Canadian Nat. Clay Prod. Assoc 396

Canadian Soc. of Civil Engrs 659

(ananea. See "Greene-Cananea."

Candelarla, Nev llj*

Cane Springs, Ark «»

Cannon, J. D "0

Cantonment contracts • • • • - • g' J

Canvas tubing for mine ventilation 325, *328, "336

Cape Copper Co., annual report 800

—Production 806

Capital Co., Colo 355

Capital Issues Comm j»7

Capron. W. C. .. ; ■

Car dumping device

Car lifter

•247

Car, Ore, steam shovel *416

Car repairing and oiling I''3

Car shortage. See "Railroads."

Carbonate Hill Giant, Ida 447

Carbonate Hill. Ida ;iZ-}22&

Carbonero. Colo • ■■ 1 '<• l"63

Cardiff. Utah 178, 222. 356. 448. 618. ^770,

Carlton, A. B sf„

Carmelite Mng. & Milling, Aria 80

Carnahan, A. B 8j9

Carnahan, H. L. Assessment work 89

Carnegie Steel Co 79&

Carolina, Calif £17

Caroline. Colo *??

Carnegie. D

Carolyn Metal. Mo

.1194

ENGINEERING AND MININ< [OURNA]

Volume 105

'••

it

•». ««:.

1 »

OMt I .

► ■a Sm rv-ullon ••
nt «n oot

«-« fll* •

Ml

r

-

>>■-;>•

... .

— 0» Aamfalatretloa

'i
CathoOaa. G- '

Cbt«\J In aarr a

•
int metboda "

»7»

no*

Ml

S9fl

*«. T04

841

Ml
S

T«T
MO

m

TOJ
JM
760

Ml

. lew . . .
S

ilar . .

Cartas

OBM ■
OBaMM

447

481

Ma

446, .'■

C*ntrml Bill, Itati

f rallwaj purchi>-

Century. Oklm. .

■

ill

1103

r.»«

IT-'

•781
■nae

1 1 M

1H»

1003

:.:i

80

-

.ini

1184

661

80

488

1101

161

769
260

281

Alabama graphite -w

.•68-1

. 422
. rrlle flo-

.. 422
William* ball-mill «713 (errata) 935

Or* Sampling

rland. Ol

B66

-l. r.31
gig

. 260

. . 222

Urica 914

• in water flotation. 427

•

z."

•e ta» report . . 638

. 786

308\ 768. 941

1191

tattoo . 506

. 190

md. . . . 919

47.-!
rr.ng and gcol. map.. cw

444

til <»5

Metals Rfg MSI

712. 707. 916

. . 348
0. lion
J Army. . . .

. . 548

. 760

77, 770

Cncstar , 447

Chief Coco- I

— Annas! re:- -• 799

—Dividends . . 440, 1019

• plant. S*« ''Axis. Pou
Chllt 1

.. 252
— Bnm n. Barrage

' ,1101

01

1011

at una)

171

1003
074

I6J

1 008

38

1108

J4

1

. 174

169

. 656

1101

556

812

1170

roi

982

, 918

700

I,
port
Chlorldi

■
u manganate in flotation....

;■•■■■•

rrochrome.

r refining furnaces,

'•'• 1083

1109, 1149

420

420

' Calif tja

Chrome fy2

Chrome. New Caledonia, "-'4

H-4,

—Market I"-'6

Chrome. Prvidmtion ami ttistrlloiit.m 884

Chroma — D. s. import control 1139

- 1911 review 134

.■tlon and distribution 967

— Shortage 256

Wori I depositG

isits 777

917 i90

L091

388

lni: t.-.l

Chromium, Calil

Chrotniuni determination 248

Chronology ol mining, 1017 77

J I

0 *953

Chute mouth repairing

966

Cinnabar. Tuscany 4".'>

Mo 1

Co., Ariz :)t;

Ariz 530

Digger, Ark »1128

Clark Co., Nov., Hanganeae

Clark mints. Calif 398

Improvement Co 892

E. Oi- C. Geology ol Meekatharri

[cation of feed — -Dry sizing ., 908

Ell

1 ado-China ill

808

tatii on entrate 715

..219

: .1 :ill

E. Estimation of manganea kit
md Chits 1 . 17. 82

284, 575, 662, Till

— Helmer mine 264 575

Cleveland, Gt. Br., Iron stooe 1117

Clevenger. G. 11 390, 565

— Flotation vs. cyanidalion 743

CUft, A 174

Climate. France and Belgium 342

Climax ' um mng. 0

Climax Molybdenum Co.. Colo 075

»00

Clinton Zinc Co., Ark 36

Cloud. T. C, died 937

Coahulla, Mo 487

Coal — Alaska 28

Nenana lands 243

— Anthracite, women labor 840

— Bituminous, D. s 45, 926

—Dirty coal complaint 475

434, 916

Mining aid declined 28

— Gt. Br., Conservation bv electrification... 27

Miners drafted 1009

Goal lands restoration 398

Coal Mng. Inst, of Amer. — I'ii; • sa »623

Coal— Mont 305, 352

— Philippine Islands 17

as fuel . tllos

. . .1171

mans work 166

742, 1174

191",

Spontaneous Ores i r,6

s'e -'.mi

o.:i2

Fuel Admin." 45. 802

Anthracite allotments ] o;i7

Bituminous 926

Coal week 1010

>n 21, 11:7

Distribution 1181

Exports to Canada restricted.... 928

Mine fatalities. 1917 429

Preference llat 754

Production. 1017 86. 7134

Editorial 808

R.Rl to pay full price . 802

Page
1

Shortage 211, 518

Shut down order 258, 388

lorlals 170, 213, 267, 347

Potl editorial 238

What cans,, I crisis 820

le wuuts binding contracts 607

distribution system 605,878

I 400, 488

.la 1162

\\ Australia 8

-\v : production 71

as, Baeaabl *496

a Oil, Calif 807

Coastal plain, Oa.— Bauxite 18

Cobalt. Out., Flotation 785

Cobalt, Ont., 1917 prod 368

reonluni hardening 835

i, Ida 24

Cochran. T 978

Coeur d'Alene Antimony Mng 1192

district. See also "Idaho". .. .114*

it gun practice #787

— Pine-crushing practice 712

—Flotation *707

— Labor 630

— 1917 review 64,145

— Sloping methods *1068, 1103

Coghiil, w 11. Chalcopyrlte flotation 422

Cohen, 1 396

Cohen, 8. H 852

Cohen, S. \V 174, 937

Coke breeze in copper precipitation 1089

Coke preference list 754

Coke prices unchanged 167

Cole. A. A. Canadian industrial situation... 613

— Mng. engineering as profession 765

— Peat coal substitute 176

Cole, A. N 804

Colemanlte. Calif «985

College of Mines. Wash 1054

Collins. A. E. G 396

Collins. E. A., died 1190

Collins. G. E Mining In Colo 143

i.i — Mining, 1917 review 125

- l'lu t iiium supply. Editorial 623

Colorado ,V Argentine. Colo , 355

Colorado Central Mng. 81. 355. 1193

Colorado Dragon Consol.. Wage payment ... .1107

C redo, Gold 1061

-In 701

aese 175, 897. 1061

— Map, mng 498

Colorado Metal Mng. Assoc 219, 304, 352. 1023

— Exec, committee 853

Colorado Mining 1917 review 148

Colorado Mng.. P. 1 356

Colorado— Molybdenum mng '905, *920

—Petroleum 938

Oil shale treatment "917

—Potash 897

Colorado School of Mines 1191

—Tribute to A. A. Blow 216

Colorado SeientiBc Soc 572

Colorado, Smelting investigations 538

Editorial s 345

Smelting schedules 626

Colorado Superior, Colo 399

Colorado. Sylvanite 703

— Taxation 897

— Tuncsten 1023, 1061

— Whltaker Smelting report 32

Colorimetrlc determination, bismuth 882

Columbia, Calif 661

Columbia Kaolin & Aluminum Co., Ga 14

Columbine-Victor, Colo 1109

Columbus-Rexall. Utah 38. 356, 448, 576. 770,

900, 1064, 1194

Colver, W. B. Coal crisis 320

Colvocoresses, G. M 614

Colwell, W. B 896

Combat wagon. Engineers #7

Coming Wonder, Colo 263

Commerce Dept. — German trade 839

Commerce Mlg. & R„ Kan 1026

Commercial and industrial policy alter war.

1013

Commercial Mng. & Mlg., Nev 900

Commission of Conservation. Canaoa. Rept..t936

Commodities, Price chart, 1914-1917 568

Commonwealth Mng., Colo 81

Commonwealth, Okla 447

Community interest development 830, 883

Como CodsoI. Mines, Nev 982

Compagnie Anonyme Industrielle du Platine. . 638
Compagnle du Boleo. Bee ' i
Compensation. See "Workmen's."

Competition. Editorial 417

Composition of refractory silica brick 954

Compressor, Air, drive "685

Comstock Lode 1061

—Mng. lower levels '1029. '1044

Lion 811

Comstoek miners' wages 897

Comsto.k mines. See also "Union Consol.."

"Ophir." etc 175, 397

Comstock Pumping Assoc., Nev 662

. T B. III. oil fields 182

Conaclir. H. R. J 107

Concentrates box #294

Treatment «1177

-Mo - urn concentration 836

b i Cleaning flotation 715

— Cyaiji : mi: vs. smelting 454

— Utah Lsg. treatment *T24

Concentration. See also "Flotation," "Cyanida-
tion."

Concentration — Chrome 462

—Costs, comparative 104

— Determining new flow sheets 792

—Dry sizing of feed '908

— 'Elmer,- vacuum, Norway 500

— Oravirv 720

— Magri lie, iron. Mlneville. N. Y «912

—Magnetic machine '912, '914

:.-. Ont 880

January

L to June 80, L918 ENGINEERING AND MINING JOl RNAL

Page

' "' '' ' MI

—Bchwan patented • •• °!!

trator, Morning smr. Ark . •<-•'

Oonclualveneaa ol department iimiing- »

Ooncntc. Colo

Corn rata mill oonitroctlon °"

0 rate ablpa, Bao "Ship*.

Cotillon. W. 10 -I?'

Oonlia.-u.-i-, I'.illf ••• •;, 10-8

Oanger, Ariz. See "Jerome Mng.

OOBfO I'lii, f. ivi,. • •■ ■ ■ ■ • .: ■ V.iV'IIou

Conareu Colo 855. .0,1, 8lty, nou

Conn! ■ 84 MB .87, 1087, 1160

—Annual r.-iK.rt £""

— Flotation I™

—Dividends — ■ oiV'iViK

—Production -2?*. MS, 1 10

Oonklln. R. K. Porto BJco mnf, decision 1147

Conkllni Mug.. Viiiii. Silver King Coal case.. 701

Conner. C. H ";7

Connolly. J. M AL

Ooimora Steel Co.. Ala 220

Cooover, C. 0 ■ • ■ • • 300

Conscientious ohjc. lorn provided for ™

Conservation. Editorial »»«

Conservation of te.-linl.-al engineers . ...... .1056

Consolidated Aria. Smg 531, 617. 1114. 1192

Zlirolltllon V V:.V:.V.V.V.16%' '<&.' W9-."noi
Consul i,i„.,-,i Oop. Mines. Nej..8S\ 178 814 1064
Consolidated lnierstateCallahan Mng "'j^J'-j,,,,

— Annual report J,'7.

—Dividends , *?"

—Main hoist ,5?S

— Quarterly report "'»

Consolidated Leasing, Colo »»

Consolidated Mayflower, Nev looa

Consolidated Mines, Colo. ..... . . . . ...... ■ • • I1"-5

Consolidated Mng. & Smg. Co. of Cana da.. 8 3.

632, 812, 854. 938. 982. 1110, 1192

— Annual report , J2,0,

—Bounty "J"

— New oliorgc^ -****

Consolidated Spanish Belt Mng Nev ... .982 1194
Consolidated Virginia. Nev. .222. ^.6.^62,

—Mng. methods ViV*ii2

Consolidated Zinc. Ark 661. 1JJJ

Consolidation Coal Co »-;

Constaneia, Mex • ■ ""?

Constitution Mng. & Milling. Ida <"

Oonstltntlonal tead & Zinc. Okla J* <

Construction costs — United Eastern -»•»

Construction. New. 1917 • • • • »«

Continental Mng., Ark 263. 306

— K. and M 4*6, 899

Contracts. "Cost-plus" '»*. «°

—Editorial *ii

Contracts, Govt *')>

Control of oil lands. Trinidad "«}

Cook. B. C. Pipette 804

Cooke, G. D., died J°*

Cooke. J. H.. -°i

Cooper. J. C ■ "I"

Cooperation. Industrial, after the war «

Co-operative rescue work -■>-

Co-operative stores In mng. towns »J"

Co-ordination in conduct of war '«

Coosa Graphite. Ala ■ ■ • ■ • • ■ • ■ • •••- • »»»

Copper, Alaska 263, 486. 6i4, 812, 10-4

Copper amalgam as cement < »"

Copper anode. Lugless M;J

Copper. Aril. 1917 review »»

—Australia. Costs iii qv'

Production, 1917 181. 95-

Selllng . - fjS

Copper Basin Mng, Ida *i

Copper, Boronic *"?

Oopper, B. C. .......... «»»

Copper, Butte. 1917 review J '»

Oopper Buttes. Ariz "Vi

Oopper. Canada. 1917. »»»

Copper Chief Mng.. Ariz £-"

Copper Conference *"?"

Oopper Creek Alta Mng., Ont ■ - • ■ 618

Oopper determination in oxidized ores.. 552. 645

— Iodide, with sodium ferroxide Ill"

Copper, effect on steel - ■ J ' *

Copper for shipbuilding. Editorial a»J

Copper, Flotation '],'

Copper King, Alaska • • • • • • • • ■ JVf*

Copper King, Calif 399. 1063. 1192

Copper King, Colo -"*

Copper King, Ida ■_■ • ■ • ■ -22

Copper, Lake Superior. 191 . review •><

Copper market in 1917 °°

— Vogelstein & Co.'s review - J»

Copper metallurgy, 1917 review »«

Copper, Mich .... "fcl

Copper Mountain. Utah *™

Copper. Nev., deposits «°

Copper. Ont. ...... • .- - - - "gj,

Copper ore heap leaching "0. *_•"

Copper oxide determination *•*

Copper, precipitation with coke breeze lots*

Copper. Price fixing • ■ • \";

Editorial -57- l"iS

Mont, men dissatisfied ■ -■-

Copper Producers Assoc, Australia no

Copper production. Editorial ■ ■<<"

Copper Queen Consol. Mne ,Wna

— Air-onntrolled fire-door oo»

— Change house -1

— Effloicnov training J"y

— Pensions and insurance <*■"

—Production QllS

— Shift boss duties °'°

Copper. Queensland '; ' '

Copper Ranch. Nev ■ -. •-,■-.■. A

Copper Range. Mich. See also "Trimountain
263. 399. 447. 532, 575. 617. 941. 1026,

—Annual Report 1°£2

—Dividends. 1917 .- - - - - • • !™

Bv months 32, b50

Pun

Coppai raflairlM u>a Uai . »ui

Copper r.-lliilnu (Ul "" .llaadvimt-

ar ii '•'• '!;?;

BUvar, Ai.i-i.il. OoU

0o| ., Boiala "'

, oppi , aalti In Bi tatlon 'JD

Ooppar unaltlni and rfu. work». N,,nli Ami

can Mutistii-K xy

Ooppar, South Af «■■

1917 10*2

Ooppar Btata Unr, Ariz

Ooppar aulphata, Qt, »r

Copper suipliai,- In notation ''

Copper— Swed.ii •"-

lrTu*.^v.v.v:.v.v. ::.'.*,-.

> BMltorUl 488

''in ,155

Freight Incroaae }«|5

Import reatrli tiona

FrnporUMd'eipor'te,' '17.' '302.' »»»J^«''1111

.-_■ - ,., „.!

World production ••« .68, 202

Corperopolis. Utah 222, 44-.. 818

Cordova Mines, Ont v°f

—Mining costs . =S

Cork— Province. B. C °*J

Oorless, C. V. : ""

Cornell, I. H °/.°

Cornwall. G. M "SB

Corona, Calif • ■ • • -0 • • ■ • »*"

Ooronado incline top slicing '-40. «»

Corrlgan, Ida J»»

Corrlgan, J j""

Corrosion, electrode supports »•»'

Corrosion, pipe ""

Corundum, Madagascar <">■>

Cost of living. See "Living."

•■Cost plus" contracts 7S*. «"

—Editorial • ■ ■ • *SJ

Costa Rica Manganese 4: Mng f°*

Colta Rica— Minin L91"i revievi 1 • ■

Ooate, E 1°|»

Costigan, B. P., photo >"»

Costs — Australian copper "«»

—Blasting powder, Alaska »rf

—Car repairing X{'J

— Concentration, comparative J»?

—Construction, United Eastern.... g"

Drift-gravel Mng. Siberia and Calif on J

—Filtration, Utah Lsg ' Jj

—Flotation, Buffalo i"'

—Gold mng. U. S. -••••■- .Sio

—Hotel for workmen, B. C »4i Si

—Leaching, heap "u. "i

— Milling, Joplin It',

Surf Smelt., B. C \f°,

-Mng.— Alaska-Gastineau }»j^

Aus 22

Cordova, Ont 1nJS

South Af., 1917 1""

—Mng. SuppUes, Aus |=J

Increase ' HT1

OR oil

— Mng., underground, Cuyuna »'?

S. E. Mo. !>8j

—Nitrate leaching. Chile <"»"

—Oil-feed pipes laid 2™

—Operating, Kerr Lake ""

S. E. Mo "5^

—Production. Colo SSV

Jumbo Exten - ^ii

Tom Boy .rig

— Silver mng., Niplssing '■%'°

— Stoping, incline top slicing -'»

Cotton, price fixing Jxjj

CottreU precipitator SJJ

Coulby. H JiJ

Couldrey, P. S ""••"" o?i

Council of Nat. Defense— Labor plan 21*

— Platinum command.-t-i-oil •

—Wire rope standardization ■ • ■ • ■ »"«

Coopal, J. S •• ...-S61, li»u

Couplings, Air-hose— Nut and gasket .599

Cover for shaft cageway - - • • • • • • x"''

Cowan Barrens Deep. Ark. •••••661. 70A vw

Cowdray, Lord. Petroleum in Gt. Br o-£

Cowperthwaite, T. Safety first »8b

Crago, W. H. ii|

Cramer, S. W. . . .■ S2|

Cranberry Iron, N. C. -gij

Crane Oil Slate Utah ••••■■•• 1VSI

Crane, W. R., Ore. mng. methods ja^i

Crankpin, truing g59

Cranston, R. E ViW 1102

Crawford-Ansell, Ark "u^' i'-'j

Crawford, G. E 10J5,

Credits. War .SS5

Crelghton, Ont • SSS

Creosote as frothing agent ■•--••• ••£■"• ■ LZi
Crerar. G. Flotation operators' instructions.. 878

Crerar-Hewitt, Ida ..„,

Crescent, Kan ;• — • •_•_'_■ *i<7"

Cresson Consol, Colo.. 37, MS. ^J-^f^

-D'Bye months" 32.' ' '260. ' 4.bV '656V '8«. 1019

Crimora Manganese Corp.. Va »". ?•»

Crimora, Va., manganese mng "■»

Cripple Creek Gold Mng.. Colo ■ • • ■ f*

Crippled soldiers' reconstruction

Crisis. Editorial ...-■ *-4

Cristobalite refractory brick :„

Crosby Explor.. Minn • • • • ^

Crocker, W. ' Attaching "fuse to primers.. ....'UM

Croesus. Ont. • • ■ ' lft47

Crossheads, Cripple Creek. Colo .007 471

Crowell. B Akn

Crowell. Iron Ores. Lake Superior t350

Crown Reserve Mng., Colo „M

Crown Reserve, Ont g5a

— Production ■ „v7' 43j

Crowning a large pulley ■»«• M*

Pan

CruaaOonaol., 1 487, 676. 704. 1141 1150

Oruao Davel Co., Mont "• *H1

Crushing. See 1 "MUllnf" lull Milling.

Oraahlng |,r». tl I '„ur d'Aiene _iir

Crystal Lake, 1 I '?.™

Mont ^««

0u\» Holetlr, da mlnaa „„,.,',•,,

Cuba— Iron deposlia 100^. 1WJ

- Manga m-M- proapecta ' '?

Mining. 1917 review '"

. ,?

:,nd Iron ore d.-|»,slu '■ ' » '

Cunningham vs. CoaUW ...•;..••■•••••,••• JJ5S
Oorrem prteea, 48, :t 1 1 . 491. 778, OO.t. 67

Curtis, 8. T "'»»

Curta, Calif ..?'"

Cuahman diet., Ark., photoa. J f»

Ouatar Peak Milling t< ore, B. I) 8.1. ill"

Cut out the wai to Editorial «««

Cutout, trollai Hue ■ • ■ • •, f*i

Cutting. 8. I) 8,«. "12

Cnrler Adams, Minn ; "'

m dlatrlcl Manganlfirous Iron mi?Hlt, ^

Cuyuna-Mllle Lacs Iron.. Minn 82. 270

Cuyuna-Mlnneap.,11* Iron. Minn *''

Cuyuna ahipments 191117 f™

Cyanide solutions— Gold precipitation 60S

Cyanldatlon, Costs, Buffalo mine. 2"J

Cyanldatlon vs Flotation «45. 748

Cyanide in Flotation ■ '•"'

Cyanldlng concentrates vs. smelting «•

.70
C. C. Conaol.. UUb l7B

D

Dakota Continental. 8. D 90<>

Dalmage. V !ijt

Dalrymple, J j^'l'\i,'ll .«.

Dalv-Judge, Utah— Controls DslyWest .... . 529
Daly-West Mng.. Otah 222, 308 - }JM

— Annual report iSX

-Daly Judge controls •■• ^»

—Dividends 200' 212

Danforth. G. L.. Jr •••• •••• • "»

Dante, Colo 81:>- 8j5' }]nJ

Danube, Minn ft27

Darling. I. C • -; J,i

Darlington. T. Ulnese in Industry • ■ ■ «J

Darwin Devcl.. Calif. ■•••• sl- 7S;

Data of world's principal mines . . . ._ ;■•••■■
Davenport. I,. D Steam skove! #mng. #M08 .^^

— Editorial -/(Ji

B^on^nt'^mr^.'^^'^^

Davies. .7. G 942

Davies. J. « Tgi

DavtoaiV co,,:. Mon, ;::::::::::: .'83.' 222; ' 1150

— Production

Davis, R. B.. Co gi|

Davis, W. N ' ' 4.4g

Day. J. S .:**i '' 140

Day. P. C. European climate %"

Daylight Mng.. Aria »»»

Daylight saving bill. ...... •• 7ft.

Dayton Coal, Iron i R. R-. Tenn 704

De Armond. Knn • .fil

De Camp, W. V. Bonus system '2

—Nut for air-hose couplings 1 1 00

Deadwood. Colo. •••-•■ •• • -•■ • ii- v;7'r ' 704' 1150
Deadwood Lead &. Zinc. S. D..83, 578, ,»i. 1100

Dean. N. W ,,,,

Dean. R. 8.. 218

SStS- ^i4:'cViir-BorVx-::::v.'.ii>; -I,,-

Debris, Mining. Calif g3g

gSS: Sationai. P^cipai ' befligerents ! \ \ \ 872

Deepest well in world „u- 7Xn

Deer Trail Mng.. Dtah. 'lllO

Deer TraU No. 2, Wash J"«

Del Mar. A. Soda feeder - ;. i?

—Treatment of flotation concentrates 11^

Del Monte. Ariz ' gg^

Beirca.^:::::::::::::^^''^^'11!?

Dlm'or^t.Tr Electrolytic' antimony! " " \ 10

Demurrage rates increased • • • - »g'3

— Colo ^,,<,

Denbigh Mng.. Colo gl3

(fines. Colo .W.wi, ' 854! 'l024

Denn-Ariz.. Ariz.- ° 97g

Dennison. W ' qqq

Densmore. Calif. .•',''. " Q7ft

Denver Civic & Commercial Assoc ..•• »^»

Denver Mng. S " 855' ?Q2

Depletion tax cal, alatton. . ... • • • ■ • • -„.

Deposition removal— Hydrochloric for (-»

Depreciation and obsolescence "o.

Depreciation tax calculation ,j™jj

Derailing switch .... •■ •• „55

Derry Ranch Dr Age, Colo ■■■■ ■■■■ «|

Deseret Mountain. Utah.... 38. 178, 308

Desert Power & Water. Ariz gD*

Desert Prod., Calif br '11*,-,

Desloee Consol. Lead. Mo. ..........•■• .66. 1155

Determination of c, per in oxidized ores 552

Detroit Hoist & Mich. Co jjjj4

Detweiler. A. N... 1038

Deval abrasion te-t ..•■■■■•--■ • u„. „„,

Development of commanltj Interest 830'1S°?

Diabase as tube -r :l pebble ^1036

Diamond core drill „cq

Diamond-drill bit recovery ■»»

Diamond R. Mng . Wash ; «|

Diamond saw Rc^

Diamonds, South Africa . °»J

Diatomaceous earth. B. C ggg

Dick. J. C ' 918

Dickinson. E. S

ENGINEERING AM' MINING fOURNA]

Volume 105

i

IS*

7.10

943, 1110

- I'r.Js

H 810

71S. 721
: ardnets marhlne-

I

DoutU- I '«
' - ••

' ' ll

r*ir>. u !.i.,. deportations. .

— Osei- •

. . 614

..•208

342

— Coa*. i rortded for 606

. , r.ns

— R~-i» inns

1010

:.in

"Itral* leaching "987

Dragon M * !• \- llns

Dralna.- •, watering."

Draper r « How Draper brought oot the

platinum . 510

1110. 1193

- paper. ... 247

1026

t>r~lr— Gold— Ssfefy rules 853. 1081

*
Ir dgtnc pay* . . *1

. - irel mng. lo E. - »859

894
•

22

•1030

'■*• — Mirkinr method* . ... 79R

und 600

185

•ol'mu. Kan 81!)

-are. oil well. 646

• r.r ken . .

. . 899

.inldinr vs. smelting 4H4

... 887
•••• 1106

1 • ' .400

' ' - a- entratlon #908

! 1012

D»BI»1'' 572

J™*"^ 488, 900

linn

1102

•600

6ir,

1063

• ' ' 220 807 UOt 1114

Donkln l>a<e. Colo

£»»'»[>■ p \

.919

-Ideation 604

Powder Co 988

488. 898

Dtt«t — afansan*** estimat 407

; 1142

: rnai Mne grate*

1 444. 785

— FlMattoo and ryanldatlon eoata. . . 104

Utah 38. r,76. 814, I02n

- 70S

•727
■•"rant. Ol ' 114'.

76
Ea.t P.. i ,,,; 60n

'■

00. 48R
'• '. -j

. 896

■••■••• 80. 854

— O^enr d Alene dl«trict. - 64

! ^. W. Amer. 8. & B. In M<i 67

■

1110

1 1 20

177

Mo ...... 804

i.e.

I

1051

. 548
I

124

.1012
- Con took

•1020, MUM

Editorial... 847
Coniin ..... . 434

i S Dominican oil. . . .1041

Edward- • . 1 . . 400

Edward M . 21S

1 .,1 •91G

1 998

I 200

! 771.

808

1 . u

I 1 1025

Ing Co., Calif 1

245. 713

1 20

1 I illf 617

532. 617. 900

King, Oolo 1109

v . 981

11"''

981

■ hrome, c.niir 940

Eldornil H09

Eldorado Slat Corp., Ariz 940

Electric Alley - Lncero 234

I Bolst Mfrs. Assoc 697

I Mug. C.., Ark 80

1- I, Wash 042, 1110, 11 B0

nan* x*&vapai, An/ . . *1113

power rates. Cnllf 897

smelting, Phosphate 879

— Scrap Iron 574

— Bweden r,38

927

Electrical mfrs. to conserve tin 1138

Electrification, <:t. Br 27

— R. R.'s urged 434

— Statistics 483

— V. S 754

Metallurgical Co 756

rorkB. Shawinigan. Can 111

Electrode rapports, Corrosion 837

1(1

■.tic copper refineries. T". s 05

Electrolytic Rfg. i Sing., Aus 69

yttc Zinc Co. patent 1088

Electrolytic line extraction 97

Eleventh Engineers 173

Elk Hills oil land fraud '..1023

Elk Lake water route 1024

Elkton, Colo 177, 487, 760. 855. 11119

Ella B.. Colo 177, 447. 855

Ella. Mont 1079

Elliott. A. II.. died 484

Elliott-Kirkland. On t.... 356, 618, 856. 982 1110

Elliott, it. H nag

Elliott. S. R ' 572

— Photo 788

Elliott's Copper Works, X. s. W 882

Ellis. C. B 572

Ellison draft gage «292

Elm Orlu Mng.. Mont 83

— Butte Sup. litigation 48s] 701

Elmore vacuum concentration, Norway 500

Elotiis. Mo 1157

Eloosa. Okla 1110

Kit n. J. O ii4g

Ely-Scott Synd.. Ont ..'. 576

Embree Iron Co.. Tenn #285

Emerald Lsle. Ariz 1108

Emerson. B. T. Geology of Mass t706

Emery, Xnxos 212

Emigration after the war 803

178, 400, 770 856

Emma Cop., Utah. Production 488

Emmons. w. II. Economic geology t527

— Ore deposits 105

Empire-Ariz. Consol. Cop., Ariz 769

Calif 81, 631. 673

Empire • [da 82, 1 108

— Dividends 260

Empire Dtot. Elect. Co 733

Emplre-Duluth. Colo 1025

Empire Kan 821

Employer and reconstruction of crippled

■oldler 1172

Employers' liability for defective steam shovel 425

888

End-dumping mine car 'OOO

Calif 81, 1025, 1193

— Production, 1917 529

■r." Community Interest 883

mining Bd 1187

Engineer Regi ■ ' -ty'-

.th." "Thirty-third." "Replacement."

"Engineer." Safety practices 966

Engineering chemistry t527

Engineering Council. Conservation of tech.

engineers 1055

— Industrial efficiency sm

Engineers— Army and navy need, 167. 424,

968, 10:i5. 1097

— Cnmhral action 793

— -Combat wagon *7

- ration .1056

nations 1 1.17

ay, regiments 1112

„ Page

1 >i Western Pa.. ..898, 11122, 1060

I inert ill); 351

1 See "I . K."

ol ore depoi us 105

traction.*'

1 Hygiene for lead workers 384

1 Prod, Co., .Mo 1108

1 1 non-essentlnls. Editorial 480

1 Gold Dredging, Calif 001, 1028

Petri 11m in Kan *8n

Dth Professional 189

111 Colo 1149

1 .s nod liners 713

Km 1 Crane a Holsl Co 0:17

n 4y

Don Bullion, I'tah 711 ,

Bur Calif

Iin Kil.v. Utah 858 062 814

' anese A Mng., Ark 674

\\ lilng plant 773

. 1 tah 222, 488

U is. line mines ' 3'">

Bv« A. W., died 351

Evan-. II. G not)

1 . 1 iredge, Colo 81

i 1 ' I \\ 957

plant, xitrate leaching ! "989

Rftr., Kan 821

Post, "Cost plus" contracts 926

1 seeks Caucasus manganese 1127

G blundering 238

I lent and the war 973

— Real red tapers 300

—"Taking over" by the govt 498

Sun on price control 526

". Colo 355. 813, 11125

Everton .Mng. & Devel.. Ark 306

Every American's duty 716

Examination of ores ...!*728

Excelsior Mng. & Lsg., Colo. 263, 307, 4V7',

855. 1109
profits tax. See also "Taxation, TJ. S "

Excess proiits of mines. Editorial 975

Excess profits tax reviewers 688

Exchange. Dollar, Chile . 43B

Exhaust gases in mines — Disposal 633

"Experts." Times on ' 809

Explosives Act 615, 1023

1: I] at ions 378

Explosives, Permissible tll05

Exports control 343, 390, 968

Express companies merged 1051

Express shipment rules ''' 658

Express Traffic Assoc. Rules 658

Extracts from diary of Bolshevik smeltcrman. 468
Extralateral mng. rights 273

Fabrc, C, died 444

Fahrenwald. P. A 572

Fairbanks Gold, Alaska 1024

Fairfax Gold Mng.. Colo "ll09

Fairview, Colo 437

"Faith" launched '.'.'.'.'.'.'.'' 607

False representation claim upheld 1147

Fan, Scblotter ventilator *206

Fanny Rawlings, Colo ' " 355

Far Eastern Rand, South Af 129

Farnon vs. Silver King Coal 187

Farr-Wiebold Electric, Utah 897

Farrant. R 0,28

Kay, A. H. Coal mine fatalities .... ','. '. '.'.'. '. 429

— Standardization of accident reports 1165

Fay, Minn. See "llanna Ore."

Fearn, P. L. R., died 852

Feats of labor. Editorial !.!l058

Federal Gold, Calif 813, 1025

Federal income tax regulations 301

Federal Lead Co., Mo 66, 1155

Federal Mng. & Smg 82, 447, 661, 938

— Bourne law decision 273

— Dividends, 1917 159

By months 32, 658

— Flotation methods 710

— Morning, Ida., mine.. 177, 307. 39<J, •Vl4. '750

Maequisten tubes •707

— Star Mug. case 660

—War savings campaign 616

Federal Shipbuilding Co 927

Federal Spar Co.. Ky 703

Federal Synd.. Mich. 177, 308. 399, 532, 617,

704, 981, 1026, 1109, 1149
Federal Trade Comm. Kept, on anthracite. .+766

Feed, Concentration, Dry sizing 908

Feed trouble correction, Janney machine 719

Feeding stamp platform »925

Fees, Professional 189

Feldspar, Potash extraction 176. 382

— Sweden ' 932

Feldtmann, F. R. Geology of Kalgoorlle t766

Fellow ships — Univ. of in inn

Felsite in tube-milling IO34

Fennel!, C. G 1146

Ferguson. C 1025

Ferguson, G. H 1062

Ferguson, II. G 759, 1022

— Graphite 1079

— Tin deposits, Va 5

Ferraris. E. Italian mineral prod 331

Ferro, Minn 270

Ferroalloys. Metallurgical, 1917 review 191

Perrochrome situation 244

lire 1 -.1111 -c. Sic also "Manganese."
Eerromanganese, Anaconda to produce. . .523, 677
Perromanganese and spiegeleisen, 1917 review 75

I erxi anganese data 75

Ferroniangaije.se plant. Anaconda 677

"Ferromanganese." Price of manganese. .. .1175

Ferr.11 sulphate in flotation 916

Fertilizer ingredients 996

— Licensed 555

Field. A L 34, 700

Filter. American 71i: 717

Filter- Continuous *987

January i to June SO, L918 ENGINEERING AND MINIM, JO! RNAL

i

filtration Ooour d'Aleua practlc • i *J

It, l lull Lag . .,

1 1

torn • .- i.

i nt la i Industrie*.

Finns u war

J « . photo

fin. Iter, S.

ieur d'Alcno

Fmiaj. J. li

trolled

ag points ■ --

lamp lu gold mini's

rirsprooflug mine abaft, Am * 1 1 -t)

fins, (Spontaneous, Lo coal

Fli>t aid training -•'•-

First National Oop., Calif 574

—Dividends 440

Flab, ■*. P 891

Flshback, M. Molybdenum and Mines Control

Utab 38,

Fitch. 11. A «84

rising pries ol manganese. Editorial 1057

Flag Day i

Flaketown (irnpbltc. Ala 281

Flannory, J. M t 1012

Flntui.Tv Zinc. Mo. — Air compressor drive. .•085

rial Etrver, Mo., district #1153

Ing, .'. u. Permissible ea ■ ■ . tnos
Flinn, A. D. Conservation of technical en-
gineers 1055

Fllnls In tube-milling 'lOSS

Pli ranee Mng. & Milling. Utah 83. CIS, 770,

850, 1020, 1004

Florence Silver, B. C 1194

notation - Ariz, practice 717

— Belmont Suri inlet mines

— Brlquettlng vs 1176

— Callow pneumatic cells •708, 710. 717

— Cascade machines 717

Broken Hill unsuccessful

— Cbalcopyrlte. So. Ore 422

—Chemicals "12. 797, 916

—Cobalt, Ont 785

— Coeur d'AIene district "07

— Concentrates. Treatment '1177

— Costs. Buffalo mine 104

— Cyanidation vs 645, 743

— Gangue minerals and 738

— Graphite, Ala 282

— Groch machine 737

— Haley's patent 548

— Handling concentrates. Utah Lsg. *724

— Heavier than water media 427

— Hebbard machine 717

— Horwood process 742

— Janney machine 710, «714. 715, 717, 719, '748

— Jones-Belmont cell *720

— K. & K. machine 711. 718, 746

— Kraut machine *748

— Macqnlsten tube '709

—Mexico 103

— Minerals Sep. cases. See "Minerals."

— Minerals Sep. license 332

— Minerals Sep. machine 717

—Mo 178

Economic aspect 364

—Oils 915

Canadian experiments 702

Tests 1043

— Operators instructions 378

— Patent litigation. Editorial 934

— Progressive. 1917 99

—Ruth machine '749, *752

— Safety rules needed 188

— Seale-Sellshear machine 718

— Selective, Aus 739

Bureau of Mines experiments 768

Ida 485

— Soda feeder *719

— Sodium manganate in 797

— Troubles 735

— Dtab Lsg. plant '535

— Zeigler machine '708, *711

Flow sheet — Chalcopyrite pyrrhotite ores.... 423

—Chrome, St. Francis 462

— Concentration. Dry feed, wet gravity 908

910, 911

— Concentration, magnetic 913

— Determination in new mills 792

— Flotation, Belmont Surf Inlet. B. C '720

Utah lsg 536, 537

-Milling. Eagle Picher '728

Flower. H. C 887

Flue dust cyaniding 369

Fluorite for optical purposes ">22

Fluorspar. Wash 9S2

Flux. Ariz 854, 1024

Flynn, T. J 810

Fogg D. E 1012

Fohs. P. J 896

Folsom, D. M. apptd. petroleum supervisor.. 388

Food a mighty weapon 518

Pood Administration 26

— Distribution powers asked 342

Food— Diet for miners 627, 883, 1090

Pood invention, Maxim's 171

Foot Hill Cop., Calif 617

Foote. F. W 614

— Concentrates box *294

— Feeding stamp platform *925

— Shaking screen *207

— Tungsten determination 838

For consideration of General Staff. Editorial. 483

Forbes, A. B 887

Forbes, C. K 174

Forbes. D. L. H ' 1022

Forbes. G. R.. died 978

Ford Creek Oil. Mont 356

Ford Gold & Silver. Ariz 1063

Foreign Mines Devel. Co 907

Foreign Trade Conv.. Cincinnati 210

. 18'

I ! I M

Portuna, Calif

Fortuna Consol. Am

Furluun Mng., Aril

loll

Fowler, G. W

Pol, A. W , Cl red tope. .

Fox Den Mng., Irs

Fox, II. W

rowllo, A. B

—Climate 342

434, 910

M Mill

- -Labor

I :i»

i by U. S. Bngra

Franklin lusl 1022

Franklin. Mich. 37, 177. 2G3, 303, 447.

i, 704, 981

Production 487

■

Fraeer. i>. n 804

.1 887

rraBer, W 1190

Fran,] in *v i ,, contracts 754

rrederlcktown district, Mo 36

Free Coil I, Colo 813

Free Coinage, Mont 6

Freehold Oil ft Gas, Mo 40U. 487

Freeman. P. \Y 1107

Prceport Sulphur Co., Tex 83, 1171

Freezing — Calcium color, prevents 21 .

Freight rates decision 565

Freight rates, increases on copper and lead

1098, 1183

Fremont. Calif 486, 768

French Complex-Ore Reduct. Co 854

French electrolytic separation 853

French Gulch Gold Dredging. Colo. 177, 487,

769, 813. 1109

French, T. S 853

Frick. Mont 1110

Friedman. L. A 929

Frink. L. D. Canvas tube ventilation 325

Prontenac, Colo 0

Frost in Alaska 338

Pucbs. F. C. Identification of molybdenite. . 991
Fuel administration. See also "Coal, U. S.". 927

—Address by G. S. Rice 433

—Anthracite allotments 1097. 1137

—Coal complaint 475

—Coal distribution 1181

— Coal trade wants binding contracts 607

—Coal week 1010

— Fuel order suspended 388

— May abrogate private oil contracts 606

— May cancel coal contracts 687

— Most save coal 1137

— Non-essential industries 436

— Oil economy urged 1051

— Oil situation summarized 517

— Petroleum price 1053

— Power generation at coal mines 754

— Saving in power plants 1008

— Wire-rope mfrs. meeting 753

— Zone system 605. 879

Fuel oil license 341

Fuel value of wood 16

Fuming liquids— Pipette *604

Funk, W. A 810

Purlow, J. W 930

Furnaces, Distillation 98, '467

— Reverberatory, Chrome brick disadvantage-
ous 9, 1083

—Roasting 97

—Zinc distillation '467

Fuse, Attaching to primers "1133

Fuse Ignitor *1046

Gabbro as tube-mill pebble 1039

Gadsden Cop.. Ariz 220, 702. 1024. 1114, 1192

Gage. Calif 446

Gage Mng. N. M 264

Gages, draft *292

Gahl. R 767

— Flotation in Ariz 717

—Photo '740

Gale, H. S 28, 529

— Potash. Pintados Salar, Chile 674, 678

Galena flotation '707, 741

Galinro Molybdenum. Ariz 8!

Galvanized ropes 994

Gambetta, Calif 81

Gangue and ore. Editorial 438

Gangue minerals and flotation 738

Gannett. R 1012

Gantt, H. L. Production must be balanced. .. 478

Gardella. Calif 1063

Gardens. War 839

Gardner. W. H. B —Will it pay? '1

Garfield. See "Fuel Administration. '"

Garford. Synd.. Ariz 38

Garland, N. M 937

Garlichs. H 810, 978

Garner, A. H 896

Garnsey. C. Jr 927

Garrison Monster. Utah 308. 448, 618. 1194

Garver N". B. Building-construction data.. 1174

Gary, E. H 614, 928

i;r,s. Natural — Calif.. 1917 1142

— Canada, west 1099

—III. fieids *181

—Ont 616

— Overdrilling unprofitable 835

—Wash 397

Gases, Exhaust, ;n mines — Disposal . 633

I'M*

J l

■

Gaulln, a i

I i

Gemini, I tab

llu .14

■

M

General M I . Ariz. . . .

Gen. nil I.

f London 014

i , Work of 822

i ■ . .109

Via

Geology i I

Geology Of Ml ,

' . ii

George. 1 ' 1

George, H. C. Brain

I. K

George, H. I> 34

Georgetown Tunnel, Coll ii"i*

- . Mo 82. 448

I ' 13

—11U7 production 101(4

Georgia Kaolin Co 14

Gepp, H. W

German industry 803

German propaganda i'T7

German silver renamed

Zinc LJi

Germanium detection 249

Germany — Australian mines controlled 1096

—Barbarities 1145

— Iron 809

— Lorraine Iron ore 1059

— Low grade mineral utilization 369, 914

—Manganese, Caucasus, wanted 927

—Mng. and suig 476

—National wealth 1058

— Necessity of defeat 746

—Nickel 1098

— Nitrate i 948

— Oil-saving rules 508

- — Possession of Russian oil 518

— South African interests 888

— Trade war asrainst 474

— Trade conditions 889

— 'Union of tech. and learned societies 1138

Gerolo Mfrg. Co.. Vise «684

Giant Ledge Mng., Ida 82

Globs ft Co 889

Glbbs oxygen rescue apparatus *323

Gibson Consol. Cop., Ariz 898

Gibson, E 887

Gibson, T. W. Ontario mining 117

Gidel, M. n 1078

Gifford-Cobalt. Ont 38. 264

Gifford, Supt 914

Gila Cop. Sulphide 940

Gila Devel., Ariz 36. 398

Gilbert. G. K.. died 1190

— llvdraulic debris 105

Gilbreth. F. M. Crippled soldier in industry 4L'8
Giles. H. P., Manufacturing opportunities.

Wash 11105

Gilpin-Eureka. Colo 307, 355

Giragossian. G 809

Gish & Kinney, Colo 1149

Glassware. Chem., compared 248

Glenco, Utah 1064

Glendale works. Editorial s47

Glenn, L. C 218

Globe Dominion. Ariz 702

Gloria Mng.. Ark 661

Glove. Steel-grip '1049

Glue — Trouble in flotation 736

Godfrey. J. R. Air blasts 958

Godiva. Utah 400, 942. 1064

Goetchins. J. M 614

Goff, F. H 887

Goff well, w. Vn 591

ft Silver Mng., Calif 486

Gold — Adirondacks 612

—Alaska 521

Copper River 543

— Amalgamation. Gold Coast 367

— Art consumpti r 331

— Australia, production 131

— B. C 1100

—Calif 305. 768

— Canada 1108

1917 production 588

Gold cathodes 162

Gold Chain. Utah 770. 942

Gold Cliff. Calif 768

Gold Coast Colony — Amalgamation practice. . 367

—Views '791

Gold. Colo 1061

— Cyaniding graphitic ores 197

— Cya t -' 454

Gold-dredging in ml 7 108

— Safete rules 853

Gold Hunter. Ida 713. 734

Gold industry and standard 887

—Editorial 887

Gold King Mng. vs. McKirahan 630

Gold 1 283

Gold— Metallurgy 645

1917 review 102

657

Go'd mines. Fire damp in 184

Gold mng. See also Costs.

Gold mng. as investment 430

INEERING AND MINING J tNAX

Volume 105

!••*•

Ol J

■ :

S

•

106

ou9

I it
45

I

8

3
...1193

.. Bl ..

•
. . . 30S

Mng. A Reduct.. Colo 487

. . 159
By n.

■

-K~. rtf ;r 1. Urn 220

..1192
32, 1064
. .1134
iotnperv 8. Statement to Amer. Fed. of

.. 612

— Su«*»t« 7 hr.-Jay 344

.... 899

Goodwin Br.i.. Me 177

Goodwin L. H... 1106

"Goober" bole loading device *408

1110

Miami 426

neat-Control. See alio "Mine*." etc.. 895
— Ar

262

—Editorial 215

—Brtning Pott editorial 498

634

Brit 598

701

•• Comm. bearings 656

651

administration. Editorial.... 213

t«. corporation*. Editorial 1102

Government * handicap. Editorial 1 1*8

CM, 1109

• r-erty. Ga 15

lis 282

• VhwI.. B • M2, 812. 1064, 1110

..250

ads 1019

252

Grand Central. Utah 38, 576. 814

160

12. 843

1 1108

Grand Pacific Cop.. Ariz 898

.1064

I, 1150

147, 487. 703. 855, 1109

Granite Poorman Mine, B. 0 83

Grant. F. L 899

Grant. Q P

Grant. W. B

Graphite. Ala «281, 436

export 327

D tv Alabama 844

-

168

panles 282

— Madaia-.z-sr 681

—V. i em lei

151

.197

Graphite Product* Corp 151

rpoelts 462

—Sweden . 932

— C. S 759. 1079

-t restrictions 608

1917 review 188

production. lt>17 1079

Gram Valley Consol. Gold mine*. C.t :'f -:. 1025
Graaa Valley Deep Mines Corp 37

Pan

S33, m>8

2U3

176

I. 1'rlfl

.1011

... 354

. , . 982

K

. .69, llmi

v_'

220. 000

018

Aril SO

. . 761)

... 900
... 1114

1028

88

1019

12, 959. 1101
.

900

919

786

of Nuvajo t7««

Ala 446

. Am 354, 44r,

175

34

1078

Grinder '.172

Grinding teste, Mlnml 420

Grinding tin.- charge 370, 8S3, 1175

tlon machine 737

1' 737, 1)39

tdunderlng 238

Groundhog, Ark 446

B. Food r,18

Grub Cut. Ark., photo «1129

Guadaloupe, Colo 855

II. A 710

Guggenheim, D 761

—Liberty loan message, photo ('.21

— Smelting position. Editorial 698

ioim. E. A 978

riuild, F. N. Mi. restructure of silver ores. 106

Golf States Steel. Ala 80

Iphur. Tex. — Views "466

Gum l . ■ 355

Gnn Division to cxpund G10

Gun. Long- range. German 7r,4. 1104

Gunnison Cop., Colt 1U25

Gurley transit variations 21

Gurs-ii, Norway 501

Guston, Colo 176

Gutlirie, W. B

Gymple. Queensland 439

H

Hackberry Consol. Mng., Ariz 1063

Hackberry Silver Mng., Ariz 661, 812

Hadfreed, sir i: 11114, 1138

Hagnr, E. N.. died 304

Hague, w. Career and death «148

Hale, Sir D 896

Height, V7. It 812

Haley, E. j 927

A.. .lr. M ;irk Co., Nev. *775

)»re deposits. Yellow Pine, Nov 4o.~<

Hale, G. E. Organization of research work.. 1136

-ID f786

Hales A: Symons, Calif 354

Haley, i>. F. Oil-flotation patent 548

Halifax, Nov., Production 222, :;.'>«, 77u 1026.

1064

Halifax Shipbuilders. Ltd 1148

Hall, F. w 597

Halt Tunnel. Colo 355

Halsey, F. A Metric system 1013

Hamilton, E. 11 1106

on, F 037, 1107

Hamilton. S. II 351

Hamlet Mng. A Milling, Colo 81, 769. 1109

Hammond. H. 0 614

<i, J. II. Teatman Telegram 596

. den-Cloncurry Cop. Mines. Ltd. Aus.-59,

952, 1100
Hancock Consol., Mich. 221. 307. 399, 941,

1062, 1109

—Production 263. 487. 017, 900

Hancock. R T 937

— Heap leaching 882

Handling flotation concentrates, Utah Lsg...*724

Haney, ' e mng., \'a 875

Hanford shepherd. Ark. 114P.

Hang. K. 1 852

Hangars — Space determination chart 473

II. 0 106I

Manna. M. ! b 74, 177. 576, 770

11-inna, W. J 851, 528

Co., Minn 177

Hansen, C. C , . . 917

Hanson. H. A . 890

"Tardf-nberg. Calif 1149

Bardei <illan iron 1002

— Andes Cop. '> 137

Harding. .T. E 1022

Harding. TV. p. r; 887

Hardlr Mill Co. — Miami Cop. mill

data 4g4

Hardlngc. H. \v 1139

Hardlngo mill tests. Miami 426

Pag*

- !«•-(. tube-mill pebbles L036

1 int 1192

Uaro.», C. Molybdenum 92

■ ore market 91

1*. G 1106

Harms. E 1 1 .„,

ton, ('. 1 351

1 [., died

;tr, 1

Hart, <'. E 7.18

\i

'. T. J ' s^f

I 218, 978

E. A 978

B, Dietary for miners 10110

i '. A 097

1 I. H. Gold .illation 430

Hutch. L. \V lies

her '-"si

Range *495

M -, 1.V.1

' In '1004

1 iround, .loplln »411

Huuser. 1 of electrodes 887

I A 937

1 : . 1 tlon 512

A, W 014

Haw fcej c. Ark 981

Haw 1 1: sulphur analysis 885

Haycock, 1:.. died mo

Hay.! 761

Hoyden Devel., Ariz 1024, 1114

Hayes Mng., Ida 82

Hnynes, '■ Stelllte '997

Haynes Stelllte Co., Ida 147

Hayward, M. w. Molybdenum mug., Colo.,

•905, «920

Haywood, W. D 395

Hazel, Calif 354, 399

dframe. Ariz Hercules 680

— Union mine, Nev *1032

Headlight, CalH 1063

Heal.v, R. L. Powder blasting, Perseverance,

Alaska 922

Heap-leaching. See "Leaching."

Heater, Steel Jacketed electric *336

Heaton's Annual Commercial Handbook t936

Heawood, Fed. Malay States 516

Hebbard floi bine 717

Heberlr-in, K . B 659

Hecla .Mng. Co., Ida 82, 575, «750, 981

— Cementation 789

— Dividends. 1917 160

By months 32, 260

Btoping methods '1069, L103

Hedky. B. C. — Dividends, 1917 161

By months 32, 656

Helntzlentan, P. S. Chinese wolframite 24

Helena mine, Mont.. 38, 178. 308, 400. 704, 1150

Heller, A. 11 937

Helmet mine. See "Cleveland Cliffs."

Help catch a submarine 1010

Help save America's boys 153

Hematite, Lincolnshire deposits 1117

Henderson Apex law. Wash 979

Henderson, C. B 700, 810, 841

Henderson, J. W 1108

Hendrick, E 1106

Henry, E. C. Magnetic concentration *912

Hercules, Ida *714, •751, 938

—Ball-mills «713

— Cement gun use »787

Hercules Primrose Corp., Aus 939

Hering, C. Electrochemical equivalents t350

Herington, C. F. Powdered coal as fuel. . . . T1105

Heriot, E. M. Spanish potash «643

Herr, I. Graphite flotation 282

Herrlck, M. T 1098

Herring, D 1146

Hess, It. M 444

Hewett, D. F. Anticlines, Wyo 936

— TYyo. oil report 23

Hewitt. C. T 937

Heyliger, W. German barbarity 1145

Hiawatha, Colo 307

Hicks, 11. I.. Mechanical tampers *1048

Hidden Lake Mine, Mont 82

Hidden, W. E., died 1190

Higbee. F. G. Geometry t766

Higgins Mng., Ariz 812

High Speed Steel Alloys, Ltd 502

Highland Mary, Colo 37, 307

Highways, Pacific Coast 615

Hill-Annex. Minn 34, 1111)

Hill, C. W. Determining lead by spectroscope 163

Hill Mines Co.. Minn 177

Hill Gold, Ont 400.814

Hill, J. M 991

Hill Top Exten., Ariz 1063

Hines, D. M 261

Hines. J. I. D 810

Hines. P. R 978

— Ball milling 669

Hock Hocking. Colo 1063

Hodgkin -.01, II. H 1106

Hodgson. J. P. Shift boss 376

Hofman. H. O. Metallurgy of lead 93

Hoist, Nordberg electric •681

Hoisting accidents. Mo 220

— Apparatus, Comstock *1044

— Consol. Interstate-Callahan 550

— East. Siberia 860

— Ropes, Formula? 1047

Service and care 992

Holden Mng. & Milling, Nev 83

Holder, r, G. B 659

Holland. A. a 980

Holland. B., died 700

Holland. Tin embargo 838

Hollenl.augh. G. 0 767

Hollinger Cnsol., Ont., 84. 264. 400. 770,

•960. 1087

— Anrn.il report 446, 592

Rblllsf n mines, Colo 399

TToiiownv. G. T. Valuation of manganese ores 1163
Holly Sugar Co 899

January l to June 80, 1918 ENGINEERING AND MINING

11

Put

II.. n. inn. <'. v I

J. A., Safi ' I

Builder, Ida

Home i ilng., 8. D -'

Home Oil, trli '"' '

Homer, Oot Bee " i. mlikamlng."

:',. Mng CO., I'

lag.

I

I

Allll.l.ll I ■

Dli , d 1017
Bj montha. .

Ii< Hon

— \\ ngi

Honduras Mng C

Il.il>.!

ong. See olso "China."

Irndo

old, W. I

ii r. i

Colo

■ •• ■

,-, ii. o. See Hi-" "Food Ldmlo.

- Payors U ailn

ii, t to &. I M B. diners

— Nat. last, medal award

og

Sen Rced'i Inve llgal ■

r. T. .1. I [l

' "

:, P nw

lay, \V. D. Tcxos School of Mines.... 994

1 W.nisl.y. J. A

Horaburgh, .1

Hone Mountali ■
Horwood flotation pt *s. .

i, A. J

. .82, 200, 1 1". 000, 848,

B82

122

122

.11 98
, . 018

. . 801

. . 428
. . 218

. . 20

. . 742

7<;i

930

;.:.7

1192

74-

174

Indian l*i

, . . ,
Indiana Gold Mng . ■

Mich

■

in.i.. China, Boa "Tonkin."
Industrial Ai cldent i If.

, rules (or gold dn dgus

opera! rter tho war.

TjM

ill housing, Bditoi lal

Hr

I
trial Wbrkera of the \v..rld. 305,

Blabs us

ij

ntlal ll

mi joo

e ,i D. Ryan on

0

i W. B .i«l

:,l \.:iti..:iu presentation '590

testimony 970

■>i ■■• 5™I

Zinc metallurgy •

lagers. 'le David" grinder. . -4.2

Pag*

47:.

74

i,4.i
1142

in . 1 in
7114

I lot cli kiss \V O 1080

Houghton Cop., Mich 865, 018, 1020, 1149

Houle, A ■ ,;'•'

;, Industrial. Editorial

Housing problem In war Industry

How Drorer brought out the platinum 510

Howard. L. O JJ«

Howe, H. M 1137

— Erosion of gnus •*-'

Hnwlcv. J. Tt.. died 17*

Hubbard. It. S 9.2'

Hnddleston, C •••■ J™

Hudson Bay. Ont 264. 400

Hudson, Colo ,JJg

Hudson, W. B JJJf

Hnghes, Ii. W. Text book of coal mng T936

Htichcs, J. See "Amer. Iron & Steel."

Hughes, w. M 952

Hull Rust, Minn., Steam-shovel mng.. ■••!*JK

Humboldt. Colo 941, 1193

Humbolt Consol. mines. Ariz -J8J

Humphreys. A. C 89 *

Hunk:, nn. Poem »•>»

Hunner. H H 896

Hunt, F. F. Gold cathodes • v.i?S

Hunt, W. W 962. 1012

Huntley. L. Q 11™

Hurd, R • S'f

Hurley. E. N. See also "Shipping' 754

— Shipping Bd. achievements 755

Hurricane, Colo 176

Hurt J I'll 2

Husk'inson, P. Train alarms and lights '21

—Trolley cut-out .- • ■ '291

Hutchins. J. P. Bolshevik smelterman s diary 408

— Drift-gravel mng *859

Editorial =94

— Russia , J:S

Hutton. P. R.. died : • v v •:i??2

Hydroelectric power for mng., Yavapai, Anz.'llLf

Hvdro-Metallurgieal, Calif • • • 399

Hydrochloric solution for deposition removal.. 726

Hygiene for lead workers ■ • • • 384

Hypotheek Mng. & Mlg.. Ida 575, 855

Ida Blende. Wis 178

Ida May. Colo 11*9

Ida May, Minn .•••■ .270

Idaho Continental, Ida 1109, 1193

Idaho. Labor 175. 530. 768, 1148

—Law , I*7

Idaho Mica. Wash H'1'

Idaho M. R. T. & T., Colo 1025

Idaho — Minerals. 1917 prod 306

— Mining. 1917 review 145

Idaho mng. industry t760

Idaho-Nev., Ida 263

Idaho School of Mines **5

Idaho, Tungsten :;X?S

Ignition, Fuse, improved method M046

Illinois Geol. Survey rept t766

Illinois — Petroleum fields '181

Cementation methods 1080

Illinois Steel Co 795

Illinois Dniv. — Fellowships 199

Illinois Zinc Co ■ • 597

Imperial Lead, Utah 38, 308

Imperial Mng., Colo 355

Imperial Oil, Ltd.. Canada ;,n?2

Imperial tie-tamper • • • ■ • • • • 10*0

Imports control 390, 435. 649, 689, 690, 840, 1011
Imports restriction affects pyrites and gra-
phite "08

Incline top slice stoping *246, 279, "464

See also "Stoping."
Income tax. See "Taxation."

Increase in R.R. rates. Editorial 1057

Increased cost of living. Editorial 807

Independence Mng.. Ark 446, 574, 813, 1149

Independent Mine Owners & Prod. Assoc 1062

Independent Oil Prod. Assoc, Calif 979

Index, Colo 355. 703. 1064, 1109

Index. Mining 41, 267. 442. 697. 850, 1020

India — Iron ore deposits 1118

— Manganese export analyses 327

Indian Chief, Okla 119*

. S. I> 81*

lnjurv t.. blasting employees •}-•

11"

ilvcr in Calif J2

Inspiration Consol. Cop. Co 220, 1107

ll report o«X oia

Dividends -• '

Flotntlon practice

Production, 262, 85*, r.74, 769, 806. 898,

— War gardens 839

Institute of Metals, London o72

Institution of Mng. i Metallurgy 34

era 1J™

Instructions for flotation operators 878

Instrument stand ■ • ■ ■ 24,

Insurance. Naval & military 200. 1,

l .in-
I ' . B. ,

,ii.i
Bltual

Imporl

mi,
Price

i
Impoi I

„ iv, n and ■ ■""'

270

i :,Iil«lli ill nlti

Bred Oallf

Cop. Co. — Aniiinil rc|K.it

, :

-Vari .. 177, 221

1002, 1109

Italy, Iron 250

Hon, H'17

" Largo L!9

Ivanhoe, Wash 1""

Intermountaln, Mont.

487

inntaln rate decision .oe.9

International Agric. Corp 284

International Molybdenum, Ont . . . 8«l

International Nickel Co ,iiin

—Annual report ■ ■ • • "80

814, 898

— Dividends. 1917 10"

By months 32, 440, 056. 1019

Tuxes ■«•■■•■ • • 4->v

International' Portland Cement Co 111"

International Smg. Co 1*2

Interstate-Callahan. See "Consolidated.
Intel-slate Commerce Comm. — Intermountam
decision •■;■_;■■■■:■•:■:"■• II?

— Mineral freight reclassification

Interstate Iron Co.. Minn

Inventions Board

Investing, Gold mng

Inyo Co.. Calif., map

Inyo Silv.r-L.ail Synd

Iodide copper method with sodium fluoride. .

Iola, Ark • • ■ •

Iowa Cop., Utah 308, 5i6,

Iowa Geol. Survey rept

Irelan. Calif.

34
. 930
. 430
.1107
. 813
.1170
.1025
1064
,t76fl
81

Iridium commandeered 909. 1107

—Editorial 934

Irish Creek. Va., Tin deposits •»

Iron, Algeria 117*

"Iron and steel of Canada" TWO

Iron and steel industry. Economic map 11-1

Iron and Steel Inst. (British) .—Annual meet-
ing SSL

—Journal " ''''

Iron and steel market, 1917 7Z

Iron — Australia, deposits 1"»

Iron, Austria-Hungary . .... • ••■ • ■ °'j>

Iron Blossom, Utah 356, 532. 856 1194

— Dividends i?ot

—Wage payment "J"

Iron— Brazil I""*

Deposits ■ ■ ■ -"J*

— B. C 939. 980

—Canada, 1917 ,5?"

^sitS •.•.•.•.■.•.•.•.•.•.•.•.■.688: 1062

Iron cITp. Ariz'. 220. 617. 898

-DiBv mon-tbs917. : : :32. m iioVose; ms/ioS

Iron, China, deposits 1003

Iron Clad Joint Co • •■ ■ • - '*72

Iron — Cuba, deposits 1002, 1

— Germany

— Greece, deposits

India, deposits

809
1122

1118

. . 256

J. & C. Mng., Ark 001

| I

Jack Walte, Ida -399

Jacket, NeT.. 222. 264. 308, 350. *48, 570,

>I2

Jnckllng, D. C 304, 690. 700. 7< 1

— Directs powder plants 340

Jackson, G. J., died 700

Jacks.. n, R 899

Jacol.son, B. B. Powder In opencul

365, 601. 1130

Jager, O. B 261

Jameson, J. W., Ts. Producers' Transportation 610
Janney flotation mnchine. 710. *714. 715. 717.

719. '748

Japan — Money 1075

— uvigbts and measures' 1075

—Zinc 1059

Jason Lease, Colo 855

Jean, F 830

Jefferson. Okla 1004. 1194

Jenkin, A 218

Jenkins, O. P. Two manganese deposits.

North. Wash 1082

Jennings, II. Gold Industry and standard.. 807

—Editorial 894

Jennings, S. J 596, 811

— Liberty loan message. Photo 622

Jerome Central Mng.. Ariz 940

Jerome Cop., Ariz 220, 855. H'24

Jerome Del Monte, Ariz 1114

Jerome Mng., Ariz. Conger mine 354

Jerome-Portland Cop.. Ariz 3~j4, !<55. 1114

Jerome Superior. Ariz 940. 1068, 1108, 1192

Jerome Verde Mng., Ariz., 176. 354. 661.

769. 812, 1024. 1108. 1114

Jerome Victor Exten.. Ariz 307

Jerusha Gulch, Mont 941

Jessie, Colo 1109

Jessup, D. W., Analysis of bismuth In lead

bullion 603

Jigs, "Rougher" and "cleaner" 730. 741

Jim Butler Tonopah Mng., Nev 982. 1147

— Annual report 799

— Dividends 440

— Production. 38. 178, 222, 358, 488. 532,
618, 662, 704, 770. 814. 856. 900. M2.

982, 1026, 1004, 1101. 1150

Jim Crow. N. M 264

Jimenez, C. P. Estadistlca minera tll05

Joan, Minn 177

John Brennan. Wis 177

Johnson. A. F 1145

Johnson, C. M. Zirconium 331

Johnson, J. B 444

Johnson, J. E., Jr 1002

— Blast furnace tH05

Johnson, Minn 447

Johnson, R. H 304

—Oil and gas production 107

Johnson, W. McA. Fine grinding zinc charge.

370. 558

— Marriage 1146

Johnston, I. H 304

Johnston, J. Metals of high boiling point.. 425

Lble *47-;

Jonathan. Colo 1148

Jones, A. H. Flotation, Belmont Surf Inlet

B. C '720

Photo *740

iTon^King. ' Utah'. '. '. '. '. '. '. '. M2, TO*".' 770." 1110. ' 1150 Jon«T & **>&*> Co. See also "Interstate ^

Iron, magnetic concentration '^70

I^asTSolo-. 19". :-M. ■ 355; 487; Mi' 66?

-MtaMe*.co: . deposits . : : : : : : : : : : '352; m ■ «

— Newfoundland, deposits

— Norway . .

Deposits
— Ont

Analyses

1024
.1118

441

.1002. 1119

1087

1120

—Report' of Advis. Connc. Dept. of Sci. &

Indust. Res- Gt. Br '1117

-™<-e ««1

Historical ""

— Russia, deposits 1119

— South Afric, deposits 1118

— Spain, analyses 1122

Biscayan Prov 421

Jones. B 1022

Jones-Belmont flotation ceU 720

Jones. C. C 852

Jones, C. S 929

Jones, R. W. Manganese. Vt 779

Jones. W. W 965

Joplin district 1002

— Descriptive article by Kltson. *359. *411.

•727, »1153

— Milling practice *727

— 1917 review 70

— Producing companies 301

— W. S. S. campaign 1147

—Zinc ores 280

Joseph Dixon Crucible Co 844

Joseph. H 218

Josewig-Kennecott. Alaska 1024

Jost. P 937

; NG1NEERING AND MINING JOl RNAL

\'()1UI1H' 105

«. A

11

'

-.

K ! .

ral right UoMlnf.

I

■

!

: r

. marriage
[UIU

1024.

■

By month* 32,

—Production

Kennedy, AT...

Kenned

■

...532,
....

Kerue*: ~ fuel from

rail Admin. Banal

:■
Kerr Lake. Ont... 1T8. 488.

— Annual report

onth* 32

449, 618. 704, 856.

m. M. S

Keweenaw O 447

Key. A. C. Miner.. Ii Af„ 1917..

<-'. B

154, 074. 7G8

. 1 report

Mng.. Aria

ling. Co

'late recovery

. Aria

• . Minn

Klrkland Lake Cold Mines. Ont., 36.
448, loot

Klrkland Porphyry. Ont 36. 204. 400

178.

Klama

I Mil. '727.

, .rway .

ord

11.. Utah.

•a.

306
. S«4

i
.1110

703

937

1028

701
•714
399
BM
810
810

10t> 2

1068

160
656

1101

304

768

69

1063

no

7M
932
425

1011
1087

250
•946
161
656
1026
484
BS6

r.72

1042
896
813
398
B54
994
769

•665
23
24:1
80
896
575
583

1110
814
1150
1106
1153
575

940

1000

r,on

969
979
158

Pan

. 388

105

carbon In lead-sliver 2o6

«;

g37

Ktt-.wnothlnit. Calif 221

700

355

rlaata In 957

661

JJ J

>»1

Km-

r. - ■ -
Kwa- .

*74fl

-i of coal tll05

1148

rhomp*on "
l/.w grade minerals, Germany.. 369

' Platlnnm 288

China — Wolframite 24

la I' la

y

I, 1026,

Labor usatiOD.1

—Ala.

1107.

. BIS,

est

lun. program

. . . .
ind

> and

roblem

145. 465 BO L023,

Iron Mng. policy

480

—South Af

■ lule

--sink, causes analyzed

— '1 ransvaal dntn

— U. S. See also ■National Labor Bd."

'i

Editorials 347, 093

r Dept 295,

Ba 1 I reads

rial

Reflnerlea lose men to govt

Employment zones

May use Mexican labor

Nat. War bd. program

Shipyards

Skilled enlisted men returned

Use Federal ltnreau

Statistics

—Unrest. Editorial

— Utah 445. 615. 811,

Wnge Increase

— Utah Cop

— Wages problem. Editorial

rt, 1914-1917

— War to transform unionism

Labor's wastes. Editorial

Lackawanna. Colo 307. 399, 703,

Lead & Zinc, Okla 82. 618.

"Laco-dalite"

Laco-1'hilips Co

Laforgue, C. L.. died

Lake, Colo

Lake. E. F

Lake Milling. Sing. & Kfg., Mich., 82, 177,

941,
Lake Shore Mines. Ont., 84, 308, 576, 856,

BOO.

— Financial statement

Lake Side mill, Calif

ii diet 353

nt

— Iron ore. 1017

— Copper Industry, 1917

1017 review

Lakes. A

70S
1150

UHM

1149

937
•J Id

1147
161

BS9

1104
768

212

803

1148

317

739

657

988

36

1055

not;

010

468

1042

3

562

130

433
095
296
298
928
935
432
688

1182

686

27

1096

1182
482
417
853
352
708
30
568

1137
214
899

•733
B32
932
810
176
34

1062

1064
356
462

.-.75
010
72
67

96S

175

700

M. It. Marketing Bolivian tin 1014

urne, G. w

Lammcrs, R. 0 856

Larnoreaui, W. F 810

Lamson, H. H 889

Lanark Mng., B. C 982

Land, G 1022

Land office adjudications 232

Landers, W. II. Photo 786

Landgrebe, K 1100

Lane, F. K. Imports control 435

— Mines control 657

— Oil land leasing bill 895

— Potash leasing regulations 76l

Laney, F. It 810

—Geology. N. C t350

Lang, J. U. Tin market 60

Lang lay rope 002

Larkln, !■ 896

Larkin. W. II Cementation 588

Larsb, W, B. Brancb-raise sub-level caving.. "503

A. G 700

eld, N'ev •775

. P. Kerf, rlirume situation 244

Latham-Simonds, Calif 1192

Laucks, I. F 444

Lauer. A. W 107

Laurel, Utah 002

Lanrler, Wash 942

Ijiw. See alRo "Workmen's Compensation."

Law — Aria 530

— B. C 702, B54, 939

Law, C. E 1190

Law — Calif. Producers Transport vs. Jameson 615

— Colo, mine timber 701

Law decisions — Anti-blacklist law. Aril 1107

—Butte & Sup. vs. Minerals Sep..9C2, 974, 978

f dept. findings 683

— Employer's liability for defective steam

shovel 425

— Extra lateral mng. rigbta 273

— False representation 1147

Page

Law ■ ■it'll. I

— Fraud In "cost plus" contracts 754

it. blasting employees 327

I i laluis 573

in- o adjudications 2J3

engineeri 1S7

e 907

- Ri vs, Burrage 1185

l miners' employment 373

. law 1147

Bu ■ "i as ■ si i work 680

os Income tax 1091

a 1 laud 852

Vi mining property. 543

» opp < ase 1065

Law I'rance 2.,o

Ida 147

Wi

397

ng for engineer 1138

Lawn ams o:to

. u 1106

700

. Kan 770

Lawyers, Kan 981

Y B 1012

— Antlmon] Nei 797

LeCbatelier, II. Refractory properties of silica 505

L« Due M in;., Calif 854

loos

lea. I . Icldulatlon solution table 228

652

3:;o, B82

Costs 220, 231

— Copper ores 225, 4:;o

— Flotation practice, aria 717

— Nitrates. Modern mill nns hanisro in 987

—Plant, I'j e. n. m «232

— Tanks, IValhl Hold Mat;.. N. Z *240

Lead. Algeria 1174

Lead ,v Zinc Co., Wash 704

Lead and zinc, Joplin, 1917 review 70

Lead- Ark.. Held >313

B. C 1024

Hi a tia lysis In 603

Editorial 1143

— Canada. 1017 589

— Determination by spectroscope 103

— Flota tion »707, 741

— Market. 1917 61

'stein & Co.'s review 216

— Metallurgy, 1917 review 93

— Mo., 1917 review 65

—Ont 1087

r.H7 <3E5)

C, S. production, 1913-17 61

Imports and exports, 17, 803, 424. 701,

1003. 1141
Lead, white. See "White."

Lead workers, hygiene 384

Lendville-Ariz., Ariz 812

Leadville district — Production, 1917 175

Leadville Unit. Colo 855

Leaver, A., died 937

Leaver, E. S. Copper determination In oxi-
dized ores 552, 645

Ledyard. L. W 444, 014, 767. 1022. 1190

Lee Mountain. Mont 264, 941

Leggett, T. II 596

Legislation. See "Law."

Lehi Tintic. Utah 618

Lehigh Coal and Navigation 190, 840

Lelth, c. K. See also "Mineral Imports

c.uiiiii ' 351, 649, 841, 889, 1180

Length of service, hoisting ropes 992

Lenora, Okla 770

Let us not be too late In Russia. Editorial. .1144

Levaek, Ont. • 961

Lever bill 485, 1107

Leviathan, Ariz 1149

Lewis Mng. & Leasing, Colo., 81, 263, 399,

617, 1063

Lewlsohn, A 761

Lexington, Mont. See also Anaconda 529

Li, K. C. Antimony in 1917 89

Liberty Bell, Colo 176, 399. 447, 899, 941

Liberty Lead ,t Zinc, Ark 80, 017

Liberty and labor 739

Liberty Loan. 011, 647, 686, 716, 719, 739,

760. 780, 798, 974, 1061

— Cartoons (facing) »579, 650,092

—Editorial 847

— Message to mng. Industry 621

— Mng. companies subscriptions 761, 806, 845

Editorials 893, 894

— Mom 11 ompanies son

— Price of shameful peace 644

— St. Joseph Lend r.os

— Statistics : 838

— United Verde 892, 948

Liberty Mng. & Lsg., Colo 617, 709, 1109

Liberty Mng. & Reduct., Colo 1064

Liberty, Nev 488

Liddell. D M 851

Lie. J. Utah Cop. paintings «18, «19

Light breaks. Editorial 893

Light for drafting room 516

Llgntfoot '01 & Mng., Okla 1026, 1110

1. a. 1, dalite" 932

Llgbtner, Calif 1025

Lignite briquettlng plant, Canada 898

Lignite investigation, Bur. of Mines 24

Lime In dotation 712, 718

Lime, U. S., 1917 914

Lincolnshire Iron ore deposits 1117

Lincolnville Lead & Zinc. Okla 1004

Lindberg, CO 1012, 1190

Linden ■■ '1 L Iron ore, Canada 527, t7lili

Llndgren. w. Swedish iron ore 1002

Llndley, E. H 460

Liners, mill 245, 713

Link Belt Co 597

Lithium hydroxide 1167

T ittle Corkscrew, Colo 1063

Little C -lonseed Transp., Utah 264, 979

"Little Havid" grinder M72

Little Giant, Ariz 898

Januarj 1 to June 30, L918 ENGINEERING and MINING J01 RNAL

L3

Put

Little 0 ' 0

i.:n a Martha, Mo US

Little Platte, Wli

Little Babbll Ir.m, Minn .171

LIUen, W. W

ireer

eoate •

- BJditorlala 308

on I'lnnt *V?2

i loyd, Q <' Iron i re report .1117

Lloyd. J. W 1 ' "

Bucket

.1 safi t> dc> Ice '033

■

Loafing end malingering J49

Looey Pnbst Gold Mug., Arli 11 M

Lochard. A. Zlut- imeltlng, Tonkin

Lock washer '293

0. E 174

Locomotives ordered 00'

Lode del I ka, Ni nana -s

London trU • ■ ■

London Mug. & Reduct., Oolo .81, (M

Lone Plue Surprise c. 1^,1 Mng., Wesli 88

Lone Stor, Ark

Lone Star. Calif 1J»S

U.ng. 0. B. Graphite 844

Long John. Calif UVV.fiS

Long-range gun. German ,.>4,lli>4

Longfellow. Colo 355

Longhorn lease, Wis 1028

Longy.-ar, B. J., Co.. Minn 82

Longycnr. J. M 6o4

Lo. mis, SufTern & Fernnld. Depreciation .... 631
Lorraine, Iron ore excites German greed. .. .1058

Lost Dutchman. Colo "12?i

Loughlin. G. F 914

Lonle d'Or Mng., Aria iii-,.IS?

Lonlslana Consol. Mng., Nev 9X2. 1 U14

Low grade ore ntllliatlon, Germany 914

Lowell Gold Mng., Aria ••••;»»

Lownev Manganese Assoc., Nev 618. •770

Lubricating engineer's handbook Ml "5

Lucas- A. F. Serbian arpenl 845

Lueae. J. A. Pump rods repair *208

Lncero -J*

Lucia Cop., Utah 1110

Lucky Corner, Colo 487

Lucky Jake. Cnllf 899

Luckv Jenny, Okla lnnJ

Luckj Star Cop.. Utah * 48

Lucky Syndicate. Okla 1191

Luckv Tiger Combination, Mex. :

— Dividends. 1917 ... 1J1

By months 32, 656

Lucky Two. Colo 858

Lagless copper anode 824

Lumber in war industries 891

Lumber industry — Govt, may take 518

Lumber shortage, France 210

Luna, G. Formulas for ore suiting 1178

Lupton, C. T. Anticlines, Wyo 936

Luty, B. E. V. Pittsburgh iron market, 1917, 72
Lyoua, T. E 688

M

M. A. Hanna Co. See "Hanna."

M. K. & T., Mo <8T

Mabee, H. C. Molybdenum determination... 838
McAdoo, W. G.. appointed Direct. Gen. of rail-
roads 25

— Resists R. R. expansion 007

McAlpin, G. W. Instrument stand *24T

Mcliean. D. D., died • • • • 484,

Macbeth, R 929, 971

McBride & Bloom, Kan 818

McCallum, Aril 354. 486, 940

McCarty. Calif •••• 307

McCaskey, H. D. Quicksilver production.... 31a
McClave, J. M. Flotation and gangue miner-

als 733

McConneli,' R. E 852

McCormick. P 9oT

McCormick. T. F iV^SS

McCracken Silver-Lead Mines. Ariz 80. 7b9

McCrorken. E. P 1146

McCurdy, Okla 1026

McCurry Mng. & Milling, Ark 017

McDaniel. A. K ■ 1022

MacDonald, J. A. Siphon to unwater mine.. "599

McDonald. W. W. Cementation method 1080

MeDougald, W. L 11 4i?

MacDowell, C. H 927

—Minerals Admin, testimony Hjl

McDowell. J. S. Refractory silica brick . . . . 954

Mace Iron Mng. Co.. Minn 38'-„„

McEnaney, B. P.. died i"i"" I2S

McGrath. T. 0. Depletion and depreciation.. 202

— Standardization of reports 825

Editorial J4?

McGregor, A. G 251

McGregor, J. D., died

Page

M. Loan, a tt

.1 m a]

M< Mi .1 . died

M< Murtle, I>. C R

■■ r W

1 I
I

■ ■

ti n lube in tlol itlon

D| , Ida '701

Macrae, Q B . died

Madagaai n . Graphlto 907

1

. [mi 1 1. wanti <i for Red I r is, 1175

Arli 702, Ubi, 1192

Magma Oop, C 718

a lal report 1180

By montha -'. 860

n. 11 806, 959, llul

Magmaii ucturea loci

B98, 881, 1192

Magm Bite, Canada 501

1.' In mil 111

to Product! Corp., Vencz 632

Quebec 03

Wai ti., .I. poslta

' 1:11 in war work .

Magnetic entxatlon, iron, MincTllle, N. S".*912

U a, Colo 941

Magnolia Lead 4 Zinc '-'4')

la Metal Co. Fostering of antimony .. i"-»

Magnolia Mng., Ark 702

Magonigal, Calif 575

Mahoning, Mum. Steam-shovel mng *403

Maultska, Mo 176

Maid of the Mist. Colo 1149

Maier. C. G. Sulphur and copper oxide deter-
mination 372

Maler, C. VV 1108

Mail delays. Editorial 1188

Main. C. T 891

Majestic. Utah 178. 448

Major Gold Mng.. Calif 81

Major things 760

Majorca Mine, Mich 355

Make every stroke count. Editorial 1103

Maleolmson, J. W., death 34. 160

Malingering and halting 549

Malrno Mng. .V. Mlg., Colo 703

Mammoth. Calif 486. 661. 899

—Production 806, 959, 1101

Mammoth Cop.. Utah 81, 264, 1025, 1026

—Production 252. 307

Mammoth Devel. Ariz 176, 854

Mammoth Tunnel, Colo 813

Mammoth. Wash 1194

Management. See "Efficiency."

Manager's rept. — Stautlard form 826

Mandy. Manitoba 982

Manganese, Ariz 1191

—Ark 99,;. n-s

Manganese Assoc, Nev 618. 941

Manganese — Brazil 845, 1140

Piracaua deposits 479

Imports and exports 28

— Butte. Mont. Description of ores 1076

—Calif 305. 940. 979

— Caucasus, Germany wants 927

—Colo 175. 897, 1061

— Cuba, prospects 779

— Determination 248

Manganese Devel.. Ark 813

Manganese estimation in alloys and dust 40i

— Fla. imports 297

— Gt. Br., resources 683

— India, analyses 327

—Mont 811

Description of ores 1076

-Nev 1186

Clark Co. deposits '775

Manganese Peak, Calif 1193

Manganese — Price «■■ - - -1175

Editorial 1188

— Prospecting ,?7>1

— Russia, deposits nie

Manganese sulphate in flotation 916

Manganese — Sweden 932

— Tenn 00O

Tungsten occurrence in 780, 1176

564

MacGregor, R. M.

700

Machine tools. Govt, appeal 153

Mclnnis, J. H J'*

Maclntyre, Mo ^i'-.ioS

Mclntvre. Ont 38. 178. 942, 1064 10X7

— Semi-annual report 308. i50

McKay, A. H 767. 937

Mackay, A. N 304

Mackenzie, A. G 1"'™

McKenzie. C. S 484

McKenzie, Colo 10M

Mackenzie, J. H »J»

McKenzie. Minn • ■ ■ ■ • ■ - - ' u

McKinley-Darragh Savage. Ont.. 178. 488, 7^7. ^^

—Dividends 356

-Flotation

785

-ProdncSon-;::.::.:....... 942.1110

McKinney Steel. Minn J-J

McLachlan. D. G • • • • ■ -i:

McLaughlin, T. P. Labor laws. Calif. •■■•■•+527
McLaughlin. R. P. . . .: 897. 1022

— D. S.

Districts

Editorial

Import restrictions

1917 review

Price schedule

Editorial

Producers and consumers

Imports and exports

— Vt. deposits

— Va., Shenandoah Valley

— Washing plant Eureka Mang., Ark

— Washington, deposits

— Western TJ. S • • • •

Manganiferous iron mm:.. Cuyuna. Minn, ^.bj
Manganiferous ores — Producers and consumers,

Manhattan Amal. Mines Synd., Nev

Manhattan apex decision ■•■•••••:••••••■

Manhattan Consol.. Nev., 178. 222. 400. 448
576. 618, 704, 770, 856, 900. 941. 982
1026, 1110,

Manhattan Dexter. Nev

Manhattan Mustang. Nev

Manhattan Red Top. Nev

Manitoba mining, 1917 review

Mann. H. T. Addition agents in flotation

Mann Mill. Colo • ■ ;;•■•",•,

Manning. Tan. H. See also "Bur. of Mines.

Manuel. Calif , ■

Manufacturers and labor problem

1139

849

845

134

1053

1057

195

251

779

173

•778

1082

549

530

195

178

1024

1194
222
222
400
119

•915
263
936
486
433

Petl 673

498

I'. tro]<- 11

III . Petri -1H2

-

Mineral i '

Kan.. Petri

7K1

4r,r,

i in-, Polaab i;n

— Va., Pyrrhotl 199

Tin deposits 6

- -World iron and i tee] ecoi 1121

,i<i., 48U

I . . HI

Mnt S02

eporti ^ eekly feature,

Marketing Boll' 1014

Marking mine tlona •M 0

Markle, Ark

' 645

Marriott. II. F :i4

— Transvaal mining 12M

Marsh. A. G 484

Marsh, Ida 307

MarsterB, V. F

Martin, H. G. Silicon determination :ih0

Martin, R. L., died U37

Mary Agnes, Ark 4411

Mary I... Mo 982

Mashonaland Agency, Ltd 23

Mason. A.J 027

Mason Valley Mines Co. See also "Gray

Eagle is,,

— Production 252, 806, O.'.ll. 1 1 "1

Masonic Mines Assoc, Calif 661

MaSB Onnsol.. Mich 177, 532. 856, 981. 1149

— Annual report .

— Production 221, 814

Matchless Mng .'. I.sg.. Colo 899

Mather, A., die,!

Matteson, W. G 937

Matthew AiMy Co., Manganese analyses 327

Mathewson, E. P 1060

Matthias, W. G not

Matthlessen. F. W., career ViM

Matt), the Finn. Poem 171

Mauborgne, J. A 930

Maxim H. Food Invention I7h

Maxlne, Okla 1150

Maxwell, H. V. Manganese prospecting 286

May Day, Utah 222

Mayer Ore Purch., Aria 981

Mayflower, Calif £54

Mayflower Old ' 1 Mich . 2-.-1 ,

617, 814. 856, 900
M :i\ -I \\ 1 -.'i;l

Mazapil Cup.. Mex 308

Mazatzal Mug.. Ariz 30C, 981

Mechanical efficiency of gravel-pomps *oi."j

Mechanical tampers In track work *1048

Meddling with Industry. Editorial 215

Medicine liat. Alberta j Q

Meekatharra Muri G dfleid maps ill05

Megraw, II. A. Gold and silver metallurgv,

102, 645

— Progress of flotation

Melones. Calif 768

Melting points of firebricks 22

Mental tests for soldiers 254

Mercurial poisoning 373

Mercuric sulphate in flotation 91G

Mercury mng 709

Mercury purification 604

Merriam, J. C 1136

Merrill, C. W 659. 929

Merritt. Minn 270

Mertotl J., died 174

Mesabi Range district 941

— Steam-shovel mng *403. '493, '508. *579

Metal export tax. Mex. See "Taxation."

Metal industries and Tariff Comni *828

Metal Mine accidents, 1916 630

— Editorial 653

Metal Mine Workers' Union 616

Metal octopus myth. Editorial 847

Metaline Oriole Mng., Wash 704

Metallic sulphates in notation 916

Metallography or mineralograpby. Editorial, 934

Metallurgical ferroalloys, in U*17 191

Metallurgy. See also "Amalgamation," "Cyan-

iding, " etc

Metallurgy, Copper, 1917 review 94

— Gold and silver 102

— Lead. 1917 review 93

— Quicksilver, 1917 review 110

— Research fellowship 979

— Zinc, 1917 review 96

Metal exports to Norway 297

Metal imports. Editorial 570

Metal Mine Workers' Union 305

Metals. See also names of metals and counties.
Metals administration. See "Minerals and

Metals."

Metals— Battlefield salvage 3S0. 476

— Boiling points 425

— Price chart. 1914 1917

1915-1917 48, 49

23 yr. average 199

Metals, Secondary. C. S 919

Metals Tunnel Co.. Colo 37

Methods of valuing oil lands *544

Metric system 1013

Metropolitan Zinc Co.. Mo 82

Metz. A. C 659

Mexican Gold & Silver Mng., Calif — Mng.

methods -1029

Mexican labor may enter U. S. 1182

Mexican. Nev 532. 662. 942

14

I NGINEERING AND MINING JOI RNA1

Volume 105

.

-
>

nitrate leachiag

]

I

-

177

.1106
.1149

■

... 978

-

•707

w flow sheets ■ . 792

•727
I
7 ',4
... 942
v . . 4i0

7""

Mi:oe- In mng '1113

■

Minarets. CM

M r. a- Ideaa 1916 880

..,,„,,■

Mr„ eka 1st I- e. :;1

Mine forge Heavy '291

,ri Metals."
v'-'.. M - .• -■ !■ •'■ bs I '"•"

V M OMiat -■' A--- . f Picher 11*'

- filiation* N. T — Proposed hearli •

V as >M • > I'ri- • -. Joplin ... 411

. . 701

-Iihon '699

Mine Tarnation 838

Mice ventilation— Canvas tubir.2

tlon — Editorial .

982

' nerals anrl

Miners Ixil ■• 80

898

JSS

Imports Gomtr. 849

,1186

— Hearing* .

n '

. . 570

111 573

Miner.-, ...83. 7 70

Miners ••'>

Miners r,64

Miner- ' metallography. Editorial, 934

Miners ■ • *'■>*

Mine.- Samel of Minerals and

tall Admin.. 149. 217, 390.
701. 7ST. 797.

19, B9T. ions
report • - 798

—Edit. 898, «37, 571, I

m. hearings

I
. . 966
■-

— Western men advocate 701

— Weeterrelt <••■- 759

res :.

477

i aga

>
\i . . 889

M

:i7

■

. 758

.

1141

' -rial »:*4

.. '.'74

j 843

I I

Is."

SS4
Mis an

. 301
322

I . 4M. IU4,

174

51u

Mining. 11"4

181
21'J

"Welfare."

'lOliO, 1103

• -i «828

—Cent- rlew 122

— Chr ronotogy."

ew 143

825

•1041

100,

-7. 1194

—Dividends. 1917 161

By months - . 82, 650

— Production 178, 264

—Cuba. 1917 review 121

— Cuyuna dlst »269

"Dividends."

— Drift gravel. E. Siberia *859, 894

Mining engineering as profession 76fi

Mining — Prance •«3«

— Germany, situation 476

—Ida.. 1917 review . . 145

Mining index 41. 267, 441;, 697, 850, 1020

Mining industry — Taxation 1139

-i"

Mining— Joplin district. ... *359, 411. *727. '1153
Mining lower levels, Comstock Lode. .*1029, *lu44

M;u.ii0-. Manganese, V*a. Crimora 875

itoba, 1017 review 119

Mining manual tllOo

Mexico, 1017 review 12"

-905. «920

—Open cut, - '863

Tenn «284

M18

cut blasting 601, 1130

— Ontario. 1917 review 117

Mining property valuation 543

Mining — Bussia, l9l7 review 126

'. At. mines closed 349

Auier., I'dl7 review 123

— Steam-shovel •403. '493, >508, '579

Mining storks — Boston exchange 80

- X. Y. Curb, 1017 85

NT. 1 114-17 84

Mining Bupj ! ' ee I "Ms.

Mining Bles, Mexico 417

Transvaal, adverse factors 463

1917 revli n 128

— Turkey 1162

— U. S.. 1917 review 112

Dtah, 1917 review 140

Minnehaha Mng 4 Mlg.. Ct.lt. 703. 899

)':l."

Minnesota^. Iron ore 1024

1017 production 352

— Mine valuation 353

liool of Mines See 896

Minn.-. Colo 1064

I alif 981

Minor-c< tala 622

M,nt Mng., (ikla 582, 1110

B I) 810, 1146

Mislma Gold. New Guinea 1062

- 1 See also "Joplin."

Missom 36, 66

Mi-sourl Iron 4 Steel Corp 812. 1150

37.

id, 1917 review 65

ve Mng.. Ariz 1024. 1149

•350. Mil. '727. • 1 153

1155

Missouri Metals Corp 36, 66

Missouri, Zinc 616

Mitke. C. A.. Efficiency 200

Moctesuma Cop. Co., Mei 34

rontein Deep, Trans. — Production 1110

.., Colo 703, 1109

Moffat. Colo 1063

Moffat R It. Tunnel. Colo 979

Mogollon Mines. N M 853

1917 prod 353

Safety skip device M65

Vogue Mng., S. f> 308. 982

e Annex Tungsten. Calif 81

Mohawk. Ariz 854

Mohawk. Mich 37, 487. 1148

'tlon 808

Page

■ / .

oils 440

| 44T

m 'ik.- Fluorspar, t'nt 400

\i m If 7o:;

Hi Calif 30T

v, ;e, It. Principles of iron founding ... *52f

Hi S Am. Cop., Aril 220. lisl

m I 'i" 899, 487, T89, B18, 1109

\l ini and Mines (oiilrol Kill 966

U Canada 530

1917 production 601

mng ,n.05, '920

Concentration 880

ruination iii ores and concentrates. . . . 836

ii' alloii 991

v, industry 499

591,

578, 7o:;,
818, 1109
v ohm Russia 606

- 1 S., 1017 review 92

932

U restricted ns4

Co 835, 898. '961

lent. Editorial 1103

Moml.ll. It.| 1183

U \. II 31

«953

re, Dtah 770

Japan 1076

Hill. Ark 263, 981, 1192

Montana, Accident Bd, rept 219

04

082. 1150

Montana. Coal 305. 352

Consol., Monl 1194

Defem 938

, ; 616, 000

1023. 1055

81 1

nption of ores 1076

- Petroleum 615

-■ 107s

IS Soc. Of Knurs 572, 852

u State Dm] ' 445

Montana State School of mines 1062

■ Statei m ol 941

1 01 □ 38, I 78,

22-', : 6, i". 618, 002. 704, 770, 81 I, 876,

I 012 982, 1064, 1101, 1150

Monte Carlo, Calif 940, 1025

Monte Crli to, Ariz 940

Monte Crlsto Colo 487, 855

36, 354, 398

Montezuma, Calif 81

Montreal KlrHand 982

Montreal Mets 810

II. M 927

lllf 1193

Moore, K. S, Air blasts, Koiar Gold field,

In.liu 057

Moore, F. .1 700

Moon. P, N 689, 88S

Moratorium advocated 485

Bd. .T. M 927

Morgan, C C, died 896

Morgan, J. P. & Co, as munition buyers 340

Morgan, w. F 1098

Morning Glory, Calif 81

Morning Glory. Colo 26.1

Morning Glory. Nev. White Caps suit 1024

Morning. Ida. See 'Ted. Mng."

Morning Star Mng., Ark.- < mtrator *329

Morris. II. C 1012

Morrison, 71. A. Versatile tractor »1004

Morrison. J. M 767

Morrow. W. G 1020

Morrow, W. W 962

Moses. W. Riveting record lonft

Mother Lode Cop Mines, A1askn..80. 870, 1063

— Flotation practice 745

Mother Lode dlst.. Calif 34, 768

rs law suits 852

—Labor 1104

Moth.rwell. FI. A. B. Colorimetrie bismuth

determination 882

Motor fuel from kerosene distillates 425

Mount Blaine Oil Shale Prod.. Colo 703

Mount Champion, Colo 447

Mount Cuthbert, Aus 59

Mount Elliott, Aus 511. 952, 1100

— Refmerv 188

Mount Fillmore, Calif 1025

Mount Gaines, Calif 531

Mt. Jefferson. Calif 307

Mount I.yell Blocks Cop. Mines, Ana 59

Mount Lyell Mng. & R. R. Railway. Aus. 59,

939, 952, 1100

— After-war project 321

— Annual report 556

Mount Morgan Gold Mng.. Aus. 59. 486, 952, 1100

— Annual report 799

Mount Stewart Mines, Aus 939

Mt. Washington, Mont 178. 814

Mountain Cop.. Calif 221, 354, 486

Mountain Flower Mng., Colo 941. 1063

Mountain King. Calif 531

Mountain States. Mont 264. 575. 814

Mountain Top Mng., Colo 81. 176, 703, 813

Mouthpieces, submerged pipe, and flow of water 383

Moyer, C. H 262

Mosart, J. F. Wages problem 30. 557

Miul'i Major

Mugwump Mines, Calif 81, 354

Mulr, D 218

Mulham 887

Munitions, Gt. Br 840

Munitions ministry. Editorial 169

Munitions, v. S., 1917 64

—Districts and heads 563

Munn ,T F 486

Mure! ion medal award 218

Murphv. J. F 1146

Mnakogee Lead & Zinc Mng.. Okla. 82. 1110, 1150

January 1 to June SO, L918 ENGINEERING A.ND minim. JOl Rl

Pun

Mutrh. D. A

Mutual Oo-optrmtlTi UnJt*i Oolo !

Mutuallt, Plan, Oliver lr ..ii Mug

Unn. II. V Artillery i. Ilium wanted I

Mythical metal octopus. Editorial

N

Nagle. F. J

Naaon, F. L. Vu. pyrrhotlU

Natiouul Aiiierlcuuluiikou Comm

National Army. Cncmlata in

National JIUUIII.. CO., GU 1H

National Chamber "t Mines, Ni.. v. i.oon,

Mex. 7"°

N.itU'Uiil City Bank, Petroleum HW

National Ooal Assoc

National Copper, Ida ' ' '•'•'

National debts -s:ih

National economl i ] ■<H1

National Foreign Trade Convention 887

N:.t i-.iia i Foreign Trade Council -Gold stock. -SM'

National, Ida JW

National Indust. Cut. lid

— Causes of strikes

Nun,. mil Lead Co. Bee also "Si

National Metal Trades Assoc 898

National Mines. Ont 6

National Potash Oorp., Ont 84. 176

National Rfg.. Kan 831

National Research Council 1 ' ■«;

National Safety Co 8U«-

National Safety Council 992

National Silk Buying Co »SU

National Tube Co ' »•>

National Tungsten & Silver, Mont ill

National War Labor Bd. — Members 80d

—Program 688

National Zinc & Lead Jgo

Nations at war L"ll"5»i

Natomas Co.. Calif V„V8,,JS1,,a?i

Naval Appropriation Bill 88S, 801. l'HO

Naval Service. Engineers wanted 868

Navy Dept., Engineer officers trained 1097

Nsxos emery 212

Nearlng, S. Editorial 935

Nebel, M. L. Cementation IPSO

Nebo. Okla u9*

Necrology. 1917 g«

Needles Mng. & Smg., Aril 2.0

Needles Milt.. Utah 1064

Negligent hoisting engineers 187

Nell. Okla. . / 814

Nellly. B ■ 57^

NelBon, W. A 9J8

Nemo, Okla 1110

Nenana, Alaska — Coal lands ■'*•>

— Lode deposits -8

Nesblt, A ?9«

Sesbltt, C. B. Silica brick 19*

Netta MiU. See "Eagle-Picher."

Nettle. Mont 10 ' %

Nevada — Antimony deposits '97

Nevada Consol. Cop. Co 83

— Annual report joo-

— Caving system, Ruth mine "ood

—Dividends. 1917 ••• 160

By months 32, "56

—Production 252, 806, 959. 1101

— Quarterly report "92

Nevada — Geology jog

— Manganese Jig*

Clark Co ." * ' ' J

Nevada Packard. Nev ll»*

Nevada, Platinum 4»»

Nevada Progressive, Calif 81

Nevada— Travelling mng. school 898

Nevada Wonder, Nev. — Dividends 1019

Nevada— Yellow Pine ore deposits.......... 455

New Arcadian, Mich 177. 532, 617. 941

New Baltic Cop., Mich. 177, 355, 532, 703,

New Caledonia — Chrome deposits 1124

—Mineral exports 591

^iclscl » ■ ■••■••■•--.•»■■■■•---■•■*•• ^ '"■

New Cornelia Cop., Ariz. 80. 252, 307, 898, 1063
— Annual report 885

-Co-operative store

-Production.. 263, 806. 854, 959, 981, 1101. 1149

-Steam shovel ore car *416

New Dominion, Ariz 36

New Dominion, Colo 941

New Era, Colo 307

New Idria, Calif., Dividends, 1917 160

By months 32. 843

New Jersey Zinc Co 992, 1026

—Dividends 440. 1019

New mining construction, 1917 80

New publications 350, 766, 9j>6

New Puritan, S. D •••• 83

New Quincy, Utah 178, 488

New regiments railway engineers 1142

New Russia 23|

New South Wales. Platinum 1176

New spirit. Editorial 847

New tax law. Editorial 1057

New United Verde, Ariz .' 855

New York Elect. Soc 484

New York — Graphite, 1917 review 151

New York State Indust. Comm 965

New York & Honduras Rosario 122

New Zealand, Phosphate 821

Newark Museum Assoc 218

Newberry, A. W.. photo 953

Newnrough, W. Variations in transit needle. 21

Newfoundland, Iron ore deposits 1:lll-

Newhouse, Kan 355

Newkirk, H. A 852

Newland, D. H. Graphite. N. Y 151

Newman, S. Handy penwiper 22

Newray. Ont 400, 532, 704, 942

News Bureau. Boston. Price fixing 1181

—Use of millionaire «J>

— War co-ordination 760

Page

Newton, \'.

NeWtOU Mill. OolO 941

Niagara OOWI . .87

Nlagua ting, .v Royalty, Okla *2

"ni

Nlcholls, W, .1

W. ii. Mini i ontrol

Nicholson, II. M

M. J

Nickel, Alaska 28

—Canada, depoalti 1125

1 .... ■

Qer n.v

New Caledonia

mil

Price i"i2

liver »«'7

Sweden

- zirconium hardening

Nlcklea, J. M. No. Amor, geoli .y
Night lettergrams by courier. Editorial..

1 olo HI

Nlnlaalng Mines Co., Ltd. — Annual report. . .1179

Flotation

Production 17n. 21:4, bi4, 1110

1, 117. lis.
448, 704, »5C, 1020, 10B7, 1104

Nisi Prlus, Colo 39'J. 818

Nlaieh, a. 10 881

Nitrate. Calif., Heath Valley

—Chile 889

Nitrate — Germany 848

ilng, '.sis, Chile

Nitrate plant No. 8 840

Modern mill mechanl m in

Nitrate price llxed 212

Nitrate purchase board 255

Nitrate Hallways Co.. Chile 674

Nitrate — flailing vessels to carry 27

Nitrogen, Synthetic 001

Nitroglycerine substitute 1 126

Mx-Knlght-Micbell. Kan

Nlxon-Nev., Nev 102B

Noble Chrome. Calif 855

Non-essential industry. See "Industries."

Non-l'artjsan League 660

Noon, T. F. Career and death '597

Norain ' '-

Norcross Chem., Colo 531

Norcross, F. S.. Jr 261

Nordberg electric hoist *681

Norris, E. M. Fireprooflng mine shaft '1126

Norse Mng. Co.. Calif 36

North American, Mo 1 1 T'O

North Ark. zinc and lead field *313

North Beck, Utah 576

North Butte Mng 83, 704. 1150

—Dividends 260, 843

—Granite Mt. Shaft 352

—Production 222

— Quarterly report 448

— Ventilation system 325. «328

North Davidson, Ont 1028

North Lake, Mich. 487. 814. 900. 941, 981,

1064, 1109

North Star, Ariz 854

North Star mines, Calif 81, 354, 573, 940

—Annual report 1134

—Dividends 1917 160

By months 32. 656

North Star Mill, Colo 307

North Star Mng., Ark 80. 446

North, W. 0 218

Northend mines. See "Comstock."

Northern Calif. Power Co 615

Northern Customs Concent., Ont 785

Northern Light Mng. & Milling., Ida 82

Northern Mont. Natural Gas Co 352

Northport Smg. & Rfg., Wash 83, 529

Northrop, J. D. Petroleum production 67

Northwest Inspiration, Ariz 220

Northwest Magnesite Co.. w ish 8 I 662,

•666. 853. 1150

Northwest Mng. Assoc 262, 853, 979

— Annual convention 460

— ilovt. control of smelting 574

Northwestern Electric Co 1009

Norway, Iron 441

Deposits 1002. 1119

—Metal imports from U. S 29T

— Molybdenum industry 499

— Raw-material dept 512

—Silver 591

— U. S. trade agreement 971

Norwood, Okla 942

Notman, A., photo 274

Noyes, A. A. Germanium detection 249

Number Nine. Calif 81

Nuoline tests 613

Nut for air-hose couplings '599

Nyman Consol.. Calif 221

Pag*

OIL Ko. I on."

till and gas II. la, 111 *1H>

Oil ran oxter. ■ ■*"*

(Ml n.n.l hash . 11 BB

nil laud vain.. '<■**

nil, Lubrleatlou, trouble In tlotatlun

11 . d ermany

oil idiale, Oolo BOB

oil shale 1 ..

—Utah 262, 400

OH ahalea I' rial 17"

III! Million Ii.

(ill varlationc In dotation K>0

Oiling mine earn 117<j

Olla. Flotation 1»1B

— Teats "'4-'

Oklahoma Mng., Mo -982, 1026

Oklahoma Zinc Mine A Oil operator! ikih

Oko, Okla. .

Old Dominion, Aria— Dividend., 1017 100

By monthB 82, 656

lion I 11'"

Old liurcka Mug. Co., Calif.

— Reopening coat

Old Hat. Arli MJ

Old Mexico, Wis ;J08J

Old miner. Poem ]',..

Old Scranton, Utah ' ' •'*

O'LMty. J. w .58!

Oliver altera */' •«

Oliver. Q. S .1098

Oliver Iron Mng., Minn. 177, 264, 308, 447,

632, 662. 770, 852, 941. 070

— Headquarters office * JJJJ

— Labor co-operation policy in"'

Oliver, Mich

Onahman, Minn.

177

odred and Thirty-ninth Engrs. ....... 528

ter) Facing

■

—Copper 1087

Ontario Dept. of Mines J»o

—Graphite, 1917 review •••• J"

—Labor *86. «»«

; ',,2

1;, 1917 review ;■;",?,:-

—Molybdenum 591 (errata) 895, 930. 1118,

Concentration =80

—Natural gas »«

— Nlccollte

—Nickel

.1087

O. & M. Mng., Mo 82

O. K. Rfg., Kan 821

Oaks Co., N. M 353

Oatman United Gold, Ariz 398, 940

O'Brien, Ont 488, 1087

— Production 178

Obsolescence and depreciation 631

Ocean traffic, Needless, abolished 649

Occupation tax notices, Utah 897

Ocean Wave, Colo 307

Ocher, France 156

O'Donnell, T. A 444. 979

O'Gara. J H46

Ogden Chrome, Calif 813

Ohio 4 Colo. Smg. & Rfg. — Smelting investi-
gations, Colo

Ohio Cop. Co 735, 856, 1107

— Half yearly report 448

— New construction 83

Ohio mine. Mich 1026

Ohio Oil Co.. Ill 1081

-Photo of mine's . .' '960 •961

—Silver '

Ontario Silver Mng., Utah.. 488. 856. 1064, 1107

Ontario. Smaltite ■■■ »»"

Ontario Smg. Co., Okla 82. 662

Ontario. Utah. Production g«

Onwatta Mng., Ark .••,•••/, oa8

Open cnt mng. See also "Mining.

Opencot blasting, Powder In 365, «oi

Operating troubles. Flotation <«

Ophir' lg»-0».'.'N«: 222V264.' '30^356^862.^
Ophlr, Mont. See also Butte-Detrolt .352, 529

Ophir. Ont 88. 488, 942. 1064

Ophlr Sliver Mng . Calif • J"

—Mng. methods lj>Jg

Ordnance base, U. S.. in France &«-

Ordnance Dept. — Organization chart «o»

— Reorganizes r

Ordnance men wanted ,■>'•' '•*'

Ordnance plant for interior VM. ww

Ore and gangue. Editorial *»»

Ore deposits, Nev., Yellow Pine l»a

Ore freight increase asked SJJ

Ore mining methods •••■••. ,,07

Ore price schedule, Argo Reduct "<"

Ore Sales Comm. advocated ajra

Ore-sales investigations, Colo JJ?

Ore sorting formulas lx'°

Orebody valuation ■»;■■-: «TR

Oregon, Calif, .v Eastern R. R 615

Oregon — Chalcopyrite flotation J"

— Chromlte 1"J"

— Sylvanite I'1,,*

Oregon-Wash. R. R ""1

Orem. W. D • ■ ■ • • • • ■ • ■ • 12''"

Ores and ore dressing products— Examination, l^i

Ores. Domestk — Greater use urged 841

Organization of research work ....xl»o

Oriental Consol Mng 576. (<u

—Gold treatment .■•■ •••■ ■ •••• • »j™

—Production 1'8, 400, 942, lift"

— Views at chosen *??

Ornehommen, Norway

Oro Hondo. S. D »3

Oronogo Circle. Mo »-• iVf,

Oronogo Mutual. Mo -

— Zinc investigations .. • ... ■• • • •■-••■ ■ fi„

Oroville Dredginf. Calif.— Div.dends 1917... 160

By months <"■ °2V

— Redredgiug operations • • • • - • - - ■

Orpha May, Colo. See "Patterson-Bradley.

Osage Mng.. Mo :v\ *??i

Osborne, N. S. Aneroid calorimeter. .. ....Ti»8

Osceola. Consol. Mng.. M*. 37. 2^1, 355. ^

—Annual report • ■ • • 10^*

zSKSSSi ■: :: :m: ■&; »:««: ™« »«

Osier. Sir E 1060

Osmiridium. Tasmania ' '••-

Osterloh, E. A. ■. vi*

Ostrand, P. M. Manganlferous iron mng..

otg^A :::::::::::::::::: US

Otisee Out. ■;.•.'.■....... 400. 618. 942

Our deficient minerals. Editorial 65J

Our economic policy. Editorial 695

Onrav Consol. Mng. & Reduct., Cole 703

Onrav Custom Milling. Colo 661

Oustomah. Calif *°"

Over-electrolyte trouble in flotation J*j

Over-oiling trouble in flotation 735

ENGINEERING AND MINING J01 RNAL

Volume 105

!■•«•

P

1 ■

-l

i

101

Paa I ; j t s ■». -.- io:;7

18

— O I I ,r.'.:,-1 !»;». 1107

M

SJO

Palan-r W. 1188

In mangaoo 780, 1176

Pml.'c : nsneutatlon. IW

I •

Paramount Redact SI, 1149

,1 n
— M»C.T-.r». 1070

Park ■ v 1110

Park i •■ -

Park.

Parker

v .'regon obroiMi-
Parku

..1002

Para), m Aria 854

84
475
. . 355
Patchln. It. 11 . . . . 888

Pat.-otv New. Weekly feature.
—Enemy ... ■ • 80S

Patrick Mine. M'.r . . 82

Patrice • 1194

Pattrnon * Bradley Leasing. Colo. 177.

T69,

Patterson. R. II. 444

S64

102'-!

Pay r

Payen, E. Fr» n-h mng. law. .

Payne H. M. Thawing frozen ground.

Payrwk. I

Peat.-ly Consol. dp.. Aril

Peabody. W. S Coal shortage -11

—Phot.. 'fl?

Peace. American 842

Pearce. W. A. Safety signal switch

Pearl. Ariz 368

Peara^n. w. K 940

Peat «■ • 176. 616

Peat. Canada 1108

-irlol. for tube-milling '1033

■ - .- 940

Peck. 0 1 919

i, San Joan. Colo

696

1: 978

Penbertlt I J. died 700

Penglaae. W .

Penn Canadian. (Jot... .. 982

Pennlac Reef. Manit.ta

Pennsylvania

Pennsylvania : torial 696

852

Petuacola Tar A Turpentine Co. Flotation

teata 1043

audy 22

10!

Parmaaanii " tassium."

Perry. "

once. Alaska — Blasting #922

-.' gets ■tee]

BW 124

Pamrlan Cop.. Utah 17*

; .-..- Y

fuel 425

; -

Petral 703

ral gaa register t701

—Aril 630

000. 701
897 1061

Naval re-crve lands 35

New nap . 57?,

.-Hon 1142

—fane', I oil fields

an swindle 626

93*

oil shsle treatment 'in

a's address

1041

-It.

■■'» work ... .

lage

s24

•181

:::;:: .:

Isiati. u

.lad. control . . 1 1 10

682, 1140

Kl ■

i .. LO B
Private i ■ ntrai I ted. . 608

';;

*M

61"

— Valuation of lands

1 "'-

315

' '40

Pflrnwn

Phalen. i88fl

.• 1766

936

Auuuul rep 1

180

32. C56

717

— Heai -i M '225

,1"'-1

.81
i:ur. of Science Bept. . . . t»36

Philippine Islands, Coal 17

-rnnl ..f S.'l tO.ld

Philips! Monl 82, 177. 22

Phlllpsburg district. Mout 397

— Shipments 175

Phillips. Kan 818

Phillips, R 221

Phillips, W. B., died 1190

Phillips, W. T. Bismuth determination 882

Phoenix. Mich 37

Phosphate. Algeria 1174

— Electric smelting 879

— Ky 932

— New Zealand 821

— U. S.. 1917 1079

Western delay 256

Phosphoric acid — Ammo, molybdate recovery. 249

Picber-Okla.. Mo 662

PIckands-Mather, Minn. 74, 82. 221. 662. 941,

1110
i -ma . . 170

Plcrlo-acld plants 1058

Pig Iron. See "Iron."
rig tin. See "Tin."

Pilaris. Mont U94

Pilling. W. S 852

Pima Mng. & Sing.. Aria 854, 898. 940

Plnnl Consol.. Ariz 36

Pinal Dome Oil. Calif 354

Pinchot. G. Water power bill 338

Pine Creek Tungsten, Calif 354, 11119

Plngrey Mines, Colo 575. 708

Plnney. M. E.. died 1100

Pintados Salar. Chile, Potash 674

■Extraction 678

Pioche Mine-. Ncv 941

Pioneer, Calif 446, 1063, 1108

Pioneer Consol., Nev 1064

Pipe corrosion 287

Pipe diameter determination chart *684

Pipe, Iron, test 380

Pipe-line. Berry joint *472

Pipe vise, "Chaingrlp" '684

Pipette for fuming liquids *604

Pipette, Safety *249

1 79

Plttman bill. See "Silver-purchase."

Pitt^lairgh iron and steel market, 1917 72

Plttsbu . Ariz 574, 1108, 1114

Pittsburgh-Liberty, Calif 263

Pittsburgh-Lorraine. Onl 84, 400. 662, 858

Piute Co., Utah. Potash 1061

Placer Chrome Co.. Calif 81

Placer chrome concentrating, Calif 462

Placer County Chrome, Calif 899

Placer Mng., Mont 575

Plane. Self acting '164

Plastic refractory for boiler baffles 1049

Plat- Mine. N. s 980

Platform for feeding stamps 926

Platinum — Adirondacks 612

1 trial 623

—Draper'! Russian exploit 510

— Nev.. deposits 455

— N. S. W 1178

—Russia 128, 377. 038

rial 848

Supply. Editorial 023

— Sudbury ore source 835

tj Bj 1917 991

'Commandeered 470. 605, 909, 1107

Price fixing. Editorial 978

Editorial 934

—Volatile, fake 803

I production, 1917 61

- World's stock 288

Playter Bros 814, BOO. 1193

Pleasant Valley. Mo 38, 308

Plight of gold miners. Editorial 1148

Plug, Slotted survey «560

I Iraphlte" 752

Plutus, Calif 486

Plymouth Consol.. Calif 768. 870, 1149

—Dividends 200

Pneumatic tampera *1048

Pocahontas, Ariz 36, 854

— Advertisements 977

— Engineers, The 696

— Hunka t;n 935

Ing down the costs 613

the Finn 171

v . homist 81

I L68

engineer 765

s lav ."7

Pole Star Cop., 1 tab 576

itliard, Ark 813

Pollard. J 486

Poh itlon oil teal 1048

l-oi 0 Crown, out 38. 856. 1028

17

Porju . Sweden- Electric smelting 638

for. brlquetting line charge 870, B88j

1 op., .triz 308,

Porphyry IHUe. Mont 662,

Port Arthur Cop., Ont 84,

Portland Gold Mng. Co., Colo 81, 203, 769,

871,

\ .1 report

l i ads 200,

Portland Lead & Zinc. Okla

: mi;, u Et, Conklin decision

Portm::i ivet mines

Port I, Tungsten

Position of sing, industry. Editorial

Posf, Roston. Taxation

Po»t-war trude, Gt. Br 562,

Potash. Ariz

Potash Rrlne Zone, Calif

Potash— Calif '985, •

— Cement dust as source

— Central America

-Chile

Pintados Salar

Extraction

-Colo

— Delay

— Chilean nitrate source

— Feldspar source 176,

— Lands case, Calif. Trona

—Leasing regulations

— Recovery from greensand

— Spanish deposits

—67 s

1175
854
941
618

1109

1136
843
982

1147
802
03..
693

1096
756
176
981

1000
596
685

1003
674
678
897
256
348
382
907
761
919

•643
398

Lands opened . . 841

1917 production 1142

—Utah 1 061

mi i 1 aniile rs Sodium 918

Potassium permanganate — Sulphur determina-
tion In 162

Potassium salts extraction, Chile 678

Potassium sulphate in flotation 916

Potosl. Colo 531

Potosl, Nev 468

Potrerillos mine. See "Andes Cop."

Potter, W. C 1022

— On Aircraft Bd 1182

Potts Canyon Mng., Ariz 702

Powder in open cut blasting 305, 601, 1130

Powder blast. Perseverance, Alaska *922

Powder River Gold Dredging, Colo.. 177, 813, 1109

Powell, J. W. Memorial monument 971

Power & Mng. Machinery's ball mill 935

Power generation at coal mines 754

Power, Hydro-electric, Yavapai, Ariz '1113

Power plants — Saving of fuel in 1008

Powers, F 980

Prairie Flower, Nev 457

Pratt, J. H 34

— Photo *953

Precipitation, Copper, with coke breeze 1089

— Gold, with charcoal 506

Premier Langmuir, Ont 264

Prentiss, G. L. Cementation 584

Preparing for taxation 1138

President and the war 973

Prestea, Gold Coast 367, «790

"Presto" blueprint holder *338

Price fixing. See also "Minerals Administration."
Price-Fixing Committee — Copper Conference. .1050

— Personnel 606

Price fixing. BoBton News Bureau on 1181

— Editorials 299, 393, 613, 693, 695

—Eve. Sun editorial 526

— Platinum. Editorial 976

Price of copper and the supply. Editorial. . .1016

Price of manganese ore 1175

Price of shameful peace 644

Price, \v. B. Technical analysis of brass. .. .t527

Prices and wages 296

Prices, Current 43, 311, 491, 773, 903, 1067

Prices, metals, 1915-17 (chart) 48, 49

—1914 17 (chart) 568

— 23 vr average 199

Prices, Rise in. Kditorial 568

Pride of the West, Colo 307

Primers — Safety In make and use #290

I'rimos Chem. Co. 176, 177, 263, 355, 487,

531, 617, 1063, 1193

Prince Consol.. Nev 941, 1110, 1194

Prince of WaleB, Dtah 682

Princess A nnie Cop 899

Princess Estate & G. M. Co., Transv 1110

Principles of iron founding t527

Priority regulations 843

Probert. V. H 1022

— Leaching 226

Proctor, T. W 1185

Producers'" Transportation Co. vs. 3. W. Jame-
son 615

Production and ocean transportation. Editorial 170

Production must be balanced 478

Profeai nal fee collection 189

Profiteering In Germany 889

Progress mine. N. M 264

Progress of flotation, 1917 99

Propaganda. American. Editorial 525

Proposed mines administration. Editorials 298,

571, 651

Prospecting for manganese 286

Prospectors, Okla 1110

Prouty. W. F. Graphite, Ala 282

Provincial, Ont 84, 856

Prudential Mng. & Devel., Aril 855, 981

Pryor. F. L 1097

Pulley, crowning a 247. 431

January l to June 80, L918 ENGINEERING AND MINING J01 RNAL

17

Pulp. Hydraullcally classified \ .■

palp preparation In fit tal

ruip thickeners In nitrate leaching.

i rod r.'i :iir * w

i I

i lum, test

Purchasing, u. 1; . ■ ■ ed 001

Porlngton, i \\ . iranttd. . .1170

i. II. I! ..,.484

Pyne, i\ k. Qiromo furnace linings

i .1:1 . 1917 6111

— Heap leaching

—Import queatlon -131

—Market 11118

— 1917 review 13(1

— Sweden 033

— D. 8 073

Import restriction* 008

Principal consumers 287

Survey 844

imports and exports 108. 303

— Utah

Pyrolusltc. Sweden

Pyrrhotlte deposit*, Va., S W M98

Pyrrhotlte ope'n eur mines. V:i • Hit

Q

Quail. Colo B.1B

Quaker Valley. Kan 1193

Qualification* .>f shift buss .,76

Quarry lug. France

Quartz, Sweden 832

Quartxites lu brick matting 856

Quebec — Accidents, L917, 597

—Gold 980, 1148

— Magnesite 591 (errata) m»5

Queen Bess. Colo 531

Queen Creek Cop., Arii 854

Queen Mine. Arls 898

Queensland, Minerals, 1917 1171

Quen. ■an. A. L 1146

Quicksilver, Calif.. 1917 review 52

Quicksilver in 1917 51

Quicksilver metallurgy, 1917 review 110

Quicksilver, Research work, Calif 520

Quicksilver, U. S 315, 649. Ml

Quln, L. H. Metal handwork t706

Qulncy, Mich 37, 82. 177. 303. 617. 703 1149

— Dividends. 1917 160

By months 32, 656

— Production 981

Qulrke, T. T. Eapanola Mat.. Ont t936

R

Rabb, E. M , 218

Radio Mines, Calif 818

Rafferty, B. C 896

Rahmar Hydraulic Tin 917

Railroad Administration — Car shortage. Ed-
itorial 764

— Express Co.'s merged 1051

— Locomotives ordered 887

Railroad Wage Comm. — Cost of living 519

Railroads — Canada 616

— D. S. :

Car shortage, Minn 176

Centralization of purchases 561

Demurrage charges increased 167

During war 753

Eastern freight embargo 253

Earnings, 1917 340

Electrification 434. 646

Freight rates ease 565

Government control 25, 474

Editorials 29

State directors- not to be apptd 296

Intermountain rate decision 298

Labor dilution 215

McAdoo appoints staff 341

McAdoo restricts expansion 607

Mineral freight re-classification 297

Must hurry bill 254

Must pay full coal price 802

Ore freight increase 344

Rate Increase 971, 1050, 1098. 1145. 1147.

1 183, 11!U

Editorial 1057

Statistics 482

30,000 freight ears ordered 840

Wage advance 648, 928

Editorial 935

Railway engineers new regiments 1142

Rainbow Lead & Zinc, Okla 82

Rainier Mercury, Ore 942

Rake off, Colo 1063

Ralston, O. C 718. 735. 798

— Chemicals in flotation 798

Ramsay, Sir W. Memorial fund 454

Ramsdell. W. R 854

Ramstedt. A. P 688

Rancheria. Calif 486

Rand. See also "South Af."

Rand gold deposits 106

Rand mine workers union. So. Afrit-. — Wage

schedule 3

Randall, H. E. Electrochemical Works. Can.. 441
Randolph Gold M. M. & Tun., Colo. 899. 941, 1025

Rainier Mercury, Ore 1194

Ransom, R. S.. Jr. — Concentrates box *294

—Shaking screen *207

— Tungsten determination 836

Ransome. F. L. Quicksilver 841

Rapid determination of tungsten 836

Rappahannock, Calif 703

Bare Metals Ore. Colo a<J3, 909

Raritan Cop. Works. N. J. — Selenium & tellu-
rium 194

Ransenberger. F. Long-range gun 754

Raw materials Comm. rept 212

Rawley. Colo 531, 899, 1063

Ray Consol.. Aril 220

— Annual report 884

—Dividends. 1917 160

By months 32. 656

Co

Hon i

Quarterly reporl
Bay !■■

. Mil Bl

Uaj Kelvin Hug . axil ,..

Raj Bl mis

Read) ■

Real red tapers

Reconstructing the

Recovei Lug ■ ai ad slope In na n

1103

■ rla.

Ri ,i Chief M i 447

Bed Oloud, s. ii

H. ,i Cross campaign . . 968, 1008

b magaBinee wanted 1170

— Tracing cloth wanted SOU

' ll -12, 940

Bed inn Florence .Mng., Nev 83, 1004, urn

Bed Ledge, Calif

Bed Monarch, Ida 1020

Bad Mountain Consol., Aria

Bed Mountain Mines. Colo 447

Bed Prince Oop . Arls 769

Red Hose, Okla M4

Red Star Petroleum, Calif

Red Streak Cor. Mng., Nev 38, 618

Red Top, Nev 448

Red Warrior, Utah 1064

Red Wing. Call! 304

Redcilffe, Alberta 1099

Redfield. Sec. Gold reaerre 561

Redredglng— Will It pay? *1

Reductio ad absurdum. Editorial 393

Reeder, A. J 398

Reese, A. L. Iodide copper method with sodium

fluoride 1170

Reese. P. P 896

Refineries, Copper and preferred list 891

Refineries losing men to Govt 432

Refineries, Petroleum, Kan 821

Refining of sine 1083

Refinery — Mount Elliott, Alls 188

Refinite Co., S. D 83

Reforms, Mex 308

Refractory, Plastic, for boiler baffles 1049

Refractory properties. Silica 505

Refractory silica brick composition 954

Regnell, R. T 978, 1060

Regulations, Explosives act 378

Reid. J. T. Antimony in D. S 646

Reindeer, Mo 1150

Reindeer-Queen, [da

Reinecke. L. Road material surveys t766

Reiniger Freeman. Ariz 940

Renfrew Molybdenum, Ont 880

Renwiek, C. W 810

Repairing mine cars 1173

Replacement Regiment 647

—Schools 802

Replogle, J. L 072, 754, 886

Reports of mng. companies — Standardization.. S2-,

— Editorial 848

Reports, The right kind. Editorial 808

Republic. Calif 1063

Republic Iron & Steel, Ala 80

Republic Mng. & Mfg. Co., Ga 15

Requa. M. L. See also Fuel Administration. . 753

— Appt. Oil Div., Fuel Admin 167

—Calif, oil field wages 796

—On Lever bill 485

— Petroleum Congress address 682

—Photo *319

— Valuing oil lands '544

Rescue apparatus, Gibbs '323

Rescue, Nev., Production 38, 222

Rescue work lectures 529

Research work organization ' 1136

Retort, oil shade distillation 917

Rettes Mng. & Oil Co 1023

Revelstake Internat. Mng. Corn- 1150

Reverberatory furnaces. See "Furnaces."

Rex Consol., Ida 399. 575. 703. 770. 900

Rex Mng. See "Rex Consol."

Reyer, E. E 444

Rhea Mng.. Ariz 898

Rheinbold. S. D 900

Rhodesia Chrome Mines 23

Rhodesia, Gold 869

Rhodesian & Gen. Asbestos Corp 23

Rhodesian mining operations 23

Rhodocrosite concentration 573

Rhodoohxosite. Mont

Rhyolite as tube-mill pebble 1039

Rlalto Mng. Co.. Okla 82

Bice, C. T. Binding timbers to truck »1132

— Chnte mouth fixing '923

— Flotation in the Coeur d'Alenes *707

— Recovering caved stopes in narrow veins

• »1069

Editorial 1103

Rice. E. W. Electrification of R. Rs 434. 64'l

Sice. G. S.. Cement gun «584, «623

—Fuel problem 432

Rich Strike, Mo 177

Richards, H. De C 174

Richards, J. W. Metallurgical calculations. .t766

Richmond, Colo 1193

Richmond. Ida 770

Richmond Mng., Milling & Reduct.. Mont... 82

Rickard. T. A 1060

Rickard. W. W. Crowning a pulley. .. .247, 431

Rico Argentine, Colo 813. 941

Rico, Ariz 812

Rico Mng.. Colo 941

Rico Oil Co 810

Rico-Wellington. Colo 941

Riddell-Davlson grate 293

Riddell, G. C 484

—Photo '829

Riddell, J. M 700

Rldder mine. Russia 275

Ridge & Valley. Utah 3S. 900. 942

Riedler pumps ■ 1031

Itpul .... 474

Arlr

,.,, ■ I

Rival Mng. N U i

B8T, ;•■

"
on,

M II, ■ . . 440

Roanoke on . . 842

..- rui
ig pi

M 417

Robertson, J ' "■

corder ■

810
Robinson Gold Mng., Transvaal ... . 428

Kol,li,i-,n. II A
Rochsetei I

Ruck Bute, Modi

Roclia- Cable ghi

■
Roderick, J. A., died 301

k, J. V.

, G. B ... 7oo

Boeper Crane \ liolM Works 597

Rogers. A. II 1022

Rogers, li. S ""

Rogovln, I. I., Russian platinum <>3«

rial 846

RoDpibun Extended. N. L 917

Rooney, M. A. Coal conservation 26

Rose Consol., Mout 1194

RoOSeTelt Drainage Tuxu L77, 898,

681, 850

Roots of the trouble. Editorial 298

Roots vacuum pomp '205

Ropes. Hoisting, formulae lOit

Service and care '•'•'-

—Wire, standardization

Ropp furnace 00"?

Roscdale Rig.. Kan 821

Bosengarten, A. G &2J

Rosin in dotation 1"J

Ross, E. M -"'-

Ross. G. McM. Necessity of gold mining

Ross, L.. vs. a. C. Burrage 1185

Boss. B. A 8o4

Rough Diamond, Calif I'OO

Round Valley Tungsten, Calif 81, o,4

Roush, G. A IJjW

Rowe mine. Minn. Mng.. methods -''J

Roy. P. S., died V,™ -.52S

Royal Gem Mng.. Colo 899. 1063

Royal Ont. Nickel Comm 835

Royal Okla lu84

Royal Tiger, Colo 487. 617. 661. 1109

Royalty lease, Calif »-=

Royalty sched , Minerals Sep -Sod

Royster, P. H 34

Rubber Imports restrictions «»

Bubenson, C. W 898

Rubidge, F. T 1W«

Ruby Cascade, Colo "»

Ruggles. G. II l%<

Runckel, F. C ?"

Russell. D. A JOT

Russell. J •• • • • • 1060

Russell, S. R. Powder in open cut blasting.

601, I130§

Russell, W. C 1022

Russia. See also Siberia.

—Editorial •'''

—Future of , ?°7

— Intervention. Editorial J J«

— Iron ore deposits Wa

— Kvshtim Corp. confiscated <JS8

— Labor. Bolshevik smeltermau s diary 4«s

— Manganese d.-posits 1* j5

— Mineral productions °J"

— Mining. 1917 review "»

— Molybdenum Jjo

—New Russia ■• ■ ■ • • • ■ gg

—Platinum l-s- gJJ. g«

Editorials 523. 846

—Tungsten J™

— Urquhart on internal situation -J'j>

Russo-Canadian Devel. Corp. — Takes Irtysh . 275

Rustling card system. Mont ;,-o'.-t?

Ruth flotation machine 4iJ, to.

Ruth, J. P., Jr. Flotation machine '752

Ruth mine. Caving system ■ ■ - 503

Ruth Pierce, Calif ,nn* 'inRn

Rutherford, F 1002. J0™

Ryan, J., died ™i MB

Ryan, J. D 761. 846

— Anaconda ferromanganese plant ui<

—Career 875

— Criticises govt, methods 1188

— Heads Aircraft Bd 838

—Liberty- loan message, photo 621

— On "influence" 1019

S

Sachem Iron Co.. Minn 177, 264

Saco de Oro, Colo 1149

Sacramento Farmers Assoc 34

Safe Deposit. Calif 855

Safe mng. practices *832. 566, 89o

— Anaconda 879

—Chutes 966

— Measures of the right sort. Editorial 1103

— Removable belt guards *164

— Rules, Acid handling need 188

— Signal switch *1133

Gold dredges 853

— Skips *165

- U. S. Btee] expenditure on 796

St. Clair Oil. Kan 486

St. Francis Mill. Tallf. — Flow sheet 462

8

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Volume ion

-■ •

catupatjra.

— T»

* I

St I
SI I

St. !

— PV»

\ I Batata.

alsi,

«!t
a-

•alt

r- * Kanoah B It

-

shipments...
' JJUr»*l. Oolo.. shlpmcnta .
t Altlrf Ett-*a . Af •

dumps. Wind protection
sauxi pomp. 11:11 Creat. Minn
8e»dti» J ■

8anr>r' ll \\

Santa Fe I'redaioa. N. U

•111)

udi

1110

-

- 1

. . . ,«6, 1165

. 616
. 978

5T8

•
1025

S7

189

VWrtwby lumra 655

slmrw , i \v j Bedlam v. potai
maUi 018

117tl

Shasta I i it

Shasta R11U. Calif Ml

Shasta Klu«, Calif 67B

Shallurk Aril OOP., Ur , IS. 854

' report 885

Dividends 160, M8

683

040. 050,

1101. 1140
BOB

Pass
487
63
645
102
657
601
1087

I (HI

,982, 1064
703

:,t:i

. 680,

463.

B 10.

210
1"24

014
•27]

•

682

927

83

::

t: I

32

161

1110

. 767

810

321

•10.16

.34. 767

37

473

Bhaw. A. W

Shaw. E. W 107

Shaw, G. E 218

3haw. II Imi

Shaw. 8 T 174

— Mint* data 87

f»earer. II K. Rauilte. Ga IS

Miettieid \jt M,

Shello? Chem., Ala

Shell* 30

808

6h,'!N ased in ,.rr, u i, ,■

7.

22]

I. J. C. . 661, 987, 878

962

550

te

nr.s
038

Santa Fe Dredg-int. N.
Santa Fr. Okla
Santa Crtrudls. Annual rr:
—Din ■ !.

I»17
Sargent. Minn.
Bargnoa. J.
Saovcur a
Saving. Hoover on. ...

Saw Diamond

:
Scepter

In rolls!

— Hangar apace determination

—Pi; ■

Schley. E It

Srhlotter ventilator fan .Ang

1I1IIO

Sehlocb. E R .y7' c(i7

School of Mines. CopUpo. Chile........

School of Mini". R.lla. Mo 915

School. Travelling mng.. Nev " gug

Schools for Replacement Engrs '...'. 802

Srbubert, E. A lluo

i2n!«- n w Pb",fl>«te *"»*- ■'■'■'■'"■'■■- 25*
sennits. R. w g,*

Schumacher r.old Mines, Ont ...... ,"m 178 200

Schuster. Sir F. War bonds. 7«^

Schuylkill Mng.. Aril

Schwab. C. 3JT

— "Coat plna'" contracts

— Tlmti 00 g2J

Schwarx. A. Determining new flow sheets. ! 792

-oocentratlon patent 500

•Scientific ,rch Dept.

llr 1

Scolea. J s ; ■ •

Scope of miner's employment. .

Scotia. CUh .

Scott Mdi Co.. Mo

ml defence hiftiwavi"

•

ring

(i Mr controlled lire-dour

Stii-rinan. II

'..'.'...'.''

Ida

Shift t-oss. qualifications aud duties .. 370
Shimmln, J. r., photo »740

-t In posl war trade... ' gS8

Shipbuilder p. build ships 809

Shipbuilding, N s 1148

887, 928, 969] mo9

162

-M-rii launchlngs 928

strikes delay 27

w elding gg7

Shipping Board '.'.'..'. 211

755

blpa 802

" n Raymand appt .'.'' 341

1 raffle abolished 643

program 1010

Shipping emtmrgo ' 649

— French 80o

483

Submarine losses 041

shipping, r. s .....::::;;: m

Cbromlte Import restrictions 756

:anese to go tu Flu 007

Ships. Concrete ' S0'>

— "Faith" launched «07

tnkable. Editorial ' ' -146

Ships Kill win war " ' 211

Sblraa, r. Art tine and lead ! ":ii3

~" plant. ... ' S77Q

" 940 Jr ,•;'','"„'• - '■'■"'■ T70 Smedrlle. II. ...

809 "s 10 1010 f,bou,d l-,S. foster domestic antimony r 1088 Smeeth, w. II..

..... oi« E a»glea .5„0 Smelter smoke in

SI 1,1. Mont

811 lead smg, works, \.. Araer.

SI etallurg)

■ — 1 ' 1 - rot "\\

— Mexico, embargo

— Norway

— Ontario

' ores oficrostructura ....

Bllv. PIi 1 Oon 10I . Nev

Sllv , Pt. Mines, Colo

1 1 ad\ "■ ated

i' Hxing

I Iditorlal 893

1917 reviewed 47

Bill Purchase Act (Plttman) 804,028

— EOitorluI 703

— 'IV m 767

Sliver Queen. Ark 308

Sih 1 Kuu, Ark 306

Sweden 032

— V. S 45. 47

— Utah 445. 811

IlUI Ii.i iia 8

—World production 11<17, Mint statistics 47

Bllversmlth Mines, i.m., Can 982, 1108

SIIvitimii. Colo., Shipments :ir,

Blmonds A Hums, N. V 1106

Btmplifled caging with heavy mine cars '559

Simpson, W. B 939

Ufg., Knn 821

Blng uald, J. T., Jr. Com tration expcrl-

nn-nts 936

Sink of Amargosa "985, *1000

Slou\ Mines, Utah 222

Siphon to unwuter mine *699

Biredalen, Norway 501

Situation in lead, editorial 1143

Situation in tin. Edit., rials 846, 1017

Situation in zinc industry. Editorial 807

Six Points, Colo 1109

Six rt'al savings 648

Sizing, Dry, of feed for concentration *008

Skead, Out 866

Skeleton Load & Zinc, Mo 768

Skinuer, R. V. Post-war questions 562

Skilled enlisted men to return 1096

Skinner, W. R. Mug. Manual tll05

Skip loading — Cal. >* llec 353

Skip!! — Safety device '165

Slaughter, N. H 030

Blessor, R. Australian copper oosts 1100

— Coke ttreezo in copper precipitation 1090

Slide Gold Mng„ Colo 941

Slime dam construction. South Africa 932

Slime treatment, Agua Santa, Chile 988

Slimes-Altering screen cleaning device 02.".

Sloane, D 767

Slocan Star, B. C. See also "Silversmith".. 856

Slogan, The. Poem 607

Sioss-Sheffleld Steel & Iron, Ala 80

— vs. Harrison 4L'."»

Slossen-Symmes interests 1029

Small. CM 1060

Small-pipe connections, Tightening *518

Smaltlte, Ont 980

978

— 300 ton revolving, dimensions '. . ran

Shumway oil well. Kan .S17

Shuri.k. A. T jg]

1II.X2.

1117

1012

373

942

82

615

-Top slice stoplnr

Scoot engineer. Poem ' 705

BCTeeti, Shaking »207

■nes-fllterlng— Cleaning! '.'.'.'.'. 905

Seala A Rad»r. M

Secondary metals, r S

Secret Paaa Gold Top. Aria.!;.!

Seehee. R. R

Colo. ...

Selp. R E

Selective flotation. See "Flotation

snd tellurinn

: -

279, "464

1194
919
854
B96
B56
937

Se-r.lnol*

Srner.1

.194

. 135

"164

rket loader • -,--■,

" 58

17g

Mil

Ida 1026

Mich. 82. 177. 221. 268, 35r,'.
„..,, 390. **1. 487. 532. 704

^— ODBll ""Tal

Ito Cop. Co.. S. M. ".'.".

8«'h1*- A npeal

— Coal. Germans work..

Bevier. I ...

Seward. J

Seymour v;

8hada •

8l,a/r',v-,

Shaft

Shaft

Shaft

Shaft

Sbaklr I

Shale. 1

Shanks prv^ ,:. ... 987

Shannon. CM. XSi

Shannon Cop., Arte... "(!."lll4

—Annual rei«ort ' Joi.

— Prodoctlon 252. 806, B59."ll01

.1

' -it .'.'.'.'.".'." 0(54' Jon

Sban)l»s.. F F f;old dredging ..." ]08

Anacoi

' •■ - ' "■ (

83

. '03
. 845
. 106
. 614
.1022*
. 937
. 82
. 929
•1047
•1126
. 473
•661

Slam. Wolfram

Siamese Malaya. Tin . . . . ' '9J7

Siamese Tin Synd 9J7

Blberia, East.. Drift-gravel mug •850

rial ... . oq?

Sibley. II .fit

Sicily. Sulphur o„

Slckal, C, died ,000

Sidelight, on Alaska 7^7

Sidney, Ida \ g?i

.. ..'.'. :>;>'• I'l't-'- , 1 1 no

il. Calif 1025

Slerr: allf "446

Sierra Nevada, Nev. 222, 308, 356 448 ' 576

'66-D?o?

Sigafoos. M. A. Service and care of hoi

ropes 009

Signal codes in mines 'lORI

Signal switch. Safety ' ., , ,,

Silg.dd .Mm.-.. Nev 04,

Siliei, brick composition 0V4

— Manufacture " foj

ictory properties 505

silicon determination ' qoR

Silk manufaetur, . 1 ,„ in. . '" Sin

Slier ,'g"

'option ' ' oof

Silver 1 ;: "i

Silver Bell, Colo Ui

8ilver. B. C

is

Minn

117 \

.Silver I

Silver Divide, Ariz

Silver

Silver dollars. Con

. Mont

Silver- I

.. Ark

rcr;:, *.-„, «»a

10 1110

701

' 137

Silver King Consul.. Ctah, 140 -14.

took

— Capitalization Increase ' f7R

— Divl,len3s. 1917 . i«o

By months , ;,; (,43

1100

..1108
308

589

1179

-1004

36

176

. .S40. 926
. ..222

907

"707

,r,:;i

■4, 898

investigations

Smelting — Colo, investigation 538

Schedule 626

— Cyanidlng vs 454

—Electrical 574

Phosphate 879

Sweden 638

— Germany, situation 476

— Govt, control 574

T' S Editorial 693

— *jtne, Indo-China 816

Smith, A 1012

Smith, A. H. Transportation 753

Smith, B. H 810

Smith, C. A 1146

Smith, C. G. Cost accounting T527

Smith, G. 0 34

— Minerals Admin, testimony 657, 1011

Smith, H. De W. W. S. S. at United Verde. 947

Smith. H. E 940

Smith. J. H. Gravity plane M64

Smith Mng. & Devel.. Mont 400

Smith, Sen. II.. on price fixing 299

Smither, F. W. C-hem. glassware 248

Smoke. Smelter, investigations 283

Smuggler 7.(--g.. Colo 1149

Smuggler-Union, Colo.. 37, 399. 813. 899, I

941, 1193

Snyder, !•'. B 1192

Socavon de Providencia, Mex 308

Socialism, State and peace 210

Will 11 remain 7 217

SocietJ of Cbem, Industry 614. 700

KpN .in progress of applied chem

0 Mn s- M 353

Socrates, Calif 1025

Soda feeder *719

la Pr ducts. Co., Calif 1061

Sodium da rd solution tests. . ,

Bodlum fin,, ride. Iodide copper determination.. 1170

ide In flotation 712

Sodium tartrate in copper determination oT'2

918

Soldle assessments protection 616

Soldiers' mental tests 254

s-.me onomlc considerations. ■ 393

Some exper. In heap leaching »225

Some things to wonder about. Editorial... 299

Somers, R. E. Clays of Piedmont, v"a t7(',d

Somerset, H. St. ,T., Jr 700

South Africa. See also "Transvaal." "Rho-
desia."

742. 117 1

1917 production 1042

Co 712

1017 1042

— Diamonds SS5

— On,,™ Interests 888

1 its 111S

January 1 to June 30, L918 ENGINEERING AND MINING J01 RNAL

L9

Pw*

South \

- Labor 1043

Wage schedule. 3

Ul ili it'

1918

7 1.

uctlon 932

Qtabla inlin 849

South African I'll, in . Mot A ting, So* I'll

S.'lllll Alinr I'r.. ! . ._

South Amor. -Mining, 181T, r.vl.-n.-.i 123

South OaroUna' Tin deposits 7

S.nill, Chin... N. M

South Dakota, Minerals production, 1917

Smith Hureka-Onelda, Calif

South Hacla, rtaii

South Lai*, Mich., 37. 921, 447. sit. 1004, 11 ■

—Report T80

South Uindon. Colo l(

South Standard, rtau 618

South Walllngford, Vt., manganese deposits** 771*

South, ust Missouri, Okie «G2. boo

Southrru Qraphlts. Co., Ala 614

Southern, Kan 1026

Southern Lead i Zinc, Kan 400

Southern Manganese Corp. Ala 80

Southeastern Mo. lead district, 1917 review.. 05

Southern Mont. it. li 979

Southern Sierras l'ower Co 897

Southwestern Qraphlts t'**.. Tex 88

Space deteriniiiation chart, shaft hanger 473

Spain— Gold basis 10 03

—Graphite deposits 402

— Iron ore, analysis 1122

Deposits 421

— Potash deposits *643

B] n ami Sacrsmi nto. Go) 177

Spectroscope — Use in lead determination 163

Speculation — G"M ami haso metal mng 430

Spelter StaUsttCS. Editorial 109

Spelter — TJ. S., production, 1913-17 68

Spencer. A. C 1002, 1003

— Geology, Nev 105. T766

Sphalerite In ores 173

Splcer. Mrs. H. N 930

Splegelelsen data 75

— 1917 review 75

Spllsbury. 1'. G 1002

Splrlet furnace 97

Spokane Lead & Silver. S. D 83, 704

Spokane tin mines 938

Sporting Boy, Calif 221

Sprague Eleetrie Works 597

Sprague, C. B., died 1146

Sprague. H. E.. died 304

Sprague. T. TV., died 34

Spreokles. C 26

Spreckles. 1. D . Jr 1061

Springer. J. W. Zinc determination 386

Sprlngfte'.d Tunnel & Devel., Calif.. 37, 354.

44o. 788, sr.5 1025

Spurr. J. E 351, K41

— Minerals Admin 690

Square Heal Gold Mng. vs. Colomo Mng 810

Squaw Peak Mng.. Ariz 1108

Staffordshire Iron ore deposits 1118

Stamp shoe mfr.. Transvaal 425

Standard Chem.. Colo 487. 1026

Standard Magnecdte. Calif 574 899

Standard Min. Separation. See "Minerals."

Standard Oil Co 175

Standard Oil. Calif 573

Standard Oil. Kan 821

Standard Silver-Lead. B. 0 982

Standard Tungsten Co 81. 938

Standard Zinc Co.. Ark 80

Standard Zinc Lead Mng.. Okla 82

Standardization, Assaying methods 1024

— Mine accident reports 1165

— Reports for mng. co.'s 825

Editorial 848

Standards Bur. — Chem. glassware 248

— Work 4

Stanislaus Devel. Co.. Calif 36

Standard. E. T., marriage 1 141,

Stansflpld. A 513. 1149

Stanton. Mont 38

Staples, production. 1917 166

Star Mnr — Fed. Mng. case 660

Star of the West. Colo 447

Stark Citv. Mo 900

Stark. J 887

Statp distribution of war minerals 520

State geologists, list 1 50

State safetv news t350

sta*<* socialism. See "Sor-ialism."

Statistical number 45

Rtoam in filtration 715

Stean- -shovel mng.. Mesabi. '403. "493. *50S. •!;79

Ed.'orial 524

StAPTn shovM ore car *416

ct„,m.,»,ovel. Polk-Southard. Ark '1128

Ste*. a*"tr.r the war 387

Stoit — r-anada 262. 6S8, 10R2

— F^o** of eopner 371

— Gt. Britain. 1917 1 "41

Procedure to obtain ~^9

Steel-grip glove "1049

Steo'-Maitland. Sir A. D 755

Steel men pledee outpnt ^86

Steel — Pershing's supply 754

Steel prices o48

Steel snrvev planned 971

Steel. V S 72

— Snnplv 109R

Steole. E. J., died 614

Steon Hollow district. Calif 37

Stel"ti "997

stc^w'tider. Mont 38

Stephenson. 1.. died 614

ctophenson. Mich 37

9tei*nne Silver Wash 83

C'er-iett ,T E r'i*1

Ktrtfinlnd E. B 387

Stevens T"st Tech 1097

SteveoR. J p 25

Btsjranjr, B B. Lftbor m shipyards
Stewart, J. linn hole marking

Stewart. 1

Stewart, It. II

Btawart W ^ I in i ■ i

Mil, nit,-. Lie, trolytlc imb.jii from, ,. lu

8 tinmen, i. . dli i I

stiiin.au, T. l>. Engineering cnemlstrj

Stockett, a. u )"12

mng Boston Exchange

s 1 . 'in i.. 1917

— N. Y. Exchange, 1914-17 I

Stoddard Mng., Ana 71 7

stokes, II. L. Rhodeslau minim' ... :

Stone, G. C. Fcrroinunguiie.se am] spll

st R. W. Bromine. 1917

-Magneslto deposits. Wash •eOB

Phosphate rack, 1»17 107«

Stopin r costs. Con

In, line top slicing 27'.'

Sloping methods Incline top si i ' I, *«84

Recovering caved slopes •loou. 1103

—St. Joseph, Mo 1161

Storage, Goal *601

Storrow's common sense. Editorial 347

Stoughton, H 1083

Stovel, J. H 810

Struehan. F. J 7tm

•si r.-. its tin " See "E ays."

Stranahan, Colo 1063

Stratncona 1'nrk amendment act 939

Stratton. S. W 1136

Street. A. L. A. Sec "Law decisions."

Strike bill passed 518

strik.-s. See "Labor."

Stripping anthracite 190

stripping equipment. Mesabi *496

Sir, uk', Colo 177

Strontium. U. S.. 1917 review 135

Stull sets in stuping •1072

Submarine losses 341

Success Mng.. Ida., 35. 219. 221, 399, 4s7.

770, 853, 708

—Report i;lli

Sudbury dist.. Can 1 mi

Sudbury ores, Platinum in 835

Sufficiency of assessment work 030

I ti I' i'" ] "■

charges 888, 1 1 75

Sulphide Corp.. Aus 739, 939

Sulphide mineral dotation 738

Sulphides In ores ' 173

Sulphur analysis 385

Sulphur dioxide in copper determination. 162, 553

— Italy, embargo 139

—Mexico §08

Sulphur oxide determination 372

Sulphur regulation 1182

Sulphur, Sicily 911

— Treatment plant, Tex '400

-U. S »73

Sulphuric acid— Flotation 1 12

— 1917 review ?9

— Phosphate mfre 283

— U. S. »73

1917 production 471

Transportation 471

—Utah 1022

Sultan. Nev 38. 618

Summers, L. L 027

Summit Cop. Mng., Colo 176, 1063

Sun, N. Y. — Crowell cuts red tape "Ho,

— Editorial on Pres. Wilson 242

— Editorial on taxation *^®j

— Mexico's relapse 334

Sunflower Mng. & Mlg., Ksn 1026

Sunnvside. Calif 617

Sunnyside Mng. & Milling. Colo.. SI. 769. 899. 9-11

— Description of mill *193

Sunset. Colo 981

Sunset Mng. & D. Co.. Nev 1064

Sunset Mng.. Ida 575, 855

Sunshine, Ida 307. 662

Superior. See "Lake Superior."

Superior, Mich 37, 855

—Production 814, 1026, 1149

Sure Pop. Ark 981

Surf Inlet, B. C. Flotation practice • < 20

Surface plant. Union mine. Nev '1030

Survey, Geological — Alaskan chromite deposits 7i7

— Annual rept «f

—Caliche deposit. Calif 28

— Chromite prod, inadequate 335

— Deepest well 591

— Domestic platinum 991

— Gas wells and overdrilling 835

— Petroleum withdrawals 315

— Petroleum. Wyo. report 23

— Quicksilver, U. S 841

— Secondary metals. U. S 919

—Sulphuric acid. U. S., 1917 471

Susannah. Utah 1064

Snwanee Iron Co.. Ky 703

Swain. G. F »91

Swansea, Am JJ«>o

Swastika Mng.. Colo ••"■ '1™

Sweden — Iron, deposits 100L. 1113

1917 production ■■•■ • Jsl

Imports and exports 789, 1171

— Minerals and metals 932

— Oil slate development 1J86

Sweeney. O. R. Sulphur dioxide determination 162

Switch. Derailing *•>};>

Sybil. Calif fig

Sylvanite. Colo 703

Svlvanite Gold Mines-. Ont 84

Sylvanite. Ore 1064

Symmes. W ■°''9

Table covering • - ■ ■ • 207

Table Mountain Gold Mng.. Calif Son. 1025

Table Rock Mng.. Calif 1°25

Tailings ah idling

build *-ltt

*636

I sblo and Qutatloll ■ • 742

"Taking ,„i ,

Il.ll.ot. A \\ ..... 21h

Talbot, II. S

Talc, Vermont, IU17

■■

Talladega Iron. .Ma

6, B 937

luinaruok A 'ilng.. Ida..

Dividends . ... """

M. il, In track work

Tauawuh. Calll 631

Tanner, W. N

i,r Kiln, A. 940. 1028

rarbox Mng.. ■

9:io. 1 1 '- • J

I ■ , DCS

Metal i,,i'i and

nil, Min rals, 1917 1" :-

Taussig, F. u. Photo

Taxation— B. 0 BJ

—Colo 897

— Gt. Britain

—Mexico 160, 657, 798, h89, 969

Mining industry 568, U89

— U. s.. 808, 390, 503, 573, 701, 889, 113N,

9, 1147

A.I Ml 639

Amor. Mng. Cong., Utah Chup 30

llarrou, I. W., on 1090

1, .rials 076, 1057, 1187

i-ii.llts law 173

! p] 1 w ers 688

Gold DUg. and 873

Income tea reguli mine* 301

JopUn operators want amendment 446

lal

Supreme Ct. decision 1<>97

Zinc tax opposed 1183

— Utah 811

Taxing program. . Editorial 1018

Taylor. B. F.. died 34

Taylor, It H06

Teas, L. P. Sphalerite In ores 173

. Conservation 1055

Technical men needed 888

ie.k Hughes, Out 53, 17s. 856, 662, 900

Teddy Bear. Col,, 017, 805, 1025. 1109

Teknlk Club 1022

Telescope, Colo 37

Teller, Colo • ■ -813

Tellurn! Inimieiits. . . .44.. 617. 941

Tellurium and selenium 194

Temiskaming i North. Got. 11.11. Coinm. Heptt936
Temiskamlng, Ont., 36. 178. 400. 662, 704,

856, 9tw

— Annual report 308, 356

— Hover mine **|4

— Shareholders' meeting 530

Temperature, High— Effect on workers 9;t»

Temple Mng., Ark 531

Templeton, A. A », o

Tenderfoot Mng.. Ont ■ • • ■ ■ -018

Tennessee Coal, Iron .* E.B., 220, 795, 898, 1106

Tennessee Cop. sV Chem. Co 488

—Dividends 1019

Tennessee, Manganese °3o

Tennessee Manganese Co *8»

Tennessee, Mo *>3^

Tennessee^ — Open cut mug. views ^04

Tennessee Prod. Co ^84

Terrible, Colo J0^

Terry Tunnel. Colo Jl«»

Tests for flotation oils iZi

Texas & Nogales Mug.. Ariz »»»

Texas L'op. i Bfg. Co 4»»

Texas, Okla 982

Texas School of Mines »"*

Thackeray. Ont • :',?sj

Tharsis Sulphur & Copper Co., Annual report. 1180

Thawing frozen ground by let water 20

Thayer, B. B 8Ji

— Butte district „g'

Thayer. W. N. Ky. oil lields

Theory and practice of ball-milling.
.11 them devil-ho

editorial

Thief knot

Third Liberty loan. See "Liberty.

Thirty-Third EngTS 255

Thomas. C. S 1010

— On Silver bill • - • ■■•■ Bu*

Thomas Cruse Devel., Mont., 1.8, 308. 400.

.' 932

...'..'.'.'.'. 351. 1190

1 in held development 107

Zinc tax opposed 1183

Abstracts of current de-

t:

Thompson-Krist. nut 356, 814, s;,;. soy. 1020

Thompson. P. Gas and oil fields. W. Can. . . 1099

Thompson. W. B 34. 444. 761.977

— New Russia -?5

Editorial Jj>9

Printed in Cong. Rec ioo

— Rocky Mt. Club honors ^59

Thorium. U. S., 1917 review 135

Thornberry. M. H. Addition agents in flota-
tion '915

Three Forks Mlg.. Mont oof

Three Hundred and Nineteenth Engrs 44r>

Three Kids Nev • 775

Three Kings', Utah 178, 264. 356. 400

Three Sevens Gold Mng. Co 2.1

Three Star. Ont ■ »J6

Tie-tampers, Mechanical i«*j

Tightening small-pipe connections '516

Timber. Mine ..-• 344;,nXi

Timbering in recovering caved stapes..

rimes on "experts"

—On Schwab

•1.. ■

1143

158

Thomas, J. E

Thomas. K

Thompson, A. B.
Thompson. A. S.
Thompson, J. W.
cisions

809

874

[NEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Volume 105

—Pi

■

.'Ub.
1. I'tab

1171

1101

1017

7

59

1 tc'l
HI

■

1107

. J" ". ' "tr,.l

■ ... . _T ssten restrlctl, .....

■ ""' '• '! • :

222 I'ui Nevada

.,, ,;■■; Doll Oatman, Ariz

''.: R Bureau of Mines,"
leal, . ,, , etc.

'■'■'* ■* i a, ' 'IT

,222 ; ■■'_

606

' pi !!.!!!!! M"

Ion s-'

ntrol nil" ,88.

,8 S';'-'' 100«

1 ' i latman, Ariz iao'kiii' 'una

<n, a, .::::: :.lo23

. ...1102

ii" r matter.)
"Survey,"

1 142

1018

.1116

132

•29]
574

7:;.-,
398, is,;

.... 2a

Truing .nuikl'iu !!!!.'.'! " ,?,li

.... -*$

Lrtlnclal pebbles! ! M033

1058

- control

.
i :,

Okla

067

1051

1003

046

1059

1089

382

92

113S

974

184

537

172

...1139
134

I litorlal
I

Tucker, » . .\

i.bk'bY.
-W.I

I, 1110

-

1110

77"

I

— Gt. r.r

— Ma

nous. .

I

±m ore dtr-

Tobln. K. J

~:ambaugh Co.
Tofo Iron mines; Chile

Tomboy. Co*.. 3t,

-Annual rept '"■ ^\

— Dividends.

, Bjr

927

Jus
1194
Wolframite."

1023. 1061

8

1062

502

91

81. 938

90

7S0, 1176

'!::? TotiiiM.n'iT.Hi 7ds"aik inns

"l or,' "«

.1001 — ltussia

— U. 8., tmporU

tungsten,

— Manufacture, u

,

Tungsten Mil ,[,r

rungsten 1917 review ....
.?■} - In niuugaii.

—Portugal

a Imony

Should ii be

— arsenic

1 917 review ! ! ! ' '

v . [oyer ...
1 ' ...

nth

— Br.. ii, mi.. 19X7 '.','.

Ci i prbdm Hon '.'.'.'.

— Chrome Import control...

i!'i7 review " '

noli and distribution.!.' on?

Shortage x°'

— Chromite, production Inadequate'"

Imports restricted

—Coal see also i uel Idmin.". ".'.'. V/.".« so
Anthracite allotments ... -..«o,b<

Bituminous

("a I week

iervatlon '.'.'*'

I iistriliution .'.*.'.'.'.'

rtj to ('ana, la restricted
Mm,- facilities, 1917,

Preference list ....

Production, 1917 . . .'.'.

Editorial '.'..'.'

li.H.'s to pay full price So?

256

335
756

• inn?

920

1010

.26, 1137

1181

928

.... 429

754

86, 834

4

1110
106

tSSSII. Irmstead' mines!

Tunnel Petroleum. Calif! .'!!."

rnolui

— Annual mei

636
596
303

441

. isv

.1122
21

. 937

. 574
7(i4. 1150

........... ,iir-,||||— C,E

"« ;j:>^.->. Mining :::::: dll

. j rnraer, 0. a., died 42?

'nitration.' .604

!'l" Turnlnc n\-,.V'.,' ,;'..'.'',;.'."' U ■',''•.' '. •■ 937

— Dli

—Surf Inlet flotation practice"
Toaopab Exten.. tin.... . .

— Annua] r-

948
91

16

— Annual rep t . . H35

"4, ,.

102C 1064. 110!

•• '720

•>■'•■ 1110, lino
— Production' 1J35

818. 662. :

Toncpah Mn, L '"«>

— DlT. d

—Jim 1 ,?J2

662. T

Tooopah Pl.cer, C. r^S-KH

"Vt. appeal

"Ping.

789

927

.264, r,70

'

941, 1110

D

L.,ampe"' '1048

eaabl open-pit mine. . .

•

971

™any 839

1091
474

Shortage

Shutdown order . . . !

^Editorials

Eve. Post editorial

Whai caused crisis

Trad,, wants binding contracts 0U7

VVant drafted miners returned. rsv

-Conner diStribu,i<"' Wtm. .....: .\ .'.m, 8?a

('m "KdltoriaV •.■.■.■.•.■.-. 2i2-80U- ""J

Editorial *°°

Freight increase ...'.'.'...'.'.'. , ,'.''2

Import restrictions ... }V?*

I'roduction, 1917 ... «S

Imports and exports, IT,' 802, *888 ' 885
1916, ion 1041, '1141

211. 518

■„•• 253, 388

.170, 213, 257. 347
238
820

Turner, s

Turnink' over a new leaf

Turrel Cop. Mng. & Rfg., Colo. .'..'.'.'. 399

Tuscan ^99

Twenty-seventh Bi , , ,,, ...,- i'a

1-2. 217. 260. 30 12, 4 4,1. '479;

-Officers ... 521' SfJ.
Twin Bock, c.ilif J°9

was;;: : ,211 , 19" reTicw ■•■■•'•'.'.'..•.■.•.■.•.•.'.'.' •""'■ LV/i

w, h. Buys jopim land*.. ::.::::;.;1§§i z"'':,,!,j:':M!i"i""- .'.'.ew. Jio

DdltorlAl a,K „ 1U10. 1917 ' =o

° IOrlal ?« —Economic statistics Aj

— Bxport restrictions "J

— Gold 8G?

industry and standard ".'". !' ! M;-' RJ5

Mining. Editorial i,,v

Not curtailed
I'M 1-1917 ...
— Graphite

92N
869

'7, 487.' 1109
. 17,2

M

1 e-mill pebbies.

Tracing par
Trac.
TracR
Tra< •
Tra»!.
Trad-
Trade war.
,T.ar

-omm.
ie«s favors.

218

le, N

C. T. . . 990

rays harmful! !!.'!' ! oI2

Lncle Sam, Colo ,.?69

Cnderhlll n. j u4»

I'. 7... died.'.' I??

underwriters, Mo b 4

618. ,,■!. 770. 814, 900, 941, H82, 1026,

Basin Mng., Arl2 llV>,'1iii

Union Consol.. Nev., 17.-,. 222 264 ana ' Vi«

44S. 485, 576, 662. 704?' SSsTmE 'll47

"S5 ,:.s^:.ii

1147

J-A~J gme^'l^ii'o'ppoiei.'.lMJ

Union C Calif

op^atl';"'""' "" n"'' Ka'tangi-Minini

—Production. 88. 178. 252, "s'fifi. '<u. "o'r.n.
Union Oil To.. Calif

Iron and steel production . i.,

Situation ,ir

1H17 review 4£e

Import restrictions *i„

p,« •_■ 649

foVi '-. 395, 932. 1142

pr,Ce 608

V. S. Steefreport.'.'.'.V.'.'.'.-. 1148' "f*

Imports and exports ,n.

See "Labor." 6U6

—Lead, production, 1913-17. o,

Editorial | „"

Freight increase }lftl

Imports and exports. 17, 303. 424 ' 761

-Lime, 1917 l0°8. '"4J

— Mancanese .... 914

Districts ....:; .J0*

Editorial "•»

Import restrictions .. .'.'.' .' tit

1917 review fi5.

Price schedule .' "J

Editorial "??

Producers and consumers. tQ-

Imports and exports .. 7,??

• 262 Union Sulphur c, . "2()',?5?

Train alarms and llrht, .'.'.'! ?ij United Alloy steel Corp. . all

J"" war work. ,,,?J

,,„

I :

Tnin
Tranrvaal

.1015

', ■■ 200

*nom. Call

variationa gj

971, 1050

■ Jth Africa.
'«h3Si . '' '"-nerce. Wage

:::.'644.V42.'ii74

- ioSi

ilo byviecwneation:'.'.::::10!?

fpu, :.1,:,o;

United Eastern Mng., Ariz., so, 220 769

812. 864. 898. '1024

—Dividends, 1917 ?|4

g*J, i6V84'3'.l|

United ,. I:( -oi

I, 1109

-

OS' hnn ii ™ ... V"'ir'rcs ono exports „:,

-Meuit r,rod„-„„, ;: *j

Imports and exports, ins, ":io3,"('eVral *12

-Minerals. Eaitnrlar!.34*-.349:^8^^

-Mining. 1917 review ... . •■•■««. WS, 651

—Molybdenum, 1917 review an

Mo .He, Imports restricted.. iisa"

—Norway trade agreement. . . o?T

Sold Mng,.
I nlted Klntr!
— Bismuth ..

agreement

Imports and exports. 1917, ' 303',

(erratum) 349

134

...969. 1107
134

—Stamp anoe mfr. . .
W..
Oil Co.

Ion of mangane...

Kan.

742

163

. 128

425

•818. 820

248

1

— Cop; ,.

— Govt, control J^j

—Industrial safeguards '.'!.'.' S?|

MUr,.}-" "■<<>' Advis. < m . ;;,117

-Ja1«5?^.*^::::::::::::::::::::1»»

• I nese resources' '. '. '. '. '. '. '. '. ' ' '.'.'."' fjgl

—Pall,,, Hum. 1917 review....
Commandeered .

Editorial .'.'.'.' ' ' '

— Petr.leum

1 nomy urged 682' J"°

I ■ 1 051

Search for new pools ?J

Situation »7i

-Pho pliate rock. 1917.. ...'!.'.' All

V tern delay 10'9

Pl*l m, 1917 25?

',,:'mIcorf"1 47n'. '605.' '996.'ll07

o-»4

Editorial [[ 97^

rial

Price fixing.

January i toJuneSO, 1318 ENGINEERING and MINING JOl RNAL

21

!'■(•

i:.

i ..I i. .1 Stat ,/ ./ i

— Potash

opened

lin; prodttctioo

I'jnii'

Import restrictions

Principal consumers

Survey

Lmpoi I- and exports ■
Quid llvei .........

Katlroads, Sea "Railroad!

Salt

s. . oudarj metals

Selenium, L811 rovlavt

Spelter prodin I 1018 17

— Strontium, 1917 roviow

Suii'lmi'

— Sulphuric add

1917 production

Transportation

— Taxation. See "Taxation.

— Thorium, 11)1" review

in, conservation

Qonaumptlon, 1917

1017 review

19001917

Shipment advice .?;;

Situation ""i

Imports and axporta ™«

— Titanium. 1017 review ""

—Tungsten, Imports and exports •>«»

—Uranium, 11)17 revlevt
—Vanadium. 1917 review
— Ziue. Editorial

Situation

Smelting capacity . . .
Imports unit exports

138,

BOS

Ml

1142

I

1108

187

U

108

403

IH9

ISO

47
08
135
U73
973
471
471

13ft

I is.,
950
50
507
880

i Uca tloi 8 IUIUbi
I rugusj Bitumloou

\
"Pump."

hi. 1108

l'tgv

Baa

Vacuum pump
Vail, i' "

Vulli'J View, Calif

K.SD

Valuation, slanfanaas ores

Mill,'-

Milling prODI ">

Van Indite,' d'.'b 0 Dpi i hen

04.1
.... 548

. . . .•644

. 299

. 052
.1192
.♦198
. 591
. 218

. 937
. 21
. 941
. 13
82

135
094, 807. 1018. 1191

1191

09

17, 09, 303, 424.

701, 1003, 1141
135

801
519
474
049
83

384
•451

884
. .200, 843

..354. 574

—Zirconium. 1017 review

U. S. Chamber of Commerce.

— Americanization

—Daylight saving

— Favors trade war ■

— Water power legislation urged

0 s. Qypeum Oo., S. I>

r. s. Metals Refg. Co. :

— Hygiene for lead workers

— Laboratory, Chrome. N. J....

— Annual report

— Dividends

— Production

U. S. Steel Corp

— Annual report

— Service flag

— Wage increase

TJ. S. Tariff Commission. See

TJ S. Vanadium 30. 80

TJ. S. »». Calif. Trona Co....
United Tungsten-Cop.. Calif
United Verde & Pacific R

United Verde, Ariz

—Dividends. 1917

By months 32, 440. 050, 843 1019

—Freight rates case go"

United Verde Cop.— Liberty loan »•«

—War Savings Stamps. ........••.•■•• •••■ »•'

United Verde Exten. Mng...80. 30., W^^j^,

709
928

794

31

048

••Tariff."
354, 480, 940, 981

907

981

. E..".. 892

220, 1003, 1114. 1192
101

11. J. Young's discussion

Editorial

Copper ditirmlnitlon

van Birnevsld, 0, B • •• ■ • ■

Ooppar determination In oxidll, I P

Van Dcrllp, J. It • • ■ ■

Vau Mater. I. A. >» pyrrhotltc

Van Otttrand, 0 D. Deepest well

Van WagcDeii. 11. R ■

Vanadium, U. S., 1017 n view

Vsndcrboef, E. E •

Variations In transit needle

Vasco, Colo

Veatch, O

Velle Mines Corp., Okla "

Velvet. Okla •■•■• ,*!i

Veneiuela— Bur. of Mines projected

— Minerals, 1917

Ventilation fan, Schlotter

Ventilation. Bonne Terre, Mo

—Canvas tubing 3->> "<*' SSS

Venus, Colo

Verae &5b^ '&"&.' **'. '**\^U

Verde Inspiration. Aril..... J5*

Verde Tunnel & Smelter It. It <"*

Vermilion Silver Head. Mont «

Vermont— Manganese deposits ' ' «

—Talc, 1917 4£?

Vernon Mng. , Colo

Versatile tractor

Vlckers, T. O. Lock washers

Victor Amer. Fuel Co. alarm system . . . . . .

Victor. Colo 6-,:>

Victor Gravel, Calif

Victoria Chief, N. M ■•• ■■ .

Victoria, Mich ill ass 981

—Production *»■ 3o5,.|fli

Victoria mine, B. C Vn'oR " 1084

Victoria, Utah 1g-»- JSgJ

Victory Gold Mines. Colo 900. 1109

Vienna metal cement 'g"

vlrS^o^Coio: \\7:::««7 a* wl 1026. 1109

•■Vindictive"— Ostend raid •■■ »-"

Vinegar Hill Zinc. Wis. .......... • • ■ ■ • ■ -70. 9«

Vipond, Ont. See "Porcupine Vipond.

Vipont, Utah imoo

Virginia City, Calif.. Photo

Virginia Elkhorn Byprod. Coal. Ky....
Virginia — Manganese mng., Grimora...

Virginia Mng. Co.. Wash

Virginia — Pyrrhotite deposits

Open cut mines

Vise, "Chaingrip" pipe • • • •

Vegelstetn. L. & Co.. Metal situation.
Volatile platinum fraud

1008

■

LOU

I

030
009

1012

h3h
. 880

. . . . 620
BUI,
140, 780

.1102

.•208

. .1150

807

354

..1004

. . '293

. . «21

1025

. .1025
178

etc.

770
. 875
. 222
.♦198
.•418
.•084

216
. 805

1093

440

220

' 08, 83

927

348

oil fields.. '1080

U029

599

703

135

and Russian

275

141. 856, 1110

400, 485

— Annual report

— Dividends

— Production

United Zinc Smg. Corp

Universal Electric Welding Co . .
Unsinkable ships. Editorial...
L'nwatering — Cementation in 111

— Comstoek lode

— Siphon

Urad Mines, Colo

Uranium, U. S., 1917 review..

Urquhart, L. Irtysh devel.
situation

Utah Apex. Utah

Utah, Coal •• ■ ■.■ • • ■ • ■ v«mV

Utah Consol, Utah.— Dividends, 191.....-.-. 101
By months 32. 576 bob

Utah Cop. Co 1092

— Annual report , Jl

—Dividends, 1917 ■■■ *°*

, f* m°nthS .•■•.■.■.•.445. 788

— Labor lofil

— Leaching plant ■,•,■„■ ,io

—Paintings by J. Lie. . .... .•••• •••• ■• J °. gj

—Production 252, 400, 80b, Hoa. iiui

— Quarterily report ' ™i

— Taxation case 050

— Wage increase ° .

Utah Council of Defence J""

Utah Elaterite, Utah "^

Utah Fertilizer & Chem "i%

Utah Fuel Co.. Utah ■■•■ • ■ • ■ •■•■• °|

Utah— Labor *«. 615, 811. 853

Wage increase • ■ • ,iZi

Utah Leasing Co.— Flotation plant »«

— Flotation practice ^-g

UtahPMetai&' Bingham Canyon Tunnel, Utah. 141

—Dividends, 1917 x°^

By months 1110

— Production c7g

Utah Mine, Utah ~yi

Utah — Mineral land decision j>"|

Utah Mineral Paint °i?

Utah— 'Mining, 1917 review i?"

Utah Oil Men's Assoc SSJ

Utah Oil Shale. Utah "gf

Utah, Potash j(J23

— ???ite /.'.'. '.445, 811

— Silver • ■ R10

Utah Soc. of Engrs °iX

Utah — Sulphuric acid *rf,

—Taxation 7„i

Utah Zinc, Utah

W

-Production.

Waco Mng., Mo - • ■ • • - • • • ■ • ;397'.J? ?

Wadleigh. F. A. Oil Shale Treatment. Colo.
Wages. See also 'Labor' and

panies. „ .

Wage schedule, Calif, oil fields.

Wages and prices

Wages problem. Editorial.

Wages problem. Mexico

Wages, U. S. Editorial..
Wagon, Combat, Engineers
Waihl Gold Mng., N. Z.

- — Views

Wakefleld-Belber, Aria. . .

Waldman, Ont

Wales, Zinc ■■■

Walker, A. L. Metallurgy of copper

Walker Cop.. Calif

Walker, P. H. Chem. glassware

Walla 'walla OiY Gas and Pipe Line. Wash

Wallace, H. V

Wallace, L. R

Wallace, R. C. Manitoba mng. ••^■•••••59 95a

Nam - ol Com

... 796
... 298
... 30

557

935

«7

488

'240

488

576, «62

1118

94

1193

248

1060

397

P7S

34

119

Wallaroo & Moonta Mng. & Smg., AUS....59, »oa

Wallers. E. A 463

— Mng. in Transvaal „,

Walnut Creek Mng. & Mlg.. Aris 1063

^!ro^lngs'..ArlI:.::::::46o;576-,-942:nio

KaP,TDG°" r,d--precipi«fion--w.«h ^

charcoal »oV 013

Wanakah, Colo. adl' ?J|

Wanderer Mng., Calif wn' 8oq

Wandering Jew Co., Ariz »"• °||

Wankie Colliery Co.. Ltd 55g

War-baby mines 253

War Cabinet bill V5g' 345

— Editorials ' ' _' 432

War costs ' ' 359

War Credits Board

War Dept. — Inefficiency 2|g

— Organization chart •' 1053

— Picric-acid plants ' ■ 1(j9n

War Eagle, B. C V95 ' 1009

War Finance Corp

— Directors

— Colo, manganese owners
War. Ind. Bd. ..........

— Aluminum price fixed

887

897

. . .212, 517

1051

ft ^7

Chem. and Explosives sect "-

— Coal and coke preference

•.1. 1.. .

rial

, pi

s<

...

Steel price

H in r«J 1

Zinc prlct

War I abOl 1

Wat Labor '

1 1 ,,,,. 1

War no t

1 Ineral Appi

Dlsti [button ■••;••;; „;, '

War Mineral Con

i'p,,.. ed I mines ' torlal... 571

In 1917 • 2g7

— I', rite co ers ■

' ' "34

War risk Insurance V-V aaa

War Savlngi Stamps " • 6,fl

1.0 "-'" ' '1147

— Joplln dlst. campaign "947

— United Vi rde ,,37

War t" transtorm upl' ; '

War T..pi,s Shipping Bd.

Aduill.", "War Ind. lid. . Stl

— Business favors trade war

— "But the Englni n

— Chromite prod. Inadequate

— Cost • ;

Crisis. Editorial

.1 ed tape

—Daylight saving •■ ■•"•■

-Direction ■■! tbe war. IvHtorlal. . . .

ted men reclassified

Engineer officers wanted ...........

QxpanslC f Old I, moans pr, 1

- Financing "iir second >'->ir

— F 1 a mighty weapon. ■••••■

—For consideration of Gen. Stan

-Foreign trade ••■;■•••;.,','

—Foreign trade Sec. for Cabinet

—French lumber shortage

—German long-range gun ■;;;:''

Germany seeks Caucasus manganese..

Slant ordnance plant 2n

— Gold movement ' " ggg

—Gold stock threatened , , ,,

—Gun division to expand. . . . . • ■ c89

— Hoover favors minerals a, linn.

—Hoover on buying m ipoly . ■■ :,.,';

— Hoover 01 ■ ' 608

— Housing problem 4:;5 g40

— Imports control • ■ ■■• ■ 993

—Light breaks. Editorial m

— Magnesium in war ' 780

— Major things . . " '_ _ 519

— May control lumber r,,.,,

Must maintain gold reserve .... ' ' 187

—Nations at war •■•••• " \ \ 888

—Naval Appropriation I, ill 166

—Ordnance dept- reorganises

— Pershing gets steel .. .

Platinum commandeered ....

—Production must be balanced . . . . .

—Reconstruction of crippled soldiers...

— Registration day

ZKs°Ke-irouWe.^l..oria,::;

Ryan heads Aircraft Bd

—Senate against efficiency

— Serbian coal ...... ■•••.: ■ ■ •

Ship launchings in April

— Shipping capacity

State socialism and peace 3g7

—Steel after the war . . " . . 886

—Steel men pledge output 27

—Strikes delay ship building 34J

— Submarine losses •-•••■• "" 242

—Bun edit. Wilson ^15

— Trained men lacking 112g

— TJ. S. as employer........ ; 606

—War Cabinet to meet weeKlJ 27

— War Dept. inefficiency ■ • " 2o»

— War Dept. reorganized _ g3g

— ^War loan statistics 9g0

— War metals prices ■•••■.■■• " ggg

—War taxes spent as received • »

-What the R, Bs na,V',i?,?rniai .". . . . 611

—Whose war is it.' Editorial 92g

will restrict coal to canaaa. . . ■ • - —„

-W- spend $400,000,000 on buildings 563

—Year's expense below estimate «"»

War 'rrldfBd.-Copper imports restrlchons ^. 11||

— Export licences jrjjn

Import restrictions •■•■•,••' K89

—Imports not absolutely prohibited ||»

—License agents unnecessary 297

—Metal export to Norway S4

Monazite sand restricted ' ' ' 930

474

'.'.'.'. '. 335
. . . 340

213

. ."287

.... 519

-

. loea

344

B .1

518

483

210, 800

887

210

.754. 1104
. . 927
028

754

. .476, 605

478

..1172
..1010
.. 474
.. 298
.. 838
..1010
.. 166
.. 928
. . 348
.. 211
.1096

-Rubber Imports

Ward. C

Ward-Hopp case . . .

Ward, Nev

Waring. W. G. ... • .
— Zinc ores. Joplln

.1191

..1062

..1004

. .. 729

. .. 280

ENGINEERING AND MINING fOI RNAL

Volume 105

e» or d

r. 11

HUcb i.

- 5

in;
.. es9

tom

Wa« ■

- MUM ch»m:.t
Webb. H. !I
»(*1, W. II

Weldlelo. I

— Ultra
WVifir*

- B -i- ' :„• • '

Weil. r>
Welling!

174

. -

Bl

353

<8a

. 613
. 1T1
31
. 896
.1079
. 882

.1078
M

1028

1002

T>7

" harmful ; ,Ji

-.. J

.1090
1181

lis

San

141, 1193

■'SS

L171

mi;
I . I
1*1

got
1193

1060

Vdft

" ' 672

II1;i; . . NUll

"«l •■■ 1100

. t766
. 688

,-'
w

: : :

« :: n ::::

j

IV III!,'," ,'' a , 1. 887

I 7fl7

munlty Interest

X. \

X. Wages problem

• lights on Alaska. .

Page

797
887

I

Y.M

Yule ,\

Y.ml,.

1,1,

■' o,ai storage,

' r Ariz. .
Powne .mi-. Oo
-l-'lui. fullf

*602

.354, 940
897
354

£•" dlstrlit Ariz ;,.?*

'"">',. ii. Aril "J"

P a V v:.: ■

Ml lis A Imir, i. timony'
«i * Metal Medal presentation.'
1 ■ ' Ister, Calif. ...

Jai i. i M, in

rellov Jacket Mines Colo

i!"""" ,! .district, Ore deposits'."

xellow i' .Miit'., Nei

— Annual report ■ .
i" ads, nii7 ....
i

>". MO, 891, 1188
!,;u
Mir,
262, 702, 981

• 982

.81, 417, 1149

I.-.&

318, 450

893

161

Mental tests.

. . 617

. . 82

. 940

. . 978

.. 962

.88, 930

V.rl,, Ii. M.

fongj v m. ..

Oo Minn .""

Yorkshire lr„n ore deposits.. .

Iroerica, Calif.
Zonng, 0. M. Storage of ooai.'
Young. B. W.

G. J. . .

eachlng

Ark.
H. M.

M E

946

. . 591

■ ■ M5

661, 813.

1064, 1109
218. 927. 929

um salt

441

. 940
. 34

|

1 1 50
■ 440. 656

90o!' 9543!-
inc? • ...1068

— Photo 760

.::.ki:::-jjj_-_--.-..-8w

447

■

•

We,.

W««t J
— DIt: '
— Production

304

! " 981

.. 613
!l02S

.Mine lui-.i in cldents 427

I -rlSZ

Bun editorial" on...'.'.' "' 242

and g~™

Bditoriai '.'.'.'." 347

D, E jo»

rdor 008

'''''II"" fOI 914

: J R. A. Gravel i ps '"•615

tab .. 8fl«

\\ lm.ua Cop., Mich . 37, 22] 807 399" 447'

BM, L064, '1150

4. Tin, Va. . . K

• sport " ' ' in2

— Mfrs. meet Renua JJJi

Lzi

Bandied uovei.'.'"""".™
11 -Mine en ' ,22

Zinc, 1917 review 3H

'■ Zinc Co 70- /ii

>ln sine district ' 22

,?s

.1 .'.' i:2

ee, Sherman A Co.— Magnetic "con

Witwatersrand. See "Transvaal."

war5' "' Mo,*b<len,,n> Industry, Nor-

II. M. Mm;;:,,,,, i „|,:, .
wolf, A. G

32. 656

254

614

82

1117

364

'601

927

174

-Sink ,, ,,^A„,i,. ""•Wo^inSn
in Alaska ".'.'.:.'. 55|

J?™*-, "■.!'• j«nd goid deposits". ::.::::• Ul

ruMj mine, w. Australia -Gold praciplti:

Ynlra , ionaoi.', ' Colo'. '.'.'. 52?

—No. 17 dredge ,,°]

—Redrodglng operations .2

rnha Dredge, Calif. ... ' rA

Jnba Manufacturing Co. . ,Vnr

rnkor Uaska Trust Dividends, 1017" ,"{

Ry months .U' ,'oi

rukon Gold Co., Alaska :.".'.' ' ,22

—Annual report „"•;

—Dividends, 1917 .. ,»?

By months '.'.'. ,n- i,J

Jukon Hold Co.. Ida ei'sT 2?o

Tukon Gold Mug., Calif 4' 82, si?

Yundt, L. D„ Chemicals in flotation. . . 79?

Zalinski. E. R. Mining In Utah. ,
Zeigler flotation machine, Success, Ida.
Popular oil geology.

Zleglcr,

"Tungsten."

■ ■ ■ 1025
»,JO

IBS, «8i; 703

.1186

M8, 397. 900

•''»PParVt„,:.922
' V. nc metailnrity". '. "

'

III

Whart^r
WTiat ^an-«l

VPWl^!. , 7'

Ti^r^a'*

Wlltak.r OB ■ ' -488. ,n2fl ,n,14

• :

White Cap. ■•

;

,048
•
63
I "25
572
320
417
242
788
170

•1S1
68

WoUT, J. F

Wolflln, II. U

Wolfram — Q11.
—Slam ...

Tasmania

Wolframite. See also
'in, Kwangtung .
Wolverine and Ariz.. Ariz

lie. Mich

— Dividends

luctlon 3Q7

! Comm. tor 1

Womole, L. A

in anthracite Industry!
Wood -Fuel Value ....
Woodbrldge, D. W. .
Woodlawn Cop., utai .
Woodman Mng.. Utah

Woods, T s

Woodward iron. Ala'.' .'
Woodward, .T. it . died
Woodward, W N

.. S. A.

Woolfolk, \v. 1; ...

p

Work of petroleum ','.'.'.'.'.
Workers. Effect „i , „•,;•••■

""rl ':'.iiti.,ii Ariz

'

—Ida

—Mont '

World's Fair mine, Ariz

W^rei^'s'",,"" n'ln,~- rr"'""'i

Worth. 1
Wraith, \v.

.448.

779

614

304

937

.1171

1082

1032

24

.398. 702
399. 532

843

447, 70.3

211

!I37

840

16

1106

662

B76, 818

896

80. 1064

34

528

351

927

851

. ... 822
998

1147

. . . . 373
175
... 147
... 34
9S0
318
994
899

ZCtfdnr'. .W.'.L' "DilTf'n-"'i:'i SacTi" iinti fl'o'ta

— Mine forge

— Selective flotation ""....

Zellweger furnace

Zeppelins— Aluminum alloy' analysis'.

Zinc. See also ••Spelter"

— Algeria

— Ark., fleld

140

708. «711
T931S

•741
•291
485
558
425

—Morning G
Whit* C
Whltt. I,

■ .1024
»936

Wright. C

WH^'vf A- '
Wrtght-Hargreaves. n, 1 38,84

Wright. W. II. .

Wyandot. Ml,-h

Wyaodotte Mi
Wyoming

1146

• . 572

.731. 7». 767, 079

10R4

810

.221. 307. 770

630

263

1017 prod .'.'."

— Australia

ConeentrateB . .'.

Zinc Basin, Ark.

Zinc Basin, Mo.

Zinc, Calif.. Shasta. 1910

Zinc Camp, Ark

Zinc — Canada, Bountv

1917 ...'.'.'.'.'

Zinc carhonate In leari-silver.

Zinc charge

—Grinding and briquetting.'.
Zinc, China. Amer. market

—Determination

■ — Distillation furnace
Zinc Hill Mng., Mo

Zinc — Flotation

Zinc industry situation ..'.'.'

Zinc — Japan

— Joplln dist

1917 review

Zinc market. 1917. Voeelsteln ft CoV's review' 216
Zinc metallurgy. 1917 review...
Zinc, Mexico, tax. . .

Mo

—Pneumatic mill, Morning. ' Ida '

—Price

— Refining

— Rolling mill, Mo. .'.'.'.'.'.'.'.

smelting possibilities, Tonkin
Zinc sulphate In flotation..

Zin"s,LL„K:,i,-ln's ■«9*:'8w.'voi8.'

Smelting capacity []] ll2«

Imports and exports 17 89 308 * 424

-Wale. *61- i0o:M,14'

—Wis.. 10,7 review'..'.'.' "12

Zlrconlnn, Niekel hardening . ." ' om

—Properties and uses ,?2

Zirconium steel for -rmor plates" .'.'.' 1079

Zirconium - IT. s. 1917 review ' EK

Zone system for fw] distribution 870

Zook. J^ E. Joplin district 7a

Zuma, Okla -T2

Zuma. TJtah WW.' ■ ,??n

7„r,l r«tn 704. 1110

•""" Cn,° 399. 899. 1063

1174

»313

300

939

1013, 1024

1192

355

445

306

110s

690

256

558

370, 883. 1175

234

386

«467

446

'707. «74,

807

1059

280

70

.96, 558

657

616

«708

768, 939, 1012

1083

176, 262

316

916

Engineering and Mining Journal

January 5, 1918

Volume 105

Nun.

DREDGING FIELD AT OROVILLE, CALIF., WHERE REDREDGING HAS BEEN PRACTICED SUCCESSFULLY

Redredging — Will It Pay?

By WALTER H. GARDNER*

19 to Apr. 7, 1910, California No. 2 dredged from one

property to another through old tailings, but no attempt
was made to dig to bedrock, the moving of the dredgs
being the only desideratum. The cost of transfering the
dredge was $7900, and the gold recovered from the tail-
ings handled amounted to only $360. But in this case
every factor was in favor of a high recovery from the
original operations. Boston No. 4, however, will be
tried on an entirely different basis.

If the tailings are dredged, according to the plans
practically decided upon by the company, Boston No.
4 will be reworking ground that was dredged a long
while ago by Boston No. 1 dredge. Gold-saving devices
then were far from modern. No quicksilver was used ;
the gold was caught on cocoa matting and the tablas
were cleaned up every day. The ground that was
dredged was comparatively rich, running about 19c.
per cu.yd. Boston No. 1 was a Risdon dredge, which
lacked the efficient appliances now found on the up-to-
date dredge. There is evidence that the dredge did not
dig to bedrock in some places, therefore it is expected
that the gold recovered will more than pay the cost of
operation under the proposed plan.

Most of the California dredging companies have had
some experience in redredging. Several years ago the
El Oro Dredging Co., at Oroville, ran through an area
of gravel and heavy clay. This clay probably had formed
from the kaolinization of the gravel in place. The gold

Oroville Dredging, Ltd., has practically decided to
redredge the ground formerly worked, near Oro-
ville, Calif., by its Boston No. 1 dredge. It is be-
lieved that this can be made -profitable with the
use of the company's Boston No. 4 dredge, as the
earlier types lacked equipment provided in mod-
ern dredges. Some previous attempts at re-
dredging have been failures, although the Na-
tomas Co., at Oroville, has succeeded in securing
a large yardage at costs 40% less than those re-
quired for virgin operations.

OROVILLE Dredging, Ltd., will complete the op-
erations now being carried on with its Boston
No. 4 dredge early in 1918 and the question will
then come up as to whether the management will scrap
the dredge or continue its operation in tailings that
have been deposited from former dredging operations.
It is necessary to determine if there is sufficient gold
remaining in the adjacent old workings to make re-
dredging worth while.

A previous experience of this company was somewhat
discouraging, although conditions were radically differ-
ent from the plan now under consideration. From Jan.

•1204 Oakland Ave., Piedmont. Calif.

ENGINEERING ANP MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 1?5, No. 1

tounted to about 22c. per cu.yd.. but the
i< h so that Bometimos
imbedded pebble in tw i
tie day. The bank had t '
to till the buckets resulted i:i
a lui . that passed through the screens, and

i then th< loubtful as to whether thej

og up this ground sufficiently to recover all
ter the opportunity came
■.he richest part .round. The re-

worked out. and the
old dredge w abandoned near this par-

tent was high and the first washing, to some extent, was
incomplete, or course this redredging is not conclusive

proof that some of the gold does not remain in the
ground. In fact, there is little data to show the effi-
ciency of the modern dredge, as far as gold recovery is
concerned.

Redredging Operations op Isabel Company Failed on
Account of Clay Deposits Encountered

Some years ago the Isabel Dredging Co., of Jenny
Lind, Calif., dug up ground that ran about 26c. per cu.yd.
over a considerable acreage. Overlying 10 ft. of gravel

TCBA NO. 16 IX REDREDGING OPERATION AT HAMMOXTOX, CALIF.

EARLY CALIFORNIA DREDGES. REDREDGING MAY BE ATTEMPTED' OX THIS PROPERTY

ticular spot. It was decided to continue the operations
of the dredge and determine if the seven years of
weathering had completed the disintegration of the
clayey gravel. The following results were obtained for
the first of the three months during which the dredge
worked in the tailings: First block, original yield 12c.
per cu.yd., redredged yield 3.1c; second block, original
yield 22c. per cu.yd., redredged yield 3.Gc; third block,
original yield 26c. per cu.yd., redredged yield 2.1c. In
all, 235,022 cu.yd. of tailings were handled. Under the
operating conditions, the returns were less than the
cost, so the dredge was finally dismantled. This expe-
rience would indicate the improbability of successful
redredging in California. In this case, the original con-

was 10 ft. of clay, and this was covered by another 10
ft. of loam. The clay rendered dredging operations
difficul' and tended to "rob the tables" so that a good
deal of c uicksilver was lost. When the gold recovered
from the tables was checked against the gold in the clay
coming in in the buckets the results showed that the
tables were saving only about 46% of the gold brought
aboard. Therefore, when the opportunity came about
a year ago to redredge, every indication pointed to a
high yield. However, the recovery was only 2c. per yd.
and the dredge ran only about three weeks in an attempt
to save more than this. The failure of the redredging
in thi3 case was due to the fact that this particular clay
did not disintegrate and was just as difficult to handle as

January 6. L918

ENGINEERING A.ND MINIM. J01 RNAL

when fust drsdged. Those In chari a o are

0f the opinion that, undoubtedly, the ground could be
dredged over several times and approximate^ 2c. per
yd. would be ra overed each time. The same dredge is at
present working in tailings of the old Calaveras pi
arty, but the results have not as ye1 been announced.

Natomas Company Kkdkkih-.inc at a Profit

The only successful redredging on a large scale has
been accomplished at Oroville, Calif., by Feather River
No. 1 dredge of the Natomas Co., which has been dig-
ging in the tailings of the old Couch dredge, the pioneer
in this territory. The Couch dredge had no save-all.
was operating in a pond where spring freshets raised
the water level so that the buckets could not reach bed-
rock, and dug by the old "chopping up and down method"
while a modern dredge swings from side to side, tin
buckets revolving as it swings. The Couch dredge
dug in one place while the ladder was slowly lowered,
the buckets were then raised, the dredge was moved
over 10 ft. and the operation repeated. This was soon
found to be a wasteful and inefficient method. Feather
River No. 1 has made good profit from redredging this
old ground. No difficult digging has been encountered,
yardages as high as 300,000 cu yd. per month have been
secured, and the cost of operation has been about 60' c
of what it would have been in virgin soil.

Redredging Not Usually Profitable If First
Operation Is Thorough

Of the thousands of acres of dredge tailings in Cali-
fornia, it is doubtful if any great percentage will ever
be redredged at a profit. If the ground was properly
dredged originally, it is safe to say that reworking will
not be profitable. If, however, there is some gold re-
maining, redredging at a profit may be feasible, as in
some deposits considerable gold may have been left in
the ground, due to the following causes: (1) Anti-
quated or inefficient equipment may have failed to dig
gravel to bedrock or recover gold. The cocoa-matting
gold-saving devices of former days were not satisfac-
tory. Some of the old dredges did not carry sufficient
riffle area and some had no save-all. This latter is an
important item, as instances are reported where save-
alls, when installed, recovered sufficient additional gold
to take care of the payroll of the dredge. (2) Where
low gold recovery was made, excessive clay may have
robbed the tables and prevented complete washing of the
gravel. An inadequate water supply may give the same
result. (3) There have been many instances where a
digging ladder was not long enough to reach bedrock.
This was true in some of the early workings of Yuba
Consolidated Gold Fields. It was true in the instance
of the Couch dredge, which floated in an open pond, sub-
ject to the rise and fall of the river, and during flood
times a 25-ft. ladder could not reach bedrock. Before
the double-cut system, which makes use of double-
stackers, was generally adopted, the single-cut or single-
stacker was used. This tended to leave windrows in
the dredged ground. Other instances also are on record
where operators, in an effort to procure a high yardage,
failed to dig to bedrock. There were many other cases,
also, where it was deemed inadvisable to take a last
bedrock cut. Values were high, but it was impossible
to get full buckets.

In . : that redredging I

likeh t" prove profitable where tl nd wa thoi

hi the. tir t plai e it must !»• rem.
bered, however, that to appl} a modern dredge Into old
is to incres e the yardage obtained and there
fore decri -1 operation per cubic yard. Un-

dei th i nditions, many hundred thousand cubic

yards of tailings ma> be reworked at a profit,

Adjustment of Miners' Wages on

tin- Rand

The u.i". i •■ lie paid white mine WOrkere "H tile Hand
are stipulated in an . a\ which has been made

between the Hand Mine Workers' Union and the Trans-
vaal Chamber of Commerce. The London Finarn
Times id' Nov. 5 quotes the following details of the
compact:

"It is to be distinctly understood that the rates of
day's pay provided hereunder are minimum rates, below
which no person employed on day's pay is to be paid,
and that the establishment of these minimum rates shall
in no way interfere with those who are already on day's
pay, and in receipt of higher rates, or in any way pre-
vent the payment of such higher rates in future. The
gold mining companies, members of the Chamber, under-
take: (1) Not to engage for underground work a man
in any capacity, other than as a learner, at a rate of
pay less than 12s. 6d. ($3) per shift, and not to pay less
than this rate to any man who has had six months' ex-
perience underground on any mine or mines. (2) To
pay at least 15s. ($3.60) per shift to any man employed
on day's pay who has had 15 months' experience in any
underground occupation in any mine or mines. (3) Not
to employ any man on day's pay in any one of the occu-
pations referred to in Group 1 at a rate of pay less
than 20s. ($4.80) per shift who has been employed two
years in any one or more of such occupations, or at a
rate of pay less than 16s. 8d. ($4) per shift who has
had 15 months' experience in underground work on any
mine or mines, nine months of which have been in one
or more of such occupations. I 4 i Not to employ any
man on day's pay in any of the occupations referred
to in Group 2 at a rate of pay less than 20s. ($4.80) per
shift who has been employed two years in the particular
occupation in which he is, or is engaged to be, employed,
or at a rate of pay less than 16s. 8d. ($4) per shift who
has been employed 15 months in underground work on
any mine or mines, nine months of which have been in
the particular occupation in which he is, or is engaged
to be, employed.

"The following are the occupations referred to in
Clauses (3) and (4) as above: Group 1, machinemen,
hammermen and timbermen; Group 2, platelayers and
pipemen, truck repairers, pump chargemen, masons or
stonewallers (excluding waste packers), and ropemen.
(5) That persons employed on day's pay as mechanics
— namely, men qualified in any of the trades included in
the definition of mechanics in the joint agreement be-
tween the representatives of the Chamber of Mines and
the mine employees, dated July 26, 1915, who are actual-
ly required to practice such trade in any underground
occupation — shall be paid not less than 22s. 6d. ($5.40)
per shift. It should be noticed that in accordance with

[NEERING AM' M IN INC JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 1

the - above such men as Bkipmen, tram-

mer- arc guaranteed ■ minimum

not less than 1" B Bhift after r.

■ ground on any mine or mines.
"Th. areation between the various classes

ing the different groups is fairly well
defined, and. although the adoption of this scheme does
not the introduction of a schedule Betting

forth the pay vi each underground occupation, it is pos
sible that such a schedule may eventually come into be-
ing, and for that reason it is considered to be most
important that the mines adopt a uniform method of
naming the various underground occupations so as to
avoid the confusion which now arisi

WEBB OP IS Hoiks Rank to Rank

"On the question of a 481-hour week, bank to bank,
the actual terms of the Chamber's offer are: As from
Jan 1. 191S. the underground working week to be ISi
hours bank to bank: the length of each shift to be
counted from the 'first skip down' to the "first skip up,'
the Saturday shift to be at least one hour shorter than
the weekday shift, provided that the short shift shall
not necessarily apply to developers and shaft sinkers if
mutually arranged to the contrary between the mine
management and the individual concerned, such mutual
arrangement being, of course, subject in any case to the
requirements of the existing law and of mining regula-
tions. These proposed arrangements are subject to cer-
tain mines, not exceeding six in all, being exempted
from the arrangements, and also to the union undertak-
ing that it will not again raise the question of working
hours until at least three months after the declaration
of peace. 'In the case of Randfontein, the present 48
hours per week bank to bank would, of course, still re-
main in force, but the Saturday shift would be short-
ened and the weekday shift correspondingly lengthened.'
These terms were also accepted. With regard to the
employment of colored labor, the Chamber undertakes
to maintain the status quo.

Temporary War Bonus Provided

"The additional war bonus offered as from Sept. 1
is an extra 10s. ($2.40) per month for each 'total de-
pendent'— wives and children only coming under this
heading. The offer is that this additional bonus shall
be applicable to all employees earning up to and includ-
ing £30 ($146) per month. Between £30 and £32 10s.
($158.13) per month a similar bonus, but at 7s. 6d.
($1.80 ) per dependent, would be given; and between
£32 10s. ($158.13) and £35 ($170.33) per month, 5s.
($1.20) per dependent. It will be observed that the ad-
ditional bonus, like the present bonus, does not apply
to single men without dependents. The Chamber looks
upon the war bonus entirely as a temporary measure to
meet special conditions arising through the increase in
the cost of living due to the war. On the question of an
additional allowance to single men with dependents, the
variety of dependency is so great that the Chamber
prefers that each case should be treated on its merits
by the mine concerned, as far as possible on similar
lines to the above additional scale, it to be open to any
individual who considers he has been unfairly treated
to bring the matter to the notice of the Chamber for
inquiry. The war bonus was also accepted."

Work of Bureau of Standards

Since the war began, all branches of the U. S
Bureau of Standards have been conducting researches
on technical problems of military application. Routine
activities, however, have not been overlooked. The
chemical investigations of the Bureau included the de-
velopment o( new methods of analyzing steel and other
materials; study of platinum purity; cooperation upon
military researches involving chemistry, such as the
preparation of special gases and combustion gas de-
tectors, and chemical researches and materials testing
in great variety and quantity for the Government.
Technologic achievement comprised a wide range of
researches into the special technologies of the metals,
cement, clay, clay products, lime, stucco, paints, roof-
ing materials, and miscellaneous materials, such as
paper, textiles, rubber, leather, glass and the like. The
results are published by the Bureau in a series of
about 20 technologic papers issued from time to time
during the year.

The standardization work has comprised the making
of 155,000 tests of weights, measures, measuring instru-
ments, and materials; promulgation of a new standard
screen scale for unifying the sizes of industrial sieves;
establishing a new gage standard laboratory for testing
munitions gages; standardization of master scales in
21 states and of the master scales of the American
Railway Association; extension of the work on alti-
tude measuring instruments to include all varieties
of aviation instruments, and a large number of special
researches in physics of materials.

The report describes much interesting work on
standards for electrical measurements, radio researches,
practical tests of the Bureau's radio fog-signaling sys-
tem, radio direction finder, magnetic system of testing
steels to ascertain quality for tool making, rail making,
ball bearings, and the like; standardization of radium
and radio-active preparations, including radium lumi-
nous paints for watch dials and the dials of aviation
instruments; inauguration of the work on X-ray stand-
ardization, improved methods of light measurement,
and the important work of safeguarding underground
structures from the damage caused by stray electric
currents.

The optical work of the Bureau is of special interest
and includes the precise measurement of wave lengths
of various colors for use as standards in optometry;
red and infra-red photography as applied to the photog-
raphy of the spectra of laboratory materials, and of
the stars and the sun; optical methods of finding im-
purities in materials; standardization of optical appa-
ratus such as camera lenses, field glasses, range finders
and similar equipment, and analysis of radiation with
respect to energy distribution. The regular growth of
the Bureau and its special expansion on account of war
demands have resulted in the construction of several
new laboratories and a 60% increase in the staff.

Manganiferous Iron Ore Shipments from mines near Sil-
ver City, N. M., have totaled over 31,000 tons since April,
1916, according to Iron Trade Review. The ore averages
16% manganese, 35% iron, 6% silica and 0.012% phos-
phorus and has been sent to the Colorado Fuel and Iron Co.
at Pueblo, Colo., for conversion into spiegeleisen.

Januarj 5, 1918

ENGINEERING AND MINING fOl RNAL

Tin Deposits of Irish Creek, Virginia

By 111:m:y G. FERGUSONf

Cassiterite from Rockbridgt County, Virgins
was first identified in 18U6. Between 1882 and
1893 several haphazard attempts were made to
mine the tin lodes of Irish Creek, Though the
oreshoots worked in the past were nol large,
there is some hope that systematic development
might be rt warded. Little < rosion of the tin veins
has occurred ami no placers of commercial size
exist in this section.

CASSITERITE from Irish Creek, Rockbridge Coun-
ty, Virginia, was identified as early as 1846, but
the discovery seems to have been forgotten and no
attempt at mining was made until the occurrence was
rediscovered in 1882. Between 1882 and 1893 several
attempts at mining were made and one company built
an expensive mill. The work was apparently conducted
in a haphazard manner and litigation over titles added
to the difficulties of mining. The only tin produced was
a small amount smelted in blacksmiths' forges from the
high-grade ore and a little from the concentrates pro-
duced during experimental runs of the mill. As far as

The tin-bearing veins occur in a granitic rock of
peculiar type which outcropa around tl atera oi

Irish Creek. Thi I i entiall] of orthocl

quartz, andesine ami hypersthene, with minor amounts

of hornblende, t tanite, apatite ami, rarely, biotite. it
may be termed a hypei th me granodiorite. Except fo*
a greater amount of quartz, it appears to be essentially
similar to the rock occurring in large amounts else-
where along the Blue Ridge, called akerite by Watson.

The I iite occupies a considerable

area along the crest of the Blue Ridge and to the east-
ward. East of the divide, however, its appearance is
greatly altered, due to replacement of the ferromagnesian
minerals and a pari of the feldspar, particularly the
plagioclase, by epidote, giving the rock called unakite.
The age of the rock is probably pre-Cambrian, although
no direct evidence was obtainable in the area.

A normal granite consisting of quartz, orthoclase, and
biotite was found in places between one and two miles
west of the tin deposits, but does not appear to occur
over a large area. The other rocks of the Irish Creek
area are chiefly granitic gneisses, commonly consisting
chiefly of quartz and orthoclase, with varying amounts
of ferromagnesian minerals, of which biotite and horn-

,-~-' Blackburg ^ J-'

' Salem Lynchburg

N

Richmond \. '*, ^

SKETCH MAPS SHOWING TIN DEPOSITS OF IRISH CREEK, VIRGINIA

known no work other than a little prospecting has been
done since 1893.

The district lies in an isolated portion of the state,
just west of the summit of the Blue Ridge. The old
mine may be reached either from Arrington, on the
Southern Ry., a drive of 29 miles, or from Vesuvius, on
the Norfolk & Western Ry., 12 miles by road. The
country around the head of Irish Creek is hilly, but the
relief is not so great as in the valleys to the north and
south. According to Winslow,1 tin-bearing veins have
been discovered at various point northward from James
River Gap as far as the northern boundary of Rock-
bridge County, but it is only around the headwaters of
Irish Creek that development work has been done.

•Published by permission of the director of the U. S. Geological
Survey.

tU. S. Geological Survey, Washington, D. C.

'Winslow. A.. "Tin Oie in Virginia," "Eng. and Min. Journ.."
Vol. 40. p. 320 (1885).

blende are the most prominent. It is assumed that since
the gneissic structure is lacking in the granodiorite, it
is younger than the gneiss. Dikes of nelsonite, a fine-
grained rock consisting of ilmenite and apatite, were
observed in several places. Small aplite dikes were
found near the cassiterite veins. These showed es-
sential quartz and orthoclase, with muscovite and fluor-
ite as accessories.

Cambrian sediments occur along the steep ridge
northwest of the upper reach of Irish Creek. It is
probable that along this ridge the contact with the
granodiorite and associated rocks follows a fault plane.
About two miles southwest of Irish Creek post office,
however, the sediments appear on the banks of Irish
Creek apparently overlying the older crystallines. Small
irregular areas of sediments, which appear to have been
preserved by folding, were also encountered south of
the headwaters of Irish Creek. Small dikes of diabase

INEER1NG AND MINING lolKNAI.

Vol: 105, No. 1

occur throughout the region. These are in all proba-
bility later U ither rocks of the area and appear

ug quarti veins.
The re as were found only in a limited area near the
about two miles west of the cresl
of the Blue ! Ml the old workings are caved and

part the veins are covered. The principal
nni.- . slightly bluish in color and dense and

ance Cas as a rule occurs along

of the vein, usually in fairly large crys-
talline D i also in extremely small grains in the
altered wall rock adjacent to the veins. In the course
the old mining operations large vugs lined with cas-
tata were found in a few places. The color
is brown or gray. Rusty brown siderite is in places a
common vein mineral, and like the cassiterite follows
■ ly the walls of the vein. At first sight it is easily
mistaken for cassiterite, owing to the resemblance in
color and occurrence The cleavage is, however, dis-
tinctive. In part the siderite is found altered to porous
limonite.

-ive arsenopyrite and pyrite were found on
one of the old dumps, and small grains of pyrite occur
sparingly in the altered wall rock of some of the veins.

Numerous Other Minerals Besides Cassiterite

:' the arsenopyrite quoted by Hotchkiss1 show
a content of 38 oz. silver and 0.1 oz. gold per ton. Wol-
framite, together with a little scheelite, has been found
in the old workings south of the mill. An assay of con-
centrates consisting chiefly of siderite, pyrite, ilmenite,
and cassiterite, showed 0.429i WO... Other minerals
present are beryl, fluorite, and muscovite. Beryl in long
slender crystals was found as an important constituent
of one small quartz vein and also occurs in microscopic
grains in the altered wall rock at one locality. Fluorite
is an important constituent of the altered wall rock
close to the veins, but was not found in the veins them-
selves, though it also occurs as an apparently original
constituent of the small aplite dikes in the vicinity of
the veins. It is commonly colorless or white and only
rarely shows a faint purple tinge. Muscovite, a rare
constituent of the veins themselves and usually found
close to the walls, is the most important mineral in the
altered wall rock.

The veins are everywhere accompanied by a peculiar
greisen-like alteration product consisting essentially of
muscovite and fluorite with minor amounts of beryl,
siderite, cassiterite, quartz and ilmenite. This quartz is
for the most part a residual from the unaltered grano-
diorite, although close to the veins secondary silicifica-
tion has taken place. The ilmenite is also residual from
the granodiorite. This altered zone varies in width
from a few inches to several feet.

Old Workings by Opencut, Tunnels and Shafts

As far as can be judged from the old prospects, the
veins are not continuous over long distances, nor are
the widths at all constant; and, according to local in-
formation, the amount of cassiterite present varies
greatly within short distances. Most of the early work
seems to have been done on the veins which outcrop on
the hill south of the mill, known as the No. 2 workings.

There are several small opencuts, two caved tunnels,
probably of considerable extent, and one shaft, said to
have reached a deptli of GO ft. Two quartz veins out-
crop aboul 40 it. southwest of the shaft. These show a
width of ."> and 10 ft. of white quartz and are separated
by about ."> ft. of altered granite. The strike is N 50°
E and the dip is til) SE. A parallel vein outcrops about
30 ft. to the southeast, and a few fragments of quartz
containing large crystals of cassiterite and several
pieces of nearly pure cassiterite were found here.

Vein in No. l Workings Dipped Steeply to the South
The No. 1 workings are near the bed of the south fork
of Irish Creek, about 500 ft. southeast of the mill. Here
the principal vein has a strike of N 87° W and dips
steeply to the south. It has been followed by tunnel and
opencut for a distance of about 200 ft. eastward from
the stream. The old workings have a maximum width
of 12 ft. This, however, undoubtedly includes both vein
and altered granite. At the eastern end of the work-
ings the vein has a width of from 1 to 3 in., with a
band of altered granite on either side. A little cas-
siterite is present in the quartz close to the walls of the
vein and microscopic grains of cassiterite occur in the
altered wall rock. According to local report, the work-
ings followed a streak of nearly pure cassiterite along
the hanging wall. This varies from a knife edge to
about 2 in. in thickness, with occasional larger pockets
in which large crystals of cassiterite were found in vugs.
About 100 ft. north of this vein a small opencut exposes
a 3-in. quartz vein carrying a considerable amount of
beryl in long slender crystals and small plates of mus-
covite. The granodiorite adjoining the vein is intense-
ly altered, but here the alteration consists of replace-
ment of the original rock by an aggregate of muscovite
and beryl, rather than muscovite and fluorite, as in the
other veins. No cassiterite was found in this vein.

The other prospects seen in the district are too badly
caved to afford evidence as to the size or direction of
the veins. The veins which outcrop on the ridge north
of the schoolhouse and the hills north of Painter's house
show fragments of altered granite and quartz on the
dumps, but no indication of valuable mineralization was
found in the others.

Average Grade of Ore About One Per Cent.

Older reports on the district contain large numbers
of assays, many showing high percentages of tin, but
for the most part are too indefinite to be of much value
in determining the grade of ore. Hotchkiss' gives the
results of a large number of assays showing a tin con-
tent of from 0.1 to 13.79%. The report by Winslow,4
gives assays from two veins showing a tin content of
from 0.63 to 1.12%. Benedict5 gives the following rec-
ord of test runs of the mill: 90 tons assaying 3.44% Sn
gave concentrates assaying 43.44 rr ; 75 tons assaying
3.28% Sn gave concentrates assaying 40.40% ; 125 tons
assaying 3.26% Sn gave concentrates assaying 45.07%.

None of the veins was sufficiently well exposed for
sampling at the time of my visit, but samples were
taken of the material, chiefly altered granodiorite with
minor amounts of quartz, in the ore bin of the mill;
from a pile of crushed ore left on one of the vanners,

•BotctakteB, .1 Silver and Oold in Virginia Tin Belt:
Virginias." Vol 4. p. 1S8 (1883).

"The

•'"Mineral Resources," 1885. pp. 372-375

CII . p :: !fl
"'.Mineral Industry." 1892. Vol 1. p. 455.

January ■">. \'.n»

ENGINEERING AND MINING J01 RNAL

aiul from a heap of coarse concentrates on the floor of
the mill. These last showed much siderite and ilmenite,
easily removable with an elect romagnot. together with
a large proportion of quart/., muscovite ami fluorite,
which might have been removed by better gravity con-
centration. These samples were assayed by Ledoux &
Co. with the following results: Material from ore bin,
0.30r, Sn; WO,, none. Material from vanner, 0.21 $
Sn; WO,, none. Concentrates, 15.809! Sn; WO, 0.-12',.
The discrepancy in tenor of the ore as shown by these
assays, compared with the assays quoted above, may per-
haps be accounted for by assuming that the mill runs
quoted by Benedict were made on selected ore and that
in the final stages of operation an attempt was made to
run low-grade material in order to show a large ton-
nage. Moreover, according to local information, the
pieces of ore showing visible cassiterite were not milled,
but picked and broken by hand. It is probable that the
assay returns given by Winslow most closely approxi-
mate the true tin content of the veins.

Little Possibility of Tin Placers

The stream sands of Irish Creek and neighboring
streams were panned in order to determine whether pos-
sibilities for placer mining existed. The concentrates
consist chiefly of ilmenite, with minor amounts of epi-
dote and other minerals as yet undetermined. In sev-
eral samples a few grains of cassiterite were present,
but nowhere in sufficient amount to give indication of
workable placers. From the fact that small patches of
the sediments were found in the neighborhood of the
tin deposits, it is believed that the tin-bearing veins
themselves have been but slightly eroded since Cambrian
times, and consequently only a comparatively small
amount of cassiterate has been released.

In conclusion it may be said that the district offers
some hope of reward for systematic development of the
discovered veins and a possibility that prospecting con-
ducted in the area of hypersthene granodiorite along the
Blue Ridge in this vicinity may uncover other deposits.
The best indication of a possible tin deposit appears to
be the presence of the muscovite greisen-like alteration
product of the granite. As far as observed, this altera-
tion everywhere accompanies the tin-bearing veins, and
where float of fragments of muscovite-fluorite rock is
found on the hillsides it should be followed up care-
fully. Panning of the soil of the hillsides may also lead
to new discoveries. It seems probable that areas in
which the granodiorite has suffered extensive epidoti-
zation will be found less favorable than regions in which
the rock is unaltered.

Tin Deposits of the Carolinas

The presence of cassiterite at many places in the
Kings Mountain district of North and South Carolina
has led to prospecting and attempts at mining, accord-
ing to a report1 issued recently by the U. S. Geological
Survey on the tin resources of that district. In at
least one place — the Ross mine, near Gaffney, S. C. —
placer mining was temporarily profitable. Most of the
work on the lodes, pegmatite dikes carrying cassiterite,
was done at a loss, but the results are not conclusive.

Engineers' ( lombat Wagon

Each engineer regiment in the United states Army
has two tool wagons, or combal wagons, which contain
all the equipment for the pioneer work of 1 1 1 < - company.
The pioneers are distinguished from the pontonii

the latter have a bridge train with ■ anvas pontons. The

pioneers ilo the digging, building, repairing, surveying,
mapping, etc., and the engineer tool wagon contains

all the tools. It is a joy and a marvel to the lay
engineer that it can carry so many different tools ami
so many of each, not to mention a camera and complete
developing and printing equipment, and a complete sur-
veying, map-making and zinc-O-graph map-reproducing
outfit, so that a survey completed at sundown can be
mapped and everybody concerned have a copy of the
map by morning. Saws, hammers, shovels, caps, fuse
and dynamite all in one wagon is contrary to the deca-
logue of the mining engineer, but is justified by mili-
tary necessity, and they are so disposed, the caps in a
padded compartment, etc., that, as a matter of fact,
no accidents occur.

The combat wagon is a wonder, and when its con-
tents are spread on the ground for inspection or in-

■Bull. 660-D. TJ. S. Geol. Surv.. Washington, D. C.

ARMY ENGINEERS' COMBAT WAGON OPENED FOR
INSPECTION

ventory it seems impossible that they ever came out of
it or would ever go back. The illustration shows a
combat wagon of B Company, 22nd New York Engi-
neers, at McAllen, Texas, last year. A loaded tool wagon
weighs 4700 to 5100 lb. and is drawn by four army
mules. The following is a list of the contents of two
combat wagons, one half the quantity being carried in
each. It is taken from the "Addenda" to Engineer
Field Manual, Professional Paper 29, Corps of Engi-
neers, U. S. A.:

LOADINGS OF ENGINEER COMPANY TOOL WAGONS
One-Half of Quantities Given Below Carried on Each Wagon

Carpenter equipment:
Chest, carpenter's, containing augers, ship, handled (3); scratch awl;

ax, handled, 32-in. (with extra_ handle): ratchet brace, and bits (2

auger, 1 expansion, 2 screwdriver) ; chisels, framing, handled < 3) .

(one extra handle) ; cold chisel: wing dividers; draw knife; files, saw,

taper (3); hammer, claw (with extra handle); ratchets (5); 24-in.

carpenter's level; mallet; oiler, |-pt.; oilstone; jack-plane; pliers;

plumb bob; rules, 2-ft. (4) ; saws, hand irip ( 1), crosscut (2), compass

(1)]; saw set; screwdriver; squares, steel, carpenter's (1), try (1);

tape, metallic, 50-ft.: T bevel, and WTenches, monkey, 1 2-in., sets 2

Carpenter's supplies:
Chalk, carpenter's, lb ... . ,

[NEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 1

Drain: -■

ircutar, o-in ;

- . h •

Drafting sir.

l-ottlee

■ itch pad. 6 x 9 in i 2> : blotting paper,
is; adhesive tap.- twine (2-or.

ball), set
rawing paper. 22 x 30 in . sheets

ill and mapping, with holder (of each)

k ( 6) . . .
(3). Di tz i6.

Id i I2i. Ponton (I)

4
J
4
8

2.000

100
200

200

I
.'

2
2
6

6
40

48
6

2

288

12

24

24

2

2
2

8
10

6
6
2
2
22
18
26
2
12
2
2

20
10
36
400
10

2
20

6
36
50

eient:
20 x 24 in

■graph

s

digraph supi>
Ink. (own • I), red • I), violel '2'. b I
Paper, book. P x 24 in., quires

BfineDmneoui equipmi
Bags t 50-lb , < ne 100-lb

iron
■
Cart ■
Bandies

seta

-

llaneous supplies:
Canva... 10-or . width 36-in , yds
Grease, axle, lb
Marline, lb
Nails. 60-nenny l 1 00 lb), 30-penny ( 50 lb.) , 16-pemiy (5011) I

Oil. machine, qt

Staples, lb

assorted, gross
Wicks, extra, dark lantern (6), Diet* (12)
Wire. B. 4 ,S No. 16. lb
Photographic equipment:

Camera, 3A kodak I

Tripod, metal, folding I

And the following accessories: Rubber blankets < 2) : canvas backets ( 2);
bulb, rubber; printing frames. 5x7 in. <2i. graduate, 8 oz.; ruby
lamp: Photographer's Manual: stirring rod- '. - in.; film

tank. 3i in ; tnei luoineti 1

Photographic supplies:
Albums for 3A film1, siz»- 3} x 5J in 1

Books, phot'. I

p*-r. M. Q. and Pyro. 8 t boxes 16

Films, ^ i x 5 1 in 24

Hypo acid, in i-lh I 24

Paper. 3A developing, size 3J x 5J in. (I gross), printing out (I gross),

gross 2

And the following articles: Potassie I It. . twin.,, ball

Eh, while, 3yd j p] 12); formalin, 1 11> ;

jntruaiftfT. tube ( I) ; pusbpins ( 12); pol idc tabloid tube

'li: r ' i and wicks, ruby lamp 161 <■ I

Pioneer equip
Adzes handl-H. 32 in 4

Axes, handled, 36-in 26

2
Blocks. 8-in, double: 8-in., single: 8-in., snatch; and 8-in , triple. 8

Bolts, clippers 6

Climbers, lineman's, set 2

Oomealongs 4

Files, crosscut saw 6

Hammers, el'-dge, handled, 8-lb 4

Hand ■. 32-in.; ax, 36-in.; pick, railroad, 36-in.; saw, cross-

' man; and saw, crosscut, 2-man. . . ... 14

Hat- 6

-. Gabion |g

h sheaths 36

wA 4

handled

I, handled
Piok matte
E D pattern, "intrenching/1 handled
, handled
side-cutting
pike and hook

■ iiiila. l-in d

, I
oscut, 2-man
i.-k i with 6 blades)

! D. patten Dtrem hing"
long-handled .

rap b, metallic, 50-ff

!, • 11,

I Mill

Wren a, 1 8-in

I 111 ... ,411)

iO-ft. (12) 18-ft. (25) ... .

with bind
lap.-, tracing, ft

iment

i ing sketching board, with alidade,
ami folding tripod; servio cli timing pad holder; pencil

ind pact tails

The foil i ,i ill

Barometer, aneroid, with casi b
Clinometer, service, with cases

boxa(2), prismatic, with cases (2), watch (6)
Field glasses, with oases

Odometers, with casi B
Paci tallii b
Protractors, rectangular

its. pocket

Reconnaissance suppli
Books, note, field
Cellul i'l sheets
Erie rs, rubber, pencil

Pels, timing

Pap r, sketching, sheets. %

Pencils, blue (14), drawing, H (42), green (14), rial (14)

Protectors, pencil-point

Tape, adhesive, rolls

Company tool wagon parts, extra (furnished by the Engineer Depart-
ment) :
Dolts, king, I x 1 8 in. (1); tire, J x 2J in (I), and 1 x 3 in i Si : square

head. I x 2i in. (2): carriage, I and J x 4 in. (2>, and 1 x 2 and 3J in,

(4); carriage, ^x 3} in. (2), eel
I inks, open

Nut-, axle (one R. H. and one I. If )

Reach, tongue, singletree, extra (of each)

Rivets, iron A x 2} in. (6) and J x 2} in. (4)
Wrenches, axle

Company tool wagon accessories (furnished by the Quartermaster
Cori>

Nose bags, halters, and straps (of each)

Currycomb and horse brush (of each)

le, lb

Harness parts, extra (furnished by the Quartermaster Corps):
' I, I, I, and 2-in
Clips, trace

Bat

line.-. ;. I, I J, and 2-in
1.11, and 2-in
hame

Harness accessories (furnished by the Quartermaster Corps) :

( >il. neat'a-foot, gal

i ncss, lb ,

Wire, stove, spool

Additional supplies (furnished by the Quartermaster Corps) :
Mule shoes, fitted, and 1 0 nails

4
6

30

6
18

500

160

74

500

3.000

4
8
20
2
2
8
2
2

32
72

28
36
3
168
28
12

2
6
4
2
20
2

4
4
8
6
6

I

2
2
2

32

Mineral Output of Western Australia

The mineral production of Western Australia in 1916
has been officially reported as follows, the items being
given in long tons, except when otherwise stated, and
in order of descending value: Gold, 1,061,398 fine oz.;
coal, 301,526; pig lead, 3523; copper ingot, matte, etc.,
457; tin, 463; silver, 173,012 fine oz.; copper ore, 650;
lead and silver-lead ore, 428; tantalite, 47; pyritic ore,
4409 ; zinc, spelter, etc., 14 ; antimony, 27 ; scheelite, 438 ;
magnesite, 12. The total value of the mineral output
for 1916 was £4,893,417, or £584,732 less than that of
the previous year.

Tungsten and Molybdenum Ores may not be dealt in or
offered for sale in Great Britain except by permit from the
Minister of Munit;ons. This o^der became effective Nov. 30.
The Minister of Munitions will also fix maximum prices at
which such ores may be bought or sold.

January 5, 1918

ENGINEERING AND .MINIM. JOURNAL

g

Disadvantages of Chrome Brick for

Copper-Refining Furnaces '

The following notes are presented in an endeavor to
point out the disadvantages attending the use of chrome
brick in reverberatory furnaces used in the treatment of
materials thai are too valuable to allow any great
amount of metal absorption In t he brick.

Several years ago one of the largo Eastern copper re-
fineries decided to utilize basic in place of siliceous
material in the walls of its reverberatory furnaces for
the treatment of very foul blister copper, as the latter
rapidly corroded the siliceous linings. It was also ex-
pected that there would be less slag formation, with a
consequent decrease in the cost of treatment and a re-
duction in the metal losses.

Spalling and Cracking of Magnesite Induced Trial
of Chrome Brick

Magnesite brick were first used, but while the corro-
sive action of the foul material was greatly reduced, and
the amount of slag formed was much less, the mag-
nesite proved to be unsatisfactory in certain parts of
the furnace, because of its tendency to crack and spall
badly when subjected to the alternate heating and cool-
ing that takes place in a reverberatory-refining furnace.
This made many repairs necessary, and consequent fre-
quent interruption in the operation of the furnace,
which, together with the high price of the magnesite
brick, ran up the cost of maintenance to an unreasonable
amount.

It was, therefore, decided to substitute chrome brick
for magnesite brick in the parts of the furnace affected.
The results, as far as the reverberatory furnace was con-
cerned, were satisfactory. The corrosion due to the
action of the foul blister was small and the amount of
slag formed was no greater than when using magnesite,
and the tendency to crack and spall shown by the mag-
nesite was eliminated. Gradually the use of chrome
brick was extended to all furnaces, those treating
blister copper as well as those melting cathodes, and the
results were so satisfactory that the siliceous roofs were
replaced by roofs of chrome brick except in certain
places where experience showed a more satisfactory per-
formance on the part of the silica brick. It was imme-
diately recognized, both for the magnesite and chrome
brick, that the metal absorption was heavy, but it was
felt that the longer life of the furnaces and the decreased
cost of slag treatment and metal losses would more than
offset this disadvantage.

Difficult To Dispose of Chrome-Brick Cobbing
When repairs had to be made to the furnaces, the re-
sulting cobbing was sent to the blast furnaces for the
recovery of the copper, silver and gold contents. It
was, of course, realized that chrome was a neutral ma-
terial and could not be fluxed, but it was thought that,
at the blast-furnace temperature, the cobbing would be
melted, releasing the locked-up values and causing the
chromium oxide to pass out mixed with the blast-furnace
slag. For a time this method appeared to be satisfac-
tory, but as more of the cobbing was made and treated
in the blast furnaces, trouble developed. The capacity
of the settlers began to be seriously reduced and slag

•A paper by Francis R. Pyne to be read at the New York
meeting of American Institute of Mining Engineers, February, 1918.

loai i impropei ettling. On lnv<

gation, ii u.i found thai there had formed in the settle)
between the matte and the regular Blag, a layer of thick,
mushy slag which wa able,

This mush] Blag could nol be fluxed, could not be
tapped out wiiii the matte, and would nol of itself over-
flow through the Blag spout. The only way it could be
removed from the settler, without shutting down and
digging it out, was to inserl a pipe into the layer and
by the use of compressed air cause it to mix and over-
flow with the regular slag. While this procedure cleaned
out the settler, it also resulted in metal losses that could
not be tolerated. Samples of this mushy slag showed
it to contain as high as 25% chromium oxide, indicating
that the cause was in the chrome cobbing added to the
charge. Upon discontinuing the treatment of the cob-
bing, the settler trouble disappeared. The natural re-
sult of this was to accumulate a considerable stock of
the chrome cobbing, and experiments were undertaken
to devise a satisfactory process for the removal of the
values that would leave a residue that could be sent to
the dump.

Both Smelting and Wet Concentration Tried
The cobbing was crushed fine, thereby releasing the
larger metallic particles, and treated in a reverberatory
furnace with roasted pyritic ore and silica. This treat-
ment gave a fairly fluid slag in which the chromium was
apparently soluble.' A considerable amount of the cop-
per was thus recovered, but the slag was still too rich
in copper to throw away, and when sent to the blast fur-
naces induced a return of the former settler troubles.
Fine crushing and fusion with low-grade matte were
expected to remove the copper and leave a slag sufficient-
ly low in copper to be discarded. The results were un-
satisfactory, for though the matte absorbed much of
the values, yet the slag was thick and pasty and con-
tained considerable copper.

It was felt that crushing followed by mechanical con-
centration might result in separating the metal from
the brick. Accordingly, the material was crushed and
screened to remove the coarse metallics and was then
treated on a Wilfley table. There was sizing, but little
concentration, as it was found that the entire structure
of the brick was saturated with finely divided copper and
copper oxide. Flotation was also tried without success,
as the concentrate was too rich in chromium and there
was too much metal in the residue.

Grind and Remove Larger Metallic Particles and
Reconvert Cobs into Bricks

The most satisfactory solution yet found for the dis-
posal of this material is to grind it, thereby freeing the
larger metallic particles, and utilize the fine material
in the manufacture of refractory brick, thus using the
cobbing over and over again. There is, of course, some
slagging action and a certain amount of chromium goes
to the blast furnace where the mushy slag is formed,
but in small amounts it is easily taken care of, and
eventually the accumlated stock will be "worn out" and
sent to the dump. There are also possibilities of treat-
ing this material by converting it into ferrochrome or
by making chromate salts.

This experience suggests that chrome brick is not
especially suitable for this class of work, and that mag-
nesite should be used if possible. Experiments indicate

10

ENGINEERING AN'P MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 1

that • te to crack and spall

the brick to pressure be-
lt -- metal abs
' culty in treating the cob

in t

Electrolytic Antimony from Stibnite

The experiments hero described were fust made on a

Diversity. Antimony was
:. at the rate of about a pound a day on cathodes,
r_* \ 12 in, suspended in a tank, i^ \ 18 x 18 in., using a
current density of 7 amp. per sq.ft. at 2.7 volts. The
electrotyi NaOH solution 1 with and

kept constantly in circulation in a dosed circuil
through the leaching tank and the electrolytic tank.
Iron electrodes, the cathodes being perforated, were
found to be beet,

Satisfactory Deposition on Perforated Iron Anode

The antimony deposited in a firm, hard sheet which
locked itself through the perforations and could be made
• d without any tendency to fall off. It
was not necessary to grease the cathodes. To strip the
deposit from them it was only necessary to strike a few
sharp blows with a mallet, when it cracked off in large
cakes, leaving the cathode ready to be used again. It
was easy to obtain deposits an inch in thickness or as
heavy as a man can comfortably lift.

The solution of stibnite in an NaOH or Na.S solution
is expressed by the reactions: Sh.S. -f 2NaOH =
<bS; + NaSbSO + H,0 and Sb=S:, + 3Na:S =
2Na SbS . which proceed rapidly, especially if the solu-
tion is warm. When the solution is electrolyzed the re-
action at the cathode seems to be: Na3SbSn + 3H =
Sb — SNaSH, while at the anode sodium thiosulphate
and Na S, are formed by oxidation. If the electrolyte
is evaporated to a small volume and cooled, a great crop
of brilliant crystals of Schlippe's salt (Na.SbS^HLO)
separates.

Anode I? Attacked Unless Solution Is Regenerated
The 8', NaOH solution will hold about 3% Sb at
first, but as thiosulphate accumulates the solvent power
of the solution decreases until there has accumulated
one atom of sulphur for each atom of sodium present
when the solvent power has dropped to about 0.7%.
When this amount of sulphur has gone into solution the
iron anode suddenly commences to be attacked, falling to
pieces rapidly, the iron changing to FeS. At this point
the solution must be regenerated unless an insoluble
anode can be found. A graphite anode falls to powder,
copper changes to copper sulphide, Duriron is rapidly
attacked, but lead is almost unaffected. The surface of
the lead becomes covered with a coating of PbO. appar-
ently, which somewhat increases the voltage but pro-
tects the lead from attack. Aluminum or magnetite
might do but have not been tried.

The quality of the antimony deposited, when the iron
anodes are being destroyed, does not seem to be injured
if the anode is enclosed in a bag to keep the sulphide of
iron from being mechanically carried to the cathode. In
fact, one run was continued for five or six days after

•Excerpts from a paper entitled "Electrolytic Production of
Antimony." by Prof D. J. Demorest. of Ohio State University.
printed In "The Journal of the American Institute of Metals."
Vol XI. No. 1.

tliis point had been reached, very pure antimony being
luced with about the same electrical efficiency. The
sulphur during this stage is being continually removed
as FeS. The antimony in solution remains at about
0.4' The current efficiency during the entire run was
which was also obtained on large scale experi-
ments. Tin antimony contains about 0.02', sulphur,
0.01' arsenic, no lead and a trace of iron, analyses
iter melting.

Accumulation of Sulphur in Solution Harmful

The drawbacks to this process are comparatively low
solubility of antimony in the electrolyte (this is in-
sed by warming), accumulation of sulphur in the
solution, decreasing its solvent power and causing de-
struction of iron anodes when there has been deposited
1 lb. of antimony for each pound of NaOH used. More
antimony can be deposited, but at the cost of destroying
the anodes. In one experiment 17 lb. of NaOH were
diss lived in 210 lb. of water and circulated through the
leaching tank and electrolytic tank with a current den-
sity of seven amperes per sq.ft. of cathode surface. This
was continued until the anodes began to be attacked.
The antimony was then weighed and was found to be
17 lb., indicating that the reaction at the cathode is
Na,SbS:, -f 3H = 3NaSH + Sb, introducing one atom
of sulphur for each atom of sodium. The amount of
thiosulphate at the end of the run was 4%, while the
amount of sulphide sulphur, figured as Na,S, was about
2%. After the anodes began to be attacked, the elec-
trolysis was continued for several days with the anodes
enclosed in cotton bags and the deposition went on
without further difficulty.

Larger Scale Plant Confirmed Early Tests

As a result of these experiments a plant on a large
scale was built, with a capacity of 5000 amp. and 7.5
volts, which was capable of producing about 600 lb. of
antimony per day. The current efficiency on this scale
was 76%, the same as obtained in the laboratory, and
the metal was of the same quality. The metal, when
melted in a Monarch furnace and cast in iron molds
properly covered with slag, "starred" beautifully.

At the point where the anodes are attacked it be-
comes necessary to regenerate the solution or furnish a
new one. If a new solution is applied it means the con-
sumption of 1 lb. NaOH per lb. of antimony. The best
way to handle the situation, as far as tests indicate,
seems to be to evaporate the solution to dryness with
the exhaust steam, shovel the residue into a reverbera-
tory furnace and roast to get rid of about half the sul-
phur, thus changing the thiosulphate to sulphate; then
mix with coal and heat until it has all been reduced to
Na,S, which quickly dissolves stibnite and can be put in-
to the circu t again. Small-scale experiment shows this
to be successful, but it has not been tried on a large
process scale.

To summarize, it is demonstrated that stibnite dis-
solves easily in NaOH or Na,S, from which antimony
in a high state of purity is precipitated with a current
efficiency of about 76%, a voltage of 2.7 giving a power
cost about equal to that of the electrolytic production
of zinc. The solution must be regenerated or renewed
when 1 lb. of antimony has been produced per pound
of NaOH used.

January r>. 101s

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOl RNAL

11

The Search for New Oil Pools in
the United States

r.v DORSEY IIAi.l I;

The greater part o) the probable productivi area
has been mapped and studied by geologists. In
general, productive sedimentary arias are not
closely related to those of igneous origin. V
developments arc predicted in old proa
fields. The author advises the testing of studied
areas where stratigraphic conditions art favor-
able, and believes that oil will be found in
some regions that cannot be mapped geologically.
Attention is called I" nasi quantities o) oil sliale
in several states and a great future is predicted
in the mining of it.

OUR present supply of crude oil, especially light
oils of refining value, is unquestionably diminish-
ing, despite efforts to maintain production. Ques-
tions often asked are: "Is it possible to obtain new
production?" and "Where is more oil to be found?" A

frKHK RIOJW RKTCW RIOIW R100W R99H R»K R-97W

,

T4N
'A, \\ R.95 W

»J-1

I 1 J L 1 i. 1

R.C** «K»K R-KtfN RIOt* D100K s^r

t. Vegan ; J&/ r\Jfrr "»■
— M — 1*w*}>j

>£ BEIfUC

MAP OF NORTHWESTERN COLORADO, THE SHADED
PORTION SHOWING GREEN RIVER OIL SHALE

review of the general situation indicates that the chances
of obtaining new pools of magnitude are limited. There
are probably no great supplies of oil left untouched by
the drill.

Geologists are not infallible in their predictions, but
recently far mora careful and thorough geologic work
has been done than in the past*. The United States has
been intelligently mapped and studied, and one can now
draw sound conclusions within well defined limits. In
the following discussion, I refer particularly to those
areas of sedimentary rocks which are characterized by
sandstones, limestones, sand and shales, as distinct from
the areas of igneous rocks typified by granites, syenites,

•Petroleum geologist and 'engineer, 219 Lynch Bldg., Tulsa,
Okla

and basalts, ii i difficult to draw hard and
tinctions, as m man] plai i i, < 'olorado, v.

ming and evi mthera Oklahoma granitic forma-

tions are close to productive petroleum areas. In
eral of the California oil fields and in many in Mexico
basalt intrusions arc found, bul in general the produc-
tive sedimentary areas are in ' related to the
igneous. I believe thai oil w II be found in areas that
cannot be mapped geologically, but these are few.

The topography of Kansas, Oklahoma and north
Texas lends itself readily to geologic survey. During
the last four years. 1913-1917, those states have been
subjected to a fine-combing by geologists. Several
hundred men have been engaged in mapping this terri-
tory, with the result that few areas remain unmapped
or untested by the drill and these are far from promis-
ing. More intense drilling, the finding of deeper sands,
and the extension of some of tha oldar pools will a
in maintaining a large production, but hope for "new
production" in this region is slight.

Southern Texas and southern Louisiana may develop
new pools, but from a geological standpoint predictions
are difficult to make, as the soft sediments covering these
areas preclude satisfactory geologic work. The opening
of a pool in New Iberia Parish, Louisiana, and the
Damon's Mound and Goose Creek oil pools, in Texas,
lend encouragement to intense prospecting wherever
saline domes or gas seepages are discovered.

Fair Prospect of a Big Field in South

Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia and Florida are states
wherein fair oil prospects exist. At present, anticlines
near Vicksburg and Jackson, Miss., are being drilled,
but the depths to the supposed oil horizon are great —
3500 to 5000 feet — and it will be some time before the
drill gives a record. Structure similar to the Texas and
Louisiana saline domes exists in the Gulf Coast areas.

Alabama presents some interesting possibilities. The
great Hatchitigbee anticline is soon to be tested. The
Jackson anticline and one near Geneva. Ala., and cross-
ing the Georgia line are also to be drilled for oil. If
size of structure counts, Alabama and Georgia should
produce several remarkable pools. The Eutaw "sand."
corresponding closely to the Caddo formation of Louisi-
ana, is the most likely horizon.

Southern Georgia and northern Florida present strati-
graphic conditions favorable for oil. It is possible that
pools will be developed there, but improbable. However,
until a few wells are drilled to test these areas, it is
unsafe to make positive predictions.

Middle States Well Prospected but May Contain
Pools of Medium Size

Arkansas seems to have been eliminated as an oil
possibility. That state has produced gas in abundance,
but so far no oil of commercial importance has been
found. Any petroleum existing there in earlier times
was in all probability subjected to heat and volatilized

[NEERING AND MIX INC JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 1

into gas Night to be the ease in the anthracite

region of West Virginia and Pennsylvania.

Tennessee holds pro:- vera! small pools along

the ^ iti arch, where the Ordovician and Devonian

bed- nil also m the eastern part, where

an i the Pennsylvania Bediments may be

product i lul. intensive work may bring out sev-

eral pay pools, hut Band conditions appear less satis-

than in Kentucky, where the Rough Creek uplift,
inline from western to eastern Kentucky, exhibits
ml promising domes. The Paintsville and Rock

. m the eastern part of the state, are large
untested structures. A dome also occurs near Lebanon,
in central Kentucky, which may prove importer
hor u the Devonian. A successful test on this

fold would open possibilities of deeper sands that would
be well worth while. The Leitchfield-Hartford area, in
item Kentucky, may also prove up several com-
mercial fields small well has just been drilled on
structure near Leitchfield.

Illinois. Indiana and Ohio have not been fully pros-
pected. They are more difficult to work because of the
glacial drift which covers so much of these states, but
still present opportunities for several new pools. In
Illinois the Niagaran horizon seems particularly worthy
of further testing. West Virginia and Pennsylvania
have been well prospected, and there is little probability
of opening new pools. Careful prospecting should dis-
close a few pools that have been overlooked.

Untested Areas Still Exist in California and

in tiik intermountain statks

California has been well surveyed. There are several
known prospects left untested, notably a big fold in
the Cholame Hills district, in Monterey County (which
is in questionable territory, but is too important to
remain untested at such a time) and two folds near San
Juan Capistrano, about 100 miles north of San
Diego, Calif. Any oil found in these areas will likely
occur in the basal Monterey beds of the Middle Miocene.

Wyoming presents a large amount of untested acre-
age, but several large companies and the United States
Government control the land situation ; so that the small
operator has difficulty in conducting operations. The
Government should do something toward encouraging
development in this area, or should itself develop it to
supply the needs of the Army and the Navy. Wyoming
has attracted much interest this year. The Big Muddy
dome is showing an excellent production both in shal-
low and deep sands and is booming Wyoming oil. There
remain several untested areas in south-central Wyo-
ming, which, though deep, are worth watching; notably
the Medicine Bow and the Simpson Ridge anticlines.
Those at Buck Springs and at Sand Draw are also in-
teresting.

If the Government withdrawals did not cover such
a large part of the most promising acreage, Wyo-
ming would have an oil boom of magnitude. However,
the situation for the independent producer has been
greatly improved as the result of the entrance of the
big Mid-Continent producers, who are strong enough
to build pipe lines and refineries of their own.

Oil prospects in Montana are not as favorable as are
the prospects for gas. There are several untested domes
that occur in the Big Horn basin area, and they may

produce oil. Certainly that part of Montana is worth
t est i inr. but it has the same status as Wyoming.

Now .Mexico. Utah and Colorado all have showings of
oil. Colorado has several small, producing pools and
some chance of opening new ones both east and west of
the Rockies. The axial anticline south of Craig in Mof-
fat County, Colorado; the big structure north of Meeker
in Kio lilanco County, and several other domes may be
found productive, but petroleum, if found, will in all
probability range from 4000 to 5000 ft. in depth. The
horizon will be the lower Cretaceous. In eastern Col-
orado the Great Plains region may develop pools, but
favorable geologic structure is scarce and drilling will
be haphazard, except in areas around Las Animas and
La Junta, where several domes are known. Drilling
there will test the Pennsylvanian horizon.

New Mexico is being prospected, but to date it has
given little encouragement to the oil operator or to
the geologist. Utah will in all likelihood produce sev-
eral oil pools. The San Juan field offers encouragement
to further prospecting, especially in eastern Utah.

Lower Missouri Valley States Wildcat Territory

South Dakota, Nebraska, Iowa and Missouri may be
grouped as distinctly "wildcat" states. No oil of com-
mercial importance has yet been found in them, al-
though they are within the bounds of probable oil ter-
ritory and tests are justified where favorable geologic
structure and auspicious stratigraphic conditions are
thought to exist. Those parts of South Dakota and Ne-
braska bordering the Black Hills region contain geologic
structure conducive to oil accumulations, and if the
stratigraphic conditions are favorable, commercial pools
may be developed. Known domes are at Chadron, Ne-
braska and Edgemont, South Dakota.

Iowa and Missouri have, to date, no commercial oil
pools; but possibilities of small pools in the southern
part of Iowa and the northwestern part of Missouri
are not out of reason.

"Mining for Oil" in the Future

I am not sounding the trumpet of an alarmist, but
pointing out the areas that seem likely to give new pools.
Intense development of our present pools will furnish
our immediate needs for several years, but no optimist
should hope for increasing production from them. The
development of foreign pools, especially in Mexico, will
give us much oil. However, our great future supplies
of petroleum must come from the development of our
oil-shale resources, which, within the next five years,
should constitute one of our big industries.

There are vast quantities of oil shale in California,
Montana, Wyoming, Colorado and Utah. The extent of
a known area in northwestern Colorado, now being de-
veloped, is shown in the accompanying illustration.
These shale areas will be developed in time on as safe
and sane a basis as our coal mines of today. When that
time arrives, the romance of oil prospecting will have
fled, and the whole complexion of oil producing will
change. It will, literally, be oil mining with steam
shovels in openpits and gloryholes; and, later, tunnels
and adits. There will be no lack of oil products for
several generations to come, but the true oil fields of
today will probably disappear within another genera-
tion, and be replaced by oil mines.

January 5, 1018

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURN \l

13

Bauxite in the Coastal Plain of Georgia'

The bauxite deposits of the Coastal Plain in
r as lenses in clay interbedded in
nearly horizontal sands, marls and limestom o)
Cretaceous and lower Eocene age. Ores low in
iron arc suitable for manufacture of alum and
tims, abo\ ■ • ic oxide arc used for the

manufacture of aluminum. The deposits are
shallow and are mined by stripping and opencut
methods.

FOR practical purposes bauxite may be defined as
an ore and not a mineral, being a hydrate of
alumina, or a mixture of several hydrates of suffi-
cient purity to serve as a commercial source of aluminum
or its salts. The definite hydrates of aluminum are
diaspore (Al,0.,.H20), and gibbsite or hydrargillite
(A1J0,-3H,0).

Aluminum is the most abundant metal in the earth's
crust. It has a great affinity for silicon and is never
found in the native state. Unusual geological condi-
tions are necessary to produce the oxide or hydroxide,
and no method of extracting aluminum from its silicate
on a commercial basis has yet been successfully devel-
oped. The aluminum anhydrous oxide, corundum, is
used mainly for abrasives, and bauxite forms the only
source of commercial aluminum.

Bauxite Occurrences Comparatively Limited

Bauxite is found in a limited number of localities
widely distributed over the earth. All known deposits
are comparatively small, and the rapidly increasing de-
mand for aluminum will soon cause an exhaustion of
the present known sources of supply. New discoveries,
however small, are therefore important. There are well-
known deposits of bauxite in France, Germany, Aus-
tria, Ireland and India. In the United States, the main
occurrences are in Arkansas, New Mexico, northern
Georgia, Alabama, Tennessee and in the Coastal Plain
region of Georgia.

In northern Georgia, Alabama and Tennessee the
principal deposits occur in the valley of Coosa River be-
tween Adairsville, Ga., and Jacksonville, Ala., but sev-
eral important occurrences are found in Tennessee near
Chattanooga.- Here the deposits differ from all other
American and most foreign deposits in so far as they are
not bedded and are not the products of weathered rocks.
The production from this region has declined in recent
years. Small bauxite deposits occur in Virginia and
Pennsylvania, but are not commercially valuable.

Arkansas has produced 80 c'c of the bauxite mined in
the United States since 1910. The ore is a residual
product from the weathering of a nepheline syenite
which outcrops in two areas in Saline and Pulaski coun-
ties. The beds of bauxite reach a thickness of 30 ft.,
averaging from 11 to 12 ft., and occur as irregular de-
posits overlain by the Tertiary sedimentaries. In New
Mexico, near Silver City, an area, covering approximate-

•Excerpts from report of H. fc. Shearer, assistant state geolo-
gist. Bull. 31. Geol. Surv. of Georgia.

i\ on,. ii ..: re ni nearlj hoi i ontal bed i

volcanic porph; rj and basalt ic br« : deposil

of bauxite thai are not available al present on account
oJ transportation difficult i<

Depo i hi Coastal Plain in Horizontal

Cei i . Bei

The bauxite deposits of the Coastal Plain of Georgia
were discovered bj Otto Veatch, assistant state geo
gist of Georgia, during a Bta ' survey foi

clay. The first shipment ei de f i im Wilkinson
County, in 1910, Nut inn.-. I Bauxite Co. Th<

Coastal Plain pari of Georgia ith and southi

of the Piedmont Plain, the line of division passing
through Columbus, Macon, Milledgeville and Augusta.
This area, of approximately 35,000 square miles, is un-
derlain by Cretaceous and later sedimentaries; and also
several thousand square miles of crystalline rocks un
deriving the sedimentaries. The Fall Hills area is the
most distinctive of several low ranges and lies in a belt
40 to 50 miles wide, ranging across the state just south
of the Fall line. The Cretaceous and Eocene beds lie
in a belt along the Fall Hills in which occur the bauxite
and fuller's earth deposits of the state. The region is
a low plain having an average tilt, southward and toward
the sea, of 3 to 4 ft. per mile, with an elevation ranging
from sea level to 700 ft. along the Fall line. The sedi-
mentary beds are almost undisturbed, having a slight
folding in broad anticlines and synclines. This folding
has somewhat affected the drainage of the area, which
has cut deep valleys through the Fall line hills by rivers
rising in the Piedmont region. The crystalline base-
ment has a slope of 50 to 75 ft. per mile. The lower
Cretaceous dips 40 ft. per mile; the younger formations
have progressively lower angles of dip up to the Alum
Bluff formation, which lies approximately horizontal.
Within the Coastal Plain all economic deposits of clay
or bauxite have assumed the form of nearly horizontal
beds and lenses.

The underlying sedimentaries consist of beds of Cre-
taceous and younger sands, clays, marls and limestone,
lying unconformably upon eroded crystalline rocks of
pre-Cambrian age. The beds are largely unconsolidated,
show but little alteration, and no great orogenic move-
ments have taken place. The only disturbance is a gen-
eral uplift with slight tilting and warping. The beds
have a thickness ranging from 4000 to 5000 feet.

Bauxite Interbedded with Clay in Lenses

The pre-Cambrian igneous and metamorphic rocks
consist of granite, gneiss, schist, and basic eruptives,
and highly metamorphosed shale, sandstone and lime-
stone. The erosion of these rocks has made the later
sedimentaries. The Paleozoic and lower Mesozoic series
are entirely absent in the region, the lower Cretaceous
beds overlying the older rocks, representing thereby a
long period of erosion during which intensive weather-
ing took place. The lower Cretaceous beds consist
chiefly of coarse, cross-bedded, arkosic sand and subordi-
nate lenses of white clay or kaolin. Bauxite is inter-
bedded in lenses with white clay, The series has no
marine fossils and is of shallow, fresh-water origin. The

INEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 1

Una were derived from long

talline series. The absence of

■ul significant of deposition of com-

rial in shallow water.

The Midi 'i of the upper Cretaceous has

• and consists of ferruginous sand

bite clay with fossiliferous lime-

and calcareous qu&rtxite. Above the

higher limestone of the section there are a series of

low w.aer deposits consisting of coarse Band ami

whit sociated bauxite, almost identi-

with the other beds of the lower Cretaceous in ap-

ance and composition.

Aluminum from Ores Over _ Persic Oxide

The first bauxite ore mined in Georgia was from the
lower Cretaceous deposits of \\ ilkinson County. Forma-
tions of bauxite are known in almost all parts of the
county. All are at or near the contact of the Cretaceous
with the unconformable overlying Eocene formation.
The lower Cretaceous strata are exposed in the valley
ee River in the eastern part of the county and
in the Valley of Commissioners and Big Sandy (reeks
almost to the southern edge of the boundary'- Ore is
found along both sides of a small branch of Commission-
ers Creek. It lies in the form of a lens, but grades
down to white or thin and modeled plastic kaolin over-
lain by sand and clays.

The Daniel property is about worked out. The baux-
ite graded into kaolin on the west, but was mined from
an area of about 8000 sq.yd. by the Republic Mining
and Manufacturing Co., which still has an area on the
Parker property probably equally as large. The maxi-
mum height of overburden removed was 11 ft., and
stripping and mining were all done by hand. The ore
is dried in a rotary kiln and hauled in wagons one and
a half miles to the railroad station at Wriley. It is low
in iron and is used therefore for the manufacture of
alum. The ore in the Honeycutt property contains 2' ,
ferric oxide and is used for the manufacture of alumi-
num metal. The thickness of ore mined averages 51 ft.,
grading off at the top and bottom. The ore shipped
averages 55$ AlO, and weighs 3300 lb. per cubic yard.

Irregular Bauxite Lenses Near Toomsboro

The General Bauxite Corporation controls a property
three miles west of Toomsboro, from which bauxite ore
has been mined from 11 pits. Pit No. 11, the last, shows
a sandy soil containing fragments of bauxite 1 ft. thick,
overlying a white bauxite ore of medium hardness con-
taining hard pisolite up to 1-in. diameter, or a total
thickness of 6 ft., and grading below for a thickness of
1 ft. into a somewhat plastic kaolin. This ore occurs
in small irregular lenses cut by "chimney rock," over-
lain by sand, and was mined for a thickness of 5 ft.
The ore averaged from 53$ to 56', (Al,Os) and con-
tained less than 2.' , ferric oxide. Silica was not too
high for the manufacture of aluminum, the ore averag-
ing 52'f Al.O, as shipped. Some shipments ran as high
as 58%. There is also a large low-grade deposit of
clayey bauxite averaging 50 r'r Al.O,. Mixed with plastic
clay this material would make a fire brick of superior
quality. Other properties of less importance in the
vicinity of Toomsboro are of the Cannon and Cason.
From the Cason property 4000 tons of 60"/, AlO. baux-

ite ore has been shipped, but only about 1000 tons are
estimated as remaining.

In the vicinity of Mclntyre are the Holleman, Under-
wood and Fountain properties. The deposits of baux-
ite in this district occur as boulders in a sandy soil, with
little or no ore in place. The original deposits have been
removed by erosion and the boulders are the remnants.
The Dupree, .lours and McNeal properties in the vicinity
of Irvington have low-grade alumina and high silica-
and iron-content ores. The Butler property, north of
the McNeal deposits, has several shallow pits, showing
only yellowish, slightly bauxite clay, with occasional
soft, light-colored nodules. The Sheppard property ad-
joins the Jones and Dupree on the southeast. The baux-
ite is light colored. In the valley bottom a number of
acres is strewn with fragments of indurated clay and
bauxite, some of the latter being of the high pisolitic
variety with flinty matrix. An average sample of the
bed exposed in the pit shows a thickness of 4 ft. and
an alumina contents of 49.33rf, silica 25.06% and ferric
oxide 2.09 per cent.

Both Bauxite and Kaolin Mined at Gordon

The Columbia Kaolin and Aluminum Co. has a prop-
erty three miles south of Gordon and a tramway to
connect. The intention is to mine both bauxite and kao-
lin. A large area, at least half a mile in length, is
strewn with fragments of indurated kaolin, and numer-
ous small outcrops occur. Several shallow pits cut more
or less indurated clay with scattered nodules. An anal-
ysis of the ore shows silica 10.92%, alumina 57.29%
and ferric oxide 1.13%, which is an ore of good quality
for the manufacture of alum. The quantity is not large,
as the bed, 8 ft. thick, underlies a possible area of only
an acre or tw-o. The overburden consists chiefly of ar-
gillaceous red sand, and will not exceed a thickness of
10 ft. at any point.

In Baldwin County the Ethridge property, two miles
northeast of Stevens Pottery, shows an area of several
acres on the north slope of a hill strewn with float ore.
A shallow pit cuts only Tertiary sand. A second pit,
10 ft. lower, cuts a foot of bauxite, with hard nodules
predominating over the softer matrix, and grading down
into iron stained kaolin. A third pit 10 ft. lower cuts
a foot of clayey bauxite with hard nodules, also grad-
ing down into stained kaolin. The ore found on the
surface is hard, white, and apparently of good quality.
The structure is coarsely pisolitic, wdth simple nodules
over half an inch in diameter. The quantity in sight is
too small to be of commercial value, but the quality is
good and it is not impossible that a workable bed might
be found by more careful prospecting.

Lower Cretaceous Unfavorable for Bauxite

In Twiggs County the lower-Cretaceous strata are
exposed in all valleys in the northern part of the county,
but up to the present no bauxite likely to be of com-
mercial value seems to have been discovered. At Myrick
Mill, on Big Sandy Creek, in the northeastern part of
the county, is a bed of indurated, nodular clay, which
has a superficial appearance much like bauxite, but low
alumina content. A part of the kaolin in the mine of
the Georgia Kaolin Co. is slightly bauxitic. Southwest
from Twiggs County, to Chattahoochee River, kaolin
beds become less extensive, and no bauxite is known.

January 6, L918

ENGINEERING AND .MINIM; J01 RNAL

16

The area of bauxitization of the Cretaceous kaolin

extends from Wilkinson County, across the Oconee
River into Washington County, near Oconee Station.
The property of L. A. Grable lies from one to two miles
southwest of Sheppards Bridge over Buffalo (reek.
where there are a number of exposures of more or less
bauxitic, nodular and indurated clays. A few pits have
been dug, Imt no bauxite of workable grade has been
found. Nevertheless, the area between Buffalo Creek
and the Oconee River is worthy of careful examination.
Northeast from this point to Augusta there are abund-
ant exposures of Cretaceous kaolin, but traces of baux-
itization were noted at only one point. In the lower
portion of the kaolin bed at the plant of the Albion
Kaolin Co., near Hephzibah, Richmond County, are a
few scattered, hard nodules of bauxitic materials.

The Midway formation occurs in a narrow belt ex-
tending from Fort Gaines, on Chattahoochee River, to
Montezuma, on Flint River, and thence a short distance
into Houston County. The average width of the belt
is 8 to 10 miles. It is the surface formation over parts
of Clay, Quitman, Stewart, Randolph, Marion, Schley,
Webster and Macon counties. The bauxite deposits of
the lower Eocene are- associated with a horizon of plastic
to indurated and nodular white sedimentary kaolin and
white kaolinic and micaceous sand, which extends from
Flint River, in northern Sumter County, to Macon
County and the eastern part of Schley County. The
beds of this horizon cap the hills near Ideal, Macon
County, and dip beneath the level of Flint River a little
below Copperas Bluff, Sumter County. During the time
of formation of these beds, the depositional conditions
were practically identical with those which existed dur-
ing the lower Cretaceous period.

Bauxite Deposits Close to Surface

In Sumter County the Sweetwater mine is situated
one and a half miles west of Flint River, and is operated
by the Republic Mining and Manufacturing Co. The
bauxite has the form of a true bedded deposit, conform-
able with both underlying and overlying strata. An
analysis of certain samples from the working face
showed alumina 56.3 fir, silica 11.8%, and ferric oxide
1.8%. Most of the ore contains less than 2% of ferric
oxide, and is used principally in the manufacture of
alum and other aluminum salts. The ore carrying more
than 2% of ferric oxide is used in making aluminum.
All work, both mining and stripping, is done by manual
labor, although this is apparently not the most eco-
nomical means of handling an overburden which aver-
ages 30 ft. of soft material over a large area.

The outcrop of ore has a length of 1300 ft., so the
deposit may safely be assumed to have the form of a
half-circular lens of that diameter. The average thick-
ness is 4 ft. and the tonnage estimated would be 175,000.
Recent production is about 1000 tons per month.

The Thigpen property lies to the west. The Republic
Mining and Manufacturing Co. has the refusal of the
deposits, but no mining has yet been done. The baux-
ite deposit lies across the valley of Big Branch from the
Sweetwater mine, and at the same altitude. There is a
possibility that the two deposits may have been con-
tinuous before the valley was cut. The Easterlin mine
lies on the south side of Sweetwater Creek, three and a
half miles from Flint River. The bauxite outcrop is

80 ft above I he l< >• l of Sweetwater ( reek, being a leu
of bauxite in a bed of kaolin. The bauxite p mall
kimi! and outcrop around the lope of a hill, maldni
great Burface Bhowing, having no overburden for a
considerable area. An analysis of thi ore lum-

ina 60.22' . , silica 5.65' | ami ide 2.42$ .

In .Macon Countj Hi' re are two groups of bauxite de-

i'" i! Oi in the southern part of the county,

dose to the Sumter Countj line, along Boggj Branch,
a tributary of Camper Creek, and the other is in the
center pari of the count) oi Buck Creek. Two small

properties, purchased m r.»l"> by the National Bauxite

Co. and later transferred to the Kalbfleisch Corporation,
of Chattanooga, Tenn., are situated on the south slope
of Boggy Branch, two and a hall' miles north of Ander-
sonville, and one and a half miles from the closest point
on the Central of Georgia R.R. The bauxite exposures
are found in two spurs of a hill, running north toward
Boggy Branch, with a slight valley between. On the
first, large blocks of hard bauxite are found in the soil,
covering a part of the slope. On the second spur, about
200 yd. southwest, exploration work shows that the
bauxite bed extends for a distance of 200 yd. around
the slope. Most of the work has been done by boring,
but one pit penetrates thickness of the deposit. The ore
resembles that of the Sweetwater mine.

The English property lies on the north slope of
Boggy Branch, just opposite the National Bauxite Co.'s
prospect previously described. The deposit is small, but

■Crossbedded Sand

'Conformity

SECTION OF BAUXITE DEPOSIT AT SWEETWATER MINK.
SUMTER COUNTY, GEORGIA

of fair quality and favorably situated with respect to
transportation. The Kleckley holdings are situated on
the south slope of the valley of Buck Creek, in the west-
ern part of Macon County, eight and a half miles west
of Oglethorpe, but the lower slope on this property
consists of more or less pure kaolin and fireclay, pre-
vailingly white, and containing lenses of indurated
nodular clay and bauxite, mantled by a few feet of gray
or red sand. The hills are capped by red sand of the
Wilcox formation, which overlies the white clay uncon-
formably. Other properties have been known or partly
developed in this vicinity. Bauxite has been discovered
in the extreme southern part of Macon County and be-
longs to the Camper Creek group. In Schley and Stew-
art counties deposits are known to exist, but little work
upon them has yret been done.

Mining by Stripping and Opencut
The methods used in mining bauxite in the Coastal
Plain are the simplest possible. Every deposit worked
up to the present time has had an outcrop at some point
on the slope of a hill, and mining consists simply in
removing the overburden and working out the ore. The
maximum known thickness of ore is about 10 ft., while
overburden as heavy as 40 ft. has been moved in places
to get 5 or 6 ft. of ore. All mining is done by manual
labor, the ore and overburden being trammed to the
dumps by hand or mule power. Steam shovels and

16

i NGINEERING AND MINING J01 KNA1.

Vol. 105, No. 1

d in any of the bauxite
vt lj in kaolin and
vicinity. Their use in
rtainly be economical in the
rerburden. Both ore and
ow 1 thai blasting is ratvh necessarj

ie upper if the bauxite forms a

- where an unconformity
thi re is ren-
der) il holes and gullies, but ther*
no difficult) in distinguishing the place where the ore
per limit of workable ore. however,
-ly determined, because there is usually a
lual change from bauxite to kaolin extending through
a number of feet Most of the ore is used in the nianu-
jre of alum by treatment with sulphuric acid,
B.. in which the alumina combined in silicates, such
caolin, is not readily soluble. The only means of
finding out just how much of the clayej material may
be mined and nsed as ore is by keeping a check on the
shipments, especially at first, by chemical analyses. The
usual practice is to work far enough into the clayey
bauxite so that the mixed material, when dried, will
coin. alumina, as the alum man-
ufacturers do not usually wish to purchase ore of lower
grade than that.

Oris Kiln-Dried Before Shipping

The only treatment given the bauxite of the Coastal
Plain pr< shipment consists in drying and, occa-

sionally, screening. There are small quantities of baux-
ite which could be enriched by washing with a log
washer, such as is used in the treatment of iron and
manganese ores and bauxite in north Georgia, but no
such washer has yet been installed.

The ore as mined contains a variable but large per-
centage of uncombined water, which adds greatly to
the freight charges. It is customary, therefore, at all
of the larger mines to dry the ore artificially before ship-
ment, although that from several small deposits of high-
grade bauxite is simply air-dried in sheds or on board
floors in the sun. The driers used are slightly inclined,
rotary -cylinder kilns, about 30 ft. long by 3 or 4 ft. in
diameter. They are usually heated by wood fires, the
wet ore passing downward toward the flame. The dried
ore is mechanically elevated to overhead bins, from
which it is loaded on wagons or trucks by gravity. The
drier at the Sweetwater mine is said to reduce the
weight of the ore 10 per cent.

It is not advisable to heat the ore so highly as to
drive off a large part of the combined water. Experi-
ments show that calcining reduces the solubility of the
alumina in sulphuric acid of the strength used, although
the effect i3 not great until about 80% of the total com-
bined water is removed. In the type of kiln used it is
not likely that more than a small percentage of the
combined water is expelled. A small amount of the peb-
ble ore is screened to remove admixed sand and clay.
The screens used are flat, inclined screens or revolving
trommels of about .'-in. mesh. The bauxite districts
are well supplied with railroads. All of the deposits are
within 10 miles of railroad connections, but none so far
worked are more than four miles from loading points.
The ore is usually hauled to the railroad station in
wagons, but one company has recently put a motor truck

mto service. The truck has a capacity of four tons, and
carries 10 loads per daj •">' miles to the station.

In the Sumter and the Macon county district good
sand-claj roads have been built, while in Wilkinson
Mtj the materials for constructing such roads are
able, but so far they are only partially improved.

The known lenses of bauxite cover only a minute
fraction of the area of the outcrop of the formations in
which they are known to occur. There are almost cer-
tainly buried deposits which give no surface evidence
o( their existence, but the chances o( finding them by
random iest holes are small even in the most promising
localities. Therefore, boring where there are no sur-
e indicatio nxite is not advisable. When frag-

ments of bauxite or indurated, nodular clay are found
on a slope, pits or trenches should be sunk near the high-
point at which such fragmental material is found.
It is best to first dig pits around the edge of the orebody,
in order that the workable thickness may be determined
and representative samples obtained, after which a com-
mon clay auger, 2 or 3 in. in diameter, may be used to
further investigate the character of the orebody where
the overburden is heavier.

The Fuel Value of Wood

Those who plan to relieve the coal shortage this
winter by burning wood can figure, roughly, that two
pounds of seasoned wood have a fuel value equal to one
pound of coal, according to experts of the United States
Forest Service. Different kinds of wood have different
fuel values, and in general the greater the dry weight
of a nonresinous wood the more heat it will give out
when burned. For such species as hickory, oak, beech,
birch, hard maple, ash, locust, longleaf pine or cherry,
which have comparatively high fuel values, one cord,
weighing about 4000 lb., is required to equal one ton of
coal; it takes a cord and a half (a total weight of 4500
lb.) of shortleaf pine, hemlock, red gum, Douglas fir,
sycamore or soft maple, which weighs about 3000 lb.
a cord, to equal a ton of coal ; while of cedar, redwood,
poplar, catalpa, Norway pine, cyprsss, basswood, spruce
and white pine, two cords, weighing about 2000 lb.
each, or 4000 lb., are required.

Weight for weight, however, there is little differ-
ence between various species. Resin affords about twice
as much heat as wood, so that resinous woods have a
greater heat value per pound than nonresinous woods,
and this increased value varies, of course, with the
resin content. The available heat value of a cord of
wood depends also on the amount of moisture present.
The greater the amount of water in the wood the more
heat is lost. Furthermore, cords vary as to the amount
of solid wood they contain, even when they are of the
standard dimension and occupy 128 cu.ft. of space. A
certain proportion of this space is made up of spaces
between the sticks, and this space may be considerable
in a cord of twisted, crooked and knotty sticks. Out of
the 128 cu.ft., a fair average of solid wood is about 80
cu.ft. This, however, applies to the standard cord, in
which the sticks are cut to 4-ft. lengths and piled 4 ft.
high and 8 ft. long. Instead of the 4-ft. lengths, how-
ever, users often have the sticks cut into 2-ft. lengths.
Care should be taken to see that full measurement is
given when wood is bought in this way.

January 5, 1918

ENGINEERING AND MINING JO

17

Where wood is to be burned in a furnace intended for
conl, it will be found desirable to cover the grate partlj
with iron or firebrick, in order to reduce the draft. If
this is not done, the wood is wasted by being consumed
too fast, and makes a very hot tire, which in a furnace
may damage the firebox.

Foreign Trade in Lead and Zinc

Imports of load during September, October and the
first ten months of 1917 ire reported by the Department
of Commerce as follows :

Articles and Countries
Lead 1 >re

September
Contents, Lb

21,795

937.C.3J

i ictotx t

i ,,i,i.iii i, Lb

57,600

1,237,969

728,000

21.57!

3,888

..I ii

8,051,922

1.117

1 I, .18,816

1,922,749
369,645

46,719

8,609,804

4,405,145

120,102

6,084
6,379

Totals

959,428

.•114". II ill

11.711

7.329

2,703,244

37.080,482

Lead— Base Bullion and Bu

lion:

229,090

14.058

139,033

10,076,266

837,028

Pern

76,154

1.312,293

65,244,621

Totals

Lead— Pigs, Bars, etc.:
Puuuna

10,458,447
938

2.722.284
326

67,470,096

61.076
3,140
3,155

420

1.685
1,079,243

39,133

1,555,533

332,099

52,400

80,188

6,144,515

18,948

89,086

Chile

8,769

5,925
1,087,179

imported

27.313

Others . . .

2,305

15,316

Totals

The gross weight

1,559,196

of lead ore

6.875.138

in October

was 7010 long tons.

The actual tonnage of zinc ore imported in October
amounted to 8946 long tons. The countries of origin
and the metal contents were as follows :

Countries:

September
Contents, Lb.
964.030

6.924,290

October

Cotents, Lb.
1.333,925
1,578.675
4,702.033

Jan. -Oct.

Contents, Lb.

8,724,714

25.005,837

83.703,983

12,166.840

Italy

1.245.000
4,822.400

Zinc in Blocks, Pigs, etc.:

Costa Rica

Panama

Cuba

7,888,290

312
19,956
8,787

7.614.633

264

1,202

12,311

135,668,774

7,579

49.932

267.850

3,318

7,580

31.805

1,670

5.513
6,000
2.165
5.705

Others

29,055 15.447 387.447

Imports of zinc dust in October, 1917, amounted to
87,300 lb., of which 67,200 lb. came from Japan, and the
remainder from Canada. »

Exports of lead and zinc were as follows:

September October

Lead: Contents, Lb. Contents, Lb.

Pigs, bars, etc., produced from do-
mestic ore ... 8,692.397 5,329,408

Pigs, bars, etc., produced from for-
eign ore 207,322 21,039,360

Zinc:

Pigs, etc., produced from domestic
.ore . 13,619,619 10,208,889

Pigs, etc., produced from foreign

ore 39,249,110 4.901,762

Sheets, etc 3,878,504 1,905.783

Jan. -Oct
Contents, Lb.

82,535.280
33.489.641

110.922.956
25,225.287

Foreign Trade in Copper

porta of copper from the United States in Septem-
ber, October, and I ten i tha of 1917, are re-

ported by the Department <>r Commi ollows:

-Oct.

II, ii.

444. (.84 173,241 4.873.73)

Unrefined, in b .'.(H7,Hi8 4,256,707 10.421. 344

Refim i hill 81. 116 imki 870.741., J95

"Id »nd 4,147 950,270

. 476 9.442 Mi 11.177,546

I' d tul , , ii. ',,581

reepl insulated J <hik i 19 21,01

1,179,589 11,829 ♦1,199,825

98,191,954 948,741,369

I , , , ,K I

The weight of ore exported in October was 5250
long tons, and of concentrates, matte and regulus, 5886
long tons.

Imports of copper in September, October and the first
ten months of 1917 were as follows:

Oct. Oct

Lb. Ii

Ore and concentrates, content* M. 279.521 14.206.272 l25.854.U4i

Matte and regulus, etc 3.613,346 125,659 16,629

Unrefined, in bai , pigs, eti 21,409.698 18.747.533 289,911,088

Refined, in bare, etc 620,752 4,362,544 I0.3HH.H,--

Old, etc., for remanufactun 752.254 1,583.587 17,599,686

Composition metal, per chief value. 13,997 31.002 398.074

Total 39,689,568 39,056,597 460.780.819

Ore imported in October weighed 32,605 long tons;
concentrates, 14,103; matte and regulus, 150 long tons.

Coal in the Philippines

Heretofore the demand for fuel in the Philippines has
been met chiefly by imports of Japanese, Australian and
Chinese coal. The only coal mined in the islands has
been in Cebu, and that has not been of satisfactory
quality, and mining there is now carried on only in a
small way. Recently, however, coal outcrops have been
discovered on the Island of Mindanao and are being de-
veloped by a company called the National Coal Co.,
which has been formed in Manila, and in which the
island government purposes to take an interest. To pro-
vide for these and other possible developments the Phil-
ippine Legislature recently passed a law governing the
disposition of coal mines which may be found on the
public domain. This law reserves the rights of the gov-
ernment in all coal deposits and places them under the
jurisdiction of the Secretary of Agriculture and Natural
Resources. They will not be sold, but may be leased in
blocks of 400 hectares — 988 acres — up to 1200 hectares
to individuals or companies desiring to work them. No
lease shall be granted unless the majority interest in
the concern is owned by citizens of the Philippines or
of the United States. The lessees will be required to
pay a yearly rental of 2.50 pesos per hectare for the
first year and 5 pesos each year thereafter, and there
will be a royalty of not less than 10 centavos — 5c. — per
native ton on coal mined and sold. The government will
retain a general supervision over all operations, and will
not permit one concern to be interested in more than
one lease at a time.

Where coal mines are opened, or operated on pri-
vately owned land, the operator will be required to pay
a yearly tax of 1000 pesos on each 400-hectare tract,
and a royalty of 4 centavos per ton on all coal mined.
The discovery and exploitation of coal would mean much
to the Philippines, where industrial development has
been retarded by the scarcity and cost of fuel.

-

tNEERING AND MINING Ol'KXAL

Vol. 105, No. 1

THE APPROACH" TO UTAH COPPER MINE AS PORTRAYED BY JONAS LIE

.KI'.AI. VIEW." ONE OF THE SERIES OP PAINTINGS DEPICTING OPERATIONS AT UTAH COPPER MINE

of Utah Copper, Jonaa L'e. the arl ;,gain displayed his ability to place o, ra-iya i an

Austral accompliahm^ts of o-r age. Mi Lie h already well k-o.v, for hh port-ayal of the
ira}i. JKJ3 t0, ** rar^etted that lack of ppace makes impossible photographic reproduction of Mr.
0 that the color of the or:^i ■ et in reproduction .

January 5 L918

ENGINEERING AND -MINIM. J01 RNAL

l'j

"FROM UPPER TRAMWAY STATION." SHOWING A PART OF BINGHAM IN THE FOREGROUND

••BINGHAM." AS IT APPEARS ON ONE OF THE CANVASES OF JONAS LIE'S UTAH COPPER SERIES

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL Vol. L05, No. i

MMMMMMMNaHUIIMmililiimilimilll IHIIIIIII nil llllllllllllllllllllllllllll III! Illllllllllllllll Ullllllllllllllllllllllimiimiltlllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll

Details of Practical Mining

mini in muni i iiiiiiiiiiinim m'iiiiiiiiiiii iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii i uuimuiiuumuiiiuuunui iiiiiiiuiiuiiu^

Dallas Change House at Bisluv

The importance of having a satisfactory change house
where miners can not only change their clothes and

bathe but also be sure of having dry "digging clothes"
for the next shift is now well recognized. The old-style
I locker assured security against theft, but did nol
provide the proper drying facilities. The hook-and-
chain system without locker has its objections, especial-
ly with regard to shoes, boots and hats. etc. In the
shown a combination of both features —

DETAIL OP LOCKER-AND-CHAIN CHANGE HOUSE

chain hooks and locker — as used at the Dallas change
room of the Copper Queen Consolidated Mining Co., at
Bisbee, Ariz. Small lockers are arranged in tiers at a
suitable height above a corresponding row of benches
which is an improvement over boot boxes placed under
benches as in some change-house designs. Each locker
is provided with two chain hooks and coat forms, one
at each end of a single length of No. 2 brass safety
chain. The chain passes over two pulleys suspended
from the roof truss at 90° to the line of lockers, and to
the chain, at points each one third distant from the
end hooks, is attached a key ring. Between each set
of chains there is a partition at the top. As shown in
the illustration, when one hook is up with one set of
clothes the opposite hook is down with the other set of
clothes, and either key ring can be locked in a fixed
position to the locker, securing the owner against theft.

The change house is heated by steam pipes arranged
around the walls, and the rising heat performs the
Function of drying clothes that arc properly exposed to
the warmer air at the top of the building.

Thawing Frozen Ground by Hot Water*

Hot water as a substitute for steam is used in the
Yukon for thawing frozen gold-bearing gravels prepara-
tory to dredging operations. Tests showed that by the
use of hot water four times the amount of gravel can
be thawed in two-thirds the time with less than half
the fuel necessary when steam is the medium employed.
This is attributable to the great condensation losses
that occur with steam and to the difficulty of driving
the thawing points to bedrock at one driving in order
that the thawing process may logically proceed upward
from the bottom, rather than at irregular intervals
from the surface down.

An average of 46 % of the frozen material in place
is ice. When this is melted, the boulders are loosened,

W"f«S>

FIG. 2. DETAIL OF ANVIL ATTACHMENT FOR
THAWING POINTS

so that a thawing process started at bedrock creates a
subterranean cavern, which, as the thawing continues,
causes a gradual caving to the surface and a shrinkage
in volume of the entire mass.

To drive the thawing points to bedrock a hollow-steel
rock-drill cross-type bit was welded to the end of a J-in.
steam point and a :lVin. hole was drilled at the top of
each of the four flutes of the bit. Thus, instead of one
i\;-\n. hole at the end, as in the old point, there are five
holes, four in the sides and one in the end, and as a
result it is possible to drive the point directly through
a boulder. A frozen boulder when partly drilled through
expands from contact with the hot water and splits, al-
lowing the point to drop below to the next boulder.
Meanwhile the hot water has a sluicing effect from the
four side holes, not obtainable with the one orifice only,
and thawing proceeds with consequent greater rapidity.
Thus in a comparatively short time the entire valley
from rim to rim can be thoroughly thawed and a uni-
form subsidence will take place instead of the scattered
pot holes that develop when steam is used.

'Excerpts from "Notes on Yukon Mining Problems." a paper
by Henry Mace Payne, presented before the Canadian Mining In-
stitute. Mar^h. 1917.

Januarj 6, L918

ENGINEERING AND MINING (01 I

21

A furthei advantage oi hoi water thawing is the
elimination of the possibility of bade pressure or buc
in. u through the thawing point, with consequent chok
ing by niud, etc., duo to steam condensation in the
lines, or pressure drop in the boiler.

To facilitate and accelerate driving of the thawing
points and to eliminate the use of ladders and chance
for breaking points, anvils weighing about ICO lb. maj be
forged from old dredge-bucket pins, slotted so as to
pass over the thawing point, and held in place bj a key.
Handles ma\ be inserted on each side of the anvil and
the helper can turn the point as in regular rook drilling,
while the operator standing on the ground alongside
strikes with a sledge hammer, driving the point until

FIG. 2. THAWING POINT DRIVEN TO BEDROCK

the anvil reaches the ground. The key can then be
knocked out, the anvil raised to a convenient height,
and the driving operation resumed.

The thawing point and anvil are shown in Fig. 2, and
a detail of the anvil is illustrated in Fig. 1. In thaw-
ing, the points are regularly spaced in triangular rela-
tion to each other 16 ft. apart between any two adjacent
points. This establishes a fixed distance from the
points to the supply line. Rubber hose is used only
during driving, after which a standard pipe connection
is put on. Between the pipe connections and the main
line ordinary railroad-train hose couplings may be in-
serted, obviating leaky unions and facilitating connect-
ing and disconnecting operations. Two pairs of point
men, each equipped with an anvil, «an drive five drill-
bit points in 10 hours, viz.: Driving, six hours; pulling,
1*; connecting, 11, and miscellaneous, one hour.

Rapi^ Tunnel Driving was accomplished during October
by the Armstead Mines, Inc., at Blacktail, Idaho, when 488
ft. of 7 x 8-ft. drift was driven in 29 days at its No. 3 tunnel.
During 28 days in November, 489 ft. were driven in con-
tinuing- the tunnel, and the records show an advance of
544.8 ft. made in 31 working days. Two full working: days
are lost each month when shifts are changed.

I rain Manns and Lights

When cat hi i omotive, p

by a rope, oi lowered down .> dope, a continuously
ringing bell and .-, red light on the i ronl end of the tram
are an oil,, i.-ni alarm to warn | I the tracks. Sev-

eral Buch > gs and lights are manufactured and

on the market todi

Some ti i I wai appointed a member of the

■ tj committee at the mines of the Vii tor Amerii an

1 ' " • Delag . i rank Hu kinson in

Cool l0< Realizing the necessity of a suitable "visual"

well as audible warning signal on tl
going in .\vn the slope, since this s;

is also used as a nian\va.\ . I made up several trip li;
and bells. These are shown in the illustration.

For the trip lamps, a Btrong wooden box was made
large enough to hold a one-cell, two-volt storage bat
ten. This box is fitted with a suitable hanger iron and
can be easily hung on the front or rear end ,,f the
mine ears, and it also has an iron handle for convenience
in placing it on and taking it off the cars. The lamps

■ - .

3> -

> i

y

STORAGE-BATTERY ALARMS AND LIGHTS

as well as the storage batteries are built from a type of
miners' head lamp that has been discarded, in preference
to usin^ the more up-to-date Edison miners' safety
head lamp. This lamp is fastened to the front of the
box, and the globe is colored red. The whole makes an
effective "visual" signal on the trips and can be seen
at an extremely long distance.

The bell is arranged like the lamp, the same battery
and the same size and style of box and hanger irons
being used. The bell proper is an ordinary 6-in. electric
gong, and it has been found to operate satisfactorily on
the one cell.

The combination of a red light and a continuously
ringing bell makes an efficient visible and audible warn-
ing signal for use on the front end of the trains and
complies with the requirements of the law in regard to
a suitable warning device to be used on moving trips
in a coal mine.

Variations in Transit Needle

Experiments with a Gurley light mountain transit
and three magnetic needles showed, according to W.
Newbrough in Engineering News-Record of Dec. 13,
1917, considerable variation. The instrument was care-
fully set up and the needle reading set with a magnifier
on an even mark of the compass-circle graduations. An-
other needle was then tried and found to differ in
meridian by 30'. A third needle was also tried and

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

\ ol. L05, No. 1

foai ' "■ The test was repeated, using

each of three pins, and the same result obtained, each

settling nicely to its own meridian. All tin-
ner idition, as were the pins.
;p over the same point ami sighting successive-
ly with l - instrument, one made In Berger, and

one adings differed in amounts

All the instruments were
lition in everj way so far as it was possible
from an examination made in the field.

Mining Costs at Corodva, Ontario

BY S. H. BRiH Kl'MKR*

aomieal operation at the Cordova gold mine, Cor-
... Ontario, under the present conditions of costly
labor and supplies, should be of interest. Labor eosts
were L'O above normal, labor efficiency was only 80
and expense for supplies had increased 50' to 400
The rock was hard and required no timbering in the

I a Hi i:
Labor ai

1 COOT "l DRIFTINI

Piston Drill mmei Drill
16 4-ft hold ixr 2 shifts 16 5-ft holes per 1 shift

ji2 od a so

,i«l lubnrati

-■

C«p«

90 60

80 2 50

1 60 2 00

1 60 2 90

9 60 10 44

72 72

80 80

Cost nrr (l

$28 02 $23 46
7 00 4 69

■ i helper were r. 'luirc-d for two shifts' work with piston machines
i ■ -. ' ,y track ami pipe. C<w1 of extra man to lay track and pipe fur

hammer drill included in its items Two trammers shoveled back from the
drifts t 200 ft. to the ore chutes, thus making the cost ol tramming

r ton.

fABLE II COST OF BTOPING PEK SHIFT

Machine man
Repairs and lubricatio
Ste*l a:
Dynamite

Fuse

I .:■ :■

etc

$0 80

3

25

50

1

,ii

2

«(1

40

45

02

2

28

$12 00

On- ■ 'ii

ii. 50r ; per ton of ore, 7 5

stopes. Shrinkage stoping was the method adopted and
a hydro-electric plant at the mine made power costs low.
The ore was hand sorted at the surface, one-third being
thrown to waste. The costs are based on 125 tons of
sorted ore per day, derived from 175 tons of rock broken.
Working under the shrinkage system of stoping 75 tons
was the maximum amount of ore that could be drawn
per day for milling, this being the capacity for one shift
in the mill. Other stopes, which would have doubled
production, were being opened when a fire occurred
which destroyed the mill and a large part of the sur-
face plant.

By discarding the piston drills in favor of the hammer
type of drifting drills and hollow steel, a reduction in
the cost of drifting amounting to $2.30 per ft. was ef-
fected. The country rock is hard diorite and gabbro.
Drifts and crosscuts are in hard diorite, chlorite schist,
or hard quartz — all hard drilling rocks. The vein is 8
to 30 ft. wide and the ore medium to hard drilling. The
best speed of the 2t-in. piston drill in drifting was 40
ft. of hole per nine-hour shift. The average speed of
the best hammer types of stoping drill with air at 90-lb.
pressure was 1 ft. per 4 min. In drifting it took 16

holes to break a 6 \ 7-ft. face. In stoping it took nine
.Vt't. holes to break 25 tons. Wages per nine-hour shift
were: Machineman, stoping, $3.25; drifting, $3.50;
helpers, $2.76; trammers, $2.50; timbermen, $3.50.
Supply eosts were: Dynamite, 10'. (new stock) 20c;
and tU> , (old stock) 24c. per lb.; caps, 44c. each; fuse,
Ic. per ft.; steel, 26c per lb.; rail, 12-lb., $34 per ton;
timber, $40 per M.b.m.; carbide, 4c. per lb. The tables
provide other details.

Because of the heavy cars and flat grades two tram-
mers were used on each car holding one ton of ore.
They were required to shovel from the drifts and tram
30 cars 200 ft. to the chutes per shift. When tramming
from chutes they were required to tram 45 cars per
shift 200 ft. The cost per ton for tramming was there-
fore 17c. from drifts and 12c. from stopes. The cost
of driving raises was $6 per ft. The total mining cost
of development, and stoping delivered to the surface, in-
cluding office and surface expenses, pumping, power and
superintendence, amounted to $1.60 per ton.

A Handy Penwiper

Draftsmen and users of fine pens with heavy india
ink are bothered by dirt and eraser residue getting
on the pen. Penwipers are unhandy to use, as both
hands are engaged at the moment, so the unsightly habit

THE PENWIPER

is formed of wiping the pen on clothing, board or the
finger nails of the left hand.

To obviate this a serviceable penwiper is suggested
by S. Newman in the American Machinist and is shown
in the accompanying illustration. A piece of tissue paper
is wrapped around the second finger of the left hand
and held in place by the thumb or a rubber. It is a
handy device and preserves the cleanliness of the drafts-
man as well as of his pen.

•Mining engineer. Nevada City, '"alif

Melting Points of Firebricks

The melting point of a firebrick is understood to be
the lowest observed temperature at which it exhibits
transition from the rigid to the liquid state. William
M. Barr states in Industrial Engineering (abstr., Journ.
Ind. Eng. Chem.) that the melting points of 45 samples
of firebrick including fireclay, bauxite, silica, magnesite
and chromite brick have been determined in an electric
vacuum furnace, the temperature being measured by an
optical pyrometer, and the following melting points
found: Kaolin 1740° C. ; pure alumina 2010°; pure
silica 1600°; bauxite 1820°; bauxite clay 1795'; chro-
mite 2180° ; magnesite brick 2165° Centigrade.

Januarj •-. L918

ENGINEERING AND MINING .n»i RNAL

23

Rhodesian Mining Operations

Rhodeaian mining activities were touched upon by
Chairman H. L. Stokes, of Mashonaland Agency, Ltd .
which holds an interest in a number of important Rho-
desian mini's, at the annua] meeting in London on
Nov. 1(>. He discussed the companies' mining interests
as follows:

"As regards the Wankie Colliery Company, Ltd., the
output of coal and coke has continued to increase during
the present year, and important additions to the present
plant are bet ig taken in hand. The total monthly out-
put of coal from the colliery now amounts to about
50,000 tons.

"The Bwana M'Kubwa Copper Mining Co. continues
the production and shipment of copper concentrates, but
owing to the prevailing difficulties the board of that
company does not see its way at present to order the
new plant for the expensive electrolytic process which
was decided upon, its decision being influenced, no
doubt, by the increased cost of machinery of all descrip
tions and the necessity to obtain permits for the manu-
facture of the plant.

"Rhodesia Chrome Mines, in which we have increased
our holding to 9500 shares, has made exceptional prog~
ress. During that company's financial year ended Jan.
31, 1917, it shipped 87,343 tons of chrome ore, and a
still larger output would have been obtained had the
carrying capacities of the railway been less restricted.
Dividends were paid for the last year amounting to
45%. It has also paid 20fc in interim dividends in
respect of the current year.

"The Kimberley (Mashonaland) Gold Mining Co.'s
mine has for a long time been disappointing at and
below the fifth level. At that depth little payable ore
has been opened out, notwithstanding careful and sys-
tematic prospecting carried out on lines recommended
by an eminent geologist. Owing to the ore reserves hav-
ing considerably exceeded the estimated tonnage, the
company still continues to crush and treat about 4500
tons of payable ore per month, and this will probably
continue into next year. On the surface developments
are being carried out in the recently discovered section
of payable ore in the western extension, where prospect-
ing work has opened a continuation of the reef in this
direction of 1000 ft., averaging 7i dwt. over 30 in.

"At the zinc-lead mines of the Rhodesia Broken Hill
Development Co., progress has been exceptionally sat-
isfactory. The new plant is now completed, and the two
large smelters (blast furnaces) are in full work, pro-
ducing metallic lead at the rate of about 1000 tons a
month. It is not unreasonable to assume that there
is a possibility of a great industry being built up in
course of time.

"A substantial holding has been acquired in the
Rhodesian and General Asbestos Corporation, a new
company registered in Rhodesia with a capital of £400,-
000 (£30,000 working capital). This company has been
formed to amalgamate various valuable and proved as-
bestos properties situated in Victoria, Belingwe and
other districts in Southern Rhodesia. The properties
acquired have been developed and are equipped with
sufficient plant for the production of asbestos on an ex-
tensive scale. Regular outputs are being produced and
sales effected at prices which should yield good profits.

"Touching foi a moment on the general conditions of
Rhodesia, th< e have not suffered from the adverse
influences of the war bo much a might hi n ex-

pected. The output of gold and other products hai been
fanly maintained and in some i icrea ed, not-

withstanding greatei of stores and materials.

This result is the more noteworthy when we remember
that so large a propc 10 oi the adult white

male population have answered the call to arms. There is
now- encouragement for anticipating in the near future
developments on a large scale in the outputs of base
metals already alluded to, such as copper, lead and pos-
sibly zinc, which, in their turn, will create increasing
demands for coal and coke. These matters, together
with the thriving asbestos business, promise to become
industries of great importance and value to the future
development of Rhodesia."

Progress in Developing Alaska Coal

The great demand for coal lends additional interest
to the report that some progress is being made in open-
ing up Alaskan coal deposits in advance of the begin-
nings of railway operations on the Government line to
the Matanuska district. The Alaskan Engineering Com-
mission states that it has opened a mine near Chicka-
loon, just north of the Matanuska River, to supply the
incomplete railway, and made the first shipment of coal
Oct. 29. A tract of 1140 acres in the same district has
been leased to a company of Oakland, Calif., men, and
equipment is on its way there. Two mines in the lower
Matanuska field have shipped about 40,000 tons in the
last year. Land in the Tenana lignite field is soon to
be offered for lease. It is expected that when the rail-
road begins operations next season enough coal will be
shipped out to supply the railroad, the Pacific fleet, and
all other Government needs on the Pacific coasts. Al-
ready Portland and Seattle are beginning to look hope-
fully toward a supply of Alaskan coal for ships, manu-
factories and domestic needs. It is the best on the coast
for steam, blacksmithing and coking, and the present
shortage of fuel makes it more in demand than ever.

Oil in Big Horn Basin, Wyoming

The south half of Big Horn Basin, Wyoming, em-
braces some oil country that is undeveloped but promis-
ing. A report1 recently published by the U. S. Geo-
logical Survey presents information regarding 50 domes
and anticlines in this region. Besides the Greybull,
Torchlight, and Grass Creek anticlines, which are al-
ready sufficiently developed to contribute largely to the
production of oil in Wyoming, there are several other
domes and anticlines in which oil or gas has been struck
but which are not sufficiently drilled to indicate their
value as oil reservoirs. Eleven of the anticlines de-
scribed have already proved to be productive, and about
as many more anticlines have been tested by one to
four holes, though some of the holes have not been the-
oretically well placed. Oil development in Wyoming is
still in an early stage, and drilling has not yet covered
enough ground to indicate the probable productivity of
all the anticlines.

'Bull 656. by D. F. Hewett and C. T. Lupton, U. S. Geological
Survey. Washington, D. C.

[NEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 1

Wolframite Ore in South China

in the Canton district lias
maud for wolfran ite ore,
and the recent discovery of this mineral in Kwangtung
•horn China. Consul General P. S
. writing inton, under date of Sept

10. isn \ 7), says: "Little re-

■i on the occurrence and production of
in this district is obtainable. This is not sur-
prising, as the discovery of the ore was made only
i the mining bureau has had few applica-
tions for mining rights covering this material. The
natives and even the official deputies mistook it for i1
ganeee or iron ore. until the high prices offered raised
ispicion that it must contain something different
from the commoner metals. The Japanese first learned
of the value of the 'iron ore' in Hunan Province, and
offered about 17c. gold, a pound for it. Other buyers
learned ^\ the bargain, and offered better prices. Now
aver. Tings about 32c. gold, a pound at Canton.

Ore from Kwangtung and Adjacent Provinces

"Much of the ore comes from Chengchow, Hunan
Province, adjacent to the border of Kwangtung Prov-
ince. It is transported on human shoulders from the
mine southward to Ping Shek, Kwangtung, a distance
of about 60 miles. From here it is carried in small
junks down the North River to Shiuchow, an additional
distance of 80 miles, whence it is brought to Canton
over t'..e Yueh-Han railway. All the mining is done by
hand. Production and transportation costs are not
made public Many anxious buyers, not waiting for
the ore to reach Canton, have established headquarters
at Lok Chong, a small town on the west bank of the
North River. 40 miles above Shiuchow, where they are
able to intercept the cargoes, and get first choice from
the middleman who has bought up the ore. The mid-
dleman daily collects the goods direct from the miners
in varying small amounts.

"Several places in Kwangtung are said to produce
wolfram ore, but since investigation by the Provincial
Government is so limited, and the differentiation of
minerals by the natives so unreliable, the importance
of these finds must be confirmed by experts. Several,
however, are positively known to produce the valuable
ore. The Fu Min Co. has a claim at Waichow, on the
East River. The corporation permits the natives to
mine in the concession, but insists on the exclusive right
to buy the product. The current price paid for the ore
to the miners is about 20c, gold, per lb., and the com-
pany obtains about 32c. at Canton. The number of
miners engaged in this enterprise is said to be upwards
of 1000. Th^ method of mining is principally hand
placering. The miners dive for the sand and wash it
for the heavy ore. The ore runt, *rom mere dust to
the size of walnuts or larger. Again, it is found on the
hillsides, where it is dug and washed in the usual man-
ner. No proper study of the mode of occurrence of
the ore or the geology of the cr intry has been undsr-
taken and little can be said on these subjects. A small
sample of the ore from the Waichow district was ana-
lyzed recently by a qualified mining engineer and chem-
ist. The ore was found to contain 55 84% tungsten,
13.25% iron, 11.56% manganese, and the rest in cal-

cium, magnesium, etc. This sample gives a general
idea of the nature of the ore.

"Haifong district has been reported to produce wolf-
ram ore, but no actual mining has begun there. Official
deputies were sent recently to survey the places, the .
names of which are still kept from the public. Kwangsi
Province also is said to produce wolfram ore. A Chinese
company, while prospecting for antimony ore some
time ago in Kwangsi, found small seams of wolfram
in the Hochi district, 120 miles northwest of Liuchowfu.
The ore occurs in hard quartz, and the cost of mining
is excessive. The work there is now suspended."

In September, 500 Tons Awaited Export

Of the production of wolframite in South China,
George E. Anderson, Consul General at Hongkong, re-
ported on Sept. 13:

"The course of the trade in tungsten in Hongkong,
since the development of the South China fields com-
menced this year, may be shown by the fact that the
exports from Hongkong in June amounted to 60 tons,
in July to 78 tons, and for the first half of August to
92 tons, permits to ship to the United States being with-
drawn about the middle of August. There is now on
hand in Hongkong and Canton warehouses perhaps 500
tons of the ore ready for sending to the United States
as soon as permission from the British government cov-
ering trans-shipment at Hongkong can be obtained.

"The ore so far shipped has been obtained almcst alto-
gether from surface pockets or deposits in the hills of
Kwangtung Province, particularly in the North and
East River country. It has been gathered in charac-
teristic Chinese style — a litle here and a little there and
without regard to the origin of the pockets or the pos-
sibility of developing veins or strata of ore-bearing
rock. The actual limits of the field, accordingly, are
not clearly defined. On the other hand, the deposits so
far found and worked are so widely scattered that there
is every reason to believe that the actual ore to be ob-
tained from the field is of large amount. The ore
varies considerably in quality and, as the pockets now
known are worked, there seems to be a slight falling
off in the percentage of tungsten. However, most of
the buyers on the ground are justified in anticipating
large returns from the field."

Bureau of Mines (May Study Lignites

Secretary Lane has recommended to Congress an ap-
propriation of $100,000 to enable the Bureau of Mines
to investigate the commercial and economic practicabil-
ity of utilizing the lignite coals of the United States
for producing fuel oil, gasoline substitutes, ammonia,
coal tar and gas for power. There are immense quanti-
ties of lignite in the public lands of the country, but
the coal does not stand transportation in its natural
state and is of small value for fuel except near the
mines. If a satisfactory method of extracting fuel oil
and other substances be secured, it would add immensely
to the resources of the United States.

Indications of Cobaltite and Smaltite in Lemhi County.
Idaho, have been examined by the U. S. Bureau of Mines.
It is in this district fiat Elwood Haynes, of Kokomo, Ind ,
is erectinp a mill in the hone of securing a domestic supply
of cobalt for use in the manufacture of stellite.

January :>. 1918 ENGINEERING and MINING JOURNAL

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Events and Economics of the War

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Control of railroads in the United states by tin-
Federal Government, as a war measure, became an ac-
complished fact at noon on Dec. 28, when Secretary of
the Treasury McAdoo, by appointment of the President,
took office as Director General of Railways with practi-
cally unlimited power as to control and operation. Mr.
McAdoo immediately ordered that all traffic should be
moved by the most convenient and expeditious routes.
Congress, continuing its inquiry into the conduct of the
war, was informed by Quartermaster-General Sharpe
that half of the uniforms ordered were still undelivered.
The President gave to the press the report of Food Ad-
ministrator Hoover refuting the charge of Claus
Spreckels and others that the Sugar Committee was
favoring the "sugar trust." Announcement was made
that, beginning Feb. 4, all unnaturalized German males
more than 14 years old must record data concerning
themselves and their photographs and fingerprints. At
San Francisco, 15,000 foundry workers have demanded
higher wages.

At Brest Litovsk, peace terms favoring Germany and
based largely on the status quo ante were proffered the
Bolsheviki by Count Czernin, acting for the Central Pow-
ers. The move is regarded in Allied countries either
as a "feeler" or as an attempt to breed dissension among
the Western Allies. Bolsheviki at Harbin, Manchuria,
were defeated by Chinese troops, who occupied the town.
French troops took Austrian positions at Monte Tomba
on the Italian front, with 1400 prisoners. German
attacks failed at Verdun but resulted in small gains
at Cambrai. Admiral Wemyss succeeded Admiral
Jellicoe as head of the British Navy; three British de-
stroyers were sunk by mines or torpedoes off the Dutch
coast. In Guatemala, a series of earthquakes lasting
two days practically destroyed Guatemala City.

Railroads Taken Under Federal Control

By proclamation of President Wilson the Federal
Government took possession at noon on Dec. 28 of all
railways in the continental United States that are
engaged in general transportation. The control and
utilization of the roads are to be under the authority
of William G. McAdoo, who has been appointed and
designated Director General of Railroads. Mr. Mc-
Adoo will not resign as Secretary of the Treasury.
Under his direction are also placed all auxiliary water
lines, terminals, warehouses, telegraph and telephone
lines and all other agencies commonly used in operat-
ing the systems. Secretary McAdoo's powers are un-
limited under the wording of the proclamation. He
may perform his new duties "so long and to such
extent as he shall determine through the boards of
directors" of the various companies. The various sys-
tems are to remain subject to all existing statutes and
orders of the Interstate Commerce Commission and
of the various states, unless the Director General shall

otherwise rule. Any ord< made by the latter are to
have paramount authority .

Remuneration foi and control of the proper-

ties is to be made to the owner- "on the basis of an
annual guaranteed compensation above accruing de-
preciation and the maintenance of their proper!

equivalent, as nearly as may be, to the average of the net
operating income thereof for the three-year period ended
June 30, 1917. . . Regular dividends hitherto de

dared, and maturing interest upon bonds, debenturi
and other obligations, may be paid in due course, and
such regular dividends and interest may continue to be
paid until and unless the said director shall from time
to time otherwise by general or special orders deter-
mine, and, subject to the approval of the director, the
various carriers may agree upon and arrange for the
renewal and extension of maturing obligations."

The President's proclamation further provides that
no attachment by mesne process or on execution shall be
levied on or against any property used by the systems
in conducting their business as common carriers, except
on the prior written assent of the Director. However,
suits may be brought against them and judgments
rendered, as hitherto, unless the Director shall otherwise
determine. Control of the roads passed to the Govern-
ment at noon on Dec. 28. For accounting purposes it is
to date from midnight Dec. 31, the beginning of the
railroads' fiscal year. Right is reserved in the procla-
mation to take over at a later date all street and inter-
urban electric railways, including subways and tunnels.

The personnel of the Director General's official board
is as follows: John Skelton Williams, Controller of the
Currency; Hale Holden, president of the Chicago, Bur-
lington & Quincy R.R. ; Henry Walters, chairman of the
board of directors of the Atlantic Coast Line; Edward
Chambers, vice president of the Santa Fe railroad and
head of the transportation division of the U. S. Food
Administration; Walker D. Hines, chairman of the ex-
ecutive committee of the Santa Fe and assistant to the
Director General of Railways. Upon assuming office,
Mr. McAdoo immediately ordered that all freight be
moved by the most direct and expeditious routes. This
sweeping order was followed by the resignation of the
Railroads' War Board, the members of which, with the
exception of Hale Holden, hastened to return to their
various railroad headquarters to supervise the carrying
out of the Director's order. Director McAdoo is taking
steps to relieve the serious coal shortage existing in
New York and New England.

John F. Stevens at Nagasaki

John F. Stevens, chief American railway commissioner
to Russia, arrived at Nagasaki on Dec. 19, from Vladi-
vostok. He took the accommodations of an entire hotel
in Nagasaki for the 320 members of his staff. In a
statement to the Associated Press Mr. Stevens said that
he fully expected to return soon to Russia to continue the

[NEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105. No. 1

m of Russ an rail communications.
He returning to America

and -

j the European war front
but the Russian situation is trebly import
ant. he return of a million and a half

- and gives unlimited p
lii'ii o( Russia's re-
i r.
••Ru- I presents a completely chaotic con-

■ by the most clever German propaganda
in . I everywhere among all classes of the

1 believe the better judgment o(
the pie will he asserted, and Germanv

will not succeed in forcing a separate peace. Such a
innot he concluded it" the Allies promptly give
their help and suggestions."

Save the Coal

The U. S. Bureau of Mines recently asked the advice
of a number of prominent fuel engineers throughout the
country as to the best way to consent1 coal during the
war. Martin A. Rooney. of Detroit, Mich., replied:

"In every trainload of coal laboriously hauled from
the mines to our coal bins, one carload out of every five

going nowhere and worse In a train of 40 cars the
eight are dead load that might better have been
in the bowels of the earth. Every fifth shovelful
"al that the average fireman throws into his furnace
<erves no more useful purpose than to decorate the
tmosphere with a Ions black stream of precious soot.
These are not meaningless statistics nor a 'Goblin'
-ton-, but cold facts on a warm subject. At best, one-
fifth of all our coal is wasted.

"And it is shamelessly and needlessly wasted. Instru-
ments and machinery for getting out all of the heat
there is in it are not nearly so complicated nor expensive
as the cash register which keeps tab on cash receipts or
the truck which clips a few cents off delivery costs.
Carbon dioxide, temperature and draft are easier sub-
jects to comprehend than bank discount or freight rates.

"The moral is, Mr. Coal User, get busy and learn what
they are and how to use them. The time is coming when
the Government is going to limit the amount of coal
that is dumped down the chute, and in the name of
fairness, when fuel must be denied a manufacturer, let
it be to him who cannot show that he is going to use it
efficiently. In the name of fairness to the miner who
digs it, in fairness to the heavily burdened railroad
which transports it, in fairness to a number of people
whose existence and whose future happiness depend
absolutely on the use made of this most precious of re-
sources, let every' one make efficiency the criterion when
judging which industrial establishment shall survive.

''In fairness to the manufacturer who is patriotically
operating his properties at nearly to the breaking speed
and who is giving up a large part of his profits for the
general good, let the Government show him how to con-
serve this most important of his raw materials. Let
every one send in to the furnace and boiler rooms men
who can show firemen how to burn fuel with the least
waste, just as experts have been sent among our fields
and orchards to show the farmer how to increase the
productivity of his soil."

President Thwarts Reed's Attempt
to Discredit Hoover

Publication of Food Administrator Hoover's state-
ment on the sugar situation which the Senate investiga-
tion committee had refused to record was authorized by
President Wilson on Dec. 25. The action of the commit-
tee in refusing to hear Mr. Hoover's aide of the case
promptly roused the ire of the President, says the Sun,
who held that his answer should he placed before the
country while the charges made against his administra-
tion of the sugar supply were fresh in mind. The
chairman of the committee is Senator "Jim" Reed, one
of the chief objectors to Mr. Hoover's appointment.

The statement contains the Food Administrator's re-
ply to charges made before the committee by Claus
Spreckels, president of the Federal Refining Co., that
the sugar situation was mismanaged, and sets forth in
detail the Administration's efforts to keep sugar prices
down while supplying large quantities to the Allies. The
committee not only had refused to make the statement
a part of the Congressional record, but had declined to
permit Hoover to take the stand to answer Spreckels'
charges. The President's action is considered in the
light of a vindication of Mr. Hoover and somewhat of a
rebuke to the committee.

After reviewing the sugar market conditions of the
world from the time the Food Administration was or-
ganized, Mr. Hoover's statement recites the difficulty
met in obtaining cooperation among the various sugar
interests. The price in many parts of the country went
from 8k. to 101 and lie. But the Food Administrator
adds that without Government supervision the price
might easily have gone to 25 or 30c, with a cost to
the public of $200,000,000 in four months. He at-
tributed the sugar shortage to the fact that this year
the Allies have taken 1,400,000 tons of sugar from the
Western Hemisphere, whereas they normally take only
300,000 tons.

In discussing the regulations promulgated by the
sugar division of the Food Administration, he says:

"I do not contend that they could not have been more
efficient. They are as efficient as they could be with the
feeble weapon of voluntary agreement that we have been
able to wield. Had the right not been stricken out of
the food bill for us to purchase sugar directly for the
Government, both the price and the distribution could
have been handled more efficiently."

Army Trucks Finish Test Run

Twenty-nine three-ton auto trucks which left Detroit
on Dec. 14 arrived at Baltimore on Dec. 28, having cov-
ered 600 miles. Allowing for three and c half days
when they did not travel, it is estimated that the trucks
made about 50 miles a day. The success of the run
proved the practicability of moving the trucks by their
own power over long distances, thus relieving the rail-
roads of the necessity of carrying them. Capt. Bennett
Bronson was in command of the trucks, with First Lieut.
L. J. Ward as medical officer and Second Lieut. C. A.
Riley in charge of 80 soldiers. No direct comparisons
have been made as to the cost of transporting material
by auto trucks and by railroad. It is said the Govern-
ment will move supplies by truck over long distances.

January 6, l'.US

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

27

Inefficiency in War Departmenl
Proved at Inquiry

Investigations by the Senate and House committees
have revealed inefficiency in the War Departmenl in
contrast with efficiency in the Navy: they have also
shown that the Shipping Hoard and Emergency Fleel
Corporation have made good progress in view of the
existing labor conditions. There had been complaint- oi
interference, red tape, and changes in specifications in
the matter of building ships, all of which, it was claimed,
had delayed the program. It was developed on the stand,
however, that Chairman Hurley of the Shipping Board
had brought in some of the best production experts in
the country, and in order that he might do so trustees
of the Emergency Fleet Corporation had changed the by-
laws so as to give Hurley supreme authority. Previous-
ly the general manager had such authority as would
make the president of the corporation a mere figure-
head. Production has improved since Hurley took charge.

It developed at the shipping hearing that an entirely
new industry had to be created to meet the condition
wherein the Navy had contracted for 70r, of the space
in well established yards, while remaining space was oc-
cupied by merchant ships. Whereas there were 58 yards
in existence when the Emergency Fleet Corporation took
hold, there are now 132. The great problem has been
to train labor for these new yards without taking men
from the well-established ones.

The House committee's investigation of the Navy gave
Secretary' Daniels and Rear Admiral McGowan, the pay-
master general, an opportunity to show how expansion
of the Navy has been carried on without shortage or
friction. On the other hand, the Senate Military Affairs
Committee has uncovered great weaknesses of the War
Department, especially in the ordnance and quarter-
master's departments. Apparently the expansion of the
army was too great for the administrative ability of the
personnel in charge. There is an admitted shortage of
clothing and supplies, and of guns and ammunition.

Over Half Million Working Days
Lost in Building Ships

Strikes in various shipyards throughout the country
have caused the loss of 596.992 working days, delaying
to a corresponding extent the Government's wartime
ship-building program, according to a statement before
the Senate investigating committee by Raymond B.
Stevens, a member of the U. S. Shipping Board, who has
been particularly concerned with the labor situation as
it affects the building of cargo boats for the Government.
The loss is equivalent to that caused by a 30-day strike
of 20,000 men. Most of the strikes have been for more
pay and shorter hours, though some h#ve been over the
question of the closed or open shop. In order to keep
the men steadily at work the Shipping Board has
thought it expedient to grant a 10% wage bonus for a
six-day week. The bonus will become a part of the
regular wage of the men so engaged on Feb. 1. Accord-
ing to Mr. Stevens, much of the industrial difficulty en-
countered has been due to the impression among work-
men that contractors are making -fat profits out of the
contracts for building ships.

Niagara Power Requisitioned

To assure an adequate upply of electric power foi
e tablishmenl ei n war work at Niagara Kail

and Buffalo thi Government requisitioned on Dec. 28
the electrii power produced, imported, and distributed
by the Niagara Kails Power Co., the Hydraulic Power
na Falls, and the Cliff Electrical Dl tribui
ing Co. Canadian demands thai approximately ioo.ooh
hp, of currenl imported from tin- Canadian side be ap-
plied exclu ivi i to war work were anl to have been a
factor in the Government's action.

The operation of mills is not expected to be affected
materially by the new order, as a readjustment of the
power supply had been effected previously by repre-
sentatives of the War Industries Board conferring with
the Buffalo manufacturers. Approximately 110 factories
not working directly on war contracts will curtail their
electric-power requirements somewhat and will use pow-
er at times when munitions factories are making their
smallest demand. They will also substitute steam for
electricity as much as possible.

May Electrify Great Britain To Save Coal

(Copyright, 1 f»l 7. by the "Slim")

The universal electrification of all Great Britain, in-
cluding the railroads and all factories, is the gigantic
project promulgated by the Coal Economy Committee
for the reconstruction commission and announced by
the Minister of Reconstruction. It includes the use of
electricity for domestic purposes.

It is proposed to consolidate all the electrical estab-
lishments of the United Kingdom and create 16 gigan-
tic central super-power stations of 20,000 to 50,000 hp.
each, supplying their districts through trunk lines. It
is calculated that this project would save $500,000,000
in coal annually and would end the notorious London
smoke.

An immense cheapening of power is promised, re-
sulting in the greater employment of mechanical power
and an increase in the industrial output. The com-
mission finds that America employs nearly twice as
much power per workman as Great Britain, which ex-
plains the greater American production per capita.

Sailing Vessels for Nitrate Trade

Between 400 and 500 sailing vessels are to be used to
bring nitrates from Central and South America to the
United States, and nearly all the steam vessels now be-
ing used for that purpose are to be released for trans-
atlantic service. The sailing vessels are being pro-
cured by Secretary of Commerce Redfield in response to
an appeal from the Secretary of War. The only objec-
tion that has been voiced regarding the use of schooners
is their lack of speed. Secretary- Redfield points out,
however, that there will be no delay once a steady stream
of schooners begins running to and from South Ameri-
can ports and the United States. Arrangements will be
made for convoys, and the vessels will operate at a mini-
mum of risk. Deliveries of 100,000 tons of Chilean
nitrate purchased through the War Industries Board for
sale to American farmers at cost will probably begin this
month. The price will probably be approximately $75
on board cars at the seaboard.

u

I NG1NEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. ior>. No. l

mi mi i nun iiiiHiinniiu limn ii iiiiiiiiiiiiinii i I illinium I I iiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiimmiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiig

Industrial News from Washington

Bi Paw Wooton, Speciai Correspondent

Steel Prices To Remain Unchanged
During First Quarter

By limiting contracts to the first quarter of 1918, it

telieved that the President's latest order concerning

Aili have a very disturbing influence on all

struction, which extends over a greater length of

time. The order presages a revision downward of steel

price.- for the second quarter, many believe. Producer-

rOB ore had expected that an increased price would

allowed them at this time. They ascribe the failure

to grant them a higher price to the short time that had

elapsed since they submitted important data as to costs

When officials have taken time to assimilate these data

fully, it is believed that the justice of a higher price will

be recognized. Ore producers fully expect to receive a

higher price in the April adjustment. The text of the

ssued from the White House on Dec. 28 follows

in full:

The President today approved the recommendation of the
War Industries Board that the maximum prices heretofore
fixed by the President upon the recommendation of the
Board upon ore, coke, pig iron, steel and steel products,
subject to revision on Jan. 1, 1918, be continued in effect
until Mar. 31, 1918. No new contracts calling for delivery
of any of said commodities or articles on or after Apr. 1,
1918. are to specify a pride unless coupled with a clause
making the price subject to revision by any author-
ized U. S. Government agency, so that all deliveries
after that date shall not exceed the maximum price then in
force, although ordered or contracted for in the meantime.
It is expected that all manufacturers and producers will
observe the maximum prices now fixed.

France Declines Aid in Mining Coal

Official notice has been received from France that it
will not be possible at this time to utilize the proffered
assistance of American miners in the rehabilitation of
French coal mines retaken from the Germans. The rea-
son given is the fact that only a small portion of the
coal-producing area has been yet regained.

While no mention was made in the communication of
other reasons for declining the assistance offered, it is
understood that the French government feared that it
would be difficult to make the public in the mining re-
gions understand why Americans were being used in
the mines, rather than at the front. Moreover, the pay-
ment of the American standard of wages would give
rise to dissatisfaction among the native miners, whose
rate of pay is much less.

Occurrence of Lode Deposits Near
Nenana Coal Fields

Active prospecting of lode deposits near the Nenana
coal fields of Alaska is predicted by R. M. Overbeck, of
the United States Geological Survey, as a result of ex-
tending the Government railroad thither. While gold
will be the principal mineral sought, antimony, iron
pyrite, chalcopyrite and bismuth are known to exist in
this region and probably will receive attention from

prospectors. Mr. Overbeck points out the following
four geologic facts which should be carefully noted by
one engaged in prospecting for lode deposits in this
region: The deposits occur in the schist; they are asso-
ciated with the line-grained dark schist, are near small
acidic intrusive bodies and are related to faulting.

Manganese Exports from Brazil
Increase in 1917

From 245,185 metric tons in 1914, exports of mangan-
ese ore from Brazil increased to more than 500,000 tons
in 1917, the advance in 1916 continuing through 1917.
The exports in 1917 have been even greater than those
in 1916 with the exception of one month. Shipments in
October, '917, were 60,188 metric tons, a larger amount
than had been exported in any other single month. Fol-
lowing is a table showing the gradual increase of man-
ganese shipments from 1914 to 1917 as compiled by the
American Consul General at Rio de Janeiro:

EXPORTS 01 VIANGANESE ORE FROM BRAZIL IN 1114 1917

Moinl, 1914 1915 1916 1917

Tom Tons Tons Pons

l:tl I \

February
March

April . .

May

n.
•July . .

\ULMlSt

September
October

\. vi mini

December

Total .. 245,185 309,880 432,425 457,654

The manganese producing district is connected with
the coast by the government-owned Central Railroad of
Brazil. The line is narrow gage and is approximately
300 miles in length.

26,468

lt,.7i;

36.025

39,843

17,510

22.915

32,780

37,505

20,510

24,587

31,441

40,700

16.172

24.690

34,675

46,659

21,058

25,138

29.400

38.747

26,785

20.295

37,040

51.037

22,720

19,060

40,394

39,156

14.960

'1 1 (i(i

40.639

58,758

12,450

28,330

36,338

45,05»

21,075

30,370

40,099

60,188

19.620

30,635

35,940

25.857

36.025

37,654

Examining Caliche in California

Promising reports as to the value of a caliche deposit
in southeastern California, as a source of nitrate, have
caused the U. S. Geological Survey to send a corps of
specialists to examine it and to make thorough tests.
The relation of the caliche to the underlying Tertiary
formation is to be investigated. The work is in charge
of Hoyt S. Gale, assisted by G. R. Mansfield, L. F. Noble,
G. C. Caukins, F. H. Chapin and a force of practical
prospectors. The expedition is accompanied by a chem-
ist equipped to make rough nitrate determinations.

Testing Copper-Nickel Ores of Alaska

In the hope of finding a way of making the nickel
in the copper-nickel ores of Alaska commercially availa-
ble, laboratory tests have been begun by the United
States Bureau of Mines. The importance of nickel as a
war mineral and the fact that but little of it occurs
in the United States, proper, are causing increased atten-
tion to be paid to this metal by the Bureau of Mines
and the Geological Survey.

January 5, 1918 ENGINEERING AND MINIM, rOURNAL 29

, niiiiiiiiiiiiimuiiiiiuiiuilmiliiiuiiiiillllllliiiiiliiiiiiiliiimilinimli llllllllll lllllllliliiim I iiiiiiiillm u i miinll i i nun nun uiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiini I I mull m I

Editorials

Him I ALLS

McQraw-Hili Compani i ■ i " ii Hci -h nt

| „ „i tmiimiiimiimimiiiiiiimiiiimiiiiiiiinii inn iiiiimiliiiliimillilllillil imimmilllll i i imiliinnii i i n llMliminilllllfnnniimn Mm iinimimiinmimmiiiiii

Government Railway Operation

AT NOON, Dec. 28, the Government assumed opera-
tion of all I lie railways of the United States by proc-
lamation of the President, who appointed William Gibbs
McAdoo, Secretary of the Treasury, to be Director Gen-
eral. The railways ire to be guaranteed the same net
earnings as the average for 1914-16, their obligations
are to be met ana their financial needs are to be sup-
plied. A part of this program requires legislation by
Congress, which will defer to the President's engage-
ments and wishes, it is expected, and there remain de-
tails to be worked out, respecting which nobody is
alarmed, for there is a general recognition of the Presi-
dent's attitude of fairness toward all parties, including
the railway stockholders and bondholders. In effect the
Government guarantees bond interest and dividends on
stocks during the period of the war, and thus is removed
the great fear of investors, who saw the railways being
crushed between an upper and a nether millstone.

There is a general feeling that, the Government hav-
ing taken this step, there will never be any return to
the old system of individual, competitive operation.
Whether the result will be Government ownership or
something less than that remains for time to tell. What
we may now recognize is simply that our old railway
system is passing, just as passed the turnpike system of
a former time. The fundamental reason is similar. The
public will not consent to private control of its means of
transportation.

The unification and coordination of the railways
should theoretically result in an enormous economy.
This was foreseen by railway operators as early as 20
years ago. They took steps in that direction, but were
promptly checked by public opposition, which expressed
itself in restrictive legislation and executive impedi-
ments. Then began the crushing of the railways be-
tween popular opinion on the one hand and the demands
of unionized labor on the other hand. The people have
now got what they wanted, or thought they did, and at
the same time the Government has recognized that the
theory of the railway operators was right. Perhaps
was never denied that it was right. The point was
rather whether the railways were to get the benefit of
the saving, or the people. The people think that they
are going to get it, and during war-time it may be so,
nay, probably will be so, for the railways are going to
be run by their old operators, and, stifl free from the
blight of politics, they will be able to effect the immense
economies that they themselves foresaw. Of course,
the improvement is not to exhibit itself overnight. The
job of reorganizing the railway transportation of the
whole country is too stupendous for immediate results,
but with the lapse of reasonable time the elimination of
what is now waste, either owing to the duplication of
work or th° performance of unnecessary work, is surely
going to l-turn to Treasury a surplus after the railway

b mdhoidei - and rtoi kholi been paid fur the use

of their property whal they have been guaranteed.

Naturally, much depends upon the good faith of the
labor brotherhoods, which is now going to I"- t'-sted.
If their claim be correct thai their wag ■ not ad-

vanced in proportion to ' in the cost of living,

without any doubt they will be granted what is right,
and the public will be required to pay higher rates for
transportation, which it ought to do cheerfully. If, on
the other hand, the claim of the brotherhoods be incor-
rect, they will have to recognize that they are now con-
fronting the people, instead of a group of corporations
toward which the people were surly and suspicious. The
correct policy for the brotherhoods now is to be reason-
able in their demands and to see to it that their mem-
bers be efficient in their work.

The possibilities for economy in the railway amalga-
mation that unfold themselves are so stupendous that
they seem too good to be true, nor must we expect that
we shall realize the maxima of all of them. During the
period of war we may expect a high degree of efficiency,
although we shall have to put up with many discomforts,
in that respect paying the penalty of the starvation of
the railways at the behest of popular clamor during the
last 10 years. Such troubles are going to be particular-
ly acute in certain parts of the country, New England
for example, where the railway systems have been
wrecked by legislative and judicial procedure, which
took them out of the hands of the banking administra-
tions that were developing just such a policy as the
Government has now adopted.

But when we begin to think of what may be after the
war, we begin to see the subtractions from maximum
economy that may ensue. We may conjecture how theo-
retical economy may be offset by slothfulness of hand
and sluggishness of intellect. We dread lest the kind of
bungling that characterizes the postal administration
may spread to the railways. The railways have hereto-
fore been run by a staff of $10,000 to $50,000 men. The
Government uses $3000 to $5000 help. From the stand-
point of industrial managers the railways have not in
recent years been run with the smartness and intelli-
gence that other engineers are used to, but as compared
with what the Government does they have been as the
hare to the tortoise. For example, the railway stations
of the country are less dirty and evil-smelling than the
post offices, and we fancy that trains are more on time
than mail deliveries. We shall not have such comfort-
able and speedy passenger trains, for the incentive of
competition to secure business will be gone. The new-
mining district that needs a railway extension may not
have so easy a time in getting it as when it was solely a
matter of private enterprise and interest. It may be
that the people will not like what they have thought
they wanted. Meanwhile, the amalgamation of the 250,-
000 miles of railway of the United States as a war meas-
ure was the only thing to do.

I NGINEER1NG AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 1

The Wages Problem

INT number of Comment and Finance,
tus F M workingman, contributes

a very reasonable article on the wages problem, offering
an ition and asking it it be practicable Con-

ns slightly, be says;

. hi or t«.ti hours a day to get a certain

"int of monej No, we want food, shelter and clothing —

rforming the same amount of work every day, we

old be entitled to the same amount of food, shelter and

every day. But we do not get that, because the

prices of the necessaries of life ai "ti the wi

teed of tin wages being based upon the prices of the

We workingmen, of course, put up a

stubborn in the race Wo I

tetimes we win. If we sometimes succeed in

nK an increase in our wages the real benefit accruing

to us is never BO great as it may seem. As a general rule

we seldom get an increase without resorting to strikes.
which means a total loss of any income whatever And
strikes cause Innl feelings between employer and employee

nd oftentimes bloodshed ami destruction of valuable
property: and this is beneficial to nobody. The present

tern of settling disputes between capital and labor is not
endurable any longer — neither L> the capitalist nor the
working class Arbitration has failed in all other countries
where it has been tried. It will fail here. But one thing
which has not been tried anywhere, and which once forever
will settle this class war between capital and labor, is to
base the wages upon the prices of the necessaries of life.
Every man should be given an index salary and by multi-
plying this with the index price for food, shelter and cloth-
ing we would arrive at the workingman's weekly wages.
In other words, the burden of a proper supply and dis
tribution would be placed where it properly belongs — on
the shoulders of the capitalist class. This class is highly
organized, has all the brains and all facilities successfully
fo check any attempt to tamper with the supply and distri-
bution of the necessaries of life.

This suggestion looks toward the equality in the dis-
tribution of wealth that is the great desideratum. If
wage earners never felt the pinch of the increasing cost
of the necessaries of life without doubt there would be
a diminution of labor troubles. If employers appre-
ciated better the workings of economic law there would
be more voluntary increases of wages; and, on the other
hand, wage earners would be more reasonable about re-
ductions when they became necessary. Without any
doubt wages adjust themselves to the cost of living in
the long run, but the adjustment is clumsy and confused,
and conditions are apt to be temporarily inequitable.

The reason for this is also the reason why a fixing
of wages according to index numbers is impracticable.
The index numbers themselves are but rough approxi-
mations even of the composite price of commodities.
They do not include rents and other elements of the
cost of living at all. Being a composite, they involve
factors that exhibit at times wide discrepancies, and
also there are differences among several parts of the
country, although in any general price movement of
major character the tendency is for these discrepancies
and differences to disappear. This, together with other
reasons, points out why no index number could feasibly
be introduced as a factor in fixing wages week by week
or even month by month.

Somewhat similar to this idea is that of a sliding
scale for wages according to the price received for the
commodity produced, which was introduced a few years
ago in copper mining, and apparently with a good deal
of success, especially when the price for copper was
generally rising. However, when the price for copper
started downward, while the general index numbers
were still going up, there was trouble.

The idea as to the relation that there ought to be be-
tween wages and index numbers is probably correct to
this extent : If the index numbers oxer a series of years
show a certain trend and if the average rate of wages
ha.- failed to move correspondingly, the demands of
labor on the ground of increased cost of living ought to
be examined carefully and not be resisted on the gen-
eral principle that labor must fight for any advantage.
As we have remarked previously, wages conform to in-
dex numbers in the long run. But in the view that is
even longer they gain upon them, for all progress in
are arts inures eventually to labor; that is, its share of
production becomes greater, which means that its stand-
ard of living rises. The organization of the petroleum
industry, the invention of the telephone, the mechani-
calizing of manufacturing, and all such advances in the
arts have been to the ultimate benefit of labor.

Russia

THE reports of the Anglo-Russian mining companies
that have lately been holding their annual meetings
in London give us a better idea of the situation in
Russia than we get from the press dispatches, which
are confined mainly to the doings of the Bolsheviki in
Petrograd and Moscow. Work is still going on at their
properties, although in a more or less crippled way, and
we get the impression that in the vast stretches of
Russia there is relative quiet as compared with the
chaos in the capitals. In the addresses of the chairmen
of these companies there is a certain note of optimism,
while the seriousness of the present situation is not
minimized, nor even is there any attempt to disguise the
opinion that possibly it may become worse before it
begins to get better. All agree that the revolution must
run its course.

To the student of history there is a wonderful simi-
larity between the events of the French Revolution and
the Russian. The main differences, so far, seem to be
that the sequence of events in Russia has been swifter
and there has not yet been exhibited the same ferocity.
In both cases the causes were economic. In both cases
the struggle became a war between classes. There was
demoralization of the army of France, just as there has
been in that of Russia, but, nevertheless, external wars
continued to be prosecuted. Early in 1793 the disorder
in France was such that when the Germans invaded the
country many expected a quick and triumphal march to
Paris, but the French rallied and by the end of the year
they achieved signal military successes against the
enemy. Intoxicated by the victories, the revolutionary
convention abandoned itself to the fervor of conquest.

In France as well as in Russia the control of affairs
passed gradually into the hands of the worst elements —
the Jacobins in France, who may be compared to the
Bolsheviki in Russia. The political measures of the
Bolsheviki, their financial mismanagement, their enact-
ment of impracticable laws dictated by passions, simply
repeat what the Jacobins did in 1793-94. The ideas of
the leaders were singularly similar. Robespierre finally,
like Lenine, found himself free to establish the republic
of virtue. He sketched the plan of an ideal society in
which every man should have just enough land to main-
tain him; in which domestic life should be regulated by
law and all children should be educated by the state.

January r». litis

ENGINEERING AND MINING . !A]

81

the nation to be ruled bj a dictator while bringing this

about. rii is fantasj sounds much Like Le e and

Trotzky, does it not V

The Fall of the Bastille occurred July 14, 1789. On
Apr. ."). 1794, after the execution of Danton, there was
none to dispute the leadership of Robespierre. 'The Rus-
sian revolution, dating from Mar. 16, 1917, proceeded
so far as to have Lenine and Trotzky on Nov. 7, 1917.
Assuming that Robespierre is the prototype of Lenine,
will the parallel continue, and at an accelerated pace?
The French could not stand Robespierre for long, and
they beheaded him July 27. 1794. Then ensued the
reaction. There were anti-Jacobin outbreaks and mas
sacres. The property of persons previously executed
was restored to their families. Exiles returned to the
country. Meanwhile France achieved great military suc-
cesses without having any stable government. In order
to provide the latter it was voted in 1795 that the
Jacobin constitution of 1793 was impracticable, and on
Sept. 23, 1795, a new constitution, providing for govern-
ment by a Directory, was adopted by popular vote, the
revolution was closed and the nation desired only rest
and the healing of its wounds. However, the Directory
did not work well, and it was but a short time until
Xapoleon came.

(..mil iniimui

n i i ru i i

uiMiMMimiiiiiHi > I ■ J • r i , . •

BY THE WAY

HI. MH|III«1IIII. 1IU. I . I.

A Cornish miner was spending his " 'oliday 'avin a
look about." It was his first visit to an openpit, and
not knowing instructions in regard to passengers riding
on locomotives, "figgered as W a ride through the
pit on an engine would be a pleasant way of seeing
these operations. Before he reached the approach and
could board the locomotive, it started off. " 'old fast,"
yelled Jack, " 'old fast." But the engineer paid no
attention and opened the throttle wider. Jack, with dis-
gust, delivered himself of the following: "Oh dam-me,
go's along you great puffin' devil. I walked afor I ever
saw thee."

When Wall Street read that Ambrose H. Monell had
resigned as president of the International Nickel Co.
to enter the national service in France it was immediate-
ly recognized the contribution one individual was mak-
ing, says the Boston Neivs Bureau, but few realized at
what great personal sacrifice. For Monell in severing
his connection with the only great nickel company in the
world gave up not only the respectable salary attached
to the position he occupied as president, but also the
bonus he received for his services in creating new uses
and demands for the metal. As Colonel Monell on the
staff of General Foulis, who is in charge of American
aviation, he will devote to the aviation department his
exceptional abilities as an organizer. Probably few in
this country are better qualified to attempt such a prob-
lem than the restless, energetic, forceful and keen
Monell. The International Nickel Co. is fortunate in
having in its personnel so excellent a successor to its
former president. W. A. Bostwick, who now heads the
company, performed countless difficult tasks as assist-
ant to the president. Especially, in the last two years,
he has had to handle many delicate matters, not the
least of which were the negotiations with the Canadian

i 1 1 'in bj u in. h the nickel panj nav< itselt

over completely to tht upervisi I tht Dominion

authorities The matter was exceedingh delicate, for
complaint was repeatedly made in Canada that n j « •
companj was under German domination Mr. itost-
w [ck'a handling of th n o skilful t hat I h<

administration in Canada came to the defence of th<
companj to the fullest degree. The new president is
young, dynamic and agg

Mining engineers who are still looking for "that
farm" should peruse a little notice that Eoi many months
has hung almost forgotten in the lobby of a hotel n
Cuba. The tale runs a "For Sale -6500 at re

of the very best land in Vuelta Abajo, with about 1600 ol
forest of cedar and man] others different rich woods, a
large cattle farm with nice natural pasture, lit t
also to grow tobacco, sugar cane, oranges, coconuts, i b
and a valuable field of Gold Sands. Settled on the river
and borough of Mantua, Pinar del Rio. 12 miles from
Puerto Dimas, North coast. For information write to
Marcos Garcia, 39 Escobar (altos) Habana."

A great service flag, 34x54 ft. in dimension, bearing
the figures 11,490, has been hung across Broadway, New
York, from No. 71, the building occupied by the United
States Steel Corporation. This flag is to honor the
11,490 employees of the Corporation, including 305 offi-
cers, now in the Army and Navy, though there is noth-
ing on the flag to indicate that it is connected in any
way with the Steel Corporation. It being impossible to
place 11,490 stars on the flag, the figures 11,490—
six ft. high and made of stars — were substituted.
Among the Steel Corporation's subsidiaries, the Car-
negie Steel Co. leads with 1984 men and other companies
contributing in an important way to the total are the
American Steel and Wire Co., 1737; American Sheet
and Tin Plate Co., 1417; National Tube Co., 1078; Illi-
nois Steel Co., 1003; Tennessee Coal, Iron and Railroad
Co., 911, and 577 for the American Bridge Company.

The Mine Chemist

You can tell the noble story
Of the workers underground :

You can laud the open-pit boys to the skies;
You can sing of deeds of glory
That were never, never found

'Midst the fumes of acids and of alkalies.

But I've got a kind of notion

That the folks don't always know

The important things in mining every day
That are done without commotion
And without a bit of show

In a quiet, scientific sort of way.

Just within the legal bound'ry
Of the company's domain

Is a dingy house that's standing all alone
But from mine clear down to foundry.
Skip and ore dock, boat and train.

It persists in making its importance known.

No, the lab. ain't built for beauty,
And the boys that work inside

Aren't loaded with collegiate degrees,
But they're burdened with a duty
And they're trusty, true, and tried
Just as much as if they toted Ph. D's.

Lieut. Charles Nichoi.ls Webb.

-

! NGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol 105, No. 1

December Mining Dividends

r dividends bj IS United States mining .mil
metallurgical eo totalled $29,004,548, as com-

ed with disbursement (45,114,891 by 59 com-
a December, 1916. In view of reductions by
the large companies, and discontinuance of p
menta by others, both large and small, on account of war
abor troubles, etc, the decrease is not remark-
able. Holding companies pant $323,433, as compared
with $1.. n 1916. Canadian and Mexican com-

es paid $1,001,987 in 1917 and $840,824 in Decem-
ber, 1916.

l'iiit*d S

i nan

\ C. S.-Mei

$1 50

$'1U,.)70

M *

1 75

OS

10.000

!

50

2.500

\. \

02

8.170

1

n;

Calum. ■

2 00

1 : Mich

10 00

1.000.000

Cbino. <• \ \1

2 00

Copprr Range, e Midi.

2 50

"85.o"7

Orrs»on. g. 5

10

122.0CO

' 1 \:\

.00;

r,.>'M

1.00

420.700

\ 1

15

111,444

Frdenil V -

1 75

20>,757

0J

45.000

04

20.000

H.vLt. !

05

50.000

Hotncst&kc. ft S n

1 65

414. 414

interim N.

1 00

1.673,384

ip. c
J ld*e Min A - I'tah

50

72.055

25

120.000

■'tt. c

1 00

2,786.679

Magiua. c

50

120.000

N'pvada 1

1 00

1.999.457

New idna. ,| i

.50

50.000

North Star, t 1

60

150.000

Old Dominion, c 1

1 00

297.071

Orov. Calif

12

82.385

1'h It*. Dodge Corpn 1 S -Mox

10 00

4,500.000

Qjmcy. Mich

} 00

530,000

1 00

1.577.179

St JoeK'ph Lead

75

1.057,093

>i!\. r King Con.. 1. s

.10

68.859

"Iintic Standard. 1 ^ Ctah

03

35,241

Tomtx.y. g 1

.24

75.330

I nited Eastern, g Uii

05

68.150

t nited Verd \riz

1.50

450.000

t'tah Con . .- Dtah

50

150 000

t tah Metal ami Tunnil. c...... 1

30

207.476

Yellow Pin.-, z 1

Ot

40.000

Yukon Gold, g

0''

262,500

L tah Copu 1 Utah

3 50

5,685.715

V\ amor Coprx-r. pftl Aril

70

47.600

Canadian. M>

Con.; .tion

Per"Share

T..t;.l

Cerro de Pw. ., . So Am

1 25

1.009,471

1

50

60.000

K.IT 1.

25

150 000

Lucky Tiser-Combination. k Mex

05

35.767

M'-xico Minos of I M. \

96

174,960

Min. Corpn of Canada, - 1 >m

311.260

Santa G*Ttru<li-. k' Mex

18

270.000

Holding Compaii i»iop

Per Share

Total

General r>v

1 00

120,000

1 00

203,433

The total paid by United States mining and metal-
lurgical companies in 1917 was $317,903,408; by Ca-
nadian, Mexican, Central and South American mines,
518,893,070; and by holding companies, $5,302,794.

A full review of the year's dividends will appear in
the annual statistical number to be issued on Jan. 12.
As this will be made up from revised returns, there
may be some changes in the totals as here given.

Investigation of Smelters Completed
in Colorado

The committee named by the Colorado Legislature
last winter to make a complete and exhaustive survey of
the smelting industry of the state has finished its work.
It was appointed to furnish ore producers with data and
information upon which they could figure with accuracy.

and which would enable them to act intelligently in mak-
ing contracts with smelters. The committee is headed
by Senator Siewers Fincher of Breckenridge, Colorado.
The investigation, the first of the kind to be under-
taken in the country, has been complete and thorough.
0. K. Whitaker, a well-known mining engineer, a trustee
of the Colorado School of Mines, was secured to handle
i he technical work. Armed with the full authority of
the state, he spent months at the smelteries investigat-
ing methods and delving into the books showing metal
It sses, actual cost of handling the various ores, etc. The
law establishing the committee did not, unfortunately,
provide sufficient funds for printing enough copies of the
reports to meet the demand. That the information may
be given general circulation, the Colorado Metal Mining
Association will print the Whitaker report and the con-
clusions of the committee in its annual report to the
January convention of that body.

Fund Grows for 27th Engineers

It you feel like kicking the cat and are out of sorts
in general, try a subscription to the Comfort Fund for
the 27th Engineers and see how it will improve things.
You will feel better — so will we; the list below will be
longer, and happiest of all will be the man of the Twenty-
Seventh when he has "one on you" that your gift will
make possible. The list of those who have thus con-
ferred happiness on themselves and their brothers in the
mining regiment is as follows:

i: urn a 1 1 , urn mill Mining Journal Sli

New v..] i Engineering Co i 0

A Friend, Nov. 23 6.00

m H -

I ' I.' 1 'lllli'll.in 6 00

II \V llanliiitre Mi 10

\ Spencer 5. mi

\Y I. . ours, re 5.00

.1, II Polhemua

.1. II, Janewaj i

mi- it i ■ Beers I".""

i E Hayes 10.00

i \ Van Mater

i. Vogelstein & Co 100 00

i luprite" Hum

i: II Bassett (Hanna Ore Mining; Co.) ... 10.00

A Friend, I iec. l" 10.00

P A Mosman 10.00

American /.inc. Lead and Smelting: Co 100.00

.i <; ii 5.00

Daniel Guggenheim 100.00

a, ii. ii :

Willard s Morse ... 25.00

August Ha 100.00

\i ml. i Copp i Mining Co 1000.00

F W. Bradley 100.00

Charles l.. eui

A Friend, I >.•<• 1 :: •. 50.00

Freeland Jew etl I

hi A Wagner 5.0(1

Francis P. sum 10.00

Total $4740.00

There have been many calls for money and some per-
haps feel that they have already given too much. As to
this, "A Fririd" expressed himself thus in sending in
hi;i contribution:

None of us who stay at home should flatter ourselve;
that we have given too much and that it is time for the
other fellow to do his share. If we grave every red cent
that we possess, it would not be too much, even if it left
us strapped. It would still be less than the hundreds of
thousands have given who have laid down their lives for
the cause of the civilization, the benefits of which we con-
tinue to enjoy.

The men of the mining regiment deserve all the at-
tentions we can show them. At best, mining work at
home is hazardous. There is always present the danger
of falling ground, a broken rope or a false step in the
dark, to say nothing of missed shots and other risks
that are part of the underground routine. But in the

January

I'.HS

ENGINEERING AND MINING 101 KNAL

service the Twenty-Seventh will Bee, these risks will be
heightened by the presence of the enemy. The hanging
will always be treacherous with the Boches above It.
The tunnel will always be ready to change magically Into
an opencut through the agency of a well-placed shell.

and even when the job is done and the charges are
placed, the other follow may beat them to it by shooting
a countermine first.

We cannot do too much for these men. lint we can-
not do a thing without the money to do it. So join us
in our efforts to look out for the mining industry's regi
ment. Send in your check payable to the Engineering
mill Mining Journal. Hold up your end of the game.

Industrial Co-operation After the War

Cooperation by the people of the United States in in-
dustrial lines after the war is urged by Roeer YV. Bab-
son, of the Cambridge Board of Trade. At a recent
meeting of the board Mr. Babson made suggestions and
a prophecy, according to the Boston Transcript. He
sketched certain lines along which capital and labor
might work harmoniously, but he was not sure these
plans would be followed, for, said he, "we hate to give
the other fellow an equal opportunity with ourselves."
Both capital and labor must yield something before
the high cost of living will be reduced, declared the
speaker.

"There are two wars in progress today," said Mr.
Babson. "One war is between nations and the other
war is between classes. The longer the first war lasts
the more terrible the industrial conflict at its close.

"Considering the fact that only 3% of the 100,000,-

000 people of the United States had income enough
last year to pay an income tax and that only 51% of
the people are necessary in order to change laws, con-
fiscate property and put labor in supreme command,
some ask why an industrial revolution has not already
taken place. There are three reasons for this: (1)
Labor and the radical element is divided among itself
and cannot agree on any one platform; (2) both labor
and capital have failed to recognize the importance of
brains and management in industry; (3) all parties
lack the courage to tackle the real cause of the diffi-
culty— namely, the descent of industrial control through
inheritance and the abuse of the proxies system.

"When, however, these three obstacles are removed,

1 feel very dubious as to the outlook of the average
investor unless the business men now get together alonsr
some really constructive program. The present method
of each side staring at the other, unwilling even to talk
things over together, cannot long continue. If I can
do so without being considered a propagandist, I will
give a guess as to the make-up of the future corporation.

"The future corporation will have only three direc-
tors. One of these will be elected by the investors
in the corporation, who could be compared to the pres-
ent stockholders. This means that instead of the pres-
ent stockholders electing all the directors they will elect
only one. This one, however, will really represent them,
give all his time to the work and be adequately paid
by them for his services. Another director will be
elected by the manual workers. This man will be re-
sponsible for the labor problems of the plant, but he
will be responsible to and paid by organized labor. The

third will i.. bj the management of the plant,
representing the executive end. the .-111110 end and the
other managerial departments 1 an will like

wise he paid by the mana>'i'mciil end

"These I' n Will elect the president, who shall

be elect eil strictlj on his He will bold the posi-

tion as an executive oi judge His job will be to gel
results irrespective of the individual interests of any

one of the three directors Although there will be
Only three members on this hoard of directors, yet

all actions must he unanimous Cooperation can never
be broughl about through the use oi merely a majority
vote. Each intere 1 must he satisfied, and when each
interest knows all the facts each interest can easily
be satisfied. 'But what if a unanimous vote on some
project cannot be obtained?' some one may ask. In
the future corporation this will be provided against by
a court of appeal for each industry in every state
These courts of appeal will consist of three commission-
ers who will be absolutely posted on their own industry.
They will know what all concerns in this industry are
paying, are earning, and what troubles they are up
against. Any one of the three members of the board
of directors of any corporation can. at any time, ap-
peal for a decision to the court of appeal for their in-
dustry and the decision of this court shall be final.

"I am not urging either labor or capital to adopt
any such plan. History has shown that we progress only
under economic pressure and adopt new methods only
when compelled to. Therefore neither side may have
sense enough voluntarily to give up anything and so
avoid a revolution. I am, however, willing to prophesy
that after the industrial conflict is over the final state
will not be capitalism, socialism, I. W. W.'ism or any
other kind of ism. The corporation has come to stay
in some form. . . .

"The only radical thing about the future corporation
as I have outlined it is that it gives all three interests
an equal opportunity. Strange to say, it takes more
courage for any one to give the other fellow an equal
chance with ourselves than to do any other one thing.

"If I represent any class it is the consumers. There
are over 100,000,000 of us in this country, and we all
are trying to pull ourselves up by our boot-straps.

"Statistics sho\v that the dollar today is worth only
two-thirds of what it was a few years ago and is becom-
ing worth less and less every minute. The retailers lay
it to the manufacturers and the manufacturers lay it
to the retailers; the capitalists blame it to labor and
the labor interests blame it to the capitalists. For if
wages go up, prices must go up; and if prices go up,
then wages must go up.

"The way to lower the cost of living and make life
worth living for all people is to bring about real co-
operation among these different interests in order that
all may pull together to increase production and elimi-
nate waste. Capital is wrong in its unwillingness to
give labor a real interest in the business ; but labor also
is absolutely wrong in its basic theory that it can get
richer by producing less. Capital must learn to give
up and labor must learn to wake up.

"The nation which profits most from this great
European war will be the nation first to bring about
this spirit of cooperation among the different interests
involved in production and distribution."

[NEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105. No. 1

Personals

Obituary

.1 i Mtmmu

■ nut iiiiiiiiiii mill

Han , .hi Joined iii. Ounfari » lui. i..r

! It I ll(H''

J. P. Ilul.li.ii-
\ il K»k,.., ...

tr.p

K.i-I. M IL ••

iii R

l.r..rKr on. Smith,

■ in an

B»lud nan. r.. n .,;-.■- Ix al the

during the

h of J ami

■ >. II l.ntl>.

■ with

K. D. I.mrcr.

..ting
i ..il and gas

i i Lake, metallurgical engine-
Ivtrou M Blstani

superintendent of the Rich Tool Co.. Chl-

l>r. Joseph H»<!r I'ratt is lieu..

■ i Engineers
lite, s.iuili

< sin. John I i Daren, Engim

rps, has been assigned to the

np Sherman. Chilll-

othe. •

i ..i William B. Thompson, head ol the

trograd f"i the

inths. arrived In New York on

Dec. -5 with his stall

\ \\ Kewbern and I 0 S inker.

both first lieutenants, have been assigned
to the Fourth Engineers, now st&tloi
Dover Barracks, Washington.
H p, mi. ii. eei .'i the An-

niston 31 has resigned

a on the engineering staff ol the
Tennesac: Coal, iron and Railroad Co.

Hurh f. Marriott, consulting englneei foi
■nral Mining and Investment Cor-
poration, will s ! loi as
president of the Institution of Mining and
Metallurgy

t ol. J..~e|ih W. Boyle, of Dawson, Yukon,
who h ■ ' ome months

enting the British American Commis-
sion hi ited by Gi

the i inl.-r of St. Stanislaus.

i . p. Scallnn. superintendent of the T.in-
coln mine at Virginia, Minn, will take
eharg. U-Annex mine at c.

Minn, which is also operated by the In-
terstate Iron Co.. the Mesabi operating
subsidiary of Jones & Laughlin Company.

Major Oconee s. Weinberg, Russian rep-

id Co., the
Worthington Pump ami Machinery Co. and
other Inter* dered t.. active

duty with the 30th Engineers at the Amer-
ican Universitv eamp. District of Colum-
bia.

\ I. Field, ■ -istant metallurgisl at tin-
Lake Superior station of the U. S. B
of Mil igned to enter private em-

ent and is succeeded by P. II- Kn, -i.t.
who r ted with the iron and

nvestjgation of the Bureau for sev-
eral years.

C. T. Watson ami i ii Bchener have
been commissioned captains in the Engi-
neer Officer \. K. M.l.uir...
i T. Pearee and M. W. Ki.nl. first lieuten-
ants, and have received orders to report
for duty on Jan. 5 at Camp Lee, Peters-
burg, Virginia

Brace C. Yates, assistant guperinti

and chief engineer of the Homestake Mining
Co.. Lead, S D. has been appointed BUper-
intendent to succeed Richard Blackatone
who retired on Jan 1 1918 Mr Yates
is a graduate of the University of Nebraska
and has been with the Homestake company
for the last 20 years

I~ R. Wallace is general manager of the
Andes Copper Mining Co., Potrei

Other members of the staff arc; ( rge

Montandon. chief engineer, in charge of all
railroad construction work: X. M. Hoffman,
engineer in charge of mill and othi !
struction work; W. I.. Da Moulin, h
engineer, in charge of pipe line construc-
tion; M. Fernandez, mine superintendent ;
K. Milller, business manager ; and C. Mor-
reL railway superintendent.

\. \. in. .». dlstli >■

Km. wiiic Tenn., Jan 2.

i r. ,i i On .ii.-. • oni tilting englneei o1

the l-.hll Ol u"m

.i!:.-.i .ii Unite i ■ when the

automobile in which he was riding wi
.low ii b) a N'di thei " ' u me nam

James n . MaleolmKon con lilting

nlj on I >ec.
insulting enginei
Lucky Tiger Combination Gold Mining Co.,
,i i i Tlgre, Son. .1:1. m. ■-

Joseph ii. v» Iward, pn Idenl of the

Woodward Iron Co Alabama, died on Dec
irs He was one
i s iii the iron Industrj In the Blrmlng-
i in which he resided for the

Benjamin Franklin Taylor, former super-

li in of the /..-il. i mine ai Jackson,
died .ii .la. kson on I >ec

Ohio,
and «eni
became Idei riou mining enter-

'...... in., \\ . Spragne, consulting eni

ei
• appendicitis He was horn in 1 866
.as graduated from the Massachusetts
Institute of Technology H
as an electrical ene im 187 ami

was formerlj Identified with the G ral

Electric Co and the Westlnghouse-Church-
Ki rr Company

i ii>, iini stlllman, ., the fukon

i l tawson on Nov. 23, aged 16

He was an Englishman and joined the

Northwest Mounted Police when * young

to the Yukon iii 1897 with a

detachment of the force He afterwards

engaged in mining an I s years since

joined the stafl of the Canadian K
Mnmm Co with which hi nnected

until his death.

sii,is Wright Eccleti, ,i esident of

the a rlcan Smelting and Refining Co..

died on Dec. 31 ai si Augustine, Fla.,

where he had gone tor his health He was

al Washington, ill , in l s.r>2. He

commenced his career in business as

tion agent ami telegraph operator for the
Chicago ,V Alton 1: 1: in I s;i; he went
lo the Denver & Rio Grandi R Ii and a
■a as appointed genera I passenger
agent of the system Prior to becoming

cted with the American Smelting and
Refining Co., Mr. Ecclcs was trafl
of the Oregon Short Line KH In 1900

.ante identified with tlic smelting and
refining business, and became a dire. tor of
the American Smelting and Refining Co.

At the time of [lis death lie was also presi-
dent of the Nevada Northern R.R., presi-
dent of the Alaska Steams! 'o , president

of the Copp nd Northwestern R.R.

and an officer and director of various other
corporations.

Societies

" ..Illlllllll.lll.llllltlll

"ii... .in:

Coming Meetings

Mining ami Metal-
lurgical Society "i"

rica New York. .Jan 8

American Institute
of Consulting En-
gineers New York.. Jan- 14

. o|'
Civil Engineers. ..New York. .Jan. 22-25

American Concrete

Institute Boston Feb. 7-9

American Institute
of Mining Kngi-
neers New York . . Feb. 18-21

Mute College of u ...hoigi.o, — The

of Mines announces that beginning la-i 7,

1918. . in mining will be

i pei tors a nd mining o'pei -

ators of the Northwest Instruction will

in mining, metallurgy, geology

and ore depi . sur-

and ore testing. These courses will

iven in the winter School of Mines

under a faculty of seven professors from

Hi.- School of Mines, ami th. departments

of geology and chemistry.

Colorado Scientific Society at its thirty-
fifth annual meeting elected the following
ofHcei ■ during 1918: President ,

Dr. Richard P. .Moore; first vice president,
B. Skinner; second ci president, M.
B. Holt; treasu lol W Richards;

secretary. Harry J Wolf: executive com-
mittee, term expiring Jan 1, 1921 : J,

Clare Evans ami M S MaoCarlhy The

annual dinner of the Sooiet; was held on
i'c 89 at the t ni\ ersit j Club, Denver.

\iiieriiiill \s>Hf iiltlnn lit KllglneerM.

\\ i hington Chapter, held > n ting in

w a hington, 1 1 C„ on >>>;■ i i The fol-
lowing were elected officers or the chapter;
c i; Waller, consulting engineer, presl-
\ S ... chief designer.

bureau yards and .locks, first vice presi-
Harry Stevens, consulting engineer,
■ .I ii..- president; Cap! D. S. Hays.i

engineer corps. 1' S A, s. id I I n \ O. . M .
Sutherland, mechanical engineer, bureau
'ni docks, treasurer There are 1D0
members in Washington to date

American Institute <>t Mining Engineers

will hold its ll'Uli in., ling in New York

on Feh 18-21. Ovei n technical papers

to !"■ presented have i n received by the

committee on publications. The program
as announced t" date Includes a "War

- ' " to he held on the e\ e g of Pell

1 8 and a "Hoover" dinner al the Hold
Biltmore on the evening of Feb 20. On
''lowing day, ^n excursion will be
made to Princeton I niverslty. The coni-
mitti membership his drawn up a peti-
tion tor amendment of the constitutional
re iulrements for membership to !"■ acted

on at the meeting The amendment pro-
ridi that "a persoi to i"' ellgtb'e tor elec-
tion or transfer into the class of members
must he at least 1' 7 years of age and must
have had at least six years' employment in
Hi.- practice of engineering, mining, geology.
metallurgy or chemistry, during at least
three years of which he must have held
positions of responsibility in one or more
.ii these fields "

'.' I" 1 1 HI, .1 llllllll 'I .,,,.,,,,1, Hill, IIIHIIIIHIIIIIIIIHinj

Industrial News

Jerome-I)el Monte Copper Co., Jerome.
Ariz . has ordered a Layne & Bowler sinking
pump of a new type which will be used in;
connection with the deepening of one of
its shafts

Worthington Pomp and Machinery Cor-
poration, New York, announces that C. P.
Coleman was elected president of the Cor-
poration on Dec. 81, HUT. at a meeting of
the board of directors.

Algnmn Steel Corporation of Sault Ste
Marie, Out., has awarded a contract to the
YVillputte Coke Oven Corporation of New
York for the construction of 30 byproduct
coke ovens. The work is to be completed'
by the middle of the year,

American Association for the Advance-
ment of Science opened its seventieth an-
nual convention at Pittsburgh on Dec L".'
Discussion of scientific lUbjects and :l'i-
pliances having direct relation to the war'
feature of the convention. Dr. Charles]
P. Van Hise, president of the University
of Wisconsin, was among those scheduled
to speak

mini hi in 'nun. i, iiiniii. in ,,,, .in. iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiihu

Trade Catalogs

: ,„,,, 1,1 HI, HI, I, I, Ill I IIIIIIHIIIIIHHIHHIIHH.

gmooth-On Instruction Hook, No. 16.

Smooth-On Manufacturing Co., Jersey City,
N. J.. 34x63 in.; pp. in The book--

let describes various cements for repairing

i >r leaks in iron piping, castings, etc

II also contains the standard sizes of
"Smooth-On" coated corrugated gaskets for
Hanged pipes from two to 26 inches.

jlliilm, Illllllll I .llllllll ' Ht.iHillllllllllllllllllllllllllllll'J

New Patents

i'nited States patent specifications listed
below may be obtained from "The Engi-
neering and Mining Journal" at JSc. each.
British putents are supplied at 10c. each.

Crucibles for Fused Quartz — Method of
Preparing Crucibles for Preparing Fused
Quartz. Frederick G. K.yes. Hoboken,
X J., assignor to Cooper Hewlti Manufac-
turing Company, Hoboken, N. J. (U. S. No.
1,249.766 ; Dec. 11, 1917.)

Sampler Mechanism. Krskine Ramsay.
Birmingham. Ala. if. S. .No. 1.219.491;
Dec. 11. 1917.)

Separator. George B. Keller and Jesse
F Pender. Vancouver, Wash. (U. S. No.
1,249,635 ; Dec. 11. 1917.)

Tube Mill. Alexander M. Head, Colum-
bus, Ohio, assignor to the Jeffrey Manufac-
turing Co.. Columbus. Ohio. (U. S. No.
1,249,494 ; Dec. 11. 1917.)

Zinc-Extracting Furnace with Vertic
Retorts. Roman v. Zelewski. Kngi ', Bel-
gium (U. S. No. 1,250.071 ; Dec. 11, 1917.)

Januarys, L918 ENGINEERING AND MINING .louilNAL

nuiiiiiiiiiiimiiiiiiuiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiHiiiiiiii Illllllllllllllllllllllll llllinil I Mil mill i i mull iiiiiiiiiiini iiiiiiiiiiihhiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiuiiiiiiiiii Illlllli

Editorial Correspondence

iiimiiiiimiiiniiiHiiiiiiiiiHiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiniiniii iiiiiiimiiiitiiti iiniumiiiititi iiiiiiiiiiiitiiiiiiiiiiiiitiiiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii n imtim nimmiimwiiitMiiiiHniiimo iiiimimiiiiiiiiiiiiim

s \\ IK VNCISCO — Dec IB

\miiiul \hhi»mm nt Work Kxemptlon has

been discussed in a I'lrcu

missioner of ' 'orporations, II I i*ai

ilno |>ro\ Mini niHTSsarj hlanl
i earr> Inn out i he pi m i ions ol the
resolution ' 'ongi ■■ '" assist

; ( eral hundred mining claim!
of California to take advantage of this
action of Congress The State Coi p.
Depai tment •■■ I" i illj • ailed i" the alien-

t the mine elaimholders the import-
ant fact that even though assessment
had been done on their claims, it
disable to till out and file the required
If tin- assessment work ha

proof of labor also should be made
and filed, so that the owners may
the benefit of this work upon proceeding!
to obtain a patent In the case of proofs

sssmenl work there is a provision
paade for a 30-daj period after Jan l.
which time the recording of the
labor claim may be completed But to
lake advantage of thi suspension of the
labor requirement, notice must have been
Bled "In the office where the loca tion

or certificate is recorded on or before

: i ■" The notice is to the effect that

the owner desires to hold his mining claim

Under the resolution adopted by l longress

In California alone, corporations listed with

partment, the saving in labor amounts

era! hundred thousand dollars an-
nually by reason of the release from assess-
ment work

Naval Oil Reserve Lands, which have
been the subject of much interest in the
bill as proposed in Congress in
the fight against California operators,
provides for commandeering in a whole-
sale manner all oil properties within the
reserves, together with all wells and equip-
ments thereon The effect of this proposal
i the stimulation of development work
d stricts outside of the reserve, notably
in the MeKittrick and Lost Hills-Bel ridge
regions It is even intimated in reports
from the holds that advance information of
the Navy Department's intention of urging
such legislation may possibly have had
something to do with the recent launching
of an extensive drilling campaign in and
around MeKittrick by the Standard Oil
Co- The MeKittrick and Lost Hills-Belridge
districts are not within, the naval reserve,
which may explain the greatly increased
activity in these fields within the last few
The Standard has been leading in
activity, while the company's opera-
tions on lands owned or leased within the
limits of the reserve have been slowing
down somewhat. Another factor in this
Increase of development work is that one
of the bills now pending in Congress pro-
vides for the opening under a leasing plan
of land outside of the naval reserve and
the abandonment of the Government's
policy of litigation under the withdrawal
orders. This is expected to encourage the
development of the districts of northern
Kern County. Maricopa and that part of
the Midway field outside of the reserve.

Agitation against Mother Lode Mines in

Amador County again begun by the farm-
ers on Dry Creek Suits have been brought
by the Sacramento Farmers Association
against all the large properties except the
Old Eureka. South Keystone and Plymouth.
Two of these mines are not producing to
an extent to make them liable to the de-
mands of the farmers and the Plymouth
is so situated geographically as to avoid
the squabble. There is an agreement of
many years' standing between the farmers
and the miners that no further suits would
be brought and that all claims would be
arbitrated either on sufficiency of dams or
for damages. There has been no well-
founded claim of insufficiency of dams,
which have been approved by the Cali-
fornia Debris Commission, and the water
passing over these dams is clear and an
actual asset to the farmers. But the farm-
ers, with their usual negligence, have al-
lowed the stream to become choked with
vegetation which no doubt causes overflows.
About the only way to satisfy the farmers
on Dry Creek is for the mine owners to
furnish the water, keep the stream clear
of growth and rubbish and furnish the
money to operate the farms and make

i izable « 'In isimas pn

n « ould not <>■ at ■ trpi
thi nit are pressed, to

oi tl I down until thi

01 m .. t o t h e i i ■ ■ t i ■ cost o I
. .
and tii-' addition oi fui thei costi in thi

■ ■ i the pa

of damage II thi suit should hi

fui, would make gold mining on

Lode a losing business The fai

gaged In the suits are aware thai

the operation of the nun.-: there would be

insufficient water tor irrigation How ever.

the farmers might sue out an injunction

to restrain the mines from closing down
and possible persuade tl ' : to re-
quire the mines to be kept In opt
for the ben eft 1 of the farmers, even II thej

produced e igh gold only to tneel the

cost oi keeping t he pi opei I lea ain «■ if
thi n la an\ Hunt: the « Jalifornia farn
mining districts have not demanded or
would not demand it is evidently something

h.i have not seen or thought of

Itl TTE — Dec. .*'»
Compensation Law provides that ;■ work-
ing surplus in the industrial accJdenl

shall i"- created by the board So far it
was not found necessary to resort to this
action hut steps ai e now being taken to
put the provision Into effect According
to an opinion recent 13 prepared by Assist-
ant Attorney General R L Mitchell of
Montana, the act authorizes the board t<>
Collect assessments or premiums from the
employers of each class until there shall he
accumulated in the industrial accident fund
a sufficient balance to meet the require-
ments of such fund No announcement has
as yet been made regarding the methods
adopted by the board foi collecting the
assessments and premiums

DENVER — Dec. .>k
Ore Shipments from Silverton declined

during November as a result of the usual
winter conditions and were as follows:
from Silver Lake Custom mill, 23 ears:
Iowa-Tiger. 21; Sunnyside. 13; Pride of
the West. 11 ; Highland Mary and Koehler
Tunnel, eight each; Mayflower Leasing Co.,
six; S. D. & G. Leasing Co., five; Celeste
Fattor and Red Ml Mines, four each .
Mears-Wilfley mill, Colorado Metals Co.,
;md 'odd King, three each; Dives, Hero, K.
P & G . and Fattor & Satore. two each :
1 His ton Leasing Co., Honey Comb Lease,
Lackawanna, and Ohio & Oklahoma Leasing
Co.. one car each; total, 124 cars. The
following shipments were made to the North
Star Custom mill: S. D. & G. Leasing
Co., 48 cars; Ross Mining Co., one: Guston,
four: total, 53. The following shipments
were made to the Contention mill : From
Guston Leasing Co.. 15 cars. The follow-
ing shipments were made to the Silver Lake
mill: Guston, four cars; Kansas City,
one ; total. 5 cars Grand total of all ship-
ments including miscellaneous small ship-
ments not enumerated above. 209 cars.

SALT LAKE CITY — Dee. IU
Amendment To Kxce**- Profit* Tax l-inv

was discussed at the meeting of the Utah
chapter of the American Mining Congress
held on Dec. 18. providing that capital in-
vested should be based on physical condition
of properties Jan. 1. The meeting was
called to act on information received from
Utah mining delegates at Washington, that
the excess-profits tax law was likely to
be amended, and 'that an expression from
metal interests on the invested-capital phase
was desired It was the sense of the mem-
bers that such a readjustment would work
a hardship on the mining interests inas-
much as the amount of ore in the properties
was problematical

WALLACE, IDAHO — Dec. 29

Control of S access .M inine Co. was de-
cided and the long fight came to an end
on the evening of Dec. 18. when, at the
annual meeting of stockholders, Franklin
Pfirman was elected president of the com-
pany and a board of directors of his selec-
tion. The fight was precipitated over a
and a half ago, when Pfirman, as a
stockholder, made a demand to inspect the
books, ore contracts, maps, etc., which was
refused by P. J. Gearon, president and

. omuu n\ Pfirman applh d
I >|i ti 1. 1 o 01 di 1 dli

1 . ■ i t which
to th. Bu-
• i pi riding,

meet i ng oi
In \ pi ii i.i 1 Pfirman applied
1 hold-
ing; 1 1" ground

ild bi ■
iro- anot hei it If 1 he Supreme

1 order of tl I
l>cction "i the books, it
n ould i"- -how o i hat the Intei ■ ■■■■' oi 1 h<
oldei required

in. n training order was 1 m d
and 1 he meeting ol

11. d until 1 '«•'■ 1 . The Supreme < 'ourt
a lit t ii on, 1 ne

embodied in a d<
tailed report pn pa 1 ■ d bj 1 'firman b rid
mailed to all st' with a requi I

id him 1 heir proxies. W\
quest, a ma iorltj holders, w ho

are scattered all ovei thi United States,
and number about 8000, complied There-
upon Pfirman applied to the court to dis-
miss the injunction again: 1 holding the
annual meeting, for the reason that thi
de it necea a rj no longei
existed Upon tins showing, the court dis-

I the Injunction
held with the result stated above. The
new officers have marl.- sweeping 1
lions in salaries, installed a new superin-
tendent and promise to make furthei re-
ductions in operating expenses.

< Ai.i \n r. mm 11. — Dec. r.

BonuHet* at Calumet X Heela, together

with premium payments to the 14,001
of thi company, Including 1 1
subsidiary mining, milling and sn

ties, will continue in force until .Inly.
1918, according to a notice posted at the
various properties. The men had been un-
certain as to whether or not the bonus and

:i paj ments would be cont h
They felt that the companies would make
■ reduction in wages at this time, but,
because of the uncertainty as to the Gov-
ernment's attitude on the price oi coppe-i
after the first of the year, there was some
question. Now that 1 he a n nouneement has
been mad.-, however, the labor situation
as fa i as these companies are concerned
is favorable. All of the old men are stay-
ing and few of the men imported from other
districts are showing any inclination to
leave. The Calumet & Electa and its sub-
sidiaries have been paying the highest
wages offered mine and mill workers in the
district during the last half dozen years
and were the first companies to ini
wages at the beginning of the war. al-
though labor was more than plentiful at
that time. For the last year and a half,
a i if , premium over the regular wages

has been paid and for the last six months.

a bonus of 50c. i" i day for e ei
worked has been given in addition. The
Copper Range. Qutncy. Mohawk and Wbl-
ved the Calumet <t Hecla
in offering sp cial premiums to employees
and it is anticipated that these com]
too. will cont i nue such payments into the
coming year. The labor situation right
much ■ that it has been. There

has been a slacking up in the indu
in many parts of the country' during the
last month or six weeks and it has not
been difficult to get men to come to the
copper-mining regions for work, particularly
with the wages being: offered. Many men
are coming in now and more are expi
There has been a request, sent out by the
state fuel administrator, that all of the in-
dustries in Michigan not connected with the
making of munitions of war, close their
factories for the week, Dec. 22 to Dec. 29.
to help save coal, but this does not affect
the copper-mining industry and there has
been no suspension whatever here or In
the iron-mining districts of the peninsular

IOPIJN, MO. — Dec. 29

M'ape*. in Sheet -Ground District were cut

25c. per day per man, according to a de-
cision reached at a meeting of op* ■
Of Webb City-Carterville camp held Dec. 28.
It was. however, stipulated that no wape
should be below $2.50 per day. The oper-
ators were compelled to take this action
since they were unwilling to operate longer

ENGINKKRINi; AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 1

ill!

. -lit, ,1

Mo

11 I)
\t

o« ner,

timated the

\

»1>N M I I Klil . MO. l>rr. .'(.

1 " ktom itrld i i the south-

w 'u. ii an

I.. i Mo

ii - tons
pert} produces lead, cop-

-. lit. lining Hi'

At present o.iK lead and
ii in the neaj

™.tul d iade nun,

M'.: Con-

tinental work Is being done
mplex copi>er-<
This pro|iert) will i

lissouri that will do nil
comes
and has a thickness .,; ap-
5 it. The present plans con-
mining th< entire oreb
I giving it a n-
■'""* In a 84-|n. Traylor i;.»

lucl in. in the crusher
r suitable sizing, will b D a

d-plcking plant, where the or.- will be
•i from the barren waste The
Ice will ih, -ii doubtlessh
In treating the i pick-

ing plant. it la Interesting to note thai
property is the Bret one in southeast
- ,un to install the Diesel engini Cor
ration of power These engines are
giving great satisfaction, producing cheap

iindhiK the high price of
.bull Co which
the old
Amerli ktown, lias

I Ion works.

smeltery, and refinery

I'll.- mill stai ted In op, i iitlon about Dec i

irj crushers
and l> king department

and m o the mil

:

"i ■ lie overflow I

erlj i

treat, il d bj dotal lor rhi

table

further ground In tul

The mill mil yield

H Inch

to smelting, and , ompli \ copper coball

nickel concentrates, which present the real

ii These concentrate: >v mi be treati i

n.! i... mini mat Ion Is

d ail ol ii

operated by

. o ed down

I'lns proper!) produci

..".I tons
n mine at Silver
Frederick-
town ; in [ ,,, operty was
not operating, although there was some
talk about beginnln

TOROK I <l — Dee. 20

inn. .Tint oil. i t,i.. has I Incorporated

the laws of Canada w itii headquar-
■ Montr,-., i and a capital stock of

to take over the busi

- and marketing petroleui

iperial I m Co Ltd now

controlled bj the Standard <~>,| Co of New

Jersey The provisional ,1m., -tors are:

Peagle, C O Stillman, G. w.

and <: II Smith, oil operators, and

Hon \\ J II,

11 "trial Prosperity to Continue is the

opinion in Canadian I

result of the general parliamentary .-lection

1 Dec 17, at which the Union Gov-

ol Sir Robi it Borden was sus-

by ii,.- majority, which is likely to

| rablj Increased when the rotes

oi the soldiers overseas are counted It

was strongly realized thai an adverse vote

'''","''' n"-ve I n ruinous to the pi

industrial prosperity, as discontinuance of
from England and th.- l-nitci stairs
i and supplies would have
been ooked toi The general appreciation
"' "", attitude ol i anada by the Allies is
regarded as an assurance thai Canadian re-
-'""•'••? will continue to be heavllj drawn

upon for war i ,-, mire, n oils.

Squabble >i\.-r Kirklund Lake ■>.-,> i
tween the opposing factions goes merrllj on
with th- result so far that the public is gel

ood deal of interesting int'oi
and the only ones to utTi i are th, n

clpals. The Ben vi r and the Temiskamlffl
both have the same board of directors an
the Beaver has an option on a pimnisini
' v in Kirkland Lake know n as ih.

kirklaml Lake Gold \ s This properib

lias been almost all paid for h\ the
ana has bei |ied to the TOO-ft level

1>: the Beaver company t<

gross ore developed Th.

Beaver, howi vei i tinning shorl of tnonS

and has offered the Temiskaming, i . ui
[ntere I ai 10c a share This deal I
bitterlj opposed bj Messrs, Willi mi

« I lai ge shareholders it

the Cemiskamlng The inside situatiol

I thai i gentlemen mint

representation on the Temiskaming boarl

'" which thej appei I ntitled hut

■'" unable aln il tr Mr .'uiver

the president and managing director \
meeting of the Temiskaming was
'ii- deal for the half in-
tere i in the Kirklaml Lake, but proxies
'" °PP I k.-.l for In- Wills A

counterstroke is delivered by Culver who
■' circular explaining the inside his-
tory of the Kirklaml Porphyry notation
Wilis and ttoi tein come back with a

1 : arj injunction to restrain Culver

from using any of t Temiskaming sur-J

plus to acquire mi, -rests in any properties
and to prevent the payment of dividends
this is to be heard on Jan. 3. The meet-

'" '<! Dec 28, but was ailiournedl
to Dec 31. during winch interval the
proxies mil be counted It is stated that 1
Wills will have a majority If the state-
ments made regarding the value of the
Kirklaml Lake mine are correct, the deal

would appear i a good one for the

Temiskaming Unfortunately, however no
detailed information about the property is
available and no reporl has been made by
an Independent engineer, and. as a matter
"i fact, there do not appear to be assay
plans of any sort The Temiskaming is
asked to enter into a .leal without the
proper information being given, and this
appears to be a mistake notwithstanding
thai the directors of the two companies
are practically the same Wills and Mor-
ganstein would seem, on account of their
-stock holding, to be entitled to representa-
tion on the board of directors, and if thev
were given this there would be no oppo-
o, ?"., ". e meantime it is underatool
that the Beaver alone is unable to finance
tin property and it is to be closed down
according to reports.

iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiliiiiiiiiiuiiii milium iiiimiiimimi Ii

1111111111111111111 "'n mniiniiio nun i mimii mmiui

11 mini""!"!! iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii imiiiiiiiiiiiiimiimm

The Mining News

i

siiii'imiiiiiiimiimiimimmiiiiiimiiiiiimiiiimiiiiimmmmi iiiimimmimiiiimimimin

'"''"""'""''""''iii'iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimuniiiiinm

\l. Alt IMA
BIRMINGHAM .'LAV PRODUCTS CO

I— Has been organized with
u B \\ lute, president ; .1 M Hra.ll.-v vice

• ami j i. Kuck.-r. secretai -ti
urer

MU/ONA
<>il > Cunt.v
NEW DOMINION (Globe) Payment of

ently made on property On

ft level, substantial body of ii-; or.- de-
d recently. Sinking will continue to
ft level.

final fount}

BROKEN HILLS (Ray)— New oreshoot

I beneath outcrop uncovered In

■ road building

i s VANADIUM (Kelvin)— New con-

rator estimate,] to be :,»■ , complete

> ?ariy all equipment received

DEVELOPMENT (Kelvin)— New

pumping equipment installed and sinking
resumed. Lateral development on joti-ft
level will begin

PINAL CONSOLIDATED ( Price) — Haul-
ing to railroad by pack animals. High-
grade silver ore being opened in lower

-

RAT HERCULES 'Kelvin)— At central

r plant first Iiiesel engine unit of 1000

hp ready for trial run: structural steel

work on mill and shop buildings practic-

.mpleted Developing water supply

on <;ila River

SILVER I.IVII.I-: (Ray)— New company
organized to take ovei Bowman croup of
claims between Ray and Superior De-
veloping. "e

Viivnimi Count}
MONTE DE COBRE .Mayer)—!,, devel-
pping Barbara mine in ft of ore cut in
tunnel driven to intercept old shaft.

ARBONA-BINGHAMPTON ,s dard)

— J^irty teet of good ore reported cut on
600-ft level; carries considerable si ing

POCAHONTAS (Mayer)— In crosscut at

"", l'v'1- I? " Of niilling-grade ore

op.-m-d being chiefly silver-lead. Material
has been ordered for, 50 ton flotation plant.

CmCLE PEAK (May.-,-, Circle Peak

r"',""i ,','■■ "r^il'izcd by .lohn A Peacock.

1 Worth. T.-x.. to take over Cumber-
Jine and mill and develop 10 claims
near < umberlain ]nui«-riy

GARFORD (Prescott) — Garford Syndi-
cate owning Copper Hill group in Copper

Basm district has taken over Robinson
group and started development t'.msider-
able tonnage of zinc, lead and copper ore
developed.

A It l< A NS AS

11........ County ,

,, K,. AN'J. *f,. 'Harrison)— Taken over by
Continental Mining Co., which is also op-
erating Bear Hill and Beulah W O
Krueger. president of Continental, states

""""iiiiiiiiiiiMiimimmimmimmimmiimmimmimiiiiiimmimiiiiH

machinery has been ordered for another
mill to be erected at ono

.Marion County
MONKEY HILL (Yellville)— Leased by
A. .V Stanfield, of Oklahoma City;
equipped with 100-ton mill and ground

CLINTON (Rush)— J. L. Lewis and assJ
elates doing development on Clinton Zinc
','.'■ s, . Ia'l<]- near- mouth of Boat Creek.
Working under lease.

^ B„\TV (Jellvllle)— Purchased by J. H.
Griffith and associates, of Oklahoma City
equipped with small mill. Development
done by shafts and drifts.

PHILLIPS (Yellville)— Miami-Ada Min-
ing I o. lately took over Phillips zinc mine
near here, completed 30-ft. shaft : drifting
at this level on a run of blende. Expect to
start mill within a month.

CALIFORNIA

1. 1. 1, .rail,, County
NORSE MINING CO. (San Francisco)
—P.-rmitted to sell 18.697 shares preferred
stock to Fritz S. Olsen. 11,283 shares to
J. b. Anany ; to issue one share each to
Fred Juell, F. K. Dedrick and Siguard
Hansen ; to issue 2500 shares each to Han-
sen and M. G. Axman in exchange for min-
ing claims and purchase options; to sell
10,017 shares to above named persons Con-
sists of placer claims on middle fork of
Cosumne River.

Fanuary 5, L918

ENGIN E l

[NG AND MINI S l:\.\l.

:57

Glenn ( h>

|\ FLOUTS PI! I - 1 ; I < I lollll M Con-

I |)OI led llH I "'■' 'I covered

1 1 iiiu.l with small ii mi hi : niil

Inyo County

OR \\l> \ IEW in Hi \\ i ftyan)— Mile

, .is Kill. .1 \n\ I b> lull Into

N n lulu « I J

i'i; VNKLIN- \l. \sk \ (Grass Val-

llption on this group of .'lalitis sold

. T w Bosanko i" (Ira! Vn lle> I »eep

,n p..i at ion -'I \'e\ ada i ml in
illlekl ami Colorado capital Claims

lll.iti'd at. .nit seven miles south ot' this

l i .'II mi. ... . r.'.l on I »w est

,1 propertj w in '" I. > eloped Bos-
iko retained as superintendent.

i'Iiiht Counts

IN STEEP HOLLOW DISTRICT, the
iltser mine reported as having struck
gh-grade ore Operated by a San Jose
uipanv for some time and considerable
me

Bhnsta County
•-. ; i .in nt) — This group of copper
tints bonded to <; C Taylor ami asso-
iit-s by Chester Lowman for two years
. .in rat. m1 on 1(>', royalty per ton
sis to owner on all ores assaying up to
ton. on- above tins percentage be-
g on l.V, basis Adjoins Afterthought
.iui» ami formerly worked by Mammoth
... inn operations discontinued,
.ts..a being unknown Stated consider-
le ore reserves exposed.
BULLY 1111. 1. MINE (Winthrop) — De-
toplng ground near Delmar opened good
jr. mi Rising Star shaft, in Anchor mm.-:
;h-graCe ore reiwrted in new workings
.in 1000-ft. level, having good copper con-
its with some zinc, silver and gold also
I iwing. Shipping to .Mammoth smeltery
Kennctt >pr rated by Arnstehi inter-

. s of New York, planning to erect large
plant to avoid trouble with farm-
Is over sulphur fumes.

Siskiyou County

SHASTA-BELMONT {Copper City) —
>per-zinc ore opened in lower levels.

;i;\Y EAGLE COPPER CO. (Happy
imp) — Completing surface oi>erations
[paratory to underground development

OUghout winter Unusually long, dry
> son favorable to extensive work. Con-
lerable exploration being done with dia-
r nd drills resulting in extension of ore-
liring area. If results warrant, railroad
vl be constructed in spring to some point

Southern Pacific railroad. Owned by
^son Valley Mines Co. and because of
tliculties in operating Thompson smeltery,
i y build flotation plant at this property :
oer properties in district also being
vrked tinder bonds and options.

Stanislaus County

ITANISLAUS DEVELOPMENT CO.
i lights Ferry) — A. D. Hadsel. of Los An-
Ijs, operating under name of this com-
P y. leased 800 acres in old river bed of
Bnislaus River from Rodden Brothers.
Ill bankers, intending to install dredging

ipment for gold recovery. Previous op-
i lions have not showed profitable results
& reported pros)>ecting on this site proved
f 1 in paying quantities.

Trinity County

OLD QUARTZ DISCOVERY reported
n ing been made on Maple Creek about
Ir and a half miles from Junction City.
■ R H. Bailey.

In. .In in a.- County

PRINGFIELD T1XXEL AND DEVEL-
itfENT CO. (Columbia) — "Million Dol-
a Tunnel" for development of old work-
will be commenced about Jan. 1. 1918.
fnethod to secure necessary capital de-
•j d upon at directors' meeting, in San
I ncisco, proves successful. Project origi-
I d with A. L. Horner, who nearly com-
Med work when it was discontinued be-
ts?e of his death. Joseph Cademartori.
H'rintendent of mine.

COLORADO
Clear Creek County
ETALS TUNNEL CO. (Idaho Springs)
-ontract will be let to advance tunnel

ft

ITTY OUSLEY (Silver Plume)— High-
irle lead ore opened. Last shipment as-
»'. from 45 to 50% lead.

ABITOL (Georgetown) — Lessees, Bruce
*• o., mined and shipned to local sampling
'I t 3D tons of high-grade ore.

It II IPTEM lOeoi

undei It

i it lot loloi Bdo & Soutl \ I :

l..nilf.|,.\ , 111, in,,:

W \s VTCH . . iLt IRADO n

■
-.i on (rated In the mill, from

tinpllng plant.
I'.i i: \s MOORI (Idnhi |»

1 1 I crosscut tunnel i Chi

ha i ilai . .i n opei

siim.-.l .|ri\ Ing in in • o 1

a.H -i i i t Lnt i about 2000

ft below -in face Prank E Wire, ma

GUntn C i.\

GOLD LODE (Central City)— Proi

ti d

RIDGE (i Von. ,i City)— i] at

resumed Shaft will i unl inotl
ft

laiu ERS (Central City)—]
fori & i !o .i mi uii-i.- isees
i i ,i.- copper ill er ore
GILPIN-UNION (Central City)- R
bering shaft . I iteral developmt n1 to be

do later A Ir « Ml be | :ha ed from

Carr mine.

• Ouray County

M [CK ¥ BRE1 IN i . luraj > I .-
ping lead-silver ore

VERNON i it-. mi, ,;i i Work uspended

for n inter, excepl ion i.-\ elopmenl

Mill may ' nlarged next spring

SILVER LINK (Ouray)- Driving drift
by contract to cut vein several hundred

feet above wl pet ed in old workit

in 300 n . I t yel to be driven

BARSTOW (Ouray)— Five loams haul-
ing fluorspar to Ouray, tor treatment in
Forrester mill before shipping Being

worked by lessees

Sun .limn County

SHIPMENTS FROM SAX JUAN DIS-
TRICT during November to outside smelt-
ing plants, 1-1 ears: Xortli Star mill, is
cars; Silver Lake mill, five; to Contention
mill, 15 cars.

HIGHLAND MARY (Silverton) — Leas-
ing company operating steadily.

TELESCOPE (Chattanooga) — Develop-
ment will he continued all winter ; will re-
sume shipments next spring.

SUXNYSIDE (Eureka)— Mill building
completed, with exception of lower tram
terminal ; work will now be inside. New
aerial tram nearing completion.

HAMLET (Silverton) — Remodeling mill
for immediate operation; delayed by non-
arrival of machinery. Considerable de-
velopment under way. Operated by Colo-
rado Springs men.

Sun Miguel County

SMUGGLER-UNION (Telluride) — Ore
from Smuggler. Humboldt and Black Bear
being treated in Smuggler mill on custom
basis. Flotation process successful. Both
zinc and gold-silver-lead concentrates
shipped.

Summit County

GOLDEX QUEEN (Kokomo) — Regular
shipments made. Vein cut in lower tun-
nel recently.

JUNE BUG (Breekenridge) — Lease and
option taken : work will lie done this winter.
Good-grade silver ore opened recently in
development work. Mine in Gibson Gulch

IRON' MASK (Breekenridge) — Operation
on large scale contemplated. Shipments of
iron-silver-gold and lead-carbonate ores
made

AMERICAN METALS CO. (Denver) —
Tramway from mill to mine at Climax sta-
tion on Colorado & Southern railroad com-
pleted. Expects mil] to be completed in
February. Molybdenum ore will be

treated; capacity of plant 250 tons daily.

Teller County

DEER HORN (Cripple Creek) — Lessees
on this Stratton's Cripple Creek Mining and
Development Co. property made initial ship-
ment to Portland mill at Colorado Springs.
Shoot of good-grade ore opened.

ALPHA AND OMEGA (Cripple Creek)
— These Gold Hill properties being oper-
ated by the Dig Gold Mining Co. ; M. B.
Burke, president and general manager.
Electric hoist and compressor installed.

CRESSON (Cripple Creek) — Developing
on fifth level to open ground between shaft
and Funeral dike, southeast of shaft. Rais-
ing between 15th and 14th levels, and be-
tween 16th and 15th. at intersection ot vein

..i.i ii.

in \ mi
KhoNlione * nunt)

t,l mm- to d

■ I. now in,

|

H

.... in... .
p. nil I !.|ii

about -"'.
per ton
t royalty

M - III Mill

..Mm .ii i Mm ii below on.

■ - - - M light

tweei u i '■'. mi mi and Oom Pi

continue ot I ol I It radi i

10 n Hoist in ound sin]

t at 200 i

ral i ■ ■ i m jppei

a.i 1 1. i .1, .: on 1 1 . east and i

ami on 1 1 i.i ..I companj o

in Lynn, Wi

MM II II. \ \

t upper
AHMEEK . \ i • i. i Maintaining pro-
duct MMI Ml I . "" I

OSCEOLA "I.. ..in I— Tonnages from
Kearsargi output was

better than 80 cai daily, grade of ore being
slight ly above

S.HTII LAKE (Houghton) — Rod.
running about 18 lb in the ton ; Butler Ii

l- i..|i.,i ii.. mi three plains snows nug-

gei copper in considerable amount.

I'M' IEN l.\ i Ph.., -mix i Work susi I. d

few weeks ago; reported to i.e only ti n
poran shutdown; pumps being removed
woiii.i seem t.. Indicate permanent abandon-
ment

WINONA (Winona)— Tributors getting
out 120 ion: daily, mostly from King Phill i>
No. 1. hut also from Nos :: and I Winona
proper .Mill handling 150 tons daily from
South Lake

MOHAWK (Mohawk) — Increase of out

put due in more n; handling 70 cars of

ore dally, being an increase from 63 re-
cently. Wolverine, the other producing
Stanton property, running 10 cars daily

MICHIGAN (Rockland)— Test run on
1000-ton lot ..I stockpile showed 20 lb per
ton. not counting mass copper: expected

remainder of run will show just as good
results. Underground openings in four
places show good formation.

ISLE ROYALE (Houghton) — Production

increasing: three-head mill on south - I
of Portage Lake, running at full capacit
during week ami part lime on Sunday (ire
handled at Point .Mills plant increased from
12 to l'm .■ario a.is daily.

QUINC5 (Hancock) — Producing consid-
erable mass copper, being sent direct in
smeltery ; special methods being required to
handle this material, including block and
tackle at shaft house; eight-ton chunks
not unusual; mass ore opened at 6500-ft.
depth.

SUPERIOR (Houghton) — Present output
ir 450 to 500 tons monthly and at this rate
ore in sight is less than one and a half

year's supplj . recei m ations in West

vein on 31st level not good in results ; other
exploration work will )..- done. Is one of
Calumet & Becla's lbs liaries.

FRANKLIN (Demmon) — Continues to
handle 1000 tons daily; nearly entire out-
put subject to long haul by electric or com-
pressed-air power ; necessary to use effi-
ciency to operate on lean ore at present
market price : reported to be doing better
than making expenses. Sinking to 18th
level on No. - Best ore coming from Pe-
wabic lode to the north, where good ore-
shoot being opened.

Iron

CLEVELAND-CLIFFS IRON CO. (Ish-
peming) — Operating diamond drills between
Ishpeming and X'egaunee to trace drift-
covered iron formation, now inaccurately
mapped.

STEPHEXSOX (Gwinn) — Inrush of wa-
ter, which completely stopped all operations,
now entering Austin mine through connected
workings and threatens shutdown of this
mine also. Pumping at Stevenson, sus-
pended as hopeless, resumed to assist Aus-
tin property. Cleveland-Cliffs Iron Co. op-
erators of both properties making strenuous
efforts to control flood.

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No.

MIS N I SOI I

Ill
nnpnn>

■i.l.-hl-

M, - |bl K,«ll(r

101111(1

I rauk) Openpll

pments ol

..I Portion <>f
Ing plant

M l--.nl K]

J in .in. I

PLEAS VN'T V U.l.EY (Carthage) Bulld-
mlll , has -i producer

npul

iplln i Have I l-ln P<
and r entrlfugal

Itj Ground

\ 1' er by G. G

ille. and P \\ •-*•!>

.n. I will be started when

3 SMELTING (Baxter. K
mill .hi N'aj lor land, n est ..f B

plant with
:in.l class slimes

■

BUNKER Mil. I. (Baxter. Kan.)— Plan-
mills on trad south-

o ■
:i i 55 ii 1 1" ned by
-i i 'harlea dark. Baxter
rintendent

MONTANA
Lewis and (lurk Count)

KATIE mini: (Helena)- "

silver-

BALI> MOUNTAIN TUNNEL (Rimini)—
Tunnel in 100 ft in gold-bearing porphyry
MWINDER I ll> lena > < Ine carload
: drifting <>ii lead.
ST LOUIS '''I (Marysville) Eighty
monthly put through cyanide plant.
SE DEVELOPMENT m ill
rig and shipping from 500-ft level
STANTON MINE (Rimini) — Regular
shipments silver-lead ore to smeltery from
tunnel in Red Mountain

\T''H GRAVEL GOLD (Helena)—
Three ■• month from :i ' > t • _ rt lcv.il

ml silver
HELENA MINI-: (Helena) — Thirty-five
er-lead ore i<> smeltery Op< i
atcd by 1 1 ireau.

GOULD PLACER (Rimini)- Blind I. -ad
Iver ore uncovered In ditch
Buildings up anil shaft down be-
50 ft

PhiUipH * ...i hi i

AUGUST MINING CO (Landusky) -

1 foi an
per das , ei Ing shutdown

for indefinite time.

-*il\ er BOW full III >

ANACONDA tButte) — October
allows

for ea.-h 10,000 shifts In 11' <.f tt.-
mines -f any kind occurred

M.\ \ II \

(lark County
COPPERSIDE (GoodspringB) Adjoins
-I streak property opened similar vein
of cop] 'I shipped several carloads

PRAIRIE FLOWER (Goo
Lead-zinc-silver on- recently encountered
on north end of 200-ft. level: stoping
Jam- ger

SULTAN (Goodsprings) - - Lead-silver
orebody of milling grade discovered on
Mill which has been op
i down ftn i
ry Robbin il

■ STREAK (Good prings) — Opei
d Su— ak Copper Mining Co., I
incorporated During last two montl

ers shipped 10 c

(trade eopiiei ore which .'..ins as chalco-

eiie iii s-n fissure vein In lime

r.. iSS (G Ispi Ing! ' \. ■« i.i.mi •

Vletnls

plat 11111:11 ore from

this pro|>erl ) Ore nveragi 1 - opper .

old .".1 1 0 ■■' 11 "

Inum n ton. 1 -■- lixi\ la-

111.11 I- 1 LCtl ' 1"

i ... be 90 Ship-

ping about per month : to

iter 11 K Riddall, manager

\ > .- < • 1 1 1 ■ • 1 >
TONOPAH OR1 PRODUCTION toi

1 1 >ec 22 amounted 1 164

ions, valued .11 comparing with

ous week Producers
ronopnti Belmont, -'(i 16 tons . Tono-
pah M - lopah Exti

. 1 End,
1.1. 196 tons ; Montana,
on

-IIS

WHITE CAPS EXTENSION MINING
1 Manhntl 1 n used toi hoi 1 Ing

urn. 1, in shall sinking replaced bj cage
with automatic safetj devices; flrsl round;

fired 11. • ' ' iIihi 11 i.\ el show .-.1 ex-

iremelj haul formation, bul expects to

sii-ii ei ' ock in ii.ni distance

WHITE CAPS (Manhattan) Anno s

with capacitj of 1 50 tons

1 .1 11. 1 mill Slimes amount

ough changes Installed are

maximum ..r m'. slimes Partial

cleanup of gold precipitates undei way; un-

,1 cleanup .11 present is satisfactory

1 nil

-limit I < I'

TINTIC |.|.l.\\\ \KE (Eureka) — New
. 1 . 1 eported In two places

TINTIC STANDAsRD (Eureka) Recent
strike on 1300-fl level growing in extent.
Orebod] opened 12 fi In length and 35
1 width.
IMPERIAL LEAD (Tintic Junction) —
.1 11. Hi, 1 i.n hauling ore ac-
ated during fall awaiting better ma 1
ket Property In West Tintic

DESERET MOUNTAIN (Tintic Juric-

11 lood tonnag pper ore Indicated

ime development with working forces
lessened by draft and enlistment
EA( 1LE & BLUE BELL 1 Eun

Struck a on ol B 1 grade on 1875-fl

level, the lowest at present worked, al-
though ground opened to depth of 201JO ft
1 es of on- available.
RIDGE AND ' VALLEY (Eureka) —

Pumping equi] ni tor unwatering this

and adjoining Gemini being installed.
Sinking to be started shortly in Ridge &
Valley, to open two properties at depth.

GRAND CENTRAL 1 .Mammoth) — Not
shipping at capacity owing to embargo,
-.-»■ shortage, etc. However, first six
: : cars marl

' nth-. 379 cars, estimated at 1 5.000

October showed 32 cars; September,
lugrust, 43 cars, and July. 35.

Sail I. tike County

MONTANA-BINGHAM I Bingham) — Ore
carrying native copper struck in tunnel in

ii hi. about 1 1 fi from portal, 700 or

sua n 1 1 1 1 . 1 , .1 ei 1 Ically, and about

1 1 on dip of formation 1 irifted along

this fissure for 75 ft to south of tunnel
, tl to north, where copper cont inues
throughout vein matter These workings
1 100 ft below deepest old workings. Most
,,1 on at present coming from Portuna
Mill treating 100 tons dally,

lull Heads sample i tO

coppei re ol hip

— 5 to ''•'. copper — being marketed
COLUMBUS-REXALL (Alfa)— Bi

and 1 16 teams hauled 39 loads

of ore, aggi Lot 26 re-

. . - 1 carried 12 oz silver
.;.v. copper. In August, September,
October and November, a total <•! 2518 tons
of ore shipped, ranging from $-- to $11 a
ton Production valued at upward ol 560,

n'l'i s.t richei ore Mian usual found

along footwall runs well in copper Capi-

1 6 hares, 13.76 1 ri

ing in trea ui Lawren© Green, presi-

dent; M R Evans, vice pn ident and gen-
eral -

rink Counts

FISSURES EXPLORATION (America!
Korki- Working Pacifli mine; at present

of ore da II \ f. cpected itt

increa to !00 ions when more men se-
cured Pacific fissure producing this ore
- ii betv, • •• a walls, and
tied 700 ft on strike Higher grade
streak: 00 11 n mill on Fissure opened
to depth of 300 fi el

< w . \> t

O 111 11 1 1

OPHIR (Cobalt) 1 '1 ;cov< 1 v of 13,
\ 1-111 carl Vil -I ei.nl>- sil\ er ore .

ported

MILLER LAKE-O'BKIEN" (Cow-gun-)

During November shipped approximate
.; 1 960 lb of ore

CASTLE (Gowgandii)- Exploration wfc
will be undertaken early Ihis year; pi 1
equipment now en route

McINTTRE (South I'oivupine) lupi

shaft down 1 ' ft ; lateral work will <

started Producing about $15i>.iK)i> a 111011,

KIRKLAND LAKE GOLD ( KirkliJ
Lake) Expected to close Dee 3" on .
.-mini of Inability of Heaver to fuiancr|
without assistance.

WR1GHT-I-1 \RGR WES ( K I r k I a|
Lake) Installation of new machinery, <sd

pi 1 mil- ' -hp motor antl 1 2-drill ci

pressor, 1 pleted

DAVIDSON (South Porcupine) — Inatl
ing five-stamp mill, which will be runn|
...ii\ in Ibis year. t'onsidorable tonnil
of ore above 100-ft. level that should si.
profit

PORCUPINiC CROWN (Timmins)— C
tinuation of main ..tebo.h encountered!
crosscutttng at 1000-ft level, where vl
compares favorably with previous levels.1

WEST DOME (South Porcupine) —
ranged tq treat 100ft tons of ore in Dri
Lake mill Ore expected to run $18 Ml
being examined by M, Summerhayes. ml
ager of I 'orcupine * Irov. n

GIFFORD-C< IBALT (Cobalt) — T h rl
new calcite veins, one to '■'• in. wide, »l

cobalt and galena encountered ill crospj
ai 350-ft level; 10-in. vein previously j
at Ibis level is being driven on and shn
low silver content

ANKERITE (South Porcupine) — T?oul
Montgomery property adjoining U
working shaft down mo ft.: will he c|
tinned to a"" ft Longyears have conttl
for shaft sinking

DOME MINES (South Porcupine) — Iter
rise in stock has started rumors that I.
will be started In spring ; unlikely, as nea
all of staff have been let R.i this month ;
operations being confined to undergroi
development. .Main shaft to he sunk
1600 ft

ECUADOR

SOUTH AMERICAN" PEVELOI'MEl
(Guayaquil) — Bullion robbery late in li
reported In Peruvian papers! was much 1

erated Fortunately some company
ficials happened to be at the coast and i
mediately undertook apprehension of 1
b.-rs Bullion recovered in three days, j

BELGIAN CONGO

UNION MINIERE DTJ HAUT 'H
TANGA (Elisabethville) I'roduced dull
first 1(1 month: 1911 'I ."in tons of copi
comparing with 22,150 ions during yearj
1916. Five furnaces have been erec|
and N'o ('. is tine to start in operatl
shortly and installation of N'o. 7 is nefl
completed ; entire capacity of seven 1!
naees when ruiuii ig at full capacity will
about 10,000 tons iter annum.

Ill SSI A

lirrvsil (Bidder via CJsl Kamenofl
Government of Omsk) — At annual meed
in London it was stated Kidder mine, wil
had been flooded, wall not be unwatered ]
til labor antl Other conditions are improv
mechanical equipment on ground and 1
watering can be done in six weeks. At
kolni. important new bodies sulphide 1
proved, carrying fair contents in lead 1]
zinc and low content of silver anil gl
which new orebodies have increased ore t
serves by 360,000 in, is. exclusive of exM
si. ,n in depth; also opened belt of oxidil
gold ore. U'ni II wide. averaKine nearly
dwt. sold Sokolni ore proved as profltf
as Ridder and sufficient in s 1 ^ 1 1 1 i" co
mill and smell. -i \ requirements for longtl
to come Geological survey made by c;J
pany'S geologist- shows five mineral'
belts containing outcrops similar to Kiel
but greater in extent, the sixth belt <
tains gold-bearing gossans which pro!
in other Instances '<> be capping of col 1
deposits Ridder railway to I'st Kami
gorsk, 70 miles in length, now in operati
Eklbastous railway extended to total ler
of till miles Two furnaces in operatiorl
zinc plant and additional furnaces bil
constructed Output <>f spelter for first
months of 1H17 was 333 tons, compail
with 210 tons during entire year of 1

Lead smeltery has \ n placed in opu

tion.

January r>, 1918

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

§»"" iimiiiiiiiiiuiiiiimiiiimiiimiiiiiiimiuimimmuiuiiiii mil iimiinwiim i i Riimniiummumiutwiiiiiii iiiiiiu Him i ,i Hun mm , mm , „ Illllimm

The Market Report

■■ I iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiini i iiiiiiiii i ii i i hiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimim inililllll m i m miiiiiii m -,,,,,, r , IMI,JII)1I)M

sll \ i i; \\n STI i;i l\>. i V HANGE

Sterl-
ing

ohango

Sllv < r

D,

.l:>li

-i. ,1

1 V

'

New

■i ork,

Lon-
don,
Pence

1 ...I .

Lon

1 V !

27

28

4 7515
4 75 1 S
4 7515

861

♦3

431

1

2

4 7515
A 75 i 5

■HI..

43!

Sew York quotations :\i>- :\~- reported by lltimty
tin iino lire in renl - per i roy ounce ol bin
•99 fine, London quotations air in p< in
.1 of sterling silver, 925 fine.

(All "i PRICES OF METALS

l\ NEW MHik

Copper

Tin

1 d

Zinr

■

Electro-

lytic

Spot

N -i

S. 1.

SI 1

61

6.30

7 60

2/

•23;

t84

e ,n

Ol 7 65

61

6 15

7 60

U

*23;

t82

@6i

(" 6 40

(» 7 65

6j

6 55

7 60

19

*23J

t82

6l

i.i i, 40

(,i 7 65

6 35

7 60

il

*23;

t82

(9 61

0i b 40

(,' 7 65

1

"«

6 35

7 60

2

*23J

t75

(o 6J

#6.40

(»> 7 65

t Nominal.

•Price fixed by agreement between American
ipper producers and the l S Government, accord
g to official statement for publication on Friday.
Oteinber 21. 1917.

ibove quotations (except as to copper, the
which has been fixed by agreement between

inn an copper producers and the l'. S Govero-
ent, wherein there is no free market) arc our
rpraisal of the average of the major markets based
oerally on sales as made and reported by producers
id agencies, and represent to the best of our judg-

ni the prevailing value-- of the metals for the
liveries constituting tin- major markets, reduced to
-i> of New York, cash, except win-re St. Louis is
>• normal basing point.
The quotations for electrolytic copper are for takes.

d wirebars
We quote electrolytic cathodes at 0.05 to 0. 10c.
ln\ the price of wirebars, cakes and ingots.
Quotations for spelter are for ordinary Prime
est em brands. We quote New York priee at 17.5c.
r 100 lb above St Louis.

Some current freight rates on metals per 100 lb.
St. Louis- New York 1 7c.; St Louis-Chicago,
*c.; St. Louis-Pittsburgh, 13. 1 rents

LONDON

Copper

Tin

Lead

Zinc

Standard

Elec-
tro-
lytic

Spot

3 Mos.

Spot

Spot

3 Mos.

Spot

27

28

:9
ii
i

2

110
110

110

no

110

no

no
no

125
125

125

125

302J
294

280

269

295
288

277

2631

30!
301

30!

30!

54

54

54
54

The above table gives the elosinjr quotations on
ndon Metal Exchange. All prices are in pounds
rling_ per ton of 2.240 lb. For convenience in
nparison of London prices, in pounds sterling per
40 lb. with American prices in cents per pound
• following approximate ratios are given, reckoning
<hangeat$4.75!5. £305 = 6.4696c ; £54= 11.4545c:
20 = 25. 4544c: £137 = 29.0605,- ; £240 = 50 9089c
nations, £1 =0.21 21 205c.

Metal Markets

XEW YORK — .Jan. ■>. 1918

The chief feature of interest in the metal
i.rkets this week was the slump in the
I ce for tin. The volume of business in
l:h lead and zinc was small

"opper — Both the American and the
feign governments called for a good deal
i copper, as also did domestic manufac-
ters. especially wire drawers, who are

working less directly fi

menl purposes There «ns ;. little buying
foi I'Vin uai j .imi March delli

in. t feature of Inti weeli

«:is the growing appreciation of ho« trans-

poi '.ii liiii.iiii lee .mil coal i hoi i.i .

diminish i he produi n i i hi

Importanl plants have alreadj losl time
owing I., i.i, Ic of i ' it is antli

lej null su Hie in hi-, i,

<>t raw material

Copper Mie.-is .,, . .,,,,,1, ,i ■, i
b., F.o.b mill, t'ni hoi rolled, and Ic higher
tor mill rolli .1 • opper wire is quol
26 .i _' re, f.o b mill, .in load lo

Tin — On Dec. 27 :i 5-ton lol was sold .it
84c In following days the- market declined
sharply, although quotations continued t..

be nominal, reflect Ing the sense ol 1 1 ar-

kel rather than actual transactions The
decline «ns In sympathy with the >
fall in prices in i .Minion At the end
i te< ember the stock of tin In this country
was only 197 tons, which is believed to bi
the lowest on record on Nov :<u the
stock was 1592 tons

I. end- This market continued dull, bill

in the latter part of the week there were
distinct evidences of more inquiry. The
market is becoming difficult to quote, for
the freight congestion Is preventing the free
movement ,,r lead, and high prices are paid
locally for lead on i he spot or what
be supplied from near-by refineries. Such
penes relict the urgency of the needs of
a few buyers, who have run out of stock,
and the advantageous position of a few
sellers, lather than the broad market, the
local transactions at a premium being small
in the aggregate However, there is a dis-
tinctly firmer tone in the lead market, and
the probability that the appearance of only
moderate buying orders will advance the
price Several of important producers
in a sold-out position insofar as January
production is concerned.

Ziin — This market was very dull and
stationary as to price. The sale of some
round lots for export was the most inter-
esting feature.

Zinc Sheets — Price of zinc sheets has not
been changed. Market is still at $19 per
100 lb. f.o.b. Peru, less 8',« discount.

Other Metals

Aluminum — This market continues com-
paratively inactive at STfiiSSc. per lb. for
No. 1 ingots at .New York, though some
advances are being asked for spot delivery
owing to railroad congestion.

Antimony — Dull and weaker We quote
spot at 14 Ic and futures at 131c c.i.f.
in bond.

Kismnth — Unchanged at $3.5n per pound.

Cadmium — This metal is quoted at $1.50
hi 2.00 per lb., depending on the quantity.

Nickel — Steady at 50c. per lb., premium
of 5c. per lb. for electolytic.

Quicksilver — Quicksilver to arrive is
quoted at $115. but owing to the scarcity
of stocks, spot is realizing fancy prices.
as much as $125@135 being reported paid
for small lots until the railroad deliveries
relieve the scarcity in spot. San Fran-
cisco reports, by telegraph, $112.50, steady.

Gold. Silver and Platinum

silier — During the holiday week silver
remained steady to firm, with limited trans-
actions. The United States Government
was at times in the market, but so far as
can be ascertained, no mutual understand-
ing has yet been reached with the British
authorities in regard to taking over the
silver-bullion product of this country and
redistributing same according to the re-
quirements of the two nations.

Mexican dollars at New York: Dec. 27,
685c; 28, 68Jc. ; 20. 69c: 31. 691c; Jan 1
. . . ; Jan. 2, 70c

Platinum — Unchanged at $105 per oz.

Palladium — Strong at $135. with a ready
market for all that can be offered.

Zinc and Lead Ore Markets

". UO lo. , toll.

Zn, premium 170 .

Hum to low. diamine, pi

10% Z

I U pel Ion

Pb, $75 ;
.hi gradi

Shi pi i

lead, 10

Shlpn Blende, I 1 1,863, i ala

mine. tons. Va!

ores I .

Shipi b i . • ' quant Itief ,,t high-

gradi i dvanced t he

price of I ■ i . iii the face of a i

ing market Calamine shipment, on the
contra ow gi adi

' .lit direction Of

I roads will make the local situation

and generally In. pes lor a I

incut oi the cat shortage are held.

Low i ore at Joplin during

the week ended i iec i . i oi 7. s

50 : in the Jo
,. p 1021. the prici
medium- to low-grade ore was errom
reported as $65<& 62.50. It should have
been $65lg .",-' 50.

Platteville, u is.. Dec. ;» — Blende, basis

60' . Zn, (60 h. niium or.- down

to $52 I,., , !<,, second grade. Lead ,"•■
basis sir , Pb $76 pi . ton Shipments re-
ported for the we.k are 3690 tons of zinc

ore. 1 .", tons of lead ore. and 166

sulphur me Th.- year's figures compared
with those of 1916 are as follows:

Zinc

i n.

I

Net

from

to

Lead

Sulphur

smelteries

Ore

. ire

Tons

Tons

Tons

1917

1 18.766

7134

28.481

1916

.21 9.1 IN

4590

32,426

Increase

15,731

2544

Decrease

3 911

Shipped during the week to separating
plants. 299 1 tons of zinc ore.

Premium grade blende at Platteville,
Wis., for the week ended Dec. 15, should
have been quoted in the "Journal" ,,r
Dec 22 as ••unchanged at $02 base." and
not $75 base as reported. The market r<
port for the week ended Dec 15 should
have rea, I "Blende, basis t;ii'; Zn, un-
changed at $62 base for premium grade
down to $57 has.- for second grade."

Other Ores

ManfaneHe Ore — Metallurgical ore is un-
'l al $1.20 per unit, for 48% grade,
delivered to buyers.

molybdenum Ore -Business was done at
$2.25@2.30 per lb of molybdenum sulphide.

basis •-•"■,

Pyrites — Spanish lump is quoted at 15*c.
per unit, on basis of 10s. ocean freight,
buyer to pay excess freight and war risk.
except that concession of Z% of war risk
is allowed. Ocean rates remain at 35s. for
Northern. 4Hp. for Southern and 4^s. Od for
Gulf ports, but recent charters have ex-
ceeded these rates in several instances.

Tungsten Ore — This market is quiet, with
scheelite at $26 and high-grade wolfram-
ite at J24@24.50 per unit. Lower grades
are not moving rapidly

ii

on

Trade Review

NEW YORK — .Ian. 8, 1918

Manufacturing consumers end the year
as a rule with fair stocks of material
In many general lines activity has tapered
off says "Iron Age." and with Government
price control there has not been the in-
centive to seek maximum protection through
contracts. Now that Washington stipulates
that price revision on deliveries after Mar.
31 will be in order, the average buyer may-
show more interest.

The prospect of orders for 100.000 cars
that comes with Government control of
railroads is not unwelcome to equipment

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 1

■

ri i rstn lii.n it. .

: lu I'n-.vi

d

■

l hi' Air ill aiwi

-

hnrdl)

l i>. tniii'

t the mat-

\ ton nuthorl-

l- i the prioi' in.iM i more

duclug

have pirs-
iiiUt'l> , and ;»•-
dually
would Im

i s atv

Thus |iultlii*it\ ha*

m Bast em plate mill

i»i.ii.s at

when lis present orders an

■ com-

- he fact that the

ur until th

g the Important mar-
I half a dozen plat«
• ictlve
ms at the set price "f 3 26c

■ \ emenl i*i t raffle con-
ns of blast furnaces
nnellsville coke continue at
for the merchant furnaces and

the steel-works fui
J important st.-.-l mills an

capacity by reason of In-

tl deliveries Both coke oper-

i a! producers insist they could

much larger shipments, and would do

i t hey were furnished

Improvement through ' ^o^ ern-

ment control <>f th*- railroads is exp

■. gradually. Tl.»- usual comment i i

trail-* circles is that the chief function

■ ;..\ ernment operation now being

.■ill be to annul t he Is « > t hat

have | full utilization t*( the ph) -

leal facilities of the railroads, all the way.

from the anti-pooling laws to the full crew

■ir laws

Ordinary commercial buying of steel has

ally nil dtr several weeks and

rly itnprov._tn.-nt is expected While

shipments to ordinary consumers have i n

ted hj priorities given to G ivernment

■ he curtailment i-i produc-
consumers are as a rule making

and if larger ship-
were offered there might be some
ts for curtailment. Th.- mills are
nursing thr- contracts they have at prices

me of thest co
would be d nforcement, delays In

■ ry having already occurred
pie Iron- — The market has continued ab-

■ t, th.* furnaces having
for delivery In the next

few m< ml ount of their rei

orks would buy

offered, but th<

•I as they were three or four

ago We quote the market al the

set pri< basic and No,

■1 foundry. $33; malleable, (33.50; forge,

t. furnace, freight from the valleys

ii L'h being 95c

M". K 01 t'l \ I lll\N

Ferroalloy?

i erromanganeiie — The market continues
. with $245 the com
mon quotation for prompt or contract

Coke

ConnellMvllle Car supplies are onl> a
better this week and blast-furnace
operations are restricted subs'
much as formerly There is much com-
plaint of the poor quality of coke being
trs attributing this to the
at they must keep their oven

igned still fewer
co • being held too
■i-i being overturned Contracts ex-
■ . believed to ex
lightly in tonnage the new cor
coming Into operation These contract!
made before the price was set, Sept
fl an ■ Unrated to average ^ shade
over $8. The market remains quotable at
Furnace, $6 ; 72-hour se-
foundry, $7 ; crushed, over 1 in .
per net ton at ovens.

N'.Y KXt'll i

M \

r . pf

l'f v

pi n

v [>1

I

Mill

MrUil.-h.-ii) Slwl
H.-.U. ti. ■.» si,v| pf

A

I

< op

a Iron
* Tu<it>l< -!.■- i
Donu N'tnra

I -

a h Pr
■•■ .if
■
» iull

Llil.TiLUlMii:.] M.'k.l
i ...• . .,ni

id, pf

lu Mill

sHvnr

lit

Repuullel AS
Republli i .v s . pf

-'..■111. "Ill

A I

I' S Sir |. L<oQ]

i- s sieel, pi
Utah c 'opper

\ ,i iroi ■ a ■

N t < I Kin I

MIl- 1 odce
Built * N. ^

1-lltt. i A /

Butte Detroit

i 'aledonlu

' ":illltin I

i "an - 'op ' oi pn

i uhbo)

mi Sin
opermlnes
I .in Niv -Utah

i mma ■ "on

I tr>*l Vit < 'op

i i - on
G ol-in old Merger

mater,
HiN-la Miii
I [owe sound
Jerome \ crde

K.-- I.i.kr

i u ilana.
Magma

■ l i

McKlnley-Dar-Sa
Mlirord .

. .
Mother Lode
N ,> a Rond
XlplsRtag Mines,
Mm. ii Mi
[)
Ray Mir. ul. -h
Ml. tin 1

estei Mlnei
si Joseph Lead

i 3 I..

St.Av.irl
CC1

Tonopah

Tonopah \'\

i rlbuinon

■

i nlted i op

i niicd \ erd- i ct

United zinc

Utlea M Ii

S ukon ( .old

SAN 111 w *

Alt:.
\ in I' -

Belcher
Bullion
i 'aledonla
f 'hallenKC I on

Con \ Iralnla
■

Hale a >
Jaeket-Cr PI
Mexican
i accidental
OphJr

■

■■
■ on

■ tan i 'on
Belmont
Jim Butler
MacKamara

Mom -I o

Sorth Star

: ula

'i i Jon.

■

■ ac
D'l eld i 'al
i torence. ,

. .

K'wanas

lllllfl

Nevada P

Hound Mountain

u ute I :■■
lilt: Jim

•i

1
71
■Mi

fl

I '

"7

■

30]

■

■

lu
121

Mis

^1 .

10

i:

7fi

7
25
46

i:
i«

i :
•;;

o |
A

i:
*

.50
12
29

.55
1 A

,/'•
in

;

31

: r,r-
:n

"',

22 A
09

h

J

i

ii
i .

: 03

: ur
: 02
I oi

■ ,i

IM,

12
: 01
: 02

: .is

OS

: 60

in
: "4
: 03
: 13

71

: «i

1.00
75

• OS

05

07
68
08
03
02

: 02
in

14

05
OS

.'ii
in
u,

3.75

IttlSI i'\ I \i II

rv
\lmnvk

mi . rtfs
\rm.lil

i 'tilumei ■

i .ililinrl .\ II.-.IlI

(Vnlonnlnl

i>:iK ivm
■ i'.
i cuii Rune
I ntDklln

i;r:iii|t\

Hancock
H«1U>>

lo
Kcwccnan

i

N.aaoil \

Man

Mavflowcr

Mlchliran

MohawK

'linn
New MM i

North Butte

i ko

' ild Dominion
Osceo]

DUlll.'V

si Marr'i \i i
Santa !■>■

s^ei ;i ...

Shannon

\r[l.

So Lake
So i tan
Superior
Superior a Boal
Trinity
Tuolumne
0 S SmeltiDfi
t' s Smelt'g, pi
I'mii M»\
Utah i "ii
Utah Metal
\

Win. inn

Wolverine
Wyandot

ii :

'.

91

10

I i

16

i .

I.
70

lj
j

i
51
76
i ;
501
60
.1

n

i.

in
ii

3

I
16

II
•»

ii
t

A A

50

BOSTON ClTJRB* D«c. Al

Alaska Mines < :orp
Bingham Mine
Boston Elj

Boston A Minn

Bui tf a Lon'n i lev
i lalaveras

i :ihiinrt-l nrhill.. . .

Chief Con

I lortez

i yowii Reserve
Crystal < "op
^agle-fi Mi te Bel)
Gila i hooper
HoufEhton t opp.r
Intermountaln

Iron Cap. < otn
Iron Cap Cop . pf
Mexican Metals
Mines of America
Mojave Tungsten
al Zinc a i ead

Wvarta-t >OUglaS

New Baltic

New Cornelia

< meco

Facinc Mines
Rex i oils

U

\>

71)

44

. 10

1

t 01

.05

20

17
o

117
50

: To

14
■M
20

16
.26

!

I5|

25

t 3.r.
Ill

SALT I MM • in. 2g

Mainia.-r.

I

■>■

Big Four

!

in

t lardlfl

2

,n

• olorado Mining .

in

Dalj

M

no

i lals -Judge.

H

Ml

] mplre ' 'opper.

'1

17

1 Sold 1 li.'iln

IIU

i .mini ( vmral ...

:.l

Iron Bio

-.7

Lower Mammol h

t

03

ill

J

Prince ( :on

IV

Rlco Wellli

17

Silver-King < loal'n

■ i

1 .

Silver Klnu- f on

■ >

1)3

i on

<r

-i, Hecla

M

Tlntlc Standard.

16

i nele 3am

01

■•\ .p.. ,t

l'.

Ii,

TOIiliXTO-

Bailey

05

< 'on

24

' bambera Ferlaurt.

in

ConlaKae

3 15

Ilari'm ?Cfl

in

La Hum,-

Peterson Lake.

II

Temlakamlng

-'-

w ,ii laufer-Lor.. . .

in

Davidson

28

Dome Kxtin

in

Dome Lake.

Ki

Bolllngi r

1 Wl

M.llH'. re

1 III

Newray

II

I'orfii < rown

2.1

Tcck-Huehes

26

17

.12

mo. k OUOTAl ion^ i ontlnued

'.'Ii' SPUING

,.

LONDON

i ',-,■

, ,,n

I.5U

Masks Trc'dwell

: i i us i

i .octoi Jnok i'"i

i,

Burma < 'or|i

i i> i

1 Ik!., II ( oil

1 ,ni a M,,t,,r

.1 10 1

III' ISO

15

I iilnp Mini

II 7 ,

i Sold Sovereign,

0

i i i iro

ii S

Llolclcn Cycle

1

i spei ansa

" 7 |

. : I tilte

' ,

Moxli an Mines

5 IS |

08

Mi" corn Can

0 111 1.

Mai > McKI \

i' id

14

Neclil, "i.i

1 III

1 0,0 III,'

o ix r

, loW M

151

Sants ' lei i.Uh

ii I : .

\ Indicator

14

Tomboy

1 1 1

•HI.I price*, t Closing prices, t Lust (ju.uuuiuis.

MONTHL1 AVERAGE PRICES OK MKTALS

silver

\.-\\ Vol I.

London

1915

1916

11117

191 .

loin | 1917

Jan

1 .i,

Is s .,,,

77, 630

12 ■

2ti oi'.o :tti (',>

is 177

... . , ,

77 585

22 77,:t

20 077, ;i7 74

Mm

," '11

73 siil

23 7i is

27 7,07 10 -11

Mirll

„, ■ .ii

"1 117,

7 1 S7 ,

."■' i 7 "l 96

1 ■

7 1 '"'I 7 1 717,

17(1 15 177 17 04

Iimio

III 034

24 "6 1171

7''i 207 :ll (Kill It hi;

Jul.

17 610

".' 1)40 70 OKI

22 507 :to tmii in 1 1

Vug .

17 163

,... 08 1 s., IU7

22 7sil 11 |os t t ||

Scpl .

Is 680

lis J,', MM 7 III 23 7,01 32 7,s 1 7,11 "■»

oci

111 IS .

"7 s',7, s.- 332 23 .'■■.', :ij ;i,,i lt ;t..

Nov

1 1

71 "ill R6 sol 25 004 34 1" l ; ■

Deo

.1 071

75 70S 85 960 26 .17:; 36 110 13 117,

■i ear

10 "si

il si ii: 23 ,,7 , |i sis hi s-

Now \ i. ii, quotations cents per ounce troy, "no sllvi
' Ion, pence per ounce, sterling silver, 0.925 One.

N,o. ^ ", k I. I,,n

,r Klcctrolytle Standurd Klectro

1916 1017 1916 1017 101"

Jan

i , ,,
Mar
Mirll

M:i\

June
lull

\itk-

Si-ul

i let
\,,\
Dec

.'I (HIS 28 "7 1 ss list l:il 1121

26 I In tl 77,0 102 667 l:t7 so",

26 :i" 31 Isi ni7 71 l 136 77,0

27 R95 27 935 124 319 133
>s 13

25 1,27

26 "111 29 962 112 l:(2

;n

620

380 I III 283 122

07:1, 1 13 905 1 17

122 77,11 I 111

I I" lt',7 I
133 1"7 1
136 lino I

sl2 137 :tso I

nun 15

nun 13

loo 12

I
:iii) i

:i siiTi

26 120

26 855

27 193

30 625 23 .".mi 134 659 no I I

:ll son 23.500 I 17, 316 1 10 ooo !"_• 842 I

500 1H4 I
inn 142 523 1

IMIr
1017

12 so

Is llll

7,1 001

47 l.V

42 (llll

12 001

40 40!

" "III

35

.il

001

27, 001

i 001

"M'ur 27 202:27. 180 I Hi 07,0 121, soj I :t,s 2S1 Lis. 40.1

\>w York

London

1916

1017

1910 1017

Januarj

41

826

11 177,

175

',4S 1S5 811

February

42

717

51 120

LSI

107 198 07

March

511

741

54 :tss

1 03

mo 207.44:

April . .

51

23(1

55 910

100

7.1" 220 17

May

10

12 ,

63 17:1

lot;

511 247, 11.

June

12

.Ml

62 053

170

It," 'M2 OS

...lis

:is

.,111

62 7,70

His

1571242 18'-'

\ugust

38

565

62 "si

1 60

S70 243 971

September,

38

Slid

61 542

171

147, 244 031

, ictober

41

'Ml

t',1 851

170

1117 247 4tr.

\.,\ ember

M

74.740

1st',

1321274. MS

i lecember

12

635

s7 120

is:j

1681298 551

A. year

It

Isn

"i 802

IS2

196 237 7,t",

Lt-:td

Vt'W

1 ork

S

Louis

" 1

1 ollllotl

1916

1017

1011,

101

116 19*1

,l.,i i '.

5 921

7

626

5 826

7 530

:tl

167 30 7,oi

February....

f, 246

s

,,!"

" 164

S 7,07,

31

March

7 136

0

199

7

75

0 120 34

Al.rll

7 630

0

28S

7 i\:,'i 9 158134

:o',s :tti 50t

May

7 l":t

III

-'i i ,

7

32 111 202 32

0"7 30 501

June

!"> 936

1 1

17 1

"

■to 1 1 128 :il

llll :to.50(

.loi'.

6 :t.',2

III

. Ill

1.

85 10.644 28

1 17 30 . 500

6 244

III

.,04

t. oss III 518 211

734 30 50(

September .

6 SHI

s

"SI 1

" 699 s i,i i so

ictober

7 nun

I,

71(1

., sos " 650 :in

. ,,\ ember .

7 042

I,

2 10

l> r

46 " IS7 .'ill

.'.on 30.51

►ece

7.513

1.

s

376

7 405 6 741 27 30

7,mi in 501

6 858

7S7

6.777

8.721

31

359:3O.50Cl

Spelter

Ian . ..
I ri.

Mar

April
Maj
lune

lol,

lug

Sepl

"r,

X,.\

n.-t-

Year.

\i.v York
1916 I 1017

16 915
Is 420

I" si"
16 695

I I 276

II 752
s 027,

8 730
s 990

9 S20
1 .0'

10 665

Louis

1017

.', o 149

" in ISO '

7, 0 289 •

6 0 102'.

2. 0 201 I

.', s 17:1';

" s 1011

sin

04H
056

217
7,01
77,0

0S3 !> 651
S47 I 1 42:
685 HI 107, 7 510 7,7,

13 7,4 15954
023 54

S42 7,4

32

inn
"in
i',:tl

"IH

not

lIKi

inn

12 sill t 90! I-' ".'M S.730 72 1171 7.2.41

Mew York anil St Louis quotations, cents per pound
London, pounds strrliiu: per long Ion.

', 7

Pig Iron,
Pgb.

Bessemer]

1

onndry

ion,

1017

1011.

1017

101" 1017

January. ■

-7 1 "II

S35 05

-Is 7s

s.;o 0,-,

sio

1 ebruary.

21 1"

a, ::7

IS 03

30 07,

10

7,1 30.95

March

21 SI

.17 :;7

10 20

33 10

10

1 , 35 01

April
May

21 1,7.

17 23

IS 07,

38 00 lo

17, 40 06

21 7S

46.94 10 11 42 si 10

5S 43 60

lour

7 1 O,

.1 12 Is 07, 7,11 1)7,

10

34 50.14

Julj

21 07,

7,7 17,

is 95

7,3 SO

10

!(! ,i ".

AitkOISl

21 05

54.17

IS 07,

7,0 37

10

22 7,3 95

September..

22 ss

1" 411

10 58

42 24

10

53 4S.58

ictober

24 111

37 , 25

'l 2"

33 07,

?i

7,1 33 95

November .

30.07

37 27, 2S.18

...i 07,

■>r>

55 33.95

1 lecember.

35 16

137.77, :ill 07, 33 0 ,

311

70 33 95

Year

123.88 $43,571*20 98 839 1.2

*21

17, S40.83

\ repo

Hal by W. P. Snyder & Co.

January 5, l'J18 ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL 41

iiuuiuiumuiiiiiiiuiiiuiiiiimiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii | imiiiiiiiiiiiiiii i i mum Illllllin miiiimiiiiimimimmii i i iimmii iiiiiiiimiimimiiiiiiimim iimiiiiiiiimiiii

The Mining Index

lilllllliwiilllllimiiiimiimmmiiiiiiim n I nit mmmimiiiummi iimmimmi imimimmmimiimmimimimiuimmimiii mi mmimimmiimmimiimmmimimmmimmimiimiimmiiiiiiimiiimimij.

This Index i^ .1 convenlenl reference i"
a curi 'in hi. 1 .11 in . ■ .ml metal-

:c\ published in .ill of ortant

,ils of Hi. world. \\ <• will luriiish

of . 1 1 1 > article ( if in print > in the
Igtnnl language 1. 'i 1 he pi i. ■ quoti .1

no price i- quoted the cost is un-

Innsmuch as the papers must be

dared from the publishers, there will P.-

:.i\ for ih. foreign papers. Itemit-
i sent wiih order. Coupons
-• furnished at the following prici

oh, -i\ foi 11, ■'•'■'■ foi 15 .mil i "..i - 1 ■

hen remittances are made in even dollars,
i will return the excess over an order in
opons if so requested.

COPPKB

8476— ANALYSIS -The Determination of
i Copper in Ores. H. D. Hunt and
V Thurston (Colo School of Mines
ig.. Sept.. 1917 ; 13 pp.) 40c
s 1 77 — chile — Collahuasi La Grande
ipper Mines. Tarapaca Province, Chile.
ul T. Bruhl. (Eng. and Min. .lourn.,
iv. -i. 1917 : :i pp., iilus.) -inc.
S47S— CHILE- The Carrizal Mining Dis-
ct. (Teniente Topics, Aug., 1917; 1] pp.)
c

8479 — LABi >R — Clifton-Morenci Strike
ttled. (Eiie. and Min. .lourn.. Xov. 10.
7; J p.) 20c

3480 — LABOR — Some Observations on
flaona Strikes. ("has F. Willis. (Eng.
id Min .lourn.. Oct. 13, 1917; 23 pp.) 20c.

■i-m — LEACHING -Ammonia Leaching
. Copper Tailings at Kennecott. Alaska.

■ rare M. Lawrence. (Eng. and Min.

aril,. Xov. 3, 1917; 6 pp., illus.) 20c.

3482 — LEACHING — Heap-Leaching of
tpper-Sulphide Ore Courtenay r>e Kalb.

in. and Sci. Press. Xov. 24. 1917 ; 81 pp.,
lis.) 20c.

- LEACHING — Hydro-Metallurgv
(Copper Sulphides. A. E. Drucker. (Min.
. I Sci, Press. Xov. 17. 1917; :1J pp., illus.)

NEW MEXICO AND TEXAS —
i Id. Silver. Copper. Lead and Zinc in New
:xico and Texas in 1910. Charles W.
I nderson. (Mineral Resources of the
, s. 1916 — Part I. Xov. 23. 1917; 29 pp.)

1485 — POWER — Granby Power Plant at

vox. B. C. Wakely A. Williams. (Eng.

:1 Min. Journ., Oct. 27. PUT : 4\ pp., illus.)

I486 — QUEENSLAND — The Arbouin
( iper Mines at Cardross. Lionel C. Ball.
i Jeensland Govt. Min. Journ.. Oct 15.
1 7 : in ; pp.. illus.) 60c.

1487— REFINING — The Furnace Rcfin-
i of Copper. Lawrence Addicks. (Met.
al Chem. Eng.. Xov. 15.1917: 53 pp.) 40e.
488 — RUSSIA — Mining and Smelting
Ciper Ore at Kalata. F W. Draper,
(in. and Sci. Press. Sept. 1, 1917; 53 pp..
i o

ISA— SOUTH DAKOTA AXD WYOM-
1 3 — Gold. Silver. Copper and Lead in
Sith Dakota and Wyoming in 1910. Chas.
\ Henderson, i Mineral Resources of the
IS.. 1916— Part I. Xov. 21. 1917; 14 pp.)

COLD AXD SILVER — GENERAL

490 — EQUADOR — Reconstruction of
f draulic-Power Canal for Ecuador Gold
lie. Paul C. Schraps. (Eng. and Min
I rn„ X'ov. 10. 1917: 6 pp., illus.) 20c.

491 — McINTYRE-PORCUPINE RE-
' RT (Eng. «md Min. Journ.. Nov. 3,
17; ?, p.) 20c.

492 — MILLING — Practice at the . Mt.
Campion Mill. L. P. Weld. (Eng. and
■l Journ. Xov. 24, 1917; 1 p.. illus.) 20c.

493 — NEVADA — Solving the Ore Treat-
I t Problem at White Caps Mine. John

Kirchen. (Eng. and Min. Journ.. Xov.
I 1917 : 3 pp.. illus.) 20c

494 — NEW MEXICO AXD TEXAS —

Gd. Silver, Copper. Lead and Zinc in Xew

Mcico and Texas in 1916. Chas. W. Hen-

i'-ion. (Mineral Resources of t lie TT. S.,

— Part I. Xov. 23. 1917: 29 pp.) 20c.

495 — SOUTH DAKOTA AND WYOM-
1)1 — Gold. Silver. Copper and Lead in
S'th Dakota and Wyoming in 1916.
C s. W. Henderson. (Mineral Resources
I he U. S, 1916 — Part I. Xov. 21. 1917;
1 ip ) 20c.

B I".; i i \i i Driving I iperatlom ol th(
Splro Tunnel of thi Silver Kim Co

Schick. i Eng. and Mm
Journ . I i.e i ... 1917 ; i ' pp., iHu I

IKON AMI STKEL MCTM.I.I Kl.l

8497 -CAST IK' IN- -Note* on thi Heal
Treatmenl of I irej cast iron .1 E Hui I
(Advance copy, iron an. I Steel Inst, Sept,
1917 ; * pp . illus I

^ 198 ELECTRIC Fl RN V.CE and Ceil
i ral sta i ion ; Relatio Bel
and Producer .-i Electricity for Steel Mak-
ing Standardized Equipment Future o]
the Electric Steel Fui nace i Ddv
Crosby, (Iron Age. Dec 6, 1917; 13 pp.)
20c,

84 eOUNDRT PRACTICE— Negative

Experiments on Waste Core Sand, n w

Gillelt and E. I. Mack (.lourn Am. Inst,
of Metals. June, 1917 : 9 pp I

8500 -GAS CLEANING — A Xew Bla I
Furnace Gas-Cleaning Machine. John Rud-
dlman. (Met and Chem. Eng., Xov. 15,
1917; 3j pp., illus.) In,

8601 — HEAT-TREATING PLANT— New

Sleel Works ; Continuous Automatic Fur-
nace for Long Hound Bars in the Works
of the United Alloy steel Corporation, Can-
ton. (Iron Age. Dec. 6. 1917; 3 pp., illus.)
20c.

8502— ORE STORAGE— -Yard and Bins
for Large ore Storage (Iron Age. Xov.
22. 191 7 ; 21 pp., illus.) 20c.

8503 — POWER HOUSE — Modern Steel
Plant Power House; Exhaust Steam from
Blowing Engines Used to Operate a Mixed-
Pressure Turbine Connected to a 250il-Kilo-
watt Generator. (Iron Tr. Rev, Dec. 13,
1917 : 5J pp., illus.) 20c.

8504 —RECUPERATIVE FURNACES—
Double Pass Recuperative Furnaces ; Spe-
cial Brick Used in the Const met ion of This
Type of Furnace- Heats the Incoming Gas
Continuously and Eliminates the Reversing
Valves Required in other Heating Systems.
(Iron Tr. Rev.. Dec 13, 1917: 1 p.. illus.)
20c

8505 — STEEL PIPE— Progress in Steel-
Pipe Manufacture i Kng. and Min. Journ.,
Dec 15. 1917; 1J pp.. illus.) 20c.

8506 — STEEL PLANT — Corrigan. Me-
Kinney New Steel Plant. (Iron Age, Nov.
15, 1917; 6J pp., illus.)

LEAD AM) ZINC

8507 — CANADA — The Lead Situation in
Canada. Alfred Stansfield. (Bull. 68. Can.
Min. Inst.. Dec. 1!'17: 6 pp.) 20c.

8508 — FLOTATIOX — The Effect of Ad-
dition Agents in Flotation M H. .Thorn-
berry and H. T. Mann. (Met, and Chem.
Eng.. Dec. 15. 1917: 41 pp„ illus.) 40c.

8509 — LEACHING and Purification of
Zinc Sulphate. K. B Thomas (Min. and
Sci. Press. Xov. 17. 1917; i p.) 20c.

8510 — METALLURGY — Losses in Zinc
Metallurgy. (Eng. and Min Journ.. Dec.
1. 1917; 13 pp.) 20c

8511 — NEW MEXICO AXD TEXAS —
Gold. Silver. Copper. Lead and Zinc in Xew
Mexico and Texas in 1916. Chas. W. Hen-
derson. (Mineral Resources of the D S.
1916 — Part I. Xov 23, 1917 : 29 pp.) 20c.

85 1 2 — XEW YORK — The Zine-Pyrite
Deposits of the Edwards District. New
York. David H. Newland. (Bull. 2, X Y.
State Defense Council. Xov.. 1917 : 72 pp.,
illus.) 20c.

8513 — ST. JOSEPH LEAD — Power Plant
of the St, Joseph Lead Co. E. D. Broome.
(Eng. and Min. Journ. Xov. 17. 1917: 4 pp.,
illus.) 2 lie

8514 — SOUTH DAKOTA AXD WYOM-
ING— Gold. Silver. Copper and Lead in
South Dakota and Wyoming in 1916. Chas.
W. Henderson. (Mineral Resources of the
U. S., 1916 — Part I. Xov. 21. 1917; 14 pp.)
20c.

OTHER METALS

8515 — AXTIMOXY — Bibliography of An-
timony from 1909 to 1917. Chung Yu
Wang. (1917 : 27 pp.)

8516 — AXTIMOXY Industry in China.
(Eng. and Min. Journ.. Oct 27. 1917; J p.)
20c.

8517 — AXTIMOXY — Production of Elec-
trolytic Antimony from Impure Ores. Wm.

A Burr (Eng and Min Journ.. Nov 8,

PH7 , ' pp

3618 BAUXITE \\l> ALUMINUM In

1916 i. .11,. \i Mill (Mineral Resource

ol lli. 1 S , 1916 Pari I. Nov 2. P'17
12 pp I

i ii Ri >M iiwi ii . i. .hi i. .... and

Mining. ( Eng and Mill .lourn . Dei
11H7 : 1 pp l

' \i VNGA \i:si: and Chromium i
Boalich (Calif Stati Min Bun au

Sepl 1917 ; 32 pp.) I mi. icuri - in i

. Prices, i ,!..[„ rati .

Co!

8622— MANGANESE I leposlts in Costa

Mi.i, Murray Conge. (Eng. and

Min lorn ii Ocl 27, 1917 ; 21 pp , lllu I

...

mam; \ N'ESE Fluxing Ore al
I :he, x. \ (Eng and Min Journ.. Ocl

27. 1917; ; iii

8524 MANGANESE in Central Kansas.
(Eng and Mm .lourn. Xov. 17. 1 9 I 7

|, )

MANGANESE — New Mam

Dl n ii i in Virginia, I Kng. and Mil

- lourn I tec B, P>1 7 ; ',' p ) J".

MANGANESE — Utilization of
Low-Grade Manganese Deposits a Metal-
lurgical Problem. (Eng. and Min .lourn.
Dee 15. P>17 : ::; pp i Excerpts from
or< Engineers' Soc of W
Pa by .1. !•:. Johnson, -Jr. 20c.

8527 — MANGANESE — Utilization ol
Manganese Ores in Sweden, Joh. II. i
i M.-t and Chem Eng.. Dec. 15, 1!U7 ; 31
pp.) in,

8528— MOLYBDENUM at Star Lake
Manitoba (Eng. and Min. Journ., Nov. 17.

1917 ; | p ) 20c

8529— STRONTIUM in 1916. James M
Hill. (Mineral Resources of the U. S 1916
— Part II. Sepl 6, 1917; II pp. I

-TIN- New Methods for the Es-
timation of Tin in Low-Glade (Ires, Tail-
ing and Slime. Alfred Adair. (So. Afr
Mill, .lourn.. Aug, 2Ti. L'17: 1 p.)

8531 TITANIUM— The Metallurgy of
Titanium. Robert .1 Anderson. (Jour,,
Frank Inst.. Xov. and Dec., 1917; 30 PP
illus.) $1.20.

8532 — TUNGSTEN — Flow Sheet ,,t
Round Valley Tungsten Mill. (Kng and
Min. .lourn.. Xov 24. P> 1 7 : '. p.. illus.) 20c

8533— TUNGSTEN Mining in Eastern
Nevada. i Eng and Min. Journ., Oct 17
1917; ', p.) 20(

8534— TUNGSTEN— The Kanbauk Wol-
fram Mine. Lower Burma. Harry D. Grif-
fiths, i Min Mag., Xov.. 1917: 8'. pp.

illus.) Ille.

8535 — TUNGSTENITE, a Xew Mineral
R. C. Wells and B. S. Butler. (U. <
Sure, reprinted from Journ. of Wash
Academy of Sciences, Dec. 4. 1917: 4 pp.)
20a

XOXMKTAIJ.IC MINERALS
8536 — CHROMTTE in 1M16. J. S. Diller
(Mineral Resources of the U. S.. 1916
Part I, Oct. 26. 1917; 16i pp.. illus.) 20c
8537 — CLAYS — A Study of the Micro-
structure of Some Clays in Relation to
Their Period of Firing H. Ries and Y
Oinouye. (Bull. 129, A. I. M. E.. Sept
P'17: 14 pp., illus.)

8538 — FELDSPAR in 1916. Frank J.
Katz. (Mineral Resources of the U. S.
1916 — Part II. Aug-. 25. 1917; 12 pp.. illus.)
20c.

8539 — GRAPHITE in 1916. Henry G
Ferguson, i Mineral Resources of the tT S .
1916 — Part IT. Aug. 13. 1917; 17 pp.) 20(

8540— GRAPHITE — Plumbago Crucibles
(Eng. and Min. Journ.. Xov. 3. 1917: ?. n i
20c.

8541 — GYPSUM in 1916. Ralph W.
Stone. (Mineral Resources of the U. S..
1916 — Part II. Oct. 30. 1917: 7 pp.. illus)
20c.

8542 — MICA in 1916. Waldemar T.
Schaller. (Mineral Resources in the U. S..
1916 — Part II. Nov. 28. 1917; 18 pp.. illus)
20c.

8543 — POTASH — Alunite Potash Plant
in Utah. (Eng. and Min Journ . X'ov. 10,
1917; I p., illus.) 20c.

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 1

-

• \ 10,

M I II Mil

U ■' 11

KgTl-

■ ,,, )

•

[1 || Mill Journ..

York
s v state

IP . illlis.)

\l.T — La Oonaommatlon et la
S
v 24. 1917 : 23 PP . UiUH.)

T, BROMINE \NI> C VLCIUM
i'III.c ■ . Ralph W Stone

• the I' s , 1916

Large Pyrrhotlt

ind Mm Joui n
■

-TALC VND SOAPSTONE In 1916
Mineral I: of the

I 11. July 21. 1917 4 pp.)

\M> s \ I l l. \ I

\»

II I Kill I I M

DO OIL SHALE II

TKV I Mln Journ.. Nov. :i. 1911 ;

BOR SITUATION in the Call
forma OH Fields Q M Swindell, (Mln

\TA.NA — The Bowdoln I

Ible ir.-s." or Gas,

Arthur . I. Collier. (Hull. 661-E, H S. Geol

Surv.. July 27, 1917; IT pp., Illus.) 20c

PROSPECTING tor Petroleum. M

• • I Inlv. of Arts., 191 1-18;

IS pp. lllu

— RUMANIAN CONSOLIDATED
OILFIELDS (Eng and Mln Journ., Nov
Report tor year ended
Jan. SO, 19

855S — TANKS — Use -if Concrete t
Storage Tanks H Colin Campbell (Mln.
Oil Bull.. Nov. 1917; '■'■: pp.. illus.)

1 i ONOMIC GEOLOQ1 — OKKEBAI

8559 — CHINA — Bibliography of the Min-
eral Wealth ami Geolog} of China from
U12 i 'hung Yu Wang. (1917;

!1 PP )

—INDIA — General Report of the

Geological Survey of India for the ,i ear

1916. H. H Havden. (Geol. Surv. of In-

PPJ

I— LATER1TK. Us Origin. Structure

and Minerals, Chapter IX J. Morrow

Campbell (Mln. Mag. Nov. 1917; 5] pp I

Continuation of article previously ind sea

Ul-K \ N s a S— Geologl-

the United States Leavenworth-

Smlthville Folio. Missouri-Kansas. Henry

and F. i (U. S, Geol

Surv.. 1917; 18 pp., illus.)

1 — NEW MEXIl Atlas

of the i'r Demlng Folio, New

. x n I i (U. S. Geol. Surv..

HUT 20 pp . illus.)

—TESTS — Select Blowpipe and Aciit
for Minerals. (Hull. 71, Univ. oi
Ariz.. 1917-18; 5 pp.) L'lic.

HIKING — GEKEBAI.

8565 — AIR-LIFT DATA— Tabulated Air-
Lift I >ata. A. W Allen. (Eng. and Mm
Journ.. Oct. J7.

-BUTTE MINE FERES- -Hydraulic-
Filling Method to Extinguish Fires In Butte
■ Eng and Mln. Journ., Dec. 15,
1917;

-CAGE CHAIRS for Shaft Land-
ings \V K. Fancy (Eng and Mln. Journ..
• 1!< 17 ; 1 p.. illus.) 20c

CHINA — Bibliography of the Min-
eral Wealth and Geology of China from
. l!H7. Chung Yu Wang (1917;
21 PP )

■COAL-MINE FATALITIES in th.
United States. June-.luly-August. 1917. Al-
bert H Fay (U. S. Bureau of Mines.
1917 ; 78 pp )

8570 — COAL MINE SHOP EQUIPMENT
R M. Magraw. (Coal Age. Nov. 3. 1917 :

4} pp. iritis )

.1
i> Hubbard x ■>

i :. 191 : . i l>|i Illus I

DRILL Machine t"' Punching
nut Bits and Shanks Drills

! Mln Journ P

illus > 30c .

DRILLING — An Improved Watet
Machine Drills I i ; Mln

Journ . I lee ^ 1917; : p illus ) 20c

EDUCATION Engineers In Train-
ing Robert Tudor Hill (Met and Chem

ELECTRIC him >i Ml 1 roi Mines
w R Evans I Mln Mai 0 117 : 7 pp .

illus )

ii VULING i '. .it Haulage Prob
I. -in S..U..I by Caterplll I Bug

and Mln Journ . Dec B, 1917;

HAULING Mi ^s

r. Miiis for Local Hauling Around the Mine.

| pp., Illus.)

I h MS'i'- Recent Developments ot

u hiting Hoist as \pph.-d to i »eep

Winding B Graj I Whltehouse

(Journ So Vfr. Inst of Engrs., Sept., 1917;

pp.)

HOIST! N G- -Htston ol w Ire

Holsl a with Notes on Factors ot

.1 Min Journ . Nov 1".

pp i Paper read before National

incll. 20c.

HOISTING Method of Hoisting

Rails and Pipe (Eng and Mill Journ..

17, 1917; | p., illus.) !0c

HOISTING- The New Elm Orlu
Hoist at Butte, Monl (Eng and Mln
Journ . No\ 3, 1917"; I ' pp., lllu I

MINE CAR AND TIPPLE — Two-
Ton Car and Tipple (Eng and Min.

Journ 1 8, 1917 ; ! p., illus ) 20c.

-MINE CAR TIPPLE tutomatic-
Dumplng Cradle (Eng. and Min. Journ..

1 iec 1, mi: : | p., lllu I

8584 -MINE MANAGEMENT — The Com-

oM.iis.n-. oi Min.- Management Henry M.
Adkinson (Eng. and Min Journ., Dec 8.
1917; 21 pp.) 20c

-MINE SHAFT l>i>i HI Self-Closing
Door for Mine Shaft. (Eng. and Min.
Journ.. Nov :!. 1917; ' p., illus) 20c.

'I iRTABLE HOISTS— Application
or Portable Column Hoists 11 L Hicks.
(Eng and Min. Journ.. Dec. 1. 1917; 1 p..
illus.) 20c

• 8587 SOUTH AFRICA — Stale Operation
of Mm.s in South Africa. A. Coop.-r Key.
(Eng and Min Journ. Nov. 17. 1 91 7 ; 2J
pp.) Excerpts from majority report of the
Commission on State Mining of So. Africa.
I't'c.

8588 — SUMP CLEANING DEVICE.
(Eng. and Min. Journ.. Oct. 27. 1917; i p.,
illus.) 20c

FLOTATION

9589 CASCADE METHOD of Agitation
for Selective Flotation of Sulphides. (Eng.
and Min Journ. Dec 8, 1917; 1 ', pp., illus.)

859(1— PATENT LITIGATION — Status of
Flotation-Patent Litigation. R. C. Canby
(Etlg. and Min. Journ.. Dec. 1. 1917; 8}

MKTAIJ.I K(iY — GENEBAL
-ALLOTS of Mangan.se and Cop-
ier Janes SCOtl (Met. Intl.. Dec. 1917;

2 pp . illus I

8592— CONCENTRATES- Hydro-Metal-
lurgical Treatment of Concentrate vs.
Smelting A E. Drucker. I Eng and Min
Journ . Nov. i". 1917; I p.) 20c.

8593 COI VERTER TUYERE — Cooden's
Converter Tuyere (Eng and Mln. Journ..
Nov. 10, 1917 : ■',' p.. illus) 20c

S594 PYROMETERS and PYROMETRY

General Discussion. (Proc. Faraday
Nov . 1917.)

SMELTING FURNACE — An Early
Type of Water-Jacketed Smelting Furnace.
Cha C CI (Eng. and Min.

Joui n . Nov. 10, 1917 IJ pp . illus.) inc.

SMi IKE-STACKS — Safety Ladder
for Smoke-Stacks. (Eng. and Min. Journ..
Nov 24, 1917 ; I p., illus.) 20c.

WALES — Ore Smelting in the
Swansea District of Wales (Eng. and
Min Journ. Dec. 1, 1917: i p.) 20c

SAMPLING )\n ASSAYING.

- FERROSILICON — Anal
ilicon. (Iron Age, Dec. 6, 1917; I
p.) :

8599 — LABORATORY — Racks for "Slop
Copper" Flasks. H. D. Hunt. (Eng. and
Min. Journ., Nov. 17. 1917; :i p., illus.) 20c.

*'l lis

i:n I'lli 'PI CT '■' IKE PLANT of
Hill steel Co F T Moran. (Coal
Age, No\ ;;, 1917 ; i pp., Illus )

8601 BELi HUM Belgian Coal and Coke
Industry in the War (Eng and Mm

Journ., Nov 17. 1917; L", pp.) 800,

COAL Vbsorptlon of MethaiHl
and Other Gases t>> Coal. S. H. Kati
i U s Bureau of Mint s, 1917 ; 22 pp. illus.)

8603 PEAT In 1916. James S. Turp.
(Mineral Resources of the U. S., 1916-9
Part II, Nov 19, 1917 . 3 pp ) 20a

B604 PULVERIZED COAL — Method]
for More Efficients Utilizing Our Fuel Ke-
sources ; Part VII, General Utilisation of
Pulverized foal, ll (! Barahurst. (Gel
Elec. Rev . Dec, 1917; 7'. pp., illus.)

8606 PULVERIZED COAL- — Method!
for More Efficiently Utilizing our Fuel Ite-
sources, Part iv Pulverized Fuel in a
Power Plant on the Missouri. Kansas and
Texas Railway. II R Collins and Joseph
Harrington n fen Elec. Hi . i let . t ;• 1 7 :
In pp., illus.) Continuation of articles pre-
Indexed
MINING

\M> mi:t AI.I.I U(il( A
M \( II IV KHV

8606— BLUEPRINT MACHINE.
\..v 24, 1917; } p

(Eng.
illus.)

Some
Frederick
Dec. 15.

Min. Journ.,
20c

8607— FUSION APPARATUS
on Fusion Apparatus.
Pope. (Met. and Chem Eng.
1917 ; U pp.. illus.) I".-

S608- LAMPS— Approved Electric Lamps
for Miners. 11 11. Clark and L. C. Ilsley

(Bull 181. U S Bureau of Mines, 1917 ; 59
pp., illus.)

Sil(i9 PRIME MOVERS — Working Costs
of the Principal Prime Movers. Oswald
Wans (Iron and Coal Tr. Rev.. Oct. 26.
1917; IS pp . Illus.)

8610— WELDING — Thermit Welding and
Oxy-Acetylene Welding; Their Respective
Fields and Applications. J. H. Deppeler.)
(Reactions. 1917: 5 pp.. illus.)

INDUSTRIAL CHEMISTRY

8611— BENZOL REC( IVERY — Labora-
tory Methods for Benzol-Recovery Plant
Operation. F. W Sperr, Jr. (Met. and
Chem. Eng.. Nov. 1. 1 9 1 7 ; 7 pp., illus.)

8612 — COAL PRODUCTS — The Mineral
Industries of the United States; An object
Lesson In Resource Administration. Ches-
ter t; Gilbert. (Bull. 102, Part I, U. S.'
National Museum. 1917; 1 1! pp., illus.) 20c.

8613 — CANADA — Shawinigan and Its
Electrochemical Industries. H. E. Randall.
(Advance copy. Am Electrochem. Soc. Oct..
1917 : 2 I pp . Illus.) 20c

861 I— NITROGEN — How Do the War-
ring Nations Obtain Their Nitrogen Sup-
ply? S. Nauchkoff. (Met. and Chem. Eng.
Nov 1, 1917; 12 pp.. illus.) Paper pre-
sented before the Swedish Technologies
Society. Feb. 8, 1917.

MIM KI.I.ANKOVS

8615 — EDUCATIONAL REFORM — It-
Relation to a Solution of the Industria
Deadlock. C. V. Corless. (Bull. 68. Can
Min. Inst., Dec, 1917; 8 pp.) 20c.

8616— HYDRATE'O LIME and Its Quali
fications as a Structural Material Beh
Nagy. i Pro.- Eng Soc. W. Penn., Oct. J
1917 ; 32 pp.. illus.) 50c.

SHI? — LABOR — Industrial Demoerac;
Established hv Colorado Fuel and Iron Co
(Eng. and Min. Journ.. Oct. 27, 1917; 1 p.
20c.

8618 — LABOR — Playgrounds for Miners
Children. (Eng. and Min. Journ., Nov. ■
1917 ; ;J p.. illus.) 2uc.

8619 — LABOR — The Housing and Feed I
ing of Construction Forces. (Eng. am |
Contract., Nov. 21, 1917; 43 pp.)

8620 — LABOR-TURNOVER RECORDI
and tin Laboi Problem. Richard B. Oregp
(A S. M. V... Dee.. 1917; S pp.) L'lie.

SOU T II AMERICA — Bolivia'
Railways, Progress and Prospects. Wm. A
Kid (Bull. Pan Am. Union. Oct.. 1917; 1
pp., illus.)

862X TRACTOR HAULING in Arizont
II O. Hogue. (Min. and Oil Bull.. Oct
1917 : 3) pp., illus.) 20c.

8624 WAP. — Military Books for Engi
n.ers. (Eng. and Min. Journ.. May 1:
1917. Ii pp ) 20c

8625 WAR — The Application of Radiui
in Warfare ('has. H. Viol and Glenn I
Kanitner. (Advance copy. Am. Electrf
.hem SOC, ' 'et.. 1917 ; 8 pp.)

8635 — WOOD PRESERVATION — Ed
nomic Imitortance of Wood Preservatioi
Kurt C. Barth. (Eng. and Min. Journ.. De
8. 1917; 3J pp.. illus.) 20c.

January 5, L918

ENGINEERING AND MINING J01 RNAL

nigill nil m illllillinillll IM Hilllliiliiiiiiii Ml H '

18

Current Prices — Materials and Supplies

limn illimii i

- miiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii n mi nun

[RON AND STEEL

SHKET8 -Quotation!* arc cuts i» i pourd in vuiious cltfed front

* irchouse also it"' ha*e quotations Ironi null

\ . .. ■, i
Large Mill Lots st 9 m !>'■. ■"

Blue Annealed Pittsburgh Louis Chicago Francisco Lfll" »'

\,, lit .... 4 36 5.52 ■ i ■ • ' ■

. . t 30 .-,..-,7 :. .'i0 6.30 5.50 i .0

s„ ii 4.35 5.02 5.55 6.36 •■ ■ • • 7 •

\,.- iv and 20.... 4. HO 11.33 6;25 1.26 • 10

I •,, ,;:i7 •; 10 6.96 8.30

4 »0 <i 12 11.85 7 (ill 'i.44 M)

v 5.00 6.52 ''• t ' "1" l! ■■*•"• •"■■•'"

i. ih atnzcd

s,, in 5.25 ti Ii7 6.80 .... 8.70 6.30

5.35 6.97 6.80 .... 8 80 6.46

\„ ii ' 5.8S 8.97 6.80 6.80

- and 20 5 65 7 17 7.1 • 7 Id 8.90

! and 24 i 80 7.32 7.35 7.90 7.05

Ii 5.95 7 02 7 10 8.05 7 in 7.30

6.36 7.77 7 7(1 B.35 7.70 7.50

STEEL mils — The following quotations are per ton f.o.b.

Pittsburgh and Chicago (or carload or larger lot* For less than carload
I mi lb. is charged extra

. Pittsburgh . , Chicago*. ,

Ii. :u One Dei 31 One

liU7 Year Ago 1917 Teal

,1 bessemer mils 138.00 .... (38.00

... nhearth rails IH 00 .... in "ii

Light rails. 8 to 10 lb 53.00 17""

Light rails. 12 to 14 lb 52.00 16.00

Light rails 25 to 45 lb 50.00 .... II""

Note — No ouotations. Cambria Steel Co. and Camegii Steel Co. re-
ported to be Riled up on rails for a year,

TRACK SI I'PI.IKS — The following prices are base per 100 lb.
f.oh Pittsburgh for carload lots, together with the warehouse
prices at the places named:

, Pittsburgh , san

One Y.ar Fran-

Dec. 31. 1917 Ago Chicago st I. (.ins cisco
ird railroad -pikes.
a and larger.. S.*.:<<1 $3.50 $5.00 Sii.45 $7.25

Standard sect] ingle b.:rs 2.50—2.75 1.50 Premium 1.65

Track bolts 4."" 4 85 6.35 Premium 8 80

STRUCTURAL MATKRIAI. — The following are the base prices
fob mill. Pittsburgh, together with the quotations per 100 lb
from warehouses at the places named:

Mill —New York — , San

Pitts- Dee. 31. 1 Yr. St. Chi- Fran

burgh 1917 Ago Loilis capo Cisco Dallas

Beams. :t to 1". in $3.00 *4 195 (3 95 *4 27 S4 20 86 00 $5.50

els 3 to la ill 3.00 4.1SI5 3.95 I 27 4.20 5.00 5.50

Angles. 3 to « in.. Vt in. thick :i (>(> 4.195 3.95 4:7 4:" 5 00 5.50

3 in. and larger :i.00 4.19a .'ilia 4 .27 4.2.5 5.00 5.50

Plates 3.2.1 4.44a 4.7a-.-. 4 .52 4 45 5.25 6.50

RIVETS — The following quotations are per 100 lb.:
STRUCTURAL

, Warehouse N

. — New York — v San

Mill. Dee 31. One Chi St. Fran

Pittsburgh 1917 Year Ago eago Louis cisco Dallas

V. in. and larger. $5.25 S7110 $5.25 $5.50 $5.55 $8.65 S7.50

CONE HEAD BOILER

a -ii. and larger. 5.35 7.10 5.35 5.60 5.65 6.76 SjOO

■nil !J 5.5(1 7.25 5 50 5 75 5.80 6.90 S.15

md A 5.85 7.(10 5.85 hMO 6.15 7,25 8.50

Lengths shorter than 1 in, take an extra of 50e. Lengths between
1 in and 2 in. take an extra of 25,

HORSE AND MULE SHOES— Warehouse prices per 100 lb in eities
named :

Mill.
Pittsburgh Chicago St. Louis Denver Birmingham

Straight S4.75 Sfi.00 $5.50 S7/>0 $6.75

Assorted 4.90 6.00-6.50 5.75 7.75 7.00

STEEL SHEET PILING — The following price is base per 100 ' lb.
f.o.b. Pittsburgh with a comparison of a month and a year ago:
Dec 31. 1917 One Month Ago One Year Ago

$4.00 to $5.00 S4.0" to $5.00 $3.10

WIRE ROPE — Discounts from list price on regular grades of bright
»nd galvanized are as follows:

New York St. Louis

Galvanized iron rigging List + 20 ' i 4- '.'0 95

Galvanized east steel rigging Net List List

Bright plow steel . . 30 % 30 ' i

Bright ,-ast steel 17 ' 17 '.. ;

Bright iron and iron tiller 5 91 5%

SWEDISH (NORWAY) IRON — This material per mo lb sells
as follows ■

Dec. 31. 1917 One Year Ago

New York $14.00 $fi.00

Cleveland 15.00 6.30

Chicago 13.50 5.50

In coils an advanee of 50c usually is charged :

Note — Stock scarce generally.

in-.i m i s i i i i illowi

Ni w York I

I

Illtll I I III

Solid

Hollow

V ■-■

!
21,

St l.ou <

I >
33 '

PIPE— The following discounts are foi carload lots f.o.b Pittsburgh.

i ■ ■ pe

r WELD
Steel Iron

Inches

Blaeli ■

lllaeu Galvanised

nd % .
'■
% to 3

Hi to >i. .

II-.

to 1% 33*

17".

I

33 M

r WELD

to i

to 6 283

EXTRA STRONG PLAIN ENDS

22 ' • ■: S to 1 "■ 3.1 <7c

I

36*4 ■:
EXTRA STRONG PLAIN ENDS

:t"| . ", 2

: i , to \

32 '.. •: I '.. to <;

Nnti National Tube Co. quotes or basing Card dated Apr 1

From warehouses at the places named the following discounts hold
for steel pipe:

Bl IT WELD
%. V. and

4 to 1 '

in

i '

LAP WELD

4i..

to 4.

to ii.

I ■

15%
15%

18%

I I
17%

HI-

New York

\ to :i in butt welded 383

:s i.. to " in. lap welded Is

— Black

Chicago
I ■ s
38 s
-Galvanized-
Chicago
27 s
18.89!

St. Louis
1" 1 ",

N.w York CI, St Louis

% t,, :i in. butt welded " 27.8 25 I ■;

3% to 6 in butt welded Lisl 18.83 22 1 ■ ,

Malleable fittings. Class 1! and C from New York stock sell at list
price. Cast iron standard sizes, 15 and i I

MISCELLANEOUS

-Prices of oils for flotation, in cents per gallon.

FLOTATION Oil

in barrels :

■ Denver .

In Bbl. In Car
Lots load Lots
SO. 30 SO. 27
30
24i..
U
.34 >4

19
38
31

Denver. 44c;

New York Chicago

Pure steam-distilled pine oil S" 50 ■ _• $0 15

Pure destructively distilled pine oil I" |3

Pine tar oil .28 "i .30

Crude turpentine 37 At

Hardwood creosote .19^ •

•Fob. Cadillac. Mich

SODIUM CYANIDE — New York price is 37c. per lb
in Chicago. 50e.: in St. Louis

SODIUM. SULPHIDE — In New York the price per pound is 4<v to
4%c. for concentrated. 2'ic to 2%o. for crystals The Denver price for
concentrated is quoted at S'-jc The Chicago price is :si;e. Concentrated
comes in 500-Ib. drums the crystals in 40(1 lb barrels

ZINC DUST- — New York price is 18c. per lb in 1600-lb. barrel:
Chicago. 18c: in Denver 18c ; in St. Louis 2.5,-.

ALUMINUM DUST — Chicago price i- «1 per lb.

CALCIUM CARBIDE — Price f.o.b cars at warehouse points cast of
Mississippi River lexcept in Alabama Georgia and Florida) is SM7.50 for
Cameo $103.50 for Union miners' carbide. In territory between M
sippi River and the Rockies and in Alabama Georgia and Florida, add 5-5:
west of Rockies, add $10 to S15.

LINOLEUM — In 50-sq.yd. rolls in carload lots the unce is 96%c. per
square yard for concentrating tables.

HOSE —

Fire

50 Ft Lengths

Underwriters' 2 % in 75c per ft.

Common. 2>4-in 40 %

Air
First Grade Second Grade Third Grade

>i -in., per ft B" ,;" S" -35 SO. 30

Steam — Discounts from list
First grade. ... 30% Second grade.... 30r'r Third grade. 40%

RUBBER BELTING — Tin- following discounts from list apply
to transmission rubber and duck belting:
Competition 50% Best grade 20%

Standard 3' "'

LFATHER BELTING — Present discounts from list in the fol-
lowing cities are as follows for cut lengths:

Medium Grade Heavy Grade
35 %

New York

40 <%.

St Louis 45% 40 cv

Chicago .:: 3S+10* 40+i%

Birmingham 35% 40%

Denver *°% *0%

-14

ENGINEERING AND MINING .lOl'RNAL

Vol. 105. No. 1

BAWHllil LACING— <

M \ \ II
1 Jin .

for l-i-

-

• it smaller than |-ln thi t io

Amounting t>. leas than 600 ft U

i per pound for the
. « . I-ln.. 41 ; l-ln.
m is price per ;

100-ft

-

-

PltklNl.

k for

-:■ iln

duck Insertion ....

.ui.l graphltcd for valve

-

.1 I lb balls 8 ■

■

:i

$077
1 l
88
86
89
■in
i :i

88
it

1.10

iiki nun k Quotations on the different kinds In the cities
named are as follows, fob works:

New York

. brick i.t looo 130.00 to 55.00
No 1 . ..

M ►-n.k imt net ton 133.00 to 14

. per • ton I

brick per net ton 8 i 00 to

.1 furnace chrome bri.k per net ton 80.00 to TO on

Chioaco

$55.00 to i.o.oo

r,o on to B0 no

.-J size fire brick li i" \ •:'_• m The second quality is $4
to $*. cheaper per 1000

st Loots — Hlrt * ■■■ M i: St. Lo lis n id< 140 '■• $50

Birmmrham — Fire clay. $25 to 130; D I per loon

KtlLIVAT TIES — For fair-size orders, the following prices per
tie hold:

to

M. it. -rial

Hew York Yellow I>iiie

nis No. l white Oak

_o Whit.- Oak — Plain

r White Oak — Cn

»oo Doui.-1.is Fir — Green

San Frar..isoo Doutl.i- Fir — Creosoted

in x !1 in.
8 Ft 8 In

1.00

97

l :tn

1 :i

2 t ■-•

|> in x 8 in.
by S pi

$1 or, to 1.11

75

82
1.15

88
i .52

OBKA8B8 — Prices are

oound for barrel

Cin.-innat

I

Fiber or sponge 0

« oiimal

illows

lots:

In

the following cities in

l\-

■■
6
I
I
3 I ..

si Louis
...n
. R
5.9

3,3

B

3.75

Birmingham

in '
15

10

::
■-.«,

Denver

io' .
15
15
5

■ >'.■

"COTTON WASTE- The following prices are in cents per pound:

Whin
Colored

mixed.

-New York
:i 1911

1 1 00 '
s ,0 i.. 12 on

One Year Ago Cleveland Chicago

in on I,, 12 00 16 00 14.00 to 15 on

7 on l,, o.on I (.no 10. on to 12 00

WIPING CLOTHS — In Cleveland the jobbers' price per 1001
as follows:

l.T. x 13). $85.00 13'.

In Chieaeo they sell at $30 to $.13 per

I 10% $4

LOOO

I.INSEED Oil. — -These prices are per gallon:

Raw
5-gal

, New York s

1017 Y.

in barreN $1

cans 1.38 l.OO

, Cleveland N

:i One
1917 Tear Ago

si 25 $1 00

1 10 l 10

, Chicago .

! i, . ::l (In.
1017 Year Aero
11.26 $1.03

1.36 1.13

\t II1TK AND
cents per pound:

KID I.EAD in r.OO-lb. lots sell as follows in

D,s-. ,ii 1917

-White-

Dry In Oil

35- and 50-Ib. kc;.'- 11 50 II 00

12 (A -lb. keg 11.75 1 1 25

100-Ib. kes II 25 1 1 50

1 i.. .", lb. cans . . 13 25 13 no

Dec ::i 1917

Dry In Oil anil !n Oil
I I no in 50

1117:. 11.25 10.75

1 1 1 ..ii I ion

I.'!. on

1 Yi A-o
Dry

and In Oil
in 50
in 75
1 I no
12.50

st T' From warehouse at the places named, on fair-sized

orders, the following amount is deducted from list:

. New York-
Dec ::i Oni

1911

Hot pressed square
Hot pressed bexagon 1 00
Cold nun. t 1 i<"

i igon l .00

, Chicago ^

Dec :;l One
1917 Year Ago

$2 no $3 ni'

2.00 :tnn

l .-.(i 3.50

i :,o :i no

Semifinished nuts sell at the following discounts from list price:

D.s- 31 loir One Year Ago

New York 40 ", to - :

.-.0—10% is".— ir;

65 — 10%

MM HIM BOLTS — Warehouse discounts in the following cities:

New York Cleveland Chicago
mailer 3091 |0 ■: 40 — 10%

Ml. 1. 1 (.111 WASHERS— From warehouses at the

following amounl is deducted from list price

N, v. \,„-l. SI ,1,1 Cleveland ».t .11 Chicago

For ,'asl iron washers the base price per 100 lb is as follows:

New i*ork $5.00 Cleveland si a' Chicago $8.50

placeB named the

. $3.00

EXPLOSIVES I'll,, per pound in small lots at cities

»u Freezing

10 ,

Gelatin
30' ,

$0.37 J4

so ;i ,
.t.s\

-

13 .

o

'.'(i i ,

.33 ' ,

'

■:o;,

is,

1 11

'i

•.•:! ',

33

.20

•',;,,

.:!:! ! ,

IBM

30 J4

B0 (5

in

■:.'•',

.33 ' ,

■I

30

.30

17M

•::||_.

301 .

so-,.
$0 i ; |,
13',

named

Black
Powder

$2 50"

ii ',
i:t

..!0(.
I-",

io '.■

to 1 ill. by 30 in . . 15'v

io «

30 — 5 %

N, .. fork

r.osi.m
('in. in n. iii

K.in-as CitJ
N.-w Orleans .

Seattle

•

i,i

St I., Mils ,

' '

Los \'

San Francisco
•Keg.

I I I I. (III. I'll,, variable, depending upon BtOCk New York
, in,, tati, nis not available owing to this tact In Chicago an, I si
i the following prices are quoted:

Chl, a~u St. Loins

Mexican heavi I '.' 1 I Baume. 7c. uone

Domestic light 23-26 Baume .• 7%c.

Note — There i- practically no fuel oil in Chicago at present time,

( (INSTRUCTION MATERIALS

ROOFING MATERIALS — Prices per ton fob. New York or
Chicago: . _.

Less Than
Carload Lois Carload Lots

Tar f,n ,11 lb per square ol loo sq.ft.) $61 on (62.00

Tar pitch (in inn lb bbl.l 15.00 16.50

• pit. I, Hi, barrels I 29.00 ■»' .11

Asphall felt «0-00 << on

PREPARED ROOFINGS — Standard made rubbered surface
complete- with nails and cement costs per square as follows in New
York and Chicago:

1-Ply , 3-Ply v , 3-Ply v

Cl l.el. C.l. I.Cl. el. l.Cl.

No. 1 grade $1.15 $1.40 $1,1) $1.(10 $1.75 $1.00

No. .. l Hi L.25 1.25 1 I" Co 1.65

Asbestos asphalt saturated felt (14 lb per square) costs $5.35 per

Slate-surfaced roofing (red and green) In rolls ,,i L08 sq.ft. costs

%] 85 ,„ , roll in carload lots and $°..10 for smaller quantities.

Shingles red and green slate finish, cost $4,7:, per square in carloads,

$ smaller quantities, in Philadelphia.

HOLLOW TILE — „ .„.,,,

4x12x12 Sxl',:xl2 12x12x12

Boston *""* $"¥?,<, S°'??.,

si Paul ".... .1.18 .153

h:„v,. . .:: ii .20 .30

Los Angeles 0868 .12 .20

Seattle 06 .10 .It.

I.I MltlOK — Price per M in carload lots:

12 x 12 In .

. 8 x 8 in x 20 Ft. and Under s '10 Ft. and Under

Y.P. Fir Hemlock Sprue v P Fir

Boston $52.50 f.2.50 .... $40.00 $60.00 $60.00

Cincinnati .... 35.00 .... .... .... 85 50 ....

Kansas City . 42.00 34.00 ... .... 48.00 :i:

.... '.'7.00 -.'7110 $27.00 '.'7.11(1 27.00 27.00

New Oilcans.. 28.00 .... .... .... 38.00 ....

St Paul 38.00 38.0(1 38.00 r.ljln

Denver .{ion .... 30.00 .... 36.00

1 In Rough, 10 In. x 16 Ft. 2-In. T. and G.

and Under io in. x IB Ft

Y.P. Fir Hemlock Y P Fir

Boston $45.00 .... .... $50.00 $.->o.()ii

nnati 35.00 .... ... 87.50

is City 43.00 So0.no $.".0.no 51.00 55.00

Seattle 27.00 27.00 27.00 '.'7 no

New Orleans 36.00 .... .... 'IK.nu

si Paul 53.00 34.00 61.00 37.50

Denver 30.00 30.00 .... 32.00

PORTLAND CEMENT — These prices are for barrels in carload
lots, including bags:

Dee. 31 1017 One Mouth Ago One Year Ago

New York $2.22 $2.22 $1.72

Jersey City 2.16 2 16 i no

Boston : 2.77 2.77 1.92

Chicago 2.21 2.31 L.86

Pittsburgh 2.31 3.31 1.81

Clevi land 3.44 ". 44 1,04

Denver 3.10 3.20

Los Angeles '.'.40 3.40

Li.MF. — Warehouse prices:

Hydrated per Ton Lump per 300-Lb. Barrel
Finished Common Finished Common

New York $l(i..-,0 $1326 $'M0 $100

Kansas City 20.00 1 1 50 1 86 1.76

Chicago 15.00 13.00 r.OO 1.60

St. Louis 1 3.00 .... .... l.r.ll

Boston 10.50 14.50 2.76 ':.40

San Francisco 17.00 .... .... 1 ,66

st. Paul 17.00 12.60 1.20* 1.00"

New Orleans .... .... .... 140

Birmingham 15.00 .... 1 50t ....

•Per ISO lb. barrel. tBirmingham. 200-Ib. barrels.

Denver — Then- i- one classification of hydrated lime, quoted at
5 per ton, paper ones. Lump Lime sells for 05c per bushel of 80
lb., in hulk or barrel weights.

Note — Refund ,.f in, i„r bag, amounting to $'2 per ton.

Engineering and Mining Journal

January 12, 1918

'olume 105

\rU))lh, | '

The production of the more important metals is
imnmarized in the table on this page. The detail
tppear on subsequent pages. It will be found that in
iome cases our contributors give figures that do not
iKrriv with our own. The explanation of such differences

PRODI CTION OF METALS I\ rHE UNITED STAT]
UtUl Unit 1915 1916 1917

Pounds I.42).o98,l60 1.942.776,309 1. 888, 39 5. 945

:3d (6) Dollars 101.035,700 92,590,300 84. t

Long tone 29,916.213 39,434,797 38,367.853

Short tons 535,922 592.241 580.464

Pounds 56.352.582 72.611.492 J6.807.6I3

Troy ounces t;7.4SS,60O 74,414,802 74,244,500

Short toni 507.142 680.018 685.436

(a) Production from >>iv originating in the United States (6) Tin statistics

>r 1915 hiii] 1916 are the final and those for 1917 are the preliminary statistics

potted jointly by the directors "f the Mint and the 1 S Geological Survey

I Production .>f refined lead from ore and scrap originating in the United States;

:it iniv'ii i:il lead is included id) Total production of smelters, except those treat-

if dr iss and junk * v lusively, includes spelter derived from imported ore i- •

for 1917. first 9 months only. This nickel is refined in the United

the production of metal, oxide and salt^

rill generally be that the articles of outside contributors
\ere necessarily written and put into type before our
wn statistics were available. The necessity of handling
he great mass of material in this huge number in a few
lays leaves no time for leisurely comparison and re-
ision to effect a careful coordination of all the data.

Owing to the congestion of material for this number,
i*e found ourselves obliged to omit the usual table of
ividends paid by mining companies. This will be pub-
ished in the issue of next week.

The preemption of this issue by matter of statistical
nd review character excludes many things of timely
nterest that ought to be covered. Among these are the
ltroduction in Congress of a bill for Federal control
f the mining industry. We shall discuss this next week,
dso we shall then publish biographical sketches of A.
l. Blow, a distinguished mining engineer, and Lieut.
William Hague, whose deaths we have to report re-
retfuliy this week. Some generous contributions to
ur fund for the 27th Engineers have been received,
ut acknowledgment of these must also be postponed.

In 1913 we were able to give at this time figures of
tie world's production of copper, gold, spelter and tin
l the year that had closed a few days previously. These
gures were not mere guesses, but were based on official
eports covering 10 or 11 months of the year, with esti-
lates only for November and December. When the final
gures were published several months later, they were
3und to vary from our preliminary figures by only a
"ifling percentage. The statistics that we are able to
resent this year, as was also the case a year ago, are
ir more incomplete that in 1913 and previous years,
ius reflecting the disturbances created by the war,

hich has put many commercial conditions out of joint.

The world's production of gold in I'.U7 is eatii
al ;, 1:50,000,000, compared with $457,006,045 in L916.

The world's production ol copper in 1917 was 1,413,
056 metric tons, against 1,406,353 metric tons in 1916.

The United States product nm of petroleum in 1917
is estimated by the United States Geological Survey at
341,800,000 bbl., against 300,767,158 bbl. in 1916.

Bituminous coal production in the United States is
estimated by the United States Geological Survey ;.t
544,142,000 short tons, against 505,519,682 tons in the
previous year.

Although both the productions of lead and zinc were
the largest on record, each of these industries was in a
state of depression at the end of 1917, the increases
having been made in the early part of the year.

To all the contributors who collaborated in this num-
ber we tender our thanks, and also to the many persons
who have assisted in the collection of statistical in-
formation. Our thanks are due also to the producers of
copper, lead, spelter and other substances, who have
communicated -to us the amount of their output in 1917
and have thereby enabled a close approximation to the
actual production in 1917 to be made by Jan. 9, 1918.
our time of going to press.

As is always the case, the matter that ought to go in
this Annual Review Number exceeds the limits of its
pages. Consequently a good many interesting and valu-
able reviews must be deferred for publication in the
next following issue. Indeed, by force of circumstances,
the issue following the Annual Review Number is be-
coming something of a supplement. We recommend our
readers who preserve separately, for reference during
the year, this Annual Review Number, to attach to it
the next following number.

In view of the fact that the Journal goes to press
three days before its nominal date of publication, we
were unable to make the first number of 1918 the
Annual Statistical Number, as usual, for there would
have been only one day after the close of 1917 in
which to tie up the hundreds of loose ends. About
the middle of 1917 we decided that the next statistical
number would have to be the second issue of the new
year. This decision proved to be fortunate, for the
delays in mail service at the year-end were such that
the necessary information could not possibly have been
obtained in time for the first issue.

46

NEEK1NG AND MINIMI 101 R.NA1.

Vol. 105, No. 2

Mrt.il M.irkcts

m w ^ HKK— Jan

irthoi advance m the
i and star-
In, th« sup-

•

I ,.|>;>> !

■ ■in the
B which
serious i>

noying product re

•it by the Government

that they are supplying

y to the demon of red tape.

tment is the offender Re-

■ \ y Department are

quit,

Cappaa Sheets an quoted at 31 j.

II, for hot rolled, and la higher

• r wire Is quoted a(
b. mill, carload lots.

&D \l I- \\" -U 1:1 1NG EXCHANGE

otcrl-
in*:

i
chinitr

Silver

M.-rl-

ini

Ex-
change

Silvi •

Ju

York.! don(

Lon-
don,

3

4

s

4 7515 871 1 :

4 7515 8»1 4j,
4 7515 , i

8
9

4 75IS
4 7515
4 7515

90J
90{

45t

45|
45}

New York : ILiiuly

A Harm an ui Is per troy ounce of bar

•liver, 999 fin*- London quotations are in pence per
troy ouncv of sterling silver, 925 fine

DAILY PRICKS OF METAl S IN NEW YORK

Copper

Tin

Lead

Zinc

Ju

Electro-
lytic

Spot

N Y

M 1.

St L

3

4

5
7
8
9

•23J
•23*
•234
*2J*
•23J
•234

t77

t80
t80

tei

+82

tss

(3 61

6 SO
@6 70

6 50

6!

(n 6i

(8 6!

6.35

In 6 40

6 45
@ 6 iO

6 45
ftrt 50

6 50
(5 6 55

6 50
l.i 6 55

6 50

71
7»
71
7|

l\

tu.71

t Nominal .

* Price fixed by agreement between American
copper produrers and the V. 8. Government, accord-
ing to official statement for publication on Friday,
September 21, 1917

The above quotations (except as to copper, the
price for which has been fixed by agreement! I
American copper producers and the U. 9 Govern-
ment, wherein there i-. no free market) are our
appraisal of the average of the major markets based
generally on *a!es as made and reported by pi
and agencies, and represent to the best of our judg-
ment the prevailing values of the metals, for the
deliveries constituting the major markets, reduced to
basis of New York, cash, except where St. Louis is
the normal basing point.

The quo'a': -'-lytic copper are for cakes,

ingots and wirebars

We q lytic cathodes at 0 05 to 0. I0e

below the price of wirehar-, cakes and u

Quota* ions for spelter are for "plinary Prime
Western brands We quote New York price at 17 5c,
per 1001b above St Louis

Some current freight ri Js per 100 lb.

a-* Bfc Loma-New York 17r; St. Louis-Chicago,
6 3^ .; St Louis-Pittsburgh, P 1

LONDON

Copper Tin

Lead

Zinc

Standard

Elec-
tro-
lytic

Spot

'

Spot

Jan.

Spot

Spot

3
4
5
7
8
9

110

no

no
no
no

no

no

no

no
no

125

125

125
125
125

27i;

280

281
289
300

263
273

274
284
295

29 i
29 i

29J

29J

54

54

54
54
54

The above table rive* th<- closing quotations on
London Metal Kichansre All prices are in poun Ifl
iterliBK p*r ton of 2.240 lb lor eonvenii
comparison of London prir.*,, in pounds sterling per
2,240 1b. with amei - pound

the followinz approximate ratio- arc given. reckoning
eiehanreatJ4 7515 £30; - 6 4696c; £54 = II. 4545c;
£120 = 25 4544c : £137 = 29 0605c : £240 - 50 9089c
Variations. £1=0 2121205c

i in in thi i ondon mark) i this
mi rose li\ Plus is reflected In our quo-
Ich, how< vi othlng more

than nominal

i.ead .\t the beginning of the week the
\ s .>. i: Co advanced Iti pi
Mew fork b n In .-•• doing II was onlj com-
ing; up to the market tint had n
established Tl Increased In-

quiry and iblj larger volume of

business than In the previous week, and by
Jan 7 the market was showing further

gth The statistical position ha
come v in" only have

In the hands of producers been ab- ■
but also the principal producers have pretty
well sold put their books up to the end of
February, of course making stub reserva-
i the Government is expected t" re*
quire. The present strength of the bad
market without any doubt reflects the cur-
tailment of production In tin- last quartet
118
/in. Tins market was very dull. Some
-mall sales were made from day to day at
76c. inn on Jan v producers who had
Ij sold at that price and desired to
sell more wi to g--t it. and on Jan.

of offering's at 7J cents,
/in. Sheets Price of line sheets has nol
■ banged Market is still at $19 pel
100 lb f..t. Peru, less *\ discount

Other Metals

Mumiiuim — This market continues com
parativelv Inactive ., per lb for

No. l ingots at New Fork, though some
advances are being asked for spot delivery
owing to railroad congestion.

Antimony— Unchanged at 141c for spot,
and 13}c. for futures, e.i.f., in bond. Some
houses think thai tiny can discern a little
stronger tendency.

Bismuth — Officially unchanged at $3.50
per lb., but some impure metal from South
America Is being sold under the price of
the standard mi

Cadmium — This metal Is quoted at $1.50
• i 2 00 per lb., depending on the quantity.

Nickel — Steady at fine per lb., premium
of Fie. per lb. for electrolytic.

Quicksilver — Quicksilver to arrive was
still quoted at $115 and spot at $125. Small
business was done In siw>t at prices around
$130. San Francisco reports, by telegraph.
JUL' 50

Gold. Silver and Platinum

silver — The market has been steady for
several days at 45Jd. in London and at
901c, in New York. Shipments to London
have been delayed owing to the embarrass-
ments of shipping facilities. San Francisco
has not been a very' keen bidder lately,
owing to slightly easier Eastern exchanges.

Mexican dollars at New York: Jan. 3.
701c.; 4. 72c; 5. 73c: 7. 73c; 8. 73c; 9.
73c

Platinum — Strong at $105.

Palladium — Sales at $135

Zinc and Lead Ore Markets

.loplin. Mo., Jan. 5 — Blende, per ton. high
$72.40; basis i;i>'; Zn. premium $70; me-
dium to low, $60@50; calamine, per ton.
'" : Zn, S38@31 ; average selling price, all
grades of zinc, $55.80 per ton.

Lead, high $81.7ii; basis 80% Pb. $83 lg
so ; average selling price, all grades of
leed. (68.40 per ton. the bulk of the ship-
ment being of low grade.

Shipment the week; Blende. 9607 tons,
calamine, lis tons, lead 913 ions. Value.
all or.-s the w< ek, $626,460

Other Ores

Manganese ore — .Metallurgical ore wa-
unchanged at $1.20 per unit.

Molybdenum Ore — Business was done at
lb. of molybdenum sulphide,
basis 90 per cent.

I run Ore — Without any formal opening,
'or Lake Superior iron ore for
the 1918 season are now being concluded,
the sel for iron and steel generally

having been reaffirmed at Washington to
Mar :il The ore prices are a continuance
of the 1917 season schedule, originally an-
nounced Nov. 23, 1916: Old range bessemer.
nonbessemer, $5.20; Mesabi bes-
r $5.70 ; nonbessemer. $5.05 ; at Lake
Km. dock Contracts carry a proviso that
the price is to be revised according to any
change subsequently madi

Pyriten — Spanish lump is quoted at 151c
per unit, on basis of 10s. ocean freight,
buyer to pay excess freight and war risk.

except I li.it concession of -', "t war ris
is allowed Ocean rates remain at 3hs. ft
Northern, 40s for Southern and 12s. 6d. ft
Gulf ports, but recent charters have e?
ceeded these rates in several instances.

Tuns-leu Ore Business was mainly i
ore of moderate grade, for which $22 wt
quoted, Low-grade ore was quoted at St-
and very high-grade, at about $24,5

Scneefite was quoted at $26

lion Trade Review

PI i i mii itt.ii — Jan. k

The iron and Steel market is very nai
row as regards ordinary commercial tram
actions. On the \\ hole there Is si
any inquiry, and offerings are equally ligh
Consumers are evldentlj In no rr.ood t
buy. and are believed to have fa stocli
on hand, which In the clrcumstai :es the
would prefer to reduce-, as they feel eoi
u,i, ui prices will uot be advanced, an
may lie reduced Mar. 31. Producers ai
making no effort to force the market, hot
because they know buyers would take hoi
of their own accord if they were readj
and because production is so uncertal
(hat delivers engagements 'would ian
little- chance of being k<mi inventor? an
other year-end adjustments are partict
larly complicated a this time and otflc
forces are kept particularly busy, bein
short-handed, this furnishing another caut
for market quietness

Irrespective of these conditions, howevfl
there is no likelihood of any broad buyin
tinder the set-price policy There is I

very Targe volume of contract business sti
to be filled, and thereafter the tendeno
will be to do business on a hana-to-mout
ti.isis

The Pennsylvania and Baltimore & Ohi
have declared general embargoes again!
the receipt of all freight, except raw mat*
rials for the blast furnaces and stet*
plants, and perishable goods The mea.1
ures are not fully understood yet. but
kept in force would greatly curtail shij
ments from the mills, and they are at
sunned to be only temporary There ha
been a slight loosening up in some of th
blockades on various divisions, and co.
and coke are moving a trifle more freel;
Production of both pig iron and steel cor
tinues at a reduced rate, many furnact
being banked.

Pig Iron — The market is quite devoid t
transactions. Messrs. W. P. Snyder & Ci
announced their usual monthly average
compiled for many years from actual mai
kit sales, but admitted that the markl
sales were almost negligible in tounag
Last October, the first month of the st
prices, the volume was the largest sine
June. The December averages were pn
cisely the set prices, $33 for basic an
$36.30 for Bessemer, at valley furnace
The market remains quotable at $33 ft
basic and No. 2 foundry, $36.30 for Be:
semer, $33.50 for malleable and $32 ft
forge, fob. furnace, freight from the va
leys to Pittsburgh being 96c

steel — There are no offerings of reguls
soft-steel billets or sheet bars, set prict
for which are $47.50 and $51 respective!
There continue to be free offerings of dii
card steel in various billet sizes, at abot
$2.50 below the set prices for soft stec
but there is only a moderate demand ft
this material.

Hoys

rerroa

FerroitmniraneMe — Without any partiouU
cause being apparent and imbed in a du
market, ferromanganese has stiffened ar.
the usual quotation is $250. against $24
for several weeks.

Coke

ConneUsville — far supplies in the col-
region were much better Monday of th
with fair promise for the balam
of the week, and some of the congestion <
loaded cars at yards and on sidings hi
been eliminated, but receipts at furnac<
show no more than a slight improvemei
and many stacks are still banked The)
are no offerings in the open market bt
some are expected if production reachi
anvthing like a normal rate. A meetir
was held at Uniontown last Thursday b
tween Warren S. Blauvelt, national col
administrator, and the operators of tl
region, about 200 being present. The ope
ators asked for more transportation facil
ties. A committee of seven was appointe
this committee to appoint an executit
committee of three to act directly with tl
Fuel Administration. Set prices remai
at $6 for furnace. $7 for 72-hour .select*
foundry and $7.30 for crushed, per' net tc
at ovens.

laiiuar.v 12, 1918

ENGINEERING AND MINING IOURNAL

17

Gold an

RELIABLE estimates of gold production in 1917
have been difficult to gel thus soon after the close
of the year, owing to the disturbed conditions
prevailing, According to the besl data obtainable, the
output of the world in 1917 was about $430,000,000
or approximately 6r, less than the 101 G output, which
was $457,006,045. In general, the peculiar economic
situation existing in the gold-mining industry tended
to discourage production. Cost of labor and supplies
mounted steadily, though the value of gold was un-

I'AIU II GOLD PRODl'l riON Of rHE WORLD FOR 20 YEARS

m $287,327,833 1008 $443,434,527

311,505.147 :«M 459,927.482

1900 258.829.703 1910 434.213.649

1901 .'1.11.877.42'' 1911 459,377.300

1902 298.812,493 1912 474.333,268
I ill 3 329.475.401 1913 462,669,658

1904 34U.088.293 1914 451.582,129

1905 (78.411,054 19)5 473,124.590

1906 405,551.022 1916 457.006.045

1907 411.294.458 1917 (estimated) 430,000,000

hanged. The total production of the United States in
1917 is estimated at $84,456,600 ($92,590,300 in 1916),
if which $83,052,500 came from continental United
States; Philippine Islands contributed $1,404,000 and
Porto Rico a very small amount. California led the gold
iroducing sections of the country with $20,815,900 in
1917 against $21,980,400 in 1916. Colorado, which pro-
luced $19,185,000 in 1916, held on to second place in
1917, though its output fell to $15,955,100. Alaska
igain ranked third with $15,170,300 in 1917, compared
arith $16,124,800 in 1916.

Silver production of the United States in 1917 was
(4,244,500 oz. against 74,414,802 oz. in 1916. Of the

d Silver

L917 output. 74,227,9 . came from continental United

and 16,60 •. from Philippine i lands, The lead

ing silver producing states in 1917 were Utah, Mon

' IND SILVER PRODI i ill i \ iTATI (o

1916

1917

' '

1917

Vlabama

$7,41111

16,1 '

i 266

1,351 Km

1 092,800

i, 680 .' i

8, If

I lalifornia

'ii ii

I 989 BOO

i 'nil i adi

19,11

7,551 761

h hi 600

B 100

1 I 570

j | mi,

Mir land

Hill

■

1 Hill

M ichignn

686,700

128,860

.'1 HIM

Monl tna

4.321

3.756.500

14, 1146.054

13.71 1 100

V 1 ii:i

9 in 4,700

', 92

I3.6C

114;

\. u Ihilnj, lui,

935

New Mi

1.350.000

1.025.100

1,729.917

1,313,70(1

North i 'a

15.700

1.738

2.800

( Melanoma

606

1,9(1

1,677.400

221.887

215.7011

South ( larolina

300

i 100

South Dakota

7,471,711(1

7 »2 600

210.100

191, Kill

renneaaoe

V 7(111

5,300

93,837

99,300

1 1

900

w.4.319

,83 200

Dtah

1,859,000

3.620.300

13.545,802

14, 3 15,300

Vermont

Kill

1,964

4IIII

Virginia

1.700

508

9,400

\\ a^litli::

580.600

4 34.900

294, 3 ll,

257.000

Wyoming

20.200
$91 0

200

3,407

4,900

$83, 052.500

74 397.159

74,227,900

Philip) inea

1.514.200

1.404.000

17.643

16,600

Porto Rico

600

100

Total* $92,590,300 $84,456,600 74,414,802 74,244,501

'" \ reported by the Director* "I the United States Mint and tl
logical Survey

tana, Idaho and Nevada, in the order named, with re-
spective productions of 14,315,300 oz., 13,711,100 oz..
11,683,100 oz. and 11,441,000 ounces. These states also
led in 1916 in silver production.

Silver in 1917

By EDWARD BRUSH*

AT THIS writing, it is impossible to do better than
to guess as to the production of silver during
1917, either for the United States or for the
vorld. It is possible, however, to make a close approxi-
nation as to this production.

The Director of the Mint reports the production in
he United States during 1916 as about 74,500,000 oz..
vhieh was derived nearly equally from siliceous ores,
ead ores and copper ores. The production from lead
■res was slightly in excess of that derived from either
■f the other sources.

It appears, also, that this production varied only in an
nimportant amount for the first three years of the
.7ar — 1914, 1915 and 1916. Previous to these years, the
early production of the United States varied, but not
n a progressive ratio, between 50,000,000 oz. and 60,-
00,000 oz. since 1889, or a period of 25 years.

Undoubtedly the increased production since the begin-
ing of the war was due entirely to the increased prices
f lead and copper in this period. During the first six
lonths of 1917, prices were still further enhanced, and
uring the latter half of the year the production of both
?ad and copper was considerably restricted, due to
arying causes.

From the above, it would seem safe to assume a some-
what lessened production from lead and copper ores,
which probably was offset by an increased production
from siliceous ores, due to the constantly increasing
price of silver for the first nine months of the year.
From another angle, it may be concluded that there was

MONTHLY AVERAGE PRICE OF SILVER (6)

Month

1915

\'<\\ ^ ork

1916 1917

1915

1916

1917

Januarv

48

855

56 775

75 o30

22 731

26 960

36 682

February

48

477

56 755

77 585

22 753

26 975

37 742

March

50

241

57 935

73 861

23 708

27 597

36 410

April

50

250

64 415

73 875

23 709

30 662

36 963

May

49

915

74 269

74 745

23 570

35 477

37 940

June

49

034

65 024

76 971

23 267

31 060

39 065

July

47

519

62 940

79 010

22 597

30 000

40 1 10

August

47

163

66 083

85 407

22 780

31 498

43 418

September

48

680

68 515

100 740

23 591

32 584

50 92C

October

49

385

67 855

87 332

23 925

32 361

44 324

November

51

714

71 604

85 891

25 094

34 192

43 584

December

54

971

75 765
65 661

85 960
81 417

26 373
23 675

36 410

43.052

Year

49

684

31 315

40.851

•Vice president, American Smelting and Renning; Co., 120
roadway. New York

New York quotations, cents per ounce ti er; London, pence per ounci

sterling silver, 0.925 fine.

(6) Engineering and Mining Journal prices.

no material change in the amount of silver produced in
the United States during 1917, as compared with 1916.
The statistics as to imports and exports of silver is-
sued by the Department of Commerce indicate that the
imports for the first eight months of 1917 were approxi-
mately 3,000,000 oz. in excess of the imports for the
same eight months of 1916. On the other hand, the ex-
ports increased about 3,500.000 oz., leaving by de-

NEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 2

duct ion the amount produced in this country unchanged,

unl, 11 in the arts and for coinage was

mat. ant, which is not probable. 1 can tin.)

nothing which leads me to believe, therefore, that the
production of silver in the United States during 1917

differed to any considerable extent from that of 1916,

something less than 75,000,000 ounces.

• the world's production, the Director of the Mint

reported \*.i\.o^.<m^ ,..-. for 1915, and 15T.ooo.ooo for

1916. 0( this decline ••:' 23,000,000 01 . Mexico alone

• responsible for i7.ooo.ttoo os. The import statistics

referred to above show an increase during the first
eight months of 3,000,000 "... which applied to the year
will probably equal about 5.000.000 o*., derived almost
entirely from Mexico. It would seem safe to assume,
therefore, that the production >'( the world, outsidt
the United States, increased 10,000 , making the

production for 1917, 167,000,000 oui

SiL\hK Market Stationary Until Mid-Yfar. When
Eastern Demand Stimvlated Prices

While there was nothing unusual during the year
lit IT in the production of silver, the situation as to de-
mand was entirely unprecedented, both as to amount and
direction. This demand had a decided effect on prii
which have not been equalled for 40 years. On account
of Governmental control, the full natural effect, however,
was not permitted, which will be referred to later.

The silver market began to feel the effect of war de
mand in April. 1916, when the quotation of 73k. \va
made, against 00 c. the highest in the preceding month
In May, 1916, the average price was about 741c, ant
except for a brief period of recession in the summer c
1916, the level of prices remained nearly stationary
around 75c. per oz. until June, 1017. From averagt
monthly price tables, it may be noted that the quotation?
for May. 1017, were not materially higher than thost
made during May, 1916.

During May and June purchases were made by Lon .
don brokers for India and China, for shipment from th(
Pacific Coast, at sufficiently higher prices than the Nev
York market to warrant diverting the silver productior I
usually forwarded to London via New York. In Jul}
a sale was made of 5,000,000 oz. to the Russian govern!
ment, for shipment to Vladivostok, and at about tht
same time the prospects as to India crops became ven
encouraging, both as to amount, value and demand. Tht
question became one of world-wide interest as to hov
the balance of trade in favor of India was to be paid
Under normal circumstances, the India banks were givei
their choice as to gold or silver. There was a certaii
demand for silver on the part of the government foi
rupee coinage, and by the bazaars for shipment into tht
interior, in payment for produce, and to be hoarded b.\
the natives. After these insistent demands for silvei
had been satisfied, it had been the policy for many years.i

1915

1916

1917

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Mu.NTHLV PRICK AVBRAOES OP BASE METALS AND THEIR MA.Vl'FACTL'RES — 1915. 1916 AND 1917

ranuary 12, 1918

i NGIN] I RING AND MINING 101 RNAL

IP

tO K& ij" <sJ o

.'.If...

u 1 1 i I i I i , i ! : ' .1 III I I li ! i ; \

ENGINEERING AND MINIM; JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 2

■:e part of the British government, to discourage the
importation of silver. Tins, of course, materially in-
:\d for gold.

Silver Situation in the East in Large Degree
.-im e for ai>\ \N»'i in Price

For the 10 years preceding 1898 the absorption of
gold in India was (1 »0. During the following

10 years it was 1440,000,000, and for the three years

preceding the present war it averaged $150,000,000. or
about one-half of all the gold produced in the world
which is tree for coinage or bank reserves. Greal

Britain soon found after war began that her gold re-
serve was her most important line i
United S Government, notwithstanding its im-

mense importations of gold, is now not willing to ex-
port any of it, except as an absolute necessity, which is
-ed upon in each instance by the Federal Reserve
ltd. There is little wonder, therefore, that Great
Britain, some time since, prohibited the shipment (if
gold to India, and also used its greai influence to dis-
courage shipments t<> China. This threw on silver the
entire burden of paying the balance of trade in favor
of India, and, due to good crops and increased prices,
this balance was much greater than usual. Under this
stimulus, the average quotations for July. August and
September are shown in the accompanying table:

MI.NLli PRH 1 - IS llllKl) Ql AHTII; OF 1917

\.u ^ ork

Cents Pence

Julv 79 010 40 110

^ > , ' 85 407 43 418

gJEnber 100 740 50 920

During September the highest quotation was $1.08* in
New York, and 55 pence in London.

The danger of these high prices to the domestic and
financial condition of India was due to the fact that
the silver in the rupee became of greater value than the
gold redemption value of the rupee, which would natu-
rally lead to the melting of the coins in circulation, leav-
ing India without a currency. It became necessary,
therefore, for the India Council to promulgate decrees
making it a penal offense to melt the rupee, or to export
silver. Later they forbade all importation of silver, ex-

STLVEB PRICES FOB FOURTH QUARTER OF 1917

New York

' . i.r Pence

October 87 3?2 44 324

November" 8; 891 43 584

December I to 18 85 583 42 899

cept such as was made by the India government itself.
The British government also again used its influence
with the China banks to induce them to stop buying
silver. Under these influences, the silver quotations de-
clined during the last quarter of the year.

The commercial situation in India, and also presum-
ably in China, has not been met, however, but simply the
amount of silver which the various governments and the
arts are purchasing has been purchased at a figure less
than the September maximum, and either the exporta-
tion of merchandise from India, China and Japan have
been restricted, or have not been paid for. Some of
this commerce is most seriously needed by the United
States and the other Allies, to say nothing of the stag-
cr+jon which must be the result of these governmental
actions in India. Gold will not be spared by any nation,
except as a last recort. Silver cannot be shipped to
India except as purchased by the India government, but

an amount of free silver has not been produced and does
nol exist sufficient to pay, at the present price of 88c.
per oz., even a small proportion of the balance of trade
in favor of India and China, if the produce and supplies
come forward which the United States and the Allies
sadly need.

Good authorities conversant with the exchange situa-
tion have given their opinion to the effect that as much
as 200,000,000 oz. of silver could be used to pay for
needed or past importations from India, China and
Japan, in excess of the normal production of silver dur-
ing the first half of the year 1918. The question which
arises is as to where such an amount of silver can be
obtained.

Securing the Great Supply of Silver Needed

The economist would say, doubtless, that the price
of silver should be enhanced up to the point of bring-
ing about the necessary production. One difficulty
with this general rule, as applied to silver production, is
that less than one-third of the production of silver is
received from strictly silver mines. Considerably more
than two-thirds of the silver is produced either from
mines producing lead and copper, or from mines ship-
ping their siliceous ores to lead and copper smelters.
If the silver production should be stimulated from such
mines, it would also very largely increase the produc-
tion of lead and copper, which might possibly depress
the prices of these metals to an extent which would more
than offset the advantage to the mines of an increased
price of silver. It is supposed that the strictly siliceous
mines produced in the United States this year some-
thing less than 25,000,000 oz. Probably even a greatly
enhanced price for silver could not, during the next six
months, increase this production more than 20%, or,
say, 5,000,000 oz. This increase, therefore, goes a very
small way toward a needed supply of 200,000,000 ounces.

The only source of supply of spot silver in any quan-
tity is the silver dollars held in the United States Treas-
ury as security against the circulation of silver certifi-
cates. The subject is being very seriously considered
on the part of various governmental departments, on
account of the war needs in connection with India prod-
ucts, whether proper legislation can be obtained where-
by the temporary use of this silver in dollar coins can
be authorized, the silver to be returned through govern-
ment purchases at a maximum price which it is expected
will make possible an increased production of silver.

Important Silver Shipments Made Direct to the
East Instead of "Through London"

The usual flow of silver via New York to London,
and from London to India and China has been interfered
with markedly during the last half of 1917 by the high
cost of transportation from both New York to London
and from London to India. This has resulted in divert-
ing a large proportion of the production of silver in the
United States to the Pacific Coast, for shipment from
Pacific ports to India and China. At first, the London
brokers made great effort to continue to purchase in
New York, shipments to be made at their option. Large
governmental purchases, however, made for Russia,
China and the India governments broke the hold of the
London brokers, and silver was largely sold in unusual
quantities for shipment over considerable periods of
time. It is known that, during the last half of the year,

Januan

1918

ENGINEERING AND MINING (01 RNAL

■ i

seven separate sales transactions covered as large b
quantity as 20,000,000 oz. This lefi the New Sfork
market in great uncertainty. There were periods of

weeks at a time when there was no market for silver
excepting London, and yet there was no considerable
supply of silver for shipment to London. This resulted
in the New York market being obliged to ignore the de-
mand via San Francisco in the daily market ((notation.-.
India was able to secure approximately r.ooo.nno o.<
of sycee silver from China and about 15,v0 ,000 Philip-
pine coined dollars (which had been held in the Philip-
pine treasury for many years), before the full advance
in prices registered during the fall months. The demand
for rupees, however, was so great that new coinage took
place during the year to the number of 207,737,326,
against only 1(5. 000. 000 in the previous year.

Resumption ok London Domination Probable
After the War

Since, normally, at least three-quarters of all the sil-
ver consumed in the world is consumed in India and
China, it would seem that San Francisco was a more
centrally dominating market for silver than either New
York or London, and should any disparity in shipping
costs continue after the war, this might be one of the
results of the war's disturbance. But any disparity in
shipping costs which may prevail after the war will
probably be overcome by the control of Eastern ex-
change, which is held in London, and it does not seem
reasonable to expect, therefore, that anything will in-
terfere with the resumption of London domination of
silver values after the present war disturbance is over.

The notable events of the year in the silver market
have been: (1) the highest price in 40 years; (2) the
enormous coinage of rupees; (3) the unusually large
purchases by India from China and the Philippines; (4)
the large purchases by Russia and (5) the diversion of
the usual flow of silver through New York to an equal
exportation through San Francisco. The year 1918 may
have even more strange events in store for the silver
market.

Platinum

At the beginning of 1917, the supply of platinum
in the United States was fairly plentiful though Russian
production was still much below that of the pre-war pe-
riod. The Russian government had taken over the out-

AVERAGE PRICES OF PLATINUM
( In Dollars per Ounce Troy)

1915-

Russia, Crude Metal
New York 83 % Platinum
Petro- Ekaterin-

1916-

.lan.

Fob

Mar.

Apr

May

June.

July

Autr

Sept.

Oct.

Xo\-

Dec.

Refined
Platinum

41 10
. 40 00

39 50
. 38 63
. 38 50

38 00

38 00

39 25
. 50 00
.. 54 50
. . 62 63
. 85 50

30 38
30 38
30 38
30 57
32 39
32 39
32 30

37 98
47 46
56 40

burg

30 08
30 08
30 08

30 08

31 02
31 02
30 73

38 70
46 64
56 25

Russia. Crude Metal

New York 83rc Platinum

Petro- Ekaterin-

grad burg

61 25 61 10

61 14 62 625

Refined

Platinum

90 05

90 00

90 75

83 10
80 50
78 13
63 60
62 56

84 25
89 75

101 25
86 87

63 70

66 64
63 70
63 21

67 41
67 41
77 42

— 1917-

New York
Refined
Platinum
87 83
103 75
103 33

103 77
105 00

104 75

103 88

104 55
104 13
104 00
104 52
104 38

102 82
1912. $45.55; 1911.

63 70

65 92
63 92
63 92

66 45
66 45
71 44

Year 47 13 .."... 83 40

New York average for year 1914, $45.14: 1913. $44.1
$43 12

put of the mines through the agency of the State Bank
in November, 1916. The Russian revolution thoroughly
demoralized the industry, the peasants in several in-
stances driving the managers of the estates away and

attempting to work th <► According to

i P Hutchins, an engineer who recentlj returned from
Russia, tiie output of platinum from the Urals was

estimated li\ Ru at 100,000 t I'ov HZ.

in HUT. with the product ion for the preceding war \ ■
as follows: 166,778 oz. in L916, 118,090 oz. in 1915 and
155,888 oz. in L914. The L917 output of Colombia ii
e timati'tl at i'.ii.oim) troj oz. and tl tered produc

tion of remaining countries at about 1500 troy oz.
Roughly speaking, the world's 1917 output of platinum
may, therefore, imated at about 131,500 tl

ouni i

Early in 1917. the platinum shortage in the United
States became threatening. Conditions were aggravate d
by heavy buying on the part of the jewelry trade. I 'Lit
inum sales were discontinued at all U. S assay offices,
the intention Ireing to conserve the metal for Govern-
ment use. The U. S. Bureau of Mines took steps to in-
crease the reserve of the metal and the public was in-
formed that platinum in jewelry might be needed for
war purposes. The problem of remedying the short,
appeared without solution until late in 1917, when F. \\
Draper arrived in this country from Vladivostok with
40 poods (about 21.000 troy oz.) of platinum, collected
in Russia with the aid of other American engineers, the
Russian-English Bank of Petrograd, and U. S. Secretary
of Commerce Redfield. Thus the U. S. Government was
assured of a supply much needed for technical purposes.
The market at the beginning of 1917 was quiet at $80(5
82i per troy oz., but rose rapidly to $105 by the end of
February, at which figure it remained during 1917, with
occasional small fluctuations.

Quicksi ver

The domestic production of quicksilver in 1917 was
about 20rf greater than that of 1916, which amounted
to 29,932 flasks of 75 lb. each. The producing states,
in the order of their importance in 1916, were Cali-
fornia, Texas, Nevada. Oregon, Arizona and Washing-
ton. The bulk of the output came, as usual, from Cali-
fornia and Texas, but Oregon in 1917 may have passed
Nevada.

In Texas, the Terlingua district continued its produc-
tion. Unworked parts of the Chisos property were ex-
tensively drilled, and a new type of rotary furnace was
put in operation. Quicksilver was produced by the Mari-
posa Mining Co., which purchased the holdings of the
Marfa and Mariposa, 90 miles south of Alpine. New
ore was opened by other operators in the Terlingua dis-
trict under the stimulus of high prices. Considerable
development was carried on in Arizona, the demand for
the metal stimulating exploration. The output for 1917
was greater than in 1916, but did not reach significant
proportions, although there is hope for that through
energetic development. The generally unsettled condi-
tion of the market and the failure on the part of the
industry to develop fresh sources of supply or markedly
improved metallurgical practice discouraged producers.
Details of California production and an analysis of con-
ditions in the quicksilver industry in that state are pro-
vided in an article by Murray Innes, published on a suc-
ceeding page.

That much greater quantities of quicksilver were not
produced in 1917 to take advantage of the high price

52

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No.

demonstrates the comparative inflexibility of
the industry. Plant increases are costly, and Hum.
no assurance that a high-price level to justify them —

M>>\ i'lll 1 PR1C1 "I Ql ICKSII \ I R

Apnl
Juoc

V-U'dst

-

■

me

I •* 1 7 -

Ban

S C 16 75 SSI 04 $80 20

D

1 9 DO 1 1 J SO 1 12 SO

17 75 II. e4 II

"7 SO It. 50 10. 1< 105 00
I •

102 18

74 75 75 00 17 SO IIS 00 III 10

75 >0

7J 40 i lllll >)4 100

75

8. 00 78 00 18 el I I . 90 I '

Xru S | !S 25 £17 75 ! SHU 16

will be maintained after the war. or, for that matter.
even while it lasts.

The strength of the market at New York in the latter
part of 1917 was largely the result of the freight con-
gestion on the railroads and the scarcitj of spot metal.

Quicksilver in ( California
By Murray I wis

In 1917 about -10 quicksilver mines and prospects
were operated in California and about 20 of these prop-
erties were productive. Approximately 1000 miners
were employed, and the monthly production of the state
was approximately 2000 flasks, or a total production of
24.000 flasks for the year. The figures given by some
■ if the smaller mines are not always accurate, as their
output fluctuates from month to month, but it is now
evident that compared with 1916 there was no consider-
able increase in quicksilver production in California.

The increased cost of labor and mine supplies affected
quicksilver mining in California as it did all mining in
the West, and it is safe to say that the labor costs alone
averaged upward of S50 per flask. About 95 % of the
California output is produced by the use of Scott roast-
ing furnaces, which have proved the most satisfactory.
The construction of a 50-ton furnace, with condensers
and accessories, calls for about 300,000 brick. These
brick are, as a rule, burned adjacent to the furnace site,
and it has not proved practicable to make them during
the winter season. Under average conditions such a
plant costs about $1000 per ton of daily capacity, and
as the quicksilver must be shipped to New York for sale,
several months' expenses have to be carried after the
furnace is started before returns can be expected from
sales, which is to say, for example, that on an average
production of 150 flasks per month there would be about
$50,000 tied up in the metal. In other words, after the
mine has been purchased and later developed to supply
50 tons of ore daily, the owners are still facing an in-
vestment of about $100,000 before returns can, under
present marketing conditions, reasonably be expected.

Quicksilver orebodies are, as a rule, irregular, erratic
and uncertain. Few are large enough to justify an ex-
tensive plant and still fewer mines have in sight any
considerable ore reserves. It is needless to say that
quicksilver mining has not, during the last 25 years,
been the source of swollen fortunes, and if the indus-
try is to survive after the war it must at least receive

•Mining engineer. 217 Kohl HM? . Snr PTand

more encouragement and protection than it has received
ill the past.

The advance in the market price of the metal was due
entirely to scarcity, and the United states supply in first
hands does not exceed 30 days' requirements. The sale
of the metal was entirely competitive, and there were
no combinations to control prices in any manner. The
moderate increase in production during the last three
years lias not been due to new discoveries, but mainly
td the fad thai some of the older mines that had been
shut down found it possible to treat, in existing fur-
naces, ores of lower grade and were, therefore, encour-
! to reopen. A drop in the price for even a short
period would cause a decrease in the present production
from these low-grade ores, and this decrease would be
accelerated by increased operating costs.

It is recognized that the present price of the metal
is due entirely to war demands, and there is even now
til inducement to invest in quicksilver mines or to
build expensive plants that can hardly be productive —
as explained above — within less than 12 months. The
risk is too great that the demand may be over by the
time any quicksilver can be produced and marketed. If,
however, our Government were to do as Great Britain
has done and fix a minimum price of at least $100 per
flask, payable at San Francisco, and at this price accept,
for the manufacture of munitions, etc., such quick-
silver as might be offered during a stated period, I be-
lieve that a considerably increased production would
result. The price suggested is below the present mar-
kel and is practically that fixed by Great Britain for
the metal when for government use. It is mainly the
uncertainty regarding the future that makes the busi-
ness unattractive, and this uncertainty must be elimin-
ated by some such method, and for a stated period, if
increased production is deemed necessary.

The Government now requires that al! Eastern ship-
ments be made in full carlots, and as it is manifestly
impossible for small producers to make such shipments,
they are, in California, at the mercy of various dealers
and agents and often pay large commissions and dis-
counts for small accommodations. The Government's
acceptance of such small lots at San Francisco should
eliminate this feature. Even if such purchases were
not all required for munitions, the worst that could
happen would be the possible accumulation by the Gov-
ernment of some quicksilver, which supply should, in
my opinion, be carried as a reserve even in times of
peace. If increased production is now necessary and is
to be expected, the Government must be prepared to pay,
in some small degree, for its total neglect of this little
industry during the 25 years preceding the war. An
increase in the present import duty from 10% ad
valorem to, say, $15 per flask, to take effect after the
war, would add the necessary assurance of future
protection.

Few of the quicksilver mines in California are operat-
ing at a profit, even at the present price, and without
this protection I am of the opinion that the low price
for the metal that will prevail after the war may speed-
ily put an end to quicksilver mining in this country.
Now that the rich surface ores have been exhausted,
California producers can no longer hope to compete on
an even basis with the European output, produced at
small cost and skillfully marketed by the Rothschild ;.

lanuaiy

L918

ENGINEERING AND MINING J01 RNAL

Copper

THE situation of copper at the end nf i*.il7 may
be seen approximately from the figures in the
accompanying tables. The first table gives the
smelters' production of copper in the United states,
this being the summary of reports received from all
of the producers. The distribution by state of origin
is approximately correct, but those figures are subjeel
to more revision than is the grand total, lor the reason
that it is impossible to make a precise allocation at this
early date. In the preliminary returns the outputs of
Alaska. Nevada and New Mexico are usually under
stated. The copper production of the United States in
1917 was less than in 1916. It is to be distinctly under-

SMELTERS' PRODUCTION O] COPPER IN llll UNITED STATES

.In

Pounds)

Stat.

1914

1915

|9|(,

1917

Uaska

24.288.000

72,621.844

115,933.315

91.918.000

i

387.978.852

444,089,147

692.630,286

692.923.722

California .

29.515.488

37.935,893

> 1,358,334

46.881,089

to

10.104,579

a. 126,000

9.802,183

12,028,1)011

Idaho

4.856,460

5,602,000

6,741,001

5,020.000

Michigan

157.089,795

241,123,404

270,058,601

273,445.747

Montana . .

243.139,737

268,027.557

351.995,058

274.799.545

Mcvada

60,078,095

6b. 394,906

100,143,431

103,719,442

New Mexico .

64,338,892

75,515.138

83.013,805

101,951,598

Utah

153,555.902

180,951,174

225.396.808

244,398.684

ington

165,023

(a)

i.ii

l.il

ii.l South

19.213,965

18.858.077

20.018.261

23.692.274

Other States

4.257.088

4,452,420

15,685,226

17.617.844

rotala 1,158.581.876 1.423.698.160 1.942.776.309 1,888,395.945

i it Included in "Other States

SMELTERS' TOTAL PRODUCTION

lltl I'mill'l-l

Source 1914 1915 1916 1917

North American ore 1,327.488,479 1,612,450,828 2,187.328,864 2, 1 17,2'5, 708

50,101.308
20.894.559

44,749,105
29,827,203

73,391,517
37,380.759

76,078,047
38,854,05?

Foreign ere.
Scrap

Totals
To foreign refiners. .

ro American refiners 1.361,718,426 1.647.293.016 2.259,677,563 2.198,901.46(1
Crude copper import-
ed 131.125.076 140.415.341 1 52.770.536 l.il 281.21 1,588

1,398.484,346 1,687,027,136 2.298.101 140 2,219,066,922
36.765.920 39.734,120 38.423,577 33,266,348

Total crude copper, 1,492.843,502 1,787,708,357 2,412,448,099 2.480.113.048
la) Estimated on basis of nine months' returns

stood, however, that the figures here given are the smelt-
ers' production, not the refiners'.

The production of refined copper in 1917, as reported
by the refiners, was 2,350,240,606 lb. against 2,300,000,-
000 lb. in 1916.

The second table gives the total supply of crude cop-
per available to American refiners.

At the end of 1917 the electrolytic copper refining
capacity of the United States was about 2,800,000,000
lb. per annum. Allowing 300,000,000 lb. per annum
for the capacity for Lake copper, there was a total of
about 3,100,000,000 lb. The actual production in 1917,
excluding casting copper, was a little less than 2,300,-

WORLD'S PRODUCTION OF COPPER (a)

Country

(In Metrir

1914

525,529

36,337

34.027

6.251

37.592

27.090

40.876

1.306

(c) 7 1,046

32.262

(6)30,480

24,578

(6)37.099

(6)25.176

Tons)

1915

646.212

30.969

47,202

8.836

32,512

(/132.4I0

47.142

(e) 3.000

(c) 76.039

25.881

(e) 35,000

27.327

(e) 46, 200

(e) 25,000

1916

881,237

55,128

47.985

7.816

35.000

1/141,625

64,636

le) 4,000

(c) 101,467

20.887

1.145,000

34.572

(r) 42.000

1.125,000

1917

856,570

43,827

Canada

Cuba
Australasia

Peru

Chile

50,351
9.622

38,100
O) 45,620
(9) 75,345
i.l 4.000

(9)124,306
(el 16.000

Germany

Africa

Spain and Portugal

Other Countries

(<•) 45.000
(e) 37.315
(e) 42.000
(e) 25.000

Totals 929,649 1,083.730 1.406.353 1,413,056

(a) The statistics in this table are our own compilations, except where specially
noted to the contrary. (6) As reported by Henry R. Merton & Co. (el \-
offieially reported, (r/1 Privately communicated to us from Japan (g) Esti-
mated on basis of nearly complete reports.

000,000 Hi. Although tins supply of refined copper wa
short of actual requirements, it ii probable that the
I nited States now ; an adequate refining

pacitj providing it can be used at the maximum. II
ever, it is doubtful whether any Buch plant can '"■ opei
•ii'ii at 100' capacity, or anything like it, in view ot
the present • ns ot inefficiency ,

tin Nfev i ornelia Copper Co, was a new American
produce, in 1917 whose output is included with that of
the smelters, although in fact M produces electrolytic
eat hmles direct from ore, which cathodes are shipped
to a refiner simply for melting and casting in ingot .
cakes or wire-bars.

The third table summarizes the world's production
of copper in 1917. Resides the figures for the United

UNITED STA1 E8 IM1 OPPE1

1916 1917-

i , ; tobei

13.087.490 150.962.096 14.331.931
Unrefined, bli

etc 14.731.276 229.578.498

Refined bare, plates, eti 5.782.771 8.411,163

Old and miscellaneous 976.388 8.643.233

I'm Months
142.483.807

18.747.533 289.911.088
4.362.544 10,388,11,4

1,614,589 I7.9'i7,7i.n

I otale

34,577,925 397.594.990 39.056.597 460.78(1.8 1 'i

, II D STATES 1 XPOR1 - ' 'I ' OPP1 I

1916

i Ictober Ten Months

i ire, matte, etc . con
I farefined, blister, etc

Refined ingot-. bars, ilr

Plates iiml sheets
Win , except insulated

I llil ainl scrap

( lomposil inn mets i cop

pi i 'lin f valui
i i ipper pip s ainl tubes

1.174.695

4,653.542

55,303.187

971.953

2,280,505
329,200

4.676.049
I 1.326.996
610.971.657
12,338.816
20,049.866
785.157

573.241

4.256.707

81.316.000

9.442.509

2,008.1 19

60.542

1917

Pen Months

4.873.733
10.421.344
870.746.395
3). 177.546
21.006.669
950.276

11.829 (,i) 1.199,825
523,007 (a) 6.165.581

Totals 64.713,082 660.148.541 98,191.954 948.741.369

(a) Figures cover period beginning July 1

States, Mexico, Canada and Cuba, which are based upon
our own direct statistical reports, we have received late
information from Australia. Peru, Chile, Bolivia, Japan,
Russia, Africa, and Spain and Portugal. Although it
is inevitable that final returns will alter our preliminary
total of the world's production, it has been the experi-
ence of many years that the change is only a small per-
centage of the preliminary figure.

In the haste with which these statistics are presented
it is unwise for us to attempt to draw many deductions
from them. Moreover, some more detailed statistics
are necessary. For example, we ought to know the pro-
duction of American mines at least by quarters. Their
total production in 1917 fell short of the production in
1916, but by no such amount as was lost during the
strike. The probability is that the output of the mines
had increased greatly during the first and second quar-
ters of the year; the third quarter was a period of small
production, while the fourth quarter was again a period
of large production, but not up to the rate of the first
half of the year.

We do not venture at present to draw any deductions
from the apparent difference between smelters' produc-
tion and refiners' production in 1917. It is manifest
that the refiners did not make anything like the increased
output that a year ago they were expecting to make.
Their failure was due partly to strikes in their plants,
partly to delays in ob ining raw material owing to
freight congestion and strikes at the mines, and partly
to the increasing inefficiency of personnel and plant.

[NEERING AND MINING OURNAL

Vol. 106, No. 2

The world's production of copper shows a small in-
;t nothing approaching the increase o(

1916 over 1915, The gains in 1917 were made in coun-
tries other than the United States. Japan being one of
the most important sources of increased copper supply.
tralia, Peru. Chile ami Africa all showed
increases, while I the United States there were

decreases in Mexico ami Russia.

Copper-Smelting and Refining Works
of North America

The accompanying tables corrected up to Dee. 1. 1917,
give the names of the companies engaged in copper
smelting and refining in the United States. Canada ami
Mexico and the situation of their works. In the case of
the smelteries the number of their smelting furnaces

ami the estimated annual capacity in terms of tons of
(halve, meaning ore and flux, but not including fuel, is
given. It should be noted, however, that not all of the
furnaces reported are in operation all the time. In-
most cases the data have been communicated to the
Journal by the operating companies. However, the fig-
ures should be taken as only approximately correct.
Some companies may have figured their annual capacity
on the basis of the year of 365 days, and others on the
basis of 350 days, or something else. Anyway, annual
capacity is a rather variable figure. In modern practice
a rather large quantity of ore is reduced directly to cop-
per by charging it into the converter along with matte,
this being shown separately in some cases by the last
column of the table.

Plants were under construction in 1917 by the Great
Western Smelters Corporation and the United Verde
Extension Mining Co. in Arizona.

I I ING WORKS OF NORTH \Mi RIC \

Company

Arnrr :

inn Co

V

*

Anier

■

\rn«Ti

-

American <tn

rarities ■

Anaconda Copper Mining Co.
Anaconda Copper Mining
Arilona Copp- r < '<>
Compagnic du Boll
Calumet 4 Arizona Mining Co
Canada Copper Corpn .
Canadian Copper Co.

Situation of Works

-. Mex
Imboy, N .1
i Imaha, Neb

3.L.P., Mex.

ii. Ariz

Garfield, I tah

TftCOIliLi. Vs

Velard- fit. 1 » • >., Mex

^nacondn, Mont

i alb , Mom
Clifton. Wiz

i. Mex
Douglas. \n/

. ! '. I

CoppcrelitT. ' 'nr
( tenant

Humboldt. Ariz
Trail. B. ('
Douglas. Ariz

Morenci, Wiz

Tenn

Butte, Mont .

Grand Forks. B C

Anyox, R C
. Utah

Miami, Ariz

tilth, R C.

Kennett, Calif

Thompson, Nev
Concepcion del Oro, Zac,

Mex .
Coniflton. Ont . .
Martinez, Calif . .
McGill, Nev

Hill. \ V
m-: ol \ i
Globe. \nz

.1 . . . .

Campo Seep, Calif

in. Aria
San Pedro, s M
Clifton, Ariz

Mo ..f Blast
Furnaces

10
I

4
3

2
4
2
3
5
2

7
2
3

Bouse, Ariz
Copperliill. Tenn
Teziutlan, Puebln. Mpx
Torreon, Cofth . Mex
Chrome. N. .1
Midvale, Utah
Clarkdale, \riz ...
Ouray, Colo
Cooke, Monl

I
5
10

I

2
2

Annual
< ' tji icitj

800.000
90,000

400,000
325.000

350.000
800.000
175,000
250.000
1.750.000
280,000

390.000
1,46.300
912,500

1,300.000
868.000
100.000
450.000

1.225.000
193,200
175,000
240,000

1,440.000

1.196.000

V. of Re

t erberal ory

Furnaces

175.000
730,000
547,000

216,000
600,000

175,000
100.000

87,500
486,000

94.500

60,000

45.000

500.000

190.000
1.000.000
; f> hod
175,000
200,000

605, :oo
10). 000
110.000

Annual

435.000

435,000

875,000
144,000

1,750,000

330,000
360,000

564,700

160,000
153,000

.11011

275,000

Cananra Consolidated Copper Co
Consolidated Arizona -
Consolidated Mining and Smelting I Jo
CopperQueen Branch. Phelps Dodge ( 'orpn. . . .

ins; Co. (c)
Ducktown Sulph'ir, < Iron Co

East Bu'te Copp-T Mining Co
(iranby Consolidated Mining. Smelting and

Power Co
Granby Consolidated Mining. Smelting and

Power Co.
International Smelting Co. .
International Smelting Co
Ladysraith Smelting Corpn '/ '

Mammoth Copper Stining Co

Mason Valley Mines Co
Mazapil Copper Co

Mond Nickel Co

Mountain Copp-r Co

Nevada Consolidated Copper Co

Nichols Copper Co

Norfolk Smelting Co

Old Dominion Co

Orford Works. International Nickel Co

Perm Mining Co . ...

. t /i .....

Santa Fe Gold and Copper Co

Shannon Copper Co

Swansea Consolidated Gold and Copper Mining

Co. i /)

Tenncs* e Coprxr c

Teiiutlan Copper Mining and Smelting Co. < /)

Cia. Mel Torreon

' tab Befining I o

..
Cnited \'erde Copper Co. .
Wanakah Mini

rn Sm. <fc Power Co

Raw ore smelted as flux. "•> Inelurl d in furnace tonnagt (c) Vow known as Phelps Dodge Corpn., Morenei Rrr.nJh.

ing and Refining Co t raw ore chargid f/) No iiion.

500,000
700.000

96,000

900.000

22,000

H4.IHM)

235,730

No. of
Converters

4
3
2
4

3
2

Annua!
Capacity
in Ore( .)

(W
(W
(°)
(6)

(i)

(»
(6)

105.000
49,000

42,900

60.000
35,000
12,000
10.000
40.000
9.800

5,000

7.000

25,000
50,000
50.000

28,500
520.000

60.000
(e)

40.000

5,250
5,944

42,000

8,000

15,000

15,000
67 000

irl) Plant sold to Ouray Smelt-

ELECTROI.YTIC COPPER REFINERIES < U Till: UNITED STATES AND CANAD

1 914 Capacity, 1915 Capacity, 1916 Capacity, 1917 Capacity,

Works lation ids (a) Pounds (a) Pounds (a) I'imbU)

Nichols Cotrner Co .. Laurel Hill, N. Y. 400,000,000 400,000,000 450,000,000 500,000,000

. J. 400.000.000 400.000.000 460,000,000 4,3,0)0.000

,g and Rolling Co . Canton, Mtf. 3-. ,.000.000 354.000.000 600.000.000 720,000.000

Maurer, N I 216,000,000 240,000.000 240.000,000 288,000.000

Chrome, N J 200,000,000 200,000,000 230.000,000 250.000.000

Bally Newark, ' 48,000,000 48.000,000 48,000.000 48.000.000

AnaeondaC fold plant) Mont. 65,000.000 65.000,000 65,000.000 65.000.000

Anaconda Cop. Min. Co. u,. w plan, i Falls. Mont (b) (t) 180,000.000 180,000,000

i nrt.Wash. 48.000,000 120,000,000 1)0,000,000 204,000,000

Calumet 4: II Hubbell, Mich 65.000,000 65,000,000 65,000,000 65,000.000

Consolidated Mining and Smelting Co... Trail. B. C. (6) (6) 8,400.000 14,000,000

Totals. 1.778,000,000 1,892,000,000 2,4), 4)11)1 2.794.000,000
(ii Official figures furnished by the respective companies (6) New works put into operation in 1916.

January 12. 1018

M ERING AND MINING 01 RNAI

55

The Copper Market in 1917

At the beginning of 1917 the quotation for copper
was 28Jc. and the market was dull. Consumers were
reselling, and their offerings, frequently made in
an injudicious way, depressed prices. On Jan. 10

the quotation was 26Jc. and it looked as if con-
sumers were nearly through reselling, the price having
declined below the figure at which many of them
had purchased. 'Dure was undoubtedly a buying power
at a little below the existing level. The situation was
such that, as one producer expressed it, 10,000 tons
could not be bought without putting the price up 2c
and could not be sold without putting it down 4c. About
the middle of January a change in sentiment led to a
sharp rally, and at the end of the month the quotation
was 30*c. A strike in the refinery at Perth Amboy and
bad freight conditions, delaying the transportation of
both crude and refined copper, were troublesome factors.
At the beginning of February the market was in a
very strong position, producers having no copper to offer
freely except for deliveries in July and later. There was

MONTHLY AVERAGE PRICE OF I OPPEH

New York * ■ London Standard .

Month 1914 1915 1916 1917 1914 1915 1916 1-917

January 14 22J 13 641 24 008 28 675 64 304 60 756 88 083 131 921

February.. 14 491 14 394 26 440 31 750 65 259 63 494 102 667 137 895

March 14 131 14 787 26 310 31 481 64 276 66 152 107 714 136 750

April. . 14 211 16 811 27 895 27 935 64 747 75 096 124 319 133 842

May .... 13 996 18 506 28 625 28 788 63 182 77 oOO 135 457 130 000

June 13 603 19 477 26 601 29 962 61 336 82 574 112 432 130 000

July 13 223 18 796 23 865 26 620 60 540 76 Oil 95 1.19 128 409

-i ... . * 16 "41 2b 120 25 380 * 68 673 110 283 122 391

September... * 17 502 26 855 25 073 * 68 915 113 905 117 500

October *. 17 686 27 193 23 500 * 72 601 122 750 110 000

November... II 739 18 627 30 625 23 500 53 227 77 744 134 659 110 000

December... 12 801 20.133 31 890 23 500 56 841 80 773 145 316 110.000

Year 13 602 17 275 27 202 27.180 61 524 72 532 116 059 124 892

New York, cents per pound. London, pounds sterling per long ton of standard
copper. * No quotations.

a large demand for copper for February-April de-
livery, but no producer was able to furnish much of it,
or, if he could put his hands on a little, he desired to
couple it with later deliveries. There was no longer
any copper offered for resale. In these circumstances,
premiums were again paid, as high as 34c. being done,
although the aggregate of such business was but trifling.
Things became stronger as the month wore on, it be-
coming clearer that there was an unsatisfied demand of
considerable proportions for copper to be delivered prior
to July. At the middle of February the quotation of
the major market was 32c. and at the end of February
it was 32 Jc. Owing to transportation troubles, arrange-
ments were made to bring copper from the West to New
York by a roundabout way.

Early in March considerable business for third-
quarter delivery was done at about 32c. and copper for
prompt delivery fetched as high as 37c. A strike at the
Nichols refinery added a new complication to the situa-
tion. During March it appeared, however, that domestic
consumers were reluctant to contract for third-quarter
delivery, which was the only supply for which the pro-
ducers could sell in quantity. What was of more im-
portance, though, was the prospect that the United
States would soon enter the war. The announcement on
Mar. 21 that copper producers had agreed to furnish the
U. S. Government with about 45,000,000 lb. of copper at
16 |c. for deliveries extending 12 months from Apr. 1,
added to the confusion of thought. This tender by the
producers was a patriotic gift, but many misunder-
stood it. At the end of March the price was 30J cents.

1 ;'i from tl ■■.He of April the dominating In

fluence was uncerta i ting governmental ad

ciallj whether th American Governmenl would re
quisition m« re i 163< and whether the Allied

would be supplied on the Bame ten
There continued to ind for earh

liveries, hut there was a distinct desire in
quarter or third-quarter delivery at -harp eon

cessions, on the th ■>■ that copper would certainly go

no higher and probably would go lower. This bearish-
ness was strengthened by the appn thai without

doubt domestic business had contracted somewhat. Al-
though manufacturing plants were running a1 full
P city, then- \\n,k «a i on a mailer kind of business, not
footing up to so large a tonnage as when they were
engaged on heavy rods and other heavy material that
went rapidly through their works. On the other hand,
an encouraging feature was the clearing up of the rail-
way situation. By Apr. 20 the market was down to
25 c, but at that level there was buying interest, and at
the end of the month the quotation was up to 27 cents.

The strength of the market exhibited early in May
was ascribable to the distinct intimation that the I'. S.
Government was going to buy a very large quantity
of copper, and that the price would not be determined
arbitrarily, but would conform to natural market con-
ditions. This induced a buying movement of consider-
able proportions, confined to American manufacturers,
which put the price up to 30c. at the end of May.

The strength continued into June, the major market
being quoted at 30k. at the middle of the month, while
for June deliveries 33 to 35c. was realized. Before the
end of the month, however, premiums largely disap-
peared. Important events this month were the strike
at Anaconda, which attained serious proportions, and
the announcement by Secretary Daniels that he was go-
ing to leave the price of copper for Government re-
quirements to be determined by the Federal Trade Com-
mission on the basis of average cost of production. At
the end of June the quotation was 291c. Late in June
it was reported that the Government had contracted
with the producers for 60,000,000 lb. of copper at 25c,
delivery extending over the ensuing 12 months. At the
end of June the quotation of the market stood at 29!c.

July opened dull, and about the middle of the month
there developed real pressure from some quarters that
wanted to sell copper, which put the price down to 24 k.
However, copper was intrinsically strong, and the price
could not remain so low, for buying was induced which
was superior to all pressure to sell and advanced the
market to 27 Jc. by the end of the month.

During July and August there was much discussion
over probable action by the Government. There was a
persistent belief in many consuming quarters that the
Government was going to fix arbitrarily a low price for
copper, and was going to require that itself, the Allies,
and all consumers should be supplied at that price. Not
all consumers, however, were deluded by such talk, many
failing to see how the price to the outside consumer
could be determined by anything but the law of supply
and demand. Nevertheless, the mystery that was
shrouding affairs in Washington had the effect of neu
tralizing the strong statistical position and destroying
any incipient demand, and in the resulting dullness the
market dropped to 24ic, at which figure August closed.

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 2

The big contract with the foreign government that
Oct, 1916, had practically been tilled
by the end of July. At that time, some refiners had
shipped away all the copper owed by them. The others
had completed their deliveries, but some of the copper
still remained here, owing to inability of the buyers to
get ship capacity to take it away. During July and

August the strikes in Montana and Arizona curtailed
production very seriously, but August showed some im-
provement in the situation in Arizona However, the
curtailment of product ion was BO serious that refiners
who previous]] had been working on accumulated stocks
began to find themselves compelled to shut down. Great
Falls being the first refinery to be closed. Political
tampering with copper was extremely irritating. The
Federal Trade Commission had been put to work to ex-
amine the books of the producers and find out their costs
of production. The purchase of 60,000.000 lb. at 25c.
about the end oi June was repudiated in higher quar-
ters, and Secretary Daniels offered the producers 18^.
The producers refusing to accept that, it was later re-

4VEBAQE MONTHLY PRICES OF COPPER MANUFACTURES

(In Cent.- |>. r Pound, f ■> 1> . Mill)

. 1915 . l»lf. - - 1917

Copper

ppei Wire Copper Wire Copper

Janusrv 14 80 19 50 25 70 31 00 37 00 42 00

15 19 20 25 28 60 34 50 37 00 42 12

lo 09 20 63 29 13 34 50 38 1 1 43 00

Wil 18 03 22 38 31 10 36 00 38 20 42 20

Mav 19 95 24 50 33 75 37 88 36 56 40 30

June 21.13 25 25 32 50 38 00 35 00 38 75

21 63 25 50 30 25 38 00 34 12 38 22

19 25 23 90 31 38 37 00 32 85 36 85

September 1" M 23 50 32 00 38 00 31 00 35 00

19 28 23 50 32 35 38 00 31 00 35 00

ber 19 84 24 44 35 56 40 37 28 83 "17

December . 21 81 26 00 37 00 42 00 26 84 31 74

19 21 22 93 31 61 37 10 33 87 38 19

ported that the War Industries Board had agreed to ad-
vance to the copper producers 22k., leaving the differ-
ence between that price and 25c. to be settled after re-
ceipt of the report of the Federal Trade Commission.
These discussions in no way deprived the Government
of necessary copper, for the producers supplied all that
was required, but refused to bill for it at all. This
finally resulted in the Government owing the producers
about $10,000,000. At the end of August the statistical
position of copper had become very strong, for domestic
consumers were using up the supplies in their yards,
while, on the other hand, production was diminishing.
The Washoe and Great Falls works of the Anaconda
company were closed on Aug. 27, wherefore there was
complete suspension of operations in the Anaconda
mines. The Great Falls refinery was idle. The Rari-
tan refinery, which was the next to exhaust its stock
of crude copper, was running at only two-thirds capac-
ity; another large refinery was down to three-fourths
normal production, and although the other refineries
were still supplied with crude, their stocks were getting
low. In spite of politics it was hard to keep the copper
market down.

On Sept. 6 it became known that the War Industries
Board had bought about 77,000,000 lb. of copper for the
Allies at 25c. per lb., which led to a confident belief that
the price that our own Government would pay would
be the same. This advanced the market to 26ic, at
which figure it stood when on Sept. 21 came the news
of the fixing of the price at 23k. f.o.b., N. Y., to take
effect immediately and to continue for four months.

The summary fixing of the price at 23k-, which was
by agreement between the War Industries Board and the

copper producers, immediately threw the copper market
into a state of chaos. The agreement in no wise took
into account the status of existing contracts, the po-
sition of those houses that refine copper from raw ma-
terial which they buy, or the complicated organization
^f the business in general.

New machinery was promptly created by the organ-
ization of the Copper Producers' Committee. It was im-
mediately recognized that the supply of copper was in-
sufficient to meet the demands of the Government and
also of domestic consumers. Consequently, the latter
were informed fully respecting the situation and their
i oSperation in adjusting their business to a ration basis,
so to speak, was secured. By the end of the month the
administration of the copper business had been pretty
well organized. The Copper Producers' Committee be-
came the controlling and distributing body. The actual
business was done through the United Metals Selling
Co., and the American Smelting and Refining Co., which
became practically the business agents in the dealings
with the Government. The United Metals Selling Co.
handles the business with the U. S. Government, while
the American Smelting and Refining Co. takes care of
that for the foreign countries. Orders being received,
these agents requisition the several producers to fill
them according to information respecting their ability
to supply just the kinds and shapes of copper that are
needed. There is no question about the several pro-
ducers obtaining their proper share of business, for
there is not enough copper to meet the demand. The
United Metals Selling Co., and the American Smelting
and Refining Co. render their bills to the respective gov-
ernments, and upon receipt of the money they remit to
the producers who have filled the orders. These two
concerns are, therefore, clearing houses for the busi-
ness. Domestic orders are billed and payment is col-
lected by the individual producer in the old-fashioned
way. All of the copper is sold at 23 k. f.o.b. New York,
cash basis. In deliveries to domestic consumers the
business is done on that basis and freight is added,
while in the event of a desire to arrange for payment in
any other way than cash against bill of lading, private
arrangements covering interest charges, etc., are made.

By the end of October the copper business was going
along very smoothly, which was due largely to the gen-
erous cooperation of manufacturers, who abstained from
demanding what they did not immediately need, who re-
duced the stocks in their yards and arranged to conduct
their business with a smaller quantity of copper in semi-
finished forms in circulation through their works. They
drifted gradually to larger business with the Govern-
ment, and less for domestic industry. About the only
other feature of major interest was the development
during December of considerable business with domestic
consumers for delivery subsequent to January, some
contracts being entered into for delivery as far ahead
as June. This business was, of course, outside the
agreement with the Government. But it was done at the
price of 23k'. without any guarantee.

A conference in December between the Government
and producers respecting the continuation of the agree-
ment made on Sept. 21, for four months ending Jan. 21,
1918, reached no conclusion. Some smaller producers
have bitterly protested their inability to meet expenses
when receiving only 23k. for copper.

fanuarj 12, L918

ENGINEERING AND MINING J01 B

67

The Butte District

i;v B. B. Th \mk

The production both of copper and zinc in the Butte

district was approximately normal during the firsl five
months of 1917, but suffered a decided curtailmenl in
June, July, August and September, reaching the lowesl
point in September. The falling off in output was duo
to the closing down of many of the mines and reduction
works as a result of labor troubles instigated by a band
of disloyal agitators, who endeavored by a well-estab-
lished propaganda to curtail the output of copper and
zinc, so necessary for the successful prosecution of the
war in which we had rightfully become involved.

In the early part of June the North Butte Mining Co.
suffered from one of the most disastrous shaft fires that
ever occurred in the district, so far as loss of life was
concerned, and the agitators, taking advantage of this
opportunity, proceeded to organize a so-called union of
the miners, known as the Metal Mine Workers, under the
guidance of the Industrial Workers of the World. Many
of the men joined the organization, largely as a result of
threats and intimidation, and violence to individual
workmen was freely used. A large number of miners,
not wishing to take part in the disturbance, left the
camp, and in the latter part of August the mines and
smelteries of the Anaconda Copper Mining Co. were
shut down. About the middle of September work was
resumed generally throughout the district, and each day
has shown a decided gain in the number of men work-
ing, and a marked increase in the tonnage of ore hoisted
from the mines. The district is operating to above
90rr of normal; but there is still a shortage of men,
due largely to the fact that conscription has taken sev-
eral thousand employees out of the camp. It should be
borne in mind that the labor conditions from which
Butte suffered were general in most of the large
copper camps of the United States, and all of the
so-called strikes were fostered by the same organization,
namely, the Industrial Workers of the World.

On account of the shortage of manganese in the
United States, a great deal of attention was given to
this subject. A considerable tonnage was mined from
the Hibernia mine, situated in the extreme western end
of the district, and the Butte Copper and Zinc Co. has
been giving the matter serious consideration, with fair
prospects of success. If the tests now being made by
the steel companies on manganese ore from Butte prove
successful, it will mean much to the United States so
far as available supply is concerned, as the normal sup-
ply of imported manganese to this country has been
curtailed because of the lack of shipping facilities.

Notwithstanding the turmoil and agitation which ex-
isted in the district for several months, prosperity is in
evidence everywhere, largely due to the fact that all
of the operating companies have at all times evidenced a
disposition to advance the wage scale in proportion to
the increase in the cost of living.

Butte in particular and Montana in general have done
more than their share in furnishing their full quota of
men for the National Army, and the subscriptions to
Liberty Bonds, the Red Cross, and for other charitable

obje I in'. -n jri ed, than In

lar dist i ;. I ,n iiir i Inited Stati 1 he Montana 1 1
ments which have alreadj i the call to the colore

comp i favorably with any body of soldiei

rvice, being composed of hardy men who have lived
in a i i] and who . tomed to outdoor

life; thai they will give a ount of themi elve on

the bat I le line in Prance i a for

Lake Superior Copper Industry in 1917
By James M m N vughton*

The o ling feature of the year's work was the

rising costs of product ion, which will be shown by forth-
coming annual reports. With the cost of coal almost
double what it was in 1916 and other supplies exhibiting
a proportionate increase, even the best of the companies
will show a copper cost that leaves little if any margin
of profit at the average selling price of pre-war years.
At the established price of 23 ic, such companies as
Centennial, Lake, La Salle, Mass, Victoria and Winona
cannot make a profit and still carry on the development
essential to their growth and future existence. A cur-
tailment of production in the district ensued and even
some of the richer companies had to limit their opera-
tions to the more productive areas. The scarcity of
labor was not so serious as in other districts, and the
total copper produced did not show a great decrease
from 1916. The older companies had to limit operations
to some extent and little exploratory work was done,
so that existing conditions do not make for the ultimate
good of the district.

The only new company which began active operations
was the Seneca, which is sinking a shaft to cut the
Kearsarge lode north of the Ahmeek and below the
Mohawk. On the other hand, the Adventure and the
Keweenaw mines shut down entirely, Winona was
turned over to tributers and other mines temporarily
closed certain of their shafts. The year witnessed the
passing of the Tamarack Mining Co., which was ab-
sorbed by the Calumet & Hecla.

The improvements made in mining were directed
toward compensating for a decreased supply of labor,
present and prospective. Power haulage was extended
underground, even at increased costs per ton trammed
when equipment was included, as this was the only solu-
tion of the production problem. For this work storage-
battery locomotives seemed best adapted in most of the
mines. The tendency was toward concentration of min-
ing operations and increased shaft capacity, thereby de-
creasing overhead expenses. Increased production is
the only possible offset for increasing cost of labor and
supplies and decreasing copper content of the rock.

Metallurgical developments were few- in 1917. Fine
grinding in Hardinge conical mills became standard
practice throughout the district, the extent of fine
grinding in each plant being determined by local con-
ditions. Flotation made no great headway, although
plants are in process of construction at Calumet & Hecla
and at White Pine. The amygdaloid properties offer no
great field for flotation as the mine rock is lean and the
slimes, unlike sulphides, are the leanest of the tailings.

•First vice president. Anaconda Copper Mining- Co.. 42 Broad-
way. New York

•Vice president and general manager, Calumet & Hec'a Min-
ing Co.. Calumet. Mich.

-

[NEERING A.ND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 2

hing on conglomerate ore proved a great success,
i>ut its application to amygdaloid ores is not likely loi-
ns thai apply to flotation.
The year dosed with all the larger mines forcing pro-
duction to the limit of then- labor facilities, at the ex
pense both of development and exploration, in an effort
ipply the war needs of the nation.

Copper Production in Arizona
r.\ W U.TEB Douglas

Another abnormal year in the copper industry of
ona ended with 1917. Not only wa the quotations]
market price for the metal during the first seven
months higher even than in 1916, but labor troubles of
almost universal prevalence served to reduce and in
some eases for months at a time to stop completely
the output of Borne of the mines. The production for
the first six months assumed record proportions.
Stimulated by a 28c. copper market, a maximum output
of the plant of the Inspiration Consolidated Copper Co.
and from the mines of the United Verde Extension
was attained. The New Cornelia, at Ajo, also entered
the producing class, while the Magma and the mines
at Imperial materially increased their production over
that of the previous year. The high price of the
metal permitted the older producers to attack low-grade
orebodies at a profit, and mills and smelteries were
operated to capacity. Under these favorable conditions,
the production for the first half of 1917 reached the
large total of 400,000,000 lb., though for the calendar
year the production was only 660,000,000 lb., or 6$
less than in 1916.

While the New Cornelia company, in the throes of
construction, had experienced labor difficulties in the
early part of the year, it was not until May and June
that a concerted and apparently state-wide attempt was
made to unionize or shut down the important camps.
The first demand for union recognition and increased
wages was made on the operators of Jerome. Recogni-
tion being refused but a wage increase granted, a strike
was called for May 25. The Industrial Workers of the
World, controlling the radical union and non-union ele-
ment, injected themselves into the controversy and
complicated the situation. The good offices of Federal
Mediator McBride served to induce the union to with-
draw its demand and the International Union of Mine,
Mill and Smelter Workers, formerly the Western Fed-
eration of Miners, called off the strike on June 5, the
smeltery of the United Verde having continued to run
throughout. On June 26, the I. W. W. organization
called a strike at Bisbee, and through specious argu-
ments, intimidation and violence induced upward of
half the miners to quit. On July 12, the sheriff deported
from the district about 1300 of the most active dis-
turbers, many of whom were Austrians or natives of
the Balkan States. This strike was unique in that no
demands were made by any regular labor organization,
the International Union of Mine, Mill and Smelter
Workers, Western Federation of Miners, through its
president, repudiating and condemning the strike. July-
witnessed the complete suspension of all mining opera-
tions in the Globe-Miami district through a strike

called bj the International Union of Mine, Mill and
Smelter Workers and the Industrial Workers of the
World. The Morenci-l'lifton mines were also closed
down because of the refusal of demands of the Mexican
employees tor greatly increased wages.

In September, the President appointed a labor com-
mission with Secretary of Labor Wilson as chairman
to visit the scenes of labor disturbances and endeavor
to mediate existing strikes and devise a means of pre-
venting, if possible, the recurrence of similar troubles
during the war. This commission arrived in Arizona
in October, and at Globe, where operations had been
resumed with reduced forces, provided for the reem-
ployment of those strikers who had not been guilty of
treasonable speech or acts, and appointed a mediator
whose decision should be final in matters which could
not be adjusted between the operators and their em-
ployees. At Morenci and Clifton similar action was
taken and the mines of that district were reopened in
November.

The interesting 5000-ton leaching and electrolyzing
installation of the New Cornelia Copper Co. was com-
pleted and put into operation, and from the start proved
a complete success, not only technically and com-
mercially, but the nominal output of the plant has been
exceeded and the estimated costs confirmed. At the
Copper Queen the removal of Sacramento Mountain, to
expose for steam shoveling a large body of low-grade
disseminated ore, was commenced. This operation in-
volves the removal and transportation to rather remote
points of 8,000,000 cu.yd. of overburden in order to
make an estimated tonnage of 6,000,000 of ore avail-
able for openpit mining. A concentrator of 3000-tons
daily capacity will be built at a point about three miles
distant, in which the direct-flotation method will be
followed. The United Verde Extension Mining Co. has
designed and expects to have completed next spring a
smeltery on the Verde River for the treatment of its
ore by blast furnaces and converters.

•President. Phelps Dodge Corporation, fifi John St., New Yoi k

Selling Australian Copper

Melbourne Correspondence

An important step with regard to the disposal of
Australian copper, which before the war was sold al-
most entirely through the German metal ring, was
taken in 1917, in the formation of a Copper Producers'
Association. Arrangements were made for the asso-
ciation to have entire control of the shipping and
selling for all the principal producers on lines similar
to those adopted by the Zinc Producers' Association,
protecting the mutual interests of the producers, and
carrying out the shipping and sale on a cooperative
basis. The policy of selling the bulk of the copper
direct to the Imperial government will probably be fur-
ther extended. The Australian production amounts to
approximately 40,000 tons per annum, and is therefore
of great importance to both the Commonwealth and the
Empire generally. Application has been made to the
Commonwealth treasurer for permission to register the
Copper Producers' Association Pty., Ltd.

Membership of the association is confined to pro-
ducing or treatment companies, and the Commonwealth
will have a representative on the board of directors in

Januarj 12, L918

ENGINEERING ' IING 01 I

Melbourne, while the Imperial government has the
to appoint a representative to the London board. The
association will have power to enter into contracts for
the sale of all kinds of copper ores, mattes, unrefined
and refined copper, and. after satisfying Australian
requirements, will sell as much copper as possible to
consumers in Britain, the entire proceeds being returned
to producers, less the actual cost of administration and
reali at ion. The basis of all dealings will he equal t real
ment for producers, irrospoetne ol I. .nn. ,■.■,■ Mm :■..-.

■lament representation on the hoard protecting the small
interests.

The following companies have agreed already to sell
through the association: Wallaroo & Moonta Mining
and Smelting, Electrolytic Refining and Smelting,
Great Cobar, Hampden-Cloncurry Copper .Mines, Ltd.,
Mount Cuthbert, Mount Ellicott, Mount Lyell Blocks
Copper Mines, Mount Lyell Mining and Railway Co.,
Ltd., and Mount Morgan Gold Mining Co., Ltd. Other
producers who may desire to join the association or
sell copper through it may be included. The capital
of the company is £50,000, divided into shares of £1
each, and the original issue is intended to be 10,000
shares.

Provisions in the memorandum of association state
that each producing company holding not less than 500
shares, or any two or more producers holding together
not less than 500 shares, will have the right to nominate
one director. A director may be removed if the company
he represents ceases to produce sufficient copper to
justify his continuance on the board. An executive
committee, on which the Commonwealth government
will have a representative, will be selected by the board
to carry on the general business of the association,
and the articles of association include provisions that
the Copper Producers' Association shall remain abso-
lutely under British control.

The formation of the association, it is pointed out
in a statement issued by the prime minister's depart-
ment, is not intended to interfere with existing arrange-
ments for the purchase of ores, mattes, etc., but to
provide that the resulting refined copper reaches the
market only through the cooperative association. An
agreement already drafted and substantially approved
stipulates that the basis of the association is absolute
equality of treatment to each supplying company. In
the event of complaints on this head, the Commonwealth
government will be asked to appoint a referee to inquire
into the complaint, the parties abiding by the decision.

Sulphuric Acid

Right from the first of 1917 the demand created and
maintained by war conditions continued to increase the
consumption of sulphuric acid, and the increase in the
production was not commensurate with the consumption.
This has been particularly noticeable in the case of
acids of the higher strength, that is, 66° B. and oleum,
although it is true also, but to a modified extent, with
respect to acid of 60° B. The cause was, of course,
:he limited concentrating capacity and the relatively
small number of contact acid plants in proportion to
•he regular chamber plants.

At the beginning of 1917 the 60° acid market was,
-elatively speaking, weak, in spite of the fact that a

e supplj was not available, mo t producers ha
sold the majoi portion of their production for
time ahei d. At < bat time 60 w id > manded a pi

II at seller-' work I MM

the year, however, tl kel for 60 dil

i first manifi
in the late summer, at which time pricee were abi
g)19 at sellers' work Toward the end oi 1917 *
of 60 was being old at $22 rtth an increased

scarcity .

The price range of 66 acid, whil< bearing no direct
proportion to the pi ice of 60 , had the ame gem

tendency. The value of 66 acid was about $22 per ton
ai the b of 1917, and | radually enhanced to

about $32@35 per ton at the end of tin; year.

While certain small producers Of 60 acid still have

an appreciable pat unsold (adopt

as they do the procedure of selling their small prod
tions on the open market) practically all of the larger
manufacturers arc sold out, or nearly so, until the end
of 1918, so that from present indications the general
acid situation i no1 likelj to undergo marked change
for the next half ear i r so at, least.

Tin in 1917

No important new sources of tin were discovered in
1917, notwithstanding the stimulus given to this indus-
try by the advance in prices as the year went on. In
the United States the principal features of the year
were : The acute shortage that developed at the end of
November; the commandeering of tin stocks on Nov
26 by the Navy Department; control of tin imports, be-
ginning Dec. 10, by the American Iron and Steel Insti-
tute; and the progress made in the development of a tin
smelting industry in the United States. Some import-
ant work was accomplished in this latter feature in
1917. The new smelting plant of the Williams Harvey
Corporation, on Jamaica Bay, Long Island, was about
50' , completed at the end of 1P17, and is expected to
be ready for operation in April, 1918. This plant is to
have a nominal capacity of about 6000 tons of metallic
tin per year, or a smelting capacity for about 10,000
tons of concentrates. The plant will have three rever-
beratory smelting furnaces and refining will be done by
the special methods employed in England by Williams.
Harvey & Co., Ltd., which has its principal works at
Bootle, just outside of Liverpool, and another smaller
plant at Hayle in Cornwall. The American plant is be-
ing erected by the Williams Harvey Corporation, in
which the National Lead Co. of New York, and Williams.
Harvey & Co., Ltd., of Liverpool, are jointly interested.
An ore supply has been secured from Bolivia and with
the advantage of a superior situation for the plant, the
assurance of a permanent and growing market for tin in
the United States, and the technical experience of the
Williams-Harvey staff, there is every prospect that the
new plant will have a successful career.

As will be recalled, tin smelting on a commercial scale
was inaugurated in the United States several years ago
by the American Smelting and Refining Co., at Perth
Amboy, N. J. This company, which is the only import-
ant producer of electrolytic tin in the world, had planned
to make extensive additions to its smelting capacity but

ENGINEERING AND MINING OURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 2

these extensions were not ready in ivit. owing to inabil
itv of manufacturers t i deliver materials and equipment.
It hail in proi e interesting metallurgical experi-

ments which may make radical changes in the tin-
ting industry-. This company draws its ore supply
from Bolivia, but on account of the electrolytic method
of refining is able to produce tin of remarkable purity.

specting for tin deposits in the United Stat.
vealed no new sources of commercial importance at

this time. Considerable exploration was done in the
Appalachian region, but as yet without important re-
sults. The known deposits in the Black Hills of South
Dakota and the small deposit in the Franklin Mountains
near El Paso. Tex., did not prove sufficiently attractive
to invite exploitation in 1917. In Alaska a small pro-
duction was made-as usual from plant-.

The principal stocks on hand in Europe and the United
tea at the beginning of December, 1917, as well as the
supplies atloat are covered in the review of the tin
market by J. H. Lang in this issue.

The Tin Market in 1917

By J. H. Lang

A review of the tin market in 1917 is either simple or
complex, according to how the subject is treated. It is
simple if one attributes everything that happened (as
was practically the case) to the war. It is complex if

COMPARE I « YORK AND LONDON MARKETS FOB

I STRAITS UN

1917 —
Jan.

Jan.

2
21

2
31

inda

5b rlmg

Per Long 1 .ii

180 15

309 10

180 15
281 10

dent

in < V;

Pound i i)

38 40
65 66

38 40
59 82

New York
per

Pound

43 00 Jan
88 00 Nov
to Dec.
42 25 .In.
82 00 Dec.

- 1917

Open

Lou

Clow

2 Open
29 HiL-li
19

4 Low
il Cloa

i!7 61 80

rage, 1916 4} 48

■ urrency equivalent for London price, i ing figured at $4.76.

one examines events minutely and analyzes in detail the
various causes leading up to the present situation. This
situation is best portrayed by price movements here and
in London throughout 1917, shown in the accompanying
tabulation giving the opening, high, low and closing
price for Straits tin in the two markets.

It will be noted that lowest prices were made early in
the year. The rise was progressive and almost un-
broken except for occasional high premiums for spot in
New York, with reversion to more normal levels depend-
ing on supply and demand. A widening of the spread
between New York and London will also be observed, due
to the same causes and to increased freight and insurance
charges. At the very end of 1917, after the Christmas
holidays, the London market broke, closing £28 below
the price of Dec. 21, with sympathetic declines here. It
is to be noted, however, that all New York prices toward
the end of 1917 (practically during the whole of the
month of December), owing to the great scarcity here,
were almost entirely nominal, seldom representing the
transfer of more than five tons and frequently less.
Famine conditions in New York sufficiently explain
these abnormal prices, but speculation must have played
a part in producing such inordinate values at London
and Singapore. The elimination of speculation at the

end o( 1917, through bringing tin under regulations
similar to copper, lead and spelter, was probably re-
sponsible for the ensuing fall.

The New York market had to contend not only with
the transportation and other problems but with official
red tape and procrastination. Arrangements recently
promulgated for the conduct of this business and trans-
ferring control to this side of the water from the British
authorities to the American Iron and Steel Institute
were six months in negotiation and were not completed
at the end of 1917. The difficulties now confronting
the trade are largely the result of delays in securing

MONTHl "i WEB KJE PRICES OF TIN

New York .

Month 1915 1916 1917

I muary 34 260 41 825 44 175

February 37 415 42 717 51 420

March 48 426 50 741 54 388

April 47 884 51 230 55 910

May 38 790 49 125 63 173

I ino 40 288 42 231 62 053

rulj 37 423 38 510 62 570

34 389 38 565 62 681

3, i ib mber 33 125 38 830 61 542

.'. tot* i 31 080 41 241 61 851

November .... 39 224 44 109 74 740

I ., i 18 779 42 635 87.120

IN 1915. 1916 AND 1917

I'll .

I in 550

I7(. 925

180 141

I ,6 225

162 (.75

167 636

I. ,7 USD

151 440

152 625
151 554
167 670
167 000

London -

1916
175 548
181 107
193 609
199 736
196 511
179 466

168 357

169 870
171 345
179 307
186 932
183 368

r

|9|

185 813
198 97<
207 443
220 171
245 114
242 083

242 181

243 978

244 038
247 467
274 943
298.556

igcyeai 38 590 43 480 61802 163 960 182 096 237 563

New "i . >i k in inns per pound; London in pounds sterling per long ton.

export permits from England and the Straits during this
period. In addition the situation was aggravated during
the last quarter by the shipping controversy with Hol-
land, which interfered with supplies of Banka and Bil-
liton tin. However, many of these vexatious and danger-
ous delays and diiliculties, especially regarding permits
and shipments, now seem in a fair way of adjustment
Also it is hoped that the production by the American tin
smelters will reach substantial figures in 1918, and, with
restriction of nonessential uses, insure a sufficient sup-
ply and at more reasonable prices.

Latest news is to the effect that no further shipments
at least against new business, will be permitted frorr
England but that American requirements must be filled
by direct shipment from the Straits or other sources ol
supply. If carried out this will tend, temporarily al

ANALYSIS OF TIN STATISTICS
(January to November, Inclusive)

Straits

\ I , I ! . I I 1 | I

Banca

Billit.in

Standard

\i i ill

Supplies Deliveries

1917 1916 1917

Tons Tons Tons

57.366 56,829 United Kingdom. .. . 15.448

349 2,357 Holland 915

14.824 17,223 Continent 11.885

998 2,491 United States . . 53,314

7.525 7,331 Lost in transit

81.062 86.231
5.169

Net increase

TIN IN STOCKS AND AFLOAT

81.562
77

1916
Tons
15,701

81,48

Stoek-

1917

Europe 4,891

rnited States. . 1.592

Decrease.

6.483
1,077

T.ms
1916
4,710
2,850

7.51.0

1917
8.400
5,727

14,127
64

TIN VISIBLE

Afloat— Tons

1916
7,931
6,260

14,191

Total— Tons

1917 19ll

13,29! 12,64

7.319 9,111

20,610
1.141

21.75

•Specialist in tin. L. Vogelstein & Co., 42 Broadway, New York.

Jan I, 1917— 21.085 tons: Jan I, 1916— I 7,005 tons: Increase— 4,080 tons.
Nov 3D, 1917— 20.610 tons: Nov. 30, 1916— 21,751 tons; Decrease— 1 . 1 4 1 tons

least, to further complicate the situation, owing to th(
longer transit involved, the present small stock in Nev.
York constituting an inadequate reserve against de-
layed arrivals.

Comparative statistics for 1916 and 1917 are pre-
sented herewith. Many of the figures for 1917 art
estimated, but are regarded as measurably accurate
It will be observed that so far as the situation as i
whole is concerned, the changes were immaterial and die
not account for the extreme market fluctuations.

January 12, L918

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

61

Lead

THE production of lead from domestic source
bibited a small decrease in L917. To what extent
this was attributable to the curtailment of pro

duction instituted in the autumn is uncertain. The pro-

PRODU HON OI LEAD (REFINER1 STATISTIC*
(In rom i 2,000 I.l. t

1913

.,,1 261,616

tntimonial lt\ S45

touri 133,201

9 w Missouri 22.H2

I9I4

3I8.697
17,177

177.413
25.448

1915
305.160

24.001
185.849

10, 1 1 2

1916
330.189

22.819
206.105

1 1, 1 28

1917
317.952

17.068
204,869

40.575

ToUla

ign:

54.774

kntimonial 2,300

433,476 538.735 535,922 592,241 580,464

28.475
1,119

43,301

2.883

17,832
3.304

49.213
1.858

46.184
582.106

21,136

613,377

51,071
631,535

scrap and junk by primary

57.074 29.594

totals 490.550 568.329

eec figures include the lead derived from
■nelten

duction of lead from foreign ore increased considerably;
wherefore the grand total of the output of American re-

1MPORTS OF LEAD DURING FIRST TEN .MONTHS

1915 1916 1917

ore, long tons 54.634 90.735 74.769

,ntent>, II- 15,246.854 29.648.109 37.080.482

Lead in bullion, lb 81.651.884 16.192,013 67.470.096

pigs, bare and old, lb 768.843 10.522.980 6,875.138

EXPORTS OF LEAD DIKING FIRST TEN MONTHS

1915 1916 1917

E1», bus, etc.. from domestic ore, lb. 140,131.961 176.393.359 82.535.280
etc., from foreign ore, lb.. 30,793,031 (a) 16.244.637 33.489.641
. ' Period beginning July 1

finers was larger than ever before. The increased pro-
duction from foreign ores was due to the resumption
of smelting in Mexico.

The Lead Market in 1917

January opened with the price for lead at about 7Jc.
New York and about 7?c. St. Louis. During the first
lalf of the month the market was about stationary
it both places. An important factor was the delay
n transportation from Western producing points to
Eastern consuming points. Lead shipped from St. Louis
n the first half of November had not been received in
New York as late as Jan. 17. The normal time of
ransit from St. Louis to New York is about two weeks.
Labor troubles having developed at Perth Amboy, and
here being also troubles at Western refineries, espe-
cially owing to increasing inefficiency of labor and
lifficulty K>f obtaining supplies, the market advanced,
ind January closed with quotations of 8(S8ic. New
fork and 7.90(a8.10c. St. Louis.

At the beginning of February there existed a situa-
ion where anybody requiring lead on the spot in New
fork might have to pay any kind of a premium. This
vas due to the traffic troubles. There was an immense
luantity of lead in transit. Consumers, failing to re-
ceive what they had previously bought and expected to
lave by this time, placed additional orders, on the
heory that the more they had coming to them the
>etter would be their chances of getting some of it.
Vt the end of February the quotation was 8A@9Jc.
^ew York and 8* ©91c. St. Louis. The American
Smelting and Refining Co. resisted the advance, making
ts contractual deliveries and booking business with
ts regular customers at prices as much as lc. per lb.
)elow what was being realized by other sellers.

In March, a fit n Iht- market had ri'i'ii to 91c, the

situation became a little easier, owing t • • gradual relief
from the freight tion, and also the selling of

bonded lead, which could easilj i ntered for dome

consumption with payment of the duty under the ex-
isting circumstances. Also some smelting furnaces in
Mexico were put in operation, giving hope of a some-
what increased supply, At the end of March the
market was down to about 9 cents.

1 luring the first half of April the market was quiet.
but about the middle of the month, when some of
the important producers became reserved in their selling
policy, pending negotiations with the Government,
prices stiffened. Some rather large business was done,
and it appeared that manufacturers were contracting
for more supplies than they needed immediately, an-
ticipating that Government requirements would create a
squeeze and make lead hard to get. April closed with
a quotation of 'J nts.

During May the market became very exciting, the
primary cause being the distinct intimation that the
quantity of lead to be required by the Government
would be very great indeed. Consumers bid up prices
against each other. Their behavior was depreciated
by the large producers, who foresaw that continued
extravagance in this market would restrict consump-
tion later, to the disadvantage of everybody, and who
conjectured (rightly as appeared subsequently) that
consumers were overbuying. They begged certain large
consuming interests to give back to them lead supplies

MONTHLY AVERAGE PRICE OF LEAD

Month

. New Yoi

1915 1916

-k > « St. Louis

1917 1915 1916 1917

London ■

1915 1916

1917

3 729 5 921

7 626 3 548

5 826

7 530

18 606

31 167

30 500

February . . .

. 3 827 6.246

8 636 3 718

6 164

8 595

19 122

31 988

30 500

March . -

4 053 7 136

9 199 3 997

7 375

9 120

21 883

34 440

30 500

4 221 7 630

9 288 4 142

7 655

9 158

21 094

34 368

30 500

May

. 4 274 7 4o3

10 207 4 182

7 332

10 202

20 347

32 967

30 500

. 5 932 6 936

II 171 5 836

6 749

11 123

25 170

31 Oil

30 500

July

. 5 659 6 352

10 710 5 531

6 185

10 644

24 611

28 137

30 500

4 656 6 244

10 594 4 520

6 088

10 518

21 946

29 734

30 500

September. .

. 4 610 6 810

8 680 4 490

6 699

8 611

23 151

30 786

30 500

4 600 7 000

6 710 4 499

6 898

6 650

23 994

30 716

30 500

5 155 7 042

6 249 5 078

6 945

6 187

26 278

30 500

30 500

December . .

5 355 7 513

5 266

7 405

28 807

30 500

Year 4 673 6 858 4.567 6 777 22 917 31 359

New Y'ork and St. Louis, cents per pound London, pounds sterling per long
ton.

with which they might regain control of the market,
but the consumers would not do so. The statement that
the Government requirements in May and June would
not exceed 2500 tons failed to relieve the tension and
May closed with a quotation of 10© 11 cents.

During June the market was in the shadow of the
uncertainty as to what the Government was going to
require. Producers told their customers frankly that
after the Government had requisitioned for its needs
there probably would not be enough lead for everybody
unless consumption were curtailed. In talking this way,
the producers simply reflected what they had been told
by the Government. Everybody was under a miscon-
ception, for which the responsibility focused in Wash-
ington, and it was this more than anything else that
induced the extravagant advance in the market. Before
the middle of June the quotation was 11(5 12c. Later
the situation eased a little, but the month closed with
the quotation of ll@lli cents.

After prolonged conversations, the Government con-
tracted with the producers for 8000 tons of lead to be

ENGINEERING AN1> MINIM; JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 2

.

delivered in July at 8c per lb. The load producers'
mittee prorated this among the several producers,
and also attended to distribution among manufacturers
■in orders from the Government During July the
market became a little easier, in spite of the strike
Southeastern Missouri. The month closed with the
quotation oi lOj (§ 11 cents.

During August the lead market continued strong, but
the month progressed the tone became easier. At
the end of the month the quotation was I0@10ic.
However, the inevitable was impending. Right from
the beginning of September the market plunged down-
ward. The high prices had curtailed consumption so
effectively that buying power was diminished, while
on the other hand production had increased, in spite
of the labor troubles in Missouri, more than anybodj
had supposed. By Sept. 20 the market was down to
71c. It rallied to 8c. and halted there as if bottom had
been reached. But this was not so, for a new downward
plunge ensued, and by Oct. 10 the price was 7c. As fast
the American Smelting and Refining Co. reduced
its price, and failed to develop business, insistent
sellers undercut and carried the market down to some
new low level. On Oct. 23 the market stood at 6c. The
American Smelting and Refining Co. then took the
bull by the horns and cut to 5Jc, taking everybody by
surprise.

This drastic cut proved to be the right thing. It stim-
ulated very large buying, which continued for several
weeks, eventually absorbing the accumulated stock of

from an absence of stock to the rapid accumulation o
slock, and curtailments of production were announce
by producers which only a few weeks previously ha
been exerting themselves to make a maximum outpul
During the autumn there was a considerable accumu
lation of unsold stock. However, the slump in th
market, which went beyond what conditions really justi
fied, led to an absorption of stocks, and at the end o
1017 the market was again strong but dull.

White Lead and Oxides in 1917

The entrance of the United States into the war wa
responsible for a spectacular rise in pig lead, whicl
culminated in an official price of 11.10c. for corrodini
lead in New York. This price was established early ii
June and continued for about three months. In th
meantime there were outside sales considerably abov
this figure, as high as 12JC being paid. The advanc
began in January and continued uninterruptedly unti
the peak was reached in June, there having been sevei
advances of 'c. each in about five months. At no tim
did the lead pigments fully keep pace with the advanc

JAN fa HAP. tftiL m< JUM JULY AU6 SCrf OCT MOV DtC JAH. KB HAR APRIL. HAY. JUH. JULY AU6. SiPt OCT NOV. DK. JAN. FEB MAR APRIL HAY JUNE. JULY ALUS SEPT OCT. NOV PfC.

915 1916 1917

MONTHLY AVERAGE PRICES OF LEAD IX 1915, 1916 AND 1917

the producers and inducing an advance in the market
to 61c. which was quoted on Nov. 13. Following that
the market became more quiet, but continued very
strong, and 1917 closed with a quotation of 6JJ cents.

The Government in July had contracted with the pro-
ducers for 25,000 tons of lead to be delivered during
August, September and October at 8c. per lb. Before
October had ended the market price was far below that
figure. The producers released the Government from
its contract and enabled it to take advantage of the
cheap market. Beginning with November, arrange-
ments were made whereby the Government purchased
its requirements on the basis of the average quotational
price at St. Louis.

The lead market in 1917 exhibited the free play of
supply and demand. Probably the market would have
culminated in March with a price a little above 9c.
if it had not been for the erroneous ideas about the
immense quantity to be required by the Government,
for which Washington was responsible. However, the
extravagant prices that were thus developed had the
natural effect of stimulating production and curtailing
consumption. Within a few weeks the situation changed

on the metal. There was no change on dry white lead unti
pig lead advanced lie, and even then it went up onl;
'c This was followed by a 1-c. rise late in April and bj
four advances of ic. each during the next four weeks
making the aggregate 2tc. from the opening price o:
the year. White lead in oil followed a similar course
but the aggregate advance amounted to 3c. per lb., whili
the advance in pig lead had been 3Jc over the sam<
period. For many months the spread between pig leac
and all of the pigments was narrower than it had evei
been before, and the average for the entire year wai
considerably below that of all previous years.

At the beginning of 1917 the net price of dry whiti
lead in large lots was 8ilc. per lb., and in June it hac
reached llic. Then there was a decline to 9c, whicl
was the closing figure. White lead in oil advancec
during the same period from 9:|c to 12:iC, with a sub
sequent reaction to 10? cents.

Oxides followed the course of the pig-lead market i
little more closely than white lead, as much less tinv
elapses between the purchase of the metal and its con-
version into salable material. At the beginning of 1911
litharge sold at 9ic. and it reached 121c in June, after

Januan L2, 1918

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOI RNAL

ward declining to 9 <•.. while red lead advanced from 9 c.
to 18c. in the firs! half of the j car and i losed a1 10 cent

The differentia] between all of the pigments and the
nominal quotation for pig lead was unusually wide at
the dose of the year, duo in some measure to the un-
settled sti te of the metal market, as the manufacturers
of lead products were awaiting more stability to the
price of pig lead before revising their own quotations.
All materials entering into the production of lead pig-
nMnts were at an abnormal level, some cf them being
fully 100f. above the average if many years before
the war began. The cost of labor, joal, acetic acid, lin-
seed oil and packages seriously curtailed the apparent
margin between pig lead and its products, and under
prevailing conditions that margin had to be abnormally
wide to afford manufacturers anything like what was
considered a fair profit in the past.

Linseed oil, an important factor in the ultimate cost
.if paint, sold above $1 per gal. throughout the year and
reached $1.25. As a consequence and by reason of
Unfinished building operations the sale of all painting
materials was below that of 1916. The consumption
if lead pigments in other industries was, however, large,
md the export trade, chiefly to South America and the
.•"ar East, increased in 1917 over that of the correspond-
ng period of the previous year.

Silver-Lead Smelting Works of
North America

The accompanying list, which has been corrected to
)ec. 1, 1917, gives the several silver-lead smelting works
f the United States, Mexico and Canada, together with
he number of their furnaces (in all cases, blast fur-
aces) and their estimated annual capacity in tons of
harge. By "tons of charge" is meant ore and flux, but

AMERICAN SILVER-LEAD SMELTING WORKS

Place

Denver

Pueblo

Durango

Leadville

Murray

East Helena

Omaha (b)

Perth Ambov (6) .
El Paso

Fur- Annual
naces Capan

Kellogg, Ida

Selby.. Calif

Salida, Colo

Midvale, Utah...
Northport, Wash.
Carnegie, Penn....
Tooele. Utah

7
7

4
10
S
4
2
4
6

3
3

4
7
2
2

510,000
380,000
210,000
510,000
657,000
306.000
82,000
170,000
380,000

600,000
110,000
345,000
530.000
216,000
60,000
600.000

Company
merican Smelting and Refining Co. .
merican Smelting and Refining Co. . .
merican Smelting and Refining Co. . .
merican Smelting and Refining Co. . .
merican Smelting and Refining Co. . .
merican Smelting and Refining Co. . .
merican Smelting and Refining Co. . .
merican Smelting and Refining Co. .
on. Kansas City Sm. and Ref. Co.. . .
Linker Hill & Sullivan Min. and Con-
centrating Co

!by Smelting and Lead Co

lio & Colorado Smelting Co

aited States Smelting Co.

orthport Smelting and Refining Co. .

nnsylvania Smelting Co ...

ternationat Smelting Co

Totals, United States 78

nerican Smelting and Refining Co. . . Monterrey

nerican Smelting and Refining Co. . . Aguascalientes

nerican Smelting and Refining Co.. . Chihuahua

nerican Smelters Securities Co Velardefia

■mpania Metalurgica Mcxicana San Luis Potosi (c)

■mpaiiia Metalurgiea de Torreon Torreon

'mpania Minera de Penoles Mapimi

Totals, Mexico

nsolidated Mining and Smelting Co Trail, B. C 4

(o) Tons of charge, (t.) Smelt chiefiy refinery between-products
•rated, but plant is expected to start in the near future.

K coke. The ton of charge is manifestly the correct
nit. In the case of a self-fluxing ore, the ton of ore
netted and the ton of charge smelted is the same thing.
. other cases fuel and labor have to be used in smelt-
's1 the flux as well as in smelting the ore, and the
onomy of smelting depends largely upon the percent-
;e of ore in the charge. The management of this

78

5,766.000

10

584,000

1

40,000

/

400.000

3

150,000

10

250,000

8

360,000

6

325,000

2.109,000
140.000
(c) Not being

question is aboul the li ■ ..i the metal-

lurgist's skill.

I'lir figures in the accompanying table an- in most
es from official communii the n

companies. Estimated capacity is always a matter of
more or less uncertainty, and for this reason the Ih'
ares given ought to be a i epted oi I pproximatii

Construction of the Bunker Hill & Sullivan plant was
completed in 1917, w. erially im the lead

smelting capacity. The total capacity of the Mexican
WQrks at the end of 1917 is a little over 2,000,000 t
per year; of the American works, aboul 5,765,000 I
With respect to the American works, such capacity has
never been in use at one time. More or less of it rep-
resents capacity idle because of changes in the condi-
tions of ore supply.

The Empire Smelting and Refining Co. rebuilt an old
plant at Deming, X. M., and operated until October,
when its works were destroyed by fire.

The Ontario Smelting and Refining Co. is building a
smelting plant near Baxter Springs, Kan., which will
be equipped with Newnam automatic Scotch hearths.

Lead Products Other Than White Lead
B> J. R. Wettstein

A summary of the industry of lead products, apart
from white lead, in 1917, must of necessity take large
account of the demand created by the war, since it
need scarcely be said that lead is essentially a war ma-
terial. Lead products cover a wide range of articles
used in various fields of activity, from the peaceful to
the warlike, but a brief review will readily disclose
that under existing conditions a large percentage of
the production must find its way into those industries
and channels directly related to the war.

Mixed Metals: Probably the most important line —
aside from the actual munitions of war — is that of
mixed metals, a generic term, embracing solders, babbitt
metals and casting metals, all of which call for an alloy
of lead with other metals, chiefly tin and antimony,
with lead the principal factor.

The bearing metals are all directly related to indus-
trial activity, and the tremendous war demand upon'
industry and transportation was responsible for a de-
cided increase in the consumption of mixed metals in
1917. Nor does it seem at all likely that the high prices
ruling for lead, tin and antimony had any deterrent ef-
fect upon the demand, which emphasizes the stress of
the necessity under which these industrial activities
called for supplies. The year will probably mark a
record in the volume of this class of lead products, and
indications point to a continuance of the record-breaking
demand.

Oxides of Lead: These, consisting principally of
red lead and litharge, find their market in painting ma-
terial, glass and rubber manufacturing. The rubber
industry was particularly active during 1917 and called
for large quantities of litharge. Moreover, the ex-
port demand from practically all the countries of the
world where trading is possible was a pronounced and
rather unusual feature of the business for the year.
The foreign demand at times, in spite of high prices,

•President, United Lead Co., Ill Broadway, Xew York.

ENGINEERING A.ND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No.

that grave difficulty was encountered in tak-

• found the situa-
tion much easier, however, with excess capacities well
equal to supplying anj sudden additional demand that

maj ip-

rhi8 art posed entirely oi lead— finds

channels of sport. Practically all the
manufactured in this country about 30,000 tons—
• shells ami used for sporting purposes
in the field and over the traps. This business suffered
in 1917 because »'t' tin- high prices of sport-
ammunition, and it is doubtful whether the normal

volume i Stored until normal prices return.

- used principally in the building
trades, and a study of building statistics reflects the
condition of the lead-pipe industry. Doubtless due
the high cost of all building materials, the figures
on the record of new construction — particularly dwell-
ing-house construction — appear to have reached a very
low ebb. Even though current prices for lead pipe are
lower than they were in the middle of 1917, it
m likely that a normal demand can appear
until all building materials have reached a normal level
1'his particular industry, therefore, may
be looked upon as very dull, with immediate prospects
encouraging. The demand for Governmental and
industrial purposes was relatively large, but this par-
ticular requirement constitutes a small percentage of
the total in normal times.

Sheet Lead: This product also finds its market in the
building trades, and what has been said of lead pipe,
on its use in this channel, can be applied equally to
sheet lead. The Governmental and industrial demand
is a considerably larger item than in lead pipe, because
of which circumstance the business done in 1917 prob-
ably reached normal proportions. The war preparations
and the building of ships contributed a large share of
the demand, the continuance of which, however, is rather
uncertain. The chemical industry, which was so largely
extended in 1916, was not so much in evidence in its re-
quirements of sheet lead during 1917, but whatever
volume of business has been lost in this field has been
fully offset by the Governmental activities and the ship-
building industry.

Munitions: However much general lines of lead prod-
ucts as thus far reviewed may have suffered in the
total by decreased consumption, the tremendous demand
of the Government for munitions more than offset the
shrinkage. In two important munitions of war, the
shrapnel shell and the rifle cartridge, lead is a large fac-
tor. While it is true that this form of munitions was
manufactured in this country for the Allies previous
to our entering the war, it is probably equally true thai
present capacities of the country in the manufacture of
small-arms ammunition and shrapnel balls are at the
moment more greatly taxed than they were at any time
previously. These two war materials call for a tremen-
dous consumption of lead, and the early estimates of
quantities required, coming at a time when no surplus
stocks of lead were available, were probably dii
responsible for the enormous advance in the price of
lead and all its products which occurred during the
first half of 1917. A continuance of this demand must,
of course, be expected, however cheerless it may be to
contemplate.

m

H

;::

The Coeur d'Alene District

By Stanly A. Easton*

The events of first importance in the district in L9S
were the blowing in of the No. 1 furnace of the Bunk*
Hill lead smeltery, on July 5, and the extension of tht
railroad tracks of the Oregon-Washington Railroad &
Navigation Co. up Beaver Creek to serve the zinc-lead-
silver properties of Sunset Peak and a similar extensior
up Pine Creek to serve the zinc-lead-silver producers oi
the Pine Creek district. These new railway facilities
will greatly improve operating conditions for these
groups of mines, and should result in a much greatei
activity in the section served. There are still a con
siderable number of undeveloped and unworked zinc
lead-silver veins in both of these sections, which shou
be operated in a small way. now that dependable ai
cheaper transportation is available. It is upon sujj
developments that the extension of the district and in
1 1 ease of its production must depend in the future. An
other event of importance was the launching of an all
steel dredge by the Yukon Gold Co. to work the deei
placers at Murray.

There were no mine developments of importance noi
new lead producers brought in during 1917 in the Cceui
d'Alene district of Idaho, but the output of lead, silve
and zinc closely approximated that of preceding years
The lead and silver production of the Hecla, the Her
cules, the Tamarack & Custer and the Bunker Hill i
Sullivan showed no falling off from former years am
probably in the aggregate represented a considerable
increase.

An additional bonus when lead sells in New York fo
8c. and over per pound was voluntarily granted to thei
employees by the companies operating in the distric
in March, 1917, the total bonuses amounting to $1.2
per shift, in addition to the minimum or base rate, an>
although lead fell to a price below 8c. per lb., the pay
ment of these bonuses in full was continued by all com
panies. Strikes, I. W. W. agitation, and general unrest
particularly during the spring and summer months
hampered practically all industries in the Northwest
including the mining camps of Montana and the loggin
and saw-mill camps of northern Idaho, but the Coeu
d'Alene district was entirely free from such trouble;
There was some scarcity of labor and a marked tendenc
on the part of workmen, because of the certainty of enr
ployment, to shift about from job to job and take mor
than the usual amount of time for recreation. Nevei
theless, all the properties of the district carried on thei
operations at nearly full capacity.

The Bunker Hill smeltery, which blew in its No.
furnace July 5, started the No. 2 furnace a few week
later; the silver and lead refineries went into operatio
as required, to take care of the bullion from the fui
naces, and at the end of the year shipments of refinei
desilverized lead and bars of fine silver and gold we!
regularly going forth. Copper in the form of copp<
sulphate was accumulated but none marketed in 191'
The gold mentioned is not won from Cceur d'Alene ore
but from the smelting of iron-sulphide concentrate
from the Alaska-Juneau mine at Juneau, Alaska.

•Manager, Bunker Hill & Sullivan MininK and Concentratli
Co.. Kellogg, Idaho.

January 12, 1918

ENGINEERING AND -MINIM, JOURNAL

Southeastern Missouri Lead District

By II. A. WHEELER

A S USUAL, over 90', of the lead output of South
l\ east Missouri was furnished by the Bonne Terre,
*. A-Fhit River, and Leadwood districts, in St. Francois
County, while Madison County furnished practically all
of the remainder from the Mine La Motto and Freder-
icktown districts. The shallow diggings of Washington,
lefferson and Franklin Counties contributed such t ri-
lling amounts as to be almost negligible. Ordinarily
;ueh astonishingly high prices for lead would have
simulated production from these shallow diggings, for
dthough the output of a single lot or lease is insignifi-
cant, the number of leases is such that the aggregate
jroduction at times has been important. But the high
.vages paid in the big mines and the great scarcity of
abor resulted in most of the "diggers" being attracted
o the Flat River mines.

Labor participated in the prosperity, wages reached
i record high point and there was an insistent demand
or men until Dec. 1, when a cut of 75c. a day was made
hroughout the district. As wages were still unusually
ligh, however, the men quietly accepted the reduction,
end no protest was made by the miners' union. An ag-
gravating labor disturbance occurred in July, when,
hrough outside influences if not directly attributable to
he I. W. W., foreign laborers were suddenly driven out
f the district by the American miners. Most of the
oreigners are Hungarians and were engaged in shovel-
ng and work of that character, so that the disturbance
aused almost complete cessation of operations for about
fortnight, when troops took possession of the district
nd restored order and safety. Since then most of the
oreigners have returned and there has been no further
rouble, but one company of soldiers is quartered in the
eart of the district and will probably remain until the
nd of the war. While there was little loss of life,
iere was considerable sacking of the homes of the
Dreigners, who were roughly treated and badly scared
ntil the troops arrived. Many of the leaders of this
utbreak were subsequently arrested, and most of them
re now in the penitentiary.

Little Exploration or Development of the
District by Outside Interests

Little outside interest was shown in the search for
ew deposits, nor was any attempt made to acquire
artly developed properties in the district, although
lere are several available tracts that will eventually
ass into the producing list. The lead market was so
igh as to create a lack of confidence in its permanence,
) there was less interest by outsiders than in previous "
ad booms that were based on lower but more stable
-ices. Diamond drills were operated by New York
terests west of Irondale in Washington County, on
nds held under option on Big River, where it is re-
nted they found an orebody of considerable promise,
astern interests obtained an option on the Palmer
•operty, in Washington County, which is a large tract
at has produced over $2,000,000 from the shallow dig-

•Mining engineer. 408 Locust St.. St. Louis. Mo

gings, bul no diamond drilling was don,. m 1917, al-
though several expert ■ d favorably.

The' St. Joseph Load Co. bought the old La Grave dig-
gings, at Bonne Terre, 'ii years ago, paying $1,000,000
(in stock i for 946 acres -an investment which at that
time seemed to be the' rankest of wildcats, as such la
wore valued then at *:> to $25 an aero. The lead pro-
duced during the ar of operation cost $84,096.10
and was sold for $17,275.24. An effort to raise work-
ing capital by the sale ol $100,000 in bonds real
only $30,000, although it finally cost the company $175,-
000 for this $30,000 loan. Charles B. Parsons took
charge of the property in 1867, at a time when the
outlook was anything but promising for its develop-
ment, for, with other discouragements, the plant was
12 miles from the nearest railroads, which could be
reached only by means of wretched, hilly roads. When
the pioneer Leschot diamond drill— the first in this
country— was used on the property in 1869 with its
200 ft. of cast-iron rods, the first two holes drilled
were blank, but later good ore was struck at depths
ranging from 90 to 120 ft., this being the only place
in the county where disseminated lead is so shallow.
The first dividend, amounting to lrc, was paid in 1874,
but dividends were discontinued from 1877 to 1880. In
1879, with the aid of the adjoining Desloge Lead Co.,
a 13}-mile narrow-gage railroad was built to Summit,
on the Iron Mountain R.R. This construction cost $150,-
000 and eliminated the use of hundreds of teams. The
adjoining Penn tract of 344 acres, on which were a
few shallow diggings, was bought in 1883 for $100,000,
and the valuable Desloge property, which comprised
3218 acres, was acquired in 1886 for $400,000 in stock.

Growth of the St. Joseph Lead Co.

Since then there has been a steady, substantial growth
in all departments of the St. Joseph Lead Co. The
narrow-gage road, which was the salvation of the com-
pany, was replaced by nearly 100 miles of well-built,
finely equipped, standard-gage track, the fine towns
of Bonne Terre, Herculaneum and Leadwood were
built to house the employees, the acreage was expanded
to over 20,000 and the original 100-ton mill replaced by-
two mills of 2000 tons and one of 4000 tons' daily ca-
pacity. There are now more than 20 shafts on the
property and a modern smeltery of 100,000 tons' an-
nual capacity has been built. The lead output has ex-
panded, especially since the company recently absorbed
its junior Doe Run Lead Co., and it produced a larger
tonnage in 1917 than the rest of the district combined,
the value of the output exceeding $18,000,000, while
the dividends paid for the year aggregated $4,900,000.
The $1,000,000 capitalization of the old La Grave dig-
gings has developed, through the untiring efforts of
Charles B. Parsons, into the largest lead mine in this
country, but only after a long, hard, up-hill struggle.

The 6000-kw. turbine power plant at Rivermines1 was
completed in 1917 and is now furnishing 6600 volts,
which operate plants at Flat River, Leadwood and Bonne

'Described in Engineering: and Mining Journal." Nov 17. 1917

[NEERING .WD MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105. No. 2

Terre. five to 10 imK's distant. The gas-producer plant

■on were employed as against

a the now plant, was dismantled and cheap slack coal

instead <->( the best grades oi Illinois coal

required by the gas-producers. The gas power plant at

Bonne I'onv is also shut down, but held in reserve for

enter.

A new shaft was sunk at the No. S Hoe Run mill.

where a new orebody was discovered. A 40-acre

atime-settling pond, having a depth ^( 40 ft., was

placed in use at Bonne Tone, a large dam being

structed with tailings, and a mile of track is being

take a still larger slime pond out of the

- tailings when the first pond has tilled

up. Extensive improvements are under construction at

the smelting plant at Herculaneum ami will increase

onomy and efficiency.

Lower Mining Costs with Shoveling Machines

The Desloge Lead Co. had a successful year and the
output was increased 20 over its previous high record.
The installation of five Myers-Whaley shoveling machines
made a considerable cut in the costs of hand shoveling,
heretofore characteristic of the district, and proved
satisfactory that mechanical loading of the lead-
bearing rock will soon be exclusively adopted on this
property. Automatic sprinklers were introduced in the
mill and a water-softening plant was installed for purify-
ing the boiler water.

The St. Louis Smelting and Refining department of
the National Lead Co. operated its mines at St. Fran-
cois, in the Flat River district, throughout 1917, ex-
cept for a short interruption in the summer caused by
the outbreak against the foreigners. The ore from the
Eaker Lead Co., on Big River, and the initial output of
the Boston-Elvins mine at Elvins were treated at the
National mill.

Federal Lead Co. Completes 3000-Ton Mill
The Federal Lead Co., the second largest producer
in the district, made a new record in 1917, and in-
creased its output 15rr above its previous high record
of 1916. This production would have been larger had
not the company shut down its new No. 4 mill and
the Phoenix mine, in Madison County, in October, both
of which are still idle. No. 4 mill, with a daily capacity
of 3000 tons, was completed in the spring of 1917, and
is built directly over a new orebody with the mine
shaft at the mill door. No. 9 shaft was completed about
10 years ago, although it was not operated until 1917,
when it was cleaned out, reiined and equipped with a
steel headframe, and the orebody is now being developed
by drifting. The central turbine power plant at No.
3 mill (4000 tons capacity) was enlarged by the addi-
tion of two 360-hp. water-tube boilers.

The Baker Lead Co. mined an average of 500 tons
daily, assaying 5.5 to 5.75'r lead, from its one shaft
on the edge of Big River. This ore was hauled over the
Mississippi River & Bonne Terre R.R. to the National
mill, 10 miles distant, where it was concentrated, and
then smelted at the Collinsville plant of St. Louis Smelt-
ing and Refining Co. This property of the Baker Lead
Co. is the initial investment of Boston interests
in this district and was formerly known as the Jake
Day tract, that had been repeatedly optioned and drilled
by local men, and always turned down until taken over

by the Boston interests. Most of the ore thus far
mined has boon recovered from under Big River, at a
depth of about 100 ft., anil was unusually rich.

I"he Boston-Elvins Co. owns the 40-acre tract at El-
vins. formerly known as the Jones Forty and which ad-
joins the western side of the old Central Lead Co.'s 1000-
acre grant. The shaft, which is 5G5 ft. deep and en-
countered considerable water, was completed about Jan.
1. 1917. Approximately 10,000 tons of ore was mined
in 1917 before the pump broke down and the mine was
flooded. A new 16-stage centrifugal pump of 1500-gal.
capacity will be installed to unwater the mine. Three-
ton skips are used to hoist the ore. Excessive water
and hard luck caused an outlay reported to amount to
$200,000. whereas $30,000 to $50,000 would usually
cover the total expenditures to date in this district for
similar development.

Madison County Mines to Use Steam-Shovel
Stripping Methods

The Mine la Motte, where lead mining has been
carried on for two centuries, is now controlled by the
.Missouri Metals Co. The company purposes expanding
the property into a huge, low-grade proposition, using
steam shovels to strip 20 to 120-ft. of barren limestone
that overlies the disseminated ore. The ore horizons in
the Flat River district are at a depth of 300 to 600 ft.
whereas at Mine la Motte the surface is relatively shal-
low, as most of the shafts are only 100 to 200 ft. deep
For several years steam shovels have been employed tc
strip the surface clays, which carry more or less coarse
galena and granules of carbonate of lead, the lattei
being washed into low-grade concentrates before ship
ment to the smelteries. It is now intended to abandoi
underground mining and operate as deep quarries, crush
ing the entire output in a 64 x 84-in. crusher to 8-in
size and then picking out the ore on traveling belts. The
mill is being enlarged to a capacity of 1500 tons t<
treat the picked ore and a new power plant, equippec
with two Diesel engines, was built. Considerable copper
nickel and cobalt occurs on this property, especially ii
the upper part of the La Motte sandstone that under
lies the disseminated ore, and more attention will to
given to these metals.

Shaft sinking on the Schulte tract at Fredericktowi
was discontinued in the summer of 1917, after the deatl
of H. J. Cantwell, who was interested in this propert:
and did more to develop the disseminated lead belt thai
any other pioneer in Missouri.

The Missouri Cobalt Co., a Canadian corporation op
erating the old North American Lead property a
Fredericktown, completed its new mill and smeltery
A 300-ton mill was completed in 1917 and a new refiner;
is being rebuilt to replace the one recently lost by fire
Copper as well as metallic nickel and cobalt will be th
main output, with lead as byproduct, from the chalcopy
rite and linnaeite mined. The former owners recovere'
as high as five tons of copper a day from these mixe*
sulphides.

The old Catherine or Phoenix mine was operated unti
Nov. 1 by the Federal Lead Co. under a lease. The or
is shallow and little water was encountered, but the ore
bodies are not so large as in the Flat River district, »
the plant was shut down until operating conditions be
come more normal.

Januarj L2, L918

ENGINEERING AND MIM \». J( n H

07

The old Einstein mine, 10 miles wesl ol Fi ed
town, i>n the St. Francois River, waa mined bj
\.rk interests for tungsten. More or less wolframite
occurs with the argentiferous galena in a fissure vein
in hard porphyry. The vein is narrow and tight, and
it did not pay when operated as a silver-lead producer
some years ago, when there was no demand for the
tungsten. A 25 ton mill was erected and the tungsten
concentrates were shipped to the East.
In prospecting for lead in the western part of Iron
inty, a small fissure vein carrying more or less ar
tiferous copper sulphides was found in porphyry.
This is now being developed on a moderate scale.

American Smelting and Refining Co. in
Mexico in 1917

By S. W. ECCLES

The year 1917 witnessed a gradual resumption
of the American Smelting and Refining Co.'s mining
and smelting operations in Mexico. Substantial ton-
nages of high-grade lead ore were produced from the
mines in the Santa Barbara and Cuatro Cienegas
districts.

A considerable tonnage of high-grade lead ore. and
a somewhat small tonnage of zinc ore, were produced
at Santa Eulalia and moved to smelteries in the United
States.

The copper mines at Tepezla and Matehuala have
been constantly increasing their output until they are
now producing on a normal basis.

Operations were resumed at the Angangueo mines
in Michoacan in the latter part of 1917. None of the
plants or mines of the company was damaged during
the year.

Record Petroleum Production

Preliminary estimates by John D. Northrop, of the
U. S. Geological Survey, indicate that the quantity of
petroleum produced and marketed in the oil fields of the
United States in 1917 reached the record-breaking total
of 341,800,000 bbl., a quantity nearly 14 r, greater than
the former record output of 300,767,158 bbl., established
in 1916. The production was apportioned among the
major fields* as shown in the table:

U. s PKTROLEUM OUTPUT, 1916 AND 1917

Field 1916 1917

Aopalachian 23,009.455 24.600,000

Dona-Indiana 3.905.003 3,500.000

Illinois 17.714.235 15,900.000

Oklahoma-Kansas ... 115,809.792 147.000.000

Central and North Texas 9.303.005 11.000,010

North Louisiana 11.821.642 8.700.000

Gulf Coast 21.768.096 24,900.000

Rocky Mountain 6,476.289 9.200.000

California 90.951,936 97.000,000

fields 7.705

rotala 300.767,158 341.800.000

The salient features of the industry in 1917 were the
record levels reached and firmly maintained by prices of
crude oil at the wells and the enormous demand, which
absorbed not only the current output of the wells but
necessitated a net draft of about 21,000,000 bbl. on oil

in storage, principally in ' alifornia and Illinois. The
surface i udi oil in i he i Fn ted states at the

i nd of 1911 i: ei timated at 168,000,000 barn

The prih rodui n in 1917 were ■

E I II County, Kentucky ; Butler County, Kansas . Cart i

Unty, Oklahoma; Wichita and Harris Conn:

Texas; Converse County, IVj ing; and Los Angele

County. California,

The Aluminum Industry

In the first quarter of L917 substantially the same

condition- held a.- for 1916. The price of aluminum

ingot No, 1 grade was around 37c. per lb, Spot

by scrap dealers or resale- in small quantities were
generally made a prici ran in from 55 to 60c. pei
lb. Thi; price during the last three quarters of 1911
remained fairly stable around 38c. per pound.

On the declaration of war with Germany, business
of all kinds in the United States was compelled to seek
a readjustment to meet the new conditions. Certain
industries, as for example the manufacture of pleasure
I utomobiles, reduced their production, and following
such reductions the abnormal scrap and resale market

AVERAGE MONTHLY PRICE OF INGOT ALUMINUM (a)
i At New Y ork, in I Pi Hind)

Year 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 Year 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917

23 38 17 66 32 38 60 20 55 -8
22 70 19 88 34 50 60 00 48 88
21 69 19 94 47 75 61 88 43 64
20 13 18 50 50 00 65 05 38 90
,19 35 18 00 57 75 65 12 37 22
18 88 18 96 57 13 63 00 36 40

Jan 26 31 18 81 19 08 55 00 60 77 July,

I eb 26 04 16 81 19 22 58 00 59 00 AuK.

Mar .27 05 18 50 19 00 60 25 59 00 Sepl

Vpril 27 03 18 16 18 88 59 50 59 92 Ocl

May. 26 44 17 95 22 03 59 00 59 84 Nov

June. 24 68 17 75 30 00 61 50 60 00 Dec.

Year ....

2! 64 18 63 J3 ''8 60 71 51 59

•Since writing these notes Mr. Eccles died Dec. 31 at St.
Augustine. Fla, He was one of the vice presidents of the Ameri-
can Smelting and Refining Co.. 12n Broadway. New York

(a) The quotations summarized En the abovi table
transactions in the market for uncontracted supplies, which i>
mainly in metal offered for resale, including ii
scrap. The bulk of the aluminum production entei !l

on long-time contracts. Previous to the war the differences be-
tween the contractual and the open markets were not very great
but since the beginning of the war thej ha i been very lai
Thus in llii; contract prices ranged from 20 to 31c; in 1916
from 31 to 37c. and in 1H17 from 37 to 38c.

for aluminum gradually disappeared. Simultaneously
with these reductions came, however, an increase of
production of materials for war purposes for the United
States Government.

Among the war purposes for which aluminum is used
may be mentioned the high explosive ammonal, machine-
gun parts and numerous aircraft parts, particularly
engines. Another important use of aluminum for
military purposes is in mess equipment such as water
bottles, cups, plates, and meat cans. It is safe to say
that nearly all the aluminum produced in the United
States now is either going directly into materials used
by the United States Government or its Allies or in-
directly into other materials which are being used for
Government purposes.

In 1917 a large additional producing capacity was
brought into operation at Badin, N. C. At this place
a new power plant was started in June and it has run
substantially at capacity ever since. Construction work
was begun on a large power plant in the Little Tennes-
see River and this plant will probably be completed in
the latter part of 1918. Power will then be taken to
Maryville, Tenn., where additions to the aluminum-
producing capacity have already been made to utilize
this power.

ENGINEERING AND MINING lOL'RNAL

Vol. 105, No. 2

Zinc

THE production of spelter by ore smelters in the
United States was 685,486 tons in 1917, compared
with 680,018 tons in 1916. This includes the
spelter derived both from domestic and foreign ores
and also a small tonnage obtained from dross, etc.,

by smelters whose chief business is the reduction of
ore. It is to be noted that there is also a rather large
production of spelter by dross smelters, pure and simple.
Their production is not included in the present report.

The total for 1917 is the aggregate of the reports
of 30 smelters operating 17 works. So ■'.; as we know,
these were all the smelters who produced in 1917. The
list of the zinc smelters, together with the number of
their retorts at the end of 1017, is given in an accom-
panying table.

All of these smelters reported their production by
quarters, which figures are summarized in a separate
table.

The statistics of total production for the whole year
>howed an increase in 1917. From the annual figures

SPELTER PRODUCTION, 1913 I"I7 B\ QUARTERS

• In roni ol .'nun Lb.)

Reports of Ore Smeitera Only

District
Illinois

Kansas- Missouri
Oklahoma
Others (a)

Totals

Illinois ....

-*ouri
Oklahoma . . .
I 'thers (a) ...

27.924
22.006
21.4)0
20.722

Totals

Illinois

Oklahoma
Others (a)

rotafa

IDjdou

Arkansas .

Kansas-Missouri

Oklahoma

( ithers (i) ...

Totals

Illinois ....

Arkansas

K in=as-Miseouri

Oklahoma

rolytic

r- (a)

TotaL.

100.844

1916
45.344

38.513

34,994

37.853

I

"156.704

1917
48,766

5.596
25.212
53.029

8,533
42,014

183,150

II
28.523

25.820
21,840
20.153

94,336

32.482
14,659
22,960
22.715

92.816

39.511
24,554
26.984
30.575

121.624

45,547

42.488
38.786
39.873

166,694

47,217
6,894

25,200

57,255
9.060

41.696

187.322

III

26.118
19.204
18,502
19,238

83.062

32,512
13,193
22,945
24,106

92.756

41,791
32.152
28.613
31,360

133.916

41,953
2.977
39.447
42.604
41,514

168,495

IV
28.986
211. I 27
21.458
18,211

88.782

34.588
11.633
23.999
24.296

94,516

44,577
10.256
31,095
34.830

150,758

48.651
4.660
33,948
52,680
48.186

188.125

40,361

39.763

7.597

5,631

20,135

15.678

48.480

45.956

5.359

6.499

39.736

39.769

st ruction at that time was 840, at Terre Haute plant of
Grasselli Chemical Co., which was completed in 1917,
anil started operation. The works of the Athletic Min-
ing and Smelting Co. and of the United Zinc Smelting
Corporation, at Moundsville, W. Va., were also com-
pleted. The latter plant will probably start operation in
March or April of this year.

At the end of 1017 at least 13 works, operated by 10
smelters, had been closed down and a considerable num-
ber of these works had been or were to be dismantled.

Electrolytic spelter was produced in the United States
in 1017 by five works, the chief producer being the

PRODUCTION '<[■• SPELTER
(In Tons, of 2000 Lb.)
By Ore Smeitera Only

161.668

153,296

With th" exception of one plant in Coloradi II Eastern works.

Ir. tbe fourth quarter of 1915 and 1916 is included Anaconda and other electro-
lytic production.

alone, an erroneous deduction might be made. The
quarterly figures reveal the true situation. Production
continued at a high rate during the first two quarters,
probably culminating about the beginning of the second
quarter. The third and fourth quarters show a severe
curtailment. At the end of the fourth quarter the rate
of production was doubtless lower than the average
for that quarter.

Operating smelters reported a total of 196,560 retorts
in December, 1917. Of these, the number in operation
on Dec. 15 was 127,193. The number of retorts in COn-

States

\ r k:iti^M>

i '..1. rado
Illinois

Mi ouri k:in>:i>

' iklahoma
Electrolytic

rotals

1913

8,637
111,551
85.157
83,230

69,687

1914

8,152
130,587
53,424
92,467

85,682

358.262 370.312

1915

1916

1917

7,637

25,715

8,984

8,908

8,488

161,665

181,495

176,106

111,052

154,396

86,227

111.405

169,064

204.72C

10,963

29,451

114,036

147.555

154,729

507,142

(,80,018

685.436

duct ion

in 1915

< ii Includes Anaconda and other electrolytic production in

Anaconda Copper Mining Co. The total production of
electrolytic spelter was 29,451 tons.

The stock of spelter at works on Dec. 31, being the
aggregate of the reports of all the smelters, was 60,415
tons, compared with 16,085 tons at the beginning of
1017. These figures include both high-grade and com-
mon spelter.

The Zinc Market in 1917

At the beginning of January common spelter was
quoted at 9|c, St. Louis basis. There was rather a
peculiar situation in that smelters in Kansas anc
Oklahoma, who were experiencing gas trouble, founc
themselves short of spelter with which to make their
contracted deliveries and figured in the market as buy-
ers. Their demands having been satisfied, the market
eased off, but then rallied and rose to about 93 c. on

MONTHLY AVERAGE PRICE OF SPELTER

• New York •

Month 1915 1916 1917

St. Louis ■

1915 1916 1917

1915

London
1916

1917

Jan. 6 386

Feb 8 436

Mar... 8 541

Apr 10 012

May... 14.781

June. .
July .
tag
Sept

i let

Nov. .

21 208

19 026

12 781

13 440
12 800
15 962

Dec 15 391

16 915

18 420

16 846

16 695

14 276

II 752

8 925

8 730

8 990

9 829
II 592
10 665

9 619
10 045
10 300
9 459
9 362
9 371
8 643
8 360
8 136
7 983
7 847
7 685

6 211

8 255

8 366

9 837

14 610
21 038
18 856

12 611

13 270
12 596

15 792
15 221

16 745

18 260

16 676

16 525

14 1 06

II 582

8 755

8 560

8 820

9 659
II 422
10 495

9 449

9 875

10 130

9 289

9 192

9 201

8 473

8 190

7 966

7 813

7 672
7.510

30 884 89

39 819 97

44 141 95

49 888 99

68 100 94

100 614 68

97 250 50

67 786 51

67 841 52

66 536 54

88 409 56

89 409 55

810 48
762 47
048 47
056 54
217 54
591 54
750 54
587 54
095 54
159 54
023 54
842 54

329
000
000
632
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000

Year. 13 230 12 804 8.901 13 054 12 634 8 730 67 553 72 071 52 413
New York and St. Louis, cents per pound. London, pounds sterling per long

inn

Jan. 17, on short covering by speculators. The month
closed with a quotation of 10@10! cents.

The idea was still entertained among smelters gen-
erally that spelter would have a "come-back," but the
prolonged absence of European buying tended to get
on the nerves of producers, though the apparent
tenacity with which the quotations held around 10c.
during February and March gave some hope. However
important interests were under no illusion as to whs
was happening, and were sellers of spelter right alor

Januar.i 12, 1918

ENGINEERING AND MINING 01 R

when contracts could be placed withoul undurj weaken
ing the market.

What was happening w:i . thai stinks were increas-
ing, and probablj had begun to increase previous to
tin1 end ni 191G, and, owing to the freight congestion,

\\ EH M.I PRICl I 'I /.INC SHI I I -
tin t '. ni* pel Pound]
1915 I9|6 1917 1915 I9K, 1117 1915 1916 1917

ii 21 mi M iv 19 I * 24 00 19 ii i >. i .i 16 00 I i mi 19 mi
ill .'I Oil .1 ni. 29 2 . Ii .11 19 00 i '. i Ii. mi I i 20 19 00

\l„i H iO 25 01. 21 mi .ink :, ni ii I" mi Not 20 00 16 25 19 00

Ipril 14 II 25 20 20 44 Ann. 18 80 15 00 19 00 Dec 22 00 21 00 19 00
r for the year 1915 17.37 cents, 1916 20.14 cents, 1917— 19 6

Noli I'Ik lm r ordinary sin hects, in carloud lots, f. o Ii

I a-Sall.-lVrii, Ill . 1. >. 8 , discount

the surplus was going into railway cars, and not piling
up at the works. When, however, in April the freight
congestion was relieved, there was no longer any doubt
respecting the situation. Consumers began to get out
of railway cars the surplus for which they had con-
tracted, and. having no need to enter the market, for
further supplies, stocks began to pile up rapidly in the

ZINC-SMELTING CAPACITY OF THE UNITED STATES
(Number of Retorts at End <>t ^ ears)

Name Situation 1 91 r> 1917

■ i (a) Pittsburg, Km i i B96 (I 1 896

American Steel & Wire Co.... Donora, Penn. 9,120 9,120

American Zinc and Chem Co (o) Langeloth, Penn 7,*96 7.296

American Zinc Co. of 111 Hillsboro, 111 4,864 4,864

American Zinc, Lead and Smg.Co.(u) Dearing, Kan. 4.480 4,480

American Zinc, Lead and Smg. Co. (n) Caney, Kan 6.080 6,080
American Zinc, Lead :,n,l Smg * 'o

' \ lesha, Kan 3,760 3,760

in Zinc, Lead and Smg.Co.l I E. SI Louis, 111. 4,864 5,620

Arkansas Zinc and Smelting Corpn. Van Buren, Ark. 2,400 3,200

athletic Min. and Smelting Co Fort Smith, Ark I I 1,664

Bartlesville Zinc Co Bartlesville. okla 7,488 5.184

Bartlesville Zinc Co Blackwell. nkla 8.800 9,600

Bartlesville Zinc Co Collinsville, Okla. 13.440 13.440
lesvillc Zinc Co . 1 anvon-Starr

Branch . . Bartlesville, Okla. 3,456 3.456

Chanute Spelter Co. (o) Chanutc, Kan 1.280 < ... i

Collinsville Zinc Co (n)... Collinsville, 111. 1.984 (6) 1.984

Bagle-Picher Lead Co Henrvetta, Okla 3.000 iM 3,000

r Zinc Co... . . Carondelet, Mo 2,000 1.982

i Zinc Co Cherryvale, Kan. 4.800 5,040

Smith Spelter Co Fort Smith, Ark. 2,560 2,560

Hi Chemical Co Clarksburg, W. \ a 5,760 5,763

Hi Chemical Co Meadowbrook, W . Va 8,544 8,520

Grasselli Chemical Co Terrc Haute, Ind. w) 3,360

tlegeler Zinc Co Danville. Ill 5,400 5.400

Henryetta Spelter Co ... Henryetta, Okla 3,000 (o) 3,000

Illinois Zinc Co Peru. Ill 4,640 (6) 4.640

lolaZincCo (n) . Concreto. Kan. (6) 660 (6) 660

JoiJin Ore and Spelter Co Pittsburg. Kan, (;') 1,792 (<j)

J. B. Kirk Gas and Acid Co. (a).... Iola, Kan 5.440 3,440

Kusa Spelter Co Kusa. Okla. 3.720 7.520

La Harpe Spelter Co Kusa, Okla. 4.000 i/.i

Lanyon Smelting Co Pittsburg, Kan. 448 (nl 448

Robert Lanyon Zinc and Acid Co.. Hillsboro. 111. 3.200 ifc) 3.200

Lanyon-Starr Smelting Co. (e)

Matthiessen & Hegelei Zinc Co .. La Salle, 111. 6.168 6.168

Mineral Point Zinc Co Depue, 111 9,068 9,068

Missouri Zinc S InngCo. la) Rich Hill. Mo (j) 448 (6) 448

National Zinc Co. . . Bartlesville. Okla. 4.970 4,256

National Zinc Co Springfield. 111. 3.800 4.480

Nevada Smelting Co . ... Nevada. Mo. 672 IM 672

Sew Jersey Zinc Co. of Penn ... Palmerton, Penn. 7,200 7.200

Oklahoma Spelter Co Kusa, Okla. (j) 1.600 ih) 1,600

-pelterCo Canev. Kan. 1.920 1.920

sburgZincCo .. Pittsburg. Kan. 910 (h) 910

Prune Western Spelter Co GasCity, Kan 4.866 4.866

Quinton Spelter Co. Quinton. Okla 1,340 2.016

Sandoval Zinc Co Sandoval. 111. 672 l./l

Tulsa Fuel and Manufacturing Co.. Collinsville, Okla. 6,232 6.232

UnitedStatesSmeltingCo.ini Altoona. Kan. 4,600 4.640

I nited States Smelting Co Checotah, ( Ikla 4,480 5.120

United States Smelting Co La Harpe, Kan. 1.926 (p)

United States Zinc Co. If) Henrvetta. Okla. 1.200 2.400

I nited States Zinc Co Sand Springs. Okla. 8,000 8.000

United States Zinc Co Pueblo. Colo. 1.984 2.200

I nited Zinc Smelting Corpn ... Moundsville, W. Va. Id) (m) 1.728

United Zinc Smelting Corpn. I i).... Clarksburg, W. Va 3.648 3.648

» eir Smelting Co ... . Weir. Kan. 448 (a) 448

Totals 212.614 217.194

""sed during latter part of 1917. (6) No report received; entered the

sie.ic as previous year, le) Formerly Granbv Mining and Smelting I o I f)

I nder construction. Irl See Bartlesville Zinc Co. (o) Dismantled, end of I 9 1 7.

■ iM Idle all of 1917. Ii) Formerly Clarksburg Zinc Co. (j) Idle latter part of

1916 («) Absorbed by Kusa Spelter Co. (?) Formerly Western Spelter Co.

) Not yet in operation.

hands of smelters. From this time the spelter market
was a declining one, with only trifling, fitful advances.

After the middle of the year the weakness became
pronounced. The situation was simple. Production
was in excess of the demand, and the market was sold

down in 1 in. k pn duction rathei than to lei Btoi
accumulate furthei ["henceforward, spelter nevei
touched 9c. a, 'am i'.arl.\ m September the price wa
down to v . it,, 11 ,i rallied to about 8 c, but at th<
end of October it was down to '.' i , rising to 71c. and
Closing the year at i

Early in the war the Government appointed a zinc
committee, which discussed the arrangement of a prio
for Governmental purchases, but before any conclu
was reached the market price was below all the figure
that were talked about and thai wei dered to

represent a fair price on the basis of cost of produc
tion. The Government therefore obtained its Bupplieu
of common spelter by competitive oilers in the old
fashioned way. Brass special and intermediate wen-
obtained in a similar fashion. However, in the latter
part of 1917 a new zinc committee was appointed, its
purpose being mainly to arrange differentials between

I XPOR1 - DI RING I M:-i I . .1 IN I HH

1915 1916 1917

/.in. on . long tons 743 70 365 en

Zinc dross, lb 8.329.346 56.525 20.530,634

Pigs, bare plates, sheets, etc I 28,735,815 e,i

Pig;., plates, slabs, etc

l'i Bticore.lb 49.418.677(61 233.049,134 232,778.898

From foreign ore, lb (e) 8,836.247 </.i 72.021.299 110.922.956

Sheets, Btrips, boiler plates, ete .

lb 19,605,612 if.i 24,202.936 25.225,287

en For six months, Januarj to June, inclusivi On Jul} I. 191 5, a changi

made in method of classificati eriod beginning Jul} I (c) Re

ported as exports of foreign merchandisi i i to July, 1915 (rf) Nine monthn

only; i letober figuri s not yet n ceived

IMPORTS DURING llllsl II N MONTHS

1915 1916 1917
Zinc me and calamine, gross weight,

long tons 102,873 297.311 175,284

Zinc contents, lb 81.355,750 252,951,201 135,668.774

Blocks or pigs and old, lb 1.526,844 1.192,657 387,447

Zinc dust, lb 1,337,127 1.686,665 732.647

common spelter and the other grades, especially high-
grade, in which there is only small competition, so
that they could be obtained on the competitive basis
for common spelter. Up to the close of 1917 no specifie
arrangement of this nature had been consummated.

Zinc Mining in Wisconsin
By J. E. Kennedy*

The net tonnage of zinc ore shipped to smelteries
from the Wisconsin district in 1917 increased 13r,
over that of 1916, as indicated in the accompanying
table. The gross tonnage shipped from mines to smel
teries and to separating plants increased 16 per cent.

Ore prices in 1917 opened at $75 per ton base for
premium or best grade of zinc ore. The highest bas2
price paid was $90, and this high figure prevailed for
five consecutive weeks in the first quarter. The prica
fluctuated between $75 and $90 during the first six
months of the year, but a general decline set in after
July 1. The year's average base for premium grade
was $74 per ton of 2000 pounds.

A total of 68 mills and nine roasters were in opera-
tion during 1917, as against 82 mills and 14 roasters
in 1916. Eleven concentrating mills were built new
or moved and reconstructed; namely, North Survey
(Dodgeville), New Empire and New Rose No. 2
(Platteville), C. S. H. (Cuba City), Mud Range
(Potosi), Copeland (Shullsburg), Jefferson (Hazel
Green), Hird No. 3, Bearcat, Hoskins, and Ida Blend-
(Benton-New Diggings).

•Platteville. Wis

INEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No.

e throughout the soar, luit
more efficiency was developed than prevailed in 1916.
Better housing facilities, provided by the larger corn-
maintenance of the high level of wages
ontented with their jobs and less e
about Shovelers at s.-iic. per can. under

WIS) "■' OR! SHIPMl N is

i'J17>

M in.—

lilt, |o|„ i..|;

Pons
.ml . I iM

1 4 ,t I I. \K4

1,04] (7,081

\\.<m i:n

■

*Mi 14,852

*: i

- 261

85.407

1 Hi US''

C.I4

19. (.40

11,513

-

704

4 881

7.62?

10,61 1

8.4

1,978

>i4

12,662

1.753

I7.h>5

lit

195.4

114 -

227.7 r,

-

1 6. : i \

12. .'7r.

usual conditions, averaged $4(5)5 per day; underground
drill men were paid $3.50@3.75 guarantee and avera

>4 with premium; trammers received $3 on straight
\\ a^res and made $5 under contract ; hoistermen were

paid $3.75, grizzlymen $3, crush* . feeders $2.75 and
millmen $100(5 [50 per month.

Reduced prices Of ore, on the one hand, couided with th '
high record prices of material and wages, discouraged
prospecting. Few new companies were incorporated
anil many smaller operators were forced to discontinue
business, More efficient methods of the larger operators
were reflected in the increased production attained by
the district, while the number of producing properties
was materially reduced. The largest three operators,
the Mineral Point Zinc Co., Wisconsin Zinc Co. and
Vinegar Hill Zinc Co., produced 56rr of the district's
output of lead and zinc concentrates, each company
contributing almost an equal amount of tonnage. The
Frontier Mining Co.. with five producing properties,
was a close fourth in tonnage output.

Further macadamizing of country roads facilitated
transportation. The three operators mentioned above
built a standard-gage spur, If miles in length with 630
ft. of tunnel, costing approximately $75,000 and con-
necting the mines and the Skinner roaster at New
Diggings with the Chicago & North Western Ry. at
Strawbridge.

Lead and Zinc in the Joplin District

By Jesse A. Zook*

THE weekly average shipment of zinc concentrates
from the Joplin district in 1917 was 8503 tons. In
1916 it was 7491 tons, and in 1915, 5973 tons. The
incentive for increased tonnage from year to year
originated in the high prices of June, 1915, and a large
part of the 1917 production resulted from prospect
work during the latter half of 1915. In 1917 the gain
per week was 1012 tons over 1916, while the 1916 gain
was only 518 tons per week over 1915 production.

Fewer large-capacity mills were begun in 1917, but
a large number of mills were removed from one part of

TABLE I ORE PRICES IN JOPLIN DISTRICT

1 906
1907
1908
1909
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
1916
1917

1,000

High(a) \

$54 00 $43 30

53 50 43 68
4 7 llll 34 36
55 00 41 08
52 00 40 42
51 00 39 90
67 00 53 33
59 00 42 26

54 00 40 46
138 90 79 30
131 70 84 72
101 95 67 70

lli^-li Vverage

$87 00 $77 78

88 50 68 90

66 00 54 66

60 50 54 56

58 00 51 98

64 00 56 76

68 00 56 60

58 00 52 52

54 50 46 55

80 00 55 08

104 84 84 07

115 50 98 00

nil! nent price recorded W Derived from weekly settlement ■

the district to another. At the close of the year, 50%
of the mills were either removed or sold for removal
from the "sheet ground" area extending from Duenweg
northwest to Webb City, and from the small area west
of Joplin.

Oklahoma marks a gain for 1917 over 1916 of 107,714
tons of zinc concentrates, Kansas a gain of 11,680 tons
and Missouri a loss of 27,627 tons. The increased Okla-
homa production resulted from the 1915 prospecting and
1916 developments from Commerce north to the Kansas

state line, creating progressively the mining camps of
Tar River, Cardin, Douthat, Century, Picher and St.
Louis, in Oklahoma, and Treece, in Kansas. Picher took

TABLE II MONTHLY AVERAGE PRICES OF JOPLIN ORES
(Per Ton nf 2.000 Lb.)

1917

Blende

Zinc < ire

< 'alamine

All Grades

Lead

$51 02

$76 86

$90 36

51 35

82 66

104 00

50 97

82 94

118 02

43 70

75 43

113 21

40 73

71 11

111 83

44 31

71 44

123 66

42 08

67 99

121 89

40 90

67 48

III 64

36 54

66 95

89 32

35 40

60 83

80 59

36 79

57 29

72 23

37 76

56 23

76 89

•Joplin, Mo

January $78 12

February 85 92

March 86 70

\pril 78 27

May .... 74 73

.lui,.' 74.27

Jul;. 70 21

lugust 69 25

September 69 03

October . .... 62 43

November 59 12

December. . . 57 31

the lead and produced a typical frontier mining camp
by the close of the year. It was founded upon the de-
velopments of the Eagle-Picher Lead Co., holders of
several thousand acres of leased Indian lands. With
not even a guaranteed surface right for any specific
period, some substantial buildings were erected.

The increased Kansas production was from new terri-
tory north of the Oklahoma developments, in part, and
from new territory west of Waco, Mo., in a newly pros-
pected area. Most of the production of this area came
from the Kansas side, the developments on the Missouri
side not arriving at a producing stage until the year
end. Waco is the logical center of this area, having
steam and electric railway connection with Joplin to the
south, and Pittsburg, Kan., to the north.

The zenith of shipments was reached the end of
August, aggregating 14,500 tons of blende. At the end
of November shipments had declined to only 7200 tons
per week. Production during this period dropped from
12,000 to 8500 tons weekly.

Januan 12, L918

ENGINEERING AND MINING .lol RNAL

71

The year l!M7 opened with blende Belling up to
$8:'> per ton. The price advanced to $101 n"> by the end
of February, dropping thereafter steadily to $75.40 at
the end of April, and then advancing to $84.30 bj the
sod of May, from which figure the decline was steadj
to $72.65 at the end of November. While the latter
amount was paid for only a limited tonnage, the aver-
age mid-December price was $f>9.16 per ton. Calamine
opened 1917 on a $50(ji 15 basis for U>\ Zn, advanced
t» s:.t, ,. .'.(I in .Minh. reeled in s.io in mid-May, went
up the next week to $45(g 10, and that figure continued
to mid-August when it dropped to $35(5 30. The next
week the price moved up to $38(ji 35 and this held to
the year end.

Lead opened the year at $93.90, high, rose to $130 by
the first of March, dropped to $113.70 in mid-April,

1 Mil I 111 JOPLIN DISTRICT ORE SHIPMENTS, IN POUNDS, 1917

Missouri

Jasper County

m County
p ( lounty
1 %
Christian County.

1 \

Blende

452.225.400

15,59(,. 000
7.026,550

492.647.95(1

317.516,270

73.971.920

190 310

( lalamini

10.058.520

43.809.600

12.185.520

2.504.810

1.376,140

1.192,600

460.540

71.387,820
135,870

4,040.790
75.564,480
57,940,380
17.624,100
es (6)Dece

Lead

77.100.360

1.544.080

787.480

Values

$21,746,730

2.170.5*60

5 59, 1 50

38.720

29.311)

23.500

Howell County

8.220

ratals

Oklahoma
Ottawa ( taunty

80.031.920
56.709.600

8,251,250

144.592,770
115,401,690
28,991,080

mber estimai

(24,356,190

13,351,600
3,139.440

Total 1917

884.326.450

41,126,610

37,600,630

3.525,980

ted for each

Total 1916

Increase 1917
- settled for
county.

700,2(30- 3(1

184.066.0,10

through Joplin agenci

advanced to $135.50 at the end of June, when there
followed a gradual decline to $64.10 at the end of Octo-
ber, and an advance to $85.75 at the close.

Corl gondolas were pressed into zinc-shipping service
in October and a shortage of cars tied up in the bins
of producers upward of 30,000 tons of zinc concentrates
by the end of November. On Dec. 7 a snowfall, un-
equalled in intensity and accompanying cold, covered the
district. The average depth was given at thirteen
inches, with drifts three to four feet deep. Electric in-
terurban and city traffic was interrupted and many
mines and all prospect and development work were at
a standstill three to four days.

On Dec. 11 the freight management of the Frisco
railway system was in conference with the Journal
correspondent concerning the car situation, delving into
details relative to the respective needs of producers in
the several camps, and discussing how best to relieve
the most urgent needs first.

Coal Production of the World

The United States in 1917 produced fully 45f, of
the world's output of coal, according to an estimate
of the National City Bank of New York. This country
has been the world's largest producer of coal for many
years. In 1913, the latest normal year for world pro-
duction, it produced 570,000,000 short tons against
322,000,000 in Great Britain; 306,000,000 in Germany;
60,000,000 in Austria-Hungary; 45,000,000 in France;
36,000,000 in Russia; 25,000,000 in Belgium and 24,-
000,000 in Japan. The total world product of 1913
was 1,478,000,000 tons, our share being approximately
38%. In 1916, our share of the world's product was
about 44%. The coal production of the United States'

has grown from 270,000,000 short tons m 1900 to a)
most 650,000,000 short ions m 1:117. According to th<

bank's statement, the United States' coal supply I'ai

exceeds that of anj other country, being estimated at
3,627,000 million shorl tons, against 180,000 millii a
Great Britain and 164,000 million in Germany, china
is said to contain 1,50(1,000 million short ton . bul

far has produced bul little, the 1913 output being but
15,432.000 short tons.

Great Britain's coal exports in 1913, the latest normal
year, amounted to 82,000,000 short tons and Germany's
to about 37,000,000 short tons, while the United St.
in the fiscal year 1913 exported but about 23,000,000
short tons. Since the beginning of the war, however, our
coal exports have shown a slight increase, having been
about 20', more in 1917 than in 1913, while those of
Great Britain meantime declined and those of Germany
were, of course, confined to trade with the adjacent
neutral countries. Of the coal exported from the United
States in the fiscal year 1917, about 68% went to
Canada, 6% to Cuba. 8', to South America and less
than half of 1% to Italy.

British Aluminum Co. Planning
To Enlarge Plant

The increased demand for aluminum due to the growth
of the aircraft industry and of other branches of man-
ufacture has caused the British Aluminum Co. to take
steps to enlarge its plant in Scotland, according to the
London Times Engineering Supplement. The principal
factories of the company are at Foyers and Kinlochleven.
The hydro-electric plant at the latter place is even now
the most important in Great Britain and will be greatly
enlarged by the proposed scheme. The watershed that
is to be drawn upon includes that known as Laggan and
Ossian and a portion of the Ben Nevis area. The sanc-
tion of Parliament is being sought for the construc-
tion of nine works.

The main features of the scheme comprise two dams.
One is to be across the River Spean, near Roughburn,
at a point above its union with Loch Treig, and will be
about 700 ft. long and 100 ft. high; while the second
dam, planned for impounding the waters of Loch Treig.
will be about 600 ft. long and 30 ft. high, and will cut
the stream joining Loch Treig with Idir Loch. Five
conduits are to be built. The one connecting Lock Treig
with the Kinlochleven factory is to be 12 ft. in diameter,
and that between the River Spean dam and Loch Treig
will be a 10-ft. tunnel.

The level of Loch Treig will be raised about 40 ft. by
the proposed changes, but it is thought unnecessary to
change the level of Loch Laggan. The company is seek-
ing powers to regulate the level of seven other streams
also. The acreage of land which will be submerged is
comparatively small, and is largely rough moorland. The
new power house will be on a site between the River
Leven and Kinlochmore, and from the terminus of the
tunnel there a light railway will give communication
with the company's property. The proposed works prob-
ably will not be completed in less than five years after
the placing of contracts. The decision to raise the level
of Loch Treig would necessitate the diversion of a small
length of the North British Railway.

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 2

Iron and Steel

THF stool industry of the United States in 1917 not
only surpas production in l!Mt'>. but was also

distinguished b\ the manner in which the re
of the iron and stool trade were placed at the
dis] rnment and every effort expended

surd cooperation. With preference given to Go^
ernment orders, and the agreement which was entered
into in September wherebj the prices of steel prod-
acts were fixed by the War Industries Hoard and the
manufacturers, the dominating influence of the Gov
ernment had a stabilizing effect. '
of ship stool was probably the greatest now physical de
velopment that occurred in the steel trade in 1917, the
increased demand for ship steel lieinK stimulated by
the expansion of shipyards to rush construction work.
Lake Superior ore shipments for 1!M7 were 62,499,
099 tons, a decrease of 2,235,099 tons from 1916, when
the record shipment of 64,734,198 tons was made. Rail

I \HI I I LVKI SUPERIOR IRON-OR] SHIPMENTS

-

' u

l"u.. Harbors

Duluth

Totals l-\ lake
Totals nil rail i rat .V

Total shipments

47.272.751

1916
7,457.444

3.858.092

8.057.814

>.853

12.787. i)4t,
21.837.949

64.7J4.I90
1,924.268

H.466

1917

7,157,0 A
3.207.145

7.597.841
9.990.990
1 3, 9 7 ^

20,567.4 1''

62.499.099
2,283,810

64,782.909

shipments for 1917 increased and may approach 2,500.-
000 tons when the final figures are out. most of which
was shipped to the Minnesota Steel Co. at Duluth.

Late opening of the Lake shipping season, a shortage
of boats and the prevailing car shortage appeared to
offer a curtailment of ore movement early in the season,
hut, through the intervention of the Government and
cooperation with the fumacemen, sufficient tonnages
were secured. Ore prices were: Old Range bessemer,
$5.95 : Mesabi bessemer. $5.70 ; Old Range nonbessemer.
$5.20 and Mesabi nonbessemer, $5.05 per ton.

Vessel freights, which in 1916 wore from 45 to 60c,
increased to 85c. and $1.10, and later a further advance
was made and rates as high as $1.50 were paid. Rail

I \m.i: II PIG-IRON PRODUCTIOK B1 HALF-YEAR*
(In Long I m I
I'>I4 1915 1916 1917

1 ....
3 pond half

12. 530,1194 I2.2M7»I
10.796.150 17,682,422

19,619,522
19,815. ns

19.258,235

N ■ .11

132 244 '..213

t'i.4'4.7"7

1H. W.851

>. ill: til

Ml

l-IRON PRODI CTION

FOR 15 "i EARS

. In Long Tons)

It 009,252
1904 16,497,003

■•■■ • (go
I'HIt, 25. 1117. 1'H
1907 S1.3BI

1908 15.936.918

1909 25.795.471

1910 27. MH.51.7

1911 23,649.547

1912 29.72h.tW

1913
1914
1915

1 'i 1 1.
1917 i..i

30.966,152
2',U2.244
29,o|(,.2H
39.414.797
38,367,853

Deecmbei pi oduction

■ ■*! imated

run i i\

PIG-IRON PRODUCTION

in GRADES

< trades

1916
' out Tone %

1.' >I1L' Tolls

%

Bask

i
i oundrj

,1.1.'
Forge
Spii '' 1' i>- ii

inganeae
All other

17.684,087 45 0

14,422.457 36 5

"..533.644 14.0

921,486 2 3

348.344 1) 9

186.990 0 5

228,544 0.5

89.245 0 2

17.188.798
14,042.634
5,179,660
997.534
383.678
157.310
268.575
149,634

44 8
36 6
13 5

2 6

1 0
0 4
0 7
0 4

39,434.797 100 0

38,367.853

100 0

oo Es1 imated

roads were allowed a 15c. increase by the Interstate Com-
merce Commission, so that during 1917 rail freights
were from 50c. to $1.50 per ton.

Mine operators contend that ore prices are too low
when based on price of pig iron, as specified by the
Government, but no change will be made before the be-
ginning of the second quarter.

Production of pig iron in 1916 was 39,434,797 gross
tons, and in 1917 about 38,750,000 tons. Production of
steel ingots was 41,401,917 gross tons in 1916 and about
42,500,000 tons in 1917. Some pig iron stocks were used
in 1917, and there was doubtless a decrease in the con-
sumption of pig iron by foundries. The production of
finished rolled steel in 1916 was 30,557,818 gross tons,
and in 1917 about 31,500,000 tons.

Pittsburgh Iron and Steel Markets

By B. E. V. LUTY*

THE iron and steel market underwent unusually
complicated changes in 1917. It was not a simple
case of price advances and declines, although there
were both, nor yet a matter of variation in the volume
or general character of the demand. The circumstances
under which business was transacted underwent the
most radical mutations.

The sharply advancing tendency that was resumed
about Aug. 1, 1916, after three months of approximately
stationary prices, continued without material change in
character during January. Then came Germany's
declaration, on Feb. 1, of ruthless destruction of mer-
chant shipping by submarines. The steel market has
always been one of kaleidoscopic changes, and that cir-
cumstance has trained both buyers and sellers to be keen
to appraise the importance and bearing of developments.

•U71-;: Union At

While there may have been doubts in many quarters, in
the iron and steel trade there was one common view,
that Germany's declaration meant war.

Iron and steel prices at once began to rise still more
sharply. Steel producers had been claiming in 1916
that they had not advanced prices; that buyers had bid
them up. However that may be, the honors may as well
be shared, there being plenty for both parties. Quota-
tions rose sharply in February and March, and with the
declaration of war on Apr. 6, 1917, they simply con-
tinued to rise. Using a weighted average of the prin-
cipal finished-steel products, and the low point in the
market of December, 1914, as base, steel products were
at 2.5 prices on Jan. 1, at 2.9 prices Apr. 6 and at 4.1
prices at the beginning of July. That was the top point,
there being a slight recession up to the inception of
Government price-fixing, which eventually established a

Januarj

i:us

ENGINEERING ANIi MINING JOURNAl

set level al 2.7 prices. Using another basis of compari
son. the sel prices were 2.1 times the average quotations
in the 10 years ended 1913 — barely double those actu-
ally paid in the period, as the highest quoted prices had
not been paid on any considerable tonnagi

In April there was a total change in the character of
the market. Previously, regular contracting had been
done, for such forward deliveries as the large mills could
make, and the small mills, which do not customarily sell
far ahead, but rather depend upon the prompt market,
and frequently secure premium deliveries, had been de-
manding a premium. In April the large mills practically
withdrew from the market. Thereafter they did not
advance prices, while the small mills continued to make
advances. Probably the large mills did take some new
business thereafter, at their last official figures, but
they did not quote openly any prices at all.

Thus the market worked itself into an impossible posi-
tion. The prices that were quoted as "the market" on
July 1 were in essence premium figures, although they
were the only ones openly quoted. The great bulk of
the deliveries being made were based on selling costs
approximately half as high. Obviously, consumers could

tween tin' War in. in 1 1 ie Board ami the inm and steel
manufacturers, held on Sept. 21, an agreement
reached that there should ho one price for all and that
a general schedule should be developed which should

be in proper relation, as to cost of manufacture,
with certain basis prices, then and there agreed upon.
viz.: Lake Superior iron ore, no change; pig iron, $33
per long ton; bars, 2.!)0c. per lb.; shape . 8c; plates,
3.25c. Prices for other commodities were subsequently
set by the War Industries Board, and then, at the board's
invitation, other commodities were given set prices by
the American Iron and Steel Institute. It should be
mentioned that the figures agreed on do not apply on
export sales of material not involved in the war.

No data have been available as to the tonnages of
steel ordered by the Government, a rule having been
made that such information should be withheld. The
orders up to the end of September may have been more
or less than a million tons. Thereafter they became
much heavier, particularly so as the Government then
began buying for its Allies also. The exact amount of
steel ordered by the Government, however, would not
furnish anv definite indication as to the war's real de-

AVERAGE PRICES or PIC IRON W'D STEEL AT PITTSBURGH, 1917

— Pig Iron . Steel Products -~

Mo 2 Ferro- Black Pine, Wire

I .Mm man- Bessemer Sheets Basing Nails

Bessemer Base dry ganese Billets Beams Plates Bars No. 28 Discount Base

bnuary $35 95 $30 95 $30 95 $175 00 $63 50 3.11c 3 61c 3.00c. 4.50c ' 64% $3 00

February 36 37 30 95 30 95 210 00 65 00 3 25 3 75 3 00 4 63 62J 3 00

March 17 i7 33.49 35 91 270 00 68 00 3.52 4 33 3 27 4 90 60'. 3 18

April 42 28 38 95 40 11 325 00 75 00 3 70 4 50 3 39 5 88 55 3 28

May 46 94 42 84 43 60 400 00 88 00 4 00 4 50 3 64 6 73 49 3 50

.luii. 54 22 50 10 47 45 400 00 95 00 4 25 7. 10 4 00 7 50 49 3 71

July 57 45 53 80 53 95 400 00 95 00 4 50 9 00 4 5U 8 00 42 4 00

Uigust 54 17 50 37 5' 95 375 00 84 00 4.50 8 96 4 50 8 00 43'. 4 00

nber. 46 40 42 29 48 63 360 00 70 00 4 06 7 05 3 88 8 00 49 4 00

37 25 33 95 33 95 300 00 55 25 3 00 3 25 2.90 7 32 49 4 00

November 37 25 33 95 33 95 250 00 47 50 3 00 3 25 2 90 5 06 50; 3 58

Decembei 37 25 33 95 33 95 245 00 47 50 3 00 3 25 2 90 5 00 51 3.50

rear .... $43 59 $39 63 $40 61 $309 17 $71 16 3 66c 5 21c 3.49c. 6.29c - $3 56

Tear 1916 23 88 20 98 21.11 166 72 44 23 2 50 2 82 2 48 3 06 70S 2 53

Prices of pijr iron, ferromanganese and billets are per long, ton, 2,240 lb ; of steel products, per lb.; of nails, per 100 lb., base; of pipe, in discount on base sizes.
1 to 2 in., from a list per foot equivalent to 10c. per lb.

Government prices announced Sept 24. pig iron, beams, plates and bars; I let 1 I. billets; Nov 5. sheets, pipe and wire.

not afford to pay such high premiums on all their pur-
chases, and the inflated market would last only as long
as the famine lasted, perhaps for a few months, perhaps
to the end of the war.

On July 12, President Wilson appealed to miners and
manufacturers that they "forego unusual profits" and
that there should be "one price for all," the Govern-
ment, its Allies, and the general public. He insisted
that the war requirements were varied in character and
that, no clear line could be drawn between what was war
material and what was peace material; that, indeed, all
the resources of the country should be used for prose-
cuting the war. Tie did not refer to steel in particular
or to any specific commodity.

The steel industry was not ready, at the moment, to
subscribe to the doctrine, and the issue dragged for
some time. It became so clear, later in the year, that
President Wilson was exactly right, as regards iron and
steel, that it may well be assumed the iron and steel in-
dustry realized that the "one price for all" arrangement
would have to be made sooner or later, and merely
wished to delay the settlement while the peace con-
sumers were taking their steel so freely. The orders
of the Government were accepted either at special prices
agreed upon from time to time, or subject to a set price
to be developed later. At a meeting in Washington be-

mands upon the iron and steel industry, for two reasons :
(1) Deliveries against these orders are according to the
Government's desires, subject to mill possibilities, so
that the rate of delivery at any one time could not be
determined for comparison with the total rate of pro-
duction at the time; (2) steel is required by various
industries whose activity contributes more or less di-
rectly toward prosecuting the war, and these indus-
tries, if necessary, can call upon the Government for
support in securing deliveries.

The prospect at the close of 1917 was, indeed, that
little steel would be used for ordinary commercial pur-
poses not connected with the war. Ordinary building
activities had dropped to a low ebb. The production of
passenger automobiles had greatly decreased, while, on
the other hand, the Government had ordered 30,000
three-ton motor trucks. Scarcely any orders for cars
or locomotives had been placed by domestic roads for
several months, and the railroads were awaiting Gov-
ernment action, and probably Government financing, as
to further increases in their facilities, when President
Wilson's proclamation of Dec. 26, by the terms of
which the Government took over the operation of all the
nation's railroads, including auxiliary water lines, clari-
fied the situation and established a basis for a clear
understanding as to the future of the roads.

INEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 2

Iron Mining

in the United States

IRON mining in the United States in 1917 was active
in ,-, to the heavy demands for the ore

throughout the year. !>ut shipments were less than in
normal conditions curtailed the m<

men! from the Lake Superior districts. This decrease

late opening of the shipping season,

which prevented tree dispatch of boats before June 15,

and by the scarcity «i \essels necessary to move the "re
Excellent conditions prevailing in November permitted

rd shipments from the Lake Superior district in
that month.

The activities oi the 1. W. W. at the Lake Superior
mines led to slight disturbances on the Cuyuna and
Gogebic ranges, hut both were of small consequence
Legislation bearing on the iron industry in the Lake
erior region consisted of the passing of a bill in
Minnesota providing a fund of $50,000 per year for the
suppression of emergency disorders, and the defeat of
the tonnage or super tax. which imposed a 2\ ad
valorem levy on iron mined in that state, in addition
to all other taxes. Ore shipments down the Mississippi
were initiated.

Mhsabi Range Adopts Labor-saving Devices

Wages on the Mesabi range reached the highest point,
common labor receiving $3.60 per day toward the latter
part of 1917. and some of the contract miners getting
as high as ST. The shortage of labor, even at these
prices, led to some of the properties that ordinarily
would be mined underground being operated as open-
pits, as this process requires fewer men. This condi-
tion also stimulated the adoption of several labor-saving
devices. Among the latter were: In the openpits, 300-
ton revolving shovels, which require less track laying;
20-yd. steel automatic air-dump cars, in place of 8-yd.
hand-dump cars; air-actuated spreaders for leveling off
dumps; air drills, in place of hand drills, for drilling
ore in pits; air tamping machines for tamping ties. In
underground mines, one-man air drills were used. Hoar
and Middlemiss shoveling machines were being tried
out and other types were being developed.

Several properties formerly operated by the Arthur
Mining Co., a subsidiary of the Great Northern R.R.,
were leased on a royalty basis to the Todd-Stambaugh
Co., Pickands-Mather Co., M. A. Hanna Co., Jones &
Laughlin Co. and Butler Bros. Stripping operations
were conducted at Washoe mine, at Coleraine; Majorca
mine, at Calumet; Patrick. Kevin, Ann and York mine.-,
at Nashvvauk; Bennett mine, at Keewatin; Warren
mine, at Carson Lake; Webb mine, at Hibbing: Missabe
Mountain, at Virginia : Fayal. Jean. Rutland. Leonidas,
Adams and Spruce mines, at Eveleth, and St. James, at
Aurora. Shaft sinking was carried on at the Carson
Lake, Albany and South Agnew, at Hibbing. Two new
mines were developed at Grand Rapids by the Newport
Mining Co.. new operates in this field. New construc-
tion work included washing plants and rock-screening
plants. Power lines operated by the Great Northern
Power Co. were extended. Operations on the Vermilion
range were characterized by activity in underground
development work, and considerable exploration done.

Operations on the Cuyuna range of Minnesota were

active, owing to the demand for manganiferous iron
ores, and considerable drilling was done. Shaft sinking
was carried on at the Rowe, Mille Lacs and Feigh mines,
and the Barrows shaft, which had been idle for three
years, was unwatered. Among the new shippers in
1917 were the Joan. Barrows. Feigh and Rowley mines.
Scarcity of labor, due partly to the number of men enter-1
ing Government service, resulted in a lowering of efh-l
ciency in various organizations. No difficulty was!
encountered in securing markets for the ore, but re-j
al from the mines was hampered by lack of boats,
although there was no shortage of cars and the rail-l
roads handling the ore between the mines and the docks'^
gave excellent service. No further advances were made!
in benficiating Cuyuna ores in 1917, although there was!
increased activity and experimentation in that direction.)

Few New Shippers in Michigan and Wisconsin
In the Michigan and Wisconsin districts the mines
were active, but few new properties were opened up.i
Wages advanced similarly with those on the Minnesota^
ranges, but no labor troubles developed except a slight
disturbance by the I. W. W. on the Gogebic range, in
the Gwinn district of the Marquette range, the Cleve-f
land-Cliffs Iron Co. installed new pumping equipment,:
but this proved inadequate toward the latter part of the}
year, when excessive amounts of water compelled the
cessation of mining at the Stephenson and other mines.l
On the Gogebic range the Plymouth mine, which first
shipped in 1916, was a large producer. Among new-
shippers in 1917 were the Spies mine and Hill Top and
Victoria mines, on the Menominee range, and the
Athens, on the Marquette range.

Olh Mines Reopened in Birmingham District
In the Birmingham district iron mining was affectedi
by shortage of labor, which was somewhat relieved
toward the latter part of 1917 by the return of some on
the negro laborers who had been attracted north by high
wages and by the influx of farm laborers. Wages in-l
creased, and toward the end of the year were 40rf higher!
than in 1916. High prices paid for ores resulted in
the reopening of many old mines in the region, particu-j
larly in Franklin County.

In New York, properties near Mineville were active)
in 1917. Other producers were the Forest O'Dean mine!
at Fort Montgomery, and the Sterling mine, at Sterling-j
ton. Comp .rot\ 'ely little development is reported from!
iron mines in Virginia, and the production of hydrox-i
ide ores in the Shenandoah Valley and limonite ores
in the N «w River—ripple Creek district, formerly ac-l
tive, was small. Lirge deposits of magnetite are re-J
ported as «.''* V<\ in Piedmont County, but no mining
has yet been done there. In New Jersey and Pennsyl-f
vania, several old properties were reopened; the opera-j
tions of the Empire Steel and Iron Co. at Mt. Hope and
Oxford, N. J., were extensive and considerable magne-j
tite was mined. In the intermountain region, the Colo-)
rado Fuel and Iron Co. operated its mines in Sunrise,
Wyo., and Fierro, N. M. In California some explora-t
tion and mining of iron ores was undertaken by the!
Noble Electric Steel Co., but most of its efforts were
directed toward the production of ferroalloys.

.human

1918

ENGINEERING AND MINIM. I0URNA1

75

Ferromanganese and Spiegeleisen

Hy GEORGE C. STONE'

THERE has been a marked change in the relative
amounts of ferromanganese and spiegeleisen used
by the steel trade. Table 1 shows the imports
and production for three successive periods of live
years each, also the steel made, the proportion of man-
pnese to steel and the proportions of total manganese
supplied by spiegeleisen and ferromanganese.

Imports of spiegeleisen have almost ceased and the
production decreased over 40fr, while the imports of
ferromanganese were larger in the last two periods and
the domestic production increased nearly 200rr. Steel
production for the three periods increased in the ratio
100: 126: 184, with a decided reduction in the rela-
tive amounts of manganese, a ratio of 100: 91: 86. In
the first period. 10', of the manganese was supplied
by spiegel and 60*7 by ferro; in the next period, 24.22',
hy spiegel and 75.8' t by ferro, while in the last one
11.4', was from spiegel and 88. 6f, from ferro.

Spiegeleisen Used with Bessemer, Ferromanganese
with openhearth process

Statistics of production show that there was no ma-
terial increase in the proportion of manufactured soft
steel, which would be an obvious reason for the in-
crease in the relative amount of ferromanganese used.
The accompanying chart shows the proportion of the

TABLE I. DATA ON FKKROM ANGAM >l „ Sl'IHGKI.KISKN
AND STEEL (o)

1902-1906 f 1907-1911

Tons ' , Tons c,

348.176 26 5 116,850

960,255 73.5 800,928

Spiegeleisen imports

isen production

spiegeleisen avail-
.1 I 1,308.431

! err anganese imports 250,920

anganese produc-
tion 255,269

12 7
87.3

1912-1916
Tons ''

4,162
578,506

0 7
99 3

100 0

49 5

50 5

917,778
415,439
324,627

100 0
56 2
43 8

582.668
456,395
722,069

100 0
38 7
61 3

Ferromanganese avail-
able. total.. 506.189

Manganese in spiegeleisen 235.518
Manganese in ferro. 354.332

Manganese total

;Tpel produced

taoentage of manganese
used to steel produced

100 0 740.066 100 0 1.178.464 100 0

39 9
60 I

165,200
518,046

24 2
75 8

104.880 II 3
824,925 88 7

589,850 100 0
87.764,198

0 672

683.246 100 0
II I. II 1,897

0 615

929.805 100 0
160.969.923

0 577

e manganese is calculated on the assumption that the spiegeleisen aver-
ted IS''; and thefer-o 70<~0.

otal steel made by the bessemer and openhearth process
uid the proportion of the manganese used derived from
spiegeleisen. The decrease in the proportion of besse-
ner is closely paralleled by the decrease in the propor-
ion of the manganese derived from spiegeleisen.

In the bessemer process the heats are short and the
ime of completion is known almost to the minute.
Under these conditions, spiegel can be melted in a cupola
vithout unreasonable losses. During the time that the
>essemer converter was the principal source of steel,
piegel was largely used.

In an openhearth furnace the duration of a heat is
mcertain and so irregular that it is often impossible
■o have spiegel melted and ready at the termination of
he heat. With the increasing use of the openhearth it
therefore became common practice to use ferro, as the
'mailer quantity required could be placed in the ladle

. 'Chief metallurgist, New Jersey Zinc Co., 55 Wall St.. New
iork.

and melted by the steel. Where relatively hard steel
was desired, liquid pig iron was added to give the re

quired amount of carbon (in excess of thai carried by

the ferro) needed to release the manganese.

Economy in Use of Ferro \nh Spiegel Depends on
Pig-Iron Prices

Two forms of practice were then common. In one,
spiegel was added to give both manganese and carbon
and in the other ferro was added to give manganese
and part of the carbon and pig iron to supply the bal-
ance. Some works use spiegel by melting it in the ladle.
With a "hot" heat, this can be done without trouble.
It is, however, necessary to have some ferro on hand for
use with the "cold" heats that are occasionally made.
The relative economy of the two methods depends on
the prices of pig iron, ferromanganese and spiegeleisen.

-

Hsj

.-'

—

Peg

^_

&

>

..—

>er

C
/

.--'

--"

.-■

/

.-'

% '

.-''

/

S

%
V

fro/n c

-

\

0

^ fl N C ff' o

o o o o o —

a*ffia*ff*(T^ff>criff*0*

<u to ^ ir>

COMPARISON OF BESSEMER AND OPENHEARTH STEELS
AND PER CENT OF .MANGANESE FROM SPIEGEL

However, it is easier for the steel maker to use ferro
always, and in most cases he does, regardless of cost.

In general, while the prices of pig iron, ferroman-
ganese and spiegeleisen rise and fall together, the
changes are seldom proportional and the price of pig
iron must be taken into account, as the proportion of
iron in spiegel is much larger than in ferro. The price
of pig iron is always known and with the price of either

TABLE II

VALUE OF SPIEGEL ON BASIS OK KKKUO AND
PIG-IRON PK1< I -

Base 80c; Ferro Add or Subtract Add or Subtract

Per Cent. Mn. at $50. Pig fur Variation of for Variation of

in Spiegel at $10 $ I in Ferro Pi w, $1 in Pig Price

70 $44 92 $0 8747 $0 1199

60 39 87 0 7498 0 2375

50 34 81 0 6250 0 3563

40 28 03 0 4851 0 4773

30 23 14 0 3633 0 5946

20 18 26 0 2425 0 7136

10 13 38 0 1213 0 8318

For instance: When ferromanganese is $275 :ind pig iron $36.30. what is the
value of 20% spiegel

Base $18 26

$225 increase in ferro at 0.2425 54 56

$26. 30 increase in pig at 0. 7 1 36 18 77

Value of 20% spiegel $91 59

spiegel or ferro also known, the relative value of the
other can readily be calculated. By relative value is
meant the prices for the alloys that will give equal
amounts of available manganese for the same cost. The
calculations in Tables II and III assume that allovs

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 106, No.

carrying 40 or leas manganese will be remelted at a
>l per ton. with a loss of •'! of the manganese.
Alloys containing more than io\ manganese will not be
remelted.

The prices paid for spiegel and ferro are frequently
out of proportion, as shown in Table IV. which gives
the quoted prices for ferromanganese and pi^r and the
calculated values of spiegel for the years 1907 to L916.

TABLE m VALUE OF FERRO ON BASIS OI SPIEOE1 VND
PIG-IRON PRU

VU of Subtract
- \lu >t J."

\-i.i

I ion of

inFrrrv> si S $1 in Spiegel Price

$1 in Pig !'ri,<-

80 $57 17 »4 1240

$2 94 10

70 51 li ) 6075

1 4556

60 45 25 1 0924

SO WW 2 5775

1 4831

40 M 51 2 0000

0 950}

M 1 4981

0 4750

10 14 23 0 5001

0 4750

*-_■*■■■■■ What i» 80''; frrromawmnrw uortli when

20' , tpigel i '

ami pig btnv $ W 10

Bur

$57 17

$71 59 iti.-r. -. prioe at $4,124

1 D plK prifr nt $2 941

77 40

$275 01

During a large part of that time, spiegel was sold for
less and sometimes much less than these prices. Those
who have used spiegel have found it profitable to con-
tinue the practice.

Rigid REQUIREMENTS Demanded by Steel Makers
The steel maker is unreasonable not only in disre-
garding the relative values of the two alloys but he ob-
jects to buying any spiegel that does not contain either
10 or 20% manganese, and demands unreasonable con-
cessions in price for intermediate grades. I know of
many cases where the steel makers have refused to
pay more for 23 or 25<7 spiegel than for 20%. In one
case a steel mill was buying 10 and 20% spiegel from
the same furnace company, which, it was learned, was
mixing them to give a 15% product. When this mill
was offered 15f, spiegel it refused to pay more for it
than for 10 per cent.

The phosphorus limits set for spiegel are severe and
strictly enforced. As a matter of fact, 0.10'r phos-
phorus in the spiegel is as little as will show a recogniz-

TABLE I\ PRICES "1

FERRO AND I'M;

IRON

Willi

SPTEG1 1

i mi i\ m i:\t

BaltiiiiT' 1

Pittaburgn :

Equivalent

Years

80' , Ferro

Bceacmer Pig

Value 20c< Spiegel

1907

$62 75

$21 74

$29 73

1908

44 SI

lb 14

21 26

1909

42 73

17 45

21.81

1910

40 49

17.12

21 04

1911

37 25

15 73

19 26

1912

50 40

16 01

22 65

1913

57 87

17 II

25 24

1914

55 80

14 90

23 17

1915

92 21

15 79

32 63

1916

164 12

23 85

55 81

able amount in the steel. With the usual proportion of
r>rr spiegel, this would give only 0.005 r , in steel, which
is the limit of accuracy in ordinary works' analysis. I
have known steel mills that regularly reported about
0.05 % less phosphorus in spiegel than it actually con-
tained, although it did not affect the quality of the prod-
uct in the least. The same mill, however, would have
rejected spiegel containing much less than this amount
over the guarantee.

The same things are true of ferromanganese. The
steel maker can be persuaded to take 60 rf , but the only
grades he wants are 70 and 80 ff and there are fre-
quent cases of rejections where the grade was close to
the limits. A maximum variation of 2% either way is
frequently insisted on.

The requirement of extreme uniformity and purity
was. perhaps, excusable before the war when the supply
was ample, for it saved trouble in the steel works and
the additional cost was not serious. In 1913. the last
year before the war, 31,300,874 tons of steel were pro-
duced and 193,170 tons of manganese used. In 1916,
42,773,680 tons of steel were made and 253,643 tons of
manganese used.

The imports of spiegel are negligible. The production
in 1916 was double that in 1915, but only about two-
thirds of the previous maximum, while ferro imports
maintained the average rate of the previous seven years.
Ferro production in 1916 was 48rr greater than in the
previous year, which was the largest on record.

It is probable that the next few years will show a
further increase in the production of steel and conse-
quently in the demand for manganese. If this is to be
met, the steel makers will have to take whatever grades
the available ores will make and pay prices equivalent
to those they paid for the preferred grades.

The supply of ores necessary to make 80 % ferro-
manganese is extremely limited. The ratio of man-
ganese to iron must be 6J: 1 when the silica equals ^
the sum of the iron and manganese and the ratio must
be 7'. : 1 when the silica equals 0.46 of the iron and
manganese. Table V gives the approximate results that
may be expected from ores of varying compositions.

TABLE V MANGANESE IN ALLOYS Fill! CORRESPONDING RATIOS
OF IRON, SILICA AND MANGANESE IN ORES

Ratio ii
Ores,

Ml, : F.

1 : 3
1 : 2

2 : 1

3 : 1

4 : 1

5 : 1

6 1

7 1

4' j SiO,

12',

Sil 1,

20'r S

O,

'.Ml,

Relativi Make

', Mi.

Relative Make

', Mi,

Relal ive Makt

100 0

20 7

72 4

17.8

52.6

14.0

99 7

28 2

72 1

25 5

52 2

21 9

99 1

43 8

71 6

41 6

51.7

38 7

97 9

59 8

70 5

58 3

50 8

56.1

96 1

67 9

69 0

66 6

49 5

64 9

94 0

72 7

67 4

71 6

48 2

70 1

91 9

75 9

65 7

74 9

46 8

73.6

89 7

78 2

63 9

77 3

45.4

76 0

87 5

79 9

62 2

79 0

44 3

77 8

Most of the available ore has a ratio of iron to man-
ganese other than that which will give the grades most
in demand. Much of it is siliceous and much is high in
phosphorus so that the demand for extreme freedom
from phosphorus unduly restricts the salability of avail-
able ores. The demand for close adherence to certain
arbitrary percentages of manganese also restricts the
supply of ores and decreases the output of manganese
alloys. No ore is absolutely uniform and no furna<
works with absolute uniformity. If only certain grad
are salable the furnace manager "plays safe" and ru
his furnace with a large margin of safety on quali
to avoid making grades that must be either remelted o:
sold at a relatively lower price. In some cases, if
finds he can make an alloy slightly above the desin
limit and receives no more for it, he increases his bur-
den and drives harder, making more product but wasting
manganese.

Lower grades will have to be used, as not only is then
a scarcity of ore suitable for making the high grades
but, in making them, losses of manganese are larger anc
the capacity of a furnace is reduced. Specifications
should allow the greatest possible latitude in grade anc
the maximum phosphorus that can be used without in
jury to the product. Academic purity and the conve
nience of the users must be disregarded if we are to get
a sufficient supply of manganese ores, for which w<
know no substitute.

January 12. l'.ns

RNGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

77

Chronology of Mining for 1917

.1 AM Aid

Jan. 1 — Reorganized "Ohio Copper Co., of Utah" n
operation oi pan) account of Ol dm In BlnRham Canyon

jnn. a — Three men killed in Pittsburgh-Idaho it Oil

more, Idaho, hj explosion on 100 level; 10 others temporaril)
tntombed rescued the following daj

.inn. i — United Eastern's 200-ton mill In the Oatmai
in Arizona liegun operation

Jan. s- Electrolytic Zinc Co of Australia beg&i nstructlor

.»f new electrolytic Bine plant near Hobart, Tasmania

Jan. ii Mexican decree, embodying forfeiture of idle m ig

ertles. extended to Feb 14; further postponement asked by
, stales Government

.inn. I', i 'i olution ol I'll,, i Butte Mining Co ordered bj
assets having been purchased bj Inaconda.

.inn. in i ,abor strike at New Cornells Coppei Co 'i nev
hint! plant at Ajo. Ariz, praetieally ended by structural steel
workers returning to work, repudiating jurisdiction of interna-
tional Union of Mine, Mill and Smelter Workers

Jnn. I" — Lead shipped from SI Louis In the first half of
November had not yet been received in New York, 1 1> it- i

ting the freight congest'on of ilie time' normal transit from
St Louis to New York is about two weeks

.Inn. 30 — l-'.rst section of Consolidated Coppermlnei Co.'s
500-ton notation mill started at Kimberly, Nev.— Machinery
"turned over" .it new electrolytic zinc plant of Judge Mining
and Smelting Co., near Park City. Utah.

Jan. 84 — End of two-weeks strike at Perth ^.mboy plant of
Am. lean Smelting and Refining Co.

Jan. 20 — Calumet & Arizona Mining Co.'s stock listed on
New York Stock Exchange.

.Ian. 30 — Art 33 of new Mexican constitution, requiring
foreigners to renounce nationality and treaty rights before ac-
quiring property, withdrawn for reconsideration.

FEBRUARY

Keb. 1— Leasing system re-established at Goldfield Consolidated
Mines Co.. Goldfield. Nev

Feb. 2 — British Ministry of Munitions ordered that no person
should deal in lead except under license — Suit filed against Ten-
nessee Copper Co. and National Surety Co. by Russian govern-
ment for $1.1411.1100 advanced on trinitrotoluol purchase.

Feb. IS — Price of silver reached 79c. per oz.. highest price
since June. 1893. — Smeltery of Mason Valley Mines Co. at Thomp-
son, Nev.. resumed operations.

Feb. 1.1 — Cerro de Pasco Copper Corporation stock listed
on New York Stock Exchange.

Feb. 19 — Smelting resumed in Mexico by American Smelting
and Refining Co. at Monterrey, Xuevo Leon.

Feb. 25 — Snowslide at Federal Mining and Smelting Co.'s
North Star mine. 12 miles northeast of Hailey. Idaho, struck
compressor house and bunkhouse, killing 16 men.

MARCH

Mar. 1 — Star Mining Co. filed suit for $500,000 against Fed-
eral Mining and Smelting Co. for alleged ore trespass through
latter's Morning mine in Caeur d'Alene district, Idaho — Increase
of 25c. per day in wages made by Park City. Utah, mines as
a result of the high prices for lead and silver — In the Coeur
d'Alene district of Idaho, another increase of 25c per day was
made effective while lead remains at or above TJe per lb., total
bonus now being $1 25 per shift

Mar. 6 — Price of lead in New York touched 93c per lb., being
the highest since Civil War times.

Mar. 8 — E. P. Mathewson awarded 1917 medal of Mining
and Metallurgical Society of America, for distinguished service
to the industry. — Mazapil Copper Co. resumed smelting operations
on small scale at its works in Coahuila. Mexico.

Mar. 12 — First train of ore hauled from Goodwin, terminus
of new Deep Creek railroad in western Utah.

Mar. 13 — Capitalization of Copper Queen Consolidated Mining
Co., of Bisbee. Ariz., increased from $2,000,000 to $50,000,000
and name changed to the Phelps Dodge Corporation, after having
taken over the properties of Phelps, Dodge & Co.

Mar. 14 — Termination of extension period for forfeiture of
Mexican mining properties unoperated or which failed to request
exemption because of impossible operating conditions.

Mar. 15 — Old Dominion Co. of Maine succeeded Old Dominion
Copper Mining and Smelting Co., a New Jersey Corporation, and
will henceforth operate the Old Dominion and the United Globe
mines at Globe, Ariz

Mnr. iii— Tamai &i ■■ nan holdi 1 1 i ob ■! to ell thi

' Co giving Ii

eomplel ntrol ol hlgan copper n

Mnr. n — Eden Mining Co Tonopah Mining l Idlarj

m Nicaragua bega old on at Initial 1 1 Itj ol

ISO ions dallj i-'n i ore from !700-fl level Lodi

Nevada, ■! during thit weeK from old Co d Virginia

mine , lowest mining In "bi iOO-ft.

Mnr. ■;! Leading coppei mine* •■< the United si erei

Govei urn. m al I oppei at 18Ii

price in id '" ha i been received bj United Metals Selling

i v during la I di cadi i

Mnr. : : End of 17-daj trlke at Copper Co. n

.it Laurel inn Long island

Mnr. -M — Fire in Utah 1 ni at Bingham Utah, begin-

me on liiiio-fi level, extended to 1300-fl level and Hooding

was resorted t" on Mar n | .■ 'rlzon ton buI-

i'Imi 1c acid plant started at Douglas, Ariz, providing supplj
of acid tor New Cornelia's copper leaching .ii \ i"

Mur. 3ii — Semicentennial of Alaska purchase for $7. 200.000

U'KII.

\i>r. 1 — Milling began al Alaska Juneau Gold Minim; Co.
Yuba No 16 gold dredge, with 18-cu.fl buckets and double
tailings stackers i" reclaim Yuba Etlvei channel, started digging
near Hammonton, Calif Wages of employees' receiving 13 to
■ per day at the Homestake Mining 1 '" In South Dakota ad-
vanced 1691 to in ', respectively- Potash plant, .i.-.ied near
Se.-nies Lake, at Borosolvay, Calif., by Pacific Coast Borax Co.

,1 Soivay Process Co began operation

Apr. 2 — Ohio c,.|>i>,r Co of Utah, acquired all stock ami
majority of bonds of Bingham Central Railway Co., which owns
the Mascotte tunnel, the outlet for the Ohio ore,

Apr. 4 — Sunnyslde and Gold Prince mines In San Juan dis-
trict. Colorado, optioned to U. S. Smelting. Refining and Mining
Exploration Co.

Apr. 5 — New mining tax bill passed by Ontario legislature.
Increasing mainly the tax on nickel and nickel-copper mines.

Apr. 6 — United States declared state of war existed with
Germany.

Apr. 7 — Herbert C Hoover appointed by United States Council
of National Defense to head American Commission on food supply
and prices, Mr. Hoover later to become Food Administrator.

Apr. 10 — Announcement that Williams-Harvey Corporation,
controlled jointly by Williams, Harvey & Co.. Ltd.. and the
National Lead Co.. would erect 300-ton. tin-smelting plant on
Jamaica Bay. Long Island — Nichols Copper Co. broke ground at
its Laurel Hill refinery for a new plant to treat the gold ami
silver slimes obtained in electrolytic copper refining.

Apr. 16 — Chile Copper Co. increased capital from $110,000.-
iiiii to $135,000,000 and authorized bond issue of $100. 000. onn.
of which $35.1100.000 is to be issued for extensions to plant
to triple present capacity — Final decree granted by United States
District Court of Montana in suit of Minerals Separation vs.
James M. Hyde — Suit of Minerals Separation vs. Butte & Superior
for flotation-patent infringement began at Butte. Mont.

Apr. 21 — Caving of old workings in Douglas Island mines
along the Gastineau Channel caused flooding and closing of
Alaska Treadwell. Seven Hundred and Alaska Mexican mines —
Ready Bullion mine saved by bulkhead.

Apr. 23 — Fire in Anaconda's Modoc mine at Butte resulted
in temporary closing of Modoc and High Ore mines, the Specu-
lator and Granite Mountain mines of the North Butte company
and the Butte-Ballaklava mine.

Apr. 24 — Sale of Big Jim gold mine at Oatman, Ariz., to
United Eastern Mining Co ratified by Big Jim stockholders —
Wages advanced 25c. per shift in Tintic district in Utah — Re-
ceiver appointed in London for Granville Mining Co., which
controls Canadian Klondyke Mining Co., Canadian Power Co.
and North West Corporation in Yukon Territory.

Apr. 27 — Preliminary leaching begun at New Cornelia Copper
Co.'s 5000-ton plant at Cornelia in the Ajo district of Arizona.

Apr. 28 — Seven men killed by powder gas on entering un-
ventilated 1400-ft. level of Mountain King gold mine, in Mariposa
County. California

MAY

May 1 — Wages in California gold mines increased to maxi-
mum of $3.50 and minimum of $3 per shift

May 6 — Cable dispatches announced destructive fire at nickel-
refining works of A. S Kristianssands Nikkelraffineringsverk at
Christiansand. Norway.

:s

ENGINEERING AND MINING . OUKNAL

Vol. 105, No. 2

m»< B. 'i'ivr smeltery of Qranby

of ooke resulting from Btrlke
in the

m»* ii Sul pper appointed by Bernard M

B&ruch. . on ra» material! of the Na-

Council m< >pper committee Including

rj Quggenheim. Charlee M MacNelll,
• i w \ Clark.
Ma] i» Sales of lead reported al lie In New Tork
Maj .in that G msolldated Copp

would n and thai ■ inanea would become the

holding company for the oopper operations at Cananea,

Mao 2« Production In Jerome, Ariz . copper mines stopped
by miners' strike — Utah Apex mine In Bingham Canyon resumed
ship two months shutdown due to tire and flooding of

mi n <•

m»> js — Announcement that Bunker Hill .v Sullivan Mining
and ting Co. would erect a 10-ton electrolytic zinc

plant — Case of Minerals Separation. Ltd., V! Copper C

in U S Circuit Court of Appeals, Philadelphia, for flotation-patent
Infringement decided In favor of plaintiff.

M«> 2t» — Peruvian troops sent to quell Btrlke dtsordi
Cerro de Pasco copper smeltery at La Fundicldn : Bmeltery Btrlke
settled May 31 — Ontario government passed an Order-in-Council
tiding for one year assessment work on mining claims.

May il- -'Smoke" damages allowed against smelting com-
panies in Sudbury nickel districts. Ontario, but injunction re-
nlng operation denied, on ground of greatest good to the com-
munity.

JIM

junr 4 — Miners resume work in Jerome, Ariz, after 10-day
strike . union not recognized.

June : — First electrolytic copper produced by New Cornelia
Copper Co 's leaching plant. Ajo. Ariz. — Announcement of increase
in authorized capital stock of American Metal Co. from $3,500,-
000 to I25.000.iioo. though Immediate actual Increase was only
to $7,000,000

June S — Fire in Granite Mountain mine of North Butte Mining
Co.. Butte. Mont., resulted in death of 164 men

June 11 — Beginning of I W W strike at Butte. Mont curtail-
ing work to day shift for the most part with 10 to 2:".'; of the
normal crews — American Smelting and Refining Co resumed
operation of two copper furnaces at Agtiascalientes. Mexico

Jane 12 — Price of lead touched 12< per lb., the highest price

■ed during 1H17 — U S Steel Corporation and many othei

mining and metallurgical companies declared special dividends,

recommending that stockholders endorse checks in favor of

American R>.l I

June IS— Strike at Tooele Utah, smeltery of International
Smelting Co : men voted to return to work on June 30.

June 15 — Ground broken this month for new reduction works
of British America Nickel Corporation at Nickelton, Ontario, to
July. 1919, al cost of (3

June 20 — Roasting furnaces started at Bunker Hill .V- Sullivan
lead works. Kellogg. Idaho

Junr il — Greene-Cananea copiier operations in Sonora, Mexico.
dosed down as result of inti bj government officials,

\merican employees returning to the States

June 22 — Canadian government took over operation of crow's

■ F'ass coal mines, where a strike had been in force for several
months resulting in closing of Granny's Grand Forks. B C

■ r smeltery and restriction of other metal production —
Exports Council created by President Wilson to assist In regula-
tion of exports, to be composed of the Secretary of State .-■
tary of Commerce. Secretary of Agriculture and the Food Admin-
istrator.

June 28 — 1 W W union at Bisbee. Ariz., started strike.
about 50% of the miners stopping work

June z7 — United States Navy Department placed order for
6n. 000. 000 lb. of copper at 25c per lb.

Jt I.Y
July 1 — Strikes at copper mines in various parts of country
■-tarted by I. W. W. organizations, especially at Clifton. Morenci.
Miami and Globe, same organization having already begun
strikes at Bisbee and Butte

July 5 — Federal troops sent to Globe. Ariz, to prevent
rian strikers from interfering with pumpmen and others en-
deavoring to keep copper mines open — First lead blast furnace
' inker Hill & Sullivan works blown in

julv 9 — Proclamation by the President prohibiting exports
of coal, steel, fuel oils, fertilizers, explosives, ferromanganese
and other products except by license.

Jul? II Mm. in 1300 1 W W.'s and sympathizers, interfering
with miners working In nisi.ee district. Arizona, were deported

bj Sheriff Wheeler, assisted by Cltlaens Protective League

rnor Campbell of Arizona requested President Wilson tt
send Federal troops to preserve order in Clifton, Morenci. Bisbee,
Jerome. Humboldt, Kay. \ io and in Mohavi County — Conference
of steel men and Secretarj of Navy, Secretary of War and
Bernard M Baruch, chairman of raw -material committee, agreed
upon plan for fixing price of steel.

July IS— M A. ii. iima Co., of Cleveland. Ohio, leased larg.
Northern ore lands.

July 14 — Rioting between Americans and foreigners occurred
m Flat River and other Southeastern Missouri towns, native
miners refusing to permit foreigners to work in lead mines.

Jul] 10 — Montana Power Co, and mining companies on one

Bide and Metal Trades Council and electrical workers on other

i igreement and concluded terms satisfactory to both,

but no agreement made with 1 W. W miners' union — Price of

silver reached 81. lc. per ounce.

Jul* is M \ Hanna Co.. of Cleveland, Ohio, purchased Penn-
sylvania i: i: Co coal lands

July 80 — Strike of miners in Leadville district resulted in
shutting down of mines.

July 26 — Explosion in No. 12 colliery at New Waterford,
N S., belonging fo nonunion Coal Co., of Sydney, killed Ii:'
miners.

July 30 — Iron miners on Gogebic Range in Michigan struck,
following I W. W. agitation.

July 31 — Commandeering of iron mines of Cumberland and
Lancaster Counties by British Minister of Munitions announced
by U. S. Consul General Skinner, of London.

A I til ST

Aug-. 1 — Frank Little. I W W agitator, hanged at Butte,
Mont . by masked men.

tug. 2 — Leadville. Colo, miners' strike ended.

Aug. t — Explosion of gas occurred in No. 7 mine of West
Kentucky Coal Co., Clay, Ky . killing a total of 61 men, 34 being
rescued — Strike at the smeltery of the St. Louis Smelting arxj
Refining Co. at Collinsville. Ill

Aug. 8 — New Jersey Zinc Co began rolling sheet zinc .'I'
Palmerton, Penn.

Aug. 10 — U. S. Senate adopted Pittman Bill providing for til
leasing of Government lands containing potash and other chemies
resources.

Aug. 11 — New position of superintendent of experimental st*
lions, with headquarters in Washington, created by Director Va?
II Manning of U. S Bureau of Mines. Dorsey A. Lyon being
named as the first incumbent

Aug. 15 — Previous sale of copper to Navy Department at 25c.
having been repudiated, it was reported that the War Industries
1 ..I had agreed to advance copper producers 22}c. per lb.,
ing the difference between that price and 25c. to be settled
after receipt of report on cost of production by the Federal
Trade Commission — Great Falls refinery reported closed, and
Raritan refinery operated at reduced capacity

Aug. IC> — Hereafter shipments of steel to Canada and New-
foundland will not require individual licenses, in order to facili-
tate exports to those countries.

Aug. 17 — New mining experiment stations authorized at Min-
neapolis for the iron industry and at Columbus. Ohio, for the
ceramic industry

Aug. 19 — Arrest by U S. military authorities of 27 I W. W,
leaders, including James Rowan, district secretary, at Spokane,
who issued orders for a general strike of. workers in Montana.
Idaho, Washington and Oregon, which threatened to retard neces-
sary war materials

Aug. 2 1 — President Wilson fixes base price of bituminous
coal at about $2 per ton of 2000 lb., at mouth of mine — Exports
Administrative Board established by the President, superseding
order of June 22 establishing an Exports Council, to be composed
of the council with addition of the Chairman of the Shipping
Board.

\uk. 84 — Dr H A Garfield, president of Williams College
named as Fuel Administrator — Price of anthracite (except for
buckwheat) fixed at $4 to $5.30, according to locality and size.

Aug. 27 — Closing of smelteries in Anaconda and Great Falls
by labor strikes resulted in shutdown of Anaconda mines at
Butte — Second proclamation of the President prohibiting exports
of war materials to Central Powers and other countries

\ug. 30 — Price of silver in New York reached 903c, the highest
in 25 years

Januarj L2, L918

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOI RNAL

79

SEP II Mill K

Bept, i — Spelter production estimated al about 5S.000 tons
per month, • •! 10,000 tons less than the maximum

s.'i'i. ">- Minerals Separation won Its sun In U S Dl
Burt In Mom. in. i for Infringement of flotation patenti i > Butti
,<• Superior, which continued to operate under special ' agreement

I \\ u headquarter* throughout the United State* were
,| on orders from Vttorne)1 General Gregory

>,.,,i. s Decree granted by U s Dlatricl Courl of Dela-
ware in favor "i Minerals Separation In the flotation Bull ...
du' .Miami Coppei ''■'. which continued i" operate under bond
Mexican Hun , ,'i Congress passed bill providing for thi

t>or:ii\ taking ovei and management by the e,.\,t nl "t Idle

Industi

Sept, in Embargo on exportation of gold proclaimed by
it Wilson

Sept. I! Among the Eastern copper refineries, one still do
two others operating at greatly reduced capacltj and a thin!
. id about ;,i the end of Its stock of blister copper

Bept. 13 — Shasta County, Calif., copper miners and smelter-
men returned t<> work

Sept. i; Vnaconda reported about half the normal force at
work in Its mines — Exports Administration Board Issued "Con
Mrvation List" giving partial list of materials the export of
which is prohibited

Bept. i!» — Further list of materials Issued, the export of which
.,.j,i iiniirt license.

Sept. 80- American Federation of Labor requests President
Wilson to appoint committee to investigate Arizona labor con-
ditions— Price of silver advanced to $1.08} per ounce, the hlghesl
figure reached in 1917 and fur over 25 years.

Sept. '.'1- Copper price of 2.1Jc per lb. fob. New York.

to the Government, Allies and the public was fixed by voluntary

agreement between the Government and leading copper producers,

for four months, producers agreeing not to reduce wages

Hid to maintain maximum output.

Sept. 24 — War Industries Board and steel producers agree
to reduction in price of pig iron, some steel products and cokes
effective for four months. $33 for pig iron and $6 for coke.

Sept. 88 — Copper producers organized a new Copper Producers
Committee to conduct the copper business of the- country under
the new conditions.

OCTOBER

Oit. 1 — President Wilson signed the Potash Lands Leasing
Bill.

Oct. 2 — The principal copper consumers formed a committee
:o confer with the Copper Producers Committee

Oct. 4 — Plant of Empire Smelting and Refining Co. Deming.
V. M., destroyed by fire.

Oct. 5 — Bill passed by Congress providing for suspension of
innual assessment work on mining claims during 1917 and 1918.

Oct. 6 — Federal Reserve Board arranged to supply necessary
imount of gold to permit American companies operating in
Mexico to continue — "Trading with the Enemy Act" approved.

Oct. 12 — Waj- Trade Board established by order of the Presi-
ient to regulate exports of certain products.

Oct. 16 — President Wilson approves site of nitrate plant at
Muscle Shoals, near Sheffield. Alabama.

Oct. 17 — The metals division of the National Association of
iVaste Materials Dealers agreed to work in harmony with the
War Industries Board on the basis of 23~c. per lb. for copper —
The Federal Lead Co. curtailed production at its mines in Mis-
souri to one-half

Oct. 20 — Rockefeller plan of adjustment of industrial labor
lisputes upheld by Colorado State Industrial Commission.

Oct. 22 — Additions to "Conservation List" of materials re-
pairing export licenses.

Oct. 23 — Globe-Miami strike settled through efforts of labor
•ommission appointed by President Wilson.

Oct. 24 — Headquarters of Metal Mine Workers (I. W W.
inion) at Anaconda, Mont, raided and strike leaders arrested
in the charge of interfering with copper production.

Oct. 25 — Potash plant of Mineral Products Corporation at
Uunite, six miles west of Marysvale. Utah, destroyed by fire.

Oct. 29 — Advance of 45c. per ton on bituminous coal allowed
>y Fuel Administrator.

Oct. 30 — Labor commission arranges settlement of strike in
'lifton-Morenci-Metcalf copper district, in Arizona — Labor strike
eported in Texas and Louisiana oil fields ; about 9000 men out.
— T. W. W. activity in Tulsa. Okla.. oil fields reported.

M>\ I Mill It

\..>. I— Announood that ■ • upecial mining regiment known us
i lie 27th Englneei Did bi raised bj voluntas*} enlistment

N"> i -Yuba No i, gold dredge launched mar Hammc
i ilifornla

n,,\. .% — i. w u headquarter raided In Tulsa, Okla

fieldt and nine membei squeal to the dynamiting

..I Hi, home of j. Edgai Pew genera] manager • •! Cartel 0
Co Maximum prlcei approved bj the President i"i cold-rolled
plate, pipe hi ign ed upon bj

Wai Indu >ard and steel produoei —Embargo at two

Murraj sampling mill ..i t tah Ore Sampling Co, lifted

\,,,. ii — National Fuel Administrator ll. A. Garfield issued
• •1,1., requisitioning 10$ of outpul ol even U. B ooal mine

s.,v. 8— Seventeen t w v\ membei Hogged, tarred and
feathered in Tulsa, okla., bj i nd oi ma ked n

\.n. is -Osagi Indian ol least , covering area of 20,

acres, sold

Nm. 13 Zini producer organized a committee to cooperate
with the War Industries Board In fixing a basis for establishing
prices for the several grades of Bpelter

Nov. is — l,.'i» regulating manufacture, Bali torage and use
of explosives became effective, v S Peabodj being appointed
to take charge- of Its enforcement

Nov. 17 — Oliver Iron. Mining Co announced that part of town
of Hibbing. Minn, will be removed to facilltati mining of un-
derlying orebodv

Nov. 18 — Mexican government during this week issued circular
prohibiting any new denouncements of mining claims

Nov. 20 — In Butler County Oil fields of Kansas, 50 I. W W
workers were arrested in connection with labor troubles.

Nov. 24 — Comfort flub organized in connection with mining
regiment, the 27th Engineers.

Nov. 25 — Mexican decree issued establishing damage claim
bureaus to adjust claims arising from the revolution

Nov. 26 — U. S. Government attaches all tin assaying over
99.75% stored in warehouses — Mill of Dome Mines, Ltd, in
Porcupine, Ont, ordered shut down by directors, owing to in-
ability to make profit under current conditions.

Nov. 29 — Suit involving ownership of tailings dumped on
adjoining property decided by Canadian court in favor of Peter-
son Lake. Mining Co. against the Dominion Reduction Co.

Nov. 30 — Price of tin at New York jumped to 88c. per lb., the
highest figure during 1917.

DECEMBER
Dec. 1 — Decree issued by Mexican government providing for
taxation of metal exports — Advance of 35c. per ton allowed on an-
thracite by Fuel Administrator — Chiksan Mining Co.'s dredge
went> into operation in Chosen.

Dec. G — Department of Interior ready to issue permits for
prospecting for potash on public lands — Yukon gold dredge started
operating on Prichard Creek. Idaho — International Nickel Co.'s:
new electrolytic refinery. Port Colburne, Ontario, practically com-
pleted.

Dec. 7 — United States declares state of war exists with
Austria.

Dec. 10 — Greene Cananea resumed operation, after shutdown
of mines June 22 — Hereafter, tin imports will be regulated by
American Iron and Steel Institute.

Dec. 11 — Ore shipments from Duluth. Minn., docks closed
at head of the Lakes.

Dec. 15 — Mexican gold embargo will be raised as result of
agreement between United States and Mexico, the former being
obliged to return the entire gold content of the ore and 25%
of the silver extracted — Navigation between Lake Superior and
lower lakes closed — D. C. Jackling appointed by Secretary Baker
to take charge of construction work of Government explosives
plants involving expenditure of $90,000,000.

Dec. 18 — I. W. W. union at Butte formally voted to call off
strike — Production of Anaconda Copper Mining Co. for last sev-
eral weeks was up to 90% of normal.

Dec. 21 — End of strike, which started Nov. 15, at smeltery of
Consolidated Mining and Smelting Co.. at Trail. B. C.

Dec. 25 — Electrolytic Zinc Co. of Australia started its 10-ton
electrolytic zinc plant near Hobart, Tasmania.

Dec. 28 — Government operation of railroads of United State3
begun at noon, under the direction of William G. MeAdoo,
Secretary of the Treasury — Maximum prices on iron ore, coke,
pig iron, steel and steel products directed by the President to
be continued in effect until Mar. 31. 1918, the same having been
subject to revision Jan. 1, 1918.

-

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105. No.

New Mining and Metallurgical Construction

in

1917

\i.i...... Graphite ootnpai which completed oonsti

-. bland, completed 200-ton

i. 18] : . the Alabama at Ash-

tj dail) and No • ol 100 tons

plant started Sept IS; American,

hland, 100-ton, Oot i . Axton-

lon, July; Ceylon, Qoodwater, 186-ton, Peb-

ake, Ashland, 100-ton, October; Enterprise,

\ hland ISO-ton, June IS .

'.iu.it.'! 160-ton, luly; Grtesmer, Ashland, i"11 ton,

Southern, Llnevllie, 100-ton, 0( ill States,

Hood-Graves, Ashla I 10 i ton, Oct l:

J^iu . I Ashland. 100-ton, July: King Ashland, 100-ton,

iber; Llnevllie, Llnevllie, 100-ton, May; Monitor, Ashland,

Sept t. Mao Bros., Ishland, inn-ton. Oct I; National,

Ash' ton. auk - . Peerless Llnevllie, 100-ton, July;

Republic Ashland, 100-ton, Oct r; Southern Star, Ashland,

■ton, Octoher. C work but

aid not complete plants were as follows Birmingham, Pyrlton
100-tc • in, Mt, Llnevllie, 100 tons; Empire, Ishland

100 • bite) Co of America Goodwater, 800 tons; Norway

phlte Milling Co Chandler Spring:, 100-ton; Orlean i
Llnevtlle, 100-ton: .Superior Flake. Ashland. 100-ton plant

iiiriiiinKii»ni-Trii->>iri» Iron Co., Trussville Jefferson County.

Ala., completed construction of furnace of 260-ton daily capacity.

installation of skip hoist, four Canal! boilers and new stock house

st of 1600,000; plant ready for o|ieration about Jan 1, l!'lv

i rntrni Coal and iron Co., Holt. Tuscaloosa County, Ala., n
modelling' tipple, relaying tracks and Installing new boilers at
Valley View mine at estlm of 160,000

tiulf state- sieel Co.. Shannon. Jefferson County. Ala . started
construction or mining plant with capacity of 1000 tons Iron ore

daily at estimated cost of (2S0, I; to be completed in spring

Of 1918.

Krpuhlir iron and steel Co.. Thomas (Sta. Birmingham), Jef-
in County. Ala. ed installation of two Curtis-General

Electric 2600-kw. generators.

Bloaa Sheffield Bteel and Iron Co., Birmingham, Jeffi
County. Ala., completed new tipple at Slose No. 1 Red Ore Mine
in December. 1917.

southern Manganese < orporatlon. Anniston. Calhoun County.
Ala., completed construction of 1" electric furnaces for producing
ferromanganese. adding two more furnaces making total capacity

Lbout 1"" tons daily, to be in operation about Jan 1. 1918;
estimated cost la 1600,1

Bheffleld Bteel (orporatlon. Sheffield, Colbert County, Ala., re-
pairing two 260-ton furnaces to be In operation Apr. 1, 1918; also
equipping brown-ore mines at Uussellville, coke ovens at Jasper;
oated at Jl, 000. 000.

Sheibj Iron Co., Shelby, Shelby County. Ala. remodeling sec-
ond furnace to hav total daily capacity.

Talladega Iron Co., Talladega, Talladega County. Ala., re-
modeled 260-ton furnace to be In operation Feb. 1. 1918.

Woodward Iron Co., Woodward, .l.fferson County. Ala., started
construction of railroad preparatory to sinking vertical shaft In
.1, T 24, R. 4.

Alaska Juneau, Juneau, Alaska, started one unit of new mill
in operation at end of March and additional units later in
Planned to increase 12 ball-mill units to 1000-ton daily capacit)
making total ultimate capacity, 11,000 torn dally.

Admiralty- Ala-ka Gold Mining Co., Punter, Alaska, started
construction 2000-ft. power pipe line; installed 12-drill compi
and expect 10-drilI compressor to be In operation soon

Kennreott topper Corp., Kennecott, Alaska, enlarging 800-ton
ammonia-leaching planl foi tailing-, to 800 tons daily capacity;
extensions to be completed April, 1918. Mill at Beatson plant on
Latouche Island being increased to 1500-ton daily capacity : exten-
sions to be completed January. ISIS.

Mother Lode c >er Mines Co., .McCarthy Alaska, removed

Kennecott's small mill IB miles to mlUslte; completed 500-kw.
power plant : installed compressor chamber underground ; addi-
tional buildings and tramway being installed.

Calumet i Arizona Mining Co., Douglas, Cochise County, Ariz,
completed construction of sulphuric acid plant of 200-ton daily
capacity at cost of 81,000,000 In April, 1917.

Mineral Development Co.. Mineral Park, Chloride district.

nlse County. Ariz., known as Golden Hammer, completed in-

-tallation of new equipment including compressor, engine, hoist,

i tunnel and 90-ft shaft Also developed process for treal
meat of ore carrying gold, silver, lead, copper and elnc,

ShattUCb Arizona Copper Co., Hisbrc. Cochise County, Ariz,

started construction of lead concentrator of 100-ton daily capacity
at estimated cost of $226,

Arizona M iildleinar, li Copper CO., i'enrcc. Cila County, Ariz I

built notation mill of 100-ton dail] capacit]

Young Mine- Co., i.td.. Phoenix, Maricopa County, Ariz., started

i third unit of 250-ton amalgamating and cyanide

plant at estimated cost of (20,000, to be completed In March. 1918.

Arizona Ore Redaction Co., Chloride, Mohave County, Ariz.
Constructing 250-ton concentrating and roasting plant at Copper

Age property at estimated cost of $125,000, to be completed In
January, 1918.

MeCraeken Silver-Lead Mines Co., Yucca. Mohave County,
Ariz., started construction of Siehhlns dry concentrating mill of
1 no-ton daily capacity at site known as MeCraeken. Ariz.; to be
completed Jan If,, 1918, at estimated cost of $20,000.

loin Iteed Gold Mines Co., oatman. Mohave County, Arli.,
completed extension of continuous decantatlon cyanide plant to
300-ton daily capacity at cost of (80,000.

I nlted eastern Mining Co.. Oatman. Mohave County. Ariz.
enlarged mill by addition of three agitators and two thickeners.

New Cornelia Copper Co., Ajo, Pima County. Ariz., complete*]
5000-ton leaching plant in July.

Copper state Mining Co.. Copper Cre.k, Pinal County. Ariz.,
remodeled old mill to 150 to 1811 tons daily capacity.

Raj Hercules Copper Co., Ra) . Pinal County, Ariz., started
construction at Kelvin of concentrating plant of 1500-ton daily
capacit y.

United states Vanadium Development Co., Kelvin, I'inal County,
Ariz., started construction of 'Bryan" dry classifier and concen-
trator of 511-ton daily capacity ; estimated cost of $45,000 ; to be
completed on Jan. 10, 1918; leaching plant may be added later to
extract vanadium remaining in 200-mesh material by wet process.

Wandering Jew Co., Alto. Santa Cruz County. Ariz., completed
Installation of plant including crusher, rolls and tables of 70-ton
daily capacity at cost of about $5000.

liradshaw Reduction Co.. Crown King. Yavapai County. Ariz.,
completed construction of 100-ton mill; cost $40,000; at present
reconstructing old Tiger mill to treat tailings and possibly dumps.

General Mines Co. of Nevada, Prescott. Yavapai County. Ariz.,
completed 50-ton mining plant at cost of $10,000 <in Oct. 1. 1917

Great Western Smelters Corporation, Mayer, Yavapai County
Ariz., started construction of bla-st-furnace and converter plant.

United Verde Extension Mining Co., Jerome. Yavapai County
Ariz., started construction of smelting plant of 500-ton da:ly

capacity at estimated cost of $3,000,000; 20, n yd. concrete

already laid ; driving long transportation and development tunnel.

Carmellta Mining and Milling Co., Wenden, Yuma County
Ariz., started installation of 50-ton mill at estimated cost of
(26,000; to be completed Feb. 20, 1918.

King Placer Consolidated, Quartzsite, Yuma County,
started construction of dry-placer plant, of 2000-cu.yd.
capacity,

Liberty Lead and Zinc Co., Yellville, Marion County,
completed ir,n-ton mill at cost of $40,000.

North Star Mining Co., Yellville. Marion County, Ark.,
pleted construction of 50-ton zinc mill ; cost $20,000.

Standard Zinc Co., Helva, Marion County, Ark., started con
struction of $30,ono mining plant.

Electric Mining Co., Tomahawk, Searcy County, Ark., recently
taken over by new interests, started 50-ton zinc plant ; estimate
cost $5000.

California Slimes Concentrating Co., Argonaut mine, Jacksoi
Amador County. Calif,, constructing 300-ton tube-milling, amal
gamating and concentrating plant ; estimated cost $25,000.

Old i nr.-i... Mining Co., Sutter Creek, Amador County, Calif
completed construction of hoisting equipment including installa-
tion of Wellman-Seaver-Morgan double electric hoist of 16.000-1D.
capacity with 800-ft. rope speed; cost, $75,000.

California National Ciold Mining Co.. Oroville, Butte County.
Calif., completed 503-ton mining plant at Bloomer, at cost of
$130,000.

Cerise Cold Mining Co., Wilbur Springs, Colusa County, Calif,
started construction of mill.

Ariz,
dail.v

Ark.

January 12. 1!»18

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

81

< iiiitwrus Conaolldated, m !als intj Calif., In

■tailed 10-stamp mill,

Pacific Rlectro Metels Co., Baypolnt, Contra Costa Count]

rompli i. .1 i. > rnalloj planl . i tlmati .1 co t, % 100,000

Beebe, < rgetown, Eldorado County, Calif., In tailed Pelton

wheel, Ingersoll-Hnnd compressor, air holsl five-stamp mill.

Moni./iiiMii. Nashville, Eldorado Count} Calif., mill under
,i>iisi ruction

Placer Chrome Co., New Castle, Eldorado Count] Call!
■tructed 15-ton concentrating plant; co '00

California Vlkuli. Olanche, Inyo County. Calif., Installed planl
einlcaJ products from the waters ol Owens Lake;
plant sltunted at Cartago

Darwin Development, Darwin, Inyo County, Calll completed

in '\v vertical shaft on Lucky Jim, constructed bunk house, llbrarj

and other surface buildings; pending further action on proposed

railroad between Darwin and Olanche, the motor-truck road oon-

ig with Olanche is under reconstruction.

Bound Vallej Tungsten Co., Bishop, Inyo County, Calif., com-
pleted 125-ton mill; cost $25,

Standard Tungsten, Bishop. Inyo County. Calif., enlarged mill

Tungsten Mine* Co., Bishop, Inyo County. Calif., reconstructed
portion of mill burned Apr 27 . since then mill lias been entirely
leled with different How sheet.

Gambetta, Grub Gulch, Madera County. Calif., installed Byron
Jgckson sinking pump, amalgamation and concentration plant, in-
cluding two Overstrom tables, conveyor elevator and bins.

Number Nine. Hornitos. Mariposa County. Calif., installed hoist
and surface buildings,

Kuth Pierce, Hornitos, Mariposa County. Calif., installed hoist
and constructed surface buildings.

Nevada Progressive, Silverado. Mono County. Calif, installed
60-ton cyanide plant

Allison Ranch, Crass Valley. Nevada County. Calif., completed
iioisiing and pumping plant. 20-stamp mill, ion-ton cyanide plant.
installed Oliver filter at cost of $200,000.

Champion, Grass Valley. Nevada County. Calif., put in new
concrete floors and rebuilt cyanide plant.

Delhi. North Columbia. Nevada County, Calif., removed equip-
ment, including saw mill, from copper works to stamp-mill site.

Empire, Class Valley. Nevada County. Calif., installed addi-
tional compressor plant.

Golden Center, Grass Valley. Nevada County. Calif . installed
live-stamp mill and concentrating table.

Grass Valley Consolidated Gold Mines, Allison Ranch Mine,
Grass Valley. Nevada County. Calif., completed headframe. hoist,
shops, dryhouse, mill and cyanide plant, of 120 tons daily capacity,
at cost of $135,000; in operation April. 1917.

North star. Grass Valley. Nevada County. Calif., remodeleu
stamp mill and cyanide plant.

Major tiold Mining Co., Nevada City. Nevada County, Calif.,
completed 20-ton stamp mill : cost. $4000.

Valley View. Lincoln. Placer County, Calif., installed head-
frame and Hendy ball mill on this copper property.

Engels Copper, Engelmine, Plumas County. Calif., increased
notation equipment from 500 tons capacity by one 750-ton unit,
additional units to be added to a total maximum capacity of 3000
tons ; this new installation includes two gyratory crushers, two
ball mills, two ball pebble mills. Dorr classifiers, two Ingersoll-
Rand compressors; estimated cost of $300,000; to be completed
in January. 1918 : also completed construction of Indian Valley
R.R. 22 miles, connecting mines with Western Pacific Ry. at
Keddie.

Philadelphia Exploration, Crescent Mills, Plumas County. Calif.,
installed pumping plant, hoist and constructed surface buildings.

N'atomas Company, Natoma, Sacramento County, Calif., started
reconstruction of No. 2 dredge from single stacker to four stackers
for reclamation of land coincident with recovery of gold.

Atolia Tungsten. Atolia. San Bernardino County. Calif., in-
stalled new concentrating mill for treatment of tailings for re-
covery of tungstic acid.

Mohave Annex Tungsten Co., Barnwell, Calif., completed con-
struction of 25-ton reduction plant. IS miles south of Brant sta-
tion ; cost. $10.'

afterthought. Ingot, Shasta County, Calif., installed 300-ton
concentrating and flotation plant at this copper-zinc property ;
completed in September. 1917.

Milium, mth Copper, Kennett. Shasta County. Calif., completed
installation of new electrolytic zinc plant at cost of $350. 000 ;
capacity 9000 tons annually.

Irelan, Alleghany. Sierra County. Calif., installed five-stamp
mill, Hendy ball mill and two concentrators.

Mariposa, Uleghany, Sierra County, Calll . Installed Bve stamp

mill anil 1 n \ I I in 1 1 . ,.i

M„ 1 11 1 mi i.i,.n, Uleghan] Sierra County, Calif., Installed Bw

p mill, two compn ai loh "' ' atoi

Mugwump, County, Calll Installed iw,> Eff-hp

in"' fl I 1 1 hp electric hole) and Iran

forme-i hou -

I'.i, Hie Sold Dredging, Carrville, Trinity County, Calll
■ ■ ni"\ • 'i and rei j.fl bu< kei dredgi

1. imi, -shun mm. Shawmut, Tuolun lounty, Calll

b] Tonopah-Belmonl Development Co tarted construction ol
flotation piani with stamps and tube nun- .,1 100-ton daily capai
Itj . to be completed aboul March, 1918

Viihu Consolidated, rlammonton, ITuba I 1 ompleted In

Btajlatlon ol Ifuba No 16 cu.fl bucket cap.,'

equipped with two talllni reclaiming Tuba River

channel; Brel Bteel laid Oct, IS, 1916, launched No* 26, 1916, In
commission Apr. 1, 1917; also laid fust steel Yuba No. it dredge
18-cu ft bi ipaclt] slngli stacker, Aug, I, 1917, launched

Niii I, 1917, to 1 in March 1

Consolidated Leasing Co., Eldorado. Boulder County, Colo.,
building 20-ton c titration plant using notation; cost $10,000

Nil Desperaiuiiiiii Mines Co., Sunshine, Boulder County, Colo..
Installed compn 01 .electric power plant, 1000-fl electric hoisi

I lieu Mining and Milling Co., Ward. Boulder County. C
Installed pumping plan! for unwatering 1 tics and Stoughtoti
mines; operation i" be completed aboul Jan. 10, 1918

Paramount Reduction Co., St Elmo, Chaffee County, Colo..
completed 75-ton concentrator including flotation equipment for
complex sulphide

Argo Leasing Co., in Daily District, 12 miles west of Empire,
Clear Creek County, Colo., completed r,n-ton concentrator including
crusher, ball mill and three Wilfiey tables; estimated cost, $10,000.

Argo Reduction and Ore Purchasing Co., Jackson Mill. Idaho
Springs, Clear Creek < '.unity. Colo., remodeled mill installing flota-
linn and regrinding equipment of 100-ton daily capacity, at cost
of $15,uiii! Now in operation as custom mill.

Colorado Central Mining Co., Georgetown, Clear Creek County.
Colo., started construction of concentrating plant of 150-ton daily

capacity, main plant of 750-1 la.il] capacity and rock house, at

estimated cost of $80, to be completed in April, 1918.

iieuesee Mine, Ironton. Ouray County, Colo., completed con-
struction of flotation mill.

Mountain Top Mining Co., Ouray. Ouray County, Colo., startei
construction of 2300-ft. aerial tramway ; underground mill com-
pleted and in operation.

Vernon Mining Co., Gladstone, Ouray County. Colo., built 60-
ton mill : being enlarged to 100 tons.

Yellow Jacket Mines Co., Ouray. Ouray County. Colo., started
construction of 50-ton mill for zinc-lead ore.

Commonwealth Mining Co., Alma. Park County. Colo., com-
pleted installation of 40-ton cyanide equipment in mill and erec-
tion of tramway ; cost, $25,000.

London Mine, Alma. Park County. Colo., completed installa-
tion of new steam-driven compressor plant at portal of new lower
adit now being driven.

Hamlet Mining and Milling Co., Silverton, San Juan County.
Colo., completed alterations and repairing of 150-ton concentra-
tion mill.

Sunnyside Mining and Milling Co., Eureka, San Juan County.
Colo., started construction of flotation mill of 500-ton daily capac-
ity. Mil! now operating ; tramway, mining plant and power line
to be completed by Mar. 1. 1918.

Alta, Telluride. San Miguel County. Colo., purchased from
Wagner Development Co. by Tonopah Belmont Development Co. ;
enlarging mill to capacity of 500 tons daily ; new boarding and
lunch houses being built

Lewis Mining and Leasing Co., Telluride. San Miguel County.
Colo., constructed 50-ton mill and tramway ; repaired plant ; in-
stalled flotation equipment and unwatered mine.

Kvans Dredge. Breckenridge. Summit County, Colo. ; construc-
tion was started by Yuba Manufacturing Co. of California ; capac-
ity 4000 cu.yd. daily.

Independence Mill of Portland Gold Mining Co. at Victor.
Teller County, Colo., being enlarged by sixth unit ; estimated
capacity of new unit is 250 tons daily.

Rekl Mill, Cripple Creek. Teller County, Colo., alterations and
electrification completed.

American Smelting and Refining Co., Denver, Colo., at Arkan-
sas Valley plant installed mechanical ore-handling system con-
sisting of electric-driven lorries for distribution and bedding-down
of charges ; two new Dwight-Lloyd sintering machines added to
roasting installation ; large baghouse completed ; Cottrell plant
under construction.

-

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. L05, N<

• r Bnalo Minim I Basin via Mackay,

a mill

-ii ol tin n .11

I Tr I ,.,i|.rr i m|\ 1. 1. ill... , . M 1 1 ] I, I . ll

k tunnel In Oi

11 capacity
• l head house being constructed . framing

til: ■

■ " HU1 I KulUvan, Kellogg Shoshone County*, Idaho, com-
plet' three blast furnaces of JOO-ton

Jalh

i ,iiij«ic-ii laleratate-Callahan Ulalng Co., Wallace, Sho-
shone. County, Ida) ddltlonal Rotation unit to mill.

incr. ■ - tons

t ■• r, - 1 1 < in i..n Mm nit mill Milling <■>.. Masonla, Idaho, Shi
i Sow ■

Federal Minim ami Smeltlni < •• County,
Idaho completed large addition to Rotation plant at Morning
Mine, Ifullan pleted change houBe at cost of $20,

Olaat i.rd«r Mining in, Hurray, Shosh Count] Idaho,

iii to ha> ■ Initial dallj capacll s of 1 00

Bayea Ulalng to.. Kellog] - County, Idaho, completed

• mill of 100-ton dailj capacltj to treal accumula-
tion of tailings held bj dam in river

llrcla Mining Co.. Burke, Shoshone County, Idaho, completed
addition to mill at Gem, Increasing capacity from S00 to BOO tons
iwr da]

Northern Light Mining mul Milling Co., Kellogg;, Shoshone
County. Idaho, started construction of concentrating mill; now
postponed awaiting completion of Pine Creel: railway.

Bay-Jefferson Mining i».. Wallace, Shoshone County, Idaho,
completed on Beaver creek 100-ton lead-sine mill using notation.

TaiiiHi-m k A raster Consolidated Mining Co., Wallace, Sho-
shone Count}', Idaho, remodeled plant and added new machinery,
increasing capacltj to 400 tons per day at old Frisco mill near
Gem. which was acquired by company.

V ilk. hi i., ,1,1 < ,,.. Murray, Shoshone County. Idaho, completed
Installation "f 9-cu.ft dredge on Pilchard ''nek.

aJOoues Mining to., Allouez. Mich., installed new boilers
throughout and entire surface plan! improved

Cainmet * lie.ia. Calumet, Mich., completed 2000-ton am-
monia-leaching plant in February at Lake Linden and started
construction of addition to double capacity, having let contract
to American Bridge Co. ; foundations for substation for power
transmission and steel addition to coal docks completed ; con-
structing 9 ' \ -"-ft. drainage canal In Swedetown swamp t.,

eliminate excessive pumping In mine workings.

Lake Milling. Smelting and Refining Co.. Point Mills. Mich.,
started installation of two additional stamp heads to the six
already in operation; r,, I mpleted about June. 1918.

Qalney .Minim; Co., Hancock, Mich., completed installation of
new hoist capable Of hoisting from inclined depth of 10,000 ft

Sencra topper, Hancock. Mich . constructed piers for shaft
house; will install boiler and hoist already purchased; moved
shaft-sinking equipment to site and started construction of spur
of Keweenaw Central Railroad.

Vfnnseea, Iron Mountain. Mich., operated bj Mineral Mining
Co.. Iron River. Mich completed new concrete-lined shaft for dis-
tance of 50» ft. at propertj a< Iron River,

Cleveland < litr-, Ishpemlng, iron district, Mich., started con-
struction of dam for new hydro-electric plant to develop 10,000
hp . to he built on Dead River ; also erecting new hospital for
mine

Cnyuna-MDlc Laes Iron Co., Ironton, Cuyuna range, Minn..

onstructlon of new hoisting shaft, boiler and engine

houje. dry house, Bteel headframe, two electric hoists, cage and

three one-ton skips, with l -ton dallj capacit) estimated cost

I75.00d: to be completed In February, 1918

K. 4. Longyrar Co., Hlbblng, Minn , started building of brick
sample warehouse replacing one sold to state for chemical
laboratory.

Great Northern Power Co.. Dulu'h, Minn., completed extensive
improvement- to ^tcam plant at Virginia. Mesabi range; built
»0-mile transmission line from hydro-electric plant at Thompson
Dam, near Duluth ; electric power now furnished to following
mines: Utlca. Albany. .Mahoning \'orth Uno. Leonard, Frantz.
Hobart. and others.

Mare Iron Mining Co., Bibbing Mesabi range. Minn., built
gravity screening plant for separation of coarse rock and ore
at Keewatin

Oliver Iron Mining Co.. Hib' our Mesabi range. Minn., com-
pleted erection of steam plant at I Carson Lake mine

Patrick Mine. Keewatin Mesabi range, Minn., Butler Broi con]
pleted construction of washing plant

n.l.i. ml.. Mather Co., Hibblng, Mesabi range, Minn. changJ
plant from steam to eleotricltj at Alban.v mul lit leu nun,: g
Majorca mine. Calumet, started construction of concentratlni

plant with abou ins dnll,\ enpactt.x ai estimated cosl o

1100,1 • be completed June i, 1 918

Mmdii Mining Co., Nashwauk, Mesabi range, Minn., at Tear
son mi mmpleted construction of washing plant.

^ ..rk iron .Mining Co.. Nashwauk, Mesabi range, Minn., conj
pleted construction of washing plant at York mine.

American Metal Co., Joplin, Mo., started construction of mil
on ground acquired from Hayden-Jackllng McKelvle syndicate,

Ben it. Mining Co., West Seventh st . Joplin, Mo., complete)
rucl f 116-ton mill; estimated cost, 140,000

Georgette Mining Co., Wentworth, Mo., completed construction
mill ; cost, $26,000.

Metropolitan Zinc Co., Wentworth Newton County. Mo., eon
structed son-ton mill ; cost, $36,000

<>. & M. Mining Co.. Webb City, Mo., npleted 600-ton null

cosl $120, Including installation of Fishkill engine and Xord

berg compressor; started operating Sept 10, 1917.

or.. nog., circle Milling «'".. Oronogo, Mo operated bj Con
to ■ ' "in /.me Corporation, completed construction of l8nti-toi
mill, using nine jigs, the Dorr thickeners, Snfl-ft. holt conveyo
and sludge department of 32 tables: also will install steam shove
for use on trait of Granby land,

Oronogo Mutual .Mines, Oronogo, Mo., completed 1000-ton mill

eost. $90,000,

Rcotl Mining Co., luienweg. Joplin District. Mo., started eon
struction of 3011-ton mill at estimated cost of $35,000, to be conv
lili ti ii Feb. 15, lois.

tdmiraltj Zlne Co., Douthat, Okla., constructed concentratoi
..I 600-ton capacity; estimated cost of $85,00

Golden Eagle Mining Co.. St Louis, okla.. completed mo-toi
mill ; cost. $76,000.

Laclede Lead and Zine Co., Tar River, okla.. completed Hon
ton mill ; cost. $65,000.

Muskogee Lead and Zine Mining Co. (l!ox 191), Quapaw, okla.
started construction 260-ton mill; estimated cost. $76,000.

Niaugun Mining and Royalty Co.. near Picher. Okla.. com
pleted 650-ton mill : eost. $70,1

O. M. Itilhar/ .Mining Co., Baxter .Springs. Kan., started eon
struction 600-ton mill on former site of Blue Bird mill, in ottawi
County, Qkla.; cost, including development of mines. $75.0011; t,
be completed Mar. 1, 1918. Also building new compressoi planl
centrally situated between company's three properties.

Ontario Smelting Co., near Quapaw, Okla . started construe ;j
tion of 100-ton lead smeltery: eost. $200,000.

Rainbow Lend and Zinc -Co., Quapaw, Okla.. started construe 1
tlon of 300-ton mill

Biaito Mining Co., Tar River, Okla.. completed construction 0 J
700-ton mill: cost. $156,000.

Standard /inc. Lead, Mining Co.. Picbei . Okla., completed 250 1
ton concentrator and mining plant at cost of $150,000, on Inc. 1.'.
1917.

William Poster White Louse, Picher, okla., completed con I
Struction of zinc-mining and milling plant of 840-ton dailj capac
ity ; eost. $150,000.

Velie Mines Corporation. Tar River, okla.. general offices 1
Frisco Bids., Joplin. Mo., constructed two mills: 1200 tons' capac 1
ity: cost. $275,0011

Boston & Montana Development. Wise River, Beaverheai
County. Mont, constructing 37-mile narrow-gage railroad fro:i '
Divide to mines in Elkhorn District: also constructing 500-toi f
mill.

Hidden Lake Mine, Cable District, Derrlodge County. Mont
• ui, rated by National Tungsten and Silver Co., started construe
1 inn oi 150-ton cyanide plant.

Philipsburg Mining Co., Philipsburg. Granite County. Mont 1
started construction of 300-ton washing and concentrating plan
at estimated cost of $35,000. to be completed in December, 1917.

Richmond Mining, Milling and Reduction Co., Saltese. Minera I
County. Mont., completed tramway, two miles long, of 225-toi I
daily capacity at cost of $22,500. in April, 1M17 : installing 12 x 12
in. compressor. 80-hp. gasoline engine and No. G Cameron sinkini
pump.

Vermilion silver and Lead Co.. Trout Creek, Sanders County
Mont., completing 40-ton mill using notation with cyanidation 01
galena ore carrying gold and silver,

Anaconda Copper Mining Co.. Butte. Silver Bow County. Mont,
completed Cottrell installation: added 50-ton unit to sulphuric-acit
plant: fireproofing of Tramway shaft for distance of 2475 ft. a

January L2, L918

ENGINEERING AND MINIMI JOURNAL

JJ1.B0 |H'I II I ■nlliploteil . Ilew si. el gallon- Main. .mil Olt

1 1. a I n - iiiii" . Hutte. completed ; ran tructing flume and pipe llni

Of hydraulic-filling system to extinguish n irted

itructlon ..I large ii.nii-, .mi mile In length, with ultimate height
,r en n for settling lino tailings from notation plant ; completed
'emulations for wire mill at Cnscadi

DavU-Dalj Copper Co., Butte, Silver Bow County, Wont
i now hendframi ut Mhernln mine

Nortti liutii- Minim Co., Butte, Silver Bow County, U

oneretlng Granite Mountuin shaft : started construction ol
aer plant at Sarstleld claim.

iini orin Minim *o., Butte, Silver Bow County, Mont., oom-
.1,1, a Installation of now electric hoist.

Boldea Mining and MIIIIiik <"., Tuscarora, Elko C ity, N< a

•oustrui'iing 160-ton mill at estimated coal ol (I

K.,i mil Moreno* Mlnlni Co., Goldfleld, Esmeralda Countj
\,a retlmbered double-compnrtment shaft to 560-ft point and
linking 250 ft. additional.

(.,.i,i Top Mining Co., Battle Mountain, Lander County, .\<a
nstalled S5-ton ball mill now In operation

white cups. Manhattan, Nye County, Nev., completed 160-ton
■rushing and cyaniding plant ; also 22J-ft. diameter, seven-hearth
Wedge mechanical roasting furnace,

white fans Extension, Manhattan, Nye County, Ne\ com-
ileted surface planl and hunk house for 16 nun

Consolidated Coppermlnes, Kiibberly, White Pine County, Ne\ .
ompleted second unit of dotation mill : Dorr thickener plant.

Nevada Consolidated Copper Co., McGill, White Pine County,
\iv. Installed new coal-crushing and storage plant al cost of

lulled Nevada, Ely, White Pine County. Nev., started con-
struction of three-mile tramway of 200-ton daily capaclt]

n.-i Mine, Lordsburg. Grant County, N. M . started erection of
;:,"- to 100-ton mill using flotation; dam being buill mar power
tOUBe to collect mine water: grading for spur from Arizona ,X- New
Mexico Railroad.

Senorito Copper Co., Senorito. Sandoval County. N. M .. con-
tracted for Greenawalt leaching and electrolytic plant, hut owing
to delayed delivery, erected 100-ton semi-fusion reduction plant
for carbonate ore; began construction 60-ton reverberatory.

Santa Fe l>redging Co., Golden, Santa Pe County. N. M.,
darted construction of gold di-edge of 3000-cu.yd. daily capacity,
it estimated cost of $250,000. contract given to Yuba Manufactur-
ing Co. of San Francisco; date of completion. Mar. 1, 19 IX.

Williams, Harvey Corporation. 115 Broadway, New York,

n erection of tin-smelting plant on Jamaica Bay. Long Island;

three reverberatory smelting furnaces and refining department;

umual capacity. 10,000 tons concentrates or about fiOOii tons pig

tin; cost, about $350,000; to be ready about April, 1918.

Black Mountain Mine, Whitehall, Washington County, N. Y.,
■ wiled by Hooper Bros., completed mining, milling and manufac-
turing plant for treating 100 tons of graphite ore daily; in full
iperation in December, 1917.

I nited Gold Mining Co., Granite. Grant County. Oregon, com-
pleted 75-ton concentrating mill at cost of $40,000 on Nov. 1, 1917.

Greenback Mines Co., Placer, Josephine County, Oregon, started
•onstruction of new 50-ton wet-process concentrating plant, at
•stimated exist of $60,000. to be completed in August. 1918.

Donora Zinc Co., Donora, Washington County, Penn.. completed
zinc-oxide plant, in March. 1917.

Spokane Lead and Silver Co., Custer. Custer County. S. D..
-tarted construction of 50-ton concentration mill : nearly com-
pleted.

Ketinite Co., Ardmore. Fall River County. S. I), completed
plant for treatment of kaolinite.

Custer Peak Milling and Ore Co., Koubaix, Lawrence County.
S. P.. erected 10-stamp concentrating mill for treating copper ore ;
operating in September. 1917.

Deadwood Zinc and Lead Mining and Milling Co., Deadwood.
Lawrence County, S. D., started construction of 10-stamp, 50-ton
mill, at estimated cost of $12,000, to be completed in .May. 191S.

Homestake Mining Co.. Lead, Lawrence County, S. ]>.. built
hydro-electric plant, including 2000-kw. generator on Spearfish
Paver, at site known as Manece. Estimated cost of new plant will
lie $51111,11110; to be completed in summer of 1918.

Sew Puritan, Deadwood. Lawrence County, S. D.. in Straw-
berry Gulch erected boarding house and installed machinery pur-
chased from Wasp Xo. -

Oro Hondo Mine, Deadwood. Lawrence County. S. D, installing
large hoisting engine purchased from Alaska Treadwell.

Trojan Mining Co.. Trojan. Lawrence County. S. D., installed
ball mill for fine grinding and enlarged slime plant ; installing

Portl i i'"'1 i" bo 100 to 600 t lallj Minim

■ tjutpmi lit ubllc, ••" niacktnii Gulch, and to in

■ i, ,',,i al Two ,i"ini properts recently purohaaed

i. s. Uypsum Co., Piedmont \i..ui. '"nun. B D completed
iiim-ioii lulu.,., and i mill; now in operation

ii i .' i.niii Mlnlni <n.. Sllvoi Cltj Ponnlm lout

s i>. completed umatlon-i *ntratlon planl to bi

enlai >■■ d dui Ini 1918

Freeporl Rulphur < ■•.. >■'>•■• i Bruaorls ' n * Texas, com-
pleted '"I, ii ut ii i powei plant, No I

Southwestern Graphite Co., Bui I el Count Pi

iiuili mill at old n the Ti to Co

Dixie Graphite Co., i.i. Llai I ompleted ri

modeling "t plant,

i inn i M,i Co., Sunnyi Idi i arl lounty, Utah, buill 112 new

ivei threi d-stee! 'ham'' how es tor em-

• es at Sunn paldi nd Jao bull! numi roua hou 1

for emplo ■ • "I made genei al Impi ovemi at

Tlntlc Drain Tin 1 Co., Eureka, Ju lounty, Utah, con

structed boarding and bunk hou • and blacksmith shop

Deer Trail MiniiiK < ".. MalA-val. PlUte County, Utah, '

cted 100 ton mill using cyantdatlon and flotation, to 1
operation aboul Jan, 1. 1918, on gold-silver-lead ore

Florence Mining and Hilling Co., Marysvale, Piute County.
Utah, constructing leaching and refining department al its aiunlte-
calcining plant; output ol 18 i" 50 ton calcined potash daily.

Mineral Products Co., Marysvale, Piute County, Utah, Btarted
rebuilding potash planl partialis destroyed by Are last Octobei

Ohio Copper Co., Lark, Salt Lake County. Utah, Btarted con-
struction of 3 -ton flotation plain, in be npleted aboul April,

1918; includes five 600-ton Minerals Separation units; in. 8 ft. x
S6-ln. Hardinge ball mills, nine Hon- thickeners and five 20x6-ft
1 ion- classifiers.

itnii Copper Co., Garfield, Utah, completed leaching plant of
1000-ton initial dailj capacity aboul Jan. I. 1918; added new
crushing equipment Including targe gyratory crushers and new-
hall mills at Magna and Arthur mills; install, d lt. n-tun Jaime)
Rotation unit in Arthur mill treating at present up to 6000 tons
per day in new notation part of mill ; also completed other ext.-n
sive alterations and improvements at both mills.

Big Indian Copper Co., Lasal. San Juan County, Utah, started
construction of 300-ton leaching mill 36 miles east of Moab.

Judge .Mining and Smelting Co., I 'ark Citv. Summit County.
Ctah. completed electrolytic-zinc planl for treating 50 tons of
concentrates daily on Feb. 1. 1917; 12- to 15-ton output of zinc
per day.

Fissures Exploration Co., McCormick Block, Salt Lake City.
Utah, completed 100-ton mill at Pacific mine at American Fork
Utah County.

Lone Pine-Surprise Consolidated Mining Co., Republic, l-i
County. Wash., completed buildings, headframe, two carpentei
shops and installed hoist, boiler and compressor, at cost of $?,:'. 1

sterling silver, Metaline Falls. Pend Oreille County, Wash
started increasing mill capacity to 50 tons dally.

American Mineral Production Co., Valley. St.viic County
Wash., started installation of calcining plant to treat 9000 ton-
monthly of crystalline magnesite.

Northwest Magnesite Co.. Chewelah. Stevens County, Wash
constructing 325-ton plant for quarrying and calcining mag-
nesite, at estimated cost of $200,000 : to be completed March. 1918.

\iirthport Smelting and Refining Co., Northport. Steven!
County. Wash., constructing 900-electrodi Cottrell precipita-
tion plant; building to be ir,n\ 75 ft. and about 86 ft. high.

United Zine Smelting Corporation. Moundsville. Marshall
County. W. Va . completed construction of zinc smeltery, includ-
ing 1728 retorts.

Wisconsin zinc district had 11 concentrating mills built. 01
moved and reconstructed, as follows; North Survey (Dodgeville).
New Empire and New Hose No. 2 (Platteville), C. S. H. (Cuba
City), Mud Kange (Potosi). Copeland (Shullsburg), Jefferson
1 Hazel Green), Hird No. 3. Barecat, Haskins and Ida Blende
(Benton-New Diggings)

Canada Copper Corporation, Ltd., Princeton, B. C, started de-
sign and lay-out of 3000-ton concentrator, estimated cost of
$750,000 ; to he completed in about two years

Granite-Poorman Mine, Nelson, B. C. Canada, started instal-
lation of new 1500-cu.ft. compressor plant ; mill to be improved
later.

Consolidated .Mining and Smelting C f Canada, Ltd.. Trail

B. C. completed electrolytic zinc plant of 60 to 70 tons daily
capacity when working on high-grade ore: 10-ton copper refiners
doubled in capacity: additions made to lead smeltery: concen-
trator for testing purposes built-

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 2

llourkr . Mure, oplcted

lilt

British kurlci Nickel Corporation, Ltd., Sudbury, Ontario,
istrucUon ol smelting *nd reflnlitg works at
Sudburj tons refined coppei

i (round
in June. I91T; to be oompleted In Jub.

international Nickel to.. 13 Exchange Place, New fork, prao-
eflnery at Port c. limine. < >nt . for refining
nick, nickel per year and oorrespondlng

quantity ol ' 00,000 is about the estimated oo

Caaej Cobalt -ii>rr Mining c>.. i t.i.. Now Uskeard, Ontario,
itructton of now mill to replaoe 80-atamp null
royed by I

< iini««- Mm.--, i.i.t.. Cobalt, Ontario, completed 180-ton iloFu-
tton plant iron ting sllvei

iioiiincrr i ,.,,-, iii, i,iir, i. Timmlna, Ontario
mill capacity from 1800 100 ions, at estimated

Including additional power and central-slian equipment, of
i .000.

Lake Shore >iinr>. Ltd., Kirkland Lake, Ontario Canada, con-
structing new 100-ton mill to be completed earl] In 1918

National. Cobalt. Ontario, Canada, completed 100-ton notation
plant.

National Poteen Corporation, Gravenhurst, Ontario, Canada,
started erection of potash plant of 86-ton daily capacity.

NIplHslng. Cobalt, Ontario. Canada, Increased Rotation •.-• ■ iii i >—
menl to eight callow roughei and two cleaner cells from flvq
roughers and one cleaner, Increasing capacitj to 250 to 300 ions

.lax

Parson Claims, Minuo Township, Ontario. Canada, acquired by
Mill Cokl Mining Co., erected camp buildings; installing mining
plant

Plttsburgh-Lorraln, South Lon-ain, Ontario, Canada, over-
i Wettlaufer mill tor treatment of low-grade ore.

Port Arthur Copper Co., .Mine Center, Ontario, Canada, in-
stalled mining plant including air compressors.

Provincial, Cobalt, Ontario. Canada, completed extension for
Hardlnge mill, slime tables, classifier and slime tank with Gro'ch,

on, oil-flotation machine

Schumacher Gold Mines. Ltd., Schumacher, Ontario, Canada,
started construction of addition to cyanide plant increasing crush-
Ing capacitj from 800 to 800 tons; building completed.

gylvanlte Gold Ulnes, Ltd., Kirkland Lake. Ontario, Canada,
started construction of gold-mining plant, including five-drill com-
pressor, hoist and 60-hp. boiler; stopped work June 1, because of
shortage of funds.

Tip Top Mining Co., Port Arthur, Ontario, Canada, started con-
struction of l»-ton copper-mining plant, in Thunder Bay district,
including railway. t!j miles long, at estimated cost of $200,000.

Wright llurgreuves, Kirkland Lake. Ontario, Canada, completed
installation of new 12-drill compressor, 200 hp. motor and other
mining equipments.

Mining Stocks on the New York j

Stock Exchange ]

~ '7rl9U~, — 7T-'915— — TT-'916 ■ ■ Range Year 1917 , Total

Company llinh Low High Low High Low First High Date Low Date Laat Sales

'>f"£1,<r0ldM':' , 28; l9! ,?J 2I* "1 l0i "| II! Jan 4 I Dec .20 1} 233,400

A aska Juneau Gold Mining i ./>. 1 3j 9> 10 6} 7! 8} Mar 26 I] Dec. 19 l\ 125 974

A hs-Chalmers Mlg... I4J 6 49| 7) 38 19 27 32! Mav 31 15 Dec 17 184 375 660

Allls-Chalmers Mfg pf . 49 32| 85 33* 92 70J 85} 86 Mar 10 65 See 3 7*1 6 550

Am.-r. Smelt, and Ref. Co . 50} 1081 56 1231 88 104} 112* June 2 67i Dee 2 78* 2 726615

-melt, and Ref. Co. pf 105 ,7. ,13 100 I 18 109 1.4 117 J™ 19(A) 99 Nov .4 101 J "IsMI

American Smelters pf. A 92 86 102 91J 98} 102 Mar 10 90 Dec. 18 92 ' 33 344

ncu Smelters pf.B. . 85 79| 85} 78 97} 841 94 99} Jan 31 901 Mav 25 9li 31377

JSRgtf&Stift 38} 24} ,!j 4,1 ,g, ft U> 4 Slaylo ft Nov.l .1, 27|f6„J

HEBSi.w:::: ^ 2,i 6oJ1 44 7°°! ♦»' - »»? K-" J " »t m

u- *hl.htin steel, C lass B. com... 1 29 1 56 inn.. 11 iM ftft1 rw 11 7<;I in<;i*,r.

.;.<hlehem Steel (Vpf 91] 68 184 9, ,M 126 \% * jlT"'".? Ort 90* ^ !

Hutte & superior <rf) 79} 53 105} 41} 48 52} Jan. 26 12} Dec. 20 16} 280 575

■Von °,,i.i) -,,, 39* 4I Feb. 20 25 Dec 20 31 128,966

hile Copper. ..(«.... 26 23 39} 19 25} 27| Mar. 12 11} Nov 5 17 670 335

< hino Copper (() 44 31} ,' 32} 74 461 55J bl> Mir 7 35f Nov 8 471 771575

Colorado Fuel andiron.. . 34) 20) 66} 21 • 63} 38J 46 58* .June 7 29 Nov! 8 36} 480! 7

C on. Inter C allahan 28} 18 21 21 Jan. 3 7 Dec. 28 7 11900

"T1^ ;;- *J 'Oi 16 291 18 21 24} Jan. 9 6; Nov. 17 8} 153,423

Federal Mm. and smelt 15 7} 60 8 35 121 14 26* Aue 6 8* Dor 17 17 13 145

-.1 Min. and Smelt pf 28} 20 571 »SJ 401 54} JuTy3l 28* Dee 12 Mi 35 860

]80 160 360 165 350 285 249 250 Jan. 15 153 Dec 13 155 4,724

''? Il17- 116 106 117 113! 112} 113 Apr. 25 100 Nov 22 100 1707

r£f,S «T0lf<U(ted ^Si ?! l9A '1° 80 89 92* Jan- ,7 65 Nov. 5 78 55,980

f.reat North, ctfs. for ore prop. 22} 54 25} 50} 32 36J 38} Mar. 4 22} Nov 5 27 1,029,164

' ' ?">\""\ ■)2' 2I «l ,7 56! 34 46 47 Jan. 26 34 Nov. 16 38 78 423

lakeMunnj 120} 109} 124 116 135! 126} 1271 131! Jan. 29 (A) 89 Dec. 20 93 2,769

Inspiration C.,r. .Co., i.| 19] 14} 47! 16} 74; 42} 58 66} June 1 1 38 Nov. 8 47 2,039,140

»tionalNiekeIv.to.ctfe.</) 223} 179} 16 38} 42} 47} Mar. 21 24! Dec. 13 30} 7,410 150

'■'■■ •N"-kel I" HO 105; 111} 105 I07J 108 Jan 6 92 Nov 15 92 2,535

cottCoppr 59} 25 64} 40 46 50} May 26 26 Nov 5 32} 1,971,559

Uekawann^ - |{ 40 94] 28 107 64 84} 103} June 13 68 Nov. 5 77 1,066.850

Miami Copper.., 24} 16! 16] 17; 49} 33 41 43} Apr. 30 25 Nov. 5 29} 493,811

il Lead to 52 40 70; 44 74; 57 60 631 Mar 23 37' Dee 20 44* 89 750

•,JL«adCo.p, 109 .05 III ,04; 117; Ml] 112 114* Jam' 6 99 ' Dec! 5 99* 80J47

MevadaCou.Coi,, 16) 10} 17 II; !4) 15 24! 26} June II 16 Nov 5 18) 405.495

Ontano Silver Mining 2J 2} 12! 2 II] 5; 6 7; Sept. 21 3} Nov 8 5 138035

Pittsburgh Steel pf . 93 82 102! 74 106 93! 102 102 Jan. 9 87 Dec 4 89! 12 559

3 5> } 6 2 2} 3 Feb. 14 J Nov. 21 1 24^200

•'"",'■• •;•• * >! <>: 8} 1! 4! 4! Feb. 10 } Nov. 23 J 2IJ00

Ray Consolidated' 22! 27) 15} 37 20 26} 32} Apr. 3 19) Nov 7 23} 1.187,610

Republic Iron and - 27 18 57} 19 93 42 79} Q4! June 7 60 Feb. I 79 2,804,520

Repubbc Iron and .- 91} 112. 72 117 101 105} 105} May 25 89 Dec. 20 40 535

38 18} 40) 22 27 29; Mar. 9 15 Dec. 20 (h) 16! 130,535

'?! 6*i M 93} 37 661 74; Mar. 30 33J Nov 7 40 248,750

Sloes-Sheffield ste-1 and Iron pf 92 85 102 85 103! 91] 96; 99 Feb. 5 88} Sept 25 88} 4 025

Tennessee Cop. A ' I9J 15] 16] 19; June 20 II Nov. 9 I2J 273,426

.'".'•'1A,1" ... ■ 44 49} June 2 341 Dec. 20 36 186,950

elt, Ref . 4 Min (a). 43 24} 81) 57 64! 67; Jan 4 40 Dec 20 45 202 975

it.Kef.4Mm.pf..,,. . 48} 40} 53! 50 52} 52 Jam 3 43} Nov 9 45 10 977

38 ' 29} 79; 108 136! Mav 31 791 Dec. 20 90! 43 965'840

eel Corporation pf 112; 103} 117 102 123 115 119; 121; .Ian' 19 102} Dec. 20 108 ' 3 1 9- 1 19

59« *l; 48! 130 74; 1055 118; May 25 70} Dee 17 81} 9 739'735

Vulcan Detinning ... 19 5 I 7 7 10! Mav 17 6 Apr. 14 7 1.520

\ulcanDctinningpf... 3) 21 43 21 26; 201 20 24; May 18 20 May 17 23} 910

Highest and lowest prices of the year are b 1 00 shares (a) Far $50. <i>) Par $25 (c) Par $20 (d) Par $10 (c) Par $5. (/) Par value

.,[ common fto'k r,.,i„c,.,i fro,,, $100 to $25 in 1916; in 1917, voiint- ir . inged f or Btocl o,i No par value. (h) Ex-dividend

anuaiy L2, L918

ENGINEERING AND MINIM: J01 RNAL

Mining Stocks in 1917

THE stock mark.'t of L917 was characterized by
general declines, which in November took many
stocks to phenomenally low figures, even below
those registered in July, 1914. At the end of the year
there was a reversal in sentiment and a rally in the
market which carried the leaders — Anaconda and Utah—
up about 10 points, and other stocks in proportion.

The accompanying tables show the quotations and
transactions on the New York and Boston Stock Ex-
changes and the New York Curb.

With reference to the table of Curb quotations, 11
should be noted thai these are nol official, although I
are probably as reliable as can be obtained. On
New York Stock Exchange everj precaution is taken to

insure that quotations are authentic; on the Curb, how-
ever, there are no restrictions whatever, and anyone
can make prices and have them recorded in the published
lists. It is, therefore, impossible to vouch for the trust-
worthiness of the prices, and they are printed merely as
a matter of record.

ipauy Open

Adanar Silver (nl 22

ite Mine ' ;

Uaska-Bril i ol Mining )

Mines Co ;:

Usska Zinc and Copper I

\in Commander. , . . . (a) 8!

Ynr Bingliamton Copper. .. . 5J

bloride Oil 44

Arii. Copperficlds ...

Arizona Cornelia i

Am United (a) 55

Atlanta (a) 10

Atlas Copper !

Austin Amazon

Barnes King Development.. . .
Beaver Cobalt . . (n) 48

Big Jim ... '1

Big Ledge Copper ....

Bingham Mines 12!

Bisbee Copper J

Booth (a) 10

Boston Creek II

Boston and Montana Dev. ... (a) 77

Bradshaw Copper

Buffalo Mines

Butte Copper and Zinc Hi

Butte- Detroit 1}

Butte-New York 1 2

Calaveras Copper 5

Caledonia Mining (n) 50

Calumet & Jerome I ti

Canada Copper 1 1

Canada Copper, rts (a) 1 0

Carlisle Mining 5

Cashboy (a) 7

Cerbat Silver M M (a) 36

Cerro Gordo Mining 21

Con. Ariz Smelting

Consolidated Coppermines 3 §

Cons Gold Mines (a) 60

Con Nev. Utah 1

Cresson Gold 7j

Crvstal Copper (a) 99

Darwin Mines Development . . II

Davis- Daly 6

Denbigh Mines II

Doiae Extension (a) 16

Duncan M. and M 2 J

Dundee- Ariz 1 1

Eastern Copper (a) 52

Ely Consolidated (a) 15

Emma Copper

First National Copper 3f

Ferber Copper (a) 50

Fortuna Consolidated (a) 14

Gibson Consolidated Copper. . 2

Gila Cannon (a) 75

Gila Copper 16!

Goldfield Cons (a) 72

Goldfield Merger (a) 6!

Gold Hill (a) 10

Gold Warrior Mining (a) 60

Green Monster 21

Hargraves Mining (a) 15

Hecla Mining 8

HoUingerG M 5|

Howe Sound, w. i 81

Hudson Bay Zinc I*

Inspiration Needles Co !

Int. Mines . ... (a) 9

Inter. Mt Mines Dev

Iron Blossom

Jerome Verde 1 j

Jerome Victor 2

Jim Butler (a) 86

Josevig-Kennecott 1

Jumbo Extension (a) 27

Jumbo Mining of X M 1

Kerr Lake 41

Kewanas (a) 19

KirklandP. G. M (n) 50

La Rose Consolidated

LaveUe Gold 1

Loma Prieta 1}

Loon Lake (a) 48

Louisiana Consolidated (a) 90

Magma Chief 1

Magma Copper 40

Magmatic Copper (a) 3 1

High

22
2
I
I

II

6|

I
,

i

It

55

20

1

If

48
11

61

n;
li

S

Ift

82
21
U

I4t
2
2j
51

78
21
3
3
6i

16

44
2f
21

125

70

JL

7?

U
12

7

2!
18

2!

21
57
(a) 19

2}

633'

44

75*
17!
(a) 77
10
12
74
2!
25

81

20
U
II
3
2
I

495
3f
61

27

50
i
li

li

71
I J

3.

59J
54

\ll\l\.. STOCKS ON mr \l W JTORK I I KB 1917
i m Last pany

20 20 7.000 Magnate Coppei . in 75

i„) 5 8 6,200 Majestic Mines . !ft

A ft 1.339,230 Marsh Milling (o) 10

828.628 MarysviUe Gold li

6,000 Mason Valley 6

31 4 426,400 MoKinlej Darragh (n) 50

3 31 14,575 Miami Mergi i (o) 40

A 881,510 Milford Copper (a) 95

ft 71.800 Mojave Tuug-t. a .... H

it 300,090 Mohieaii ( '..pp. i I

32 32 26.700 Monster Chief ... i

7 9 1,484,200 Montana Gold Oil 81

i fl 122.200 Mother Lode (ol 43

343.360 National Leasing Oil 19

|] |j 100 Natl. Zinc and Lead i.ii 54

48 48 500 New Cornelia 15

• > 234,570 N. V & Hon R C. M 16!

I IJ 1,214,738 Nevada Ophir Mining oil 25

9} II 15,500 Nevada Rand 10

A 1 492,910 Newrav Mines 11

3 4 152,350 New Utah Bingham i
IJ Ift 209,500 Nicklas Mining 1

37 45 1,505,200 Nipissing 8j

I! 73,835 Nixon-Nevada I'll 76

I IJ 25.800 Ohio Copper IJ

5| 7 459.300 Ohio Copper, new. w i I|

A } 524,610 Old Emma Leasing (o) 55

56,360 Peabc dy Con. Cop I J

|j |> 5,300 Pitts. Idaho .... 11

36 46 1,122,950 Pole Star Copper (a) 20

{ l{ 1,752,280 Portland Con. Copper li

|i |U 514,200 Progress Mining and Milling. .

1 2 252,650 Rawley Mines l|

4 4J 62,675 Ray Hercules ... 4J
3 4} 1,329,600 Rex. Consolidated Mining Oil 50

34 39' 68,900 Richmond Copper IJ

|J || 38,300 Rochester Mines oil 65

h ij 1,138,580 Round Mountain 00 40

3 61 335,172 Sacramento Valley Copinr I]

35 70 10,400 Sagamore Mining Co (o) 81
1 A 18.000 San Toy ("> 1 5

2 4| 262,745 Santa Rita Dev H

(a) 66 75 141,025 Section Thirty I0j

li 1 2.325 Seneca Copper 15!

5 5 1,400 Senorito Copper Ift

24 2J 109,660 Silver King of Ariz f

16 18 4,500 Silver King Consolidated 4|

J 1 26 350 Silver Pick Oi) 23!

76,102 Slocum Star . ... (a) 24

51 55 389,450 St. Nicholas Zinc

10 10 328,400 Standard Silver Lead «

1 ft 3.015.123 Stewart 9-32

|i |j 67,898 Success Mining (o) 42

50 61 i 42,450 Superior & Boston 6{

12 40 421,100 Superior Copper

2 2ft 111,368 Teck Hughes (.1)66

50 50 40,600 Tom Reed H

161 171 26,025 Tommy Burns I'll 30

583,456 Tommy Burns G.M.. pf 1

3 3' 537,080 Tonopah Belmont 4;

3 4 17.200 Tonopah Extension 4

60 68 40,700 Tonopah Mining 5;

5 ft 1,192.150 Tri-Bullion ft

10 14 1.364,500 Trinity Copper 7

3| 4» 343,150 Trov-Arizona (a) li

51 53 200 Temiskaming (o) 42

3' 41 23,260 Tuolumne Copper 21

81.480 United Magma Oil 56

84.235 United Mines of Ariz 1}

6 15 527,475 United Eastern 5

U II 1.800 United Copper Mining H

21-32 143.795 U. S. Tungsten oil 22

3,244,900 United Verde Extension 38;

27,850 United Zinc ... H

(a) 69 77 437,617 Unity Gold H

1 ft 217,775 Utah Apex 3

13 15 716,300 Utica Mines i.h30

} 35 176,050 Utah National Mining (a) 65

41 5 14,766 Virginia Mine If

4 5 290,701 West End Consolidated (o) 67

50 50 89.000 Wettlaufer Silver (a) 10

J 153,000 White Caps Mining (o) 35

I 9,700 White Caps Extension I") 32

I I 149,950 Wilbert Copper . . I 21

40 61 50,875 Whiteoaks Mining 4|

} 1,914,650 Yerington Mt. Copper

ft 257.908 Yukon Gold 2

31 42 196.150 Yukon Alaska oil 22

17 21 • 234,095 (a) Cents per share.

f

ft

i

5

6

i1

1

3i

a

46

59

ft

ft

(a) 90

'*

1

ft

ft

J

40

75

25!

27

5

6

1 1 it'll Low

2lH
II

si

75

21

if

li
!
81
46
30
76
151
16)
25
14

1!

2H
91
■ i

U

68*

21

U
22

II
1

I]

5
58

II
72
47

IJ
9-32
20
i
I4J
16

2

4?
26
25
1

3}

60*
71

8?

70*
21
5

41
7
i
H

70
42

5?
■ i

51

29H
41!

6

4

3
30

75

84
10

33*

33

5

60

21
22

Lad

25

14
12
15
9
!
1
1
61
Oil 25
U
1
25
1)
11
20
(a) 22

-A
2:
8
<<i) 48
28
26
I
(a) 81
II
ft
(A
1
I

2}

5
18

5
7-32

8*
31
I
66

II

14

I

21

3?
1
61
14
42
1
15
1
31

I

7'"

31}

41

?

8

..,1

60

4

(a) 34

5
14

2!

II
1}

22

27
15
12
20
13

81

I

II

I
41

2;

A*
33

,A

3j

II
62!
31
26

H
■ !*

6!

1
1}

I

31

5

9

31

21
83

2ft
21

u

31
3*

7*
15
42

II

15

i

31

S
5

7

385
41
3i
3

II

3

I*

68

15-32

9
17

2!
12

1}
22

Bali -

502,665
H> 980
912.450
191.450
364.400
218,800
332,800
471,450
137,795
273.800
1,151,728
24,300
1,722.300
1,797.500
1,162,500
20, 1 56
3.175
92.200
63,000
315,650
25,700
70.850
168.600
1.067,000
39.609
1,201.600
1.009,319
5.600
7.000
13,000
986,500
254,700
14.000
77.980
1,297,600
191,550
557,450
10.441
116.425
70.400
119.350
61.936
24.540
97.355
253.350
1,088,225
42,765
300.020
28.710
433,026
192,850
341,050
681.260
10,265
49,600
8,000
28.610
737.650
401.300
32,950
303,795
20,292
215,050
11.720
639.350
1.000
62,100
231,100
473.556
94,308
82.840
403.630
138.400
52.147
121.750
1.050
671.950
652,630
18.625
302.040
14,800
1,305.920
239.650
419,950
4,555
2,079.708
2.900
200

ENGINEERING AND MINING .JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 2

Bonds on New York Stork Exchange

Wlc I"I7 Sale* in

High 1 ••» I i-i 11,000

117 - 14 10 151

-<. 14 18 127

14 B6] 2,113

1 04 •>!. '17; t.47

-

1931 971 ■ si 41 .

iik loo.. ioii 1.122

i .4 i. 'ii i )] H 103 1.305

101 70 77 1.412

I9JJ

full i 100) B 560

Qnuabj - - MIH I0l| 109 •'). 14; 294

! - 4. ■.. 1040 "4 HI 81 1,916

1952 Mil. 103 '4 95 l.44«
].arka

I9.M mi 17 I0l| '4. 'ii. 1.174

1-arW.. -

450 IIM) 90 107. St. 8bl 6.514

Nail Tube, latmtce S'a. 1952 I02| 99] 103 "4 94j 876

Repu>

1940 102) 'is. nil. 93 931 '•">*
Trail c 1 ,v ■ I; I I

I9ii inn; 101; 9S 95 6h

Tenn l ■ .ii \ f>'-.

125 88 1011 87) B7| 156
- -

192* II5| 107 109 941 '"• *81
I - Steel, 10-60 vr . - I

1961 Iii7. 1031 1071 931 '"< 14.492

\ . I:.... .• ii |gt5V I "4" "0 82; '"I 85 90 207

Mining Stocks on Boston Exchange

High Dsti Low 1 >.it. Last

V.lvmluiv 41 Jan. 2 I Oct 26 II

\hn 108 Jan 2 70 Dec. 22 80

ash 11 Ian. 2 ; Sept. 12 J

AIMim. 70 Mar 6 45 Dee. 19 50

Ariaona'Commerrial 15; June II 81 \,,v. 5 III

Butte Balls) 2; Jan 26 1 Dec 24 26c.

Calumet A \ni..na 851 Jan. 26 55 Dee. 19 65

Calumet * Heda 590 Feb 20 411 I),-,- 20 428

mial 271 .Ian 16 II Dec. 13 14

Copper Range 68 Jan 17 19; Dec 11 4",

Dalv « 3 Ian 12 Ij Apr. 21 2

East Butr. 16 .la.,. 1 81 12 9;

Krankliu 9 Mar. 6 4 I),-. 24 4;

,,-k -'" Jan. 19 7 Deo. 20 9;

4 Mar. 22 . Dec. 18 7V.

. r..k 76; June 18 >2 Nov. 7 51

band Creek. pfd 94 Apr 28 60 Nov. 19

36 Jan. 18 20 Deo. II 26

Kerr Uke 6 Aug. 22 I; Apr. 9 5

4. Jan 27 II June 8 1}

Lake... If Jan 2 '> Oct 31 7

- ,||. 5 Jan. Ii I] Dec. 26 I

\ Olej 8i \ug. 2 4. Nov. 9 5

i lated 15; Jan. 17 i \'i.v. I 6J

May0oirer-Old Colony 3 M.i 23 I Nov. 7 11

Mar 24 I; lug. 20 ij

Mohawk 98 Jan. 5 ~>7 Dec. 4 b<\

New Orcadian . 6 .!an. 2 I Dec 14 2

17 Apr 1 10 Nov. 7 13

Nipisaing 9. Sepl 2d 6j July 2 81

Xortl, I 241 Mar 28 II; c Id IK 14

Sort! 2 Jan. 1 10, Nm 20 53..

Ojibiray - 'an 12 98c Dec. 27 99.

OU Dominion (.7. Mar. 12 13 Nov. 7 43;

Oaeeola 95 Mar 12 335 Dec. 20 591

94 Feb. 21 60 Not' 7 69.

St M 89. Mar 6 48 Dee 11 55

2 Jan 2 58c Di-r 28 60c.

IDOD 10 Jan 5 31 Oct 18 5'.

61 Jan. 2 89.-. Dei 28 I'

31. Jan 26 10.:. P 17 10c

Supcri 16: Mar 6 3; Dec. 17 4j

Superior * I' 8; Jan. 6 2} Di ■<■. 12 3.

Trinity Jul' 1 1 3 Nov. 19 3;

Tuolumne 2,\ Jan. 9 I May 12 I ^

.-. Apex Sept. 27 I] Mar 28 2;

I'tah Consolidate 21 Feb. 20 '» Dec 14 |0«

Utah Metal anl Turn,, 1 6) Jan 16 2; Dec. 29 2\

Victoria 6 Jan. 2 2 Oct. 22 3

Wir. 5i Jan. 25 2 O, t 8 2

Wotverini 53; Mar. 3 31 Dee 18 34

Wvv 2! Jan. 3 15, \,,L, 23 J

Coal Production in 1917

The output of bituminous coal in the United States in
L917 was 544,142,000 short tons, according to the U. S.
Geological Survey, or 8.:>', more than the 1910 output.
The production of anthracite was between 90,000,000
and 100,000.000 short tons.

Though production increased, demand outstripped it
and the year was characterized by frequent coal shortage,
actual and threatened. Had transportation conditions
prevailed throughout. Early in the year, anthracite
stmks were forced to their lowest point since 1902.
A spring rush to buy coal for the winter maintained
the demand, in the face of which the usual April reduc-
tions in price were ordered by the Federal Trade Com-
mission. Traffic was opened on the Great Lakes on Apr.
16, earlier than usual, owing to coal shortage in the
Northwest. On June 28 coal prices were agreed upon
by the coal committee of the National Defense Council
and the operators at a reduction of about one-third,
which agreement was repudiated by Secretary of War
Baker. Anthracite shipments in mid-July broke all
records. On Aug. 21 the President fixed the base price
of bituminous coal at approximately $2 per short ton
at the mine, though operators had asked for a $3 base
price. On Aug. 24 the appointment of Dr. Harry A.
Garfield as Fuel Administrator was made. The price
of anthracite was also fixed at $4 to $5.30 per ton accord-
ing to locality and size.

Strain on transportation facilities began to show in
the latter part of Jury. Price-fixing had little effect on
production and distribution of anthracite but caused a
decline in bituminous output. Wages were raised in the
central competitive field on the condition that higher
coal prices be allowed. However the bituminous situa-
tion rapidly became critical in October due to cool
weather, large Government requirements and heavy con-
fiscation by railroads in addition to the existing evils.
On Oct. 29 the President allowed an increase of 45c.
per ton in the price of bituminous coal at practically all
mines in the country, following this on Dec. 1 with an
increase in the price of anthracite of 85c. per ton, to
meet a proposed wage increase for anthracite miners.
This, however, did not increase the available supply
materially. Pooling of output and priority shipment
were resorted to without result. Traffic conditions were
already bad and with the sudden advent of cold and snow
in December transportation became thoroughly demoral-
ized. New York and New England faced a coal famine.
Strenuous efforts of the Administration to restore or-
der, culminating in taking control of the railroads, fea-
tured the closing days of 1917. At the end of December,
production of bituminous coal was recovering from the
extraordinary depression of the middle of the month,
averaging 1,793.000 short tons per working day during
Christmas week.

Necrology

Among the noted men identified with mining and
metallurgical industries who died during 1917 were:

Charles J Moore lun 28 Arnold Hague May 14

John Adams Church — Feb. 12 John C BndRninn May 28

Hermann A. Keller IV!,. 16 Robert Bell June 18

Edward Dyei Peters Feb. 17 K. Birkeland June 18

David H Browne.. Mar. 30 William Bullock Clark July 27

Franks Witherbec Vpr. 13 Eugene Franz Rocber Oct. 17

IntonEilcre Apr. 22 George T. Holloway Oel 24

January 12, liU.s

ENGINEERING AND MININC .ioiiknai.

Data of the World's Principal Mines

Hv S. P, SHAW

Conu.ib'il rrnn

i /Annual

Ropi ' nt il"

i poctlvo Comp

I'm.. ■> .. Id

'

s,i ,, ti ion

1 . ,.

Tuns

Dividi

| . I'on

i ;<>!.!

•15 Id
1916
i 116
1916

II 1,300
i.i. 4. mi)
1,892,788

1 80, 1 1 3

625.013

1,41' 71 1
4 il 1) >f.

1.000

37 69

, 11
1 19

$6 ...

i s

i :,.|,| Mm. -

il 96

Vlanka

Vla-ska

1916

175.476

64,236

1 57

1 51

[Yeadwi II

Maskn

1916

671, )78

658,1 19

25(1 000

1 ii.

Ua*ka

1 lit.

2S6 n/8

167, ■ '

1 92

1 s

1916

5(. . 960

1.5/4, .11

900

4 64

1 96

Vua

,„i 16

91,4)8

£71,000

El ...

\ii-

. . 16

171.856

1) 'HI

i i.i

'in.. 1.. -:til tiiut Smelting

I S

1916

9, 31)7, ''(.7

10.25'i

itla ( 'oppiT

U s

1916

5,589, 1 ,7

50.H28.372

Vntrlopc ( loli]

Rhod.

1916

45.927

i.lll

MM 193

9 85

9 28

■ i ■ inn t
i ,i. .1 North-m Bloeks..

1 s

' 1 , '16

905.486

226(0)

£328,510

9 96

4 55(,/i

\n-

•1 . '16

30.778

163

9 15

8 27

ited ( told Miti' s

\l|S

■16 17

93.430

£5,544

1, 58

.6 20

tins and Milling

U s

'15 16

16 "47

17,26

12.000

(. 77

5 3K

Gold.

India

1916

28,476

£7,185 .

12 83

14 06

Trail

1916

279.100

E9.326 . n

4 98

5 14

Kim* Development..

D. S

|9I(,

14,918

96,338

60.000

412.000

Bingham Mines
Black water

U s

1916

119.847

\ z

1916

40 :47

£12,212

£12.449

'i 87

8 38

Chili

mi,

1,362.629

6,945,765

8 15

2 4«

r-:in

1916

709.300

14 13,226 to)

£09.750

3,054,11110

7 51

4 68 lr<)

Broken Mill North ...

\us

1 | 16

70.200

£131,552

£120.000

Broken Mill North . . .

\u-

(M '16

117,1 10

El .4.203

£120.003

2,850.000

13 65

6 85

Bn ken Mill Blk.10

\ll>

A.US.

c, 16
(a) '17

14.914

37,258

£13,853
£21,136

I , 000
£10,000

9 99

i Mill Blk. 10

7 23

;, Mill Hlk. 14

\u>

(a) 17

3.189

£2,329

£6,500

28 46

24 91

\ll>

(6) 16

110.276

£156.430

1 1 H.I 10

Aus.

(i | '16

92,553

£120,000

18 18

8 08

Broken Mill South

\ns

1 | '16

157,059

£255.789

£120.000

3.500.IIOO

14 00

6 09

I S

r s

1916
1916
1916

1916

34,091
257.501

627,370

8.873.446

3,223.000
1,044,850

5 76

5 90

Burma
V s

4 50 to)

1" s

1916
1916

858.907
3,166.274

11.155.005
IS, 240,052

125,282

5 16

:iluiin t & Hecla.

V s

2 62

! Motor

Rhod

'15-' 16

157,028

£8,561

577.281

6 78

6 28

0 s

1 lanada

'15 '16
1916

25,601
256,784

£78,4 36
215,304

£45,473

10,000,030

30 92

nrr Corporation

anial .

I s

1916

150,617

276.546

90,000

3 94

2 III

' rroGordo. . .

r. s

1916

12,789

24,375

II 08

Champion Ret 4"

India

■15'16

194,311

£106.163

£104,030

375,991

12 44

9 80

■ in Mining Co

Chosen

1916

65,932

272,074

7.1 '1 1,1

1 17,000

8 79

4 94

0 s

1916
1916

83.606
3.094,400

630,830
12,843,162

176,491
7.177,335

1 i,844
95,555.843

19 16
6 19

& Suburban

is

2 00

.... Tran.

1916

324,332

£238,544(e)

£170.000

602,200

8 87

5 41 to)

' 1 S— ' 1 6

1916

103,748

859,015

400.000

1 S

N. Z

1916
1916

24.186
627.050

£3,717

£279,(3t. 1 (»)

£213.750

32.149
2,174,536

7 82
6 08

7 04

Sons 1 anglaag i ....

Tran.

3 91

1 fens. Main Reef

Tran

IS If,

342,895

£162,931 W)

£115.545

856,740

7 09

4 78l,;i

15 16
1916

444.017
1,137.119

996,496
6.078.189

776.338
3.941. 64S

8 09

a. s

3 06

1916
1916

84.800
2.239,700

£21,450

£815.630.,!

£ !0,030
£470,053

142,914
11,429.000

II 65
6 20

10 42

n Mines.

Tran

4 45 (./.

I" S

1916

(6)1916

ill 1917

•16 '17

1916

474,808

37,963

35,174

459.530

173,674

14.1 67 hi

£1.832
929,922
£35,261

2,250.000
1 15,050

6 46

8 88
4 72
4 84

B Is

7 30

B. Is

£25.000

8 63

2 70

Tran

3 85

Tran

1916

319,200

£40,833

£11.000

1,259,300

6 30

5 67

Eagle & Blue B. 11

D S

1916
1916
1916

366.057
103.761

1,565:768
£51.029

89,315

£35.030

14 13

East Butte. ....

0 s

738.000

8 46

insa Smelting and Copper

Spain

Reperanza, F.td , .

M.x

1916

113.921

189,850

56.250

112.030

Falcon Mines

Rhod

'I5-'I6

218.792

£195.688

862.066

11 78

7 43

F deral Mining and Smelting
Ferreira Dei p

U S

1916

509,409

Tran

•15-' 16

644,960

£458,694

£379,750

1.632,600

8 55

5 08

Franklin

0 s

1916

267.286

FrontinoA Bolivia

Col.

•|5-'I6

25,484

£24.458

£16,339

42,200

18 34

14 10

lalka ( fold

Rhod

I5-'I6

37.795

£32,367

£34, 1 S7

89.591

II 61

7 48

Jeduld Prop

Tran.

1916

322.580

£155.630 to)

£97,000

2,150,000

7 57

5 24

leldenlmis Deep ....

Tran.

1916

696.300

£169.478

£146.438

1.61 i

6 18

5 00

Jlynn's Lvd nberg

Uhod.

'15 '16

49.104

£36.531

£27.625

73.232

8 97

5 39

'Joldfield Con

D s

1916

338.680

428.620

85,033

6 53

5 48

Gulden Horseshoe . . .

Aus.

1916

179.340

£84.535

£75,000

709.819

10 31

8 02

jranby Con..

•|5-'16

1,897.251

3.819,295

4 92

2 79

Cireat Boulder Prop

Alls.

1916

175,787

£216.j:>4

£262.500

439,677

14 47

7 65

B Is
B Is

(M 1916
(o) 1917
(fc) 1916

22.207
21 013

£9.919 H

£10.043 , 0

5 30
5 64

7 46

7 97

Hampden & Cloncurry

Aus.

50.693

£143.816

E70.090

299 000

35 36

21 54

Bollinger

Canada

1916

604,062

3. 006.409

3.126.000

8 84

4 03

D. S

1916

5,353,880

20.629,489

8,543,050

91.789.120

5 74

1 76

U. s

Aus.

1916
1916

925,419
240,050

1,396.655
£119.279

750.000
£105.000

1.002.096

3 47

7 73

2 05

5 31

•15-16

'15 16
1916

35,700

52.142

269,900

359.387
£40.661

24,300

19,153

696,000

5 27

19 78

5 3}

CJ. s.

343.604
£88.742

10 80

Tran.

4 64

469.970
91 5.000 l.l

27.661.713
£22.421

58 43

1 1 76

Kinta Tin Mine

Malay

15 16

£19.800

100 095

Knights Central , . , . .......

1916

321.375

£23,203. ,i

296,800

5 08

4.74(b)

Knights Deep

Tran.

•15-16

1,307.300

£197,942 to)

£111,528

2,614.003

3 69

2 96(91

1915

361,750

2,535,000

Note— Abbreviations used in table: Aus., Australia; B. C . British Columbia; B. Is., British Isles (Cornwall); Hond., Honduras; Malay, Federated Malay Si
N. Z., New Zealand; Ont., Ontario, Canada; Rhod., Rhodesia; S. Af.. South Africa; S.W. Af., Southwest Africa; Tas., Tasmania; Tran., Transvaal; W. Af, West

Africa.

(rc) First half. lb) Second half. (c) Cubic yard*

profits and li\ id nils arc in dollars, except where otherwise noted.
Mining engineer, Brady Bldg., San Antonio, Texas.

(-/i Dump.

fe) P^so^.

i f) I.i I- ■

rkiug profit or cost A 11

sa

ENGINEERING AND .MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 2

DATA OF rHE WORLD'S PRINCIPAJ WINES (Continued)

tarn

Lanat '

Mourn

• l.y.Il

re . .

Namaqua Cop <
Nevada Con <- opper
Nevada Wonder

•h
V .. Heri A

-.-in

North Anantapur
North Butte
North Star.
Nundydroog

Mala]
Rhod

Iran
t 'aliadu

Canada

Trail

Mi *
Trim
I 8
Mei
Iran.

I S
India

- \l

I H

Trnn.

l'ran

[ndia

I S
India

D. s
India

\u
I S
Brazil

Old Dominion
vioregu.". .

Oroya-Links. .

Ouro Preto. . .

Pahang Consolidated Malay

Phelps- Dodg.-

Pigg 9 Peak Dcv

Pittsburg-Dolores

Plymouth Con..

Pittsburgh-Idaho

Poderoea ...

Portland

Progress.

Quincy U. S.

i S
l'ran
U.S.
rj. 8.

U.S.
Chile
U.S.
N. Z.

Randfontein Central..

Ray Consolidated

Resettle
Robinson Deep.
Roodepoort United
Rose Deep...
Round Mountain

Tran.

I 3

Rhod.

Tran.

Tran.

Tran.
0 S.

Mev

Santa Gertrudis

San Miguel Copper Mines

Seoul Mining Chosen

Shannon Copper U. S.

Shattuck-Anzona U. S.

i Gold ... Tran.

* King Consolidated U. S.

Simmer 4 Jack Proprietary Tran.

Sissert Russia

Simmer Deep . Tran.

South Crofty. B. Is.

South Heels. ......... U. S.

South Kalgurli. Aub.

St. John del Rey Brazil

Sub-Nigel Iran.

Sudan Goldficlds S. Af.

Sulphide Corporation Aus.

Superior Copper U. £.

Tanalyk Corp Malay

Taquah Mining and Exploration \\ \l

Tekka Malay

Temiskamini? Canada

Tennessee Copper I

Tharsis Sulphur Spain

Tineroft ........ B. Is.

Tincroft B. Is.

Tom Reed D". S

Tonopah Harbour Malay

Tonopah Belmont U. S.

Tonopah Mining U.S.

Tough-Oakea Canada

United Copper.. I' S.

United State.! S. R AM. Co . U.B

Dusted Vir i I

Utah Consolidated I

Utah Copper U.S.

Van Ryn Deep. Tran.

Vi"toria I

Village Deep Tran

Village Main Reef Tran.
Vindicator

U.S.

Waihi Grand Jc.
Wallaroo A Moonta
I

md Consolidated

Winona

Witwatereraad Gold

Wolhuter .. . ...

Yellow Pine Mining U. S.

Corporation Aus.

N. Z.
Aus.
Tran.

Tran
U. S.
Tran.
Tran.

lilt.
I 'Ho
ioio

1916
•IVI6

1116

1116
1916

'It. 17
1916

HI6
I ') I c.
1916

I" It.

1116
1116

1916
1916

1916

1916
1116
1916
1916
1916
lilt.
•I 5-' 16
1916
1916
1916

1916
1916
1916
1916
1916
1916

•I 5-' 16

1916

• 1 5-* 1 6

■I 5- 16
1916
1916
1916
1916
1916

1916

1916

1916

1916

" 1 5-' 1 6

1916
1916
1916

•15-16

1915

1916

1916

1916

•15-'I6

1916

•15-'I6

'15-16

I9i6

1916

1916

'I6-'I7

'16-' 17

'I5-'I6

1916

'I5-'16

1916

1915

•15-'I6

1916

1916

1916

1916

(» 1916

(a) 1917

1916

•15-16

' 16 * 17

1916

1916

1916
1916
1916
1916
1916

1916
1916
1916
1916
1916

1916
1916

•16-17
1916
1916
1916

•I5-M6

1916
1916

144

18,958

n05

93,808

307
I v 127

195,307

.76
III

I70.4.M
1,842,017
715.070
455,900
664.547

72.420
166,4<>7
305,845

20,024

3,922.1.14

72,241

365.000

11,(1,41111

730,820

78.120

32.390

544,454

111.330

98,000

358,222
155.317

164.138(c)
56.910
1.284.681
87,600

162,200
2,393,976
28,590 (/)
27.269

125,000

8.923

418.937

26.780

1,204,026

2,209,622
3,363,466
103,443
965.400
412,845
782.780
67.452

227,616

26,834

176,518

256,050

183.968

83.125

10,062

797.900

761,420
71.706
9,059
110,333
187,400
91,130
26,297
184.470
185,315

33,445

68,012

496,040 1c)

"385,188
416.084
29,095
27,374
46,000
3.363.750(c)
145.024
87.324
39,863

Profit

Dividends

£ | 7, 111 I'M. Mill)

£148.8981 i £44.121

..
XI 1.616(a) ' - '"">

£40.099 £4.'. 1106

£39,117 i'ii.c.OO

1,097,333 480.000

i ■ 661 i i
1 166 £83,327
525.084

282,304) "269,723
£Jt,8.725(«) £36,357

£283,966(0) £200,000
7,759,784 4,295,905

£4S(.,io3(«l £337,500
2,270,054

EI7,3i3(/) '.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.
£242.962
£266,642 £289,750

Li.4.960 £47,165
15,435,359

282,528 211,251

£112,863 (a) £55.000

£101,526 (o) £86,250

£202,938(o) £57,577
1,800.000

£10.233 (S) £7.531

2,479,595 1,075.000

352,294 300,000

£105.731 £99,050

4.723,672

£124,439

180.029

7,590 (/)

2,776,160

£98,924

24,030.904
£12,685

£45,361
159,934
£67,698

£10,413 (/)
2,758.659

80, 1 59

360,034

11.012,026

530.070

626.900
333,885
180.282

125,780
67,507
164,700
402,590
161.829
515,000
424,500

22,662

136,901

£64,425
£37,608
225.000
387,657

£199,149

£ 1,1 90

£3,565

131,000

L- 0,808

l,245,:00

260,668

123,706

8.898,464

6,938 inn

1.924,176

33,747.740

£575,315((;)

85,330
£266,713
£161,638
564,8l3(o)

£49.796

£231.504
£17,349

106.720

£258.618<o)
£161,223(0)

66,252

£212.477

£120,231
436,210

1,826,850
£1,221

£68,155
14,625,000

£36,000

44.928

£50,000

420,000

1,980,000

£402,570(o)

12,084,166 4,337.955

£9,371 (/)

£436,705 £300,000

£43.271

£222,921 (o) £183,750

22,032

360,000

£1,835 (/)

918,502 250,000

821,054

3,074,012

£11,610

294,562

£383,792 (g) £262,500

Rs. 10.744

£56,465;

£16,703 £16,250

£4.050 "£3,125

£155,593 £64,626

£32.759(o) £32,368

£15,194 £6,538

£771.308 £315,000

331,933 100,000

£77.495
£30,000

£187,500

£60.000
750.018
150,000
265.750

1,492,239

1,050,000

1,125,000

,9,493,880

£478,756

,: 198,875

II 18,000

270,000

£38,439

£140,000

£30,000

£234,812
£129,000

£206,433

Reserves,
fone

1,11 ..HI 1

145.109

82o,l 18

125.000
386.960

Price Yield,
per Ton

$0 95

5 71

2 54
10 79
14 40

5 35

22 23
5 37

443,617

151,409

503,300

512,787

16,400,000

3,320.000

114,328

254.000

2,801,656

1,000,000

51,264
67.993,117

404.185

477,767

2,943,994

44,000

217,300

420.821
158,380
72,316
46,805
18,261

80,(1011

4,944,302
93,373,226

350,867
1,814,000

677,273
3,267.280

1.214,000
474,500

40,500

1,935.000
4,070,000
1,246,000

133.221

214,000

60,193

1,858.200

201.200
209,299

54,000
72,100

1,000.000

203,400

369,845.558

2,168,851

2,378,000
750,204
412,798

157,700

60,000
1,600,000

1,462,100
1,302,160

1.710.631

4 34
9 50

12 05

7 09

9 17

5 26

5 76

13 30

6 05

5 85

14 27

4 55

8 53

6 08
38 76

8 44

10 48

10 42

16 90

3 91

12 02

0 0765

5 91

6

68

4

7
5

48
61
45

63

14

5 38
4 46

5 57

5 29

10 33

9 97

22 88

6 85

5 35

4 33

6 98

5 53

12 21
9 64
10 08

4 18

14 44
0 48

6 29

7 49
II 03

0 16

16 31

14 31

124 10

4 45

9 58

7 17
6 98

8 60

2 08

5 79

3 75

6 16
6 10

43 52

Cosl
per Ton

$0 60

4 4 3(0)

2 00

7 20
II II

4 62

9 75

4 70 (o)

2 54

4 78

. (ill

4 64
2 33

6 75

3 30
5 45

4 57

91
01

26(o)
65

1 78
8 13

0 019

1 79
6 67

6 64

7 67
3 68

26.47

7 24

2 21

39(o)

29

39

76

63

19

06

3 50

5 35
8 19
7 90(o)
7 08

2 40

9 85
0 II

3 50

6 45
6 90

6 48
0 09

7 67

8 71

5 10
4 64

6 65

3 73(o)

4 25

9 92

anuary L2, 1918

ENGINEERING AND MINING J01 RNAL

89

Antimony in 1917

l'.l K. C. 1.1

ANTIMONY did not present in 1917 the same in-
teresting and sensational movements as were re-
vealed in l'.UCi. Indeed, were it not for the fact
that consumption of antimony was much above the nor-
mal and prices remained 100', above the normal pre-
war level, 1917 might almost be regarded as a normal
year. By this I mean that fluctuation in prices during
most of 1917 was little greater than would naturally
OOCUr in any ordinary year.

At the beginning of 1917 antimony was only starting
to recover from the debacle into which it had been
thrown in the autumn of 1916 by the unloading of
large stocks at very low prices. As the year progressed,
spot prices slowly advanced, until on Mar. 29 the maxi-
mum of about 36c. per lb. was reached. Spot then stead-
il\ declined, until on Nov. 13 a minimum of about 13 <
was touched. Curiously enough, the price for future
shipments did not increase to an extent corresponding
to the rise of spot prices. It would seem, therefore,
that the short-lived boom in spot was due to the fact
that production and imports fell off toward the end
of 1916, thus creating in the early weeks of 1917 a
scarcity of spot.

The situation in Russia was a factor that tended to
prevent long continuance of high prices. It is a well-
known fact that more shrapnel was used on the Russian
front than on any other front of the war, and a large
proportion of Russia's supplies was manufactured in

AVERAGE PRICES OF ANTIMONY (a)
(In Cents per Pound)

1914

1915

1916

1917

Ordi-

Ordi-

Ordi-

Ordi-

naries

naries

naries

naries

6 125

15 85

42 45

17 29

6 100

18 21

44 31

29 80

6 053

22 13

44 75

32 89

6 006

24 88

42 06

34 04

5 845

35 30

31 60

25 20

5 825

37 69

20 05

19 51

5 638

38 13

14 70

15 83

13 800

33 00

II 53

15 06

9 940

28 63

II 81

14 94

12 060

31 45

12 70

14 75

14 450

38 88

13 84

13 91

13 310

39 25

14 59

15 06

30 28

25 37

20 69

■January

February

March

April

May

Jvne

luly

August

September

October ...

N'oveniber

December

Vear 8 763

(fll Engineering and Mining Journal quotations.

Canada and shipped through England. With the col-
lapse of Russia as a fighting force, the demand for
antimony was greatly reduced. Now antimony im-
porters are waiting patiently to see whether the
entrance of America into the war will not more than
counteract the effect of Russia's collapse. Up to the
present any orders placed by the Government of the
United States have not affected the antimony market
to a great extent. At the end of December the market
was a little stronger than it had been for several
months, but it remains to be seen whether the speeding
up of war preparations by America will lead to a boom
*uch as characterized the antimony trade during the
winter of 1915-16.

For the greater part of 1917 antimony sold at a
price little if anything above the cost of production.

This was another feature I had in mind when statins
thai 1917 mighl almo I be regarded as a normal yeai
The price of any commodity in normal times tends to
remain fixed at a point just a little above the COfll ol
production. This is perhaps the chief factor thai
prevented antimony from going any lower than 18 oi
1 h '■ '» China, for example, the cost of production hai
been almosl doubled owing to tin- great rise in the
price of silver and high prices of fuel. The Chinese
laborer is paid in silver, and when the price of silver
is doubled it practically amounts to doubling the cost
of production of any commodity produced in China.

It is not possible to say much regarding either
domestic production or imports for 1917. The com-
parative dullness in the trade seems to have resulted in

50

40

^30

c

V

Pr\ce z

™"^

pjsj-e

■ — v-

/

/
/

*

--

X

1917

^

• hrrr

50
40

30 «

c

V

zoo

.B,>~-Min;n?. en?in?er and metallurgist. 4904 Woohvorth Building;
epresentative in New York of the Wah Chang Mining and Smelt-
Bg (,o.. Ltd., of Changsha, China.

JAN FEB MAR. APRIL MAY JUNE JULY AU6 SEPT OCT NOV DEC

JRAPH SHOWING THE COURSE OP ANTIMONT PRICES
1 N 1916 A ND 1 9 1 7

less interest being manifested in developing further
domestic production than was the case in 1916. In
any event, I did not succeed in collecting much informa-
tion regarding domestic production for the year. The
Western Metals Co., with a smeltery in Los Angeles, is
still actively engaged in the production of antimony, but
little has been heard of other domestic producers. Con-
ditions are now against the home producer, and on that
account there is probably little activity in the mining
of antimony in the United States.

Information regarding imports of antimony and
antimony ore is not readily obtained since the Bureau
of Foreign and Domestic Commerce discontinued its
highly useful monthly statement of imports of those
products. In the absence of these statements, it would
be a laborious task to collect information from the
different ports of entry, and there is not sufficient time
available to complete such data. The Wah Chang
Co. imported in 1917 a smaller proportion of the total
imports than in 1916. For the 10 months ended in
October about 12,500 tons of antimony were imported;
a large proportion of this came in as antimony ore
and was smelted in this country. Indeed, during nine
months of 1917 nearly 2000 tons more ore were im-
ported than was the case for the corresponding period
in 1916. This would seem to indicate that smelting of
antimony in the United States was much greater in
1917 than in the previous year.

It may fairly be assumed, however, that the actual
imports of refined metal were less for 1917 than for
1916, one reason being that less antimony was exported
from the United States to Canada. In 1916 Canada

i»0

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 2

used a large quantity of antimony, but there has been
do demand from Canada for some time, indeed, during
the last few months antimony bought by Canadian
munition makers for their own requirements was found
to be unnecessary, and some of it crossed into the
United States.

Having embarked upon a war program, some in-
crease in the consumption of antimony in the United
as may be expected during the coming months.
with a consequent recrudescence of activity in the in-
dustry. Pi ' ~ i'-1'1' f«f antimony at the dose of 1917
were not encouraging to the Chinese producers, who

must transport the metal 12,000 miles, and the result
is that foreign production is falling off. It is essen-
tial that America be assured of an adequate supply of
antimony to cover her war requirements, and I venture
to state that sueh a supply can be secured only by
paying better prices. The methods of purchase adopted
by the United States Government will probably tend
to prevent quotations from soaring as they have done
in the past, but with the larger volume of trade and
prices a little better than at the end of 1917, the
future of antimony would appear cheerful, and pro-
ducers feel that a revival in antimony is about due.

The Tungsten Industry

By FREDERICK W. FOOTE:

A PRELIMINARY estimate for 1917 shows an in-
dicated U. S. production of 6000 tons of tungsten
centrates, as against 5200 in 1916. Imports
from Bolivia (via Chile), Peru, Argentina and Portugal
to the amount of about 4000 tons were noted and 1600
tons were exported, indicating a consumption in the
United States of 8400 tons of concentrates per year. The
steadiness in price in 1917 and the attendant sense of
securitv lent to the industry caused its establishment on
• a firmer basis and made it less of a "war baby," as post-
war use of tungsten on a large scale now seems assured.

California thk Leading U. S. Producer
California in 1917 made the largest production, fol-
lowed closely by Colorado, with Nevada and Arizona
about even for third place and small productions re-
ported from South Dakota. Idaho, Utah and Missouri.
In California the Atolia Mining Co. continued to be the
chief producer, while the deposits near Bishop, Inyo
County, gave evidence of soon adding materially to the
California output. As before, practically the entire
production of Colorado was derived from the ferberite
deposits of Boulder County and the northern part of
Gilpin County. In this district the milling of tungsten
ores not containing metallic impurities has probably
reached the highest stage of development attained any-
where in the world. The Vasco Mining Co., the Primos
Chemical Co., the Wolf Tongue Mining Co., the Boulder
Tungsten Production Co. and the Rare Metals Ore Co.
were the chief operators in the district. Several new
mills were built during the year and all operators con-
tinued to alter their plants to keep abreast of modern
practice. Refining works have been built within the
last two years in the Boulder District.

Nevada suffered during 1917 from unsatisfactory ore
developments and treatment methods, so that little if
anv increase in production is to be expected.

Detailed information relative to Arizona is lacking.
South Dakota production was reduced because of the
irregular operation at the Wasp No. 2— the leading pro-
ducer, after the Homestake company. In Missouri the
Einstein mine, which is 12 miles west of Fredericktown,
was in operation and produced about 50 tons of concen-
trates; it is now shut down and the mill is being re-

•Mining engine, care of Moore * Schley, so Broadway. New
Vork.

modeled to conform to present metallurgical practice.
The property near Trumbull, Conn., was inactive, as the
mill burned down and was not rebuilt.

Summing up, the tungsten industry in the United
States has the following characteristics: The per-
sistency of the scheelite deposits of California and of the
ferberite deposits of Colorado has been demonstrated
and they constitute the backbone of the tungsten in-
dustry in the United States. Other deposits of com-
mercial grade have been developed and brought up to a
production of considerable importance. The metallurgy
at Atolia and Boulder is good, but at many of the
small operations in other districts it is poor and in-
efficient, due to a lack of knowledge of tungsten metal-
lurgy and the absence of experienced technical direction
or advice.

Tungsten in Foreign Countries

In a review of tungsten activities in foreign countries,
several important developments are worthy of note.
In the southern part of China, in Kwantung and Hunan
Provinces, the natives discovered and began work on
alluvium deposits, and a production of as high as 100
tons of concentrates per month was reported from
these small operations. The work was done entirely by
hand and the product was transported on men's backs
and small river junks until it finally reached Canton
and was shipped out via Hong Kong. Export permis-
sion for shipping to the United States was cut off in
August by the British restrictions in Hong Kong. This
Chinese field should be an interesting one for systematic-
exploration and development when proper export fa- I
cilities have been arranged, and might prove capable of
augmenting the present world's production to no small t
degree. Another country in which tungsten production
was obtained in 1917 was Rhodesia. Preliminary work
on the wolframite alluvium disclosed the presence of t
the quartz veins from which the alluvium was de-
rived. By means of hand concentration the coarse allu- I
vium was treated and small shipments were made.

Perhaps one of the most strikingly significant feat-
ures was the doubling of production in Bolivia and Peru,
due to the competitive activities of English and French
ore-buying commissions. Imports into the United
States from South America were about the same as ir
1916, so that the excess production was shipped to Eng-

January 12, 1918

ENGINEERING ami MINIM; JOURNAL

01

land and Franco to augment the supply from Burma,
French [ndo-China and Sinm, which was aboul the
same as in 1916. Higher war-risk insurance in the
Mediterranean than in the Atlantic may he an explana-
tion for this pushing of South American production
instead of that of the Bast.

In Australia, the working of various placer scheelite
deposits has been noted from time to time, and in 1917
it least one property developed sufficient lode tonnage
to warrant the construction of a concentrating mill.
The King Island Scheelite Co., a subsidiary of Broken
Hill Block 14 Co.. was formed to operate this mine
and plant, which has a present capacity of 150 tons of
concentrates per year. Work was also done in
Australia by the Thermo Electric Ore Reduction Cor-
poration on the metallurgical problem in the separation
of complex scheelite ores, so that Australia should not
be counted a waning producer, as development there is
making fair progress.

In Europe the chief producing country continues to
be Portugal. The situation there is somewhat similar to
that in Bolivia and Peru, with the addition of strong
American interests. The English and French com-
panies at Panasqueira and Borralha are forcing pro-
duction, while the newly started American interests have
acquired a firm hold in the Viseu district, after suffer-
ing initial discouragements due to difficulties in securing
ind maintaining export permission. Portugal is an ex-
:remely important source of tungsten for the Allies, be-
ing so near the seat of need and subject to the min-
imum of war shipping risk of all foreign imports for
England or France.

Dressing of Tungsten Ores

The American practice of tungsten concentration is
>ecoming more and more standardized as the character
ind peculiarities of the ores are better understood. The
ise of stamps for the secondary crushing has practi-
ally become obsolete and they are being replaced by two
>r three sets of rolls arranged to give successive reduc-
ion in stages rather than a shattering such as is pro-
luced by the use of stamps. This throws a heavier duty
m the jigging department, so that the tendency in the
lew mills is to have greater jigging capacity and less
able capacity. This tends toward compactness and
auses the recovery of the tungsten in larger form than
ormerly and reduces the losses by slime. Tungsten
lime is difficult of recovery, but it seems to be accom-
ilished fairly well by means of thickening cones, slime
ables and canvas or "rag" plants. This slime product
s of lower grade than the coarser products, but is suit-
ble for electric-furnace treatment. It is a character-
stic of tungsten concentrates to be lower in grade the
aore finely they are crushed.

The practice of hand sorting the high-grade ore from
he mines is a good one, but this ore should be stored,
nd when sufficient quantity has been obtained should be
ized and introduced into the mill at its proper point
o that it may be mechanically cleaned and its grade
aised. At present in the Boulder district extractions
s high as 92% are obtained, so that the cleaning of the
and-sorted ore would be justified, as the grade could
e raised to over 70% and thus claim a premium over
he present practice at some mills of shipping 55 r, hand-
orted ore.

For the most part, the American tungsten ores are
free from the metallic constituents found as a rule
with the foreign thai the concentration problem

is more easily handled than it would be if commercial
separation of tin, load, zinc and iron had to be aco
plished. Those problems have presented themselves to
the engineers operating in South America and Europe,
and proper methods have been worked out that promi e
satisfactory results.

Tungsten Ore Market

By Charles Hakhv

The year 1916 closed with the business in tungsten
comparatively dull, and prices had just recovered to a
price level of $17 per unit, after having been up to
$90 per unit during the run of 1916. During the first
week of 1917 considerable arrivals from South America
prevented a steady and strong market from immediately
advancing. Arrivals during January exceeded 600 tons,
which was a larger quantity than had been received in
the United States during any previous month, and
naturally such an accumulation prevented an advance in
prices. However, on the very first business day France
appeared as a buyer in our market, taking a consider-
able quantity, which made it possible readily to absorb
a fair share of the surplus arrivals, thus exercising a
stabilizing influence upon the market and prevent intr
any tendency towards serious breaking.

AVERAGE MiiNTHI.\ PRICE OF TUNGSTEN ORE (o)
( In Dollar- p.i Unit, W( i i

. -1917 . 1917

Wolframite Scheelite Wolframite Scheelite

January 17 14 17 50 August 24 66 26 50

February 16 80 17 50 September.... 23 92 26 00

March . 17 17 17 77 October 24 00 26 00

April 17 86 19 04 November 26 00 26 00

May 19 10 20 94 December 25 24 26.56

Junr- 20 80 23 50

Jul) 23.44 2i 68 Year $21 34 $22.75

(o) Engineering and Mining Journal Quotations

During January, however, quotations remained at the
same level of $17, which figure continued into the first
half of February. Winter conditions in the West then
interfered with the California and Colorado production
and shipments to the East, and buyers who had not
provided themselves with stock, on account of the un-
certain future of the tungsten market, found themselves
without supplies, and bought from New York stocks
for express shipment. The price advanced to approxi-
mately $18 during February, and in March, when Italy
appeared in our market as a heavy buyer of ferro-
tungsten and tungsten powder, the market took a strong
turn. New York stocks were readily absorbed and con-
tracts were concluded to cover Western tungsten ore for
delivery over the greater part of 1917. In the third
week of April purchases made against contracts for
several of the foreign governments interested in buying
amounted to close to 1000 tons, and prices took an
upward turn.

Western shippers decided to fix by the first of May
their lowest quotation at $20 a unit, and naturally the
New York market followed suit, and before the month
was a week old business was done in large quantities at
$20, though foreign ore could still be had below that
figure. The foreign ore has always to be sold at a

*5ft Church St.. New York.

.'-

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 2

coming mostly from Bolivia, Peru or Japan,
it contains impurities such as tin and copper, which
are rarely found in domestic tungsten ore. New York
stocks were so much depleted by the end of May that

it was impossible to make up any carload lot in a uni-
form quality and the ore had to be bought from

many different importers in five- and 10-ton lots.

Karly in June the spot position became serious; the
Western producers were sold out for early delivery and
unwilling to contract for future supplies. South
American ore of good quality was fully sold and any
wolframite that could be seemed readily obtained a
premium over the Western schedule price of $20, which
now only a basis for contracts to be completed,
as no new ore could be bought on this basis. Such
conditions, of course, worked for a rise, and this rise
took effect during the first days of July, when deliveries
right to the end of 1917 were contracted for at $25
per unit by the Western producers.

During the latter half of 1917 prices hardly changed
from those current in July. The main producers had
contracted for everything that could be had between
July and the end of the year at $25(<i26, and they
were unwilling to make contracts into 1918. The
foreign ore followed closely the price lead set by the
Western producers, and while at times arrivals from
South America were heavy, the demand continued
steady, and freight congestions on the one hand or
license difficulties on the other served as a kind of price
regulator and steadied the market the last half year.

The average monthly consumption for 1917 in the
United States amounted to about 800 tons. Importation
averaged about 300 tons monthly, leaving for home pro-
duction approximately 500 tons, which was readily
absorbed. The year closed with wolframite quoted at
$25. Scheelite, spot delivery, sold at $26, but no for-
ward delivery from Western producers was to be had
below $30. At this latter figure business was done for
delivery well into 1918, and with present conditions in
the tungsten market the Western producers expect to
maintain this figure for all of their production.

Arsenic in 1917

Prices in the United States reached the high point of
16 J (a 17c. per lb. for white arsenic in 1917, with a
heavy demand for export. In the latter part of the year,
exports were curtailed and the price dropped to 15ic.
per lb., although higher prices were asked abroad and
imports were cut off.

No new processes were developed, although it was re-
ported that a larger production could be secured by
byproduct treatments, and through the starting of some
arsenic mines formerly operated, notably the Brinton
mine, in Virginia. A greater saving was urged by the
Food Administration, which assumed charge of the in-
dustry on Nov. 15. About one-third of the arsenic
production in the United States was consumed in the
glass-making industry as a substitute for antimony
oxide, the price of which had increased. The manu-
facture of poison gases created a further demand.

Imports of arsenic for nine months ended Sept. 30,
1917, were valued at $226,190, having amounted to
3,525,816 pounds.

Molybdenum

By Charles Hardy*

The consumption of molybdenum in the United States,
and in fact in the world, is much smaller than is
generally supposed. Molybdenum has been so much in
the forefront of discussion that people assume that
molybdenum is available in large quantities. However,
it is a fact that the total production of molybdenum-
carrying ores in 1915, the last year for which figures
are available, amounted to a total of only 222.6 tons of
molybdenum. Of this the United States produced 91
tons, followed by Australia, in which Queensland pro-
duced 58.8 tons, and New South Wales about 19 tons.
Norway came next with about 40 tons. The remainder
was produced in small quantities, mainly by Canada,
Spain and Peru. In 1916 and 1917, however, a consider-
able increase in the molybdenum production occurred,
and while no exact figures are available, I believe that it
would not be a wrong estimate to assume that the
world's production rate practically doubled during the
last two years. Methods of concentration were im-
proved and molybdenite ore running as low as 1% was
successfully treated.

The users of molybdenum were considerably added
to on account of the war and the principal buyers are

AVERAGE MONTHLY PRICES OF MOLYBDENITE (a)
(In Dollars per Pound in Concentrates Assaying 90%)

1917 1917

Inly 2 16

Aiurust . . 2,14

September 2 1ft

October 2 20

November 2 20

December 2 27

January .

February

March

April

May

June

1 81
I 80

1 90

2 10
2 95
2 15

Year

(a) Engineering and Mining Journal Quotations

2 16

the European governments, which found molybdenum,
or rather ferromolybdenum, an excellent addition to steel
for the making of trench helmets, gun linings, armor-
piercing projectiles, and in the form of molybdenum
trioxide as an addition to mellinite powder. Molybdenum
ores either in the form of molybdenite or wulfenite are
found in many places in the United States, but the ore
is generally so finely disseminated that operations at
present are carried on in a comparatively small way.
Should, however, the United States Government require
molybdenum in quantities, the United States Geological
Survey is under the impression that under the super-
vision of Government agents all the molybdenum ore
necessary could be obtained within this country.

The molybdenum price rose from $1.75 for 90% con-
centrates at the beginning of 1917 to $2.25 at the end
of the year. These high prices helped considerably to
stimulate the production, and during the last two months
a little more molybdenite was offered, allowing the
makers of ferromolybdenum to contract more freely for
this product. At the beginning of 1917, few ferromolyb-
denum makers were prepared to enter into any contracts
unless they had the molybdenum ore required for such
contract actually at their works, as little reliance could
be placed upon getting ore regularly from the producers.
With the world's requirements for molybdenum on the
increase, the present prices should be maintained in the
near future even in the face of an appreciable increase
in production.

•50 Church St., New York.

January 12. L918

ENCINKEKINC AND MINING .MtfKNAL

98

Metallurgy of Lead

By II. 0. IIOFMAN*

LEAD metallurgists noted with sorrow that there
passed away in 1917 the last of the three American
pioneer lead smelters. Anton Filers died Apr. 21,
1917, Otto H. Halm and August Raht preceded him only
a short time, the former having passed away on July 2G,
1915, and the latter on Dec. 26, 1916. These men laid
the foundation of modern lead smelting, which is, that
the operations of the blast furnace have to be controlled
strictly by the chemical laboratory. The work of their
successors was to define more clearly than was possible
.it the start the limits of the various chemical reactions.
With the increase in size of plant and, accompanying
this, the decrease in the number of competitive smel-
teries, the aim of operators at present is to handle ma-
terials by machinery instead of by manual labor, as used
to be the case with smaller plants. In addition, minor
details are now looked after carefully so as to leave no
loose ends and to change into marketable products ma-
terials which formerly went to waste.

The increased price of lead and silver in 1917 brought
to smelteries an increased supply of silver-lead ores.
Refineries received additional amounts of lead bullion
owing to the starting of some of the silver-lead mines
and smelteries in Mexico. Thus in 1917 the works of
the country had more units in operation than was the
case in the preceding year.

Lead Smelting Practice

The smelteries of the lower Mississippi Valley, which
furnish about 40% of the country's lead, treated various
grades of galena concentrates,1 ranging from flotation
slimes with 50 % Pb to different grades of jig and table
products with from 60 to 70 and even 80% Pb. Materi-
als with less than 70% Pb were blast roasted and smelt-
ed in the blast furnace; those containing 70% Pb and
over went to the ore hearth. The Newman ore hearth
referred to last year continued to be a success. A typical
analysis of undesilverized lead of the Mississippi Val-
ley region shows Ag 0.0080% (2.4 oz. per ton), As
trace, Sb 0.0030, Bi trace, Cu 0.0800, Fe 0.0015, Zn
trace, Ni and Co 0.0080, Pb 99.8995^c. At Herculaneum,
Mo., and Collinsville, 111., the lead is desilverized by
means of the Parkes process to recover the silver and
to furnish a higher grade of lead; the desilverized lead
contains Ag 0.0005% (0.15 oz. per ton), As trace, Sb
0.0020, Bi trace, Cu 0.0002, Zn 0.0004, Pb 99.9665%.

Plants treating silver-lead ores gave considerable at-
tention to mixed zinc-lead ores, the production of elec-
trolytic spelter having become a practical process. The
ore is given a sulphatizing roast, leached with H.SO,, the
solution purified, and the zinc precipitated, using lead
anodes, aluminum cathodes and a purified electrolyte
of ZnSO, which is nearly neutral. Some of the difficulties
have been overcome; others have not. Thus, while a
laboratory test of a sulphatizing roast may show an ex-
traction of over 90 rc of the zinc, actual work at the
plant yields usually about 60cc . The Hamilton-Murray-

Mclntosh experiments with Sullivan ore, Kimberly, n.
('., showed tti.it above 680 C. ZnO combined with l ■ 0

into an insoluble compound, that free Al <> had a similar
tendency, and thai the amount of combination depended
mainly on temperature and time. The form of furnace
and the mode of operating must be improved before
standard working conditions can be obtained. Upon
neutralizing the acid zinc solution with ore there was
observed a tendency of zinc to fall out of solution, which
is unwelcome in the residue and as regards yield. In
the purification of the electrolyte there is also much
room for improvement.

The smelting division at the works of the Bunker Hill
& Sullivan Mining and Concentrating Co., at Kellogg,
Idaho, went into blast July 5, 1917. It has one Wedge
roasting kiln, three Dwight-Lloyd sintering machines,
and three water-jacket blast furnaces, 48 x 180 in. at
the tuyeres. A blast furnace at this plant treats in 24
hours from 250 to 285 tons charge containing from 36
to 40% lead.

Experiments in Hydrometallurgy of Lead

New methods of treatment of lead ores, be they dry or
wet, usually do not get beyond the experimental stage,
but two recent modes of procedure studied in the labora-
tory3 of the Bureau of Mines at Salt Lake City may
form an exception to the general rule. One method
gives low-grade oxide lead ore a chloridizing roast in a
reverberatory or blast-roasting furnace at a tempera-
ture of 850°-900° C. with the aim of volatilizing the
chlorides of lead, gold and silver formed, which are
collected in a dust chamber supplemented by a Cottrell
electrostatic precipitator. The extractions obtained on
a small scale reached 99 % of the lead and from 80-90%
of the gold and silver. With sulphide ore the lead is
readily volatilized, but not the precious metal; this re-
mains behind and has to be recovered by lixiviation.
The other method involves the lixiviation of raw oxide
lead ore with saturated brine, acidified with sulphuric-
acid, and the recovery of this lead either by electrolysis
or by precipitation with burnt lime. Extractions of
lead varied from 80-98 r(, depending upon the amounts
of lead present as sulphide.

Experiments' at Kellogg, Idaho, with sulphide lead
ore, involving chloridizing in a Holt-Dern blast roaster
and leaching with acidulated brine, gave a yield of lead
of 85-95 % and of silver of 80-90 per cent.

Automatic Bag Filter for Furnace Gases

Most smelteries conduct the gases issuing from blast
furnaces through baghouses in order to save the vola-
tilized metals and to serve as a protection against law-
suits arising from the damages that dust and fume may
inflict upon the surrounding country. It is at present
accepted5 that a filtering surface of 3.45 sq.ft. per cu.ft.
of gas per minute is needed for this purpose. The au-

•Professor of metallurgy, Massac .usetts Institute of Technol-
ogy and Harvard LTniversity, Cambridge, Mass.
'Garliehs, "Bull.," A. I. M. E., July. 1917.

-"Bull.," Can. Min. Inst., July, 1917, p. 615.

3Ralston-Williams-Udy-Holt. "Bull.," A. I. M. E.. August, 1917.
•Larson, "Min. and Sci. Press," 1917, Vol. 115, p. 275.
5Eilers. "Trans.," A. I. M. E., 1912, Vol. 44, p. 720.

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 2

ton... fitter at Depue, ill., reduced th s fi ure to

sq.ft. The essentia] features are that tin- bags of a
division are alternately inflated from a pres3ure pipe
connected with tin- blast-furnace Blue, and collapsed from
tion pipe, and that while under suction the bags
shaken mechanically, receiving an up-and-down as
well as an undulating motion. The combination of suc-
tion and shaking was found to be especially effective
in cleaning the cloth and thereby increasing the Alter-
ing capacity.

While the solids carried by smelter gases are readily
ived either by filtering or by electric precipitation,
the purified gases carry sulphurous and sulphuric acids
in amounts which are harmful to vegetation. The whole
subject was carefully studied by the U. S. Bureau of
and the accepted ideas of the harmful effects ..•
sulphurous gas will have to he somewhat modified.
There remains the possible recovery of sulphur, and
one phase of this question was studied by the Bureau.
With the advent of the war the cost of labor, fuels and
materials was greatly increased and with them the cost
of treatment. H. H. Alexander, manager of the Perth
Amboy, N. J., plant of the American Smelting and Re-
fining Co., states that the available labor supply had de-
. that the cost of it had risen from 20-50' < ,

mean, -Bull..- a. l. M. k.. November, i

g I IU ..f Minis. Washington, D C,

— Knp. and Min. .lourn." I'.'IT. Vol !"::. p

and that at the same time the efficiency had fallen off
from ^.'i-.'!(>' , . As regards mater als required in the
smelting and refining, he found the following percent-
age increases in cost: Firebrick, 50', ; common brick,
80; magnesite brick, 300; iron. 46; steel, 80; castings,
16; crucibles, L85; retorts, 2(15; nitric acid, 35; sul-
phuric acid. 80; and zinc, 170 per cent.

Refining Practice Unchanged
There was practically no change in the practice of
desilverizing lead bullion. The Parkes process prevails
in all plants except in the works of the United States
Metals Refining Co. at East Chicago, Ind., which uses
the Betts process. In Canada this process was also
used by the Consolidated Mining and Smelting Co.. in
its works at Trail, B. C. The works at Omaha, Neb.,
treats but a small amount of lead bullion rich in bis-
muth by the Betts process, in comparison with the total
output of the plant. The Balbach Smelting and Refining
Co. had in full operation its new refinery, and is con-
templating a considerable increase in capacity.

Attention may be called to the valuable description
by W. K. Newnam of the Tredinnick process, a- former-
ly carried out at Omaha, Neb., for concentrating bis-
muth in a small amount of lead by fractional crysc dila-
tion on the Pattinson principle. Of special interest was
the change that the original process had to undergo to
be suited to modern conditions.

Bull." A. I M. E., May. 1917.

Metallurgy of Copper

By ARTHUR L. WALKER*

THE extraordinary activity in the copper industry
and the enormous increase in production which
began in 1915 continued through 1916 and well
into the first half of 1917. By this time the concen-
trating, smelting and refining plants had increased their
capacity so that the ore from the mine could be treated
and the product refined without delay. By the middle
of 1917, however, the difficulty of obtaining supplies,
high prices, serious strikes which occurred in the West
and labor troubles in general began to have a restrain-
ing effect on the industry and production for the last
six months fell off greatly.

Only One Important New Plant Completed

To what degree these circumstances affected construc-
tion is uncertain, but it is known that a number of
definite propositions for smelting and refining plants
were held up on account of the conditions which ob-
tained. The only plant put in commission in 1917 was
that of the New Cornelia Copper Co. in the Ajo district,
Arizona." This is a leaching and electrolytic works.

At this plant the ore. which contains about 1.5',
copper, is crushed in a No. 24 Gates gyratory breaker
and then by stages to i-in. size. It is leached in lead-
lined concrete tanks 15 ft. deep, which was considered
the proper leaching column for this ore. There are
12 of these tanks, each having its own pumping unit,
which handles the solution containing about 3r,0 free

•Professor of metallurgy. Columbia University. New York
> Eng. and Mln. Joum.." Vol. 1«3. p. 443.

sulphuric acid. The solution is enriched by passing it
from tank to tank according to che order of charging,
the fresh solution passing through the oldest charge
first. After it is enriched to the proper degree it is
run to the electrolytic tank house, where there are 158
lead-lined tanks, each 30 ft. long, 4 ft. wide, and 5 ft.
deep. In these tanks electrolytic copper is deposited
on copper cathodes, insoluble lead Anodes being used.
The solution from the leaching tanks is fairly pure,
but nevertheless contains some dissolved iron and
alumina, so that in order to maintain the proper stand-
ard some solution must be withdrawn as it passes from
the electrolytic tanks and discarded. The remainder of
the solution travels back to the leaching tanks, the
sulphuric acid having been regenerated in the process
of electrolysis. The discarded solution is passed over
scrap iron for the purpose of recovering the remaining
copper content.

Utah Copper's Leaching Operations Delayed

During the last decade many metallurgists gave a
large amount of their time and paid especial attention
to the wet treatment of copper ores. Many processes
have been brought forth and attempts made to treat
different kinds of oxidized ores. Only a few of these
operations have been successful but these few demon-
strate that wet methods can be successfully carried on
for certain ores, and under favorable conditions better
recovery can be obtained than by any other method.
The work performed at the big leaching plant at

January 12, 1918

ENGINE ERING wn MINING J01 i:\AI.

Chuquicamata and in the A.jo district are striking ex
amples * < t" what can be accomplished by the process,
The Utah Copper Co. is now installing a plant similar
to the ones operating at Chuquicamata and Ajo, This
plant is designed to treal the oxidized surface ores of

Bingham Canyon, and if it proves successful, as indi-
cated at present, it will undoubtedly be one of the
biggest leaching operations. The ore is crushed to

j-in. mesh and then leached in large tanks which have
a length of 100 it., a width of 50 ft, and a depth of
18 ft. After leaching, the solution containing copper
runs through a revolving drum charged with scrap iron
and in this drum the copper is precipitated. The solu-
tion and precipitated copper are then conveyed to Don-
thickeners, where the precipitate is separated. The
copper precipitate is then shipped to the smeltery for
treatment. The solution overflowing from the Dorr
thickeners is passed through a series of launders tilled
with scrap iron, where the remaining trace of copper
is recovered. The original plant was designed for 4000

id" experiments' on heap leaching of sulphide o
at tl . opp< •, i - mines at Bisbee, Ariz., gave
excel • M . rid I i expo ted that thfc mi. th id

will i . o a certain extent In I be i uture I he

prac im.i.i ,i.ii .it the Rio Tinto mine

In th( hi contained nearly v>00 tons,

an i traction ot . • ■ oppei was obtained after work-
ing toj five >' tth o it is thought it ii .,.. two
years to g i i iction of 80$ of ht oi igina

copper. The heap is hooded in th< usual nei and

the solution passing from the heap is run into tainv
in which the copper is precipitated on iron. The cost
Of building the heap is lllr. a \n]). and the average
cost of leaching ,$10 a day.

Attempts have been made to sulphatize ores with
weak sulphurous-acid gases' with the idea of utilizing
this injurious waste product for the recovery of copper.
The ore is placed in large tanks and the gas brought
into direct contact in the presence of vapor. The sul-
phatization is effected by the combined action on the

ELECTROLYTIC COPPEK REFINERIES OF THE I NITED STATES

Name ol Company
Balbach Smelting and Refining < '<>

Nichols Copper Co

Raritan Copper Works ....

Baltimore Copper Smelting and Rolling C

American Smelting and Refining Co. ....
United States Metals Ref&rlng Co

anaconda Copper Mining Co

Taenma Smelting Co.

Calumet ,v Heela Mining Co

(n) Offieial data.

Tanks

Inside

Situation

System

Dimensions.

1916 Capacity,

1917 Capacity,

of Plant

i ed

Number

In.

Pounds

Pounds

Newark, N. J.

Multiple

446

108x28x44

45.000.000(a)

45,000.000

Laurel Hill, N. Y.

Series

615

126x66x60

480,000,000 <i)

480.000.000

Perth Arnhoy, N. .1.

Multiple

1.45b

H9Jx34x44

480,000,0001,.!

480.000,000

Canton, Md.

1 Multiple

, Series

187
528

1)7x42x42
I28x2bxi0(, i

444,000,000 (n)

444,000,000

( Multipl.

1,334

161x43x49

144, .00,000 (a)

288,000,000

Maurer, N. J.

Multiple

1,632

132x42x42

100, 000,000 (,)

300.000,000

Chrome, N. J.

Multiple

1,228

H2x42x42

230,000,000 (6)

250,000.000

Great Falls, Mont.

1 Multiple
\ Multiple

338

1 15x28x45

o. i. nun nun .. i

60,000,000

1,020

123x34x45

192.000.000(a)

192,000,000

Taeoma, Wash.

Multiple

1 460
1 720

98x33x44
148x33x44

! 144.000,000(6)

204,000.000

Hubbell. Mich.

Multiple

512

1 <Hx34x48

(i5.000.000 (e)
7.584 000.000

65,000,000

'. 78". ooo. ooo

(6) Estimated.

(c) Six-compartment tanks.

tons and should have been completed last summer, but
owing to delays it will not be put in operation until
1918. An enlargement of this plant is now contem-
plated; also the substitution of electrolytic precipitation
for scrap iron.

Ammonia Leaching in Michigan and Alaska

The original ammonia-leaching plant of the Calumet
& Hecla Mining Co.' was so successful that the 2000-ton
plant is being doubled. It is expected that this addition
will be completed and put in operation before July, 1918.
During the first four months of 1917 the total cost
of ammonia leaching is given as 4.75c. per lb. of cop-
per and the total cost, including selling and smelting
expenses, at about 6c. per lb. The extraction varies
with the fineness of the material treated, being greater
as the fineness increases. The average extraction was
78 cc for the four months in question.

At Kennecott, Alaska, the ammonia-leaching plant
which commenced operations in 1916 gave such excellent
results5 that a new plant is being designed that will
have a capacity of 800 tons a day. This plant will
treat the tailings from the concentrating mill, and an
extraction of 75% is expected. The cost per pound of
copper depends upon the ammonia loss, but was stated
to be 17c, which is naturally high on account of the
local conditions.

""Eng. and Min. Journ.," Vol. 103, p. 344.
'"Eng. and Min. Journ.,"' Vol. 104. p. 43.
'"'Eng. and Min. Journ., Vol. 104, p. 781.
""Min. and Sci. Press." Vol. 115. p. 749.

wet ore of the hot sulphurous-acid gas, excess oxygen
in the smoke, oxygen with sulphites and water vapor.
It has been discovered that the sulphatizing action is
satisfactory no matter what the sulphur-dioxide content
of the gas. In fact, a range from 0.3 to 5.5', has
been found to give satisfactory results. After treating,
the ore is leached with water to dissolve out the sul-
phate of copper and the copper precipitated on scrap
iron. It has been found that the recovery ranged from
60 to 90',, but undoubtedly difficulties would be in-
curred in designing a plant for this work.

Application of Flotation Process Extended

Concentration by flotation is becoming of greater
importance, and 1917 witnessed a large increase in the
amount of ore treated by this method. Flotation for
the treatment of low-grade sulphide copper ores is
now used, either exclusively or in part, at all of our
large copper concentrating plants, and it is apparently
only a question of time when it will entirely supersede
table concentration for fine sizes. In addition, material
like slime, which it is impossible to treat by table
concentration, can be successfully treated by flotation.
A loss of at least 20',, and sometimes over 30', ,
was entailed by the older practice but this has now
been reduced one-half. It is stated2 that the amount
of ore worked by flotation at present is largely in
excess of the tonnage treated by any other process.

T"Eng. and Min. Journ.," Vol. 104, p. 119.
-"Journ. Ind. and Eng. Ctiem.," November, 1917.

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ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 2

Investigations of the smoke question were continued

in H>17 in spite of business conditions. The CoUrell
prove-- is -till found to give the most satisfactory Je-
suits where it is desired to collect dust particles or
sulphur trioxide. Scientific experiments conducted by
the American Smelting and Refining Co." demonstrated
that sulphur dioxide of a certain degree of concentra-
tion is more injurious than either dust particles or
sulphur trioxide. This is a remarkable finding anil is
at variance with certain preconceived ideas. The smelt-
ing company's investigations were carried on in such
a manner that various crops in different stages were
fumigated with sulphur-dioxide gases of varying deg
of concentration. It was found that only gas containing
more than the certain degree of concentration was
injurious to vegetation, and if the sulphur dioxide tenor
of these gases was kept below this point no harm
resulted.

As a result of these investigations the smelting com-
pany has constructed or is constructing four large
chimneys, the aim being to arrange so that the gases
will be emitted at as high a temperature as possible
and at such a height that the maximum amount of
diffusion will result and the SO, content be reduced
below the danger limit before the gases come in contact
with vegetation. At the Murray plant, Utah, a stack
is being built which is 450 ft. high and 20 ft. in
diameter. At the East Helena plant, in Montana, a
stack was recently finished which is 400 ft. high and
16 ft. in diameter. At the El Paso plant, in Texas,
a stack 400 ft high and 30 ft. internal diameter was
completed, and at Tacoma, Wash., a stack 571 ft.' high
and 25 ft. in diameter will be finished in January, 1918.
This stack will be the highest in this country.

The only advance in copper-converting operations
in 1917 was in the size of the vessels used. The

it and Chera. Eng," Vol. 17, p. 682.

large vertical converters which have been tried out
at I neat Falls and Anaconda have given such excel-
lent results that they have superseded the smaller
converters of this type at these-plants. At the Garfield
plant, larger Peirce-Smith converters were installed,
having diameters of 13 ft., which compares with the
original diameter of 10 ft., and with about the same
length as the original converters. It is stated that as
a result of this increase in diameter the repair of
linings has been reduced to about one-quarter of that
observed in the smaller-sized vessels. Undoubtedly the
reason for this is due in a large measure to the height
of the upper surface of the brick lining above the
charge, thereby avoiding to a great extent the corrosive
action of the metal when blowing.

Electrolytic Refining

The capacity of the electrolytic copper refineries has
been enormously increased during the last two years,
as shown in a table elsewhere in this issue, in order to
take care of the output of the mines, which in the
early part of 1916 was largely in excess of the capacity
of the refineries. The only new plants built in recent
years, however, are the Calumet & Hecla Mining Co.'s
plant at Hubbell and the Anaconda Copper Mining Co.'s
plant at Great Falls. Both of these plants were started
prior to the beginning of 1917. The principal increase
in capacity is due to addition to existing plants.

At present the Nichols Copper Co. is the only one
using the series system alone. The Baltimore Copper
Smelting and Rolling Co. in its new addition uses the
multiple system. The other large refineries, when in-
creasing, simply added more tanks having the same size
as those already installed. At the end of 1917 the
maximum capacity of the electrolytic copper refineries
in the United States was 2,788,000,000 lb., as shown
by the accompanying table which also gives the capacity
of these works at the end of the preceding year.

Metallurgy of Zinc

BY W. R. INGALLS

ASK any individual zinc smelter what important
new thing was started in his art in 1917, and
he will probably answer "Nothing at all." Yet
when we survey the whole field we see many new
things, and concede that some of these may represent
beginnings of important new steps in the art. The
conditions of 1917 were stimulating to imagination
and experimentation, to which there is never such
an incentive as hard times, and strange as it may
appear with spelter selling at 7§@9c. per lb., the zinc
smelter has experienced hard times. As a whole, the
industry is confronted with the conditions of an enor-
mous surplus of plant, which was provided to meet
the shortage of capacity in 1915 and 1916, when
the demand of practically the entire world was thrown
upon the United States. The surplus plant must now,
to a large extent, be abandoned and written off unless
some new use can be found for it. The great pos-
sibilities are manifestly to extend the use of zinc as
a metal, especially in the form of sheet zinc, which
may be substituted for other things ; to a minor extent

as zinc dust, which has some peculiar advantages,
and, finally, the use of zinc as oxide, for pigment
manufacture and other purposes. The following review
will indicate how the thoughts of managers and metal-
lurgists are being projected along these lines.

One of the most revolutionary ideas in the metal-
lurgy of zinc is soon to be tested at Bartlesville,
Okla., where work along this line has been going
on for several years. The idea is to distill large ton-
nages of roasted ore in retorts, using only relatively
small quantities of reducing fuel and employing rela-
tively unskilled labor. The metallurgist will be content
with a low extraction of zinc, say 60%, but will be
careful not to burn any zinc during this operation. The
retort residues, high in both lead and zinc, will be
burned in Wetherill grate furnaces, and there will thus
be obtained a zinc extraction relatively high, by rougher
and less expensive methods than the present.

Another important step that is impending, I feel
sure, is such improved preparation of the charge that it
will be possible to introduce a great deal more ore into

January L2, 1918

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

'J7

the retort and reduce tin- groat surplus of reduction
material that is now employed. The possibilities of
economy in this direction are immense. Methods of
doing it have already been indicated.

Zinc Oxide — Several of the large zinc smelters have
now provided themselves with oxide plants, the original
purpose of which was to increase the extraction of the
ore treated in the distilleries by a supplemental burn-
ing out of the zinc remaining in the retort residues.
In a general way, residues assaying about (5 to 7\
zinc can be made to yield about 60 to 65 % thereof
without the addition of any more fuel than the un-
burned surplus contained in the residue itself. The
labor cost is relatively low, but the plant cost is con-
siderable.

Metallurgical^, the use of the Western Wetherill
furnace is universal for this purpose, this furnace being
recognized as the best all-around type. In the main,
the aim is simply to make an impure oxide, which is
returned to the distillery. This evades the care that
is necessary to make oxide of the requisite whiteness
and physical properties for use as pigment. However,
some smelters have equipped themselves for pigment
manufacture and have competitively entered the pig-
ment market.

Baghouses — In zinc-oxide manufacture, the necessary
element following the furnace is the baghouse for filtra-
tion of the fume. The baghouses follow the conven-
tional lines that were first introduced many years ago.
However, it is common now to provide for mechanical
shaking of the bags and removal of the filtered gas
by mechanical exhaustion. It has been found that the
cleaner the bags are kept and the better is managed
the current of gas, the more efficient is the filtering
surface. Of course, these ideas simply conform to com-
mon knowledge and experience in the filtering of liquids
and gases of any kind. It was sought by Simon,
Buehler & Baumann to combine all the good features
of the baghouse in a relatively small, compact, self-
contained apparatus. This apparatus was introduced at
the works of the Bartlesville Zinc Co., at Bartlesville,
Okla., and has been in use there for several years.
The experience with it, however, was finally decided to
be unsatisfactory, and although the machines are still
in use, a new baghouse of the usual type was erected
in 1917 to help them out, and the use of the machines
will probably be discontinued in the near future. They
have been found to be mechanically weak and incor-
rectly designed for the handling of large volumes of gas.

Roasti?ig Furnaces — The literature has been enriched
by two very practical articles on blende roasting fur-
naces, one by Mr. de Lummen, the other by Mr. Chase.
Zinc smelters have been for a long time in search of
a thoroughly good muffled blende-roasting furnace. In
default of anything better, the Hegeler furnace has
commonly been used heretofore, but it is costly, clumsy,
and only semi-mechanical. It is now felt that besides
the Hegeler we may safely rely upon the Spirlet, the
Merton and the Ridge, with a strong probability that
the Wedge, with the modification that the designers
have made in it to suit this special purpose, will also
be found a successful furnace. Wedge furnaces are
already used extensively for roasting preliminary to
electrolytic zinc extraction, but that does not require
the dead-roast that is necessary as a preliminary to

distillation. Some Wedge furnaces have been bu it

for the latter purpose, but they have not yet I << « u
thoroughly tried .nit.

The Spirlet furnace is used in this country by the
Grasselli Chemical Co., by the American Zinc, Lead and

Smelting Co. (Hillsboro plant), and by the National
/.me Co. Some mechanical troubles have been exi" ri
enced, which may be attributed to faulty construct ion
rather than to wrong principles of design. Under the
competent direction of Mr. Rissmann, of the National
Zinc Co., Mr. Harlow, superintendent of his Argentine
plant, has ingeniously solved the mechanical troubles,
and has, in fact, developed a new furnace, which is
called the American Spirlet. Space does not permit
a detailed description of this at present, but the readers
of the Journal will have it later.

Among the older furnaces changes have been made
in the construction of the Hegeler by the American
Zinc, Lead and Smelting Co., which has added an extra
hearth at the bottom. This hearth is direct-fired, the
combustion gases going directly into the fire flues, and
thus not mixing with the sulphur-dioxide gases from
the upper hearths. The open roasting affords an oppor-
tunity of finishing the desulphurization in a more
satisfactory manner than by the old method.

The old, wasteful Zellweger furnace is passing out of
use. During 1917 three furnaces of this type of the
Bartlesville Zinc Co. were changed into an adaptation
of the Ropp furnace. The results have been gratifying,
inasmuch as gas consumption has been reduced to less
than one-half the former figure, and the roasting capac-
ity has been slightly increased.

The introduction of the Ridge roaster has not yet
been reported in this country, but in Great Britain its
adoption is going on rapidly. Mr. Ridge wrote me last
summer that there would soon be eight furnaces in
operation at four different works. Dillwyn & Co., Ltd..
have been roasting 14 to 15 long tons of Broken Hill
flotation concentrate per furnace with a fuel consump-
tion of 7J%, desulphurizing the ore to 1.4 to 1.6%,
one man per shift looking after each furnace, including
the fire. Vivian & Sons, Ltd., have been roasting
various zinc ores at the rate of 12 to 13 tons per day
with a fuel consumption of 7i%. The United Alkali
Co. roasts Broken Hill concentrate at the rate of 14
long tons per 24 hours with a fuel consumption of about
9%, producing a gas containing about 61% sulphur
dioxide. Each furnace takes about nine horsepower.

Mr. Ridge published a valuable paper on the subject
of blende roasting in the Journal of the Society of
Chemical Industry last summer. Mr. de Lummen took
exception to certain of the statements therein, and it
is worth while to record his corrections, in view of
his interesting references to the Delplace, Rhenania
and Spirlet furnaces:

"With regard to the Delplace furnace, it is said that
'only 16% of coal is required for heating.' This fuel
consumption does not agree with that of the Belgian
and German works, which never reaches such a level,
and generally varies between 11 and 13%. I cannot
agree to the assertion that the men prefer to work on
Rhenania furnaces rather than on Delplace furnaces.
Working on a Rhenania furnace requires much more
strength than working on a Delplace, where the charges
are small (between 170 and 275 lb.). Further, the

c

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 2

rit of the working uh>1s o( a Rhenania furnace is
not to be compared with those of a Delplace Furnace,
which arv much lighter.
"With regard to Spiriet furnaces, the capacity with

:sh. Algerian, or Silesian blende on the Continent
is t> tons per 24 hours. The coal consumption ranges
from 7 to 8 With Australian concentrates it varies

fron 5 tons. I have seen several furnaces work-

ing nearly a year without being stopped. More than
-pirlet furnaces have been erected in Continental
works."

Distillation Furnaces — I do not know of anything
very important with respect to the design of distilla-
tion furnaces. In the United States, 1917 was not a
year of new furnace construction, being:, on the con-
trary, one of putting surplus furnaces out of commis-
sion. The English Crown Spelter Co., of Swansea,
Introduced a new furnace designed by Mr. Ruck,
general manager of the company. This furnace, which
is of the reversing regenerative type, is interesting as
being a combination of the Rhenish and the Belgian in
its superstructure. It has the three rows of retorts of
the Rhenish furnace, but the arrangement of the
facades follows the Belgian. In other words, this fur-
nace is similar to those at Peru, 111., except that it
has three rows of large retorts.

Mr. Ruck tells me that after many years of con-
sideration, he came to the conclusion that there is an
economic limit to the size of the distilling furnace.
vThis is a subject deserving far more extended dis-
cussion than is possible here). At the English Crown
Spelter Works the distilling furnaces, which compare
favorably with the best of the Swansea district, have
154 retorts each, requiring a crew of nine men, the
furnace men making their own gas. Mr. Ruck's new-
furnace has 204 retorts, and, by adopting labor-saving
devices, is attended by a crew of eight men. plus
three making gas for two furnaces ; that is, an average
of 9d men per furnace. The men get better wages and
make a considerable saving in fuel, the consumption of
the latter being about 107% of the weight of the ore
charged.

At Vada Ligure, in Italy, the Societa di Monteponi
put one furnace in operation, this being a novelty in
practice in that it is fired with the waste gas from a
neighboring coking plant. The supply of gas was in-
sufficient, however, for the other two furnaces that are
contemplated. Extensive experiments in electrothermic
smelting are to be undertaken at this plant. Italy is
short of coal, wherefore the development of a zinc in-
dustry within that kingdom apparently lies in the
direction of electrothermic smelting or of electrolytic
extraction, hydro-electric power being available.

The zinc smeltery at Ekibastus, in Siberia, was put
in operation, and metallurgical results are reported to
have been satisfactory, but owing to other troubles the
production in 1917 did not amount to much.

Some interest has been exhibited in endurance records
of distillation furnaces. In the Journal of Mar. 31,
1917, it was reported that on Mar. 12 block "C," com-
prising 600 retorts at the Cherryvale works of the Edgar
Zinc Co., had completed a campaign of 10 years, during
which time it had produced 29,136 tons of spelter.
During the 10 years smelting was interrupted for 15
days owing to labor troubles and for 15 days owing

to breakage of gas mains, but during those times the
furnace was on dead-fire. The end of the 10-year period
did not terminate the compaign of this furnace.

The record of this Cherryvale furnace is surpassed
l>y that of several furnaces in the Clarksburg works
of the Grasselli Chemical Co. In May and June, 1904,
the first three furnaces of this plant were fired. In
1905 three additional furnaces were started and the
remainder in 1907. None of these furnaces has missed
a single fire or has had to have any repairs worth
mentioning. They are reported as doing at present as
good work as they have ever done, and Mr. Ziesing
considers that their campaign will continue for many
years yet.

Zinc Dust — One of the projects for increasing the use
of zinc is to produce a superior kind of zinc dust, which
will not only replace the furnace blue powder, but also
will find new uses. The new kind of dust is produced
by atomizing zinc by means of compressed air. This
is already being done by the Anaconda Copper Mining
Co., by the Grasselli Chemical Co., by the New Jersey
Zinc Co., and by the Metals Disintegrating Co., of
Boston. The National Zinc Co., of Bartlesville, Okla.,
has begun experimenting on the same lines.

The greatest difficulty in atomizing zinc is to produce
a product that is as fine as furnace blue powder, but
that difficulty has been mastered. Atomized zinc dust,
when of proper fineness, is greatly superior to furnace
blue powder. The atomized dust runs in the coarser
sizes from 98 to 99% metallic zinc, and in the finest
dust, all of which passes through a 350-mesh sieve,
there is 97 to 98 % metallic zinc. Furnace blue powder
made in the United States hardly ever contains more
than 86% metallic zinc, though it is reported that some
is now made running as high as 90% metallic. Furnace
blue powder is naturally of greater fineness than the
majority of the atomized product now on the market,
but it is possible to prepare the latter as a very fine
and very beautiful product.

Electrolytic Zinc Extraction. — During 1917 several of
the new plants went into operation, but none attained
large production. On Dec. 25 the plant at Risdon, Tas-
mania, was put in motion. The Mount Lyell company
will also probably build in that island.

Early in 1917 the Judge Mining and Smelting Co., of
Park City, Utah, put its electrolytic zinc plant in oper-
ation, producing about three tons of zinc per 24 hours,
which was gradually to be increased to 12-15 tons. This
plant, which was designed and built by C. A. Hansen, is
especially interesting from the fact that it is the first
zinc plant to be equipped with rotating, circular cath-
odes. That is to say, it is the first modern plant
using zinc-sulphate electrolyte. Dr. Hoepfner employed
such cathodes in the old plants at Fuhrfort, in Germany,
and at Winnington, in England, but at those plants the
electrolyte was zinc chloride. Rotating cathodes offer
some distinct theoretical advantages, against which
there are some disadvantages (among which is con-
siderably higher first cost). However, the experience
at Park City soon demonstrated that the disadvantages
outweighed the advantages, and stationary cathodes
were substituted.

Otherwise there were no great novelties in the elec-
trolytic process. At Anaconda it is considered to have
passed out of the "high brow" stage and to have be-

January L2, 1918

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

99

come a matter of everyday working, Many of the
initial difficulties have disappeared, As Mr. Laist says,
"they seemed to be like evil spirits, which ran away
when they found they could not battle us."

Refining by Redistillation As in L916, a great deal

of common spelter was refined by redistillation
up to grades — tt.10', l'b, —0.15', Pb, etc. In the
West this is done by redistilling in furnaces thai are
adaptations from the ordinary ore furnace, the retorts

being inclined upward instead of downward. The
spelter is either charged in sticks or as molten metal
(de Saulles furnace). In the Bast furnaces with large,

bottle-shaped retorts, similar to those of the Faber du

Paur furnace, are employed. In Sweden the redi tilla
tiou is done in electric furnaces. Mr. Zicsinr. "1 the
GraBSelli Company, has designed an electric furnace
for this purpose, but it has not been tried in practici

The lack of interest in electric furnaces in this countrj
is ascribable i<i the relatively high cost of power :,
compared with conditions iii Scandinavia.

Sheet-Zinc Rolling The New Jersey Zinc Co. buill
a rolling mill at Palmerton. We may expect •■ great
increase of interest in the subject of sheet-zinc rolling
in the United States during the next few years.

Progress of Flotation in 1917

By HERBKKT A. MEGRAW

THE progress recorded by the flotation process in
1917 was considerable, but most of it failed to
come before the public eye. The process was the
subject of a great deal of discussion, however, because
of the prominence imparted to it by extensive litigation.
The appearance before the U. S. Supreme Court late in
1916 of the case of Minerals Separation against James
M. Hyde apparently served as a starting point for a new
series of controversial arguments. In 1917 the cases of
Minerals Separation vs. Miami Copper Co., decision
upon which was filed May 24, and the case of Minerals
Separation vs. Butte & Superior Co., later in the year,
provided further incentives for discussion. In all of
these decisions there has been room left for discussion
of their real intent, since the language used was not
sufficiently clear to provide an unalterable conclusion.
Under such circumstances the operator must simply wait
for the time when he can be advised without fear of con-
tradiction.

The Progress of Flotation Litigation

(The situation, so far as the legal status of the process
is concerned, is badly clouded, and it would require the
careful study of an expert to arrive at a conclusion that
might form a basis upon which practical operations
could be conducted. The claims made by Minerals Sepa-
ration, the owners of certain patents that they insist
are basic, and those of other inventors and operators,
are so broad and overlapping that they do not agree at
any point, and no one could safely make use of the pro-
cess in any way without danger of becoming involved
in litigation. In this regard, the paper by R. C. Canby,
in the Engineering and Mining Journal of Dec. 1, 1917,
performs a most useful service by reviewing the field of
patent litigation and pointing out just where the differ-
ent processes and claims may be substantiated.

Much of the agitation about the legal phase of flota-
tion centered about the use of oil, the quantity or pro-
portion to be employed, and the method and degree of
agitation. The decision of the U. S. Supreme Court in
December, 1916, apparently limiting the claims of Min-
erals Separation to the use of 1% of oil or a smaller
amount upon the dry weight of the ore treated was the
signal for many operators to modify their operations to
the extent of using larger quantities of oil. Whereupon,
Minerals Separation, in order to avoid this limitation,
secured a revision of one of its claims in the patent
in question, amending it to read in such a manner that

the Minerals Separation company apparently made no
claim to the use of more than I', of oil "except where
the results obtained were the same as the results ob-
tained with less than \' , of oil." By this skillful word-
ing the whole subject was reopened. Minerals Separa-
tion, particularly in the suit against Butte & Superior,
pointed out that, although quantities of oil much larger
than l°/( were used, the results were still the same as
where less than 1% was employed, and that the actual
flotation results obtained were through the small quan-
tity of appropriate oil applied in the process, and not
through the use of the much larger quantity of what
they claim to be an inappropriate oil. They pointed out
that the larger quantity of oil was of a kind not suit-
able for flotation and was merely introduced to avoid
patent infringements, being in effect a subterfuge.

Clarification of Court Decisions

It is not the province of this article to go deeply into
the subject of litigation. It has been discussed at length
in the columns of the Engineering and Mining Journal
and other technical periodicals, particularly in the
article by Mr. Canby, already mentioned, which serves
to illuminate the situation as it was on Dec. 1, 1917.
Technically, it may be pointed out that a great number
of plants operated with the employment of large quanti-
ties of oil — that is, quantities amounting to more than
1% — upon the dry weight of the ore treated, while a
considerable number of experiments were made and
some practical progress was obtained toward flotation
without any oil whatever. This, of course, does not
refer to the oilless surface-film processes, which are
clearly outside Minerals Separation claims, and which
may be and are utilized generally in the United States
and other countries. It does apply, however, to pro-
cesses that give the same effect as the oil-using methods.
Of course, the use of reagents other than oil to produce
a condition of froth such as will support commercial con-
centration by flotation will probably become the source
of further litigation should it become practicable, since
Minerals Separation is the owner of a patent that is
said to cover the use of all soluble frothing agents. This
seems to be a remarkably broad patent and to cover
methods that might be invented or discovered in the
future as well as those known at the time the patent was
issued. Naturally, there will be differences of opinion
on the subject, and litigation to settle the point. On the

KNV.INKKRINi; AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 2

face of the matter it would appear thai the tonus of this

at may be so interpreted as t<> cover almost any-
thing, since if a substance is not soluble, it is difficult

to Bee how it would influence troth formation.
Tho question o( the kind of oil to be used in dotation
•he subject of further study, and. while little public
notice was taken of the matter, it is believed that a
number of practically new products were adapted during
the year. As it stands now, it seems possible that al-
most any oil may be used in flotation, but what the
qualities of an oil are that make it desirable for the pur-
ear. To this latter point one or two research
laboratories directed particular energy, in the endeavor
to find a basis by which oils may be judged without go-
ing through actual tests on the ore itself. The object
was to define the quality or qualities that make an oil
appropriate for use in ore flotation. The prospect is
bright for the discovery of some such basis in the not
distant future.

Royalties and Their Payment

One of the principal points that attracted the atten-
tion of the outsider in flotation litigation was the stren-
uous effort made by operating companies to avoid roy-
alty payments to Minerals Separation, the principal pat-
ent owner. Indeed, it was publicly urged that operators
purposing to take advantage of a process of this kind
ought to be willing to pay a reasonable royalty to the
inventor of a new and useful method. The opponents
of Minerals Separation, however, maintained that they
would be perfectly willing to pay a reasonable royalty but
were not willing to comply with the terms specified by
Minerals Separation. It was pointed out that Minerals
Separation claims impose a severe tax upon the mineral
industry, and that, in addition to the actual money pay-
ments, the corporation insists upon becoming the owner
of any process or improvement along flotation lines that
may be discovered by its licensees. If the last and ad-
ditional requirement could be enforced the effect would
probably be to deaden the ambition of operators, since
it would leave no incentive for the development of new
ideas, and apparently it would be much better, even for
Minerals Separation itself, to open the way for free im-
provement of the process along every possible line. Min-
erals Separation might well stand upon its original
rights, drawing an income from royalties and at the
same time not hampering general development of the
process.

It was further contended by opponents of Minerals
Separation that the basis upon which royalties are
charged is not logical. The company seeks to impose a
royalty upon the total tonnage of ore treated by a given
plant: whereas, the operators contend that this charge
should be assessed upon the tonnage of ore actually
treated by flotation. The basis of the claims of the op-
ponents is evident without discussion, but Minerals
Separation's ground for argument is not clear without
further explanation. It is that if the charge is made
upon the tonnage actually treated by flotation, the oper-
ators using it will endeavor to limit its application to as
small a tonnage as possible, thereby not only depriving
Minerals Separation of the royalty that might rightfully
be theirs, but, in addition, operating actually to the
detriment of the process itself, since its efficiency might
be impaired by the efforts of operators to economize.

The value of this argument may be weighed by each
operator in the light of its application to his own prob- .
[em and the conclusions reached will doubtless be ex-
pressed from time to time.

Effect of Variations of Quantity of Oil

Technical applications of flotation in 1917 were de-
veloped to a considerable extent, but a great amount of
data was not made public. Some descriptions of new ap-
plications were published, however, and it is best in a
review of the subject to confine one's self to the points
to which public attention was directed. It is unwise
to mention those plants at which developments have
been kept more or less secret, although some reference
to the work in general terms may be made without par-
ticular reference to the plants themselves.

Although the use of more than 1% of oil in securing
flotation of minerals was more or less widely considered
as a subterfuge to avoid patents, there were some in-
stances in which the increased amount of oil was of con-
siderable benefit. In cases where extremely muddy
water had to be contended with, that being the only
supply available for flotation, the increased amount of
oil delivered better concentrates, cleaner and more of
them, than when the smaller quantity of oil, as specified
by the patent, was used. In other cases the larger
quantity of oil produced concentrates that contained a
much greater percentage of the mineral content of the
ore, although they were low grade. This simply meant
that the material had to be put through a second opera-
tion, that of cleaning, resulting finally in a product that
was satisfactory in grade, and at the same time de-
livered a high percentage of the mineral content of the
original ore.

The subject of oil received considerable consideration,
as has already been said, but it is probable that few if
any new oils were brought into practical use during the
year, as in 1915 and 1916 experimenters tried practi-
cally all available oils to determine their use in flotation.
It is possible that some of the shale oils and bitumen
products were experimented with during the year.

Flotation in the Joplin District

Among the advances recorded in 1917 may be men-
tioned the plants of the Southwestern Missouri lead and
zinc fields. C. A. Wright described1, the ore-dressing
practice in the Joplin district, pointing out that flota-
tion tests of the ores show that they are amenable to
flotation and that the sulphide floated rather easily. He
further said that, "although for the present flotation
may not prove as important in the mills of the Joplin
district as in many of the larger copper and zinc mills
of the West, it is believed that before long many of the
mills of the district will have small flotation units for
saving a large proportion of the values in the fines now
going to waste. Several mills are already using flota-
tion successfully; with others it is still in the experi-
mental stage."

In the Joplin district many tests showed that a fairly
good grade of concentrates could be obtained by the use
of rougher and cleaner cells. Oils having a coal-tar base
gave high recovery but low-grade concentrates, while
other oils gave better grade of concentrates but not such

^ull. A. I. M. E., No. 130. October. HUT, p. 1565.

January 12, 1918

KNG1NKKRING AND MINING JOURNAL

li)l

good extractions. The best ultimate results were ob-
tained by the combined use of wood creosote and pine
oil. These with petroleum products form a mixture that
is satisfactory, a typical combination being 80% coal
tar ami 20' pine oil or creosote.

Turpentine and Rosin as Frothing Agents

Several tests were made with a mixture of turpentine
ami rosin. The rosin was dissolved in the turpentine
in such proportions that the three different mixtures
used contained 10, 20 and 30% of rosin, respectively,
the remainder being turpentine. The experiments made
were mostly roughing tests to find out what the mix-
ture would do with respect to grade of concentrates and
percentage of recovery. The 20 and 30% mixtures gave
the best results in both respects. By using from 1 to
5 lb. of mixture per ton of ore treated in an acid
pulp of about 5: 1 thickness, that is, water to solids, the
rough concentrates varied from 37 to 66 % zinc, and the
zinc recoveries from 50 to 80%. In most cases the
higher the grade of concentrates obtained, the lower
the recoveries. The relatively low recoveries, how-
ever, may be considered good in view of the fact that
the zinc content of the heads was low, being 1.05 to
2.18%. It was believed that higher recoveries might
easily have been obtained had there been richer feeds
available.

The work done in the experimental way was checked
by sending samples to Salt Lake City, where the U. S.
Bureau of Mines, in cooperation with the University of
Utah, is doing flotation experimental work. The results
of the tests performed by Messrs. Ralston and Allen
demonstrated that it is fairly easy to float the sphalerite
from the gangue by using warm solution and about 1 lb.
per ton of any suitable oil, either from wood or coal
distillation, and that acidity, although it does not seem
to be necessary, allows the froth and fluid to separate
more quickly. Cold solutions give a higher recovery
than warm ones, but the grade of product is not so good.

The Practice in Southeast Missouri

Describing concentration practice in Southeast Mis-
souri, A. P. Watt, said1 that the introduction of flota-
tion in the district had not greatly altered the metal-
lurgy of the ores. Flotation is not replacing gravity
concentration except in the very fine sizes, and econom-
ically never can replace it. Fortunately, the physical
nature of the ore of the district is such that an econom-
ical product can be made on the jigs and tables, and this
fact precludes the possibility of flotation ever encroach-
ing into the field of gravity concentration. The logical
use of flotation in the district is in the treatment of ga-
lena particles finer than 200 mesh, as efficient work can
be done with tables on sizes coarser than this. The field
for flotation thus appears as sharply defined, being
limited to the treatment of slimes products only, no at-
tempt being made to displace gravity concentration by
flotation on sizes coarser than 200 mesh.

In the Southeast Missouri district the usual feed for
flotation is the overflow of the desliming cones, classi-
fiers, jigs, drags, and other like sources. Primary and
secondary slimes are mixed. The overflows may be
partly tabled or may all go direct to the flotation plant

*Bull., A. I. M. E., October, 1917, p. 1525.

without gravitj concentration. The mill slimes, contain-
ing 3 to 10', solids, are settled, usually in Dorr tanks,

the settling area allowed per ton of dry slimes varying
from 11 to 16 sq.ft. An average figure for the district

would be about IS sq.ft. per ton of dry slimes. This
figure applies when the discharge contains -'<>', solids.
The lead present in the discharge of the Dorr thick-
eners is practically all liner than JO0 mesh, which is the
desirable product for flotation

Adding the Frothing Agents

The frothing agent is added at the flotation machine.
The common agent is creosote, which gives excellent re-
sults, is active and yields clean concentrates. Some
plants add the entire quantity of creosote at the first
flotation compartment, and even though the tailings
from the primary machine may be retreated, no further
addition of creosote is made, entire dependence being
placed upon the initial quantity added. The more com-
mon practice with the agitation type of machine is to
add the frothing agent at several points. At one plant
operating a 24-compartment agitation machine, of the
total creosote used 75% is added at the first compart-
ment, 13% at the ninth compartment, 8% at the 16th
compartment, and 4% at the 21st compartment.

The types of machines used are Federal, Janney, the
drum and the pneumatic. The pneumatic-type machine
is never used as a primary treater, being limited to re-
treatment. The Federal machine is similar to the stand-
ard agitation type, consisting of an agitation compart-
ment and a spitzkasten. It was developed by the Fed-
eral Lead Co. These machines are usually preceded by
two preliminary agitation cells without frothing com-
partments, these two being necessary in order to incor-
porate thoroughly the frothing agent into the pulp. The
Janney machine is fairly well known and needs no fur-
ther description, while the Kohlherg & Kraut is of the
drum type.

The flotation practice at all the plants is similar, dif-
fering only in detail. The tailings from primary treat-
ment are retreated, either with air machines or drum-
type machines; the latter make finished tailings, and
concentrates that may be finished or may require re-
treatment. The drum-type machines recover much of
the pyrite that escapes the primary machines. The con-
centrates from the drum tailings machine are finished
product, requiring no further treatment.

Flotation as an Auxiliary Process with Arizona
Copper Ores

"Concentration at Humboldt, Ariz.," describing the
work of the Consolidated Arizona Smelting Co., by
George M. Colvocoresses, in the Engineering and Min-
ing Journal, of July 14, 1917, included details of flota-
tion as applied to those ores. It pointed out that the ad-
vent of flotation worked a considerable change in smelt-
ing conditions and practice, not only making possible the
profitable treatment of many ores that could not be suc-
cessfully handled by gravity, but as an adjunct to grav-
ity concentration greatly improving the recovery of
metals and the grade of concentrates produced.

The commercial minerals in the Consolidated Arizona
ores float satisfactorily, and when clean sulphide is sent
to the mills an excellent recovery is obtained, some-
times running as high as 95 or 96%, including the

ENGINEERING AND MINING .10UKNAL

Vol.' 105, No. 2

en made by the roughing tables. Various mix-
tures of oil have been tried there, the average mixture
consisting of 67.7' of the Standard Oil Co.'s stove oil ;
la Tar and Turpentine Co. s No. -W.
~IU, , . other oil. On the average about 1.381 lb.

of ,.,l per ton of ore was employed, its cost represent-
ing iust about Sc per ton of ore. A newer mixture in
use consisted of 70.4' of Standard Oil Co.'s stove oil;
cola Tar and Turpentine Co.s No. 200,
and ; ; ■ Standard Oil Co.'s Calol fuel oil. rhe
amount used per ton was 1.31 lb., and its cost about
per ton. The figures given for the cost per ton ol
the concentration at this mill are interesting, and are as
follows: Crushing. $0*91; grinding, $0,671; tabling,
Dotation, $0,250 per ton.
MiKK.x Process Uses Flotation principle
\t Darwin Calif., concentration of lead-carbonate ores
was accomplished by the Murex process, described by H.
S Rexworthy. As is well known, this process consists
mixing a magnetic mineral with oil so as to form a
paint, and agitating this with the ore to be treated,
whereby the magnetic paint adheres, by virtue ol the
oil to the valuable mineral. The latter is then separated

by a magnetic separator from the bulk of the ore. This
process is carried out successfully at Darwin, one of the
important considerations being the cost of the treat-
ment. Here the figure is $1.7805 per ton. It is pointed
out that the Murex process tequires that the ore be
ground only fine enough to liberate the valuable mineral,
and that sands end slimes may be treated together in
one operation, so that no classification is necessary.

Flotation is described in the practice at the Burro
Mountain concentrator, by F. C. Hlickensderfer, in the
Engineering and Minimi Journal of July 14, 1917. The
fine sands are floated, using Rork drum-type machines.

In general it may be said that flotation is steadily in-
n-rasing its hold upon the mining industry and widen-
ing its field of activity. There have been, however, some
instances where flotation, once tried, has not proved sat-
isfactory and had to be eliminated from the flow sheet.
This, of course, is nothing against the process, but sim-
ply shows that it is not a cure-all, which the wise oper-
ator already knew. The proper thing to do is to limit its
activities, to find out just exactly what kind of ores can
be successfully treated by it, and not to attempt to ex-
tend its application into fields in which it is not of prac-
ticable utility.

Metallurgy of Gold and Silver

By HERBERT A. MEGRAW

THF story of gold and silver during 1917 presents
no record of noteworthy metallurgical advances.
Most of the attention of the operators was devoted
to the production of metal on the greatest possible scale,
and metallurgical experiments received small considera-
tion It is true, undoubtedly, that processes were im-
proved, but more was done in the way of development,
along standard lines, of the usual processes, and little
or nothing toward the origination of entirely new meth-
ods was accomplished.

No Mktallurgical Developments for Gold
In the metallurgy of gold there is practically nothing
to record. Gold was produced during the year at about
the usual rate and there were few, if any, new proper-
ties opened. The general rise in cost of material and
supplies used in mining and metallurgy was rapid dur-
ing the course of the war and, in 1917, due to the entry
of the United States into it, the rise was more pro-
nounced. Since there was, of course, no change in the
nominal selling price of gold, the advance in general
• was practically equivalent to a decrease in the
lie of the metal. Consequently, its recovery was con-
siderable- less profitable than in former years. Never-
theless, the metal was produced at about the usual rate.
The great gold mines of the world did not, with slight
exception, slacken their activities where political condi-
tions allowed operations to be carried on. The excep-
tion of course, refers principally to Mexico, where the
El Oro camp was not able to produce at its normal
capacity. The gold production of Mexico, in general,
was less than normal. The metallurgy did not change
at all. Practically all of the metal was recovered by
fine grinding and cyanidation, as for the last 10 or 15

years. In the Porcupine gold district in Ontario there
was a slackening of production in the latter part of
1917 and one important mine ceased milling on account
of increased cost, uncompensated for by increased price
of the product.

Gold Metallurgy in Mexico
The Mexican metallurgy, as it has been standardized
consists of breaking the ore primarily in breakers
crushing it in stamps, and regrinding it in tube mills
The grinding process is sometimes divided into twi
parts, producing sands and slimes, or, in many case?
producing slimes only, a minus 200-mesh material beim
produced for the all-agitation treatment.

Concentration finds little part in Mexican gold meta!
lurgy, the ground ore being almost exclusively treate
by the cyanide process. Agitation is carried on in tank
of various types. Sometimes the Pachuca tank is use<
but it is noteworthy that few are being built nowaday:
The ordinary flat-bottomed, round tank is still employe
to a great extent, simply because installations were o
hand and it has not seemed commercially advisable t
replace them with new tanks of a different type. Tl
Dorr agitator has had considerable success, and, as
means of agitating at an extremely low cost, it ca
hardly be improved upon. The patented types of rap
cyaniding machines, several of which have appeared (
the market during the last four or five years, have be<
uniformly unsuccessful. They were usually offered by pe
sons who attempted to set aside the basic principles
chemistry involved in dissolving metals in cyanide sol
tions, and they were not able to oppose them. The tii-
necessary to dissolve metal in cyanides cannot be ra<
cally reduced by any known method, and, althou;

January 12, liMS

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

L03

iroper nuinipulation designed bo expose the greatest
luantity of metal to the cyanide solution in ;i given time
ivill afford notable time reductions for dissolving, the
process is one involving considerable time and is hardly
apable of being reduced to a minute oasis.

Practice Standardized in Soi m Africa

The metallurgy of the great gold mini's of the Hand,
>f South Africa, continued to be operated in the usual
way. The gradual but steadj decrease in the average

value of the ore of the older mines made economies
necessary, from time to time, and development was
toward perfecting the processes already in use.
As has been the case for many years, cyaniding was

the principal process for the recovery of gold in South
Africa, and little change was made in it except for the
refinement and simplification of the essential factors.

From all the information obtainable, the same holds
food with the Australian and New Zealand production
if gold. Standard methods, used for years, were still
practiced, development rather than new invention being
the order of the day. In both these latter countries, the
[Uestion of labor had a good deal to do with production,
the enormous drain of men for war purposes showing
ipon this as well as upon all other industries.

Thus, it may be said in general that the metallurgy
of gold throughout the world followed in 1917 much the
same lines as in the immediately preceding years, no
metallurgical development of major importance .being
made; improvement of existing processes and details of
those processes were the principal factors to be noted.

The Changed Situation of Silver

With silver the case was, of course, entirely different.
The rapidly increasing price of the metal during the
latter half of 1917, reaching a maximum at one time of
more than $1 an ounce, was sufficient to put an added
impetus into production. Here, again, metallurgy was
rather at a discount, while increasing the volume of
production was the important object in view. Many
old mines in production years ago, and some dead for
the last two years, were reopened and brought into
profitable production. Producing mines were still fur-
ther stimulated and every effort was made to take fullest
advantage of the increase in the selling price of silver.

The silver situation brought about a rejuvenation of
the mines of the Cobalt district, of Ontario, Canada,
where the maximum ore values are a matter of history,
and the camp was facing the necessity of developing its
metallurgical processes so as to produce the metal in
the most economical manner. The high price of silver,
however, during the year brought another era of profit
to the camp, which was fully appreciated and full ad-
vantage was taken of it. The mines at the close of the
year were working to their fullest capacity, that is, in
so far as they were able to get necessary labor, and some
of the older mines were being reopened, new ones de-
veloped, and even some of the failures were again put
in operation.

Silver Metallurgy in Canada and Mexico

There was considerable metallurgical advance in Co-
balt, and this consisted principally in the application of
flotation to the ores of the district. In many cases, it
proved eminently satisfactory, and it is to be expected

thai the application ol the process will widen and thai
it will be responsible lor increa ed recoverj from poi
tiom of the ore that heretofore have bi en rather poorly
taken care of, Several of the mills now have flotation
plants that are doing well. This Bubjecl will be men
tioned again in furth r detail.
The silver campa in Mexico were m poor shape at the

close of 1917. Perhaps only aboul 10', of the normal
production of sil i wring oul of thai country, and

it is not to be expected th will be any great in-

crease in the near future. Many .Mexican producers
attempted to take advantage of the high price of silver
and get out large quantities of it but, while it is a com-
paratively simple matter to operate the mines, trans-
portation is in such a chaotic condition that nobody can
depend upon getting the necessary supplies for operation
nor for safely exporting the bullion when it is produced.
The conditions have been discouraging and, while it is
known that some of the well-known operating companies
are attempting to increase their working scale and some
smaller operators have gone into the country to institute
operations, there is nothing so (irmly established that
any dependence can be placed upon it.

The metallurgy of the Mexican silver ores is of con-
siderable importance, since silver is the principal min-
eral product of Mexico, and that country is, in normal
times, the greatest producer of silver. Naturally,
therefore, the silver metallurgy of Mexico has always
ranked high and has commanded the serious attention
of the world.

Flotation in Mexican Silver Orks

During the last two years Mexican silver producers
were considerably annoyed, first by the political condi-
tions that hampered work of any kind, and secondly by
the war, which put a sudden stop to importations from
Germany, the principal source of cyanide. This, with
the difficulty of transporting it, or anything else in
Mexico, resulted in a deadening of the silver-producing
industry, and it closed the year considerably below
normal.

The difficulty of obtaining cyanide led to experiments
upon the ores to devise some other way of treating
them, and flotation appears to have been useful. The
principal silver mineral of Mexico is argentite, the sul-
phide of silver, which is susceptible to flotation. Ex-
periments made at the Santa Gertrudis plant, in
Pachuca, showed that it is possible to obtain a good
extraction of the silver sulphide by flotation. As a
matter of fact, the plant requirement is much less than
with the cyanide process; it is cheaper to install and
more economical to operate. Of course, there is the
consideration that the product of the flotation process
is not bullion, but is a material that requires further
treatment to put it in merchantable state. It has been
found, however, that wherever a smelting plant is avail-
able, it may be employed profitably. At isolated plants,
where it is difficult to ship the concentrates, provision
may be made for treating them by regrinding and
cyanidation at a comparatively low cost. The outstand-
ing features of this system are that the flotation concen-
trates represent most of the valuable content of the ore
in such a small bulk that it is practicable to use strong
cyanide solutions and greater lengths of time to extract
the silver, which may be practically all recovered.

104

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 2

N ■ t only in Mexico has Dotation been applied to silver
ores, but also in various parts of the United States and
da. In one Ari.ona silver-producing mill, the
shortage of cyanide led to experiments with flotation,
the latter giving such excellent results that the cyanide
plant was dispensed with and a permanent flotation sys-
tem installed. In other eases, of course, it has been
found advisable to use the cyanide process in connection
with flotation, the flotation being an auxiliary of more
or less importance, depending upon the character and
grade of the ore under treatment.

Mkiuukc.y of the Cobalt Ores

In the Cobalt district of Ontario. Canada, flotation has
proved a valuable adjunct to the concentration and
cyanide systems in use. Concentration plants, that is,
plants originally equipped to treat the ore only by
gravity concentration, have been able to secure mate-
rially improved results, often reaching to more than
10r<- addition to the recovery. The additional cost of
flotation is usually less than 20c. per ton, and often
much less. Some cases are on record where the cost is
less than 5c. per ton. Of course, this does not include
crushing or grinding, or other details of the metal-
lurgical process. The Cobalt ores seem to require, in
addition to the ordinary frothing agents, an oil that will
be strongly adhesive to minerals, and this condition is
usually fulfilled by using tar. The Cobalt flotation oil
consists principally of creosote with a small percentage
of pine oil and still less of the tar. Recovery by flota-
tion in Cobalt, as has been said, runs up to 90^, al-
though it is sometimes as low as 70 per cent.

Comparing Flotation and Cyaniding

In a paper by Robert E. Dye, read before the Canadian
Mining Institute early in 1917, the cost of treating the
accumulated tailings of the Buffalo mine by flotation
and the comparative cost by cyanidation are given in
detail. The flotation cost, producing concentrates, was
74e. per ton, while the cost of cyaniding was $1.62 per
ton. Since the flotation concentrates are not a finished
product and the bullion from cyanidation is, the compari-
son on this basis is not altogether fair, so the smelter
charge, including freight and losses, of 83c. was included
with the flotation cost, which brings the total up to
$1.57 per ton, as compared with the cyaniding cost of
$1.62 per ton. The same recovery was obtained both
by flotation and by cyaniding and, as can be seen from
these figures, the costs are pretty nearly the same.
There is this advantage in flotation, however, that it is
a newer process and the possibilities for cost reduction
are considerably greater than is the case with the cyan-
ide process, which has been in use many years and is
highly perfected. An additional advantage in favor of
flotation is that its installation cost is considerably lower
than is the case with a cyanide plant. Of course, where
the two processes have to be used together, no such ad-
vantage may be claimed, but where one process is be-
ing weighed against the other for a complete installa-
tion, flotation has a large advantage over cyanide, both
in the cost of the plant itself and in the smaller space
occupied by the installation.

The system of crushing and grinding gold and silver
ores is still in a state of evolution, the opinions of va-
rious authorities differing. One system includes a short

crushing stage, employing gyratory breakers, jaw break-
ers, rolls and tube mills, or the series may be further
shortened by using gyratory breakers, ball mills and
tube mills. Each system — and many modifications — has
its adherents and no conclusions are yet possible.

Few Crushing and Grinding Plants
Installed in 1917

The question of crushing and grinding was not
changed much in 1917. So few new plants were in-
stalled that it is difficult to make any assertion as to the
kind of crushing machinery toward which the industry
is tending. It is certain, of course, that the stamp mill
has had its day and that other machines are sure to re-
place it on a constantly increasing scale. The success ob-
tained by ball mills of different kinds assures the re-
tirement of the stamp. The only question is, what kind
of a ball mill? There are many types on the market,
varying from the standard plain cylindrical ball mill
to the Hardinge conical type or the Marcy cylindrical
grate mill. The success of both the Hardinge and the
Marcy mill in the big copper properties is leading to
their introduction in gold and silver metallurgy. Both
are being installed to a considerable extent, and it seems
probable that their use will increase. The Marathon
mill, which is a cylindrical tube mill, grinding by means
of steel shafts instead of the usual balls, did not, ap-
parently, have any great increase in its application dur-
ing the year. Its use in Arizona, as described by Blick-
ensderfer before the American Institute of Mining En-
gineers in 1916, still persists. It is said that a number
of these mills were installed in different plants, but the
results obtained were not made public on such a scale as
to attract particular attention from the engineering
fraternity in general.

For fine grinding, or regrinding the oversize portion
of the classified ball-mill product, dependence is still
placed on the tube mill. This device has yet to be im-
proved upon for delivering very finely ground pulp at
reasonable cost. The design of the tube mill is changing
somewhat, however, and is more closely approximating
the dimensions of the ball mill, reaching greater diam-
eters and shorter lengths, particularly the latter.

As a general proposition, it may be said that there
was little change in the metallurgy of gold and silver
during 1917. This is more strictly true as regards
chemical changes than mechanical. There certainly
was produced no process or development that involves
a chemical basis not heretofore used. Mechanical im-
provements were, of course, along the line of develop-
ment, improvement of results so far as extraction is con-
cerned, and reduction of costs. In the United States all
of the old standard plants are following their usual
course. The California gold mills, those of Nevada,
such as the Goldfield Consolidated, the Homestake, in
South Dokota, and the other standard plants are running
as usual. The gold mines of the Porcupine district, Can-
ada, are operating in the usual way, with the exception
of the Dome, which ceased milling in December on ac-
count of the general advance in operating cost.

The big silver plants are working along in the same
way, and no change is to be expected in the immediate
future. Volume production is the requirement, and the
silver mines of the country are being forced to deliver
the greatest possible amount of the metal.

January 12, 1918

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Economic Geology

By ADOLPH KNOPF*

105

GK. GILBERT analyzed in masterly fashion and
with far-ranging vision the problem created by
• the hydraulic-mining debris in the Sierra Ne-
vada (Professional Paper 105, U. S. Geol. Surv.). Since
the beginning of hydraulic mining, 1555 million cubic
yards of tailings have been moved, a volume nearly eighl
times as large as the material excavated in making the
Panama Canal. In a full consideration of the debris
problem there must be added to this amount the volume
of debris from other forms of mining ( 140 million cubic
yards) and the nonmining waste (700 million cubic
yards), making a total of 2365 million cubic yards that
has been moved in the region tributary to Suisun Bay,
at the head of the San Francisco Bay system.

Control of Mining Debris in California
A large part of the tailings from the hydraulic mines
was deposited at the base of the range, where it en-
croached upon the valley lands and also intensified flood
conditions. The agricultural interests thus endangered
forced the enactment of restrictive anti-debris legisla-
tion, and as a result hydraulic mining has practically
ceased. During this cessation of hydraulic mining the
streams have been steadily deepening their channels and
restoring them to their pre-mining state, and under con-
ditions now being produced by engineering works to
control flood waters in Sacramento Valley, the capacity
of the rivers in the valley to transport debris will be
increased, so that hydraulic mining might now be partly
resumed without harm to any valley interest except navi-
gation. Gilbert shows, however, that a far greater in-
terest— that of the commerce passing through the
Golden Gate — should now dictate that the debris be
controlled. For since the discovery of gold, 1146 million
cubic yards of debris and soil waste have been deposited
in the San Francisco Bay system, not only shoaling the
waters, but also reducing the area of the bays. The vol-
ume of the tidal prism was thus decreased, thereby di-
minishing the strength of the ebb tide through the
Golden Gate. As the velocity of the tidal currents is
one of the two factors determining the depth of water
on the bar outside the Golden Gate, the matter becomes
of prime concern to the port of San Francisco. The
other factor— the supply of sand brought to the bar by
wave attack on the ocean cliffs— is constant and cannot
be controlled. It is therefore imperative to control and
prevent mining debris from being carried to the bays.
As to the outlook for the renewal of hydraulic mining
on a large scale with storage of debris, Gilbert believes
that mining can be resumed only in cooperation with en-
terprises undertaken to develop the waters of the Sierra
Nevada for irrigation and electric power.

Enrichment of Ore Deposits
^ "The Enrichment of Ore Deposits" (Bull. 625, U. S.
^eol. Surv.), by W. H. Emmons, is an amplification of
an earlier report on the enrichment of sulphide ores
(Bull. 529), published in 1913. The scope of the report
lias been broadened and is no longer limited only to
enrichment by secondary sulphides : all forms of enrich-

"U. S. Geological Survey, Washington. D. C.

ment effected during oxidation are considered; further-
more> details concerning the behavior «( 15 chemical
,',,'""'",s ;""1 "" ■"' mineral compounds in the zone oi
"X1,l«ti..ii. not ,1, ,,.,-,! i„ the earlier report, have been
added. Emmons points out that the theory of secondary-
sulphide enrichment dates back farther than has been
previously recognized. As long ago as 1854 Whitney
applied the theory to account for the rich mass of bluish-
black copper sulphide that occurred below the gossan at
Ducktown, Tenn. Although the fundamental principles of
the theory were clearly grasped by Whitnev, it was not
until 1900, after their rediscovery and announcement by
S. F. Emmons and others, that they gained general rec-
ognition. Since then they have stimulated an enormous
amount of fruitful research, and in the present volume
W. H. Emmons has skillfully marshaled the results in
convenient, usable form. It is an invaluable work for
all those interested in the geology or chemical problems
of secondary-sulphide enrichment.

Disseminated Copper Ores
In "The Geology and Ore Deposits of Ely, Nevada"
(Professional Paper 96, U. S. Geol. Surv.), A. C. Spencer
gave the results of the first monographic study of some

of the great deposits of disseminated copper ore the

so-called porphyry coppers. At Ely, the primary sul-
phides, which average about \% of copper, were de-
posited early in Cretaceous time, shortly after the in-
trusion of monzonite porphyry into a series of Paleozoic
limestones, quartzites and shales. They are believed to
have been precipitated from magmatic waters that es-
caped from the differentiating porphyry magma. The
whole process of primary mineralization appears to have
lasted a definite and rather short interval of time, and
because the paragenesis of the metallic sulphides fails
to indicate that the mineralizing solutions progressive-
ly changed in character during sulphide deposition, it is
thought that the solutions had about the same composi-
tion throughout the chief epoch of mineralization, and
that this epoch ended abruptly as the result of a critical
change that occurred in the differentiating magma from
which the solutions were derived. The sulphides were
deposited zonally with respect to the axis of the central
line of porphyry masses. Iron and copper sulphides
were deposited nearer the axis, and lead and zinc sul-
phides farther out. This distribution is interpreted not,
as is commonly done, as a result of the greater solubility
of lead and zinc sulphides, but as due to their far smaller
concentration in the ore-forming solutions relative to
iron and zinc. The redistribution of the copper to form
ore in the masses of pyritized porphyry resulting from
the primary mineralization is thought to have been ac-
complished by the beginning of Quaternary time.

Billingsley and Grimes (Bull. 124, A. I. M. E.) de-
scribed briefly the ore deposits occurring in the area of
the great granitic intrusion in southwestern Montana,
known as the Boulder batholith, and formulate some im-
portant generalizations concerning the origin of the de-
posits. For the deposits genetically related to the
Boulder batholith they recognized three stages of ore
deposition, which they term respectively the granite, ap-

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 2

lite, aiui quarts-porphyry stages; that is, the successive
intrusions, which are differentiates from a common
magma, were each followed i>> the deposition of ore.
The evidence presented indicates that successive mag-
tnatic differentiates were followed by successively
greater deposition of ore. but Grimes and Billingsley
drew the hypothetical conclusion that successive dif-
were followed by increasingly larger pro-
portions of vein-forming solutions. The mineralization
oi the qoartx-porphyrj stage occurred only in the Butte
district, the copper deposits of which are referred ge-
netically to the quartz-porphyry intrusions. The restric-
tion of these intrusions to the Butte district is believed
to he one of the reasons why the ores of the district
differ BO strongl) from those of the other districts of the
Boulder batholith. The great number and richness of
the copper deposits indicate that the local portion of the
granite magma was unusually rich in copper. The
great vertical range of the copper ores at Rutte is
thought to be due to long continuance of mineraliza-
tion and the downward migration of the level at which
ore was deposited during the period of ore deposition.

Gold ani> Silver Ores
R. B. Young gave in "The Banket: a Study of the
Auriferous Conglomerates of the Witwatersrand and
the Associated Rocks." an attractive work on the Rand
gold deposits. The volume, which is based largely on
ries of earlier pipers by its author, is a concise, well-
written and well-illustrated work. It is chiefly petro-
graphic. and although Professor Young formerly ad-
hered to the infiltration hypothesis, he now supports
the hypothesis of the placer origin of the gold in the
Rand deposits. The original detrital gold is thought to
have been dissolved and redeposited essentially at the
place where it was dissolved, and the pyrite, which av-
erages 3fr of the banket, has been formed by the sul-
phidation of detrital magnetite and ilmenite. Tourma-
line generally occurs in abnormal quantity in intensely
sericitized rock and as a rule is closely associated with
coarse gold. This metasomatic tourmaline is believed to
have resulted from the solution and redeposition of the
detrital tourmaline which is fairly common in the ban-
ket. The introduction of the great quantity of sulphur
thus admitted by the placer protagonists would seem to
weaken seriously their argument, or suggest that part
of the gold at least was conceivably brought in along
with the sulphur. The data so objectively presented
in the volume leave the impression that the evidence
for either the placer or infiltration hypothesis is far
from conclusive.

MlCROSTRUCTURE OF SILVER ORES

F. N. Guild {Earn. Geol., Vol. 12) presented the re-
sults of a ground-breaking study of the microstructure
of the silver ores and their associated minerals. The
paper was illustrated by a series of exceptionally fine
photomicrographs of polished sections of silver ores.
In the ores that he studied he found that there is an
invariable order in which the minerals were deposited:
In silver ores carrying lead and zinc the order is
pyrite, (2) blende, (3) tetrahedrite, (4) galena,
ruby silver, polybasite, etc., (6) native silver; (II)
in copper-silver ores the order is (1) pyrite, (2) chal-
copyrite, (3) bornite, (4) chalcocite, stromeyerite, and
argentite, C5) native silver; and fill) in silver-cobalt

ores (1) smaltite, (2) niccolite, (3) argentite, (4) sil-
ver ami bismuth. Tetrahedrite carrying silver as an iso-
morphous constituent is believed to be the chief source
i'[ silver in enriched ores. No criteria were found, how-
ever, whereby ores enriched by ascending solutions can
be distinguished from those enriched by descending so-
lutions. Professor Guild is inclined to believe that as-
cending solutions effected more enrichment than is gen-
erally recognized.

MlCROSTRUCTURE OF MAGMATIC ORES

Tolman and Rogers (Leland Stanford Jr. Univ., Pub-
licat., 1916) carefully studied the microstructures of the
magmatic sulphide ores, in conjunction with a study of
the literature of the magmatic sulphide deposits. They
found that the chief magmatic-ore minerals form in
definite sequence; magnetite-ilmenite (an intergrowth),
hematite, pyrrhotite, pentlandite, chalcopyrite, and born-
ite. Pyrite is claimed not to form magmatically. As
the outcome of their studies they proposed the hypothe-
sis that "the magmatic ores in general have been intro-
duced at a late magmatic stage as the result of miner-
alizers and that the ore minerals replace the silicates."
This replacement differs from that caused by pneumato-
lytic or by hydrothermal processes, however, in that
neither quartz nor secondary silicates are formed with
the ores. The distinction between magmatic ores thus
defined and ores of pneumatolytic origin appears to be
too tenuous for most critics. Graton and McLaughlin
[Eeon Geol., Vol. 12, pp. 1-38) differed widely from the
authors concerning the genesis of the copper deposit at
Engels, Calif.; Bateman (Econ. Geol, Vol. 12, pp. 391-
426) dissented from their conclusions regarding the
Sudbury nickel ores, finding that the ores show no evi-
dence of replacement; and Coleman also (Op. cit, pp.
427-434) took issue with them concerning the Sudbury
ores, his point of view being that field evidence out-
weighs laboratory evidence, and that the field evidence
indicates that the deposits have segregated from the
magma under the influence of gravity. Coleman's argu-
ments, however, were directed mainly against the thesis
maintained by C. W. Knight (Report, Royal Ontario
Nickel Commission) that the Sudbury ores were de-
posited by hot circulating waters. Ries and Somers
(Bull. 128, A. I. M. E.) dissented from the view that
pyrite is not a magmatic mineral and brought evidence
to show that certain Norwegian pyrite bodies were in-
jected igneous masses.

Tungsten in Contact-Metamorphic Ores
The recent discovery and rapid development of the
contact-metamorphic scheelite deposits near Bishop, in
northwestern Inyo County, California, drew attention to
a group of deposits not heretofore widely recognized as a
possible source of tungsten (Bull. 640-L, U. S. Geol.
Surv.). The ore consists of scheelite associated main-
ly with garnet, epidote, and quartz. Such ore resembles
the contact-metamorphic rock common at many contacts
of granite and limestone in the western states, but as it
does not contain metallic minerals, such as magnetite,
hematite, chalcopyrite, or pyrite, and as the scheelite
closely resembles calcite, such ore is extremely likely
to remain unrecognized. In fact in much contact-meta-
morphic tungsten ore the scheelite is so fine as not to
be visible to the eye, but it can, of course, be readily de-
tected by panning. In 1917 an unexpectedly large num-

January 12, L918

KNGINKKKING AND MINING JOURNAL

107

ber of sum deposits were found in Nevada, California,
and Oregon; and. according to F. L. Hess, who re-
cently completed an inventors of the tungsten resources
Of the country, they will probably yield a large part Of

the tungsten output of the United States.
On. anh Gas Deposits

"Principles of Oil and (las Production" is a valuable
book by R. H. Johnson and L. G. Huntley. The title does
not accurately indicate the contents of the book, which,
as a matter of fact, describes not only the technology
of oil and gas extraction, but also the geologic occurrence
and origin of oil and gas; moreover, it gives a very con-
densed account of the oil fields and gas fields of North
America. The treatment is in general brief but compre-
hensive; in places it is somewhat marred by careless
writing and colloquialisms. Much new matter on the
theory of oil and gas accumulation is given, emphasis
being laid on a fuller consideration of the shape of the
oil and gas reservoirs and on the texture of the reservoir
rocks.

"Oil-Field Development and Petroleum Mining," by
A. Beeby Thompson, is a work of considerably broader
scope than the preceding. Despite the technologic nature
of the title of this volume, five out of its 14 chapters
are devoted to the geology of petroleum. The intro-
ductory chapter gives the geographical distribution of
oil throughout the world, and outlines the history' and
production of the various oil fields. Succeeding chapters
deal with the factors governing the formation, accumu-
lation, and preservation of petroleum, with the surface
indications of petroleum, with oil-field structures, and
with the composition, characteristics, and origin of pe-
troleum. Principles rather than detailed descriptions is
the prevailing idea that has guided the author in his
treatment of the subject. The book is excellently illus-
trated and interestingly written, and probably ranks as
the best on the subject.

A. W. Lauer (Econ. Geol., Vol. 12) made a detailed
study of the petrology of oil-reservoir rocks and con-
cludes that "induced openings," i. e., fractures, joints,
etc., are more important than porosity in the accumula-
tion of oil. This view is not wholly new, for J. P. Lesley
more than 30 years ago wrote at length on the subject,
but its significance and importance have since been
possibly overlooked.

E. W. Shaw (Science, Vol. 46, pp. 553-556) put for-
ward the interesting suggestion that concealed salt
domes under the Louisiana-Texas coastal plain may
perhaps be located by determination of gravity anoma-
lies. As great pools of oil are associated with some of
the salt domes, this method offers perhaps a new means
of prospecting for these immensely valuable deposits.

Oil-Shale Investigations

The impend'ng shortage of gasoline is evidently stimu-
lating the study of oil shales in various parts of the
world. H. R. J. Conacher (Trans., 16, pt. 2, 1917, Geol.
Soc. Glasgow), using an improved technique, made very-
thin sections of Scottish oil shales. He believes that
these oil shales were formed in quiet estuarine mud
flats, to which large quantities of finely macerated vege-
table matter were brought by water flowing from
swamps.

'Pe

'Personal eommuniration.

The oil sh:ili' hi northwestern Colorado and adjacent

parts Hi' Utah ami Wyoming was investigated by l». E.
Winchester (Bull. 641 !•'. r. s. Geol. Surv.) in continu
ance of earlier worli done bj the Geological Sui
The ■• hales are ol fresh watei origin, ol Eocene age,

and arc extremel] rich iii plant debris. It appears that

in Colorado alone there is sufficient male to yield 20

billion barrels of crude nil, and 800 million tons of am-
monium sulphate. The content per ton in oil and am-
monium salt compares faVOrablj with that of the Scot-
tish oil shale.

Estimation ok Petroleum reserves

The principles governing the estimation of petroleum
reserves are discussed by K. \V. Pack (Bull. 128, A.
I. M. E.). After outlining some of the methods previ-
ously used in estimating the available supply of oil,
he presented a new method which is particularly ap-
plicable to such fields as those of California. In brief,
the method depends on the use of a curve that shows field
production in unit time and has been modified to take
into account the number of new wells required to drill
the field completely.

G. S. Rogers (Bull. 653, U. S. Geol. Surv.) pointed out
some significant features in the chemistry of the oil-
field waters in San Joaquin Valley. Calif. Sulphates,
which predominate in most of the shallow groundwaters,
diminish as the oil-bearing zone is approached and final-
ly disappear. Concurrently carbonates increase, though
this change is largely influenced by the concentration
of chlorides. The decrease of the sulphates and increase
of carbonates as the oil-bearing zone is approached are
attributed to reactions between the waters and the con-
stituents of the oil and gas. These relations can there-
fore be made to serve as a guide in prospecting for oil
and gas. In fact, E. A. Starke, of the Standard Oil Co
has for several years "noted the absence of sulphates in
waters associated with oil and ascribed it to chemical
reaction between the two, and so has guided his pros-
pecting to a considerable extent by studying the com-
position of the waters that are encountered in the pros-
pect wells."

Coal Resources of the United States and the
Production to Date

In recent years a large amount of detailed quantita-
tive information has become available concerning the
coal resources of the nation, and the present time
seemed opportune to summarize this information. M. R.
Campbell undertook this task and wrote an introduction
to a report ("Coal Fields of the United States," Profes-
sional Paper 100- A, U. S. Geol. Surv.) that is to sum up
existing knowledge regarding the extent and quality of
the coal of the United States. The present installment
described briefly the various fields, and the succeeding
installments, which are being written by the specialists
best acquainted with those fields, will give the details
concerning the coal resources of the country. Campbell
now estimates that the original tonnage of coal in the
United States within 3000 ft. of the surface aggregated
3,538,554 million tons — a considerable increase over
his earlier estimate. The total production to the end of
1914 is computed to be approximately 10,358 million
tons, which is estimated to mean an exhaustion of 15,083
million tons.

a

ENGINEERING AND MIXING JOURNAL

Gold Dredging in 1917

By f. f. shakplkss*

Vol. 105, No. 2

OTHERWISE than ir some mechanical details, gold
dredging made little progress in 1917. There were
but few now installations, owing partb to the
rt?ll:. • rators to venture into any new projects

under the present adverse and uncertain conditions.
These adverse conditions are, in the main, the high cost
oi labor and its scarcity, and the high cost of all mate-
rial, thus making the expense of dredge installation ex-
To these must be added othei uncertain fac-
SUCh as the constantly diminishing purchasing
■■ the metal to be recovered, heavy taxation and
the possibility of gold production being regarded by
the Government as a non-essential industry. The fore-
going obstacles apply not only to new plants, but they
were felt bv dredging enterprises already in operation,
preventing "their expansion. Foreign dredging enter-
prises felt the hardship of the present conditions more
than those in the United States, since it was quite lm-
ible to have dredges built in foreign countries, or
even to secure repairs for those already installed, on
account of the demand for war materials taking pre-
cedence over all other requirements.

Few Failures in Properly Prospected Ground
While the obstacles referred to undoubtedly interfered
with dredging enterprises, they had a beneficial effect
in causing managements to search for and introduce
every possible new economy. This is not now an easy
task, for each year, of late, has found gold dredging es-
tablished on a more businesslike and scientific basis, and
recently there have been fewer failures due to the lack
of application of these principles. Careful and syste-
matic prospecting by competent engineers has done much
to prevent unwarranted dredging installations, and on
the other hand, this accurate and reliable prospecting,
together with some improvements in the art of gold
dredging, has induced a few companies to install dredges
on ground that had not heretofore been considered profit-
able for dredging.

Late improvements have consisted in better design of
details and better material and workmanship, rather
than in any one important modification. The principle
of carefully designing each and every dredge to fit the
particular and special conditions under which it is to
operate has accomplished much toward success. In the
California fields, the problem of resoiling is gradually
being worked out by the use of multiple stackers. The
unique distribution of tailings and the making of a new
channel in the Yuba River have been accomplished by
the construction of extraordinarily long stackers placed
athwartship. This method is in successful operation' in
the Yuba River. Some work is still being done with
jigs on dredges in California. The result of the in-
stallation on the Yosemite dredge, at Snelling, Calif.,
shows1 a total recovery of $3786 during 22i months'
operations. It will be noted that this amounts to only
$168 a month, and it is a question whether this saving

was not offsel by a greater cost, considering the amount j
of apparatus needed, the cost of repairs and attendance j
required by the apparatus, and the possibility of a some- j
what reduced yardage of the dredge itself. There may I
be a few instances where the loss of precious metals on I
a gold dredge will warrant the installation of a simple
form of jig, but it is probable that these instances are I
not as many as is generally supposed, especially if the J
dredge is well designed in the beginning and has ample
table area. Little was recorded of accomplishment in
1917 that would encourage or warrant general installa-
tion of jigs, especially where the jigs are belt driven I
and have many movable and wearing parts. There has
been recently developed a pneumatically pulsated jigj
which has no mechanical movable parts, and it would j
seem to be ideal for dredging work, but the positive need |
for something of this character must be more fully J
proved before anyone can expect the ideal type of dredge j
jig to appear.

Simplifying the Main Drive
The main driving apparatus of the present dredge is
susceptible to considerable improvement. The great, j
heavy, cumbersome double gears now used on each side ]
of the tumbler may eventually be replaced by a drive
on one side of the tumbler, consisting of a much smallei
gear driven by a herringbone set, operating in an entire- i
ly self-contained and enclosed automatically lubricatec
steel housing. This will result in at least 20% saving |
in power, a reduction in weight and first cost, and wil
afford unlimited space for greater depth to the dumi i
hopper. This arrangement will also reduce the lial
bility of misalignment of all bearings. It would appeal
that the complicated operating levers and clutches nov i
in general use might readily be replaced by a systen
that is pneumatically operated. In fact, such a systen
has already been devised, and experiments up to th
present would seem to prove its value.

:

•Consulting mining engineer. 52 Broadway, New York.
i"Eng. and Min. Journ.," Dec. 1, 1917.
lin. and Sci. Press," Dec. 8, 1917.

Dredging Results in the United States
Dredging in California was carried on in 1917 wit
the usual success. The Yuba company put its Yub
No. 16 dredge in operation early in the year, while Yub
No. 17 was launched Nov. 4. The Conrey Placer Co
in Montana, operated successfully in 1917, and ther
was no new construction undertaken in that state. .
small dredge, formerly situated at Castle Creek, N. D
built some years ago, was knocked down and moved int
Oregon, but it is understood that it has not accomplishe
anything more at its new site than it did in its forme
place, principally on account of low returns, and thi
in both instances, was probably owing to the lack (
careful prospecting. The two dredges on the Powd(
River in Idaho were reported to have had a successf

season.

In Colorado, an old dredge was moved from Cahlorn
and is now in course of reerection at Breckenridge. Tl
Tonopah Placers Co.'s three dredges at Breckenridj
also had a good season. Their cleanups were held up
about the usual yields. The French Gulch dredge ope
ated steadily and successfully under the management

January 12, i;us

ENGINEERING AND M1NINC JOURNAL

109

Warren I'". Scars, and the usual high recoveries were

maintained throughout 1917. The Derry Ranch <i"id
Dredging Co. 'a dredge, at Leadville, remains the only
installation in that section of the country. Under the
management of Robert F. Lafferty it had a most success-
ful season, recovering $111,084. Operating expenses
in the Leadville district were high, but nevertheless
profits were large, and the company continued the dis-
tribution of unusually large lividends.

Results of Alaskan and Yukon Operations

The dredges in Alaska and Yukon Territory did not
contribute much in dividends to their stockholders in
1917. The Canadian Klondike Mining Co.'s fleet of
four dredges below Dawson, Y. T., were operating all
season, but their recoveries were low and the operating
costs high, which resulted in placing the company in
financial difficulties.

The Yukon Gold Co. operated steadily in the Yukon
district in 1917, and its dredge on the Iditarod in Alaska
continued in good ground with exceptionally high yield.
The company installed a new all-steel dredge at Murray,
Idaho, having 7J-cu.ft. buckets, electrically driven. This
dredge started into successful operation early in Decem-
ber. The company moved one of the old 7>-ft. dredges
from the middle fork of the American River in Cali-
fornia to the north fork; it is expected this will be com-
pleted and put in operation in the near future. Its large
all-steel dredge, that was originally placed at the head of
Coffee Creek in Trinity County, California, was dis-
mantled and moved to the lower end of the creek, num-
erous difficulties in the original plans having made this
step necessary. This dredge started up early in Decem-
ber, 1917, in its new situation, and has every promise
of a successful future.

At Nome a number of small dredges were operating
as usual, but few recorded any dividend disbursements.
The Alaska Mines Corporation floated some stock on the
Eastern market and an attempt was made to expand its
operations, but the efforts did not meet with great suc-
cess. High cost of fuel and labor mitigated against
profitable dredging operations during 1917 in Alaska.

South American Dredging

Dredging operations in British Guiana were con-
ducted in 1917, along about the same lines as hereto-
fore, with no new installations. In fact, there was no
new dredging installation in all South America. In
Colombia, the General Development Co. has a 6-cu.ft.
Bucyrus, oil, electric-driven dredge en route to Buena-
ventura, and it is expected that this will be transported
and erected at an early date. This company had a
dredge of foreign make on its property, which was put
in about four or five years ago, but it has not been
operated steadily on account of many' local difficulties.
The Pato and Nechi dredges at Zaragoza, Colombia, had
a successful year, and the recoveries from the ground
worked maintained a high average. While the latter
company felt the heavy hand of excess-war taxes in
England, both dredges kept up a large production
throughout 1917, under the general direction of W. A.
Prichard. A small, Dutch-built dredge belonging to
the Antioquia Dredging Co., was operated on a tributary
of the Magdalena River, by Clarence J. London. The
steam equipment was taken off the dredge and oil en-

ginea were substituted; it was also equipped with a
bell stacker in -tead of the former pan type of stacker.
These improvements enabled the dredge to Bhow an
operating profit.

in Australia there are about 10 dredgi operating,

ami while these make some profit the total dividend-:
from all 40 dredges were exceeded by the earnings of

one single dredge in th< I nited States. Practicallj the

same situation exists in New Zealand. In Portugue e
Kast Africa, the Andrada company was operating a
Bucyrus all-steel dredge; while this compan. had diffi-
culty with boulders at the inception of digging, it was
reported that all obstacles were overcome, and that op-
erations were being successfully conducted.

Gold dredging in the Philippines was not marked by
new installations in 1917. Three or four foreign-built
dredges were operating, but it is believed their earnings
were not great. The old Gumaos company's Empire
dredge, which operated for five years and worked out
its ground, was transferred to a new company called
the Malagno Placer Co., and is being moved to the Mala-
guit River, where the company has ground that it is
supposed can be worked at a profit.

Mambulao's Dredge Successful in the Philippines

The Mambulao company's Empire dredge, which was
installed by the New York Engineering Co., had its sec-
ond year of successful operation. This dredge is a de-
parture from the usual standard dredge. It has its own
steam-electric generating plant on board, consisting of a
steam turbine, direct connected to a 500-kw. electric gen-
erator, which serves to operate all electric motors of
the different units. This rendered the dredge highly ef-
ficient, especially in fuel consumption. It is the first
gold dredge to be equipped in this manner.

Another unusual feature of this dredge is a clay sluice
mounted over the top of the screen. This is for the
purpose of taking care of about 45 ft. of barren clay and
muck overburden, the enriched gravel deposit being
about 10 ft. thick, underlying the overburden of clay.
When digging the barren overburden, the buckets dump
directly into the clay sluice, and all of the material is
washed overboard about 40 ft. to the stern of the dredge.
When the pay gravel is encountered, a gate is opened
in the head section of the sluice, the gravel dumps
into the main hopper, passes through the screen and
over the gold tables in the usual manner.

The Mambulao was the first dredge to be built with
one-piece, all-manganese steel buckets. While this type
of bucket is not adapted to digging indurated or ce-
mented gravel, it has proved highly successful and effi-
cient under the operating conditions for which it was
designed. The bucket line has been in operation two
years; its present condition shows an equal wear on
all parts of the bucket, and the indications are that
when the lip portion is worn out the back of the bucket
will also be gone, so that the whole bucket may be
scrapped at the same time. The special design of this
dredge has enabled it to handle a difficult piece of
ground, and proves the value of designing each dredge
to fit the particular conditions under which it is to
operate.

Gold dredging in Russia was on the verge of making
considerable advance, but the recent political disturb-
ances not only interfered with this but set the country's

110

ENGINEERING AND MINING .10URNAL

Vol. 105, No. 2

mining activities hack mum years, rhe Bucyrus com-
pany is building a 17-cu.ft., all-steel dredge, which is ul-
•ely to be installed on the Lena Goldfields property,
but present conditions are not favorable for either ship-
ment or installation of this dredge. Another dredge,
having 7 -cu.ft. buckets, was also contracted for bj the
abinet, but the fate of this dredge is uncertain.
The Orak Goldfields operated with success both of its
dredges throughout 1917. These dredges were situated
about 50 miles from Nikolaievsk, near the eastern coasl
of Siberia. They operate under difficult physical con-
ditions, owing to their remoteness from any base of
supplies. However, high gold content of the gravel and
the efficiency of the plant enabled the company to make
arnings.

Nkw Dredging Field in Chosen

The one new tield of gold dredging that opened with
a promising outlook in 1917 was in Chosen. The Chik-
san Mining Co. contracted with the New York Engineer-
ing Co, for a 10-ft.. all-steel, electrically driven dredge.
This was erected and went into successful operation on
1. 1917. The dredge contains some unusual features,
which were designed to meet certain specific conditions.
The Chiksan's deposit consists of a barren overburden
of clay, sand and muck, with pay gravel underlying. It
was necessary to conserve the water, therefore the fol-
lowing new design was adopted: The revolving screen
has spiral-shaped manganese deflecting bars running
throughout its entire length, arranged similarly to the
rifling in a gun barrel. When the barren overburden is

to be dug. the screen is revolved in a direction so that
the spiral manganese bars assist in rapidly advancing
the material through the length of the screen to the dis-
charge end, all water being shut off from the interior
of the screen. An ample supply of water is led into
the bottom of the screen housing, in order to wash any
material over the tables that may pass through the per-
forations of the screen. The discharged barren material
from the end of the screen is deposited either on a
stacker, or a deflecting gate turns it into a chute where
it may be deposited close to the stern of the dredge in
order to afford a foothold for the spuds if necessary.
When pay gravel is encountered water is turned into
the screen, and the screen is rotated in the opposite
direction, the spiral bars then tending to retard the
movement of the gravel so that it is thoroughly washed
as it is passed through the screen. This gravel, when
it reaches the end of the screen, may either be dumped
on the regular elevator conveyor belt or into the tail
chute. The foregoing arrangement is working most
satisfactorily, and by its use it is possible to resoil
the land if that should prove to be necessary or advis-
able. The Chiksan company has large placer holdings,
and it is probable that another dredge will be installed
as soon as conditions in the United States are more
favorable for dredge construction and the ocean-freight
situation makes deliveries possible.

There is little prospect that many gold dredges will
be installed in this country, or in fact in any country,
while the war lasts and present labor and material scar-
citv exists.

Metallurgy of Quicksilver

By MURRAY INNES:

THE outbreak of the war found the California
quicksilver industry on its last legs. The United
States production had been steadily declining for
about 40 years and in 1914 the output of about 30 mines
estimated at 16,500 flasks, having a gross value of
$812,000. California's share of this production was 11,-
300 flasks, of which 6550 flasks were produced by the
New Idria mine at a net loss for the year of $45,000.
This gradual death of a once important industry was
due to inability to compete with the European output
having lower labor co?ts. The industry had few votes
and scant Government consideration or protection.

Average Yield from California Orfs Only
About 6 Lb. per Ton

After about three years of war it is now realized
that a supply of this metal is a desirable thing to have
in the country ; that production has not kept pace with
the consumption, and, further, that the present United
States supply is small. I am informed that there is
little or no quicksilver in New York or San Francisco
and only a moderate amount in transit, and were it not
that certain of the larger producers, appreciating the
needs of our Government, refused to advance prices
under stress of war demands, the present market price
would be much higher. On the other hand, the ores of

•Mining engineer. 217 Kohl Bldg.. Ran Francisco, Calif.

California are now of extremely low grade, the average
recovery being about 6 lb. of metal per ton, and increas-
ing costs of all sorts have, in some cases, doubled the
first cost of the metal.

In view of these facts, a better understanding of the
metallurgy of quicksilver becomes increasingly import-
ant. The business had become so small and unattractive
that our metallurgists ana chemists deserted it for
more promising fields, and engineers qualified by train
ing and practical experience to handle quicksilver mine.'-
and plants were rare indeed. In March, 1917, I tool
up with Dr. L. H. Duschak, chemical engineer for tin
U. S. Bureau of Mines in California, the question of i
thorough investigation of the stack and fume losses ii
Scott furnace operation, and in the following month Dr
Duschak was authorized by the Director of the Bureai
to cooperate in this matter with such of the mines a:
would share the expense. Since then this researcl
work has been in progress and considerable valuabl'
data are about ready for publication by the Bureau.

Stack Losses from Scott Furnace Practically Nil

Many small problems were solved, including method
for the accurate determination of mercury in furnac
gases, methods for determining the volume of thes
gases and their sampling over an extended period, ett
Perhaps the most surprising result obtained was th

January 12, L918

ENGINEERING AND MINING .mm RNAL

i li

demonstration of the fad thai the stack and fume loesee

;il' a Scott furnace, when properly operated, are prae
tii-ally nil. Many quicksilver mines that started in past

pears with great expectations proved disappointing,

and the usual explanation was "unaccountable losses of
metal." The research work under the supervision of
Dr. Duschak at the New Idria and Oceanic plants
showed stack and fume losses of out a few pounds per
Jay, and it would seem that the condensation problem
was practically solved. Considerable loss sometimes oc-
curs due to imperfect roasting of the ore. but this is
usually due to carelessness and is therefore readily rec-
Ignized and remedied.

Inadequate Sampling Responsible for

Many Failures

The lack of proper sampling facilities and methods
was the cause of many of the disappointments. Over-
estimation of the tonnage roasted and its assay value
and insufficient allowance for moisture also played a
part. In general, recent work showed that the dis-
advantages of the Scott furnace, due to rather high first
i-ost and moderate capacity, are more than balanced by
its simplicity and durability, its low fuel costs and gen-
eral efficiency. Another point in favor of the Scott fur-
nace is that the ore is only crushed to pass a 2 or 2!

in. ami, therefore, the fine grinding evil ia avoided.
The Scott roa ting furnace continues to produce about
96' | of the output of the state, and when rightlj handled
has proved to be ftcienl and economical roasting

device.

On the other hand, it is apparent fti.it a loss by eon
cent ration of l lb. of mercury per ton of ore will mori
than balance the entire cost of roasting, Concentration
is. therefore, seldom worth consideration, but may oc
casionally prove useful for the treatment of old dumps,
etc., where a small investment is the main consideration,
it being apparent that any quicksilver ore that will yield
a profit by concentration will be still more profitable if
properly roasted.

The new rotary furnace of the cement-kiln type, now
being installed by the New Idria company, is something
of an experiment, but has greater possibilities of being
(as compared with any wet method) an advance in the
matter of increased tonnage and decreased costs. This
rotary type of furnace has been tried before, but proba-
bly never under such favorable circumstances or in
such able hands. The thanks of the quicksilver miners
are due the Idria management and Dr. Duschak for
efficient investigations and research, looking toward the
general benefit of conditions in the quicksilver industry
of the future.

Magnesite in 1917

THE production of magnesite in the Uniteu States
in 1917 was probably double the 1916 output,
which was 154,000 short tons. The great increase
in production since 1913, in which year only 9632 short
tons were mined, was due to the cutting off of Austrian
supplies because of the war California and Washington
produced the bulk of the magnesite mined in the United
States. The gain in output in 1917 over that in 1916
was largely due to the working of deposits in Stevens
County, Washington, shipments from which state began
in December, 1916. California, which in 1916 was
practically the only producer, gained somewhat in 1917.
About one-half of its output came from the vicinity of
Porterville, in Tulare County. The chief American pro-
ducers were the Porterville Magnesite Co., in California,
and the Northwest Magnesite Co., in Washington. Other
companies in the new Washington field were the U. S.
Magnesite Corporation, the American Mineral Produc-
tion Co. and the Valley Magnesite Company.

Bad Weather and Transportation Conditions
Limited Canadian Output

Magnesite mining in Quebec in 1917 was retarded by
rainy conditions, the work being done in openpits. The
magnesite had to be hauled several miles over heavy
clay roads in some parts. Nevertheless, shipments
averaged five cars per day. In 1916, Canada shipped
55,413 tons of magnesite mostly from Grenville Town-
ship. The North American Magnesite Co. and the Scot-
tish Canadian Magnesite Co., the principal operators,
began in 1917 to make dead-burned magnesite con-
taining a suitable per cent, of iron for furnace lining.
This was done in the cement kilns of the Canada Ce-
ment Co. at Longue Point, near Montreal, and at Hull,

near Ottawa. The North American company also leased
property in Harrington Township, where it mined mag-
nesite and stored it for hauling on winter roads.

The Mansallo and La Plata magnesite quarries, near
Puerto Viejo, Island of Margarita, Venezuela, were
worked during 1917, producing about 10 tons of mag-
nesite per day. Exports to New York was rendered dif-
ficult by lack of ships. Freight charges on such ships
as were available were $19.50 per ton of magnesite
against a quoted price of the mineral of only $25 per
ton. An economic survey of the magnesite deposits on
the island was being made.

Shipping Conditions Restrict Imports

Imports in 1917 were greatly restricted through lack
of ships. In 1916, the United States received from
Greece 60,511 tons of crude and 9514 tons of calcined
magnesite. During 1917, California crude magnesite,
90rc MgCO,, brought about $10 per ton, f.o.b. shipping
point, against $8 for Washington crude. California
calcined averaged about $40 for 85 r r MgO, Washington
calcined bringing about $35, f.o.b. shipping point. The
better prices for California magnesite were due to its
superior color. The freight to Atlantic seaboard was
$12.50 per ton.

Magnesite is used chiefly for furnace linings, pipe
coverings, and the manufacture of CO., magnesite ce-
ment, outside stucco, passenger-car floors, gun-emplace-
ments, etc. The American Firebrick Co., of Spokane,
Wash., began the manufacture in 1917 of magnesite
brick. According to the opinion of some in the
refractory trade, as good a product for refractory pur-
poses can be made from the domestic magnesite as from
the Austrian variety.

112

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No.

General Review of Mining in the
United States in 1917

MININC conditions in the United States in the
early part of L911 were exceedingly favorable.
and the largest copper, lead and Bine producers

Of the COUntrj were forcing their plants to the utmost.
The entrance oi the United States into the war anil
the unsettled market conditions, labor anil ear shortages
that ensued had an adverse effect on production and
the general Rain for the fust part of 1917 was more than
offset by the months of non-productiveness that occurred
in many of the largest districts during the period of
labor agitation and strikes that spread over the country,
and the general retrenchment that followed. The effect
of increased wages throughout the country was a de-
crease in efficiency. The draft and response to the call
for volunteers reduced the available labor supply mate-
rially in all but a few favored districts. The gold
camps suffered from increase in cost of supplies without
commensurate advance in price of marketable product,
and were obliged to raise wages to meet the high cost
of living and the drain put upon the labor supply
by the attraction of the higher wage base-metal dis-
tricts. The effect of the Government agreed price for
copper at 23k. was to eliminate from the field many
small producers which curtailed the total production
possible from all sources in this country.

The curtailment of imports of pyrite, manganese,
magnesite, potash, graphite, clays, etc., caused domestic
resources to be investigated and developed to an extent
hitherto impracticable and in some instances with con-
siderable financial success. The general high cost of
labor and supplies in 1917, and the uncertain demand,
the embargoes and price regulations of the future,
however, discouraged the exploration and development
of many new and large mining enterprises.

Arizona

The copper production of Arizona for 1917 is re-
viewed elsewhere in this issue. The main producing
districts, Ray, Inspiration, Miami, Bisbee, Morenci,
Jerome, and Globe, maintained a high output early in
1917, but suffered heavy loss of production during the
labor strikes of June, July and August, and the Inspira-
tion did not resume full operation during the latter part
of the year. The Ajo district was added to the list of
copper producers, and a number of small shippers in
the state contributed to the total output. The Bisbee-
Warren district was also a producer of zinc-lead and
silver-lead ores, and also shipped manganese and
pyrite. Arizona-Hercules carried on considerable de-
velopment work at Ray upon completion of the churn-
drilling campaign early in 1917; the 1200-ton concen-
trator and power plant at Kelvin were about half
completed in December.

Silver-lead ores from the Ray district were shipped
by the Ray Lead Development Co., and the Broken
Hills Mining Co. was under development. A vanadium
and molybdenum strike occurred near Kelvin. The
Mammoth Development Co. suffered a setback in pro-
duction in October due to a shaft fire, which made it
impossible to fulfill its contract to supply 50 tons of

wulfenite com cut rates per month; the mill was re-
modeled, and the entire plant reorganized for greater
output. The Arizona Rare Metals Co.'s mill continued
to operate on the old Mammoth tailings, shipping wul-
fenite concentrates steadily to its furnace in Tucson,
where a sodium-molybdate slag and a lead bullion were
produced. At Copper Creek new equipment was
added to the mill and power plant and flotation intro-
duced. The Lavell gold mine, near Chilito, was bonded
to Boston interests in 1917, development undertaken
and high-grade gold shipments made.

The Oatman district established a minimum wage of
$4 a day, and did not suffer for want of a sufficient
supply of labor, nor was it affected by the labor dis-
turbances of 1917. In January the United Eastern
started its new mill and the company treated about
85,000 tons of $22 ore during the year. It also acquired
two important claims from the Big Jim company, where
ore had been opened up. Considerable new ore was
found by the various operators in the district, including
the Gold Road mine at Goldroad. Marked activity was
manifested at Chloride, Golconda, and outside of King-
man. At Stoddard the Arizona-Binghamton Copper Co.
was organized to take over the Stoddard and other
properties; new ore was opened up from the lower
levels, and 300,000 lb. of copper per month shipped as
concentrates. Developments of note occurred east of
Congress Junction, where gold, silver and lead ship-
ments were made. Quicksilver was discovered and
shipped from the Phoenix Mountains, and important
development took place at Courtland, Johnson, Harqus
Hala, Duquesne, Silver Bell, Twin Buttes, Tombstone
Pearce, and Dos Cabezas.

California

In Amador County the mines of the Mother Lode a
Sutter Creek, Plymouth and Jackson operated under s
severe labor shortage and increased costs. The Ply
mouth Consolidated added two Hardinge mills to it
plant and handled 11,000 tons of ore per month. Th
Keystone operated its 40-stamp mill to capacity, hoistin
ore from between the 900 and 1800 levels. The Centr
aiu. Old Eureka mines attained greater depth and
veloped new ore. The Kennedy's 100-stamp mill opera'
ed steadily in 1917 and new ore was developed at 390
ft. The South Eureka hoisted a considerable tonna?
from the deep levels of the Oneida. The Argonaut con
pleted its equipment for electric pumping in two stag*
from the 4800 level, and good-grade ore was hoisted.

California oil production in 1917 was highly stimi
lated and a great increase over 1916 will probably 1
recorded. Tungsten production was active at Atol
and Bishop. Potash was produced from Searles Lai
deposits, from kelp and from the flue dust of variot
cement plants. Additions to the plants of the Standa
Oil and General Petroleum companies were made ai
working forces increased to maximum. A new refine
was started late in 1917 at Los Angeles harbor by t
Union Oil Co. The iron-ore deposits of Southern Ca
fornia attracted considerable interest.

l\

January 12. 1918

ENGINEERING AND MINIM; J01 RNAL

118

in Plumas County the Jamison mine because of
scarcity i>i labor operated with half the normal crew,
uul finally closed down for the winter, in the Nelson

.'rook district the Bulkeley Wells syndicate bonded the
Morning Star, a Tertiary gravel deposit of considerable
nagnitude. The Standard Mining Co. had an eight
weeks' run. The Plumas-Eureka Corporation in De
•ember started a 1115-ft. raise to connect the "76"
nine and the Eureka tunnel.

Owing to inadequate transportation, activity in Del
>Jorte County was handicapped but promising bodies of
•hrome ore were uncovered and considerable chromite
vas shipped.

The Natomas Co. operated 11 electric dredges on the
American and Yuba River fields. In the Yuba Basin
,'uba Consolidated started the first double-stacker dredge.
In Shasta County, miners received an increase in wages
■arly in 1917. The Mammoth, Balaklala and Mountain
•opper mines suspended production for a short time in
he summer on account of labor troubles, but operations
vere resumed in September. In Butte County near Yan-
kee Hill a 20-ft. gold-bearing vein was disclosed near the
Surcease. In Siskiyou County the Blue Ledge copper
listrict became more active, machinery was purchased
md some rich copper and gold ores were shipped to
he smeltery at Tacoma. In San Luis Obispo County
tuicksilver and chrome deposits received attention. In
Sierra County purchase of the Tightner gold mine was
nade complete by a final payment.

Colorado, Idaho and Utah

The mining activities in Colorado, Idaho and Utah
vill be reviewed in detail in a succeeding issue of the
'ournal, and will be referred to only briefly at present,
n Colorado the isolated districts experienced during the
ummer months an activity not felt for many years.
>Iany silver properties were reopened, the demand for
ungsten was steady and the market for manganiferous
■res increased shipments from Leadville to such an ex-
ent that at the end of 1917 750 tons per day of such
■re was being sent to the Colorado Fuel and Iron Co.
.nd other metallurgical works. In Idaho, the new
Sunker Hill & Sullivan lead smeltery at Kellogg was
>lown in, and three important cases of litigation came
iefore the courts. The diverse metal production of Utah
howed a slight increase in 1917 over that of 1916.
^melting difficulties curtailed shipments in the last half
if the year, but the important districts of Bingham,
Tintic and Park City operated for the most part steadily.

Michigan, Minnesota and Wisconsin

A review of iron mining appears elsewhere in the
ron section of this issue. The copper operations in
he upper Michigan peninsula are also separately dis-
ussed by James MacNaughton. Iron-ore shipments on
he lakes began in the middle of April, but navigation
>'as not fully opened to Duluth and Superior until May
; the lake shipping season, however, continued a little
iter than usual, not closing until about Dec. 11, 1917.
n the southern section of the Cuyuna iron range, in
linnesota, considerable prospecting was done by drill-
ng, and results were satisfactory. In the Wisconsin
inc-lead district new mills and development by drilling
nd sinking continued in 1917.

Missouri, Oklahoma and Kansas

The Southea I Missouri lead and the .loplin ziln di

tricts are covered elsewhere in this issue. At Frederick

town the Missouri Cobalt Co., Ltd., remodeled i1

reduction plant for the treatment ol its complex lead,

nickel, cobalt and copper ores, and Missouri Metal
Corporation began the exploitation of the old Mine l„
Motte — by steam shovel for the surface carbonate ores
and by underground methods for the sulphide ores
of lead, nickel, cobalt, copper and silver. As in 1916,
the Joplin-Miami district suffered from lack of suffi-
cient electric power, due to low water at the hydro-
electric and poor equipment at the steam-turbine plant
of the district power company.

In the Oklahoma-Kansas section repeated ore strikes
by drilling were made in 1917 in all parts of the
district. Leases were taken at high premiums and
increased royalties paid. Baxter Springs, Kan., be-
came a center between Joplin and Picher and the other
camps in the Miami district, and railroad connections
were completed from Galena to Baxter, Kan., and to
Picher, Okla., and also a line between Quapaw and
Century, Okla. Considerable high-grade ore was fpund
by drilling around Baxter. The Eagle-Picher Lead Co.
operated actively with four mills, making a large pro-
duction of zinc concentrates; flotation was added at its
Netta mill. In the Kansas zinc field a large tract,
north of the Eagle Picher holdings and west of Baxter
Springs, was taken under development by the Miami
Zinc Syndicate, in which American Metal Co. eventually
became the predominant interest; this company also
took over a 1000-acre lease northwest of Picher. The
Metals Exploration Co. made extensive purchases and
the Admiralty Zinc Co. sold its leases and three mills
to Cosden, Aiken & Curtis of Tulsa, Okla. In addi-
tion a large number of smaller deals were consummated
in 1917. Twelve new mills were started early in the
year and a large number started in 1916 were completed
in 1917. Although 50 % of the electric power was off
in the latter part of the year, the production of the
newer field equalled the old. Churn drilling was never
more active than in 1917, several thousand rigs covering
all that region from Joplin to Miami and extending
westward from Baxter, Picher and Commerce. Develop-
ments in 1917 demonstrated the great possibilities in
this newer area, and an increasing production may be
expected. Manganese mining in northern Arkansas was
stimulated by the high prices and marketability of
low-grade manganese ores, and in 1917 a considerably
increased production was made.

Montana

Montana produced in 1917 at a record rate until
the labor strikes at Butte in June; copper production
of this district did not again approach the normal
figures until the last quarter of the year. The Butte
district is reviewed elsewhere in more detail by Mr.
Thayer. A notable event of 1917 was the organization
of Montana mining interests to protect the industry from
malicious legislation. A new feature of the Butte dis-
trict was the production of manganese ores. This ore
was also produced in the Philipsburg district in Granite
County where an important output was being made at
the close of 1917. In the Virginia City gold district

114

ENGINEERING V\l> MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105. No. 2

operations were limited. The Eastern Pacific cyanida
tion mill worked on tailings from the old Eaaton mine,
and ■ !■ • amalgamation and concentration

mill operated in Williams Gulch on ore from the Moun
tain Chief and Mountain Flower claims. A 20-ton teal
mill at the Winnetka mine was built, and there was a
discovery of high-grade gold ore in Barton Gulch from
from which shipments were made The Rough Rider
tunnel was extended 600 ft in the Summit district,
The Boston «!>: Montana Development Co. continued
the | og o( its properties in the Elkhorn district

ami began ti • in of a 500-ton mill. In the Sheri-

dan region there was increased activity in lead-silver
properties. In the Twin Bridges section electric-power
lines were extended to the Bielenberg & Higgins mine
i ii Hear Gulch and to the Lake Shore mine. The Crystal
Lake Gold Mining Co. purchased the N. J. TraufHer
mine; the Liberty Gold Mining Co. purchased the M. R.
Ostronich property. In the Ponj district quiet prevailed,
the only production coming from small leasers. In the
Red RlutT area the only events of note were the sales
of the Birdie and Red Bluff properties and the purchase
of machinery for development. In the Richmond Flat
district the Revenue mine operated continuously, and
new ore was developed. The Madison mine was pur-
chased and preparations were made to unwater. The
Missouri mine, at the head of Meadow Creek, made
regular shipments of high-grade ore and erected a mill.
In the Madison Valley prospecting was active and the
results were encouraging. Asbestos deposits were dis-
covered southeast of Lyon. The manganese deposits of
Cherry ("reek were mined and explored during the sum-
mer and regular shipments made, but production sus-
pended on the advent of winter.

Nevada

In Nevada, the Nevada Consolidated's new crushing
plant was completed in two sections each having a
capacity of 750 tons of grizzlied ore per hour. A new
Nordberg hoist was installed and the coal-dust plant
was nearly completed. Development at the Ruth mine
for a branch raise system of mining was continued and
one portion of the mine was drawn to completion, yield-
ing an estimated recovery of 97.8'< of the orebody of a
grade that averaged 2.07', copper. The Consolidated
Coppermines Co. at Kimberly was financed, consider-
able development performed and a 1000-ton flotation
mill completed.

At Tonopah production of silver ore was maintained
at a high rate. The cyanidation plant at Millers was
dismantled and installed in Tonopah and new ore was
developed in many of the subsidiary properties in the
district. Manhattan experienced a year of renewed
activities through discoveries at the White Caps mine,
and metallurgical study resulted in the installation of
milling equipment. Goldfield Consolidated continued to
produce and a modified leasing system was put into ef-
fect Feb. 1. New ore was uncovered in the Aurora Con-
solidated at Aurora.

Discoveries and shipments of good-grade silver ore
were made from virgin deep workings on the Comstock
Lode, where pumping lowered the water below the 3000
ft. level. The Jarbidge district attracted attention by
the advent of new interests and new development.

In the Searchlight ("strict the Quartette and Duplex

mines shipped gold, copper and lead ores. A high-grade
gold milling ore was produced by the Chief of the Hills
Cold Milling Co., and the Big Casino developed low-
grade ore. (lark County shipped zinc, lead, copper and
gold-platinum ores and also developed manganese ore
in 1917. Gold discoveries were made in the El Dorado
Canyon district, where several mills were in operation.

At Tuscarora the Holden Mining and Milling Co.
leased and pure based adjacent properties, and began the
erection of a mill. The Delker, 20 miles west of Currie.
shipped Id cars of copper ore.

The Western Ore Purchasing Co., at Hazen, increased
its capacity to 900 tons. The Mason Valley copper
smeltery at Thompson resumed operations on Feb. 13,
again affording an outlet for the Yerington district ores.
The Nevada Douglas and Bluestone maintained steady
shipments to the smeltery. At Rochester, the Nevada
Packard Co. increased mill capacity to 100 tons. At Mill
i ity the Sutter produced 30 tons of tungsten ore per
day. A number of properties in. Humboldt County in-
creased production, and at National development was
active. In Lander County the Nevada Austin Mining
Co. constructed a mill.

The Nevada United Co. was leased by outside inter-
ests. In December 50 tons of ore per day was shipped
from Aurum. Copper, gold and silver ore was shipped
from the Lucky Deposit groups. Lead was shipped from
a discovery in the Quake Range. A five-stamp mill was
started at Willow Creek. The U. S. Tungsten Co. ceased
operations.

Pioche shipped 150 000 tons in 1917. The Davidson
Mining Co. was launched and the Amalgamated-Pioche
plant closed.

New .Jersey and New York

The New Jersey Zinc Co. at Franklin Furnace, N. J.,
suffered somewhat from labor shortage. Transportation
difficulties, however, were not so serious as in other
parts of the country, shipments being made continuously
in solid trains that plied between the company's mines
and reduction works. In New York at Edwards the
Northern Ore Co. mined zinc-pyrite ore in 1917. The
St. Nicholas Zinc Co., at Summitville, built a mill but
later ceased to operate it. At Graham, the New York
Zinc Co. planned to develop a similar area between Port
.Jervis and Summitville. The graphite output near Ti-
conderoga was doubled. The St. Lawrence County talc
mines and the iron mines in the Lake Champlain district
produced at maximum capacity.

New Mexico

In Grant County, the Chino Copper Co., the most
important operation in New Mexico, maintained its
normal output in 1917. The Burro Mountain Copper
Co. at Tyrone produced steadily at the rate of 40,000
tons per month ; development was favorable and at the
company's mill improvements in the application of the
flotation process were made. The Austin-Amazon
opened a wide body of copper ore on the 70-ft. level.
At Steeplerock the Carlisle mine reopened to the 750-
ft. level, completed its mill, and several other interests
entered the district. Pinos Altos, Fierro and Han-
over camps all experienced renewed activity, and the
Hanover-Bessemer Steel and Iron completed its 400-ton
mill at Fierro.

January L2, 1918

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

i i .

The Lordsburg district production was materially
Increased. The largest producers were the 86 Mining
Co.. the Lawrence, and the Nellie Bly. The "86" com-
panj started a new concentrator o( 600 tons capacity.

The Lawrence Mining Co., a subsidiary of the San Toy,
purchased the Bouncy mine from the Western Mining
and Development Co. The South Chino Copper Co. pur-
ihased the Atwood and the property of the Valedon
Mining Co. The Tyndale Copper Co. also purchased
i number of claim groups in the vicinity of the Bonney.
The Last Chance silver mine, at Leidendorf, near Lords-
burg, was taken under lease and bond by local interests.
In Dona Ana County the Phelps Dodge developments
in the Organ Mountain were curtailed on account of war
conditions. The Senorito Copper Corporation at Seno-
rito, in Sandoval County, contracted for a Greenawalt
leaching and electrolytic plant, but owing to delayed de-
liveries installed a 100-ton semi-fusion reducing furnace
for the carbonate ores, and began work on a 60-ton
reverberatory for high-grade chalcocite found in the
sandstone.

In Socorro County the mines of the Kelly district
produced steadily; lead, zinc and copper ores and con-
centrates were shipped by the Empire Zinc Co., the
Ozark Smelting and Mining Co. and by leasers. In
the Mogollon district of this county the usual activity of
the precious-metal mines continued, Socorro Mines and
the Mogollon Mines Co. being the leading producers; the
former completed the tramway to the Pacific mine ores
of which are now delivered directly to the Socorro mill.

South Dakota

In the Black Hills production of gold was maintained
at normal in 1917 and the period witnessed the continua-
tion of some important development work and the com-
pletion of new enterprises. The Homestake practically
finished the second unit of the new hydro-electric plant
an Spearfish Creek. Small shipments of tungsten ores
went forward from Lawrence and Pennington counties.
The Homestake's five-stamp mill produced tungsten con-
centrates regularly and shipped several carloads. The
ore is ferberite and wolframite, and the concentrates
contain 3 to 3.5% manganese with a little barite and
scheelite but are free from tin or copper; a little gold
is also recovered from this mill. The Elkhorn Tung-
sten Co., near Hill City, prepared its mill for tungsten
ores. The American Tungsten Co. produced 3550 lb. of
tin concentrates containing 50% metallic tin, but ceased
operations during the summer. The Trojan company
purchased the Two Johns mine and leased the Republic.
The mill was increased to handle 500 tons and improved
for higher extraction by finer grinding and slimes-
plant additions. The Republic and Two Johns proper-
ties contain ore of milling grade, and with the Portland,
Empire and Decorah, and considerable custom ore as-
sured, a good supply for the future is provided.

J. T. Milliken of St. Louis, after diamond drilling the
Oro Hondo, adjoining the Homestake on the south, pur-
chased the property; he also took an option on the
Montezuma and Whizzers mines, where prospecting by
diamond drill was conducted with a view to developing
pyritic ores. The Golden Reward company's 150-ton
cyanide mill treated the company's gold ores from the
Bald Mountain district; the Astoria roaster was not
operated, on account of fuel shortage. Mogul Mining

Co. operated its mill steadily with a capacity oi 100
tons per- day. To work ore from the lower levels of
the Mogul, Ofer ami adjoining groups, a tunnel wai
started to prospect the oi ol these propertiei

The New Puritan mine open i a bearing quart

zite ore after considerable development. The Wasp No.

2 made a final shipment of tungsten ore. and was
entirely abandoned and dismantled.

The Custer Peak Copper Co. completed a 10-stamp
mill and produced native-copper concentrates from shall
ore. The Spokane Lead and Silver Co. made one
shipment of lead-silver ore and completed a 50-ton con-
centrator. At Galena some old properties were reopened
and ores containing lead and silver shipped. Two i
were forwarded to Omaha from the Blue Lead copper
mine. The Silver Queen shipped II cars of lead-silver
ore. The Homelode company completed a :?0-ton amalga-
mation-concentration mill. The U. S. Gypsum Co. com-
pleted a 100-ton plaster mill, in which operations started.
The Dakota Plaster Co. erected a mill at Black Hawk.
The Lithia mines at Keystone operated continuously
and some ores were valuable for the phosphoric-acid
content. Mica was shipped from Keystone, Hill City
and Custer.

Oregon and Washington

The most noteworthy development in Oregon during
1917 was the discovery of new chromite deposits and
their production; active search revealed bodies of ore
in southwestern and eastern Oregon in Grant, Josephine,
Douglas, Coos and Curry Counties, and 30 operators
shipped. In the Homestead district, Baker County, the
Iron Dyke gold-copper mine, a body of good-grade ore
was opened and other old mines in this county were re-
opened. In the Waldo district, Josephine County, the
Queen of Bronze, Waldo and Grayback copper mines and
Simmons-Cameron-Logan hydraulic mine were sold.
In Washington the development of the great magnesite
deposits of Stevens County and the construction of cal-
cining plants therefor were the most important events
in the mining industry in 1917. At Northport, a Cot-
trell precipitation plant was added at the lead-smelting
works of the Northport Smelting and Refining Company.

Tennessee and Other Southern States

Labor conditions in Tennessee were generally quiet
in 1917. The copper companies in the Ducktown district
operated as usual with but slight interruption. Coal
lands changed hands in large tracts in the Cumberland-
Plateau coal field. In Hancock County new zinc de-
posits were discovered and at one point preparations
made for development. An event of interest was the
discovery of manganese in Bradley County, near Cleve-
land. In Knox County there was a shortage of both
white and black labor. At Mascot the table section of
the zinc plant was almost doubled in size.

In Virginia prospecting for iron and manganese was
active and several promising deposits were discovered;
production was mainly from the Crimora and Powell's
Fort mines. High barite prices created new interest
in this mineral, and a number of old deposits were
reopened. Iron blast furnaces that had been idle for
years were repaired and blown in. The West End
furnace, at Roanoke, was put into blast by John B.
Guernsey & Co., who also repaired the furnace at

116

ENGINEERING AND MIXING ,101'KXAL

Vol. 105, No. 2

".am: this was put in blast on Spiegel, and in 1918
will produce ferromanganese, A Dumber of fun

making foundary iron produced spiege) or
ferromanganese. A noticeable effect of war conditions
on blast furnaces in Virginia was thai these were able
to run more economically on Lake ores than on native
limonite ores; on account of labor conditions, an ade-
quate supply of limestone was hard to maintain.
Virginia pyrite mines operated at capacity and in
statee pyrite mine in Lumpkin County
brought into production. Shipments were made of
sulphide ore from the dumps of the old Tallapoosa mine
in Haralson County and underground development was
in pi - In West Virginia the United Zinc Smelting

Corporation's new works, at Moundsville. was completed;
about 50 tons of sulphuric acid was being made per day
and the toasted ore shipped to the Clarksburg plant.

Texas

In Texas the Presidio silver mine in the Shafter dis-
trict continued to be the principal producer of silver.
Small shipments of silver-copper ore were made from
the Allamoore-Yan Horn region, in Culberson County,
and copper ore from deposits in the "Red Beds" in
Foard and Hardeman Counties. The Freeport Sulphur
Co., in Brazoria County, increased its output having
placed a new "steaming plant" in commission. The
sulphur deposits of Culberson County attracted con-
siderable attention but the output was small in com-
parison with the coast property ; a railroad for the
district was projected. The Terlingua quicksilver dis-
trict continued its record production, new properties
being brought in as a result of the high prices. The
old tin mine in the Franklin Mountains, 13 miles north
of El Paso, was bought at receiver's sale by Mayor
Charles Davis for $21,000. In Llano and Burnet Coun-
ties, graphite properties were under exploitation.

Alaska*

In 1017 Alaska produced minerals valued at $41,760,-
000 which, although about $6,870,000 less than in 1916,
was greater than that of any other year. The most
valuable mineral product was copper, of which 88,200,-
000 lb., valued at $24,000,000, was produced. This is
less than the output of 1916, which was 119,600,000 lb.,
valued at $29,480,000. The reduction was due largely
to labor troubles and is not necessarily permanent.
The gold produced in 1917, $15,450,000, was also less
than that produced in 1916, which was $17,240,000, and
is the smallest since 1904. The reduction was due chiefly
to curtailment of operations because of the scarcity of
labor and the high cost of materials, but in part to
the disaster at the Treadwell mine and the depletion
of some of the richer placers. During the year Alaska
also produced silver valued at $1,050,000, coal valued
at $300,000, lead valued at $160,000, tin valued at $160,-
. antimony valued at $40,000, and tungsten, chromi-
um, petroleum, marble, gypsum, graphite, and platinum
valued at $600,000. During 33 years of mining Alaska
has produced more than $391,000,000 in gold, silver,
copper, and other minerals. Of this amount, $293,000,-
represents the value of the gold and $88,200,000
that of the copper.

•Excerpt* from advance sheets of the report of <;. C Martin
for the U. S. Geological Survey

The data in hand indicate that the value of the placer
gold output in 1917 was $9,850,000; in 1916 it was
$11,140,000. The decrease was due chiefly to restric-
tion of operations because of the high cost of supplies
and the scarcity of labor. The placer output was in-
creased only m the Tolovana, Marshall and Ruby dis-
tricts and at the new Tolstoi camp.

Aboul 33 gold-lode mines were operated in 1917, com-
pared with 29 in 1916. The lode gold mined decreased
from $5,912,000 in 1916 to about $5,250,000 in 1917.
due chiefly to the disaster at the Treadwell mine. South-
eastern Alaska, especially the Juneau district, was still
the only center of large quartz-mining development in
the territory. Xext in importance is the Willow Creek
field. Gold-lode mining on Prince William Sound,
Kenai Peninsula, and in the Fairbanks district was at
a standstill.

The copper production of Alaska in 1917 was about
88,200,000 lb. This is less than the production in 1916,
which was 119,600,000 lb., but is greater than the pro-
duction of any other year. The reduction in output
was mainly caused by labor troubles at Kennecott's
Bonanza mine. During the year 17 copper mines were
operated, compared with 18 in 1916 — eight in the
Ketchikan district, six in the Prince William Sound dis-
trict, and three in the Chitina. The output of the
Kennecott mines in the Chitina district overshadowed
that from all others.

About 232 tons of stream tin was produced in Alaska
in 1917. Most of this came from the York field, where
two tin dredges were operated. Developments were con-
tinued on the Lost River lode-tin mine. The rest of the
concentrates were recovered incidentally to placer-gold
mining, chiefly in the Hot Springs region. The mining
of antimony ore began in Alaska in 1915 and continued
on about the same scale throughout the first half of
1916, when a fall in the price of antimony put an end
to most of these operations. In 1917 mining continued
at two properties in the Fairbanks district.

The Fairbanks district and Seward Peninsula were
the principal producers of tungsten in Alaska in 1917.
In the Fairbanks district two tungsten mines were in
course of development. At one of these mines one unit
of a 75-ton mill was in operation and late in the summer
was turning out several hundred pounds of scheelite
concentrates daily. At the other mine a similar mill
was in course of construction. Underground work was
in progress at both mines. The present indications
give promise of a large increase in the production of
tungsten in the Fairbanks field. In Seward Peninsula
tungsten was produced principally by sluicing the resid-
ual scheelite-bearing lode material in Sophie Gulch.
Smaller quantities were recovered as the result of placer
mining at other places.

The production of petroleum from the only oil claim
patented in Alaska, in the Katalla district, increased
somewhat in 1917. Drilling continued on a small scale,
but no new productive wells were obtained. About 61,-
000 tons of coal, valued at $300,000, was mined in
Alaska in 1917. The largest production was derived
from the Eska Creek mines, in the Matanuska field,
which were taken over by the Alaskan Engineering
Commission. Coal was mined also at the Doherty mine,
in the Matanuska field; at the Bluff Point mine, on
Cook Inlet; on Cache Creek, and near Candle. The most

L2, L918

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

117

importanl evenl of the year in connection with coal tnin-
inj was the completion of the Matanuska branch of
tin' Government railroad. The high-grade coal on
Chicaloon River is now being opened by the Alaskan
ineering Commission, and small shipments to
Anchorage were reported. Work preparatory to mining
was undertaken on Moose Creek bj private lessees.

The coal lands in the Nenana coal field were sub
divided and will be offered for leasing at an early date.
The Government railroad is now being built southward
to this field from Xanana, on the Tanana River, and
will probably reach the field and make the coal avail-
able for river shipment in the summer of 1918. A
private railroad from Controller Bay to a patented coal
claim in the eastern end of the Bering River field was
under construction.

In southern Alaska nine gold-lode mines, eight cop-
per mines, and two placer mines were in operation in
1917. In the Ketchikan district no gold mines operated.
Gold-lode mining on a large scale continued at the
Alaska-Juneau and Alaska-Gastineau mines. The first
units of the new mill were placed in operation and treat-

ing in October about 4000 tons daily and the Ala I
Ga tineau 7500 ton per day. The Treadwell and Mi
H. hi mini were flooded by the sea and abandoned The

Ready-Bullion, ti i i •■< i underground, ••■.., pro

tected bj a bulkhead, but precautions reduced the nor-
mal capacity to one third

In the Copper Riv< r ba in the Jumbo and Kennecotl
Bonanza were the largest producer On Prince Wil-
liam Sound six copper and seven gold mines operated.
In the Susitna region Willow Creek produced from four
lode mines. Cache (reck continued to be the principal
source of placer gold in the Ventna basin. In the Yukon
basin $6,500,000 worth of gold was produced in 1917.
The principal camps in order of output were: Iditarod,
Fairbanks, Tolovana, Ruby, Hot Springs, Marshall,
Koyukuk and Circle. In addition the Fairbanks dis-
trict produced lode gold, silver, lead, antimony and
tungsten. In the Kuskokwim basin production was
limited to placers on about the usual scale. On the
Seward Peninsula the gold output was $2,700,000 and
in addition the district produced some stream tin, tung-
sten and graphite.

Mining in Ontario in 1917

By THOMAS W. GIBSON*

THE value of the metal output of Ontario in 1917
was about $58,000,000, or nearly $3,000,000 more
than that of 1916. There was probably a small
decrease, say $250,000 or $300,000, in the value of the
non-metallic production. The net result, therefore, was
an increase in the total value, as compared with 1916,
of over $2,500,000. This was due in the main to the
higher prices prevailing for three out of the four chief
metals of production — gold, silver, nickel and copper.

Gold Output Diminished

The constantly rising cost of labor and supplies re-
acted against gold mining. The output was about
$8,750,000, as compared with $10,339,259 in 1916. Part
of the falling off was due to the closing of the Dome
mill in November. The Dome ore is low grade, and
while producing a profit in normal times, could not
contend with present conditions. Production for nine
months was $1,219,000. All the other Porcupine prop-
erties, however, continued to operate. Hollinger, the
largest mine, while suspending dividends for part of
the year, turned out bullion to the value of about
$4,450,000. Mclntyre-Porcupine had an output of about
$1,600,000. Other mines in the producing group were
Porcupine Crown, Porcupine- Vipond-North Thompson,
and Schumacher. Dome Lake also produced a little
bullion. Two or three other properties are developing
and will in time add to the output. The total for the
Porcupine camp was about $8,300,000.

There are now two mines at Kirkland Lake in the
producing class ; namely, Tough-Oakes and Teck-Hughes.
Lake Shore, Kirkland Lake, Wright-Hargreaves and
Dther prospects are under development, and when the
mills now being constructed are completed there will be
a treatment capacity of 530 tons of ore per day. Other

•Deputy minister of mines for Ontario, Toronto, Can.

gold camps, all promising, but in the earlier stages of
development, are Munro Township, Bourke's, Boston
Creek, West Shining Tree, Tashota, Dryden and Powell-
Cairo. Sturgeon Lake has not yet begun to produce
since reopening, and Long Lake (Canadian Exploration
Co.) has ceased operations.

In Munro, the Croesus mine, the shaft of which
showed quartz of phenomenal richness, is being explored
at a depth of 400 ft. Buff-Munro is another good-
looking prospect. The Anderson farm, at Bourke's, is
developing favorably, and Murray-Moggridge, at Wolf
Lake, is well regarded. The principal Boston Creek
properties are Miller Independence and Boston Hollinger
(now Patricia). West Shining Tree shows samples
containing much free gold.

There is usually at least one new gold area located
in Northern Ontario each year. That for 1917 is
near the headwaters of Lightning River, a small stream
which flows into Lake Abitibi from the south. A good
find was made here last autumn by a prospector named
Cochenour, and a number of claims have already been
staked out. The camp is about 30 miles from the
Temiskaming & Northern Ontario Ry., not far from
the Quebec border, and is reached by a trail from
Kirkland Lake, the railway station being Swastika.
Geological conditions are said to resemble those of
the Porcupine district.

Nipissing Loses Long-Held Position of Premier
Silver Producer

The Ontario output of silver in 1917 was about 20,-
000,000 oz. Production came almost entirely from the
mines of Cobalt and outlying camps. The Mining
Corporation of Canada assumed the role of leading
producer, so long held by Nipissing. This company
operates two mines, Townsite-City and Cobalt Lake. A

us

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 2

rich system of veins is being worked in the Townsite-
beneath tl ts and buildings of Cobalt,

including the Timiskaming ..v. Northern Ontario Ry.
Is much high-grade ore. Perhaps one-
quarter of the entire silver yield from Cobalt in 1917,

rom these workings.

Nipissing had a good year, producing about 3,750,000
ual to its output of L916. This mine has
dividend payments, up to the
present, of more than $17,000,000. Kerr Lake also
nearly equalled its output for 1916, about 2,275,000 oz.
5 turned out about 1,800,000 oz, and McKinley-
O'Brien and Temiskaming
had good yields. Beaver, Buffalo, Crown Reserve. La
Rose. Hudson Bay, Trethewey. etc, also turned out
bullion, but for the most part on a reduced scale. The
unusually rich lode at .Miller Lake-O'Brien has given
this mine an important place, and is leading to a
revival of interest in the Gowganda camp. A number
of the once-famous mines at Cobalt are fast becoming
memories; nevertheless, the aggregate production for
1917 was probably equal to that of 1916, and the re-
ceipts from sales of silver, owing to the marked rise
in price, were nearly $3,300,000 greater. What seems
to be a good find of native silver was made by a pros-
pector named Kell. in Corkill Township, Gowganda
Mining Division, a considerable distance southeast of
the known deposits.

The metallurgical feature of 1917 was the rapid
advance of the flotation process of concentration. This
will enable many million ounces of silver to be re-
covered from hitherto valueless tailings and will add
materially to th.2 life of the camp. Stout resistance was
offered by the Cobalt companies to the royalties asked
by Minerals Separation and the matter was referred to
the Government of Canada for investigation.

Progress in Nickel and Copper

The mattes produced by the Sudbury smelters in
1917 contained about 41,500 tons of nickel, say 200
tons more than in 1916. At 27k. per lb. the value
of the nickel in matte form was $22,400,000. In 1916
the production, on a basis of 25c, was valued at $20,-

19 279. Both producers, the Canadian Copper Co.
and the Mond Nickel Co.. maintained a high level of
production, and each is now adding another furnace
to its smelting equipment. The Copper company drew
upon the Creighton and Crean Hill mines for the bulk
of its ore, No. 2 mine having been closed down during
the year. Production from the Creighton shaft rose
occasionally as high as 5000 tons per day, and is now
averaging 100,000 tons per month. The new rockhouse
at this mine, of steel-frame, hollow-tile and cement
construction, is one of the most complete on the con-
tinent. The Mond company raised its ore from the
Garson, Victoria, Worthington and Levack mines. The
Alexo mine, in Dundonald, had a small production.

The report of the Royal Ontario Nickel Commission,
published early in 1917, estimated the "proved ore"
of the Sudbury region at 70,000,000 tons. The results
of diamond drilling since that time have, it is said,
at least doubled these figures. Extensive drilling was
done at the following mines: Levack, Frood Extension,
Murray, Falconbridge ( Longyear Syndicate), and in the
Creighton area. At the Victoria No. 1 mine, the Mond

company is putting the shaft down from 2600 to 3000
ft. The British America Nickel Corporation had about
400 men at work on the power plant and smelter build-
ings at the -Murray mine, and sunk a shaft about 800
ft. At Port Colborne, the International Nickel Co.'s
plant for treating the Canadian Copper Co.'s mattes
is neaiing completion, and will be refining nickel and
copper early in 1918. The works have an initial yearly
capacity of about 10,000 tons of nickel, and a corre-
sponding quantity of copper.

Litigation against the nickel companies for damage
to crops was brought to a head during the year, Judge
Middleton granting damages, but on a much smaller
scale than was claimed. The Canadian Copper Co. re-
moved its roasting yards to Mileage 17 on the Algoma
Eastern Ry., where the likelihood of damage being done
is less than at Copper Cliff, and the Mond Nickel Co.
has given up heap roasting in the summer time.

Copper in Ontario is a byproduct of nickel, the ores
of Sudbury carrying on an average 1.5% Cu. The
mattes in 1917 contained approximately 21,250 tons of
copper, or about 1000 tons less than in 1916. The value,
at 18 k per lb. in the matte, was, say. $7,650,000. A
quantity of non-nickeliferous ore was raised from the
Tiptop and Mine Centre mines, also by the Sudbury
Copper and Kenyon Copper companies. At the plant of
the last named, near Massey station, an oil flotation
process was installed.

Iron Ore and Pig Iron

i

Two Ontario mines produced iron ore in 1917 — Helen
and Magpie — both owned and operated by the Algoma
Steel Corporation. The combined production for nine
months ended Sept. 30 was 138,808 tons, of which about
two-thirds was exported to Lake Erie ports in the
United States, the remainder being sent to the com-
pany's own furnaces at Sault Ste. Marie. The ore from
these mines is treated in the roasters at the Magpie
plant for reduction of the sulphur contents of both ores,
and the elimination of the carbonic acid from the
Magpie ore, which is a siderite. The product is a
good grade of bessemer material, containing a consider-
able percentage of manganese, and is in demand by
United States ironmasters.

Blast furnaces at Sault Ste. Marie, Port Colborne
Deseronto and Hamilton produced 513,232 tons of pi^
iron up to Sept. 30. At the same rate the output foi
1917 would be around 685,000 tons. About 10% of th<
ore smelted was from Ontario mines, the remaindei
being imported from the United States.

Approximately 540 tons of lead was produced ii
Ontario during the first nine months of 1917. Mos1
of this was obtained at the smeltery of the estate o
James Robertson, Galetta, and the remainder by th<
Kingston Smelting Co. The ores were mined at Galetta
Carleton County, and at Somerville Township, Victori:
County, respectively.

Cobalt, Nickel and Non-Metallic Products

From the silver ores of Cobalt, cobalt and nick
oxides and other compounds, also metallic cobalt an
nickel, are recovered as byproducts at the refineries
These substances were produced to the value of ove
$900,000 for the nine months ended Sept. 30. Metalli

.

January 12, I91K

ENGINEERING A N 1 1 MINING .lOUKNAL

I 19

cobalt is coming into use as a component of stellite for
high-speed tools. Chromium and tungsten are the other
ingredients of this alloy.

Of non-metallic products there is normally an an-
imal production of Sio.oim.oi • jsl2.ooo.noo in value.

Arsenic is another byproduct of the Cobalt silver ores,
and upward of 2000 tons was made in L917. Supplies
of arseiiic. hitherto imported into America from Bel-
gium. England and elsewhere, have diminished, owing
bo the war, and the price has gone up to 16c. per lb.
There are deposits of mispickel in Hastings County and
elsewhere, which might be drawn upon to meet the large
requirements in the manufacture of insecticides, glass
and pigments.

Building materials, such as brick, lime, stone, and
cement, are produced in large quantities. In 1916 the
output had an estimated value of slightly under $5,000,-
000. The building trade in 1917 was in the same
depressed condition as in 1916, and production was on
a corresponding scale.

Petroleum production is declining year by year.
Domestic crude now suffices for only a small part of
the requirements for refining purposes. The yield for
1917 was doubtless under 7,000,000 Imp. gal. The
natural gas supply is feeling the effect of the heavy
drafts upon it of late years, and there is at present
the prospect of manufacturing industries being de-
prived of its use in part of the field of distribution.
In 1916 the output of the wells amounted to 17,953,396
thousand cu.ft, and for 1917 the figures will be ap-
proximately the same. A well put down in Dover
Township, Kent County, some distance into the Trenton
formation, gave an initial flow of over 6,000,000 cu.ft.
per day. The pressure and output have now been much
reduced, and oil is taking the place of gas.

Pyrite Mining in Ontario

There are large deposits of pyrite in Ontario, and
this material is in active demand as a source of sulphur
for the manufacture of sulphuric acid, required particu-
larly in the making of munitions. In northwestern
Ontario the mines at Northpines and Goudreau Lake,
owned by the Nichols Chemical Co., were extensively
worked in 1917, the output being exported to the United
States. This company also operates an acid plant and
pyrite mine at Sulphide, in eastern Ontario. Other
deposits in that section are being worked as well.

The talc industry is expanding. There are now two
mills for grinding and preparing talc for the market.
The product finds a large use as filling in the manu-
facture of paper. Finer grades are worked up in the
cosmetic trade. The talc-producing mines are in the
neighborhood of Madoc.

Fluorspar was in strong demand in 1917, and the
price went up to $20 and $25 per ton. The producing
area is near Madoc, and is about seven miles wide.
The veins vary from a few inches up to 10 or 12 ft.
in length. In places the fluorspar carries calcite and
barite. In others it is much purer, running up to 90%.
The most important development, so far, is on a prop-
erty owned by Messrs. Wellington and Munroe, on
which a shaft has been sunk to a depth of 80 ft., and
130 ft. of drifting has been done at the 65-ft. level.
The body of fluorspar averages about 6 ft. in width.
Up to Nov. 15, 50 carloads had been shipped from

this property, most oJ it to the Dominion steel and
iron Co., in Nova Scotia, Con tgnmenta were also made

from other deposits.

An excellenl quality of feldspar is raised from quai
ries on the Kingston & Pembroke Ky., for shipment
to the pottei ii Liverpool, I >hio, and Newark.

N. .1. Operations continued throughout l '.) 17. Aboul
12,000 or 14,000 tuns is annually exported. The prin-
cipal mien mine is the Lacey, owned by the General
Electric Co. It yields the "amber" variety, which is
esteemed for electrical apparatus. Production wa
curtailed in 1917.

Graphite is found in several parts of eastern Ontario.
Two companies operated mines and mills in 1917 —
Globe, at Fort Elmsley, and Black Donald, at Calabogie.
The output was about 4000 tons of refined graphite
Perhaps a third of this was flake, used in the manufac-
ture of crucibles, and also for lubricants. The dust,
or foundry plumbago, is made up for stove polish, mold
facings, and similar uses.

A find of the mineral euxenite is interesting as a
source of radium. A feldspar quarry in South Sher-
brooke Township contained a zone in which this sub-
stance occurred. Unfortunately, examination failed to
reveal a commercial supply. Samples of the euxenite
contained up to 10.5 ' , of uranium oxido.

Mining in Manitoba in 1917
By R. C. Wallace*5

It was pointed out in 1916 that three mineral areas
were being developed in Manitoba. These were: The
district north of The Pas, the Rice Lake district and
the Star Lake region. At the end of 1917 the last two
districts were practically as they were at the end of
1916. In the Gold Lake area (Rice Lake district) the
Gold Pan mine, which had been closed since June, 1916,
was reopened and some phenomenal ore obtained; fur-
ther work is being carried on. North of Hole River,
in the Hay Lake district, some good prospects were
opened, but otherwise the district is marking time. In
the Star Lake country the only matter of interest in
1917 was the discovery of molybdenite fairly widely
distributed in pegmatitic veins. The deposits are pos-
sibl;? of economic value, but no development of conse-
quence was done.

In the district north of The Pas, work of real import-
ance was accomplished in 1917. The western end of
this belt shows mixed sulphides, and the eastern end
chiefly gold-quartz veins. On both types of deposits
substantial work was carried on throughout 1917.
On the Mandy Mining Co.'s copper property over 3000
tons of ore were mined in the winter of 1916 and freight-
ed to The Pas, to be transported by rail to the Trail
smeltery, in British Columbia. This winter over 10,000
tons will be taken out in similar fashion. Only a high-
grade deposit could be handled in this way. At the
low-grade Flin-flon property — now the Great Sulphides
— drilling was continued during the summer, and it is
understood that the extent of this deposit is now fairly
well defined. Buildings were erected to accommodate a
staff of 85, and it is expected that mining will begin

•Professor, department of geology and mineralogy. University of
Manitoba, Winnipeg. Mar Can.

120

ENGINEERING AND MIXING JOURNAL

Vol. M)5, No. 2

in 1918. It will be necessary to spend a large amount
•.il on this propertyi as operations must be
icted on a considerable scale.
At Herb Lake, at the east end of the belt, shafts won'
sunk on several gold properties, and the showings en-
countered justify the expectation of some substantial
mines in this section. Nothing can yet be said about
conditions below the 100-ft. level, but lateral continuity
of the ore in the surface EOnee was shown. A road was
cut from the Hudson Bay railway to the lake by the

provincial government. A stamp mill is being erected
on the Rex mine, and two or three prospects are prepar-
ing shipments at the end of the year.

Though the province had made a nonmetallic produc-
tion for many years, the first output of metalliferous
minerals was in 1917. Moreover, the production would
have been much larger were it not for transportation
difficulties of a formidable nature. Indications point
to a steady and rapid increase in production, both in
copper and in gold.

Mining

in Mexico

THE status of the mining industry in Mexico in
1917 was, in effect, similar to that of the two or
three years preceding. While there was no official
let-up in the state of civil war that has existed so long in
actual fact the exhaustion of the resources of the country
made a condition of real war almost impossible. The
only approach to war conditions were the guerilla activi-
ties of a few bandits. In the absence of robust au-
thority, even the weakest of these bands is able to over-
come the hypothetical resistance offered to it. Under
such circumstances, transportation cannot be relied
upon, nor can foreign corporations or individuals at-
tempt to develop or operate mines with any degree of
security. The supplies necessary are almost impossible
to get, and the product, to be exported or shipped to the
Federal capital, is more than likely to be confiscated en
route by the patriots who happen to be opposed to the
government of the moment, whatever it is.

Excessive Taxes Being Levied

The Carranza government has trailed along in a vacil-
lating way, making laws of all kinds, and, consequently,
making a lot of exceptions to them. The new mining
tax as it is proposed would be a deathblow to mining
in the republic, and no one expects it to be enforced
rigidly. In the report of the El Oro Mining & Ry. Co.,
which was offered in October, 1917, the matter was
brought out with a good deal of emphasis. The chair-
man called attention to the fact that taxation has been
increased severely and said, further: "With the general
increase in taxes throughout the world at the present
time, one might not feel disposed to complain of this
if it was within reason, but in Mexico it is not. To the
mining companies, particularly those owning low-grade
mines, it is simply prohibitory. Taking the last com-
pleted year of the El Oro company, the present scale of
taxation has risen from a sum equal to 114% of the net
profits of the company to 32%. Moreover, the arbitrary
increase in wages enforced by the state and federal
authorities, and various other penalties imposed upon
employers of labor under the new constitution, have
raised the working costs in El Oro's case by $3.11 —
that is, roundly, by 100^— thus rendering unprofitable
the treatment under conditions that prevail today of
more than half of the ore hitherto included in the ore
reserves. Moreover, the framers of the Constitution,
with the unconcealed intent of penalizing the employer
for the benefit of the workman, went a step further.
In addition to innumerable other provisions of this
famous document, all having the same object in view,

the government is authorized to ascertain the profits of
mining companies, and, having done so, to allocate such
profits as to it may seem just and fair between the em-
ployer and the employed. The operation of mining prop-
erties in Mexico has reached a crisis at which the indus-
try must either terminate or be conducted under less
onerous conditions."

American companies and American officials have
pointed out the discrepancies in the law as framed, and
have also made representation as to the practical con-
fiscation of the mining industry that is affected by the
laws. It is hoped, and confidently expected, that the
laws will be changed radically, either in formula or in
their application. The ordinary mining operation can-
not stand the kind of taxes that are being levied, and,
if it is continued, the mines will be abandoned.

In the States of Sinaloa and Tamaulipas there was
practically no mining in 1917. In Durango, the mining
industry struggled along weakly under the burden of
increased taxation and interrupted transport. The Cia.
Minera de Penoles was more successful than most other
properties, having operated at about half capacity in
the first half and at about 75% of capacity in the last
half of 1917. In the State of Zacatecas, mining was at
a complete standstill during the first six months as a
result of suspension of railroad traffic and unsafe con-
ditions. Fresnillo Co. resumed operation of its hypo-
sulphite-leaching plant at Fresnillo, and at the end of
1917 was treating about 15,000 tons monthly. At Som-
brerete, the Sombrerte Mining Co. resumed operations
on a small scale, and at Concepcion del Oro some mines
reopened and made small shipments to the Saltillo and
Monterrey smelteries. The old mines comprising the
camp immediately surrounding the City of Zacatecas
were practically dormant, though some surface work
was occasionally done.

Operation Possible in Some Paris of Sonora

The mining industry in the State of Sonora was in
some ways fortunate and in others unfortunate during
1917. A good part of the state was under the influence
of the Villa raiding bandits, and consequently was not
able to call its gold its own. In other sections, espe-
cially those that are close to the United States border,
it was possible to continue mining at a respectable rate,
since transportation was comparatively easy and it was
a simple matter to provide a guard sufficient to dis-
courage the bandit raids.

In the Nacozari district considerable progress was
evident. At the Pilares mine of the Moctezuma Copper

January 12, 1918

ENGINEERING AND .MINIM; 10URNAL

121

Co., at Nacozari the main feature was the construction
of a new 50 ft steel headframe and the installation al
tlic Esperanza shaft of a 400-hp. Nordberg electric
direct-geared double-drum hoist. The Pilares shaft ran
into ore on the lower level, and is therefore to be re-
placed by a new shaft about 150 ft. from the old one.
Drifts are being run on all levels adjacent to the shaft,
ami raises were finished to the surface on practically all
levels above that at Too feet This shaft will be oJ two
compartments, 11x18 ft., the reason for its great width
being the intention to get a sufficiently large compart-
ment for the 5-ton side-dump ears that are now in use
at the Porvenir incline. The average monthly produc-
tion of the mine was about 65,000 to 70,000 tons

The Mines Co. of America, at Minas Prietas, Dolor is,
and its other properties did not carry on any operations
in 1917. The difficulties in the way of continuous oper-
ation, the danger of maintaining Americans at the
properties, and the practical impossibility of getting
supplies in or products out, made work impossible.

The Greene-Cananea Copper Co. operated on a normal
scale up to June. The property was then shut down, due
to difficulties with official labor committees and the
transportation of material. The works remained closed
until early in December. At the end of 1917 operations
had reached about 8(K, of normal, with 100fr capacity
in sight about 30 days thereafter.

The Minas Pedrazzini Gold and Silver Mining Co.
near Arizpe, Sonora, was under limited operation in
1917, mining in a small way, principally in Las Chispas
mine, for high-grade ore carrying 300 oz. silver and
2 oz. gold per ton, which was shipped to Douglas, Ariz. ;
the concentrating and cyanide mill was not in operation.

El Oro and Pachuca Districts

In the State of Mexico, the El Oro district is the only
one that kept up any semblance at production. The EI
Oro Mining & Railway Co. did some work, the Mexico
Mines of El Oro accomplished probably a little less, and
the Esperanza, in about the same condition as the Dos
Estrellas, worked at a fraction of its normal capacity.

In the State of Hidalgo, the Santa Gertrudis, La
Blanca, San Rafael, Francisco, and the two operations
of the United States Smelting, Refining and Mining Co.,
at Pachuca and at Real del Monte, were the principal
producers. The report of the Santa Gertrudis Co. for
the year ended June 30, 1917, shows profits amounting
to £1798. Mill operations were reduced to about 53.2 %
of capacity. Transportation difficulty no longer exists,
and arrangements having been completed for a supply of
cyanide, production is again brought up to full capacity.

Jalis:o

In the State of Jalisco conditions were probably more
favorable than in almost any other of the Mexican
states. The City of Guadalajara, while the center of
considerable unrest among some of the classes, has not
been subjected to disturbance, and has formed a center
about which business negotiations might revolve with
considerable security. The Cinco Minas Co. and the
Amparo Mining Co., the two large operators in the
state, worked continuously. Having the resources, both
in finance and skill, they were able to make their own
importations of dynamite, caps, fuse, carbide and like
materials, but encountered many troubles and difficul-

ties. Thefactthi re operating shows the amount

of energj thai wa put behind th ir i (fori . Flotation
wa.s experimented with i bly in the state, and a

fairh v. in ral i on, lu ion i I hat, with i yanide available
at a reasonable price, dotal ii i for di

tricts situal id as the Jal p ai e.

At Monterrey, Neuvo Leon, the Mexii Lead Co. was

operating its mining plant at b it 50 - capacitj The

San Luis Pofc (Cia. Metalurgica Mexicana)

and the Teziutlan smelt u feziutlan Copper Co., Stat
of Puebla) were finishing preparation foi tarting op
orations. In this connection a proper coke mpplj was
arranged and the necessary railway equipment, both of
ears and locomotives, for bringing in coke and for ship-
ping the product, was provided. At Teziutlan the hydro-
electric plant, transmission line, smeltery, mines and
railway were restored to working condition late in 1917
and all departments were in operation except the blast
furnaces and converters.

Mining in Cuba in 1917

The mineral industry of Cuba in 1917 was, generally
speaking, in a prosperous condition. The mines were
worked continuously, and large quantities of ore were
produced. The deterring factor, as was the case with all
countries where water transportation had to be taken
into consideration, was the shipping — the scarcity of

MINERAL PRODUCTS EXPORTED FROM CUBA IN METRIC TONS

1914-1915

1915

-1916

1916

1917

Asphalt :

Quantity

\ alue

I J i i . i i i , i , :.

Value

Quantity

Value

United States . .

449

$11,070

60'/

$15,294

469

$12,229

Copper ( >r, :

United States. .

82,453

1.530,700

82.290

4.229.652

115,036

9,829,938

Iron Ore:

United States

.. 759.971

2.083.688

842.598

2.389,124

580,280

1.746,870

Manganese:

United States. .

53,173

161.247

20.329

359,834

34,741

462,806

Italy

1.985

22.835

55,158 184,082 20,329 $359,834 34,741 $462,806

MINERAL PRODUCTS EXPORTED FROM VARIOUS CUBAN PORTS
IN METRIC TONS

1914-

1915

1915

-1916

1916

-1917

Asphalt:

Quantity

Value Q

uanl ,t\

Value

Quantity

Value

398

$10,283

555

$14,714

415

$11,499

51

787

46

506

42

475

Habana

3

74

Matanzas

449

12

255

Totals

$11,070

604

$15,294

469

$12,229

Copper Ore:

Cienfuegos. .

32

100

Gibara

166

13,867

Habana

48.025

540.100

23.359

333.039

2.068

111.482

Manzanillo. . .

5

1,187

Mariel

24,940

2.494,000

78.250

7.815,000

Nipe

8

750

II

1.260

Santiago de Cuba

34.391

989.313

33.983

1.401.863

34.541

1.888.329

Totals 82.453 $1,530,700 82,290 $4,229,652 1 1 5,036 $9,829,938

Iron Ore:

Habana | | 45 1 025

Nipe 248,661 611,512 299,755 891,752 260 974 774 925

Santiago de Cuba 511,310 1,472,176 542,843 1,497.361 319261 97o'920

Totals 759,971 $2,083,688 842.598 $2,389,124 580.280 $1,746,870

Manganese:

Habana 13 260 165 5 332
Manzanillo . .

Nip,- 2.174 26.927 10.673 224.360 4.539 102 602

Santiago de Cuba 52.984 157.155 9.643 135.214 30.037 354^872

Totals 55,158 $184,082 20,329 $359,834 347,741 $462,806

ships and their vital necessity for other purposes re-
sulting in a somewhat reduced rate of export.

The principal mineral products of Cuba are asphalt,
copper ore, iron ore and manganese. Of these only
copper and manganese showed an increase in volume
of exports. A few new mines were opened and some
prospecting was done, but neither of these reached a
scale that might be called large. During the first half of

ENGINEERING AND MINING .10UKNAL

Vol. 105, No. 2

the > mercial oil production began at the I'nion

Oil Co.*a N S well, near Guanatacoa, which prod

a high-grade distilling oil.

The Dying tabulation showing the exports

of minerals and ores from Cuba from 1914 to 1917 gives

lea of the development of the industry in that

period. The figures were contributed by D. Pablo
Ortega, in charge of the Direccion de Montes y Minas
of the Cuban Republic. They show, in the first table, the
total shipments to each of the countries to which the
material was exported, and, in the second table, the
exports from the various ports of Cuba.

Central America in 1917

In general the course of events in Central America
in 1017 followed the usual rule that applies to most
of the South American countries. Development con-
tinued to a certain extent, but it cannot be said to
have been lively. Investment in mines was limited by
war conditions, which hampered the use of capital for
any but war purposes and the necessaries of life and
commerce.

The Sinclair Central American Oil Co., through L.
Valentine, one of its directors and vice president
of the Costa Rica Oil Corporation, a company recently
organized by the Sinclair company, signed a contract
with the Panama government, authorizing the company
to inspect and exploit for oil deposits a strip of land
15 miles wide along the parallel to the Pacific and
Atlantic coasts. The concessionaire will pay to the
national treasury' a sum equivalent to the exploitation
expenses of an area of 50,000 hectares, and within three
years after signing the contract must declare definitely
the zone which is to be explored, the total area of ex-
ploration, not exceeding 2000 square miles, which, the
government agrees, may be explored during a period
of 20 years. At the option of the concessionaire
the concession term can be renewed at its expiration.
This announcement was made in June. An exploring
party is in the field, and apparently some serious work
will be done.

Tonopah Mining Acquired Rosita Mine

Early in 1917, and without ostentation, the new
Tonopah-Nicaragua Co. began operations at the old
Santa Rita mine, originally owned by W. B. Parker.
The old Santa Rita is now known as the Rosita mine,
and the Tonopah-Nicaragua Co., a new subsidiary of
the Tonopah Mining Co., of Navada, has acquired full
title not only to this but to other large deposits in
the immediate vicinity. Development work is already
under way, and a large reduction plant is in view.
What the advent of the Eden Mining Co. has meant
for the Pispis district of Nicaragua no doubt will be
duplicated for the Tunkey section, resulting in a larger
production and increased development for the district.
The Eden, the Santa Rita and the Bonanza mine are
thus under one management. The Eden Mining Co.
started its new mill on Mar. 17, 1917, at a capacity of
150 tons per day. The Constantia Consolidated, the
Lone Star and the Concordia are all running to their
capacity. These developments are notable in gold min-
ing and metallurgy for Central America and are
operations of the first importance. There was con-
siderable discussion about oil in Nicaragua, and while
it i3 believed to occur there, the geological formation
being similar to that in Costa Rica, no one knows specif-

ically where the oil is. It is probable that oil develop-
ment will take place in the not distant future.

The secretary for the London agents of the liquidators
of the Butters Salvador Mines, Ltd., states that, with
the authority of the courts, the first distribution of 65c.
a share is to be made to all shareholders. Having re-
ceived reports from the manager of the property in
Salvador indicating the early exhaustion of the mines,
it was decided to place the company in voluntary
liquidation. Included in the assets is an interest in a
mine situated in the Republic of Nicaragua, which is
a small but promising property. Milling operations
with a small plant have already begun and profits are
being made.

Honduras and Guatemala

In Honduras, the Honduras Mining Co. took over
property in the Department of Olancho, near the village
of Limones. The prospectus of the company sets forth
that the property consists of a mining zone under grant
from the Honduras government amounting to about 144^
acres. Several veins within the area were prospected, the
principal one having a shoot of ore about 100 ft. in length
showing a body of quartz from 6 to 40 in. in width
and averaging about 30 in. Assays taken along the sur-
face indicate an average value of about 1 oz. of gold
per ton. The work on this property has not gone far
enough to demonstrate its value definitely, but it is
understood that development is being continued. R. H.
Burrows is the manager for the company, with head-
quarters at Galeras, District of Olancho, Honduras.

The New York and Honduras Rosario Mining Co.
had one of the most prosperous years of its existence.
Work was prosecuted vigorously and the plant capacity
increased to 11,500 tons per month, the ore maintain-
ing its normal grade. Prospecting was carried on
energetically. Properties, aside from the company's
main holdings, were under examination with a view to
purchasing them, and at one of these development is
under way and a flotation plant in process of erection.

Early in 1917 it seemed that there was a quickened
interest in mining in Guatemala but it gradually slack-
ened in the later months, due, no doubt, to the increased
difficulty of importing and the cost of materials, the
gradual tightening of the money markets, and the in-
creased difficulties in exporting the products. The most
active district for metal mining was that of Conception,
where the Minas de Alotepeque are situated, as that
company had employed steadily about 200 men. Several
hundred feet of development was done, and the con-
struction of the new 25-ton mill was finished. The mill,
however, closed after a few months operation and later
work was suspended temporarily on the entire property.
The Huehuetenango district continued, as usual, to pro-

January 12, L918

ENGINEERING ID MINING IOURNAL

128

duce considerable lead for home consumption, and in

1917 a Dumber of tuns were produced for export

Activity began early in 1917 in the Mataquescuintla

district and still continues. It is reported that the prin-
cipal property is under option to an American company.
It is essentially a low-grade copper property containing,
also, small veins of high-grade ores.

The new Loreta chrome mine, in the Department of
Progreso, which started shipping about June and had
shipped, up to Dec. 1, 200 tons of high-grade chrome
ore. This is a new product for the country, and the
prospects for a small but steady production are en-
couraging. At the Marble mine a bridge was built
across the River Matagua and the inclined cable railroad
up to the mine nearly completed. At Guatemala City
a cement plant started producing but not capacity.

There are two gold-placer districts in Guatemala
where considerable work was accomplished in 1917, the

larger of these being that at Quebradas. Here a aumbei
of drill holes were put down and a good deal ol gen
era! prospecting was done, but it is reported that the
property is now closed. On the Upper Matagua, thi

placers are said to be working in a small way.

0 PA Rl< \

In Costa Una the Ahangarez gold fields was opera!

under lease by John N. Pophara. Results have I n, in

the main, favorable. The Aguacate mine., operated on

a normal scale, results having been better than dm
the preceding year. Considerable prospecting was done
The tenth level of the mine was under developmenl
with results that are favorable so far as can be seen.
The Costa Rica Manganese and Mining Co., Playareal,
Costa Rica, is completing harbor improvements for
facilitating shipments and the output is to be increased
from 2000 to 5000 tons per month.

South America in 1917

THE important mining properties in South Ameri-
ca were operated in much the same way in 1917
as in 1916. There were few if any new develop-
ments of magnitude. Most of the energy expended was
upon the intensive operation of mines and metallurgical
works already in existence. The copper properties, par-
ticularly, were subjected to stimulative measures, and
the output increased.

An important factor in the production of some South
American products, such as manganese ore, was the
shortage of bottoms for exporting, which was depressing
in its results. The entrance of the United States into
the war had the effect of removing many ships from
service in the South American trade. This injured the
Brazilian manganese industry, and also created a short-
age in the United States, the scarcity of manganese af-
fecting the production of ferromanganese for use in
steel metallurgy.

Much the same difficulty was encountered in the ni-
trate fields. Scarcity of ships prevented normal exports,
and caused unrest in the industry, which resulted in
governmental action, particularly in Chile, designed to
assist the nitrate producers.

The entrance of the United States into the war still
further restricted capital that might have been avail-
able for investment in South American mines, a con-
dition that had already been evident at a continuously
increasing rate since the breaking out of the war.

Chile

In recent years Chile has become a center for mining
enterprises upon a huge scale, as evidenced by the work
at Chuquicamata and at the Braden copper mine. The
exploration of the great copper deposits of the Andes
Copper Mining Co., the South American auxiliary of the
Anaconda Copper Mining Co., fits in on an appropriate
scale with these great enterprises, though intensive con-
struction work at Potrerillos will await more favorable
prices and shipping conditions. At the end of 1916
came the advent of the American Smelting and Refining
Co. into Chile, and the opening of 1917 was hopeful, but

with the continuous tightening produced by war con-
ditions and the rise of Chilean exchange, the mineral
industry was much upset. Ore buyers, not being able
to export the high-grade ores, ceased buying to a cer-
tain extent. Smelting plants found a scarcity of coke
and imports, and this, together with the rapidly rising
cost of local labor and the rise in exchange, which
brought down the value of currency in Chile, provided
conditions that were highly prejudicial to the industry.

Chanarcillo, in Copiapo, is only very slowly yielding
its silver. The Bolaco Viejo mine opened a small pocket
of ore in territory that is expected to lead to further
development. A company was formed in Valparaiso o
work silver groups in Chanarcillo and Lomos Bayos.
Some development was done and machinery is being in-
stalled. The high price of silver stimulated the silver-
mining industry, and considerable attention was devoted
to its production in the above-named districts.

Reports of the development of the Andes Copper Min-
ing Co. in September stated that preliminary construc-
tion work was progressing rapidly, despite the scarcity
of materials and supplies. Under General Manager L.
R. Wallace, the work of the company's railroad leading
to Potrerillos, a line about 90 km. long, has been partly
finished, about 60 km. of grade having been completed
and the material for the tracks, rails and ties having
begun to arrive. Part of the port and docks work near
Chanaral was completed in 1917. Warehouses, machine
shops and engine sheds were under construction, and
three new locomotives set up for operation. The smelt-
ing plant, which will be at or near Chanaral, has not
been given much attention so far, and not much progress
was made upon the oil-burning steam power plant which
is expected to be constructed at the coast. Work at the
mine and projected millsite was progressing slowly. The
millsite will be about 12 km. below and to the west of
Potrerillos. Here the crusher and concentrator, power
sub-station, and principal shops and offices of the com-
pany will be established. Work on the mine railway to
deliver ore from the mine to the millsite was begun and
the 3*-kilometer tunnel, which will be one of the features
of the line, was started.

124

ENGINEERING AND MIXING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No.

The production of copper from Chuquicamata is esti-
mated at about 92,000,000 lb. for 1917, compared with
Sl.306,476 lb. for 1916. Braden's output is estimated
at 65,000,000 lb., compared with 22,152,270 lb. in L916.
osion of the redaction plants of these two com-
panies was under way in 1917. Exports of copper from
Chile as a whole for the first nine months of L917
amounted to 58,578 tons, which is an increase of l 1,180
tons compared with the corresponding period of the
previous

It was announced early in 1917 that E. I. du Pont de

«rs >S: Co. had acquired from the government of

Chile two additional nitrate areas in the northern part

of the country and would begin at once to develop them.

Shipments were expected to begin within a year from

that time. The purchase was expected to increase the

annual supply of nitrate of soda for use in the United

States more than 100,000,000 lb. The nitrate industry

hampered during the year by lack of fuel. It was

I that during part of 1917 the ojicinas were receiving

only about 50 rc of the petroleum they required for fuel

purposes, as a result of which some had to shut down

and others curtailed their activities.

A tin smeltery was under construction at Arica to take
care of the Bolivian tin ores, mainly those of the Lla-
Uagua mine. This company controls the Cia. Chilena de
Fundicion de Estano which built the new plant. It is to
have a capacity of 375 to 700 tons of raw material per
month, equivalent to about 225 to 420 tons of fine tin.

The Central Chile Copper Co., Ltd., at the meeting held
in London in December, 1917, reported a copper output
for the 10 months ended Oct. 31 of 2420 tons. The
matter of obtaining fuel and shipping facilities and
their enormous cost — often more than five times what
it was before the war — were serious factors. In June,
1917, the New York contract for refining the production
expired, and the effect of this was that the sale of the
output can now be made only under permits granted by
the Ministry of Munitions for short periods, so that a
contract cannot be made for any length of time ahead,
and as a consequence the company is deprived of terms
which it might otherwise be possible to obtain. The
present refining charge on matte is 3c. per lb., equal to
about £14 per ton of copper, as against 1.40c. — say,
£6 10s. per ton — before the war.

Tin and Tungsten Developments in Bolivia

In Bolivia considerable work was done in the tin mines
in 1917, the Patino and Llallagua mines leading as usual.
The Aramayo Francke Mines, one of the principal
operating companies in Bolivia, reported early in 1917
that its operations for the fiscal year produced a net
profit of £167,557. This was through sales of tin pro-
duced from its mines, and from tungsten, copper, bis-
muth and copper matte. It was noted that a good deal
of new ground was opened and that the mines continued
to be worked on a satisfactory basis, although there was
great difficulty in shipping the products to England.
Sales of silver ore produced £8296, while the production
of black tin amounted to 2095 tons, an advance of 34
tons over the output of the previous year. The produc-
tion of tungsten was 148 tons, this being, of course, not
pure, containing considerable tin. The production of
bismuth was 148 tons. That of copper matte was equiva-
lent to 35 tons of metallic copper. The production of

silver in sulphides and cement reached 110,000 oz. Bet-
ter conditions for labor and transport are awaited for
restarting work on tin in the Tasna section. Chocaya
continued to develop favorably, as shown by the year's
production.

Record Copper Output of Peru

In Peru the Cerro de Pasco and Backus & Johnston
continued to be the principal producers. These large
copper-producing companies are now closely allied. In
October, the Cerro de Pasco Mines Co. reached a high
record, with a production of 7,325,033 lb. of copper, com-
pared with the previous high record of 7,041,261 lb. for
September. The average monthly production of copper
at La Fundicion in 1917 was 5,989,802 lb. over the 10
months, compared with an average monthly production
of 5,918,565 lb. for the similar period of 1916. The pro-
duction of the Backus & Johnston smeltery, at Casapalca,
in October amounted to 2,116,819 lb., bringing the aver-
age monthly production for 10 months up to 2,023,842
lb. Development at the Sayapullo copper-silver mines
was continued under the renewed option to A. J. Ben-
nett and associates.

The Peruvian Congress enacted a law, taking effect
Aug. 4, 1917, imposing a progressive tax on crude pe-
troleum and its products whenever the quotation in
New York for Pennsylvania crude oil reaches $1.20 per
bbl. of 42 gal., which is equivalent to a quotation of
$8.40 per metric ton. The law provides that the tax
shall be 10c. per metric ton of crude petroleum and
residues and 15c. per metric ton on distilled products.
For every 10c. rise in the New York quotation per bar-
rel of Pennsylvania crude, there shall be a corresponding
increase of 6c. per metric ton in the price on crude
petroleum and residues and 9c. per metric ton in the tax
on refined petroleum. For the purposes of the law, all
products reaching 30° or above in the Baume scale are
to be considered refined.

According to a report, the Andaray gold mines, in the
Province of Condesuyos, Department of Arequipa, were
under the consideration of American capitalists. The
port of Quilpa is the one generally used for access to the
mines, which lie 135 miles inland. Caylloma, capital of
the province of that name, situated approximately 150
km. northwest of Arequipa, was practically destroyed
on the morning of May 21 by an earthquake. Graham,
Rowe & Co., agents for the Caylloma silver mines were
informed that neither the mines nor the plant suffered
any serious damage, but the earthquake seriously dam-
aged the service buildings of the company.

Ecuador

In Ecuador during 1917 there was no material change
in the status of the mining industry. No new mining
developments were reported. The South American De-
velopment Co., at its gold mines in the District of
Zaruma, Province of El Oro, continued active construc-
tion and operations. The new milling plant was nearly
completed. It is of 250 tons capacity, consisting of
stamps, Allis-Chalmers 6 x 14-ft. pebble mills close-
coupled with Dorr classifiers, followed by the Dorr
counter-current decantation method of cyanidation and
Merrill zinc-dust precipitation system. The agitation
tanks and decantation tanks are built of reinforced con-
crete, 12 ft. deep by 29 ft. diameter and 12 ft. deep by

January 12, L918

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

L25

19 ft. diameter, respectively. The superstructure and
■Oof SUPPOrl are of steel supplied by the Kansas City
Structural Steel Co. A steel headt'rame, 90 ft. high, was
nit into sen ice, the material having been supplied by the
.aikawanna Bridge Co. The delivery and shipment of
nachinery and supplies was seriously delayed, causing
IBOrmOUS handicaps to the enterprise in both COnstruC-
ion and operation. The South American Development
\k continued its activities in sanitation and welfare,
;he campaign against the hookworm resulting most
latisf actor ily in a practical eradication from the im-
nediate camp. A new hospital, built of concrete, brick
ind tile, was completed and put into service. For 1917,
he production of the Zaruma district is estimated at
dightly over $600,000, principally gold, with a little
diver, and for all Ecuador about $700,000.

The last session of the Ecuadorian Congress was
•endered interesting by the presence in Quito of two
groups of American capitalists, both seeking petroleum
•oncessions in the northern republic. G. E. Bubar rep-
resented the International Petroleum Co., Ltd., which
:ontrols the principal operating fields in Peru. The
)ther American syndicate seeking a similar concession
n Eucador was the Ohio Cities Gas Co., a small concern
n comparison with the International. The financial
•esponsibility of the Ohio Cities Gas Co. was guaran-
eed by the Central Trust Co., of New York. Largely
is a result of the competition between these two con-
:erns, the Ecuadorian Congress failed to arrive at a
lecision in favor of either and adjourned without having
aken any action in this regard.

Colombia

The South American Gold and Platinum Co. operated
ts dredge in the Condoto River bed, producing both
?old and platinum. Part of the equipment for the new
>i-cu.ft. dredge was delivered at the property, but not
.ret erected. The Pato operations were carried on as
lsual, part of the year in rich gravel.

According to the report of the Nechi Mines, made in
luly, 1917, it was shown that the Nechi dredge treated
1,617,975 cu.yd., the gross value of gold recovered being
5651,068, or an average of 49.27c. per cu.yd. The field
;osts for the period averaged 15.2c. per cu.yd. The year's
jperations disclosed that, owing to the looseness and
ineness of the gravel, the dredge could handle, operat-
ng at full capacity, nearly twice the yardage upon which
:he original calculations were based. Dredging was
lot carried out to bedrock in 1917, and therefore the
■ichest and best material was not touched. This is to
)e left until later, the company figuring closely on what
ts excess war tax is going to amount to, not caring now
o deplete too greatly the value of its reserve.

The Paris-Transvaal Gold Mines, Ltd., a British
registered company, acquired from the Consolidated
Colombia Platinum and Gold Mines, Ltd., a 50 c < in-
;erest in the Opogodo placer and the Bolivar and Colonia
Mines, also a placer property consisting of about 4
square miles on the River Guapi in Colombia. The ac-
luisition of these properties is of considerable import-
ance because the Opogodo has been prospected by
Messrs. Higgins and MacKay with a reported gross
wdue of £1,892,662 in platinum and gold.

The Cia. Salinera de los Andes, of Bogota, a Colom-
bian corporation, ordered machinery and motors from

the United States for the operation of its sail mint
Zipaquira, in tin- Department "i Cundinamarca. it is
reported that a representative of a group of Ameri
promoters is m Bogota endeavoring to obtain the tra
fer of an important i n for the development of

petroleum land.

Oil Development in Venezuela

In Venezuela there is little to report for 1917. The
most important activity in the metal mines was the re-
sumption of operations by the South American Copper
Syndicate at its smelting works for the Aroa mines.
Oil development was continued by a number of com-
panies, principally in the region surrounding Lake
Maracaibo, and it is reported that a small oil refinery
was erected. The Venezuelan Oil Concessions, Ltd., con-
tinued its development campaign and the drillings indi-
cated a considerable extent to this field, although as yet
undefined.

More Manganese Discovered in Brazil

In Brazil the work at the St. John del Rey and the
Ouro Preto, the principal gold mines, continued. The
report of the Ouro Preto, in June, 1917, showed that
87,624 tons of ore had been milled and 30,244 oz. of gold
produced. The total production for 9 months was
valued at £90,095. The grade of the ore treated was 11.03
grams of gold per ton. The ore reserve stood at 72,360
tons. The report of the St. John del Rey Mining Co., in
August, 1917, shows profits of £81,938 for the half-year.
Ore reserves are maintained at about a million tons, as
has been the case for the last year. A feature of import-
ance was the discovery of a large belt of manganese on
the company's property, which will be developed to
some extent to take advantage of existing demand for
this ore. Total gold production for 11 months was
valued at £439,024.

On account of the high prices ruling for manganese
ore there was a feverish hunt for it in Brazil and some
new deposits were found. Developments were instituted
at some of these discoveries. The known producing
mines continue as before, only the problem of shipping
being unfavorable. Of the older producers the Moro de
Mina and the Cucurato are the most important. New
discoveries are near Barhacina, Nazareth and Araxa.
Near the latter point there is a considerable deposit of
good ore, but it is too far from the railroad to be con-
sidered under present conditions.

Argentina and the Guianas

Development of mining in Argentina in 1917 was at
a low point. There were some shipments of sorted ores
and concentrates, particularly of tungsten, but this
material was not of the highest grade. Gold and most
metal mines of Argentina have not been especially suc-
cessful in the past and 1917 was no exception to this
rule. Petroleum, it is reported, was being extracted in
October from Argentine wells in the Comodoro Riva-
davia field at the rate of 4000 cu.m. per week.

In the Guianas, gold and diamond mining continued
in desultory fashion and the most active interest was
in bauxite exploration. A number of large North Ameri-
can corporations had representatives in the Guianas de-
veloping the known deposits and prospecting new areas.

126

ENGINEERING \M> MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 2

Russia in 1917

r.\ .1 P. Ill TCHINS

OWING to restrictions duo to the war, 1 have been
unable for three years to send my annua] report
reviewing the conditions in Russia Since the
at ion began it h:is again become possible to con-
tribute Statistics, as far as available iii this time of
stress and difficulty, will be given for 1914, L915, 1916
ami r.'iT. in the endeavor to supply in the present article
the data that would have been printed for each year. A
brief description of the general condition of mining
previous to the war will be attempted as well as a short
summary of the course of those events which have
occurred since the outbreak of the war and which have
had a marked or peculiar effect upon mining in Russia.

Possibility of American Interest in Future

Inasmuch as there is a considerable American inter-
est in the future of mining in Russia, attention is here
directed to the possibilities for activities by American
capital and by American engineers. Russia has been a
country rather of romantic interest than of commercial
investigation and exploitation from the American
viewpoint, and the resulting picture has been a canvas
depicting what one has got from reading the often
brutal but picturesque descriptions by Turgenieff, Dos-
toyevsky. Tolstoy and other novelists as well as the
highly colored and usually more florid than accurate ac-
counts of peregrinating travelers, of temporal war cor-
respondents and of writers of "sob-stuff" for current
magazines and American and English newspapers. Rus-
sia probably has been misrepresented in most of these
instances unintentionally, due to strong prejudices that
existed in the minds of writers from democratic coun-
tries usually unable properly to focus their microscopes
upon the more or less obvious features of an autocracy.

Then there have been statements by recent visitors to
Russia and by eminent Americans such as that pub-
lished in the American press in August, that "There is
no more disorder in Russia than in America," al-
though disorders, incendiarism, rioting and the other
anarchistic happenings of a revolution in full swing
were going on and are continuing. There have also
been what seem to be willful distortions by American
writers who may charitably be called perfervid protago-
nists of religious principles, innocently slandering Rus-
sia, or who are cold-blooded puppets of German propa-
ganda. From all of these Russia has suffered, for it has
been quite as harmful to make Russia seem a coun-
try with the sun obscured by the clouds of dust raised by
thousands of criminals and exiles clanking to the salt
mines of Siberia as to picture it a Utopian democracy of
perfect order brimming with opportunities for Ameri-
can capital. Some' attempt will be made to give a sum-
mary of the conditions as these will effect the profitable
investment of American capital and the employment of
American engineers in Russian mining.

As has generally been appreciated, Russia is back-
ward, largely because of the policy of a pernicious gov-
ernment, which, being in the hands of a few who ex-
ploited the many, considered it advantageous to keep
the masses in ignorance, actually preventing education

•Mining engineer, Petrograd, Russia.

as something actively dangerous to its existence. Its
fiscal policy as to the governmental monopoly of the
s ile of vodka debauched all labor. Thus the Russian
laborer was expensive when the cost per unit of produc-
tion was counted, although his wage was low, 25c. to $1
per day. As an example, drift mining for gold in Si-
beria, with physical and climatic conditions similar to
those of Klondike, cost four times as much per cu.yd.,
although the respective wages were two rubles or $1,
and $6 per day. The production of agriculture per acre
cultivated was low, less than 20% of that of other
countries with similar soil and climate.

In addition to inferior labor, the circumstances that
the physical conditions of iron and coal deposits are not
favorable to low mining costs, and that there is not
usually an advantageous juxtaposition of iron to coal,
have mitigated against low manufacturing cost. Thus
Russia has generally been unable to compete in the world
markets or even to satisfy its own demands, and has
been an importer of nearly all mining products except
petroleum, manganese — export of which was mads pos-
sible by favorable conditions of accessibility to for-
eign transport — and platinum, with its unique advant-
age of almost exclusive existence in the Urals. It is
easy to understand why contiguous Germany, with
cheap coal, iron and with efficient and inexpensive labor,
and consequently low manufacturing cost, sent nearly
60', of all of its exports to Russia. The per-capita con-
sumption of metals and minerals was low; as compared
with that of the United States, copper is only about
15', and aluminum only about 3 per cent.

The Effect of the War

The prohibition of the sale of vodka, which was a
military measure aimed principally to prevent drunken-
ness during the period of mobilization, has had a pro-
found effect, and whereas, before the war, the extent of
drunkenness was shocking, now there is only an incon-
siderable amount where there is a clandestine traffic
in spirit, much increased, unfortunately, since the be-
ginning of the revolution. The effect of prohibition was
to increase the efficiency of labor from 30 to 50 per cent.

The mobilization of millions of men for military serv-
ice caused a shortage of labor, with accompanying in-
crease of wages, which increase was not to an inordi-
nate degree, however. Shutting off foreign goods from
Russian markets had the effect of stimulating attempts
at home production greatly. Scarcity of nearly all
products of mining was thus made more obvious than
ever, and attempts followed to increase output, but
with general lack of success due to the various short-
ages of labor, materials and transport caused by thf
mobilization for war supplies. Thus the output of all
the more important metals and minerals decreased ir
the four years under review. Attempts were made by
the government to stimulate production by granting
loans to mining companies, and by making contracts fo>
output at high prices. These efforts were generalb
abortive, and the supervision by incompetent bureau
crats of subsidized undertakings has been exceeding^
harassing to the management.

Januarj L2, 1918

ENGINEERING AND MINING J01 RNAL

127

Prior to the war America supplied less than LO ol
Russia's imports and took less than l', of her exports.
01 Russia's exports in mm::, aggregating $760,000,000,
more than one-third wont to Germany, and of her im-
ports of $687,000,000 aboul one-half came from Ger-
many. This was approximately live-ninths of Gei
main's total exports. These figures show how Russia
was bound to Germain bj economie ties, but they also

indicate that there are openings for American manu-
facturers who will really eater to the Russian market.
There are and will continue to be Opportunities for the
profitable investment of American capital in Russian
mining and in other businesses as well.

There will be openings for American engineers, es-
pecially, of course, when American capital becomes in-
terested. Russian companies have not shown a dispo-
sition to employ foreign engineers in the past. It is ex-
pected that they will be more progressive in the future.
Russia will have places for American engineers. Any
one intending to come to Russia, however, should try to
learn the Russian language, which is difficult.

Effects of the Revolution

Revolutions are always destructive and then construc-
:ive. ±he revolution is still going on in Russia and will
tot end for some time. The first phase, during which
he autocracy was overthrown, was accomplished with
rreat rapidity and with a comparatively small amount
)f violence and bloodshed, for there was an almost unan-
mous appreciation of the incompetence of the cor-
rupt and autocratic government, which had been com-
)letely exposed by the merciless and excessive require-
nents of modern warfare. Since then there has been an
ipsetting growth and spread of socialistic doctrines, and
he result on the productiveness of Russian labor has
ieen disastrous. Wages have risen enormously in the
a&t nine months, and the endless demands for wage in-
rease continue. At the same time the efficiency of
ibor, which was always low in Russia, has fallen more
han 50fr, and this condition is getting worse. There
as also been much interference with management by
.•orkmen; to such degree that in many instances it
as been quite impossible to continue operations and
lants have been closed. With these conditions there
as been a practically total lack of transport for ma-
hinery and supplies.

The Future in Russia

As already mentioned there has always been a scarcity
f nearly all mining products in Russia, and this scar-
ify will be greater after the war, for Russia is going
) progress rapidly. Education will spread fast, and
ith the continuation of prohibition the consequent de-
lands of the peasant class for various articles that they
id not require before the war will be largely increased.

is possible that there will be a period of expansion
milar to that observed in the United States after the
ivil War. But, in any event, there is going to be a
emendous demand for mining products, particularly
ter a stable government shall be established. No one
;ntures to predict when the revolution will end, and
itil such time not much can be done in Russia, except
i acquiring information or in preliminary preparation
* future activities. However, the revolution has
msed the offer for sale of numerous good mining

busim vhich can be bought cheap by anj one who

will take th. , , i, due to the poi i Ibility thai the revolu

tion may conl inue t vei al ( <-ars.

COPP] k in ppi i H \. Nui I\( BEAS1 i>

The « oppei producing capai il . ol Russia is aboul the
same as it was just previous to the war, although the
country is now producing less than then. A new smell
ery ha i been blown in in thi I us, and the rich

ores of a Siberian companj have been exhau ed
there is no remarkable change. However, there have

l>l«il>l ( TION mi i OPPEH IX Id SSI \

il

oim

'

Ural

beru

1 Ml ,1

1907

7,418

5.004

1,067

1.030

14.519

1908

8.429

4.821

881

16.548

1909

K.-lll

6.492

1.4 2')

631

17,985

1910

10.529

7,602

1.165

895

22.191

1911

12.660

7,956

3.688

894

25.198

1912

17.451

9.597

4,7-1.'

1.204

32.994

1913

16.037

9.990

5,592

1.371

32.990

I9M

I0,5i,ll

8.346

5.453

1.394

31,753

1915

16,829

3.648

4. 184

811

25.472

1916

15,210

3.927

947

473

20.557

COPPI i;

INGOT8 IMPORTED INTO RU88L*.

(1.

■ "ii-

i on i

1913

1914

1915

1916

6,032

12.646

41.773

64,516

been developments of copper ore by diamond drilling
and otherwise, particularly in the Altai, where on the
Zminogorsk concession there has been proved by drilling
an orebody about 3000 ft. long and about 20 ft. wide and
averaging over 4$ copper. The deepest drill hole cuts
the ore at a depth of about 500 ft. below the surface and
shows over 6% copper in primary minerals. This
promises to be a large mine. There are other deposits

SELLING PRICE DF COPPER IN RUSSIA

1896
1897
1898
1899
1900
1901
1902
19J3
1904
1905
1906

(Cents pi-r Pound)

15 07

1907

15 40

1908

16 14

1909

20 85

1910

20 59

1911

19. 13

1912

15 82

1913

17 43

1914

17 53

1915

19 68

1916

25 26

1917

22 82
17 88

17 74

18 04
17 69
20 74
20 If
20 39
24 16
38 63
42 05

on the Zminogorsk concession with similar geological
conditions that promise also to become big mines. The
indications are that the Altai district may be an im-
portant source of copper in the future. There is also a
content of zinc in the ore, and the advisability of ap-
plying the electrolytic process is being seriously con-
sidered. The existence of favorable hydro-electric pos-
sibilities near the mines is a most favorable circum-
stance.

Before the war the per-capita consumption of copper
in Russia was about 14% that of America, and Russia
imported about 20% of all the copper she used. It is
obvious that the demand for copper after the war and
the revolutions are over is sure to be great and that the
mining of copper is going to be excellent business. The
accompanying tables give figures of production, imports
and prices of copper.

Gold and Platinum

The production of gold has decreased rapidly since
1913, as the accompanying tabulation well illustrates.
The official price of gold in Russia before the war was
5.50 rubles per zolotnik', or about 40.09 rubles per oz.

'65.83 grains

.291 zolotniks

1 oz. Troy.

3

ENGlNKKKINi; AND MINING .IOCKNAL

Vol. 105, No. 2

In 1915 it was raised to T.'.'O rubles per lolotnik ami now
it is 11.50 rubles per lolotnik, or more than twice its
pre-war price. Private trading in gold lias recentl] been

done at the rate of about 45 rubles per lolotnik, or about

1011

|9|>

I'll

PRODI > riON "1 PI MINI M 1\ RUSSIA

l»lc,
1917 I

rubles per OX. Even with the stimulation of such
high prices there has not been an increase ^( produc-
tion; indeed, there has been a fall, which is rather an
eloquent commentary on the lack ^( elasticity of the
producing capacity of gold in Russia.

N i important discoveries of vein or placer deposits
have taken place in the last three years. The phenom-
enally rich drifting ground in the Lena River region is
being rapidly exhausted. A 17-cu.ft. bucket dredge of

VAj i n PRODI CTION 1\ 1U SSIAN I Ml'lKi

l«U
1915

$11,500,000
27.000.000

1916...

I 'H 7 (estimated)

$22,500,000
18.000.000

the California type, to work in ground in the Lena re-
gion 100 ft. deep, digging 80 ft. below the surface of the
pond, is fabricated but its shipment will be postponed
until transport conditions improve. This means that it
will probably not begin work before 1920 or 1921.

The Anadir region deposits opposite Seward Pen-
insula have not proved to be of similar extent or thick-
ness to those of Cape Nome. They seem to be of slight
importance.

The accompanying table shows the platinum produc-
tion in recent years. It is apparent that there was a
decrease of production for several years before the war
and a sharp decrease since the war began. The plati-
num placers are being exhausted and no important dis-
coveries of new placers have taken place in recent years.
The North Ural is said to have the same rocks that
produce platinum in the South, and it is possible that
intelligent research there may meet with success. Other-

wise it seems probable that there will be a continued de-
crease of production and an increase of price.

Besides being numerous and complex, the Russian
mining laws have not been conducive to active investi-
gation by men of small capital, and as a result there has
not been the same kind of prospecting as noted in Amer-
ica. It has also been possible for influential people to
get large concessions and to hold them for years with
the hope of selling for fantastic prices, but without any
intention of living up to the terms of the concessions.
This has resulted in large areas being practically closed
and entirely unproductive. It seems certain that the
mining code will be revised in such a way as will en-
courage development of the mining possibilities and so
that huge concessions will not again be given to the
favored few.

There have been serious restrictions against working
by foreigners in areas within 100 versts of the coasts
and boundaries. This has retarded progress, as, for
instance, on the Pacific coast of Siberia, where the ex-
istence of gold would have by this time attracted large
numbers of practical and skilled Alaskan miners, who
would have preferred going to Siberia to returning to
America as the Alaskan placers were exhausted. This
law effectually closed the most accessible part of Siberia.
It is extremely likely that this restriction will be re-
moved in the future.

As a result of the war, the restrictions against the
entry and employment of Chinese, Japanese and Korean
labor have not been enforced, and it is probable that,
especially in Siberia, where there will be a dearth of
labor, yellow labor will be more generally used. Chinese
are now being employed not only in mining but in other
ways. It is possible that the labor situation in Russia,
as regards at least a plentiful supply, will be favorable.
It is also possible that yellow labor will not become in-
fected with socialistic madness and will serve as an
antidote to white labor.

Transvaal Mining in 1917

By H. F. MARRIOTT*

THE year 1917 was the most difficult of the war pe-
riod for the gold-mining industry of South Africa.
The native labor position was increasingly bad,
owing chiefly to the recruiting of natives for military
work in Europe and to the fact that greater numbers are
needed year by year for industries other than that of
gold mining. The principal result of this condition
was slightly smaller tonnages, and, therefore, reduced
yields from some of the mines. Further numbers of
the white employees were released for military service,
and payments to their dependents became a considerable
charge on the mining companies. The cost of all mate-
rials increased, and some extensions of plant were held
up owing to the delay in getting the necessary ma-
chinery. In spite of these difficult conditions, however,
the estimated gold output from the Transvaal for 1917
dropped only slightly below the record figure of 1916,
a remarkable exhibit considering existing conditions.

•Consulting engineer. 1 London Wall Buildings, London, E. C,
England.

Every effort was made to maintain a high standard of
production — a factor of immense importance at present.

In September, 1917, there were 49 producing com-
panies on the Rand, as against 51 in September, 1916.
The two mines that ceased production were May Con-
solidated, which went into liquidation in April, and
the Vogelstruis Estates, which stopped its operations
a little later. Thirty-five mines paid dividends in th<
first half of the year, as against 38 for the correspond
ing period in 1916, the East Rand Proprietary Mines
New Kleinfontein, and Randfontein Central being thos<
which suspended dividend payments. On the othe
hand, the position of companies in the Far East Ram
improved and the Modder Deep increased its dividem
from 30 to 40%. Tables I, II and III show respectivel.
the yield, milling capacity and the labor position i
1917 as compared with previous years.

There was a distinct movement during the year t !
direct the attention of shareholders to the differenc
between divisible and working profit. It is maintaine

January L2, 1918

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

L29

th« i the published figures taken alone are likely to be
misleading owing to the large number of charges over
and above working costs, the amounl available for
dividend being at besl about To of tin1 declared profit.
>\'ar ami other taxation, increased realization charges,

TABLE I I li VNSVAA] GO! D PRODI 1 1 ION

\\ II w ,

1

■

( hllM.lr

Total \ aluc

I on Mill .(

Mill- B,

foi

Milled

Value

Shillings

Value

i ■ Lnavaal

1884-84

1.000.000

i'2.44lVl»UI

48 s

' i

£2,678,231

IV. i

7 ill. 0(111

1,735,491

47 4

1 14,1 .4

1 869,64 i

1891

I.r54, 144

.' i .(.. 128

44 2

367.977

2,924,305

184 2

1 ,979, t'4

4.247.610

41 1

241.46 1

4.541. H7I

■93

2,203,704

5. I87.20(.

47 11

■ , 192

5.480.493

1894

2.810.885

6.963.100

49 2

704.052

7,1,1)7.152

1895

4.4 .0.575

7.840.7 711

45 2

728,776

8,569,555

I$M

4,(111. (.47

7.864.341

1" 2

714,480

8,603.821

1847

5.325.355

10,583,616

14 7

1,070 109

1 l.i, ,

1898

7,331.446

15,141,376

41 1

1,099,254

1(1.240,630

1899

6,872.750

15. 067. 473

48 8

661,220

15.728,691

1900

459,018

1,510.131

'65 8

I.5IO.I3I

1901

412.006

1.014.687

49 2

81. 164

1,096,151

1902

3,416.813

7.179.074

42 0

74,591

7,253.665

1MB

6,105.016

12,146.307

39 8

442,441

12.589,248

14m

8,058,295

15,539,219

38 5

515,590

16.054,809

1 1, 160,422

19,991,658

35 8

8 1 II 4 1 6

20,802 074

}«0«

13.571.554

23,615.400

34 8

964,587

24,579.987

1907

15.523,229

26.421,837

34 0

981.901

27,401,718

1908 ....

18.14o.589

28,810.393

31 6

1,147,217

29,957,610

1909

20.543,75"9

29.900.359

29 1

1,025.429

30,925,788

1910

21,432.541

30.703.912

28 5

1.297.823

32,001,735

141 1

2 5.888,258

33.543.479

28 1

1,498,006

35,041.485

1912 ....

25.486,361

37.182.796

29 2

1,574,765

38,757.560

1913

25,628.432

35.812.605

27 8

1,545.435

37.358 040

1914

.25.701,954

34.124,4(4

26 5

1.463.641

35,588.075

1915 ....

28.314.579

37.264.942

26 3

1,362.469

38,627,461

1916

28.525.252

38.107.404

26 7

1, 377,025

39.484,934

1417 (est 1

27,732.436

37.474.854

27 0

1.311.801

38,786.655

and payments under the Miners' Phthisis Act are large
items that have to be met after purely mining expenses
have been provided for.

Two Important Consolidations

Two important amalgamations of mining groups took
place in 1917. In January the Johannesburg Con-
solidated Investment Corporation purchased Sir J. E.
Robinson's interests in the Randfontein Estates, Rand-
fontein Central, and Langlaagte Estates. On July 1
the Central Mining and Investment Corporation took
over the administration of the Neumann mines, the
chief of which are the Consolidated Main Reef, Main
Reef West, Wolhuter, Knight Central Witwatersrand
Deep, and the Witbank colliery. The Consolidated

TABLE II. STAMPS AND TUBE MILLS

Stamps at Tube Mills Duty per

Work at Work Stamp per Day

1409. December 9,250 148 6 8

1910. December 9,150 184 7 2

1 9 1 1 , December 9,565 244 7 9

1912. December 9,440 277 8 4

1913, December 9.170 278 8 7

1914, December 9,291 294 9 I

1915. December. . .... 9, )95 314 9 7

1916, December 9,135 313 9 8

1917. August 8.967 323 10 0

Main Reef purposes absorbing the Main Reef West.
The latter has not had a successful career as a separate
init, and will have a better chance of prolonging its
ife under the ne ' conditions.

The Sub-Nigel mine, in the Heidelberg district, con-
inued to give good results, and increased its area by
icquiring 500 claims on the Farm Grootfontein. The
Dceana Development Co. made arrangements for boring
m the southern extension of the Main Reef series eight
niles southwest of the Nigel mine.

The position at the East Rand Proprietary Mines
>ecame gradually worse; the value and amount of the
ire reserves decreased, and the shortage of native labor
•estricted the output. A great influx of water into
he lower levels added to the difficulties encountered.

The Franc. nentation process li bi ing employed to

dam bach the feedei and carry the workings through
tlic water zone and shows every indication of bi
successful. Development was confined to definitely pay-
able areas, an,i every effort1 is being made to continue
until the value of the southern ground can be proved.

The Simmer & Jack Proprietary .Mines added to its
life by the purchase of 40 claims from the Simmer
Deep. This ground, it is estimated, will produce a
net profit of £100,000 over two years. At the City
Deep, Ltd., Butters slimes filters having a capacit) of
45,000 tons per month were installed.

State Mining and the Fab East Rand

The Far Eastern Rand, which continues to hold first
place in prospective interest, came still further into
prominence in 1917. A royal commission, appointed
to inquire into the question of state mining, was chiefly
concerned with this district and issued its report early
in the year. The majority came to the conclusion that
greater profits would accrue to the state under con-
ditions of private enterprise than would be obtainable
by direct government control. The minority report
urged that the state should itself immediately begin
operations in the Far Eastern Rand. The government
accepted the majority report and proceeded to offer
several areas in the Far Eastern Rand for tender.
The interesting evidence of Mr. Kotze, the govern-
ment mining engineer, given before the commission,
is worthy of note. He was not in favor of mining
by the state, but said that he could see no limits to
the possibilities of private enterprisetin the Far Eastern
Rand. From Mr. Kotze's statement that his estimate
of a yield of £450,000,000 from the Far Eastern portion
is conservative, it is evident that the Rand is by no
means played out. He expects the Modderfontein farm
alone to produce £135,000,000.

Eight of the nine companies producing in the Far
Eastern Rand in September, 1917, are dividend payers.
The crushing capacity of the plants is being increased.
The Geduld Proprietary Mines, Ltd., is now able to
treat 40,000 tons per month. Extension of the New
Modderfontein Gold Mining Co.'s plant from 50,000
tons to 90,000 tons per month is well forward, and
operation on the enlarged basis is expected by the mid-
dle of 1918. The main hoist for the circular shaft,
which has been the chief cause of the delay, is nearing
completion.

An important event in 1917 was the beginning of
crushing operations at Springs Mines in February.
This was the first addition to Rand producing com-
panies since the Modderfontein Deep first dropped its
stamps in December, 1914. The Springs reduction
plant has an annual capacity of 360,000 tons. The
amount of payable ore exposed to the end of September
was 46.6% of the total development on the reef.

Brakpan Mines, Ltd., obtained the lease of the 1812
claims, being the remainder of the Brakpan farm,
offered by the government for tender at the end of
1916. That company also acquired the 424 claims of
the Farm Schapenrust, and the effect of these additions
will be to double the life of the mine. The capacity of
the plant is to be increased at an early date from 60,000
tons to 75,000 tons per month, with a view to a further
increase in five years' time to 120.000 tons per month.

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105. No. 2

The tender of the Central Mining ami Investment

Corporation, I. til., for the area of 651 claims in the

lodderfontein, adjoining Modderfontein B mine

on the east, was accepted by the government at the
end of 1916. An agreement lias since been confirmed
between the Rand-Klip ami Cloverfield companies ami

the Central Mining ami Investment Corporation
whereby the three properties are combined in one
undertaking under the name of the Modderfontein Bast,

I. til. The total nominal capital of the new company
arranged for is £1,500,000, of which 340,459 shares

have been issued for the Rand-Klip and Cloverfield
properties, and working capital to the I El, 168,

is provided for. Work was begun on the property
earlv in 1917, and the sinking of the two circular shafts
is progressing.

In June the government offered four new areas in
the Far Eastern Kami for tender. These comprised a
total of 9248 claims on Springs. Geduld and De Riet-
fontein farms. The successful competitors were:
Johannesburg Consolidated Investment Corporation, for
the Springs area; Springs Mines, Ltd., controlled by
the Consolidated Mines Selection, Ltd., for the East De
Rietfontein area lying to the south of their property.
The remaining two areas were not allotted.

New System of Taxation

A new system of taxation was considered by the
Union government during the year. Under this scheme
the war levy will be withdrawn, and a new tax sub-
stituted which will apply to other companies as well as
mines. A 5r, tax is to be levied on company incomes,
and also a dividend tax of 7J%. During the war the

rABLE III LABOR EMPLOYED IN TRANSVAAL GOLD MINKS

Native Death
Rate per
Whites Native* 1.000

1910 25.376 1 9 1.78 * 35 72

1911 25.108 194.286 34 04
1)12 24. 134 236,121 28 83
1)13 22.797 152.181 26 61
1914 21.834 177.291 18 35
1)15 22. '110 222,735 19 87
1916 23.074 206,852 17 17
Januarv. 1917 23.010 201.380)

March' 23.243 204,788

23,072 196,723 15.68(a)

July 22.857 186,064

Augu.-' 22,761 183,525 |

ia) For 12 months ended August, 1917.

gold mines will pay 10$ dividend tax. Other com-
panies will be subject to a 25% excess-profits tax dur-
ing the war and for six months afterward. Gold mines
will be exempt from this tax.

The long-outstanding question regarding the owner-
ship of the mining rights underlying the bewaarplaatsen
was settled at the end of March, 1917, by the passing
of the Bewaarplaatsen Bill. Nineteen-fortieths of the
moneys which were received by the Crown were ceded
to the registered owners of the surface, and future
income from the same source is to be divided, eighteen-
fortieths going to the owners of the surface and the
remainder to the government.

The Vaal River water-supply scheme, sanctioned in
1916 in modified form, is being proceeded with, and
work on the barrage at Vereeniging was begun.

The following points of mechanical and metallurgical
practice will be of interest: Nissen stamps, as now
erected, crush 26 tons a day through a mesh of three
holes to the linear inch. Amalgamating plates are
now made stationary, but are adjustable as to angle;

they are placet! in a separate house below the tube
mills. Classification of sands and slimes has been
made practically perfect, there being under 1', of
slimes in the sands-treatment tanks in the cyanide
works.

Central pumping stations underground are equipped
with centrifugal pumps; the larger units are designed
each to lift 60,000 gal. per hour to a vertical height
of 2300 ft.: they are driven by electrical power, the
consumption being 0.57 of a unit per 1000 gal. per hour
per 100-ft. lift. The Ward-Leonard system is generally
adopted for hoisting units of more than 2000 hp.
Progress is being made in the standardization of ma-
chinery in use on the mines, thus reducing the cost
equipment and repairs to all consumers of types of plant
which are in general use.

Labor Agreements and Working Conditions

Various new agreements with regard to labor were
drawn up during 1917. In January a committee,
formed under the Mines Department, was appointed to
consider the abolition of the contract system of mining
on the Rand. The report did not favor the abolition
of the contract system, but recommended several im-
provements safeguarding the miners' interests and con-
fining contract work to experienced men, with a
minimum rate of pay somewhat below the current day's
pay rate. As a result of negotiations between the
Transvaal Chamber of Mines and the miners' union
the following points were agreed to: A minimum wage
according to experience. A working week of 48 1 hours,
bank to bank, and an increased war bonus, the agree-
ment to be binding until three months after the declara-
tion of peace. The government undertook to establish
and administer a central labor exchange.

The "safety-first" campaign made decided progress
during the year, and the publications are now also
being issued in the Taal for the Dutch-speaking miners.
The steps thus taken to improve the education of the
miners in carrying out their work efficiently are proving
successful.

Many schemes for improving underground work and
organization were evolved in 1917. The Central Min-
ing Rand mines group offered a bonus of £500 for
distribution among those putting forward the most
deserving suggestions, provided that these are of
use to more than one particular mine. The 1916
competitions, organized by the Rand Mutual Assurance
Co. in connection with the reduction of mining ac-
cidents, resulted in the New Primrose and New Unified
obtaining the best absolute records, and the Ginsberg,
Luipaard's Vlei and Witwatersrand Deep the highest
marks in the competition for the highest proportionate
improvement.

The medical-examination bureau, established under
the Miners' Phthisis Act of 1916, did good work in
1917. It was able to define and limit the disease and
to correct many exaggerated ideas held regarding its
severity and extent. Efforts are being made to find
surface employment on the mines for all cases of
silicosis contracted in the country. Experiments were
continued during the year for rendering the natives
immune from pneumonia, and the research work being
carried out with respect to vaccine treatment should
prove of world-wide benefit.

Januarj L2, L918

ENGINEERING AND WINING JOURNAL

31

After investigations and experiments carried oui
during the last three years, the process of spraying
the surface of the sand dumps with black mud lias
been found to be the mosl efficacious means of pre
venting drift. The necessary covering can be applied
at small cost.

In regard to the importation of mining supplies,
every efforl was made in 1917 to relieve overseas trans-
port and to reduce the claims on home manufactures.
The total amount of supplies imported was less than
6000 tons per month. Local industries were utilized
as far as possible, and the production of shoes and
dies from scrap steel and iron was successfully accom-
plished. The greater part of the explosives required
for mining purposes was obtained in the country in
1!M7, and prices compared favorably with those prevail-
ing in other mining centers. Economy was practiced
in the use of higher grade explosives in order to free
more glycerine for war purposes.

The position of the diamond industry continued to

improve throughout 1911 in the half-year ended June
80 the Transvaal output wa 191,410 carats, the vi
beini >61 < »i I 646 carats < ame I rom the

Pretoria district. At the end of 1916 the I
company joined the selling syndicate, so thai the
posal of the South African output is now under one
control. The number of natives in the diamom
at the end of September was 1791, as against 6527 in
September, 1916.

The Messina copper mines showed factory re-

sults throughout 1917. Tonnage of ore reserves in-
creased, but was accompanied by a drop of 5$ in value.
A dividend of Is. per share was paid in .June. In regard
to tin mining, the results obtained from the Zaaiplaal
and the Rooiberg mines during the early part of 1917
were disappointing. In order to supplement the ore re-
serves of the latter mine, the mineral rights of the ad-
joining Farm Blaauwbank were acquired. It has been
stated that a deposit containing nickel was found re-
cently on the property.

Australasia in 1917

By W. P. GEARY*

THE mineral production of Australasia declined In Tasmania, the Tasmania Gold mine operated at Bea-

in 1917, as it has steadily for the last few years, consfield; in New Zealand, the Waihi Grand Junction

and unless new deposits are discovered the indus- and the Waihi Gold were the principal producers; the

try is likely to continue on the downgrade. Present latter mine, having about 1,500,000 tons of payable ore

output is chiefly from the Broken Hill mines, in New developed above the 1300 level, suspended shaft sinking

South Wales; Mount Morgan, in Queensland, and Mount and development below the 1450-ft. level, owing to diffi-

Lyell and Mount Bischoff, in Tasmania. These mines culty in securing labor and supplies,
cannot last indefinitely and the urgent need for new

mineral fields is generally admitted. If substantial re- Copper Production
ward were offered for their discovery, it would lead The renning capacity for copper in Australia was
to systematic prospecting. As a further aid, it has been about tne same jn 1917 as jn the previous year. The en-
suggested that efficient geologic surveys would prove largement of the plant at Port Kembla more than com-
of great value. pensated for the closing down of the English & Austra-

_ _. „ lian Copper Co.'s establishment at Newcastle. To take

Gold Production Diminishing .rT .. . , .. , ,

care of the non-auriferous copper material thus released.

The gold yield still continues to diminish, the accom- the Electrolytic Refining and Smelting Co., at Port Kem-
panying table indicating the comparison between the bla, had to add to its plant. Production of refined cop-
production in 1916 and that in 1917. Western Australia per of Australasia will probably be about 37,500 long
ranked as the largest producer in the last two years, al- tons, divided as follows : Queensland, 20,000 ; South
Australasian gold yield in 1916 and 1917 Australia, 6500; Tasmania, 5000; New South Wales,

i9,b m7 4750; West Australia and Papua, 1250 tons.

P"",0*, F'''';?„z„ In Queensland. Mount Morgan continued to be the

Western Australia 1.061.398 970.498 ^ ' . , ,

vi toria 256.643 204.708 leading producer of copper, with an output of about

Queensland .... 215,162 182,440 " r ... f. ... , „ ,

N.s.waies 108.145 85,092 8000 tons ; this production will be closely followed or

Sooth Australia 5]oi6 siooo may even be exceeded by that of the Hampden Conclurry.

Totals 1,662,154 1,462,738 Smaller producers were Mount Elliott and Mount Cuth-

New Zealand 292.620 280.000 pert ; the former completed a small refinery in Septem-

Grand totals 1.954.774 1.742,738 ber at Bowen. In South Australia, Wallaroo & Moonta

though its output was below that recorded for 1915. The was responsible for practically all the production, as
important producers there were the Great Boulder, was Mount Lyell in Tasmania, where the output showed
Ivanhoe Gold, Associated Gold, Sons of Givalia and Edna a decline. In New South Wales the Great Cobar, with
May Central. In Queensland, Mount Morgan continued the aid of a government loan of £40,000, produced about
to be the premier gold producer; Mount Boppy, which 2500 tons of copper and returned £20,000 of the loan; the
has been the leading gold mine in New South Wales, government extended the railroad to the C. S. A. Mines
ceased production in February, 1917, a new shaft being and will build a 10-mile spur to the Mount Hope, both
necessary to continue the profitable working of the mine, of which mines are in competent hands. In Papua,
pyritic orebodies of promising dimensions were being

•Department of Mines, Sydney. Australia, X. S. W. Opened On One Or two properties.

ENGINEERING AND MIXING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 2

Silver, Lead am> Zinc

-Uvor. load and .'uu- production in the Broken Hill

field was greatly retarded during the period under re-

unt of local industrial troubles, but more

ticularly by general strikes, which started in August

lasted for two- months. The mines are again at

work, however, and conditions at the end o( the year
were about normal. The rise in the price of silver was
onsiderable interest to this district, due to the addi-
tional income thus made possible. The Broken Hill Pro-
prietary Co., for the half year ended Nov. 30, 1916, the
latest report issued by the company, mined 110, 276 tons,
pared with 66,428 tons for the previous half year.
The mill handled 97,630 tons of crude sulphide ore, pro-
ducing 17,065 tons otlead concentrates, assaying 58.73'

and 28.12 oz. silver per ton. The zinc-flotation plant
was put into commission toward the close of this pe-
riod, and treated 13,232 tons of tailings for the pro-
duction i : 2805 tons of zinc concentrates, assaying
-17.-11 . zinc, 13.02 oz. silver and 5.72', lead per ton.

The ore raised by the Broken Hill South Co. during
the halt" year ended June 30, 1917, amounted to 121,433
tons of an average assay of 13.7f0 lead, 6.6 oz. silver,
and 13.3fr zinc. The output for the previous six months
totaled 157,059 tons. The North Broken Hill Co., for
the first half of 1917, treated 111,290 tons of ore, pro-
ducing 22,045 tons of lead concentrates.

The Tin Output

The production of the Mount Bischoff Tin Co., Tas-
mania, for the first half year was 52,565 tons of ore
and 219 tons of tin concentrates. The smelting works
treated 226 tons on behalf of the company and 1250
tons for the public. The yield of tin was 139 tons
and 872 tons, respectively. The Briseis Tin Co., at
Derby, Tasmania, for the year ended December, 1916,
treated a total of 825,000 cu.yd. of drift and overburden,
with a return of 466 tons of black tin, equal to 331 tons

of metallic tin. The Pioneer Tin Mining Co., Tasmania,
during the year ended June, 1917, treated 894,700 cu.yd.
of material and delivered -171 tons of tin, the cost figur-
ing out 4.487d. per cubic yard.

The tin production of Queensland for the first nine
months of 1917 amounted to 868 tons, valued at $558,630.
The rock treated from the Vulcan mine, Irvinebank,
Herberton district, amounted to 5691 tons, giving a re-
turn of 110 tons of black tin valued at $50,145. The
production of this mine was the greatest from the dis-
trict, although the smallest record that it has made for
many years.

In New South Wales operations in the Tingha and
Emmaville districts were continuous. The Tingha plant
of the Copes Creek Central Tin Dredging Co. treated
74,260 sq.yd., yielding 43 1 tons of tin. The two plants at
Skeleton Creek, Glen Innes district, treated 86,471 tons
of material, yielding 26 tons, and 74,189 cu.yd., for 28
tons of tin, respectively. For the half year ended July
31, 1917, the output of the Y-Water Tin Co. reached
97.86 tons of black tin.

In Victoria, the Cock's Pioneer Gold and Tin Mines,
Eldorado, had a satisfactory performance for the half
year ended May 31. The yield was 55 tons of tin
concentrates and 3784 oz. of gold. The quantity of
tin produced in Western Australia in 1916 was 463 tons.
From the Greenbrookes tin field, it was 281.74 tons,
while the Pilbara field produced 153.17 tons.

Coal production from the state coal mine in Victoria
amounted to about 372,000 tons in 1917, a decrease from
the 433,522 tons mined in 1916, much time having been
lost by the labor strike, the curtailment of production
affecting other branches of the mining industry. In
Queensland, the 1916 production was 907,727 tons and
the first five months of 1917 showed a 10% increase over
the corresponding period of 1916. Tasmania made a
small production; in 1916 the output was recorded as
55,575 tons.

The Asbestos Industry

AN ACTIVE and continuous demand characterized
the asbestos industry in 1917 and, with the phe-
nomenally high prices, strenuous efforts were put
forth to obtain the maximum production. In the Thet-
ford and Black Lake districts of Quebec, which produce
about 85rf of the world's supply of asbestos, the 1917
output was approximately 140,000 short tons, an in-
crease of about 12 'x over the 1916 production, which was
133,339 tons, valued at $5,182,905. The major amount of
this production was used in the United States, although
the war demand for the higher grades of asbestos gave
to European shipments a higher value. Labor supply
was limited but conditions were fairly satisfactory,
owing partly to a local rivalry between two unions and
partly to the action of the producing companies in ad-
vancing wages proportionately to the advance in prices
of asbestos. Prices have doubled since the beginning
of the war and range from $15 per ton for the shorter
grades to $900 for long fiber, although certain excep-
tional sales have been made as high as $1700 per ton.
Noteworthy features of 1917 were: The installation
of the drying and storage systems of the Asbestos

Corporation of Canada, whereby the difficulties formerly
experienced in getting the ore sufficiently dry to per-
mit of maximum extraction, were reported to be solved ;
the adoption of the milling system of underground
mining by the Jacob's Asbestos Co., to obviate lost
working time, difficulties of removing the atmospheric
moisture, and to permit of the more economical working
of the ore deposits, and the discovery of another as-
bestos field in the Township of Ireland, where a modern
reduction plant is now being installed by the Bennett-
Martin Asbestos and Chrome Co.

In the United States, asbestos was produced in 1917
in Arizona, California, Idaho, Georgia, Vermont and
Virginia. At Washington, Calif., the Washington As-
bestos Mines Co. secured a large deposit of chrysotile
asbestos and is mining and milling an average of 15
tons per day.

Rhodesian deposits were operated by the Rhodesian
and General Asbestos Corporation, a new company
registered in Rhodesia with a working capital of £30,-
000. The properties are situated in Victoria, Belingwe
and other districts. Regular output was maintained.

January 12, 1918

ENGINEERING AND MINING J01 RNAL

188

Graphite in 1917

T

HE supply of graphite in the market during 1917
was sufficient for all demands, and, aside from

A temporary embargoes, mostly in connection with
transportation, the same sources continued to furnish
the world with graphite as before the war. Domestic
production naturally increased to meet the demand, and
while certain new sources of supply sprang into exist-
ence, the principal among which was Alabama, they
were mostly the result of increased development in and
about the same fields that supplied the world in the
pre-war period. New deposits were investigated and
developed, but comparatively little marketable material
resulted.

The chief reason for the increase in the price of
imported material was the high cost of transportation,
and domestic graphite naturally rose to comparative-
ly high levels, especially the crystalline or flake varie-
ties. The amorphous graphites did not increase nearly
to the same extent, which can be accounted for by the
fact that whatever increased demand there might have
been for this quality was taken care of by supplies mined
on this continent.

Production in United States

Alabama's output is expected to more than double that
of 1916, which is remarkable because Alabama's 1916
production was 50 % greater than in 1915. In Clay
County, and to a lesser extent in Coosa and Chilton
Counties, in the eastern part of the state, graphite
mining was greatly stimulated by the high prices. The
activity centered around Ashland and Lineville. There
were at the end of 1917, as reported by William F.
Prouty, of the Alabama Geological Survey, about 60
incorporated graphite companies in the flake-graphite
region ; of these, 30 were producing hourly approximate-
ly 400 tons of ore, which yields about 16,000 lb. of
refined graphite per hour. Many of the mills were
running night and day.

New York's production for 1917 is estimated by D. H.
Newland at 5,500,000 lb. of flake graphite, representing
a gain of nearly 50 % for the 12 months and is about
double the normal total of earlier years. Mr. Newland
will review New York's graphite industry in a subse-
quent issue. The only important new producer was the
Black Mountain mine of Hooper Brothers, near White-
hall, which started operations last summer. This is
situated in the range of mountains between Lake Cham-
plain and Lake George, west of Whitehall. The vein, ac-
cording to G. H. Hooper, outcrops for nearly a mile in
length with a thickness varying from 16 to 50 ft. and
dips 25°, assays taken across the vein analyzing from
5CC to 7.4 rf carbon. The character of the flake is simi-
lar to that of other graphite deposits in the vicinity of
Lake George and is noted for its special adaptability to
lubrication. The 100-ton plant was run at one-half ca-
pacity only during the time required to put in the devel-
oping tunnel. In December the plant was operating at
full capacity and producing four tons daily of a high-
grade lubricating flake, guaranteed to run over 90rc.
The finishing and manufacturing plant has good ship-
ping facilities, the barge canal and the main line of
the Delaware & Hudson R.R. being on either side.

Texas graphite deposit made no production of com
mercial importance but installation of a new plant wa
started at the old propert) of the Texas Graphite Co.,
in Burnet County, this deposit now being under tin-
control of the Southwestern Graphite Co. No produc-
tion was made here during the year, The onlj im
portani producing property in the state was the Dixie
Graphite Co., at Llano. J. Warren May, general man
ager of the latter, reports thai the plant has been prac-
tically rebuilt since last August. The ore is now put
through crushers, Lane mills and screens, then over
flotation machines, producing concentrates of about 50
to 60', carbon, which are dried, and the graphite after
being put over buhrs and screened is ready for bagging.
The mine has three levels at 30, 50 and 100 ft. All three
are being worked, the ore on the top running about 15', ,
the next level, about 25', and the lowest, 35%. The
graphite is a mixture of amorphous and flake.

Respecting production of artificial graphite in 1917.
Orrin E. Dunlap, secretary of the Acheson Graphite Co.,
Niagara Falls, N. Y., reported that there were few
events of importance, the story being told in the state-
ment that production was slightly increased, while on
some grades there was a slight increase in price due
wholly to sharp increases in the cost of raw materials
and labor.

Production in Quebec and Ontario

Shipments from graphite mines of the Province of
Quebec, Can., during the first 10 months of 1917, were
reported by a correspondent at 376,390 lb., valued at $75,-
778. Although the Quebec graphite industry dates back
to 1847, it cannot be said to be established on a satis-
factory basis. The deposits which are worked are of
sillimanite, gneiss and crystalline limestone, containing
flake graphite disseminated through the rock. The con-
centration to the required standard, of over 90% carbon
for crucible graphite, offers great difficulty. Yet for
the last 12 years there has been an annual production
which has varied in value from a minimum of $165 in
1908 to $75,000 in 1916. The year 1917 probably gave
.a record figure in graphite production in the district.
The largest operators evolved a satisfactory method of
concentration, but circumstances militated against the
industry, such as scarcity of labor, abnormal price and
shortage of coal and an unusually rainy season, which
put the roads in such a condition as to preclude hauling
of the ore to the mills where the concentrators were
not near the mines. The prices obtained for the Quebec
graphite as reported by Th. Denis, superintendent of
mines in Quebec, were the highest on record, the best
quality flake graphite bringing as high as 16c. per
pound.

Production of refined graphite in Ontario in 1917 was
estimated at about 4000 tons by Thomas W. Gibson,
Deputy Minister of Mines, as compared with 3446 tons
in 1916. Mr. Gibson will review the graphite industry
in Ontario in a subsequent issue.

Shipments of crystalline and amorphous grades in
considerable quantity were made from Mexico, espe-
cially in the latter part of 1917. Madagascar graphite
production, greatly stimulated in the last few years, is

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105. No. 2

d to have amounted to between 16,000 and 20,
during i!'i7.
The mark for various grades were dependent

principally upon transportation conditions. Tin- prices

lock, New York, were approxi-
mately as follows: No. l lump, 28 to 80c per lb.; No. i
chip. 19 to 21c per lb.; No. 1 dust. 11 to 12c, which
figures repn it the level maintained during the

compare with pre-war prices as given by
the! - logical Survey as follows : 1918, 4.9c; 1914,

1.6c; L916, 6.4c; 1916, 12c The prices for American

(lake varied from 1 12 to 18c. the latter figure beiiiK for
No. 1 tlake, 90$ carbon or better and of uniform grade,
in carload lots which prices are approximately three
times the price before the war and from 3 to 4c. in ad-
vance o\ the prices a year ago. Amorphous, graphite
from Chosen was quoted at different times at between
2c and 8c per lb., the latter figure being in the main,
nominal. Freight rates on Chosen shipments reached
as high as 200s. during the year.

Unusual Ores and Metals in 1917

THE commercial position in 1017 of some of the
unusual ores, minerals and metals affected is re-
viewed in the following interesting notes eommuni-
ted by the Foote Mineral Co., of Philadelphia:
Bismuth — The chief domestic source of this metal is
from the refining of lead. The abnormally high prices
of 1916, which during one penod reached $4 per lb.,
dropped to about $3.25 toward the end of that year and
remained comparatively firm at this price during the
first half of 1917. Apparently the price of bismuth is
not affected by supply and demand and it is understood
that quotations are arbitrarily fixed by a European
syndicate working through agents in this country.
Prices for the last quarter of 1917 declined still further,
due to importations of crude bismuth from South Ameri-
ca by independents. Present quotations for pure metal
range according to quality from $2.65 to $3 per lb. The
activities of independent South American producers of
crude metallic bismuth indicate still further recessions
in price for the coming year.

Cerium — Cerium products remained comparatively
firm during the year. As is known, the chief source of
cerium is the byproduct from the treatment of monazite
sand in the extraction of thorium for incandescent
mantles. The two most important products of cerium
are metallic cerium (misch metal) and cerium oxalate.
The former is really an alloy of the metals cerium, lan-
thanum, didymium, etc. It generally carries about 50',
cerium, the remainder being other rare-earth metals
of the same group or related groups. This metal when
further alloyed with about 30', metallic iron produces
what is variously known as pyrophoric alloy, ferroceri-
um, auermetall, etc. The manufacture of ferrocerium is
controlled by foreign patents and the production of this
alloy is practically in the hands of one manufacturer in
this country. The price of ferrocerium remained
firm throughout 1917 at $25 per lb. for large con-
tracts. No figures are available as to the annual produc-
tion of ferrocerium but it is believed to equal several
thousand pounds per month. The principal use of ferro-
cerium is as an igniter in such device as pocket cigar
lighters, lanterns, mine lamps; also in hand grenades,
projectiles, etc. The price of cerium metal remained
practically firm. In addition to its use in the manufac-
ture of ferrocerium, cerium mixed metal is also employed
to a limited extent as a reducing agent in the produc-
tion of metallic zirconium, thorium, etc., and its applica-
tions in this direction are likely to increase. The price
of cerium oxalate remained practically firm at 90c. per
lb. throughout the year. Strictly speaking, this is not

a pure cerium oxalate but is a mixture of the oxalates of
rare earths of the cerium group.

Chrome Ore — Prices for chrome ore remained steady
during most of 1917. The scarcity of high-grade ore
began in October and at the end of the year it was at
a premium. Inadequate labor at the mines and poor
transportation facilities combined to raise the price, at
least for the winter months.

Manganese — The demand for metallurgical manganese
ore increased during the spring of 1917. The import
difficulties were plainly realized and, in order to insure
a sufficient supply, large users advanced the price, as
evidenced by the Carnegie schedule, and also began look-
ing for domestic ore. Most buyers satisfied their re-
quirements by the end of July, and being certain of an
adequate supply of ore at this higher price insisted on
obtaining a high-grade ore. From that time it was rela-
tively hard to sell ore low in manganese or high in silica.
However, it proved practically impossible, under new
contracts, to secure any appreciable quantity of 48%
ore from abroad at prices lower than $1 per unit and
consequently the price of metallurgical ore remained
fairly constant, although tending to advance slightly
during November and December.

Palladium — The enormous consumption of platinum
by munition plants compelled domestic users of this
precious metal to search for a satisfactory substitute.
This has been found in another member of the platinum
group; namely palladium. Metallic palladium resembles
platinum in many respects, but as it is even more ex-

IAVERAGEJMONTHLY PRICES OF PALLADIUM1

(In Dollars per Ouii'-'-t

January. .
February

M:ir,'h
\|,ril

■1
lull'

Year .

1917
73 00
86 32
88 05
93 70
104 00
108 29

July
August
September
< October
Movember .
December

1917
113 60

120 00
. 123 44

121 92
126 87
130 60

107 65

pensive than platinum in its pure state, it was found
necessary to alloy it with one of the other noble metals,
gold being found the most satisfactory. Several patent-
ed alloys of gold and palladium, carrying about 80% of
the former, are now on the market and are reported by
users as being highly satisfactory. During the early
part of the year the price of palladium was approxi-
mately the same as that of platinum, but as it became
more difficult to secure the latter metal, the price of
palladium advanced to $115 per oz. during the middle of
July and to $125 in September. The market closed1 at

'Engineering and Mining Journal," quotations

anuan L2, L918

ENGINEERING A.ND MINING IOURNAL

$180(gl85 with :i lu-isk demand. Increasing scarcitj
has latelj been noted, owing to foresighted consumers
covering their requirements for 1918, and the hulk of
the production was sold far ahead.

Sih ilium — This element, which is secured mainly as
a byproduct from the electrolytic refin ng of copper and
is used principally in manufacturing ruby glass for
railway signals, etc., remained firm at the price of
$1.20 per lb. during the first half of 1917. During the
last half there was a greatly increased demand in the
glass trade and at the close of the year the price had
advanced to $2.60@$3 per lb. according to quality.

Strontium — The sharp rise in price for strontium ore
during March and April was due principally to labor
troubles and a British embargo at that time. Follow-
Ing a decline in market value when the latter condition
was relieved, the price of ore advanced, owing again to
difficulty in obtaining high-quality material from abroad.
Some quantities of domestic ore were developed and
this helped to relieve the pressure. The nitrate almost
imperceptibly declined, indicating the disparity in values
between the chemical product and the raw material.
Since the price of strontium nitrate was so far in ex-
cess of its pre-war value, sufficient leeway for satis-
factory profit was available without regard to the price
of the ore.

Thorium — Owing to the greatly increased demand
and the difficulty of obtaining Indian monazite, which
is subject to British Government regulation, the price
of Brazilian monazite steadily increased due to inade-
quate shipping facilities. Thorium nitrate, on the con-
trary gradually fell in market value, although the de-
mand remained strictly normal. This condition was
brought about chiefly by the growing competition of
manufacturers of the nitrate.

Titanium — The scarcity of labor and excessive de-
mands of the Allies prevented any large importations
of rutile concentrates (native dioxide of titanium) in
1917. Early in the year the ore was selling for $95 per
net ton but at the end of the first quarter the price in-
creased to $120 ; at the end of the first half, $200 ; and
by the end of 1917 the ore sold for $240 per ton with only
small lots available. The absence of any important
domestic production had a tendency to advance the price
of the mineral and many consumers were compelled to
manufacture their titanium products from ilmenite,
which sold from $15 to $25 per ton, depending on the
percentage of titanium dioxide present. The highest
grade of ore, in the form of concentrates, contained as
much as 50% TiO„. There is little prospect of a re-
sumption of any importations on a large scale until late
in 1918. In the meantime, it is hoped that the present
high prices will stimulate the development of Ameri-
can deposits.

Uranium — Prior to the beginning of the war, the pro-
duction of uranium ore (carnotite, carrying 2% U30N)
was fairly brisk in Colorado and Utah. Most of this
ore was exported to Germany for its radium content.
Cessation of exports caused a slump in the market and
as a result many small mines were compelled to close
down. This condition has practically existed since 1914,
but the mining of uranium ore was slightly stimulated
when the Government established an experimental plant
at Denver for the extraction of radium salts. The price
remained fairly firm throughout 1917, ranging from $50

to $60 per unit or $100 to $120 per net ton for ore i
rying a minimum oi 2°/, r<). Black uranium oxide,
which i i byproduct in the treatment of carnotite, also
remained firm throughout the year at the price of $3.26
per lb., guaranteed 96' I 0 Mo large importation ol
pitchblende or samarskite were noted.

Vanadium The price oi ferrovanadium and vanadium
salts remained fairly firm throughout 1917 with a noted
upward tendency during the last quarter owing to the

large demands ol the Coveniment. Ferrovanadium
ranged in price, according to quality, from $2.75 to $8
per lb. of contained vanadium metal, for an alloy cai
ing from 30 to 359i metal. During the last quarter this
price advanced as hitfh as $7.50 per lb. of contained
metal, with hut small tocl ailable. Vanadic acid, am-

monium metavanadate and vanadate of iron fluctuated
but slightly in price during the year: C. P. vanadic
acid sold for $11 per lb. of contained V,0,; 85% vanadic
acid at $1.20 per lb. of V\O0; ammonium metavanadate
at $7 to $7.50 per lb. according to quality; vanadate of
iron, containing 25% V,0„ at 80 to 90c. per lb. of vanadic
oxide contained.

Zirconium — During the first half of 1917 "Zirkite,"
the principal ore of zirconium, sold for about $120 per
net ton in carload lots. This price during the last
quarter declined to $100 per ton, due mainly to the im-
provement in shipping conditions. It is worthy of note
that this decline in price was made in the face of largely
increased demands for this new refractory, which is
now being used on a commercial scale in many of the
better known types of electric furnaces. Extensive ex-
periments were conducted under the direction of sev-
eral Government experts and it appears that "Zirkite"
will soon be classed among such highly refractory
materials as magnesite, chromite, alundum, etc. The
ore as mined carries from 75 to 80% zirconium dioxide
and is the basis of "Zirkite cement," "Zirkite" pulp and
when chemically refined, affords "Zirkonalba," white
oxide, carrying 99 <"r and over of zirconium dioxide.

Magnesium in War Work

The magnesium industry in the United States owes
its start to the European war, which cut off the supply
from Germany, practically the only source, prior to the
war, of the magnesium used in this country. The result
was that the price rose to a prohibitive figure, causing
many concerns to discontinue the use of the metal. In
1915 the manufacture of magnesium was started by
several companies, including the General Electric Co.,
at Schenectady, N. Y. ; the Norton Laboratories, Inc.,
first at Nashua, N. H., and later at Lockport, N. Y. ; and
the Electric Production Co., New York. The Aviation
Materials Corporation, Niagara Falls, N. Y., and the
Magnesium Manufacturing Corporation, Rumford, Me.,
began production in 1916. In January, 1917, a new
company, the American Magnesium Corporation, of
Niagara Falls, N. Y., was formed to make magnesium
and its alloys. With it was merged the Aviation Mate-
rials Corporation. The new corporation is probably the
largest producer of magnesium in the United States.
The General Electric Co., it is understood, is no longer
an active producer, the price of the metal having fallen
so that manufacturing it is no longer so attractive a busi-
ness. The price is now approaching that which was

ENGINEERING A.\l> MIMNd .lOl'UNAl,

Vol. 105, No. 2

the war. due to the fact that it is being
manufactured in comparatively large Quantities. In
". lota it is bringing not more than $2 per lb. and
much loss in large quantities.
The principal use of magnesium, according to an offi-
cial of the American Magnesium Corporation, is for
alloying with aluminum for aeroplane parts, where light-
is important. By the proper combination of mag-
nesium, aluminum ami other metals, in small quantil
an alloy can be produced which will reduce the weivht
nearly one half below that of No. 12 aluminum. The
lied "magnalium" alloys belong in this class and
contain less than 2% of magnesium. Such an alloy is
duralumin, containing aluminum, magnesium and cop-
per, with a density of 2.8, nearly that of pure aluminum,
and with a strength nearer that of soft steel. Much of
the framework of Zeppelins is made of duralumin.

Magnesium is being used to a greater extent as a
deoxidizer and scavenger for copper, brass and bronze,
and a new alloy has been prepared for such use in the
production of high-grade tool and alloy steels. Mag-
nesium is also largely utilized in making light-bombs
and Hares for night attacks on European battle fields.

Pyrite in 1917
By the War Minerals Committee

William YounR Westervelt, Chairman

Practically all of the pyrite consumed in the United
States is used in the manufacture of sulphuric acid
either for explosives or for fertilizers. The total sup-
ply of pyrite in 1916 was approximately 1,650,000 long
tons, of which 1,100,000 was imported from Spain and
Portugal, 150,000 came from Canada, and 400,000 tons
represented the domestic production. The estimated
supply for 1917 was about 1,500,000 long tons, of which
700,000 came from Spain, 300,000 from Canada, and
500,000 from domestic production.

Ships Delayed Only Six to Eight Days by Carrying
Pyrite Instead of Returning in Ballast
The over-sea import of 700,000 tons from Spain in
1917 indicates the movement which is of most concern.
This pyrite is imported in ships which would otherwise
return in ballast to this country either from Italian
ports or from England. The latter may take a cargo of
coal to Spain, thence returning to the United States. The
loading facilities at Huelva, the chief export point, are
now good, and the estimated loss in ship time due to
carrying a cargo of pyrite instead of returning in bal-
last is from six to eight days. A large part of this time
is represented in unloading in American harbors. The
actual ship time in moving the pyrite, however, is not
the only factor to be considered. The Spanish mines
must be supplied with coal either from the United States
or from England. The import figures for pyrite show
a decrease of 400,000 tons of over-sea import in 1917
and indicate the increasing difficulty and uncertainty
of such movement.

Sulphuric-Acid Requirements
Domestic production of sulphuric acid, measured in
terms of 50° B, increased from 3,800,000 short tons in
1914 to 4,200,000 tons in 1915, and to 6,300,000 tons in
1916, and was estimated at 7,300,000 tons in 1917.
Thus the war demand more than doubled the produc-

tion of sulphuric acid and enormously increased the
amount of raw materials required. This increase was
met mainly by an increased production of sulphur in

this country.

Possible Increase in Domestic Supply

After a complete survey of the principal pyrite dis-
tricts o( the United States, it seems probable that do-
mestic production could be increased by almost 100fo
within six months' time. Mining development is already
partially made and the increase will represent in the
main an extension of operations already under way.
This would mean from 400,000 to 500,000 long tons of
new production which would run from 40 to 45 % sul-
phur, as compared with 46 to 50 cv sulphur in the Span-
ish material. The production would come principally
from Georgia, Alabama, Virginia and Missouri. It
would be relatively close to the market, particularly for
the fertilizer industry of the South. Several hundred
thousand tons additional pyrite might be secured at
short notice from points further west in Colorado, Utah
and Arizona, in case of extreme necessity. In addition
to pyrite there are vast deposits of pyrrhotite contain-
ing approximately 30% sulphur, conveniently situated
in the Southeastern and Eastern states, which are ample
to supply the entire demand of the country's sulphuric-
acid industry but require modification of acid manufac-
turers' equipment and practice, as yet installed at but
few plants.

Problem of Stimulating Production

Pyrite mining on a large scale is a new undertaking
in this country. Mining and milling methods need im-
provement. Several of the new mines have shut down
temporarily because of lack of labor, fuel and supplies.
The additional output indicated, which is necessary to
eliminate the Spanish import, cannot be secured unless
constructive assistance and encouragement are given to
pyrite mining in this country. Above all, steps should
be taken to stabilize price conditions for a reasonable
period of time in order to relieve the uncertainty which
is now preventing private companies from carrying on
adequate development.

If Spanish imports are discontinued and domestic
production is not stimulated, the only alternative is to
cut the consumption of sulphuric acid and sulphur along
certain lines. For acid, this would mean a curtailment
in our fertilizer industry, in our petroleum refining
and in other industries. For sulphur, it would mean a
curtailment of the sulphur for sulphite wood pulp, or in
the supply of sulphur required by our Allies.

Cost of Developing Domestic Industry
Relatively Small
The factor of complete supply and safety in raw
materials for sulphuric acid is relatively small. All
things considered, it is comparatively easy to double
domestic pyrite production, and, with the additional use
of sulphur and Canadian pyrite, to be able to dispense
entirely with the imports from Spain. The cost of mak-
ing this development would be relatively small when
compared with the expense involved in chartering ships
and obtaining foreign concessions which continued im-
port would impose. In addition, there is a good pros-
pect that part of the development so made would repre-
sent a permanent domestic industry.

Engineering and Mining Journal

January 19, 191 8

Volume 105

Ar;n/;

mmnimnmnifl miiitmimntini

BARQUITO BAT, 1J KM. FROM CHANARAL, CHILE. RECEIVING POINT FOR ANACONDA'S POTRERILLOS MINE

Andes Copper Mining Co.'s Development

at Potrerillos, Chile

By JAMES E. HARDING

Mining: Engineer. Tierra Amarilla. Copiap6, Chile. S. A

Development in Chile by churn drills has deter-
mined the existence at the Potrerillos mine of
100,000,000 tons of ore containing 1.4% copper.
This deposit is 90 miles from the coast at an
altitude of 10,500 ft. Railroad and plant con-

PROBABLY the largest project in mining develop-
ment at this time is that of the Andes Copper
Mining Co.'s Potrerillos mine in the Department
of Chanaral, Chile. This mine is in the main range
of the Andes, east of the Port of Chanaral, 90 miles
from the coast and at an altitude of 10,500 ft. The
physical geography of Chile has an important bearing
on the transportation problem of this section. There
are in that country two main ranges of mountains, of
which the lower follows more or less regularly the
?oast line, and the other the main range of the Andes,
Cordillera. Between the two there is a plain along

"

struction and mine development will involve an
expenditure of $25,000,000, but it is estimated
that in tivo years' time a level-caving system
can be developed to deliver 15,000 tons of ore per
day into railroad cars, at a cost of 20c. per ton.

which has been constructed the main line of the Longi-
tudinal railroad. This plain extends throughout the
country from north to south and is of varying width.
Across its area at varying distances, running from the
furthermost range of mountains to the seacoast, are
numerous ancient-river beds, which form natural chan-
nels of transportation and drainage from the mountains
to the sea. At the sea end of one of the river beds
is Chanaral, and at the source the mine of Potrerillos.
A railroad following up the ancient-river bed is now
in course of construction to the mine. From the Port
of Chanaral to the town of Pueblo Hundido the com-

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. H>5, No. 3

pany will use the tracks of the state railroad, and

town a new road is being built to
the millsite and thence to the mine. The gage is 1
■11. ami the road is constructed according to the beat

e, using 70-11.. rails. Mallet-type loCO-

will operate from the ocean to the millsite. and

ad this point electric locomotives will be used. The

miles of railroad connecting the mine and

mill will be about T."> hard-rock tunnel and will not

in operation for nearly two years. At present

practically all the grading to the millsite is completed.

i is being laid, and two steam locomotives are

operating over the trackage as compli

Freight is still transported by mules over a distance
of 50 miles, and while many innovations have been

freight by this method leads an extremely active and
intense life.

It is difficult to realize the tremendous extent of
such a project, even when it is considered that $25,000,-
000 is to be spent before any copper can be produced.
The construction work starts at Barquito Bay from the
Port of Chanaral, a view of which is shown. A
22,000-kw. steam-turbine electric plant is being in-
stalled at this port to transmit power to the mine and
null at 100,000 volts. The port will be equipped with
a railroad terminus and docks for steamships.

Next in order is the other end of the railroad where
the millsite will be situated. The site selected is in
a country of low-rolling sandy hills shown in the accom-
panying illustration. A 15,000-ton concentrator, and

PHIRV-DRILL ROADS MARK THE EXTENT OF DEVELOPMENT AT THE POTRERILLOS MINE. THE

CENTRAL HILT. WILL BE MINED FIRST

added to the system the two-wheeled cart drawn by six
mules, according to Chilean custom, continues in favor.
These carts have 3i-in. axles and weigh about 3000 lb.
without load. The mules are hitched three abreast,
and the main responsibility rests upon the one mule
between the pair of shafts. The regular load for this
unit is ?A metric tons. From the description it may
be imagined that the hauling method is not over-
efficient, but it is the best the country had to offer.
Those who handle traffic with such conveyances know
its real difficulties. Mule drivers are a drunken, turbu-
lent lot, and heat, wind and dust are always present.
The man who is responsible for the movement of the

offices and dwellings for the employees, will be erected
at the millsite. It is the company's intention to build
a model town for 5000 inhabitants. For foreign em-
ployees well-constructed houses of the California bunga-
low type are being built, and, for the natives, far better
accommodations than those to which they formerly
have been accustomed.

One of the important questions has been water for
milling purposes. The desert of Atacama, in which this
project centers, yields to none in point of aridity, and
it was necessary to go into the mountains, to the re-
gions of everlasting snow, to obtain a permanent water
supply. The Ola River is being tapped by a pipe line,

January 19, MU8

ENGINEERING and MINING JO! RNAL

LS9

36 miles long, having an average diameter of 26 in.

It will furnish water at the rate of 26 CU.ft. per sec.
This pipe line is laid in a northeasterly direction, over
mountains and across gulches. The const met ion is
partly stool and partly wood stave.

The general surface appearance at the mine can be
seen in the photograph. The gradings shown have been
made for the movement of churn drills, and at various
places over 100 holes have been drilled in establishing
the limits of the orebody. The low hill rising in the
center is practically over the center of the orebody first
to be mined. Roughly this body of ore has been proved
burn drills to be 1800 ft. long. 900 ft. wide and 850
ft. deep, a total of 32,000,000 tons of ore containing' 1.5'
copper. Additional ore- in the vicinity of this body has
also been proved to the extent of increasing the total

pany's engineer t hal no difficulty w ill be mel
the masi to collapse, tl ii estimated that the total min-
ing cost will approximate 2<>e. per ton of ore on board
railroad cai at the m

The geologj of the orebody is simple, a late intr
of quartz porphyry in limestone. The ore developed
was formed as the result of secondary enrichment from
a primary impregnation, although ore has also been de-
veloped in the primary and oxidized as well as secondary
zones. Copper minerals are disseminated both in the
jointing planes and as inclusions in the rock. Since
its intrusion the magma has been extensively faulted
and brecciated and the ore has followed certain zones
of fault movement which, though widely separated, have
formed channels for the circulation of enriching solu-
tions and boundaries for the ore. The orebodies do not

VIEW FROM THE MILLSITE SELECTED BY THE AXDES COPPER MINING CO.. POTRERILLOS. CHILE

to 130,000,000 tons averaging 1.4% copper. A cross-
section of the orebody is roughly an inverted triangle,
with altitude and base nearly equal.

The method of mining will be one of low costs. The
main haulage tunnel from the millsite terminates under
the orebody at a point approximately 1000 ft. below
the surface. Above this tunnel ore bins with air- and
electrically-controlled gates will be constructed, leaving
150 ft. of pillar over the tunnel through which the
ore will be drawn from the caving level. The method
will have a caving level superimposed over a grizzly
level. It is intended to undercut the entire orebody at
the caving level by a series of parallel drifts and then
to cave the entire orebody by blasting the pillars be-
tween drifts. Study of this method convinced the corn-

appear to have been materially faulted by subsequent
movements.

The metallurgical treatment has not yet been worked
out in detail, but since both oxidized and sulphide ores
occur, a combination of leaching and flotation will prob-
ably be adopted. It has also not yet been definitely de-
cided whether the company will establish the smeltery at
the millsite or at the coast.

Sulphur Exports from Italy are now forbidden, except
under special license. The Consorzio Obbligatorio, which
controls the Sicilian sulphur industry, is required to make
full reports of stocks on hand each month. The production
in Sicily has decreased owing to shortage of labor and other
conditions arising from the war.

140

ENGINEERING AM' MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 3

Mining in Utah in 1917

BY EDWARD K. ZAL1NSK1

THE year i;»i 7. notwithstanding war conditions,
prosperous one for the mining industry of
Utah. I'p to July ami August production ex-
ceeded the rate set in 1916. Thenceforth, however, there
a decrease in output. The snortage of railroad
and scarcity of labor began to curtail operations,
and the unprecedented overproduction of lead and silver
ores in June. July and August caused a congestion of
shipments at the smelteries, and embargoes were de-
clared to relieve the situation. Uncertainty as to Gov-
ernment price regulation of metals caused mining com-
panies, especially the larger interests, to retrench in the
matter of new enterprises. In spite of the various un-
certainties, records show that the ore tonnage and value
of the output of 1917 were greater than in 1916. Twen-
ty-one Utah mines paid dividends during the year,
amounting to $29,410,169, as compared with $24,790,140
in 1916. There were two new dividend payers, the
Dragon Consolidated and Tintic Standard, both in the
Tintic district.

Demand for Metals Induced Great Output

The ore markets were good, excepting at those times
when the smelteries were overstocked. Production of
lead and silver ores exceeded by 20% the capacity of
the valley lead-smelting plants. The same conditions
existed to a lesser extent for copper ores, and the copper
smelteries called upon shippers to decrease their ton-
nages. Heavy shipments began in the spring from ac-
cumulated winter stockpiles. Most of the ore was
shipped in the summer months, but the weather was so
favorable during the fall that heavy shipments con-
tinued right up to the end of 1917. There was some
decrease in lead shipments following the lowering in
price of that metal. According to preliminary estimates
the value of the output of copper, lead, and silver was
greater than in 1916; the gold production was about the
same, and the production in zinc showed a slight
decrease.

Bingham, Tintic, Park City, Alta, the Cottonwoods,
American Fork, Ophir and Beaver County produced
consistently, except as curtailed by the conditions men-
tioned. Copper producers shipped steadily all year up
to the limits of their smelting contracts. The Clifton
or Deep Creek district, upon completion of the railroad
early in 1917, became a regular contributor to Utah's
output of metals.

Park City Production Increased 10 Per Cent.

At Park City there were in all 18 shippers, of which
the largest were the Silver King Coalition, Ontario,
Judge, Silver King Consolidated, Daly West and Daly.
A much larger tonnage than usual was shipped by the
Ontario — siliceous silver ore — on account of the higher
price of silver. Judge Mining and Smelting Co. opened
up important new orebodies in the southwestern part
of the property under the Bonanza Flat section, and an
orebody unusually high in silver was opened in one of
the main veins, in another part of the mine. The new

•Mining engineer, Ncwhouse Bide.. Salt Lake City. Utah.

electrolytic-zinc plant was completed on Feb. 1, 1917,
and treated about 50 tons of concentrates per day, pro-
ducing 15 tons of spelter. The Silver King Consolidated
started the new 14,000-ft. drainage and development
tunnel to open up the Thaynes Canyon section of the
property, and advanced over 4000 ft. during 1917. This
company's new mill began operations in May and treated
from 50 to 70 tons per day. The Three Kings company
continued development by crosscutting and sinking
from the 500-ft. level. The American Flag was worked
by lessees to some extent. The Big Four Exploration
and Broadwater mills did not operate after August and
September. Other properties that produced were the
New Quincy, Naildriver, and California-Comstock. The
output for the year was over 100,000 tons of ore and
concentrates, as compared with 90,000 tons in 1916.
There was a scarcity of skilled labor, and wages were
advanced in June so that underground men received
$4.25 to $4.75 per day.

Alta, Cottonwood, American Fork and Ophir

The production from Alta was approximately 40,000
tons in 1917. The largest shippers were the Michigan-
Utah, the Emma Consolidated, and the South Hecla. The
Wasatch mines in June began work on a new drainage
tunnel, started in the canyon 5000 ft. from the main
workings and drove 1700 ft. in 1917. The Wasatch
Power Co., owned by the Wasatch mines, supplied all
the district power from a hydro-electric plant. This
company connected its lines with a branch line of the
Utah Power and Light Co., which was brought in from
the Cardiff on Dec. 6. The latter line was held in re-
serve for the freezing and low-water seasons. The Co-
lumbus-Rexall discovered in July a large new bedded
body of sulphide ore carrying 8 to 9% copper and 15
to 20 oz. silver per ton. It was opened from 18 to 30
ft. in thickness, and was followed for 200 ft. along the
strike. The Alta Consolidated in November drove into
an orebody of interest. A new 36-in. gage railroad was
completed about Nov. 1 by the Little Cottonwood Trans
portation Co., from Wasatch, near the mouth of the
canyon, to Alta, the upper terminal being at the How-
land tunnel dump of the Wasatch Mines Co.; but little
hauling was done in 1917. Equipment consists of om
55-ton Shay engine and two more were ordered. T
Michigan-Utah shipped over its 4^-mile tramway
Tanners Flat, where the ore»was loaded into wagons and
hauled three and a half miles to the eastern terminal of
the Salt Lake & Alta R.R. Other properties that shipped
were the Wasatch Mines, Sells, and Alta Consolidated.
About 225 to 250 miners worked in the camp, and in
the Cardiff, over the divide in Big Cottonwood, there
were 125 more. Cardiff shipped from 100 to 125 to;
of ore per day, but was seriously restricted by ti
smelter embargo and has stockpiled a large tonnage
ore at the mine and in the valley.

In American Fork the Fissures Exploration Co., oper-
ating the Pacific mine, increased its mill capacity anc
toward the end of 1917 was treating 150 tons of OK
per day. The Pacific fissure was drifted upon for 70(
ft., is 8 ft. wide and has a proved depth of 300 ft. This

ne

:re

i

jr-

Januan 19, L918

ENGINEERING AND MINING J01 i:\.\i.

Ill

property is the most [mportanl producer In the district.

'I'hi' Miller Hill, adjoining, started a new tunnel, which

was driven over 2000 ft. and will give a depth of 500 ft.
under the old workings. The camp showed unusual ac-
tivity and a large number of properties were operated.

Activities in Beaver and Tooele Counties

In Reaver County, the Moscow, Red Warrior, Com-
monwealth. Montreal. Horn Silver and other properties
operated during 1017. Lead-silver, copper, and some
line ores were shipped. At Xewhouse the flotation mill
of the Utah Leasing Co. treated tailings from the old
cactus dump, handling 500 tons a day.

At Ophir, Tooele County, in the Ophir-Dry Canyon
Section, the principal producers were the Ophir Hill Con-
solidated, Cliff, Hidden Treasure, New Stockton Min-
ing Co., Utah Queen Leasing Co. and various lessees. At
Deep Creek, the new railroad was an outlet for copper,
silver-lead, and gold ores, and lesser shipments of tung-
sten, molybdenum, and bismuth ores. The Western Utah
Copper Co. shipped as much as 200 tons per day, and
the output of the district has been as high as 300 tons
per day. Other properties that shipped were the Semi-
nole Copper, Woodman, Wilson Consolidated, Pole Star
Copper, Western Utah Extension, Copperopolis, Christ-
mas and Garrison Monster. There was a scarcity of
labor in this district. Some ore was shipped from the
Ferber district, after hauling to the railroad at Erick-
son, 15 miles north of Gold Hill. In the first six months
of operation the Deep Creek railroad handled 31,460
tons of ore, most of which was copper.

Tungsten and molybdenite ores were produced by the
Seminole Copper Co., though little of the latter was
shipped. The tungsten was chiefly in the form of schee-
lite, although a small amount of wolframite occurred.
The Wilson Consolidated and the Copperopolis and vari-
ous lessees shipped tungsten. Oxidized bismuth ore in
less than carload lots was shipped by the Wilson Con-
solidated. The center of the camp is Gold Hill, or Good-
win, at the terminus of the Deep Creek railroad 43 miles
south of Wendover, where the Deep Creek road connects
with the Western Pacific.

Tintic Output Limited Only by Market
The output from the Tintic district for the first 11
nonths of 1917 was 400,000 tons, or about the same as
for the entire year of 1916. The mines of this camp
produced under difficulties, at times having been seri-
3usly affected by the shortage of cars and the smelters'
smbargoes, especially those in regard to siliceous ores.
There was more development than usual in the eastern
md northern sections and considerable prospecting by
the various companies. The Tintic Drain Tunnel Co.
svas organized by the Knight interests, to drive a six-
tiile tunnel from the Goshen slope to the porphyry sec-
tion at the southern end of the district, at the property
)f the Dragon Consolidated. In the neighborhood of
:he Iron Blossom and Dragon shafts the tunnel will have
in approximate depth of 2200 ft. Arrangements have
:>een made with owners of property that will be drained
:o pay a royalty on ores the extraction of which will
ae facilitated by the tunnel. The heaviest producers
■vere the Dragon Consolidated, Chief Consolidated, Iron
Blossom, and Centennial-Eureka.

The Chief Consolidated enlarged the main shaft to
;wo compartment to the water-level depth (1800 ft.).

without interfering with production. Some unusuall)

rich ore was found at about water level, and high grad<
ore was stoped bekra water level by pumping Several
cars valued at $10,000 were Bhipped from this part of
the mine. In the Homansville section of this propertj
lessees shipped SO0/, manj Thi companj did

considerable prospecting and additional property was
acquired. The Tintic Standard continued the develop-
ment of the new orebody on the 1600-ft. level, sunk a
new shaft, shipped lead-silver ore and paid two divi-
dends. The Eagle & Blue Bell, controlled by the Bing-
ham Mines Co., developed new ore, and paid dividends.
The North Beck Mining Co. prospected for the northern
extension of the western ore zone of the camp, on which
are located the Eureka Hill, Centennial-Eureka, Bullion
Beck, and Gemini. Iron Blossom produced well and sunk
one of its shafts to the 2200-ft. level. Some of the
smaller Knight properties, including scattered claims,
and taking in the Lower Mammoth, were merged into
the Empire Mines Co. The Tintic Milling Co. operated
at Silver City, treating low-grade Tintic ores by the
Holt-Dern process, and made shipments of bullion.
There were a number of small producers active in the
various camps of the district.

Record Production from Bingham Canyon

The output of Bingham was between 13,000,000 and
14,000,000 tons in 1917. Utah Copper Co. alone
shipped a million tons of ore per month. Other import-
ant producers were the Utah Consolidated, shipping
copper and lead ores; the Utah Apex, United States
Mining, Bingham Mines and Utah Metal and Tunnel
companies which shipped lead, copper, and some zinc
ores. The Utah Apex completed the installation of a
new Nordberg hoist, and produced lead-zinc ore and
concentrates. This company increased its ore reserves
and paid dividends in 1917. The Utah Metal and Tun-
nel Co., including the Bingham-New Haven, opened a
new copper orebody at depth. This company during the
latter part of 1917 turned its attention entirely to cop-
per, discontinuing the production of lead pending a
better market. Ohio Copper Co. began remodeling the
mill at Lark for the flotation process. Minerals Sepa-
ration machines, Hardinge mills, and Dorr thickeners
and classifiers were being installed. The plant is ex-
pected to be completed about April, 1918. The capacity
will be 3000 tons. Bingham Mines Co. operated the
Dalton & Lark mine and produced lead-silver and cop-
per ores. This company did some development w-ork at
the Yosemite mine, but did not operate at the Commer-
cial. The Montana-Bingham Consolidated continued
tunnel driving under the Fortuna, which property it se-
cured. Low-grade pyritic copper ores were shipped, a
mill was built at the Fortuna and concentrates were
produced.

Utah Copper Co. operated at full capacity all through
1917, completed a leaching plant for the treatment of
oxidized ores, enlarged the tailings pond to cover 6000
acres, and made improvements and additions at both
concentrating plants. Approximately 12,555,100 tons
of ore were produced for the year as compared to 10,-
994,000 tons in 1916, and 202,500,000 lb. of copper, as
compared with 197,417,480 lb. in 1916.

The fine-crushing department was remodeled and en-
larged at the Magna plant and improvements were also

i-u

ENGINEERING AND MINING .JOURNAL

Vol. 105. No. 3

the Arthur, l'he leaching plant was tried out
in December, and was expected to start about the Brat
of L918 with an initial capacity of 4000 tons. The levee
and the new tailings pond will he completed around
ruary, 1918. The ultimate capacity is estimated at
tlings, which, however, can be in-
.ry by building the levee higher. On
May 10 the Utah Copper reduced the hours of all nine-
hour men at the mills to eight hours. At the mine all
10-hour labor, including steam shovel, train, track, and
cirili is. was reduced to nine hours. All me-

chanics previously working nine hours were reduced to
eight hours. On July 1 all skilled labor employed at
the mines and mills was raised 25c, and all unskilled
labor was raised 20c per day. At the close of the year
wages ranged from $3.20 per day for common labor to
per month for steam-shovel engineers.

Salt Lakk Valley Smelteries Sustain Production

The Salt Lake Valley smelteries operated at capacity
all year. The United States Smelting Co., at Midvale,
ran seven furnaces on lead ore. The American Smelt-
ing and Refining Co., at Murray, had eight furnaces
treating lead ore. The Garfield smeltery operated at
full capacity. The International Smelting Co. ran its
lead plant at full capacity and three or four out of the
live copper reverberatory furnaces. On account of accu-
mulation of ores and shortage of railroad cars, it be-
came necessary for the lead smelters to declare em-
bargoes at times in order to catch up with production.
While this condition worked a hardship on the mines,
the smelters may be said to have held the bag for the
metal market in that they bought ore from all comers
at high prices, and when well stocked up, through Gov-
ernment request held their lead until it should be known
what the Government requirements would be. These
requirements were understood to be heavy, and high
prices followed. The smelters bought the largest offer-
ing of ores that ever came to this market. In the mean-
time the Government requirements proved to be not so
heavy, the price of lead dropped, and the smelters were
caught with much ore stockpiled and also with lead
bullion on hand and at the refineries. The smelters could
have broken even. on their lead, if they had not waited.

The Utah Ore Sampling Co. built a new sampler at
Murray, and doubled the capacity of its Murray plant,
bringing this up to 1200 tons per day. The Silver City
sampler of this company treated 800 tons per day. The
Park City sampler did not operate. This company sam-
pled the largest tonnage in its history.

Gold, Silver and Lead of Utah

Gold was produced from copper, lead, and mixed ores.
Little straight siliceous gold ore was mined, with the
exception of a few cars from the Annie Laurie mine,
in Sevier County. At Park City, the Ontario and Daly
produced siliceous silver-gold ores, and several proper-
ties in Tintic, including the Chief Consolidated, Cen-
tennial-Eureka, Eagle & Blue Bell, Gemini, and others,
produced siliceous silver-gold-copper ores.

Lead ores furnished a large part of the silver. The
producers were the Silver King Coalition, Judge Mining
and Smelting, Silver King Consolidated, and Daly West
companies of Park City, the Utah Apex, Utah Metal and
Tunnel, Utah Consolidated, and United States proper-

ties at Bingham, and the Tinctic Standard at Tintic.
Shipments of lead ore were made from all camps in the
state. The Deer Trail Mining Co. built a 100-ton mill
at its mine near Man s\ ale, in Piute County. Construc-
tion was started in April, and was Hearing completion
in December. The ore carries gold, silver and lead,
i ' vanidation and flotation will be used.

Zinc Shipments in 1917
Moderate shipments of zinc ore were made from Tin-
tic and Park City, Ophir, Dry Canyon, Stockton, and
from Beaver County. The Lakeview mine, on Promon-
tory Point, in Box Elder County, shipped carbonate zinc
ores. There was also a new producer in this county,
the Valley View property, near Kelton, which shipped a
car of zinc ore. The principal producers of zinc sul-
phides, mostly concentrates, were the Judge Mining
and Smelting, Daly West, and United States companies.
The Midvale Minerals Co. operated a 250-ton flotation
plant on tailings from the United States concentrator
at Midvale and shipped 25 cars of lead-zinc concentrates
per month, the material going to Anaconda. The Chil-
ders Leasing Co., working on a different part of the
same tailings dump, also with a flotation plant, produced
15 cars of zinc-lead sulphides per month, and shipped
to the Kansas gas-field smelteries. The Horn Silver
mine, in Beaver County, shipped a few cars of straight
zinc-sulphide ore. The Judge Mining and Smelting Co.
treated zinc-sulphide concentrates from its mill and pro-
duced electrolytic zinc. Carbonate zinc ores were mined
by the Moscow and Cedar Talisman, in Beaver County;
by the Scranton, in north Tintic; by the Hidden Treas-
ure, in Dry Canyon, and by a number of Tintic prop-
erties, including the May Day, Gemini, Yankee Con-
solidated, and Lower Mammoth.

Manganese, Antimony and Rare Metals
More interest was taken in manganese and molyb-
denum than heretofore. Some manganese ores were
shipped from around Green River. Lessees at the Chief
Consolidated, in Tintic, produced manganese ore from
the Homansville section of that property. Some good
manganese showings were found in the northeastern
part of the state near the Wyoming line, and a limited
amount of surface development was done. Some of this
ore is high grade. During the latter part of 1917 the
Ophir Hill Consolidated, at Ophir, shipped some man-
ganese ore of good grade. Practically all of the man-
ganese ores were shipped East. Two cars of antimony
ore were shipped by the Stibnite Mining Co. from near
Brigham City, in Box Elder County. This company also
shipped some lead-silver ore. A small amount of anti-
mony was shipped from near Junction, in Piute County,
in the southern part of the state. In general, however,
there was relatively little interest shown in antimony
deposits, on account of the lowered price, which would
hardly allow smaller producers to operate. Some anti-
mony from near Lovelocks, Nev., was marketed through
Salt Lake.

There was unusual activity at Deep Creek in rare
metals. Wilson Bros, shipped tungsten ore (scheelite)
bismuth ore (oxidized, probably carbonate), and made
several small shipments of molybdenite from the Semi-
nole Copper and Wilson Consolidated. There was con-
siderable leasing going on during the summer, and var
ous lessees hand jigged and shipped odd lots of tung

January 19. L918

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

I I.:

sten. Tungsten ore was shipped l>y Koker ,.v. Allen from

Deep (reek The United Tungsten Co., owning prop

t'l'ty ill Box Kldor County near Bovine, made shipments.
Some tungsten ores were also marketed through Sail
Lake from White Pine County. Nevada, and from Idaho.
There has recently been considerable activity in tung-
sten near Mill City, New, and ore from here is also
marketed through Salt Lake.

The Alta-Gladstone, in Little Cottonwood, mined some
molybdenite. In general there was an active market
for molybdenite and a steady market for tungsten, the
demand for which picked up in the early spring.

The uranium and vanadium market was quiet in the
early part of 1917, but showed increased activity in the
later months. Shipments of carnotite ores were made
from San Juan County, from near Moab, Green River
and Thompsons. Most of this was shipped East, but
some was sent to Colorado for experimental work.

Potash was produced from alunite by the Mineral

Products Corporation, at Marysvale, in Piute County
This companj made stead] hipmenti of potai ium
phate until fall, when it reduction plant was parti] de
Btroyed by fire Rebuilding oJ the plant was started

without delay and included some improvements and

minor changes in the mechanical handling of th<

The Florence Mining and Milling Co., at Marysvale,
completed its calcining plant, capable of treating 75 to

100 tons of alunite daily, and began operations in M
Bhipping calcined alunite to the K,,-t. The Pill
Utah Potash Co., at llelnap, <i\ miles from Marysvale.
started work on a potash reduction plant. Crude potash
ore was shipped to New Jersey by the Utah Potash Co.
The American Smelting and Refining Co. took over the
Yellow Jacket claims in Marysvale. The Salt Chemical
Co., at (J rants, on the southwestern side of Great Salt
Lake, and the Utah Chemical Co., at Haskell, near Salt-
air, operated potash plants, and shipped potash, run-
ning up to 9 or 10', KCL, and also other salts.

Mining in Colorado in 1917

By GEORGE E. COLLINS*

THE conditions that affected the mining industry
in Colorado the most during 1917 were the scarcity
of labor and the high cost of mine supplies. In
some districts these handicaps were partly offset by high
prices paid for lead, silver and copper, but in the gold
camps, such as Cripple Creek and Central City, condi-
tions were such as to discourage operations. A general
25', increase in wages was granted in the mining dis-
tricts of the state. In almost every case the advance
was made voluntarily by the operators, and it was in
most instances accepted by the men.

Labor Strikes at Leadville and in the San Juan

At Leadville, however, the scale first proposed proved
unacceptable and a strike occurred, in July, the men de-
manding an increase in the minimum wage from $3.50
to $4 per day. The controversy was finally settled
through the intervention of a Federal conciliation board
Which decided in favor of the higher wage, but upon
the agreement that the 8-hr. working shift should be
real and not nominal, as it has been during recent years,
and that the demand for recognition of the union be
waived. The men probably did not gain much, as sev-
eral properties doing only development work became dis-
couraged by the advancing cost of operating, and took
this opportunity to close down.

The strike at Leadville was followed by a walkout at
:he Sunnyside mine, at Eureka, and a threatened gen-
eral strike in San Juan County, the miners contending
that the Sunnyside was owned by the United States
Smelting, Refining and Mining Co., which was a party
.o the settlement at Leadville; and that conditions in
San Juan County were even less favorable to labor than
hose at Leadville. A strike was averted only by a 50c.
ncrease in the wage scale agreed upon bv the local
inion, which included a proviso that the charge for
>oard should not be increased above the old basis, which
vas $1 per day.

"

Mining engineer. Boston Bldg.. Denver. Colo.

Speaking generally, the increase in wages, in the case
of married men, particularly married men with chil-
dren, was not commensurate with the increased cost of
living. With respect to unmarried men, as are most
of the miners in isolated districts, the situation is the
reverse, for boarding-house charges did not advance in
proportion to the cost of provisions; partly because of
the exercise of a little compulsory thrift. In the San
Juan and other districts where company boarding house<
were maintained, the charges were not increased, and
the service was not lessened, which resulted in a de-
cided loss to these departments and therefore should
really have been regarded as the equivalent of addi-
tional wages.

With the increased wages, there was a marked de-
crease in labor efficiency. This was partly because of
the labor shortage, as the men realized that employers
could not fill the place of an inefficient workman. To a
greater extent perhaps, it is because the more ener-
getic men joined the Army, or left for the copper dis-
tricts, where wages were higher. There was, however,
little dissatisfaction in Colorado with the prevailing
wage scales, for it was generally realized that but few
of the mines could afford higher wage scales.

Mining Costs Increased About 67 Per Cent.

The cost of mine supplies, machinery repair parts,
etc., showed a greater percentage of advance than
wages. Everything considered, I believe it is a con-
servative estimate to say that mining costs have in-
creased 67fc since the beginning of the war. Excluding
gold, 1917 prices of lead, zinc and silver (copper having
been relatively unimportant in Colorado) did not rise in
proportion to cost of production.

Perhaps the greatest change in ownership of Lead-
ville properties during 1917 was the sale of the con-
trolling interest in the Yak tunnel to the American
Smelting and Refining Co. Developments in this prop-
erty, in that operated by the Leadville Unit of the United
States Smelting, Refining and Mining Co., and in the

Ml

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 8

Down-Town group were disappointing. The aggregate

lit from the district was high m tonnage, luit low-
in grade; and with it is included a considerable tonnage
of manganese ore. Daring the autumn, production was
greatly curtailed by car shortage.

At Cripple Creek the Cresson mine maintained its
important output of high-grade ore, and the Portland,
while no longer a bonanza mine, was still profitable, but
the Vindicator was reported as disappointing in depth.
Most of the other mines, such as the Granite and Strong,
yielded a normal production. Lessees were scarce, and
the custom mills, particularly the Golden Cycle, were
short of ore. The Roosevelt drainage tunnel advanced
steadily, but was worked one shift per day only.

At Telluride, the Tomboy and Smuggler-Union groups
did fairly well, and shipped zinc in addition to lead-iron-
silver concentrates. In the Smuggler mill cyanidation
was superseded by notation. The Liberty Bell probably
had a hard task to make profits under the conditions
that existed. Black Bear shipped a large tonnage of
ore to the Smuggler mill. Alta was reported sold to the
Tonopah-Belmont interest s.

SUNNYSIDE AND SUNNYSIDE EXTENSION MINES SOLD

At Silverton most of the mines operated under lease,
and some of the lessees, particularly on the Iowa and
Highland Mary, made large profits. Shipments to the
Durango smelting plant since the early summer of 1917
were larger than for several years previous. The Sun-
nyside and Sunnyside Extension mines, above Eureka,
were finally sold to the United States Smelting, Refin-
ing and Mining Co., and a new mill of 500-tons daily
capacity was nearly completed. In this plant prefer-
ential flotation is to be used for the separation of zinc
from lead and iron, superseding electrostatic separation
of the middling. If this new method is successful, the
Sunnyside may become the largest mine in the San
Juan district. The surrounding country also is capa-
ble of a large production of lead and zinc if economic
conditions become sufficiently favorable.

At Ouray the Camp Bird deep adit made excellent
progress, and was reported to have struck several prom-
ising veins that showed mixed sulphide ore. It was
driven 8000 ft. from the portal, with 2000 or 3000 ft.
yet to drive. The Atlas produced steadily, and there was
some production by lessees at the Revenue, although
work on company account was being resumed. There
was greater activity at Ironton and Red Mountain, and
the ore produced was shipped by way of Silverton ; and
if copper and silver prices remain at a remunerative
figure production from this district may increase.

In Clear Creek County there was considerable activity
around Georgetown, where production was stimulated
during the summer by the high price of lead and im-
proved outlook for silver. The Colorado Central and
the Terrible were partly reopened. At Idaho Springs,
on the other hand, the mines produce gold mainly, and
the scarcity of labor was felt severely.

In Gilpin County the labor shortage was perhaps more
acutely felt than anywhere else. A large proportion of
the better men left, and the mines could not afford to
pay wages in competition with other districts. A mill
was in course of construction at the Pittsburg, which
for the last few years was the most profitable mine in
the county.

In Summit County the dredges operated steadily and
were doing well. The Tonopah Placer Co. operated three
dredges, one of which was working on leased ground in
the upper Swan River valley near the foot of Farn-
combe Hill. The Reiling dredge continued at work in
French Gulch. A 4000-cu.yd. boat was being built by
the Yuba Manufacturing Co. of California, for opera-,
tions on the Blue River above Breckenridge.

Of the underground mines, the principal was the Wel-
lington, which was one of the largest producers of zinc
in the state, and was as well a large producer of lead.
This property had an extremely successful year. The
Iron Mask and the Carbonate mines were reopened dur-
ing 1917, and the Puzzle made considerable shipments.
In Eagle County almost the entire productive area at
Red Cliff was acquired, and was operated by the Em-
pire Zinc Co. The Commodore, Amethyst and Creede
United, at Creede, were developed below the tunnel level
by the American Smelting and Refining Co. At Rico,
the Rico-Wellington and Rico-Argentine made a con-
siderable number of shipments of both copper and zinc
ores. Lessees also worked in a small way.

Among other important mines in outlying districts
were the Doctor, which produced crude zinc-carbonate
ore, and the Star, on Italian Mountain, which produced
lead-silver ore. The shipments from both mines was
hauled to the Crested Butte railroad during the sum-
mer. The Anaconda, at Iola, and the Akron, at White
Pine, produced copper ore. The Mary Murphy, in Chaf-
fee County, produced lead, zinc and copper concentrates
carrying gold and silver, and dropped off in output con-
siderably in 1917. This was the only plant in the state
using electrostatic separation of zinc middlings. The
Rawley mine, at Bonanza, proceeded with the develop-
ment already under way, and a large milling plant was
planned at Shirley, on the Denver & Rio Grande R.R.,
between Salida and Marshall Pass, with a long aerial
tramway from mine to mill.

Tungsten and Molybdenum

The Standard Chemical Co., at Naturita, treated car-
notite ore, and the Primos Chemical Co. at Placerville,
worked at full capacity. The Primos company also der
veloped its molybdenite property near Empire, in Clear
Creek County, where the company was driving a deep
adit and building a mill. Two plants were also under
construction for treatment of the extensive deposits of
disseminated molybdenite at Climax, north of Leadville.
Some production of molybdenite and tungsten was also
made from the area between Pitkin and Tin Cup. A
shipment of over 50 tons of hiibnerite concentrates, con-
taining 70% tungstic acid, was made from Silverton
in the early summer, but none was made since.

The main productive area for tungsten was still
around Nederland, in Boulder County, where mining
was performed largely by lessees, and the ore was hauled
to central mills, which usually purchased the concen
trates by assay according to a fixed scale. Plants fi
reducing the concentrates to ferroalloy and to metalli
tungsten are in operation at Boulder and Denver. Some
barite was mined in Custer County and elsewhere; and
fluorspar was regularly shipped from Wagon-Wheel Gap
near Creede, from the Barstow mine, near Ouray, and
from the vicinity of Jamestown in Boulder County
Graphite-bearing rock was mined north of Pitkin.

z

January 19, 1918

ENGINEERING AND MINING 101 RNAL

l i i

Mining in Idaho in 1917

By ROBERT N. BELL*

STIMULATION of mining, brought aboul by the
high metal prices of the first nine months of 1917,
was manifested in Idaho by the extent of explora-
tion and development of new ground. This was especi-
ally true of districts outside the Cceur d'Alene. Some
promising discoveries were made and numerous shippers
of small lots were able to make profits during the high
market.

In the Cceur d'Alene district the Bunker Hill & Sulli-
van million-dollar lead smeltery and refinery at Kellogg
was completed in 1917 and was in successful operation
from the last of July, producing desilverized lead and
fine-silver bars. Increase in the capacity of this plant
is receiving consideration.

Railroad Extension to Pine and Beaver Creeks

The extension of the north-fork branch of the Oregon-
Washington Railroad & Navigation Co's lines several
miles up Beaver Creek to the New Ray-Jefferson mill
was completed and served the numerous lead-zinc mines
in that part of the district. Extensive development was
under progress at the Ray-Jefferson and also at the
more recently acquired Amazon-Manhattan group, both
properties under management of the Day brothers.

Another new railway branch line nine miles long was
started, and three miles of grading was completed up
Pine Creek by the same railway company for the pur-
pose of serving several fairly well developed lead-silver-
zinc properties in that district. Both districts had a
number of splendid prospects, some of which exhibit
good grades of combined lead-silver and zinc ore.

Early in 1917 the big electric-hoist installation under-
ground at the Hercules mine was completed. The new
shaft from the drainage tunnel at the 2400-ft. level was
started in the autumn of 1917, and has attained a depth
of 1000 ft., and three new levels were opened where
marked changes in the character of ore were noticeable.

At the Hecla mine surface improvements were made
and new equipment was installed for a sorting plant. A
new vein discovered in the autumn of 1917 was stoped
and the ore treated in a rented mill, which increased the
total output of the mine to 1000 tons per day. A new
1400-ft. connection was raised to the surface from the
drainage level at the extreme eastern end of the prop-
erty for the purpose of ventilation and safety and to
facilitate the working of the east oreshoot. The main
shaft was deepened 400 ft., reaching the 2000-ft. level
below the drainage adit.

At the Morning mine, belonging to the Federal com-
pany, the main shaft was sunk 200 ft., or to a total
vertical depth of 3600 ft. One of the best orebodies
discovered in the Cceur d'Alene district in recent years
was opened on this property two years ago through the
extension of its main level westward from the lowest
drainage adit. This new ore, however, was tied up
since stoping began by a suit brought for trespass, in-
volving an apex controversy between the Federal com-
pany and the Star Mining Co., resulting in a legal battle
that was tried at Wallace during the autumn in the
Federal district court for Idaho by Judge Dietrich. The

•State mine inspector, Boise, Idaho.

controversy resulted in driving 2000 ft. of raise to con

nect from No. <i tunnel level, where the orebody
disclosed, to the surface near tin- of the con-

tested claims. Mining, geological and legal specialists
were engaged in the preparation of evidence for the
trial by both sides. The Morning mine ceased operations
early in December because of a slight movement in the
main shaft which involved 100 ft. of retimbering to
return to proper alignment.

At the Consolidated [nterstate-Callahan zinc mine,
in the Nine Mile district, improvements in the mill were
made and production was maintained at full capacity
but with greatly reduced profits, owing to high operat-
ing cost and metal-market conditions. The main shaft
was sunk several hundred feet, and is now nearly 2000
ft. below the apex of the vein, and the new deep levels
continue to respond in the tonnage and quality of clean
zinc-lead ore found.

Cceur d'Alene District Employed 5000 Men

At the Bunker Hill & Sullivan mine an additional de-
velopment depth of 300 ft. in the main working shaft
was accomplished, giving a total penetration on the dip
of the vein of 4600 ft. In the Cceur d'Alene district,
ventilation troubles were experienced as greater depths
were attained and definite plans were in progress to
meet these conditions as they develop.

The district employed over 5000 men in 1917. Aside
from the main points of development mentioned, only
limited efforts were made in new work, by reason of the
scarcity of labor and the excessive cost of material. The
district, owing to the war draft on its young men, was
short of miners and would no doubt have suffered still
more but for the closing of the Butte mines during the
summer. In spite of the labor situation, production was
maintained at full capacity, but current development
suffered. The most serious difficulty experienced by the
big operators was in obtaining a supply of mine timber,
caused by the activities of I. W. ' J. in the logging
camps, which developed a rather tense situation during
the summer and resulted in bringing in a small com-
pany of Federal troops, whose presence had a signal
effect on the activities of seditious agitators. Wages
were voluntarily raised by the operators early in the
year, with the advancing price of lead, to a total bonus
of $1.25 per day for miners on a $3.50 base, and have
remained unchanged despite a declining lead market.

The boom in lumber prices worked a hardship on users
of mine timber, which material increased in cost more
than 100% during the last two years. This situation
induced the application, where underground conditions
permitted, of shrinkage methods of stoping. Changes in
ore markets were witnessed in 1917. The important
output of clean lead-silver ore produced by the Hecla
Mining Co. was marketed at the new Bunker Hill &
Sullivan smeltery, at Kellogg, and the product of the
Hercules and Tamarack & Custer Consolidated mines
was treated at the nearby Xorthport smeltery in Wash-
ington, controlled by the Day brothers, the same inter-
ests that control these two big lead-silver properties.

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 3

The Tamarack A Custer was idle during the early

months of lv 1 7 because of labor troubles, but was in
operation after July, and is expanding into one of the
important pi of lead-silver ore in the district.

This property has a complete new mine plant, and a new
al tram two miles long connects directly with the
jco mill on Canyon Creek.

The famous bonanzas of dean lead-silver ore of Coeui
d'Alene fame were about to suspend operations at the
dose of P.U7 because of the apparent exhaustion of ore.
These properties are the Mace mines, known under the
ral titles of Standard. Mammoth-Green Hill and
Cleveland companies, and they covered a single ore
channel that extended for a vertical range of 3600 ft.
and a length of 1000 t i 1500 feet.

The Last Chance mine, at Wardner, was mined down-
ward to the limits set by the courts where the orebodies
converge at the Kellogg tunnel level, and it was worked
over again upward to the surface, rapidly becoming
unprofitable and likely to suspend operations soon.

Outside of the Cceur d'Alene district the Idaho-
Continental mine, near the Canadian boundary, made a
splendid production of 80 cars of clean lead-silver con-
centrates and crude ore under adverse transportation
and power conditions, and closed the year with bigger
ore reserves than it had at the start.

Activity of Mines in Central Idaho

In Idaho County, near Elk City, the Oro Grande Min-
ing Co. completed the construction of a 300-ton per day
all-sliming cyanide mill for the sampling and testing on
a working scale of a zone of sheared granite several hun-
dred feet wide, that by careful hand sampling averaged
$2.50 per ton in gold. The ore is soft and admirably
suited to rough selective mining by steam-shovel
methods. About 40 miles south, in the Marshall Lake
district, the Holt mine operated steadily with a new
25-ton mill which was reported to have made a gold
production valued at over a quarter of a million dollars
from a vein two to five feet wide of an average battery-
feed grade of $35 per ton in free gold and a consider-
able quantity of rich gold concentrates. The total gold
production in Idaho in 1917 w^as about 41,000 ounces.

At Boulder Creek, near Silver City, in Owyhee
County, a concentrating mill was built for 100 tons'
daily capacity by the Demming Mines Co., for the treat-
ment of ore from a series of fissure veins in granite.
The best vein developed is from 6 to 10 ft. wide and
exhibits an oreshoot nearly 300 ft. long containing gold
and silver in combination with a finely disseminated
arsenical sulphide in hard white quartz.

At the Star mine, on Wood River, a 150-ton concen-
trator was built a year ago by the Federal company, of
Wallace, and underwent several modifications and
changes in order to make a separation of complex lead-
zinc ore and a decided step toward greater saving was
made. In the same vicinity the Federal company re-
cently acquired the Independence mine. This property
had a vein parallel to that of the Star, and it had a
sharply contrasted ore that made shipments of both
crude-ore and concentrates of clean galena free from
zinc or other sulphides and carried 60f 'c lead with 100 oz.
silver and several dollars in gold per ton.

At Mackay, in Custer County, the Empire Copper
Mining Co. enjoyed the most productive year of its

history in the shipment o( crude ore, and definite
progress was made toward plans for further expansion.
These plans included the completion of installation of
a 1600 cu.lt. air compressor, the near completion of a
three-mile aerial tramway, with a maximum capacity of
1 — f> tons per hour, and contracts for the driving of two
four-compartment raises 500 and 900 ft. high, respec-
tively, to connect the deep workings with the surface,
where there is a large 1' to 2' , ore dump.

Another interesting copper-mining enterprise was
that of the Copper Basin Mining Co., about 15 miles west
of Mackay, embracing a somewhat similar great zone
of mineralization having good surface indications of
possibly high-grade copper oxide and carbonate ores.
An important body of 3', copper sulphide ore 30 ft.
thick was found in the course of development in 1917
and is of exceptional promise. The mine was equipped
with a 50-hp. compressor and a crosscut tunnel was
driven that attained a length of 1000 feet.

Lead-Silver Ores Near Mackay

The most important mineral disclosure of central
Idaho in 1917 was made on the Kennedy and Horseshoe
properties, adjoining the Empire copper mine on the
west at Mackay. A series of contacts between intrusive
porphyry and a blue limestone bears hopeful evidence
of a new and large tonnage of lead-silver ore of desirable
grade. One of these properties, energetically operated
under a lease by P. J. Keenan and recently optioned to
the U. S. Smelting, Refining and Mining Co., produced
10,000 tons of crude ore, which was shipped to a Utah
smeltery between March and October and contained 6
to 10 rr lead carrying 1 oz. of silver per unit and ren-
dered marketable in a crude state by virtue of the high
metal prices that prevailed, and the fact that the ore
had a high excess, nearly 40%, of brown oxide.

The Horseshoe shipments from leasing operations ag-
gregated about 3000 tons, with a grade around 25%
lead and 15 oz. silver per ton. Half a dozen other pros-
pects in the same vicinity made small shipments of
similar grade.

Developments Along the Salmon River Region

Further west, in Custer County along Salmon River,
the Red Bird lead-silver mine, after an idleness of 10
years, was operated by lessees, who shipped about 20
carloads of high-grade crude ore containing 30 to 50%
lead carrying 1 oz. of silver per unit. The old Ram's
Horn Mine, at Bayhorse, was another revival of a silver
mine which had been inactive for 15 years, and a number
of carloads of gray-copper ore carrying about 200 oz.
silver per ton was shipped. This is one of the best
developed and deepest known deposits of gray-copper
ore, having a proved reserve estimated at 20,000 tons.

Activity in prospecting prevailed all along this part
of the upper Salmon River, and some interesting dis-
coveries were made. In this district 1917 also records
a revival of interest in the old Vienna silver camp and
the construction of a 50-ton mill.

The Wilbert mine, in Butte County, on little Lost
River, installed a new electric hoist and compressor
plant and started the straightening of its incline shaft
from the 800-ft. level. Steady production was made
at this property, the grades in silver increasing nearly
200 ff below the 600-ft. level.

January 19, L918

KNCINKKKINOI AND MININ<; .lOI'UNAL

147

In the Gilmore district in Lemhi Count} the 1917

production was materially lower than that of MUG be
cause much of the operating activity here was devoted
to development and equipment. The Pittsburg-Idaho
mine installed a 260-hp. gas-engine plant, a double-drum
electric hoist, compressor and station pump, and com-
pleted a new 50 incline shaft 700 ft. deep. A 6000-ft.
tunnel was driven to the Latest Out vein, on the Gilmore
company's property, and exploitation began at the new
point of penetration, which is 1000 ft. below the apex.
The Latest Out mine developed a new level at 600 ft.
and disclosed the most extensive and richest ore of its
history, while the bottom level of the Pittsburg-Idaho
at 700 ft. presented the best indications of ore recorded
by the enterprise. A strong flow of water at that hori-
zon, however, involved the improvements mentioned.
Further west in Lemhi County the Anderson mine, at
Worthington Creek, drove a long crosscut tunnel, and a
number of carloads of crude 10rr copper ore was shipped
from the upper levels. The total lead production of
Idaho in 1917 is estimated at 400,000,000 lb. and of
silver about 12,900,000 ounces.

Cobalt Mill on Blackbird Creek

At Blackbird Creek, west of Salmon City, the Haynes-
Stellite Co., of Kokomo, Ind., acquired a large group of
claims, showing big veins of cobalt-sulphide ore con-
taining some nickel. A 50-ton concentrating mill was
completed late in 1917 on this property, and its devel-
opment is well under way. East of Salmon City, at
Carmen Creek, a disseminated deposit in porphyry was
developed over an area 600 x 800 ft. to a maximum
depth at one point of 100 ft. and is believed by the oper-
itors to contain average grades in primary zinc sul-
phide and in addition some gold and silver. Plans for
the immediate erection of a 400-ton concentrating and
•yanidation mill, I am advised, were recently consum-
mated, and the property financed for the treatment of
:he ore. This disseminated ore is something new in
:his region and rather emphasizes the wide distribution
if the zinc mineralization. Further development would
<eeirc in order, however, before the promotion of ambi-
ious milling plans. The zone in which the ore occurs
s traceable for miles along the foot of the main range
>f the Rocky Mountains east of Salmon City, and shows
nteresting evidence of copper dissemination at several
mints, with some content of gold and silver that in some
nstances may warrant prospecting by drill. Consider-
ible diamond-drill work was done in 1917 on dissemi-
lated copper ore in porphyry, and prospecting in the
5even Devils district, in Adams County, will likely be
ontinued during 1918. The Iron Dyke mine, across
he Oregon-Idaho line, has been a steady shipper for the
ast two years and had a decidedly profitable year in
917. It was developed to the 1000-ft. level, 100 ft.
'elow the level of Snake River, and is said to disclose
deposit 150 ft. wide of relatively high-grade concen-
rating ore. In the deeper workings of this property
here are some interesting indications of bornite and
ovelite following pyrite and chalcopyrite. These dis-
losures greatly stimulated interest in the Oregon dis-
rict and substantiate the belief in the probable perma-
ency of the deposits on the Idaho side of the river
here similar geologic and mineralization conditions
revail.

in Boii '■ < lounty a L00-ton quartz mill was completed on
the Lucks Boj nunc, near Idaho City, and a 26-ton con
centrating mil] was put in commission at the old Banner
mine, 20 miles northeasl of Idaho City. The lattei

property was purchased by prominent Spokane oper-
ators, and is said to have a developed ore reserve oi
3,000,000 oz. of silver in the form of sulphide occurring
in an oreshoot 600 ft. long and of equal maximum
depth. Several shipments of selected crude ore contain
ing 300 oz. of silver per ton were made from this prop-
erty, and a small car of concentrates was shipped thai
assayed over 900 oz. of silver per ton.

The Teton Valley Coal Co.'s property near the Wy-
oming line in eastern Idaho was recently sold for
$100,000, and its development was undertaken by th"
new owners. This is the only bituminous coal deposit
of commercial importance so far disclosed in Idaho. A
responsible engineer estimates its reserves at 4,000,000
tons to a depth of 500 ft. on a series of steep-pitching
seams. Practically all of Idaho's coal requirements are
now imported from Utah and Wyoming. This deposit
is identified with the famous Kemmerer horizon, and it
is believed will materially relieve the fuel situation if
development progresses favorably.

Active interest was revived in two of the phosphate-
rock deposits of Bear Lake County, in southeastern
Idaho, in 1917, and several thousand tons of rich rock
was shipped to California points, with large contracts
ahead for 1918 for export to the Hawaiian Islands.

New Mining Legislation Embraces Compensation
and Dust-Catching Devices

A legislative enactment affecting the Idaho mining
industry, passed at the last sesion of the Idaho Legisla-
ture early in 1917, was the Workmen's Compensation
Act, known as Senate Bill No. 221, Chapter 81, Session
Laws of Idaho, 1917. This law is applicable to all
hazardous industries in Idaho as well as to mining. The
act took full effect on Jan. 1, 1918, and involved the
appointment of a nonpartisan Compensation Commis-
sion Board, consisting of three members at a salary of
$3000 a year each and an Insurance Commissioner at a
salary of $4000. The act provides a specific schedule
of payments based on the Montana statute, in effect for
the last three years, and is in many respects similar to
that law, which has proved satisfactory to the mining
industry of that state.

Another bill especially affecting the operation of
mines, and entitled House Bill No. 25, which became ef-
fective on and after its passage in March, 1917, made
it a statutory requirement that mine operators shall pro-
vide dust-catching devices on stoping or all other ma-
chines in dry ground. This law imposes a severe penalty
on the operator who does not provide the device and on
the miner for not using it when it is provided. Because
of the scarcity of labor, the enforcement of the law has
been difficult. The device employed has been usually in
the form of a small injector spray attached to the ma-
chine and involving the use of a can of water and a
small suction hose. The protection appliances have been
liberally supplied by the operators and in some of the
mines their use was well observed; in others the men
deliberately disregarded their presence and seemed will-
ing to eat dust in preference to adjusting and operating
the device. Where its use has been enforced, it is the

US

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 3

opinion of operators that just as mini, ground or moro
■.it with the dust-catching device as without it.
ana aditions become more normal the

the law will doubtless be insisted upon, as
its • ote the efficiency as well as to pro-

ted the health of the workmen.

William 1 [ague

pneumonia, on .Ian. 2, 1918, while on service ill
Prance for his country, Lieut. William lla^ue, 116th En-
gineers, son of the late .lames D. Hague, in the 36th
year of his age." Thus read a death notice in the papers
9 days ago, which conveyed a slunk to many people
in this country, especially to many mining men, who
knew William Hague as one of the best, most accom-
plished and most lovable of our younger mining en-
trineer>.

Lieutt'nant Hague was bom in Orange, N. J.. 35 years
. the son of the late James D. Hague, a very dis-

WILLIAM HAGUE

tinguished mining engineer, and Mary Ward (Foote)
Hague, of Guilford, Conn. He attended Milton Acade-
my, Milton, Conn., and was graduated from Harvard in
the class of 1904. He was a nephew of the late Arnold
Hague, of the United States Geological Survey. Seven
years ago he married Elizabeth Stone, of Milton, who
with their son, James D. Hague, six years old, survives
him. He was a member of the Harvard and Engineers'
Clubs, of New York, and also a member of the Mining
and Metallurgical Society of America.

Lieutenant Hague's mining career began immediately
after his graduation from Harvard, when he went to
Bisbee, Ariz., to be a surveyor's helper in the mines of
the Copper Queen Consolidated Mining Co. In 1905 he
became an instrument man, being engaged on the con-
struction work of the Copper Queen smelting plant at
Douglas, Ariz. In the latter part of the same year he
was transferred to the geological department of the com-
pany, being occupied in that work until May, 1906. The

summer ><( 1906 was spent in prospecting in Michigan;
but in the autumn he returned to Arizona as assistant
in construction of the Copper Queen plant at Douglas,
ami remained on that work until October, 1907. The
autumn and winter of 1907-08 he spent in traveling in
the United States and Mexico, his purpose beinp to
broaden his experience; wherefore he proceeded leisure-
ly, occasionally taking a position for a short time.
Thus, for two months he was employed as a shift boss
in the cyanide plant of the Guanajuato Consolidated and
Milling Company.

A serious illness that befell him in 1908 kept him
from work during the major part of that year, but upon
his recovery, in December, he was appointed managing
director of the North Star Mines Co., a famous and
successful gold-mining enterprise on the Mother Lode
in California, with which his distinguished father had
been identified for a great many years, and in which
William Hague was the natural successor to his father.

However, William Hague could not keep away from
purely professional activities in directions wherein he
was intensely interested, and during a considerable part
of 1909 and 1910 he was engaged in geological work at
Bisbee, Ariz., for the Copper Queen Consolidated Min-
ing Co., making occasional trips to Grass Valley, Calif.

From June 1910, up to the time when he entered the
United States Army, Mr. Hague resided at Grass Val-
ley as managing director of the North Star Mines Co.;
but during 1911 he joined J. R. Finlay as assistant in
the appraisal of copper mines for the State of Michigan.

Lieutenant Hague attended the Officers' Training
Camp at Plattsburg in September, 1916. After re-
ceiving his commission, he was called to the Engineers'
Training Camp at Vancouver Barracks, Oregon, last
spring. Later he was transferred to the camp at Ameri-
can Lakes, near Tacoma, and from there to Charlotte-
ville, N. C. He was ordered with his regiment to
Mineola last November, and soon afterward left for
France. His family received news of his safe arrival
abroad Dec. 15 last. Since then a cable of Christmas
greetings to his family was the only word received.

In the Evening Post a few days ago there was a
tribute from an anonymous friend which is so poetic
and so true that it may well be repeated:

"A few short weeks ago there was the bustle of camps;
then a great silent flitting of our boys going 'over there,'
and now there are commencing the first brief lists of
those who are to lie in the torn fields of France. To
day we read of Lieut. William Hague, whom we said
good-by to hardly more than a month ago — so clean
so young, so strong — who, abandoning the professiona
career in which he had won such commendation anc
which held for him such promise, leaving his wife ant
his little boy to whom he was so dear, answered at once
the call for men of his training, and is new dead 'in the
service of his country.'

"There are many friends of that courtly and dignified
gentleman James D. Hague who recall, both here and in
Stockbridge, the parental pride in the promising lad of
such a little time ago — the eager schoolboy at Milton,
the rather grave youth at Harvard, his entry into new
experiences in the Western mining world, and who, see-
ing him during his stay at Camp Upton, realized that
the old Puritan stock was still sound and true — and now
with him the struggle is over and the sacrifice made."

lanuarj 19, L918

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

I IS

Bill To Control War Minerals
By Thk Wak Minerals Committee

William fount w .stii v.ii, Chairman

The following is an explanation of the proposed legis-
lation for Government control of the mining and mineral
industry:

Since its organization in July, 1!H7, the War Min-
erals Committee has been studying some important
phases <i( the mineral industry and its relation to win-
ning the war. Out of this has come a realization that
there is imperative need for more definite coordination
than is possible without direction by some Governmental
agency. No privately controlled industry can have the
detailed knowledge of war needs or control of all its
supplies and markets to be able to effect the adjustment
of its activities necessary for war purposes. Shortages
of essential minerals will ensue unless immediate steps
are taken to stimulate and develop the mining activities
needed. To authorize this necessary Governmental ac-
tivity the committee has drawn a bill which has been
presented to the Mines Committees in both houses of
Congress, and to the various war boards interested in
this matter. It is believed that the control of the min-
eral and allied industries provided must be authorized
either by the passage of this bill, or by incorporating it
in some broader piece of legislation, if the industries
concerned are to be enabled to bring their full energies
to bear on the winning of the war.

The bill is modeled on the Food Control Act and ex-
tends its provisions to cover the mineral industry and
those industries whose materials come from it. The
objects of the bill are briefly explained in the following
outline of its sections :

Sec. 1 gives the President power to carry out any or
all of the provisions of the bill whenever it is necessary,
in his judgment, for the winning of the war. It defines
"necessaries" as ores and minerals, products derived
therefrom, and chemicals.

Sec. 2 empowers the President to create and use the
organizations necessary for carrying out the provisions
of the bill.

Sec 3 is exactly like that in the Food Control Act
which forbids any person carrying out the provisions of
the bill from being pecuniarily interested in any con-
tact made under it.

Sec. 4 makes it unlawful to destroy or willfully waste
'necessaries," or to hoard or monopolize, or to limit
iistribution or production of such articles.

Sec. 5 empowers the President to license the importa-
:ion, mining, manufacturing, storage, or distribution
)f the articles covered in the bill; and to regulate the
icensees as may be necessary. This section is the one
inder which much of the coordination needed would
>e effected. It would not entail Government operation,
nit would leave the business in the owner's hands and
vould not necessarily go further than to direct his ac-
ivities in a way most effective for winning the war.
The committee believes it is necessary for the President
o have this authority in order to make possible the cur-
ailment of the waste of labor and material in the pro-
uction of unnecessary luxuries.
Sec. 6 forbids the hoarding of products of the min-
ral and allied industries and defines hoarding as the
ccumulation of supplies (a) not reasonably needed for

the business of the owner, or (b) for the purpose oi
maintaining prices.

Sec. 7 gives the Pre idenl power to condemn and ell
hoarded articles.

Sees. 8 and !i are penalty clauses, exactlj as in t h < ■
Food Control I '.ill.

Sec. 10 empowers the President to requisition such
articles as are covered by the bill, and means are pro-
vided for justly compensating the owner. The necessity
for this section lies in the fact that unwise or unpatri
otic persons otherwise might be able to insist upon
directing their products to non-essential uses.

Sec. 11 provides the power to buy, store, and sell the
articles covered by the bill. One of the most obvious
needs to be served by this section will be the stimulation
of small producers. Minerals of critical importance of-
tentimes occur in small deposits. Difficulty and mis-
understanding between buyer and miner result in dis-
couraging the miner, and production is only a fraction
of what it would be if the Government were to buy the
ores at a standard fair price and control the market.
Proper action under this section would go far to help fill
the country's demands for mica, graphite, chromite,
manganese, tungsten, and other minerals that are found
only in small deposits.

Sec. 12 authorizes the President to take over and
operate any mineral deposit, mine, or plant. This
power should, in general, be used as the last resort,
when other powers fail. It must be available for
emergencies, however. One important deposit of a
much-needed mineral which must be imported at present
is not operating because of litigation. The Government
must have power to take over and operate when such
difficulties prevent private operation.

Sec. 13 gives the President power to prevent specula-
tion in and the manipulation of prices for all articles
covered by the bill.

Sec. 14 gives the President the authority to fix mini-
mum and maximum prices for articles covered by the
bill. There are two fundamental industries on which
the conduct of the war depends — farming and mining.
It is just as important to make sure of sufficient of
the necessary metals as it is to be sure of food. To get
them it is necessary, in some cases, that a reasonable
minimum price be guaranteed for a reasonable time.
Maximum price-fixing for coal has already proved to be
desirable.

Sec. 15 permits the President to limit, regulate, or
prohibit the production or use of any article covered
by the bill. Under this, it will be possible to prevent
the use of some war essential in making things that the
country can well do without — to prohibit the use of
platinum in jewelry, to limit the use of steel in build-
ing if necessity demands, and to stop the use of tin
for containers of dry substances.

Sec. 16 imposes a penalty for resisting an officer en-
forcing this law.

Sec. 17 appropriates $5,000,000 for administering this
act.

Sec. 18 appropriates for operation of the general pro-
visions— working capital — $150,000,000.

Sec. 19 provides that no employees shall be exempt
from draft.

Sec. 20 directs that annual reports of work done and
details of expenditures shall be made.

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 3

nsisl of the necessary provisions for
interpreting the a

mination ni the act is provided for
the war as. in the judgment
dent, the agencies created can cease their
pities am) turn business back into regular chani

State Geological and Mining Officials

The following lists of the directors of state geological

surveys and of the chiefs of state mine inspection bu-
a convenient reference. The lists were
:>iletl in December, 1917, from the latest information
available at that time.

It will !>e seen thai of the 48 states of the Union, 36
have organized geological surveys.

A. 11 Purdue, State Geologist of Tennessee, died on
Dec 12. 1 i» 1 T. His successor has not yet been appointed.

STATE GEO! OGISTS

Alabama — Eugene A. Smith. University.
Arkansas X F. Drake, Fayetteville.

Connecticut— Herbert E, Gregory, Superintendent State

Geological and Natural History Survey, New Haven.
Colorado — R. D. George, Director, Boulder.
Florida— E. H. Sellards, Tallahassee.
Georgia— S. W. Metallic. Atlanta.
Illinois— F. W. DeWolf, Director, Urbana.
Indiana — Edward Barrett, Indianapolis.
Iowa — George F. Kay, Des Moines.
Kansas — Raymond Moore. Lawrence.
Kentucky — J. B. Hoeing, Frankfort.
Maryland — Edward B. Mathews, Baltimore.
Michigan — R. C. Allen, Lansing.
Minnesota — W. II. Emmons, Minneapolis.
Mississippi — E. N. Lowe, Jackson.
Missouri — H. A. Buehler, Rolla.
Nebraska — E. H. Barbour, Lincoln.
New Jersey — H. B. Kummel, Trenton.
New Mexico — Charles T. Kirk. Albuquerque.
New York — John M. Clarke, Albany.
North Carolina — Joseph Hyde Pratt, Chapel Hill.
North Dakota — A. G. Leonard, Fargo.
Ohio — J. A. Bownocker, Columbus.
Oklahoma — C. W. Shannon, Norman.
Pennsylvania — R. R. Hice, Beaver.
Rhode Island — Charles W. Brown, Providence.
South Carolina — Stephen Taber, Columbia.
South Dakota — Freeman Ward, Vermillion.
Tennessee — (Not appointed), Nashville.
Texas — J. A. Udden, Director, Bureau of Economic Geology,

Austin.
Vermont — G. H. Perkins, Burlington.
Virginia — Thomas L. Watson, Charlottesville.
Washington — Henry Landes, Seattle.
West Virginia— I. C White, Morgantown.
Wisconsin — W. 0. Hotchkiss, Madison.
Wyoming — L. W. Trumbull, Cheyenne.

STATE MINE INSPECTORS, COMMISSIONERS, ETC.

Alabama — C. H. Nesbitt, Chief Mine Inspector, Birmingham.

Alaska— Sumner S. Smith, U. S. Mine Inspector, Juneau.

Arizona — G. H. Bolin, Chief Mine Inspector, Phcenix,
Charles F. Willis, Director, State Bureau of Mines.

Arkansas — John H. Page, Commissioner, Bureau of Mines.
Manufactures and Agriculture, Little Rock; John T. Ful-
ler, State Mineralogist; Robt. Boyd, Jr., Mine Inspector.
Fort Smith.

'alifomia — F. McN. Hamilton, State Mineralogist. San
Francisco; H. M. Wolflin, Chief Mine Inspector, San Fran-
cisco,
orado — Fred Carroll, Commissioner; James Dalryi'
Chief Inspector of Mines, Denver.

Idaho — R. N. Bell, State Mine Inspector, Boise.

Illinois — Evan D. John, Director. Department of Mines and
Minerals, Springfield.

Indiana .Michael Scollard. Mine Inspector, Indianapolis.

Iowa 1.. E. Stamm, Secretary, State Mining Board, Des
Moines.

Kansas Fred Green, State Mine Inspector, Pittsburg.

Kentucky— C. b Norwood. Chief Inspector of Mines, Lex-
ington.

Maryland — John L. Casey. Mine Inspector, Frostburg.

Michigan — Duncan A. Reid, Mine Inspector, Flint.

Minnesota- -F. A. Wildes, Chief Mine Inspector, Crosby.

Missouri — George Hill, Chief Mine Inspector, Bevier.

Montana — John Sanderson, State Mine Inspector, Helena.

Nevada — A. J. Stinson, State Mine Inspector, Carson City.

New Mexico — W. W. Risdon, State Mine Inspector, Albu-
querque.

New York W. W. Jones, State Mine Inspector, Albany.

North Dakota — J. W. Bliss, State Engineer, Bismarck.

Ohio— L. O. Devore, Chief Deputy, and Safety Commission-
er of Mines; Industrial Commission of Ohio, Columbus.

Oklahoma — Ed Boyle, Chief Inspector, McAlester.

Oregon — H. M. Parks, Director Bureau of Mines and Geol-
ogy, Portland.

Pennsylvania — James E. Roderick, Chief, Department of
Mines, Harrisburg.

South Dakota — Otto Ellerman, State Mine Inspector, Lead.

Tennessee — R. A. Shiflett, Chief Mine Inspector, Nashville.

Texas — B. S. Gentry, State Mine Inspector, Rockdale.

Utah — Robert Howard, State Mine Inspector, Salt Lake
City.

Virginia — A. G. Lucas, State Mine Inspector, Richmond.

Washington— James Bagley, State Inspector of Coal Mines,
Seattle.

West Virginia — Earl A. Henry, Chief, Department of Mines,
Charleston.

James W. Malcolmson

James W. Malcolmson, a well-known mining engineer,
died on Dec. 26, 1917. Mr. Malcolmson was born in
England. He was Whitworth scholar from 1886 to 1889,
and studied at the Royal School of Mines, in London,
from 1890 to 1893. Completing his studies, he went to
Mexico, first as assistant mining and mechanical engi-
neer to the Michoacan Railway and Mining Co., but soon
afterward he became mining engineer for the Consoli-
dated Kansas City Smelting and Refining Co., for which
company he worked in Mexico, Arizona and Texas until
1898. Upon the organization of the American Smelt-
ing and Refining Co., Mr. Malcolmson became the mana-
ger of its mining department in Mexico, which position
he filled until 1902. From 1902 to 1909 he was consult-
ing mining engineer of the United States & Mexican
Trust Co., and from 1909 to 1910 consulting engineer
for the Lucky Tiger Combination Gold Mining Co., mak-
ing his headquarters in Kansas City. From that time
onward Mr. Malcolmson maintained his office in Kansas
City, where he was engaged in general consulting work.
He was an engineer of sterling qualities and of high
reputation.

Taxes on Metal Exports from Mexico

Washington Correspondence

Taxes on metals that may be exported from Mexico
during January, 1918, have been announced as follows:
Gold, $21.46 per lb.; silver in bars or ingots, 63ic. per
lb.; silver associated with other minerals or in concen-
trates, 883c. per lb.; copper in bars or ingots, lie. per
lb.; copper associated with other metals or in concen-
trates, 1.42c. per lb. The rate of taxation mentioned in
the foregoing has been reduced to U. S. currency.

January 19, L918

ENGINEERING AND MININC .loi'KNAl.

151

Graphite Mining in New York

By L). 11. N i w i \\i>

Graphite mining in the Adirondack* was stimulated
into now activity by the recent market developments.
For a number of years the industry bad shown little
tendency to growth; in fact, it had continued practically
stagnant ever since the collapse of the many ill-founded
ventures that were started during- the boom period of
1905-1910. The present revival had the support of more
favorable trade conditions than at any previous time;
development is being conducted along conservative lines,
and so is likely to show a degree of permanency.

The production of the district last year is estimated
at 5,500.000 lb. of flake graphite. This represents a gain
of nearly 50'r for the twelvemonth and is about double
the normal total of earlier years. It is difficult to estab-
lish an average of the prices received for the product,
since these depend upon conditions, which vary with the
output of each mine. For the mill concentrates which
contain 75-80r( carbon the general average would be
about 7-7}c, but for the best quality refined flake the
prices were, of course, considerably higher. The refin-
ing process, as a rule, makes three different grades from
the mill product, the grades depending upon the size and
purity of the flake. The individual qualities vary con-
siderably among the different mines. One of the Adi-
rondack companies reports the following average prices:
No. 1 flake, 88% carbon, 12i-15c; No. 2 flake, 82% car-
bon, 9-12c. ; dust, 40% carbon, <c. per pound.

The active mines were the American, of the Joseph
Dixon Crucible Co., which has been operated for the
last 40 years; the property of the Graphite Products
Corporation near Saratoga Springs, which began oper-
ations in 1916, and the mine near Whitehall, of Hooper
Brothers, who started production for the first time last
summer. In addition, some development was carried
out at Greenfield, Saratoga County, by the Flake Graph-
ite Co., which took over the holdings of the Empire
Graphite Co. Plans were considered, also, for the
opening of the Faxon properties, which lie on the bor-
ders of the American mine and hold the extension of the
beds so successfully worked by that enterprise. The
developments in progress, if actually made effective, will
soon raise the output to 10,000,000 lb. a year.

In spite of the commercial success that is indicated
by the recent operations, there is much that may be
done to improve the conditions of the industry, espe-
cially with reference to the technical methods employed
in the recovery of the graphite. One of the impedi-
ments that caused so many wrecks in the earlier period
of development was the lack of an efficient process.
The scheme of milling which has been most successful
undoubtedly is that developed by William Hooper,
the first manager of the American mine, and since
adapted by his son, George H. Hooper, with some im-
provements, for the Saratoga and Whitehall plants. This
depends upon wet methods of separation, after reducing
in stamps or rolls, the graphite being floated off from
the heavier ingredients by treating the material in sta-
tionary buddies. Shaking tables may be introduced as a
preliminary step to remove the bulk of the heavy min-
erals. The middlings from the first buddle are re-

treated and the process i repeated until the product li
brought up to 7.v , carbon or more. The flake Is then

dried, bolted and for further treatment subjected to
refining, which consists in grinding and bolting, sup-
plemented by separation with the aid of air currents
or by water flotation. The use of oil flotation or of elec-
trostatic methods has not as yet been introduced in the
Adirondacks.

One of the difficulties in the mill process inheres in
the extreme contrast between the graphite and its
gangue with respect to hardness. The containing rock
of the Adirondack graphite is a compact quartzite or
quartzose schist which has undergone intense meta-
morphism with recrystallization from the original con-
ditions, which was that of sandstone or silt. To release
the soft graphite without flouring much of it is a prob-
lem not yet satisfactorily worked out. Crushing wet
with stamps, which allows the graphite to float -off as
soon as released from the gangue, is one method ntro-
duced with this end in view. There is still much op-
portunity for experimentation and possible improvement
in mill practice, and probably after a time something
approaching a standard practice will be worked out.

It is a partial recompense for the hardness of the ores
that the crystalline texture of the graphite is so well
developed. This is conditioned very likely by the thor-
ough change that the rock matrix has passed through.
In size of flake the Adirondack ores are superior to those
of the other districts in the Appalachian belt. The per-
centage of carbon ranges up to 8 or 10% and in re-
stricted beds may run 15% ; the average, however, is
around 4 or 5%. This means a mill recovery of 80 to
100 lb. to the ton, which may seem anomalous at first,
but finds explanation in the fact that the impurities in
the concentrates about counterbalance the losses occur-
ring in the process.

Graphite in Ontario in 1917
By Thomas W. Gibson*

The production of refined graphite in Ontario for
1917 was about 4000 tons, comparing with 3446 tons in
1916. About one-third of the product was flake, the
remainder being dust or foundry plumbago. Three com-
panies carried on mining and milling operations: Black
Donald Graphite Co., Ltd., at Calabogie; Globe Graphite
Mining and Refining Co., Ltd., at Port Elmsley, and the
National Graphite Co., Ltd., of Toronto.

The Black Donald deposit occurs in white limestone,
through which a vertical vein of graphite strikes north-
east, varying in width from 7 to 22 ft. It is a large
and important body, and has been worked since 1895.
It lies on the shore of Whitefish Lake in the Township
of Brougham. Water power on the Madawaska River
is utilized in mining and milling operations.

At the Globe company's property the country rock is
a gray crystalline limestone, through which runs a series
of graphite-bearing zones or veins, the two main bodies
lying parallel with an east strike, the others cutting
across at different angles. The graphite occurs dissem-
inated through the limestone, and is mostly in flake
form. The mine is at Oliver's Ferry, on the Rideau
Canal, North Elmsley Township.

•Assistant state geologist, Albany, New York.

•Deputy Minister of Mines for Ontario, Toronto, Canada.

ENGINEERING \M' MINING ii>i i;\.\l

Vol. 105, No. 3

The S Co., Ltd., was organised in

d is ;m amalgamation of the inter

Messrs. Matthews and Poster in certain

- in Hastings County, and the mining and milling

interests of the New York Graphite Co. The mine is

the Township of Monteagle, and the mill at Mum-

The graphite is of the flake variety disseminated

in a time ingue, and is easily concentrated

-c tlake at the end of the year was selling at 16c.
per lb.; small flake at 13 or 14c. and dust at about 2}c.
Present conditions favor the growth of the Canadian
industry, but developments in Alabama and in the Adi-
rondack region of New York promise strong competi
tion in the United States. There are several other
known graphite deposits in eastern Ontario, which are
not at present being activelj worked

Albert Allmand Blow

Albert Allmand Blow, mining engineer of interna-
tional reputation, died at his residence in Knoxville,
Tenn.. on Jan. 2, 1918. He became ill while in New
York, six weeks previously, and was taken to a hospital
in Baltimore, where he received treatment for septic
pneumonia. Improving somewhat, he was removed to
Knoxville. where it was thought that he would recover;
but hopes were disappointed.

Mr. Blow was born in 1858, the eldest son of George
Blow and Elizabeth Allmand. of Norfolk, Va., a grand-
son of Col. George Blow, of Tower Hill, Sussex County,
Virginia. He received his preparatory education in
Webster's Academy, in Norfolk, and later entered the
Virginia Military Institute, from which he was gradu-
ated in 1877. After spending a year in teaching in the
public schools of Norfolk, and another year in the office
of the City Engineer of that city, .Mr. Blow went to
Leadville, Colo., in the autumn of 1879. In Leadville he
became associated with his cousin. William Byrd Page,
forming the firm of Page & Blow, which developed an
extensive practice as mine surveyors. In connection
with this work Mr. Blow obtained an unusually com-
prehensive knowledge of the mines of the new district.
and he applied it to good advantage in studying the
geology of the ore deposits, which at that time were not
commonly understood, the famous report by S. F. Em-
mons not yet having been published. Mr. Blow's attain-
ments in this respect, together with his recognized
capacity as an engineer and his exhibition of adminis-
trative qualities, led to the invitation to him in 1884
to become general manager of the Silver Cord Combina-
tion Mining Co. in Leadville. Under Mr. Blow this
company became very successful indeed. The con-
duct of its affairs was intensely interesting to him, not
only in a commercial way, but also in a scientific, the
company possessing ore deposits of complicated charac-
ter, the unraveling of which was a delight to him. The
results of his studies, not only in this mine, but also in
the adjoining mines of Iron Hill, led to the preparation
of an elaborate and scholarly paper that was published
in the Transactions of the American Institute of Min-
ing Engineers, which was immediately recognized as one
of the most important contributions to the knowledge
of the Leadville ore deposits.

During the latter part of his sojourn in Leadville, Mr.
Blow laid out and constructed the famous Yak tunnel.

He also became more and more engaged in general con-
sulting work, in such capacity visiting many parts of
the Western United States. Mexico and British Colum-
bia, this professional employment extending itself
greath alter he removed his headquarters from Lead-
ville to Denver.

The reputation that Mr. Blow had gained by this
time was very considerable, and it was <|uite in the order
of things that in 1896 he should have been called to
London, and thence sent to the Transvaal, South Africa,
to undertake the management of the Sheba Gold Mining

ALBERT ALLMAND BLOW

Co. We should like to dwell upon the excellent work
that he did during the three years that he was manager
of the Sheba mines. He increased the mill to 200
stamps, so as to handle the lowest grade of ore; dis-
covered new and extremely rich veins in adjoining
claims of the company, and generally augmented both
the yield of the mines and the dividends of the com-
pany, while improving the whole tone of the place, not
only by means of better management, the introduction
of a more capable staff, etc., but also through his mar-
velous ability in handling the Kafir labor.

In 1899 Mr. Blow resigned the management of the
Sheba company and became consulting engineer for sev-
eral important British syndicates operating in the
Transvaal and other countries. However, the breaking
out of the Boer War caused him to move his head-
quarters to London. He remained there about five years,
making professional visits to Mexico, South America.
Australia, New Zealand, Tasmania, and Canada.

In 1904 Mr. Blow returned to the United States and
opened an office as consulting mining engineer in New
York, continuing the same kind of work that he had
previously been doing from London. In 1910 he became
consulting mining engineer for the White Investing Co.,
which position he retained until 1912. In 1913 he re-
tired from active practice, and went to Tennessee to
engage in the development of the natural resources of
the South. He formed the Southern Minerals Co., and

January L9, L918

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

168

the Union Zinc Co. He divided his time between Knox
ville and his country home "Belleville," in Gloucester
County, Virginia, which he enjoyed greatly.

In 1885 Mr. Blow married Jennie Matteaon Goodell,

who survives him. She enjoys the distinction of having
been decorated by Queen Victoria with the Lady of
Grace Order of St. John for the active part she took
(in conjunction with Lady Randolph Churchill) in rais-
ing funds for the purchase and equipment of the hos-
pital ship "Maine" sent by Americans to Capetown for
aid to the British wounded in the Boer War in 1899.
Mr. Blow is also survived by two sons, George and
Allmand, both of whom are graduates of Columbia and
the School of Mines, after being graduated from the
Virginia Military Institute. George took the mining
degree, while Allmand took the metallurgical. George
is now a major in the U. S. Army.

Mr. Blow was a member of the American Institute oi
Mining Engineers, and of the In titution of Mining and
Metallurgj . b ther technical

member of the Order of the Cincinnati. II'- received

the honorary degree of Engineer of Mines from the
Colorado School of Mines, and Berved as a trustee ol
thai school during io years, He served also on the
Board of Visitors of the Virginia Military [nstitutt

Albert Allmand Blow was an engineer of the
that has brought our profession into its high esteem.
This is the type that seta the honor of the profession
above everything else. The remembrance of his dis-
tinguished ability, of the high integrity that he main-
tained through his entire career, and of his sunny,
genial disposition and warm-heartedness that made him
many sincere friends wherever he went, will long re-
main with us.

Help Save America's Boys

THE Government needs at once a large number of
heavy machine tools. There is no time to have
them built. They must be supplied immediately
by such engineering establishments as have them avail-
able now.

Most mining companies of any size have machine
shops for the repair of their mining and metallurgical
apparatus, and among the tools embraced in this equip-
ment it is certain that there are some that can be and
must be made available to the Government, in order that
our troops in France may have the vitally essential
support of heavy artillery.

Heavy guns must be made at the earliest possible
moment. They cannot be made in the number so
urgently needed unless the required machine tools are
supplied immediately by engineering establishments
from such shop equipment as is not in use on "essential"
materials or is at least available for temporary use on
Government work. Of course this means inconvenience,
readjustment and possibly sacrifice. But big guns the
men in France must have. Consider the significant fig-
ures supplied by the Machine Tool Section of the War
Industries Board as to the necessity and urgency of
this matter:

The loss of life in assaulting columns runs up to 40
and G(Kf when heavy artillery is not available to clear
the way by shattering the enemy's defenses, making an
inferno of the region and driving such men as remain
into deep underground shelters.

The loss is only 3 to 5rc when the advance has been
prepared by heavy artillery fire that wipes out by means
of high-explosive shells all enemy surface works and
every living thing above ground in the area of their
effective action.

The soldiers of the United States must have the
greatest protection possible. The Government must
have the machines with which to make this heavy ar-
tillery. It should not be necessary to commandeer these
tools, and it is believed that the Government will not be
forced so to do. Owners and users of the needed tools
must supply them. Take stock of the tools in the ma-
chine shop. Some can probably be spared. Get them in
condition for immediate shipment.

The machines which the War Industries Board an-
nounces are urgently needed are:

60 x 60 x 20-ft. planing machines.

48 x 48 x 20-ft. planing machines.

36 x 36 x 14-ft. planing machines.

Nos. 4 and 5 plain milling machines.

Nos. 4 and 5 vertical milling machines.

30-in. x 20-ft. engine lathes.

36-in. x 20-ft. engine lathes.

4- and 5-ft. radial drilling machines.

18 x 130-in. cylindrical grinding machines.

10-ft. vertical boring mills.

5-ft. vertical boring mills.

6-in. floor type, horizontal boring and milling machines.

4-in. floor type, horizontal boring and milling machines.

Thousands of machines of the type listed are now in
the machine shops of this country. The Government
needs them at once to make the heavy guns. Release as
many as possible for ordnance work. They will be paid
for at a fair price, and their return after the war can be
arranged. The War Industries Board of the Council of
National Defense desires the immediate cooperation of
every owner of such tools as can be spared from work
not now absolutely essential to national defense. Com-
municate directly with the board. No scalpers or
speculators will be permitted to profit by the situation,
but the cooperation of reputable dealers is welcome and
they can assist greatly by informing the board at once
where th'e needed machine tools may be found, and in
putting them in condition of immediate availability.

Volunteer — not draft — service must be the Govern-
ment's dependence in this urgent situation, and all pos-
sessing or controlling the needed machines should come
forward at once. This is no time for counting the
cost. Patriotism and duty call. Embrace this oppor-
tunity for service and sacrifice in order that the people
of this nation shall be required to endure only the mini-
mum of agony incident to our fight for liberty and
humanity.

The opportunity for service is come. Decide at once
which machine can be spared now and which in 30 days.
This idle or seldom-used shop equipment will help to
win the war. Wire or write to the Machine Tool Sec-
tion, War Industries Board, Council of National De-
fense, Washington, D. C.

DO IT TODAY

1.S4 ENGINEERING itW MINIM. JOURNAL Vol. 105, No. 8

- - i ill li lllllllllillllllH mini llliiniililllll I ll I Illllllllllllllllllilll nil Illlllllliiillliiiiiiiiiiiiiiilllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllinii

Oriental Consolidated Mining Co., Chosen

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TABACOL 80-STAMP MILL, CONCENTRATOR A\T) CYANTDE PLANT OF THE ORIENTAL CONSOLIDATED, UNSAN

TABOWIE BO-STAMP MILL AND CONCENTRATOR OF ORIENTAL CONSOLIDATED MINING CO., I'NSAN, CHOSEN

Fanuary li>. UU8

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

STAMPS AT TARACOL 80-STAMP MILL

CANDLESTICK MILL OF ORIENTAL CONSOLIDATED

TRANSPORTING MINING SUPPLIES

RAILWAY USED TO HAUL ■ 'DHL-WOOD

TARACOL MINK, UNSAN, CHOSEN

TYPICAL MIXTXG VILLAGE

[NEERING ANP MINING KH'K.NAI.

Vol. in:,. No. :'.

Spontaneous I- ires in Coal Stockpiles

The recent coal situation and the earlier predictions

throughout the country have led to a

concerted effort on the part of many of the mine oper-

ator- tmulate a greater supply of coal at their

-us plants than has been customary. The result

has been an appreciable accumulation of coal stockpiles

in the different districts. Recently there have been

several instances of tires that have broken out in such

%piles. requiring considerable time and money to

get under control. Concerning the origin and control

of such tires, a recent issue of Coal Aye offers the

following:

It would appear that such tires might come from
one or the other of two causes — incendiarism or spon-
taneous heating. While it is doubtless true that de-
struction of its fuel reserve would be a quick method of
at least embarrassing a railroad or an industrial coal
consumer, yet it is believed that most of the stockpile
fires that have developed recently have been due to spon-
taneous combustion. In order to escape detection in
the early stages of such a fire, the incendiary would be
constrained to work with extreme wariness. Coal
stocks are usually guarded. Furthermore, a firebug
would necessarily be compelled to work upon the ex-
terior of the coal pile, or from the outside inward.
Spontaneous heat on the other hand is invariably most
intense in the interior of a pile, and it is well below
the pile surface that firing starts from this cause.

As is well known, freshly mined bituminous coal of
any variety possesses a more or less marked affinity
for oxygen, and the absorption of this gas by the coal is
accompanied by an increment of heat. If this heat is
not dissipated as rapidly as it is generated, a rise in
temperature ensues. This rise in temperature renders
possible an increase in the rate of absorption of oxygen
by the coal. Thus the more a coal heats the more rap-
idly may it heat. If the temperature rises beyond a cer-
tain critical point, serious results may follow.

The rise in temperature of stocked coal may be hin-
dered and retarded by many circumstances. Water
adhering to the surface and soaked into the structure of
the material to a slight extent must be evaporated be-
fore any dangerous rise in temperature is possible. Con-
sequently, the critical temperature is ordinarily about
180 deg. F., since at about this temperature the moisture
in the coal pile dries out quite rapidly. Once the coal is
dry it may heat speedily and soon attain a temperature
where actual ignition takes place.

It was formerly considered that sulphur in the form
of pyrite was the substance in coal that caused
spontaneous ignition. Experiments would indicate,
however, that this sulphur compound while doubtless to
some extent aiding in the heating process is not entirely
responsible for it. Many coals that do not contain pyrite
in appreciable amounts will fire spontaneously if con-
ditions conducive to such ignition are present.

The conditions under which coal may be stocked
without danger of spontaneous ignition vary with the
kind, size and condition of coal. Fine coal, since small
particles spread more surface to the air in comparison
to their weight than do large ones, is much more liable
to heat than are lumps. Consequently, sized lump coal
may be stocked with safety to a much greater depth
than may slack or run-of-mine.

The percentage of voids in a coal pile also probably
plays an important role in spontaneous heating. Of
course, if there were no voids in a coal pile there would
be no circulation of air, no oxygen would be absorbed
and consequently no heating would develop. On the
other hand, if the percentage of voids is large (probably
40 to 50 per cent, in unpacked sized lump), the circula-
tion of air is free and whatever heat is generated is
rapidly dissipated — that is, carried away by the air.
Somewhere between these two extremes there is a con-
dition where the heat generated by oxidation is not car-
ried away with sufficient rapidity to prevent an
appreciable rise in temperature. This heating effect is
cumulative, since the coal oxidizes more rapidly at a
high than at a low temperature.

No fixed and definite rules for safely stocking coal
can be laid down. In general, however, the following
considerations should be borne in mind:

Freshly mined or freshly broken coal heats more
readily than does coal long mined or not freshly broken;
consequently, a coal that does not break easily, or one
that has undergone a long railroad haul, might be safely
stocked to a greater depth than a freshly mined and
friable coal of the same chemical composition.

Lump coal, especially sized lump, may be safely
stocked to a greater depth than run-of-mine or slack.

Stocking coal under water is a sure and positive pre-
ventive of spontaneous combustion in the stockpile.

Experience would indicate that in outdoor storage
run-of-mine coal of almost any variety may be stocked
to a depth of 3 to 4 ft. ; freshly mined or freshly crushed
slack of almost any variety stocked to a depth of about
10 ft. is liable to heat, and some varieties thus treated
are almost sure to fire if left undisturbed.

Decline of Bauxite and Ocher
Mining in France

While definite data are lacking concerning the bauxite
mines in the Var and Herault Departments and the
ocher mines in the Vaucluse Department, France, it is
known that in both cases the output has been materially
reduced, according to Consul General A. Gaulin, in Com-
merce Reports of Nov. 16, 1917. The average bauxite
production in the Marseilles consular district from 1910
to 1913, inclusive, was slightly in excess of 242,000
metric tons. Total bauxite production in France dur-
ing 1913 was 309,294 metric tons. This industry was
affected by labor shortage, an export embargo and other
restrictions due to the war.

The principal ocher mines are at Apt (Vaucluse) and
immediate vicinity. They have been worked less actively
than formerly, owing to the closing of the leading for-
eign markets — Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Russia
Shipments to the United States have continued steadily
amounting to $190,139 in 1916, against $136,951 in 191E
and $131,826 in 1914. Transportation difficulties hav<
also affected this industry adversely.

Have You Subscribed to the 27th Engineers ComfoP
Fund? The men of the mining regiment deserve the besi
you can do for them. Kind words will not keep them ii
smokes and other comforts, but money will. Your check
to the order of the Engineering and Mining Journal, wil
express your attitude most forcibly.

Januarj 19, L918 ENGINEERING AND MINING J0URNA1 157

■iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiini iiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiii iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiim

Correspondence and Discussion

Is Gold Mining Necessary During

the War?

To me the discussion of the advisability of continu-
ing gold mining during the war is nothing short of
astounding.

If there were gold mines in Germany, would they
be operating at the present moment? Already our
Government has asked us nol to withdraw gold coin
from the hanks, and has instructed the banks nol to pay
it out.

If the war continues for a number of years, will we
not he asked to turn all our gold into the Government?

Mark R. Lamb.

New York. Dec. 31, lit 17.

In the Journal of Dec. 8, on the "Correspondence and
Discussion" page, 1003, over the signature of J. Parke
Channing, an article appeared entitled "Is Gold Mining
Necessary During the War?" I beg to submit another
side of this question, .vhich has evidently been over-
looked by Mr. Channing.

There are several undertakings in California which
are the sole support of the communities in which they
are operating, and it is certain that many other in-
stances could be cited similar to the following, which
may be considered, therefore, as representative:

Thirty years ago a mine employing upward of 500
men took fire, and was forced to cease operations. The
town became nearly deserted as time went on, and, at
the end of 24 years, the place was in a dilapidated state.
The inhabitants, who had numbered 1000 or more,
dwindled to less than fifty.

Six years ago an English company secured an option
on this old, dilapidated and abandoned mine, and, after
an expenditure of slightly under $1,000,000, the property
was placed upon a self-supporting and dividend-paying
basis. Since that time, and to Nov. 1, 1917, over $2,000.-
000 has been recovered from the treatment of ore un-
covered in this mine. The cash put into the property
and taken out of it is as follows :

Purchase and development $967,140 00

Machinery, plant and mine supplies 636.550 74

Labor and salaries 820,001 00

Surplus over all charges for the 39 months of actual milling

operations 691.302 00

Total 53,1 14,993 74

There are now more than 200 men working for the
company, and the town has grown to a population of
over 600. There are more than 100 new buildings in
the place, and everybody is prosperous and as happy as
present conditions warrant. The surrounding district
is dependent upon this and other nearby mines for a
market for farm and timbei products.

The monthly distribution for wages and salaries at
this mine (which, it must be remembered, is expended
locally) is $21,472, or an annual disbursement of $257,-
672. Other local expenditures include mine timber,
$665; grinding pebbles (which are obtained locally in-

stead of from foreign parts, ae was the case before the
wan. $759; local merchants, $500; ti hauling

supplies. $800; a total monthly expenditure, aside from
payroll, of $2724 oi an annual distribution through
this source of $56,691; making a grand total disbui
ment in this district of $314,364 by this one company
for local supplies, wages and salaries.

The total freight received at the mine amounts to 50
tons monthly, and the total outward freight per month
from the mine is L35 tons. In the former case two
cars would be the most required over the railway; and
not over three cars outward for the latter. Therefore,
it will be observed that the railway companies are not
rendering the tremendous support to the mining com-
munities that might be supposed. At the same time,
it is important that the assistance heretofore given by
the railways be continued, as it would not be possible
for many of the mines to exist without the help of the
railways, as the ore is too low grade to stand the ex-
pense of hauling by the old method of freight transport
that was in vogue before the railways came into
existence.

Consumption of foodstuffs in the town cannot repre-
sent more than two tons daily, or 60 tons per month.
A part of this is obtained locally, and does not require
railway transportation. I have allowed, however, two
tons daily, which appears to be on the safe side.

When it is considered that $314,000 per annum is dis-
tributed in a small district of this kind, that the month-
ly railway accommodation is certainly not more than
100 tons (or the capacity of two freight cars), that the
outward freight accommodation of 135 tons can be
handled by three freight cars, and that this product is
a concentrate containing a high percentage of sulphur,
which is recovered and made into sulphuric acid, and in
turn helps to manufacture explosives, the question ap-
pears to be so obviously in favor of continuing opera-
tions at the mines that it seems fruitless to continue
further argument. However, additional information on
this subject is pertinent and should be useful :

Homes have been built up in the mining country at
considerable sacrifice, in many instances, to the heads
of the families. Families have been brought up, and
when war was declared, the eligible were drafted, and
the mining industry today is being maintained by em-
ployees who have not been selected for the Army, and
who know nothing about shipbuilding. Further than
that, they would not stand much chance of securing em-
ployment on a manufacturing or shipbuilding job, as
they are, in many cases, too old and, above all, know
nothing whatever about such work. Their lives have
been spent entirely in mining; they have built homes,
reared families, and their all is bound up in the one vo-
cation. If their only livelihood i mining) is taken from
them — and it must be considered that the chance for
making a living in the mine would be taken away, as out
of the 12,000 miners employed in this state half of this

ENGINEERING AND MINING .IOI i:\.\l

Vol. L06, No. 3

number are engaged in gold mining— it is easj to fore-
Bee that many people would be thrown upon charity.
The question as to whether gold is or ia not neces-

to help win the war has apparently been fully an-
ed by the action of the Treasury Department, which
has adopted drastic measures in the interest of main-
taining ami increasing the nation's gold reserves. If
action such as BOggested by Mr. Channing is seriously
contemplated, this subject should be dealt with, and
investigated by a Government committee consisting of
representative men who know what the local conditions
are. before a grave mistake is made in closing down an
industry that has taken nearly three-quarters of a cen-
tury to build up.

So far as supporting the base-metal mines is con-
cerned, the gold mines of California have already con-
tributed through agents who have visited the gold mines
and have enticed men away by offers of better pay than
the low-grade mines could afford. In addition, wages
have already increased 20 to 30ff, and supplies from
10 to 280' < : still, the gold mines struggle along.

Nothing has been said herein about the injustice to
the investor by forcing a close-down of his mine. This
side of the situation has many angles, so many, indeed,
that it would require considerable space to discuss it
thoroughly. But the necessity of protecting the owner
of a mining property is so obvious as to require no
elaboration.

Has it ever occurred to the opponents o. gold mining
that it has taken since 1848 to build up an industry in
California alone that employs directly and indirectly
6000 or more men? Can it be supposed for a moment
that this business, which is widely scattered and has
taken 69 years to build up, can be abandoned at short
notice without causing great dislocation of trade and
great hardship to investors, employees, and those de-
pendent upon it?

Those who are connected with this subject are fearful
that some ill-advised regulation will be forced upon the
industry, which will cause suffering to those thrown out
of employment and an added burden to those who are
fortunate in having employment outside of mining.

If closing down the gold mines would help win the
war, then there is not an American in the United States
who would not support such a proposal ; but, as the true
condition has been pointed out here, the question asked
by Mr. Channing will be left unanswered.

Robert I. Kerr,
Secretary Treasurer,
California Metal Producers' Association.

San Francisco, Calif., Dec. 27, 1917.

I cannot take seriously the talk about closing down the
gold quartz mines of the country. On the other hand,
experience has taught me that ignorant busybodies can
cause a lot of trouble. The shutting down of the gold
mines would benefit none but those operating other metal
mines. They, of course, would have a greater number
of skilled workmen to draw from, and possibly be able
to cut wages. The closing of the gold mines would
mean a monetary loss that no man can even estimate.
Many deep mines would never be unwatered after hav-
ing been shut down. Thousands of men, whose every
dollar and many years of hard labor are invested in
developing prospects, would be ruined.

It is to be regretted that our Government has never
encouraged or aided the gold miner, though his cease-
less toil and perseverance have made possible the devel-
opment of the greatest country of all. It has ever been
the gold miner who has done the pioneering, and, were
it not for the fruits of his labor, Americans would today
be a race of humpbacked farmers, slaving for some
powerful European nation.

The gold mines require but little outside labor. Be-
sides, machinery companies probably have enough man-
ufactured material on hand to supply them during the
war. Practically all the ore from gold mines is treated
at the mines. Consequently they are of no burden to
the railroads. The explosives used by them for the
period of a year would hardly make one good old-fash-
ioned Fourth of July. So why pick on the gold mines?

There are many lines of business that are of far less
importance to the country's welfare than gold mining.
The automobile business stands out by itself. Every
atom of material used in building an automobile could
be used for war purposes. The plants and skilled me-
chanics could all be of service to the Government. The
sales agents are a husky lot of young fellows and, if
properly approached, could probably be induced to work.
In a pinch, we might be able to get along without old
John Barleycorn, and after those handling it and using
it have been dried out, they also might be of assistance.
And possibly we might be able to wiggle along if the
real estate brokers layed off for a few shifts.

There is no limit to the non-essential lines of occupa-
tion that could be dispensed with. So I say, Why pick
on the gold mines? E. J. BARNES.

French Gulch, Calif., Dec. 20, 1917.

Deceptive Similarity in Knots

A short article under the above heading appeared on
page 885 of the Nov. 17 issue of the Journal. It de-
scribes in detail the somewhat unusual knot known as
the "thief," and states that it is presumably so called
because it looks so much like the square knot, so well
known and reliable.

I had never before seen this knot described in print,
but several years a~o it was explained to me by a man
who spent his boyhood largely among the fishermen of
Cape Cod. H called it the "sailor's bread-bag knot"
and said that its principal use was for tying up the bag
or sack containing a sailor's private property and com-
monly known as his "bread-bag." Its particular value
in this connection was due to the fact that it looked al-
most exactly like the well-known square or reef knot,
and any sailor who had not previously been acquainted
with this knot would naturally think that the bag was
tied up with an ordinary square knot, and after open-
ing it would again tie it with a square knot. This, of
course, assumes that he was getting into something that
did not belong to him. The fact that the bag was tied
up with a square knot would at once betray to its proper
owner the fact that it had been tampered with. It
seems extremely probable that this use of the knot is
what gave it its title of the "thief," and that the ex-
planation may be of interest to the Journal's readers
who might have occasion to use it. Lee A. Knight.

Claremont, N. H., Nov. 23, 1917.

January

1918

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

I 19

Mining Dividends in 1917

THE tables which follow show the dividends paid in
1916, 1917 and to date by the principal mining,
metallurgical and holding compai \ rica

that hi ve paid dividends since 1912, except those which
ild not make public reports.

\ most mines ace commercial producers of two or
more metals, no attempt is made to classify them as cop-
per producers, lead producers, etc. Also it is difficult to
make a precise geographical distribution, and United
States companies, such as the American Smelting and
Refining, which have properties in two countries, .
listed under United States.

Toward the end of 1917 ttianj Companies found il

necessary to reduce or di continue their payments, ow
ing to lal penses, war ta

etc., hut in spite of difficulties, the total paid in i!U7 by
184 United states mining and metallurgical companies
was $242,158,588, an increase over 1916, when $237,51
893 was disbursed by companii

Dividends paid by mines in Canada, Mexico, etc.,
showed a decrease, 1917 payment 1,47'

against $24,180,894 in 1916. Holding and n
ous companies pai rid $23,271,660

in the preceding j ear.

DIVIDENDS 01 MINING \ \ 1 > M I "1 \ I I I ; . ■ . i i COMPANIES IN ril UNITED ST.'

g

I9li

HIM 1 D

PAID

p,

Pel

Total

COMPANY NAM]

-1 n \ HON

■

Uuncek, c

200,000

$25

$12 50

$2,500,000

$16 00

$3,200 000

$9,250,000

17

$4 00

■ Ids

1

250,000

5

10

250

Jan.

17

10

Uttska Mexican, •

\la-

180.000

5

.

7.381

•15

10

Uaaka Tread well, g

Uas

200.000

25

1 2'»

.'■.0,000

15.785.000

'16

50

lias

5

0

2.045.270

'II.

30

Mich

100,000

25

7 00

700.000

12 00

1 .'lill.OOO

1 10,000

17

3 00

1 S.-Mei

103

6 00

3. I4ii

7 III

4 269,660

16 4"

■17

Am Sin a i.. p

1' s Mi x

,1)11,(1011

100

7 00

3.500.000

7 00

00 <

, ',86

■17

1 7 5

\m Sim

1 S

116,858

100

6 00

993,258

6 00

. 492

12.608 1127

17

1 50

\iu Smelters, pi B

Vin. Zil

1 s

41.792

100

5 00

1.500.000

5 00

K .4.480

I7.8(. 1

Oct

17

1 25

1 -

115.120

25

< 1

2 00

386.240

1 49 -

May

17

1 (10

V hi Zin

1 S

96.560

25

3 00

256,6*9

• 6 00

579.360

816.009

Nov.

17

1 50

Mont.

2,551,250

50

7 00

16,318.750

8 50

19,81 ~>.625

137.707.500

17

2 00

Uftonailt, r.

'00,000

5

40

80.000

35

70,000

, ',000

Di

'17

05

Vlizoll;' 1

\

265,000

5

50

1 S2.500

1 60

'.".(.,500

689,000

17

50

Aiisona Copp

Ariz

119,221

119.221

2.367.509

Nov

'17

Ariiona Copper, com

Ariz,

1 .1 1,896

1 20

66

1,008.820

1 14

1.754.339

20.231.826

July

17

54

Ariiona United, c

Ariz.

2.500.000

1

01

25,000

03

75,000

100,000

17

01

Calif.

100.000

1

2.705.000

13 HO

1,300,000

4 ". 54,500

•17

1 00

. . . .

Mich.

100.000

25

7,950,000

1 li

13

2 00

Mont.
Ida

400.000
5,000

5
10

15

1,0.1)00

10
2 00

40.000

10 0110

100,000
1(1.000

\o\\

Dec.

'17
•17

10

k i ■■ ' m ■ . ! -

50

ilo

1 tah

400,000

1

10

40,000

,11 000

June

'16

05

1 tah
Utah

150,000
228.690

10
5

01

1 25

187.500

187,500
960,494

Dec

•17
15

50

Havei

20

1 ■

Net

408.500

1

02

8. 1 70

,08

'■'" 32.680

81.700

Dec

•17

02

Calif.

395.287

1

203,315

Sepl

'15

06

Bunkei Hill Con ,g

Calif.

200.000

1

221

45,000

931,000

Sept

'16

02'

H 14 Sull . 1 b

Ida

327.000

10

5 25'

1,716.750

6 25

2,043.750

!0 ■

Dei

•17

50

Mont.

79,311

10

10 65(</)

844.662

1,054.010

16

10 50

Mon',

1.000.000

1

112

25.000

25.000

17

01

Mont.

290,197

10

34 00

9.490,430

6 65

1,929,810

16.940,264

17

1 25

Ida

2.605,000

1

J6

937.800

S6

937,800

2.758.381

Dec,

17

03

t A \' i <•;,■■:. c

.

642.480

10

9 00

5.777.296

II 00

7.067,082

35.994.349

Di

17

2 00

Mich.

100.000

25

75 00

7.500.000

85 00

8,500,000

145.250.000

Dec.

'17

10 00

Camp Bird, g.s.

1,100 051

4 86

9,185.498

Nov

15

24

Utah

649.625
500.000

4 86
1

36
75

221,002
5/ ..000

36

25

221.002
125.000

1.387.154

i 000

July
Aug.

17
17

18

25

Mich

90,000

25

1 00

90.000

1 00

90.000

180.000

17

1 00

Centennial-Eur., 1 ,g.e

Utah

100.000

5

1 00

100.000

4,150,000

Am

16

1 00

Center Cn-.k. 1. 2. .

Mo

100.000

10

60

60.000

35

35.000

650 000

(> ,

■17

05

Calil

1.000,000

1

02|.

24,375

22

225,000

'40 375

1 >rt

17

05

Mich.

100,000

25

6.014,541

44 60'

4.480,000

• 541

I Pel

17

6 40

Utah

884.223

1

20

176.481

35

309.435

851,953

Nov

•17

10

\, M.
Uas
. Utah

869.980
100.000
300 000

5

1
1

8 25

7.177.335

9 90

8.612.802

27 488,132

210.000

1 1
1),
.Ian

17
'13

2 00

Cliff, g

05

10

Mo

300.000

1

25

75,000

20

60,000

1 50.000

Nov.

'17

05

Colo. Gold Dredging

Colo.

100.000

10

1 00

100,000

775 III 11

Feb

'16

1 00

'

Ore,

1.651,000

1

05

83,050

.05

82.550

448,'lin

•17

00'

! 1 ./.. Smelting, c

. Ariz.
Ida.

1,663,000
464,990

5

10

6 00

10
2 00

166.300
929,980

166.300

-

\o.

June

'17
'17

10"

1 '..Italian, z.

2,789,940

1 00

1 nti Mercui ,g

. Utah.

1,000,000

1

1* 5, 3 1 3

•13

03

Mo.

22.000

25

1 00

22.000

1 50

33,000

616.0001 ■'

"17

1 00

Copper R > ■ 1

Mich.

394.399

25

10 00

3.941.648

10 on

3, 941. 912

■ 510

17

2 50

Colo.

1.220.000

1

1 35

1.647.000

1 20

1 4n4.000

17 162

17

10

Daly

Utah

150.000

20

30

45,000

2,975.000

Oct

'17

10

Daly Judge, s.l

Utah

300.000

1

(«>

I.I55.O0O

I) ,

'15

35

Daly West, s.l

Utah

180.000

20

6.606.000

Jan.

•13

15

Derry Ranch, -•:

Colo

100.000

100

75 00

75.000

25 00

25,000

100,000

17

5 00

Dr. Jack Pot, ■■

Colo

2.843.342

021

01

28.443

01

28.445

141.698

17

01

Dragon Con

Utah

1.875.000

1

04

75.000

75.000

•17

01

Dulu(h A Utah I) \ . 1 s

Utah

50,000

20

10,000

Mar

15

04

Dunkin, g

Colo

200.000

1

121

25.000

55.000

\'IL'

'16

07'.

Eagle &- Blue Bell, g.s.l

Utah

893,146

1

10

89.315

4IJ

357.258

8rM4t>

An-

17

10

Mont.

420,700

10

2 00

831,100

8". 1,700

il..

■17

1 00

Colo.

2,500,000

1

3,5;9.4b5

Max

15

02

111 Pas,., g

Colo

490.000

5

1.707.545

■14

10

Empire Coppei

Utah

1.000.000

1

17

170.000

20

200,000

780,000

Oct.

17

05

Engcls Cop.

Calif. •

1,559.451

1

01 j

20.092

20.092

July

16

01',

ine, g.s 1 '■ '

N. M

300.000

5

150,000

Julv

13

. 10

1 ale

Vt

69.696

10

24.798

41,220

66.018

Dec

17

15

Electric Point. 1.

Wash.

793,750

1

2(1

166.637

166,687

•17

.15

Elko Prin, e.g.s

Nei

1.108.566

1

03 i

38.800

38.800

1 ,, 1

•17

035

Farneomb Hill Gold Dredg

Colo

300.000

1 00

16

48.003

48.000

I let

•17

07

F.deral M & Sm , pf

. Ida.

119,861

100

4 25

509.409

7 00

839.027

.331

Dee.

17

1.75

First Nat. Cop

Calif.

600,000

5

25

150.000

40

240.000

390,000

Aug.

■17

.40

Fremont Con., g

Calif.

2l.iii.00ii

2 50

254,000

1 ., .

•14

02

Gemini, g.a

1 tah

5,000

100

16 00

80.000

5 00

25.000

2 4,5,000

Mar

'17

5 00

Gethin-LeRoy, la

Utah

750,000

1

7.500

Nov.

•13

01

Golcondu, g

Ariz.

850,000

1

170.000

Dec.

•15

10

Gold Chin,,, B

Utah

1,000,000

130,000

Maj

13

03

Gold King, g

Colo

1,000,000

1

1,417,319

Nov.

16

01

Golden Cycle, g.. .

Colo.

1.500.000

|

24

360.000

36

520,000

8, i 78. 500

Dee

'17

03

GoldneldCn , g

Ne\

5.559.148

10

28,999.832

1 let

'15

10

100

[NEERING AM' MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 3

p,\l MINING \\n M1TU I MMliM COMPANIES IN THE UNITED STATES (Continued)

Ciranil
Ham;!

1

.

Jim But It

-

•
Jumbo Kv | -

Kendall, g

Kenne«-

K

Klar Piquet te. t 1

U. ►:

Liberty P- D, g

Linden, t

Little Bell. 1 fl

Lost Pack ■

Lower Munmot

Magma. <

.

Man* MrKinne\ . £

Man* Murphv. g.

. .

.

Mexican. ■ . .

Miami. <*

M. «v M . . g

National Zinc and Lead, l.e .

New Jer- 7.

Nevada Douglu.-. c

■

New Idria. <i

North Star. c

1

Old Dominion M. 4 Sm., c (p)

Optimo, i

Parific G«l'l

■ P

Portland, g.

Pnnce Con , La

'

Reorg. Booth, k.

Rescue Eula. g.z

Hound Mountain, v

.St. Joseph. 1

Seven Tr. Coalition, k

Shannon. c

Shattuck Arizona, e

Silvf-r King Coalition, La.....

South Hecla

Success, i

Superior A Pitta, c .

Superior, c

Tamarack & Custer

.

' e ■

Tom Reed, g

Tombov. k -

Tonopn:

Tonopah Ext., k ■

Tonopah of Nev

Trimountain, c

1 Ic.) g

r. .

i .astern, g

>U u

1916

KIMDI'NDS run

Pai

Pi

Total

[ ate 1

I! \T1"\

■

rota)

Slum-

To Pate

Diitc

Amount

N. I

550.000

1

08

44,000

07

83.500

169,285

A UK.

17

01

I tan

I

08

40,000

16

811 INK)

1.753.250

Deo

'17

04

10

11

28.782

15

67,157

IV,'

•1)

03

4 30.000

1

04

17,200

17,200

May

'16

02

,

"000

03

49.500

136,000

Nov.

•17

01

1,000
900,000

02

16.000

i6.ooo

971,000

Deo

'17
'13

01

01

1.000.000

i

1 55

1.550.000

1 60

1.600.000

6.905,000

i >, ,

'17

05

251.160

8 80

> '10,208

8 80

2. 2 1 0. 208

43,320,324

Deo

•17

1 65

10

40.000

5.682.000

July

'16

05

400,000

i

05

20,000

10

40.000

(,11.11011

Jul\

'17

05

1.181.967

20

5 25

6.184,117

8 25

9.751.228

15,935,345

Oct.

'17

2 00

l.67>

25

10 00

10.458,650

5 75

9.621.958

45,583.448

Dec.

•17

1 00

00

6 00

534,756

6 00

534.756

6.416.958

Nov.

•17

1 50

■

1 t.66.667

1

01

16,667

.03

50.000

336,833

July

•17

Oil

,

3.000

1

25,179

Deo

'15

1 00

1.000.000

10

35

350.000

25

250.000

3.000.000

•17

05

Aril

144.8 HI

10

20

20,459

287.620

308,079

Dec.

•17

50

35

962

16, W>

July

•17

35

1

sod 000

20

20

100,000

20

100.000

5,250,000

Deo.

•17

10

1

2,528.331

1

01

25,283

742.500

Dec.

•16

01

Mich.

150.000

25

3 00

450,000

6 00

900.000

1.500.000

Oot.

'17

1 00

1

190.000

10

386.100

Dec.

•15

01

I

2.500.000

10

187,500

Nov.

'14

III,

\. V

1.718,021

1

20

343.604

20

343,604

859.010

\ug.

•17

10

Mo

2.000.000

1

15J

63,000

63.000

July

'16

114'

Utah.

480.000

1

1 00

435 000

1 00

480,000

2.070,000

Dec.

'17

25

\. i

1.550.000

1

193.750

687.158

June

'16

05

Mont

100,000

5

10

50.000

(/) 1.555,000

\,„

'16

10

2.786.679

5 50

15,320.283

5 70

15,887,369

31.207.652

Dec.

•17

1 00

Mm

258,000

10

(*)

C)

5.000,000

Jan.

'14

4 00

\\ i-

20,000

1

259,000

\,„

'13

50

1

01 J

13.907

99.815

July

'17

00'.

Dtah

500,000

1

65,000

114.500

.IllllO

'16

01

1

133,551

5

240,392

200.327

2,193,513

Sept.

'17

03

1.020

10

11.220

Dec.

•15

3 00

Utah

300.000

1

05

15,000

90.000

Apr.

'16

05

1.460.000

25

03

43.352

43.352

Sept.

'17

01

Utah

150.000
1.000.000

5
1

37.500
67.000

Oct.
Dec.

'13
'15

.25

01

Ariz

240,000

5

2 00

480,000

2 10

504.030

1.224.000

Dec.

'17

50

i

400,000

.10

25

Kin. mm

1 00

400.000

2,820.000

Nov.

•17

.10

•

1,309.252

1

01

13,092

1.182.398

Oct.

'16

01

(70,000

5

07

25,067

93,106

May

'16

07

Mich

97,317

25

2 00

194,634

3 00

291,951

486,585

Aug.

'17

1 00

Utah

800,000

25

07

56,000

300,000

Dec.

'16

02

Nev

201.600

1

171,360

Nov.

'14

75

Ariz.

747.113

5

5 75

4,295,905

8 75

6,724,020

16.519,803

Nov.

•17

1 50

N M

355.682

5

53.352

Oct.

'15

05

Mich

100.000

25

17 00

1,700.000

20 50

2.050.000

7.6.'5,000

Aug.

'17

10 50

900.000

1

04 S

40. 000

107.480

\U'_'

'17

02

Mo

500.000

1

33

165.000

04

20,000

210,000

May

'17

0?

r g

350.000

100

76 00

26,600,000

42 00

14,700.000

Nov.

•17

4 00

Nev.

1.999,457

5

3 75

7,497,963

4 15

8,297.747

35.771,869

Dec.

'17

1 00

Nev.

1,000. 000

5

125.000

Feb.

'13

$

Nev

1.161.700

1

05

58,244

58.244

Dec.

'16

05

Nev

1.40?. 240

1

20

281,680

20

281.680

1.166.887

Nov.

'17

10

100.000

5

4 00

400.000

3 00

300.000

2.530.000

Dec.

'17

50

430.000

15

2 50

1.075.000

2 50

1,075.000

14.227.000

Oct.

'17

25

Calif.

250.000

10

1 20

300.000

1 00

250.000

5.337.040

Dec.

•17

60

N" M

1.690

10

10

169

37J

465

634

Apr.

'17

171

Ariz.

297.071

25

(r)

(r)

8 00"

2.376.210

13.216.924(9)

Dec.

'17

1 00

Ariz.

162.000

25

12 00

1,944,000

(P)

8.424.000

Dec.

'16

3 50

I'tah

898.978

25

80.907

Jan.

•13

02

545

100

43.960

Sept.

'15

10 00

Calif.

686.538

4 86

48

329,540

48

329.540

2.436.765

Dec.

'17

12

Mich.

96,150

25

16 00

1,538,400

20 00

1.923,000

16.410.275

Oct.

'17

2 00

Utah

400,000

10

02

8.000

8,000

Nov.

'16

01

Calif.

642,000

1

07

44,940

276,060

Dec

'16

01

Mont.

229,850

10

7,871.839

July

'15

1 63

450,000

100

32 50

14.625,000

32 00

14,400.000

74.696.000

Dec.

'17

io oo

Ida.

817.692

1

05J

44.928

.08

65.524

363.359

Apr.

'17

03

2.790,000

1

771.200

July

'14

02

Calif

240.000

4 86

72

172,800

48

117.040

462.640

Aug.

'17

24

Colo.

3.000.000

1

14

420.000

12

360 000

10.957.080

Oct.

'17

03

I'tah

1.000,000

2

25

250.000

20

200.000

575.000

Nov.

'17

02'

Mich.

110.000

25

16 00

1,760,000

18 00

1,980.000

25,517,500

Dec.

'17

3 00

Ariz.

1,577.179

10

2 75

4.337.955

4 20

6,624.152

15,555.252

Dec.

'17

1 00

Nev.

1,000.000

1

50

500,000

500,000

July

'16

10

Nev.

1,428,000
1,266.591
1.000.000
1.409.466

1
1
10

10

2 50

.025
3 50

35.700

39.600
4,933,124

35,700

363,965

39,600

18.724.684

June
Aug.
July-
Dee.

'17
'13
'17
'17

025

Nev

04

Colo

Mo.

3.523,665

75

Nev,

1.443.077

1

021

36,077

252.572

Apr.

'16

021

Ariz.

300.000

10

50

150,000

1 25

525.000

1.425.000

Nov.

'17

50

Ariz.

350.000

10

4 75

1.662,500

5 00

1.750,000

6,387.500

Oct.

'17

1.25

Utah

1.250.000

5

60

750,000

60

750.000

15.085.885

Oct.

'17

15

1 • ih

700.000

1

45

294,562

55

383.287

1.492,705

Dec.

'17

10

Calif.

1,000.000
1.500,000

5
1

365,000
1.192.103

Oct.
Oct.

'14
13

01

Ida

00'

N. M.

Ida.

Calif.

Ida.

Colo.

Ida.

Ariz.

377.342
263.000
178.394
1,238.262
1.000,000
1.500.000
1.499.792

5

30

113,190
39,438

252.666

Oct.

'16

05

1

15

39,438

Aug.

'16

15

10
I

5.274,207
2.012,314

Nov
Dec.

'13
•15

25

05

30

16

162,000

Jan.

•16

la

I

22

330,000

1.125,000

July

•16

03

10

10,318,569

Dec.

•15

38

Mich.

100.000

25

i oo

100,000

1 00

100.000

200. 00ft

Apr.
Nov.

'17

1 00

1.776.288

1

04

71,051

.06

124.340

195.391

'17

03

T'-nn.

200,000

25

1 50

300,000

5.206.250

Apr.

'16

75

Calif.

100

1,167,500

909,555

310,000

1.000

01

1

4 86

24

07

24

81.725
150.660

160.000

81.725

2,528.648

4.088.475

Jan.
Dec.
Oct.
Dec.

'14
•17
•15
'17

500 00

03

01

Colo.

150.660

12

Nev.

1.500,000

1

.50

750,016

50

750.016

9,143.050

Oct.

•17

. I2>

Nev

1.282.801

1

. 475

604,524

.25

320,700

1.912,420

Apr.

•17

10

Nev.

1,000,000

1

60

600,000

55

550,000

14.150.000

Oct.

•17

15

Mich.

Mont.

100,000
800,000

25
1

1.450.000
520.000

Dec.
May

'13
•13

2 00

.10

Colo.

4,000.000

01

40,000

01

40,000

520.385

Dec.

'17

01

w-,-1.

1,000.000

1

01

10,000

10

100,000

150.000

Oct.

'17

01

Ariz

1.363.000

1

30

40S.900

408.900

Dec.

'17

05

Ariz

23.000

100

73 00

1.679.000

4,255,000

Dec

'16

2 1 1

January lit. L918

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

1 1:1

DIVIDENDS OF MINING Wl> M* fALLURGH I. COM PA

COMPANY N nil si n \ II' IN I--.,.. I

1 S.Si , Kol a Min I 3.-M .115

r in., I;. I A Mill |>dl I S.-Moj

I nitc.l Verdi 100.000

I 'nit. .1 Verde I 1.(1 0

I'tah Vpcx. !•

I mil i ..fi- '. ■ 1.6

I ml. i on . e I

1 tah Metal 4 Tunnel

iloi Con . ii Colo, I, iOO 000
\i

S D iOO 000

u. Mm. i. .1,. :■ Colo 10,000,000

[•on..!. \. v 1,788,486
u . |',,„ , |,i,l . , Midi

» ilbert, 1 I tah 1,000,

Wolvi rim A Vrit . ,• Vri I 18, i7 ,

Wolverine, , Mi h 60,000

) , 1,000,000

Con. sin , I ii IOO

i""

Velio* Pino, jl. Ne\ I iwo.OOO

I ti . i- Cnlil

Yukon Gold, g. VI 3,500,000

totals

Pai

,n
,n
Ml

5

in

•

I

I
10

I

I

I

I
I ,
25

I

I
111

I
10

5

Pol

50

1916

i lie 68i

1,702

i 0

19,49
1,125

(42.47(

1 10

Mt.4 24

,',,ii 000

5

(
17

14

run

1 1 ,n

71

38,000

MHI,

1,050,000

2(7.508.893

35

180, i

I , inn

4IIII.

610,000

710,000

35.000
1.050.000

I !,

II

41,11,
4. Ill

75,770

i , .ii.iiiiii

9 9

(.47,

1,245.789

(.008

125.843

9,683.110

232.158.588 1.510.539,048

HOLDING VND MIS1 ELL/

! , Mont,

pi

, pf I S

, i,, pin, 'in r, s.

iheira I :\pl
inn Steel, com
i d, com
I ad, pi
i '1,1 Dominion (holding) i,/i .
si Mary's Min Land
wiiii,, KnobC & n . pi
Yukon-Alaska Trust

Totals

i g
\ \
N. V.
NY.
Ariz.

1.538.879
2d.i.l7
10.000
120.000
833.732
350,975
206,554
24 (.'.7c,
293.353

21)11,11110
203,433

$100
2
100
25
25
100
100
100
25
25
10

40

$0 24

3 00
5 75

12 85i/l

4 00
7 00

12 00

19 00

40

3 00

$56,278

(II.DIIll

690,000

III, '.13, 4561/1

2.099.443

326,216

1,705,732

3.520,2(0

3.040.000

All Hill

610,29")

$9 24

7 nil

5 00
7 00

14 00

30

4 00

$56,278
60,000
840,000

4,211,673
1.0(2,770
1,705,732

2.240,000
60.000
813,732

$10!, 444. 983

90,000
4.523,917
34.036,783
6.658.395
10,791,332
(4.7'

(?)
10.560.000
220.000
1.424.031

$23,271,(11,11

$11,020,185 $206,654,852

CANADIAN. MEXICAN, SOUTH AND CENTRAL \ M ! . I : I ( \\ MIXING COMPANIES

Aniparo. g.s. .

Beaver Con . s

H C Copper.c. .
Buena Tierra, s I
Buffalo, a. . ,
Butters' Si Ivador, ■

i ( toball ,e
■ . lobalt, -

CO, ,'.

ilpan, g.s.l.z

1 & 6. of Can

Ouu n Reserve, s

Dome Mines, s

rellas, g -
Encinas y Anexas. .

or, g

ElOro, g.s

EIRayo, g.s.

insa, s,2

Granby, s.i.c ...

Canai

| Con., (nl

HedleyGold

Bollinger, c

Jimulco, c.s

Kerr Lake, s. .

La Hose Con

i . I:..i No 2. g..

Lucky Tiger-Coin . g

Mclntyre Porcupine, s

McK.-Dar.-Sav., s

M.M.o Minis of El Oro, g.s..

Mines Co. of Am

Min Corp. of Can., s

X Y & Hond Hns , s g

Nipissing, s. . . .

No. Am. Magnesite

Pennies, s.l.g

Peterson Lake, s

Pinguico, pf., s.

Porcupine-Crown, g.

Rambler-I lariboo, c

Right of Way Mines, -
Rio Plata.s
San Rafael, g.s
Santa Gertrudis, g -

iy . . ,
Sent ca-Superior, -
Stun, brd, S.I
Temiskaming, s
Tern. &- Hud Bav. ~
Tough-Oakis, n
Townsitc Extension, s .
T^etheway, -
I'tica Mines, 1
W ettlaufer-1 i n rain, s

Mei

2,000,000

$1

Que

30,000

100

Clnl

2,000,000

1

(In

140.000

10

B I

591,709

5

Mix.

330,000

4 86

lint.

1,000.000

1

C \

I'.ll 1100

4 86

1 '.III

600,000

10

Ont.

1,000,000

1

249,950

4 86

Peru

807.579

Mex

7,000

25

nm

800.000

5

It C

419.098

25

( >nt .

1.768,814

1

Ont.

400,000

10

Mex.

300.000

50

\1.A

3,000

10

Mex.

3,500.000

1

Mex.

1,147.500

4 86

Mix.

260.020

2

Mex.

455,000

4 86

B 1

149.985

100

Mex.

500,000

100

Mex.

1,000.000

10

B.C.

120,000

10

Ont.

4,920,000

5

M.x

10.000

100

Ont.

600,000

5

Ont.

1,498.627

5

B.C.

120.000

24 25

Mex.

715,337

10

Ont.

3.610.283

1

Ont.

2,247.612

1

Mex.

180,000

4 86

Mex

862,658

10

Ont.

1.600,050

5

C.A.

200,000

10

Ont.

1.200.000

5

Que.

1,866

100

Mex.

120,000

15

Ont.

2.401,820

1

Mex.

20,000

100

Ont.

2,000.000

1

B ,

1.750.000

I

Ont.

1,685.500

1

Mex.

373,437

5

Mex.

2.400

25

Mex.

1,500.000

4 86

MexJ

6,000,000

1

Ont.

478,884

1

B.C.

2,000.000

1

Ont.

2.500.000

1

Ont,

7,761

1

Ont.

531.300

5

Ont.

150.000

4 86

Ont.

1,000.000

1

B.C.

1,600.000

1

Ont.

1,416,590

1

$0 21
03

$420,000
60,000

75
2 50

2 00

7 00

8 00
3 50
2 00
I 50

I 00
20
30
72

12

2

00

1

25

7

OH

07

12

05

01

1 25
30

09

50
05

ii,.s nun

2,666,664

600,000
776,338

800.000

1.049,894
3.907,284
3,500.000
240.000
3,126.000

600,000

299.725

36.450

515.043

209.724

570.625

400.000

1.500.000

50.382

168.127

240.000
87.500
25.283

364.500

598.605
600.000
225.000

265.750

50,000

$0 16
4 00

05

5 75

62j

2 50

05

75

24

24
10 00
8 00
2 00
2 00

15

1 15
20
24
59

15

12

5 28

93;

2 00
I 50

10 00

09
02

02 '.

15
12

12
12'
05
04

$320,000

I mo

50.000

4.009.470

500.000

995,012

88.440

300,000

57.375

109.200

1.499,850

3.954,215

2.000,000

240,000

738,000

690,000
299.725

29.160
422,049
541.542
269.724

95,040

1,556,297

400,000

1,800,000

18,660

42,032

180.000

35,000

8,428

270.000

•,00.1100

300.000

66.438
18.000
50,000
64.000

$2,652,170

160.000

649.912

1,943.000

615,399

,i ;0

2,787,000

4,138.050

290,000

175,000

148,807

6,676,134

57,750

8,940.000

3.946,361

6.190,849

1.500 mo

10. (35,000

30.105

210.000

8.725.793

967.223

12.217.398

8,375,109

11.747.165

15.544,400

2.303,520

7.314.000

1.065,000

7.410.003

5.986.569

2,075.103

4.200.483

541,542

5.146.223

4.153.785

4,958.600

2.905,047

4.590,000

16.740.000

60,042

6.361,687

504.382

840.000

840.000

432.500

577.469

345.745

1.442,380

3.089.772

530,000

1.579,817

2.700,000

1.964,156

1.940.250

398,628

18.000

1,161,998

64.000

637.465

ii, i
Ii,,

i in

n,
I i,
n,

\ pi
< i, i

\|,,

17
17
17
17
17
17
'17
■17
17

17

'17
17
17
17
17

•15

17

July 17
Doe '17
Deo 14

Die. 17

II. ,
(1,1

Sepl '

1 1, i
I).,.
Apt

I i

1 1,

Ii.

'

Aug

'15
17

■17
17

•Id

'17
17
17
16
17
17
17

•,ii
,n

hi

a

03

n,

o

.'0

00

'.-
Ill

04
02

V,

,
I '

I ,i

ill
I 00

Totals

(.i) Paid stock dividend equivalent to $12.50 per share.

Nov

17

$0 03

Nov

■17

ii.

Vpi

■16

\I ,,

•14

90

Jan

'13

. 15

Feb,

•15

24

'14

n

Oct

'16

.24

.Ink

'14

01

Apr.

'17

05

Mav

'14

12

Dec.

17

1 25

Apr.

'14

7.

Ann

'17

12

( id

17

1,2

.Jan

'17

05

.linn.

'17

25

IV,.

'13

1 50

14

3 03'

Apr.

'14

01

•17

24

•15

HI

Vug

•17

24

\"o\

17

2 50

X,,;

17

2 00

Vpl

17

1 00

1 '

■17

50

Apr

'17

05

Mar

13

01

I).-

■17

25

17

05

Mai

17

.24

17

05

Sepl

■17

05

Oct.

17

.03

17

.96

July

'13

12;

1 1,

17

18.

1 let

17

50

. 1, .

17

50

17

5,00

June

•13

1 50

Jan.

'17

,

Oct.

'13

3 00

July

•17

03

■17

01

•17

.00'.

Feb

13

05

14

50

Dee.

•17

18

.1 nU-

•13

01

ll.. i

16

05

Oct.

'17

05

Nov.

17

03

Nov.

14

3 00

Jan.

17

12

July

17

12

Vug

17

05

3, ,,i

17

02

i

13

05

$24,180,894 .. $22,477,657 $204.480 174

_. (6) Two classes, (c) Taken over by Utah Metal and Tunnel Co. (if) Liquidation dividend of $10.50 is
eluded («_) Includes return of capital; property sold to Tonopah Placers Co. I/I Includes liquidation payment I i-anized as Judge Mining and Smelt in,-

(A) Absorbed by Mogollon Mines Co. in 1915. ti) Reorganization of Horn Silver Mining Co. (j) Includes stock dividend. (£) Reorganized a

°PPer Corporation. i,i Liquidation payment of $1 1. 85per share is included, (m) Successor of Daly-Judge Mining Co. (n) Taken over in 1917 by Greene Can

i"i i ailed for redemption Nov. 15. 1917. (p) Dissolved in Mar., 1917; succeeded bv Old Dominion Co, (?) Old Dominion Co. (holding) is included in the Ii

ratio inpaiiies beginning 1917. as it has absorbed the Old Dominion Copper Mining and Smelting Co. 'Total dividends to date" include payments by the
"in Dominion Co.. before the absorption (r) Sei Old Dominion (holding).

162

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105. No. 8

in iiiiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii iiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiitL

The Assayer and Chemist

imiiiiinmiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii n iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiinii hum i inn i i I him iiiiiiiiimiiimiiii i urn iiimni mm irr?

Using Gold Instead of Platinum

for Laboratory Cathodes

Brt Fred F. Hunt*

The present high cost of platinum makes expedient
the trial of other metals for use in electrolytic work in
the laboratory. Gold cylinders used as cathodes and
made as follows were tried and proved to be as reliable
as those of platinum:

A piece of pure gold foil, 0.004 in. thick and 2! by 4*
in., is rolled into a cylinder, leaving I in. vertical space.
Pure gold wires, about .V, in. in diameter, are soldered
around the top and bottom of the cylinder as close to
the edge as possible and across the vertical space. A
hard platinum wire is then soldered the full vertical
length of the cylinder and is made long enough to suit
the stand for electrolyzing. The solder used is 22-carat
gold. These cylinders have been in use in my labora-
tory daily for months and their weights remain as con-
stant as those of the all-platinum cylinders used under
exactly the same conditions. Instead of hard platinum
wire for the stem, hard-rolled gold wire might be used.
Gold cannot be used for the anode.

Chilean Assay Terms Defined

The Chilean mining industry uses a series of terms
and calculations more or less peculiar to the country.
The more important of these are given in Teniente
Topics, Vol. 2, No. 6. Terms used in relation to silver
are defined as follows :

The cajon of minerals weighs 64 Spanish quinlales
of 100 lb. each, or 6400 lb. The marco is exactly 8
oz. avoirdupois, or 7.2912 oz. troy; it is equivalent to
226.8 grams (or roughly 230 grams). The expression
marco por cajon signifies the number of marcos or units
of 7.2912 oz. troy in 6400 lb., or 3.2 tons of 2000 lb.
Multiply by 2.2785 to convert marcos por cajon into
troy ounces per ton (U. S. ton of 2000 pounds).

The term diez milesimos (abbreviated D. M.) means
one part by weight in ten thousand or one hundredth
of a per cent. (0.01%). Thus, 300 D. M. signifies that
in 10,000 parts of ore there are 300 parts, or 3%, of
silver. Multiply by 2.9166 to convert diez milesimos
into troy ounces per ton (TJ. S. ton of 2000 pounds).

A milesimo (abbreviated M.) is one part by weight
in a thousand. It is used in speaking of silver bullion
and is the equivalent of parts fine. Thus 970 M. would
mean that the bullion contained 970 parts fine silver
per thousand.

The expression grams per ton (metric) is also fre-
quently used. Multiply grams per metric ton by 0.0322
to convert them into troy ounces per ton (U. S. ton of
2000 pounds).

Terms commonly used in speaking of gold are defined
in succeeding paragraphs.

A dm m.taimo (abbreviated C. M. > is one part by
weight in a hundred thousand, or one thousandth of a
per cent. (0.001 r, ). Thus, 8 C. M. signifies that in
100,000 parts of ore there are 8 parts of gold, or
0.008 <~, gold. Multiply cien milesimos by 0.29166 to
convert them into troy ounces per ton (U. S. ton of
2000 pounds).

An onza por cajon is one troy ounce in 6400 lb.
Multiply onzas por cajon by 0.3125 to convert them into
troy ounces per ton (U. S. ton of 2000 pounds).

The above calculations and rules are based on the fol-
lowing: Troy ounces per ton X 0.00343 = per cent,
per ton; per cent, per ton X 292 = troy ounces per
ton; avoirdupois ounces X 0.9114 = troy ounces; troy
ounces X 1.0971 = avoirdupois ounces; grams X 0.0321
= troy ounces; grams X 0.0353 = avoirdupois ounces.

Determination of Sulphur Dioxide
by Permanganate*

A method of determining sulphur dioxide in gas
mixtures by titration with potassium permanganate has
been developed in the industrial chemistry laboratory
of Ohio State University. Permanganate is a more in-
viting reagent than iodine in oxidizing sulphurous acid,
because the solution is more stable and can be used
without an indicator. The results obtained, however,
were not those that would be expected if the sulphurous
acid were oxidized completely to sulphuric acid, although
they were fairly harmonious. Dymond and Hughes1
found that a part of the sulphurous acid was oxidized
to the dithionate according to the equation
17H3SO, + 6KMnO, = 2K,S200 + K,SO, + 6MnSO, +
6H2S0, + 11 HO

They also found that this reaction is not modified
by the concentration of sulphuric acid present, the tem-
perature, or by the dilution of the solution. These re-
sults have been confirmed in the development of the
method described except that the concentration of sul-
phuric acid must be within certain wide limits and
there must always be an excess of permanganate
present.

It was found that 0.005 N potassium permanganate
was the best strength to use, one drop of which corre-
sponds to 0.000009 gram SO,, the low normality making
great accuracy possible. A stronger solution should be
used for a very large concentration of sulphur dioxide.
This solution was prepared by diluting the laboratory
stock solution, which was standardized with purifiad
sodium sulphite after being allowed to stand for sev-
eral days. The sulphite method was checked by titrat-
ing measured volumes of pure sulphur dioxide gas dis-
solved in water.

•Metallurgist and analyst, 10-12 Old Slip. New York.

•Abstract of a paper entitled "Determination of Sulphur
Dioxide." by O. R. Sweeney. Harry E. Outeault and James R.
Withrow. in "Journ. Ind. and Kng. ("hem." for October, 1917.

'.Tourn. Am. Chem. Soc, 71.314.

January 19, 1918

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

163

As stated above, the permanganate must always be
present in excess. It was therefore impossible to titrate
the sulphurous acid directly. Recourse was had to the
scheme of the Selby Smelter Commission, described in

Bulletin 98, U. S. Bureau of Mines. A certain amount
of the permanganate was run into dilute sulphuric acid
solution, and. alter mixing, was divided into two equal
parts. The sulphur dioxide was dissolved in one of the
parts and standard permanganate was then added from
a burette until the color again matched that of the
other portion, the amount added being sufficient to
oxidize the sulphur dioxide and still be in excess.

Preferred Strength of Permanganate Solution

Experiments showed that the best color to match was
produced by adding 10 cc. of approximately 0.005 N
permanganate to 490 cc. of water. It was observed
that after the permanganate was reduced, the color on
back-titration did not exactly match the original, but
had a slightly redder tinge. If, however, the solution
was reduced and oxidized once or twice before dividing
the solution, then the color could be easily matched.

The solution should contain from 25 to 50 cc. of
approximately 2 N sulphuric acid. Less than this
amount gives a reddish colored solution difficult to
match ; more than this acts on the permanganate. Even
when large amounts of sulphur trioxide accompany the
sulphur dioxide it is generally safe to use 25 cc. of the
double normal acid.

The reaction is complete in the cold and the titration
is made at ordinary temperature. It was found that
merely shaking the permanganate solution in the sam-
ple bottle, free from sulphur dioxide, caused no loss of
color; hence it was not necessary to run a blank but
merely to match color accurately. A little practice in
color matching and comparison usually develops both
accuracy and speed.

The apparatus used consisted of one 24-liter, or
larger, bottle such as a carboy provided with a two-
hcled, properly cleaned, rubber stopper containing a
large stopcock and a plug, to be used as a sample bottle;
two 500-cc. glass bottles of uniform clear glass for ti-
trating (to facilitate the color matching, these should
be free from waves; one of the bottles should be
provided with a two-holed rubber stopper containing a
tube which will reach to the bottom of the bottle) ; a
white background for titrating; one 1000-cc. bottle for
diluting and mixing the permanganate solution; a 25-
cc. burette; and a suction pump for evacuating the sam-
ple bottle and a manometer tube or gage to obtain the
amount of evacuation. Two Nessler tubes should be
provided for very accurate work.

Method of Procedure

The large sample bottle is evacuated and the pres-
sure within noted and the temperature taken. When
the sample is to be taken, the end of the stopcock is put
in communication with the gases to be analyzed and the
stopcock opened. The vessel is then closed and the tem-
perature and the barometric pressure are noted. From
this data the volume of the sample can be calculated.

About 475 cc. of water are placed in the 1000-cc. bot-
tle and 30 cc. of 2 AT sulphuric acid are added, after
which 10 cc. of the recently standardized 0.005 N per-
manganate are run in. After mixing, the solution is

divided ali<. ut equally into the two 500-cc. bott i
dium sulphite solution, or sulphurous acid, is added to
one of the bottles until the color is very faint, after
which the color is roughly restored with permangan
The solutions are now mixed and again divided. Th(
burette is filled with standard permanganate solution
and the position of the meniscus is noted. Such an
amount of the solution is added to one of the bottles
as will prevent the sulphurous acid from completely
decolorizing the solution if this is likely to happen.
The two-holed rubber stopper and tube are now placed
m the permanganate bottle. The gas sample bottle is
inverted and the end of its stopcock pushed just through
the free hole of the permanganate stopper.

On opening the stopcock, removing the plug and in-
verting the sample bottle, the solution runs into the
bottle. If the stopcock tube be bent at a right angle
the sample bottle can be laid on its side and the
liquid run by swinging the permanganate bottle
through a half circle. After agitating the sample bottle
and its contents for some time, the solution is run back
into the small bottle and is titrated with permanganate
until the color matches the other portion of the solution
It is again run into the sample bottle as before and then
run out and matched closely with the other portion
This matching should be done against a white back-
ground, and for very close work portions can be com.
pared in Nessler tubes. The total amount of perman-
ganate run from the burette gives the amount of sul-
phur dioxide in the sample. The details of manipula-
tion are the same as those so thoroughly worked out
for the iodine method by the Selby Commission.

Permanganate Superior to Iodine for
SO, Determination
This work has shown that permanganate is to be pre-
ferred to iodine for SO, determination for the following
reasons: It gives as great accuracy; it is as easy to
prepare and can be more easily manipulated ; it can be
operated on small traces of SO., as well as large amounts-
it is more stable to light and gives a color as easy or
easier to match than the starch-iodine end-point ; it re-
quires no simultaneous blank, and hence less apparatus
to be transported in the field.

Determining Lead in Copper by
Spectroscope

For the rapid determination of lead in factory sam-
ples of copper, a known weight of copper is placed in a
slight cavity in a lower positive graphite electrode and
a fixed or rotating carbon negative electrode used above
The results are sufficiently reliable for practical use in
the copper refinery, according to C. W. Hill and G P
Luckey in a paper presented at the recent Pittsburgh
meeting of the American Electrochemical Society. A
grating spectroscope serves to observe the spectrum.
The time required to cause the disappearance of the
bright lead line in the spectrum, or to cause its en-
feeblement to a certain dimness, is measured with a
stop-watch. With carefully regulated arc, the periods
vary regularly with the amount of copper used and with
its percentage of lead, for example, from 14 sec. with
0.2 gram copper containing 0.004 fc lead to 277 sec.
with 1 gram copper containing 0.038 c'c lead.

lo-l

ENGINEERING AND MINING fOl RNAL

Vol. 105, No. 3

i— ••

iiiuiiiiiiiiiuiiiiiiiHiuiiiiini int. inn i iiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiinii iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiMliimiiuiiuiiiuiiiiiiiiiiiiuiiiuiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiMiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiitiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiMiiii^.

Details of Practical Mining |

iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiMiiiii mimiiiiii iiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiii ii mini i mm mimiiimnim miimiiiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiimimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiii

Triangulation System Installed at the
Paloma and Cabrillas Mines

Bf W. W. Adams*

In installing the triangulation system ;it the Paloma
and Cabrillas mines, at Higueras, Coahuila, Mex., the
area surveyed was about 5 km. wide by 6 km. long, the
topography being exceedingly rough. Cliffs as high as
1 t't. were found in the area triangulated. The sys-
tem installed was accurate to one in 50,000 and all
angles were turned 24 times. Both verniers were read
and the angles estimated to 15". The main base line
had an inclination of about .V and measured 11(10 m.,
while the check base line was slightly more inclined and
measured 300 m. The base lines were 3i km. apart.
Standard 100-m. tapes were used in measuring, cor-

6T Ol INSTALLING TRIANGULATION SYSTEM \T PALOMA
\\l> CABRILLAS MINES

I Monuments and Flag Stan's

IJ-in. pipe

Eatable! itik' and Measuring Bas.- Lines:
Transport

M

$25

mi

3

'2

$28

'2

$>o

(III

12

.'.

10

12

3

92

id

1-'

0 90

I2S

II

$123

DO

78

69

7

Oil

3

00

$211 69

$90 mi
35 12

$125 12
251 95

Comp.

Total $741 95

rections being made for temperature, sag, standardiza-
tion and pull. All measurements were taken at n'ght.
An azimuth was secured by shooting at Polaris at
elongation and the approximate longitude and latitude
were obtained from government maps. Observations
were accurate to 1'. The minimum horizontal angle
between the main station was 28 , the main station be-
ing set in concrete blocks which were 0.4 m. in diameter
by ! m. in depth and were made of ,'-in. pipe, 18 in.
long, with wings at the lower point. The centers were
made of brass caps marked with crosses. The time con-
sumed in actually making the survey was one month
and two days, one engineer and two assistants being
employed, while the computation took about six weeks
with one engineer working. Actual measurement on
the check base line differed from the computed length,
which was determined by the main base line measure-
ment and the angles used in the system, by 0.0008 in.
Costs, in detail, are shown in the accompanying table.

Removable Belt Guards

\ method of guarding drive belts in mills, a safety
precaution taken in some of the mills in the Southeast
.Missouri disseminated-lead district is shown in the ac-
companying illustration. The guard consists of 1-in.

GUARD - PULLEY

BOA»D ■ ^ fj

DETAILS in REMOVABLE BELT GUARD

boards arranged to inclose the belts on three sides.
The belts are given about a 2-in. clearance and the
guards are held in place by floor frames and lightly
nailed cross-strips. This arrangement facilitates the
removal of the guards when belt repairs are required.

ilama and Cabrillas .Mines. Higueras.

Novel Self-Acting Plane

A self-acting gravity plane, which is something of a
departure from the usual type, is described by J. H.
Smith in Coal Age. In this plane, which is double-
tracked from head to foot, the loads always use the same
track, while the empties always run over the other track.
At the head, the empty track is higher than the loaded
track, while at the bottom the reverse is true.

The following are some of the advantages of this
type of plane: When a loaded trip is brought to the

January 19, mis

ENGINEERING AND MINING J01 RNAL

165

pit mouth, the locomotive can switch over, couple to
the empty trip, and k° back into the mine without the
delay of waiting till the trip is run down and returned
to the head of the plane. With other types of planes.

the locomotive either waits and pulls the empties ahead
as they are landed, or a horse or some mechanical ar-
rangement is used to do this work. But with the
empty track higher than the loaded track, the empty
cars will run away from, and the loaded cars will run
toward, the knuckle.

No switch points, latches, frogs or wyes are required.
This does away with derailments and collisions on the
plane, which are frequently caused by a switch point

Pit Mouth loactect Track

MEAD OF PLANE WHEN ROPES ARE CROSSED

or latcji either being set wrong or else slipping out of
place. The only disadvantage is the extra cost, arising
from the wall or cribbing required at the plane head,
and to the additional rail needed.

The operation of the plane is as follows: The rope
B being on the empty side, the rope A is coupled to
the loads, which are then dropped down the loaded track,
as in the usual style of plane. At the foot, the coupler
cuts it off from loads and fastens it (the rope A) to the
empties. At the head, the rope B is uncoupled from
empties, the end carried under the rope A, and then
fastened to the loads. As the loads run down toward
the blocks at the knuckle, they pass under and auto-
matically lift the rope A to the top of the loads, from
which it can be carried with ease and placed in the
sheave in the center of the empty track. The trip is
started down the plane, and as soon as stress comes
on the rope A it straightens and takes the center of the
empty track. (This trip is the one run with ropes
crossed at the head, as will be noted by reference to the
illustration.)

As one rope runs diagonally from the low side of the
drum to the low side of the plane head (loaded track),
and the other rope from the high side of the drum to the
high side of the plane head (empty track), one rope
loes not come in contact with the other, even though
-hey are crossed. (See illustration of side elevation.)

After this trip is landed, the rope A is uncoupled
Tom the empty trip, the end carried over the other rope
(B), and coupled to the loads. As the loads run for-
vard they lift the rope B, which is carried by hand
'rom the center of the loads (the top of the loads is
ibout level with empty track) to the sheave in the center
»f the empty track. The trip is then run, but this
ime the ropes are not crossed.

A plane of this kind must have a uniform grade or
ie concave to operate successfully. If it lies convex
ide up, the rope will not straighten to the center of
he empty track. On line with the empty track, the
ope must come from the bottom side of the drum;

with the loaded track, from the top side. The drum
(a wheel can be arranged to operate as satisfactorily)
should be set hack tar enough to overcome the tend<

Of the rope to pull cars sideways, off the track. It also
should be located high enough, so that the ropes pai ing
over the sheave will make only a small angle. If the
rope is supported at several points between the knuckle
Of the plane and the drum, this will eliminate trouble
due to sagging of the ropes, and assist in passing the
rope from center to center of the tracks.

A Simple Safety Device for Skips
Handling Men

In hoisting or lowering men at the mines of the
Mogollon Mines Co., formerly the Ernestine Mines,
Mogollon, N. M., a safety attachment is used on the skip,
built by the Denver Engineering Works Co., of Denver,
Colo., which prevents jack-knifing in case of an accident
that would result in the skip leaving the rails and tend-

SAFETY ATTACHMENT FOR SKIPS HANDLING MEN

ing to turn over. The device consists of an eye-bolt
attached to the under side of the skip near the bale,
through which a hook can be fastened from a chain
attached to the bale. In the illustration the eye-bolt is
shown, but with the chain disconnected. It is only while
men are being hoisted that the device is used, as the
chain is, of course, so placed as to be easily discon-
nected when ore is being handled, so that the skip can
go into the cradle for dumping.

UNEERING AND MINING JOURNAL Vol. 105, No. 3

■vaaMMMaaaMMaMHiiniaiiiiaiiiiiMimiiiiMiwiiiiiiii iiniiiiniiiiiiiinii iiiuiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiuii hiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii in iiiii.iiiiiiiiiiiiiu i mlm

Events and Economics of the War

Following the criticism by the Senate committee of

the conduct - etarj Baker's department, a n
gar. bureau has been effect-

een introduced bj Senator Chamber-
lain for creating .* Secretary of Munitions. On .Ian. 1.
ongress, President Wilson recommend-
. station to finance the railroads and protect the
during the war period. An increase of
urrage rates was announced by Director Gen
McAdoo, who asked also that an effort be made to un-
; all freight during the week just passed. On Jan.
8. in a second address to Congress, the President speci-
fied the terms upon which Germany may obtain peace.
The Selective Draft Law was upheld by the U. S. Su-
preme Court in seven cases on Jan. 7. The House
passed the Woman's Suffrage Amendment on Jan. 10.
Mark L. Requa was appointed head of the oil division
of the Fuel Administration.

Peace negotiations between Teutons and Bolsheviki
at Brest Litovsk were broken off when the latter dis-
covered that the Teutons desired to annex all occupied
provinces; the parley was later reopened; the Ukraine
has proclaimed its independence. There has been little
activity recently on any of the war fronts. In the
Italian hills snow has blocked the Austrian campaign.
At Paris. ex-Premier Caillaux was arrested on a charge
of treason. Yarmouth, England, was shelled by a Ger-
man raider but little damage was done.

Publicity Forces Reorganization of
Ordnance Department

The Secretary of War has approved a plan for the
reorganization of the Ordnance Department, as an-
nounced in Gen. Crozier's testimony before the Senate
Committee, and the plan is now being put into effect.
Heretofore the business of the Ordnance Department
has been conducted by five separate and more or less
independent organizations under the direction of the
Chief of Ordnance. These divisions will now be con-
solidated. The Chief of Ordnance will be assisted by an
extensive administrative and advisory staff. The prin-
cipal business functions of the department, as distinct
from the technical designing and other scientific work
with which it is charged, will be carried on by four
operating divisions, namely, a procurement division, a
production division, an inspection division and a supply
division.

The procurement division will negotiate all orders and
contracts for artillery, small arms, ammunition, and
other articles heretofore purchased by the various di-
visions of the Ordnance Department. The production
division will have general charge of the production. It
will follow up, supervise and stimulate the production
of all articles contracted for by the procurement division.
The inspection division will inspect and accept or reject
all munitions of war contracted for by the procurement

division The supply division will receive and distribute
all ordnance and ordnance stores, operate all store-
houses, ami have charge of matters pertaining to trans-
portation. Experienced business executives will be put
in charge of the procurement and production divisions.

Production of Staples in 1917

Production of staple articles of food and manufactur
ing materials in 1917 shows large increases compared
«ith that in 1913 with few exceptions, notably wheat
and cotton, and even in these the value of the 1917 prod-
uct is, by reason of high prices, far greater than that
of 1913. According to statistics compiled by the Na-
tional City Bank, corn production is more than 3,000,-
000,000 bu., against less than 2,500,000,000 bu. in 191:5;
sugar 2,225,000,000 lb., against 1,750,000,000 lb. in 1913;,
coal approximately 650,000,000 short tons, against 560,-
000,000 in 1913; pig iron about 38,000,000 long tons.
against 31,000,000 in 1913, and copper more than 843,-
000 long tons, against 546,000 in 1913. The total value
of mineral products is set down at approximately $4,-
000,000,000 in 1917, against less than $2,500,000,000 in
1913, and the wealth production of farms in 1917, accord-
ing to the Department of Agriculture figures, is $21,-
000,000,000, against less than $10,000,000,000 in 1913.

The result of this tremendous increase in production,
and especially in the value of the product, is shown in
the. fact that the total money in circulation increased
from $3,363,738,000 on July 1, 1913, to $4,850,360,000
on July 1, 1917, or nearly 50^ , and individual deposits
in all banks, national, state, savings and trust companies
increased from $17,745,764,000 in 1913 to approximately
$26,000,000,000 on the corresponding date of 1917, also
an increase of nearly 50 per cent.

Germans Work Serbian Coal Mines

Since the occupation of Serbia all its mines have
been in the hands of German army engineers, who have
so thorougly organized the work upon them that it is
generally believed the output has been increased consid-
erably. Consul General D. I. Murphy, writing from Sofia,
Bulgaria, under date of Nov. 12, 1917, reports that, ac-
cording to the Deutsche Balkan Zeitung, of Sofia, an ex-
pert who has been looking over the Serbian coal fields,
declares that hard and soft coal and lignite are found
there in great abundance, offering excellent opportuni-
ties to capital. While it has long been known that
Serbia was rich in coal lands, there were but 14 mines
operating in the year 1910. The number had increased
in 1914 to 22. The expert found 10 more places ir
which mines could be successfully operated, besides a
rich field of coal near Usee, along the bed of the Rivei
Iber. Records show that the soft coal and lignite output
in Serbia doubled between 1900 and 1910, 51,320 tons of
anthracite, 16,622 tons of soft coal and 7899 tons of lig-
nite having been mined in the latter year.

January 19, 1918

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

L67

Demurrage Charges Increased

To speed up the loading and unloading of tars. Di
rector McAdoo has adopted the plan of demurrage
charges. The order directing the increase, which is
effective on Jan. -\. is as follows:

All carriers by railroad subject to the jurisdiction of the
undersigned are hereby ordered and directed forthwith to
publish and tile, and to continue in effect until further order,
tariffs effective Jan. 21, L918, wherein demurrage rules,
regulations and charges shall be changed so as to provide:

A. (li Forty-eight hours' (two days) free time for load-
or unloading on all commodities. (2) Twenty-four hours'

(one day) free time on cars held for any other 'purpose per-
mitted by tariff.

B. Demurrage charges per ear per day or fraction of a
day until ear is released, as follows: Three dollars for the
first day. $1 for the second day. and for each succeeding
additional day the charge to he increased $1 in excess of
that for the preceding day until a maximum charge of $1(1
per ear per .lay shall he reached on the eighth day of de-
tention beyond free time, the charge thereafter to" be $10
per car per day or fraction thereof. These charges will su-
persede all those named in existing tariffs applicable to
domestic freight, and specifically contemplate the cancella-
tion of all average agreement provisions of existing tariffs.

No change is authorized hereby to be made in demurrage
rules, regulations and charges applying on foreign export
freight awaiting ships at export points.

In the last week, designated "Freight-Moving Week"
by Mr. McAdoo, an intensive effort has been made to un-
load cars and clear up congestion at railroad terminals.

Walsh-Pittman Bill Passes Senate

The Walsh-Pittman Oil and Coal Land Leasing Bill
was passed by the Senate on Jan. 7 by a vote of 37 to
32 and was sent to the House. The bill had been pend-
ing in the Senate for four years. Its passage at this
session was made possible by an agreement to except
from its provisions the naval oil reserves, which action
was urged by the Navy Department.

As finally passed, the bill provides for the general
leasing of coal, phosphate, oil, gas and sodium lands by
the Secretary of the Interior, with royalties to be paid
to the Government, and for purchase of the lands by
lessees under certain conditions.

A separate bill providing for the operation of the
naval oil reserves by the Government, the leases of the
present claimants to be obtained either through con-
demnation proceedings or by direct purchase was in-
troduced by Senator Swanson, of Virginia, on Jan. 11.
Under its terms the Navy Department is empowered to
produce the oil and sell what it does not need for its own
use, the money so obtained to go into an operating fund.

Requa Made Head of Oil Division
of Fuel Administration

The organization of an oil division of the Fuel Ad-
ministration, of which Mark L. Requa is to be the head,
was announced on Jan. 10. A definite program of ac-
tion will be adopted as soon as the Fuel Administration
obtains a ruling concerning its powers, says the Times.
Under the Food Control Act the words "fuel and fuel
oil" are employed, and the Attorney General may be
called upon to determine whether this wording covers
kerosene and gasoline. The decision to assume control
of the fuel-oil supply was hastened at this time, it was

'• by the heavj demand en •■ United

States and Greal Bi [tain 1 o thi pre en1 den
be added oon the needs of the new Heel oi d<
which the Navj is building. A thorough uj .■

fuel-oil situation in the nation is being made by ex-
ports, and on this will rest

made. Distribul itpul undoubtedly will be regu

lated, possibly under a licensing system Price fixing
not included in the immediate plans oi the Fuel Ad
ministration for oil control.

Army and Navy Departments Want
Men of Engineering Experience

The Army and Navy staff departments continue to
demand men of engineering experience, especially in in-
dustrial lines, and the outlook is that this demand will
continue throughout the period of the war. In calling
attention to this, the U. S. Public Service Reserve,
Washington, D. C. (where records of men willing to
serve when called will be kept on file), points out that
a man of engineering experience has a rare combination
of opportunities open to him, which are not open to
the average patriotic American, as follows: To serve
the country in his most effective capacity; to keep in
touch with his own profession, with the result that his
patriotic service will not have caused him to become
rusty by the time peace returns; to become a commis-
sioned officer and receive much better pay than the av-
erage man who has wholly subordinated personal inter-
ests and now works for the national good ; to perform
his service usually without leaving the United States.

Wire -Rope Exports Need Licenses

The attention of the Bureau of Exports has been
called to the fact that attempts have been made to ex-
port wire rope, classified as galvanized wire, without
an export license. Shippers have therefore been asked
to take note that export licenses are required for all
shipments of iron and steel wire rope, cable and strands
consisting of six or more wires, whether or not the
wires are painted, galvanized or coated in any way, and
that it is necessary to obtain an export license for every
shipment of this material. It should also be noted that
to classify material improperly in order that it may
be exported without a license subjects the exporter to
the penalty of the law.

Coke Prices to Remain Unchanged

By reaffirmation of the President's order of Sept. 24.
1917, that all contracts and sales of coke made on and
after that date must conform to the Government-fixed
coke prices, the Fuel Administrator, Dr. Harry A. Gar-
field, indicated on Dec. 29 that there will be no general
revision of coke prices for the year 1918. Prices for coke
and raw materials used in manufacturing steel were
established on Sept. 24 in the order mentioned, and it
is understood that the base prices for coke will remain
in force. Exceptions may possibly be made in cases
where coke-production costs are exceptionally high and
the output is important and enforcements of the order
would result in shutting down operations.

-

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 3

HHIllill mum I II Hill Illllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll Illlllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll I I! .11 illll :n III: . I llliu

Industrial News from Washington

By Paul Wooton. Special Correspondent

ii.iiiiii i .nun mi inn i inn

Metal Exports in November, 1917

Marked increases in the quantities of metals exported,
with the exception of spelter, are shown by the statistics
of the Department of Commerce for November, 1917.
Exports of refined copper, which amounted to 48,823,
lb. in November. 1916. rose to 76,553,151 lb. in No-
vember. 1917. Lead to the amount of 16,817,080 lb.
was exported in November, 1917, against 14,005,544 lb.
in November, 1916. Spelter exports show a falling off.
In November. 1916, forwardings were 44,275,495 lb.,
which dropped to 14,751,613 lb. in November. 1917.

Exports of refined copper for the first 11 months of
1917 were considerably in excess of those for the cor-
responding period of 1916. The figures are 947,299,-
546 lb. and 659.792,442 lb., respectively. Exports to
France. Italy and to the United Kingdom increased
markedly during the same period, while those to Sweden
decreased from 14,935,451 lb. in 1916 to 2,229,013 lb.
in 1917.

Lead exports fell off during the first 11 months of
1917, when they were 132,842,001 lb., as compared with
206,843,540 lb. in the same period of 1916. One of the
features of the November, 1917, exports was the in-
crease in the lead sent to Italy. In that month the ag-
gregate of the forwardings to that country was 3,135,-
844 lb., while in November, 1916, only 672,585 lb. was
sent. Exports to France and the United Kingdom in-
creased, while those to Denmark, Netherlands, Russia,
Sweden, Argentina, Brazil and Japan showed decreases.
The decrease in exports to Sweden was most marked. In
November, 1916, 6,132,466 lb. of lead was sent to Swe-
den, but only 112,031 lb. in November, 1917. The de-
crease in exports to Japan was from 32,989,494 lb. to
2,208,034 pounds.

Exports of spelter during the first 11 months of 1917
were 358,453,467 lb., while the figure for the same period
of 1916 is 353,552,959 lb. Exports increased to Italy,
the United Kingdom, Canada, Mexico and Asiatic Rus-
sia, while those to France, Norway, Russia in Europe
and to Japan decreased.

Exports of quicksilver in November, 1917, amounted
to 12,957 lb., which is considerably less than those of
November, 1916, which were 74,222 lb. For the 11
months in 1917 and 1916, the figures are 779,700 lb. and
575,913 lb. respectively.

Alabama Graphite Men Want
Imports Curtailed

Producers of graphite in Alabama feel that they have
not been accorded fair treatment by the War Trade
Board. They claim that the Government has opened
the doors to a foreign product without making an effort
to take advantage of domestic supplies which were im-
mediately available. Owing to freight embargoes, the
Alabama producers found it impossible to gain entrance
to the graphite-consuming centers.

The Alabama producers have placed an extended state-
ment of their case in the hands of Representative
Heflin. in whose district are many of the mines. Mr.
Heflin expects to call the attention of Congress to the
allegation that ships sorely needed for other purposes
are being used to bring graphite from Ceylon and Mada-
gascar when a large part of the country's needs could
be supplied from domestic sources.

Much difference of opinion exists as to the extent to
which domestic flake can be used in the manufacture of
crucibles. Some crucible specialists are of the opinion
that manufacturers can modify their formulas so as to
use practically all-domestic graphite. E. D. Seidel, of
Philadelphia, who has been engaged in the manufacture
of crucibles for 35 years, declares that good crucibles
can be made with 100r- Alabama flake. The Alabama
Graphite Association hopes to settle this controversy by
extensive experiments. The U. S. Bureau of Mines also
is preparing to study the problem.

Time Short for Securing Licenses
to Deal in Ammonia

Licenses must be secured before Jan. 21 by those en-
gaged in the ammonia industries. The terms 'am-
monia, ammoniacal liquors or ammonium sulphate, from
whatever source produced," as used in the recent procla-
mation, mean only the prime products of ammonia
as produced in byproduct-coke plants, coal-gas plants
and nitrogen-fixation plants. This excludes druggists,
wholesalers, and dealers handling secondary products
only, as well as those using the prime products solely
as ingredients in the manufacture of articles not sub-
ject to license under the above construction. The en-
forcement of the licensing regulations will be in the
hands of an interdepartmental committee, headed by
Charles W. Merrill, of the Food Administration.

Examine Tin Deposits of Black Hills

Although tin mining in the Black Hills of South
Dakota has not been attractive to capital in normal
times, Thomas Varley and R. R. Hornor, of the U. S.
Bureau of Mines, have just completed a preliminary
investigation of that region to obtain an idea of the
amount of tin available if production cost were not the
all-important factor. Mr. Varley was engaged 10 days
on this work and Mr. Hornor devoted more than a month
to his examination. Studies were made in the Tinton
district in the northern hills and in the Hill City dis-
trict of the southern hills. No conclusions have been
formed pending analyses of samples.

Imports of Pyrites to the extent of 86,380 tons were
reported for November, 1917. This was in excess of im-
portations in November, 1916, which were 79,511 tons. The
record for the first 11 months of 1917 shows that imports
were 872,059 tons, as compared with 1,164,474 tons in the
corresponding period of the preceding year.

January 19, 1918 ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL 169

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Editorials

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Editoi
MoGrav urn Company, Inc James m McGi Idcn/

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The Spelter Statistics

IN PUBLISHING our statistics of copper, load and
sine for i!H7 in our last issue there was not time
to do anything more than present the figures prac-

ally without comment. The lessons that they teach
must await deliberate consideration, and in some ci
the presentation of supplementary figures. However,
we may make certain deduct ions from the zinc statistics

Comparing the grand total of 685,J:>ii tons produced
in 1017 with 680,018 tons in 1916, it might be inferred
that the former was a year of great prosperity in the
zinc business, but w:e know that such was not the case,
and when we examine the quarterly and detailed sta-
tistics we perceive the statistical records of the year
much more clearly.

Zinc production in the United States attained a maxi-
mum of 188,000 tons in the fourth quarter of 1916. In
the first quarter of 1917 it fell off a little, but in the
second quarter rose to nearly the quarterly maximum.
If we had monthly figures we should probably find a
time at about the end of the first quarter of 1917, or the
beginning of the second, where there was a month of
greater production than ever before in the history of
the zinc industry of the United States. This was about
the time when the new construction pending at the end
of 1916 was going into use, when smelters were still
hopeful that the wavering zinc market was going to have
a "come-back," and when railway traffic conditions ob-
scured the fact that surplus stocks were accumulating.

However, before the end of the second quarter eyes
were opened to the situation, and curtailment of pro-
duction began. In the third quarter the output was
down to 161,668 tons, and in the fourth it had de-
clined to 153,296 tons. The position of the smelters was
worse even than is indicated by these figures, for the
electrolytic producers nearly tripled their output in
1917, which may be considered to have been at the ex-
pense of the smelters.

The number of retorts in American smelteries at the
end of 1917 was 217,194, compared with 222,326 at the
end of 1916. Actually about 10,000 new retorts were
added in 1917, but the dismantling of several old plants
resulted in a small decline for the year. However, the
figure reported for the end of 1917 is nothing but a
statistical fiction in so far as anything practical is con-
cerned, for many of the retorts enumerated in that
total will never be used again. Many of the works that
comprise them will be dismantled soon. At the end
of 1917 there were only 864 retorts under construction.
The era of new zinc-smelting construction has passed.
Of the 217,194 retorts reported at the end of 1917,
smelters who were operating had only 196,560. and of
them only 127,193 were in use on Dec. 15. But, never-
theless, a spelter production at the rate of 600,000 tons
per annum, which is what ours was at the end of 1917,
is something to be viewed with a great deal of respect.

An interesting new feature of 1917 was the greatlj
increa ed production of the zinc in the form -

smelters n ting an output of 4600 tons of thi

againsl in inn;. Yet a tonnagi

of zinc dust was imported, although the amount was
much less than in 1916. The imported dust is larj
Japanese, which is able to reach certain of our marl
especially the Par Western, on better terms than Ameri-
can dust from smelters in the Middle West, because of
the advantage of lower transportation co

Exports of spelter were even larger than in 1916,
much of this being, of course, spelter that was con-
tracted for in the latter part of 1915.

The production of refined zinc by redistillation was
made by several smelters, who produced an aggregate of
about 42,000 tons of this kind of spelter.

The American zinc industry is less brilliant and less
profitable than it was in the halcyon days of 1915-16,
but it may look back with pride to its record of having
within two years multiplied its production by about 2j
and even now making an output at about twice the rate
maintained in 1914.

No Munitions Ministry

THERE is to be no ministry of munitions in Wash
ington. The Administration has pronounced against
it. However, there is going to be reorganization in the
departments and centralization that is designed to im-
prove matters. What we shall have to wait to see is
whether the new system is going to cut out red tape and
confer authority upon the subordinates such as there
is in any good business organization. If there be that
improvement in practice, it may not matter what is the
title and what is the form. The Army and Navy De-
partments have taken the bit in their teeth and purpose
doing things in their own way.

Of significance is the ruling just made by Rear Ad
miral Samuel McGowan, Paymaster General of the Navy
and executive head of the Bureau of Supplies and Ac-
counts, that the Navy will purchase certain steel directly
from the manufacturers without allocating the order
with the Director of Steel Supply of the War Indus-
tries Board.

Prices which have been fixed by agreement between
the manufacturers and the War Industries Board are
maximum prices. Orders may be placed for any lower
amount. Admiral McGowan's action therefore is taken
to mean that he does not accept the price fixed as neces-
sarily the fair price, but will place contracts at as low
a figure as possible. The trend of thought in this re-
gard is illustrated by the following statement from a
prominent naval officer:

"The Navy and the Army are the two war arms of the
Government,, and each, in time, will get back to the sys-
tem of supplying its own needs. No department of
munitions will be created, and the War Industries Board

170

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 3

will lose what semblance Of power it may have and be-
B merely B board of advisers. The Navy has its own
em. The Army will develop one."

The reorganisation of the Bureau of Ordnance is in-
dicative of the procedure which will be followed by the
Army in the future. It is practically certain, says our
Washington correspondent, that the Army will fol-
low the system that has been developed by the Navy's
Bureau of Supplies and Accounts.

The Navy purchasing has been a great deal better
than that of the Army. In business circles the Navy
has a good reputation for knowing what it wants and
paying promptly, while the Army has a bad one. The
Army is still owing copper producers for metal sup-
plied to it last August and wraps up a transaction for
00 lb. with more detail and trouble for the seller
than he experiences in furnishing 50.000.000 lb. to the
Allies.

We hope that the new system will make suitable pro
visions so that the Army and Navy will not bid against
each other and will have some consideration for what
the shipbuilding department, the Food Administration,
the railways, and other essential factors will require.

is apparently indigenous to the shale and derived by
slow processes of decomposition from the vegetable
matter. Ammonia and other nitrogen compounds would
represent valuable byproducts of the distillation of the
material composing the oil-shale deposits.

The Importance of Our Oil Shales

THE oil shales of the United States have lately at-
tracted much attention, and they are undoubtedly of
great interest and importance. We have here a vast
reserve of fuel which will no doubt be fully utilized in
the near future. That the Government is well aware of
these potentialities is plain from several recent publica-
tions and from the fact that an area of the best mate-
rial in Utah has been withdrawn from entry as a possible
reserve of fuel oil for the Navy. A recent bulletin of
the Geological Survey deals with the oil shales of the
East, among which those of Devonian age from Ken-
tucky and other states are the most valuable.

However, few of these shales compare in value with
those from the plateau region in Utah, just referred to.
These are persistent beds in the Eocene fresh-water for-
mations and cover an area of about 5500 square miles
in northwestern Colorado and northeastern Utah. Oil
shale, as is well known, is defined as an argillaceous de-
posit from which petroleum may be obtained by dis-
tillation but not by trituration or treatment with
solvents.

The oil shales of Utah, according to an interesting
article in a recent number of Economic Geology, occur
within a thickness of 200 ft. of these lake beds, and
there are few places along the southern edge of the
Uinta Basin in Colorado and Utah where there is not a
thickness of more than 10 ft. of shale that will yield
more oil per ton than the average which is being ob-
tained from the oil shales of Scotland, and in places
there are more than 100 ft. of such rich shale yielding
30 to 40 gal. per ton.

Interesting data have been obtained regarding the
origin of the shale oil, particularly from the investiga-
tions of the late Dr. C. A. Davis, who did much to ex-
tend our knowledge about the peat marshes of the
United States. From microscopic studies he reached
the conclusion that the shale contains an immense
amount of vegetable matter such as alga?, spores and
pollen. There is but little animal matter and the oil

Production and Ocean Transportation

ADMITTEDLY the greatest danger to the Allies is
insufficient maritime transportation capacity. While
Germany is able to supply herself with fuel and material
from within her own confines, and has to carry things
but relatively short distances, Great Britain, France and
Italy have to obtain most of their food and raw material
from abroad and have to fetch them long distances.
This is one great reason why the war is far more costly
to the Entente than to the Central Powers. It is the
reason why if the loss of ships by submarines be too
great victory may fail.

Neither the extermination of the submarines nor the
building of new ships has proceeded as rapidly as was
hoped. Shipbuilding must be speeded up and is being
speeded up. Another thing that must be done is to con-
centrate upon the United States as the main source of
supplies — wheat, petroleum, cotton, iron, copper, lead,
zinc, everthing that we can furnish — for it does not
involve so long a voyage to carry these things to Europe
from America as it is from other parts of the world;
wherefore there will be economy in the use of ships.

If this great demand is to be concentrated on the
United States, we can meet it only by curtailing oui
consumption and increasing our production. In 1911
our domestic consumption was curtailed somewhat, bul
our production of many important things, iron and cop
per for example, did not increase. This reflects th<
blight of the price-fixing policy, which has had the sam<
effect in every country that has tried it. Curtailment ol
consumption has been imperfect and sporadic when ef
fected by arbitrary decree, instead of perfect and auto
matic, as it would have been by natural law; while, or
the other hand, production, instead of being stimulated
has been chilled and checked. The only thing that re
mains to dull completely the edge of production is stab
control of industry. Before proceeding further in tha
direction, may we not possibly retrace some of the step;
we have already taken and enable America to become th<
supply house of her Allies to a greater extent than sh<
has yet been?

What Was the Cause?

MANY parts of the country, especially Eastern, com
prising the greatest manufacturing districts, ar
short of coal, so seriously short of it that some factorie
must be closed while people suffer from cold in thei
homes. Is it not mortifying that such a thing ha
happened in our great, strong country? What are th<
Bolsheviki papers of Russia saying about it?

What was the cause creating the coal shortage
Maudlin reasons are given. The mines do not produc
enough, say some. According to others they do produc
enough. Bad coal, shortage of labor, shortage of cars
congestion of the railways, congestion in the terminals
congestion in the harbors, snow and ice, improper dis

January 19, 1918

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

171

tribution — all of those are talked about and all of them
have something to do with the situation.

Bui underlying all is the meddling with economic laws.
That is the direction to which we must look if we seek
the cause d( the shortages.

IMIIIMI I

BY THE WAY

In these days of conservation, why can not promoters,
who invite us to subscribe (through the mails) to new
projects, give us a rest? Think of the paper, postage
and clerical work that would be saved.

"Hudson Maxim, inventor of high explosives, has
made a food discovery which is to revolutionize eating,"
if we are to believe the New York Evening Sun; his
discovery involves the Chinese soya bean. Prepared in
the manner which he has invented, the bean is cheap
and plentiful. It is said that it will make any dish,
however unpalatable, taste exquisite. "I intend to
offer my food invention to the American army and
navy," said Mr. Maxim. "Considering its cheapness,
it will give our fighting men the most inexpensive and
the most delicious and the most nourishing ration of
any of the armies of the world." If this be true, the
romance of prospecting will be well-nigh shattered.
Now that the high price of pork has made bacon only
a sad memory, along comes a family of inventors of
new explosives, machine guns and silencers to take
away our old-fashioned frijoles and give us Maxim
beans as a substitute.

There was one steam dredge in Oregon which has
never had its epitaph written. When first built, capital
was limited, and the dredge was a light one. After a
few weeks of operation it was found that the buckets
were not stout enough. A heavier line was purchased.
Then the main drive engine did not have power enough
to operate it. A larger engine was secured. The boilers
failed to generate enough steam for the greater de-
mands, so the owner installed boilers of greater capacity.
The second day after operations were finally resumed,
these heavier boilers suddenly dropped through the
.limsy hull, and the ill-fated dredge went to the bottom.
All of which goes to show, among other things, that
"the life of a dredge is the life of its hull."

While "taking five," and encouraged by the com-
mnionable odor from his lighted pipe of Peerless, Dicky
erstwhile shifter at the Blank mine), propounded the
ollowing: "This 'ere minin' is queer, m'son, an' dam-me
3w tha groun' do varry. Off en she's 'ard an' sometime
he's sof, but thee never naws wot thee's got till 'ole
ob art through. Take this 'ere paintrock— why, dam-
ie' minin' 'er 's jus' like tryin' to get missus to change
;r min'— she'll never stay where she's to, an' once she's
om' forth, she's loth to go back. An' *ard groun!
thy, dam-me son, I've see groun' that wert tha most
ifernal. Drill 'er, did we? Why, m'son, that there
body rock was so 'ard that tha 'oles stuck h'out after
s'n were through drillin'. An' 'ow's we makin' naow?
'am-me, don't b'lieve I 'ardly naws, but I figgers must

strike paydirt pretty soon. Been down'earted lab
for seems though where h'ore la, h'ore Is. An' where
she bean't there be I. Let's 'ave bit moor o' thai th
Peerless, m'son."

The extent to which women arc taking the place of
men in the mines of Germany is disclosed, says a \\
ington dispatch, by the following figures: During the
last quarter of 1916 there were 37,568 women so em-
ployed, compared with 7265 employed in the same period
of 1914. Youths employed in mines increased over
33f, . In England approximately 1,000,000 women have
gone into industry since the war started; in one trini-
trotoluol factory 80', of the employees are women.

A donation of 75,000 pesos has been Riven to the
School of Mines at Copiapo, Chile, by the Rraden Copper
Co. and the Chile Exploration Co., acting jointly. The
money is to be paid in three yearly installments. The
School at Copiapo is for the "training of foremen and
engineers — men for the lower directive positions." In
commenting on the gift, Teniente Topics, published at
Sewell, Chile, by the Braden Copper Co., says: "The
officials of North American mining companies operating
in Chile are beginning to realize that greater use ought
and must be made of local talent — in other words, for
engineers and foremen (for the low^er grades of posi-
tions), educated and trained in Chile. Heretofore, it
has been thought necessary to import men — to contract
them from the United States — but fortunately there is
the sign of a big change. The only difficulty in the
matter of substitution has been the limited supply of
suitably trained men. . . . By giving this school
financial assistance the Braden and Chuquicamata in-
terests have taken a step in the right direction and are
the ones that will benefit most."

Matti, the Finn

Walks with a limp, does Matti, the Finn;

Sleeve of his jacket hangs empty and loose;
Sullen he is and as ugly as sin,

Kind of a crabbed, decrepit bull moose.

Job's pretty soft, taking care of the "dry"

Place where the miners change twice every day;

Dry-men oft hold their jobs till they die;

Long as they're steady they're likely to stay.

Kind of a pensioner's job, don't you see?

Matti, the Finn, worries much over this;
Fate's game of checkers, we all must agree.

Seems to be played by no rule, hit or miss.

Once the best miner that went underground,
Slated for shiftboss was Matti, they say;

Careful and steady, with wits clear and sound;
Studied or worked every hour of the day.

One day his partner, young rattle-brained Pete,
Thought he'd encourage a shot that was slow;

Matt ran and threw the lad seventeen feet
Just as the blast took a notion to go.

Got to be dry-man for saving the skin
Of Peter, his partner, a foolhardy boy;

Sullen and silent is Matti, the Finn;
Reckon his life's pretty empty of joy.

Lieut. Charles Nicholls Webb.

ENGINEERING AND MINING FOURNAL

Vol. 105. No. 3

( unfort Club for the 27th Engineers Hulk-tin No. 1 on Shipments of Tin

at present is greatly disorgan
Much of our mail is late in arriving. Expected letters
not infrequently delayed for weeks by being missenl
•is to the Comfort Club for the 27th
Engineej with such mishaps. We request

thai ntributor who does nol see a prompt ac-

knowledgment of his gift communicate with us in order
that we may trace the missing letter. The list accord-
ing to re< ■ follow s :

\ >
i) i

H W II

w

.1 H Polhemus

.1 11 .1

.1 a Van Mater
I. Vogelstein .v d

-
A Friend

1' \ M

■ i Smelting I '
H

--■ ■• eim

Willard S Horse

August Hecksi

per Mining Co
F W Bradley
i 'harles I
V Friend

Herman A Wagner

Francis I -

J. H Br

D. C. JackliniT

B E Northnip

v Ball

i Technical Staff. American Metal I • ■.. Ltd.

A Friend. .Ian. 9

E B. Coolidge

.1. V X I'nrr

Teatman

\V H A l-lridge

Total

:

10.00

1

10.00

L0.00

100.00

1

Ill MM

50 mi
10 00

I"

200.00

.-,11 OH

r,ii 00
$5355.1111

It is gratifying to note the contribution of the Denver
technical staff of the American Metal Co., Ltd. It means
teamwork and is indicative of a spirit that is valuable
to any business organization. It will take teamwork to
help us realize our aims. A Montana contributor sets
us a mark to reach. He writes :

A word regarding the Mining Regiment, the 27th Engi-
neers a handful of men, 1500 out of two million enlisted

men, that will represent the mining industry by actual min-
inir operations in the first-line trenches:

The 27th Engineers should be one of the crack regiments
of the whole American army sent abroad. We should make
them feel that the mining men of the U. S. A. are behind
them and willing to do anything in their power for their
comfort and welfare, as it is a certainty that they will be
under the baptism of fire most of the time. Special quarters
could be provided for the boys behind the lines when they
are off actual duty, where they could have all comforts. The
only wav we can "show our appreciation of the boys' work is
through" the Comfort Fund for the Twenty-Seventh.

Let us make it $50,000 for a starter, and continue to
subscribe as more funds are necessary.

"Fifty thousand dollars for a starter" is moderate.
We raise our Montana friend and make it $100,000. It
will be needed — every cent of it. There will be a con-
stant drain on the Fund. Again we urge upon our
readers two things: First, contribute; second, get others
to contribute. Bring the Fund to their attention. Per-
haps yours is the only Journal in the office. Make the
checks payable to the Engineering ami Mining Journal.
Start something moving and watch the movement grow.

John Hughes, chairman of the subcommittee on pig
tin of the American Iron and Steel Institute, issued to
the tin trade on Dec. 28, 1917, the following circular
letter, entitled "Pig Tin: American Iron and Steel
Institute Bulletin No. 1":

(m ami after Pee. 10. 1917, all shipments of tin consigned
to the British Consul General will be endorsed over tt> the
American Iron and Steel Institute, to be released by the
latter under guarantees approved by the War Trade Boanl.
:i- set forth in the bulletin.

The British War Trade Department, acting through the
rubber and tin exports committee, London, England, also
issued notification on Dec. 11, L917, that shipments against
permits thereafter issued am1 on those outstanding would
have the conditional consignment on the bill of lading as
provided in bulletin No. 1. paragraph '■>. namely,
American Iron and Steel Institute,

Notify

Beginning as of Dec. 10, 1917, the American Iron and
Steel Institute is taking the guarantees provided for and
endorsing bills of lading as required, at its offices, Room
! Broadway, New York, and Room 606, Rialto Build-
ing, San Francisco, California.

To protect the interests of all concerned, the endorsement
of the notified party will be required on all bills of ladinir
before the institute will endorse such bills of lading over to
the importer for custom-entry purposes. In cases where
the endorsement cannot be obtained, a letter from the noti-
fied party authorizing release to the importer will be ac-
cepted.

The attention of importers, dealers and jobbers is partic-
ularly called to the conditions under which stock and jobbing
parcels are to be released, as provided for in paragraph 13,
Form Xo. 3. Under this arrangement the maximum amount
which will be released to any one firm at one time will be
(a) for stock 25 gross tons (to be sold in parcels of not
less than five gross tons, or multiples thereof, as provided
under guarantee); (b) for jobbing purposes 25 gross tons
(to be sold in parcels of less than five gross tons, and to be
reported on Form No. 4, as provided).

Parcels of tin released for stock must be accounted for
as such; parcels released for jobbing must be accounted for
as such; no transfers of tin from one class to the other will
be allowed. Statement should be made on the guarantee
(Form No. 3) covering the parcel in question whether it is
to be held for stock (a) or for jibbing purposes (b).

These regulations will be strictly adhered to, and com-
plete reports will be required on all parcels released for
stock and jobbing purposes.

Record Output of Cement in 1917

The year 1917 holds the record for production of port-
land cement, a total of approximately 93,554,000 bbl.
having been manufactured, an excess over the former
high production of 1913 of nearly 1,500,000 bbl., and
over the production of 1916 of more than 2,000,000 bbl.,
or 2.2%, according to the U. S. Geological Survey. The
shipments in 1917, of approximately 90,630,000 bbl., fell
below those of the record year, 1916, by nearly 4,000,-
000 bbl., or about 4f, . Stocks at mills increased more
than 2,800,000 bbl., or 33.7%, as compared with 1916.

Higher prices for cement prevailed throughout the
United States except at a few plants in the Pacific
Coast district. They were, however, accompanied by
higher cost of manufacture. Demand for cement was
generally good during the first five to eight months of
1917, but showed a decided falling off for the remainder
of the year. Labor and traffic conditions were for the
most part unsatisfactory.

Three new plants reported the production of portland
cement in 1917: The Hercules, at Stockertown, Penn.,
the Fort Dodge, at Gilmore City, Iowa, and the Beaver,
at Gold Hill, Ore., and one plant, the Giant, at Norfolk,
Va., resumed operations after an idleness of several

January L9, 1918

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

17::

years. The Lehigh district, comprising eastern Pennayl-
vannia and western New Jersey, produced 24,548,000
bbl. of portland cement in 1917, against 24,105,881 bbl.
for the previous year, a total more than double that of
any other cement-producing district of the country.
The sections which had the greatest percentage increase
in output in 1917 were Southern Indiana and Ken-
tucky; Iowa, Minnesota and Missouri; and the Pacific
Coast states.

Seek To Amend Excess-Profits Law

A committee representing the mining, oil, and gas
industries, cooperating with the American Mining Con-
gress, recently submitted to the War Excess-Profits Tax
advisory committee a suggestion for an amendment of
the War Revenue Act of Oct. 3, 1917, as it relates to
excess profits. The committee's suggested amendment
is as follows :

Be it enacted by the Senate and the House of Represen-
tatives of the United States of America in Congress assem-
bled, that Section 207, of Title 2, of the act entitled "An
act to provide the revenue to defray war expenses and for
other purposes," approved Oct. 3, 1917, be amended by the
addition of a new subdivison "C," reading as follow-:

"That in the case of mines, oil and gas wells, the invested
capital, at the option of the taxpayer, shall be (1) the aver-
age pre-war net income capitalized at 8"7r, and (2) paid-in
or earned surplus and undivided profits used or employed
in the business since the pre-war period, exclusive of un-
divided profits earned during the taxable year; provided,
that in the case of mines, oil and gas wells "having no pre-
war net income, or acquired since the pre-war period, the
'invested capital,' at the option of the taxpayer, shall be
(1) the net income for the year 1917 capitalized at 12%,
and (2) paid-in or earned surplus and undivided profits used
or employed in the business subsequent to the year 1917,
exclusive of undivided profits earned during the taxable
year."

The committee includes J. J. Shea, Oklahoma; A. G.
Dickson, Pennsylvania; Herbert Pope, Illinois; Ravenel
MacBeth, Idaho; A. G. Mackenzie, Utah; Emmet D.
Boyle, Nevada ; T. A. Dines, Colorado ; A. Scott Thomp-
son, Oklahoma; Victor Rakowsky, Missouri; Paul Armi-
tage, New York; Archibald Douglas, Arizona, and
Albert Burch, California.

Origin of Manganese in Shenandoah

Valley in Virginia

Washington Correspondence

With regard to the origin of the manganese deposits
in the Shenandoah Valley of Virginia, the following
hypothesis has been formulated by the geologists of the
U. S. Geological Survey, who have recently been at work
in this section:

Definite evidence concerning the source of the manganese
that now makes up the workable deposits is lacking; but,
trom the data at hand, it appears that the manganese was
originally widely disseminated as carbonate in the dolomite
and limestone and possibly in silicates in other rocks found
in the neighborhood of the deposits. The manganese was
dissolved as bicarbonate and transported along established
-•hannels of circulation to the places where the oxides are
low found, in clays produced by the previous decay of
;encitie shales, limestone and dolomite. The oxides were
irobably deposited when and where the solutions containing
nanganese bicarbonates met oxygen-bearing waters. Man-
ganese oxide appears to have been deposited largely by re-
)lacing the clay, although small quantities were deposited in
'pen spaces. The largest deposits of manganese were formed
n places where the maximum amount of manganese in solu-
lon met the most favorable conditions for deposition. Most

decay and, thi on of the ma cimum

proportion of man is ia probaby atl

low relief having a thi
under the influence of a warm, moi t climate, A the
process of olution would be mo
the region above the average l<

grpund-watei ore manga old be delivered in

solution to the belt of country where the ridges and I

l"'1' ' I than . |

If not diverted by the local rock struct u maximum

flow of solutions near- (ho BUrface would have 0 near

or under surface stream channels. Where oxidation was
possible deposits formed in the stream channels thi
As deeper circulation of BUrface waters was controlled by
rock structure, troughs would have received the maximum
circulation, although fault zones might have been locally
favored. According to this hypothesis structural troughs
were the most favorable channels for circulation, and if
suitable conditions for oxidation and deposition existed
they should be the most favorable places for accumulation.

Association of Sphalerite and Other
Sulphides in Ores

Sphalerite is a common constituent of many types of
ore. An interesting investigation to determine what
its relations are to other minerals in a deposit, and
also whether these are of any genetic significance, was
undertaken by L. P. Teas'. Data were obtained from
the study of about 200 ore specimens from 43 different
localities, grouped according to their genesis, ( 1 | Con-
tact-metamorphic deposits ; (2) deep-vein zone deposits ;
(3) intermediate-vein zone deposits; (4) shallow-vein
zone deposits, and (5) meteoric-water deposits. The
main facts brought out by the study of the blende-bear-
ing ores examined showed: (1) Chalcopyrite as minute
triangular or rectangular dots, or as stringers, is nearly
always present in sphalerite that has been deposited by-
ascending juvenile waters, the amount apparently vary-
ing somewhat directly with the temperature and pres-
sure of formation. The dots show a strong tendency
to group themselves along crystallographic directions;
(2) chalcopyrite, as minute dots or stringers, was not
found in sphalerite deposited by meteoric waters; (3)
sphalerite does not appear to carry silver compounds
in visible amounts; (4) in all the ores examined, sphale-
rite is generally the first valuable sulphide and the
second metallic sulphide deposited by ascending solu-
tions; (5) sphalerite deposited by meteoric waters does
not occupy a definite position in the series of minerals
deposited.

Raise Fund for 11th Engineers

Civil engineers have formed an association the object
of which is to provide for the wellbeing and physical
comfort of the 11th Engineers (railway) and to ren-
der assistance to dependents at home of the men in the
regiment, as far as it may be needed. This was one
of the first volunteer regiments recruited after war was
declared, one of the first to leave for France, and the
first American regiment actively to participate in the
war. It was this regiment that recently played a
prominent part at Cambrai. In taking this action, the
civil engineers at home are working along the same lines
that the Journal is following in its efforts to raise the
Comfort Fund for the mining regiment — the 27th Regi-
ment of Engineers.

'"The Relation of Sphalerite to Other Sulphides in Ores." to be
read at the February. 1918. meeting- of the American Institute of
Mining Engineers.

it;

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 3

Personals

■ ni.n.nmtiii-im-t

ilorl 4 hit. for

: t h I iisin,

ii ii Kl«| Blue i

northwest

«.. i

. - d to Aus-

«.r..r_ I

l. !l. ■ be i"

v.icii-iu- < Mil appointed Mln-

in the r>--
N.-w foundland.

Robert J loderson

metal-
d Metal Produi

- i Sba« properties

i ". at
and Mon-

!

i \\ i Dhi ii. ral manager of

Co., Ltd., has
return- after a si\ weeks' ex-

amination trip in California anil Colorado.

\rthur .1. Hoskln has resigned as
of thi American" t" resume pro-

• in mining and metallurgy,
Di i*M r.
Richard K. Tmona. of Bveli
superii I the Fayal district of the

Oliver Iron Mi ast IT

Jan l from active service,

\\ i- c i, .mi. era] superii

Mather Interests al
appointed assistant gi
■ tin- company with headquarters
at Iiuluth.

Hon. <• i>. Robertson has been commis-
b> the Canadian government to
■
■ ith tin- coal and steel industries "f S
-
;• njamln Magnus was in Oklahoma and
ember. He will return to
1 ork early in February, visiting,
• hile. plants in California, .Montana

ada.

\ Butterworth, general manager
ith American Copper Syt
ho has been in New York for several
will return soon to the mines at
zuela.
\. P. w.iti will open Offices in New York
as metallurgist, where he will specialize
on the ition of oi . HI address

derbilt Ave., Room 1903; tele-
phone. Murray Hill 8860.

J. « . \\ ..in. Oliver Iron

Mining «'o.. at Duluth, Mi
cently to engage in private practice He
will be associated with Effi-

ciency Co.. with offices at Duluth and

Oeorge I. Young, recently professor of

mining in U Ity of Minnesota, and

. i j s I >- in the Mackay Mines

at 1C'' as joined the editorial staff

of the ring and Mining Journal"

editor-in-chief,

W. II. I THtu, of Duluth, Minn, mining

engineer with the Oliver Iron Mini

d will leave soon for the
where he will be employed
• icploration work
for the Union Miniere du llaut Katanga.

M . lie C. RichardH,
San Pram recently app

sultii - Eureka

mine II Mi l:ichards

was for a long time engaged In quicksilver
mining in San Luis Obispo Count'
for:

J. ii. Helnnla, head chemist for thi
state Iron I • en appointed assistant

■ rident for all I
I-aughlin i the Me

G i LeVeqoe, chief engineer ol thi Intel
state

tendei al Vli glnla,

Minn. He Is succeeded by Robert M. John-
-,,n. engli Letonia mil ■ W. '*■

K«»eniier>-er, superintendent ol

Buhl, Mini n appointed

Dpi mine at

at in.

Pores! Butherford, for many years metal-

i general denl of re-

rks for the Copper Queen

ited Mining Ariz., has

consulting wort
llcularlj along metallurgical line al 120
Broadway, New York
< barton I I oeke, prof

its Institute of Technoloi
ippolnted to give a .ours,- ,.t' i
Ing lectures during the lasl three weeks

lUary at the Missouri School ol
rn,r, Carroll It. Forben ol the lattei
entiled military service.

Obituary

Hlllllllllllllll

milium

John Morton, sup. i

power division of the Calu-

Hecla Mining on Dec 29,

i:u 7. after many years of service witii the

n\

in, .ma, I.. Livermore, vice president of

ilumel ,v Heels Mining Co

Jan. 9 in Boston A bio-
L-al sketch of Mr Livermore will be
published in a subsequenl issue.

James B. iio« 1< SI Johns, New

found.: Ian I, 1918, aged 71 years

Hi was chief of the g gii al depai

of Newfoundland and directoi of govern
i, , i [owlej i'ii! a long rec-
public service and was the author
ous works on the natural re-

the island

Societies

< II

American Societj of < iiil Engineers mel

on .lau. 8 in the United Engineering Society
Building. New York B i-' Groa! pre
iper entitled "Ice I Aversion, I ly-
draulic Models and Hydraulic Similarity."
American Societj "t Mechanical Engi-
neers, New Yin! held Its January
■ on Jan 8 in the United Engineer-
ii lety Building. A paper entitled "Re-
of Manufatil arum In Banking and Id-
as presented by Walter (tauten
, ,i of mi chfl Meal enpi-
neering al Columbia University.

American Association of Engineers — Pitts-
burgh chapter mel on Jan. I I . i lie i eland
, Jan 15; New York chapter, Jan.
L6 ; Chicago chapter, Jan. IS: Philadelphia
chapter, Jan. 18. The following futun
rigs are announced: Washington chap-
ter Jan. 21; Richmond chapter. Jan. _:i ;
lb chapter, Jan. 25; Birmingham
chapter. Jan, 28 : Atlanta chapter, Jan. 29 ;
and Cincinnati chapter, Jan 30

Mining and Metallurgical Society of
Vmerica — At the annual meeting in New
York. Jan 8, it was reported thai the bal-
lot for officers for 1918 had resulted in the
,i of W Ii Ingalls, president lu-
ll; J. Parke Channing. vice presi-
,1, n< , and I .mils I I, I In: loon, secretarj I II-
i . !•', W, Bradley. James
R Finlay, Pope reatman, J. V. N. Don
and l: C Gemmel) were elected councillors.
, ounci 'i al the meeting that the

.,t i tietj had bet n av ard d

to Pope featman tor distinguished service
in the admini t ra1 ion of mines it « a
further announced that Prof .lames F.
Kemp and Dr. Janus Douglas had been
elected honorary members of the society,
for which nomination by 20 mi mbi i a nd

the unanimous vote of the i ncil Oi 15

ary. Following the annua I din
,i j p. Hutchins described receni con-
a and F W Draper
how he brought out $2,000,000 worth of
mil. which was recently repotted in

Industrial News

Gnstave A. Overstrom and Charles \.

Craig have entered into a contract I'm

handling "Universal" concentrators, cover 6

ion for pate ' und< r Serial No.

i, which Mr. Craig undertaki

manufacture and sale of the machine and

half owner of the patents

t ln-reon.

Chicago Pneumatic Tool Co.. Chicago, an-

i -truck interests were

over on Jan 1 by the newly formed

Little Giant Truck Co., which is owned and

nier company and has

, ifficen i [i adquai ters of the new

inv will he in the Little Giant Bldg

Michigan Ave., Chicago

K. i>. Nuttall Co.. Philadelphia, maim

facturers of geai and troll'

i' .Milton Rupert has been • Ii cted
■ lent and assistant treasurer of
Mr Rupert has been with
the company since 1893. In his new po I
Hon he will have charge or stiles and manu-
ring activii

Hyatt Holier Bearing Co., Newark, N J
announces thai i> Glelsen is manager of the
industrial bearings division. Mr. CJlel n I
a mechanical engineer, a graduate "t Ste-
vens institute, and has I n connected with

ii company tor the last six years He was
formerly assistant manager of the ii* itl
company In oharge of bushings sales

Georgia Pine Turpentine Co., New York,
Is making extensive Improvements at its
plant a al I lollini , Ga., and Faj ette\ ill.-. x
C., due to the Increasing demand for pine
flotation oils. Some months ago the com-
pany established a distributing point a1
Salt Lake City, with s s Skelton as West-
ern manager. Mr Skelton is stocking a
c pi. te line of pine products at the t'ul-

mer i ',, wan house,

,,„ nniiiiiiiniiuniiiiiiiiiii mini (i,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,. uin ,,

New Patents

„ iiniiiii

United states patent specifications listed
below maj be obtained from "The Engi-
neering and Mining Jouriial" at 25e. each.
i patents are supplied at 40c. each.

Air Compressors Valve for Air-Compres-
sors, illume M Richards, Philadelphia,
r.mn il S. No. 1,251, 120 . I >.-.' !G 19170

viio.v -Steel, Containing Ni, Cr, Mo, Ti
and Mm James < Ihurchtx ard, La keville,
Conn, il', S. No. 1,251,341 ; Dec. 25, 1917.)

Aluminum - Method of Precipitating
Aluminum Hydrate. Ralph S. Sherwin,
East st, l.ouis, [II., assignor to Aluminum
Co. Of America, Pittsburgh, I Vnn it', s
No 1,251,296; Pec. 25, 1917.)

Aluminum Nitride, Production of. rani

K Hershman, Chicago, ill., assignor, hy

asslgnments, to Armour Fertilizer

Works. Chicago. 111. (U. S. No. 1,250,-

874 ; Pec. 18. 1917.)

Murium — Process of Making Oxide and
Hydroxide of Barium. Benjamin Peacock;
Philadelphia, Penn., assignor to Larrowa
Construction Co., Detroit, Mich. (U. S. No;
1,250,642; Dec. 1S. 1917.)

Casting or Molding Device. Edward O
Cook, Long island City, N. Y , assignor, by
mesne assignments, to Copper Products Col
i f S No. 1,250,803 : Dec. 18, 1917.)

Cement and Potassium CompoundH, Proc-
ess "l" Producing. Carleton Ellis, Mo t-
clair, NT. J., assignor to Ellis-Foster Col
(U S. No. 1,260,291 : Dec. 18, 1917 I

Iirill — Rock Drill. Oeorge H. Oilman,
• 'laremont. N. II,, assignor, by mesne as-
signments to Sullivan Machinery Co.. Bos-
ton. Mass. il', s. No. 1,250,931; Dec I v:
1H17.)

Drill — Rock-Drill. William H. Leonard.
Denver, Colo., assignor to the Denver Rocl
Drill Manufacturing Co.. Denver. Colo
(U. S. No. 1,251,391; Dec. 25, 1917.)

Drilling Apparatus. Oeorge II, Oilman]
I'laiemqnt. N. H., assignor to Sullivan Ma-
chinery Co.. Boston. Mass (U. S, No.
1,250,933 ; Dec. 18. 1917.)

Drill-Sharpener. William A. Smith. I'
ver, Colo., assignor to the Denver Rocf
I Mill Manufacturing Co., Denver, Cokf
i I'. S. No, 1,251,434; Dec. 25, 1917.)

Electrolysis — Electrolytic Recovery of
Metals from Their Solutions, Urlyn Clifj
Ion Tainton. Johannesburg, Transvaal.
South Africa. <U. S. No. 1,251,302; Dei
16, Hi 17.)

Electrolytic Apparatus. John Coul on,
Wilkinsburg, Perm., assignor to Westing
house Electric and Manufacturing ' '"
IK, S Xo.- 1,250,146 and 1.2511,2m; ; DM
IK. 1917)

Electrolytic Apparatus. Lewis W. Chubb,
Edgewood Park. Penn., assignor to We I
inghouse Electric and Manufacturing Co.
(U. S. No. 1,250,141; Dec. IS, 1917.)

Electrolytic tell. Henry Charles Jen-
kins. London. England. (U. S. No. 1,2501
is:: : i iec. is. 1917 )

Filter. Arthur J, Brown. Milwaukee.
Wis. (U. S. No. 1,2511.275; Dec. 18. 1 9 I 7 I

Flotation Apparatus. William E, Gl
wait. Denver. Colo. (U. S. No. 1,250,300
Dec 18. 1917.)

Motor — Pressure-Fluid Motor. Oeorge
il Gilman, Claremont. N. H.. assignor to
Sullivan Machinery Co.. Boston Mass
il' S. No. 1,250.932: Dec. 18. 1917.)

Peat. Treatment of. Thomas Rigby, Dum-
fries, Scotland, assignor to WetcarbonizinB
l.i.l London. England. (U. S. No, 1,251.-
122 ; Dec. 25, 1917.)

Refining — Electrode Used in the El.
lytic Process of Refining Metals
Linden Antisell. Perth Amboy. N. J. (U. 8
No 1.250.757 ; Dec. 18. 19 17 1

SIhk — Method of and Apparatus for Ue-
covering Volatile Metallic Values,
Form of Metallic Oxides, from Molten Slag.
an Witteborg. Caldwell. Idaho ft*. 8.
No 1 250.261 : Dec 18 1917 1

January 19, 1918 ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL 175
Hum tamtam i in munni mi nui imutiiuutiimtii i mi mi luuniui iiiuttiinini nuun uiuuiuiirauusiii muimniii nBuugjumiuuui i -

I Editorial Correspondence

ii in mitmiiiiiimimiimmimiiiiimmiimmi i i inn iiiiilimiiiiiimimimimiiiimmimmiiiiiiiii llllllllllllllllllMillllllliiiiiiiiiiiiiiin mn iiiiiiiiiimimimiimi iiiiiiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiniimimimimmmi mi

- W I li \\l IM O Inn. !•

ConiNtork Mines at Xortl I a id Gold

Hill made a good production In the closing

u eek -'I i '■ cember I

corded bj Union Consolidated, Ophir and

Andes ai the th end. and bj the Jacket

at Gold nut Union Consolidated produced
a total "i hi ions containing $iu,r,:i i,
Silver ami milled at the Mexican mill 191
tons that avi 1.38 per Inn. Ophir

production was light, 1 1; cars assaying ■- BO
ton Andes produced 5 i cars averag-
ing {i 0 per ton. Jacket produced
of fair-grade ore, sent ■';"" inns ol mm.' ore
to the mill hilis anil 340 tons from shaft
inns to null gloryhole Development in the
Beveral mines operating showed progress in
the Union, Ophir, Mexican, Sierra Nevada,
Con. Virginia Jacket and Mpha a Ek
chequer, Christmas was generally observed
alone tin' Lode The pumping plant in

8 '' shaft was closed down only four
hours, the time being occupied in cleaning
2310-level pump lank

New oil Well- Started In 1917 in Cali-
fornia totaled 984, according to the records
of the oil and gas department of the State
Mining Bureau, in the closing week of the
year ended Dec 29, the number of new
wells started was five, or less than half of

the number started in the pr im^ week

The total for the half month was IS. Wells
reported for redlining or deepening, 13;
for tesi of water shut-off. 34 ; abandoned
wells, four. The companies which began
drilling for new wells in the two weeks
were: Associated, five; Standard, four;
General Petroleum, two ; Potter, two; Santa
Paula two; and Petroleum Midway, C. C.
M i' O.. Oak Ridge, one each.

Standard Oil Co. is reported to have op-
tioned land in the vicinity of Suisun and
Fairfield. Solano County, with the evident
purpose of drilling gas wells, possibly oil
also. The land is near the gas well drilled
by the Rochester Oil Co. in 1901, eight
miles northeast of Suisun. Gas was tapped
by that well at a depth of 1520 ft which
was deepened 300 ft. without improving the
production. The well was abandoned for
three years and later four other holes were
drilled without results. Salt water came up
with the gas and -was used by local butchers
as a brine. The gas for a time was used
for fuel in Fairfield and Suisun. Xo drill-
ing has yet been done by the Standard,
but it is reported that oil experts employed
by that company have considered geological
conditions favorable to the presence of oil
It is reported also that Los Angeles men
nave optioned lands in the same region
including the Keyes ranch, on which the
Rochester well is situated. Indications of
oil have been reported in the vicinity of
\allejo. about 15 mi. southeast.

, Q1C-om,>?,n ,?t'on Laws Were Amended in

isii in < alifornia in several particulars the
changes becoming effective Jan. 1. 1918
One of the important changes requires every
employer of labor, except state and state in-
stitution employers, to secure the payment
ot compensation in one of the following
ways: (a) By insuring and keeping insured
in an insurance company duly authorized
to write compensation insurance in this
State; or (b) bv securing from the Indus-
trial Accident Commission a certificate of
consent to self-insure, which may be given
"nen satisfactory Droof of the "employer's

• ?. Jy ° carrv his own insurance is "fur-
nished. The commission will require such
employer to deposit with the silte treas-
urer a surety bond or securities approver
aLJ ■ ^"""ission. in an amount to be
determined by the commission Failure to
WfU/e,i pa>'me,nt °f the compensation sub-
£rinn ,t ?mPl?£'er. t0 added "ability of an
fnl,^Lat ,a,v that may be brought bv the
be entitle^05;!6- a-nL the employee -shall
of thl ™£i t0 th.e neht to attach Propertv
men^ empIo>T to secure payment of udg-
nled d.f1" SUCli action tne employer is ai-
med defenses of contributory negligence as

SEmSMlfl?1 an? "egligenfe of Tellow
h= t5.p1' d the 'neSligence of the employer
4rr, spmed' Certificates of consent to
carry self-insurance and any further in-
formation may be obtained bv application
^anciscommiSSi°n at 525 MarketSt.?aSan

in I li Mn, ii

PhlllpHburc ManganeHe Rhlpmentti

been going "in at t he ral
per monl h to i he steel WOl
Prospectors In the hills are n
Bnd dallj and In mining the

mangam < on largi tor | low -

Ing blocked out b> the mining
companies. Blgl

bi hipped to i 'nlladi Iphia and othi
em points,

Butte Miners* I iiinn Property will no
Hi West,

oi the r S, local couii - d<
the right oi

i he propertj i
Butte Miners' Union, were In effect upheld
Jan. li, when the Supreme Court at Wash-
ington, declined to review them The suit
ii he « Ithdraw al from the feder-
ation of the Hun,- hi

Cupper Production for mi; from Butte,
disregarding the two months' shutdown
during the I w \\ trouble, musi be re-
garded as sa The North Butte
company produced a good tonnage, altho
crippled for mam months by the fin
the Granite Mountain shall when I •'- 1 lives
were lost. Despite the elaborate precau-
tions taken by all Rutu npanies the

fatalitj list or 1917 was thi esl on

record for the district, the total amounting
to 327 deaths. The Easl Butte companj
produced steadily except for the six we
shutdown during the labor trouble. This
company made Its record production in
December and an even higher record is
expected for January. Butte & Superior
mined 460.000 tens of ore. averaging 1.V.V,
zinc and 6 oz. of silver per ton and ended
1917 with an ore reserve equal to tha
of previous years. At the Colorado mine
of the Davis-Daly company. 38,427 tons
was hoisted with an average of 6 ■ ; copper.
The Hibernian shaft is at a depth of !<"'
ft. and shows high-grade silver-zinc ore
But little new development, in the older
mines of Butte was possible in 1917 as all
the labor available was needed for produc-
tion. The reduction works of the Anaconda
and Rast Butte companies underwent a
number of improvements At Anaconda
erection work was started on a new 525-ft.
brick smeltery stack. 60 ft. in diameter
signed to eliminate the possibility of fume
damage in the Deer Lodge Valley. The
capacity of Anaconda's brick plant lias been
increased from 18.000 to 35.000 bricks per
day to provide the 25,000,000 bricks that
will be necessary for this new structure.
At Great Falls. Anaconda increased its
smeltery capacity and nearly completed the
wire mill. Some of the machinery has ar-
rived and the plant is expected to be in
commission about the first of May. An
increase in the capacity of the zinc plant
and the establishment of a brass works
at Great Falls is in contemplation.

IEADVILLE, COLO. — Jan. 10

Production of Leadville for 1917 in met-
als was; Gold, about 60.540 oz.. silver, 2.-
488.238 oz.. lead, 24.902.777 lb., copper. 2-
593.943 lb., zinc. 85.389.235 lb., manganese.
36,272 tons (Mn). Production of ores in
short tons was; Carbonates. 8734, iron
oxide, 32.073. manganese. 185.391. zinc (all
classes). 21 l.KTfi. siliceous, in. 152. sulphide
(other than zinc). 143.701 ; total, 594,727
tons.

Ores as Low as '2Hr'f Manganese are now

acceptable by the steel manufacturers. Ore
with 40^7 manganese is rare in Leadville
and in 1916 nothing less than this could be
marketed. At the beginning of 1917 ore
containing 35 rYf manganese became accept-
able and 30 c; came into demand during the
last quarter. Leadville has the possibility
of a tremendous tonnage of 30 r7 ore and
the demand has caused a revival of mining
prosperity on a scale not experienced for
many yrears. There are now 17 mines, pro-
ducing about 700 tons of manganese ore
daily. Six of these properties were opened
in 1917 and 11 have been active for a
longer period. The biggest producers of
manganese in the district are : The Yak.
the Western Mining Co.. Star Consolidated
Mining Co., Down Town Mines Co.. Iron
Silver Mining Co.. Ibex Mining Co.. and
the Leadville Unit. The Yak will be sub-
jected to a most vigorous campaign of ex-

ling the

I.,, I, lie

« ILL \( I III \llll- I:.,, ■•

I iboi II i . .- . mattei

for thi district

'., top thi de

he n

Moi I
running

Ll many men have drawn

Hi. n |

anil ,1 Many ol

at.-,, .\ hi ,

called I i the

formal calling
ably Ind
are 25c a day higher, and as

il induct mem , i;mte is wet whlli
Coeur d trlcl is drj According

Of the slid

d'Alene district, there should
now be a reduction ol 50c pi i da
the rate 1 1 25. However, i here Beems to
in no disposition among the mining i
par i. irticularly

in view of the difficulty in securing men
at the pn

< lotting or (irreii Hill-Cleveland Mine has

been di eid, d m i d 11 will em) Its long

car. er as within a

few days while the life of the Green
Hill-Cleveland ratively short, its

exha arks the end Of continuous

production from a bonanza orebody, cover-
ing a period of practically a quarter of a
century- What is known as the Green Hill-
Cleveland is the outgrowth ol two fami

■ mines of the Coeur d'Alene dis-
trict, the Standard and the Mammoth
John A. Finch and A B Campbell, two

P successful operators, secured a

bond mi the Standard In thi for

$20,000 and drove a o cut

a Vein Which the', t ill th.

ground secured, but of which there was no
evidence on the surface. Their judgment
proved correct and they struck oni ol the
richest lead-silver ore bodies found in the
district, and the development „f which
earned large profits during subsequent
years. In the meantime, the Mammoth, ad-
joining the Standand on the v. ' and high-
er up the mountain, wa.s being developed
by the original owners cess-

ful in finding the Standard-Mammoth ledge
nar the surface, and in it the crest of
the great oreshoot in the form of high-
grade lead-carbonate ore accompanied by
much native silver. Shipments from this
strike paid for the subsequent developement
of the Mammoth, which made millionaires
of the owners, all of whom were poor men.
'- thi fall el' 1903. the Federal Mining and
Smelting Co. pui I the Standard and

Mammoth for $3,000,000 and consolidated
them. The combined property was worked
with great success until 1912, when, in an-
ticipation of an early exhaustion of the
orebody, negotiations were opened for the

purchase of the Gr i Hill and Cleveland

claims, joining the Mammoth on the west
and containing the extension of the great
orebody. These negotiations were only par-
tially successful two of the owners." Wil-
liam R Leonard and James Leonard, re-
fusing to sell The result was the or-
ganization of the Oreen Hill-Cleveland Min-
ing Co.. the stock of which was divided
on a 50' basis between the Federal on
the one hand and the Leonards on the other.
Since that time, the company has been
operated under Federal management. The
famous oreshoot was profitably worked to
a depth of 2250 ft. below the main work-
ing tunnel a^d to a maximum depth from
surface of about 3500 ft. But its limits
have been reached. The old stopes. drifts
and crosscuts are now being finally cleaned
up and within a few days the pumps will
be hoisted and the mine allowed to fill.

HOUGHTON, MICH. — Jan. 12

"Lake Superior Cooper Mines in 1917
showed a decrease in copper production
that of 1916. The output in point of
tonnage was. however, about the same,
which indicates a return to the mining of
normal-grade ore after the intensive cam-
paign conducted by the three most im-
portant south range producers, the Cham-

L76

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 3

who mined

single nu

cut from

Its. Tlii- C.tlu-
.» as a
but ll

which (Op-
Lake
:ive lead to
■ the dilu-
ted thai the
-

,1 the I 'OP-

\\ ithin t lii-t-^'

■ nal turbine for Calumet &

den will be

• furnish power

for the mam mine and subsidiaries as re-

n haul-
ground are going Into
some on the I i
iroet A Hecla, some at Isle
I some at Ahmeek.

IU It Til. MINN. — Jan. 10

Car Shortage is being ameliorated by the
action of Duluth-operated railroads

ipplytng Iron-ore cars for the move-
ment of coal during the winter months The
Puluth. Messabe & Northern R.R. has just

Joliet .<: Bastem R R and the Puluth &
Iron !. : has supplied

ither coal-handling railroad op-
erating from Chicago. It is announced that
the Northern r. - • Line, and the

Great Northern roads have arranged to re-
al number of their cars to faclll-
ial shipments. The North.'
1 will supply 2000 ore cars from its
Ashland division, and loon from Its
sula. for use in carrying coal on other por-
tem. This Is the Brst time
that the iron-carrying roads have let their
cars go in any large numbers on account
of the difficulty in getting them returned
when the shipping arts.

ion i\. mil — Ian. 11

Three Kl i atlng leclden! at the

Mahutsko mine at Picher, Okla., when the
hoist brake refused to work Foui
being ipped a distance i

about one under-

at the tlm ■• n were pulled

back up by the n, three of them

fatally wounded d the nexl day.

lUrth is seriously, If nol fatally, In-

Vppllratlon of the Flotation Proeeea In
the concentration of ores In tins dl

g carefully studied bj A.lberl Rob-
erts, 8 Itlve of the Minerals S. na-
tation companj Two representatives vis-
ited this district last summer and as a re-
sult of their Investigations and conclusions,
■.natty has reduced royalty rates for
this district, making it -v. for line concen-

■ h. i, ad is
red and Bold If the lead is not re-
made for it. in a talk
mi Roberts estimated that
only mills handling as much as i"" tons
i ] H ,■ dotal Ion
profitably, and even then the slimes must
i iy rich. I lowei er, he declared it
probable that many mines would find the
process well worth while In this Meld.

Zinc Rolling Mill Project is arousing en-
thusiasm in this district and received a
further stimulus at this week's meeting of
mine operators at Webb City, when Guy
11 Waring;, a chemlsl and engineer and
owner and manager of the Oronogo Mutual
Mining Co.'s property, reported that a com-
plete 60-ton mill could be erected foi

Original estimates, made by him some
mull Iplied by t hree to pro-
vidc amply for the increased cost of male-
rials, he said il. also estimated thai at

the present price of Si I sine it would be

possible for the mill to pay for itself in

a few weeks after getting in operation. An-
other activity of the operators Is extending
in the direction suggested by "Engineering

and Mining Journal." a few weeks ago, to
the effect that new uses for zinc should be
sought by the smelters The manager of
a local foundry visi.ed St. Louis during the
and sought information as to yvhat
is being done along this line. He reported

thai om company Is seriously considering
the advisability of making burial caskets of
sine, and that tins company, which is one
of the big spelter producers of the country,
is also studying the matter from numerous
other angles lie stated that one of the
leading manufacturers reported a better
demand for galvanized plates in December,
but that the demand for galvanised Iron
pipe had declined, due, it Is presumed, to
the slowing up of general building opera-
tions.

TORONTO — .Inn. 12

IVtit us ii Coal Substitute because of the
shortage of the latter has been receiving
serious attention from the operators A A.
Col.-, mining engineer tor the Temiskaming
& Northern Ontario Rj . has been investi-
gating the peat bogs along the line, Last
August, samples of a p.at bed, a few miles
south of Cochrane, were sen! to the fuel-
testing laboratory of the Mines Branch, Ot-
tawa, the results of testing being consid-
ered sufficient to warrant further Investiga-
tion. Since then A Anrep, of the Mines
Branch, has made a survey of the peat hogs
near Cochrane and is of the opinion that
the peat of most of these deposits will make
good fuel. The scarcity and increasing cost
Of coal render it probable that an attempt
to bring these deposits into the market
on a commercial basis might be attended
with more success than those made some
years ago.

Extracting Potash from Feldspar is being
demonstrated at the preliminary plant of
the National Potash Coi -poration, Ltd., in
charge of Alan Grauel, inventor of the proc-
ess ; it is stated to be turning out potash
at the rate of one ton per day. A com-
mercial plant is under construction at
Gravenhurst, Ont. The tests are stated to
have shown that an average of 88',; of the
potash contents of the feldspar can be
volatilized in a small furnace and that the
cost of manufacture will not be more than
$13 per ton. The United States Govern-
ment is said to have placed orders with the
company for two tons of potash per day
for the next two years to be used for mak-
ing permanganate of potash, and the British
Government has also made application for
a supply.

ijuiuiiiiiiuuimiiiiiuiiiiuiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiuiuiiiiiiiiii

lllllllliililillilllllilliillllllllllllllllllllliillllllilllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll Illllllllllll I iiiiini I iilllillllllllllllllliiililiilllilimiliillllllilllliiiiliiiiliiililllillllliiiiiiiiiiMiimiiiiiyd

The Mining News

iimiiMiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiinii i tin mi ■ urn iimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimiii i imimiitiimi minim iiiiini niniii iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiMiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiilliiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiillilliillllllllllllllllliiiiiiiiiiiiiinn;

ARIZONA

l.reenlee County
ARIZONA CO! Ifton) — Coronado

mine, where the fire recently occurred, is
now being drained and preparation made
for resumption of work.

SHANNON COPPER CO. (Clifton) — Dl-
3 voted to purchase new pr
g of 11 mining claims aggregati
situated l west of Clifton

18 months' development.
.Moliaie County
UNION BASIN MINING CO. (Golconda)
— Has ceased operations in this district.
Pinal County
FORTUNA CONSOLIDATED (Superior)
— Prift on north-south vein now in 800 ft
and according to calcula'i tpected

to strike the intersection of east-wc
per vein series any day. Copper is ex-
■ ,-d.
MAMMOTH DEVELOPMENT (Shultz) —
Repairing damage done by fire in shaft in
t,er.

^ i v apiii ( ounty

JEROME VERDE (Jerome) — Coin

development will be by crosscuts and drifts
from the 1100-ft. level, but diamond drill-
ing will continue. This view was '
as the of geological study and

plan for best results obtainable with avail-
opment fund.

Yuma Coiiiilv
POTASH reported 30 miles north of Par-
ker in underground basin in form of brine.
Explorations show basin covers art
miles in diamet. ted near Colorado

River but not connected

ARKANSAS

.Marion (ounty

E SPRINGS (Buffalo) — Dixie Queen
Mining Co. operating Cane Spring mine,
',n Warner Creek, opened a rich deposit of
blende In tunnel at 60-ft. level.

EASTERN STAR AND GOLDEN SEAL
(Yellville) — Development has been started
by Miami-Yellville .Mining and Milling Co.

COLORADO

Clear Creek Connty

WASATCH-COLORAJ » I (Georgetown) —
Shipping lead concentrates and zinc ore.

GUM TREE (Idaho Springs) — Leasing
.any making shipments

KITTY OWSLEY ( Waldorf)— High-
grade lead ore being shipped by lessees.

PRIMOS CHEMICAL CO. (Empire) —
Snow slide in Daily district recently car-
ried away 20,000 ft. of framed mill timbers.
No one hurt.

BIG FIVE (Idaho Springs) — Lessees on
tliis and Lake mine operating through tun-
nel, making regular shipments. New lease
on Bellman to be worked also through this
tunnel.

BAGELEY LEASING CO. (Idaho
Springs i — operating Raid Eagle, making
at Jackson mill; results satisfac-
tory. Large tonnage of low-grade ore
opened ; regular shipments will begin soon.

( ,il pin County
SILVER DOLLAR (Central City)— Ship-
ping gold-silver-copper ore. Shaft sunk 100
ft. deeper ; good-grade ore opened.

OPHIR (Central City) — Quart/. Hill mine
being operated through lateral from Aigo
tunnel; milling and smelting ore produced.
GOLD CUP (Central City)- E

entlj in. t ailed. -Main shaft will
i. 2(H) ft. deeper. Large tonnage gold-
silver-lead ore opened In development on
Buckeye vein.

Ouray County

CAMP BIRD (Ouray) — Main tunnel be-
ing driven at rate of over 400 ft. monthly;
now in 8500 ft.

GUSTON (Ironton) — Will be reopened
through lateral from Joker Tunnel ; former
silver-copper producer In 18113.

WHITE CLOUD (Ironton) — Tunnel level
retimbered ; shaft being unwatered and re-
paired. Early-day producer, and supposed
to be on extension of Guston vein.

MOUNTAIN TOP (Ouray) — New 3000-ft
tram from mine to Governor Basin com-
pleted. Concentrates and supplies can be
transported all winter with little danger
from snow slides.

Fitkin County

HURRICANE (Aspen) — Good-grade ore-
shoots of lead-silver were opened in driving
along contact between white and blue lime-
stones. Drift will be continued 200 ft. far-
ther to cut oreshoot opened in old Climax
shaft, where work was done in early days
of Aspen. Properties in Highland district,
on Richmond Hill.

San Juan County

ASPEN (Silverton) — Lessees making reg-
ular shipments from this Hazelton Mt. mine.

RUBY-CASCADE (Silverton) — Tungsten
property, will be reopened by Holman &
Grimes.

LAKE (Silverton) — Good-grade copper-
silver ore recently discovered in this old Red
Mountain mine being opened by lessees.

SUMMIT (Silverton) — Shipping ore dur-
ing summer from Koehler tunnel workings.
Development will be continued throughout
winter.

ST. PAUL (Silverton) — This Red Moun-
tain property being worked by lessees. Ore
deposit is in form of pipe or chimney, com-
mon in district.

San Miguel County

LIBERTY BELL (Telluride) — New ail-
compressor being installed.

ALTA (Telluride) — Extensive improve-
ments and additions to mine and mill build-
ings being made.

January 19, 1918

ENGINEERING AND MINING J01 R

177

.' IRRUTHERS i T. Ilurlde) -A 1

company li operating a port) t Si

gler-Unldn propertj New Huntington null
added to mill equl] ml t ecenl l>

RBONERO (Telli tunnel

In 2700 fi . g i ed \\iii

raise to upper level, GOO 1 1 w hen i:.">d
grade or Elecl rio drills will

be i.

summit Ci tj

1:1. 1, A B (Breckenrldge) — Leasees ship
ping high-grade lead ore

Ml'Tr \l. CO-( IPER \'i'i\ E CO < Koko-
mo) Operating In Kokomo district ; making
ular shipments.

FRENCH GULCH DREDGING < ■< >
(Breckenrldge) Good cleanups being
i>\ company s dredge operating In French

Gulch

PRIMI IS CHEMICAL CO I Vanadluii >

Reduction planl operating full capacit]

Average ol nine cars of product weekl> be-
ing made.

POWDER KIN ER GOLD DREDGING
CO (Breckenrldge)- So-called "Evans"
dredge completed bj Fuba Manufacturing

Co., "i California Capacity, about i

cu.yd. per day. Attempt will be mail.' t"
operate throughout winter.
TelliT Count]

ORPHA MAK (Cripple Creek)— Being
worked by Patterson-Bradley Leasing Co.

ISABELLA (Cripple Creek) — Good-
ore opened on Buena Vista vein on 16th
level

ROOSEVELT TUNNEL (Cripple Creek)
— Heading still in syenite struck in Oc-
tober. Ground extremely hard.

ELKTON (Cripple Creek) — Regular ship-
ments mad,- by lessees in Elkton mine work-
ings. Shipments also made from dumps and
from Tornado workings.

M1I.LASIER MINING CO. (Cripple
Creek) — Clyde shaft sunk to 1300-ft. level;
station being cut at 1100-ft level. Shaft
sunk 500 ft. since July, and will be sunk
to lfion-ft. level.

STRONG (Victor)— Main shaft sunk to
1700-ft. level, being lowest elevation in
district, although not the deepest shaft
from collar to sump Regular production
being made.

SPECIMEN" AXD SACRAMENTO (Crip-
ple Creek I — Five-year lease secured on this
Stratton Estate mine. Xew headframe be-
ing built, and larger hoist to be installed.
Shaft will be sunk ton ft. deeper, and ex-
tensive lateral development work done.

IDAHO

Shoshone County

Bt*XKER HILL ft SULLIVAN (Kel-
Icgg) — The I'nited States District Court at
Portland. Maine, on Jan. 14 granted a tem-
porary injunction in favor of the American
Smelting and Refining Co. in its case
against this company smelting certain
B. H. & S. ores in its new smeltery.

ENTERSTATE-CALLAHAN (Wallace) —
Shaft sunk beyond 800-ft. level, which is
800 ft. below working or Xo. 4 tunnel and
about 1800 ft from the surface Oreshoot
cut and drifted up over 100 ft. on 800.
It is about 12 ft. wide and of practically
same grade as in upper workings. Shaft
now nearing 900-ft level, which will also
be opened, the policy being to keep develop-
ment well in advance of production. Mill
feed after sorting high-grade ore averages
about 21r; zinc Maintaining shipments
at about 6000 tons per month.

MORNING (Mullan) — This mine, of Fed-
eral Mining and Smelting Co.. of Wallace.
Will be ready for resumption about Jan. 12 :
shut down about one month ago for repairs
in shaft, damage being caused bv movement
of surrounding ground. About half of full
force of 600 men were retained on repairing
shaft and outside work. Considerable diffi-
culty expected in getting back a full force,
but will be possible owing to closing of
Green Hill-Cleveland, another Federal prop-
erty, from which men will be transferred.

MICHIGAN

Copper

SEXECA (Calumet) — Probablv begin to
sink shaft middle of January.

QUINCT (Hancock) — Exploring 3000
ft. on level Xo. 39 close to Hancock.

BEAR LAKE POOL (Calumet)— Down
20 ft. in overburden to ledge at Xo. 5 hole ;
started drilling Jan. 7.

VICTl IRIA (1
fall ab

, ■ I I ] 1 1 1 1 1 - 1 1

RRAL SI

ral more opi
drilling :n .

CHEROKEE (Houghl

compli

to high cost "i labor and man i lal. shait

'■■ LAKE I I. (i

mi. .n.i .i d dui mi; ho

taking No r, hoi.

they return.

ISLE ROT \u: i Houghton I Ri

SSrd level with No d 9th level

" ith No 7 Toi i i i i .. [0(1 dally .
number of men deci • .

image.

one working day moi

i bj i Li I toping

will be begun.

FRANKLIN (Demmon) — The M
Supi I intend, 'lit He

of trammers from 110 to 10

AHMEEK i Aim:, . : I Di 104 000

tons, compared H Ith ' 06

and 108, in i !.-t,,i.. : Storage -h

otlve running. Ten mule
No. :.' and No. 1.

WHITE PINE (White Pine M

vember tonnage was 18

with 20, tor i ictober ai <i 1 5 to 16, i

as general monthly average to

with 20,900 t..ns as a record.

NEW ARCADIAN (Houghton)— Drifting

in both directions on 1850-ft. level lusl
reached; crossetitting easl to a certain con-
tents nf Xo. 8 conglomerate mineralized in

si \ eral i .laces.

mass iMassi — Purchased second-hand
General Electric storage-battery locomotive
refitted with new batteries and rebui
it proves successful will order others Daily
ore tonnage about 1000

LAKE (Lake Mine) — Knowlton lode

drifted 500 ft. southerly to South Lake ■
northerly about 700 ft. out of about
ft. in average ore. Lake lode develop. 6
ahead for long time. Fiscal year Apr. 30
yield as good as for that previous.

SEXECA (Calumet) — Engine and boiler
house erected boilers in position and
steam started in one. Boarding house will
be running in few davs : dwelling houses
now being painted. Will start hoist early in
January.

CALUMET ft HECLA (Calumet)— De-
cember daily tonnage, including that of
.Tamarack. 10,019; for two davs following
Christmas dropped to 8927 and 9990. Re-
ceived 12 Goodman storage-hatterv loco-
motives; 32 ordered; remainder expected
this month; but all will not be running
until May. due to slow deliverv of .
sories.

XEW BALTIC COPPER CO. (Houghton)
— Has undertaken the exploration of the
Xew Arcadian vein from the bottom of its
shaft, now 2 75 ft. deep. Drifting north and
south has been done approximately ten ft
from breast to breast and good copper
grades disclosed. Rich copper has been
found in places through the vein but at no
great width, being only from three to eight
or nine feet.

OLIVER IROX MINING (Crystal Falls)
— Started a diamond drill on property near
the Michigan Iron and Land Co.'s prbpertv
on the SE J. XE 5. Sec. 12. Ore was found
some years ago by drilling.

M. A. HAXXA CO. (Wakefield) — Pur-
chased the revolving drier of the Jones Fur-
nace Co., Marquette, which has been dis-
mantled and will be used for drying ores.
The cylinder is 60 ft. long and 6 ft. in di-
ameter and was used in the experimental
tests of the Jones process of reducing low-
grade iron ores.

MINNESOTA

Cuynna Range

ONAHMAN (Ironton) — Installing new
electrical equipment at Algoma shaft.

JOAN (Ironton) — Sinking new shaft on
property in Sec. 34-47-29.

LITTLE RABBIT IROX CO. (Ironton)—
Shaft sinking on WJ, NEJ, See. 5-29-46.

HILL MIXES CO. (Ironton) — Operating
diamond drills on SEJ. SEJ. Sec. 2-46-29.

HILL MIXES CO. (Ironton) — Preparing
to remove overburden from Sec. 11-46-29
XEJ. XWJ, to dump half mile distant.

• ' ■

1 it Will botti II ii

J. in

COOSB1 I by)

. to manga i

IDA MS rat-

ing .lull ,.n NEJ, XKl. Sec

ed Si ' W'J.

N w ;. for exploratory purpo i

MA-MINNEAPOLIS [RON

(Iro vering

Royalt) i • on

with minimum produi I Ion of 26 I

per ■

Mi'-illii ItiiiiL'i-

SACHEM [RON < !l ' (Eveleth)
mini i hat II i

Moi ro« n ling the Bui

Thi

Pickands-Mathi r Intel rill handle thi

these mini

HANXA ORE CO (Virginia) Shaft

sunk on Fay propertj to n on

hit by the Oliver when they gave up Its

i through the Uper i oil
Drill hi ■ been working south of the Al-

a on the Km. 1 1
■iiil drilling.

FA'S i Virginia i Hanna ' >re Mining Co.,
opei Bhaft to remove und

""i oi ■ i. M bj OHi npanj n hen II

gai e up leai e. s.i far ore has been I il
"in through Alpena pit, No. 2. Check di
Ing on Enti rpi I e " 10," south ol
mine; large orebody known to exist and il
high enough grade proved it may be di
oped In near future.

OLIVER [RON MINING (Virgil I I
New dock for reception of coal for engl
ami steam shovels at the Missabe Mount

npit is about compli ti . and Is the mi.--t
modern structure of the kind on thi R
The whole structure is automatic. A train
of six cars may be dumped by air The
dock Is supplied with a sand pocket, as well
as a tank of hot salt water for the sprin-
kling Of cars in cold weather. The dock
Is 47n ft. in length and at an ell
3o ft. It has 12 coal chutes and was wholly
constructed in a period of two monl

MIS.KCM IU

Joplin District

RICH STRIKE (Quapaw, Okla.)— Com-
pleted drilling of tract southeast of here ;
will start shaft and mill building at once.

GOODWIX BROS. (Baxter)— Building
250-ton flotation plant at Blue Mound mil
includes two flotation machines, ball mill
and seven sludge tables.

WILSON (Quapaw. Okla.)— Will start
shaft sinking and mill building at early date
on tract, where good drill strikes have bi
made recent ly.

UNDERWRITERS (Joplin)— Cut air
drift at Xo. 2 mine, east of Picher. Okla..
and property will soon he operating at full
capacity. Ore taken from one shaft aver-
aged 19% and mine promises to be unusu-
ally rich.

AMERICAN METAL (Joplin)— Started
sinking first shaft on Hartley land west of
Baxter Springs. Kan., on tract recently-
taken over from Butte & Superior interests';
17-in. drill hole being put down for Pomona
pump.

MONTANA

Broadwater County

ECLIPSE-ARGO MIXE (Hell Gate) —
Xew crosscut completed; shaft sunk 100 ft
below tunnel. Electric power. High-grade
copper ore.

Granite County

PHILIPSBURG MIXIXO CO. (Philips-
burg) — The buildings are completed and a
large part of the machinery installed for
the new 400-ton plant that in the course of
a few weeks more will be treating the low-
grade manganese ores from this district on
two shifts. There have been delavs in de-
livery of machinery.

JplTerson County
XEW STRIKE tElkhorn)— High-grade
silver ore near old Elkhorn mine. One ship-
ment to smeltery.

AMALGAMATED SILVER MIXES CO.
(Clancy) — Old shaft on Free Coinage re-
timbered and deepened toward 300-ft. depth
Averaged high in silver

ITS

ENGINEERING AM' MINING JOURNAL

Vol. L05. No. :?

,\ 'SHLNGTON i«'i,Vs|- Two o;ir-

-
- ,,i.i i i.irk < ountj

I MINE (Hi

lei returns,
100-ft shaft

THOMAS CRUSE DEVELOPING CO
d shipping gold ore

T.-ll GR WK1. GOLD CO (Helena)
. arloads

XOMY MINE .H.i. na) D< veloptng
.ft shaft ShOW-

LD PLACERS (Rimini) — Blind lead
,i assays In gold

>ilirr Bon County

t SUPERN »R < Butte) H

- laratlon
Inlng Co., set for
I 'allf.
TE-DETROIT i Butte)— The Ophir
to be in a position soon to
handl. ml of mangani

from Butte and Philtpsburg mines.

\ I \ \i> \
Lander County
NICHOLS-LAYNG CHEMICAL CO (San
producing about 5
dally of assorted shipping ore from
. mine, n miles south of Austin,
In Dry Canyon, which leads into
EUvei v alley, hut developmi
ist few months have put property in po-
. . of 209! ore daily

iccoi ding to

Haral R Layng secretarj of the company,

at Kirk and Quint St. This

trols the property and treats

thn ore bv an automatic volatilization

iped bj Mr Layng, and

i reverberatory furnace. Com-

pai that its oxide averages over

SbjO and its metal often analyzes

SI.

N.ye County
TONOPAH ORE PRODUCTION for week
enriV.l Ja nted to l 0,178 tons,

valued at (178,115, compared with 8715 tons
the previous wr»* Producers "ere: Tono-
pah Belmont 2285 tons. Tonopah Mining
Tonopah Extension 2380, Jim Butler
746, West End 1247, MacNamara 517, .Mon-
tana 42. miscellaneous r.l tons

WHITE TAPS EXTENSION (Manhat-
tan)— Drift east from 400-ft. level now 50
ft. from shaft.

WHITE TAPS I Manhattan) — Production
continuous and mill being remodeled for
chang inide treatment.

MANHATTAN CONSOLIDATED 'Man-
hattan)— Raise between third and fourth
levels, distance 60 ft entirely in mill-grade
ore. South crosscut from third level ex-
tended in search of Mud vein expected in
ft. beyond present face. Shaft to be deep-
ened to 600 ft. upon arrival of pump for
•t level and shaft timbers.
MANHATTAN AMALGAMATED MIXES
SYNDICATE (Manhattan) — Transfer ol
title consummated on Jan 1. from Union
Amalgamated to Manhattan Amalgamated
Mines Syndicate, Outstanding stock to be
hanged share for share upon payment of
an • of 2c. per share levied by

the new board at first meeting for ?
development fund Retimbering and a
general cleaning in the mine is in progress

White Pine County

CONSOLIDATED COPPER MINES

CKimherlv) — Mill shut down for repair or
Jan 1 and 200 men laid off. Development
will proceed at Morris mi

NEW MEXICO

*.iprr:i < rmntv

VICTORIA CHIEF (Cutter) — This

eroup of patented copper claims are I
,-ned.

IT Ml

Beaver t ininty

M v.IESTIf"" (Milford) — Producing from

glorvhoh- at old Hickory, productive for

manv vears. Opened 800 ft. long by 92 ft.

p, and from 18 to 48 ft. in width. Ore-

•Iv is low-grade copper, proved in one
place to depth of 250 ft. Shipping about
1000 tons monthly In December shipped 21
cars and in November about 19 cars.

juiib Counts
DESHRET MOUNTAIN (Tintic Junc-
tion)— Shaft sunk to 300-ft. point, being
continued to 500 ft ; station cut. Condi-
tions between 127-ft. level and 300-ft. indi-

cate ore to I"- richer and stronger with
depth Two or three cars shipping ore on
dump, awaiting better transportation ra
cllities

Salt Lake t itj

VLTA CONSOLIDATED (Alta) Ship
copper ■'!■ from silver King tunnel
above main tunnel Winie being sunk on
Bralne fissure, and mineralization continu-
ing I

CARDIFF (Salt Lake) — Shipping from

stockpile at Lovendahl south ol Murraj at

rate ol about 860 tons a week, although

ire being senl dow n from nunc to inns

at South Pi to had roads

EMMA CONSOLIDATED (Alta)— New
hoist in operation and expected to ship one

,.i ore dail> < Ire In « Inze from third
level lmpro\ Ing « Ith depth Conne< tlons

between I third levels- made to

, ,i, ,i bj diamond drilling —
begun.
PERUVl \N i'1 iPPER ( \lta > Prop I ' '
has been producing about a car a month
recentlj . althou e of larger output

i or two weeklj from bodj ol car-
te ore stated to have hen opened to

width of I'll to 30 ft Work to he suspended

during winter and resumed with energy In
sprint, wh.n regular shipments hoped cor.
rty adjoins I ixford and Geneva with
i 1,1 production in early days.

Summit County

NEW QUINCT (Park City)— Old board

of an.-. -I, os elected W S. McComiek, A.

I. Thomas. W R Hutchinson. Herman

er and others.

THREE KINGS (Park City)— Shaft be-
ing sunk for underlying Ontario quartzite
act now down to 650-ft. level, bottom
ii, blue-gray limestone Crosscut to be
driven at 700-ft. point, and proposed if
necessary to sink to son At 600-ft. point
streak carrying magnetite and talc cut.

C c CONSOLIDATED (Park City) —
First payment on sale of this property
made and balance due in 30 days Irom
Dec m price said to be $300,000. Silver
King Consolidated thought to be interested.
as new Thaynes Canyon tunnel of this con-
pany will tap this ground.

CALIFORNIA-COMSTOCK (Park City)
First payment for property made Dec. 24,
$160,000. Remaining $150,000 to he paio
Jan 24 Silver King Consolidated rumored
to be behind purchase. Company has out-
en, ding debts of about $100, I. now be-
ing met. and remaining $200,000 will give
stockholders 30c. a share. Sale made ow-
Ing to fall in price of lead, difficulty of
disposing of treasury stock in falling mar-
kel and increased costs.

SILVER KING CONSOLIDATED (Park
City) — Special stockholders' meeting called
to amend articles of incorporation to per-
mit of increase of capitalization from $700,-

000 to $1, I.O00. Change said to be con*

templated owing to reported purchase of
California-Comstock. Shipping 40 tons ot
crud. ore and concentrates daily. Estimate
of 1017 production: 5,600.000 lb. lead; 508.-

0 ,z silver; 280,000 lb. copper; and 450

OZ gold. Spiro tunnel in Thaynes Canyon

ection making good progress.

Tooele County
WESTERN UTAH COPPER (Gold Hill)
—Shipping 200 to 250 tons daily, said to
carry about r, copper ^

SEMINOLE COPPER (Cold Hill) —
Promising vein carrying copper oi shipping
grade opened at 135 ft. from surface bj
drift sent out to cut second tungsten vein.
.ipany has been concentrating on pro-
duction of rare minerals, and making ship-
nts of tungsten from time to time. One

enl ol lybdeniti made also, Con-

,, Liable low-grade tungsten ore on dump,
,„,l .Mi ton mill recently purchased ex-
pected to be ready for operation by spring
Stated to be 12-ft. vein in one place carry-
ing molybdenite. Silver-lead ore also
found New discovery of copper ore being
developed.

WISCONSIN
Zinc-Lead District
WISCONSIN- ZINC CO. (Platteville) —
and mill equipment completed at
Shullsburg.

IDA BLENDE (Benton) — Has been re-
opened; mill equipment of Long llange
moved and reconstructed

KISTLBR & STEPHENS (Platteville)—
Report rich strike of zinc ore by churn drill
on John Reilley land, three miles south of
Platteville

MTLLER LAND (Dodgeville) — J. A. Fet-
terlv. of Minneapolis, is opening UP pros-
ing high-grade zinc ore in sheet
formation, situated five miles southwest of
i he city.

CANADA
Ontario

BULLION SHIPMENTS from Cobalt
for week ended Jan ■'■ "ere 850,079
oz from the Nlpissing and the Mining Cor
poratton of Canada, with 149,566 and 100.-
,oi os. respectively

O'BRIEN (Cobalt)— In 1017 produced
1,600,000 oz silver

DOME (South Porcupine) — Sinking of
shaft from siki to 1500 ft, will be done by
the Longyear company under contract.

TRETHEWEY (Cobalt) —option taken
on 51 pi i I , nt Of the Castle Mining Co m

Gowganda at 20c, a share.

KIRKLAND LAKE (Klrkland Lake) —
closed down until spring, because of ex-
tra .old weather.

KERR LAKE (Cobalt) — December pro-
duction 208,048 oz. as compared with 205,-
552 oz. in November.

PATRICIA (Boston Creek) — High-grade
ore in shaft to i.eiow 100 level. Manage-
ment considering installation of small mill.
MILLER INDEPENDENCE (Boston
Creek) Mill closed down owing to lack of
water supply.

PATRICIA (Boston Creek) — Second in-
stallment on purchase! price paid; main
shall down 12" ft. with rich ore continu-
ing.

PORCUPINE V. N T (Timmins) — Con-
sidering the installation of new mill of
larger capacity Developments on the 600
level satisfactory.

TECK HUGHES (Kirkland Lake) — Shaft
down 600 ft and at this level a crusher
will be installed to handle all the ore from
al,,,\ e

McKINLEY-DARRAGH (Cobalt) —Oil-
flotation plant closed down for winter as
economic treatment cannot be made during
the cold weather.

WEST DOME (South Porcupine) — Two
stopes opened on third level ; about 900 tons
of $17 ore. broken down ; will he treated at
Dome Lake mill, where additional machin-
ery being installed.

TEMISKAMING (Cobalt) — Opposition to
present management asking for proxies to
put Sir Henry Pellatt in as president. He
is now president of the Mining Corporation '
of Canada

BRITISH AMERICA NICKEL COR-
PORATION (Nickelton, via Sudbury) — |
British government agreed to loan com-
pany £0011.1100 to expedite the production
of nickel from this property for which re-
duction works are now being built.

SCHUMACHER (Schumacher) — Vein cut
at 300-ft. level south of shaft stated to
assay $8 per ton for width of 4 ft. Vein
on 600-ft. level shows increasing gold con-
tent. Mill running at rate of about 150
tons per day.

McINTYRE (Schumacher) — Jupiter shaft
reached 1000-ft. level. Drift at this depth
from main shaft 1940 ft. distant being run
to connect with it. New pumping equip-
ment installed : Oroch flotation machine
will be installed.

DAVIDSON (South Porcupine) — Last
portions of mill equipment arrived ; ex-
pected to be completed in about one month.
About $80,000 worth of milling-grade ore
on dump and enough blocked out under-
ground to keep mill operating for two years.
NIPISSING (Cobalt) — Estimated value
of production during December was $340,-
7M3. Shipment of bullion from Nipissing
and customs ore were estimated at $376,433.
Shaft 63, idle for two years, being pumped
out.

MEXICO

Sonora
CREENE-CANANEA (Cananea) — Prop-
erties were closed down for about six
months in 1917, but produced 30,260,000 lb.
copper. 807.247 oz. silver and 4643 oz. gold.
Copper cost in 1917 was 14c. a lb., not in-
cluding cost of shutdown. All but two
blast furnaces have been set in operation
since Dec. 10. At capacity can operate
eight blast and two reverberatory fur-
naces The idle equipment will be blown
in just as soon as some needed repairs
have been completed.

BELGIAN CONGO

UNION MINIERE DU HAUT KA-
TANGA (Elizabethville) — December., pro-'
duction. 5.335.132 lb. of copper.

„

CHOSEN

ORIENTAL CONSOLIDATED" (Unsan

October production in gold $124,065 from

26,174 tons; ran 200 stamps 28.9 days. In
November production was $138,630 from
25 882 tons. December cleanup isireported
by cable at $134,350. Native labor* is short
I, at this situation is improving."

January 19. L918

ENGINEERING AND MINING J01 RNAL

1, I

" "'" ' ■ '""" ""' """»""' ' i Mini inintiiinnmiiMii mi niiii,nnmnnii

111 '" ■ '""""HIM iimiiiiliiiillliiiilll.iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimiiiiii

iiniiiinninii

The Market Report

*"— — ™- m ■ ■ ■ ■ ■

Ml VI l; \\!> STl R] 1\«. I Mil \\,;|

Btcrl
Ins

V.x-

Silver

Jan

St. .1

imi'

1 i

change

Sil

»T

Vork,
Cents

I. tin

ll.'H,

Fence

York,

('.hi

1 1

■ lull.

10

II

12

4 7515

4 75IS
4 7515

in;
90j

90|

45» '
«5|

14
15

4 7515
4 7515
•1 7515

90|
89|
89)

45|

44;

44J

. • " ' ""» quouKions rin- u r.-p.,rt,.,l liv Handv
A 'I "'■'■'" and are in cents pei ir..v ounci
auver, ,J,,,) one I ondon quotations are in pi do pel
>r"v oi of sterling silver, 925 fine.

DAILY PRICES OF METALS IN NEW YORK

Copper

Tin

Lead

1 Zinc

Electro-

Jan

lytic

Spot.

N V

St I.

St L

10

»23j

t

6i
@6j

ft 50
(.. „ 60

(..7.

II

*23i

t

6]

6 50
@6 60

<" 7.

12

•23}

t

61

6 65

(.i 6 75

7.
@7J

14

*23J

t

6J
@7

6 70

(5 6 75

(«7;

65

6 70

7;

15

*23|

t

% 7

(5.6 75

<"7;

6}

6 70

7

16 »23(

t

@7

(36 75

@7J

t No market.

• Price fiied by agreement between American
popper producers and the U. S. Government, accord-
ing to nfhcml statement for publication on Fridav
September 21, 1917. "

The above quotations (except as to copper, the
pn<-- for which has been fiied by agreement between
American copper producers and the t" S Govern-
ment, wherein there is no free market) are our
appraisal of the average of the major markets based
generally on sales as made and reported bv producers
and agencies, and represent to the best of our judg-
the prevailing values of the metals for the
deliveries constituting the major markets, reduced to
I New York, cash, except where St. Louis is
the normal basing point.

, The quotations for electrolyt ic copper are for cakes
ingots and wirebars.

We quote electrolytic cathodes at 0 05 to 0 I Oe
belr.w the price of wirebars, cakes and ingots

Quotations for spelter are for ordinary Prime

~ innV aKds- oW? quote New York Price at 17.5c.

per 100 lb. above St. Louis.

Some current freight rates on metals per 100 lb
Louis-New York 17c.; St. Louis-Chicago;
6 3c; St. Louis-Pittsburgh, 13,1 cents

entatlons e to thi di 0f ,,,

ranch

some ..i ii an, , ,,, „ , ,

unable to earn ,.,, profll a

'""'•■ irge produ.

represented
from ic to Scj

hlghei

Hi. \\ ii i,,.

Copper Sheet,, .,,. quoted al SI '

■ ""'i toi 1...1 rol and Ic higher

.',','.', '.','' ° ''"i r wire i- quoted al

-'■ " - •' f-o.b mill, carload lots
T>" i i" re is a completi disap

"f s"i'i s and no longei anj « ,

sensing the mark. ,-,. oblfcred to

Omit qui. lilt I. .lis simply foi . ,|,„

Hi. re is ii. i market.

i.,J'e.'V' — ' '"' >'<>'") inquiry that began dur-
'.',',f, ,"' Previous week continued
suited in the transaction of a fair volume
of business at advancing prices The \
J. '>' >• Co. raised its price to 63c, Ww

'■i plies in and near New York have
real, zed ,,s high as 7c. with ,'.;,■ quoted
for shipment from the West and for Kirch
lead from near-by refineries

The lead situation is very tight owing

especially to the freight ! geltion ad

Ibe large quantity of lead in transit Lead
slssiooi ngmtha ,irl ™mingr from the Mis-
fissppi River to the Atlantic seaboard
against a normal time of six weeks If
thes, figures hold as averages, there is in-
dicated a stock of about leu thousand tons
on wheels, against a normal of 25 to 30
,,oP,HSan(e' T5ere is plenty of lead at the

o? eifi °f^ ',roductlon' but a ^'eat scarcity
of refined lead in the markets.

Zinc— Very dull, with small transactions
prices ayTSia\at substantially unchanged
ir ? ,h„ Thfre have been some inquiries
in the market from abroad

■ «

■ t the

i toils-

Other Ores

chaiSEd'aTli ?£* Metallurgical or.

i ii. nil., q at J ] jo ,,..,- rjnli

Molj bdenum „r,. rjnchai ged al I

1 •■' ' ted al

ata!?iaTS" '"'" "'" ' <»ntinue to be made

■ ■ ' ' ' ,:i "" i" ce .... hi, i, ,,, t,, ,.,,,..
1 i " ° to Mai - ,,„. , ,
■' ■■in-,". ,
1 • the Q rn ,,.,,.,, . jgg

>,e,l'yun,';" S|,;"^h lump I l ir.jc.

"""■ on basis of His ocean fr.ielil

to pa, excess freight and",.-!,
, -I war risk

v ''' """' ' at 35s for

Northern, 10s for Soul
•ii ports, but recent charters l„,
"""l"'1 these ratet ,,, several Instance.

perr"unft'e,lw^ "'"' al 126

Eft rtti«TJo3miif,ii9 '®":

Iron Trade Review

NBW Viilili-,!,,,, 16

I

Zinc Sheets — Price of zinc sheets has not

lSSnifch5!JSf4t. Mar,ket is still at $13 per
100 lb. f.o.b. Peru, less Sr; discount.

Other Metals

LONDON

Jan

Copper

Tin

Lead

Zinc

Standard

Elec-
tro-
lytic

Spot

Spot

3 Mos

Spot

3 Mos.

Spot

10
II

12

14
15
16

110
110

1.0
110

110

110
110

110

110
110

125
125

125
125
125

298
295

295

298
295

292
289

288}

291

290

29J
29J

29!
29j
29}

54

54

54
54
54

olrf „ \V't 'aMe 8lves the c,osine quotations on
re?l?n leta.' Exc^"^ All prices are in pounds
cmn g- P" r°Tn °^ 2'240 lb For convenience in

?JnaiKSOn -°u L,ondon Prx-es. in pounds sterling per
ha*r.lK^„ American prices in cents per pound
,Moi owlnK JEP/Munate ratios are given, reckoning

LM Sn1!,ii7M,,£,30S=M6,("' :£54 = 1 1.4545c;
:I20 = 25 4544c .; £137 = 29 0605c; £240 = 50 9089c
anations, £1 =0.2 121205c °'

Metal Markets

NEW YORK— Jan. 16, 1918

i4nJIt,hf„ad'?nce in Iead and complete
sappearance of any market in tin were
ie features, this week.

e^?hTr7;ThTe co?Per Producers held a
,st,er?Btt,2n J»n' *5- at which was dis-
ent =i » ma.tter of making a new agree-
o,vrnft,et0 prlee with the Government A
unmittee was appointed to make repre-

\lu, nini un — This market is comparative-
ly inactive at 37@39c per lb. for Xo 1
ingots at New York.

Antimony — Transactions were larger
than for some time previous, but thev
were effected only at a concession in price
We Quote spot at l4@14}c. and futures.'
at 13c. c.i.f., in bond

BIsmath— Unchanged at J3.50 per lb
though some impure metal from South
America is being sold under the price ask-
ed for the standard grade.

«.fnnmiumTTThJs meta! is """ted at 51.50
0)2.00 per lb. depending on the quantity.

ofN^kt!— s.\eap' H 50c- ver lb., premium
of 5c. per lb. for electrolytic.

Quicksilver— Firm at $125 for spot and
Til 5 to arrive. Small business was done
at prices as high as $130@135. It is estk
mated that not over 100 flasks exist in stock
in .\ew 5ork. San Francisco reports bv
telegraph. $115. firm.

Gold. Silver and Platinum

Silver — . This market continues verv
steady. The price at London declined Id
on Jan. 15. owing to slightly more of-
ferings, but the silver supplies continue to
be absorbed. New York price closed at
»9Sc having declined in sympathy with the
London market.

Mexican dollars at New York- Jan 10

,'„C-L„y- 73c-: 12. 73c: 14. 73c: 15. 72c.'
1 o, . -ic

• p,»*in<">>— Active at $105. The supply
is sufficient to meet the demands, but there
is no excess. On Jan 16 one of the re-
fineries advanced its asking price to $108.
"ulladiuni — Strong at $135

Zinc and Lead Ore Markets

Joplin. Mo Jan. 13 — Report not received
up to time of going to press.

, 'n.1;',u.'",'"li"" Government prices

form I ",""!' '":"'K"' •"■"'"'

form of flnis I steel, says -Iron Aire''

Some l,,we,- prices Quot^for^-

shanS S .'I'' "\""" on te. I bai
P?tsh,;^h cthe, do">estic price ,.f 3.60c.
i IttSDUrgh, for bar iron

Heavy snows and Intense cold have made
the breakdown of railroad service more
H «e in the las- fe, days, 'and iri T°hf
shutting down of operations the week has
been probably the worst the Steel indVm
loss krow" H is difflcull to measure the
loss of output In the Chicago district the
total Pig-iron production for the last five

ho^i,' vdu<'"°" somewhat more. Pitts-
burgh -ioungstown and Cleveland have

; Wi,icl :l ,," ,0f7fir' oPerationTn
o.^f Eastern blast furnaces and
P'a",s, haY<- suffered severely from

coaler conke0ther M"',i""s' which cut °"
The complete shutdowns of some plants
have been a matter of but two or th
days, and this phase may pass quickly but

forweekf aUr?H°^ '"il;ht wil] ««m»S mUta

tor weeks, and since mines cannot ship coal
unless cars con ,s empties the fue

mteij ge cr",ple the industn- indefl-

The American Iron and Steel Institute's
*r!'™™"'e .has ^st appointed a sub-
committee to cooperate with the director-
ero^r,a' °f railroad" in improving traffic
conditions as thej affect iron and steel
lem will Zhi? committee's immediate probl
of finished to move the huge accumulations
?olHn£ ' T "aterial that have brought many
rolling mills to a standstill. Hundred's
of thousands of tons of export steel is ^in-
volved and the ships to can? much of t
await bunker coal ' """-" ul "

nomhts toarP ?U\!!ne fown of steel output
points to a tighter drawing of the lines
agamst less essential Industries in the dis-
tribution of mill products More labor
SSSSLg'W tUrned ,""1" ™Pe^ve'^

a«Sg jrorTprodu^n8 ^Z- thTor^
foss,nSr°0ke fr0m .merchant furnaces, is the
' organization where the shutdown
is complete The alternative of repeat eS
bankings of furnaces, while wasteful of
fngef0rc°es 'ate the sca,terinS of work-

uctPsiehv°nnJoh',eSS affect?d than steel prod-
ucts by doubt as to future prices and
Cleveland has been the chief center of

-

ENGINEERING A.ND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. L05, No. 3

hair

.1 the
i hull

uiuln

vim K 01 •>! \l IONS

s I in K ii l)T M HlNv < ontlnucd

I 1 1 - It I KG 11—

as tin"
and

Then

tin-plati
Brst half of tins
nd the
. light
■
imers show little
. rally, and least »t
when di

farther and

resulting ii

era! embar-

,f freight, in an effort

T up the ,"'1?.";

■

- unlav

nger-train mot

ger-

the Mn idle

mil

i*t ii

Mil /l'i,

■ 'ill
-.,■1
.-.•I. tit

roNKXCH." COLO BPR1NO J in 15 LONDON

Crucible stiii
Pome Mines

i \l .vs. |.t
(".ulf s

Natl I , .i.l. ( .mi

1(1, pt
x,\ i 'onsol

.. Mill

silver

:if

Ray i "on

Republlrl .vS..rom..
. Lie I *s, pt

Tennessee C.AC

U. S. Steel
r. s. Steel, pt
ciah Copper

VS lr,m C. * I

13

111
I

86

S2

71

is

l' its

N Y critnt

ng up In freight.

,le that the embargoes will

he continued until further curtailment in

sieel-mill 01 'i'',;,Jo,

• the rate of

about ■■"'■ i's:.l!!

. r ami 45
January produc-
tion promises to be at a still lower rate
The sworn returns as to average Invoice
3 on sheets, tin plates and iron bare.
made in connection with bimonthlj v.
settlements, furnish interesting sale ights
on the market The recent bar-iron settle-
ment showed an average realized price of
on iron bars shipped in the JO days
ended Dec JO. whereas the market began
?o be quoted early last June a
and the set price on iron bars is 3
The sheet settlement, made Saturday, shows
as the realized price n November
mber, against 5.S5c. ... September
and October and 5c. in July arid August.
?n June the quoted market had advanced
• r.r higher, while the set price, an-
nounced Nov 5, is 5c. The tin plates settle-
ment showed an average realized price in
November and I.e. ember of $8 60. the pres-
ent set price being ST 75 By reason of
tne i Lture of the scale, sheet- and

tin-mill wages are now approximately
double the base rates, while in the spring
of 1915 they were between. 10 and 1
under the base Puddling is now- $11 .»
a gross ton. while for many years the rate
rally ranged between $4 and $5 per ton.
p|. ir,,n — The merchant furnaces have
been operating approximately the
formerlv. averaging an output .5 to ■
of capacitv. shipments being made only
with the greatest difficulty The set prices
are nominally in effect but there is no
iron to sell : $36.30 ; basic and

No 2 foundry. $33: malleable. $33 50; t
$3" fob furnace, freight to Pittsburgh be-
ing' 95c. In the case of valley furnaces.

Steel— The market is stagnant as there
early deliveries

shipments are almost impossible. There is
COIl. hell-steel discard stock in the

market, available at a trifle under th
Dri, ft steel, which continti.

j4- mrlarrl billets. $51 for sheet

bars and small billets, $50 for slabs and
$57 for rods.

Ferroalloys

r.rromaneanese — The market continues
strong at $^50. on account of very limited
offei

Coke

( minell.iiM.. — Transportation conditions

gns of improvement last

-k. when the blizzard came at the end

of the week, and car supplies this week

are exceptionally poor Set prices remain:

-nace. $6: foundry. 72-hour selected, $■;

over 1-in., $7 30, per net ton at

Bii: i edge
Butte a N ^
Hint.1 1" A 7.

Butt** Detroit

Calumet A Jernme.
Tan i 'op Corpn
Carlisle

Caahboy

■ , . gra

con Copperinlnes
i 'on Nev -t'tah
Emma Con
llrst Nat. COP
Id Con.

Ooldtlcld Merger.
Greeomonster
Heels Mtn

How.1 Sound

Jerome Verde ....
Kerr Lake

1 ulslana.

Magma

Malesdc

McKlnley-Dar-Sa

Mlltord

Mnhlran

Mother Lode

N Y. A- Hond . . .

Nlplsslng Mtiii-s.

N'l\"! -•,. I :.-!.

Ohio Cop
rt:i\ Herculi
Rirhmond
Rochester Mini's

st Joseph Lead.
Standard 9 i

Stewart

Success

Tonopah

Tonopah Ex
Trlbulllon

Trov Arizona

I mi, <l i lop

united Verde Ext
Vnltcd Zinc
t'tira Mines
Yukon Cold

Jan I",
OS

6

i

2A
D
4

;. Ill

I
25
07

1

tft

121

81

H

931

:<:

56
10
14

0S
31
1H
A

11

50

II
1 |

12
II

\ilveiilure
thtncoJt

\rtiulil

Unite- Bninkiava

i aluincl i

Caiumel a Heels

l el", nnliil

Range
Daly West
ly
East Untie

Franklin

i
Keweenaw

Mason \

Michigan

i
Mew Vrcadlan

New lilrla

in,
North Lake

Old Doml

.

Shannon
Shattuck-Arli.
So i ake
So. Otah

Superior

Superior ■

Trinity

Tuolumne

i lung
u. S. Smelt'g, pf
Utah Apex

Utah Con

tal. . .
\ tctorla
Winona
Wolverine

Wvandol

78

SO

.11

IS
10

: ai
30

t;:t |

III!

12

n
81

I

a

:

58

13

1

I

81
71
52

ii:.
7'
51

16
l

12

II

31

1
44
441

2A

in

34
.60

BOSTON CURB* Jan. 15

Masks Mines Corp
Bingham Mines
Huston Ely
Boston A Mom
Butte A l.ou'n Dcv
i lalaveras

i alimic'-i ■orlilli
( hlef Con

Cortes

crown Reserve.

(Tvstal Cop

. agio* Blue Bell
Gila Copper

Houchton Copper

liiterniountaln

Iron Cap. ( !om
Iron Cap Cop., pf.
Mexican Metals
Mines ot America
Mojave Tungsten
Zinc A i ' ad

Nevada-Douglas.
New' Baltic
Xew Cornelia

Oneco. .

Pacific Mines

Rex Cons

:;.

SIN FRAN •

Alta

Andes .

Hi-si A Belcher.

Bullion

•nla
i rnallenge ( on

con Virginia

I

Hal,- A- NoreroSS..

Jacket-cr Pt

Mexican

Occidents]

■
Overman
Savage

Union ('on

Utah Con

Belmont

Jim Butler

MacNamar.

Mlilwa'.

Mont -Tonopah

North star

Rescue 1- Ilia

u isi End '

Atlanta
b

corn!, i rac
D'tieM I lab
Florence. .
Jumbo Extension.
Kcwanas
Nevada H11U
Nevada Packard
Round Mountain.

- Pick
White Caps
Blc Jim
United Eastern

.20
9i
.56
.42
. 10
1

:.oi

05

.18

.48

2

17

50

t.70

is:

$14)

.30

H

.14
20
.95
.90
15)
.30
t.S5
.10

SALT LAKE*

Jan. 12

.03

111

: 01

in

n
01
01

III',
11

111

02

: o:i

.15

92

: in
is

.08

lis
01

.67
.10

in

: 02
: 02

.13

.22
.08
.05
.15

.21
111

.52
1.75
3. SO

Bannack
Big Four
Cardiff.

Colorado Mlniim

i lab

Daly-Judge.
Empire Copper

Cold Chain
( :rand Central
[ron Blossom

Lower Mammoth

May Day
Moscow

on
Rlro Welllngti n
Silver-King Coal'n
silver Kin
siou\ Con
Bo Heels
Tlntlc Standard.

:!tl

Wllbert

Yankee

1 26

: ni

2 50
09

1 !5

o 7.-,

:i 17

.09

■I
47

: 03

111

: ii

r,t

it;

j 50

3.10

02

i,n
;l 4.",
01
.15
02

TORONTO1

Adanac.

Bailey

Beaver Col

Chambers Ferland.

Conlacas

HargravcG

La Rose.

Peterson 1 ake

Temlskan

Wettlaufer-Lor,

I

-,ti

Dome Lake

HolUnger
Mclntvre

Poreu ( rmvii
Teck-Hnehes

i lome

i rt'-tlwt'll

U'l <^ od

1 lOCtOr .1:14 K I'i't

0 1 Itiirmn Corp , .

(Mi

Kitni A Motor

1 ,

02 t

Camp lUrd

El Ore

0 7 0

i D,

0 v 0

i iold 'n Cycle

1 83

:

4 1

Mexican M Inea

OQ

Mln t lorp ( 'an.

ii ta o

Mars McKloney. ■ ,

i 06

Noi'hl. |»fil

o •< Q

OrovlUc

i nttcd ' iold M ,

1 V

Santa Gert'dls.

o 13 t\

\ Indicator

1 1 0

•Bid prlies. t Closing prices t Last Quotations,

MONTHLY AVF.RAGF. PRICES OF METALS

II
n ,
.25
111
, n
10
28

25

ol
25

in
.

.-, III!

1 15

17

.23

I*

16

.13

xew York

1 -iiiilnii

Silver

1915 1916 1017

1017

is v.-,;, 56 7;:, 7.", 530

"J . .! '11 '

36 682

1 el.

tv 177 56 755 77 585

22 7f.:i 26 97

37 7IJ

,ii Ml 7 ', : , 71 -.ill

23 7"s '. 591

36 41"

\prll

,ii ' ,n ,.l ii. 7:; B75

10 862

a, 963

In 915 74 269 71 745

23 7,7" 35 177

37 'i HI

pi 034 65 024 76 971 13 !6i

31 080

39 085

l. iin 02 940 79 ni" 22 597

111 000

111 1 1"

17 163 66 0S3 v', m; '-' .vii

31 Pis 1 1 lis

Sent

IS fiSfl 6S 515 l'i" 71" 23 591 32 584 10 920

< «et

"i :s . ,',7 855 s7 :i:a II 925 32 361 11 324

51 71 171 604 85 R91 25 094 34 192 43 list

1 lei-

.i n i : , 785 85 "ii" -'"373 38 410 1 1 059

Year .

19 6S 1 81.417123 ti75l31.315Uo.85I

Xew York (|uola1tons cents per ounce troy, line silver.

London, pence per ounce, Bterilng silver, 0.925 fine.

New \ ork

1 .ondon

Eleetrolj tic

-i 'rn ,1

Electrolytic

1916 1017

1917

lnio

1917

■ i iin. 28 673 .s 083 131 PL'l

110.167

142,895

a, 1 in II 7:>" 102 667 137 896

133 167

MS 100

26 310 31 481 l»7 711 136 750

136 """

151 "11"

27 895 27 935 124 319 133 842

l ;. 389

1 17 158

. 78S l 15 1',, 130 ""II

I..2 522

1 12 "ii"

26 ""I 29 "I'iJ 112 432 130 11110 137 455

1 12 nun

Jul.

"3 Sl',7, ■>(', (',20' 95 119 128 4"0 125 500

1 1" lllil

26 120 25 3S" 11(1 2S3 122 391 126.304

137 "on

■ii s.-,;, '-, "73 1 13 905 1 17 500 134 "71

135 ,ii

27 193 23 500 122 7."," 11" """ 142.523

127. 01 H)

;n i. :.-, • i 7,110 134 659 11" """ 155 432

125 noil

Dec

ill 890 23.500 145 316 110.000 162. S42

12.', "II"

Year

27 202 27 180 i IB 059 124.892

lis 2SI

I3S 111!

1916

January

Ii'br >'

March

April

May

June
July

Auitust

September

October.

November

December

41 825

42 717
50.741
51 230

40 125
42 231
38.510

3S S3"

41 241
14 1 1 19

42 635

1917

44 175 175
51 42" 181
7,1 3SS
65.910
l',3 173
62 053
02 570
62 681
01 542
61 851
74 740
S7.120

1917

is.-, 813
198 974

2117 4 13
220 171
247, 111
242 "S3
37,7 242 1S1
S7" 243 978
345 244 038
307 247.467
932 274.943
368 298 5&1

\i year I 43.480 61.S02 1S2 0961237.563

Lead

January

February.
March.

April
May

June

July

AllL'USt ...

September.
October.

November

! leeeinlier

I'll,',

.i 921

0 246

7 136

7 630

7 403

6 930

I, 37,2

6 244
0 SI"

7 000
7 042
7 7,13

1917

7 i,Jl,
s 636
9 199
9 2SS
10 107
11.171
10 710
1" 7,94
v B80
,, 71"
0 249
6 377,

1916

5.826

6 K',4

7 375
7 055
7 . 332
0.749
I, Is
6 "ss
6 699

6 945

7 405,

1917

7.530

S 595

9 120

9 158

10 202

11 123
10 044

6. 187
6.312

1916

31 107

31 988
34 . 440
34 368

32 907
31 011
2S 137

29 734
3(1 7SI1

30 7 1 6
30 500
30 5110

1917

30 500
30 500
30 5"o
30 500
30 51 HI
30 50O
30 500
30 500
3(1 5119
30.500
30 . 500
3" ".00

Year . 6 858J 8.787 0.777, 8.721i31.359 3" 500

Spelter 19,6

New York

Jan . . 1" "I",

Feb is 420

Mar 16 S46

Mull 16 695

May 14.276

tunc ii 75

July .....

lug l 8.730

Sept s 990

Ocl

Nov 11 592

In, .10.665

619

"I",
10(1
159
::,',2
371
643
360
136
9S3
.847
685

St. Louis

London

449 S9.R10
S75197.702

95 (14S
99 050
94 717
0s 591
5n 75"
51 5S7
7,2 (195
54 150
672 56 023
510 55 S42

130

2K9
.192
201

473
190

900
S1.3

Year. 12 sill B ''"I 12 034 8 SI 3 1 72 071

1917

is 329

47 1

47 000

54 632

5 1 000

51 "(HI

54 "(HI

54 000

54 000

54

54 (ii in

54 000

52 413

Jan. 14

New York and St Louis quotations, cents per
London, pounds sterllnc per lone ton.

pound.

Pig Iron.

Bessemer*

Baslct

No. 2
Foundry

Bch

1916

1917

1916

1917

19 10

1917

.lanuarj'. .
February.
March

April

'. 1

June
July

A.UgU8l

September..
i ictober
November .
December. .

S21 60
21 10
21.81

21 65

21 7s
21 95
21 95

21 96

22 ss
24 61
30 07
35 10

S35 95

37 37
42 23

li, 94
54.22
57 45
54 17
41, 40
37.25
37.25
737 25

SI8.78
18.93
19.20
18.95
19 11
18.95
18.95

IS 95
l'i ,,

21 26
28.18
10 95

S30 95
30 95
33 . 49
38 90
42.84
50 05
5 1 so
50 37
42 24
33.95
33 95
33.95

S19 70
19 51
19 45
19 45
19 58
19 34
19 20

19 22
19.53

20 55
30 79

830.95
30 95
35.91
40 06
43 60
50 14
53 95
53 K
l- 58
33.95

33.96

■

S23.88.S43 57

S20.98ls39.62

: As reported by W. P. Snyder A- Co.

Engineering and Mining Journal

January 26, 1918

Volun

l\'l(lh I t

i i'«»«.

ROBINSON OIL FIELD, EASTERN ILLINOIS, SHOWING PORTABLE AND DERRICK OUTFITS FOR DRILLING

Oil and Gas Fields of Illinois

By H. A. WHEELER

Mining Engineer, 408 Locust St., St. Louis, Mo.

Oil and gas deposits of Illinois occur in two fields,
the eastern, which is characterized by occur-
rences of gas and oil along an anticlinal basin,
and the western, which differs in that the de-

THE production of high-grade oil that has made
Illinois the second largest producer since 1907,
began in 1904, near Casey, in eastern Illinois, in
a district that had been previously condemned after ex-
tensive drilling. Prior to 1905 there had been a slight
production since 1882, at Litchfield, in western Illinois,
from small oil and gas wells that were accidentally dis-
covered while drilling for coal. The total production
of oil in Illinois, up to July 1, 1917,1 amounted to 275,-
000,000 bbl. and was marketed for about 1240,000,000.
Of this sum, $40,000,000 was paid to the farmers in
royalties, production costs absorbed $40,000,000 and
$160,000,000 remained as operating profits. In addi-
tion, Illinois farmers have received about $20,000,000
from rentals and bonuses, and have netted at least $60,-
300,000 within the last 12 years from the oil industry
for the mere effort of signing oil leases. Up to Jan. 1,

«<H,^Value of V*e 1916 outPUt is estimated bv the U. S Geo-
ogi^ai Survey at $29,237,158.

posits occur in scattered domes or terraces. Of
the two fields, the former has been the heavier
producer, but further exploration of the western
field offers promise of increased production.

1917, there had been 25,492 wells drilled in Illinois, of
which more than 82% were producers.

The Illinois oil and gas fields occur along the flanks
of an elongated basin, the axis of which trends slightly
northwest. This basin is made up largely of coal meas-
ures that have a maximum thickness of 2000 ft. and
which feather out along the Mississippi River to the
west and extend from 20 to 40 miles into Indiana on
the east before disappearing against the underlying
Mississippi limestone. The oil and gas pools occur
on anticlines, domes or terraces and furnish overwhelm-
ing evidence for the anticlinal theory of the accumula-
tion of oil and gas. The western flank of the basin,
which is decidedly the predominant side, has an average
dip to the east of 10 ft. to the mile. When this dip
locally increases from 20 to 40 ft., the gas and occasion-
ally oil accumulate under favorable conditions. When
the dip increases from 40 to 100 ft. or more, the oil is
then able to overcome the poral friction in the sands

L

ENGINEERING ANP MINING .KH'KNAI.

Vol. 105, No. 4

and concentrates into paying pools. Faulting has been
in Illinois and has ruined what
• rubk' structure by causing leak-
While in genera] the faults are small, they have
permitted th pe to some extent, and the field

- producer compared with its

While the oil has been less affectei

faulting, due to its great viscosity as compared with

the field has shown feeble oil pools and even non-

UCtive areas where the other geologic conditions

Table. These numerous faults are due to the

the gr« . uplift, which flanks the

rn side of the basin.

The eastern Illinois oil fields began shipping in 1905,

and under active development attained a production

CARROU OGLE I' C \

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ST. LOUIS' •

ST CLAIR
/ . J^S""*TOI.l '

I monroeT J_

I ' I I

RANDOLPH PERRY J- "WMIlTOH WHITE,

V^i, _JFRANKLIN

• • = OIL FICLD5

* - 6AS ■•

SITUATION OF OIL AND GAS FIELDS IN ILLINOIS

amounting to over 33,000,000 bbl. during the year 1908.
It contains the largest surface area ever opened in an
individual field, as it has a length of about 70 miles,
■with only two minor gaps, and is from two to 12 miles
wide. The field occurs along the strong "La Salle" an-
ticline, which was mapped in 1877 by the Geological
Survey of Illinois, and was regarded then as a probable
oil field. In 1887 and again in 1889,2 Prof. Theodore
B. Comstock wrote enthusiastically about its promising
oil structure. The field was opened near Casey, Clark

'"Illinois OU Fields," by H. A. Wheeler, Trans. A. I. M. E..
1914, p. 882.

County, at the northern end of the anticline, where there
are two producing sands at a depth of 400 and 600 ft.
The wells produced five to 50 bbl. o( oil per day. The
first "sand.'* encountered at a depth of 300 to 450 ft., is
a dolomitic limestone that has eight to 30 ft. of pay sand
with sometimes two producing horizons. In 1900 the
Robinson district was opened in the adjoining Crawford
County on the south, where there are three sands that
are deeper, from 900 to 1400 ft. There the wells are
larger, ranging from 10 to 500 bbl. and averaging about
bbl. per day. Nearly 4000 wells were drilled in
Crawford County in 1907, which brought the daily pro-
duction up to 100,000 bbl. The Bridgeport field, in
Lawrence County, which adjoins Crawford County on
the south, became a large producer in 1907, and this
county has been the steadiest and most consistent pro-
ducer in the state. The sands in Lawrence County are
deeper, ranging from 900 to 1900 ft., and nine different
sands have proved productive, with sometimes three
to five pay sands on a lease. The wells are larger, com.
ing in at 20 to 4000 bbl. and averaging about 100 bbl.
The anticline is stronger in this county, with dips of
100 to 200 ft. per mile, and the oil has extended down
to 300 ft. on the dip. The coal measures feather out
at the northern end of the field, in which most of the
above-mentioned sands occur, while heavy faults cut off
the oil where the anticline leaves the south end of
Lawrence County and crosses into Indiana.

Western Field Requires More Exploration
Than the Eastern

The western Illinois oil and gas fields are on scattered
domes or terraces, after the usual type, and do not have
the remarkable length that the eastern Illinois field has.
Hence, the development has been slower, and the sur-
face indications are more difficult to follow, whereas in
the eastern field it was only necessary to observe the
line of the derricks. Inasmuch as the western limb
of the Illinois basin is three times as large as the
eastern limb, it. is likely ultimately to produce more
oil, but the exploration will extend over a longer period
and it will prove a costly field to prospect without the
guidance of a geologist.

The first paying oil and gas wells in Illinois were dis-
covered in 1882, at Litchfield, 50 miles northeast of
St. Louis, where gas wells making 1,000,000 to 2,000,000
cu.ft. per day and several small oil wells were developed
on a gentle terrace at a depth of 600 ft. in No. 1 sand.
At Sparta, 45 miles southeast of St. Louis, several
strong gas wells were discovered in 1887, at a depth of
900 ft., when contractors were drilling for water, and
in 1906 some oil wells were brought in on a small dome.
In Pike County, near Petersburg, gas was discovered
in 1890, while drilling for water, and it has been used
extensively by the local farmers. The gas is found
from 100 to 200 ft. in the Niagara dolomite (No. 5
sand) and occurs along an anticline 10 miles long by
four miles wide. In sinking a coal shaft near Centralia,
60 miles east of St. Louis, in 1908, oil seeped in from
under the coal, and this discovery resulted in the de-
veloping of several small wells at 600 to 800 ft. in
"stray" sands. Later larger and deeper wells were de-
veloped farther east at 1600 ft. In the following year,
the Sandoval pool was opened six miles north, the two
producing sands occurring at 1400 and 1550 ft., the

Januarj 26, L918

ENGINEERING A.ND MINING .mi RNAL

fitter of which is one of the richest in the state,
wells came in at an average of L18 bbl. per day and
ranged from 25 to 500 bbl. These two pools occur along
tln> Sandoval-Duquoin anticline thai had been mapped
several years earlier by the Illinois Geological Survey,
which called attention to its promising character.

Ai Carlinville, 50 miles north of St. Louis, oil and gas
were found in the No. i sand in L909 on several small
domes at loo ft., and while the production is small, the
Veils are still being exploited. At Greenville, 50 miles
east of St. Louis. gas wells were discovered in the No.
1 sand in L910 at a depth of 1000 ft. These wells, which
still supply that town, occur on a gentle dome, and came
in at 'J. 000, ooo cu.ft. per day. At Carlyle, 42 miles
aaat of St. Louis, a rich oil pool was found in 1011 at
a depth of 1000 ft. on a dome to which attention had
been previously called by the Illinois Geological Sur-
vey. The wells came in at 20 to 1000 bbl. and averaged
about 100. Leases that went begging at $5 per acre
before the well was discovered (four dry holes had been
previously drilled) jumped to $100 and then to $250 an

coal measures, two of wh at, while the

others are lenses of more or less local magnitude.

to the dip of the he basin, the depl I

in different part.- of the state, and toward the south

deepen, as the a:

Of the numerous limestones in the coal mi onlj

one, in Clark ( loui been foum 'idly dolomi-

tized i porous > to be product ive.

The St. Gene\ ieve or upper member of the Missi
limestone is nioi. oolitic and has proved to I"'
the richest producer in tl the well- coming in
at from 100 to 1000 hl.l. While this sand is an im-
portant producer in Lawrei unty, it has thus fai

seldom been tested elsewhere, although 100 to 200 ft.
additional drilling below the base of the coal measure
will usually reach it. Drilling is usually stopped on
ning the "Big Lime."

As the Devonian formation underlies the Missis ippi
or "Big Lime," which is 400 to 700 ft. thick, little drill-
ing has thus far reached it. The former is usually
thin and not likely to be the important producer that

THE OIL OPERATOR'S FRIEND — THE WELL-SHOOTER ON HIS NITROGLYCERIN WAGON

acre for nearby lands and sold for $10 to $15 an acre
when 10 to 15 miles distant. At Plymouth, 170 miles
north of St. Louis, oil was discovered in 1914 on sev-
eral small domes at 400 ft. While the wells were not
large, coming in at five to 50 bbl., the small cost of
irilling has made it a profitable pool. These domes also
dad been previously outlined by the Illinois Geological
Survey. At Staunton, 40 miles northeast of St. Louis,
i rich gas pool was brought in by local interests after
hey had drilled four dry holes at a depth of 500 ft.
n 1915. The sand is 20 to 60 ft. thick and the wells
?aged 1,000,000 to 25,000,000 cu.ft. per day, with an
iverage of 8,000,000 cu.ft., having 160-lb. rook pressure.
The gas is piped to the neighboring towns and to East
5t. Louis. On July 1, 1917, the aggregate production
if 18 wells was about 145,000,000 cu.ft. At Breeze, 32
niles east of St. Louis, a small oil pool was brought in
t 1000 ft. in 1916. Oil and gas have been found near
acksonville, Peters, Ava, Marissa, Butler, Old Ripley
nd Denny (Duquoin), but not in paying quantities.
Most of the oil and gas occurs in sandstones in the

it is in Pennsylvania, and although 40° gravity oil has
been found at Peters and Old Ripley, the wells were
small. It is usually from 1200 to 3000 ft. deep in many
of the present fields.

The Niagara dolomite affords a promising horizon,
for it is usually porous, thick and persistent; but as it
lies at 1500 to 4000 ft. in most of the fields, few tests
have thus far reached it. It is the producing horizon
of the Pike County gas field, of the Plymouth oil field,
of the deep or 2800-ft. sand at Casey and at Terre
Haute, Ind., and the remnants of oil and gas that occur
in the quarries about Joliet and Chicago originate in
the Niagara formation. Near Grafton a heavy fault
has exposed it as a bluff, and it is soaked with oil for
over 100 ft., so that large wells are likely to be found
when the dolomite is tapped on favorable structures.

The Trenton limestone has not been tested in Illinois,
for it is usually 2500 to 4500 ft. deep in the producing
fields and not likely to be developed while the shallow
sands are productive. It has been a rich producer in
Indiana and Ohio, where it is 1200 to 1600 ft. deep,

ENGINEERING AND .MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 4

and later it will probably receive the attention that it

merits. • in northwestern Illinois show a

;s doloraitized member ami the adjacent shales,

known as "oil rock," contain a sufficient amount of oil to
burn like a candle.

Illinois oil is a high-grade refining oil ranging from
i b. an.' •-: about 85 . in general, the

Illinois oil has a paraffine base, excepting about •">
which ranges from 22 to -S B. and lias an asphalt
It is dark green to brown in color and is a "sweet"
oil having little or no sulphur. The gasoline yield, on
Straight run. ranges from 8 to IS of the oil in the
shallow, heavy oik to ■_':'. in the deep."- lighter oils.
and the kerosene content ranges from 25 to o8<, . Illi-
nois oil is selling in L917 at $1.80 to $2.12 per bbl.,
and the independent refiners pay 5 to 20c, premium
over the predominant buyer. Before the pipe lines were
able to ship the output, it sold as low as 60c. per bbl.,
but has been advancing since 1911, and promises to
reach at least $2.50, as competition is keen and the pipe-
line facilities can take care of over 150.000 bbl. daily.

Illinois oil lands are held under the leasing system at
royalties to the land owner that range from one-eighth
e-quarter of the gross oil production — rarely three-
eighths to one-half— and average one-sixth, while the
gas royalties range from $100 to $250 per well an-
nually. "Wildcat" leases in undeveloped territory cost
$1 to $10 per acre, depending on the distance from
production, geologic structure, etc., but advance to $25
to $500 an acre if a discovery well is found, according
to the size of the well and its distance from producing
units. Contract drilling ranges from $1.25 to $2.50
per ft. for wildcatting, and from 70c. to $1.50 per ft.
in the producing fields. Casing expenses are heavy,
due to water-bearing sands and more or less caving
trouble, and range from $1 to $3 per ft. Equipment
for power, tanks, piping, housing, etc. costs from $2000
to $5000 per 100-acre tract, which is the average size
of a lease in Illinois, and this includes the usual prac-
tice of giving each well a drainage area of five acres.

Operating costs vary greatly with the size and
age of the wells, acres per lease, etc., and range from
3 to 10c. per net barrel of oil produced (after sub-
tracting the royalty) for fair-sized wells on leases of
80 acres or larger, and from 15 to 30c. for small wells
and small leases (less than 40 acres). The average of
the state is about 15c. The net operating profits, after
deducting royalty and production costs, if based on $2
per bbl. in the tanks on the lease where it is purchased
by the buyer, may be estimated at from $1.50 to $1.65
per bbl. on fair-sized leases and wells. If the royalty
does not exceed one-sixth, the profits should range from
$1.25 to $1.40 per bbl. on small wells and leases. Set-
tled production, or after the wells are a year old, sells
for S1800 to $2500 per bbl. of daily output. Net profits,
$1.50 to $1.65 per bbl.

I rasoline produced from oil-well gas is receiving more
attention for it is getting richer as the welh get older,
and the gasoline market is profitable. In the eastern
field, some plants are using the compression process,
and the number is steadily increasing. Casing-head gas
that formerly yielded 1] to 2J gal. per 1000 ft. of gas
is now yielding 21 to 5 gal. The new absorption process
has not been introduced in this field, but will undoubt-
edly soon be established, especially to recover the gaso-

line from gas wells, which can now be operated profit-
ably on yields as low as one quart per 1000 ft. of gas.

Illinois refineries have the advantage of having the
two largest inland railroad and marketing centers of
the Mississippi Valley close by, namely, Chicago and
St. Louis. The Whiting plant is just over the line in
Indiana and the Wood River plant of the Standard Oil
interests, only 18 miles from St. Louis. Both have pipe
lines to the eastern Illinois fields and to Oklahoma.
There are two large independent plants at Lawrence-
ville, the Indian, with 10,000 bbl, and the Central, with
5000 bbl. per day capacity; the Wabash Co. has a 3000-
bbl. plant at Robinson, while there are smaller refineries
at Casey, Chicago, Rock Island and two at East St.
Louis. The Roxana company is erecting a large plant
at Wood River that will have a pipe line to Oklahoma,
and the Sinclair company is said to be considering a
plant at East St. Louis. Independent refineries in
Pennsylvania and Canada also have buyers in the Il-
linois fields and they are paying premiums of 5 to 20c.
above the Standard Oil Co. bids. Illinois is now
equipped with trunk and gathering lines, which have a
total capacity of 125,000 bbl. per day. Two pipe lines
extend to New York harbor.

Firedamp in Gold Mines

The occurrence some months ago of a slight explosion
at the Great Boulder mine in Western Australia is noted
by a correspondent in Coal Age, who states that an
inquiry was started to ascertain the nature of the gas
that was claimed to have caused the trouble.

The inquiry was conducted by the officers of the
Mines Department, but they were unable to arrive at
any definite conclusion, though inclined to the belief
that the gas was light carbureted hydrogen or
methane, which is rarely to be found in appreciable
quantities, in gold mines, but is very commonly asso-
ciated with the coal formations.

This conclusion was later partly confirmed when a
similar gas was reported to have been found in the
Ivanhoe mines in the graphitic formation. In the
explosion that occurred in the Great Boulder mine one
man was rather severely burned when his candle cam<
in contact with the accumulated gas.

The occurrence of gas of this nature is, however
regarded of slight importance, in gold mining, owinj
to the gas being generated in such small amounts tha
it is seldom to be found accumulated in quantity suffi
cient to be considered dangerous. But, in order t<
avoid all possibility of a repetition of such an acciden
as occurred at the Great Boulder mine, all places ii
the graphitic formation where it is possible for gas t
accumulate must, now, be first tested with a candl
held at the end of a stick.

This form of testing for gas is a positive one an
reminds one" of the old days when a donkey having
lighted candle fastened on his head was driven ahea
by the fireman when exploring a coal-mine level, b(
fore men were permitted to enter for work.

Firedamp in one lead mine, in Derbyshire, Englant
was given off so freely, in one portion of the mine, tha
the miners were obliged to use safety lamps, as in a co;
mine. The gas came from the Yoredale shales.

January 26, L918

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

i- ■

Relative Merits of Carr and Cross Bits
as Disclosed by Drilling Tests

By "DRILLER"

Improved sharpening machines are responsible
for development of betU r drill hits. The Can-
bit finds its prototype in the old chisel hand-steel
bit. More metal demanded in shoulder; equal
gaging of cutting and diametrically opposite
lining edges essential. When properly forged
and tempered the Carr bit lias greater drilh
spied in hard ground than the cross bit. Close
heat regulation is mere essential to the produc-
tion of a successful Carr bit than to any other
shaped bit. Without skilled workmanship or
proper heating equipment a perfect Carr bit
cannot be made and unless perfect cannot be used
to any advantage.

WITHIN the last year or two, many mine opera-
tors have replaced the regular cross or star bit
by the single-edged Carr or chisel bit in order
to gain greater drilling spe'ed. It should be of interest
to note the development of this type of bit, its advan-
tages and its limitations.

The old saying that there is nothing new under the
sun is applicable to the single-edged drill bit, which has
come down from the days of the single and double jack.
This bit was rotated by hand and subjected to compara-
tively light and infrequent blows from a hammer. With
an intelligent man twisting the drill, it was possible to
put in a hole that was true and round. Under certain
conditions, however, there was a great tendency for a
core or rib to develop in the hole, but it usually could
be overcome by skillful and judicious twisting. An im-
portant feature of the old hand drill is the acute angle
at the cutting edge, generally between 40° and 60°. The
idea seemed to be to reduce this angle as much as pos-
sible, with the object of increasing the amount of pene-
tration of the drill into the rock at each blow. There
probably is a certain amount of penetration when the
cutting edge of a drill bit strikes the rock in the bottom
of the hole, but it accomplishes little in comparison with
the chipping effect produced.

Machine Drills Necessitated New Bits

Imagine, for a minute, having just built the first ma-
chine drill and being anxious to try it out. The most
natural thing to use with it would be single-bit drills
fashioned the same as for single- or double-jack drilling,
except that probably they would be made larger. But
ry to picture the difficulty of starting a hole with that
■cind of bit using a reciprocating machine with a long
stroke. Supposing the hole was started, just think
vhat a sad spectacle that drill bit would present after
t had been slugged through a foot or two of rock; and
he hole would doubtless look like a rifle barrel. It is
i wonder the development of the machine drill was not
'ut off in its infancy by such difficulties, and easy tc
iee how multiple-edge bits were developed.

It would !»• tciliims indeed to enui 11 the dil

fercnt types of bits thai have been developed since the
single bit originally fell from grace. Itut t;
common example the doss bit, with its two edges at
right angles to each other and. in most cases, an angle
of 90° at the cutting edge. For a long time this was
conceded to be the most satisfactory all-around drill
bit. It withstood the rapid and hard blows of the ma-
chine drills and decreased the tendency for a core or
rib to form in the hole. Where the latter evil was not
overcome by the cross bit. the six-pointed bit was sub-
stituted in many cases. At any rate, the object seemed
to be to get a drill bit that was trouble proof rather
than one that showed maximum drilling speed. This
was a natural aim, indeed, for the drilling speed of a
machine was much greater than any previously known.

After a time, there was evidently a desire to get
back to the single bit, and frequent recurrence of its
use may be noted in the early days of the machine drill.
The probable reason for this was that bits were still
sharpened by hand to a large extent and it. is easier and
quicker to form a single-cutting-edge bit than one with
two or more edges intersecting. In most cases, however,
these single bits were used only on the longer drills
after the hole had a good round start with the cross
bit and when so employed achieved considerable success
long before any one ever heard of the Carr bit. In
these early recurrences to the single bit, however, lit-
tle attention was paid to accuracy in forming the shoul-
ders or reaming edges, and it is doubtful if they were
ever made with an angle at the cutting edge greater
than 90°. These two points of detail are largely re-
sponsible for the success of the Carr bit.

Blunt Cutting Angle Effective in Hard Ground
Whether or not the final adoption of a cutting angle
of about 100° was the result of careful study and ex-
periment, there is evidence that the advantage of a
blunt cutting angle was the result of experience. Many
old miners who worked with the earlier model machine
drills relate how they used to put aside a well-tempered
single bit after it had become considerably dulled. Then,
when they were drilling in hard, brittle ground, this
bit, that apparently needed resharpening, would drill
faster than a sharp bit fresh from the shop.

The comparatively advantageous adaptation of the
single bit to the machine drill in the early days would
doubtless have led to its more extensive use had it not
been for the rapidly increasing scale of mining opera-
tions. Single bits must be well made in order to give
satisfactory service, and until recently drill sharpeners
were not sufficiently developed to compete with hand
sharpening in the matter of quality. But the old types
of sharpeners could turn out cross bits in large numbers
that would give reasonably good service and were gaged
accurately enough to allow- a change of 4 in. in average
ground. This was an improvement over former prac-
tice, and the cross bit, with its various modifications,
was pretty universally adopted. The advent of hollow

ENGINEERING ANU MINING JOUUNAl

Vol. 105, No. 4

steel brought added difficulties that would easily dis-
cour riments with a single bit patterned after

the old hand drill.

The development of the Carr bit and its successful
ble by improved drill-sharpening
machines. This bit is perfectly symmetrica] and well
proportioned and keeps the hole reamed out to the
proper size with a minimum reduction in the diameter
the cutting edge. The old styles of drill sharpener
could not be depended upon to turn out any quantity of
bits that would have this iry symmetry, and it

would be a tedious and expensive task to make 11
by hand. In other words, the Carr bil tically a

perfectly formed bit, and unless it does approximate
perfection, it is far from satisfactory. The chief re-
quirement in making a Carr bit is that the extrem
of the cutting edge and all four reamine edges must lie
in the surface of a cylinder whose axis coincides with
the long axis of the drill and whose diameter is the
diameter or gage of the particular size of bit in ques-
tion. This gives an ideal reaming effect and minimizes
the tendency of the bit to lose its gage, and is really
the vital point upon which the success of the Can- bit
in the main depends.

There are two additional points of advantage that
stand out in this type of drill bit. One is the thickness
of the wings or shoulders, giving a large area of metal
to withstand the impact that so often breaks off a piece
of the cutting edge — a feature especially necessary
with hollow steel. The other is the obtuse angle at
the cutting edge whereby the energy imparted to the
drill is expended in lightly chipping the solid rock in the
bottom of the hole rather than attempting to penetrate
it deeply with subsequent grinding. A comparison of
the cuttings from a hole drilled with a Carr bit and
those in which a cross bit is used shows how much
energy is wasted by the latter in reducing the size of
the cuttings.

Smaller Starter and Faster Work with Carr Bit
Experiments with the Carr bit showed that it would
drill faster than the cross bit; but the latter type had
always been made with a change of J in. in gage with
each successive drill length. That is, if there were six
drills in a set, the gage of the starter was g in. more
than that of the finishing drill. With the Carr bit, the
change in gage was only ^ in., and it was surmised that
herein must lie an appreciable advantage, inasmuch as
a smaller starter can be used, thereby drilling with all
bits except the last.

With carefully selected bits of both types and using
the same gage change in.) in both styles, tests were
conducted covering various kinds of ground and using
several types of machines. In all cases care was taken
to compare the work of both types of bits under identi-
cally similar conditions. Whenever a bit did not stand
up on account of poor tempering, or other cause, the
results of that run were not accepted in the calculation
of an average. Figures resulting from the tests, care-
fully sifted down and averaged, led to the rather sur-
prising conclusion that the Carr bit possessed no in-
herent advantage over the cross bit. Hence, the en-
couraging results obtained up to that time must have
been due to the reduced gage, made possible by the ac-
curacy with which it can be made. It was also observed

that the cross bit possessed the advantage of holding its
edge longer, although it lost its gage more quickly.
Therefore this part of the test practically amounted to
a stand-6ff and it was next necessary to determine just
what could be accomplished by reducing the gage.

Accordingly, the next test was run with ^-in. gage
changes in the Carr hits, the cross bits remaining the
same as before. The finishing drills of both types were
of the same gage. In the course of this series of tests,
there was no difference between the two in the softest
ground drilled, despite the difference in gages. This
can be explained only by the supposition that penetra-
tion is more important than a chipping effect in soft
rock. Under such conditions, the blunt cutting angle of
the Carr bit appears at a disadvantage compared to the
90° angle at the cutting edge of a cross bit. The op-
posite extreme was reached in the hardest ground, where
the Carr bit took a 25% lead in cutting speed. All
these tests were conducted under identically similar con-
ditions to those in which the same gage change was used
for both types of bit, and confirmed the belief that the
advantage in drilling speed is due to the single factor
of decreased gage.

Better Heat Control Necessary

Tin' greatest disappointment in the performance of
the Carr bit was the rapidity, with which it became
dulled. A comparison showed that a change to this
type of drill would necessitate carrying a stock of steel
at least 25% larger, besides the additional sharpening
and handling expense and the incident extra delay to
the miner. It seemed hardly just to blame all this on the
bit itself, and investigation showed that improper heat
treatment was largely responsible. Few drill-sharpen-
ing shops are run in accordance with accepted practice
in heat treatment. The day is undoubtedly coming when
they will all be equipped with pyrometers and oil, gas,
or electric furnaces, where the temperature can be ac-
curately controlled. This will elminate the evils of
overheating and too rapid heating in a coke forge, the
temperature of which is either an unknown quantity
or wildly guessed at. By proper heat treatment, the
Carr bit can be made to withstand hard usage as well
as any other.

Conditions Govern Advantageous Use of Carr Bits

Perhaps there are some mines where the Carr bit has
never been tried. The following conclusions drawn
from the tests described above may help in deciding
whether to give it a trial or not.

1. In soft ground where a good make of machine will
drill about 12 in. or more per min. of actual running
time there is no advantage to be gained in actual dril-
ling speed unless it be with a special type of Carr bit
having an angle of 90° or less at the cutting edge. This
would be an interesting experiment.

2. In hard ground there is no advantage to be gained
with the Carr bit unless the shop is equipped with a
good drill-sharpening machine capable of forming a
perfect bit. Even with this equipment, it is doubtful
whether the change will pay unless there are facilities
for proper heat treatment, especially with the present
price of steel and labor.

There is one cause for unsatisfactory performance
of the Carr bit that can be attributed to the manner in

January 26, L918

[NEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

which it is made. The first step in forming the bit
is thai of a shearing action which forma the cutting
edge and flattens out the steel to give metal at the
■boulders. This process squeezes the hole down to a
narrow slit coinciding with the cutting edge. The sub-
nquent finishing process is accompanied by the inser-
a pin in the center to open up the hole again.
This tends to form a split along the cutting edge, and
produces in the finished bit a cutting edge with a flaw
in it about in. long. After a few sharpenings, a dis-
tinct split develops along the cutting edge, and the bit
must bo cut off and a new one formed. There is also a
pronounced tendency toward chipping on each side of
the hole because of this Haw. Careful heat treatment
partly overcomes this disadvantage. It seems fairly
probable that the difficulty also could be overcome by
inserting a plug in the hole or swaging the steel down
on all sides until the hole is closed up. Then the bit
could he formed in the usual way and the hole drilled
out afterward. This entails much additional work and
would probably not pay. So it seems to be up to the
manufacturers of drill sharpeners to do some thinking.

Kosi -Bit Starter Used to Advantage with Carr Bit

The rose-bit starter is, of course, a necessary ad-
junct to the Carr bit. It generally consists of from 8
to 16 cutting edges and is effective in starting a round
hole. The ease with which a difficult hole can be started
more than repays for the time lost in making an extra
change of drills. In fact it works out nicely in connec-
tion with the cross bit wherever there is a tendency for
a core or rib to form in the hole. As a general rule,
any hole that is round at the start has a good chance to
continue round all the way.

This article is not intended to be a technical discus-
sion of the Carr bit. Some of its features were purpose-
ly omitted because they had no bearing on the subject
from a practical standpoint. But it is hoped that the
observations and experimental data given will help in
showing to what conditions it is applicable and in wThat
particulars it could be improved.

Negligent Hoisting Engineers

By A. L. H. Street*

A Utah miner, having taken a hoisting cage at the
500-ft. level for the purpose of descending to the 600-ft.
level, in the mine in which he was employed, was in-
jured through the carelessness of the hoisting engi-
neer, who released both brake and clutch, thereby per-
mitting the cage to fall suddenly and violently 110 ft.
The miner sued the employing company, and the su-
preme court of Utah has affirmed judgment in his
favor, holding that the engineer must be regarded as
the employer's alter ego for the purpose of providing
plaintiff with reasonably safe means of going about his
work, and not as a fellow servant of the injured man,
in the sense that an employer is not liable for injury
to an employee caused by negligence of a fellow servant.
(Farnon vs. Silver King Coalition Mines Co., 167 Pacific
Reporter, 675.)

Nations al War

In the following list from the Official Bulletin is .
dates on which the various bell declared war:

".it i.
\ i ' i . . . . ■ ,■ . i ■ i i i

An i inst M"i i I.

\ , i 1 1 ■ . . , • i : ■ I 1914.

Austria against I ily 28, 1914.

Brazil a !6, 1917.

Bulgaria against Serbia, Oct. '

ina against Austria. Aug. 14, 1917.
Ma against Germany, Aug. l l. 1917.
Cuba against Germany, Apr. 7. L91
France against \ L914.

France against Bulgaria, Oct. 16, 1:

France . my, Aug. 3, 1 '.'1 1

France against Turkey, Xov. 5, 1914.

Germany against Belgium, Aug. 4. 191 1.

German] 3, 1914.

Germany against Portugal, L916.

Germany against Roumania, Sept. 14, 1916.

Germany against Russia. Aug. 1, 1914.

; Britain against Austria, Aug. 13, 191 t.

Great Britain against Bulgaria L5, 1915.

Great Britain against Germany, Aug. 4, 1914.

Great Britain against Turkey. Xov. 5, 1914,

*Greece against Bulgaria, Nov. 28, 1916.

fGreece against Bulgaria, July 2, 1917.

*Greece against Germany, Nov. 28, 1916.

tGreece against Germany, July 2, 1!U7.

Italy against Austria. May 24, L!

Italy against Bulgaria, Oct. 19. 191. r>.

Italy against Germany, Aug. 28, 1916.

Italy against Turkey, Aug. 21, 1915.

Japan against Germany, Aug. 23, 1914.

Liberia against Germany, Aug. 4, 1917.

Montenegro against Austria, Aug. 8. 1914.

Montenegro against Germany, Aug. 9, 1914.

Panama against Germany, Apr. 7, 1917.

Panama against Austria, Dec. 10, 1917.

Portugal against Germany, Nov. 23,. 1914 (resolution
passed authorizing military intervention as ally of England).

Portugal against Germany, May 19, 1915

Roumania against Austria, Aug. 27, 1916 (allies of Aus-
tria also consider it a declaration).

Russia against Bulgaria, Oct. 19, 1915.

Russia against Turkey, Nov. 3, 191 1

San Marino against Austria, May 24, 1915.

Serbia against Bulgaria, Oct. 16, 1915.

Serbia against Germany, Aug. 6. 1914.

Serbia against Turkey. Dec. 2. 1914.

Siam against Austria. July 22, 1917.

Siam against Germany. July 22, 1917.

Turkey against Allies. Nov. 23, 1914.

Turkey against Roumania, Aug. 29, 1916.

United States against Germany. Apr. 6, 1917.

United States against Austria-Hungary, Dec. 7, 1917.

The United States did not declare war upon Germany
and Austria, simply declaring that a state of war existed
with those countries. The dates upon which diplomatic
relations were severed but not followed by a declaration
of war are given in the following list:

Austria against Portugal. Mar. 16. 1916.
Austria against United States, Apr. 8, 1917.
Bolivia against Germany, Apr. 14, 1917.
Costa Rica against Germany. Sept. 21. 1917.
Ecuador against Germany, Dec. 7, 1917.
Egypt against Germany. Aug. 13, 1914.
fGreece against Turkey, July 2, 1917.
tGreece against Austria, Juiy 2, 1917.
Guatemala against Germany, Anr. 27. 1917.
Haiti against Germany, June 17, 1917.
Honduras against Germany. May 17. 1917.
Nicaragua against Germany, Mav 18, 1917.
Peru against Germany, Oct. 6, 1917.
Turkey against United States. Apr. 20, 1917.
Uruguay against Germany, Oct. 7, 1917.

The Cuban Congress has declared that a state of war
exists between Cuba and Austria.

•Attorney at law, 829 Security Bldg., Minneapolis, Minn.

•Provisional g-overnnif-nt.
tGovernment of Alexander.

L

ENGINEERING A\n MINING .10URNAL

Vol. 105, No. 4

v fetj Rules Needed To Govern Repairs
to Acid Lines in Flotation Plants

reman of the flotation plant of

the -. ipper Mining Co, at Anaconda, Mont..

- in the Anode of r, L917, thai a sel of

rules be drawn uj era repair operations in plants

that use acids or other dangerous chemicals. The flota-

ple, employs various acids and re

notably commercial sulphuric

acid and acid sludge, are extremely corrosive. They are
always troublesome to handle and become really dan)

..nils of inexperienced or careless workmen.

The ordinary workman has a very limited know

ml characteristics of acids. He knows that
• used in the laboratory, hut he is unfamiliar
with their effects on different substances, and does not
know how they may lie neutralized to prevent or de-
stroy these same effects. He has had no experience
which would teach him that it is not advisable to pour
water into strong sulphuric acid or acid sludge. He
understand why sulphuric acid should burn the
clothes off his back or the shoes off his feet and yet be
safely stored in iron tanks and run through ordinary
iron pipes. A quantity of acid in an iron tank com-
mands less respect than a pint of the same acid in a
bottle with a glass stopper and a red label.

It is comparatively easy to train the regular flotation
men to take proper precautions for the safety of them-
selves and their fellows. They are under the direct
supervision of the flotation foreman and take their or-
ders from him alone. They soon learn the effects of
acid and require no urging to wear the goggles and
rubber gloves furnished them, and to keep within reach
the bottle of sodium bicarbonate solution.

Protecting Workmkn from Other Departments

Workmen obtained from other departments for special
work present a more serious problem. These men are
sometimes sent out from their respective departments
without sufficient warning and unequipped with proper
safeguards. For example, a pipe fitter, sent to the flota-
tion plant to unload a car of acid to repair an acid pipe
line, reports unequipped with goggles or rubber gloves.
Or a carpenter, sent to make some repairs, sees an
elevator cup nailed to a timber to catch drippings of
acid sludge from a leak above, and assuming from past
experience that this dark colored liquid is oil, starts to
oil his saw with it. Or, again, a crew of laborers, sent
to clean out an acid tank, starts operations by turning
the fire hose into the tank. Or, yet again, a laborer,
digging a trench for some other department, drives his
pick into a buried acid pipe.

The foregoing examples have actually occurred. It
is obviously impossible for the flotation foreman to know
of all these special workmen and to see that they are
properly warned and properly equipped. Moreover, even
if he does know of this special work, the flotation fore-
man hesitates to give orders or suggestions which may
be resented or which may be contrary to orders given in
some other department.

It would seem to be logical and advisable to formulate
a special set of rules to govern such work. These rules
should provide that any man sent to work at or in the

vicinity of the tlotation plant shall be warned by his own
foreman, furnished with proper clothing and safeguards,
and told to report, before attempting his particular job,
to the tlotation foreman, who can instruct him as to
existing conditions and possible danger points.

Such a set of rules could be made to apply not only
to the dotation plant, but to leaching, electrolytic or
other plants using dangerous acids or chemicals. Ob-
servance of safety regulations would eliminate confu-
sion and friction caused by conflict of orders, and would
make for "Safety First."

Mount Elliott Copper Refinery-
Mount Elliott, Ltd., which operates a number of cop-
per mines in North Queensland, Australia, formally
opened on Sept. 5, 1917, a new reverberatory refining
works about one mile from the town of Bowen. The
Queensland Government Mining Journal of Nov. 15,
1917, describes the works as follows:

The plant consists of three reverberatory furnaces
housed by a shed covering an area of 186 x 75 ft. There
are three railway sidings connecting the main line with
the works — one for taking in the fuel, another for the
blister copper, and a third for taking away the refined
product. There is a room for refined copper, where it
is weighed before being put on. the railway trucks. The
floor of the room is so arranged that the loading truck
with its two-ton lot of copper can be run right into the
railway wagon before the load is taken off.

The work of refining is done by three reverberatory
furnaces. The main flue connecting all the furnaces leads
to a 120-ft. stack at the corner of the building. On the
side of each furnace there is a small door through which
the pigs of blister copper are delivered into the glow-
ingly heated furnace. This is done by means of a long
iron paddle-shaped implement, on the end of which the
pigs are placed by the two assistants, while the refiner
then pushes them in and deposits them where desired
on the bottom. When the furnace is charged with 15
or 20 tons, the door is closed and the process of melting
is begun. About 12 hours is required from the time
the charging is completed until the refined copper is
ready to ladle out.

The raw copper averages about 95% pure, while the
refined article will be about 99.8%. The molds in which
the copper is cast into ingots are made of copper on
the premises, and the weight of the ingots as prepared
for the market is about 50 lb. As the molds wear out
they are ren.elted, nothing being lost but the work of
making them. It is so arranged that the treating of
each charge takes 24 hours on the average. The work
goes on c mtinuously by means of three eight-hour shifts.
A refining gang consists of six copper refiners and three
furnace helpers, one on each shift. The men in the
gang take part, in turn, in the charging, watching and
ladling out the refined copper into the molds as men-
tioned. The glowing ingots of copper as they are taken
from the molds are cooled in "boshes" or large troughs
sunk in the ground and filled with water. The refiners
are paid at piece-work date, so much a ton. Although
there are three furnaces, it is possible that only two
will be in regular use, thus leaving one in reserve. Coal
is the fuel used, and there is approximately two months'
supply on hand.

Januan 26. 1918

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOUB

Professional Fees and Their Collection

i:\ FREDERICK P. SHARPLESS*

In naming a ft < the engineer should consider s<

( 'ircumstanci . sp< ctoi
equipment anil experience are important /tutors
in making a decision respecting tin value of pro-
fessional service. When contracts are advisable
an advance . Id be den

THE matter of fees and retainers in professional
work may be looked upon from two points of view,
namely ethical and business, and a discussion of
Ihe subject may be approached from either angle. Per-
haps this suggests a conflict of ideas, but such will not
necessarily follow. However, the need of harmonizing
business ideas with the ethical aspect of the sub-
responsible for the following observations.
To the man who draws a monthly salary from a
responsible organization or to the man who can choose
engagements from a large and responsible clientele I
have no suggestions to make. He needs none. But
to the younger men or to those whose time is only partly
occupied, some suggestions may not be out of place and
may possibly bring forth discussion of value. If an
engineer is working for a living, if he needs the money
for present and future necessities, he should, in justice
to himself and his family, secure for his services all the
compensation that those services are worth. To do so
is good business and not unethical. Not to do so shows
a lack of business acumen and a neglect of opportunity.

The Value of Engineering Service
The one person who can state the value of the time
and service of an engineer is the engineer himself, and
it is extremely doubtful if it would be wise to try to
make it a fixed amount for any class of service or any
of engineers, as indeed it should and does vary
with the individual, depending upon many factors. In
naming a fee an engineer may subconsciously have in
mind that his services are worth $25, $50, $100 or more
per diem and, without giving the matter much thought,
name a figure because he is accustomed to charge that
3gure when away from home. This is scarcely good
business, and, if accepted, he has not taken a proper
?thical position with his client. Time is not the yard-
stick to be used in measuring service to a client, at
east not in measuring the value of service, and yet it
s so used almost invariably. Time is only one factor
n the valuation of such service. There are other fac-
ors of equal or greater importance, and all should be
riven due consideration in naming a fee.
To illustrate by an example from real life: Suppose
am an engineer with about 15 years of practical ex-
>erience in the examination and valuation of metal
nines, and that I have developed prospects into mines
md guided several mines in their more or less success-
ul career. I am in moderate but comfortable circum-
tances and have no permanent engagements. I am in-
erviewed regarding some gold quartz veins and sup-
'osed dredging ground in Colombia, and asked to name

•Consulting mining engineer, 52 Broadway. New York.

a fee for examination and .. report as to the nature and
value of the deposits. Should I say, offhand, $5

and i i, if thai ul my a\

tion? No, lini bj anj means, I Bhould ftrsi con idei
tors entering into the proposit ion.

Factors Governing Compensation

Just where is this ground? Is it. in plateau country,

high and healthful, whirr food and help are fairly
abundant and reasonably good? Is it down by one of
those tropical rivers, in a malarial and yellow-fever
jungle, where there is little or no native food, where
the natives are weak and sickly or where there are few
of them? How long am I going to be exposed to un-
healthful conditions, or am 1 going to be exposed to any?
Is my examination going to be one of observation only,
a sort of outing or pleasure trip, or is it going to be
one with plenty of hard physical labor, and is this to be
little or much? What conveniences will I have for ex-
pediting my work or under what difficulties and incon-
veniences Will my work be conducted? What part of my
time will be taken up with a delightful sea voyage and
what part in miserable canoes, or on mule back, or cut-
ting my way through thick undergrowth? Going fur-
ther and looking at the more personal side of the under-
taking, do I need the employment, do I need it much or
is there a possibility or probability of another matter
developing soon which will provide more attractive em-
ployment? Are my personal qualifications such that
I can do the work creditably? How much do I know
about quartz mining and milling and how much about
sampling gravel, hydraulicking and dredging? How-
much must I depend upon an assistant regarding some
feature with which I am not familiar? How much bet-
ter, cr worse, am I equipped for this work than a dozen
other engineers my prospective client could call upon?
The answers to the foregoing and other questions that
arise will be, or should be. my answer to the first ques-
tion put to me, "What will be your fee?"

Fixing the Compensation

Certainly the more the examination approaches a
pleasure trip, the less I should charge. The greater
the mental and physical effort necessary and the great-
er the hardships of the trip, the more is it worth. If
I feel that I am personally capable of covering all the
ground contained in the report, and require little or no
outside assistance, I am justified in naming a higher
fee than when my expense account covers the work of
assistants or a specialist. If I know the country (as-
suming that it is low lying and tropical) I will also
make a higher charge because I know the discomforts
and how to avoid many of them. I know the ills that
one is likely to suffer and how they are best avoided.
I know the people of the country and how to get on
with them. I know their language. I need no inter-
preter. I am not dependent upon native guides if they
choose to leave me. In short, Mr. Client, for this
particular engagement I am worth more to you than any
other man I know now to be available. I can do the
work in less time than many men, with less liability of

li>0

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 4

interrupted by sickness. I know how to weigh
the detracting features. It will be a hard trip

ably requiring a long rest after completion.
It was in my mind to charge you $50 per diem during
from Now York, but my charge, after every-
thing is considered, will be $100 a day and you will gel
the worth of your money. Of course my reasoning
ht have lead me in the opposite direction and 1
might have given the figure <.<( $25 a day and then felt
that the figure v jive. Employers of engineers

are generally intelligent men. They can follow an en-
gineer's reasoning, from the information they have
ore the interview, and from what they gather during
that interview they can generally tell whether sugges-
tions as to fees are reasonable or not.

Only a per diem figure has been mentioned. This is
often more satisfactory to the engineer than to the
client. The client almost always wants to know just
about what an examination is going to cost, and if the en-
gineer wants the job the answer should not be made
until he is fairly well acquainted with the man, for
$2500 may sound a great deal larger than $25 a day
and expenses, or it may sound much smaller, but in any
case an employer is likely to question closely as to
what he will ultimately have to pay for the report.
There are various reasons why one should attempt to
give this after getting all the information he can from
the employer, rather than insisting on giving a daily
rate. A particularly important reason is that it is the
basis of a much simpler contract and may be easier to
collect than a per diem rate.

Collection of Fees

This brings me to another point in the relations be-
tween engineer and client, namely the collection of fees.
Many engineers know or think they know how to run
mines and to get the most out of every dollar that is
spent, and how to save and to get the last dollar for
the product that the mine produces, and yet when it
comes to the matter of their ow7n pockets many men of
the profession can recall several fees that have not
yet been paid or were paid only in part. It is due to
poor business foresight that such bills remain uncol-
lected, and it does not conflict with the ethics of the
profession to make arrangements previous to the en-
gagement that will insure their payment. With clients
for whom most engineers would like to work, contracts
are not a necessity. Letters of instruction or even
verbal understandings are all that is required. And
yet this type of client is the last to object to formal
contracts if asked for them. Clients with whom con-
tracts are a necessity are the kind who hesitate to sign
them. Whether contracts are insisted on or not, the
manner of wording them depends upon the good busi-
ness judgment of the engineer and that of his legal
adviser. I believe that it is strongly advisable, and
just as necesary, to guard one's own small interest as
it is to protect an employer's interests, which may
amount to a much greater sum. It is just as necessary
to show good judgment in making a fee safe as it is in
naming the proper fee, and that judgment, as in the
latter, will depend upon the several factors pertaining
to each individual case.

One would not expect the entire fee in advance from
one of the responsible and well-known mining companies

o( Now York nor ask that deferred payments be placed
in the hands of a trust company. On the other hand,
it would be poor business to allow the whole of the fee
to remain in abeyance pending a report to an absolute
stranger. There is always a middle and a safer coura
to follow. With responsible individuals or companies,
it will not make much difference, but it is better to
have a definite contract, so that there may be no pos-
sible chance of a misunderstanding. With the irre-
sponsible or unknown client, the contract becomes a
necessity, and then even the best that can be drawn will
not relieve the engineer from annoyance if the client is
irregular. Some years of experience, with but few fees
uncollected, suggests that with the unknown or ques-
tionable client a large percentage of the fee should be
required in advance. A contract is, of course, drawn
to cover monthly payments on account and any balance
due on completion of the report, but that balance should
be so small that the employer will have little reason
to avoid its payment or, avoiding it, the engineer will
have lost only a small part of his compensation. An
engineer's time and thought should not be given over tc
wondering how and when he is to collect his fees. It
is w-iser to let them go entirely, to say, "My fee will
be $1000 and an expense account of $500, both payable
on engagement," and make an end of a questionable con-
tract, rather than nurse it along hoping in the end tc
collect that amount.

Anthracite Is Now To Be Stripped
in Modern Way

The anthracite operators are not by any mean.'
wedded to their stripping methods, according t<
a recent issue of Coal Age. They are preparinj
ah-eady to strip the surface of the coal by a one
handling or direct-stacking process. They fully realizi
that much of the coal uncovered could be lifted and de
posited by shovel into the place designed for it withou
the use of trains of cars, dinkies and a small army o
workingmen. They have the money also to translafc
their preferences into action, and it is quite likely tha
the anthracite region will develop methods that will evei
make those followed in the bituminous regions look puny

The strippings of hard coal have always been of lead
ing importance by reason of the solidity of the roc!
they removed, the great depth of the overburden am
the large areas uncovered. The only supremacy the bi
tuminous strip pits possessed was in the simplicity an*
economy of the methods employed — conditions gradu
ally arising out of the favoring character of the prob
lem presented.

What the bituminous strip-pit men have learned ur
der their conditions, the hard-coal strip-pit men wi
make available to the problems of anthracite extractior
It is understood that two companies are installing, o
have already installed, machines of mammoth type-
the Lehigh Coal and Navigation Co. and the Charle
M. Dodson Co. It will not be long, doubtless, befor
others will follow. But the machines now offered fo
sale are inadequate for some of the greater depths c
excavation for which the anthracite region is we
suited. The result will be that something larger an
more revolutionary than anything in Kansas, Illinoi
and Ohio will be evolved eventually.

fanuary 26, 1918

ENGINEERING AND MINING J01 RNAL

L91

Metallurgical Ferroalloys in 1917

li\ ROBERT .1. ANDERSON

TI1K year L917 was one I activity in the

ferroalloy industry, mainly because of the strong
demand from the steel interests for the essential
metallurgical alloys. That vicissitudes of the war.
tending as they do to all basic materials, stimulated
ferroalloy production as never before is made evident
by the increased nut put, enlarged capacity of existing
plants, and the entry of new companies into the field.
New producers were supplied with substantial impetus
to begin the production of ferroalloys because of high
prices paid and the insistent demand, which had a far-
reaching effect on the market from crude ores to finished
products. Particular interest centered on ferroman-
ganese, ferrosilicon, ferrochromium and ferrotungsten
because of their fundamental importance to the steel
industry. The ferroalloy industry in 1917 was more
noteworthy for the large output than for technical ad-
vances in a metallurgical way. The improvements made
were due to gradual betterment in existing practice.

Noteworthy Activity in Developing Manganese,
Chromium and Tungsten Ores in 1917

Prospecting and development of available supplies of
manganese, chromium and tungsten ores were the out-
standing features of the mining branch of the ferro-
alloy industry. New sources of domestic ores were de-
veloped, while imports of ores, except w^here unavail-
able because of the war, increased. Ferroalloys are
produced mainly in the East, but good progress was
made on the Pacific Coast, as is shown by the operations
of the Noble Electric Steel Co., at Heroult, Calif. Ferro-
manganese, ferrosilicon and ferrochromium are pro-
duced in California and a part of the output is shipped
to the East, while the remainder is used by Pacific
Coast steel makers. The ferroalloy industry in general
enjoyed an unprecedented prosperity, and no doubt a
large part of the present earnings will be put back bv
progressive companies into technical improvements.
Today, no foreign alloys are superior to the domestic
make, and with ample funds provided by late profits
to carry out technical improvements in existing prac-
tice there is no reason to fear for the metallurgical
standing of the industry.

Ferromanganese Demands Exceeded Ore Supply

Domestic 80 co ferromanganese was quoted at $175
per ton at the beginning of this year and the English
product sold at $165, seaboard, both markets being sub-
ject to violent price fluctuations during the year. The
'ormer was quoted at $250 per ton in December and
he latter at $325, while the domestic alloy, in the sum-
mer, touched the high price of $425, with the English
iroduct selling at $375 per ton. Spot purchases in small
ots were made at higher prices than the ruling market.
Manganese ores suitable for the manufacture of ferro-
nanganese are scarce, and a record price of $1.25(5 1.30
>er unit, seaboard, was paid recently for ore from India.
Production of domestic ore increased, but the total out-
nit of high-grade ore was equivalent to only 20 % of

Metallurgist. Cleveland. Ohio.

the ' tee! indusf rj . and t he

domestic production of low-grade mounted to

new high figui

Since the manganese situation bed critical,

many abandoned mines have been reopened and worl
with high attendant profits, and prospecting and devel-
opment work have been active. D
as to the seriousness of the manganese situation by
those whi able to foresee the real 'aspect did not

cause much worry to the industry as a whole until the
blow fell. Brazil has supplied the bulk of the foreign
ore since the war started and will undoubtedly continue
to do so.

No striking metallurgical advance was made in the
production of either the ferromanganese or spiegeleisen
alloys, although developments for reducing the amount
of manganese required by the steel industry and the
possibility of utilizing substitute deoxidizers were under
consideration. The former is apparently the more feas-
ible, because the adoption of a substitute, if it comes at
all, will be a slow process. The pre-melting of ferro-
manganese in electric furnaces for the purpose of mak-
ing molten alloy additions to steel baths has gained
ground, as cold additions cause high volatilization losses.

Raw Materials Ample for Ferrosilicon Supply

High prices and increased demand were the out-
standing features of the ferrosilicon market in 1917
and the consumption of both 50 and 75% ferrosilicon,
as well as the lower grades, increased markedly. In
January, the 50 rr alloy was quoted at $100 per ton, and
the price increased to $250 in December, the highest
for the year. The price for spot alloy fluctuated some-
what, but usually exceeded $200 per ton, while the con-
tract price in large lots was $100. The consumption of
50% ferrosilicon increased, due to enlarged openhearth
capacity, much of which was under construction or con-
tracted for in 1916, but did not commence operating un-
til 1917. The demand for ferrosilicon, the power situ-
ation, the scrap market and the rising costs of electrical
equipment affected prices of the alloy. Both of the
higher grades of ferrosilicon are electric-furnace prod-
ucts, and the only factors which will interfere with an
adequate supply of this alloy are power and, to a less
extent, transportation. There is a sufficient supply of
raw materials, although scrap has from time to time
been obtained only with difficulty.

War Needs for Ferrochromium Stimulated
Domestic Chromite Production

At the end of 1917 ferrochromium was quoted at
35@40c. per lb. of chromium, a price almost double that
which prevailed at the first of the year. The increased
cost of electrical equipment affected the high-carbon
electric-furnace product, and the price of carbon-free
thermit ferrochromium advanced because of the higher
prices on metallic aluminum, scarcity of ores and the
large dem&nd for the alloy.

In the metallurgy of ferrochromium, no unusual tech-
nical developments occurred. Lately the main sources

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 4

the United States have been

nia. The im-

u Caledonia increased in

iewhat, while im-

Turke; ether. Mini-

v . per unit. f.O.b. C'ali-

;he year, and prices may

and difficult haul-

The ed demands for ferrochromium

uirements stimulated the domestic chro-
icularly in California and Oregon.

supply the greater tonnage of
domestic chrome :ne time to come. Small

mined in Wyoming. None of
the chromiferous ores on the Pacific Coast have had any
her than rough sorting, and there is un-
need for improvement in that direction,
ern milling methods for concentration will aid in
dev- .e ores of eastern Oregon, Glen Rock, Wyo.,

and Inyo County, California. The chromite deposits
on the Kenai Peninsula, in Alaska, were examined, but
no important production ensued. A new source of chro-
mite was reported on Cypress Island, near Anacortes.
nd this locality may become an important pro-
ducer of chrome ore. In Canada, the Thetford district
of Quebec produced an increased tonnage.

The importance of the alloy as an additive material in
steels for armor-piercing projectiles, armor plate, high-
speed tools, and motor-car and aeroplane parts increased
greatly on account of the war. The standardized gov-
ernment aeroplane motor requires large amounts of
ferrochromium for chrome-steel parts, and the need
of the alloy is so vital that the priority officer of the
War Industries Board stopped the delivery of chrome
steel for the manufacture of pleasure motorcars. The
alloy is manufactured in the United States by electro-
metallurgical plants situated mainly in the East. The
Electro-Metallurgical Co., at Niagara Falls, is a large
producer, and the Noble Electric Steel Co., at Heroult,
Calif., is an active producer in the West.

Strong Foreign Demand for Ferrotungsten
Uniform prices ruled for ferrotungsten throughout
1917. the fluctuations being from S1.95 to $2.60 per lb.
for the top prices having been asked in

August. Scheelite was quoted at $26 per unit of tung-
stic oxide, and wolframite at S25 in the latter part of the
year. Even with increased war demands, the high
prices of the past are not again expected, but it is prob-
able that prices even after the war will be nearly as
high as at present because of the reconstruction pro-
•ich will then be carried out. Notable advances
ie in ore-dressing methods, particularly in Boul-
der County, Colorado. In the United States scheelite
•referred by smelters of tungsten ores and
brings a higher price than either wolframite or hii'o-
nerite. In England, the iron-manganese tungstates are
jrred. In 1917, tungsten ores were mined princi-
pally in California, Colorado and South Dakota.

The foreign demand for domestic ferrotungsten con-
tinued, and exports for 1917 of ferrotungsten and me-
tallic tungsten broke all past records. In Colorado new
panies commenced the manufacture of tungstic oxide

and also the production of electric-furnace ferrotung-
A new 200-kw. electric furnace was installed at
Utah .1 unction, near Denver, to produce ferrotungsten,
and dt her ferroalloys are to be made at the same plant
The principal use of tungsten as ferrotungsten is in
the manufacture of tungsten steel for high-speed tools.
In the latter months of 1917 there was an increased de-
mand for the alloy, due to many inquiries from motor
manufacturers making aeroplane motors and tractors
for war purposes.

Number of Ferromolybdenum Producers Increased j

Ferromolybdenum prices were steady at $4©4.50 per
lb. of Mo. and molybdenite concentrates brought $2.10@
2.2) per lb. of MoS, There was an unprecedented de-
mand for ferromolybdenum by the steel interests. There
are large supplies of low-grade molybdenum ores in the
United States, but until recently but little development
work, in either mining or milling, was attempted. One
mill in the eastern United States is increasing its con-
centrating capacity. Several new companies entered the
domestic field equipped to make the alloy, and these
producers will aid in developing the market. Molyb-
denum in the form of molybdenum steel is used for ord-
nance purposes. The mining and metallurgy of molyb-
denum advanced to a considerable extent in Canada,
stimulated by the overseas demand for ferromolybdenum,
and large quantities of molybdenite concentrates were
purchased by the Imperial Munitions Board of Ottawa
for conversion into ferromolybdenum prior to European
export. A number of companies operated mills, and flo-
tation was employed successfully.

Ferrotitanium Supply Covers Demand

Ferrocarbon titanium was quoted at $160 per ton dur-
ing the greater part of 1917, and the demand
steady. The cost of the carbon-free thermit alloy ad-
vanced on account of the increase in price of metallic
aluminum. Late prices on Norwegian titanium oxide
held at $240 per net ton for 95 cc TiO,, f.o.b. Philadel-
phia. The ores used for both ferrocarbon titanium and
carbon-free ferrotitanium are supplied by domestic
mines, and the supply appears to be ample to cover ai
discernible demands. In late years, Virginia mines
have closed at times, as a sufficient supply of ore coul*
be obtained by part-time operations. Titaniferous ore.-
suitable for the manufacture of the ferroalloys are not
found in extensive deposits in many places, the princi-
pal sources of economic value being confined to two oc
currences in the United States, and one each in Canada
Norway and Australia. Domestic rutile is obtainec
principally from Virginia. Both ferrocarbon titaniun
and carbon-free ferrotitanium have steadily grown ir
demand for deoxidizing and denitrogenizing steels, anc
at least one attempt is on record to substitute titaniun
for manganese in part.

Ferrovanadium Extensively Used in War Material:

Ferrovanadium prices rose sympathetically from Jan
uary to December with the prices of the majority o;
metals and alloys in 1917, and the demand increased
In January the price was $2.75(§.3 per lb., f.o.b. work?
and in December it was $3.25 (a 3.50 per lb. The marke
price for the alloy is affected by the price of metallii

January 26, 1918

ENGINEERING AND MINING J01 RNAL

198

aluminum because most of the high-grade ferrovana
ilium made in tin- United States is produced by the ther-
mit process. In Europe, some eleet rie-furnaco ferro-
vanadium is made by the reduction of vanadic oxide
or iron vanadate with carbon. The ore was quoted up
to $11 per lb. for 99 vanadium pentoxide.

Patronite deposits of Peru and the Colorado carnotites
continue to lie the chief supply of vanadium. There
was no interference with shipments of South American
ores by submarines, but freight space was at a premium.
There are. however, abundant domestic supplies of va-
nadium ores, and there should be no difficulty in increas-
ing the output of the ferroalloy. The existing capacity
for reducing ores can be increased to supply the growing
demand. The applications of ferrovanadium have in-
i leased since the war started and it has been used ex-
tensively as an additive agent in steels and utilized in

plane parts, submarines, armor plate for warships,
armored motor trucks, machine guns, anti-aircraft guns,
etc. Simple ternary vanadium-steel is used for pneu-
matic chisels and rock drills and specifications by for-
eign railways for vanadium-steel parts in locomotive
construction are increasing. The quaternary chrome-
vanadium-steels have proved their general adaptability
in the commercial alloy -steel field and have . had in-

sed employment for axle shafts, gears, springs, dies,
and drills. Consumption of ferrovanadium used in vana-
dium steel was at the yearly rate of about 12,000 tons.

Value of Ferrouranium Not Fully Determined

Ferrouranium is claimed to have a remarkable effect
on steel and is one of the newest of the ferroalloys for
steel-making purposes. In general, it is used with tung-
sten and other elements in the manufacture of some
high-speed steels and it is claimed that only small
amounts are required to secure the desired results.
Uranium steel is used, according to various rumors, in
Germany for making big-gun linings and in the United
States for high-speed tools. The alloy has been quoted
at $7 per lb. of uranium contained, carnotite ore is priced
at S3 per lb. of U.,Os contained and uranium oxide, UO,,
at $3.25 per lb. While uranium steel gives promise of
being a valuable component of both tool and ordnance
steels, more thorough and searching tests are needed and
more definite data must be presented before the value of
such steel can be accurately ascertained.

Minor Ferroalloys in 1917

Ferroaluminum, ferroboron, ferrocerium, ferrocobalt,
ferronickel, ferrophosphorus, ferrotantalum, ferrozinc,
ferrozirconium, and certain of the complex ferroalloys
occupied positions of minor importance in the metallur-
gical world in 1917 and no noteworthy developments are
on record. However, the uses of ferroboron in boronic
steels and as a case-hardening material was investigated
and the results in the latter field were reported as being
similar to those obtained with carbon. All the ferro-
boron required in the United States could be readily
produced from the extensive Western colemanite de-
posits which now are utilized in borax manufacture.
Ferrocerium, the pyrophoric alloy that has been used as
a sparking metal for automatic fire, sold at $25 per lb.
Ferrozirconium, the newest of the commercial ferro-
alloys, is employed in Germany for the production of
zirconium steel for armor plate and projectiles.

Sunnyside Mill ;it Eureka, ( lolorado

The first unit of the mill of the Sunnyside Mining

Milling Co.. with a capacity of BOO ton. daily, is now
in operation at Eureka, Colo, The company is a Bub
sidiary of the United states Smelting, Refining and Min-
ing Exploration Co. Tin- ore handled is complex, con

Sisting of gold, silver, load, zinc and copper, with a good

deal of rhodonite in thi ■ When the propei

purchased there went with it two mills working with
tables and Hyde dotation, ami an electrostatic plant
using Hull' machines on the middlings. A campaign of
experimenting with a selective lead dotation procest
been carried out, and the methods has indicated that
good results may be obtained.

At the mine there has been installed a total of 4000
cu.ft. of air-compressor capacity, new hoists, locomo-
tives, etc. A new crushing plant will be built and will
consist of two No. 6 Gates gyratory crushers and a
Sheridan shaking grizzly. From the latter it is intend-
ed to pick tube-mill pebbles and waste. The ore will

SUNNYSIDE MILL NEAR ELTREKA. COLORADO

be transported to the mill by Trenton tramways 16,000
ft. long. At the mill, the ore will be weighed by a
Merrick weightometer and delivered into three 30-ft.
cylindrical steel bins of 1000-ton capacity each.

Ore from the bin is sent by means of three pan con-
veyors into three No. 86 Marcy ball mills, one of which
will be held in reserve. These mills are equipped with
extra heavy 6-ft. Dorr classifiers working in closed cir-
cuits. The overflow of the Marcy-mill classifier, ground
through about 20 mesh, will be automatically sampled by
a motor-driven sampler. The regrinding section con-
sists of three 5 x 14-ft. tube mills, using mine rock, and
one 5 x 8-ft. ball mill. These tube mills were on hand
as a result of the purchase by the Sunnyside company
of the Gold Prince mill, which was equipped with 100
stamps, tube mills and Card tables. On account of the
hardness and other suitable characteristics of the vein
matter at the Sunnyside, it appeared advisable to utilize
the 5 x 14-ft. tube mills, but at the same time it was de-
cided to cut one of these mills to an 8-ft. length to try
out ball milling. Each tube mill is equipped with a
6-ft. Dorr classifier.

Amalgamation is of considerable importance, in that
there is a fair amount of free gold that does not go with
the lead concentrates. The plate tailings go to a tank,
from which they will be distributed to one 6-cell 24-in.

P.U

[NEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 4

.Mi, - standard mechanical machine and

:i 18-in. Minerals Separation subaerated ma-
chine, where the lead concentrates will be taken ofl

ments were made with Minerals Sepa-
de machines for the selective lead work.
but • ts were not particularly successful.

Tail: elective lead dotation machines

will I cell 24-in. Minerals Separation stand

•e used for zinc. Final tailings from

chines will go to two 10 X L2-ft. Porr tray

thil n the way to the thickeners a definite

I the tailings will be cut out automatically

ver Wilfley tables intended as pilots. Wil-

rley tables will also be used as pilots tor the lead concen-

nd zinc concentrates. The return of middlings

from the pilot tables will mplished by means of

an air lift.

The lead concentrates go to a 15 x 8-ft. Dorr thick-
ener and are raised by a bucket elevator to a 12 x
':. Portland filter. The zinc concentrates go to a
thickener and are elevated to a 12 \ 9-ft. Port-
land filter. The lead concentrates do not appear to war-
rant further drying and will be conveyed to a 250-ton
1 bin. The zinc concentrates will be dried in an
Argall dryer, now on hand, from which they are con-
veyed to a 750-ton bin. Automatic loading of concen-
trates is provided for. The filters are placed above the
thickeners so that it may be an easy matter to drain
the filters and to provide for circulation of pulp through
the filter tank back into the thickener.

The mill is of steel and concrete. Automatic plat-
form elevators will be available to serve the various
floors. Severe winters have compelled particular atten-
tion to the matter of heating, and there has been pro-
vided abundant space for storage of supplies and ample
change-room facilities.

four-mesh sieves. Pine ground material gave the
Stronger bricks, but the coarser material was more re-
sistant to spalling. The four-mesh material pressed at
1500 lb. per sq.in. gave bricks which showed the same
spalling loss as hand-made bricks, that is. about 30%..
Power pressing advocated instead of hand making.

Manufacture of Silica Brick

In America the raw material used for the manufac-
ture of silica brick is ganister with 98% of silica and
\rr each of iron and alumina, freed from contaminating
foreign material. The selected ganister, according to
C. E. Xesbitt and M. L. Bell, in Trans. American So-
ciety for Testing Materials, June, 1917, (abst. Jour,,.
Soc. Chem. Ind.) is ground to pass a four-mash sieve
and ground with water and 2% of lime. For hand-
made bricks, 10'- of water gives a suitable mixture,
which is then molded. Great care is necessary here if
the bricks are to be free from defects. The bricks are
then dried slowly and carefully in tunnels or on warm
floors until bone dry, otherwise cracks may appear on
firing. The bricks are burnt in down-draft kilns tak-
ing 50,000 to 150,000 bricks. They are taken up to cone
16 at which the temperature is maintained for 1 to 3
days. Ten to fifteen days are taken for the heating up
and five days for cooling down.

F.xperiments are recorded on the influence of pressure
and fineness of grinding on the product. The pressure
in making the bricks was varied from 187 lb. to 2500
lb. per sq.in. Tests on slag penetration, spalling loss,
strength against impact, and linear expansion showed
that little is gained by raising the pressure, although
the product is denser. Tests were made on bricks made
of material ground to pass 12-mesh, eight-mesh, and

Selenium and Tellurium

The semi-rare metals selenium and tellurium, byprod-
ucts of the copper industry, could be produced in much
larger quantities if more commercial uses could be
found for them. According to a description of copper
refining at the Raritan Copper Works, Perth Amboy,
X. .1.. one of the three principal producers of these
metals as byproducts in the electro-refining of copper,
selenium and tellurium are concentrated in the elei
trolytic slimes as selenides and tellurides of copper and
silver. The metallurgical treatment is simple, and the
cost of production would be decreased considerably if
a larger tonnage could be disposed of. Tellurium is
used as a component of certain high-resistant alloys
and in a limited amount in medicines as an anti-
sudorific agent; also for coloring glass and porcelain.
Selenium has peculiar electrical properties, on account
of its conductivity varying with light, being 500 times
as good a conductor under the influence of light as in
the dark. This property has led to extensive experi-
ments to develop commercial uses, such as automatic
lighting of gas buoys at sea, transmitting pictures by
telegraph and for wireless telephony along a beam of
light. The application of the electrical properties of
selenium is still in the experimental stage, and con-
sumption is small. The principal use has been in the
glass industry, though it is also employed to a limited
extent in medicine and in photographic work. A process
for making dyestuffs, patented by Wasserman, utilizes
salts of selenium in conjunction with organic salts.

Prices of tellurium and selenium are difficult to re-
port, being subject to sudden and wide variation be-
cause of unstable supply' and uncertain demand, and it
is doubtful if there can he said to be a market price.
Quotations in recent months were: Selenium, $2.75@3
per lb., New York, depending upon quantity, one-ton
lots being at the minimum price; tellurium was quoted
at about $5 per lb., subject to a variation of about 75c.
both metals being quoted on terms subject to change.
One lot of 1000 lb. of tellurium purchased before the
war at 75c. was reported sold six months ago at $£
per lb. — which was under the ruling price at that time—
for export, to be used in experimental purposes. Trans-
actions at 50c. per lb. for tellurium were also done
before the war. Selenium sold immediately, before the
war at around $1.25 per lb., as reported by a dealer,
having just then suffered a severe decline, but average
prices quoted for the year, 1913, were given at betweei
$2.75@3.50 per lb. in large lots and $4.50@5.50 al
retail. In 1917, prices ranged from $1.20 to about $J
per lb., and even $3.50 was asked at one time.

The production of selenium in 1913 was reported ii
the "Mineral Industry" as 10,000 lb., 9000 lb. beinj
exported; in 1914, 30,000 lb. was produced, 14,000 lb
being exported; in 1915, no figures were available
while in 1916, it is understood production was prac
tically nil. For 1917 no figures are yet procurable.

Januarj 26, L918

ENGINEERING AND MINING J01 RNAL

Producers and Consumers of Manganese and

Manganiferous Ores

LISTS of shippers and purchasers of manganese and
manganiferous ores have been issued by the U. S.
Geological Survey. The lists, as completed u]
Oct l. L917, follow ami should prove of value to those
interested in the production and use of manganese ores.

SHIP! ERS OF MANGANESE ORES

d less than

(b) - ■ n\ 1th IO9; or more mar

Iron.

ivitli . i I 1 . I 1 1 ' 1 1

id) sinri'- nganesi

ALABAMA

Shipper
Joseph R. Cook, 421 American Trust Bldg., Birmingham (a).

ARIZONA
Shippers

Buckingham & Wright, Globe (c).

Bunker Hill Alines Co. (Phelps Dodge Corporation), Tomb-
stone (abi

Burmister & Bunker, Mayer (a).

Calumet & Arizona Mining Co., Bisbee (b).

!■". A. Chamberlain, Florence (b).

Copper Queen Consolidated Mining Co. (Phelps Dodge Cor-
poration), Bisbee (be).

I. Gilbin, Wickenburg (c).

Thomas Higgins, Bisbee (be) .

Jamison & Bailey, Globe (c).

Manganese Development Co. (Girand & Craig), Phoenix (b).

lack Marden, Head Hotel, Prescott (c).

N'oble Electric Steel Co., 995 Market St., San Francisco,
Calif. (Also from California) (c).

Shattuck-Arizona Copper Co., Bisbee (b).

Superior & Globe Copper Co., Globe (c)

Wheeler property, Wickenburg (J. B. Girand, Phoenix) (b) .

Woods, Huddart & Gunn, San Francisco, Calif, (c).

ARKANSAS

Shippers
\". A. Adler, Batesville (be).
vV. H. Denison, Cushman (bed).
Eureka Manganese and Mining Co., Cushman (c) .
i. S. Handford, Cushman (be),
ndependence Mining Co., Cushman (bed).
Marqua Mining Co., Cushman (be).
Martin Manganese and Mining Co., Inc., Roanoke, Va.

(E. C. McComb, Batesville) (be).

Prospective shippers
Standard Manganese Co., Batesville.

CALIFORNIA
Shippers

\ V. Brereton, Covelo (a).

ohn Burmeister, Hollister (b).

;. C. Burris (Vann & Burris), Potter Valley (a).

i. H. Busch, Potter Valley (a).

ary-Hoff Manganese Co., foot 22d St., Oakland (b).

ames J. Cummings, 2165 East 27th St., Oakland (b).

■Iorgan M. Day, Mount Hamilton (a).

ohn J. Everharty, 254 North Soto St., Los Angeles (a).

"ederal Ore Co. (Shanks & Copps), 1302 Merchants Na-
tional Bank Bldg., San Francisco (b).

lolbrook & McGuire, 1002 Crocker Bldg., San Francisco
(be).

-evensaler-Speir Corporation, Monadnock Bldg., San Fran-
cisco (a).

.ivermore Manganese Co., Livermore (c) .

IcRae & Murphy, Aurora, Nev. (a).

Ianganese Co. of California, 180 Sutter St., San Fran-
cisco (b).

Iineral Products Co., 334 Rialto Bldg., San Francisco (a).

>. A. Mitchell, Tracy (b).

'. P. Newhall, Livermore (b) .

lohle Electric Steel Co., 995 Market St., San Francisco.
(Also from Arizona) (b).

I. T. Overacker, Livermore (b).

William Pickle, Ukiah (b).

'lant & Robinson, 522 Insurance Exchange Bldg., San
Francisco (a). •

Ruhser & Huberty, Jackson (b).

E. T. Stewart, South !>.>s paloa (a).
.1. A. Waldteufi I (b).

tern Rock Pro . ,M. c. Seagrav.-, i:

San Francisco (a).
Geoi r Mills (b).

Alex. Yeoman, 112 Union Oil Bl lee

Prospective
Chan. d, Blythe.

Clar! ore.

Hall & Washbish, Box 153, Parker, Ariz.

K. G. McLaughlin. San Jose.

Frank Rose, Talent, Ore.

Harold Wheeler, University Club, San Francisco.

COLORADO

(Shippers in Leadville district not included)

Shipper
J. D. Batie, 130 Michigan St., Pueblo (c).

Prospective shippers
Boyer & Frankenbery, Salida.
Colorado Manganese Mining and Smelting Co., 627 Symes

Bldg., Denver.

GEORGIA

Shippers
Anson G. Betts & Co., Asheville, N. C. (be).
Cope & Garrett, Cartersville (be).
Evans & Ingram, Cartersville (cd).
T. J. Garrett, Cartersville (b).
H. M. Hebble, Cartersville (be).
J. M. Knight, Cartersville (c).
Wesley Knight, Cartersville (d) .
Wilbur A. Nelson, Cartersville (bed).
Republic Iron and Steel Co., W. J. Penhallegon, General

Superintendent, Birmingham, Ala. (be) .
Sidney Simmons, Cave Spring (be) .

Prospective shippers
Georgia Iron and Coal Co., Joel Hurt, President, Atlanta.
Markstein Dorn Mining Co., D. H. Markstein, Secretary,

White.

MICHIGAN
Shipper
Verona Mining Co., care Pickands, Mather & Co., Cleveland,
Ohio (c).

MINNESOTA

Shippers:
Consolidated Vermillion and Extension Co., 301 Sellwood

Bldg., Duluth (c).
Cuyuna Mille Lacs Iron Co., W. H. Locker, 410 Lonsdale

Bldg, Duluth (d).
Hill Mines Co., Wilbur Van Evera, Ironton (d).
Joan Mining Co., Marcus L. Fay, Secretary, 106 Providence

Bldg., Duluth (c).
Mahnomen Mining Co., Clement K. Quinn, President,

Alworth Bldg.,. Duluth (cd).
Mangan Iron and Steel Co., 321 Manhattan Bldg., Du-
luth (c).
Merritt Development Co., Franklin W. Merritt, President,

514 Plymouth Bldg., Minneapolis (cd).
Onahman Iron Co., C. A. Lanigan, Secretary, Fargusson

Bldg., Duluth (c).
Sultana Mines Co., Ironton (d).

MONTANA

Shippess
Auerbach Mining and Mill Machinery and Supply Co., H.

Auerbach, President, Philipsburg (c) .
Beaver Creek Mining Co., Philipsburg (ac).
J. C. Cape & Co., Philipsburg (c).
Clark-Montana Realty Co., Box 1368, Butte (a).
Courtney Bros., Philipsburg (a).
Maynard Hunt, Philipsburg (c).
Manganese Mining Co., Philipsburg (be).
Montana Manganese Co., Philipsburg (be).
Willard L. Morrison, Apex Hotel, Butte (a).
Mussigbrod Co., Ludwig Mussigbrod. Philipsburg (b).
Richard O'Connor, 600 Dakota St., Butte (a).

196

ENGINEERING AND .MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 4

B Patten, Philipsburg (b).
arg (ac).
>urg (a).

J. E. Van Gui psburg (b).

Philipsburg (b).
\\ sten Op & Mining Co., Wade A. Siebenthal, General
itendent, Philipsburg (bt.

Pri s shippers

Mining and Milling Co., Butte.
Philipsburg.

I VDA

:>ers

u S. Hobnquist, M. D., Ely (b

idated Mining and Smelting Co., 111. N

house Bldg., Salt Lake City, Utah (d).

Prospective shippers
J. 0. Gillice, Las Vegas.

la Manganese Co., W. S. Klliott, Ely.
iled Mining Co. of Nevada, Arthur Reall, Manager,
Pioche.

NEW MEXICO

Shippers
1. C. Butler. 71 Wall St.. New York, N. Y. (a).
W. M. Dorsey, Silver City (b).
Lake Valley Mines Co., W. Ziegler, Superintendent, Lake

Valley (c).
Moses i Kirehman, Silver City

■iff Mining Co., Box 712, El Paso, Tex. (a).

Prospective shipper
Stephen Q. Garst, Magdalena.

NORTH CAROLINA
Shipper
J. B. Thomasson, Kings Mountain (b).

Prospective shipper
A. K. Knickerbocker, Hot Springs.

OREGON
Prospective shipper
Kromite Mining Co., T. F. Adams, President, Baker.

SOUTH CAROLINA
Shipper
Atlantic Manganese Co., McCormick (be).

TENNESSEE

Shippers
A. H. McQueen, Butler (ac)
Maxwell Manganese Mining Co., H. V. Maxwell, General

Manager, Elizabethton (be)
Charlton B. Rogers, 154 Fourth Ave., North Nashville (b).
Tennessee Manganese Co., J. A. Hull, General Manager,

Cleveland (b). . ,

Valley Forge Mining Co., Dr. Hardin Reynolds, Bristol (b).

Prospective shippers

W. H. Kemler, Johnson City.

McQueen Manganese Co., Butler.

Manganese Products Co., P. J. Harkins, Manager, Newport.

White Oak Manganese Co., C. A. Hall, Manager, Canons-
burg, Penn.

TEXAS
Shippers

Albert Parent, Duluth, Minn. (b).

Scherer & Whall, Langtry (c).

UTAH

Shippers __,

Burgess Minerals Co., Gustav Sessinghaus, Foster Bldg.,

Denver, Colo. (a).
Green River Mining Co., Green River (a).
Thomas L. McCarty & Co., Box 217, Eureka (a).
Michigan-Utah Consolidated Mines Co., 411 Felt Bldg., Salt

Lake City (c).
W. F. Reeder, Green River (b).
St. George Chemical Co., 99 John St., New York, N. Y.

(Also Virginia) (a).

Prospective shippers
Chief Consolidated Mining Co., Eureka.
Frank H. Leib, Green River.
Utah Manganese Mining Co., W. B. McPherson, Secretary,

Springville.

VIRGINIA

C G. Chevalier, Knickerbocker Bldg., Baltimore, Md. (b)
Compton Manganese Corporation, John P. Bracken, Presi-
dent, Pittsburgh, Penn. (a).
Crimora Manganese Corporation, 30 East 42d St., New
York, N. Y. (abc).

Flat Top Manganese Co., E. S. Suffern, President, 96 Wall
St, New Fork, V Y. (b).

Hiawassie Mining Co., John S. Draper, President, Pulaski
(d).

Manganese Associates, 11. W. Bennett, President, :!0 East
St, New York, N. V. (be).

Manganese Products Co., 420 Stephen Girard Bldg., Phila-
delphia, Penn. (be).

R, !'.. Miller. Hlnotield, W. Va. (ab).

Mount Torj Mining Co., Mark D. Meek. Lyndhurst (d).

Old Dominion Pig Iron Corporation, Roanoke (c).

Rockbridge Manganese and Iron Co., Midvale (be.)

St. George Chemical Co., 99 John St., New York, N. Y.
i Also Utah) (a).

Seibel Iron Mines, Inc., 421 Chestnut St., Philadelphia,
Penn. (be.)

Shaffer Engineering Co., Nazareth, Penn. (c).
\ T. Short, Amburg (c).

Southern Kxploration Co., 505 Virginia Railway and Power
Bldg., Richmond (c).

Staleys Creek Manganese and Iron Co., Marion (c).

Stockwood Realty Corporation, Woodstock, (b).

Union Manganese Corporation (Seaboard Steel and Man-
ganese Corporation), Vesuvius (c).

United States Manganese and Mineral Co., Zepp (a).

United States Manganese Corporation (Seaboard Steel and
Manganese Corporation), Elkton (b).
Prospective shippers

W. R. Cuthbert, Lynchburg.

John B. Guernsey & Co., Inc., Strickland Bldg., Roanoke.

Leckie Moss Co., Burkes Garden.

W. J. Overbeck, 1420 Union Oil Bldg., Cincinnati, Ohio.

Saunders Estate, Evington.

Virginia Ores Corporation, R. O. Brannan, Secretary,
Lynchburg.

D. A. Vowles, Covington.

WASHINGTON
Prospective shipper
J. L. Bockover, Humptulips.

WISCONSIN
Shipper
Montreal Mining Co., A. C. Bittchofsky, Secretary, Wade
Bldg., Cleveland, Ohio (d).

WYOMING

Prospective shipper
Poverty Mining Co., Clifton Wissler, President, Marshall.

PURCHASERS OF MANGANESE ORES

(a) Purchase manganese ore with 40% or more manganese
and less than 2':', iron.

(b) Purchase manganese ore with 40% or more manganese
and 2% or more iron.

(c) Purclia e manganifer.ous ore with 15 to 40% manganese.

(d) Purchase manganiferous ore with 5 to 15% manganese.

Alan Wood Iron and Steel Co., Philadelphia, Penn. (c).
Algoma Steel Corporation, Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario,

Can. (c)
Alleghany Ore and Iron Co., Buena Vista and Iron Gate.

Va. (cd)
American Carbon and Battery Co., East St. Louis, 111. (a)
American Ever Ready Battery Co., Long Island City

N. Y. (a).
American Manganese Manufacturing Co., Bullitt Bldg.

Philadelphia, Penn. (or Dunbar, Penn.) (bed).
American Smelting and Refining Co., Murray, Utah (ed)
American Steel Foundries, McCormick Bldg., Chicago, 111

(be).
Anglo-American Flash Light Co., Pittsburgh, Penn. (a).
James B. Bailey, Pine Forge, Penn. (c)
Beckman & Linden Engineering Corporation, Bay Point

Calif, (b).
Bennett-Brooks, 120 Liberty St., New York, N. Y. (ab).
Berkshire Iron Works, Bullitt Bldg., Philadelphia, Penn

(ab).
Bethlehem Steel Corporation, South Bethlehem, Penn. (be)
Arthur B. Bibbins, Baltimore, Md. (a).
Bilrowe Alloys Co., 201 Bernice Bldg., Tacoma, Wash, (abl
Binney & Smith, 81 Fulton St., New York, N. Y. (ab).
Charles A. Burdick, E. M., 15 Broad St., New York

N. Y. (ab).
C. F. Burgess Laboratories, Madison, Wis. (abc).
L. H. Butcher & Co., Marine Bldg., San Francisco, Calif

(a).
Cambria Steel Co., Pittsburgh, Penn. (abed).
Carnegie Steel Co., Pittsburgh, Penn. (ab).
Central Iron and Coal Co., Holt, Ala. (bed).
Charcoal Iron Co., Detroit, Mich, (be.)
Charles B. Chrystal, 11 Cliff St., New York, N. Y. (a).

January 26. L918

ENGINEERING AND MINING J01 RNAL

I '.'7

Cleveland Cliffs Ir > . Cleveland, Ohio (i

..lo Fuel and 1 1 on I !o., Pueblo, < lolo. (c).
tfcK inney & < !o., i l.\ eland, Ohio
\\ R. Cuthbert (National Painl and Man irpora

tion, l.\ nehbui g, Va.) i ab > .
Delaware River Steel I o., I heater. Penn. I
\\ II Denison, Cushman, Ark. (al
Electric Reduction Co., Washington, Penn, (b).
Empire Steel and Iron Co., Cata auqua, Penn, (b).
Puller & Warren Co., Troy, \ \
Robert Gilchrist, Elizabethtown, N. .1. (ab).
Goldschmidt Termit Co., L20 Broadway, Xnv York (l>).
M \ Hanna & Co., L300 Leader-Newa Bldg., Cleveland,

Ohio (d).
Charles Hardy, 50 Church St., New York, X. Y. (a).
Harshaw, Fuller & Goodwin Co., Electric Bldg., Cleveland,

Ohio (a).
Hazel \tlas Class Co., Clarksburg, W. Va. (a)
W. P. Heath & Co., 50!) Olive St., S . Mo. (c).

Hickman. Williams & Co., St. I.ouis, Mo. (be).
C. W. Hill Chemical Co., Los Angeles, Calif, (ab).
E, C. Humphries & Co., Pittsburgh, Penn. (ab).

Steel Co.. 208 South La Salle St., Chicago. 111. (ab).
Import Chemical Co., 276 Water St., New York, X. V. (a).
International Smelting Co., Salt Lake City, Utah (.1).
.Tones & Laughlin Steel Co., Pittsburgh, Penn. (be).
Juniata Furnace and Foundry Co.. 30 West Girard Ave.,

Philadelphia, Penn. (b).
La Belle Iron Works, Steubenville, Ohio (c).
La Follette Coal and Iron Co., La Follette, Tenn. (c).

wanna Steel Co.. Buffalo, N. Y. (be)
J. S. Lamson & Bros., Inc., 80 Maiden Lane, New York (a).
E. J. Lavino & Co., Bullitt Bldg., Philadelphia, Penn. (ab).
C. W. Leavitt & Co., 30 Church St., New York. N. Y. (a).
Lebanon Blast Furnace Co., Lebanon, Penn. (b).
I.evensaler-Speir Corporation, Monadnock Bldg., San Fran-
cisco, Calif, (a).
David Loeser. 1400 Broadway, New Y'ork, N. Y. (ab).
Los Angeles Pressed Brick Co., Los Angeles, Calif, (ab).
Low Moor Iron Co. of Virginia, Lowmoor, Va. (be).
T. L. McCarty, Box 217, Eureka. Utah (b).
McKeefrey Iron Co., Leetonia, Ohio (c).
Mangan Iron and Steel Co., 321 Manhattan Bldg., Duluth,

Minn. (d).
Manhattan Electrican Supply Co., 41-47 Morris St., Jersey

City, N. J. (a).
E. E. Marshall. Bullitt Bldg., Philadelphia, Penn. (abc).
The Metalores Corporation, 56 Pine St., New York (ab).
Miami Metals Co., Tower Bldg., Chicago, 111. (abc).
Mines and Metals Corporation, 77 Broad St., New York,

X. Y. (ab).
Mississippi Valley Iron Co., 6500 South Broadway, St. Louis,

Mo. (cd).
National Alloy Co., Philadelphia, Penn. (be).
National Carbon Co., Cleveland, Ohio (a).
Noble Electric Steel Co., 995 Market St., San Francisco,

Calif, (abc).
Northwestern Iron Co., Milwaukee, Wis. (c).
Nungesser Carbon and Battery Co., Cleveland, Ohio (a).
Oakley Paint Manufacturing Co., Los Angeles, Calif, (ab).
Old Dominion Pig Iron Corporation, Roanoke, Va. (c).
Pacific Coast Steel Co., San Francisco, Calif, (b).
Pacific Electro Metals Co., Balboa Bldg., San Francisco,

Calif, (abc).
Pacific Sewer Pipe Co., Los Angeles, Calif, (ab).
Perry Iron Co., Erie, Penn. (c).

Pittsburgh Lamp Brass & Glass Co., Pittsburgh, Penn. (a).
Pittsburgh Steel Co., Pittsburgh. Penn. (cd.)
Pulaski Iron Co., Pulaski, Va. (c).
Republic Iron and Steel Co., Birmingham, Ala. (c).
A. P. Rice. Spencer, Ohio (ab.)

Ricketson Mineral Paint Works, Milwaukee. Wis. (b)
Rogers, Brown & Co., 30 Church St., New York, N. Y. (ab).
Frank Samuel, Philadelphia, Penn. (be).
John A. Savage & Co., Duluth, Minn. (c).
Scullin Steel Co., St. Louis, Mo. (c.)
Seaboard Steel and Manganese Corporation, 74 Broadway,

New Y'ork, N. Y. (abc).
Seattle Smelting Co., Van Asselt Station, Seattle, Wash. (c).
Arthur Seligman. 165 Broadway, New York, N. Y. (ab).
Shaffer Engineering Co., Nazareth, Penn. (be.)
Sligo Furnace Co., 915 Olive St., St. Louis, Mo. (be).
Sloss-Sheffield Steel and Iron Co., Birmingham, Ala. (cd).
J^. Soloman, Jr., South San Francisco, Calif, (b).
Southern Manganese Corporation. Anniston, Ala. (abc).
Standard Steel Works Co., 11th floor, Morris Bldg., Phila-
delphia, Penn. (be.)
3scar Stromberg, Tribune Bldg., New Y'ork, N. Y. (ab) .
The Suffern Co.. Inc., 96 Wall St., New Y^ork. N. Yr. (abc).
Superior Portland Cement Co., Concrete, Wash. (ab).

oma Metals O

■ Coal, Iron and R I; i o . Bit mlngham, Ala. (abc).

Thomas Iron O (e|.

Toledo Imh nace Co., 1

(a)
ted Siat«- Smelting Co.. Sail

(d)
United States Steel Corp 'n Bldg., New York (be).

Utah Iron and Steel I '■•.. Salt (b)

Vanadium Stei I Vlloj G Lai robe, Penn. I b)
u> tern Redi i e. (ab),

Wharton Steel (o. Morns Bldg.. Philadelphia, Penn, (b).
\\ i. kwire Steel Co , Kuffalo, \.
Wisconsin Steel c. , II.

Worth Km-, i ,.., \\ idi i , Philadelpl , Penn. (c).

/.i nith Furnace Co., Duluth, M inn (d)

( yaniding Graphitic Ores

By P. T. Bruhl*

There are in various parts of the world auriferous
lodes the foot or hanging wall of which consists of
graphitic schist. As it would be too costly to sort this
carbonaceous matter from the ore to any great extent,
the mill pulp will contain more or less of what is com-
monly known as "mine graphite," which, when cleaned,
may assay up to 1<( carbon and in some cases from
0.5 to 0.75 oz. of gold per ton. Where gold-bearing py-
rite is present and table concentration is practiced, part
of the graphite can be separated with the concentrates
in the form of coarse particles. The remainder, passing
with the sands and slimes to the cyanide plant, causes
premature precipitation in the vats, thereby affecting
adversely the recovery of gold.

From the fact that the precipitated gold is not ap-
preciably soluble in polysulphide solutions nor in cya-
nide solution, but is soluble largely in alkaline-mono-
sulphide solution, W. R. Feldtmann has argued, and
with good reason, that the gold is thrown down as
carbonyl aurocyanide. The precipitating action of the
graphite is held to be due either to adsorbed CO, aided
by the presence of adsorbed cyanogen, or to mellitic
anhydride (C120„). Efforts to protect the gold by the
addition of the salts of metals and by oxidizing agents
have been made, but with little success. So long as
graphite is present in the charge the recovery is usually
below 50%. Solution of the gold and its premature
precipitation take place simultaneously and, though the
precipitating effect comes practically to a standstill be-
tween the eighteenth and twenty-fourth hour of treat-
ment, it reappears with further lapse of time.

It has been found that the corbonyl aurocyanide is
soluble in an alkaline-sulphide solution such as Na2S,
possibly as "an alkaline aurous cyanide," and that the
gold may be effectively precipitated by metallic copper.
This scheme of post-treatment being more of academic
than of commercial interest, the adoption of some other
method became necessary7. As graphite is amenable to
flotation, it may be removed at the same time that any
auriferous pyrite or mispickel is eliminated, and the
joint product cyanided after roasting. The flotation
tails form the feed to the cyanide slimes plant and, as
they are relatively free from carbonaceous matter, a
much improved recovery can be expected and is, I be-
lieve, actually obtained in practice. The presence, there-
fore, of graphite in an ore wThich is to be cyanided need
no longer be so serious a problem for the metallurgist.

luper

•Care of Xevada Consolidated Copper Co.. McGill, Xev

ENGINEERING AND MINING .JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 4

Pyrrhotite Deposits of Southwest Virginia

BY J. A. VAN MATER*

i belt in Carroll County,
Virginia, offers possibilities of profitable devel-
opment under pit suit condition}!. There are rail-
id connections at each end of the belt (Old the
<tiiui sulphuric-acid requirements suggest the

prompt exploitation Of these deposits.

TI1K largest known deposits of pyrrhotite in the
Appalachian region occur in Carroll County,
southwest Virginia, and are almost continuous
for 18 miles in a southwesterly direction from the Betty
Baker mines to the "Great Outburst" at Chestnut Yard.
A heavy gossan capping characterizes the formation,
which is known as the "Great Gossan Lead." While the
-an directed attention to the deposits of pyrrhotite,
the first mining operations were for copper, which was
found to occur mainlv as black oxide at the contact be-

GREAT GOSSAN LEAD IN SOUTHWESTERN VIRGINIA

tween the iron gossan and the underlying sulphides.
Mining operations were actively conducted in the early
50's, and some of the copper ore was smelted in local
furnaces, the remaider being shipped elsewhere for
treatment. The copper workings were comparatively
shallow and the ore was easily mined by tunnels
and drifts with frequent air shafts to the surface. One
of these drifts was four miles long, the ore in places
being 75 ft. wide. In later years the iron gossan was ex-
tensively mined at the northeast and southwest ends of
the deposit, both of which connect by standard gage
tracks to branches of the Norfolk & Western Railway.

While the oxidized copper ore has been extracted to
some extent, there are thousands of tons of iron gossan

Vail St.. New York.'

left in place, the amount being variously estimated at
from three-quarters of a million to a million tons. Ac-
cording to Frank L. Nason, this belt belongs to the
same system of cupriferous pyrrhotites as the Toncray,
the Ore Knob and the Elk Knob mines in North Caro-
lina, and is of the same geological age and structure. It
strikes northeast-southwest and dips southeast. Thf
enclosing rocks are homogeneous and for the most pari
consist of pre-Cambrian hornblende, schist and slates
In places the slates are comparatively dense and hard
but seem to have immediate contact with the orebodies
and, when forming divisions in the orebody proper, an
soft and friable. Limestone is present in the rocks ir
varying degrees of purity. This is likewise true of the
entire system of pyritiferous rocks that extends froir
the shores of Notre Dame Bay, in New Foundland
through New Brunswick, Maine, New Hampshire, Ver
mont, Massachusetts and Connecticut.

Pyrrhotite deposits should be sharply differentiate!
from those of pyrite, which in Virginia and North Caro
lina parallel the pyrrhotite, for both pyrite and pyrrho
tite deposits belong to what is generally known as.
lenticular orebodies. These conform strictly to the
strike, clip and pitch of the enclosing rocks, and whiL
the ore lenses may taper down to small dimensions, the:
are usually persistent. In the Vershire cupriferou
pyrrhotite of Vermont this succession of lenses has beei
followed for over 4000 ft. without reaching the end. In
stead of a single series of lenses, one series may be sue
ceeded by another along the strike and in the sam
plane, the intervals between lenses being filled with com
mercial pyrrhotite. From the continuity of the gossai
this would seem to be the case on the "Great Gossai
Lead." The gangue consists of hornblende, garnet, epi
dote, calcite, quartz, etc. Usually, however, when th
ore becomes lean it passes from pure pyrrhotite to
more or less mineralized hornblende schist. The bes
indication of the richness of an undeveloped prospect i
the purity of the gossan, or "iron hat."

Exploration Shows Continuity of Deposit
A shaft 84 ft. deep, sunk in the hanging wall nea
the Baker mine, shows the ore to be 25 ft. thick at thf
point. About five miles further west a diamond-dri
hole 524 ft. deep proved the orebody for a distance c
over 700 ft. down the dip, showing same to be 35 ft. i
that depth. Various drill holes, 100 to 600 ft. in deptl
have shown the body to be 25 ft. or over in thicknes
Some of the ore is massive pyrrhotite containing 32 1
33', S, and the remaining leaner portions, if milk'
would produce a concentrate of 36 to 38% S. Stringei
and small masses of ore contain chalcopyrite. The dal
available do not make possible a close estimate of toi
nage, but it is probable that there are many millioi
of tons.

The western part of this deposit has been mined f<
the last 12 years. The ore, after being crushed throuj
20 mesh, is roasted in furnaces of the MacDougall tyi
and the sulphur recovered as sulphuric acid. The res
dues are sintered to drive off the remaining sulphur ar
the result is a clinker of desirable iron ore for bla

January 26, 1918

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

L99

furnaces containing 56 to <>" Fe, depending upon the
grade of the unroasted pj rrhotite.

bell gives promise as a source of supply for both
sulphuric acid and iron ore. The east and wesl ends

ma) be reached l>y the standard gage tracks of the Nor
folk & Western Ry. At either end mining operations
could be started in a comparatively short time and ex-
pand later with development. Some of the ore could
lie shipped as mined after picking out the gangue and
lean ore and it would doubtless pay to mill the lower
gnde ores. There are a number of blast furnaces in
operation in southwest Virginia and there is a local de-
mand for the sintered iron residues. The logical situa-
tion for the sulphuric-acid works would therefore be in
that section, although the ore could be shipped to acid
makers in other localities, particularly if there were a
market available or if conditions made possible the cre-
ation of one, for the iron residue.

Average Prices of Principal
for 23 Years

Metals

The table herewith presented records in convenient
form the average prices of the principal fnetals from
1895 to 1917 inclusive in New York, and in the cases of
some metals the average yearly price at London and St.
Louis. Quotations for copper, lead, tin, spelter, anti-
mony and aluminum, in New York or St. Louis, are in
ents per pound. Quicksilver prices are per flask of 75
lb. Silver and platinum are quoted in dollars per ounce.
All London quotations are given in pounds sterling
per long ton.

The quotations for copper are for electrolytic copper
beginning with 1899, but for Lake copper in the pre-

Fellowships al Experiment Station
at University oi Illinois

Appointments will be made al the end of the current

academic yeai to fill L2 va< ' • arch fellow

ships maintained by the i ring Experiment

tion of the Univeraitj of Illinois. Two oilier such
fellowships areavailable that arc supported bj the Illinois
Gas Association. The fellowships, for each of which
there is an annual stipend of $500, are open to graduates
of approved American and foreign universities and tech-
nical schools. Appoint mi ni are made and must be
accepted for two consecutive collegia) ■■ pears, at the
expiration of which period, if all requirements have
been met, the degree of Master of Science will be con-
ferred. Not more than half of the time of the research
fellows is required in connection with the work of the
department to which they are assigned, the remainder
being available for graduate study.

Nominations to these fellowships, accompanied by
assignments to special departments of the Engineering
Experiment Station, are made from applications re-
ceived by the director of the station each year not later
than the first day of February. The nominations are
made by the station staff, subject to the approval of
the executive faculty of the graduate school and the
president of the university, and are based upon the
character, scholastic attainments, and promise of suc-
cess in the principal line of study or research to which
the candidate purposes to devote himself. Preference
is given those applicants who have had some practical
engineering experience following their undergraduate
work. Appointments are made in the spring and take
effect the first day of the following September. Vacan-

AVERAGE PRICES OF PRINCIPAL M

ETA I

,S F(

)R 23

'i 1

UiS

Lead

Ti

Sp(.H..r

Anti-

Qubk-

Alu...

m-

Plat-

C Oppe r —

Electrolytic

mony

inuni

Silver

inum

\t'W

Lon-,

New

Lon-

New

(,i) Lon-

New

St

Lon-

New

N < w

N.u

Now

New

Vear

York

don

York

don

York

don

York

Louis

don

York

York

York

York

York

1893

10.76(6)

10 88(6)

11 29|M

12 03iM

3 23

14 05

63

333

3 63

7

560

39 58

58

66

65

250

1896
1897

2 98

3 58
3 78

12 367
12 983

13 29
13 67
15 70

59

61
71

496
400
204

3 94

4 12
4 57

6
6
8

650
750
690

37 00

38 50

40 70

50

39
30

75
00
58

b7
59
58

060
790

2rj0

1898

1899

16 67

4 47

14 933

25 12

122

429

5 75

9

433

43 63

32

72

59

580

15.22

1900

16 19

4 37

16 987

29 90

133

575

4 39

9

500

51 U0

32

72

61

330

18 09

1901

16 1 1

4 33

12 521

26 74

118

633

4 07

8

250

47 00

33

00

58

950

20 00

1902

1 1 626

52

460

4 069

1 1 262

26 79

120

720

4 84

6

120

48 03

33

00

52

160

19 00

1903

13 235

57

970

4 237

11 579

28 09

127

320

5 40

5

191

6

000

41 32

33

00

53

570

18 91

1904

12 823

58

884

4 309"

1 1 983

27 99

126

733

5 100

4

931

6

371

41 00

35

00

57

221

19 50

1905

15 590

69

465

4 707

13 719

31 358

143

083

5 882

5

730

25

433

10

250

38 50

35

00

60

352

20 34

1906

19 278

87

282

5 657

17 370

39 81 9

180

646

6 198

6

048

27

020

21

730

40 90

35

75

66

791

28 04

1907

20 004

87

007

5 325

19 034

38.166

172

638

5 962

5

612

23

771

14

840

41 50

45

00

65

327

30 98

1908

13 208

59

902

4 200

13 439

29 465

133

124

4.726

)

578

20

163

8

004

44 84

28

70

52

864

16 32

1909

12 982

58

732

4 273

13.042

29 725

134

774

5 503

5

352

22

185

7

466

46 30

22

00

51

502

24 87

910

12 738

57

054

4 446

12.920

34 123

155

308

5 520

5

370

23

050

7

386

47 06

22

25

53

486

32 70

1911

12 376

55

973

4 420

13 970

42 281

192

353

5 758

5

608

25

281

7

540

46 54

20

07

53

304

43 12

16 341

72

942

4 471

17.929

46 096

209

420

6 943

6

799

26

421

7

760

42 46

22

01

60

835

45 55

1913

15 269

68

335

4 370

18 743

44 252

201

679

5 648

5

504

22

746

7

520

39 54

23

64

59

791

44 88

1914

13 602

61

524(c)

3 862

19 0761,1

34 301

156

564(f)

5 213

5

061

22

544i,->

8

763

48 31

18

63

54

811

45 14

1915

17 275

72

532

4 673

22 917

38 590

163

960

13 230

13

054

67

553

30

280

87 01

33

98

49

684

47 13

1916

27 202

116

059

6 858

31 359

43 480

182

096

12 804

12

634

72

071

25

370

125 49

60

71

65

661

83 40

1917

27.180

124

892

8.789

30 500

61 802

237

5(>3

8 901

8

730

52

413

20

690

106 30

51

59

81

417

102 82

(a) Prices of tin London from 1895 to 1914 from statistical report of Metallgesellschaft. Frankfurt-am-Main.
Averages of nine months, no quotations being made during August, Si pt ember and < Ictober

(6) Prices 1895 to 1898 are for Lake copper.

eding years; London copper quotations are for spot
standard copper. The lead prices are for common lead ;
spelter for ordinary brands or prime western ; tin
)rices at New York are for spot Straits tin and the Lon-
ion quotations for spot standard tin; antimony quota-
ions are for spot, ordinary brands; aluminum prices are
or No. 1 ingot, but represent the uncontracted market,
vhieh is in the main metal offered for resale, the bulk
>f the aluminum production entering consumption on
ong-time contracts; silver quotations at New York are
'or bar silver, 999 fine.

cies may be filled by similar nominations and appoint-
ment at other times.

Research work may be undertaken in architecture,
architectural engineering, ceramic engineering, chem-
istry, civil engineering, electrical engineering, mechan-
ical engineering, mining engineering, municipal and
sanitary engineering, physics, railway engineering, and
in theoretical and applied mechanics. Additional in-
formation may be obtained by addressing the director,
Engineering Experiment Station, University of Illi-
nois, Urbana, Illinois.

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 4

Training a Mining Organization in
Efficiency Methods

Bl CH \K1.KS A. M1TKE-*

■ rii methods in mining. Former
■ engineer." E fli-
nt of strike
n an Arizona camp. Experiment in
training an organization in improved methods at
the Copper Queen mines at Bisbee, and the re-

DEVELOPMENT of efficiency methods in plants.
ories and workshops has been so encouraging,
and the results have proved so satisfactory, that
there is reason to believe their introduction and adapta-
tion to the mining industry and its problems will prove
equally successful.

The great need for efficiency in mining is apparent
when consideration is given to the increasing cost of
labor, the cost of supplies, which is advancing in the
same proportion, and, particularly, to the loss to the
companies of the large numbers of young men who have
joined the Army and their replacement by inexperienced
workmen unfamiliar with mining conditions, who re-
quire almost constant supervision and must necessarily
be trained to fill the positions of the men who have gone.
This limited supply of competent labor is forcing many
of the large companies to keep practically all their men
working on ore to maintain normal production, which
forces a cessation or postponement of prospect and de-
velopment work for the present, both of which are ab-
solutely necessary for the prolongation of the life and
productivity of any mine.

Development of Efficient Practice in Reclamation
of Lean Ores

Another field for the exercise of efficiency methods and
conservation is presented by the large bodies of miner-
alized ground with low copper or other metal content
which are not capable of commercial development at
present on account of the high cost of production, and
considerable quantities of which are being used as waste
filling in high-grade mines.

The term "efficiency" in the mining world has been
abused to such an extent that the title "efficiency engi-
neer" is not generally considered a mark of distinction.
This is due partly to a misinterpretion of the term en-
tirely by the old-time boss, who introduced efficiency by
means of driving or "rawhiding" the men in order to
make them work harder and thus increase production,
rather than by working out intelligent plans by which
the miner could accomplish a great deal more with the
same amount of effort than by the old-time driving
system. Another reason was that a great number of so-
called efficiency engineers were novices themselves who
were gaining their experience while attempting to in-
troduce new methods, and who tried to accomplish nu-
merous reforms by means of the stop-watch. This they

. Mining Department, Phelps Dodge Cor-
poration. Bisbee, Ariz.

used to an excessive degree, incidentally giving the im
pression that they found the efficiency of the miners t<
be extremely low.

The following conversation was overheard severa
years ago between two miners going off shift in one o
the important mines in the Southwest: "Say, Pat, .
worked half an hour more than you did today." "Hov
do you know?" said Pat. "Why, the efficiency enginee
told me that you worked only two hours today, whil
1 worked two and a half. He had the stop-watch on u
both today and said that's all the time we worked dur
ing the eight hours," said Dan. "Well," said Pat, "year
ago we used to string up a man like that in the stop*
but nowadays they can do anything they like with us.
This method of procedure and lack of cooperation on th
part of the old-time bosses and the early efficiency engi
neers created a prejudice among the men, which make
it extremely difficult, even at present, to introduce in
provements, as the most valuable efficiency methods ar
looked upon with suspicion unless the men are mad
thoroughly familiar with the plan before it is put int
practical operation.

Prejudice Against Efficiency Standards
Is Disappearing

In the past, attempts to introduce efficiency methot
were merely suggestions on the part of officials of t\
companies, but there are indications that in the futui
their practice may become more general, as evidenced 1
a recent settlement of strike differences in one of tl
large camps in Arizona, where efficiency standards we:
incorporated in the agreement between employers ai
employees. In this case, not only did the operato
demand efficiency from the men before an increase
wages could be considered, but it was recommended 1
the commission and actually insisted upon by the lab
leaders themselves, who, in their speeches to the me
reprimanded them for inefficient service and told the
that unless they gave an efficient day's work they cou
not expect an advance in wages, and that, furthermoi
inefficiency was a just reason for discharge.

An experiment in training an organization in efficien'
methods was attempted at the Copper Queen mines !
Bisbee, Ariz., a few years ago, and in July, 1915, t;
Copper Queen mining conference was instituted, its c-
ject being to train, first the foremen, bosses and hea;
of departments, and later, if successful, to extend tl
course to the miners themselves. The place of meetir
was well equipped, as it was held in the engineering <-
fice, where all the mine maps, drawings, blackboar,
etc., were available. The lectures and discussions w<3
given weekly and repeated to the night shift, so that 1
had an opportunity to become familiar with the sai3
subject. Attendance at the conferences showed tH
75', of the bosses made a practice of being present t
each meeting, and while their presence was not in a-
way compulsory, it was evident that the lectures wi
as beneficial to the minor executives as to the compa •

lary 26, L918

E3NGINEERING AND MINING J01 RNAL

201

As instructor, 1 outlined a two years' cour e, covering
the more importanl features at the mine, means of im-
proving operations, the discussion of suggested new
nethods and the presentation of papers on allied techni-
•nl subjects. Lectures were also given by members of
he operating force.

At these conferences constant efforts were made to
how clearly the basic principles which govern all the
arious mining operations. After these were taken up
md discussed, their application was considered in detail,
wth reference to specific and local mining problems at
lie Copper Queen. As the meetings progressed, the
oremen and shift bosses were also encouraged to write
tapers and give their ideas in as thorough and com-
pete form as possible. This led in many cases to sug-
estions as to details of the company's operations which
Tare known only to a few.

itandard raises, rounds and manways developed
Through Models and Tests

Illustrations were frequently placed before the men,
s, for example, the working out of standard raises,
nanways and timber compartments. Models were made
f these, and the men themselves contributed a number
f others, giving their ideas of proposed standard raises,
'inally, from these w-ere evolved the raises which have
lecome standard through all Copper Queen workings,
'he same course of procedure was followed with the
tandard round. Models of different types of machine
ounds used in the larger camps throughout this coun-
ry were constructed. These were put before the men
nd their advantages and disadvantages brought out in
Lscussion. A number of experiments were also carried
ut in different divisions of the mine, in various classes
f ground, and from this resulted the rounds which
re now used as standard by the Copper Queen. Models
f these standard rounds were placed in the different
line offices so that all the bosses could become familiar

ith them, and after this was accomplished they were
transferred to miners' change rooms to give the men
n opportunity of familiarizing themselves with the
aunds which had been decided on as standard.

Lectures were also given on the new mechanical ven-
lating systems which were installed at the Copper
ueen, types of drilling machines and kind of steel used,
me studies in drilling, mine fires, geology, leaching,
ectricity, sampling, safety first, bonus systems, cost
E mine supplies, repairs and stoping methods.

In taking up the subject of explosives, a brief outline
as presented of the manufacture of powder, caps and
:se. A number of lead-block tests were made in trying
it explosives, and these were used as a means of il-

stration to refute the prevalent idea that the greatest

end of an explosive is always downward.

These classes or conferences were supplemented byr
ie monthly mine foremen's dinners, at which lectures

ere given on subjects of a broader nature that applied
1 all concerned. The course at the mine foremen's

nners consisted, as stated, of lectures, while that at
|ie Copper Queen mining conferences for foremen,

uft bosses and engineers was a combined course of lec-

res, problems, readings, study, tests, etc. There are

any things that a shift boss ought to know, and since

ey can be learned only through study and application,

ese courses were instituted.

in the early pari of 1916 l recommended the pur
of a Bausch & LiOmb Balopticon foi u e In connect
with our work in the mining conferences. After in

i ifating the matter, an instrument, similar tx one
ordered for Harvard, was sent t.i the Copper Quei
and it has demonstrated its great value as an aid at all

conferences and classes for illustrating picture . printed

matter, rock spe< imens, eti . on the screen.

I ourse of Lectures and Study oi Gri m Ai
to the Practical Miner

These mining conferences proved SO successful that
they encouraged the management to increase the scope
of the field and extend the course to the miners, and at
present classes in geology and a first course in mining
methods are open to all who care to attend.

While the benefits derived from this attempt at train-
ing an organization have not been shown in actual fig-
ures, they are apparent to the management, and are
an incentive to continue this educational work. For in-
stance, at the Copper Queen mining conferences the best
methods of putting in manways were suggested and
worked out by the bosses, and also methods of repair
work. These meetings also presented an ideal occasion
for introducing to the men and placing clearly before
them any contemplated improvements before they were
put into practical operation in the mines, thus enabling
the bosses intelligently to explain the improvements and
changes to the miners and forestall wholesale condem-
nation before a fair trial had been given.

The conferences also afforded opportunity for the pres-
entation of efficiency methods which had been worked
out from time to time. In general, they led to an in-
terchange of ideas among the different bosses and a
wider knowledge of the conditions under which each
worked, which resulted in a better cooperative spirit
and more friendly relations. The meetings also gave
each one an opportunity of using his originality in
working out and discussing new methods — results pos-
sible only through the cooperation and interest of the
management, which stood by the instructor and offered
every possible encouragement.

Responsibility for Efficiency Rests Ultimately
with the Management

An outline of training an organization may be worked
out for each individual camp and be similarly applied.
However, it must be borne in mind that the essentials
to success are the approval and cooperation of the man-
agement. The introduction of new methods must come
from the general manager and proceed downward
through the organization, as no possible results can be
expected from starting at the bottom and first training
the miners. All the bosses, from the shift bosses up,
are naturally opposed to efficiency methods introduced
in this manner.

Bjorkasens Copper and Pyrite Mines at Balanger, near
Narvik, Norway, have been purchased from German inter-
ests by the following group of Swedish firms: Central-
gruppens Emissions AB., Mercator, Svenska Emissions
AB., and the G. & L. Beijer Import and Export Co. The
production of the mines up to the present has been 60,000
tons, according to United States Vice Consul Arthur E. J.
Reilly, of Stockholm, but it is hoped that this can be in-
creased to between 150,000 and 200,000 tons. It is esti-
mated the mines contain 6,000,000 tons of accessible ore.

ENGINEERING AM' MINlNii ,101'KXAl Vol. io&, No. t

iuiiiiiiiiii!iiiiiiimii!ii mi mi nun mi ■ iini ii iiiiiiiMiiiniinii I I iiuuiiu m I n iiiiimi i iiiiimaA

Correspondence and Discussion

„ iiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii nun a iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiinii tiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiini iiiiiiiiiiini ii iiiiii iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiini iiiiiiiiit;

Depletion and Depreciation

In .1. Parke Channing's article headed "War Taxes
on Mining Companies." published in the issue of the
Nov. -i. l!'i7. which was :! reply to my
article in the previous issue under the same heading,
he states that 1 failed either to read, or. rather, to
quote, all of the provisions in the circular letter issued
by the Commissioner of Internal Revenue, dated Feb.
7, 1!»17. and he quotes the lasl sentence of Paragraph
■2"2<k and Paragraphs 2021, 2022 and 2024, giving the
Treasury Department's interpretation of that part of
the depletion clause of the Income Tax Law of Sept.
'lo. as to the basing of the depletion deduction
upon the fair market value of mineral in place as of
Mar. 1, 1913.

While it is true that Paragraph 2021 states that
the value of the mineral in place as of Mar. 1, 1913,
"must not be based upon the assumed salable value
of the output under current operative conditions less
of production," and Paragraph 2021 states that
"neither must the value ... be speculative, but
must be determined upon the basis of the salable value
}>loc as of that date of the entire deposit of min-
erals . . . that is, a price at which the natural
deposits or mineral property as an entirety in its then
condition could have been disposed of for cash, or its
equivalent," nothing is given as to how the cash or
the salable value en bloc, or "the price at which the
natural deposits could have been disposed of for cash"
Tin case the owner had not had an offer of sale) is
to be determined ; but Paragraph 2024 specifically states
that "the precise detailed manner in which the esti-
mated fair market value of the mineral deposits as of
Mar. 1. 1913, shall be made must naturally be deter-
mined by each individual or corporation interested and
who is the owner thereof upon such basis as must not
comprehend any operating profits."

Determination of "Fair Market Value"

This ruling was supposed to give enlightenment upon
the determining of "the fair market value of the min-
eral in place as of Mar. 1, 1913," and, as far as I
can discern, there is nothing in this ruling referring
to that part of the original law of Sept. 8, 1916, which
states "in the case of mines, a reasonable amount for
the depletion thereof, not to exceed the market value
in the mines of the product thereof which has been
mined and sold during the year, for which the return
and computation are made."

This clause refers to all mines and is specific in
stating that the deduction shall "not exceed the market
value in the mine of the product which has been mined."
The market value in the mine is a matter entirely differ-
ent from "the fair market value as of Mar. 1, 1913,"
or "the salable value en bloc as of that date," or "the
estimated fair market value of the mineral deposits

as of .Mar. 1. 1913," whichever clause of the law one
may wish to take.

\l\ article was based upon the literal interpretation
of the clause "not to exceed the market value in tht
mines of the product thereof which has been mined
and sold during the year," which clause of the origina
law defines the limit of the amount of the yearly de
duction lor depletion that may be charged against eacl

ir's earnings, both for the mines that base theii
depletion deduction upon the actual property investmen
and those that base their depletion deduction upon th<
lair market value of the ore in place as of Mar. 1, 1913

Depletion Deduction Should Be Based on Known
Not Estimated, Factors

Therefore, the meaning of this clause must be tha
the depletion deduction must not exceed the "marke
value in the mines of the product mined and sol
during the year," which is an absolutely known quai
tity and is the operating profit and is not the "estimate
fair market value of the ore as of Mar. 1, 1913, thi
was mined and sold during the year." The liter;
interpretation of this clause of the law would not alio'
any depletion charge to be made except when the pric
received for each year's production was greater tha
the operating cost.

Now, please note that tha paragraphs quoted by M
Channing have reference to that clause in the origin
law which allows those mine owners who had purchasi
their property prior to Mar. 1, 1913, to base the
depletion factor upon the "fair market value as of th
date of the mineral in place," and has nothing to <
with the method of determining depletion for tho
mines the owners of which had purchased their proper
since Mar. 1, 1913, such mines basing their depleti
upon the actual investment in mine property.

Paragraph 2022 gives the method of determini !
the depletion factor after the cash value en bloc
the mineral in place has been determined, but tl
applies only to mines which had acquired their mi
property prior to Mar. 1, 1917, and nothing is stall
as to what must be done when the depletion fa
so obtained is in excess of the "market value in 1e
mine of the product which has been mined and si
during the year for which return is made."

The purpose in writing my article was not to t
forth the method by which the fair market value f
the ore in place as of Mar. 1, 1913, is to be det-
mined, but to bring out the ambiguity and unfairns
of the law in this matter of depletion allowance.

Therefore, I wish to state that it does not matr
what method is used; when the estimated fair mart
value of the ore in place as of Mar. 1, 1913, is grear
than the original investment in mine property, the H
will allow a greater amount being paid out as capil
returned dividends free of tax than the original >■
vestment (considering the risks of mining this is )i

January 26. L918

ENGINEERING AND .MINIM; .JOURNAL

treatment ' : but wlien the estimated fair market value
of ore in place as of .Mar. 1. L918, is less than the
actual investment in property which is the case with
a considerable number of mines), the amount that will
he allowed to be paid out as capital returned dividends

free of taxes will be less than the actual capital return,
thereby putting a premium on success and penalty on
failure, which latter the majority of mining ventures
prove t<' be. rims.' companies that are operating simply

to get back as much of their capital originally invested
as possible before exhaustion, will he forced to pay
taxes on at least the return of a part of the original
capital invested.

ect ok the Law on .Minks Whose Ore Value
Mar. l 1913, Was Less Than Investmi \ r
irding to the law and the Treasury Department
rulings, those mines .the net value of whose ores in place
on Mar. !. 1913, was less than the actual investment
in property, and which have been struggling along for
years with operating costs (not including depreciation
of equipment nor depletion of mines, which hereto-
fore it has not been customary to include in published
nearly equal to the price received for copper in
normal times, and whose actual operating earnings per
ton of ore mined were less than the actual investment
in the ore, now that they would have had on the high
of copper during 1917 the opportunity for which
they have waited to get back a goodly share of their
original investment, will have to pay the increased earn-
ings our as taxes on account of the law limiting their
depletion deduction to the net value of the ore in place
as of Mar. 1, 1913, at which time the said value was
less than the original investment therein.

From the standpoint of production returns, there are
three classes of mines, namely: (a) Mines that are
Dperating at a profit, (b) Mines that are operating at
a loss, (c) Mines whose production returns are less
than the operating cost.

Three Classes of Mines Must Base Computations
on Varying Factors

In the first class are the successful mines, and such
nines wish to determine their actual depletion charge
tor ore exhaustion and make deduction therefor from
heir operating earnings in order to know the actual
•reduction costs, to know what part of earnings is
apital returned, and in order to prevent paying taxes
m capital returned.

In the second class are those mines which have made
inly a partial success and which are operating to get
>ack as much of the original capital invested as pos-
sible. This class of mines must determine their deple-
ion charge and deduct same from operating earnings
n order to show how much of the original capital invest-
nent is being returned and to avoid paying taxes on
ame. While a depletion deduction has not been made
n the past, such will have to be done in the future or
ubmit to the payment of taxes on invested capital
eturned. Even the mines of the first class enter the
econd class temporarily at times, on account of de-
moralization of the material and labor markets, acci-
dents, etc.

In the third class are those mines in the develop-
ment stage, or low-grade mines being operated in the
tope of obtaining profitable ore in the future. This

depreciation of equipment

operation-. I. ul does not figure any depletion eh..
simply crediting the net returns from ,„,■ lupment-

to operating expi

A i y criticising the law and the I ri

partment's rulings, that would not be becoming when
it is considered that the mining companie thi

in their published reports are more ambigUOUl and

indefinite than the lawmakers have been n, their laws,

and that the legislators probably did the be ould

with the material they had for enlightenment,

what the Law allows as Capital Returned

The excise tax on corporations enacted Aug. .",, L909,

allows only "a reasonable allowance for depreciation of
property, if any" and no allowance for depletion. The
Income Tax Act of Oct. 3, 1913, allows a deduction of
"a reasonable allowance for depreciation by use, wear
and tear of property, if any," and a depletion deduc-
tion of "in the case of mines a reasonable allowance
for depletion of ores and all other natural deposits not
to exceed 5 So of the gross value at the mine of the
output for the year for which the computation is made."
The amendment of Oct. 3, 1917, of the act of Sept. 8,
1916, gives an allowance for depreciation of "a reason-
able allowance for the exhaustion, wear and tear of
property arising out of its use or employment in the
business or trade," and an allowance for depletion of
"in the case of mines a reasonable allowance for de-
pletion thereof not to exceed the market value in the
mine of the product thereof which has been mined and
sold during the year for which the return and computa-
tion are made, etc."

From this you can see that not until September, 1916,
were the mines allowed to make anything like a true
depletion deduction, and this act was passed so late
in the year that a number of the small mines and
hardly any of the large mines showed any depletion
deduction from earnings in their 1916 published reports.

I believe that it will be agreed that the earnings
of at least 50 f0 of the mines that will make a return
to the Internal Revenue Department for the year 1917
are simply returning capital originally invested in the
property and have not sufficient ore in sight to warrant
the figuring of any profit. Therefore, to the partially
successful mine this matter of depletion and depreciation
is more important than to the successful mine.

Definition of Terms Urgently Needed

These matters of depletion and depreciation are of
such importance to all mines, successful and unsuc-
cessful, as to require that there be a united effort made
to get a fair and specific interpretation by the Treasury
Department of what is depletion and what is deprecia-
tion, and with this in mind I suggest, as a method of
determining mine-depletion deduction, that the depletion
allowance against earnings of producing mines shall
be determined as follows:

For the first year of production,' divide the amount
of the capital invested in mine property by the esti-
mated number of tons of ore in sight and use the
resulting factor as the depletion charge per wet ton of
ore mined and treated on which the earnings of the
year are determined; and, thereafter, at the beginning
of each year, deduct from the mine property invest-

NEERiNG and mininc .ioiknai.

Vol. 105, No. 4

the amount of the depletion thai shall have been
allowed ami divide the remainder of the mine property
investment by the remaining estimated wel tons of ore
in sight in the mine and use the resulting factor as
the depletion charge per wet ton of ore mined and
ed during the year, on which earnings are based.

In the case oi those mines the value of whose ore
on Mar. 1. 1918, is less than the actual capital
invested in mine property, that are being operated for
the return of original capital invested, the depletion
factor shall be based upon the actual investment in
mine property, and there shall be allowed a depletion
charge equal to the yearly amount of depiction taken up
on the books, included in the production cost and shown
in the published statements to stockholders of the year's
production, costs, earnings, etc.

In the case of mines being operated for the return
of capital, or any portion thereof, when the total of
the yearly allowances for depletion shall equal the
amount of the actual mine property investment, no fur-
ther depletion claims shall be allowed.

Capital: Mine Property Investment

In the case of purchase of mine property prior to
Mar. 1, 1913, the mine property investment shall be
the estimated fair market value of ore in place as of
that date, based on the gross price of metals f.o.b. New
York on Mar. 1, 1913, on the operating cost and metal
recoveries of the month next preceding the latter date,
or, in case the property were not in operation on Mar.
1, 1913, on the last month's operation for which the
return is made; on the exhausting of the ore in place
in the time that would be required by the continuous
working of the property at 75 % of the capacity of the
hoisting equipment, or 75f( of the capacity of the hoist-
ing equipment to be installed as shall have already been
provided; and on the basis of replacing capital within
the time estimated by investments of equal annual sums
at 4rr and allowing lc, net on the investment.

In the case of purchase of property since Mar. 1,
1913, the mine property investment shall be the original
purchase price plus the initial cost of mine develop-
ment prior to actual continuous production of the prop-
erty and shall include all mine property owned, whether
producing or not producing.

To Determine Depreciation of Mining Equipment

The depreciation allowance against earnings of pro-
ducing mines shall be determined as follows: (a)
When the life of any part, or all, of the mining equip-
ment is equal to or greater than the life of the mine, the
depreciation factor shall be determined by dividing the
total amount of the equipment investment by the total
wet tons of ore in sight, and the depreciation charge
to production shall be the resulting factor so obtained
multiplied by the number of wet tons of ore mined
and treated. <b) When the life of any, or all, of the
equipment is less than the life of the property for the
established business), based upon 75% of the capacity
of the equipment, the depreciation factor shall be deter-
mined by dividing the cost of any and every part of the
equipment by its estimated life in months, and the de-
preciation charge to production shall be the sum of all
the monthly depreciation factors applied to each month's
operation of the property.

When the total amount of the monthly charges to
operations shall be equal to the cost of the equipment,
no further depreciation allowances shall be allowed.
(Mining equipment shall include all equipment owned
and used in the mining, transportation, milling, smelt-
ing, and refining of the mine product, whether installed
at the time of commencement of production or there-
after, and whether situated upon the mine property or
elsewhere.)

If some such ruling as the above could be obtained
from the Treasury Department the present confusion
of the law could be cleared up and every mining com-
pany would know just what could be set aside as
depletion and depreciation reserves out of which capital
returned dividends, free of taxes, are paid.

Bisbee, Ariz., Jan. 9, 1918. T. 0. McGrath.

Is Gold Mining Necessary During
the War?

"Is gold mining necessary during the war?" This
question, raised by J. Parke Channing in the Journal of
Dec. 8 and discussed by H. W. Seaman and George Col-
lins in your issue of Dec. 29, is likely to increase in
interest when the facts are better understood.

Should the war continue for another year, drastic
measures are likely to be taken by the President of the
United States, to whom on the sixth of last April wt
pledged all of the resources of our country' for the
successful prosecution of the war. In view of this fact
there can be no excuse for wasting either labor or capi
tal in any sort of unprofitable mining.

It is, therefore, probable that an order will be issuer
prohibiting unprofitable gold mining for the period o:
the war, the justification being that all of our laboi
and capital now used in gold mining that does not yiek
a profit are actually required to produce coal, copper
iron, silver, lead, zinc, antimony, chrome, manganese
magnesite, lime, molybdenite, tungsten and platinum a
least. Such an order would release thousands of miner.'
many professional men and the army of men who ar
now engaged in stock jobbing or in any other form o
questionable exploitation, would make available labo
and capital for the required minerals and would increas
the gold output of the United States, as our gold miner
would be relieved from many serious troubles that no^
limit their production. G. McM. ROSS.

Berkeley, Calif., Jan. 4, 1918.

The suggestion by Mr. J. Parke Channing, in th
.lorn mil of Dec. 8, that the mining of gold may well t
discontinued for the duration of the war apparent!
results from brief consideration of only a singlj
and was utterly unmindful of the existing internation;
status, and of the difficulties in the readjustment of tr
delicate relations among the nations inevitably to I
expected with the coming of peace.

Irrespective of the labor situation, or of the need f(
gold miners in the base-metal fields, or of the cost <
production, gold — and still more gold — will be needed i
never before, when peace comes, to successfully can
through the gigantic task of rearrangement and r
covery that the world will face. Non-Miner.

New York, Jan. 2, 1918.

Januarj 26, 1918 ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL 205

i iiiimimimimiiiiiiiiiiiimiiiiiiitiiiiminiiiiiiiiii I mini i iiimitiiii mini i iiiiiiiiniiiiimii iiiiniiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiii mil ; iiiiiiiiiimiiiii i n i iniiiiiii i

Mining and Metallurgical Machinery

ft ,11111 iiiiiimillllllllll mi !l in nil i iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiini iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiilliliini nun nininniinninniinnniinn i iiiininnnnnnii n mi lllllllllllllllinillllinilllMIIIIIIIHIIinfn

Test of a Rotary Vacuum Pump

Vacuum pumps handle a mixture of air, water and
steam. The proportions of these three constituents
van to such an extent that a pump of the velocity or
centrifugal type will not serve, for if only air vapor with
little water should enter the pump, it would lose its
vacuum. Consequently, the displacement type must be
used, and although piston pumps formerly were em-
ployed, rotary pumps are now being used for this pur-
pose. The P. H. & F. M. Roots Co., of Connersville,

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1. VOLUMETRIC EFFICIENCY OF ROOTS VACUUM
HEATING PUMP
This is equivalent to the ratio of the quantity of air actually
delivered to the quantity which could be delivered under ideal
conditions

Ind., originators of the Roots blower, have brought
out a pump which their engineers claim is well adapted
for this service because of the straight sides of the im-
pellers. It differs from other rotary pumps in that
there are no pockets in which water can be tapped. In
addition to this feature, any slight amount of water slip-
ping back between the impellers finds no surfaces
against which to impinge, so that the impellers show
no wear whatsoever.

The selection of the size of vacuum pumps for heat-
ing purposes has heretofore been altogether guess-work.
First, it was difficult to determine how much air en-
tered the system, and second, no one knew how much air
the pump could handle. The second uncertainty has
been removed by a test which Prof. W. Trinks, of the
Carnegie Institute of Technology, recently made on a
small Roots pump. The equipment used is shown in
the accompanying illustration. The pump, with an air-
chamber discharge, also a constant-head bottle for ad-
mitting sealing water to the pump, are shown in the
foreground. At the rear of the pump are two tanks,
the first a vacuum tank from which the pump takes the
air and the second the air-measuring tank, which is
equipped with standard nozzles of various sizes. In the
background is a table carrying electrical instruments for
measuring the power consumption of the pump, which
is driven by a calibrated electric motor.

While the testing equipment takes up several
times as much space as the pump does, the reason for
its presence is interesting. If the air passing through
the pump had been admitted directly through a aozzle
at the pump inlet, instead of passing through two tanks,
as it does now, the pulsations of the pump would have
caused the nozzle to show a greater quantity of air How
ing than actually is the case. With the present equip-
ment, not only do the two tanks smooth out the vibra-
tions, but they absolutely eliminate them by the use
of a thin rubber diaphragm on the right-hand tank,
which is equipped with the inlet nozzles. By lightly
touching the diaphragm, one can easily satisfy one's
self that the diaphragm is working, even with the rapid
and comparatively slight pulsation of the Roots pump.

The amount of air admitted to the pump is regulated
by a gate valve between the two tanks, the latter being
tested for leaks by filling with water. In order to dupli-
cate as nearly as possible the conditions existing in
heating service, the pump was supplied with some water
for sealing purposes in the test. This water flowed to
the pump under constant head from the bottle shown
in the illustration. At first the action of the pump was
found to be erratic, as it would alternately hold and
lose the vacuum, so that a test with a given constant
vatfuum seemed impossible. It was soon found that the

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Vacuum, Inches of Mercury

FIG. 2. POWER CONSUMPTION OF ROOTS VACUUM PUMP
UNDER VARYING CONDITIONS

trouble lay in the surging back and forth of the sealing
water. A check valve was placed in the suction line near
the pump, and immediately the trouble disappeared. In
practice this surging never occurs, because a check
valve is provided.

The quantity of sealing water necessary for maintain-
ing the vacuum was found to be inconsiderable and did
not reach the amount represented by a small stream,
as it always left the bottle in drops. The quantity of
water determined the vacuum, and it will be seen from
Fig. 1 that the more water admitted the higher is the
vacuum which can be maintained. The volumetric ef-
ficiency as shown in Fig. 1 is a function of the vacuum

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ENGINEERING A.NP MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 4

and of the quantity of sealing water and is the ratio
per cent) of the quantity of air actually delivered
• ne quantity which would be delivered under ideal
icuum, there is no slip and no heat-
ing of the air passing from the pump. The volumetric
iency drops on account of slip and heating, and the
drop depends upon tin- supply of sealing water.
It is somewhat difficult to duplicate actual working con-
ditions of a heating pump in a test, because in pra<

IUTPMENT USED IX TESTING ROTARY PUMP

the pump hoists a mixture of air, water and vapor. Fig.
2 shows the power consumption of the pump under vary-
ing conditions. It will be noticed that the power varies
almost in a straight line with the vacuum, so that a
careless operator can increase the power consumption
by tightening the stuffing-boxes. This is true for any
rotating machinery7, but particularly for small machines
where the power of a man at the end of a wrench is
great compared to the size of the machine.

well as for hardening and strengthening aluminum
castings; boronic nickel, said to be superior to com-
mercial nickel for all purposes where nickel is used;
and boronic copper alloy, which is the most extensively
used of boronic products, in particular for making solid
copper castings and toughening same; for driving
hands where extreme toughness and solidity are re-
quired; for casting copper tuyeres; for aluminum
castings of high strength and rigidity; for prolonging
the life o( babbitt products and for replacing the cop-
per content in all babbitts in which copper is used. It
is of value in casting german silver, both in sand and
chill molds, enabling the metal to be rolled successfully;
and for entering large percentages of lead in brasses
and bronzes.

Boronic Copper, Its Production
and Varied Uses

Boronic copper, which is electrolytic copper contain-
ing occluded boronic gases, is used to cleanse metals
from oxides through the action of the gases liberated
when the copper is added to the melt. The oxides are
reduced to metallic form. The gases, in acting thus,
mix the entire mass, creating molecular migration so
that the alloys or mixtures become homogeneous and
uniform. The melting point of boronic copper is about
the same as that of ordinary copper. It is generally
necessary to add to the melt but 1 to 2% of boronic
copper to obtain the desired results, according to the
claim of the makers, the American Boron Products Co.,
of Reading, Penn. Metals once treated and remelted
as scrap are said to require no further treatment. The
manufacturers state that boronic copper produces a
coin mixture, resulting in coins free from pores and
proof against oxidation to a large degree, which ap-
plies to gold, silver, copper and nickel coins.

Among other boronic products manufactured by the
American Boron Products Co., are boronic aluminum,
used for deoxidizing and alloying and for making
aluminum bronzes of great strength and density, as

A New Type of Ventilator Fan

G. H. Schlotter, of Dresden, has invented a new type
of ventilating fan that has been subjected to a series of
tests in the Technical High School laboratory at Berlin

PIG. 1. SCHLOTTER VENTILATOR FAN BLADES

with results that have been astonishing. The invento)
made use of the old-style screw or propeller device, th<
blades of which he forced out, as shown in Fig. 1. Ac
cording to the Teknisk Ukeblad of Oct. 19, the actua
efficiency of the fan reached nearly 80% of the theoreti
cal maximum, while the highest output obtainable fron
other ventilators was only 60% of the theoretical. It i

FIG. 2.

CROSS-SECTION OF SCHLOTTER
VENTILATING FAN

also claimed that if a given amount of suction is to b
produced, a Schlotter ventilator can be made one-thir
smaller than the centrifugal type of similar suctio
force, which is of value, particularly where limited spac
is a consideration. Fig. 2 shows a cross-section of th
ventilator.

January 26, L918 ENGINEERING AND MINIM; JOURNAL 207

urn,,,,,,, : iiiiiiiiiiiimi i ii iiiiiiiii i inn urn i nmiiiim liiiiiimi iiihiiuii iiiiiiiiimni i mi uuiiuuii i

Details of Milling and Smelting

,11 mm Illllll nun in mi i mimiiiiii i i iiiimin INI i limn nun mini limn niinmniiin niiiiiiniiiniiininiiiiiiiiiiiniiimiiiiii

Home-Made Shaking Screen

ft Frederick W. Foote and Rastus S. Ransom. Jr. I

0( the two types of primary screening devices, the
shaking screen is more easily made by the average
mill blacksmith than the trommel. The screen described
here and shown in the illustration was made in Portugal
by a native blacksmith at the mill site and, after a few
preliminary faults were corrected, gave most satisfac-

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60"

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FIG. 2

--- 40" for 6"""-
--- 35"
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3" Screen ■.
I" Screen

Screens

FIG. 3

FIG 4

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FIG 5

FIGS. 1 TO 5. DETAILS OF SHAKING SCREEN
Figs. 1 and 2 — Plan and elevation. Fig. 3 — Method of screen
support. Fig. 4 — Screen frame. Fig. 5 — Arrangement of dis-
charge launders

tory results on the coarse sizes. It was made of a
sheet of 14-gage iron, 48 x 72 in., cut and bent to form
the framework, as shown in Figs. 1 and 2. This was
riveted together with \-\tl. rivets. The screens were
supported by lj-in. channel irons riveted in place as
shown in Fig. 3. The 6- and 3-mm. screens were stout

•Mining engineer. 80 Broadway, New York.

tMetallurgical engineer, James Ore Concentrator Co., New-
ark, N. J.

enough to be u ed without upport, but the 1-mm.

screen was laid mi a framework <ii i i gage iron, I i in.
wide, as shown in Fig, 4. At the discharge end of the
6-mm. screen was placed an iron plate, 15 in. long, to
carry the oversize to the return system. The screen
products were diverted to the proper launders by means
of iron troughs made of 18-gage iron and inclined to
alternate sides of the screen as shown in Fig. 5.

The screen was hung from overhead timbers by four
i-in. iron rods pivoted at the top and bottom by means
of yokes and eyes. The front rods were made 2 in.
longer than those at the back so' as to give the screen
an inclination and thus assist the material in its travel.
It was found that a slant of the rods of about L5
from the vertical produced a slight bumping affect that
gave better results than the straight shaking motion in
one plane. The eccentric used was removed from an
old Hartz jig and was run at a speed of about 125 r.p.m.
Any eccentric having a throw of from 1 to 2 in. can
be used. In hanging the screen, care was taken to line
up the eccentric perpendicularly to the shaft and on
the center line of the screen so that the tendency of
the latter to swing sideways was reduced to a minimum.
The screen was made level in a transverse direction,
as otherwise the feed tended to pile up on one side.

The oversize was returned to the rolls. The first
product, minus 6 plus 3 mm., was sent to the coarse
jigs, the second, minus 3 plus 1 mm., to the fine jigs,
and the final one, minus 1 m.m., to the classifiers and
tables. These sizes were found to give the best results
on the ore treated. This screen did not give satisfactory
results on sizes smaller than 3 mm. It handled about 30
tons per 24 hours and required but little power.

Table Coverings in Southeast Missouri*

The covering in general use on Butchart tables in
Southeast Missouri is linoleum, the life of which may
be from six months to three years, depending on the
size of feed. One plant is experimenting with the use
of rubber to replace linoleum, and discarded vanner
belts are now used to some extent for this purpose.
In one case, the belts have lasted 19 months and are
still in good condition. One plant is using a high-
grade rubber for table covering, but as the cost of such
a cover is from three to four times the cost of linoleum,
its advantage is doubtful. The concrete deck is being
experimented with and apparently will give excellent
satisfaction. The first concrete deck in the district was
installed by the St. Joseph Lead Co. at its Bonne Terre
concentrating plant.

The method used for putting concrete decks on But-
chart tables is as follows: The deck is first covered
with linoleum or canvas and then marked for riffling.

•Excerpt from a paper entitled. "Concentration Practice in
Southeast Missouri." by A. P. Watt, presented at the October.
1917. meeting of the American Institute of Mining Engineers at
St. Louis.

ENGINEERING AND MINING ,101 KNAI.

Vol. 105, No. 4

The ng strips are then tacked on the deck,

the thickness of the concrete that is to be used.

These strips are not tapered, but are the same thick-

.tire length, the usual thickness used

when the feed is to be H or 2 mm. being from

in. Por coarser feed, a thicker nailing strip is

The deck is given no special preparation, except

see that it is tree from oil and grease. After the

nailing strips are in place, the concrete is applied;

this is composed ^i two parts of sand screened through

m. to one part of cement. The concrete after

Betting is given a steel-trowel finish, the finishing being

done parallel to the nailing strips. The decks thus made

silent results, do not crack, and in no way give

trouble. After the concrete has set. the riffles are

nailed to the nailing strips. The riffles may be of

pine or oak. but oak is usually used, as the life of

such riffles is three times the life of those made of pine.

1 oroi's from Discarded Roll Shells

In many reduction works the worn-out roll shells
good only for the scrap pile, for the reason tint
the foundry has no use for such class of steel; the
nine shop finds the pieces of such shape that they
are generally nonutilizable; and transportation to a
: foundry would cost too much. For a long time
a large copper plant has used a limited number of such
shells, converting them into forges. Since the scheme
seems never to have been described in technical litera-
ture, although it is evidently not new, a description of
such a forge is given here.

A hole is bored at about the center and through
opposite sides of the shell, each big enough to accom-

FORGE MADE FK'i.M ROLL SHELL

modate a 2-in. iron pipe. This pipe projects about 2 in.
on each side of the shell; at one end it is threaded and
fitted with a cap, while on the other end a pipe reducer
-■> 1 in.) is placed, then a nipple, then a valve and
finally a second nipple attached to a union. As a rule
the piping is rigid, but when a portable forge is desired,
a rubber hose is so fixed that it may be connected to
the union by means of an auxiliary piece of piping.
The compressed-air source is then tapped into the afore-
said line of piping.

The hearth of the forge may be of any kind of re-
fractory brick, laid in with or without a binder. Half
or more of the shell is filled in this manner. The
air pipe through the shell rests on the brick bottom.

number, location and size of the holes in the
air pipe vary with the fancy and judgment of the
user. However, the more and larger the holes, with
less air admitted at the valve, the less the force of
the blast ; heme the coke or coal is not so easily blown
out of the hearth.

A portable forge is made by fastening the shell to
an iron or steel plate. By means of trestles or posts

DETAIL OF FORGE .MAI'E l-'ll . i.M DISCARDED Re H.I, SHELL

such a forge may be set up anywhere. In a plant
where each department has its blacksmith or pipefitter,
many of these used roll shells may be disposed of to
advantage, for when transformed into forges they are
serviceable, durable, easily operated and cheap.

Temporary Repair for Pump Rod

Shutting down a plant for repairs when the shaft of a
large feed pump snapped was prevented by making tem-
porary repairs on the rod in a manner explained by
J. A. Lucas in American Machinist. In order to make
room for the square pipe die to cut the thread as shown,

iuum

Starting Coupling

THE ITSTi iX-ROD REPAIR

one half of the broken shaft was forced into the water
end and the other half into the steam end. A suitable
coupling was screwed on the two ends and in a short
time the shaft was in commission again. The pump
ran until a new shaft was made and installed.

Januarj 26, 1918

ENGINEERING AND MINING .i<n RNAL

Events and Economics of the War

ii .inniiuiinnnniuiinnnniii iiiiiiiitiiiiniiiin iiiiuniiii mil iiiiiiini mini inn i i m iinniii IHIKIUDII

To relieve traffic conditions and the critical shortage
l in the East that was holding many ships in
port. U. S. Fuel Administrator Garfield, on Jan. H'>, or-
dered that the industrial use of fuel be curtailed in the
H states east of the Mississippi River during: the five
days, Jan. 18 to 22 inclusive, and on the nine consecutive
Mondays thereafter; he also required that dealers in
fuel, until further notice, shall give preference to the
orders of railroads, domestic and other preferred con-
sumers named. Great opposition developed in the Sen-
ate to the Administration's step; Senator Chamberlain
introduced a bill to create a war cabinet of three dis-
tinguished citizens of demonstrated ability to direct
the conduct of the war; the President expressed his
strong disapproval of this measure, stating his confi-
dence in Secretary Baker as one of the ablest public offi-
cials he has ever known. Three assistants were appoint-
ed by Director General McAdoo to exercise control of
railroads in the East, South and West, respectively.
Daniel Willard resigned as chairman of the War In-
dustries Board. Further dispatches from Count Lux-
burg to Berlin were published by Secretary Lansing in
which Caillaux, ex-premier of France and now charged
with treason, is revealed as a friend of Germany.

British warships in action off the Dardanelles sank
the former German cruiser "Breslau" and forced the
"Goeben" ashore, both vessels being in the Turkish navy
under other names. All European fronts were quiet. In
Petrograd, the "Red Guard" of the Bolsheviki disbanded
the Constituent Assembly after the followers of Lenine
had been defeated in that body.

Baker Reorganizes War Department

On Jan. 12 Secretary' Baker explained in considerable
detail to the Senate Committee on Military Affairs the
reasons for his personal objection at this time to the
creation of a Director of Munitions, to supervise all
purchases of supplies. These reasons may be sum-
marized briefly by the statement that the reorganization
of the War Department and the War Industries Board
will provide an entirely suitable agency for promptly
and efficiently performing such work and should be tried
before the present organization, now in process of re-
molding in the light of the experience of the Adminis-
tration in war work up to date, is thrown into inevitable
confustion by drastic changes.

It was necessary at the beginning of American par-
ticipation in the war to begin training immediately a
great number of men to carry on the administrative
and technical details of the department's work. No
matter how these were ultimately grouped, they had
to become familiar with their duties and with Govern-
ment methods of work before they could render effective
service. While this training was going on, the reor-
ganization of the department was being studied, and, as
Army ordnance was in great demand, this branch of the
service was first changed. It is a purely technical

branch; Secretary BaJ racterized it a lanu-

facturing" branch, and the cheme oi reorganization
was developed with the help of men who have m
a specialty of manufacturing organization, Formerly

tin' work of the ordnance branch wa ubdivided accord

ing to products, but under the new system it is sub-
divided by functions, so that one branch will have
charge of the technical details of design, another of
purchase, another of inspection, and another of supply-
ing the equipment when and where needed. This func-
tionalizing of the ordnance branch is in harmony with
the methods of organization now favored by a large
number of the leading manufacturing corporations in
the country. The men working under the old system
of organization are having little difficulty in shifting
into the new without interruption to their labors.

The Quartermaster Corps is now being reorganized
in the same manner, and the high positions in it are
being filled, as in the case of the ordnance branch, by
civilians holding leading positions in the callings they
have to carry on for the Army.

Under the old scheme of organization, there was an
immense amount of detail which went from each branch
of the department to the Secretary's office. Under the
new organization a large part of this detail, which had
to do with correlating the requirements for supplies
for the different branches, goes directly to a central
office. The ordnance, quartermaster, engineering, med-
ical and aviation branches will purchase their supplies,
as they have in the past, except that before contracts
are signed they must have the approval of this central
office, in order that one branch may not needlessly
hinder the operations of another in the market, and
for other business reasons that it is not necessary' to set
forth in detail.

The War Department is not alone in making great
drafts on the industries of the country. The Allies'
Purchasing Board, the Navy Department and the Ship-
ping Board are similarly straining the resources of
the manufacturers of the United States, and no legal
remedy for this condition has been provided by Congress.
But the four great purchasing agencies have agreed to
joint action through the War Industries Board, which
has been reorganized in order that it might do for
all American munition manufacturers what the central
bureau of the War Department does for its five great
purchasing branches. The requirements of the four
agencies are reported to a central committee, which is
directly in touch with the manufacturing facilities of
the country, and not only knows how much work each
factory is doing for the Government but also how much
it is doing for necessary civilian customers. It is
this committee which passes on the priority to be given
each of the orders. If its decisions are questioned, the
appeal is made to the War Industries Board, which
thus becomes arbiter of manufacturing priority in this
country in every industry furnishing supplies for mili-
tary .purposes.

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 4

The committee has a further important function,

which was explained by Secretary Baker aa follows:

Assume that General Pershing cables a requirement

. u - As his requisitions are not questioned, a

of the order would be sent at once to the ordnance
branch of the War Department and another to the
centra] committee of the War Industries Board. While
the ordnance officials were preparing the plans and speci-
tions, the committee would ascertain what sources
of raw materials could be used with the least inter-
nee to the manufacture of other necessary supplies,
what forge shops could be utilized and what plants were

■able for producing the other parts of this order.

'on as word was received that the ordnance depart-
ment was ready to buy the puns, the committee would
notify the procurement division of the ordnance corps
what manufacturers should be invited to bid.

etary Baker assured the Senate Committee on
Military Affairs that this system of handling the Gov-
ernment war purchases in cooperation with those of the
Allies was not only the best that careful study had
been able to suggest, but had met with the approval
of the industrial leaders to which it had been submitted.
It disorganized none of the existing machinery7 and in-
terfered as little as possible with meeting civilian de-
mands, in his opinion. It was the equivalent, he believed,
of a special director of munitions, because any functions
which such a director would have would be possessed
by the chairman and executive officer of the War In-
dustries Board. The chairman did not have legal
authority to enforce his decisions, but as each of the
four great war purchasing agencies had agreed to recog-
nize his decisions as binding, it had not seemed necessary
to ask Congress to confer legal powers upon him.

The essence of the organization, according to Secre-
tary' Baker, is that each of the four great purchasers,
the Allies' committee, the War and Navy Departments
and the Shipping Board, has its own organization for
acquiring its supplies in the desired order, while the
War Industries Board has these orders filled in such
a sequence as the war demands. Manufacturing
facilities and civilian requirements are served in the
best possible manner. It is apparently the Adminis-
tration's answer to the criticism that Washington had
no logical plan for mobilizing the nation's resources.
According to Secretary Baker, it is the most complete
plan for the purpose that has been advanced in this
country' or Great Britain.

war in a manner satisfactory to the Allies, and to get
rid of the government control of industry.

"Both employers and workmen want to try a new sys-
tem of self-government, and to evolve a method of work-
ing which will give to all producers a harmony of in-
terest. Nothing has so greatly stimulated this common
desire for cooperation than the experience of working
under government control during the last two years, and
especially during the last year, when departments, com-
missions, and committees have multiplied so frightfully
for the confounding of honest, unhappy men who under-
stand their work and want to be allowed to get on with
it. When the war ends there will be a reaction toward
independence from control which may carry us too far
in the opposite direction."

Foreign Trade as Related to War

A call has been issued for the Fifth National Foreign
Trade Convention to meet at Cincinnati, Ohio, on Apr.
18-20, 1918. The theme of the convention will be
"The Part of Foreign Trade in Winning the War.,:
All Americans engaged in or desirous of entering over-
seas commerce have been invited to take part. Aboul
one-half of the convention's time will be devoted tc
group meetings at which will be discussed the following
subjects: Exports control and imports control; foreigr
credits; education for foreign trade; the smaller manu
facturer and merchant; getting into the game. Special
ly qualified experts will be present at these meetings.

Development of the Microphone

British experts, according to a Swedish writer, hav
so improved the use of the microphone on anti-submarin
vessels that they are able to steer accurately and autc
matically toward the submarine, while formerly the;
were unable to locate a vessel beneath the surface. Th
microphones are placed beneath the water close to th
keel of the vessel. By listening to the beat of the sul
marine's propeller the exact location of the enemy ca
be determined, and he can be attacked before he i
aware that his presence is known. The detection instri
ments used with the microphones are complex. Or
shows the distance of the submarine on a graduate
scale, the indicator responding electrically to the soun
from the submarine's propellers. Another device ind
cates whether the enemy is to port or starboard.

State Socialism and Peace

It is frequently said that the old order of things to
which we were accustomed before the war can never
return after the conclusion of peace. The London
Ecc however, does not believe that government

control of industry has come to stay. "In the minds
both of employers, and workmen of all classes," the
Economist believes, "is growing up a profound dislike
of all government interference, and a not less profound
determination to get quit of it at the first opportunity.
The old demand of socialist orators that the government
should nationalize this, that, and the other is moribund,
if not dead. What all classes now want, and want so
badly that their hearts ache for it, is to complete the

France Faces Lumber Shortage

France is beginning to figure out how to meet an at
ticipated shortage in lumber and firewood after the wa
The destruction of forests by shellfire and the heavy d
mand for lumber for barracks and road constructic
combine to make a deficit of 1,000,000, cu.ft. annuall
Beyond the range of shells, on both sides of the fron
the military woodsmen's axes have drawn heavily t
timber from the North Sea to the Swiss frontier. Tl
consumption of lumber will increase during the war
the rate of 3,000,000 cu.ft. a year, and for several yea
after peace is made the demand will continue for the r
pair and rebuilding of devastated regions.

Januarj 26, L918

ENGINEERING AND MIMNC JOURNAL

211

The solution of the problem is considered to be a
ideation of transportation and of forest exploitation in
In- colonies. Specialists have calculated thai French
Eauatorial and Western Africa, Madagascar, Guinea
)inl ! ikIo China possess 875,000 sq.mi. of virgin timber
;ui(i. which amid amply suppl) France ami several other
ountries \\ itli fuel and lumber. Stuck companies organ-
ted for the exploitation of these resources are already
ingaged in roadmaking and other preliminary work.

Gold Movement Small

Since the United States entered the war, net exports
if gold have been $78,000,000, or at a weekly rate of
52,168,000, the Federal Reserve Board announced on
(an. 8. Recently the outward movement has been cur-
ailed, however, to a weekly average of $856,000. Im-
ioits now come mainly from Mexico, Canada and South
America, while exports are to Chile and Mexico. Ex-
torts of silver have been heavy, indicating that it has
teen substituted in many cases for gold in liquidation
if international balances.

Remedy for Coal Situation Proposed by
Francis S. Peabody

Four plans for improving the coal situation were
mtlined to the Senate investigating committee on Jan.
14 by Francis S. Peabody, director of the coal produc-
ion bureau of the Council of National Defense. They
vere: (1) Establishment of producing and distributing
:ones, shipments to be confined to those zones except
n exceptional cases; (2) a definite statement of the
lOvernment's policy as to prices until the war ends; (3)
he placing of the question of priority in the hands of
■xperienced men; (4) a premium on clean coal.

Mr. Peabody estimated that the zone system would in-
rease production 20%, because the short hauls would
nake more cars available to the mines, many of which
ire now frequently idle for days through shortage of
ars. Uncertainty as to the Government's attitude on
•rices, the witness said, has kept operators from mak-
ng necessary improvements to their mines. This will
near., he said, reduced production the coming spring.

Women Organize New Committee
for Engineer Soldiers

An organization known as the Woman's Committee
or Engineer Soldiers has been formed in Washington,
). C, with the object of seeing that no engineer soldier
eaves this country without the proper knitted garments.
t will also seek to furnish such garments to those who
ire already in Europe. The national committee in
Vashington is to be headquarters for units all over the
ountry. By purchasing yarn in large quantities it ex-
>ects to get better prices and deliveries. Officers of the
irganization are Mrs. William M. Black, wife of General
51ack, chief of engineers, who is president ; Mrs. Charles
veller, vice-president and chairman ; Mrs. W. W. Harts,
ecretary, and Mrs. Ulysses Grant, 3rd, treasurer. The
lues are $1 a year. All interested in engineer soldiers
ire urged to join the committee or to contribute money
or wool or finished knitted garments for the 100,000
nen in the engineer regiments.

Ships Will Win the War

Through the launching of commandeered vessels, over
.".(ki.iiiih ions will be added to the merchant flee! of thi

I'luted States by the end ol I the U. S. Ship-

ping Hoard has announced. Eighteen ships are to
take the water in January and 28 in Februarys the
increase in the latter month being indicative of the
way in which American shipyards are speeding up the
work. The 41 vessels mentioned are mostly cargo
ships and tankers.

As a direct result of the conference of the Allies which
began in Paris on Nov. 15 and which was attended
by Commissioner Bainbridge Colby, of the Shipping
Board, the operating department of the board has been
reorganized so as to secure the maximum use and effi-
ciency of American and Allied shipping. The new plan
is expected also to expedite movement in New York
and to facilitate shipping control by eliminating red
tape. To secure these ends the following branches of
the department will be created: A transportation
branch, where all matters relating to ship movement
will be handled; a marine branch that will provide
crews and supplies and have repairs made on ships;
a chartering branch and a rate-making branch. The
board will open a branch office in every important port
in the United States. The director of the operating
department, Edward F. Carry, will also have representa-
tives in London, Paris and Rome to secure complete and
immediate cooperation with the Allies. A port con-
troller is to be appointed at New York, who will put
into operation there the plans developed by Director
Carry and will cooperate with the War Port Board and
the War Industries Board. The War Port Board,
headed by Irving T. Bush, was created to secure the
maximum use of the port and terminal facilities of
New York.

Three measures have been prepared by the Senate
commerce committee to strengthen the shipbuilding
administration. One would empower the Shipping
Board to take over transportation necessary to carry
workmen to shipbuilding centers. Another provides
$50,000,000 to meet expenses of requisitioning houses to
shelter workmen. The third authorizes the President
to declare military zones about shipyards, to prevent
any interference with the shipping program. Industries
not absolutely essential to the war program have been
asked by Edward N. Hurley, chairman of the Shipping
Board, to place patriotism above business and aid the
Government by releasing employees, such as mechanics,
who are much needed in shipyards. The board, in
cooperation with the Labor Department and the State
Councils of Defense, is endeavoring to organize a re-
serve of 250,000 mechanics to speed up its program.
It expects to place at least 100,000 additional skilled
workmen in shipyards within the next three months
and to put on three eight-hour shifts wherever that will
be practicable.

Cable Rates to South America will be lowered by one of
the principal companies handling business between North
and South America. The reduction will range from 6 to
15c. a word, according to destination, and is the result of
recommendations made by the Pan-American International
Conference of 1915 and the International High Commission,
which met in 1916 at Buenos Aires.

■2\-2

[NEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 4

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Industrial News from Washington I

v.\ Paw Wooton, Special Correspondent

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Producer Inadequately Represented on
War Industries Hoard

Developments in Washington during the last week
are taken by many to be forerunners of a far-reaching
shake-up. Among other institutions the War industries

tiling, just as the Council of National De-
fense was shaken until it dropped its cooperative
committees. Many mining men who have come in
•■.tact with the Government's industrial
machinery are of the opinion that the fundamental
weakness with many Federal agencies is inadequate
sentation of the producer.
The War Industries Board, it is held, has been so
absorbed in looking to the welfare of importers and
consumers that the producing end has been almost
completely neglected. The greatest need of producers,
according to a nearly unanimous opinion, is the estab-
lishment of a permanent policy that will remove much
of the uncertainty of the present situation. If mining
men are to invest their money in manganese mines,
for instance, there must be some understanding as to
the amount of manganese ore that will be imported.
If imports of that ore were restricted in a carefully
worked-out scale to remain in force during the war
and for six months thereafter, it is believed that domes-
tic production would make up the deficit and many
ships would thus be freed for transatlantic duty.
Despite all the talk of the last two years, it seems to
producers that no Federal agency really has attacked
the import problem, and they want a reorganization that
will secure them active representation.

lies or by independent research, to furnish the infor
mation necessary for effective executive action.

An information and education division which has the
functions of developing sound public sentiment; secur-
ing an exchange of information between departments of
labor administration; and promotion in industrial plants
of local machinery helpful in carrying out the national
labor prog ram.

Raw Materials Committee Reports

In giving an account of its stewardship to Congress
the committee on raw materials of the Council of
National Defense includes in its report the following;

"Directly and through representation on the Genera
Munitions Board, the committee served as a mediurr
of clearance as between producer and consumer — oui
Government, the Allies, and private industry. It devotee
much time to the consideration of price-fixing — a subject
of paramount importance under current conditions, th<
judicious treatment of which involves determining accu
rately the lowest figure at which an article may b<
bought without stifling that which is most essential t<
quantity and quality production — enthusiasm.

"Without authority to fix prices, the committee ha:
succeeded in obtaining raw materials at substantia
price reductions without trade disturbance of real con
sequence. By voluntary cooperation, it has been instru
mental in many cases in diverting output in such manne
as to secure the greatest general benefit. By persua
sion, it has brought specialized private business efficienc;
into immediate and effective cooperation with a well
ordered Federal system."

Defense Council Drafts Labor Plan Price of Government Nitrate Named

A labor program formulated by the Council of
National Defense and approved by the President has
been turned over to the Secretary of Labor to be placed
in operation. The program is outlined as follows:

A means of furnishing an adequate and stable supply
of labor to war industries. This will include: (a) A
satisfactory system of labor exchanges; (b) a satisfac-
tory method and administration of training of workers;
(c) an agency for determining priorities of labor de-
mand; (d) agencies for dilution of skilled labor as
and when needed.

Machinery which will provide for the immediate and
equitable adjustment of disputes in accordance with
principles to be agreed upon between labor and capital
and without stoppage of work, and to deal with demands
concerning wages, hours, shop conditions, etc.

Machinery for safeguarding conditions of labor in
the production of war essentials, this to include indus-
trial hygiene, safety, women and child labor, and ma-
chinery for safeguarding conditions of living, including
housing, transportation and similar problems.

A fact-gathering body to assemble and present data,
collected through various existing Governmental agen-

Nitrate of soda imported by the Government fror
Chile is to be sold to individual farmers for $75.5
per ton, f.o.b. cars at several ports. The Governmen
now has at its disposal for this purpose 100,000 ton
of nitrate. It will not be sold to dealers and to secur
it farmers will have to agree not to resell it and t
use it on their own farms. In case the supply does nc
equal the demand, the 100,000 tons will be prorate
among those ordering. Farmers must file their appl
cations by Feb. 4 with the county agents or committee
appointed to handle the shipments.

Greater Interest in Naxos Emery

With imports of Turkish emery cut off, there is muc
interest in the deposits in the Anomaxi district, on th
Grecian island of Naxos. Owing to the increased d<
mand for emery and its important uses in making mun
tions a specialist of the War Industries Board has bee
asked to look into the situation. Undeveloped sources (
emery known to be commercially workable exist c
Naxos but mining has been discouraged by Greece i
order to preserve its existing monopoly.

January 26, 1918 ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL 818

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Editorials

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The Crisis

THE crisis has come, and we should feel cheerful
about it rather than otherwise. The polity of Wash-
ington has been wrong. A large part of the intelligence
of the nation, especially that comprised among men of
practical and successful experience in business, has been
convinced of the error from the beginning. The press
has been rich in its criticisms and warnings. These
have been unheeded by the Administration, whose doc-
trinaires have complacently pursued the testing of their
theories in the running of the greatest business that
any nation ever undertook. Gradually we have seen
things go from bad to worse, and a fear has spread
among the far-sighted that possibly America might be
defeated in its main purpose. We despaired of the mass
of the people appreciating the situation until it was too
late to correct it. We have foreseen that the people
might be aroused by some great disaster to our army
abroad. We could hardly expect that the awakening
would come earlier and from some less serious event at
home. In starting this Dr. Garfield has performed an
inestimable service.

Dr. Garfield simply dropped the bomb, when he issued
his order of Jan. 16. His administration of the coal
business had been inexpressibly bungling and incom-
petent. Blunder had followed blunder, and things had
finally reached such a situation that some heroic remedy
was necessary, and to administer it he naturally made
a blunder huger than the accumulation of his long
series of previous blunders. Yet it is likely that it
was better to have this happen than to have taken coun-
sel and hit upon some wise step that would have pro-
longed concealment of the trouble in the fundamental
organism of Washington. The public needed a blow on
the head to drive in the idea that the Government at
Washington was not the best possible of governments.

Dr. Garfield is the immediate object of objurgation,
and no doubt he deserves much of the criticism that is
being directed toward him; but the disease in Washing-
ton is more deep-seated than he. Even as to individuals
there are others, for whom he is now serving as the
scapegoat, who are far more responsible than he is.
These men and their lick-spittles are now trying to be-
cloud the truth with recriminations and excuses. The
favorite ones are the railways and the weather. That
the Administration gambled the welfare of the nation
on the weather and lost may be admitted, but the in-
telligence of the United States will not overlook that the
trouble in the coal business began when Secretary Baker
repudiated the agreement betwen Secretary Lane and
the coal producers, when William B. Colver, in behalf of
the Federal Trade Commission, guessed wrong about
the cost of producing coal and insisted upon impossible
provisions, and the recommendations of these doctri-
naires were incorporated in a Presidential ukase.

The fundamental fallacies in Washington are:

1. The theory that economic law no longer prevails.

2. The suspicion of business men that prevents even
the adoption of business methods in the prosecution of
the biggest business that anybody ever imagined.

3. The complacent deference to the traditions of offi-
cial red tape.

4. The inability of the President to select good men
and his loyalty to his selections long after everyone but
himself knows that they are bad.

5. The effort of the President personally to do more
things, major and minor, than any other man in the uni-
verse is doing; and more than it is possible for one
man to do.

Congress was already seeing this, and its ideas were
crystallizing as the result of its investigations. Some
men summoned before it made a good impression, like
Mr. Hurley, who said frankly that the shipbuilding had
been going badly, but henceforth it would go well or
he would be to blame. Others, like General Crozier,
caused us mental distress by their revelations of im
portant things undone and their complacency about it.
Secretary Baker gave his fellow-countrymen a shock
with his smug talk about the war being 3000 miles away.
Congress was getting ready to act by creating a depart-
ment of munitions, when the President and Secretary
of War refused to sanction that plan. Still were they
unwilling to recognize that things were going wrong.
To many people it is a mystery why the President is
so contented with his Bakers, and Colvers, and Gar-
fields, and a little while ago we might have said his
Denman. Because he knows and admires a certain man,
who may personally be very estimable, it does not follow
that he is the right man for a particular job.

It remained for Dr. Garfield, with a culminating
blunder, to open the eyes of the people. In any other
country the crisis that he preciptated would mean the
fall of a ministry. Our system of government is so
inelastic that no such thing can happen here, but we
shall have a change, and therein is the basis of our
optimism. Already Congress seems determined to create
a supreme council of war — a board of directors so to
speak — and a director of munitions as manufacturing
manager. This is the natural adaptation of corporation
methods. The President and the Secretary of War are
opposing the innovation, but if Congress is determined
it will have its way, for the people will be behind it.

The Coal Order

IT WAS reported from Petrograd a few days ago that
all passenger traffic, with few exceptions, would be
suspended on the Russian railways from Jan. 21 to Feb.
2, so as to facilitate transportation of food to the large
cities and to the front.

Dr. Garfield did not give us any advance notice when
on Jan. 16 he ordered the country east of the Mississippi
practically to cease using coal in order to facilitate the
transportation of coal.

214

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 4

Thus the expedients of the Bolshevik government in
Russia and of the American Government are similar.
But what passes without comment as to poor, demoral-
distracted Russia, governed by a Lenine and a
Trotsky, usurpers rcely more than two months,

makes the great Republic of the United states the
laughing stock of the world.

It is useless to discuss what Dr. Garfield might have

done, rather than what he did. As we have said in a
previous article, we feel inclined to be thankful to him
for precipitating a ensis rather than to muddle along
any further. The people have now a chance to cure some
fundamental defects.

We think, however, that the learned doctor might
well have given notice that he was going to drop the
bomb, so as to give people more opportunity to prepare
readjustments. Apart from this, we think that the
magnitude of the calamity, for calamity it is, without
doubt, has been overestimated. Many of our mills were
dosing anyhow. We vote ourselves unnecessary holi-
days during the year and have got into the habit of
making Saturday a good deal of a dead day. Some
unions with which we have had experience let their men
labor only four hours on Saturday, out of which they
contrive to give but three hours of effective work (so w
have wondered why they came to work at all). Dr. Gar-
field simply decreed some extra holidays, but they will not
be wholly wasted, for a good deal of work will still be
done, while in many cases Saturday will be made a live
day and the working hours of other days will be
lengthened.

But of course it is a great pity that any time has
to be lost in this supreme contest of nations, when
every hour counts so much. If we were going to offer
any ex post facto suggestion it would be on the line that
the Fuel Administration might have called for an emer-
gency exertion of more work rather than the cessation
of work. Dr. Garfield might have called upon the labor
unions to suspend their time rules for a little while,
might have called upon owners of trucks to give their
services — in short might have organized an extraor-
dinary, tremendous effort to get coal through. If the
industry had been operating itself under the natural
principle of laissez faire it would have done something
of that sort and would have managed things somehow.

When Dr. Garfield began to make his exemptions he
learned something of the interdependence of industry
that makes Governmental attempt at control such an im-
possible thing. Quoting from the Evening Sun:

Officials of the Fuel Administration discovered innumer-
able ramifications of business and industry they weren't
aware existed. Almost every plant specifically exempted by
the order of Fuel Administrator Garfield, it was found,
depended on the products of other plants not exempted, and
the latter in many cases in turn depended on still other
plants for part of their materials or partly finished products.

Dr. Garfield ruled generally that the exempted plants
must get their accustomed material and supplies or the
exemption would be worthless, but it was disclosed at once
that in many instances the production of these particular
materials formed only a very small part of the business
of the plants on which the exempted industries depended.

The problem then arose as to whether to permit the non-
exempted plants to run at full capacity on all their work
in order to produce the particular materials desired by the
essential war industries.

Many manufacturers represented that if they were using
power to run their plants at all it would be plain economy
of fuel to man their factories to capacity as usual.

Almost all asserted that it was difficult to separate the
production Of Supplies fur the exempted industries from
their general output. As tlie day wore on the legal experts
of the Fuel Administration were disposed to throw up their
hands and give these factories virtual carte blanche.

It is just the same sort of thing that makes price-
fixing and the general meddling with industries one of
the causes of the disaster that is threatening our wel-
fare. If there were any human brain that could design
the periodic law, the movement of the solar system, even
the biology of a worm, that brain might arrange for
the regulation of industries, including price-fixing; but,
not possessing such a brain, the best the world can do
is to rely upon the collective brains of all the people,
which express their ideas in demand and supply.

Labor's Wastes

THE inefficacy of a mere wage increase in further-
ing labor efficiency was brought out by Raymond
B. Stevens, of the Shipping Board, in his testimony
before a Senate investigating committee. After receiving
a 31% wage increase over the previous year, many un-
married workers in Pacific Coast yards "who could earn
enough in four days at the increased wage rate would
not work longer than that." The advances which had
been made to stop time-wastage through strikes made
for time-wastage by destroying the incentive for con-
tinued work. The solution on the Pacific Coast has
been a 10't bonus for a six-day week, though it would
seem that the fine system might have been employed
with greater advantage.

Mr. Stevens' remarks have the advantage of being
official, although they tell us nothing new. From all
industrial quarters have come the same reports of wastes
by labor, either by refraining from working full time, or
by not operating efficiently while they do work, or both.
In many cases there are unfortunately both kinds of
waste.

We beg leave to point out to the labor leaders that
such evidence contradicts the claim that workers must
get higher wages in order to meet the increased cost of
living. The worker who used to have to labor six day?
a week in order to pay his bills and is now able to dc
it with four days of labor has beaten the cost of living
very distinctly.

We may also point out that such a worker realizes i
profit of 50 c'o on his turnover, using mercantile par-
lance. Few merchants and few corporations are sc
fortunate. Probably these aristocrats of labor hav<
no such conception of themselves. They consider
rather, that they are just playing even, and are joining
in the demand for confiscatory taxation of the excess
profits of thrifty people. They overlook that they them
selves are the worst profiteers of all, in that they an
realizing 50 % profit and are squandering it by idleness
If they worked the fifth and sixth days, bought whea
with the proceeds and deliberately destroyed it then
would be no economic difference.

Such men are enemies of the Republic, enemies o
democracy — no less. It is a reflection upon labor tha
in this time of desperate shortage it requires extra pay
not for overtime, but for full time. Every able-bodie'
man of the United States should labor for the maximur
time per day whereof he is capable. Captains of indus
trv should work the 12 to 14 hours that is their habi)

January 26, i:hs

ENGINEERING and minim; JOURNAL

Managers, engineers and superintendents should rai
from i- hours down to 10. Mechanics, railway operators
and manual laborers should do the regulation eighl
hours, with occasional overtimes in emergencies. Ever]
bodj should work six days per week, with an occasioi

nth if necessary. If "living can be earned in four
days, let the surplus be put into Liberty Bonds.

Meddling With [ndustrj

BUSINESS men and economists have been telling the
Administration that its policy of meddling with in-
dustry, including price-fixing, was leading to trouble.
Cheir warnings were disregarded, we may say con-
temptuously disregarded. In the course of time, and no
rity long time, the troubles began to manifest themselves.
The attention of Washington was again called to the
disaster that it was inviting. Washington admitted,
however, without any serious appreciation of the im-
pending situation, that there were troubles, but it bland-
ly repeated the formula "We are at war, you know, and
we must expect discomforts and troubles and put up
with them."

"But the Administration should not make troubles
by running counter to the laws of economics and the
principles of common sense," it was pointed out.

"Oh, well," said official Washington, "just think how
nuch worse things would have been if we had not un-
lertaken to regulate them."

Could any kind of argument meet that kind of theory?
There was no effective answer. Such doctrinaires could
earn only by smashing into the obstacles against which
hey were warned. It is, of course, unfortunate that the
passengers in a train have to suffer for the blockheaded-
less of the driver of the locomotive.

However, Dr. Garfield has done the country the great
ervice of furnishing the answer. The coal industry
f the country, regulated by the Fuel Administration,
ould not have arrived in any worse situation than it
id. The worst that could have happened .without a Fuel
administration would have been industries suspended
or lack of coal. We are having that now upon the direct
roposal of the fuel regulator. There is no longer any
worse." Washington can no longer say: "If we had
st things alone they might have been worse."

Will it now see that if it would let things alone thev
ould be better?

The American Society of Civil Engineers enjoyed a
mket to Yaphank last week. American Institute of
ining Engineers will visit Princeton to see aviation in
ebruary. We think that the societies would best stay at
>me in these times and avoid consuming railway service
»r no useful purpose. This idea is respectfully sub-
itted to the war committees of the several societies.

sec the trial instituted In Russia, for we arc disposed to
"'ink thai the Russians arc really pretty good felli
ami we arc sorry to ee harm coming (o them. We
could be a lol more philosophical it we saw Germany
trying the i 01 iali itii expei iment, or 'l urkey,

What is socialism? Socialists, themselves, disagree,
owever, Mr Lenine and Mr. Trotzky, who are trying
socialistic experiment in Russia, seem to have some
ry practical ideas. We mean ideas that they are put-
ig into practice, rather than ideas that will work out
I right. We are inclined to think that they will work
t all wrong. Nevertheless, we should like to see the
cialists have a free hand and make a thoroughly good
ial in some country (not our own). We are sorry to

The most costly and mosl calamitous thing that i

happened t<> the i ,,;- ,i states was the conception
Newton D. Baker and Josephus Daniels of the th»
of running a cheap war. While saving a few millions

at the spigot, they have lost some billion .,1 the I, one
hole. The only thing more costly in the history of the
United States was the failure of the Administration
lour years ago, and three years ago, and two years ago,
to listen to the preaching of the propriety of a policy «.i
preparedness. But the smiling disregard of all ui h
advice by the Administration does not palliate the egre-
gious misconception of Newton D. Baker and Josephus
Daniels when the job of preparing to fight was no longer
theoretical.

• hum TftmnniM

BY THE WAY

i

nmiu iiiiiiinii mm. ,

' """ '"" iiramiiimiiii tmm n mm n r.

There is a practical example of the labor problem cre-
ated by the war, and of its effect on the country's busi-
ness, to be seen by every person who walks through the
main waiting room of the Grand Central Station, says
the New York Times. The exhibit consists of three
service flags, and these flags show that a total of 6525
skilled railroad men— 104 employees of the Grand Cen-
tral Terminal Co., 1445 of the New Haven, and 4976
of the New York Central— are now in var service.
Most of these places have been filled by a man or
woman previously unskilled in railroad work. It is a
good illustration of the "dilution of labor" to meet war
needs, and shows one of the difficulties with which the
railroads are struggling in the assimilation of this
green force — if they have been able even to get green
men or women to fill the vacant places.

James O'Donnell, son of the sod and erstwhile timber-
man at the Ryerson mine, Morenci, depended not on
pure Castilian Spanish to get results from his gang of
Mexicans. Jim's predecessor, well versed in the tongue,
with his, "Oye, arriba, que venga macate abajo," form-
erly gave notice to the men in the raise above that they
were to lower a rope, and orders were usually complied
with. But a Mexican is, after all, an exceptional lin-
guist, as evidenced by his understanding of Jim's inter-
pretation of the above, "Oh yay, oh river. Will yez
vamoose the mc earthy, a-vay-ho."

Owing to the recent shortage of labor in Arizona
mines, many Texas cowpunchers are being given em-
ployment about Bisbee, and the sight of their broad
ranger hats, which they refuse to abandon, is becoming
familiar. One husky Texan was helping a timberman
to hoist timbers for a square set in a raise at the Calu-
met & Arizona. They were standing on the sixth set
when one of the timbers dropped and fell to the level.
"Tex" looked thoughtfully down the raise and after a
few moments remarked, "If I had my rope here by
Gawd, I'd git that log."

•16

ENGINEERING AND MINING .IOURNAL

Vol. 106, Xo. 4

\ Tribute to Allmand A. Blow

v .. stated meeting of the Board of Trustees of the
rado School of Mines hold on Jan. L4, 1918, the Eol
lowing resolutions were adopted by unanimous vote:

Whereas, the opening day of the year 1918 marked the

sing out of Allmand A. Blow, for eight years a useful,
-.<■ and active member of the Hoard of hruBtees
of the Colorado School of Mines; therefore, b9 it

solved, that the Board of Trustees, tlu faculty, and
the student body of the Colorado School of Mines place
upon the records of the institution their marked apprecia
lion of the deceased as a eitisen of liberal education and
wide usefulness, as a mining engineer who added greatly
to the reputation and service of his profession in four
continents, and as a member of the Board of Trustees
wlu.se connection with the Colorado School of Mines was
le prominent by that loyalty and earnestness of con-
viction which brought loyalty and conviction in his col-
ies \s the originator of the great Yak tunnel, in the
Iville district, the name of Allmand A. Blow IS im-
pressed for all time upon the annals of Colorado mining,
while his early publications under the auspices of the Colo-
rado School of Mines prepared the way for the present
importance and value of the zinc-bearing ores in the Rocky
Mountain states; and be it .,..,, ■ *

Resolved that this resolution be included in the minutes
of the Board of Trustees and that a copy of the same be
forwarded to the bereaved family at Knoxville, Tenn. to
whom, in this time of their irreparable loss the sympathy
of the Board of Trustees, of the faculty, and of the student
body of the Colorado School of Mines is hereby extended.

L. Vogelstein & Co. on the Metals

In its annual circular. L. Vogelstein & Co. present in-
teresting views respecting the situation in copper, lead
and zinc. Among the events of 1917 it sees as the most
important :

1. Establishment of maximum prices, as was done here
in the ca3e of copper and other metals.

2 Creation of central purchasing agencies through which
all"' Governmental, and in some cases, all other require-
ments of the respective countries are bought.

3. Increased cost of production.

Nos 1 and 2 were acts of the Government intended to
control and stabilize prices. Xecessarily they interfered
with "he free economic movements of the markets, checked
speculation and restricted trading. No. 3 was due to the
extreme rise in the cost of labor, fuel, lumber machinery,
explosives, transportation and all elements fnterfmf mt°
col of production" Based thereon, we hazard the statement
that, generally speaking, the prices of metals are not high
but. on the contrary, relatively lower than the prices of
most other commodities. ,

The future is, of course, inextricably bound up with the
development of the war and its after-effects, which cannot
be foreseen. We can foresee, however, that a continuance
of the war will further disturb the economic equilibrium
It has been found necessary in Europe to discontinue all
activities not essential to the prosecution of the war, and
unless peace is soon restored we will come to the same
pa s To some extent, at least, the neglected industries
bj their revival will lay the foundations for active business

a£rop2r: Early in 1917 the market was full of future con-
tracts and producers were well sold to the beginning of
\ugust Manufacturers absorbed an unprecedented quan-
tity of copper, and the Allied governments drew from our
suppUes To the extent of their shipping capacity After
we entered the war, and after it became apparent that the
policy of the Administration was to limit prices, and espe-
cTaly after the President's "one price for all" proclamation,
the consuming trade withdrew from the market, and for
several months business was at a standstill Even when
urge™ needs forced a resumption of buying, the movement

was of small proportions and prices would probably have
fallen except for the uncertainties of production. No large
amount of copper could have been sold at the nominal mar-
ket then existing and .ittle was sold.

Negotiations with he Government were carried on for
practically three in .. ths. finally res ilting in the estab-
lishment for the Gove nment, its Allies and domestic con-
sumers ot a fixed maximum price of 23%c. for a period
of four months beginning Sept. 21, li 17.

It was unfortunate that the emergencies of the situation
forced price-fixing at >.his juncture. Had the need been
less imperative, 't might have been possible to devise a
plan which wou'o have considered more carefully the deli-
cate machinery of the copper msrket and the contract
obligations of importers, refincis and smelters; a plan
which would have had due regard to the interests of brass
and copper manufacturers and others who had bought
copper at higher prices, and of those who were uncovered
and forced to curt lil operations owing to lack of supplies.
Due to lack of clavity on these and other poinds, the entire
industry was disorganized and confused, and it was only
after considerable time and by earnest cooperation of all
concerned that ord?r was brought out of chaos and work-
able conditions wee restored. The price of 23%c., while
sufficient for the 1 rge producers, is seriously handicapping
some of the smaller producers, and especially South
American interests. In Chile, for instance, the rate of
exchange has advanced about 75%, correspondingly reduc-
ing the profits of the Chilean producers, *ho are further
handicapped by high freights, and some of the smelters
have been forced to close. Between 20 and 25% of our
refined-copper production is from imports.

As regards consumption, it is safe to assume if the war
continues that the large exports, which in 1917 averaged
about 100,000,000 lb. per month, will be maintained. Also
that the domestic deliveries, which likewise averaged 100,-
000 000 lb. per month, would have been larger had the
copper been available. Taking these facts into considera-
tion and bearing in mind the undoubted larger Unitet
States Government requirements in 1918, we believe thai
the entire production, even if increased as above, will al
be in demand unless the normal industrial consumption o
the country is severely curtai'ed.

Lead: The outstanding features of the statistics are th<
large imports and small exports compared to the last thre
years. The latter are due to smaller exports of domesti
iead and the quantity remaining for home consumption l
correspondingly increased. The normal consumption o
the country is about 400,000 tons per annum, but in 191
due to the war, high prices and other causes, it is estimate
this consumption, at least in certain important lines, wa
materially reduced. Between this smaller consumption o
the one hand and the apparent larger amount availabl
supplies should be more than ample to meet all needs-
Governmental and private. Nevertheless, the market giy.
no indication of accumulated stocks. The explanatic
probably lies in large ammunition shipments containn
lead not included in custom-house returns. In other word
that exports of lead were larger than appear in the stati
tics However, unless the United States and the Alh<
governments require for war purposes much larger qua
titles than heretofore, the output is apparently sufficiei
and market regulation may safely be left to the law
supply and demand. Except for excessive estimates
Government requirements the erratic price fluctuations
the last vear would probably not have been witnessed. I
the present basis of costs, current prices of lead i
reasonable. , .

Zinc: Undoubtedly overproduction has been corrected!
we can count upon the 1916-17 deliveries. So far as t
country is concerned, we rather think the 1918 consumpt:
will be as good or better than 1917, but whether or i
the large exports of the last two years will be mainUii
is a question. During 1917 they showed a tendency o
diminish (124,000 tons for the first six months and 1 80,'«
for the second six months). However, if « ^tima I
herein, there is momentarily a discrepancy of 100,000 t
between production and consumption, there is considers*
room for decreased exports, and yet the situation shod

.January L'ti, 1918

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

211

slowly right itself to tlu> point when the Industry must
bt speeded up. This necessarily implies higher prices, for

it is notorious that zinc smelting of late has been unproAt
able; hence the reduced output. The capacity is there, and
there is plenty of ore. It is only a matter of price. Our
remarks as to the relative cheapness of nil metals are
particularly true in the case of spelter.

to get on with it. When the war ends, there will be
a reaction toward independence from control which
may carry us too far in the opposite direction."

Foster Holds Up Mineral-Control Bill

Washington Correspondence

Such protests against the proposed mineral-control
bill have reached Representative Foster, chairman of
the committee on mines and mining of the House, that
he has decided to hold up the introduction of the bill
until he has an opporunity to analyze the objections.

"I am satisfied," said Mr. Foster, "that there are no
citizens of the country more patriotic than are the
miners. If they can be shown that the mineral-control
bill will make it easier to win the war, I know they will
favor it. Protests that are being received indicate that
the efficiency sought can be accomplished in some better
ways. The committee on mines and mining is more than
anxious to receive suggestions of such a nature."

Copper and Zinc Men Confer

Washington Correspondence

Conferences were held in Washington on Jan. 17 be-
tween producers of copper and zinc and members of the
War Industries Board. Matters of price were the prin-
cipal subjects discussed at each conference, but no
definite announcements were made at the meetings. At
the offices of the War Industries Board, it was said that
a statement in regard to copper prices will be forth-
coming soon. The belief is generally held that the pres-
ent price for copper will be continued during the first
quarter. An agreement as to maximum prices for the
better grades of spelter is anticipated.

Will State Socialism Remain?

Will the belligerent states be able after the war to
shake off the government control of industry which
'las been introduced for war purposes? The London
Economist expresses a definite opinion. "In the minds
ooth of employers and workmen of all classes," the
Economist believes, "is growing up a profound dislike
if all government interference, and a not less profound
letermination to get quit of it at the first opportunity.
The old demand of Socialist orators that the govern-
nent should nationalize this, that, and the other is
noribund, if not dead. What all classes now want,
ind want so badly that their hearts ache for it, is to
:omplete the war in a manner satisfactory to the Allies,
tnd to get rid of the government control of industry.

"Both employers and workmen want to try a new
ystem of self-government, and to evolve a method of
vorking which will give to all producers a harmony
if interest. Nothing has so greatly stimulated this
ommon desire for cooperation as the experience of
vorking under government control during the last two
ears, and specially during the last year, when depart-
nents, commissions, and committees have multiplied
o frightfully for the confounding of honest, unhappy
nen who understand their work and want to be allowed

Back Up the Mining Regiment

Why wait for George to do it? Why hesitate to join
the Comfort Club for the 127th Engineers? Yield to the
impulse now, lest you regret your inactivity later. Men
of action are needed today — action in giving, working
and fighting. A dollar save^l may be a dollar earned,
but the dollars you spend on the 27th Engineers will
bring you greater satisfaction. Fall in line and send in
your check drawn to the order of the Engineering mi I
Mining Journal. Follow the lead of the contributors
listed below.

Engineering and Mining Journal"

New York Engineering < '<>

\ Friend, Nov. 23

II II

1 1 E Charlton

II W. Ilardinge

Prank N. Spencer

W. L i !oursen

J H. Polhemus

J H Janeway

Albert D. Beers

J. E. Hayes

J. A. Van Mater

L. Vogelstein & Co

"» 'uprite"

R. H. Bassett (Hanna I ire Mining Co.)

A Friend, I lee 10

P. A. Mosman

American Zinc. Lead anil Smelting < 'o

J. G. H

Daniel Guggenheim ■.

A H. H

W'illard S. Morse

August Heckscher

Anaconda Copper Mining i lo

F. W. Bradley

Charles Le Vasseur

A Friend. Dec. 13

Freeland Jewett

Herman A. Wagner

Francis P. Sinn

R. C. Gosrow

I' C Jacklmg

•V"

.1. H. Brickenstein

E. E. Xorthrup

Rogers. Mayer & Ball

Denver Technical Staff. American Metal Co., Ltd

A Friend. Jan. 9

E B. Coolidge

J. V X. Dorr

Pope Yeatman

W H Aldridge

C. E. Hart

Robert I. Kerr

Engineers of Washoe Smeltery, Anaconda Copper Mining

Company

Harry C. Graham

Total $5595.00

For the second time Anaconda's name appears. Fol-
lowing the example set by the corrpany, the engineers
at the Washoe smeltery have combined to send the Fund
a liberal contribution. This is a lawful combination and
one that gives pleasure to all around, from Montana to
Camp Meade. At the latter place, in Maryland, about
400 recruits to the Twenty-Seventh are now in train-
ing. One company has been formally organized and is
progressing splendidly with its work. Two additional
companies of 250 men each have been authorized by the
War Department. Selection of officers will be made by
the Chief of Engineers, U. S. A. Major O. B. Perry,
who has been active in the work of forming the regi-
ment, will soon leave Washington to join the men at
Camp Meade.

The enthusiasm with which the regiment is being
formed must be maintained. It is up to us — to you — to
maintain it. A regiment without enthusiasm is a regi-
ment half defeated. So let us do our part, just as those
in the Twenty-Seventh are doing theirs. Back up the
mining regiment!

Jingo. mi

1 1

!

5.00

r. 00

5 »ii

r, mi

5.00

I

1

io.ou

25.00

10 in.

111. III.

10.00

10.00

.", Illl

Hill Illl

5. IIP

21

100.00

toot

Kill (III

5.(10

: ii

111.(10

5.00

10.00

5.00

1 i"

10.00

5.00

5.00

30.00

li. ii. in.

in m.

200.00

50 00

'

5.00

205.00

25.00

•J IS

ENGINEERING AND M1X1NV. JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 4

Personals

Have >..u lolaed ilir Comfort club for
lh • .'llli I iiKiiitrr.?

i.r.ircr i'. Bhaw has I'.-.'n elected a di-
!■ of tlu- crucible Steel Company.

I M Knl.b Is now ll

at vtctoi Colo
Aatfcaaj Jenaln. • ei gtneer of the

ed the stall
of th< S .lion.

j.i-n.ii it. rj mil, mining

i the Murchlson

of the Brltlsl lety

x \ ii:.».iin will shortly reopen his New

York office having closed down the Great

I Mine, of Maryland, due to economic

condit

.. it t mi. .u. director of tin- Nevada

Smelting Co of Missouri, is a lieutenant in
Battery P. ISOth Artillery, and stationed at
Fort Sill. Oklah

Sam I.. laderson, of Butte Moi I

unci as licensing officer for Silver
County to enforce the provisions ol

the Explosives Act

Hugh K. \an \\ugenen is at Tonopah.
Nev . where he la engaged on the sun be-
tween the White Caps and the Manhattan
Morning Glory mining companies

K. >t. Edwards, of Boston, is making a
short visit !•• the properties of the Frank-
lin and other mining companies in northern
Michigan, of which he is president.

Wheeler o. North, mill superintendent of
the I'nited Eastern Mining t'o . Oatman.
Ariz . has been appointed assistant to the
general superintendent. J. A. Burgess.

Herbert C. Hoover. U. S. Food Adminis-
trator, has been awarded the gold medal
of the National Institute of Social Sciences
for services for the benefit of mankind.

Hondas Muir has completed the design
and construction of the cyanide mill for
evada Austin Mines Co., Austin. Nev.,
and severed connection with the company

Henrv Joseph, of Montreal has been
elected a director of the Consolidated Min-
ing and Smelting Co in place of William
Farwell. of Sherbrooke. Que., who retires.

L. C. Glenn has been appointed acting
state geologist of Tennessee by the State
Geological Commission to fill the vacancy
caused bj the death of In- A H. Purdue.

W. A. Deanr. formerly mill superintend-
ent for the Howie Mining Co., Waxhaw, X.
C, has been appointed superintendent of
Xicholos Zinc Co.. Summitville, X. V

I s. Dickinson, lately in charge of ex-
ploration work in Oklahoma and Kansas for
the American Zinc. Lead and Smelting Co.,
has resigned to accept a position with With-
crbee. Sherman A: Co., Mlneville, X Y.

\. B. Wells, in charge of the U. S. Bu-
reau of Mines experiment station at Salt
Lake City, will give the War Industries
Board the benefit of his experience on
matters pertaining to sulphuric acid, in
■h subject he has specialized.

Jim>. Douglas, chancellor of Queen's
University, Kingston, i int.. has renew, .i his

offer to give $5»". to the> University if

a like amount is raised by the trustees.
A prominent official has offered to sub-
scribe $50,000 of the sum required to se-
sure the gift

Kuniel (.. Mi I.a< blan. for many years
with the Exploration Co., Ltd., in Mexico.
is superintendent of the Armstead Mines
Inc.. operating at Talache, Ida., on Lake
Pend D'Oreille. His last position with the
ition Co was 'hat of superintendent
at Whitewater Deep in Canada.

F. W. Traphagen has been appointed pro-
irgv at the South Dakota
From I '10. he

tallurgy and assaying
Colorado School of Mines, and re-
cently general manager of the Colorado
Metal Mining and Reduction Co.. at George-
town. Colorado.

Prof. A. v. Talb.it. of tie- University of
Illinois, has been elected president of the
American Society of civil Englneei

graduated from the University of Illi-
nois in 18X1 and has been a member of the
institution's faculty since 1Sh| Sire
he has been head of the department of
municipal and sanitary engineering and in
charge of instruction in theoretical and ap-
plied mechanics. Important research work
has been directed by him in engineering
materials, reinforced concrete, hydraulics,
water-works and sewerage. As a consult-

1
% large ent uch as

.a- . \v i \ . the i Chicago I ' 1 1 X
onerous water works and sew-
age purification problems lie is a past
president of the Societj for the Promotloi
of Engineering Education ami a past pres-
of the American Soi resting

,1s lie has received the honorary
of Doctor "i Science from the Unl-
i 'ennsylvanla and I >octor oi En
glneerlng from the University ,.i Michigan
Me is tile author of numerous books and
publications Including Rallwaj Transition

Spiral.'' which hi \l,nsi\oly used

as a text 1 k

in. •■■

New Patents

I

> i i • iik ■

Societies

Coming Meetings
American Concrete

Institute Boston Feb. 7- 9

American Institute
of Mining Engi-
neers New York . . Feb 18-21

Minnesota Civil and Mining Knglneers
i.l their state convention on Feb jl-
23 at Duluth.

Newark Museum Association and the

.Newark Free Public Library, of Newark,
\ .1 , nut; aii exhibition of about

1 trade journals in the Library art gal-
lery The exhibit opened on Jan. 13 and
will close on Feb. 13, The museum makes
a specialty of industrial exhibits

New York Sections of the American In-
stitute of Mining Engineers and the Amer-
ican Electrochemical Society held a
joint meeting at the Machinery Club. New
York, on Jan. 24 at 8 p.m. Allerton S.
Cushman, Alfred II Cowles and other au-
thorities on various phases of the potash
industry addressed the members. The
potash resources of the United States, in
kelp, silicate rocks, cement-kiln and blast-
furnace dust, were presented and discussed.
The meeting was preceded by the usual in-
formal dinner.

Montana section, American Institute of
Mining Engineers will hold its fifth annual
meeting at the Silver Bow Club in Butte
on Feb 1 Annual reports will be read
and officers elected for the ensuing year.
At the technical session, the following pa-
lters will be presented: "A Comparison of
the Contact Deposits of Vancouver and Ad-
jacent Islands. British Columbia, with those
of Arizona." by C. H. Clapp ; "Efficiency
and Design of Hydraulic Classifiers. " by
C. D. Demond; "Some Notes on Shaft Sink-
ing." by F W Bacorn. At the Xovember
meeting written discussion, to be presented
at the February meeting, was asked for on
the following papers: "Fire Proofing of
Mine Shafts by Anaconda Copper Mining
Co." by E M. Norris : "Mine Fire Ex-
tinction by Hydraulic Filling." by < V L
Berrien and C. E. Nighman. Such discus-
sion, if presented, will be given a place o>
the program

Industrial News

Driver-Harris Co., Harrison. N. J., have
announced that they are now prepared to
supply 999! cold-rolled pure nickel sheets.

Paul Wright has resigned as sales engi-
neer of the American Cast Iron Pipe Co.
to become assistant chief engineer of the
Fairfield works of the Tennessee Coal, Iron
and Railroad Company.

Hyatt Roller Hearing Co., Newark. X*. J..

announces the appointment of P. C. Gunion
as advertising manager of the industrial
bearings division of the company. Mr Gun-
ion had been manager of the Pittsburgh
office, just previous to his recent ap-
pointment.

Kails, Locomotives, Cars, Cranes, Steam

shovels, etc. Walter a Zelnicker Supply
Co.. St. Louis. Mo. Bulletin .No. 230. Pp
CI ; 3J x 8J inches, illustrated.

"Hydro" (.us Meters, Bacharach Indus-
trial Instrument Co., Pittsburgh. Penn.
Catalog E. Pp. 12: 6] x 9} in.: illustrated.
Ion of meters intended for use
wherever gas is consumed or produced as
at blast furnaces, byproduct coke ovens,
gas works and producer gas plants. The
booklet also reviews the various methods
employed for measuring gases.

liiimiiiiiiiiiitiiiiiii i mini iiiiiiiiiiini inn mi

United States patent specifications listec
In low may be obtained from "The Engl.
neerlng and Mining Journal" at 2Bc each
British patents are supplied at 10c each.

Aluminum— Process for Purifying Alunn
i .oi i ires. Earths. Clavs. and Sand Fran.
Langford, Eureka. Calif. (U. S. No. 1,261,
i, 1917 I

Belting — Hell -Fastener. Oliver (
Brooks, Baltimore. Mil., assignor to Inter
national Conveyer Corporation, New York
X Y (U S No. 1.250.958; Dec. 25, 1917)

Helling Method and Means for Measui
Ing Belts under Tension. Carl C. Barth
Philadelphia, Penn. and Frederick (3yer
Stabok. Norway (U. S. No. 1,250,943 "
25, 1917 )

Chuck. Alexander P. Morrow, Elmiro
N Y assignor to E. llorton & Son Co
Windsor Locks, Conn. (U. S. No. 1,251,558
Jan. 1, 191S.)

Classifier Shin. Separator and Cla
Jacob .1 Hemes and Pan O. Gentes, Miain
OKI.. (U S No. 1.251,500; Jan. 1, 1918.

Coal Process for Producing, Liquid o
Soluble Organic Combinations from Har
Coal and the Like. Friedrich Bergius an
John Blllwlller, Hanover, Germany. (U. J
No. 1.251.954: Jan. 1. 1918.)

Compressed Air — Compressed Air Pow<
Plant. Seward S. Vernon. Paterson. N. .
(U. S. No. 1.251.849; Jan. 1, 1918.)

Dolomite — Furnace-Lining Material an
the Process of Producing Same. Fred J
Jones. Lakewood, Ohio. (U. S. No. 1,251
535 ; Jan. 1, 1918.)

Hrill-Kigging. Moses Griffith. Florenc
Colo., assignor of forty-nine and one-ha
one-hundredths to Philip Griffith, Florenc
Colo. (U. S. 1.251.220; Dec. 25. 1917)

Furnace — Chill for Open Hearth Fu
naces. Luther L. Knox. Avalon, Penn.. a:
signor to Blaw-Knox Company. Pittsburg
Penn. (U. S. Xo. 1.251.787; Jan. 1. 1918

Gas-Producer. Charles W. Lummis ai
George H. Isley, Worcester, Mass., assigi
ors to Morgan Construction Co.. Worceste
Mass (U. S. Xo. 1.251,064; Dec. 25, 1917

Gas-Producer. Jerome R. George. Wo
cester. Mass., assignor to Morgan Constru.
tion Co., Worcester. Mass. (U. S. No. 1
251.011 ; Dec. 25, 1917.)

Hoist — Operating Mechanism for Hoistit
Apparatus. Harry Sawyer. Muskego
Mich., assignor to Shaw Electric Crane <'•
Muskegon. Mich. (U. S. Xo 1.251.28:
Dec. 25. 1917.)

Hoisting . — Detaching-Hook. Chart
Hunt. Xew Y'ork. X. Y'. (U. S. No. 1.251
531 : Jan. 1, 1918.)

Kiln — Tunnel-Kiln. John B Owens, M
tuchen. X. J. (U. S. No. 1.251,273; D.
25, 1917.)

Mine Water — Method of Treating Wat
Containing Sulphuric Acid and Iron Sail
William Metcalf Parkin. Pittsburgh. Pen
(U. S. Xo 1251.504: Jan. 1, 1918.)

Nickel-Copper — Process of Electrolytic!
ly Separating Xickel from Copper. Geor
A. Guess, Oakville. Ontario. Canada. (U.
No 1.251,511 ; Jan. 1. 1918.)

Ore Treatment — Process of Treating Si
fide Ores of Lead. Robert De Luce. Oa
land, Calif. (U. S. No. 1,251,485; Jan.
1918.)

Phosphate — Process of Treating Phi
phate Materials. Henry Blumenberg. J
Los Angeles. Calif., assignor, by direct a
mesne assignments, to Carroll Allen. L
Angeles. Calif. (U. S. Xos. 1.251,741; 1,25
742 : Jan. 1, 1918.)

Piping — Pipe Joint. John A. McCulloi
McKeesport. Penn.. assignor to Xatioi
Tube Co., Pittsburgh. Penn. (U. S. Xo.
251.901 ; Jan. 1. 1918.)

Sfeel — Casting Steel Ingots. Herbi
Henry Ashdown. Xewcastle-upon-Tyi
England, assignor to Sir W G. Armstroi
Whit worth and Co.. Ltd.. Xewcastle-upc
Tvne. England I U, S. Xo. 1.251.951 ; J:
1, 1918.)

Wiring — Transmission-Line Connect
Robert A. Becker. Poughkeepsie. X
signor to Charles Tremain. Poughkeeps
X. Y (U. S No. 1.251,464; Jan. 1, 1918

Miner's . Lump — Reflector. Wilbur
Cochrane. Sea Cliff. N. Y. (U. S. No.
251.477 ; Jan. 1, 1918.)

Wire Rope — Wire Rope Clamp. Clyde
Wright, Toledo, Ohio, assignor to the ^
tional Supply Co.. Toledo. Ohio. (U.
Xo. 1.251,723; Jan. 1, 1918.)

Wrench. Wallace A. Steinmetz. Thurst
Ohio. (U. S. No 1.251.934: Jan. 1, 1918.'

Januarj 26, 1918

ENGINEERING AND MINING J0URNA1

219

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Editorial Correspondence

>\N FRANCISCO — Inn. 1 -

i.. n.. ml Petrol i Announces Sal* ol

lands in large tracts in h'resno County, the
proceeds to be placed in a sinking fund to be
.. retire the reniaindei ■■! first-mort-
honds. and after tbese bonds an n
tired the remainder of the proceeds will be
jevoted to the retirement ol bonds ol the
ne company The Coalinga lands that
have been sold are remote from the pipe-
,,,,. facilities These payments will re-
tire me. Miie of the corporation from
innnal Interest charges amounting to $54.-
.,i,i on General Petroleum Corporation
loads and payment to the sinking fund .if
1150,000 per annum, and later of interest
nents on the bonded indebtedness
.f the General Pipe Line Co. to such ex-
'eni as these bonds may be retired.

Mining Statistics for 1916, for California.
Ing to Charles G Yale, of the U. S.
leological Survey, show 589 properties re-
porting production . 297 are deep mines and
ire placers Classified by metallic
product, cold was produced by 204 prop-
rties copper, 60; silver and silver-lead,
id. 11. zinc, three Hydraulic plac-
■rs numbered 87: surface placers, 78: drift
placers. 67 ; dredges operating. 60. There
decrease of 33 gold mines, as com-
pared with the year 1915, increase of 17
oopper producers, decrease of 10 silver
producers and an increase of 15 in silver-
lead producers , zinc mines decreased,
three The decrease in producing deep
nines totaled '24 The deep mines in 1916
produced 620,897 fine oz gold, or 60%
if the total ; the placer mines and dredges,
114.847 40. or 40r; In 1915. the ratio

ivas deep mines. 62'; : placers. 38^r. The
lecrease in deep mines was largely due to
labor strikes. Comparing 28 counties pro-
! gold in 1916. the report says: Seven
i-ielded no placer gold and four yielded no
cold from deeti mines. Six counties pro-
duced more than $1,000,000 each in gold
in 1916 as follows: Nevada, $3,669,878;
Amador. $3,660,550 ; Yuba, $3,167,723 ; Sac-
ramento. $1,833,855. and Butte. $1,257,231.
The leading hydraulic-mining county was
Trinity ; the greatest producer of gold from
drift mines was Placer ; the largest pro-
ducer of gold from dredges was Yuba ; and
the largest producer from surface or sluic-
ing mines was El Dorado The largest in-
crease ($464,013), in total yield of gold in
1916 as compared with 1915 was in Yuba,
which was followed by Nevada with $203.-
156 Mono with $129,782. Mariposa with
$16,141. Siskiyou with $14,591 Placer with
$14,081. Stanislaus. Imperial and Humboldt
with smaller amounts. Most of the coun-
ties showed a decreased yield of gold for
1916. as Sacramento. $297,958; Butte. $288.-
745: Kern. $236,277; Amador. $233,575;
Tuolumne. $189,866; Invo. $186,183; Shasta,
$183,963; San Bernardino. $137,154; -EI
Dorado. $39,467 ; Calaveras. $35,014 ; Plu-
mas, $34,055; Trinity. Modoc. Fresno,
Rirerside, Sierra, San Diego. Madera. Lake,
and Del Norte with smaller amounts.
Bt'TTK, MONT. — Jan. 10

R'eoort of slate Accident Board, which
esvers a period of 30 months, states that
!t>.046 employers are under the act. with
70,000 employees. There has been paid out
in compensation and medical fees $1,170,121.
'vhich. with estimated pending claims,
makes a total liability to date of $1,300.-
690. Total accidents to date. 17.757, of
which 505 were fatal In more than 16.-
000 cases passed on by the board, no ap-
peals have been taken from rulings made.
The net administration expenditure for the
last 30 months was $58,799.

Anaconda's Copper Rod and Wire Plant
at Great Falls is making preparations for
the installation of machinery. The plant
will be ready for operation about the first
of May unless something unforeseen occurs.
The weather, so far. has been favorable
for the outdoor work It was expected that
the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul R.R .
along with other railway systems, would
require a large amount of wire and rods
in connection with electrification ; but since
the Government has taken over all the rail-
roads of the country there is a doubt
whether there will be much more electrifi-
cation until after the war.

. Second Largest Holder of Mineral Rights
th Bu5.te is Louis Kaufman, with his
three hundred acres of mineral ground.

! '.-..it corn ej Ina * ol mlnei al i

Nos. 7M and (16. known as the Valli

• lit 1. hi, I., cltj oi i -.in i. 1 1 .no Jos. pli I : , ■

i '.i to Kaut in. i ii. n as filed D<

i 91 7. ' ii untj ' lei i offli • Bj

deed, Mi: h \ ESdwards conveys to Kauf-
man a sixth Interest In mineral rights nu-
ll, i Lennox addition to cltj oi Butte In
addition Mr Kaufman admits having pur-
chased mineral rights to 16 acres of the
Blake Placer and B0 acres of Silver Bow
lark addition This gives him mineral
rights in almost 300 acres within tin cltj
of Butte, win. h Is next to Anaconda in
> i , held.

DENVER — Jan, LI
Shipments from San .Miguel County in
I'.'lT, consisting of mis and concentrates.
amounted to 1835 cars of about 25 tons

• .,, Ii divided as follows: From Telluride.
1600 cars of gold, silver, lead and copper
concentrates and crude ore; from Placer-
ville. 36 cars of vanadium ore and con-
centrates, ss cars of carnotite ore. five cars
of copper ore, and two cars of manganese
ore; from Ophlr, 104 cars of crude ore
and concentrates About $2,000,000 in gold
bullion was shipped out by express.

Production from Clear Creek County in
1917 amounted to about 20% more than
in 1916. The total value was $1,404,859.
Total weight of concentrates produced
amounted to 50.915 tons In 1917, the Argo
Reduction and Ore Purchasing Co bought
24.461 tons of material, valued at {475,433
The sampler at Idaho Springs purchased
11.701 tons, for which it paid $293,600. The
Georgetown sampler received 12.701 tons,
valued at $561,545 About 1052 tons were
shipped from Georgetown. Idaho Springs.
Lawson, Dumont and Empire direct to
smelters. The value of this product was
about $65,000. The value of bullion pro-
duced was about $9281.

Tungsten Production of Boulder County
in 1917 was about 1230 tons of metal. This
is equivalent to about 2050 tons of 60%
concentrates, the production of which is
credited to the various producing companies
as follows: Primos Chemical Co., 650
tons concentrate ; Wolfe Tongue Mining Co.,
400 tons: Boulder Tungsten Production Co.,
350 tons ; Vasco Mining and Milling Co.,
400 tons : and miscellaneous smaller pro-
ducers. 250 tons. The total value of this
product is estimated at $2,460,000. The best
year for tungsten was 1916. during which
the total production was 1411 tons of metal,
valued at about $5,358,000. During the last
11 years the production has amounted to
10.592 tons of tungsten metal, valued at
about $12,481,500. While most of this pro-
duction came from within a few hundred
feet of the surface, small orebodies have
been found as deep as 1500 ft. below the
surface, notably in the Conger mine. Dur-
ing the last year the milling capacity of
the district has been increased and the
equipment has been improved, so that while
the saving in some of the early plants was
about 65%, it is now frequently as high as
85 to 90%, thus permitting the treatment of
lower-grade ores.

Colorado Metal Mining Association will
hold its fifth annual meeting in the Assem-
bly Chamber. State Capitol. Denver, on Jan.
22. 23 and 24. 1918. for the purpose of
electing directors from the various metal-
mining counties of the state and transact-
ing such other business as may properly
come before the meeting. Among the ques-
tions to be considered for a definite plan
of action are the following: Consideration
of report of Smelter and Ore Sales Inves-
tigation Committee ; plans for effective and
concerted action of Colorado mining men on
all matters arising from war conditions
and to protect the industry from ill-con-
sidered and restrictive regulation : consid-
eration of proposed "Blue Sky" legislation ;
plans for united action on the part of mine
operators to secure lower rates for compen-
sation insurance ; consideration of plans to
alleviate the acute labor shortage by cur-
tailment of non-essential business, the sus-
pension of work on public improvements and
private enterprises not necessary for the
production of materials essential to the suc-
cessful prosecution of the war ; to consider
plans for closer cooperation of all mining
organizations of the metal-mining states.
Each metalliferous mining county In the
state will hold a convention and send dele-
gates to the annual meeting. The State

1 " .try of

t in- State Bureau of Mini 1 1" prej "i< ni ol
the Stal

gist, the chlel I the i ' S

Bun and the chief l

Hi. i S ' ;• "i'ii' ,' a i Sun ■ ■ ar< deli -
i large George M Taylor is presi-
dent, and M B Tombltn Is secretary of
the State 1 Delation

WALLACE, IDAHO — Ian. II
favorable Revision of Smelting Con-
tract, under which the Success .Mining Co.,
1 .1 il . has shipped its zinc ore. tie

product of the mine, Is to be requested bj

Franklin I'lirmaii, president of the company,

wiin has gun., to Cleveland to confer with
the Grasselli Chemical Co. Mi Pflrman was
recently elected president, after a long fight
to wrest control from the Gearon interest
and With his success comes the dillicult
problem of placing the property on a paying
basis It has been running at a loss for
about a year and a half, and an examina-
tion of the mine by the new management
Indicates thai the outlook for dividends Is
not encouraging under the terms of the ex-
isting contract It is understood that Mr
Pfirman went to Cleveland upon the request
of the Grasselli company, from which it is
inferred that the smelters are disposed to
make substantial modifications of the con-
tract While the report of the engineer
who examined the mine for the new man-
agement has not been made public, it is
learned from reliable sources that he found
little ore in sight and that the future of
the mine depends uixm the development of
new orebodies That these will be found
is believed probable.

Dredge Operations on Prichard Creek
in 1917 by the Yukon Gold Co. may be
followed by the installation of two more
dredges on the tract. While this informa-
tion is not officially confirmed, it has been
persistently stated since the success of the
first dredge has been demonstrated. Fur-
ther light is thrown on the subject by the
"Citizen." a newspaper published in Fair-
banks, Alaska. That paper states that the
Yukon Gold Co. has completed dredging
Klondike and Eldorado Creeks from end to
end ; that these operations take away all
the best ground, and that "the once rich
dirt is exhausted, or practically so." Con-
tinuing, the "Citizen" says: "Crews are
now engaged in knocking down two of the
largest dredges and they will be hauled in
during the winter, so they can be loaded and
shipped to the outside on one of the first
boats out in the Spring. While it is not
known where they will be sent, it is thought
likely that they may be taken to Murray.
Idaho, where one of the company's dredges
was shipped last June, and which has just
been installed and is now working." The
Yukon Gold Co. has a large tract on Prich-
ard Creek, 14 miles in length, which is
sufficient to keep three dredges running
several years. It is also stated that the
company is negotiating for a large contigu-
ous tract on Eagle Creek.

IIOl'tiHTOX. MICH.-

lan. 12

Continuation of Wage Boons as of effect
since June, 1917. is the announcement
made by first vice president James
MacNaughton. of the Calumet & Hecla
Mining Co.. and will apply equally to the
employers of the Id subsidiaries, the Os-
ceola, La Salle. Isle Royale. Ahmeek, Al-
lcuez. Centennial. Superior. White Pine.
Lake Superior Smelting and Lake Milling.
Smelting and Refining companies, including
all the auxiliary operations. The present
schedule provides a bonus consisting of 50c.
per day plus 10 <~, of the wages. The dis-
trict mining companies employ about 12.-
000 men. and the Calumet & Hecla employs
about half this number.

The Copper Country of Michigan has, for
the first time in 18 years, been shut off
from the outside world as far as railway
service is concerned. Climatic conditions
here are not unusual, although December
and January thus far have been a little
colder than usual and the snowfall has been
greater than any in past records of the
Government office. This, however, is the
first time that trains have not come in
fi'om Chicago or Detroit and that none has
departed. Despite these unusual conditions,
despite the enormity of the snowfall, not
a stamp mill has shut down. Local rail-
way service is regular, and every mine is

ENGINEERING ANl> MINING- JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 4

ring its mllla with plant] ot copper
orr for concentration Local railways are
sccuato andltng unusual conditions

m. I shaft Bide tracks
well »ihti .ill the Urn* So th.it copper la
luced during Januar) at a
hotter rat.- than in any month for three

-l PI KlilK. « IS. — J«n. II
t.rr»I Northern Kailroad Ore DOCkl

v be substantially

lmprc>ed In tl ectlon the placing

to re-

|„e It - "ii Pock No .'• has

nunced With the completion of the

i Superior, the Northern Pacific

>ill he In position to double the ton-

a handled over us lines

Ing carried through In

f the pron sed outputs from

the Cuyuna range At least four new mines

ship ore over this road next season

The t I" the luiluth. Hlssabe .V;

Northern R R at luihith will be enhanced

when half of Its new .look goes Into opera.-

u-r.

loll IN. MO,

Inn. IS

Law to Diminish Hoiatlng Accident*

Iked of In this held, as a re-
sult of several accidents of this nature
lately. At the Mahutska mine, near Pi, her.
four men were dropped 800 ft and killed
when the hrake refused to work, and at
-Granby mine four men were
■ 1 in the same manner, hut were
miraculously saved from death by an oak
platform at" the bottom of the shaft, whieh
broke their fall. It is proposed that holst-
, mien be required to do all hoisting and
lowering of men with steam, with the hoist
_• in mesh
Another Production Kcrord for the Jop-
strict was broken by the
t-ilden Rod Mining and Smelting ("o at
mill near Picher, when -124 22
were produced for the
week ended Jan 11. The mine has been
a record-breaker from the start, the first

week it wa.- operated producing ovei 300

■.ens of concentrates, and Tuesday of the
last week It hroke the record for one 12-
hr shift, when it produced in that time

tons of rine and lead concentrates.
The crude-ore for the record week just
closed gave an average of 31.859 concen-
trates recovered, and the output consisted
S3 tons "i line and si tons of lead
concentrate The Qolden Rod mine was
orlginall) owned by the Nichols-Williams

.',. Which Was interested ill this field by

the late h J Cantrele The No l mine,
Which lies to the south of the No I. and
is proving almost as rich a property, at Brsl

had a long tight with water and was con-
sidered by mam mining men here as likely

i., cost more th.m it could possibly tie worth.
!■' C Wallower, of Jbplln, formerly Inter-
ested in the Cumberland mines in the Webb
Clty-Cartervllle field, is manager of the
Golden Rod companj

PHOENIX, Xltl/.. — Inn. 1"
The \riinna Power Co. now has under
construction a power line to the de Soto
camp, in Yavapai County The line will
the Wlldflower, War-Eagle. Gladia-
tor, Swastika, Spring Qreen, Lincoln, Gold
Kim.-. Nelson. Crown King and other camps
of the Bradshaw section A successful sep-
aration of a complex ore has been made by
the Bradshaw Development Co and lias
i in renewed interest and activities

in this district A new road is being built
Hooper to Crown King, and when com-
pleted «iii greatly facilitate operations in
that district

The New Smeltery at Mayer is expected
to be put in blast at a not far distant date
as all the machinery has been installed
It is the company's intention to treat cus-
tom as well as company ores. The Big
Ledge Co has reopened its mines the But-
ter Nut and the Henrietta Rumors con-
cerning a hig strike at the property of the
Jerome Copper Co were denied by the
company, although it was admitted that
tions Of ore were improving. The
Shipp mine in the Aquarius .Mountains is
ened.

TOKONTO — J»n. It
Free Export of Molybdenum and tung-
sten ores, concentrates, alloys and Chemi-
cal salts, to approved consignees m the
United States and France, has been granted
by the Canadian government. Kxporters
must obtain a license from the Commis-
sioner of Customs, Ottawa, previous to
shipment, and from the Bureau of Imports,
Washington. 1 >. C , for imports to the United
States The embargo placed on these metals
had the effect of discouraging efforts for
their production by virtually confining the
market to purchases on account of the
British government, at fixed prices, which
were a good deal lower than those Obtain-
able in the open market. The removal of
the restriction is expected to revive inter
est in the extensive molybdenum deposits
of northern Ontario and northern Quebec,
the latter of which are readily accessible
by the Transcontinental Railway.

Consolidated Mining and Smelting Co. of

Canada. Ltd.. at Trail. B. C, reports op-
erations for the year ended Sept 30. ljfl
The principal feature of the year was the
production of lO.nnn tons of pure zinc,
valued at $3.flon.ooO. The production of
refined lead was increased by 2000 tons to
a total of 22.000 tons and the output of
sulphuric acid doubled. The total value of
the metals produced was $1:1.020.127. as
against $7,892,649 in 1916 and $0,898,744 In
1915. The financial statement shows that
after writing off $1,028,129 for deprecia-
tion and equipment and develnj -nt c,t

properties, the net profit was $1,076,828,
as against $996,496 in 1916, whieh. after
the payment of $995,012 in dividends, left
a surplus of $81,816. The total amount at
the credit of profit and loss was $2,360,274
.1 J Warren, managing director, states
that a daily production of over 60 tons of
pure zinc was reached during the year and
that an extraction of over 91V; was made
from certain classes of ore. Since the
process has been standardized every ef-
fort is being made to reduce costs, and a
concentrating mill with a capacity of 400
tons per day is being operated to treal
the Sullivan zinc ores.

iiiiiiiiiiiiiiinii i iiiiiiiiiiiiiiin mum minimi mum i miinininininininiimniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimiiniininiiniiiiiiiiiiinniiiiii!:

The Mining News

imiiiiiiiiininiiminiiiimimiiniiiiiiinmiiiiiiMiiiiiiiii i mn inn inn minimi muni niiiniiiimi niiiini i niinininiinininiinmininiiiiinininiiiiiniinininiimiiniiiiiiiiinniiiniiiiiiiiiniiiiifi

\I \lt\M \

NORS STEEL CO (Birmingham) —

■ rated with authorized capital of

I larters will be In Birming-

■ ; W Connors, president; W M

president and treasurer, and S

S Paul, secretary and sales man

TENNESSEE COAL, IRON AND RAIL-
ROAD CO (Birmingham) — The Little Belle
furnace, at Bessemer, which has been un-
dergoing repairs for some time, is now
- i into blast This furnace will
make ferromanganese and the hot metal
will be shipped in ladles direct to the Ens-
ley works

AKl/.iiN \
i.ihi County
INSPIRATION i.Miami) — Still operating
at reduced capacity.

NORTHWEST INSPIRATION (Miami)
— Low-grade ore in large quantitv reported
to ha'.- ick in shaft at 100 ft depth.

Driftir . ick Warrior vein to be

star ft.

IRON CAP (Copper Hill) — Strike of bor-

nite m " level, 20 ft. north of Iron

haft. .Mine producing 2r," tons per

dav from supposedly same vein on levels

£ g 1"': copper and 10 "/■

silver ' lf,f'0 and

the William shaft.

MOLINE ft ARIZONA COPPER
opment of old Miners
started Located one mile fro

Domll . • -ry. Formerly a silver pro-
ducer and has good surface equipment.
Group fed dams. A 100-
ifl to be sunk to 800 ft and cross-
cuttim.- B. F Baker is in charge
l.reenlrr County
UUZONA COPPER (Clifton)— Produc-
tion for month of November 2,100,000 lb.
■ '■er. December. 2,040, ( lb.

Mohave County

UNITED EASTERN (Oatman) — Cross-
g to vein from shaft at 1090 ft. be-
ollar expected to start Feb l

TOM REED (Oatman) — Crosscutting on
535 ft. level of Aztec south to Gray Eagle
vein.

UNITED OATMAN (Oatman) — Tunhei
see ft. from portal now advancing along
Ophir vein in quartz showing good indi-
cations.

GOLD ORE MINING CO. (Cold Road) —
ip I 00 tons per day to mill by
.Mine development and road con-
struction are being rushed.

MIDDLE GOLCONDA (Golconda) — Op-
tion taken hv W. H. Brown and associates,
who have option on Golconda Extension.
Some ore has been developed and a mill is
contemplal

NEEDLES MINING & SMELTING
Calif.) — Removing part of Ten-
:nt to the Gold Road and
entirely new surface, machinery to be in-
. by the Schuylkill, which has taken
■ older property Seven feet of ore
found below 11»» level of Tennessee and
nection planned to Schuylkill.
Pinal County
RAV CON. (Ray) — Shaft No. 4 com-
pleted and to be used only for hoisting
men. Shaft 512 ft. deep and to be equipped
with double-deck Otis elevator Concrete
arch over double track on the third level of
mine No. 2 for a distance of one-third mile
through swelling and shifting ground com-

Yavapai County
'PER 'HiEF MINING CO. (Clark-
rations resumed at increased
product

• ALI'MET ft JEROME (Jerome)— The
company has machinery and supplies on
hand for six months' operation.

GADSDEN COPPER (Jerome) — Shaft
work continues and now about 950 ft. in
depth. Will start crosscut at 1000 ft. depth
to the northwest.

VERDE COMBINATION (Jerome) — Ore
has been cut in a stringer seven inches
wide, assaying 5% copper at about 400 ft.
south of 700 heel station. To be followed
by drifting.

JEROME COPPER (Jerome) — Continue:
tunnel work with favorable indications, al
though it is believed that shaft work wil
be necessary ultimately.

UNITED VERDE (Clarkdale) — Repofet
as unable to increase production to 10.000.

lb. during January, owing to delayei

delivery of necessary machinery.

DUNDEE-ARIZiiNA (Jerome) — Ha
stopped pumping and now- awaiting com
pletion of United Verde Extension tunn<
connection to side line at 969 ft. depth fror
collar of Dundee. A 300-ft. drift and rais
will then be driven to connect with shaft
This tunnel is expected to drain the local
ity. Shaft bottomed in a gray sedimentar
stained with iron oxide. Shipments of sili
cious oxidized ore being made to Tacom
and Humboldt and said to average over. T.
copper.

UNITED VERDE ENTENSION (J<
rome) — Reported as unable to have the n|'
smeltery completed by March, owing to d<
layed necessary machinery. This compan
produced over 60,000.000 lb. of copper i
1917. December shipments are not y»
all accounted. Shipments to Douglas an
Humboldt smelteries are still averagir
around 24 and 25% copper. However, tt
present car shortage may interfere ser
ouslv with the shipments, as during tl
last 10 davs of January shipments wet
20 carloads less than the same period (
December. Thirty-two 30-ton steel cai
have been ordered for hauling ore from tl
mine to the smeltery and it is expected th;
16 cars will be handled in each train.

CALIFORNIA

Amador County
PINKER HILL (Amador City) — Jo)
Coughan was killed by falling rock in
stope on Dec. 28. Accident was una vol'
able, according to the verdict of the co
oner's jury. Examination by Fred R Lj11
ell, mine" inspector, showed that sate
measures and first-aid appliances were pr
vided and in order.

January 26, 1918

ENCJINEKRlNti AND MINING .JOUKNAL

221

KENNEDY (Jaokson) — Repairs prepara-
to! \ for the winter Mason are made upon
the large tailings dam The 100-atamp mill
is running steadily <hi good-grade ore, de-
spiii' the difficulty, prevalent throughout the
Mother Lode region, in securing mining
labor

Hutte County

NATOMAS (Orovllle)— Unconfirmed re-
port has ii that the company may seri-
ously consider closing down dredges here
ami al Polsom, in Sacramento County, un-
ii, i- condition: brought about bj the
irar shall obtain

BANNER (Orovllle) Operation again
resumed upon return from New York of
Richard Phillips Tin- Amoskeg has been
pumped out. ami it is stated that high-
grade "H is disclosed al the bottom of the
shall Mr. Phillips is now in control of
• I" ration.

Eldorado County

SPORTING BOY (Placervllle) — Vein
averaging 16 in wide, carrying on- assay-
ing 120 in gold ami 7', copper reported by
Frank C Fox, manager Vein lias been
traced full length of claim. Development
by two-compartment shaft. Three 1000-Ib
stamps will be installed for development
and testing the ore Property situated o
ml. from Placerville In Cold Springs district

Nevada County

cm. PEN CENTER (Grass Valley) — Re-
ported that new shoot of good ore disoloseo
and that the mill returns leave a margin
for development

NORAMBAGUA (Grass Valley) — Re-
ported that 8-ln vein disclosed in 9mi-ft
shaft. Assays show high-grade ore. Prop-
erty has been optioned by the Three Sevens
Cold Mining Co., Theodore Roosevelt Pell.
• >f New York, president. In early days the
Norambagua was a high-grade gold pro-
ducer. Development includes a 1200-ft. tun-
nel driven several years ago.

BLUE TENT (Nevada City)— Applica-
tion by Eleanor Hoeft for permission of
Debris Commission to build impounding
dam and start hydraulic mining. Three
other claims are in the holding, all drain-
ing Into south fork of Yuba River. Tailings
will be impounded in an old pit made in
early days of hydraulic mining, when the
property was a large producer.

Ptaeer County
RISING SUN (Colfax)— D. A. Russell,
of Grass Valley, and Lee Gray, of Colfax,
aken lease on tailings dumps and
rty now operating by Hathaway and
Martin on royalty basis. Cyanide plant and
Irt-stamp mill installed. Dumps are accu-
mulation of 2 5 years operations on high-
grade ore. Excess water and too much
litigation closed down the mine over 30
ago. Has a record said to be $1.-
1 and at one time employed 75 men.
NOW owned by B. E. Valentine interests.
I New York.

Santa Clara County

INESITE DEPOSITS (Madrone) —
Wng worked by a company of which James
in of Gilroy is president. Property
ituated near Madrone. a station on the
southern Pacific, where it is reported re-
iuction works will be installed. Developed
>' fia-ft. shaft connected to 400-ft. tunnel

•rial tramway will be constructed on a
iirect line from the mines to the railroad.
Shasta County

SHASTA HILLS (French Gulch) — Xew
-stamp mill for development is operating
n ores from Accident and Sybil mines,
'art of the company's holdings. Sybil was
ormerly a producer of high-grade ore.
, MOUNTAIN COPPER CO. (Keswick) —
■ nlargement of flotation plant at Minnesota
tation. which is situated midway between
^eswick and the mines at Iron Mountain
'-ported. Present capacity is 520 tons in
4 hours. Reported that an additional 500-
5n capacity plant will be installed.

BULLY HILL (Copper City) — Shipping
iree carloads of copper ore daily to Mam-
ioth smeltery at Kennett. Expected to
icrease production and shipments. Big
rebody recently developed on 1000-ft level
•ported of good character, carrying gold

ia silver in addition to copper. Develop-
ient of large area of virgin ground in
rogress.

.nlP^T (Kn°b) — Situated in Harrison
uicn. Has been unwatered to the 600-ft.
»? Va Preparations being made for re-
miption of extensive development in up-
r levels. Large amount of work in prog-
■ss m Gold Hill section of the group of
?'ms m„tne holding. Unwatering lower
r^i > ' Pr°ceed as conditions permit,
roperty well equipped with electrically-
iven plant. Mill recentlv improved.

AFTERTHOUGHT i ingot) - R i ol

i leorge L Porter, president, to the toi
holders regarding the .losing of work
November Btatea thai the worst difficult]
encountered wai the obtaining ol can foi
ahlpmenl of concentrates Another difficult)
was the Inao i i Ibilll ) ol i hi road for

m r truck travel i the mine to t in

railroad In winter season. hill is Im-
ps able except w hen i hi i oad Ii drj . The
mine pn enti d a dlfficull problem In metal-
lurgy on acoounl of tin complex ore. Sepa-
ration of the metals from the ore luu been
successful, hut separation "i tin tine from

the other metals has nol i n as bucci

as desired. Money is being spent for im-
provement of the method, and ii is believed
n will ho accomplished Tin- company deem
it wiser1 to make the experiments and Im-
provements during the winter season and
while there is a war .shortage of ears for
shipping concentrates John T. Miiliken Is
partlcularlj Interested in the success of the

plant, as he has contracted for the [

nets.

Siskiyou County

KNOWN! ITU I NO (Etna)— Three shifts
working; compressors and machine drills
in operation. Two shoots of me developed;
one widened from a small vein to 2J ft.
in driving 20 ft at a depth of 500 ft. ver-
tical owned by \V. R. Beall of Yreka and
San Francisco associates.

Trinity County

HYDRAULIC mines are active and out-
look for season is good. Several new pro-
ducers started near Lewlston, Junction City,
Minersville and other points. In W.aver-
ville district the La Grange, Hupp, Testy
and others are producing. Care is being
exercised to save platinum and improved
'lev Ices are reported.

Tuolumne County

NYMAN CONSOLIDATED (Jamestown)
— Result of visit of F. G. Mudgett. mining
engineer and secretary, to the property
at Stent is to adopt leasing plan, which
has been successful at the Jumper and
other properties in the Jamestown district.
T. L. Richards, formerly assayer at the
Harvard mine, is in charge of the company
interests at the mines and expects to soon
login work on the Nyman vein. One of
the pay veins on. this property shows 18 in.
ol high-grade ore. A. F Throw, of Fresno,
is negotiating for lease on this vein.
IDAHO
Shoshone County

SUCCESS (Wallace)— Examination being
made by F. H. Skeels. mining engineer, as
basis for report and recommendations for
further development and operation. This
is the first step by the, new board of
directors since reorganization with view
to reduction in expenses. Mine has been
running at loss during last year : claimed
this was due to excessive overhead ex-
penses, too many men underground and
unfavorable smelting contract for zinc prod-
uct. With first two eliminated, new man-
agement expects at least to make an even
break until new orebodies can be developed
which may allow a profit.

MICHIGAN
Copper

SENECA (Mohawk)— Work started last
spring. Hoisting from the shaft expected to
commence next week

MASS (Mass) — Production for 1917 about
4,000.000 lb copper. Output not quite 1000
tons of ore daily.

VICTORIA (Victoria Mine) — Production
in 1917 1.600.000 lb. copper. December cop-
per. 138 tons, compared with 135 tons for
November

HANCOCK (Hancock) — Dailv tonnage
hoisted from 900 and 1100 levels. Mining
at Hancock No 2 and Quincy No 7 from
five lodes — Pewabic or Quincy and Hancock
main lodes and branches.

WHITE PINE (Pinex) — Minerals Sep-
aration flotation mchines installed. Ore
production continues normal. Expectation
is flotation will save 10 lb. additional cop-
per from White Pine sandstone.

WYANDOT (Houghton)— Starting haul-
ing rock three quarters of a mile to cars
by specially constructed sleds ; to be car-
ried by rail to Winona mill two miles. Ore
from 10th level Wyandot lode No. 8.

MAYFLOWER-OLD COLONY' (Hough-
ton)— Shaft to explore Mayflower lode
Found rich ore by many diamond drill
holes at depth of several hundred feet.
Ore, somewhat faulted Now at depth of
14(1 feet.

WINONA (Winona) — Partnership of the
three tributors hoisting 360 tons dailv;
yield for October. 16 lb. of refined copper
and for November. 17 lb. Rock is from King
shaft. Philip shaft No. 1 and Winona shaft
No. 4.

( ISCE( 1 1 -A ci ins i;. pi , i i,,

Increai e daily average of I lecembi i

"' .ruin. ,i m.i, • oming in to .ii -
trlci - i bat South Kean ..we end ( h<i
Osci .1., each nave full quota and North
rge i

isle ROYALE (Houghton)— Incree ing
Deo min r avei age ol dallj tonnagi ft

:l urn ■'! i" al i i 8800 i

Sinking aii - ha fti except No i and '•

HaVl Ml I 1. ... lie, | 1 71 ll level Will

ably deepen shaft No 8. between No i
and No :'. south of No . . i he oul hern
Instead ol . tat ting •■ new i haft

CALUMET a HECLA (Calumet)- Dou-
bling 'Mill. I a,, a. |tj ..I || .,, Ding plain

at Lake Linden Expected to be read)
1 ■ fore i prlng . and the substitution ol
Hardinge mini foi the Chilean nulls, In-
creasing capacitj from i ions daily to

2400 tons Hue to delayed deliveries of
machinery, change somewhat slow and unit
are being substituted one at a time, so not
I" interfere with production

SOUTH LAKE (Houghton)— An option
foi the pun hai e of 166 acres of adjoin

mineral land for the sum of $90,00(> taken
in April. 1917. In the dlrectOl "I l his
company, but not perfected until Novembei
Is to be paid for out of the proceed ol a
nevi stock issue, and an opi mltj to sub-
scribe t" the in-'.'. :- 1, an hai been given to

the stockholders and is open until Feb 14
With (Ins land the company will l.e able
to continue its operations on the dip of
the Butler lode in a depth of 5000 ft but
at the present Is 'united to a depth ,,i i :00
;j The prope: • also has part of ih,-
Knowlton lode, which is a satisfactory
producer

MIN NKSOTA

M.snid Range
BENNETT PARK (Hibblng)— The E. J.

Longyear Co.. which owns (he ore under
Bennetl Park. Ilil, Ling's beautv spot, hav.
drills at work listing the orebo.lv. and
upon their findings will likely follow th,
decision whether the land is to be mined or
not.

PICKANDS-MATHER (Hibblng)— Wins-
ton Dear Co. will start stripping on their
contract of 1,500,000 vd from the Hoj
mine this Spring. The pit at present out-
lined will be al.. mi Ann ft. by BOO ft. and
enlarged as work progresses'. The over-
burden depth averages about 150 ft Two
large 3110-class Marion steam shovels and
20 yd. steel automatic air dump cars will
be used in this contract.

McKl.NXEV STEEL (Virginia)— E. D.
McNeal. general superintendent of this com-
pany's Mesabe range mines, states that the
dissolution of the Corrigan, McKinnev Co .
of Cleveland, will have no effect upo'n the
directing officers in this section, the busi-
ness being conducted under the new name
of McKmney Steel Co., with Price McKin-
ney as president. The mines operated by
this company on the Mesabe are the St
James, at Aurora ; Stevenson, at Hibbing ;
St. Paul, at Keewatin, and the Commodore,
at Virginia.

THE SHENANGO FURNACE CO.
(Buhl) — Owners of the Whiteside are suing
the contracting firm of Butler Bros, for
$30,000 damage incurred in 1913 bv the
damming of a ditch which caused the wa-
ters to back up into their mine caves and
filled the levels below with sand. This ditch
ran across the Dean property, which Butler
Bros, were then stripping for the Arthui
Iron Mining Co. It was built a couple of
years before to carry the water awav from
the Whiteside, which it formerly crossed,
so that the land could be caved.

MISSOURI
Joplin District

BIG BEN (Baxter, Kan.) — Bought by
Oklahoma interests. New owners plan to
erect 250-ton mill Shaft in good ore and
tract of 20 acres well-drilled

CIRCLE (Oronogo) — Expects to have 2000
ton mill in operation bv first of April. Has
just completed 1000-ton skip pocket at 300
level, cut in solid limestone.

GOLDEN EAGLE (Miami, Okla ) —
Opened in rich water-course cave. New
250-ton mill expected to be readv for oper-
ation in about two weeks W it Housely.
president.

ABRAMS LAND (Quapaw, Okla)—
Bought for $60,000 by J. N. Dver of Okla-
homa City Northeast of Quapaw. Several
good shaft and mill sites determined by
drilling on tract.

BUFFALO (Miami. Okla.)— Shaft sunk
into ore on Redskin tract and expected to
build mill soon. At annual meeting of
stockholders, F R Bouldin was reelected
president.

ENGINEERING A.ND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 4

sn

Mi>S 1 \S V
llrit\rrlli-i>il 1 i.miM

IDIIlon) P

■ new

•opened In near
..( richest

Deerlodce Count)
NATIONAL TUNGSTEN INI> SILVER

n district, rushing
null which »iu have 260-tpn
n hand awalt-
llng

CHAMPION MINE ■■'«•; '

be resumed bj New York
which Intends driving tunnel

,,l .it depth of 6 ' Mine --aid

. bodies of silver ore, Explolta-
■ „-,l some rears ago during

•
Qraalte Count]
IN THE PHILIPSBURG DISTRICT the
new ,„,, ted :•• be In operation

i slH.rt time and will treat manganese
which Is .ii present shipped easl at
the rate of 700 tons per da)

PHILIPSBURG MINING (Phlllpsburg) —
or washing plant for man-
ganese ore Is completed and read)

operation Besides I tons of hlgh-gi

shipped monthly to Eastern

irks, considerable lower-grade ore

is blocked out requiring treatment before

shlppli >; New plant capacity from 350 to

inn tons per day

-iii.r Bow Coast]
NORTH BUTTE i Butte) — Estimated
that 1917 production "ill be 14.683,347 lh
of copper, 1.222,482 lb. of sine, 671,169 os
Iver and 9fi 1 oi of gold.
VNACONDA (Butte) - Rapid progress,
being made at Orphan Girl, a new property
In western section of district, where body
,.c silver ore is being develop"

DAVIS-DALT (Butte) — Shipping about
■ SO toni i"-'" oa) '""" Colorado

„un,. tn of which comes from lowei
levels, running high In copper Glance ore
comes from 1600 level From Htternia
mine in western section of Butte district.
100 tons of ore are shipped dally, averag-
ing well in »ilver.

,i \ \l> \
Esmeralda County
GOLDFIELD CONSOLIDATED,

(Gold-
—Produced In November 16^50 tons;
net realization. $• Mill treated 11-

451 tons of tailings with net recovery oi
nel ie.Ur/.ation was
ns month 868 ft of de-
tent was performed at a cost ol
oer ft The operating costs per ton were
Mining and ■■'<<■ $3,303: milling.

transportation and ml

il operating $8 143 ; less

Lrnlngs, $0 103: net costs,

There was no tion expense

for Novembei Development In November

Mohawk, on the If.n-ft level, .nil ft

noutheast from the shaft 307-AZ sill floor

was cut and produ I 116 tons of $10.96

aeuna: Above the 600-ft level, 620
f, norSwes! from the shaft i>02-O/aise
was run and produced 16 tons of $16 14 ore
Clermont: Above the 1250-fl level of the
Grizzly Bear mine. 175 ft. east fin
shaft. 802-Q-2 ra

64 tons of $13 15 ore On the 1
lc.vei s- •■ southeast from the shaft

sill floor was extended and produced
::ir, t.„,s of $12 is ore i. During

the month leasers produced 2033 «y tons
of or.-, having a gross value of $30,736.03,
of which thi ere paid $11,275.36

s >r ( onntj
TONOPAH ORE PRODUCTION tor

I Jan 11 amounted to
valued at $18: a with

tons the previous week. Producers
Tonopah Belmont. Tono-

Minlng! 8660; Tonopah Ext
Jim Butler, 412; West End,
BlacNamara, 416; Montana 109; Rescue.
. Halifax, 56 tons
MANHATTAN MUSTANG (Manl

Lease workings have reached a di

•"10 ft on incline. The average value of
lied Is $25 per ton.
MAYFLOWER (Manhattan) — Operatli n
commenced on large scale by ;the ne
i, e company of Quinn, Robb ft Phillips,
who have also taken over the Big Pine
mill

VHITK CAPS EXTENSION (Manhat-
tan)— Distance of 21 ft advanced in east
drift from shaft on 400 level, making a total
ft. from the shaft The face is still
in shale interbedded with ribs of quartzite

UNION VMALGAMATED (Manhattan)

rtetlmberiiiR and enlargl I Earl

shaft I ■ .1 the 340 fl point and

three shuts are rushing the remaining 10

completion Mining from the Batn

M Wll VTT \N ''■" ' '" '

..„,„ i of 33 tons from the Nel on
Cnnlw. on block one ol i nlon

Number Nine chum, showed a gross value
\ shipment ol 16 tons
was mad.- from the i.asc on block three,
gross < alue ol $3 i 66 per ton
MANHATTAN CONSOLIDATED (Man-
hattan) Raise from thud to fourth levels
advanced 96 ft and Bhow ood grade

nulling ore for the entire distance \l.oni

remain to be driven for c ectlon

An ample supplj ber has been ob-

d from Tonopah to insure unintcr-
itions at the shaft
st.»rr> County
ANDES iVlrglnla) Saved 72 cars of
ore from 350 level, averaging $8 per ton
. .run: (\ [rglnla I Senl to the surface

from " level. 28 cars of ore

sampling $11 in per ton Milled at Mexican
mill 159 tons, averaging $9 98

VLPHA AND EXCHEQUER (Virginia)

Discontinued raise In north drifl and

:. north from top of raise

following ore streak advanced 12 feet.

SIERRA NEVADA t Virginia) — North-

, ,st drifl ft level now cleaned

distance of 120 ft Continued samp-
ling and getting favorable assays high m
silver

CON VIRGINIA (Virginia) Southwest
drift on 2700-ft level extended 14 ft ; total
length, fin ft . face continues In strong vein
formation, quartz of some value, with strong
tlow of wat.r

JACKET (Cold Hill) — Sent 350 tons ore
from surface tunnel to mill gloryhole.
Made necessary r.-pairs at 300 station in
shaft Stoping and drawing 260 cars fail-
le ore from No 5 W gloryhole. Worked
on new mill equipment and necessary re-
pairs to buildings. Started west side Kin-
kead mills operating 42 hr. Put 38 tons of
mine ore In mill bins

UNION CON. (Virginia) — Rich vein on
2400-ft. level cut by stope from 2500 level;
footwall quartz in this vein sampled $6.50
to $78.10 per ton. the vein at this point
showing stronger than on 2400-ft. level.
Total of ::I7 tons of ore mined in 2400-ft
h.,1. Melding $13,600 for the week; 21
tons sampled as high as $156.20 per ton. In
2300-ft level saved :!2 tons, sampling $17.95.
n hanging wall of No. 2 crosscut. Milled
at the Mexican mill 347 tons, average assay
$39.27

l TA1I
.iiijii. County
EUREKA MINES (Eureka) — Strike oh
, 00 level holding out.

SPUN MINES (Eureka) — Property of
Sioux Mining Co. sold to above new com-
pany and transfer of old stock asked Prep-
arations for active development being
made

DRAGON CONSOLIDATED (Silver
City)- Dividend of lc. per share or $18,750
declared, payable Jan. 25, bringing total
dividends to $93,750. Largest shipper in
Tintic. chiefly fluxing ores

[RON BLOSSOM (Silver City) — Usual
dividend not declared. Company stated to
have $1 Hi. mm in treasury, of which $80,000
held out for war tax. Net profits for De-
cember, $9 1

MAY DAT (Eureka) — Development be-
ing done on 700 level, where bunches of ore
opened Hoped to find new orebody there,
has been producer over period ol
years, with intermissions as in past season.
Dividend payer In 1916

IRON KING (Eureka) — Second car of
Iron or- .hipped by this property in recent
to mat lei ( "onsiderahle ore of
i i character on dump, which is providing
shipments. Engine capable of sink-
10 It installed on tunnel level. New
haft being sunk, working two
shifts. C. E. Loose, manager.
Suit I. like County
CARDIFF (Salt Lake) — Trucks hauling
tons dall) of ore accumulated
a( South Fork ; output being re-
stricted at present price of lead ; roads be-
mlne and Inns at present impassable.
MICHIGAN-UTAH (Altai — Stated to
be large tonnage of magnetite carrying
gold and copper i hlpments of 5" tons dally
to be made beginning Jan. 1 Transpor-
tation retarded I hue u n1 but demand be-
ing strong, marketing of this ore under-
taken, in hope that narrow-gage railroad
completed between Wasatch and Alta will
facilitate shipments to required extent.
Robert H Van Valkenburgh in charge.

others inter

< I lanville)—

Summit Count]

DAL\ WEST (Park City) A protective
committee, representing an ownership or
26,000 out of 180,000 shares of stock out-
standing, has formed and proxies arc being
solicited asking support in the election Of
a new board of direct.. rs, Feb. 18.

T le County

COPPEROPOLIS (Cold Hill) — Produc-
ing good-grade ore carrying copper, silver
and gold from depth of 350 to 400 ft. El
pected to have 15-ton truck in operation
shortl) over two-mile road to station at

coi.i inn.

1'1'CWAY BERTHA (Salt Lake)- Prop
erty recently inspected by owners. Fifty-
five miles from Faust Station on San Pedro,

Los Angeles .v: Sail Lake R.R. Si le

of pyrltlc copper ore brought hack running
from i to lc, copper, low in silver and
high In iron. old shaft on property, but
o i. ir little developed. A. W. Smith, C,
Wattless, A c Green and

ested

WASHINGTON

Ferry County
VIRGINIA MINING CO

Net profits of $27.00(1 tn 1917 from the oW
Lucille Dreyfus mine arc claimed by the
Virginia company, which took over the prop
erty under lease and bond Developmen'
has proceeded steadily, while shipments ..
two cars a week have been made. Thi
Virginia company has paid a royalty o
$2700. which is at the rate of 10', . am
met the bond payment recently. It acquire)
an adjoining property for $6000 las
autumn.

CANADA

Ontario

WEST DOME ( Porcupine ) — Extensh

sampling is being undertaken on behalf o
Montreal interests

BILSKY (Porcupine)— A vein strucl
by diamond drilling at the depth of 800 fl
is stated to be 30 ft. in width with or
carrying $15 to the ton.

ALEXO (Porcupine Junction) — Durin
November shipped 1,068,900 lb. of nick.
ore, as compared with 1.22:1.100 lb. in (»i
tober.

DOME (Porcupine) — Preparations ai
being made for the sinking of the ma]
shaft to the 1500-fl level The work w
be done by the Longyear Co under coi
tract

DAVIDSON (Porcupine)— Orebody wt
opened up on 100-ft level shows a widi
of five or six feet and is 200 ft in lengt
Ore is high grade with good showing
free gold.

SCHUMACHER (Schumacher) — Th

company has been served with an iujuri
tion on'behalf of the Mclntyre Cold Mm
to prevent it from dumping mill tailings i
the Mclntyre property.

ANKERITE I Porcupine) — Longyear Co
trading Co., which has contract for sin
ing shaft to a 500-ft. depth, is making
ft per dav. which is believed to he D(
record for northern Ontario; 120-ft. lex
has been reached.

KERR LAKE (Cobalt )— This compai
during December, produced 203.048 oz.
silver, as against 205.522 in Noverao
Total output in 1917 was 2,599.525 oz.,
compared with 2.545.804 in 1916.

TRETHEWEY (Cobalt) — The shareho
ers at a meeting held on Jan 11 have rs
fled the purchase of a controlling interest i
the Castle Mining Co.. which holds clai
adjacent to the Miller Lake-O'Brien. In
Gowganda district The agreement c:<
for the delivery of 5.1 <B of the Castle
stock of $1,500,000 at 20c. per share.

MEXICO
Sonora
GREENE CANANEA (Cananea)— P-
duction for December was: Copper, 1.*':
000 lb ; silver, 54,471 oz.. and gold.
ounces

NICABAOI A
Department of Chontates
DISTRICT OF LA LIBERTAP
culti.s attending the delivery of mine M
pli.s and their increased cost have clca
all but largest properties.

BABILONIA MINE — Has increased ll

capacity to' 75""tons per day. Station p
to be installed at present lowest level
shaft sunk additional 150 feet.

JAVALI MINE — Has increased caps
to 50 tons per day and sinking operat »
started. This property and ( edro r«
are under a six-month option to tne il
ters Salvadore Mines Co., Ltd
PERU

CERRO DE PASCO (Junin)— ProdUt
of blister copper for December was b.. .
000 lb, and for 1917 was 72,649,337 OOU

January 26, L918 ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL 228

pmiiiiiiii iiiiiiiiiiiiinii iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiHiiiiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiii iiiiiiiiiimiini minimi i iimiini iimiiiiinii i iiiiiiiliiiiiiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiimimmimiiiiiiiiiiii miiiiiiiiiiiniiiimiiiuiumimimimimimii iiiiiiiu

The Market Report

JiiiiiPiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimiiiiiimiiiiimmimiiiiiiiiimmiiMiiiimmimm mini Illllliilliliilillii i ' - 1 1 m i u 1 1 : 1 1 1 u i in i n 1 1 m t iiniiu nn< n 1 1 m i n 1 1 u i m 1 1 n i n i n 1 1 p ' 1 1 1 : i : ni n 1 1 :i i in i n i ti i in mi mi 1 1 n i n 1 1 in i nil m 1 1 m in i in i in nun i n m :i i mu 1 1 1 1 il=

SILVER AM> STERl IN'G EXCHANGE

Sterl-
ing
Ei-

Silver

.':wi

Sterl-
ing
Ex-
change

Silver

Jan

york,
Owta

Lou-
den,

I'fll.T

NVu
Ifork,

Cents

Lon-
don,
Pence

17
18
19

4 7515

4 7515
4 7515

891
B9

89|

44J
44j
44j

2!
22
23

4 7515
4 7515
4 7515

ss

871

87J

441

43;

43J

N. is York quotations are as reported by Handy
A lUnnan and are in cents per troy ounce of bar
■ ilvcr. 999 fine. London quotations are in pence per
ounce of sterling silver, 925 fine

DAILY PRICES OF METALS IX NEW YORK

Coppel

Tin

Lead

Zinc

Jan

Eleetro-
lytir

Spot.

N. Y.

St. L.

St L.

17
18
19
21
22
23

•231
»23|

•23*
•23|

•23!

•231

t
t
t
t
t
t

6!

@7
6i

<&7,
6

<§>7J

t

6i
@7j

6i
©71

6.75
<&6 85

»:

@7
6J

(.i 7

t

6J
@7

»l
(3>7

@7|

<"?:

7i

(a 7;

t

71
@7J

78

<3l7j

t No market.

* Price fixed by agreement between American
copper producers and the U. S. Government, accord-
ing to official statement for publication on Friday,
September 21, 1917.

The above quotations (except as to copper, the
price for which has been fixed by agreement between
American copper producers and the U. S. Govern-
ment, wherein there is no freo market) are our
appraisal of the average of the major markets based
generally on sales as made and reported by producers
and agencies, and represent to the best of our judg-
ment the prevailing values of the metals for the
ileliveriefl constituting the major markets, reduced to
oasis of New York, cash, except where St. Louie is
the normal basing point.

The quotations for electrolytic copDer are for cakes,
ingots and wirebars.

We quote electrolytic cathodes at 0 05 to 0.10c.
below the price of wirebars, cakes and ingots.

Quotations for spelter are for ordinary Prime
Western brands. We quote New York price at 17.5c.
per 100 Ih. above St. Louis.

Some current freight rates on metals per 100 lb.
ire: St. Louis-New York 17e.; St. Louis-Chicago,
6 3c : St Louis-Pittsburgh. 13.1 cents

LONDON

Copper

Tin

Lead

Zinc

Standard

Elec-
tro-

Jan
17

Spot

3 Mos.

lytic

Spot

3 Mos.

Spot

Spot

110

no

125

295

291

29*

54

18

no

no

125

295

2911

29*

54

IV

21

no

no

125

298

295

291

54

22

no

no

125

2991 296!

29*

54

23

no

no

125

300 1 298

29*

54

The above table gives the closing quotations on
London Metal Exchange. All prices are in pounds
sterling per ton of 2,240 lb. For convenience in
■-omparison of London prices, in pounds sterling per
-.240 lb, with American prices in cents per pound
the following approximate ratios are given, reckoning
exchange a' $4 7515 £29* = 6.2576c; £54 = 1 1.4545c;
t'IIO = 23 3333- ; £l25='26.5l51e ; £260 = 55. 151 3c;
£280= 59 3937c; £300= 63.6362c Variations, £1
= 0.2121205c

Metal Markets

NEW YORK — Jan. 23

The chief features this week were the re-
newal of the price of copper at 23£c. for
another period of four months, further ad-
vance in price for lead, and the practical
cessation of all business on Monday, Jan.
21, when practically all offices were closed.

At the request 'of A. Mitchell Palmer.
Alien Property Custodian, the American
Metal Company on Jan. 22 added to its
hoard five directors to represent the hold-

ings of enemy stockholders and to keep the
.u : .inn in clOBe touch with the conduct
i .1 ih. business The company I Bued ;>
statement, which said In part: "The Amet
Lean Metal Company, Ltd., has delivered to
A. Mitchell Palmer the holdings of variou
enem3 stockholders To enable him as a
keep In constant touch
with the conduct of the business the cui
todlan has nominated five persons to serve
as directors to represent the stock now
Btandlng In his name The following new
directors have been elected: Henry Morgen-
thau. former Ambassador to Turkey ;
George McAneny, former President of the
Hoard of A Mermen, New York : Lewis L
Clark, president of the American Exchange
National Bank; E C. Converse of the
Bankers' Trust Company, and Andrew W
Mellon of the Mellon National Bank. Pitts-
burg. No change has been made in the
executive management of the company fur-
ther than indicated."

Copper — It was announced in Washing-
ton on Jan. 22 that the War Industries-
Board, with the sanction of the President,
would continue the agreement with the cop-
per producers, for copper at 23Jc. per lb.
and other conditions, until June 1, 1918.
However, the producers had no news about
this renewal, this morning, except what they
read in the newspapers.

The order of the Fuel Administration re-
specting cessation of the use of coal did
not affect the electrolytic copper refineries,
which are bound to keep running if serious
loss is to be avoided.

A continuation of the price on copper
until June 1 was announced Jan. 22 by
President Wilson. The announcement reads
as follows:

"The President todav approved the rec-
ommendation of the War Industries Board
that the maximum price for copper fixed
upon its recommendation by the President,
and announced Sept 21. 1917. be contin-
ued in effect upon the same conditions un-
til June 1. 1918 That is to say, the maxi-
mum price to be 23$e. per lb., f.o.b.. New
York, subject to revision after June 1, 1918,
upon the conditions: (1) That the pro-
ducers will not reduce the wages now be-
ing paid : (2) that the producers will sell
to the Allies and to the public copper at
the same price paid by the Government,
and take the necessary measures under the
direction of the War Industries Board for
the distribution of the copper to prevent it
from falling into the hands of speculators
who would increase the price to the public :
and (3) that the producers pledge them-
selves to exert every effort necessary to
keep up the production of copper to the
maximum of the past, so long as the war
lasts."

The announcement follows a conference
held Jan. 17, between producers of copper
and members of the War Industries Board :
among the producers present at the con-
ference were: R. L. Agassiz (Calumet &
Hecla) ; C. P. Kelley (Anaconda Copper
Mining Co.) ; Sidney J. Jennings (LJnited
States Smelting. Refining and Mining Co.) :
Joseph Clendenin (American Smelting and
Refining Co.) : and L. Vogelstein, of L,.
Vogelstein & Co

Copper Sheets are quoted at 31«.c per
lb., f.o.b. mill, for hot rolled, and lc. higher
for cold rolled. Copper wire is quoted at
2fi@27c. f.o.b. mill, carload lots.

Tin — The situation remains unchanged.
Merely as an indication of the situation
it may be mentioned that people are scrap-
ing around for lots of only a few hundred
pounds and $1 per lb. -is reported to have
been paid for Straits tin on such lots

"Lead — There was an earnest demand
which resulted in some considerable trans-
actions and a further advance in price.
Lead supply is short both at the refineries
and in the' several markets. There is a
large supply on railway cars, but it is at
present of no use to anybody. Consumers
will not secure anv more lead by bidding up
the market than they will by keeping quiet.
If they enter into competition for the small
suppies that are to be found here and there,
they will simply injure the position of
everybody, themselves included. The large,
producers will do everything they can to
hold the situation in check and furnish
such supplies as they can. but consumers

to bl reli the railway car.

Bupplii bi easiei Meanw bile, tn<

pin up Into s lot ol

-] from each othi i

I;, n. \ |,| .. , I ., ,., j.l

t in iii bj some urgent buyer

Zinc ih. mi 1 1 . i i i tned unchanged

Bu mess light

Requi ' 1 1 imm ,.-i i. i hi. . i t hut pricei

I" fixed on th,- higher grades of
probably will be complied with following a
conference bet we, -n a number of i ■ i * r ■
ii' of the Industrj and members of the
\\':n [ndu 'lies Board Among the zinc men
who attended tin' conference with the War
Industries Board w,r,. a I' Cobb, ESdgai
Palmer and w. s Wardner (New Jersej
/on i',i i c m i.oeh (American Metal
Co.) ; A G Mackenzie (Judge Mining and
Smelting Co.); Otto Frohnknecht (Beet

Si- nlli'iiin'l' A ''.i I : James A Nelson (Na-
tional Zinc Co.); W. h Naugie (Electro
lytic /in.- i'ii I . E II Wolff (Illinois Zinc
Co.); H II Roseman (Hegeler Zinc Co.);
S. Siegel < Kastern Zinc Refining Co.. Inc.) ;
S. S. Tuthill (American Spelter Corpora-
tion! , .1 II Diet! (Fort Smith Spelter Co i .
William A. Cook (Matthiessen & Hegelei
Zinc Co.) ; S. H. Lissberger (Trenton Smelt-
ing and Refining Co I : ''sear (layman and
Michael Hayman (Michael Hayman & Co.);
J. R. Wettsteln (United Lead Co.); Charles
W. Baker and W. A. Ogg. of American
Zinc. Lead and Smelting Co. : N H
Schwenk and T. Lewis Thomas (General
Smelting Co.) ; E. W Furst (Grasselli
Chemical Co.) ; Arthur nay ( United Zine
Smelting Corporation) and William Kene-
fick (Kenefick Zinc Co.).

The St Louis zinc prices for Jan 3 to 9
were blurred in our issue of Jan. 12. We
are therefore repeating them herewith as
fellows: Jan. 3. 7%c. ; Jan. 4. 7%c. ; Jan. 5.
7%c. ; Jan. 7. 7%c. ; Jan 8. 7%c. ; Jan. 9.
~>. ■' 7%c.

Zinc Sheets — Price of zinc sheets has not
been changed Demand is strong and the
market continues at $19 per 100 lb. fob
Peru, less *', discount

Aluminum — This market continues in-
active at 37 fi 39c per lb. for No. 1 ingots
at New York

Antimony — The market advanced on ru-
mors of heavy buying, which, however,
were untrue. Nevertheless, there was con-
siderable business done in lots of 10 to la
tons each, but the existence of plentiful
stocks keeps the market in check. One au-
thority reports that at present the stocks
of antimony are the largest in the history
of the market here. We quote spot at 14)@
14 Jc. and futures at 13c. c.i.f.. in bond, but
some of the foregoing houses are holding for
higher prices on January-February ship-
ments.

Bismuth — Unchanged at $3.50 per lb.
though some impure metal from South
America is being sold under the price asked
for the standard grade.

Cadmium — This metal is quoted at $1 50
(£?2.00 per lb., depending on the quantity.

Nickel — Steady at 50c. per lb., premium
of 5c per lb. for electrolytic

Quicksilver — This market was stronger
$13nif, 135 being quoted for spot, and 5125
for January shipments to arrive. Stocks
in this market are light. There is consider-
able quicksilver on the way, but most of it
is reported to have been sold ahead. Sat,
Francisco reports, by telegraph. $117.50.
strong.

Gold. Silver and Platinum

Gold — Imports from Canada during the
last week amounted to $2,000,000. the ship-
ments being intended to adjust the exchange
situation which has lately been running
strongly against Canada.

Silver — Owing to more liberal supplies
during the last week the price at London
receded, closing at 435d , and in New York
at 87? cents.

Mexican dollars at New York: Jan 17.
72%c : 18. 72%c. : 19, 72i*c. ; 21, 7l%c. : 22,
71c": 23. 71c.

Platinum — We quote $106 ® 108. with
sales at those figures

Palladium — Unchanged at $135. strong

224

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 4

Zinc and Lead Ore Markets

jophn. M.. . J»n ll Bli nd« per ton, high,
premium $70 . me-
dium to Ion [mine per ton,
selling pr:

lx-r urn
Lead, hid >• - Pb. S86(i<

selling price, all grades of lead,
ton
Shipments the week: Blende, 6580 ions.
• t tons, lead, 1313 ions Value,
- the »«k. |41
The advent of ;i purchasing agent of tin-
siting mcern, th«- Ontario Smelt*
. with a le;ul smeltery nearlng corn-
in northi .'in. i. set things
id-ore market tins u.-ck.
when prices for Future delivery wen

base, with upward of 1000 tons pur-
I .it that figure
The snow of Jan 1" has been slightly
augmented almost every day Btnce The
temperature has hovered between freezing
and tero for 10 di is a result, many

mills unprepared for zero weather are
froxen up lx>w prices, laclc of coal, impos-
sibility to move the ore produced, man-
shortage and other pessimistic re-
have conspired to rob the producer
of an incentive to thaw out his mill and try
■cam The larger mills of the district are

•:ng Of the more than .'.'■ tons

or zinc ore in the district it is estimated to-
night that all but 5000 tons are own..! by
■lelters. and with UH" cars now tied
up on sidetracks of the district the smelters
be forced to "dead fire" before they
get their ore to the smelteries. This is most-
ly true of smelters east of the Mississippi
River.

Joplin. Mo., Jan. It (Delayed) — Blende.
per ton. high 173.20: basis 60' Z
mium ore. $70 : medium to low. J'
calamine, per ton. 40-; Zn. $:(«'<! 31
ape selling price, all grades of zinc. $56.17
per ton.

Lead, high $82.10 : basis 80rr Pb. $83-5
80 ; average selling price, all grades of lead.
$78 per ton.

Shipments the week: Blende. 7766 tons,
calamine. 512 tons. lead. 2259 tons. Value,
all ores the week. $641.:

While no change was marked in either
premium, medium or low. sharper competi-
tion advanced prices $1 on 58 r; grades of
blende, affecting the average price upward.
I'latteville. Wis.. J»n. 19 — Blende, basis
Zn. unchanged at $6n base for pre-
mium gTade down to $52 base for second
grade. Lead ore. basis 80<8 Pb. $80 per
ton. Shipments reported for the week are

■ ins of zinc ore. 40 tons of lead ore.
and 294 tons of sulphur ore. For the year
to date the figures are: 6589 tons of zinc
•is of lead ore. and 1677 tons of
sulphur ore. Shipped during the week to
separating plants. 2141 tons of zinc ore.
Shipments are light on account of snow
blockade and freight embargo.

Platteville. \vi«., Jan. 12 (Delayed) —
Blende, bas;- 60' Zn. $60 has- for pre-
mium grade down to $52 base for second
grade. Lead or.-, basis *nr; pb. $80 per
ton. Shipments reported for the week were:
.'175 tons* of zinc ore. 20 tons of lead ore
and 803 tons of sulphur ore. For tl
to date the figures are: 5290 tons of zinc
ore. 60 tons of lead ore. and 1383 •
sulphur ore. Shipped during week to the
separating plants. 2585 tons of zinc ore

Other Ores

Manganese Ore — Metallurgical ore is un-
changed at $1.20 per unit.

Molybdenum Ore — Easier owing to ar-

r.vals from Canada, which has lifted its

embargo. Sales reported at $2 20 per lb.

olybdenum sulphide, basis 90 per cent

Pyrites — Spanish lump is quoted at 1 Ri-
per unit, on basis of 9s ocean freight
buyer to pay excess freight and war risk,
except that concession of '!". of war risk
is allowed Ocean rates remain at 35s for
Northern. 40s for Southern and 42s 6d roi
Oulf ports, but recent charters have ex-
rates in several install

Tungsten Ore — Scheelite is quoted at $26
pel unit Wolframite was a litt
Prices range from »-'J down to $19. accord-
ing to grade and purity

lion Trade Review

\ 1 H YORK — Jan. .'3
With so large a part of their product,
particularly in heavy lines, going to the
Sovernment or its Allies, or to plant- ha
;overnment contracts, the iron and steel
industries felt less than others the closintr
down order of the Fuel Administration.
-ays "Iron Age." Fresh snows and intense
cold combined to aggravate the freight
blockades, as the order went into effect and
made more difficult any measure of its
effi

PITTSBURGH — Jan. -.•-.'

The steel industry undertook, without
any question or quibble, to obey Fuel Ad-
ministrator Garfield's order thai industrial
plants should he closed tor the live day

period ending todaj and as the Industry
is used to quick changes i< was able to

put the order into effect promptly despite
the shortness of the notice By Friday
morning practically all the operations in-
volved in the order were discontinued. Then

exemption orders began to arrive and mill

managements began to pul departments in

operation with the same energy that had

iployed io close them While the

steel-making concerns thai were given ex-
emptions as to certain operations have
fullv 80-; of the country's steel-making
the exempt covered only rela-
tive^ small portions of their operations, so
be estimated thai about three-
of the si, -el-making capacity of the
country was idle during the live-day period
The tin-plate mills were given an exemption
thai enabled them to operat. yesterday and
today. They lost about four eight-houi
turns at the end of last week, normal work-
ing time being 16 turns a week

Beehives and byproduct -coke works, as
well as blast furnaces, came under the sev-
en-day operation clause and did not close.

As the iron and steel industry has been
greatly hampered by Insufficient transporta-
tion facilities, any Improvement that is ef-
fected In that direction will supply the
great thing the industry has needed Pig-
iron production, and consequently steel pro-
duction, has been curtailed through the In-
sufficiency of the coke movement, and dur-
ing the last three weeks, chiefly by rea-
son of railroad embargoes, about half and
perhaps more than half of the limited
amount of finished steel produced could
not be shipped, accumulating in ware-
houses and mill yards and threatening a
wholesale curtailment of production.

I'ig Iron — There have been no offerings of
pig iron. Merchant furnaces have been
producing 7 5 '. or less of their normal out-
put, less than enough to carry out contract
obligations, and the railroads have been
unable to handle all the pig iron produced.
Consumers have troubles of their own and
have not been pressing for deliveries as
hard as would otherwise be the case. The
market remains quotable at the set prices:
Bessemer. $36.30 ; basic and No. 2 foundry.
$33: malleable. $33.50; forge. $32. fob.
furnace, freight from valley furnaces to
Pittsburgh being 95c.

Steel — There are practically no offerings
of soft steel and the market is nominal at
the set prices. $47 50 for billets. $51 for
sheet bars and small billets. $50 for slabs
and $57 for wire rods. There are fairly-
large offerings of discard steel in billet
form, at slightly lower prices than those
set for soft steel.

STOCK QUOTATIONS- Continued

Ferroalloys

STOCK QUOTATIONS

COLO SPRINGS Jan. 22

Oresson Con

5.00

Donor Jack Pot

04

Elkton Con

06!

El Paso

15

Gold Sovereign,

02|

Golden Cycle

1 70

45

! ■

08

Mary MeKtnney .

,-a«

Portland

Cnlted Gold M

IS

Vindicator.

.32

LONDON

Alaska Tre'dwell
Burma Corp
Cam A Motor .
Camp Bird
El Oro
Esperanza
Mexican Mines
Mln Corp Can. .

Nechi. pfd 0

Orovllle 0

Santa Gert'dls.
Tomboy

0 13

1

N \ i XCH I

M.-wKa Cold M
Alaska Juneau
Am Sm A Kef .com
Am Sm. A Ref , pf
Am. Sm Src . pf., A
Am.Sm See . pf B
Am. Zinc
Am Zinc, pf
Anaconda

Batoptlaa Mln

Bethlehem Sterl
Bethlehem Steel, pf
Butt** A Superior
Cerro de Pasco
Chile Cop

Chlno

Colo I'uelA Iron. . .
Crucible Steel
Home Mines
Federal MAS

Federal M A s . pf

Great Nor , ore ctf
Greene I ananca
Qui! states Steel
Homestake
Inspiration Con
International Nickel
Kennecott
Lackawanna Steel
Miami Copper .
Nat'l Lean, cnm.

Jan J.

Fermmancanese — The market is strong.
although quiet, quotations for prompt and
forward being at not under $250, delivered.

Coke

Connellsville — Zero weather and lower
during part of the last week hampered coke
movement, hut otherwise basic conditions
have improved. The congestion in the re-
gion and along the way has been relieved
somewhat. The cross movements of coke.
so much discussed and reported upon for
two months past, are at last being elim-
inated, some important interchanges hav-
ing been effected within the last 10 days
whereby coke is moving more directly.
There is no unoontracted coke offered, but
with anything like full production there
will be a surplus over contract require-
The market remains quotable at
the set prices, $6 for furnace, $7 for 72-
hour selected foundry and $7.30 for crushed.
over 1-in.. per net ton at ovens.

|£l os Od

4 fl 0

0 10 6

0 7 0

0 7

0 7

12

16

9

B

Jan. 2

.pf

National 1 rail

Nev Consol
Ontario Mln
Quicksilver
Quicksilver, pf
Ray Con .
Republic! &S..com.,
Republic I As.pl
Sloss-Sheffleld
Tennessee C. A C. .
U. S. Steel, com ...
U. S. Steel, pf

Utah Copper

Va. Iron C. A c

3

82!
105
193

96

I4|

43

6H
1

751

90

19

31

15!

4:i
35 ;
54

9

9
SO
26 1
39!
84
81!
441
28|
32|
76
31|
45
99

11

''J

74 i
95
40
141
901
109
82|
52

BOSTON F.XCH • Jan

. ctfs

N. Y CURBt

Jan 22

1

Butte A N\ Y

7,

Butte C. A Z

Butte Detroit

A

Caledonia

51

Calumet A Jerome.

i*

Can Cop. Corpn .

2

Carlisle

$2

Cashboy

"fl.

Con. Ariz Sm

'f*

Con. Coppermine*.

51

Con. Nev -Utah. .

lA

Emma Con

25

First Nat. Cop

2

Goldneld Con.

„ A

Goldfleid Merger.

03

Greenmonster

1

Herla Mln

4

Howe Sound

31

Jerome Verde

.75

Kerr Lake

51

Louisiana.

.50

Magma

38

Majestic

32

McKlnley-n:ir-Sa

.57

Milford

:i

Mohican.

tA

Mother Lode

26

N. Y. A Hond

12

Nlplssing Mines.

8!

Nixon Nevada

11

Ohio Cop

931

Ray Hercules

31

Rlrhmond.

: 56

Rochester Mines

.32

St Joseph Lead

15!

Standard S. I

401

151

.09

31

Tonopah Vx

11

A

Troy Arizona

11

United Cop

1

United Verde Ext

36

United Zinc

11

Utlca Mtira

09!

Yukon Cold

1 H

• Bid prims, t Closing prices. I Last Quotations.

SAN FRAN'.'

Alta

Andes.

Best A Belcher

Bullion .

Caledonia

Challenge I on

Confidence

Con. Vlrelnla

Gould & i lurry

Hale A Norcroaa

Jacket-Cr Ft

Mexican

Occidental

Ophlr

Overman

Savage
Sierra Nevada

Union Con

Utah Con

Belmont

Jim Butler

MaeNamara

Midway

Mont -Tonopah . .

North star

Rescue Bula

West End Con.

Atlanta

Booth

Comb. Frac

D'field Daisy .

Florence

Jumbo Extension..
Kewanas
Nevada Hills
Nevada Packard
Round Mountain.
Silver Pick .

White Caps

Bis Jim

United Eastern . .

02
12
01

J 01
01
04
08
09
01
81
06
10

I 60
13
02

$03
13
99

t 01

3 no

62
19

IK

t OS

03

.08

71

.10

04

{02

t 02

13

.17

.07

04

.15

.22

.04

46

t 75

3 75

Adventure
Ahmcek
Algomah
Alloucr
Aril. Com..
Arnold
Bonanza
Butte-Biilaklava
Calumet A Ariz
Calumet A llcclu.
( 'entennlal
Conner Ranee
Daly Wem

Davls-Dalv

East Butte

Franklin

Granby

Hancock

Hedley

Helvetia

Indiana

Isle Royale

Keweenaw

I-ake

Ij» Salle

Mason Valley

Mass .

Mayflower

Michigan

Mohawk

New Arcadian . . .

New Idrta

North Butte

North Lake

OJlbway

Old Dominion

Osceola '

Qulocy

St. Mary's M. L. .

Santa Fe

Seneca

Shannon

Shattuck-ArU

So. Lake
So. Utah

Superior

Superior A Bost.

Trinity

Tuolumne

U. S, Smelling

U. S. Smelt'g, pf .

Utah Apex

Utah Con

Utah Metal

Victoria

Winona

Wolverine

Wyandot

1
78
30
51
121
20
15
30
64|
436
12

II

fl

74
8|

:n
: 25

85
21,

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■ J1

io1

75
43
58
72
54
70

:l

4

3

31
.95
451
44 1

2A
11

!•

3i'

60

BOSTON CURB* Jan. 22

Alaska Mines Corp
Bingham Mines.
Boston Elv
Boston A Mont. .
Butte A Loo'n Dev
Calaveras
Calunit-t-corbln..

Chief Con

Cortez x..

Crown Reserve.. .

Crystal Cop

Eagle A Blue Bell.
Gila Copper
Houghton Copper
Intermountaln.
Iron Cap. Com. . . .
iron < lap cop., pf..
Mexican Metals
Mines of America
Mojave Tungsten
Nat Zinc A Lead..
Nevada- Douglas.

New Baltic

New Cornelia

Oneco

Pacific Mines

Rex Cons

18
Bi

65
44
.10

: oi

2A
Ofi
18
47

3

17
.10
t 70
181
1M(
30

oi'

17
95

16!

30

t 35

.10

SALT LAKE*

Bannack

Cardiff

Colorado Mining
Daly

Daly-Judge

Empire ( -opper

Gold chain

Grand Central

Iron Blossom .
Lower Mammoth. .
May Day

Moscow

Prince Con
Rico Wellinutnn
SUver-Klnc i oal'n
Silver King con.. .
Sioux Con

So. Hecla

Tlntlc standard .
Uncle Sam

Walker Cop

Wtlbert

Yankee

: 26

2 SO

OS

I i:.

7 00
tl 17

.5.1

48

! 03

03

.-11

62

16

2 60

2 77

0->

66

:i 45

$.01

1 62

04

TORONTO'

Jan 2

Adanac. . .

Bailey

Beaver Con . .
Chambers Ferland.

Conlacas

Hargraves

La Rose

Peterson Lake .
Temlskamlng
Wettlaufer-Lor.. . .
Davidson

Dome Exten

Dome Lake

Holllnger

Mclntyre

Newray

Porcu Crown
Teck-Hughes . . .

Vlpond

West Dome

10

$05
.24

in

3 00

09

09

04
I

.09

13
5 li
1 3f

If
If
If
18
17

a

Engineering and Mining Journal

February 2, 1918

folutlli 1 1

Xnih

HEAP-LEACH IXC <.F COPPER ORE AT BISBEE, ARIZ.

Some Experiments in Heap-Leaching

Copper Ores

By GEORGE D. VAN ARSDALE

Chemist, Phelps Dodge Corporation, 99 John St., New York

In the United States no attempts have been made
at commercial heap-leaching of copper ores, but
the Phelps Dodge Corporation has conducted ex-
periments on its Copper Queen and Burro Moun-
tain ores, which warrant further research on a
larger scale. Leaching of a heap of about 40,000

tons is now to be tried at Tyrone, N. M., following
successful preliminary experiments there and at
Douglas and Bisbee, Ariz. Rio Tinto's leaching
process not applicable to the disseminated copper
ores of the Southwest. Proper regeneration of
iron salts and_ sufficient capillarity are essential.

IT IS usually unwise to publish reports of experi-
mental work before final results are obtained, but
when the operation is not patentable, is of general
interest, and one phase has been finished, the publica-
tion of preliminary notes may be warranted, and, in-
deed, the information thus offered is often of value in
preventing mistakes and misunderstandings in further
experiments. Therefore it must be understood that the
notes herewith presented represent such a preliminary
phase of the heap-leaching investigations of the Phelps
Dodge Corporation, and it is hoped that they will be of
interest. It is not now possible to determine whether

or not they will be followed by other work or by com-
mercial development, and they are therefore submitted
only as an account of the results to date of experiments.
In this country no account has been published of sys-
tematic large-scale investigation of the question of
possible application of the so-called heap-leaching meth-
ods, in use at Rio Tinto, to low-grade ore such as the
"porphyry" ores of the Southwest.

There is a limit to the copper content of such material
as may be defined as commercial ore for each locality and
set of conditions. The fact that in many places where
such ores occur there are large amounts of material in

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 5

:ily slightly lower in grade than the ore
„..,,,, 3 u evident that the developing of a suc-

sful method for treating lower-grade copper-bearing
r.vk would have an extensive field of application. It is
seUl, to prophesy, but it at least seems probable

that the grade of ore that can be profitably treated by
present concentrating methods will not be lowered to
any great degree unless some process, at present un
foreseen, cheaper and more efficient than current prac
tice, be developed. It is doubtless true that Rotation may
l*> developed so as to give, in some eases, better extrac-
tions than are now possible, but it seems probable, also.
that this method may show distinct limitations as to
the kinds of ore that will yield higher extractions. The
seale of concentrating operations also determines the
grade of ore that can he considered commercial, bu1 is
dependent on the size of the orebody being treated.
limiting the possible investment for plant installation.

Milled in Southwest is Above i Pes cent.

It is probably safe to assume that for a large "por-
phyry" orebody. and consequent large daily concentrat
ing-plant tonnage, under normal conditions, the low-
limit of copper content may be put at 1 . though in
many plaees it is much higher. The average grades of
ore milled by some of the Southwestern companies dur-
ing 1916 were approximately as shown in the accompany-
ing table. There is evidently needed a method low both

TABLE I GRADES "1' COPPEB ORE MILLED IN 1916

Pei * 'int. of
< 'upper

Utah ( j -*}

ited < '. pi- r I ?!

Chin.. Copper Co °>

Ingp lidated Copp. r Co ' "
Phd]

in treatment and installation cost which would be ap-
plicable on a large scale for ores containing 1.25f,
copper or less, part of which may be oxides. It seems
at least possible that heap-leaching may be the solution
of the problem in some cases.

In order to see the possibilities of the process, some
figures, although of value only if the assumptions made
prove finally to be correct, may be considered. Assume
a daily supply of 2000 to 5000 tons of ore averaging, say,
1.25f, copper; that mining can be done for 75c. per ton
and that 75', extraction can be made by heap-leaching
in three years. In Table II are shown the possible costs
under such conditions.

TABLE II POSSIBL] COST WITH HEAP-LEACHING

Per Ton Ore

Mir....* *° »

Transportation and piling ■ '"

.ration and repair of site .... ■ y*

Interest Jf ,,

Iron at l*e per lb. ofCu 5"5

Labor at le. per lb of Cu «5

Pumping and labor or. pile - "£
Removal u>

Total « °"5

18.751b eement eopper eo«t $2.0575 = 10.96e p ling overhead

etc . treatment and other charg

From these figures, provided the assumptions are cor-
rect and if the method works out, there is an ample
margin of profit on a 1.25'; ore, and under favorable
conditions a good profit could be made on a mixed sul-
phide and oxide ore of a copper content less than 25 lb.
per ton. It is to be understood that the only object in
any such crude and preliminary cost calculations as
those set down is for the purpose of ascertaining whether
a sufficient possible margin exists, under reasonable as-
sumptions, to make it worth while to consider the mat-

ter. The next steps are to determine in a small way the
probability of successful operation; to check, in a larger
way than is possible through laboratory experiments,
the conclusions thus made, and, finally, as far as possible,
to determine the unknown factors and to outline and
carry out a series of experiments on a seale as near as
possible to actual working conditions.

Kaki.i Leaching Expi-kimknts of Dr. Douglas
With the above introduction, the following preliminary
notes are intended to describe the experimental work to
date and to say something about that which will be done

HKAP-LEACHING OPERATIONS OF COPPEK QUEEN- CON-
SOLIDATED MINING CO. AT BISBF.E, ARIZ.
Above— Feb. 1. 1917. Below— Feb. 10, 1917.

in the future by the Phelps Dodge Corporation in de-
termining the applicability of heap-leaching to somf
of the company's ores. So far as I know the first pro-
posal to apply heap-leaching methods to the ore of the
Southwest was due to Dr. James Douglas, and in this, a;
in many other lines of copper metallurgy, he was tht
pioneer. As I remember, the experiments made at hi;
direction were for the purpose of determining the ap
plicability of heap-leaching methods to pyrite carryinj
small amounts of copper from the Copper Queen mine
the idea being also to utilize any excess acid producet
by extracting therewith the copper from low-grade oxi
dized ores. Some tests were made, but they did no
lead to sufficiently encouraging results at the time t>
make further work advisable.

Following these experiments, which were made a
Bisbee under the direction of F. H. Probert more tha
15 years ago, I made some investigations to determin
the probable theory of the method and its possible apph
cation. It seemed certain that mere exposure to th
air, even accompanied by wetting, would not suffice, a
that to confirm this point experimentally seemed hardl
worth while, since it had been established, for exampl

'

Februan

1918

ENGINEERING AND .MINIM, .loi RNAL

JL'7

that a pile of sand tailings from a mill, after exposure
to air and rain for years, will finally have only a small
mi of its copper rendered soluble. It seemed equal

ly certain that the solvent action of ferric Sulphate W<

he effectual it' it could ho produced and regenerated.

Ferrous sulphate as a solvent has onlj a low and impel
action on oxides of copper, and I believe none at all
on sulphides.

Ferric Reduced to Ferrous Iron at Rio Tinto
To Lessen Iron i Jonsi mption

At Rio Tinto there is no lack of iron, either ferrous
or ferric; in fact, so much of the latter is produced from
the ore heaps that it is necessary to pass the liquors from
the heaps through a filter bed of raw ore to reduce the
ferric to ferrous iron and thereby lessen the consump-
tion of iron. Further, it may or may not be necessary
to return any part of the liquors, carrying sulphates of
iron, from the precipitating launders back to the heap,
hut with the application of the method to a low-grade
"porphyry" ore, it would undoubtedly be necessary to
return to the heaps all liquors from the precipitating
launders in order to maintain the proper amount of iron
in the liquors.

Establishing this return of all liquors as the first
probable condition, it was evident that some method of
'egenerating ferric iron would be necessary, since the
iquors to be returned, if any reasonable economy of
irecipitation was to be had, would contain practically
ill of their iron as ferrous sulphate.

Ferric Iron Regenerated by Evaporation

No practicable method of cheaply converting, for
eaching purposes, ferrous to ferric iron has been worked
>ut, and it seemed evident that the only method suf-
iciently cheap was the partial conversion to be obtained
>y evaporation. Further, if this evaporation were car-
ied on in intimate contact with the ore being leached,
■robably a better and quicker extraction could be ob-
ained. Accordingly the following steps were adopted as

method for preliminary tests: (1) Wetting ore with
xcess of solution containing ferrous sulphate and a
mall amount of ferric sulphate. (2) Allowing the ore
o drain and air-dry thoroughly. (3) Precipitating
opper from resulting liquor by iron, returning to ore
nd repeating. This procedure does not differ materially
rom Rio Tinto practice, but there are, as will be noted
ime differences as well as the possibility of variation
f a number of experimental conditions.

Extensive Experimentation Required Before
Determining a Method of Heap-Leaching

It is also evident that while the conditions and chem-
;try of heap-leaching are well known as applied to Rio
into conditions, in the application of heap-leaching to
n ore so radically different as Copper Queen low-grade
hceous and partly oxidized ores, which carry in many
ises large amounts of soluble alumina and other bases,
iere exist conditions so different that Rio Tinto prac-
ce may not apply at all.

Broadly speaking, it is necessary, then, to determine
rat whether the Rio Tinto methods can be applied and,

not, to ascertain if any practicable modification of
iem is feasible. The first experiments were on a heavy
ilphide ore from Arizona, and this ore gave up practi-

eall.\ all oi u i oppi i to the 1 applied -

cessively. Othei on . a- well as tailings, gave similai

results, and it t h«-r« ned probable that, il till

conditions under win. h thi i laboratoi t( I wi re
ducted could be duplicated in larger scale work, furthei
experiment hould be made-, 'i he follow ing de cripl
of a systematic laboratoi \ ti ' n quentlj oi

ore will serve to show the conditions of II xperiment

and the iv ult obtained.

Neutral Solution Produced Iron Precipitate
In the first series of experiments, m which a neutral
solution of ferrous sulphate was used for leaching, il
was found that after s ,„■ in [each cycles the solution
of the copper practically ceased. I'he purpo i
second series was to determine the reason for this and
if possible find a remedy. It was noticed in the first
series of experiments that the ore disintegrated
slimy, a yellowish precipitate of feme hydroxide or
basic sulphate was formed, and it seemed probable that
the cessation of leaching might be due to the clogging
of the ore by this slime.

In the second series a small amount of acid was added
to the leach liquor to prevent the formation of precipi-
tate. It is to be noted particularly that this acid is not
primarily for the purpose of dissolving any copper, but
merely as a sort of restraining agent to prevent oxidized
iron from precipitating. Consequently, it may or may
not be neutralized and used up. As long as any oxide
copper or other acid-soluble bases are present, there

PLACING ORE OX BI.SBEE HEAP. OCT. 18, 1917

will undoubtedly be some consumption of acid, but
this does not reach the point at which iron begins to
precipitate it may possibly not mean a prohibitive
amount of acid.

A preliminary test was made to determine the solu-
bility of copper in strong FejSO.iL solution. For this
two batches of 25 grams each of ore (0.97rr Cu) were

ENGINEERING AM' MINIM.; ,H>1 UNA1.

Vol. lor.. No. :.

lution— one cold, the other

rhe liquor, after digesting two

houi d off and the residue washed, dried and

. iied. There was practically no loss of material, and

I, after leaching, 0.60 9( and 0.0991 Cu

the cold and warmed samples respectively, it seems,

the! alt' the copper is readily soluble, the

ainder slowly so, in strong Fe so i solution.

For the actual leaeh experiments L000 grama of ore

meslv were placed in the apparatus

D the accompanying sketch. It required 270

solution to cover the ore. After standing two

hours the pinch cock at the bottom was opened and the

liquid allowed to filter off. This was then measured and

ken for analysis. The leach liquor consisted

a solution ous sulphate made by dissolving

copper obtained per ton of ore per leaching cycle for the
nil tests, and have been plotted alongside the results
of the first tests, using neutral FeSO, solution. It will
noticed that the results are superior for the acid so-
lution, as the recovery reaches a constant fixed rate of

APPARATUS FOR MAKING LEACHING EXPERIMENTS

grams of the crystalized salt per liter of water. The
analysis of the solution after adding 1 c.c. H,SO, (1.83
sp.gr. i per liter was: Ferrous iron, 1.15$ ; ferric iron,

TABLE III LEACH EXPERIMENTS ON COPPEB ORE

i 3ING \' "II" LAI (ON -"I i WON

(Using

i 3ING MM" LATION SOI I I [ON

1,000-gram sample, 0.97% cu., 4-20 mesh: 270 c.c. leach
solution. 1.2% ferrous, 0.1 %ferric, 0. 16% H,SO«)

~- :

2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
II
12
13
14
15

225
232
255
212
215
232
230
228
243
238
251
246
236
230
241

10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10

0 0710
0 0505
0 0259
0 0188
0 0130
0.0145
0 0086
0 0086
0 0071
0 00966
0 00738

0 01068
0 01017

= -
"- - i
i~ 6
>s<

— g -

- — 'J
O

I 596

1 171

0 660

0 398

0 280

0.336

0 198

0 196

0 173

0.230

0 185

0 188

0 198

0 245

0 245

D.

a „

■a|s

a J a

"C ='"
0'"M
16 45
12 07
6 81
4 10

2 89

3 47
2 04
2.02

1 7ft

2 37
1.91
1.94

1 92

2 53
2 53

o -

lJ3

U

--? fc.

Eh .--

&^

B i

o .

CO s

3°°

—

16 45

3.19

0.27

28 52

2 34

0.37

35 33

1.32

0.65

39.43

0 80

1.06

42 32

0 56

1.49

45 79

0.67

1 29

47 83

0 40

2.18

49 85

0.39

2.20

51 63

0.35

2.50

54.00

0.46

1 82

0 37

2.34

57.85

0.38

2.30

59 77

0.40

2.18

62.30

0.49

1 77

64.83

0.49

1 77

I Z 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 II ie 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Leach Cycle

i I i:\ i: SHOWING RATE AND PERCENT CUMULATIVE
■ >\ KEY OF COPPER IN LEACHING EXPERIMENTS

about 2rc and does not decrease to zero, as with ths
neutral solution. The recovery consequently continues
to increase at an approximately constant rate.

Successive Leaches Show Decreased Copper
Recovery

Assuming that all the acid is lost (new solution wa;
used each time in these experiments), the acid consump
tion has been calculated per pound of copper in two ways
The first of these represents that for each individua
leach and would average about 1.5 lb. H,SO, per lb. o
copper. The second, as shown in the plot, is the cumu

CURVE SHOWING ACID CONSUMPTION AND COrPEP.
RECOVERY IN LEACHING EXPERIMENTS

lative consumption, calculated in the following manne
Taking, as an example, leach No. 10, the recove
is 54% of 1000 X 0.97% = 5.24 grams of copper. F"
this there was used 270 X 0.0016 X 10 = 4.32 grams '-

Table III shows

0.11% ; H,SO, (by calculation), 0.16%.
the results for the first 15 leaches.

The curves plotted from the data obtained show the val-
ues of cumulative recovery, rate recovery, and pounds of

acid.

Cu =

t'S -

Acid used per lb.

reason this figure is lower than the average in the tab*
is due to the large amount of copper in the first f'
original leaches that were made in the experimen

February 2, L918

ENGINEERING AND .MINIM, JOURNAL

Conclusions made as a result of these tests were : Thai
the ore treated, under the conditions of the experiments,

lid be made to give up \ irtualh all »f its ..>).)>.' >
ten! under probablj practicable conditions of length of
time for drying, number of leaching cycles, etc.; thai a
neutral solution is not suitable for return to the ore,
since bj its use the ore breaks down, clogs up, and per
eolation and extraction cease; thai by adding to the
leach a small amount of acid and maintaining this acid-
ity, this undesirable action could be prevented; that this
amount of acid will probably not add too much to the
of operation; and that the amount of conversion of
ferrous to ferric iron, by evaporation of the original
solution in contact with the ore. is sufficient for the so-
lution of the sulphides of copper.

Test on 25 Tons of Sand Tailings
The next step in the investigation of the method was
at Douglas, Ariz., where, several years ago, the Phelps
Dodge Corporation decided to make a large-scale test
and a more or less complete investigation of leaching
as applied to local conditions. I was in charge of the
beginning and final steps of this investigation, and dur-
ing the latter period, as a next step in heap-leaching
investigation, I had placed a small heap containing about
2& tons of sand tailings from one of the company mills.
These sand tailings contained about 0.52 c'c Cu, of which
0.19', was acid- and water-soluble copper, and the re-
mainder sulphide copper. The tailings were deslimed
by passing through a small Dorr classifier, after which
the coarse part was placed in a pile.

The apparatus used and method of operation were as
follows: A board platform with raised edges was con-
structed and made as tight as possible. The platform
tilted slightly so as to drain to one side, along which
a series of holes was bored in the side so as to communi-
cate with a launder leading to a sump measuring tank.
On the top of the board platform a layer of crushed slag
was placed to provide a porous bottom, through which
drainage to the side could take place. Over this layer
of slag the sand tailings were piled, the final height
being about 6 to 8 ft., and the sides of the pile were
sloped so that the top, which was flat, contained a small
basin into which the liquor could be pumped. The re-
maining apparatus consisted of the sump measuring
tank, a launder large enough to accommodate the liquor
and iron used in the treatment, and a steam siphon for
raising the liquor to the launder and to the top of the
pile. It was recognized that 'the heating of the solu-
tion, due to the steam, introduced a doubtful factor that
could not be duplicated in larger-scale work, but, except
for this and the depth through which percolation was
done, there were no impracticable conditions evident.
Results Obtained Warrant Further Tests
There was on hand from previous experiments a stock
of liquor carrying small amounts of iron salts suitable
for irrigation, and the method of procedure was to run
this liquor over the heap until it was apparent from the
affluent liquor that no more copper was being leached out,
and then to let the heap dry. During this period of
drying usually there soon appeared on the outside of
the heap a crust or coating of nearly pure sulphate of
copper, and it was evident that, probably from some
capillary action, there was a migration of the copper
to the surface after it was rendered soluble bv the action

of the salts of iron remaining in the pile, Aft< i

able drj al, deti i mint d ther and the

appearance of the heap, it was again irrigated, and

I thai time rendered soluble
The whole operation was then repeated until the
elusion of the experiment. On a ipie-

tion of the other leaching work it did nol
while to go on with tins small experiment, bul tht re
suits obtained seemed sufficierj
rant further experiments on a large scale, which
cided on and a good sized heap arranged at Tyroni
the Burro Mountain branch of the Phelps Doi
poration.

The material used for this test, which is still in
progress, was a part of an old ore dump thai bad been
exposed to oxidizing influent i everal years, and

consequently contained a considerable quantity of the
copper content in an oxidized condition. From the ap-
pearance and action of this ore as exposed to air and
moisture, it seemed fairly safe to conclude that its sul-
phide-copper contents were of such a character as to
oxidize with fair readiness, especially if properly and
systematically treated for the purpose. An analysis of
this ore as originally laid down indicated 2.71', copper.
No crushing was done.

Ore Laid Down in a Series of Terraces
The site selected for the experiments was a sloping
piece of ground, fairly level transversely, near the head
of a canyon. It was decided to lay down the ore in a
series of terraces, and sufficient ground was prepared to
accommodate the amount of ore, about 20,722 tons. It
was thought probable that if the heap was put down
without some attempt at waterproofing the ground sur-
face, the loss of solution through seepage would be con-
siderable, and therefore a layer of slime tailings, hav-
ing practically the character of clay, was laid down first.
A certain amount of fuel oil was also used for this pur-
pose. After building the proper drains, made from large
rock, laid dry, the ore was put in place, leveled and a
series of basins made on the top of the terraces, ar-
ranged to intercommunicate when necessary. The drains
under the heap led to main drains, which were at the
sides and lower edge of the heap, and the liquor drain-
ing out into these was led to a sump tank, from which it
was pumped up to the precipitating system at a higher
level than the heaps.

Scrap Iron and Tin Cans Used to Precipitate Copper
There are no points of special interest regarding the
precipitating plant, the usual launder system being used.
Scrap iron and tin cans are used to precipitate the cop-
per, which is cleaned off and collected in the same way as
at similar plants. From the precipitating plant the
barren liquor flows by gravity to the heaps, and arrange-
ment has been made so that its flow can be diverted to
any of the basins, a record being kept to insure that each
part of the heap receives its proper period of rest and
leaching.

The small-scale work showed that apparently disin-
tegration of the ore, which would otherwise have taken
place, could be controlled and prevented to a certain ex-
tent by the presence of a small percentage of acid in the
liquors. It is, of course, obvious, also, that the pre-
cipitation of hydrates of iron will be excessive from a
neutral liquor. Beginning in September, a small amount

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 5

added to the solutions. Table IV shows the

ned from the operation of this heap at

The immediate supervision of this heap-leach-

- \ i i \ hi

tiri.'toi Lb.
I I.

2 n

4 4 > l-IQ l.|

4- .44 J I

4 | .1

■>:: it ii

I/Wo "J 1 0. : (i B

ii e

916 II 0.6

II I II I

0 7 II 4

1 0

271.150

:4 i

ing work at Tyrone, as well as the large-scale tests which

have been authorized and will be referred to later, is
under the direction of A. W. Hudson.

imoNS -w Sacramento Hill, Bisbeb

At Bisbee the drilling of Sacramento .Mountain showed
siderable amounts of siliceous ore of concentrating
grade, some ore of shipping grade, and large amounts of
low-grade ore. Must of the latter would have to be re-
moved in any case, and. since the cost of preparing this
for leaching would be little more than for any other
method of disposal, and its extraction cost would proper-
ly be charged as stripping expense and a part of the
of mining the main orebodies. it seemed advisable
to make some experiments on this material also. In this
■ . in view of the above, w^hile a complete extraction
was to be desired, a lower percentage of extraction than
that required by the conditions at Tyrone would still be
sufficient. Furthermore, that part of the low-grade ore
that would have to be removed by stripping could be
It ached and its copper recovered when market conditions
permitted, and the operation suspended when its re-
covery became unprofitable.

Both the work at Tyrone and the small heap started
at Bisbee cannot be considered as complete tests, but
rather as rough preliminary experiments to determine
the prospect of the amenability of the ores to the meth-
od. For this reason little attempt was made at either
place to lay out the work in such a way that full and
complete information on many necessary details needed
for intelligent design of a plant for operation on a
large scale could be secured.

Preparing the Leaching Heap at Bisbee

Joseph Irving, who was in charge of the mine-water
treating plant at Bisbee and had had considerable leach-
ing experience both at Rio Tinto and at several places in
this country, in addition to his connection with a part
of the Douglas experimental work, was placed in local
charge of the tests to be made at Bisbee, and work was
started in September, 1916. A large part of the follow-
ing description of the work done to date is taken from
reports made from time to time by Mr. Irving, and the
accompanying photographs, showing various stages of
the operations, are also by Mr. Irving.

Preliminary operations included track repairs, con-
struction of bins and chutes and preparation of the site.
This site, lying as it does between the power plant and
the Sacramento loading station, was selected as being
the most convenient, though certainly not the most ideal.
Owing to the nature of the ground, care had to be taken

hi preparing tin- site, which on (besides is partly uoor3d
with old lumber and partly dressed off with slimes fi
the creek. These precautions were taken to prevent ex-
cessive losses through percolation of the copper liquors
through the open soil. The creek bed was cribbed over
and tlie cribbing covered with large pieces of ore ami
rock. This creek now constitutes the main drain from
the heap, and other smaller drains (12x12 in.) were
laid out which lead toward the main drain. The smaller
drains were constructed from the large pieces of on
coming forward from the dump, while between the drains
the whole tloor was covered with large pieces of ore.

sampling and Placing the Ore on the Heap

Actual moving of the ore from the air-shaft dump t<>
the leaching site began on Sept. lit), but was erratic until
Oct. 13, when the work was placed on a contract basis.
The cars were of 19-cu.ft. capacity and averaged over
2086 lb. of ore per load, so that, allowing for moisture,
delivery was just a little over one ton per car.

For a few days at the start each carload was weighed
and tared; later on, however, 12', of each day's work
was weighed and tared. A sample was taken from each
car at the loading bins, and the whole sample sent to
the laboratory and assayed for copper only. A com-
posite sample was prepared at end of each month, and
a general analysis made, of which the following is a
fair average: Ag, 0.12 oz.; Cu, 1.30%; Si02, 60.7', ;
Fe, 10.5V; CaO, 1.2V; A130„ 12.1V; S, 9.9V. Daily
moisture samples were taken separately.

The ore was delivered on the prepared floor at a
point from which it was calculated that a heap laid out
would not exceed a depth of 25 ft. over the main drain
or creek. No attempt was made at screening; neithei
was crushing on a large scale contemplated. However
all large pieces, excepting those required for walls oi
drains, were broken up at the loading station. Th<
reason for this was to keep the dump open and so permit
of free percolation, and to save expense. In light ol
past experience and the nature of the ore to be treated
20 to 25 ft. was considered sufficient depth for the hea]
in order to obtain proper saturation and at the sam<
time avoid the evils of channeling or packing.

The work of transporting the ore from the air-shaf
dump to the leaching site continued, with few inter
ruptions, till Jan. 31, when there had been formed a heat
of 9487 dry tons and a surface area of nearly 12,00'
sq.ft. The heap was laid off in two benches, one 5 ft
lower than the other. The maximum depth above th
creek is 25 ft., the minimum 5 ft. and the average clos
to 20 feet.

TABLE V. HEAP-LEACHING TESTS AT BISBEE
I ring i.i, o! ore, 9.487; grade, 1.33^ copper; pounds of copper, 252,354

1917 Copper Copper Copper (

Extracted Remaining Extracted tracted ]

I Lb. PerCent. Per Ton

ToJuni I (app. 2mos.) 26.486 225.868 10 4 2 7

3,011 222.857 II 0 3

I2.70U 210.157 5 0 13

Vugust ... 7,804 202,353 3.0 0.8

Scptemb. , 9.535 192.818 3 7 10

8,503 184.315 3 3 0 9

68,039

26 9

At present the surface of the heap is being arrange
into convenient squares for irrigation purposes, and
concrete settling tank for liquors from the heap is bein
built. The water coming to the heap, whether from tl
spray or from the sump at the main plant, will 1

F( bruarj

1918

ENGINEERING AND .MINIM, .lot l:\Al

231

measun .1 : ml sampl pper liquors will

pumped from the settling lank to two precipital ing tai
at the main plant, being automatically measured and
sampled en route. Daily samples will also be taki n
the copper liquor entering and leaving each tank. The
total iost for all preliminary work not including min
ing l 13 for the 9487 tons of ore. In Table \ 1

these i osts are < lassitied.

I M,| U VI DEl'AIL OF COSTS PR1 I 1 Ml • CHING

|.HI> 2 ''•»

:in,i inn- 3 23

7 "4

1 5 17

links 2 85

i » 12

2 40

I ppr ton 60 44

The ore contained 1.33' , copper, equivalent to 252,354

lli.. and the costs recorded therefore are equivalent to
Bboul three cents per lb. on the 75', extraction, which,
if obtained, will be equivalent to 189,265 lb. of copper.
The stated costs do not include any outlay for a pre-
cipitating plant, since the capacity of the mine-water
treating plant already in use is ample to take care of all
liquors.

Table V shows the results at Bisbee. Extractions by
months expressed in pounds copper per ton of ore are
also shown by curves for both Burro Mountain and Bis-
bee. No comparison is possible between the two, since
the character of the ore is different, and because the
Burro Mountain ore originally carried 2.71 ' ( Cu, as
compared with 1.33 % for Bisbee. It is interesting to
note, however, that so far the curve for extraction from
the Bisbee ore follows almost exactly the original esti-
mate based on the small-scale tests and other data. This
estimate for an ore carrying about 25 lb. of copper per
ton was 40ff for the first year, 20ff for the second year
and 15ff for the third year, which is equivalent, on this
Bisbee ore, to 10.6, 5.3 and 4 lb. per year, respectively.
This assumed extraction is show^n by curve on the dia-
gram and it is evident that the actual extraction obtained
follows the assumed almost exactly.

Extraction of 40fr Probable on Bisbee Ore
During the First Year

This does not necessarily mean anything for the
future, and it is not possible to extrapolate this curve,
except possibly for a short distance, but I believe it is
at least safe to assume an extraction of 40 cc of the cop-
per from the Bisbee ore for the first year under the
conditions of the experiments as made. It should also
be noted that the figures obtained are necessarily con-
servative, since they are based on actual measurements
and assays of the liquors from the heaps as taken to
the precipitation launders. There has been an un-
measured and indefinite amount of leakage and loss of
liquor through seepage and other uncontrolled factors.
This may not have actually represented a considerable
percentage of the total, but there must have been some
loss, and it is almost certain, assuming that the assays
and measurements of liquor, as computed, are correct,
that the actual extraction will not be less than that cal-
culated.

Attention should also be called to an interesting prac-
tical result of the Bisbee experiments. This is that some
time ago the heap paid all expenses connected with it

(except, of course, mining, which wa ither

purposes and hen including all prep

t n ii i do]

now being operated al a profit. This is, l think, ral
unusual in experimental work of an entirely now cl

r. and the point of c mphasizing this and tin- |in

ing extraction figure i to show thai undt
conditions, when, for example, a large amounl ol
must be removed for stripping and other purpc
profitable operation of the method is reasonably

16

14

c

%\Q

a
o
o

Estimated Extraction Bisbee

Ira?.

" 20%- 5.31b.
" 15%= 4 lb.

y

/
o

/.

/FA

*<

/

i

y_

/

/

4

/

/

c/

<y /

/

p

s

V5

4/

>

of/

/

' V

>
/

r

1

a.

1917

CURVES SHOWING COPPER EXTRACTION BY HEAP
LEACHING AT BISBEE AND TVUi iNE

tain. This does not mean that anything approaching a
complete extraction has yet been demonstrated, but only
that, under conditions where cost of mining and mov-
ing may properly be charged to other operations, it is
probable that the treatment of ore (provided the selling
price is high enough) will be profitable even at a com-
paratively low percentage of extraction.

It is obvious that as yet little is known about the con-
ditions for large-scale operation. Following exactly the
conditions of the work thus far done for the same time
will naturally be expected to give the same results for
an identical period, and if these conditions have been
properly selected, treatment for a further time will also
be successful. The reverse may be true and, if it should
be demonstrated that a longer treatment will not yield
the results expected, a series of more complete and sys-
tematic tests should be instituted to ascertain what the
reason for such failure was or whether it could be ob-
viated by changing the conditions under control of the
operator.

This is the object of the work to be done at Tyrone,
and, broadly speaking, the results obtained may be ex-

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. L05, No. •".

here except for ores of different

planned to mine, for the purpose of the

10,000 tons of ore, which

d as to be representative,

ble, of the ore eventually to be treated

if the method is successful.

ISIDERED IN I1, [NG

\ r Methods

The following list of questions represents in a pre-
liminary way the information needed as indicated by
the results achieved, and tests are being planned to
furnish. - possible, definite ans" these and

other questions:

iming more or less exact knowledge of the ton-
nage e, its grade, analysis, uniformity,
mining cost, etc, what will lie the total investment costs,
the probable operating cost and the profit, experimental-
ly and on a large scale? What will be the scale of

0 50 100 150 200

I I I I I

^so am Southwestern R.R.

DIAGRAM OF PROPOSED EXPERIMENTAL LEACHING
PLANT AT TYRONE. N. M.

eventual operation, and the minimum daily tonnage that
will pay at a normal copper price? What will be the
investment needed for transportation of ore to pile, and
the distance and cost of this operation?

As to breaking before piling, can run of mine be
used, and, if not, what is the best size? What amount
of screening or other separation of sizes will be needed,
and what will be the cost for breaking or screening if
needed? Regarding preparation for the pile, what is
the best kind, construction, etc., of the foundation? Will
waterproofing of the site be needed, and, if so, what
kind will be practicable? What is the best method of
piling and what is the best height of pile? What amount
of fines will be needed for the top to insure proper
distribution of the liquors? What will be the cost of
the above factors?

Regarding the leaching operation itself, what will be
the total volume of solution to be pumped and the cor-
responding pumping cost per ton of ore? What will
be the probable total extraction and the rate for any
period, and the time required for such extraction? What

is the mo it favorable composition of leaching liquor with

respect to ferrous iron, ferric iron, free acid and other
constituents? What is the balance of the cycle for iron
and other constituents? What disintegration of the
under treatment will take place in connection with
the other vai iable

What is the iiest manner of solution application, the
time interval for drying, etc.? Assuming that better
results can be had with increased ferric iron in solution,
can this be increased by any practicable method? Will
acidity of solutions he needed and, if so, what will be
the amount of a< id required per ton of ore? As to pre-
cipitation, what will be the best form of apparatus?
To what extenl can present labor costs for precipitation
be reduced? What will be the best form and the cost of
iron for precipitation and its consumption per lb. of
copper? Assuming that reducing beds for the control
of ferric iron before precipitation will be needed, what
will be the best material available for them, their ex-
tent, efficiency, durability, etc.? What will be the best
method of collecting the precipitate?

Conditions Governing Removal of Ore After
Leaching

For these and other calculations it is assumed that,
for any scale finally decided on as the daily production,
in starting operations this amount will be piled daily and
treatment started as soon as possible. At the end of
three years, or whatever time extraction is finished, the
daily addition of the same amount will be continued,
and in addition removal of the leached ore will begin.
The question of the relative advisability of removal of
the ore or its remaining after leaching will depend on
the available space and the relative cost of removal, com-
pared with the preparation of a new site.

It will, accordingly, be necessary if large-scale work
is done to provide sufficient space to accommodate the
daily tonnage for, say, three years, the estimated ex-
traction period. In addition there will be needed either
storage space thereafter for the amount of daily ton-
nage coming forward, or a new site. The former will
probably be preferred. What will be the best form of
machinery for the storage and eventual removal of the
amount of ore per day to be treated?

Leaching Sites Should Be Nearly Flat

Regarding the selection of site and other matters in
connection with it, it is assumed that the best site will
be nearly flat and much longer than broad. Questions to
be answered include : What is the best and the greatest
allowable slope of the ground? What are the best hori-
zontal and other pile dimensions? What will be the di-
mensions, slope, etc., of the main launders along the
heap and of the transverse collecting launders under the
heap, and the distance apart, etc., of the latter? What is
the best method and material for constructing transverse
and other drains? Will "ventilating chimneys," as at
Rio Tinto, be needed, and, if so, what is the proper dis-
tance apart for these, their construction, etc.?

In order intelligently to answer the above and, prob-
ably, other questions that will arise, it seems likely thai
not less than the stated 30,000 to 40,000 tons of on
will be needed.

An accompanying sketch shows the arrangement ot
the various features of a proposed experimental plant
which embodies the following features: A spur from the

February 2, 1918

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

nam line of the railroad for transportation to plant
if ore, iron and other supplies, and shipment of cem< n
opper produced ; p les of ore, the arrangement of which
\ill consist of six piles, divided as shown for the pur
iose of conducting simultaneouslj a number of the
leriments called for bj the questions propounded, Th

ill be arranged to have measuring and samplin
levices attached to the launders from each, and the
aunders conned with and discharge into the ma n col-
ecting launder to the mam sump as shown. From this
he liquors will be pumped up to storage tanks, plai
how n at the top level of the plant, and from these stor-
ge tanks the liquors will How by gravity to precipita-
ion launders arranged as shown. 'These will communi-
th transverse collecting launders through which
■ ■iit copper will How by gravity to collecting tanks
o be washed and prepared for shipment. From the pre-
ipitating launders the solution, free from copper, will
nw hack by gravity to the heaps through the return
mnder system, and will be distributed to the piles as
equired. A short length of narrow-gage track, with
n incline at the end parallel to the precipitating system
nd extending to the top level of the latter for the pur-
ose of bringing scrap or other iron to the plant and re-
loving the cement copper, is also provided.
The system of distribution to the beds is not shown
ut this is comparatively unimportant, since methods
iiitable for larger-scale work would be too expensive
or a small installation. There will be needed, in addi-
lon, suitable smaller-scale arrangements for carrying on
imultaneously a number of small-scale tests, together
ith proper laboratory facilities for analyses.

Bisbee and Burro Mountain Ores Respond
Differently to Similar Treatment
Regarding the probable chemistry of the operation,
mch could be said from analogy with other work, es-
ecially at Rio Tinto. I personally feel, however, that
bile one may be reasonably sure of some of the main
?actions, it will be wiser to omit any extended discus-
on until more is known. It is rather a curious fact,
>ide from the expected favorable action of slight acid-
y in preventing iron precipitation and promoting ex-
action, which is shown in the curves already alluded to.
lat, as stated, it was found that slight acidity has a re-
raining influence on disintegration of the rock. This
desirable and is also distinctly shown by the fact that
Bisbee, where the liquor used from the beginning has
?en slightly acid, percolation has remained good, while
ie Tyrone pile, up to the time acid was systematically
Ided (in September), has shown more or less increas-
ig resistance to percolation.

Table VII shows a tabulation of analyses, made at in-
rvals, of the water to and from the first Tyrone heaps.

TABLE VII. ANALYSES OF WATER FROM BURRO MOUNTAIN
LEACHING PLANT
(Analyses calculated as parts per million)

July August September October

Heads Tails Heads Tails Heads Tails Heads Tails

W 3|6 513 615 880 444 651 1,580 1,737

262 203 200 119 276 218

172 147 150 155 145 145 149 149

594 24 351 9 585 27 249 37

136 86 170 150 123 104 125 114

318 112 85 75 85 55

will be noted that determinations of potash have been
ade, and there is some indication of a possible build-
S up of this element in the liquors, coming from the
sintegration of the feldspathie constituents in the ore.

Man] Southwi tern I potash in small amounts,

and it is pos ible thai a concentration of thi element
id take place to a i ree in liquoi thu

d o\ 'i and ovei for con liderabli period Thi
or may not be of importance practically, but if
concentration occurred to a sufficient degree tin
covery o( potash ich liquors would not be im-

ible, and its byproduct value could be applied aga
the co ipper.

c \rii.i\ki m i i [eaps Essen i i u

The migratioi copper salts, due probable to

capillary action alreadj noted in the di on of the

Douglas tests on sand tailings, maj also be of practi-
cal importance. If this ait ion occurs, as it did under
the conditions of a closely packed pile of fine sand,
there is some probability of its taking place so as to pro-
duce more or less migration of the oxidized soluble salts
of copper from the interior of a lump of some size to the
outside of the same without any appreciable disintegr: -
tion of the lump taking place. This really is the gist ,
the whole matter. For the process to be successful it
must be necessary for not only small pieces but also for
lumps of ore as large as 6 in. to have in them sufficient
capillary "^.annels to permit the entrance and exit of th"
leaching solutions, and if such action is accompanied by
too much breaking down of the rock success will be
doubtful because of the incidental packing and clogging.
There is no doubt of the solubility of the copper under
the action of the solutions employed in the tests de-
scribed, and it has been proved that under certain con-
ditions the rock can be completely disintegrated, but it
remains to be seen if these two factors can be so adjusted
as to be successful metallurgically and commercially.

Land Office Adjudications
By A. L. H. Street*

There is a fundamental legal principle that where
a particular fact affecting a property right is once
finally determined by a tribunal in a regular manner, the
adjudication is conclusive against the parties to the
particular controversy and other persons claiming title
under them. The reason of the rule exists in the policy
of the law to avoid relitigation of settled points.

Applying this principle in the case of Cameron vs.
Bass, 168 Pacific Reporter, 645, the Arizona supreme
court recently decided that a decision of the Department
of the Interior, on application for a patent under a
mining claim, denying a patent on the ground that the
ground was nonmineral in character, the decision stand-
ing unreversed in any direct proceeding for review
thereof, is conclusive and binding on the world, annul-
ling all rights under the claimant's location, in the ab-
sence of fraud, accident, imposition or mistake inducing
the decision.

In this case defendant was sued by plaintiff to avoid
the latter's occupation of certain ground claimed by
plaintiff under a mining-claim location; defendant rely-
ing on a permit from the Government authorities con-
trolling the forest reserve in which the land lay. De-
fendant successfully asserted that a decision of the
Land Office finding the land to be nonmineral in charac-
ter foreclosed plaintiff's rights.

•Attorney at law, 829 Security Building. Minneapolis. Minn.

ENGINEERING AM' MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 9

( il. rhomas L. Livermore

Col. rhomas L Livennore, for more than 20 years
sident of the Calumet & Hecla Mining Co., died
neumonia at his home in Boston, on Jan. ;». at the
He was born in Galena, 111., in 1844,
and spent his boyhood in Milford, N. 11.. to which place
his parents : in alter his birth. At the outbreak

the Civil War. Colonel Livermore. then a 17-year old
lent in Lombard University, at Galesburg, HI., re-
turned home anil enlisted as a private ill the 1st New
Hampshire Regiment Later lie joined the .Mh N'eu
Hampshire Volunteers, rising in rank in this regimen!
until, at the end of 1863, he was made colonel. He
served on U oJ General Hancock at Gettysburg

and Petersburg.

er the war. Colonel Livermore studied law in Mil-
ford, ami. on admittance to the bar, went to Boston,

inir: Ashburton Mining Co., as its vice president; Con-
tention Mining Co.. vice president and director; Marys
villi- Dredging Co.. director; New England Exploratior
Co., president and director; Old Colony Trust Co.. di-
rector, and Smuggler Union Mining Co., director. Hi
was exceedingly well informed on copper and occupied
position >•>( prominence in the copper industry.

Colonel Livermore was also a member of the corpora
tion and executive committee»of the Massachusetts In
stitute of Technology, and a member of the Union am
St. Botolph clubs and of the Massachusetts Military His
torical Society. He was an officer of several civic or
ganizations of Boston and evinced in many ways hi
interest in the city's municipal government. For severs
years he served on the Park Commission and later wa
a member of the Board of Metropolitan Park Commis
sioners. He was vice-chairman of the executive coir
mittee of the Citizens' Municipal League and vice pres
dent of the Public School Association, lecturing fr<
quently on civic subjects and on his experiences in th
Civil War. Colonel Livermore, who had been a widowe
for more than 35 years, is survived by three son.
Thomas L. Livermore, Jr., now of Florida; Robei
Livermore and Harris Livermore, both of Boston, and
daughter, Mrs. Bulkeley Wells.

• ' IL Til' '.MAS I. l.IVKKM' (RE

where he practiced for 11 years. He was then appointed
resident manager of the Amoskeag Corporation at Man-
chester, N. H., which position he held for six years, re-
signing to become counsel for the Calumet & Hecla com-
pany. He was associated with the latter company until
1910, when he retired from active service, having risen
to be vice president. At this time Colonel Livermore
stated that he had an agreement with the late Alexander
Agassiz to stay with him as long as Mr. Agassiz re-
mained with the company. He deferred his retirement
long enough to aid Quincy A. Shaw, who was elected
president to succeed Mr. Agassiz. Colonel Livermore
was succeeded as vice president by Rodolphe L. Agassiz,
who later became president.

In 1911 Colonel Livermore was instrumental in form-
ing the Lewis Mine Co., which undertook the develop-
ment of a lead-zinc-copper property in southwestern
Colorado; in this enterprise he was associated with his
son, Harris Livermore, a Boston lawyer, and Thomas E.
Sherwin, son of the former president of the New Eng-
land Telephone and Telegraph Co. He had also been an
officer of various other companies, including the follow-

Field in China for American Zinc

There is an excellent opportunity for American man
facturers of spelter and zinc products to capture trai
in China, according to Consul General Thomas Scai
mons at Shanghai. In 1914, the net imports of spelt
into China were 1,145,600 lb., with an approxima
value of $150,000. Of that amount more than 57
came from Germany and Austria-Hungary and mo-
than 40 % from Great Britain and Hongkong. In 19.
only 36,800 lb., valued at $15,176, were imported, I
which nearly 98% came from Hongkong. In 19 .
87,200 lb. were imported, at an approximate value
$43,185, and more than 89% of this came from Jap;
Zinc sheets and plates which were imported into Chii
amounted to 1,299,067 lb., valued at $200,000, in 19
Thirty-three per cent, came from Belgium, 28fr frfl
Great Britain and Hongkong, and more than 17rr fri
Germany. There were 137,067 lb., valued at $49,800, -
ported in 1915, of which more than 42 c, came frn
Great Britain and Hongkong, and more than 26 ' ,. frn
the United States. In 1916, 835,467 lb., valued at $3'.-
200, were imported, of which more than 65% c»e
from the United States and more than 16rf each frn
Great Britain and Japan. Of all other kinds of z;c
manufactures, 774,400 lb. were imported, at an i
proximate cost of $107,300, in 1914, of which nre
than 63rr came from Germany and Austria-Hungn'.
and almost 26% from Belgium; 24,933 lb., at a cosDf
$8800, in 1915, of which more than 78' i came fm
Japan and 16% from the Philippine Islands; and 11
800 lb., valued at $90,925, in 1916, of which alnst
54', came from France and more than 40% from Jain

Lucero, a Copper-Nickel. Alloy, developed by the Ele<i<
Allov Co., of 135 Broadway, New York, is claimed to 1
satisfactory substitute for German silver and can withs'*
higher temperatures. It is noncorrosive, does not cor"
any zinc and is useful for rheostats, car heaters and sin a1
devices demanding the distinctive qualities mentioned.

Februan

L918

ENGINEERING AND MINING J01 RNAL

The New Russia

Bl W I LI. 1. AM P. I IJOMI'

1HAVE returned to this country with some verj
Btrong ideas regarding Russia, and the dutj of the
United States and the Allies to thai stirring, and,

I am afraid you will think, somewhat erratic young
democrat y.

1 come from a people now generally known as the
Bolsheviki, who just now arc extremely unpopular in
the American press. They are held up to execration
■8 assistant Germans and are being denounced for
having deserted the Allies and throwing their influence
OB the side o\ the Kaiser. I am afraid the American
ire slow to realize one of the greatest facts in
r at this time. The Bolsheviki at the present
moment are a tremendous factor in bringing the Central
Powers of Europe around to a basis of a reasonable
and a lasting peace. The newspapers that are denounc-
ing the Bolsheviki just now are printing columns about
a revolution in Austria-Hungary, a revolution based
upon immediate peace with no annexations and no in-
demnities. This Austro-Hungarian revolution was in-
spired by the Russian Bolsheviki. The importance of
this revolution should not be ignored. The example and
efforts of the Russian democracy are setting the Central
Powers on fire. The most damaging enemy Germany
has is the Russian democracy alongside of it, preaching
to the German common people and to the German
soldiers the same doctrine of democratic peace. Stranger
things have happened than that a lasting peace, without
the realization of any of Germany's despotic war aims,
may be, at this very time, in the making.

When I arrived in Russia last July I found the country

almost prostrate through demoralization caused by un-

ipposed German propaganda. German propaganda had

wrought about a strike through all Russia three days

>efore the declaration of war in 1914. German intrigue

ind propaganda had so surrounded the Czar that a

separate peace was almost impending last March. Food

tad been cut off deliberately from Petrograd and other

:ities in order to cause bread riots and strikes, with the

old intention on the part of the German and Russian

mtocracies of using these measures as an excuse for a

■eparate peace. The Russian soldiers refused to fire

>n the hungry people, and the long-sought-for Russian

•evolution was realized with the abdication of the Czar.

At the time I reached Petrograd, that noble Russian

>atriot, Alexander Kerensky — and I am deliberate in

ailing him a noble man — was attempting a coalition

rovernment — a government representing the rich and

he poor. The rich, however, were not satisfied to work

vith the poor. German propaganda was busy tearing

lown, Allied haggling was unconsciously aiding, and

his resulted in an attempt to place over Russia a man

m horseback, Korniloff . To me it seems that a madder

cheme was never conceived in the brain of man. It

iroused to frenzy the great mass of Russians, who

interpreted it as a return of the old order. Just at

his time, a Russian general, Gurko, who had been

leprived of the command of the army for writing letters

o the Czar, saying that he hoped to see him return

•A speech at the .tinner of the Rocky Mountain Club, Jan. 23.
y to.

to power, escaped to England and - ived in audi-
ence by King i e, When you who have nol been

to Russia are puzzling your bi i the Bolsheviki,

and wondering why thej should bi
opposed to the property-owning i it would be

useful for you to remember these things, which will
explain why the workingmen and peasants are in ab o
i "utrol in Russia, and passionately devoted to
making their freedom secure. The terrorism under
which the limited property-owning class is living in
Russia is slight compared with the terrorism in which
the workingman and the peasant lives in contemplating
a return of the power of the Gld Regime.

We talk about patriots in this country, but we do not
know what patriotism is until we see in Russia examples
of what I should call the patriotism of mankind. While
in Russia I met some .real patriots. There I met men
and women who, for the benefit of their fellows, had
spent three-quarters of their lives in prisons and chain-
gangs. There I met the heads of the revolutionary
groups who, for 50 years and more, had been risking
their all for Russian freedom — Mme. Breshkovsky. Mr.
Tchaikovsky (Shaykovsky), and Mr. Lazaroff. Think
of Breshkovsky, the "Grandmother of the Revolution,"
74 years old, a prisoner and an exile for 34 years, still
working night and day, with might and main, for the
benefit of her fellow Russians! This group surrounded
Kerensky, who believed in working out the social prob-
lem by the Russian labor classes in conjunction with
the property-owning classes. Then again, I saw the
workings of another group, equally patriotic, who be-
lieved that ultimate freedom, and the possession of the
land, could only be worked out by the workingmen and
the peasants. I can easily see how Marie Spiridovna,
now a leading figure in Russian life, believes that free-
dom is only to be realized by a government of working-
men alone. The Russian revolution, only a few months
ago, released this young woman, now only in the thirties,
from 15 years' solitary confinement in a Siberian prison.

I will say right here, that if at any time during
my travels I was a witness of deeds of wanton destruc-
tion and violence, it was not in Russia. If at any
time I was subjected to any discourtesy or incivility,
it was not in Russia. If at any time I was in any
danger, it was not in Russia.

Yet Russia is a good deal disorganized these days,
and needs our help. There have been revolution and
attempted revolution, one coming on the heels of an-
other. There has been considerable civil strife in one
section of the country or another, but the reports always
appear much more dreadful than the facts really are.
Russia is happy in her trials, because Russia has found
something which her sons, and their fathers and grand-
fathers and great-grandfathers, have been striving for.
Russia has found freedom. Russia is a democracy. It
is a democracy which comes as near being representa-
tive of the soil as it would be possible to find anywhere.
It has mud on its boots, hair on its face, and the love
of freedom in its heart. Russia is a government of
the workingmen and the soldiers, of the peasants and
the mechanics. It is a democracy which is striving for

ENGINEERING AND MINING 10URNAL

Vol. 105, No. 5

the uplift of the great n [he one great desire

: ft's 180,000,000 people is to

land which they can control and

call their own; to have a part in the industrial life

the country, and feel that thej own a part of it;
r, unrestrained by any Czar or
lire education, and to improve their
This is the impulse which has stirred the
pie long before and ever since they over-
threw the Czar.

When 1 say that they want peace, 1 do not say that
they wai ce. Democratic Russia, in my

opinion, will never make a separate peacC with autocratic

many. The present government has not ordered the
from the trenches. On the contrary, it

filling the places of deserters with new sold

ruited from the Red Guard. The Russian democracy
wants p. e in America want peace, as they want

peace in France and England and Italy. They want a
peace with a democratic Germany and not with an auto-
cratic Germany.

I have been deeply impressed with the effect of the
new-found liberty upon the great masses of the Russian
people. It did not turn them into a vengeful horde,
bent on wholesale massacre and bloodshed, the news-
paper reports in most part to the contrary notwith-
standing. As a matter of fact, it did not change them
very much, except that from a sad, brave, protesting
people they became a glad, amiable but rather be-
wildered people. They attained liberty, and naturally
it is taking some time for them to work out the system
of government under which they will live. They are
a kindly people, and as a nation they have very high
ideals.

It was the Russian democracy which gave to
the world the cry that there should be no annexations
and no indemnities. That is a cry which should have
been appreciated earlier in America, and should have
resulted in the unswerving sympathy of America being
extended to the Russian democracy. It was the de-
mocracy of Russia which injected into this war the cry
"No secret treaties!" It w-as the democracy of Russia
which gave to the world the principle of self-determina-
fion by small nationalities, which President Wilson has
crystallized in his message, and which will form the
basis for the freedom of the w-orld. In the face of
declarations like these from the Russian democracy,
there has been a torrent of abuse from some of the
Russian upper classes and from the American press,
which, I am sorry to say, apparently does not compre-
hend some of the most important and fundamental
elements of the Russian situation. Attempts have been
made to stop all supplies going to Russia from the
United States. Advice was given for all Allied repre-
sentatives to withdraw. If this advice had been followed,
it would have tended to put Russia into the arms of
Germany. Do you realize what this would have meant?
The German General Staff in time would dominate
Russia, socially, commercially and politically. All
Asia would be Germanized, and Germany would realize
her ambitions on the Pacific similar to those which
she entertained on the Atlantic. We are sending our
youngest and our best blood to the trenches, and we
owe them the best diplomatic advice and service that
we can possibly obtain.

1 urge strongly that we do not relax our efforts to
help the Russians. We should not grow impatient
because of their attempts to put into practice what we
might regard as wild theories. We should always re-
member our own shortcomings whilst our government
was in the making. Some of the things which we
have introduced into our government and which have
worked out satisfactorily would have been regarded as
wild populism 30 years ago. The Russians are groping
for light. The revolution and the experiments in gov-
ernment are the natural outbursts of untrained men
organizing freedom on their own lines. Many of the
laws of the old autocracy must be changed in Russia.
They were made for the vested interests in which the
common people had no part. In the legislative cataclysm
many things will be attempted to be later discarded.

It must be remembered that prior to the revolution
over 160,000,000 human beings were in a condition not
much better than serfdom. Our negro slaves before the
Civil War were better cared for, as most of them had
good masters who lived on the soil. On the other hand,
in Russia most of the masters lived away from the
land, ofttimes at Berlin, Paris, and Monte Carlo. What
I saw in Russia has impressed my mind with the
necessity for cooperation between employer and em-
ployee. First, Russia had an Extreme Right under the
Czar, exploiting labor as it was never exploited outsidt
of the Congo. Then we had Kerensky, endeavoring
to unite labor and capital in a government. Capita
was arrogant, and did not want to let labor have ;
voice. Kerensky fell. Now the government is all labor

Great forces are moving in every country. I wouh
like to urge my friends to ponder seriously the prob
lems which we shall have to meet at the conclusion o
the war; indeed, perhaps before the war is ended. I
we are wise, we will prepare for the time which shouli
soon come, when genuine capital and genuine labor, i
both are wise, will be sitting around the office tabl
and in the halls of Congress, settling great question
at issue between them.

We must stop to consider whether we have not dek-
gated the lawmaking power, so far as it relates to cap
ital and labor, too much to paid attorneys. No on
will accuse me of underrating the usefulness of lawyer
They can be used too much, however, and if there ha
grown up a system of legislation by proxy in thi
country, then it can and should be ended. With lawyer
representing labor and capital in Congress and in ou
legislatures, both labor and capital get what might t
termed "the absent treatment," and that is not a goo
thing for either.

Many of my friends who are in this room tonigl
were pioneers of the Far West when civilization w;
being carved out of the wilderness. They had no gc
ernment except as they made it. We know that miner
law, sometimes reinforced by the Vigilance Committe
was good law. This law was made by the workingme
Our problems then were partly those that Russia h:
today, only hers are a thousand-fold greater. The mt
in the Western country were the makers of their countr
and it is a country of which the Rocky Mountain Ch
may well be proud. Those men would not have hesitab
very long about extending recognition and giving tl
fullest help and sympathy to the workingmen's gover
ment of Russia, because in '49 and the years followii

February 2, L918

ENGINKKKINC AND MINIM, J01 K.N.M.

\U had out there Bolshe\ ik governments made ou1 of the
raw material, and mightj good governmenta too. What
happened in Montana, Colorado, Wyoming, Malm, and
California is now in progress in Russia. Remember thai
a republic probably much greater than ours is in the
making on the other side of the world, my Eriei
and it is such a republic as the German autocracy
cannot have very long next door and survive. Demo-
cratic Russia moans democratic Germany, and demo-
cratic Germany moans peace, lasting and complete, for
the world. That is why at this moment the example
of Russian democracy finds expression in revolution in
Austria-Hungary, and continuous agitation in Germany
against the aims of the German General Staff.

Do not be alarmed as to the future of Russia. Some
iy newspaper friends are taking frantic alarm thai
the Russian national debt may be repudiated. Well,
it has not been repudiated yet, and I very much doubt
whether the Russia that is emerging from this turmoil
will ever repudiate any obligation, even though it may
have been incurred in trying to hold the Czar on his
throne. All we need is a great patience, and a great
fairness, and a great sympathy. Russia will soon learn
that capital and labor must go hand in hand. Russia's
vast resources must be developed for the benefit of
the Russian people. That will be realized by the
Russians quite as rapidly as we are realizing that the
employers of labor must cooperate with labor to bring
about the best possible results.

The freedom of Russia was as inevitable as the
natural laws governing the rotation of the earth. The
uniting of all forces in Russia in a democratic social
system is just as inevitable. They say, "The Russian
Democracy is red!" Yes, full of good, red blood — but
you will find it is not yellow!

Mark my words, if the present program of the Bolshe-
viki, the common people of Russia, is not successful
in aiding the common people of Austria and Germany
fo break down their autocracies, the Russian soldiers
will be fighting again.

Benedict Crovvell Cuts Red Tape*
By Albert Whiting Fox

There is one phase of present work at the War De-
partment which is being distinctly felt by those on the
inside, but which has not yet become known to the
public. It is a new driving force which is supplying oil
to the clogged mechanism of the system of operations or
tearing out such parts of the works as are useless or
entangled in needless red tape. It is directed and given
punch by Benedict Crowell, Assistant Secretary of War,
who was selected for the job because of a capacity for
work and a record for getting results by common sense,
straight from the shoulder methods.

You don't need to ask now who is Assistant Secretary
of War or what kind of a man he is if you have busi-
ness at the War Department. You are stopped perhaps
in the Navy Department corridor by one of Franklin
Roosevelt's assistants, who says, "Say, that man
CrowelPs a live wire ; he's making the wheels go around."

This means that some particular business has come
up to bring Army and Navy matters in contact, and Mr.

appealed to to
tape methods in n I this kmd involve the writing

their approval via various branches, where

are held up and initialed, even if not read. At the

end of a week, or two week-, or three, the mattei

read} ti Upon and the decision is reached.

This is the accepted formal way. Hoping perhap
speed up results, the taken to Mr. Crowell by

an official who v direct special attention to it

and who asks what time he call have a few minute
talk it over in the morning.

"What time can I have a few nun u 0 over this

in the morning'.'" is the question asked oi the A istant
Secretary who has been interrupted in his work after
hours.

"I'm tied up with board meetings until 1 o'clock to-
morrow and then I have1 so and so to see and — "

"How about day after to morrow?"

"I could squeeze the time in all right but, by the way,
what's the matter with finishing it up now? Here's a
chair. Sit down and let's get it done."

Five minutes later the matter is settled. The red-
tape letters may have to go through their regular form

•Condensed from an article in the
published with permission of the "Sun.'

'Sun," Jan. 20, 1918. Re-

BENEDICT CROWELL

to keep to legal requirements, but the work involved
will have been disposed of long before the endless chain
of initialed letters finishes its tedious route.

Mr. Crowell is not only a driving force, but he im-
presses one at once of his calibre in this line. There is
a faint suggestion of "Bob" Fitzsimmons — but built
along normal lines — in the athletic makeup of the As-
sistant Secretary when in motion. Tall, clean-cut and
with an ease and grace of action, Mr. Crowell gives an
idea of being able to handle the gloves pretty well him-
self. Your guess would be that he could stand rough-
ing it with the factory workers. As a matter of fact,
Mr. Crowell has seen some pretty strenuous life and
got his start because he was able to stand it.

Born in Cleveland in 1869, he started as a chemist
with the Otis Steel Co., of Cleveland. He worked
through their plant as testing engineer and was put in

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 5

e night shift with openhearth furnaces to

handle. It required a "he-man" for this job, but there

- and mere difficult one that loomed as a

promotion. That was to be put in charge of

the "ilay shift" When this fell to his lot, it seemed to
him as it" the ambition of a lifetime had Keen realized.

It was driving power in the real sense o( the word
that brought promotion. Hut the knack of getting re-
sults soon brought about another step upward and Mr.
a ell was given work at the mills which provided him

hance to work toward the top. It was not long before
he was placed in charge of a mill. Next he was placed
in charge ><( two mills. Then he opened offices as con-
sulting engineer.

.Mr. Crowell, now. in his capacity as Assistant Secre-
tary oi War, has virtually been given the munitions
problem to handle. There is enough work attached to
this to keep any one busy, but he supervises the regu-
larly prescribed work of his office as well, and is a mem-
ber of the War Council and is actively engaged in gen-
eral reorganization work at the department.

Several of the new ideas put into effect recently orig-
inated with Mr. Crowell. They appear as departures
by the War Department in the matter of increasing
efficiency, but they are known to have started in the
Assistant Secretary's office and then gone to Mr. Baker,
who has approved and adopted them.

Certain features of the munitions business at the de-
partment were in a hopeless mess when Mr. Crowell took
hold. The best example that can be given concerns
"hand grenades." The Government wanted 30,000,000
hand grenades, and the question arose as to the speediest
means of getting them. The first move was to take
the matter up with the so-called "design branch." How
about designs for grenades'.' Which should be adopted?

How Red Tape Retarded Production

Under proper organization, it would only have been
necessary to take down various designs held in readi-
ness and choose. But the bureau of ordnance did not
do business that way. In response to a request for de-
signs, the answer came back that work would be begun
in getting a design ready, a simple matter, say of six
months. The design of a hand grenade includes metal
parts, fuses, the primer or percussion element, the load-
ing design, the assembling, etc.

There began the endless work along each of these
particular branches. The question of how the grenade
should be loaded had to be discussed and debated. There
were divergent views. These were to be wrestled with
and quarrelled over.

When finally the design in its various parts was ready
the question came of really starting to work. The mat-
ter went to the War Industries Board and then to the
purchase branch, which was to take up the question of
letting contracts. There were to be contracts for every
element, and faithful to red-tape methods there was to
be secrecy as to which contractors got the work. It
seemed as if particular effort was made to prevent
cooperation.

But the real comedy — or tragedy — of red tape be-
gan when the purchase department got into action.
Every individual letter had to go to the production de-
partment, the War Industries Board, the contract sec-
tion, the legal department, the recording department,

etc. A record breaking letter might come through the
null and be nicely initialed in three weeks.

Then the confusion connected with getting the specif!
cations out to contractors began. The Government
wanted a list of producers for certain needed parts and
asked for it. "All right." came l>ack the answer, "we'll
see about having a list of producers drawn up." One
might think it would have saved time had the list been
ready in advance. But business was not done that way.

This gives an inkling of the kind of reforms which
Mr. Crowell will institute, or has already instituted.
"Short-cut" methods on vital matters will lie the slogan
from now on.

One munitions manufacturer told me a long story
the other day of hopeless delay on a matter of prime
importance. He thought the public should be advised of
conditions, and he had copious figures and materials.
The next day he called up and said to disregard all he
had said. "It's all changed now," he added.

He had seen Crowell.

Gross Blundering*

It hardly needed a blow on the head to make the
country believe that the Government at Washington
was not the best of possible governments. But the
startling order of the Federal Fuel Administrator is
like a surgical operation to force that conviction into
all brains. It uncovers a long series of Governmental
blunders. The order dates from yesterday, but the
mischief dates from months back. Men of experience
in the coal trade gave repeated warnings to the Admin-
istration, we are informed, as long ago as last June and
July, that there was danger of such a crisis as has
been precipitated upon the country. But they were
smilingly disregarded. The talk now is of the blizzard
having deranged all plans. But the real blizzard struck
the Administration last summer, and buried it under
drifts of ignorance, complacence, and short-sightedness.
Unusual cold weather is now offered as the excuse. But
the official mind of Washington was frozen up first of
all. Think of the bare facts! Ten million tons more
anthracite were mined in 1917 than the year before.
The 1917 production of bituminous coal was forty-twc
million tons above that of 1916. Of this vast amount
this adequate supply, we had an all-wise Fuel Adminis
trator to regulate the distribution, but now he make?
open and abject confession of flat failure.

To remedy his own long accumulating blunders, th(
Fuel Administrator has made one still huger. We df
not mean that some form of restricting the consump
tion of fuel had not become necessary. But if th<
thing was to be done, it should have been done decentlj
and in order. What we have had is hysteria piled oi
hugger-mugger. We have had action at once inexcusabh
precipitate and confused. There was no wide consulta
tion with the interests involved — or threatened witl
deep and perhaps needless injury. Millions of protest
are heard after the fact; before it, a mere trickle o
advice was sought or had.

Into the official optimism at Washington the outer:
from the country should penetrate and convey a doubl
lesson. One part of it is that special competence mus
be sought for special tasks. Because the Presiden

•From the "Evening Tost" of Jan. 17, 1918

Februan

918

ENGINEERING AND MINI JG rOl RNAL

mows and likes and admires a given man. it doe
lot necessaril) follow thai he is the man for a particular
nli. General ability and good will and industry cannot
ake the place of peculiar knowledge of the work to be
lose. That Mr. Garfield has made a mess of coal dis-
ribution one docs not need to go beyond his own official
itterances to show. All last October and Novembei he
pas assuring the country that there would be coal
aough for all. His infallible "priority" orders would
nake certain of that. He was headed straighl for
breakdown and a smash, but did not know it. i ou
an hardly say anything of an administrator worse than
hat. He may allege that the system under which he
ad to work was at fault, but this is the very point of
ond lesson which the Government is being roughly
aught. This is that state socialism is no panacea, and
.ill not work automatically any better than any other
heory or plan of government. To grasp all power and
entralize all functions at Washington will be of no
vail unless Washington is built to endure the strain.
tnmense fussiness, in place of reasoned activity; solu-
10ns without end on paper while the real problems
arcely touched with the tips of the fingers; the
ppointment of countless agents and committees; con-
ultations with no action resulting; the everlasting
eaping up of words and advice and good wishes — this
> not efficient government. It is the feeblest kind of
octrinairism. If this is the state socialism which is
3 bring millennial happiness after the war, hard-headed
Americans will look twice at it before they desire an-
ther dose. They will not be so anxious to run with
11 their troubles to the Little Father at Washington
hen they see that his head easily gets into a whirl
nd often he is as one that beateth the air. Con-
estion of freight is bad : but congestion of intelligence
! worse.

A tremendous loss hangs over the nation, but the
ation is rich enough and great-hearted enough to
ubmit to it if it be necessary as a war measure. The
nited States always has floundered out of its difficul-
es, and we believe that it will out of this one. But

will not and should not lightly forgive responsible
fficials who have ignorantly and blindly run our heads
lto a noose which foresight and resolution and energy
)uld have enabled us to avoid.

Papers To Be Presented at Meeting
of A. I. M. E. in New York

Many papers are to be presented at the New York
leeting of the American Institute of Mining Engineers,
hich is to be in session from Feb. 18 to 21 inclusive,
he list is as follows :

MINING

Incline Top-Slicing Method, by W. G. Scott.

Otis Passenger Elevator at Inspiration Shaft, by C. E.
mold.

Canvas Tubing for Mine Ventilation, by L. D. Frink.

Branch Raise System at the Ruth Mine, Nevada, by Wal-
t S. Larsh.

Measures for Controlling Fires at the Copper Queen
line, by Gerald Sherman.

MILLING

Recent Tests of Ball-Mill Crushing, by Charles T. Van
> inkle.

Notes on Theory and Practice of Ball-Milling, Particu-
'Hy Peripheral Discharge Mills, by Pierre R. Hines.

A New Method of Separating Different Spe-

bj i ia w CI

Some Practical Hint in Bucket Elevatoi Operation, by
\ \i. Nicholas.

The i nited Eastern Mining and Milling riant, by Otto
Wartenweiler.

I'l I ROl I I M AMI CAS

Extraction oi Ga oline from Natui al Gas, bj F P Pet

sun.

^ge "i ' hi Oil m Southei n I »1 lah a Fields, by Sidi

Powei

Methods of Valuing Oil Lands, by M. L. Etequa.

Water Surfaces in the Oil Kiel. Is. by M. R. Daly.

Principles and Problems of Oil Pro pecting in the <.ulf
Coast Country, by \\ G kfatteson.

The Possibilities of Oil and Has Fields in the ( retaceous

Beds of Alabama, by Dorsey Hager.

Some New Methods for Estimating the Future Produc-
tion of Oil Wells, by Carl H. Beal and .1. 0, Lewis.

GEOLOGY AND ORE DEPOSITS

The Chilean Nitrate Industry, by Allen II. Rogers and
Hugh R. Van Wagenen.

Phosphate in Egypt, by E. Cortese.

Pyrite and Pyrrhotite Resources of Ducktown, Tenn., by
Joseph 11. Taylor.

Relation of Sphalerite to Other Sulphides in Ores, by
L. P. Teas.

Ore Deposits of the Yellow Pine Mining District, by Fred
A. Hale, Jr.

Genesis of the Sudbury Nickel-Copper Ores as Indicated
by Recent Exploration, by Hugh M. Roberts.

ZINC

Zinc Refining, by L. E. Wemple.
The Wisconsin Zinc District, by H. C. George.
Fine-Grinding and Porous-Briquetting of the Zinc
Charge, by W. McA. Johnson.

STEEL

The Erosion of Guns, by H. M. Howe.

Transverse Fissures in Steel Rails, by J. E. Howard.

The Effect of the Presence of a Small Amount of Copper
in Medium-Carbon Steel, by Carle R. Hayward and Archi-
bald B. Johnston.

Temperature-Viscosity Relations in the Ternary System
CaO-ALO:,-SiO„ by a. L. Field and P. H. Royster.

Slag Viscosity Tables for Blast-Furnace Work, by A. L.
Field and P. H. Royster.

Grain Size Inheritance in Iron and Carbon Steel, by Zay
Jeffries.

The Time Effect in Tempering Steel, by A. E. Bellis.

Some Structures in Steel Fusion Welds, by S. W. Miller.

COAL

Review of the Coal Situation of the World, by George S.
Rice.

The Briquetting of Anthracite Coal, by W. P. Frey.

Drifton Breaker, by Effingham B. Humphrey.

Heating of Coal in Piles, by C. M. Young.

The Economy of Electricity Over Steam for Power Pur-
poses in and About the Mines, by R. E. Hobart.

Penshihu Coal and Iron Company, Ltd., South Man-
churia, China, by C. F. Wang.

EMPLOYMENT PROBLEMS

Industrial Accidents as a Labor Problem, by H. M. Wil-
son.

Illness in Industry: Its Cost and Prevention, by Thomas
Darlington.

The Employment Manager and Labor Turn-Over Reduc-
tion, by Thomas T. Read.

Training Workmen for Positions of Higher Responsibil-
ity, by F. C. Stanford.

Social and Religious Organizations as Factors in the
Labor Problem, by E. E. Bach.

MISCELLANEOUS

Notes on the Disadvantages of Chrome Brick in Copper
Reverberatory Furnaces, by F. R. Pyne.

An Automatic Filter at Depue, by G. S. Brooks and L. G.
Duncan.

Bone-Ash Cupels, by F. P. Dewey.

High-Temperature Resistance Furnaces with Ductile
Molybdenum or Tungsten Resistors, by W. E. Ruder.

Additional papers are in the hands of the Institute's
committee on publications and will be announced later.

240

ENGINEERING AND MIXING JOURNAL Vol. 105, No. 5
mm nimuui uuwuii ■■ ' ' ' """"""' " "Illllll"lm """ """"""""""""'"i ' """"j

Waihi Gold Mine in New Zealand

mi m i i iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii iiiiiiiiiiHiiHiiiiiininmiiHiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiimmiiiiiiiiiiHiiiiiiii i nif

THE Ti>WN OF

WAIHI. WHERE THE WAIHI GOLD MINING CO. HOLDS 518 ACRES OF MINING LAND

STOPE IN WAIHI MINE OF THE WAIHI GOLD MIXING CO., WAIHI, NEW ZEALAND

Februarj 2, 1918

ENGINEERING AND MINING J01 RNAL

241

ZINC Bi iXES IX EXTRACTION HOUSE OP THE WAIHI GOLD W

•S 200-STAJIP MILL

ENGINEERING AND MINING .UH'KNAL

Vol. 10,-,, \,,. f,

What One Man Has Taken on Himself To Do'

HER short catalogue of some of the major

powers and responsibilities, never exercised or
borne by any of his predecessors, which Mr.
Wilson, as war President, has taken or proposes to take
upon his shoulders; with a courage which seems daunt-
less, a patience that seems inexhaustible, and an appar-
ently boundless confidence in his ability to bear the load:

I.

He has undertaken to be not only the executive ad-
ministrator of the laws enacted by Congress with his
approval, but also the I'ountainhead of legislative policy,
the dictator of his political party's creed without re-
nt by precedent or previous platform deliverances,
the inspirer and leader o\' public opinion for the whole
country.

II.

Under the general war powers conferred by the Na-
tional Security and Defense act of Aug. 10, 1917, he
has undertaken to supersede in his own person the
La&ssez Fain of the old political economy with regard to
the production, manufacture, storage, distribution, sale
and even consumption of the food supply of the nation
of a hundred million people. The natural laws of supply
and demand, operating through competition with en-
lightened selfishness as the mainspring, have sufficed
during 60 centuries or so of recorded human experience.
In the days when it was the fashion to deride the idea
of any arbitrary substitute for the established economic
system, a favorite illustration was to picture the certain
breakdown of Government paternalism in a Quixotic
attempt to provide the single city of New York with the
single article of milk for only one day. Yet that is
what President Wilson, with calm confidence, is taking
on himself to do for the entire food supply of the United
States for an indefinite period.

III.

He has undertaken to regulate the production and dis-
tribution of foodstuffs not merely with reference to
domestic consumption but beyond that to meet the food
needs of foreign peoples, our Allies in the war or the
objects of our national sympathy as sufferers by the
acts of the common enemy. It need not be said that this
is an amplification of executive function which no
other American President ever dreamed of as possible.

IV.

He has taken on himself, through his Fuel Adminis-
trator, the enormous task of doing for the cook stoves
and heating apparatuses and factory furnaces and
lighting and power plants and locomotive and steamship
boilers of the entire nation the same thing which he is
attempting to do, through his Food Administrator, for
the stomachs of our people. Not only the comfort,
health and lives of the men, women and children of the
country, but also the life of American industry in its
myriad forms, is made to depend directly upon the wis-
dom, foresight, technical knowledge and personal in-
tegrity of the agents he chooses.

The President is responsible for it all; and while our
patriotic people are resolving to obey and suffer, mis-
take or no mistake at headquarters, the suspicion is
becoming widespread among them that there might have

■vmm the New York ".Sun." Jan. 19, 1918.

been less suffering, less loss on the whole, if Laissu
Faire and not Dr. Garfield had been on the job. Whether
this impression is just or unjust to the Fuel Adminis-
tration and to Mr. Wilson behind it, there has been
00 announcement yet from the Committee on Public In-
formation thai the President himself has wavered or
staggered, or that a hair of his head or even an eyelash
has whitened in consequence. The power is concen-
trated in him, both as to the American supply and as to
that which can be spared for foreign needs. The next
step with regard to fuel would make the President, for
the period of the war, the miner of coal both hard and
soft, the pumper of oil from the subterranean reser-
voirs, the dispenser of natural gas, the chopper down
of forests for firewood. These further functions are
implied in the law which concentrates in him the power
of control by Federal license; in order to exercise them
he has but to proclaim his intention so to do.

V.

To an extent which turns topsy-turvy all previous no-
tions of the scope of executive power, President Wilson
is becoming the nation's price fixer; price fixer foi
munitions and a multitude of the necessaries of war
price fixer for fuel ; rate fixer for transportation on lane
and water; rate fixer for dividends; price fixer even foi
the wretched pound of sugar which the housekeepei
pursues with frenzy and finally obtains for less, perhaps
than it cost the small retailer who sells it when he cai
get it. The practical results of a further enlargemen
of this swiftly expanding executive responsibility cai
only be awaited with intense interest by the community

VI.

Incidentally the President has taken on himself th
regulation of the sumptuary affairs of his fellow citi
zens. Not directly, but indirectly through the exercis
of the new powers concentrated in him, he has becom
the dictator of the people's pleasures, the censor o
their luxuries, the overseer of their habits and manne
of life.

VII.

He has taken on himself, with the general acquiescent
of the representatives of the properties concerned, tr
management of the entire transportation system of tl
United States and the responsibility for the just ai
efficient use of a power such as has been possessed t
no other man since Stephenson's "Rocket" first hit tl
rails. Through the Director-General of Railroads, h
own appointee responsible solely to him, he has unde
taken to carry on for the public benefit and for war pu
poses a business which in immensity and complexity ai
financial importance has no counterpart. He has unde
taken to do in block, in the name of Government, th
which has been done before this in detail by a body
the most highly specialized professional talent on eart
He can send all these skilled organizations a-marchii
and put his own men in charge. He can order ai
change in physical equipment. He can build up o
system and relegate another to innocuous desuetude. 1
can alter schedules, lower or raise ticket money ai
freight tariff, make new combinations of service, p
box cars where Pullmans have been running, depopuls
suburban regions by his supreme authority over tl

Februan

1918

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

ime table, shift real-estate values by ordering freight
his way and passenger traffic thai way, take the flesh
iff the commuters' bones, take the dollars off the stock
lolders' hank accounl : all this and much more is within
he power now concentrated in President Wilson. That
n> will exercise it to the host of his judgment and with

single view to war efficiency and the public interest
rho may doubt? The power and the burden are with
liffl all the same.

The President has already knocked railroad competi-
ion into the shape to which he once expressed a fervent
esire to reduce Mr. Bryan. There can be no competi-
ion under this regime, except so far as it might be
Dreed upon a recalcitrant or unfavored line by thrust-
ug that line beyond the pale of ton-eminent operation
ml thus leaving it in dismal independence with a single
ompetitor, namely, the Government of the United
tates!

VIII.

He has taken upon himself to do with and for Ameri-
;m shipping just about the same thing as in the case
f the railroads. He has also undertaken, under the
impulsion of manifest necessity, to create a merchant
larine with which to do that thing. He is already
publishing in different quarters of the globe agencies
i facilitate the operation, under Government control,
f the new merchant marine now being or to be created
nder Government supervision. Thus the future of our
ag on the seas rests with President Wilson.

IX.
He has undertaken, with the cordial assistance of a
ongress uncommonly ready for any patriotic sacrifice
1 the way of self-effacement, both to arrange the
lethod and the impact of Federal taxation and to pre-
ribe the extent and distribution of the expenditure
i be voted.

X.
He has taken upon himself, after conference with the
Hies, to finance to a very' considerable extent the mili-
n-y and naval operations of the governments abroad
ith which we are acting in concert. And the American
?ople, with confidence in his judgment in the exercise
" this novel function of concentrated power, are buying
le bonds and paying the taxes for this purpose also.

XI.

In order to keep the way clear for the Government's
3cessary borrowings from the people, the President is
.'tting ready to undertake the regulation of the issue
new securities by every private concern in the mar-
it for money; to say what proposed loans to corpora-
Ms shall be permitted and what investments prohibited
>r the general good.

XII.
The very day upon which the Congress awoke to a
df-dazed realization of what the powers it had al-
ady granted signified in the matter of coal alone, the
resident was reported as proposing to the Capitol fur-
er war legislation, one of the specified new grants
ing "Government control of all necessaries and their
eduction and price."

XIII.
In addition to all the enumerated undertakings and
addition to many more of almost equal or minor im-

portance, Mr. Wilson, without a Bymptom of faltei
in the gigantic task, has taken on bur ell the dm
formulating the ethical principles and political con id
i ens that should detei nunc the hereafter oi the in
ternational structure, for the protection oi weal pe pies
abroad, the insurant e oi reliei to the oppressed of evi i
continent, the safeguarding of democracy throughout
the world. He i concernii I elf with the geogra]
of tb<' Balkans, with the fate of the African colonie
with the righting of old wrongs effected bj conqui t,
with the rectification of European frontiers and the
reorganization of European nationalities on the basis
of racial affinity and the justice of voluntary choice.
And so general is the recognition of the vast new powi I
now concentrated in his representative office that his
words on these extraconstitutional subjects command
most respectful attention wherever Civilization has
ears to hear.

Such is the burden on one mortal's shoulders. We
are not now examining the necessity of these successive
steps in the concentration of power or criticising the
President's way of employing the powers thus concen-
trated. We are not now attempting to measure them
for any purpose except the exhibition in bulk of the
tremendous total.

For assistance in the administration of Brobdingnag
the President has gathered about him a group of per-
sonally devoted or politically subservient men, some
of ability, some conspicuous for incapacity to the verge
of grotesqueness, but all dominated by his will and more
or less merged in his individuality. Never for a moment
can there be doubts as to the exact location of the centre
of concentrated power.

Nenana Coal Lands Almost Ready
for Leasing

A tract of approximately 19,000 acres of coal land in
the Nenana coal field of Alaska is soon to be offered for
lease under the provisions of the Alaska coal-land leas-
ing act of Oct. 20, 1914. Secretary Lane of the Interior
Department announced on Jan. 19 that the work of sur-
veying and dividing into leasing units the more accessi-
ble part of the Nenana field has been completed. The
land to be offered has been divided into 23 blocks, from
160 to 1664 acres in size, and in such form as is believed
to permit the most economical mining. Under the law,
a lease cannot exceed 2560 acres and may include one or
more contiguous blocks.

The 23 blocks, constituting the more accessible part
of the field, lie in the valley of Lignite Creek, a tribu-
tary of the Nenana River. The coal is a fair grade of
lignite, occurring in frequent beds, of thickness varying
up to 30 to 35 ft. There are said to be at least 12 beds
of workable thickness, of which probably six are 20 ft.
thick. The strata are gently folded and are not cut by
intrusives so far as known. The coal is not suitable for
export, but will furnish much-needed fuel in parts of
interior Alaska. It will probably be used on the Gov-
ernment railroad ; also as domestic fuel and for powrer
and thawing at mines in the Tanana Valley, and as
fuel on Tanana River boats and possibly on some of the
Yukon steamers.

244 ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL Vol. 105, No. 5

■ ■ : 1 1 1 L I M M I L i 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 M I M M 1 1 1 1 M t M I L II M I M ± 1 1 1 L I M L 1 1 L 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 L 1 1 3 L I M 4. II I , I M J L I IJ L 1 1 1 1 1 M J 1 1 1 1 1 L ^ 1 1 L . 1 1 1> 1 1 L 1 1 1 L 1 1 1 1 1 J I L ] I L 1 L I II L II I L L t • d 1 1 [ ] I L 1 1 1 L L 1 1 1 h 1 H I E q 1 1 1 U L I M L I II L t E i L 1 1 1 1 m h : U 1 1 1 ( J K : 1 1 M 1 1 L L M h 1 1 M M 1 1 L^

Correspondence and Discussion

mi in mi ■ ii iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiii nun iiiiiiiiiinii nun miimiinmii i n mi mi ,i ,.

I'hc Ferrochrome Situation

le nervousness has of late manifested it-
self in many quarters >>t' the country relative to the
supply of chrome, and much concern is expressed as
to the ability of those industries to which the metal
ssential to secure a sufficient supply for the needs
of America's fighting force on land and sea. Tim
is not without reason. For war purposes it is not a
luxury, but a necessity, and the importance of finding
enough of the crude ore in the mountains of the United
tes to dispense with importation from foreign coun-
tries has become obvious, for various reasons. The
general formula of a defensible national policy may
here be applied; namely, that the money paid to foreign
countries in return for imports is lost while money
spent at home still remains a part of the country's total
wealth. Moreover, that money sent abroad goes to build
up or strengthen competing industries, while money
expended among the people of the United States is a
fortification against attacks, industrial or otherwise,
from abroad.

But, what is of greater importance, more than 100,000
tons of chromite consumed annually in America's in-
dustries is not only imported but is ocean borne, which
means that to supply the reduction works of the country
with foreign ore no inconsiderable amount of shipping
must be withdrawn from the Franco-American route
where it is now so urgently needed to sustain the fighting
forces of the Allies.

The uncertainty of the foreign market is an addi-
tional reason why a strenuous effort should be made
to become self-supporting in this field of industry.
At no time should the industries of America be placed
in a position of dependence upon a possible enemy coun-
try for supply of anything, least of all for material
needed for the nation's defense.

What can be done to stimulate the mining of chrome
in America? History and experience during the last
four years point out with unerring certainty the course
that will attain the desired end. Surely no industry
has shown itself so responsive to the seductive influence
of higher prices as has that of chrome mining. Observe :
In 1913 the price of chromite was $11.19 and the output
255 tons; in 1914 the price was $14.75 and the output
591 tons; in 1915 the price was $14.85 and the output
3281 tons; in 1916 the price was approximately $35
nnd the output rose to 47,035 tons; in 1917 the esti-
mated price of $40 has produced about 48,000 tons.

This mineral is widely distributed but it occurs in
small erratic bodies. The largest single deposit known
on the Pacific Coast yielded only 15,000 tons. The de-
velopment of chromitic orebodies consists in removing
them. As a rule the ore in sight is the ore on the
dump. It cannot be mined without some capital, but
prospects are usually not such as to incite the avarice
of the heavy investor. But to small capital the industry

can lie made attractive. What is needed is not onh
good prices, but certainty of the market. So far nc
chromite of consequence is touched unless it is on tof
of the ground, so to speak, and conveniently situatec
for transportation. The places where the indication;
of the existence of valuable orebodies are decidedly
encouraging are numerous, but to justify a person ii
spending his money in prospecting a deposit or ii
building trams, trails, or trollies to get the ore to tin
railroad or the dock, there must be a reasonable cer
tainty that the price will not fall below a fixed minimun
until the enterprise has been afforded an opportunit;
to pay for itself. This observation may, of course, h
applied to any business, but it is prompted here by ,•
knowledge of the fact that the unwillingness of th>
buyer of this ore to quote prices for the future has beei
the main discouragement to any investment in chrom
mining which did not promise immediate return. It i
possible to ascertain approximately what silver, coppei
iron, lead or tin will be worth next year, war or n
war, but who can say what chrome ore will bring

Surrounding the price of chrome there is an air o
mystery which is almost uncanny. Seldom does th
technical press refer to the price, but on the fourt
of last August the Journal quoted business as bein:
done in chrome ore at $1 per unit f.o.b. California fo
ore containing minimum 46% chromium oxide. Latei
however, I was advised by the accredited represent;!
tive of an Eastern consumer that this quotation wa
a mistake; that he had considerable correspondence wit
the editor concerning this matter, and as a result th
editor had omitted all quotations on chrome ore.

On Sept. 22, 1917, the Journal reported : "There aj
pear to be wide ranges in the prices offered for chrom
ore according to district and according to buyers; an
contracts are closed at widely varying prices, accordin
to the foregoing conditions and the knowledge or ignc
ranee of sellers as to market conditions." The les
elegantly expressed opinion of a prospector is i
harmony with this view. "The price obtained," sai
he, "varies inversely with the size of the sucker." Bt
this is not a condition conducive to the healthy growtl

In this connection there are two controlling factoi
to be borne in mind: The first is that the price c
chrome ore means everything to the mining end of tl
industry, and the second is that this price has nothin
to do with the cost of ferrochrome to the consume

Even if the price of ferrochrome were dependei
upon the price of chrome ore, this would mean no
to nothing to the ultimate consumer. Armor plal
contains only 34% chromium. A hundred dollars moi
or less per ton for this mineral would not affect pe
ceptibly the price of armor plate. The total cost of tt
entire amount consumed by the nation is, in proportic
to the general business, so small as scarcely to be ol
served, while the absence of this mineral might I
almost destructive in its effect.

February 2, 1918

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

245

On the other hand, when it is remembered that prior
i the war ferrochrome brought about $200 per ton
ml chromite ore $11.19, while at the present date the
■duct ion works charge some $400 per ton for the ferro-
irome alter a payment of only about $50 per ton for
r> chromite, but little reflection is needed to arrive

the conclusion that the cost of the ore is in no way
ible for the cost of ferrochrome. Surely, no
iieil.uk Holmes is needed to discover the cause of the
igh price of one and the low price of the other.

But enough on that subject for the present. The

jestion is: What must be done to make the United

self-supporting so far as chromite is concerned?

good, fixed minimum price for the ore is needed.
hat and nothing more — or less. Obviously either the
ironie refiners must find some way of squaring their
isiness with patriotism, and see that the producer
' the crude ore gets a fair share of the price of the
lished product, or else the reduction of the ore must
» made a Governmental enterprise. W. P. Lass.

Juneau, Alaska, Dec. 24, 1917.

[The author is not correct in his comments and
iferences respecting quotations for chrome ore last
immer. Our quotation of $1 per unit for 46% ore
i our issue of Aug. 4 was correct. Transactions were
ade at that price. Somebody in California later
leeraphed us that he had bought ore but had been
lable to sell at the price quoted. We found a buyer
ir him, but he was unable to deliver the ore. We
d not subsequently omit quotations of chrome ore on
ie strength of representations of the California repre-
ntative of an Eastern consumer. There was consider-
)le controversy about the market at this time and much
inflicting information from several quarters— buying,
lling and intermediate — which caused us to believe
iat quotations might be misleading unless they were
immarized in the light of thorough knowledge of con-
tions, which we did not have. — Editor.]

Tube Milling in Rhodesia

I have read A. W. Allen's remarks in the Journal of
apt. 1, 1917, with much interest. The distinctive fea-
res of Komata liners, as compared with the El Oro
id other types, is the small reduction made in the
orking area (cross-sectional) of the mill, their long
e, and the ease with which worn parts can be replaced.
he actual work performed by the two types is similar,
though Mr. Allen's tests on a coarse feed are in favor

the El Oro type.

In Mr. Allen's article in the Journal of Mar. 17, 1917,
' states that the Komata liners were run at the reduced
'eed' as advocated by the makers, and it may be here
at some further light can be thrown on this particular
st. I do not know just what speed was used, as
omata liner catalogs or bulletins are published in

VLta- '"A^ml^r6"1 on P- «3 of the "Journal" of Mar 17

nntfim

'"son's f0rmuIa s = _ where fl = d.ameter .n .ncheg anfl
an «ferrtJiSi?_Edtto?]mata *** Showed a lower efficiency

eral countries and the iven in the early cata-

logs has, from time to time, been altered to suit the
altered conditions of grinding. In 1906, when I
liners were introduced, tube mills were used to grind
fine material finer, and the feed seldom exceeded a
20 mesh, and was usually very wet, as the Dorr classifier
i not come into use. It was found that for such a
feed the Komata liner gave too much throw or splash
at the normal speed for tube mills and that a reduced
speed did better work. Later on, as it became more
and more the custom to feed coarse material and to re-
duce the moisture by good classification, it was found
advantageous to increase the speeds, and later bulletins
gave a formula different from those first issued. It is
easy to see that a coarse thick feed will stand more
throw of the pebbles than fine thin material. If Mr.
Allen used the speed given in an old catalog for grind-
ing material of two to three mesh, which was probably
well dewatered, I think the mills were running too slow.
It is difficult to get parallel tests in tube milling, as
only a few plants have the opportunity for making
these, but some figures relating to grinding coarse ma-
terial may be of interest in this discussion. These
figures are obtained from working conditions extending
over several years. A very hard, dense, quartz ore was
crushed by stamps through woven-wire screens having
4i holes per linear inch, the wire being 20 gage. Com-
ing from the stamps, the pulp gave the following screen
test: On 40 mesh 38.7%, on 60 mesh 12.0%, on 90 mesh
16.5%, on 200 mesh 14.8%, through 200 mesh 18%.
One hundred tons of this feed per 24-hour day went to
two tube mills, each 4 x 16 ft., run at a speed of ap-
proximately 28.5 r.p.m.; the power consumption was
25 hp. per mill; wear of liners 0.48 lb., and of pebbles
2.2 lb. based on the 100 tons of feed per day. The
screen test of the classified product from the tube mill
was: On 40 mesh nil, on 60 mesh 1%, on 90 mesh 22', ,
on 200 mesh 25.9% , through 200 mesh 51.1 per cent.

Tests were made with these mills to ascertain the
maximum coarseness of feed permissible for good grind-
ing efficiency, and it was found that the mills would
handle four mesh, but that three mesh was too coarse.
Experiments at another plant showed that three-mesh
feed could safely be put into mills of 5-ft. diameter.
The rounded coarse particles in the underflow from the
classifiers which Mr. Allen calls attention to in his arti-
cle not only occur with Komata liners but with silex
liners also. I have made no observation in this connec-
tion with El Oro liners.

From my experience, one of the main factors in effi-
cent tube-mill grinding is to pass a large tonnage of
coarse, well dewatered feed through the mills, using
a good system of classification to return the oversize.
I have also found that roughly 0.75 ton per cu.ft. of
mill volume per 24 hours can safely be fed to a mill, this
of course including the returns. In other words, as much
as 150 tons per 24 hours, including "returns," can be fed
to a 4 x 16-ft. tube mill which has a volume of about
200 cu.ft. A small quantity of feed of fine sloppy pulp
results in low mechanical efficiency and heavy wear of
liners and pebbles. Sliming 200-mesh concentrates in
a 4 ft. 8 in. x 18-ft. tube mill gave a consumption of
pebbles of 15 lb. per ton of concentrates and a very
heavy wear of liners. Frederick C. Brown.

Silver City, Idaho, Sept. 24, 1917.

2 16

ENGINEERING AND MIXING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 5

Details of Practical Mining

uiimmiiiii i i i iniimimiiuiiiii minimum mimiimimimnmii miimimiiiiimimiiimmimii miimimimiiiiiimiimiimimmiii

1 ruing Up a ( Irankpin b\ 1 land
Bk Charles Labbe*

The crankshaft of a semi-high speed compressor
knocked considerably when carrying a full load, and
the connecting-rod brasses became hot when they were
tightened. The compressor had been in 3ervice for some
time and when the brasses were taken off and the crank
was calipered it was found to be out of true and flat-
tened by wear. A piece of steel, cut from an old wood
saw, was ground to the exact shape of the crank journal,
sharpened, tempered and inserted in place of the shims

FLAT-IRON

METHOD OF TRUING CRANKPIN WITHOUT A LATHE

on one side of the brasses, with a piece of flat iron
taking up the remaining space of the shim on that
side, as shown in the sketch. A space was left at A
for shavings, an excess of lard oil was supplied to the
crankpin and the flywheel turned two full revolutions
by hand. The shavings were then removed from the
space A by compressed air, the cutter was driven in
about two- or three-thousandths of an inch and the
operation was repeated until the crankpin was trued up.
Then the brasses were taken off, cleaned scrupulously
of shavings and the crank journal was polished with
fine emery cloth. The brasses were then scraped to
fit, and when reassembled the crankshaft trouble was
over. The entire job took four hours and did away
with the necessity of sending the parts to an outside
machine shop, as no lathe of sufficient size was provided
at the plant.

Details of Timbering in Stoping by
the Incline Top-Slice Method

Details of the method of catching up the timber mat
over the shrinkage and slicing portions of the inclined
top-slicing system of stopes as described by W. G. Scott
in a paper to be presented at the February meeting of
the American Institute of Mining Engineers are shown
in the illustration. The "Coronado Incline Top-Slicing
Method" was described in the ■Journal, Apr. 7, 1917.
After a slice has been completed, the posts blasted out
and the overlying mat settled to the planked floor, a
new slice is started at the shrinkage portion of the stope
1 1 ft. below. The 4-ft. wide shrinkage stope is first

ii miimimmiiimiiii u n |

drawn down about 12 ft. below the mat. At this section
of the slice the mat is prevented from settling with the
broken ore by a series of 10-in. round stulls 10 ft. long
previously set at 12-in. intervals across the opening to
act as a grizzly, and constitutes a bulkhead for the
mat at each slice. When the broken ore has been drawn
down sufficiently, the open part of the shrinkage stope
is widened out to 10 ft. and a new grizzly similarly
laid. This work is started at one end of the stope and
the overlying mat is caught up by battered sets pro-
gressively for the length of the next slice. These sets
consist of 10-in. round stulls. The posts are 10 ft.
long and have a 10-ft. spread at the bottom resting in
hiches or footboards. The caps are also 10-in. round
stulls 10 ft. long and are placed under the overlying
grizzly and mat lengthwise to the shrinkage stope;
that is, across the grizzly stulls. The two posts are
battered at 17° to the vertical and catch up the double
row of caps which are held apart at each set by a 4-ft.
10-in. -round spreader. From this timbered opening the
incline slices are started in each direction at 33° to
the horizontal. Flooring consists of 2 x 12-in. plank
12 ft. long and is spiked to 10-in. round sills 10 ft. long
set about 5 ft. apart parallel to the shrinkage stope.
These sills become the caps of the next slice below.
The upper ends of the posts are roughly indented with
an ax to conform to the roundness of the caps, the large

r

■Length ofStope-SO'-—
{2x12 Plan*

TTl

nical engineer. Johnnie,

fineDrrt-

mjJMM '""l0'Lon9
>>*:-J§k:. Broken Ore

TIMBERING DETAILS OF INCLINED TOP SLICES

end of each post being used for this purpose on accoun
of its greater bearing surface.

The flooring in the incline portions of the slice rest
across the sills at right angles to the shrinkage stopt
but over the grizzly the planks are laid lengthwise, oi
across the grizzly stulls. As the slice advances, th
caps being already in place gives an opportunity fo
catching up an exposed sill with a stull before it i
entirely undermined, thus avoiding having to expose
large section of mat at one time, as would be the cas
if it were necessary to blast out enough ground to a<
commodate a full set at once. The practice is, wheneve
the end of a cap is exposed enough for a post, stand
up. This keeps it in place until the other end is expose
enough for a post, and so on until the panel is complete'
Broken mats are rare, and if the proper care has bet

February 2, L918

ENGINEERING AND MINING \0\ RNAL

247

taken in timbering over the shrinkage portion little
trouble will be experienced. The ore rolls down to the
shrinkage portion from the force of the blast at the
fare ami but little has to be coaxed by shoveling. When
this is necessary a shovel bent over in the shape of a
hoc is used.

Crowning a Large Pulley

A method used in crowning a job lot of split wood
pulleys in a country shop, where the largest lathe was
16-in. swing, and the pulleys in question were about 30
in. in diameter, is described by \Y. W. Rickard in Ami /
can Machinist.

"I chucked a piece of pipe in the lathe a little longer
than the bed, put the steadyrest as near the tail end
of the lathe as possible, clamped the pulley on the end
of the pipe, built a rest out of 2 x 4 scantling, made a
turning tool out of an old file, and I was ready for the
job, which was done satisfactorily and in good time.
This is probably not a new stunt to most old-timers."

Car Lifter for Mine Car Shop

In the car shop of one of the large anthracite coal
mines near Wilkes-Barre, Penn., is a car lifter, or
turner, that can be made in any mine blacksmith shop.
This car lifter, according to Coal Age, Dec. 15, 1917, is
made from an old steam cylinder 10 in. in diameter, hav-
ing a stroke of 24 in. To the end of the piston rod is
connected a double-groove sheave 18 in. in diameter.
This sheave moves forward and backward with the stroke
of the piston. About 4 ft. in front of the sheave is an-
other double-groove sheave of the same diameter, with

IS' Pulley fastened to
Fnd or Cylinder

STEAM CYLINDER

IS' Stationary
Pulley

HOW THE CAR ISh LIFTED

stationary bearings. A A-in. wire rope passes around
both the sheaves, being made fast to the rear one. The
car lifter is placed on a platform built about 10 ft. above
the floor. To the loose end of the rope is attached a
chain that can be hooked to the axles or the wheels of
one side of a car.

There are two steam pipes from the main steam line,
one to each inlet valve of the cylinder. In each of
these steam pipes is a throttle valve. This is so ar-
ranged that w-hen it opens the exhaust outlet on the op-
posite end of the cylinder is automatically opened.
Valves are placed about 5 ft. above the floor. To turn

the car over on its side it is onlj necessarj to in, ok
the chain to the wheels or the axles and upon tin- propei
throttle valve. This forces tin- pi-ton to tin- rear of
the steam cylinder, lengthening the distance between
the sheave wheels and thus raisin) thi car. To lower
the ear- the operation is reversed.

Stand Eliminates Necessity of Boxing
Instruments Every Night*

All the trouble and waste of time in removing
surveying instruments from their tripods and plac-
ing them in their boxes at the end of the day's work
can be avoided if an office is provided with an instru-
ment stand such as is shown in the
accompanying illustration. This
inexpensive expedient has
been used by the writer
on several jobs, and

AVOIDS THE NUISANCE OF BOXING
INSTRUMENTS EACH NIGHT

has been found satisfactory in every case. The con-
struction is very simple. Slots cut into a UxlO-in.
plank provide recesses into which the tripods and levels
may be set. The tripods are then held in the slots by
metal latches hinged at one side and fitting over a nail
at the other. The feet of tripods and the lower ends
of level rods fit into holes cut in another plank set lower.

Making Drawings on Tracing Paper

Preliminary pencil drawings or shop sketches that
must be hurriedly produced for immediate use are often
made on tracing paper, but this reproduces poor blue-
prints, on account of its opaque nature. The use of a
sheet of black carbon paper, with the impression side
next to the tracing paper, while the drawing is being
made, will darken the lines on the under side so that a
clear print will result. In making the drawing, a harder
pencil than that ordinarily used will assure heavy lines
from the impression paper. Care must be taken, how-
ever, that the carbon lines on the back of the drawing
are not blurred by rough or careless handling during
blueprinting.

A 20r'r Solution of calcium chloride in water jackets of
automobile gasoline engines is effective and much less ex-
pensive than alcohol and other liquids used to prevent
freezing, at any temperature higher than — 9° F. ( — 23°
Centigrade).

•Bv George W. McAlpin in "Engineering News-Record," Nov.
22. 1917.

UNEERING A.ND MINING JOURNAL Vol. 105, No. 5

iiiiu iiiuimiiuiiiuuiiiiiiiuui mi luiuwimu iiiiuiiiuuii iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiini iiiuiiiuiiiii iiinuii u ing

The Assayer and Chemist

n in mill mil iiiiiiiiiiMiiiiimiiiiii I .iiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiimimiiiiiiiiiiiMiiiiiiii. miiiiiiniiii I niiiiiiiiiniiiii imim niiiiiir-

( lemical Glassware Compared

The U. S. Bureau of Standards has compared five
• aerican-made chemical glassware with the
known European brands. The mode of pro

ire in making the tests and the results obtained are
ribed by P. 11. Walker and F. W. Smither in Journ.
em., Dec. 1917, in a paper published
with the permission of the bureau.

The tests included chemical analysis, determination
•efficient o\ expansion, refractive index, conditio)

ated evaporation, to heat and
to mechanical shock, and resistance to chemical

ts. In all eases beakers and flasks approximating in

fena beaker and flask were used. All

the ware tested bore permanent trade-marks. From ■!■"•

" beakers and flasks of each ware were secured for

this series of tests.

Table I gives the composition of the different wares
d.

TABU I an CHEMK U Gl \»w IRE

licr Co. Pyn i Jena Jena Noi

deer Beakei

B.M 10 2 0 4 2 4 2 2 5 2 7 2 1

0 08 0 35 0.25 0 25 0 27 0 23 0 22 (144

5.6 10 9 10 9 7 8 3 6
I 10

0 02 0 02 0 01 0 01 0.01 0.01 0 03 0 03

8 7 0 66 0 29 0 63 0 56' 0 79 2 6 0 42

0 17 4 3 0 06 0 21 0 25 3 4 2 6 0 08

. 7.1 10 8 4 4 7.5 7 8 10 9 9 8 8 2

0 30 0 20 0 37 0 31 0 30 15 0 67

75 9 73 0 80 5 64 7 64 7 67 3 68 6 75 9

3.6 118 10.9 10 6 62 8 1 10 8
0 08

i 20 0 02

\»,0, Trace 0 02 0 70 0 14 0 19 Trace 0 18 0.36
Sb,<V.:. 0 60 0 62

Totals 100.29 100 27 100.21 99.81 99.79 100.05 99 93 100 00

:.ium and 0 not found, but lithium was detect

W . Merrill in all the samples.

The evaporation test, which was made only on beak-
ers, consisted in repeated evaporation to dryness of sodi-
um-chloride solution with examination for cracks after
each evaporation. None of the wares developed cracks
after 12 evaporations. One of the heat-shock tests con-
d in filling the beakers with cold water, which was
then rapidly heated to boiling. Other tests included
the plunging into ice water of vessels containing boiliti"
water, paraffin at 150' C, and paraffin at 200° C, and
the dropping of beakers bottom down upon a thick board
from heights increased by intervals of five inches.

The solubility tests were made by determining the
loss in weight of pieces of the wares upon treatment
with water and various solutions commonly used in the
laboratory. With water on beakers the action was con-
tinued about 72 hr., the water being heated about 24
hr. ; on flasks, the action was continued about 17 hr.,
keeping the water boiling during five hours ; with mineral
acids, solutions containing sodium chloride and sodium
nitrate were mixed with a large excess of sulphuric
acid, boiled and heated for an hour after fumes of SO,
appeared. With sodium and potassium carbonates and
hydroxides and sodium phosphate, half-normal solutions
were boiled for 20 min. in the vessels, and in the case of

beakers fresh half-normal solutions were subsequen i,
evaporated in the same beakers. With ammonia, strong
ammonia was allowed to stand 24 hr. in the vessel, then
diluted and boiled for 30 min. With ammonium sulphide
and chloride, mixtures of twice normal salts were al-
lowed to stand in the vessels 24 hr., then boiled for
30 minutes.

gives a general summary of the resistance
to the various solutions and to mechanical and heal
shock of the wares tested. In this table the italic letters
indicate the minor differences in resistance, letter a
being the most resistant and d the least so. The absence
of such a letter indicates that the differences in resist-
ances are too small to justify any differentiation between
the wares graded in the same group.

i \bi i: 11 GENER \l. si mm w:\ . i] n -i -

. to

Ml, oil

Car- and Mi-

Mineral Donated Caustic Nil, Heat ch:

Water Acids Alkalies Alkalies Salts Shock

Kavalier.Poor Good Poor Good (6) Good (6) Poor Poor
I

. Good(c) Good Good (a) Good (a) Good Poor Poor

Pyrei G 1(6) Good Good(c) Pair Good Good (.ji Goo

Jena... Good (d) Good d (6) Fair Good Good (c) Fair

ood (a) Fair Good Good (6) Fair

Goo 1 Good (6) 1 air Good Poor Good
Good GoodW) Good
1 I ar superior to any of the other wares.

In the rating of resistance to caustic alkalies the boil-
ing tests only have been considered. These results
indicate that all the American-made wares tested are
superior to Kavalier and equal or superior to Jena
ware for general chemical laboratory use.

Determination of Manganese
and Chromium

In the estimation of manganese as permanganate by
oxidation with ammonium persulphate in presence of
silver nitrate, the solution should not be boiled after ad-
dition of the reagents, according to Travers in Comptes
rend, (abstr., Journ. Soc. Chem. Ind.), otherwise low
results will be obtained, possibly by the reduction of
permanganate by hydrogen peroxide formed from the
persulphate. The permanganate is titrated with sodium
arsenite solution, the latter being added to the former,
except when small volumes are used, as is the case in
back titrations.

Details of analysis are as follows : 0.2 gram of carbon
steel is dissolved in 20 cc. of nitric acid (sp.gr. 1.1)
and 30 cc. of cold water is added so as to bring the
temperature to 40° — 50° C; 5 cc. of N/10 silver nitrate
and 1 to 1.5 cc. of saturated solution of ammonium
persulphate are added and the mixture is shaken. Three
minutes after the appearance of the violet color, the
mixture is poured into 100 cc. of cold water and
titrated at once with sodium arsenite until the color
is discharged. If the Mn content is greater than 0.5%
a greenish-yellow color is produced. The arsenite solu-
tion should contain 0.650 gram of As.O, per liter, when

February 2, L918

KXtll.NKKKlNC, AND MINING J01 R

249

i. 0.0002 .mam Mn or 0.191 Mn ell the sample.

Pitrating al a temperature below 80 C, i eciable

e oxidation of manganese occurs.

With suitable modifications the method can be ap-
plied to chrome, tungsten, vanadium, and molybdenum
tools, also to cast iron, iron and man res, slags,

. and hronzes. In chrome steels, the chromium
an be determined by titration, with the same sodium
te solution, of the sample dissolved in nitric acid
f sufficient concentration (20 cc. of nitric acid of 36
t. per 100 >.\-. of solution i. Unlike ferrous solutions
nd titanous chloride, sodium arsenite is stable and
oos not reduce vanadium, which often accompanies
hromium in steels.

Recovery of Ammonium Molybdate
in Phosphoric-Acid Analysis

The recovery of ammonium molybdate from the til-
rates obtained in the estimation of phosphoric acid is
escribed as follows by H. Kinder in Stahl und I.
translated, Journ. Soc. Chem. Ind.) :

The molybdic acid is precipitated by adding sodium
hosphate to the solution and the yellow precipitate is
ashed by decantation with 0.1$ sodium-sulphate solu-
on until free from soluble phosphate and iron salts,
he precipitate is then dried; each 325 grams is dis-
ilved in 1100 cc. of ammonia (sp.gr. 0.96), and the
tlution is treated with a mixture of 30 grams of mag-
esium chloride and 30 grams of ammonium chloride
issolved in water to make 100 cc, the precipitate is
•parated by filtration, and each 420 cc of filtrate is
lixed with 1200 cc of nitric acid (sp.gr. 1.2). The
lue molybdic-acid residues obtained in the gravimetric
itimation of phosphoric acid may be treated in a simi-

r way, after being dissolved in ammonia and acidified

ith nitric acid.

Detection^ of Germanium

Germanium has recently been shown to exist in cer-
in Wisconsin and Missouri blendes, and to be greatly
■ncentrated in their distillation residues. This has
d to renewed interest in this metal, and to the publi-
tion of the following method for its detection by the
•urnal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, July,
•17. The essential details of the method are due to

A. Noyes.

Weigh a 100-gram sample of the oxide of zinc into a
er distilling flask connected with a water-cooled con-
nser, and add 200 cc. concentrated hydrochloric acid.
iss chlorine into the mixture until the gas appears in
e receiver of the condenser, and then heat the mixture
' boiling and distill to about half volume, continuing
e passage of a slow current of chlorine. Dilute the
'stillate with an equal volume of water and pass hydro-
; n sulphide into it for at least 30 min. If no precipitate
; formed (other than the usual opalescence due to sul-
1 ur) germanium is absent. If a precipitate is formed,
i:er it off on a small paper and wash it with a little
<ld water.

Place the paper containing the precipitate in a flask
Ath about 150 cc. water, boil for 15 min., and filter.
'' the filtrate add 50 cc. concentrated hydrochloric acid,
ol and treat with hydrogen sulphide as before. A

white, ii lent precipitate it

of germanium. Filter or I] paper and v

once with a little cold water. Pour ammonia through
the tilt.M the solution and washings in a

platinum dish. Evaporate to dryness. Moisten th<
residue with com nd evaporate to

dryness again. When dry, ignite for a few minu

To the residue add a little water and a few drops ol
hydrofluoric acid, with solid potas ium chloride

and allow to stand in the cold for 15 mill. If germanium
is present, a grayish, gelatinous precipitate is formed,
tble on heating or diluting the solution. The i
ermanium is not reported unless this last ,
firmation test is obtained.

New Form of Safety Pipette

A way to avoid drawing poisonous or unpleasant solu-
tions into the mouth when using the pipette is descr

A. S. Behrman {Journ. Ind. Eng. Chem., November,
1917) as follows: A three-way cock is interposed, as
shown in Fig. 1, between a stiff atomizer bulb and an
ordinary pipette, junction being made by means of rub-

25cm3

TWO FORJIS OF SAFETY PIPETTES

ber tubing. To operate, the cock is turned so as to
connect the pipette with the bulb. The pipette is then
filled a little above the mark by pressing and releasing
the bulb one or more times, the bulb valves acting to
prevent back flow of the liquid. With a stiff bulb, pi-
pettes of even 25 to 50 cc capacity can usually be filled
with one compression and release of the bulb. The
stopcock is then turned so as to admit the outside air
to the bulb, by which means the liquid may be let down
to the mark and subsequently delivered. Fig. 2 shows
the three-way cock made integral with a graduated
pipette of Mohr's type.

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105. No. 5

Report of the Granbj Consolidate.!

The annual report of the d ran by Consolidated Min-
ing, Smelting and Power Co. for the fiscal year ended
Juno 30, 1917, shows a net profit of $4,196,629.41 after
deducting $1,580,346.34 for amortization and depre<
tion. Four 9 . dividends were declared, amounting

JO, and the undivided profits of the year
bring the total surplus credit to $9,434,038.22. During
the period a total of 1,558,346 tons from company and

I'UUI I PRODUCTION STATEMENT Ol GRANB1

i

[DAT] D

1 ,b t

\i,

wd

Gold,

Smelted

Pet Ton Ore

■

760,791

13 62

4.320

9.108,762

1.1 41V)

481,693

106

7 2 80

i 4'"., 491

8.177

1.214

14,018

71 "b

1.008.792

N74

490 KM

37.676 *i<8

406.302
193.047

25.123

4,698

Total; I ^58.345 41.878.568 599.349 29.821

custom ores was treated, and produced 41,878,568 lb. of
copper. 599,349 02. of silver, and 29,S'J1 ox., of gold, and
the average prices received at New York were 27.4c. per
lb. for copper and 71c. per oz. for silver.

At the company's Phoenix smeltery 701,590 tons of
ore and furnace products were smelted and refined at

TABLE 11

5TIMA ITU

ORE RESER\ ES

1 ' '

and

Cent.

ami

i b

Mine

per Silver

Silver

Phoenix.

3.274.996

1 00

$0 75

65,499.920

300,000

0 65

$0 60

3.900.000

■

9.882.183

2 31

.30

456.556.854 8,

0 64

15 105.

414.775

2 66

.30

22.066.030

489 580

0 70

. 15

6.854.120

Mamie

">3.080

1.39

2.550.392

429.480

0 81

.20

7.01 1,740

7.500

3 3

1 36

495.000

44,487

4.0

1 53

3.558,960

13.717.021 550.727.156 9,476,560 123,461.860

Tonir Lb. ' 'opper

... 23,193.581 674,189.016

a cost of $1,661 per ton. This department produced 17,-
5 19,453 lb. of copper at an average cost of 20.8c. per lb.,
New York. The ore shipped from the company's Phoenix
mines amounted to 677,292 tons, yielding a recovery of
13.52 lb. of copper, 0.177 oz. of silver and 0.027 oz. of
gold at a mining and development cost placed on board

TABLE III TOTAL COSTS IT VNYOX, B. C

Mining
Marketing

I

Totals

1914

1 79">2
0 0798

2 4684

il 1114!
0 5200

4 B985

1915

I 062

II ||49

I 877
0 250
0 532

3 770

1916
I 001

0 053

1 804
0 275

0 315

1 648

1917

1 255
0 1157

2 155
ii 156
0 572

4 \7:,

the cars of $1.75 per ton. Underground development
work amounted to 8900 ft., of an average cost of $12.20
per ft., or 16c. per ton shipped. During the year 6502
ft. nf diamond drill hole was made.

The production from the company's various mines at
Hidden Creek and Phoenix, B. C, and the Mamie, Midas,
and It, Alaska, is shown in Table I

Total mining and development costs at Hidden Creek
were $1.23; at the Mamie, $3.73; at the Midas, $5.77,
and at the It, $5.54 per ton. Smelting and converting
at Anyox cost $2,155 per ton of ore treated, and pro-
duced copper at a cost of $0,115 per lb. delivered in New
York. Ore reserves developed during the year, less the
tonnage extracted during the same priod, are shown in
Table II. A comparison of the total cost at Anyox,
B. C. for last four years is shown in Table III.

Kerr Lake Annual Report

The annual report of the Kerr Lake Mining Co., Co-
balt district, Ontario. Can., for the year ended Aug. 31,
1917, shows a production of 2,551 , 346 oz. of silver at
a cost per ounce as follows: Mining and development,
11. 65c. ; shipment and treatment charges, 14.52c; ad-
ministration and general, 0.58c; total, 26.75c. This
production was derived from the shipment of 740 tons
Of sacked me. yielding 1,729,889 oz. of silver and 89,454
lbs. of cobalt, and 27,201 tons of mill ore, yielding 821,-

Ki:i!U I VKE OPEB \ riNG COSTS

(Figures Based on 55.376 QoiBted Tons)

Production and Development:
Stoping
i levelopment
Power, liv,rlii and heat

oi iIiik and jigging

Tramming

Hoisting

Timbering .....

Pumping

Drills and steel

Mine expense

Kepairs In plant and IniildillKS

Stable i xpense

< Iffice expense

Surface maintenance

lei ill expense

Taxi b

Boarding house

Coal

per Ton
$0 40
.72
.38
.24
.47

09

37
.05
.17
.20
.06
.07

10

.14

.03

I 82

06

Total $5.37

Shipment, Treatment and Other Charges: .■

Shipment expense $0 02

Milling .13

Freight 09

On treat ment expense 2 55

Assaying and sampling 20

Insurance 09

Total $3.08

1 Administrative and General Expense

Mine management expense $0 17

I lirectors' fees .01

Traveling expense .01

General expense 08

Total $0.27

Depreciation on buildings, plant and equipment 15

Amount written off property acquired m connection
with lake drainage and exploration of outside proper-
ties, etc 1 35

Grandjtotal $10.22

457 oz. of silver. The total ore as hoisted was 55,87'
tons, and this figure is used as the basis for the cost
given in the table. During the year 3105 ft. of develoj
ment work was done, and the reserves as of Sept. ]
1917, are estimated at 52,400 tons of milling ore, cor
taining 898,900 oz. of silver, and high grade ore contaii
ing 2,221,500 oz. silver, making a total silver reserve c
3,120,400 ounces.

Semi-Annual Report of the Broken Hi'
South Silver Mining Co.

The semi-annual report of the Broken Hill Sout
Silver Mining Co., no liability, at Broken Hill, Ne
South Wales, Australia, for the fiscal year ended Jui
30, 1917, shows a debit balance of £283,490. Durii
the period two dividends were paid, amounting
£120,000, after setting aside £27,500 for taxation ai
royalty, and £15,733 for depreciation of plant. Tl
directors have found it difficult to calculate what tl
company's position under the War Times Profits B
will be, and until this measure is passed by Parliame
the board purposes keeping considerable sum of mon
at short call, and in the serious financial and industri
outlook it is considered inadvisable to increase the di'
dends for the present. Shortage of men has made
advisable to operate at a reduced capacity during t'
period. The ore treated by the concentrator during t'-

February 2, L918

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

26 1

year amounted to 271'. 700 tons, containing US, (596 tons
of load. 1,880,792 oz. of silver, and 88,004 tons of zinc.
Of this amount during the second half L22.240 tons were
treated as a grade averaging i:'..7\ Pb, <'>.»> oz. Ag,
l.".,::r, Zn. From this tonnage 92.691 was derived from
the stopes on contract, o. 1', by day's pay, and 3.7',
from development sources. During the period .".oos ft.
of shafts, drifts, crosscuts, raises and winzes were
driven and 2933 ft. of diamond-drill hole made. Filling
in depleted stopes amounted to 32,563 cu.yd., at a cost
of 5s. 1.8d. per cu.yd., or Is. 4. 2d. per ton of ore ex-
tracted. The average number of men employed under-
ground was 788 and at the surface 457. Production
was derived from nine working levels to a depth of 1270
ft. for the period covered by the report.

Concentrates Averaged 66.3 Pb, 23.2 oz. Ag
and 7.2% Zinc

During the period the concentrator produced 18,180
tons of concentrates of a grade averaging 66.3', Pb,
23.2 oz. Ag and 7.2', Zn. The zinc tailings, amounting
to 57. 8r( of the total tonnage, contained 3.6', Pb, 3.4
oz. Ag, and 16.7 Zn. Quartz tailings, amounting to
12.3', of the tonnage, assayed 1.4r, Pb, 1.5 oz. Ag,
and 5.8 % Zn, and slimes to the amount of 15.1', of
the tonnage assayed 10.4rr Pb, 7.8 oz. Ag, and 12.6',
Zn. Three new cells, a third 25-ft. diameter Dorr
thickener and additional elevators have been added to
the lead section of the selective-flotation plant. This
plant treated 18,387 tons of slime and produced 2482
tons of lead concentrate, assaying 61.9% Pb, 49.4 oz.
Ag, and 7.8 cc Zn, and a residue of 15,905 tons, assaying
2.4', Pb, 1.2 oz. Ag and 13.4% Zn. The zinc section
has made satisfactory progress in overcoming the com-
mercial and metallurgical difficulties met in connection
with the recovery of zinc concentrate from the deleaded
residues, and when the outlet for zinc concentrate im-
proves it will be in a position to start production.

"Cascade" Flotation Not Successful

Total recovery for the period was lead, 81.4rr, silver,
65.8'r and zinc 9.3r, . An experimental "cascade" flota-
tion plant has been erected, but has not proved a suc-
cess on selective lead flotation of current mill slime, and
arrangements are in hand to test it on coarser products
A comparative statement of the working costs for the
last year is printed herewith:

comparative semi-annual statement of broken hiii.
south silver mining company

Half Year tn Half ■) est to
Dsc. 31, 1916 June 30, 1917

Production Tons Tons

Crude ore treated 157,460 122,240

Cost per Ton

Mining $4.03 $4 35

Filling depleted stopes .28 .33

Development .65 91 ,

Concentrating I Ob 1 32

Totals ........ $6.02 $6 91

Total mine costs (excluding selective flotation) per ton
of concentrate produced, were :

T..i.^ Tons

Production (concentrates) 27.650 18,180

pel ton $49 33 $46.56

The Amalgamated Zinc (De Bavay's) Ltd. has taken
delivery of all the company's current production of
zinky tailings, and from the old dumps 24,867 tons,
assaying 7.2 Pb, 4.1 Ag and 18.0% Zn have been de-
livered to the Zinc Corporation, Ltd.

Annual Reporl <>t the Tombo5
Gold Mines ( <>.. Ltd.

The annual report "I the I "ml... Gold Mine < 0., Ltd.,
for the fiscal year ended June 80, 1917, shows a work-
ing profit from operations of $857,265. The ore treated
at the 60-stamp mill, amalgamator, concentrator, and
cyanide plant for the period was 148,939 tons, yielding

bullion carried at $314,823, concentrates, $675,674, and
cyanide bullion, $160,114. The estimated reserves in
the Argentine group is 150,000 tons of ore, of which

PRODI CTION COS1 PER TON 01 TOM BOI GOLD Ml

Mining and d< $2 73

Milling .59

I ...i i deluding trail . 58

\\ :.!. . -i.|.|iU . 09

\ iaj office .04

tding . .86

i i ■ i .25

raxes and insurance .31

. $5.45

120,000 tons is broken in the stopes. In the Montana
group 5122 ft. of drifts and raises was driven, mainly
to the north on the 1000-ft. and the 1750-ft. levels, in-
cluding work on the Sidney vein. The ore reserve in
the Montana group amounts to 390,000 tons, of which
240,000 is broken in the stopes. The costs per ton are
given in the table.

Annual Report of Jumbo Extension

The annual report of the Jumbo Extension Mining
Company, of Goldfield, Nev., for the fiscal year ended
June 30, 1917, shows a production of 8143 tons of ore
of an average value of $26,946 per ton, and 807.5 tons of
dump ore sold at a value of $1 per ton. During the
period 4930 ft. of development work was performed in
drift, crosscuts, raises and winzes, together with 293 ft.
of core drill hole, in the search for new orebodies. Nu-
merous new properties have been examined by the com-
pany, and a lease and bond was taken on a promising
property at Copper Mountain, Nevada, upon which $22,-
726 was expended in development work. Operations for
the year show a loss of $1270. Disbursements from the
cash balance for the year include $10,000 invested in
Liberty bonds. The smelting and mining costs are
given as follows:

PRODUCTION AND EXPENSES OF JUMBO EXTENSION
MINING COMPANY

For the Year Ended June 30. 1917

Total Average

Product inn Value per Ton

8143 66 tons (dry) shipped $219,441 14 $26,946

Smelting losses 26,727 00 3.281

Smelting recovery $192,714 14 $23.66

807 53 tons dump (mill) ore ... $807 53 1.000

Expenses:

Mining $32,008 97 $3,931

Development 58.366 00 7 167

Freight, treatment and sampling on ore produ.. I 82,502 95 10 131

General:

Mine office 18 00 0 002

Miscellaneous 1,110 92 0 136

Administrative 14,122 27 1.734

Marketing ore 757 55 0 093

Taxes 3,973 84 0.488

Total operating expense $192,860 50 $23 682

X.w equipment 1,93178 0 237

Net operating costs, including freight, treatment and

ling on ore shipped $194,792 28 $23 919

Net loss from operations 1,270 61 0 152

Manganese Ore Imports in November, 1917, were 44,141
tons ore, as compared with 31,225 tons in November, 1916.
The imports for the 11 months of 1917 were 599,423 tons,
comparing with 526,525 tons in the same period of 1916.

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 5

Report ol ( opper Production
for L917

ompiled from reports received 1'rom the

..opt iii the cases aoted by as-

ether with the reports o( the

I'n:- - partmen! e as to imported

: in the main represents the crude-cop

.r. in pounds.

PER PRODI OIL'S. i»|7

Canada * opper, Granby, Cananea, Braden, Cerro de
co and Chile, As a matter of record, however, the
individual figures are given after the total. We also re-
port the production o( the Boleo, Cape Copper. Kyshtim
and Katanga companies, whose copper does not come
to the United States.

The item "Alaska shipments" gives the otlieial figure
of the United States Department of Commerce. Kenne-
eott production September to December was 7.100,000,
7,116,000, 7,142,000 and 7,086,000 lb., respectively.

1.260.000

i
:.ina:

■

17.839.378
2,000,000

7.000.000

2,800,000

2.203,300

1.267.532

I0.7(

8,000
2,40

-.000
7.700.000
ml
i.854

1. 590.000

12,26

7,000,000

'•.460
1.006

1,469,631

7,000,000

6,671,687

7,0110.1100

2S.o25.157

1.500.000

7,000.000

21,660,000
2,033,000

1.308.528
6,900,000

8,658,.-: 7
2.040,000

5.O0U.000

4,931

2. 200. 000

3,308,000

7.41 i
33,262,317
1,640,000

* 1 3, 000, 000

7.000,000

22.600,000
2,506,260

1. 260,00o
"i.00u

7. 71". 496 6,333,000 6,313,272 8.094.122

2,000,000

16,300,000
2,000,000

Total rep. r 108.477,872

10,000,000

136,945.608 133,995,659
9,000.000 8,000,000

16.250,000
1,750,000

151,100,976

7.000.000

Total l/nit 118,477,872

trates. ■ ■ 16,892,867

Imports in bl: 22,030,450

145.945,608 141,995,659 158,100,976

18.747.533

[6,062,344

20.643,329

Grandtotal 157.401,189 178,899,413 178,701,332

British Columbia:

Canada Copper Corpn 537,229

Granby Cons 3.321.754

Mexico:

Boleo . 1.454.880

Cananea nil

r Foreign:

...... 5.348.000

.-Pasco 7,041,000

Chile 3,294,000

Cape Copper nil

582,400

Katanga 4,960,350

724.961
3,259,974

nil
5,414,000

9,050,000

246.400

725.760

5,092,625

491,111
2,886,489

1,764,000
nil

5,756,000

6,440,000

8,872,000

360.000

4,468.388

1,650,000

5,836,000
6,308,000
7,912,000

The total production of the
1917 was as follows:

January

M

April

'.

r
October

iber. .
December

Total

4,475,340 5,335.132

United States for the year

174,1.

180,726.627

190,211,648

185,930,898

185,750,810

171,341,047

117,810.739

117,445,458

118.477,872

145,945.608

141,995,659

158.100,976

1,888,395.945

In giving our monthly figures, we are obliged to esti-
mate the product of custom smelters. Comparison
with the statistics for the year, as reported in our issue
of Jan. 12, shows that the aggregate of our monthly fig-
ures, as previously reported, would be about 62,000,000
lb. too high, this reflecting an over-estimate of the pro-
duct of custom smelters. We have therefore readjusted
those estimates and the corresponding totals. This will
explain the difference in the figures now presented from
those previously published.

The grand total, which in the case of September was
157,401,189 lb., includes, under "Imports in ore and
blister copper," the production of such companies as

Co-operative Rescue and First-Aid
Training Work

To extend the usefulness of the work of the U. S.
Bureau of Mines in training miners in rescue and lirst-
aid work a plan for cooperating with privately or state-
owned rescue stations has been evolved. According to
its "Yearbook" for 1916, the Bureau announced that it
would list such stations as cooperative provided their
equipment and facilities were found to meet the purpose
of training. When a station asks to be placed on the
list of cooperating stations, a representative of the
Bureau is assigned to investigate the station and to re-
port on its status. His recommendation is considered
before the station is designated as cooperative.

Every cooperative station is allowed to train men so
as to qualify them to receive Bureau of Mines certificates
for mine-rescue and first-aid work if it conducts train-
ing according to a schedule similar to that used by the
bureau. At the conclusion of the training a formal ap-
plication is made for an examination and further test
of the fitness of the applicants to receive certificates.

When a class is ready for examination the Bureau
sends to the station one of its engineers or foreman
miners, who conducts the examination and directs prac-
tical demonstrations in first-aid and mine-rescue work.
If the records of the examination and work are satis-
factory to the Bureau, certificates are issued. This co-
operation, which is conducted with the least possible
cost to the Bureau, affords a greater number of miners
an opportunity to receive training.

Under this plan cooperative training stations have
been listed as follows: Arizona Copper Co., Morenci,
Ariz.; Colorado Fuel and Iron Co., Jansen, Colo.; Cop-
per Queen Consolidated Mining Co., Bisbee, Ariz.; Col-
orado School of Mines, Golden, Colo.; Detroit Copper
Mining Co., Morenci, Ariz. ; Ellsworth Colleries Co.,
Ellsworth, Penn. ; Knox Mining Co., Jellico, Tenn.;
Knox Mining Co., Rockwood, Tenn.; Missouri School of
Mines and Metallurgy, Rolla, Mo.; Oliver Iron Mining
Co., Ely, Minn.; Oliver Iron Mining Co., Eveleth, Minn.;
Oliver Iron Mining Co., Hibbing, Minn.; Oliver Iron
Mining Co., Iron Mountain, Mich.; Oliver Iron Mining
Co., Ironwood, Mich.; Oliver Iron Mining Co., Ishpeming,
Mich.; Pennsylvania State College, State College, Penn.;
Ray Consolidated Copper Co., Ray, Ariz.; Republic Iron
and Steel Co., Republic, Penn.; Superior Coal Co., Su-
perior, Wyo. ; Union Pacific Coal Co., Cumberland. Wyo. ;
Union Pacific Coal Co., Hanna, Wyo. ; Union Pacific Coal
Co., Rock Springs, Wyo.; United States Fuel Co., Salt
Lake City, Utah.; United Verde Copper Co., Jerome,
Ariz.; Victor American Fuel Co., Gibson, N. M. ;
West Virginia University, Morgantown, W. Va.

February 2, L918

ENGINEER INC and MINING JOURNAL

Illl

Events and Economics of the War

vimira .: Kinimwi :•; n :n » mi un mm iiiiiiiiiiiiniiriiiimiiin iiimn r i iiniiTi.ri itimiini : rami Minium whin nil niiiiiiiihiii iiiiiiiiiinui

Attention during the week was centered upon the
struggle in Washington between the Administration

ami these who would force upon the Presidenl a "war
cabinet" and a director of munitions, as provided in
Senator Chamberlain's hills. Greal inefficiency in the
War Department was charged by the Oregon Sen.
and others. Secretary Baker's appointment on Jan. 25
of Edward K. Stettinius, of J. P. Morgan & Co., as
'•Surveyor General of all Army purchases." was at first
interpreted as a victory for those who desire to see a
munitions director created; Stettinius, however, is
merely to act as an adviser to the head of the new
Army procurement division. Prompt passage of the
railway bill was urged by Secretary McAdoo. The
latter, as Director General of Railroads, put under
embargo all new shipments of freight, excepting fuel,
food and war necessities, on certain Eastern roads.

Little action was reported on European fronts ;
Austrian troops gave up positions on Monte Tomba, in
the Italian hills. Von Hertling, the German Chancellor,
defiantly rejected President Wilson's peace terms ; a
more favorable attitude was taken by Count Czernin,
Foreign Minister of Austria-Hungary. The Russian
situation is apparently little changed.

Garfield's Drastic Fuel Order

The account of the order of Fuel Administrator Gar-
field to shut down business in the East was accidentally
omitted from the last issue of the Journal. The
order, which has precipitated much discussion of the
Administration's policy, was issued late on Jan. 1G
and provided that throughout the United States east of
the Mississippi River and including all Louisiana and
Minnesota, no manufacturing plant, with certain ex-
ceptions, should burn any fuel or use power derived
from fuel on Jan. 18 to 22 inclusive, and also on the
Mondays beginning Jan. 28 and ending Mar. 25. The
exceptions, in brief form, are as follows:

(a) Plants that must run continuously to avoid injury;
(b) manufacturers of perishable foods; (c) manufacturers
of foods not perishable, if authorized by the Fuel Admin-
istration; (d) printers or publishers of daily papers, except
that on the 10 Mondays specified no more fuel may be
burned than is customarily burned on holidays; papers not
issuing editions on holidays are limited to one edition on
specified Mondays; (e) printing establishments were per-
mitted to burn fuel on Jan. 18, 19, 20, 21 and 22 necessary
to issue current numbers of magazines or periodicals.

The order further provided that on the 10 specified
Mondays no fuel should be burned to heat (except to
prevent injury by freezing) the following places :

(a) Business or professional offices except those used
by the Federal, state and municipal government, by trans-
portation companies, banks, trust companies, physicians
and dentists; (b) wholesale or retail stores, etc., except
that such stores may maintain heat until noon for selling
food, or throughout day and evening for selling drugs and
medical supplies; (c) places of amusement; (d) rooms or
buildings where liquor is sold on specified Mondays.

No fuel is to be burned on the specified Mondays for
noving city or suburban transportation cars to more

than the e\i. The following

instruct ion to fuel de; ilso included in the order:

Until further order of the U. S. Fuel Admini
ons selling fuel in wl hall, in idling

their cup:. ow on hand, give prefi n

necessary current requirements of railroi con-

sumers, hospitals, charitable institutions, army and navy
cantonments, public utilities, byproduct coke plants sup-
plying gas for household use, telephone and telegraph
plants, shipping for bunker purposes, the Unite* :
for strictly Governmental purposes (nol including factories
or plants working on contracts for the United States),
manufacturers of perishable food or of food for necessary
immediate consumption and municipal, county or state
governments for necessary public uses. Any torn
remaining after the foregoing preferred shipments I
been made may be applied in filling any other contracts or
orders.

The order was issued without warning, and became
effective before opposition could be organized.

War Cabinet Bill Introduced in Senate

The recent drastic order of U. S. Fuel Administrator
Garfield, which was forced upon the country without
opportunity being given for discussion or preparation,
together with the practically universal dissatisfaction
with the conduct of the war, resulted in the drafting
of a bill by the Senate Committee on Military Affairs,
providing for a war cabinet of three members. These
members, the bill reads, must be "distinguished citizens
of demonstrated ability, to be appointed by the Presi-
dent, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate,
through which War Cabinet the President may exercise
. the powers conferred on him . . ."

The bill provides that the War Cabinet shall have
jurisdiction and authority to devise plans for the effec-
tual conduct of the war and to procure the execution of
the same; to direct and control the activities of all
executive departments, officials and agencies of the
Government, so far as it may be advisable for the vigor-
ous prosecution of the war, and to require information
from and utilize the services of the executive depart-
ments, officers or agents of the United States and of
the several states and territories as may help it in per-
forming its duties. The War Cabinet is to make rules
governing its own procedure. It may requisition from
the Secretaries of War and the Navy such commissioned
officers as it may desire and may employ clerks and
other help that it may need. The salary of each of the
three members is fixed in the bill at $12,000 a year, and
the act provides that the War Cabinet is to cease to
exist six months after the end of the war.

Embargo Laid on Eastern Freight

Director General McAdoo on Jan. 23 ordered an em-
bargo upon all new shipments of freight on the Penn-
sylvania lines east of Pittsburgh, the Baltimore & Ohio
lines east of the Ohio River, and on the Philadelphia &
Reading system. Fuel, food and certain war necessities
were the only exceptions made. The order was issued

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. L05, No. ■'.

by Mr. McAdoo, it is said, only after he had been con-
vinced that it was absolutely necessary. It has been

ted that had a general embargo been laid on freight
shipments in the first place, Dr. Garfield would never
have issued his now famous order closing down Eastern
industries, rhe only advantage gained from the five-
day shut-down that is thus far apparent, was that sev
eral ships held in port for lack of fuel were coaled and
mitted to sail. At the expiration of the five-day
period, freight congestion was still acute, the coal
famine still existed, and the embargo older issued was
the inevitable result.

In addition to the embargo, it is the purpose of the
Fuel Administration to work out a /one or districting
system for the distribution of coal, to si hauling,

ssible, and to continue supplying preferred
industries first, The former plan is that recently pro-
■ i by Francis S. Peabody, chairman of the coal
committee of the Council of National Defense, and
along the lines of the system worked out in Great
Britain. The plan of supplying coal to preferred in-
dustries first is already in effect, being prescribed in
the first section of Dr. Garfield's order.

Must Hurry Passage of Railway Bill

Ten billion dollars must be raised by the Government
before next June. Such was the reminder given by
William G. McAdoo, this time in his role of Secretary
of the Treasury, when he urged upon the Interstate and
Foreign Commerce Committee of the House that the
immediate passage of the Administration's railway bill
was necessary to the success of the war plans.

"Over and above the deficit and other measures now
before Congress." said the Secretary, "the Government
faces the necessity of raising $10,000,000,000 between
now and June. With our financial situation as it is now
— uncertainty largely prevailing — we can do nothing.
Our savings banks, investment concerns and other fidu-
ciary institutions hold $4,000,000,000 of railroad securi-
ties. So long as these institutions are uncertain as to
the status of the securities they hold, what income they
will get, and what the future holds for their interest
and dividends, they are in no position to buy the bonds
which we must offer."

The opposition of the Administration to placing any
time limit on the return of the railroads to their own-
ers after the war was emphasized by Mr. McAdoo upon
this occasion. He also resisted the suggestion that the
President's power to fix rates, delegated to himself as
Director General, be curtailed. With several of the
"short lines" suddenly cut out of the Government's plan
of operating a great system of railroads during the war,
Mr. McAdoo expressed the opinion that Government
operation of roads would show a profit eventually.

Naval Ordnance Matters Well Handled

The ordnance situation in the Navy Department was
found to be excellent at the inquiry conducted by the
special committee. Although the expenditures of the
Navy's ordnance bureau have increased since the war
began from $3,000,000 a year to more than $560,000,000,
the business has been conducted with dispatch. This
was stated by Representative Oliver, chairman of the

committee. More than 1 100 vessels have been furnished
and equipped with guns, ammunition, spare parts and
the like since the I'ampana. the first ship to be so
equipped, received these protections on Mar. 1 I last, Mr.
Oliver said. In addition to this, the bureau furnished
quantities of guns and ammunition ranging from the
smallest to the largest calibers to England, France and
Italy for their naval vessels and merchantmen as well,
which supply is still continuing.

While the ordnance bureau of the War Department
refused to approve the Lewis gun, the Navy's ordnance
bureau conducted a test in April, 1917, and as a result
ordered several thousand of these guns. The second de-
tachment of marines which left for Europe was entirely
out fitted with the Lewis gun, and recent reports from
the war zone indicate that this gun is giving entire satis-
faction. In spite of the enormous pressure of business
on the bureau, Mr. Oliver said the committee found that
in addition to the greatly increased demand for ordnance
material of standard types the bureau had found time
to develop such new material as large depth charges, new
submarine bombs, non-ricochet shells, guns for throwing
depth charges, smoke screen apparatus, heavier ordnance
on aircraft and many other important designs which
cannot be disclosed.

H here there were shortages in the market of various
materials, the bureau took steps immediately to develop
new sources of supply. "It placed contracts rapidly,"
Mr. Oliver declared, "and the committee is confident that
the Navy's needs for ordnance during this war are fully
covered by existing contracts and with the capacity now
under its control."

Soldiers Must Pass Mental Tests

Following the experiments in psychological examina-
tion made at Camps Lee and Devens, Major General
Gorgas, the Surgeon General of the Army, has an-
nounced that the War Department will require all en-
listed men and newly appointed officers to take the
mental tests. He states that the total estimated per-
sonnel for conducting the examinations in the 31 divi-
sional training camps and for a special staff in the
Surgeon General's office is 27 majors, 51 captains and
54 first lieutenants of the sanitary corps of the National
Army, and 62 sergeants, 62 corporals and 620 enlisted
men. Special buildings and equipment, to cost $10,000
to $12,000 per camp, have been authorized for the work.
A school of military psychology will be established at
the Medical Officer's Training Camp at Fort Oglethorpe,
Georgia.

According to Major Robert M. Yerkes, in charge of
the section of psychology in the Surgeon General's office
results of the experiments made so far indicate in brief:
I 1 i That about 2rr of the drafted men as they appeal
in camp are so seriously defective in mental development
that they are either menaces or nuisances in militarj
organizations; (2) that the intelligence ratings of theii
men supplied to company commanders greatly assisl
the latter in properly placing and effectively using th«
men in their commands; (3) that the examining officer;
will assist greatly in selection for assignment, promo
tion or retirement. It is thought that the tests proposec
will substantially increase the efficiency of the military
organization.

February

1918

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

General Construction Regiment

Being Formed

There is now forming at Camp Downs, Aver, Mas .
iiul. T the command of Col. .Mark Brooke, a regimen! of
engineers for general construction work in France, [n

t an- ottered opportunities for all classes of labor
-killed and unskilled, who are qualified for this kind
,f work. Bridge, house and form carpenters are needed,
ils, i structural-steel men. reinforcing-steel setters, en
■meers. firemen, mechanics, machinists, steam titters.
•locksmiths, riggers and derrick men, pile-driver oper-
ators, concrete laborers, construction superintendents
ind foremen, civil and mechanical engineers, clerks,
itenographers, timekeepers, paymasters, storekeepers
ml supply men; in fact, every kind and class of worker
■n a building or construction job.

Men of draft age may join by applying by mail to
Headquarters, 33rd Engineers, Camp Devens, Ayer.
Age. address, occupation, draft status and num-
>er. and number of local board, should be stated and a
expressed to volunteer for immediate service in
his regiment. Men not in the draft, between 31 and
;i years of age, may enlist at the nearest Army recruit-
Dg station, specifying that they are enlisting for ser-
vice with the 33rd Engineers.

maining personnel a a1 present organized a the
work develops, more men will !„■ added bo thai th<
laboratory will b( ilve quickly 1 he man]

problems which the constant changes in the method

and munitions of the war it

Chemical Service Section Created
in National Army

The importance of chemistry in the conduct of the
•var has received a gratifying endorsement from the
iVar Department in the establishment of a new division
ittached to the General Staff and designated the Chemi-
al Service Section of the National Army. The two
mmediate purposes to be accomplished b,y the forma-
ion of this division are, according to Journ. Ind. and
Eng. Chem., (a) the unification and more comprehensive
levelopment of the various research activities now being
■onducted for the War Department, and (b) the crea-
ion of a chemical organization, complete in personnel
ind equipment, for service with the American expedi-
ionary forces in France.

General Pershing has urgently requested that a chemi-
al unit be organized and sent to France at the earliest
jossible moment. This unit will serve as adviser to
General Pershing on all chemical matters pertaining to
he war, and will be attached to his staff through Col.
\. A. Fries, head of the Gas Warfare Division. It will
Uso act as the chemical eyes of the unit in this country,
ransmitting information relative to chemical problems
)f the war to the men at work here. Able scientists
hroughout the country have responded eagerly to this
all to national service. The following have been recom-
mended for commissions :

Lieutenant Colonel, Raymond F. Bacon; majors: Gilbert

V Lewis, William A. Hamor; captains: H. H. Hanson. B. H.
Vicolet, J. H. Hildebrand and F. G. Keves; first lieutenants:

V R. Norton, L. V. Walker, J. K. Senior, L. H. Cretcher,
D- R. Parmelee, W. L. Argo and T. D. Stewart; second
ieutenants: P. G. Woodward, A. H. Hooker, Jr., H. W.
Nichols, Jr., L. H. Ashe, G. S. Skinner, D. H. McMurtrie,
f. J. Hast, J. W. MacNaugher, E. B. Peck, N. F. Hall, R. B.
Jail, Allen Abrams, C. B. Spofford, Jr., and A. R. Olsen.

About 25 enlisted men, including some of the best of

he younger chemists of the country, make up the re-

Freneh Mining Politics

The ministry Of armaments and war materials, which
includes in its field the various mining industries of
France, has established a Consulting Committee for
Mines, according to an editorial by Edouard Payen, in

/.', iiiiiiimisi, Frangais. This committee is charged with
the "immediate investigation and examination of ideas
and plans for the rapid realization of the great mineral
riches of France." It is composed of representatives of
parliament, mine owners, mine workers, the adminis-
tration, and the state department. It is the direct re-
sult of a secret debate in the Chamber of Deputies on
Oct. 29, 1917, during which a number of grave and
ominous revelations were made concerning the mining
of essential minerals and coal in France.

The French mining laws date chiefly from 1810, and
have hardly been changed since. As a necessary result
they are hopelessly antiquated, comprising a conglomer-
ation of red tape that has resulted in more than 400
applications for mining permits being pending before
the authorities at the present time — some of them dat-
ing back as far as 1907! Others have been pigeonholed
for periods varying from two to nine years, without
official action.

French mineral resources have hardly been touched
because of the old laws and the difficulties of "conces-
sions" from the proper authorities. The state owns all
mining rights under the surface, and permission to
work the mineral deposits can be obtained for only a
comparatively short period, during which the share paid
to the state each year grows progressively. Capital
naturally fights shy of investments under such condi-
tions, and what mining there is is carried on with the
idea of "cleaning up" as much profit as possible, in as
short a time as possible, with the lowest possible in-
vestment. Where the mining property is below a farm
or private surface property, the state pays the owner
of this land a certain percentage of the money col-
lected from the mine operator.

The modern objection of the French is that the state
has no business to collect a goodly share of the profits
of a successful mine without assuming also a share in
the losses of unsuccessful mines. The new Committee
of Mines is working on a number of reforms proposed
by M. Loucheur, minister of armaments, which are de-
signed to encourage the opening of new mining
properties.

Nitrate Board Formed

A board to control the purchase and distribution of
Chilean nitrate has been formed by representatives of
the Allies. Sir Edmund Wyldbore-Smith, who has been
Director of the International Commission for the pur-
chase of supplies for the Allies, is chairman of the
committee, and Robert P. Skinner, American Consul
General, is vice chairman.

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 5

i iiiiiiini Milium iiimiimim inn nun imimiiimiim i i h miiiiiiimiim mi

Industrial News from Washington

Bi I'm i v. special Correspondent

Bureau of Mines u> Co-ordinate Work
in Metal-Mining Sections

I S. Bureau of -Minos activities into
the metalliferous mining - of the country has

lished in piecemeal fashion, owing to diffi-
cult uring appropriations from Congress. Ef-

e work i

tematically than has been possible heretofore. Plans

this end are being worked out by H. M. Wolflin,

representative of the Bureau in San Francisco; Dr. A. .1.

Lanza, oi the Public Health Service, but who is assigned

e Bureau of .Mines: D. Harrington, and R. K. Say-

Butte, Mont.; J. J. Forbes and J. F. Warley. Reno,

: and C. A. Herbert and R. C. Williams. Raton, X. M.

Iron-Ore Production in 1917

Iron-ore production in the United States during 1917
practically the same as in 1916, when a little over
"10,000 tons was mined, according to E. F. Burchard
of the U. S. Geological Survey. The average value of
the ore in 1917 was $:3.12. compared with $2.34 in 1916.
Stocks on hand at the end of 1917 were slightly less
than at the end of 1916. Eighty-five per cent, of the
ore mined came from the Lake Superior district, Owing
to less favorable weather conditions, there was a de-
crease of about 2,000,000 tons in the amount of ore
handled by the Lake fleet, as compared with 1916. The
ore mined in the South in 1917 was S.l 12 000 tons.

Chrome Ore Problem Confronts
War Industries Board

Exactly the same problem, but on a smaller scale, has
ten with chromium as with manganese and iron py-
rites. The scarcity of tonnage has caused inquiry to
be made of the War Industries Board as to what chance
there is of reducing the number of ships engaged in
bringing chromium from New Caledonia. Half of the
chromium consumed in this country" is imported. The
U. S. Bureau of Mines is studying the problem of mak-
ing greater use of low-grade material in the country.

Association of ( :arhonate of Zinc
with Lead-Silver Ores

It is the opinion of Adolph Knopf, of the U. S. Geo-
logical Survey, that valuable deposits of zinc carbonate
will be discovered in limestone in association with galena
orebodies that were formerly worked in California for
lead and silver. This conclusion of Mr. Knopf follows
his study of the geology of the Inyo Range of California.

"The discovery of zinc carbonate ore at the Cerro
Gordo mine, which has yielded more silver-bearing lead
ore than has any other mine or district in California,"
says Mr. Knopf, "is another striking illustration of

what has been happening in recent years at mam
the other silver-lead mining camps in the Wesl
stale- Oxidized zinc ores formerly were unsought or
were thrown over the dumps unrecognized. At Lead
ville. Colo., the zinc-carbonate ores were long unrecog-
nized. The same is true for the Kelly or Magdalena
trict in New Mexico and for the Yellow Pine district in
Nevada. As shown by the occurrence at Cerro Gordo,
the primary orebodies need not have contained a large
proportion of sphalerite to have given rise to commer-
cially important deposits of zinc carbonate."

Delay in Developing Western Phosphate

After an extended geologic reconnaissance of phos-
phate areas in the West. Alfred R. Schultz, of the V
Geological Survey, expresses the following opinion:

"The delay in development of the Western phosphate
deposits may be attributed in part to the fact that some
of the properties first located have been involved in
litigation; also to the high cost of transportation from
the deposits to places where phosphate is needed for de-
pleted soils and to the fact that the agricultural public
does not fully appreciate the increased production which
the use of phosphate fertilizer will make possible.

"A high-grade fertilizer that will be able to stand a
high transportation charge is the product that is de-
sired. As soon as such a fertilizer is placed on the
market at a price which justifies its use in the densely

uled agricultural communities, the development of
the Western phosphate fields will be assured. Hence-
forth, there will probably be a more rapidly growing
market for fertilizer products in both the Middle and
the Far West, and it is to this territory that the West-
ern phosphate producer must look for markets."

( oncentrating on Manganese Problems
at Lake Superior Station

Members of the staff of the School of Mines of tht
University of Minnesota have been instructed by the
board of regents of the University to cooperate to th<
greatest possible extent with those working at the
Lake Superior station of the U. S. Bureau of Mines
This concentration of effort is due to the important
bearing on national welfare of the problems attendant
upon the use of low-grade and siliceous manganese ores

Potash Recovery Retarded

Efforts of the U. S. Bureau of Mines to induce cement
plants to undertake the recovery of potash are being
hindered by the curtailment of building operations anc
by transportation difficulties, which are causing man>
companies to shut down or to reduce their scale oi
operations. On the other hand, the increased activitj
of blast furnaces has made possible greater experiment
ation looking to the recovery of potash from the dust.

February 2, 1918 ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL 257

Bl( iiuiiiiiiiiiiiuiiimiiiiHiiiiiiiuiiiiumiiiiiiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiHiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii iiiiiiiiiiiiiimiiii minim i inn i iiiimmm iiiiimiiiimmimimmimmiiiiiiiimmmmiiiimmimmimmi|'

Editorials

| ilium Illlllll llllllll iiiimimmimmmmimiimi Mil mi i Ml miiiiiiuimi i i i i urn mimiimii i mmimmmimmmn iiiiiiiiimiillllillimiiiiiF

The Price for Copper

ON TUESDAY. Jan. 22, the War Industries Hoard
announced, with the sanction of the President, that
the agreement with the copper producers entered into
on Sept. 21 and expiring on Jan. 21 would be continued
until June 1, 1918, all provisions, including price 231c
remaining unaltered. The copper producers had pre-
viously made strong representation in favor of an in-
creased price, which representation was based on the
increased cost of production, estimated to have risen
from 1 to 3c. per lb. since September last. Evidently
the War Industries Board listened politely to the rep-
resentations, and made up its mind that no increase of
price was justified.

Of course the decision of the War Industries Board
may be viewed from different angles. If its governing
motive is the obtaining of just enough copper for Gov-
ernmental requirements, and obtaining it from the
largest and cheapest producers at the lowest possible
price, there is something to be said in favor of its
policy. It might even trim things more, making it a
question of how closely it can shave the producers mak-
ing a certain desired production, and still let them live
so as to make that production. Without entering upon a
discussion of a policy that makes a distinction between
the producers of copper and of cotton, we may point
out the grave danger that is courted by the Government
itself. If it has figured that it needs 180,000,000 lb.
of refined copper per month, and having adjusted the
price so as to get that production, and no more, it
should suddenly develop that somebody had underesti-
mated, and the actual requirements for copper proved
to be 200,000,000 lb. per month, the additional quan-
tity would not be forthcoming.

If, on the other hand, the policy of the War Industries
Board is to obtain the maximum production of copper,
the steps that it is taking are unqualifiedly wrong.
The statistics of production do not look well.

The mines of the United States in 1917 produced
about 1,888,000,000 lb. of copper. This was a little
less than in 1916, but in order to examine the records
intelligently we must turn to statistics of monthly or
luarterly production. Fortunately such statistics are
available from our own monthly reports, corrected in
minor details so as to agree with the year's total.

In the first quarter of 1917 the production of Amer-
ican mines attained the unparalleled total of 545,600,000
lb., a production of 190,200,000 lb. thigh water mark)
jeing recorded in March. The production in the second
quarter was about 543,000,000 lb. This quarter would
have broken all previous records without any doubt
nad it not been for the curtailment owing to the strikes,
ivhich showed in the June production. In the third
marter many of the most important mines were severely
:rippled by the strikes, and the production was only about
554,000,000 lb., the monthly production in July, August,

and September being in the neighborhood of 118,000,
000 lb. in each case. The fourth quarter showe*
production of about 41(1. nun, imhi lb. The strikes having
been mainly settled by the end of September, the
October production jumped to about 146.000, 000 II).,
and in December there was an output of about 158,000,-
000 pounds.

These figures show how copper mining in the United
States has been hurt. The smaller producers, especially
those who ship to custom smelters, are being crowded
out. With respect to the matter of total supply, how-
ever, we must defer consideration until we have fuller
figures for the importation of raw material from foreign
countries.

Overproduction or Underproduction

IN THE national mortification and hysteria over the
collapse in our coal supply, a variety of explanations
has been offered. One authority has asserted positively
that the trouble is at the mines; another has said that
it is ascribable to congestion at the seaports and other
terminals, while a third is sure that the only reason
is an insufficiency of locomotives. Other persons who
are less entitled to be classed as authorities have averred
that the country is paying the penalty of overproduc-
tion, that there is no use in manufacturing more things
than the railways can possibly carry, to see those things
pile up on the docks, in the warehouses and in the
factories. Let us examine the last assertion in the light
of some specific although fragmentary information.
The status of the mineral industry is something whereof
we claim to have a fair degree of knowledge.

The mineral industry is one of the basic industries,
and its relative importance is gaged by the fact that
something more than 60% of the freight carried by
the railways of the United States consists of mineral
products. We think that everyone will agree with us
that unless mineral products increase there will be no
increase in the quantity of manufacture, for there can
be no manufacturing unless there be raw material.

We already possess statistics of the production of
the most important minerals and metals in 1917. None
of these show any very large increases. The production
of bituminous coal increased about 8fr. In anthracite
there was an increase of about 13rr. In coke there was
a small decrease. Among the metals, iron ore, which
constituted the greatest tonnage, was just about the
same as in 1916. The outputs of pig iron and copper
were less in 1917 than in 1916. In lead and zinc
there were increases of a few thousand tons. In the
production of petroleum and cement there were small
increases. We know nothing as yet respecting the pro-
duction of bulky materials like brick, building stone,
sand, etc., but the check to building operations implies
diminished output of those things. This would be
quite in line with the experience in Great Britain, and,

ENGINEERING AM' MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. o

moreover. is distinctly indicated by the record of the
port'. ent industry in the United States in 1917,

wherein there was a diminution of about 4,000,000 bbl.
shipments, although production increased about
bbl., stocks accumulating at the mills.
Moreover, it may be remarked that in the eases of
several industries whereof we possess monthly statis-
the production was smaller in thi I half of

: than in the first halt*. Thus, although lead and
exhibited small increases for the year, their pro-
duction in the last quarter was at a greatly diminished
Iron and copper productions decreased in the
annual figures, but in their eases also production was
in the second half of 1917 than in the first half.
This evidence, admittedly fragmentary, although rep-
■itative of some very important industries, includ-
ing those of the biggest tonnages, does not indicate
that increased quantity of manufacture imposed anj
unusual burden upon the railways. We may add to this
that the cotton crop and the wheat crop of I'M 7 were
smaller than in 1916.

Moreover, we were told by the Railway Administra-
tion, only a few weeks before the collapse in December,
that the efficiency of the railways had been remarkably
increased, by virtue of better car-loading and improved
arrangements in general. Some astonishingly favorable
figures were presented, and the railways were warmly
congratulated upon their performance.

Our mind is not clear respecting what really hap-
pened to the railways to produce the congestion which
has tied up traffic so seriously. We are inclined to
think that it was not increased volume of freight, and
that there is no reason whatever why manufacturers
should cease from manufacturing. On the contrary,
they should push work as hard as they can. We con-
jecture that the trouble has been not so much due to
the quantity of freight as it is to readjustments of the
distribution, especially the concentration of unusual
tonnages in the channels leading to the seaports.

The Direction of the War

THE ministerial crisis, if we may use that analogy,
has been the chief thing of interest this week in
Washington and all over the country. Senator Chamber-
lain introduced a bill for a supreme cabinet of three
members and a director of munitions. The President
announced his opposition to that plan, alleging that it
would deprive him of authority in the things for which
he is responsible. He said, furthermore, that Secretary
Baker is the best public official that he has ever known,
and that internal reorganization then going on in the
War Department would correct whatever defects in ad-
ministration there had been previously. Senator Cham-
berlain was obliged then to defend the critical remarks
that he had made in New York on Jan. 19, and did so in
a powerful, dramatic speech in the Senate on Jan. 24.

We do not understand the President's opposition to
the proposed "war cabinet." The text of the bill intro-
duced in the Senate shows that no invasion of the Presi-
dent's constitutional powers is contemplated, notwith-
standing which the President bases his objection on that
ground. According to the terms of the bill the Presi-
dent, himself, would appoint "three distinguished citi-
zens of demonstrated ability," and they would be re-

sponsible to him. just as are members of the present
Cabinet. Evidently the President sees in the bill a
reflection upon his administration of the war hereto-
fore. We cannot see that any such thing was intended.
Rather does it appear that a thoughtful element in Con-
(the bill was introduced by a leader of the Presi-
dent'- own party I is aiming to give him improved means
for the administration of affairs that are beyond the
capacity »f one man to do. The President might well
have been eager to accept this opportunity to insure
the Mine.—, of the colossal task to which he has put
his hand.

In the discussion of the conduct of the war hitherto,
with Senator Chamberlain as the leading critic, and Sec-
retary Baker (supported by the President) as the main
defender, neither party has dwelled upon the main is-
sue, and we doubt if either party understands it. Sec-
retary Baker asserts that great work has been done in
getting a well-equipped army to France, in larger num-
bers than nine months ago was believed would be pos-
sible by this time. He admits that there have been
mistakes, but claims that if the whole story could be
revealed (which for reasons of state may not be) the
good work performed would be found by far to outweigh
the bungling. Senator Chamberlain in his great speech
of Jan. 24 dwelt upon the delay in providing machine
guns and rifles, and the suffering of recruits in the can-
tonments owing to insufficient supply of blankets and
warm clothing. Senator Chamberlain introduced some
pathetic stories that will doubtless have great effect in
the popular mind, as he intended, although they have
only minor bearing upon the main point.

The main point is that in the administration of affairs
there has been a reprehensible absence of forethought, a
deplorable lack of coordination, and a general working
at cross purposes. Although the President and Secre-
tary Baker complacently entertain the opinion that
things have been done efficiently, that in the main the
work of the bureaus is praiseworthy, and dismiss all
criticisms as being manifestations of political attacks,
the engineers of the country, the captains of industry,
the officers in the bureaus themselves know that the ad-
i inistration of affairs in Washington in many respects
has bordered upon plain stupidity.

We are aware that great purchasing departments are
unprovided, 10 months after the beginning of the war,
with any estimates of the quantity of important mate-
rials that are required.

We are aware that bureaus of the Army Department
are making plans for explosives requiring substances
that cannot be supplied in sufficient quantity.

One department is building more motor trucks than
can ever be transported to France, while another de-
partment overlooks the shortage in the locomotive equip-
ment of the United States. One department issues an
order of powerful influence upon industry, even check-
ing production, while other departments may suffer
serious consequences, such things being done without
any previous consultation among them.

We state but a few illustrations ; to proceed with them
would be mortifying. But even these few will be suffi-
cient to indicate the need for the formulation of a gen-
eral plan, one in which all of the several departments
may work in unison. In other words, what we need is
coordination and team work. That is manifestly the

February 'J. 1918

KNCINKKRING AND MINING JOURNAL

269

lea in proposing the supreme war cabinet, an executive
ommittee, so to speak, ami we Hunk thai the President
i woefully ill-advised in his rejection <>i' that plan.

111.- creation of a separate director of munitions is
isa important. Vet. while rejecting that idea, the Ad-
linistration adopts it. but instead of having a "dire< toi
eneral," it appoints a "surveyor general." In naming

Ir. Stettillius for that post, there was an ideal appoint
out. Indeed, one of the faults that we have found with
le Administration has heen its unwillingness to ta e
Ivantage of the great munitions supply department or-
ani/.ed by .Mr. Stettinius within the firm of .1 1'.
[organ & Co.. which furnished the Allies with billions
I dollars' worth o( material, economically and to their
real satisfaction in all respects. With that organiza-
on right at hand, and not to make immediate use of
. was a terrible exhibition of blindness, even if it
ere dictated by political considerations.
We hope that Mr. Stettinius, as surveyor general of
unit ions within the Army Department, will not become
imeshed in red tape, and will have real authority. In the
•eation of his office the Administration recognizes that
a present critics are right. Would that it would con-
ilt the unprejudiced engineers and business admin-
trators of the country and find out that there is really
»eded such a supreme coordinating council as Senator
hamberlain proposes.

As the New York Times remarks, it is, indeed, one
' the defects among the great qualities of the President
lat he does not turn an inviting ear to criticism of offi-
rs or policies of his Administration when his mind is
ready made up. And we may add that he tries to
rect details in number and of character that are be-
>iid the capacity of any man.

The address on "The New Russia," by Col. William B.
hompson, at the banquet of the Rocky Mountain Club
his honor, in New York, on Jan. 23, which is pub-
;hed in full elsewhere in this issue, gives a new and
rprising view of conditions in Russia by one who was
lusually qualified to observe the inside of things,
ilonel Thompson went to Russia as head of the Amer-
an Red Cross in that country and performed great
rvice in the fulfilment of his mission. He affords
lother brilliant example of how mining men do things.
is friends who greeted him at the Rocky Mountain
ub dinner had good reason to be enthusiastic.

i minium ii

BY THE WAY

I mi i ii i mm n ■iiimimiiilliiliir:

Diamond-drill bits are frequently lost and seldom, if
■er, recovered. But recently, at the Maas mine of the

eveland Cliffs Iron Co., near Negaunee, Mich., a
'amond-drill bit, containing six black diamonds valued
• $2700, and 200 ft. of drill rods were recovered by

iners working underground. The bit, which was lost

1901, had reached a depth of 1285 ft., according to

'Jasurement of the rods, but actual vertical distance

is less, as the drill hole, originally vertical, had flat-
bed out almost 45 deg. This change in the course un-
i ubtedly caused a torsion and sheared off the rods. The

ring core lifter, the bit and the rods were in excel-

—

Rocky Mountain ( Hub I lonors

( <>l. \V. !{. Thompson

The Rocky Mountain i lub ex] 'i its appreciai

of Col. William I!. Thomp ■ i\ice- as head of the

American Red Cross m Russia, from winch country
Col. Thompson has jusl returned, bj giving a dinner
in his honor in New 5fork on Jan. -'.',. John Hays Ham

mond. president of the club, was unable to he pre ml,

on account of ill health, but sent the following message
to the toastmaster, John C. Montgomery:

Dear Sir:

Will you please extend, on behalf of the Rocky Mountain

Club and its president, a most cordial wel i home to our

esteemed fellow member, Col. William B. Thompson, and
express to him our appreciation of the honor he has con
ferred upon our club by the distinguished service he has
rendered the nation m the di charge of his high mission as
the head of the American Red Cross ill Russia. Tell him,
please, that we are ever grateful to him for his part in the
formation of our club. Tell him, also, that we recor I
him as the prime mover ami the most generous patron of
the Rocky Mountain Club Fund for Belgian Relief, and
wish him many years of useful service, prosperity and
happiness.

John Hays Hammond,
President Rocky .Mountain Club.

Washington, D. C, Jan. 2:i, 1918.

No rule of the Food Administration was broken at
the dinner. Delmonico's menu was characterized by a
strict observance of the law as laid down in the Code
Hooverian. In fact, the great Administrator was moved
to send the following letter to the chairman of the
menu committee:

My Dear Sir:

I thoroughly approve the menu you have prepared for
the dinner to be given my old friend William B. Thompson
and am very glad to say to the Rocky Mountain Club, and
through that unique organization to all my Western friends,
that they can get up just as good dinners as they ever
served and still keep within the lines of food conservation
which the exigency of war makes necessary to lay down.

I congratulate the Rocky Mountain Club upon its hearty
cooperation in setting a good example, and ask for the work
of the Food Administration the same splendid support that
has been so characteristic of engineers and Western srs
throughout this war.

Faithfully yours.

Hepeert Hoover.

Washington, D. C, Jan. 17, 1918.

The most striking speech of the evening was that by
Col. Thompson, himself. Talking of conditions in
Russia, he said that the ideals of the Bolsheviki were
healthy and that "the most damaging enemy Germany
has is the Russian democracy alongside of it."

Officers Assigned to 27th Engineers

News of the 27th Engineers is becoming more fre-
quent as the regiment, now at Camp Meade, in Mary-
land, takes increasingly definite shape. In the latest
Army orders, we note that Maj. O. B. Perry, who has
been directing the forming of the Twenty-Seventh, has
been appointed to the grade of Lieutenant Colonel of
Engineers, in the National Army. First Lieut. C. J.
Mampel has been ordered from duty in the office of the
Chief of Engineers, in Washington, to Camp Meade to
join the mining regiment. Similar orders have been
issued to First Lieut. A. F. Victor, of the 513th Service
Battalion, and to First Lieuts. J. M. Jenkins and H. D.
Kinney, who had been stationed at Camp Lee, Virginia.
Capt. Edward S. Berry has also been ordered to duty
in the regiment.

260

BNGlNKKKlNi; AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 5

The Comfort Fund for the regiment has taken another
jump upward, duo to the libera] donation of the Utah
Copper, Nevada Consolidated, Chino and Kay Consoli-

.i companies The list of givers to date stands as

follow - :

<! Mining Journal"

H

I>

H

w

J. H

■
-

. • 'o

R. H g CO.)

Lead and Smelting Co

_ . .". ....

\ II 11 ■ ...

-

kflning " '"
F W

A K

Herman A W igni r

1' Sum

ling

.in

E E. Northrup

• • •

SI ' VI< '■'! ' ■> . Ltd

A Friend. Jan 9

E B < ;oolidg<

.1 V X. Dorr

tmai

v. H Aldridge

Hart

of Washo iconda ' opper Mining

mpany

Harry C. Graham

Nevada Consolidated, Raj Consolidated

A Friend, Jan 23

John C.iilie

Total

$1

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in nil

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10 nil

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One large contributor said recently that he liked espe-
cially to give to such a fund because he could follow the
ways in which the money was doing good, and thereby
derive much enjoyment. Everything connected with the
Comfort Fund will be given the fullest publicity. We
have requested Mr. B. B. Thayer, vice president of the
Anaconda Copper Mining Co.; Mr. Clinton H. Crane,
president of the St. Joseph Lead Co.; and Mr. A. C.
Ludlum, president of the New York Engineering Co., to
assist us, as an advisory committee, in applying the
fund for the purpose intended.

It has been suggested that the women folk in the
mining camps, who, like all other women, are knitting
sweaters, wristlets, socks, etc., should knit especially for
the mining regiment. This is a good idea. Let the
better-half of the management at every mine organize
a knitting club among the wives, daughters, sisters and
nieces of the staff. We will make arrangements for
the handling of the products and delivery of them
to the regiment, which will be announced later.

Those who have not yet contributed to the Fund for
the 27th Engineers should fall in line without delay.
The cause is a good one. The amount raised to date,
though large in itself, represents but a trifle per capita
for the entire regiment. The goal of $100,000 that we
set for ourselves is entirely reasonable. The regiment is
large and will be in the service for the duration of the
war. Send in your checks payable to the Engineering
and Mining Journal.

January Mining Dividends

Mining dividends paid in January, 1918, by :i
United states mining and metallurgical companie
amounted to $7,443,402, as compared with $13,345,46
paid by 42 concerns in January, 1917. One item cor
tributing to this large decrease was the payment o
$3,500,000 in January, 1917. by the New Jersey Zinc Co
which made no similar disbursement this year. Th
balance is due to the decreases and discontinuances r<
suiting from adverse conditions. Vindicator, Iron Blot
som and United Verde are among the companies whic
passed their dividends in January. Homestake, Isl

I iiii.il State \i "nil I Metallurgical

i panii Situation PerShare Tota

Ahmeek, ■• Mich. $2 00 $400.01

Mi,., n i, c Mioh. I 50 1 50,01

An. Smeltere, i>t.t , A I 50 243,8.

\ii, Smelters, pfd , B. ..... .. I 25 575.01

Irisona C ercial, c Ariz. 5(1 132,51

Bingham Mines, c ... Utah . 50 75,0i

i ' ili I, -inn, 1 a Ids 03 78,1

■ , p Bird, pfd . g Colo . 18 1 1 0, 5t

C i I", l.i .... Calif. 05 50,0(

Champion, c Mioh. 6 40 <>40.0i

Con Interetate-Callahan, i (da. .50 232,4'

Continental Zinc ... Mo .50 II, Oi

Crcsson, g b. . . Colo. 10 122,0i

Daly, I b Utah . 10 15,0i

las Ida. 00; 6,4'

Dragon Cons ... Utah .01 18,7

Empii e Coppei Ida 05 50,0i

Goldi a Cycle, c Colo. .03 45,0'

Hecla, 1.8 . Mi. .05 50,0'

Homestake, g S. D. 50 125,5.

Inspiration, . Iru 2 00 2,363,9

i lap, c Ariz. . 50 72,4

Isle Royale, . Mich. 50 75,0

North Butte, c Mont 25 107,5

' i ola, i Mich. 2 00 192,3

Plymouth Cons., g Calif. 24 58,5

I'ortlunil, a Colo- .03 90,0

Shattuck Arizona, c Ariz. .50 175,0

Silver King Coalition, s.I.z Utah .15 182,4

Tonopah Belmont, g.s Nev. 12; 187,5

I pah Mm . s Nev. . 074 75.0

United Bastern, g Ariz. .05 68,1

1 S Smelting.com U. S.-Mei. 1 25 438,8

I S 3melting, pfd U. S.-Mex, 87; 425,5

Canadian and Central American Mines Situation. PerShare Toti

Con Mm &Sm Co., r-.z . B.C. .62! 261,9

LaRose, s Ont .05 74,"

McKinley-Darragh-Savage, s Ont. 03 67,5

N Y.& Bond Rosi C. A .50 100.0

i imr. s Dili 50 dOO.O

Temiskammg, 8 Ont. 03 75,0

Royale, Shattuck Arizona, and Tonopah reduced. Can;
dian and Central American companies paid $1,179.2!
in January this year, against $1,574,968 in 1917.

The only holding company which paid in Januai
was St. Mary's Mineral Land Co., which distribute
$2 a share ($320,000).

Red Cross Wants Old Tracing Clot

Discarded tracing cloth, as well as old linen ar
cotton articles, is wanted by the American Red Cro:
for making surgical dressings. Many companies hai
stored away accumulations of old tracings that ai
practically valueless. The Red Cross has announce
that such concerns will find the large laundries in the
city, or in the nearest city, only too willing to send f<
such cloth as they may care to give to the society,
is possible to remove all of the gelatinous dressing at
most of the ink from the tracing cloth, the remainir
linen fabric being excellent for bandages.

Military and Naval Insurance must be applied for on i
before Feb. 12, 1918, by enlisted men and officers who we
in the service before Oct. 15, 1917. Those who joined aft
Oct. 15, 1917, have 120 days from the date of enlistment
which to apply. For his own benefit and for the benefit
his family, every enlisted man and officer in the Army ai
Navy should take the full $10,000 of insurance allowed. 1
surance of almost $400,000,000 has already been appli
for. The cost is extremely low.

February 2, 1918

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

261

Personals

iitNi „i, mourn

mini*
ittutM

Mate you Joined Hie Comfort Club for Hie

ih Engineers?

Cap*. (iforKi- mow. E. O. R. C. has been
unoted to be a major.

Donald M. Llildell is serving as chief en-
,.,.. t<i the War Credits Hoard, Wash-

;ton, D. C.

l.leut. Adam T. Sliurlck. E O I; C, for-

rlv of the editorial staff of Coal Age. "

n promoted to be a captain
u ■> Davenport, chief engineer of the
[ron Milling Co. in the Htbbing dls-
■t Minnesota, was in New York last
all

v. B. Anderson lias been appointed super-
ndciu of tin- Northern Pacific ore docks
Superior, Minn., succeeding J. Howard
,kr. .vh*> recently resigned
lr~i Unit. C. J. Mampet has been or-
.hI from duty in the office of the Chief
Engineers, in Washington, to the 27tb
glneers. Camp Meade, Maryland.
>eniil* M. Hlnes lias resinned his posi-
11 as mim- foreman with the Clnco Minasi
. Jalisco. Mex., and has joined Co. A,
li Engineers, Camp Meade. Maryland.
ilaj O. »• I'errv. who lias been m charge
ilu- work of forming the 27th Engineers.
I been appointed to the grade of lieu-
ant-colonel of engineers in the National
n y
red S. Norcross, Jr., superintendent of

i les for the Canada Copper Corporation,

1 1 been commissioned a captain in the
S, Reserve Engineers and is at the Camp
■ training camp.

.. H. Brockunler desires it stated that he
Igned as superintendent of the Hermine
rating Co., of Westville, Calif., and
tsburgh, Penn., in 1916 and has had no

n with them since,
irtliur lloule, of Shattuck. Ariz, is In
rge of the development of claims at
i water Lake. Rice Lake District,

I nitoba. which are owned by a St Paul-

I ineapolis syndicate, headed by E. B.

1 ia
alerius. McNutt & Hughes, petroleum

■ I mining geologists of Tulsa. Okla., and

i .ington. Ky.. are now prepared to make

rplete analyses, examinations and phys-

test3 of natural gas for gasoline eon-

t and black carbon content.

'. s. Couldrey, formerly superintendent

0 mines at Cerro de Pasco. Peru, is re-

ed to have joined the Royal Engineers
Kent. England, where he was attached
t he inland waters and docks division. He
Peru in April. 1917. for Canada.

linerals Separation North American Cor-

1 atinn, Edward H. Nutter chief engineer,
.uounces the removal of its San Francisco

0 :e and testing laboratory from the Mer-
C nts Exchange Bldg., to 220 Battery St.,

>re it has established an ore-testing

.. G. McGregor, who erected the Inter-
aional, Calumet & Arizona. Verde Ex-
t >ion and other reduction works in the

- thwest, has returned to Arizona from
' York and is expected to sail at an
ly date for Chile and Peru with repre-

- ;atives of copper interests.

larry Sherman, superintendent of the

1 10a mine at Gilbert, Minn., of the Oliver
i Mining Co.. is taking the place of

1 \V. Overpeck, superintendent of the com-
y's mines at Buhl, Minn., during the
absence. Mr. Overpeck is spending
winter in California for his health.

antes Taylor Kemp, son of Prof. James
F man Kemp, of New York, was married
0 Jan. 26 to Miss Mollv Graham Lord.
'1 ghter of Prof. Herbert Gardiner Lord.
1 Columbia University. After a wedding
' Mr. Kemp and his bride will take up
tl r residence at Port Colborne, Ontario.

'. E. Jager, foimerly superintendent of
tl Cerro de Pasco smelting plant at La

* idicion, Peru, who left Peru for England
May, 1917, to offer his services to the

S ei-nment, is now on the staff of one of
' government-controlled plants in London.
■■king on matters pertaining to produc-
ts of lead.

apt. Edward S. Berry has been ordered
ft he 27th Engineers, Camp Meade. Mary-

1- Other officers ordered to report for
gV with the mining regiment, the 27th
tnneers. are as follows: 1st Lieut. A. F.

* lor, from the 513th Service Battalion ;
j_ Lieut. .J. M. Jenkins and 1st Lieut. H. D.
» ney from duty at Camp Lee, Virginia.

orest Rutherford announces that he has
f> Wished office headquarters at 120
c adway. New York. As consulting metal-

lurgicai engineer, he pared to under-
take woi k on i hi ooni ti action and "i" i a-
tli i mllli and melterlea for the 1 1 eal

menl ol ores, more especially thus, Ol cop-
per, and io give particular attention to ore

smelting contracts.

i

WUll

New Patents

l»» OIIIUllll

Illll

Obituary

Oscar A. Turner, formerly connected Willi
various mine promotion schemes, died re-
centlj in Baltimore

Edward CaJUster, captain ai the mines
of the Republic Iron and Steel Co. at Gil-
bert, Minn . died suddenly on Jan. 17 at
Gilbert

William Maxtor, president and manage]
of the SI Ixmis Mining and Milling Co., Of
Marvsville, Mont . died recently at Helena.
Mont . at the age of 76 years. He was horn
in Missouri and went to Montana In 1864.
settling soon after in Marysville.

Major Kenneth B. Carruthers, for 10
years In the employ of the Consolidated
Mining and Smelting Co of Canada, was
killed in France late in 1917, while serving
in the Canadian Expeditionary Forces. He
was a graduate of Mctiill University and
was 36 years old.

Lieut. Gordon D. Cooke, formerly with
the McGraw-Hill Publishing Co., Inc.. in its
"field service" department, died at the base
hospital at Fort Bliss on Jan. 10 from
pneumonia. He was 24 years old. He was
commissioned a second lieutenant in the
Engineer Corps on Sept. 1, 1917. and was
temporarily stationed 75 miles from a rail-
road in New Mexico, doing military mapping
for the U. S. Geological Survey.

jim i, linn, ,

;,,,,, ml, MniillUMii, i, ,

,n, ,,.,, I,. i Mini,

Societies

t i mini inn,,:

Coming Meetings

American Concrete

Institute Boston Feb. 7- 9

American Institute
of Mining Engi-
neers New York. .Feb. 18-21

Engineers' Club of Dayton, Ohio, will dedi-
cate its new home today, Feb. 2. The build-
ing is the gift of Col. Edward A. Deeds and
Charles F. Kettering and is situated at
Monument Ave. and Jefferson St., Dayton.

Engineers' Club of Northern Minnesota
will hold its annual banquet at the Oliver
Club, at Hibbing, on Feb. 16. This is ex-
pected to be the largest gathering of the
year of mining men on the Mesabi Range. A
military engineer from Washington will be
the principal speaker. The committees in
charge of the meeting include B. St. Vin-
cent. H. S. Ranken, E. J. Hawley. K. Dun-
can. W. E. Bates, R. Downing. H. Angst,
O. Sundness, F. R. Mott. F. A. Pollack and
F. A. Wildes.

United Engineering Society — The follow-
ing officers were elected for the ensuing year
at the annual meeting of the board of
trustees in New Y'ork on Jan. 24 : Presi-
dent. Charles F. Rand, member of American
Institute of Mining Engineers ; first vice
president, Calvert Towniey, member of
American Institute Electrical Engineers j
second vice president, Robert M. Dixon,
member of American Society of Mechanical
Engineers ; treasurer. Dr. Joseph Struthers,
member of American Institute of Mining
Engineers ; secretary-. Alfred D. Flinn.
member of American Society of Civil Engi-
neers ; chairman finance committee. J. Vi-
pond Davies. member of American Society
of Civil Engineers.

Industrial News

1 mil

' M II II

Driver, Harris Co., Harrison. N. J., an-
nounces the death of F. A. Driver on Feb.
21 at the age of 82 years. Mr. Driver was
a director of the company for many years
and was identified with it from its start.

Newton Manufacturing Co., Low-ell.
Mass., announces that F. C. Newton has re-
signed as general manager of the Nerton
Mfg. Co. and is now assistant to the gen-
eral manager of the U. S. Cartridge Co., at
Lowell. Massachusetts.

Westinghouse Electric and Manufactur-
ing Co. announces that Guy E. Tripp, of
New York, chairman of the company, has
been appointed chief of the newly created
production division of the War Department
by Secretary Baker and has been com-
missioned a colonel. He has been granted
a leave of absence for the duration of the
war by the board of directors.

Alumina AM of I'lodncing Alumina
Maurlc, Barm it and Louis Burgess, New
York.. N. V (I S ■.,, l.2r,2.HM , Ian X

1918 )

Drill- Drilling Apparatus, George n Gil-

man, Claremont, .v n b) mesne

asBlghiiu in t,. Sullivan Machinery < '<• .

Bo ton, Ma N.. 1,262,375 ; Jan, I,
1918 )

Drill I Milling-Machine. George II Gll-

iiLni. i llaremont, N h . assignor, bj ntu

assignments, to Sullivan Machinery Co.,

Boston. Ml I S. NO 1, 252,117 1 ; .Ian. I,

1918 )
Drilling — Apparatus Employed In the
Ion or Weils. Edward k Qnadi

Oil City, Penn., assignor to oil Well Suppl ,
Co., Pittsburgh, Penn. (U. S. No 1,262,426,
Jan. 8, I91i >

Drilling — Device for Extracting Core
From Wells. Redus l> Dodds, Humble.
Tex. (U. S. No. 1.252.555; Jan. 8, 1918.)

Drilling — Drilling-Tool Joint. Willi I

Chllders, Oilfields, Calif. (U. S. No. 1,268,-
149 ; Jan 8 i:il8.)

Electrodeposltlon of Metals. Anson G.
Betts, Asheyjii,.. N C (U S No. 1,262,664 ;

Jan. 8. 1918.)

Electric Precipitation — Art ol Electrical

Precipitation ..I Particle: from Fluid
Streams Charles W Glrvln, Philadelphia.
Penn., assignor of one-tenth to Valentine ,;
Scott, Philadelphia, Penn., and one-tenth to
Horace G. Seitz, New York, X. Y. (U. S.
No. 1,252,104; Jan. 1. 1918.)

Electrolysis — Diaphragm for Electrolytl
cal and Electro-Osmotical Purposes. Botho
Schwerin, Frankfort-on-t he-Main. Germany,
assignor to Gesellschaft fur Elektro-Osmose
>I. B. H . Frankfort-on-the-Main. Germany
(U. S. No. 1,252,186; Jan. 1, 1918.)

Excavating Machine. Charles Frank
Rayburn. Moscow. Ida (U. S No 1,252 -
175 ; Jan. 1, 1918.)

Furnace — Electric Ore Furnace John A.
Ward. Spokane. Wash . assignor of one-
fourth to E. S. Campbell, one-fourth to W
A. Ridgeway. and one-fourth to Henry Sor
ensen. Spokane. Wash (II, S. No. 1,25 636
Jan. 8, 1918.)

Hoisting-Kngine. Thomas Spencer Miller.
South orange. N J. and Louis G. Ruggles.
New York, N. Y , assignors of one-half to
Lidgerwood Manufacturing Co. (U. S No
1.252,473 ; Jan. 8, 1918.)

Hot-Metal Car. John D. Pugh, Harris-
burg, Penn. (U. S. No. 1,251.282; Dec. 25.
1917.)

Iron — Alloy of Iron. Oliver B. McMillin.
Pittsburgh, Penn., assignor, by mesne as-
signments, to Pittsburgh Rolls Corp.. Pitts-
burgh. Penn. (U. S. No. 1.252,596 ; Jan. 8.
1918.)

Iron or Steel — Method of Treating.
Napoleon G. Petinot. New York, N. Y . as-
signor to United States Alloys Corporation.
Neve York, N. Y. (U. S. No. 1,252,023; Jan.
1, 1918.)

Lamp — Portable Electric Lamp. John J.
Brownrigg, Harry Henderson, and Arthur
E. Case, Marion. Ind.. assignors to Delta
Electric Co., Marion Ind. (U. S. No. 1.-

250.960; Dec. 25, 1917.)

Ore Washing Plant. James P. Dovel.
Birmingham. Ala. (U. S. No. 1,252.414;
Jan. 8, 1918.)

Peat. Treatment of. Thomas Rigby, Dum-
fries. Scotland, assignor to Wetcarbonizing
Limited. London. England. (U. S. No. 1,-
251,285; Dec. 25. 1917.)

Phosphate — Process of Making Acid Cal-
cium Phosphates. Henry Biumenberg, Jr.,
Los Angeles, Calif., assignor, by direct and
mesne assignments, to Carroll Allen, Los
Angeles, Calif. (U. S. No. 1,252,318; Jan. 1.
1918.)

Potash — Recovery of Alkali. John S.
Beckett. Cranford. N. J., assignor of one-
half to Percival R. Moses. New York. N. Y.
(U. S. No. 1,247,619; Nov. 27. 1917.)

Roasting — Blast Ore Roaster. George H.
Dern. Salt Lake City, and Theodore P.
Holt. Silver City. Utah, assignors to Holt-
Christensen Process Co.. Provo. Utah (U.
S. No. 1,251.189; Dec. 25, 1917).

Smelting Furnace. Ramon Bonastre
Llopart, St. Louis. Mo., assignor to Mineral
Refining and Chemical Corp., St. Louis. Mo.
(U. S. No. 1,253,064; Jan. 8. 1918.)

Smelting — Process of Making Metals in
Electric Furnaces. Ernest Humbert. Wet-
land, Ontario. Canada. (U. S. No. 1,252,-
443; Jan 8. 1918.)

•J...

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOl'RNAL Vol. 105, No. 5

iiDHiuuimiimuimiiHiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiuiiniiiiiiHiiiiiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiii mm iiiiiiinmiii m imiiiiiiimiiiiiiimiimmiiiimimmi iiimiiiiiiimimmiiiimimimimiiiiimimimiiiiii ininm

Editorial Correspondence

' 1 1 i U L Ml I HUM 111 llllllilllllllLUI 1IU II 1 1 II 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 II J 1 1) I II 1 Ml 111 1 1I I M I II 1 1 1 1 1 1 11 1 1 IIMI^ III til 1 Itl I II I II 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 li I M 1 1 J 1 1 1 1 1 ) 1 1 ! 1 1 1 1 J 1 1 1 1 ri 1 1 1 1 II 1 1 1 1 1 1 II 1 1 1 1 1 U 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 J 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 U 1 1 1 1 1 ■ > 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ■ 1 1 1 L L

s \ \ IMMIM I" Ian. It

< ii*Hr» li. ttoyei Spoke to Mother Lode
recentl) during a visit li It ic-
ed that .Mi Moyer talked ohleflj
iut\ of tin worklngman during the war
d hasty and Ill-advised
strife

Mir Yrlii.n v.irr Mine ui Randabnrg
tii a fine prospect of mining
the low-gTade reduced cost Dur-

mber and December, 1917, the
•stamp mill was closed down
to the Golden stat. Miner,' owing
act thai it could not handle with
atlsfacton margin of profit the low-
grad< opencul mining Un-

unatel) during 1916 overburden strip-
ping was practicallv abandoned, so that
in u-17 little or no rried

it the east face of th< gloryhole. Tins

tin- shortage of betti
which ton iperatlons

in spite of every effort being made to rush
stripping Tin- new crushing plant, which will
eliminate hand sorting, will handle near]
twice the daily tonnage of the old plant

It has t n proved l>y experiment that thi

naterial can be rejected as waste
by screening; the One product from the
carrying practically all the gold,
will make a mill feed of such character
that the capacity of the stamp mill will be
materially Increased it was expected thai
this plant would he read] for operation bj
Jan. l. ''tit delay In machinery delivery pre-
vented Favorable weather conditions have
permitted active work on the south face
■ •i" the big cut, which has resulted in the
working bench buried under
the great slide in the winter of 1914. With
this ore, which was better than the aver-
from the gloryhole, available for mill-
ing, it is pro] -lait the old plant
n and keep il In operation until the
new machinery is installed and iii opera-
tion Ore for the new plant will bi
b] a of mill holes Into chutes from
which trains will be loaded direct Such

il he mined into mill hob
above the tramming level will be shoveled
bv hand on a contract basis Plans of the
yellow \st.-r Co involve power shovels, or
a cableway excaval m which is ex-

pected to greatly decrease mining costs.
It also is probable that stamps will be re-
placed by ball mills

- \ i r LAKE < it^ — Ian. 20

Governmental Control "' the Metal Min-
ing Industry is against the sentiment ol
I'tah mining men. and protest is being
made through the American .Mining Con-
gress at what is proposed by the Foster
bill At a meeting of the Utah Chaptei of
this body, held .Ian 12. the following reso-
lution was unanimously adopted:

tal mining corel thai we

producing to full redui aclty

and therefore no immediate improvement
can be secured by Go tal super

vision There is n" of metals

produce,) here, and thus the only object to
.naiied by such supervision is absent
,,r as Utah is concerned. Many of our
mines are small and Bituated in rei
parts, and it would involve a needless ex-
. them and the authorities to im-
supervision. We also fear tliat labor
lUld be greatly u and

the properties would suffer. Operation con-
ditions are so widely varied in the metal
mining industry that such supervision as
proposed would be a distinct loss and pos-

par. li
A later meeting endorsed this resolution,
and in 'I inst Gov-

ipervlsion was found to be even
inger. It was decided to send del<

inference to be held .Ian. _'l at Den-
the time of the annual meeting of
the Colorado Metal .Mining Association ami
the Colorado Chapter of the American Min-
ing Congress. Del Wal-
ter Fitch of the chief Mining Co and
.lohn M. Haves of the Utah Copper Co. J.
len of the Utah Copper Co. and X. W.
Ilaire of the M ichigan- Utah were named
ternati 11 hoped that Secretary
Lane would be present at the conference,
but as he will he unable to be present, he
will be i ■ by Dr. David T. nay of
the 17. S al Survey and Dorsey A.
of the Bureau of 1

Oil Millie ill I llllilll lill-.ll! ill lie . i .

of \v.it--"n is experiencing something in
the nature of an "ii boom During the last
three weeks of December more than 160

n ere filed « 11 h the ."inn \ i dei

The ground comprised shale deposit? m ar
Watson, saturated landi near Whlteroi

and ground foi 'I' illine p set neat

Vernal Tin shale ..curs iii Hat seam o1
alternating rich and pen shales and occa-
sional sandstone, in ome places thi de-
posits appear to be of such a natun a: i"
suggest possible steam-shovel operation,
w iih a return, It I tat< 'I "i about '■'<" gal.

of ml per Inn Willi a little sorting "i
lection ..I particular beds In a vertical ec

ome of the shales would yield ,n gal

I 'il i '.. has an option

lie land near Watson, and owning a

known as the Crane process, is

:,, be planning the erection of a re-
duction plant Other companies stated to

templating the erection, m Hie same

section, of plants to treal "ii shales are
the I'tah shale and Oil Refining Co.. the
ii. 'ui Co. and interests connected with
tin- Midw.-st i 'ii I'n Various processes of
treatment have been worked out and con-
siderable experimenting is being done. The
II. • 'Hi Shale Co., with offices ill St. Louis,
has i.-i. ni l> .nt a shipment for further
erimental retort at the Uni-
versity of Utah. The point of departure
for tin- different processes has been the
i of reduction tor many years in
1 1 opei atioii in Scotland. The
Scotch deposits have yielded excellent prof-
Its throughout then i i ,,i operation, al-
though they are neither so rich nor so
greal in thickness as the shahs in I'tah
and other western states. Also the shales
hen are frequently exposed above tin- sur-
rounding country so as to present the pos-
sibility of cheap exploitation on a large

i ' i, by steam shovels.

BUTTE, MOM. — Jan. 21
The Anaconda Copper Company is hoist-
ing more ore al present than at any period

in.. June. There are now - :t of the prop-
erties in full operation, which leaves only
the Belmont among the leading producers
idle. This mine is having the shaft re-
paired anil relined with wire lathing and
concrete, as in the Tramway, and it i no1
expected I" be ready for operations in less
than two months When the Belmont re-
sumes operations again the shaft will be
fire i t

With the starting up of the High and
St Lawrence mines 900 more miners were
added to the payroll of the company and an
a\ei age of 1 twin tons more ore is being
brought i" the surface For January the

ii. la . ompany will probably co

,, in, May production of 28,400,000
ii, , opper.

Government DeciHlon on Copper Price to
remain al ' ' V per lb lias created dissatis-
faction among small mine owners. It is
asserted that tin- pile, is all right for the
large producers with I heir big byproduct of
gold and silver, but the small operator can-
not do any better than make both ends

tlle.t III the price S"|M. of til'' Slliall OWI1-

,1 tend thai assurances of an unofficial

character had been given that the price
would be boosted to 25c. and the announce-
ment that the price was to remain as at
ii, while actually not official, is gen-
erally regarded as having been given out
by some person "i persons who have inside
knowledge one mine owner said that he
could produce figures to show that the pro-
duction oi copper at the present time was
I 20c. per lb. and he could not
how he could furthei reduce costs

SPOKANE, WASH. — Inn. :n
Resumption of Operations al the Trail
Smeltery. Trail. B, C. has partly cleared
away the feeling of depression prevalent

among milling men In re during the lasl

The unsal Isfactory condil ion

of the iin-tal markets and the uncertainty

and ' ' profits tax law

I, disturbing factors bul there

is relic! over Mi'- changed situation in Brit-
ish Columbia, where operations have I,., ii
crippled for several weeks by the strike. The
strikers lost out on virtually all points
at issue when tin- International .Mine, .Mill
& Smeltermen's Union declared the plant
"fair" and censured the local organization
for violating an agreement entered into fm

l I "I" I he war The w age sen I. i I.:.

up. m the price ..I lead, according to agl
ineiit. and. as a result, the men arc n.
working lor less pay than they receivi
before calling the strike. Milling men .1
closely watching for action by the G
'"ui on the price of silver and many pi
dictions arc made thai unless i he i,
put up to J I p.r ounce there will be
pension of operations in several mines. Ti
constantly increasing cosi of material
added to the higher scale of wages gene
ally prevalent, has cut earnings down
much lli;ii action by the Government on tl

pn f silver seems the only hope The

is little expectation of Government actli
on the price of lead and spelter.

Northwest Mining Association, throui
Sc iciiii f. c. Bailey, is receiving assu
ance of a large attendance at the annii
convention to be held in Spokane. K.
11-17. British Columbia will be well repr
sented and an organized effort has be.
made by leading mining men of thai s.
tion to provide an exhibit that will be I
nearly complete as conditions permit,
will include speclments from districts re
resented heretofore in only a limited extei
A strong effort will be made to obtain pa
of the exhibit assembled by Arthur Julu
son. gold commissioner at Revelstoke.

JOPM\, MO. — Jan. 19
Site for a Zinc Rolling Mill in .Toplin '

Webb City has 1 n decided againsi by t

special committee appointed to look' in
this matter by the Webb City operators' :i
sociation several weeks ago. it is co
sidered too far from the zinc smelteiii
The committee is continuing its inqul
into tin- possibility of increasing the us
of zinc, with promise of some success

Associated Zine Ore Producer*** Assoc!
tiou announced today that there was :i'
000 tons "f zinc and lead ore in bins in th
district on Jan. 1. Figures compiled I
their representative showed a total ..I 2!
000 tons, and some mines did not repoi
About one-third of this tonnage had bei
sold, but not shipped on account of the .-;
shortage. It is believed this tonnage hi
been decidedly reduced since, as the la
two weeks have served to increase curta
ment on account of bad weather, while ti
car situation has been slightly better. R
port is considered by producers, howevi
as being good argument for continued cu
tailment of output, which is now great
than at any time in many months.

TORONTO — Jan. 18
As a Result of Conferences al Ottav
between the War Committee of the Cam
dian government and representatives of tl
leading steel manufacturing con
during which the government emphasi/.,
the urgent need of more steel to supply tl
demands of the railways, the manufacture
have promised to increase the steel on
put of last year by 20%. provided that tl
raw materials are available. The questii
of labor shortage for both agricultural al
industrial purposes is now engaging
tention of the government, who have tl
w-eek been conferring with representath
of the labor unions. A government i
gation into the labor situation, in conne
tion with the coal and steel industries
Sydney, N. S., is in progress

Program for Government Shipbuilding <
large scale in the present Canadian shi
vards. involving an expenditure of betwei
$5(1.111111.1 and $60,000, annually, ti-
led to negotiations that are in progress « i
the Dominion Steel Corporation, Noi
Scotia Steel Co., and Algona Steel Co. loo

ing to the establishment of rolling Il

connection with their plants in order
secure the requisite supply of steel plat
and shapes. The companies are conside
ing th. commercial feasibility of the pi
posal, which will involve an expeiidiiu

ii approximately $3, 1,000 in eacl

If this plan is not regarded favorably, tl
got eminent may establish its ow n rolll
mills. The tiuestion of how lie
ment's ocean-going ships will be 0]
is not vet decided. It may either be dot
directly bv the government, or on the pi.
adopted by the British government, unci
which the vessels are handed over to pi
vate firms who are paid operation fees o
of earnings and the balance paid Into tl
treasury.

February 2, L918 ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL 268

bjiiiiiii mill mi i miiiiiiimimiiiiii i iniiiiiiiinii i inimm iinrnuuiwiimi n igmmniimiiimi i minn n mi imaaiiuiuiMtuiiuniiiii iiiiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiini m

The Mining News

Fill

iiiiiimiiimiii miiiiiiiiiiiiiinii inmiiiiii urn nn minimi iiimu miiiiiiiiiii iiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii iiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiii niu mimuiii iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiim nun u|

AI.A-K \

shipments for t • i:« • i : .m oi

per ore .nn! matte to tin- I'nlted Stutes were

« ii h ppci , iinti hi ol 8.85S

827 lb evaluated :ii - 055 Gil

AKI/<>\ \

Cocklae < «miiii\

CALUMET AND ARIZONA (Dougla I

Smeltery production for December rrom

oompanj ores, 6. 816. 000 li. from custom

3.320.000 Hi. nn coi

Greenlee County

SHATTUCK VRIZONA (Bisbee)— Pro-
duction: For December 626,612 lb. cop-
per, 17,556 lb. lead, 5817 oz, silver, and
16.97 oi gold; for 1917, 11.935,317 ll>. cop-
per, 2,010,1 15 lb, lead, 154.344 oz. sliver,
19 oz. gold.

rinn C fcj

NEW CORNELIA i.\jo) — Decembei

production of copper from cathodes, 2 260,-

000 Hi , from shipping ores, 500,000 lb., and

ii coppei , i 090,000 lb. Total

3 850. mm pounds.

ARKANSAS
I/.ard Count]

BROOKS HILL (Cushman)— Walter
Dennison, operating this manganese proper-
ly, lias installed new st.nm shovel for use
in mining.

Marion Counts

CONTINENTAL MINING CO. (Oodd
City) — Operating the Bear Hill. Buelah and
K and M zinc mines Purchased large
truck to use in hauling their output 4.".
miles from the Bear Hill mine to Vellville
for shipment. If trucks are successful will
put them on all hauls.

MONKEY HILL (Flippin) — Negotiations
led between N. Stantield and asso-
i uii.-s of Oklahoma City, and the owners of
the Monkey Hill mine, whereby the former
will immediately take over the property.
Mill will be overhauled and new equipment
added.

DRY BONE (Buffalo)— Fox Pen Mining
Co, have taken over the I try Bone mine
near the Fox Den. Equipping with en-
gine and compressor. Dirt from Dry Bone
will be milled at Fox Den mill, where ca-
pacity is now being increased

CALIFORNIA

Anmdor County

OLD EUREKA (Sutter Oieek) — Shaft
deepening started. New mill and restrain-
ing dams for tailings storage to be huilt
on Frakes and Goodman ranches, now-
owned by company.

Eldorado County
CINCINNATI (Placerville) — The new-
Ellis Ball Chili mill installed and now op-
erating Mine developed and worked
through 300-ft. drift on vein. Ore being
1 above breast of drift in friable
porphyry containing gold-bearing quartz.
Total cost of mining and milling stated to
be $1 per ton. Mill driven bv 7-hp. gaso-
line engine and handles 36 tons in 24 hr
Can be increased to 50 tons. Property situ-
ated 11 miles from Placerville. N. H. Bur-
ger is manager.

Inyo County
NEW TUNGSTEN DEPOSITS on Mt
Morgan at an elevation of 11,000 ft may
be developed soon. Property controlled bj
\ aughn. Beauregard and Sproule, negotiat-
ing with Cooper Shapley to undertake the
opening of the deposits.

Mono County

PITTSBURG-LIBERTY ( Masonic)— Re-
ported closed down on Dec. 24 and that
representatives of the Guggenheim inter-
ests have been making examinations. Stall
Brothers are owners. It is reported in this
connection that the Guggenheim interests
tave optioned the Serita property, also
>wned by the Stalls.

Shasta County
B.i° nYKE (Igo) — Reported optioned to
•outnern California interests represented by
I. A. Hassell. Propertv owned by W. H.
;y3f?< of Dunsmuir, Charles Reichter, of
i-edding. and John Reichter. of Igo. Mine
leveloped by shaft, drifts and raises. Con-
emplate installation of new electric hoist.

<<il.iii< \I><)

Boulder Counts

JAMESTOWN MINES are making ilu..r-
spar shipments. Rise In price has stimu-
lated production. Mines now uhippini
ett, Invincible, Rattler, Harlov
Terry group,

MANN MILL (Boulder) Experiments In
fluorspar concentration conducted In Ibis
plan! for two months Both |lgs and tables
i led The llgs were a failure bul the
tables a success. \ new Delster-Overstrom

table has .mst I n Installed \\ llflej

loMes in successful operation Plant capai

ity Is 30 ions per day Cusl res to be

treated The mill has been remodeled and
is being operated bj George Chesebro and
A K. Langrldge

Clear Creek County

BIRMINGHAM MINING CO. (Idaho

Springs) — Has acquired Hi. Ilic In |irop,-r-
lies. and will commence active development
in the near future.

ALICE (Alice) — Propertv being carefully
prospected by Crown Reserve Mining Co.,
Ltd. Numerous boles to be churn drilled to
bed rock First hole reached bed rock at
a depth of 40 ft Hydraulic mining under
consideration. J. B. Ballantine and A L
Carnahan are in charge

ARGO REDUCTION- AND ORE PUR-
CHASING CO. (Idaho Springs) — Milling
operations show a substantial gain in 1917
o\er 1916. Three shifts were in steady
operation The gross value of ore pur-
chased was $475.433 52. ore milled was
24,561 dry tons and concentrate shipped was
6327 tons.

PRIMOS (Urad) — Company now employ-
ing 143 men on development and construc-
tion. More men will be put on as fast as
can be obtained. New hoarding and bunk-
houses have been huilt. and the machinery
for the first unit of the new 200-ton mill ha'.-
arrived at Empire station and is being
hauled to the mine

WYOMING VALLEY (Idaho Springs) —
Tunnel being driven from Gibson gulch in
direction of Black Hawk. Now in 500 ft.
Further driving to cut two intermediate
veins within 100 ft., and French Flag and
Silver Age. two large producers of past
years, to be cut in 300 ft. more, at depth
considerably below present workings.

Gilpin County

LITTLE MELVIN (Rollinsville) — Leased
by Rare Metals Co. Large shoot tungsten
ore opened ; shipping to company's plant.

Gunnison County

MORNING GLORY (Pitkin) — Reported
3-ft. vein of molybdenum ore cut at depth
of 150 ft. by tunnel. Further development
will be done before commencing shipments.
Copper ore also opened on property.

San Juan County

COPPER KING (Silverton) — Bond and
lease taken. Work to begin at once. Ex-
pected property will be on shipping basis
by spring.

COMING WONDER (Silverton) — Anvil
Mountain mine taken over by leasing com-
pany recently will be extensively worked.
Property a regular shipper of silver-lead
ore during last year.

San Miguel County

LEWIS (Telluride) — T'uwatering of mine
completed, and alteration of mill, with in-
stallation of flotation, completed. Both
mine and mill in operation

Summit County

GOLD LEDGE (Frisco) — This property
on Ten Mile Creek being developed prepara-
tory to spring shipments.

FOREMOST (Frisco)— Shipments good-
gTade lead-gold-silver ore made. Develop-
ment work in progress.

AMERICAN METAL CO. (Buffer) —
Milling plant for treating molybdenum ore.
and tramways nearing completion. Ore will
be conveyed from mine to crusher by two-
bucket, counterbalance tramway. 500 ft.
long, then to mill by 5000-ft. agrial tram-
way. At mill, ore will be crushed, ground
in ball mill, concentrated in Janney and

' ' iii1"' dotal Ion mai him eon I rati di

" iter d on Porl land fllti i i ' ipa< II

planl to stai t, estimated 250 toi

Ml TTJ \i. COOPERATIVE MINIM I CO
(Kokoi ' being madi

from I iolden Queen mine Last

return

MINERALS PRODUCTS COMPANY
(Frawley)— Milling plant under

urn in, i will ha \ ' capacll s ol

torn per da Or i I bdi num

In form <<i molj bd< nlte

Teller Count}

P< IRTL \ \'li (Cripple Creek ) -Sixth un

of Independei mill al Victoi compli ti •!

ipa Itj oi unit 250 to 300 ion, pi i da

CRIPPLE CREEK GOLD MINING CO
Cripple Creek) Electric driven 6-drill
" ssor installed Lateral development

Work to I"' dun. f] om 1 000 level of shaft

EXCELSIOR (Ci miiie Creek) Operating
Longfellow mine of Stratton estate, build-
ing in. him , a ii, i vi ashei ol ton ca pa

It | Production to begin soon

PATTERSON & BRADLEY LEASING
CO (Cripple Creek) — Operating .Specimen
and Sacramento mines of Stratton estate
led considerable quantity of mining
supplies, including track and cars for use
at Specimen shaft

IDAHO

Bonner County

ARMSTEAD MINKS. INC (Talache)—
Development under D. G MeLachlan, supt.
I Thing 3400-fl adit at present rate of 17-
f:. per 24 hours,

Shoshone County

rDAHO-NEVADA (Wallace) — Has been
developing a property known as the Castle
Rock, on T'laeer Creek. Suspended open
tions on account of failure to obtain exten-
sion of bond.

COPPER KING (Mullan) — Strike made
which promises great importance. Exten-
sive development for many years has dis-
closed more or less lead and copper ore.
but nothing approaching the amount now-
shown

SHERMAN (Burke)— Shipments to be
made from shoot of lead ore 150 ft long
and in places 14 ft, wide, stopes now being
opened. Joins Tamarack & Custer on east
Vein from which ore will be shipped is
Tamarack. Contract let to drive 600 ft. on
''lister vein, in which considerable ore has
been found in tunel 500 ft, above. Company
well financed, James F Callahan, of Inter-
state-Callahan fame, is now president and
will direct operations.

MICHIGAN

Copper

HANCOCK (Hancock) — December pro-
duction 284,000 lb. Falling off due to
trouble with machinery.

COPPER RANGE (Painesdale) — On its
optioned tracts south of Globe, which is
next south of Champion, is diamond drilling
loth and 11th holes. So far no ore found
FRANKLIN (Demmon) — Intensive min-
ing by massing of 8 drills at end of drifts.
Stoping hack and letting poor hanging-
wall cave. Mechanical haulage has raised
tonnage from 1000 to 1200 daily.

CALUMET & HECLA I Calumet)— Daily
production. 10,661 tons. Building short
connection with No. 5 Tamarack and
thence with No. 3. Carrying over own
road rock formerly carried by Mineral
Range.

SENECA (Calumet)— Much delayed by
6* ft. of snow and zero weather nearly
every day. but will start sinking shaft be-
tween Mohawk and Ahmeek 2100 ft. verti-
cally, turning to Kearsarge lode in about
a week.

COPPER RANGE (Painesdale) — Manager
Schacht has undertaken to interest all em-
ployees in the thrift-stamp plan of the
Government Every employee gets a start
with a thrift stamp in his pay envelope
this week,

BEAR LAKE POOL (Calumet)— Just
starting first of five diamond drill boles

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 5

which was above, the
>ut t»f four holes have

whit!' PIN !' v. oember

produ, • lanuary

[Yansferring Brie

run every-

mllls and lights. In

order ■ plant,

'■«• Installed after engine shaft

Mis n I »nr \

II r Mlbl KallKr

CLEVELAND-CLIFF IKON' CO l Nash-
taken lease on Helmer mine
,v Hopkins Lumber Co.. of
Mil:- i a "ill sunt operations

OLIVER IKON MINING CO (Duluth)—
; rravtt) screening plant being erected
in the Hull Kust mine to be used In sepa-
and ore Expected to be
about Brst of March
KM ikon .'.i I Bleveth) - I
! Bums mine sufficient to begin ship
meats next season : will also work Morrow
mine adjoining Pickands-Mather Interests
will m

uft.ubb mink t Buhl i — Cleveland
Clir has taken over this lease ind

will carry on operations The Helmer wis
formerly operated by Swallow & Hopkins,
lumber, of Minneapolis. This is the third
mine to be operated by the Cleveland
Cliffs Co. on the Mesabi Range.

muni \\ \
Jefferson County

MOUNTAIN STATES (Warmsprlngs) —
I'nwaterlng 160-ft shaft with Denvei

Ml

Lewis and (lark Count]

ROCK ROSE (Helena) — One carlo
ore at smeltery and other shipments ready.

LEE MOUNTAIN (Rimini) — Sinking two
si afts in lower tunnel below water level

BARNES-KING (Marysville) — Sinking to
650 level from 500 Work nearly done.
Gold ore.

BALD BUTTE (Bald Butte) — Mill treat-
ing gold ore from old mine and new
open |

PRODUCER (Helena) — Bonded tn Spo-
kane people who are preparing to build mill
for saving the gold.

CRUSE <'ON (Helena) — Last carload t.i
smeltery of 42 tons netted {10.12 Air com-
pressor installed for deepening shaft to
ft New officers elected.

SHANNON' i Marysville) — Barnes-King
companv sinking additional 150 ft., which
will make shaft 650 ft. deep wl
pleted. High gTades in gold it BOO level

GOLD SYNDICATE (Marysville)— Duluth
operators ceased operations on Mary
Gold Syndicate after expending $150,000.
report by Louis Huntoon the cause,
together w ith report of W Vanwinter Five
reports by other engineers all favorable

>il\er Bow County
ANACONDA (Butte) — High-Ore and St
Lawrence mines resumed operations Jan.
1 I Former has been out of commission
since Modoc fire last April St. Lawn
has been down since Oct 1 This leaves
only Belmont shaft idle It is being flre-
proofed with concrete and will take aboul
two months more to compli two

mines named will add between BOO and 800
men to the payroll and bring output nearly
up to normal again.

CRTSTAL3 GOLDSMITH CO (Butte) —
Optioned property of Crystals Copper Co..
located near the Moulton and Alice silver
mines. The Ellingwood shaft is at a depth
of joo ft and the Tong shaft at 100 ft
1 roperty has been a good producer of gold
and silver ore from above the I1"1 level
75-hp. electric hoist and a 1000-CU.ft
trie-driven compressor is being installed.
face improvements in • con-

struction at the Tong shaft are a new head-
frame, carpenter-shop and other plant build-
ings Upon completion of improven
shaft sinking will be resumed to a depth
of 800 feet.

s I \ \ n \
Nye County
WHITE CAPS (Manhattan)— Changes
being made in mill progressing rapidly
Large new tube mill is over foundation.
The motor for tube mill is coupled and the
tube mill can start at any time.
only change not completed is changing the
level of receiving tanks from the tube mill.
MANHATTAN CONSOLIDATED (Man-
hattan)— Raise between the fourth and
third levels in the east orebody 1 as been
completed and connection was mane to the
third level Jan. 1 6. Raise show i 150 ft.
between levels The hanging wail of the

orebody was followed In the raise and the
p-ade as disclosed between the levels
shows .in average of from S40 to $.r>o per
ton. it is intended to start an Intermediate

crosscut from a point iin.ln.iy in the raise

and demonstrate the width of the ore a.1
this point between hanging and footwau.

Installing large station pump on fourth
level Pump is 5x8 direct-drive Qould
triplex with rated capacity Of 100 gal per

nun .it a 500-fl head Three shifts of
shaft miners to be employed as soon as the

sinking commences

Stnrr> ( oiinlx

ANDES (Virginia) Saved 50 cars from
860 level, averaging $8 50 per ton.

oriliK (Virginia) Extracted and sent
to Mexican mill 75 cars of ore. sampling
per ton

JACKET (Cold Hill) -Put 53H tons of
mine ore In mill bins West side Kinkead
nulls, tables and old cyanul.it ton plant oper-
ated. Working on new equipment.

i NION CON (Virginia) -Mill returns

for Meek totaled 10.4011 Ore from vein ill
the -'ton level sent to Mexican mill. Assays
comparatively low . 87 tons sampled • !8 >7
p.r ton Total of 846 tons averaged $25.33.
.ind 193 tons of wedge ore averaged S8.98.
Preparations for prospecting the vein In
northeast drift of the 2500 level of Sierra
Mevada proceeded Compressed-air lines
and water lines are to be laid.

NEW UEXICO

Grant Count]

JIM CROW (SteeplerockJ — On 300 level
an 8-ft. vein cut assaying $75 per ton. Geo.
ll I'ttcr now winking property

PROGRESS MINE (Steeplerock)— Sta-
tion being cut on 400 level and development
continued. Chas Hanson is manager.

SOUTH CHINO (Lordshurg) — Boston in-
terests here week of Jan 21 looking over
At wood mine. Only small work now being
done.

BONNET (Lordshurg) — Lawrence Mining
i'ii has water under control. Mining ore
from rich pocket found in development.
ill shipments

85 MIXING CO (Lordsburg) — Annual
meeting held Jan. 21. Sinking new- shaft
for development on Heroes group. Work on
mill construction continues Steel framing
under way

RIVAL MINING CO. (Steeplerock) —
Ti mporarily closed to install steam equip-
ment to handle water in development. Fi-
nanced by Arizona capitalists of Bisbee and
I loiiglas. Good showing in development
so far.

I mil County

GAGE MINING COMPANY (Gage)— Op-
erations ceased owing to death of Chas.
Quailey in El Paso, who was main financial
support of company. About one hundred
men employed. Company was operating
the old Victorio mines

UTAH

Juab County

.MAMMOTH (Mammoth) — Building of
tram line one mile In length to Denver and
Rio Grande track, in belief that saving in
[ri ight during period of 12 months will pay
for work. Present charge 15c. a ton over
branch line to Denver and Rio Grande.
Shipments during 11)17 amounted to over

1 tons, and equal or greater tonnage

expected for 1918.

Salt Lake County

LITTLE COTTONWOOD TRANSPOR-
TATION (Alta) — Expected to begin oper-

,n over eight-mile narrow-gage road be-
tween Wasatch and Alta early in spring.
Porty i-'-ton cars just received and addi-

i al Shay engine, making second engine
owned by company Engines capable of
hauling 12 to 15 cars in train.

summit County

PARK CITY SHIPMENTS for week
ended Jan. 12 amounted to 4,839.270

pounds.

THREE KINGS (Park City)— Shaft down

almost 700 ft. and water coming in taken

care of by 25-gal. pump Larger plant ade-

for all possibilities to be installed.

Three shifts working.

SILVER KING CONSOLIDATED (Park
City) — Purchase of ("alifornia-Comstock
for $300,000 and payment completed, con-
firmed by statement to stockholders, called
ting Jan 81, for purpose of increas-
ing capitalization from 700,000 to 1,000.000
Reason for increase desire to ex-
pedite opening of new ground. In Thaynes
Canyon section Spiro tunnel present length.
5000 ft. Company owns Ferry ranch. Sil-
ver Bell, Oldham group, Russian Bear, and

I S Consolidated. In purchase of latter
group indebtedness incurred to be met dur-
ing inm.

It ah County
BELLEROPHON (American Fork)—
Statement of work between July 26 and
Dec 5, when work discontinued for winter.
shows r>o ft of work done in winze ; 30 ft.
of timbering In main drift, and opening and
retimhering of caved raise to surface. 72
ft Shipped 1SJ tons of ore from surface
cut. bringing net returns of $538, and ore
estimated at 11.000 tons (milling) devel-
oped Power-line survey made and new
cabin built Plans for new 50-ton mill
made and some of machinery on hand.

CANADA
Manitoba

KAIN CLAIMS (Big Clearwater Lake-
Rice Lake district) — Development work is
being commenced on eight claims owned by
a St Paul-Minneapolis syndicate headed hy
E. E. Kain. Samples from a vein are stat-
ed to show high assays. Equipment will l„
sent in as soon as a winter road is avail
able. Arthur Houle of Shattuek. Ariz . is in
charge of operations. It is stated that the
company the name of which has not yet
been determined will be a close corporation
and will put no shares on the market

Ontario

SILVER-ORE SHIPMENTS FOR DE-
CEMBER over the T. & N. O. Railway
were: Aladdin. 43.50 tons (2000 lb.); Buf-
falo, 164.98: Coniagas, 165.14: Dominion
Reduction Co., 327.75; Kerr Lake. 60.J:
La Rose, 83.66; McKinley-Darragh Hill 1 ■
National. 33.59 ; Nipissing, 87.54 ; Penn -
Canadian. 27.88. and Trethewev. 20.76 •
total, 11S4.1 tons.

HOLLINGER (TImmins) — One unit of
20 stamps of the new equipment tried uut
and found satisfactory.

HONER (Kirkland Lake) — Temiskaming,
which holds an option on this property, has
commenced development work.

MINING CORPORATAION (Colxtrt)—
Production for 1917 is expected to have
amounted to 5,100,000 ounces.

GIFFORD (Cobalt) — Vein 10-in. wido
found in crosscutting at 350 level. Two cal-
cite stringers heavily mineralized also cut,

NIPISSING (Cobalt) — December output
will be the greatest on record of the mine.

Production for 1917 will run over 4,000,

ounces.

HUDSON BAY (Cobalt) — As the remit

of extensive sampling a large to: ,

low-grade ore has been indicated, wh.ch it
is believed can be profitably treated.

PREMIER LANGMUIR (Porcupine)—
Almost completed mill for treating 30 tons
of barite per day. This will he the fust
barite to be milled in Ontario.

CROWN RESERVE (Cobalt)— Annual
meeting to be held Jan. 23. It is expected
that an announcement will be made that
the option on the New Ray in Porcupine
will be dropped.

KIRKLAND-PORPHYRY (K i r k 1 a n d
Lake) — Orebody when tapped bv crosscut-
ting at the 170 level shows 11 ft. of ore.
stated to be over 30 ft. wide, of high grade.
Shaft is being put down to 300 ft. depth.

DOME (Porcupine) — Said to have eul
138 ft. of ore that runs $22 a ton on the
800 level. There is a good deal of critic!
of the controlling interest and plans are
under way to get more representation on
the board.

ALEXO (Porquis Junction) — During De-
cember 14 cars containing 1.010.800 lb. of
nickel ore were shipped to the smeltery of
the Mond Nickel Co. at Coniston The
total shipments for the last eight months
of 1917 were 8,016,500 pounds.

TOUGH OAKES (Kirkland Lake)—
Main shaft has a depth of 400 ft and a
winze is down to the 500 level and lateral
work has been carried from the 100 level
downward. An intrusion of diabase all the
way from the surface to the lower levels
has shortened a number of the oreshooti

COSTA RICA

i 'i 1ST \ PICA Al \NGANESE AND MIN-
ING CO. (Playareal) — First of company's
motor schooners has been given a cargo
and in last of December two more, the
"Tempate." of 1000 tons, and the "Guana-
caste, of 2500 tons, were expected. A
nine-mile automobile road from Plaiar-al
to their "Curiol" mine has just beei
pleted by the company, and two special ni-
ton Mack trucks were to have been put in
commission on the first of January.

CHOSEN

SEOULE MINING CO. (Hol-Kol.
Hwang-Hai) — Operating Suan concession
in Whang Hai Province, reports total re-
covery for December valued at $207,050.

February 2, 1918

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

■zi\r,

11111111 iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimiiiiinmiiiiiii minimi mmnu Imll

The Market Report

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iiiiiiiiriiniii iiiiii Mill

Ml M l;'V\l> SI 1 III IM. | \,ll \\,;|

24

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26

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llll!

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Silver

Jan,

Sterl-
ing
Ex-
change,

Sil\ i-i

New
Vork,

('nils

Lon-
don,

Pence

New

V..rk.
Cents

I.un-

don,

Penoe

< 7 SI 5
4 7515
4 7525

87:

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SI

28
29
30

4 7S25
4 7525

4 7525

8?;

871

XI,,

«3,
43
43i

New York Quotations are as reported by Handy
i Hnrnuiii and arc in rents per troy ounce of bar
ilwr, 9Q0 fine. London quotations arc in pence per
mnoe of sterling silver, 925 fine.

DAT V PRICES OK miotai S l\ \l.\

' YOItK

Tin

1 i :,,l

Zinc

Electro-

Jan.

lytic

Spot.

N. Y.

S. 1

S( 1

24

•23}

t

(.' 7

6!

(.i 7

7l

@7J

25

♦23*.

+

6i
(5 7

»;

7.

26

*25i

t

6!

ci7

6:
i"6;

7.
<"7.

28

•23J

t

■t

t

t

6j

6 70

7;

2»

*2J|

t

@6

(u 6 80

<a 7;

6i

6 70

T.

30 *23J

t

@6j

(m6 80 1

<" '''.

\ No market.

fixed by agreement between American
ppei producers and the V. S. Government, accord-
k- to official statement for publication on Friday
■ptenilur 21,1917.

The above quotations (except as to copper, the
•ice for which nas been fixed bv agreement between
mencar copper producers and the U. S. Govern-
ent, wherein there is no free market) are our
iprawal of the average of the major markets based
■nerally on sales as made and reported bv producers
id agencies, and represent to the best o'f our judg-
ent the prevailing values of the metals for the
liveries constituting the major markets, reduced to
isia of New \ ork, cash, except where St. Louis is
e normal basing point.

The quotations for electrolytic copper are for cakes,
eots and wirebars.

We quote electrolytic cathodes at 0.05 to 0 10c.
tew the price of wirebars, cakes and ingots.
Quotations for spelter are for ordinary Prime

ra.'S«I!.hrands- We tuote New Y°rk price'at 17 5c
r 10011). above St. Louis.

Some current freight, rates on metals per 100 lb
<■■ Bt I.ouis-N'ew York I7e.; SI I.ouis-Chicago,
■a.; St, Louis-Pittsburgh, 13.1 cents.

LONDON

Copper

Tin

Lead

Zinc

Standard

Elec-
tro-
lyte-

Spot

,n

Spot

3 Mos.

Spot

3 Mos.

Spot

24
-'5
26
28
29
i0

110
110

iio
no
no

no
no

no
no
no

125
125

125
125
125

300
299

298;
297J
299

297

296J

295

294J

297

29)
29j

29(

29j
29j

54
54

54
54
54

The above table gives the .closing quotations on
noon Metal Exchange. All prices are in pounds
rung per ton of 2,240 lb. For convenience in
inaiKS°n ■ l. London Prices, in pounds sterling per
( n ,wlt American prices in cents per pound
touowing approximate ratios are given, reckonin-
inan^aMl'515- "9} =6.2576o.:£54 = I 1. 4545c:
an «\o3,3,c-: •C|25 = 26.5l5lc; £260 = 55 1513c ;
0212*20- °= 636362c Variations.fi

Metal Markets

fea-

NK3V YORK Ian. 30. 191K.

,!™e,of the markets exhibited any
es ol especial interest this week '

lopper— Refineries continued to exper-
efvinS6^111^ difficulties and delays in
cemSf, raw matenal. The production in

vember & leSS than that of

Copper Sheet* are quoted at 81 ii pel
lb f.o.b mill, for hoi rolled, and 1c higher

lor cold idled Copper wire la quoted al
' ■ •• Co b r carload lots.

Tin-- The market continues bare of sup-
plies of Straits tin, and consequently no

businesi Ie d There were arrivals this

tveek ol S00 to tlOO tons of Hanka tin some
ol which was offered at 8 Be

Rlcard ,v- Freiwald report tin statistic

as of Dec. 81. 1917. as follows:
landing and afloat, Europe and America:
Slocks in London, 1847 tons; other I mi,, I
Kingdom ports, 773; landing and in trap
sit, i s t r. . afloat from Australia, r,4 spot
and landing In United States. 497 ions
Monthly supplies Standard arrivals In
i ntted Kingdom and America, 650 torn
Monthly deliveries: United Kingdom 109 6
tons; America, exclusive of Pacific ports

-'son tons. Deliveries of tin into the Unit-
ed Kingdom for l!H7 were 17,244 torn

Lead — In Its main features the market
was unchanged from last week. However
seme producers were free sellers ami con-
sequently the market exhibited an easier
tone, incipient excitement among buyei
having been allayed.

Zin< — Business was very dull at prices
substantially unchanged. One or two sales
for export were reported

The most interesting feature of the week
was the agreement on Jan 24 with the
war Industries Board of a price of 12c
for high-grade spelter, this to apply to the
I S. Government, to the Alius and to the
public, and to prevail until June 1

Zinc Sheets — Price of zinc sheets has not
been changed. Demand is strong and the
market continues at $11) per 100 lb fob
Peru, 111., less 8r; discount

Other Metals

Aluminum — This market is inactive at
36® 38c, per lb. for No. 1 ingots at New
"i ork. hut more active inquiry is reported.

Antimony — Dull and slightly easier We
quote spot at 14(5>14Jc. and futures at 13c.
c I. f.. in bond.

An important antimony house communi-
cates the following interesting notes re-
specting the stocks of antimony and the
reports of Government buying:

"Last week several hundred tons of anti-
mony changed hands, but probably not half
of what was sold went to consumers Pai-
mors of heavy Government buying were
the cause of a flurry. There were some
sales made to the Government, but not
enough to have any influence on the mar-
ket. Government statistics show that on
Oct. 31, 1917. the stock of antimony in
this country in bond was 4350 short tons
We may reasonably suppose that on the
same date the duty-paid stock was half as
much again as the bonded stock, or sac
roughly, a total of 6500 tons ; in other
words, more than the entire imports for
the year 1913. The reason for the pres-
ent disproportionate accumulation of st h
is not hard to find. The spectacular eon-
duct of antimony early in the war drew a
great number of speculators into it and
these speculators seem to be persuaded that
sooner or later the Government must be-
come a buyer of large quantities Hence
the very large arrivals from the Orient
during the las* seven or eight months In
October alone the imports of metal were
1750 short tons. There is no indication of
a change of policy. Large quantities are
still coming, and if the war should cease
the country would probably find its-lf with
sufficient on hand for a vear or more The
supply in China is practically unlimited
and costs apparently have not increased as
much as has been generallv believed The
cessation of buying by Russia may also
have diverted some tonnage to this' mar-
ket. Imports of metal in 1915 were 6900
short tons. 9100 in 1916 and 15,200 short
tons in 1917. There is good reason to be-
lieve that the consumption of antimony in
191/ was not so large as in 1916. In 1916
the country had a good many foreign con-
tracts for shrapnel balls. In 1917 it had
few such contracts."

ts. -in mi, — Unchanged at $3,50 per lb for
the pure metal

< mi mm Tin mi i .i i quoted al $ l r,n

i" ' lb di i ling on the quantltj

Nickel Sti id it iOc ri mlum

ol ii per lb for electrolj tii

Quicksilver Spot continue! In small sup-
Ply, but liberal quantities are reported to
■ movini easl ward The market i un
changed at J130(g 186 foi pot and $126
fi ' hlpments to an Ive San BYa
(•■ports, by telegraph, 1117.60, t,.

Gold. Silver and Platinum

^'Ler The inarkel has shown a slight
downward tendency. Kresh business from
San Francisco to the Bast seems Inactive
:" present The London market continues
to absorb a moderate amount of silver

There ■ eems i,, |„. nothing new in reg.n il

to the Government taking ovi r thi

u, I ,,| our mines at a fixed price

Mexican dollars at New York: .Ian 24
li:i'' : 26. 69c. : 26, 68Jc : 2X 689c 29
B81C. ; 30, 68Jc.

Indian currency returns of Dec ::i 1917
according to Pixley & Abell, Bhovi the hold-
ing oi rupees to have been 1906 lacs com-
paring with 1736 lacs at the end of the
previous year. In Bombay, then- were
stocks of 3700 bars, and al Shanghai 22,-
500.000 taels of sycee and 13,200,000 Mex-
lean dollars.

Platinum— Unchanged al $106@108 De-
mand continues good

Palladium — Unchanged at $135, strong

Zinc and Lead Ore Markets

Joplin. Mo., Jan. 36 — Blende, per ton
high. $70.25; basis 60', '/,,,. premium'
$1,7.50 ; medium to low, $60@50; calamine
."" ton, 10 ', Zn, (33@30; average selling
1 i ice. all grades of zinc. $52.41 per ton

Lead. high. $86.50; basis 80% Ph
*S6<r.iS5; average selling price, all grades
of lead. $77-67 per ton.

Shipments the week: Blende. 7114 tons -
calamine. 252 tons; lead. 1172 tons Value'
all ores the week. $477,480.

Advance purchases have continued to be
made, even though shipping was exceed-
ingly slow, until the smelters now own
practically all reserve ore in the district ■

approximately 1 :ars of ore are standing

on tracks all the time, waiting orders for
removal. The embargo east of St. Louis
has been lifted to the Indiana line, but this
still interferes with shipments to Eastern
smelters. Severe cold has reduced pro-
duction to a point below the demand.

Platteville, Wis., Jan. ;fi ( Bv telegraph) —
I'lende, basis 60% Zn. .562 base for pre-
mium grade down to $52 I,. - for second
i'ra<3e Lead ore. basis 80% Pb. unchanged
at $80 per ton. Shipments reported for the
week are: 2685 tons of zinc ore. 43 tons
of lead ore and 669 tons of sulphur ore
Shipped during the week to separating
plants, 2380 tons of zinc ore Shipments
still curtailed by snow blockade and em-
bargo.

Lead ore produced in the Wisconsin dis-
trict in 1917 was 6H54 tons. In the Platte-
ville letter of Dec. 29, 1917, published in
the •Journal" of Jan, 5. 1918. it was in-

reetly stated that the total lead ore

produced in the district in 1917 was 7154
tons The real increase in production over
1916 was 1464 instead of 2544 tons.

Other Ores

Manganese Ore — Metallurgical ore un-
changed at $1.20 per unit.

Molybdenum Ore — Quoted at $2.15 'a • 20
per lb. of molybdenum sulphide for the
9d', grade. Several sales of lower grade
ore. 65% molybdenum sulphide, were made
at $1.80 per lb.

Pyrites — Spanish lump is quoted at 15*c
per unit, on basis of 10s. ocean freight
buyer to pay excess freight and war risk
except that, depending on conditions, con-
cession of 2% of war risk may be allowed
Ocean rates remain at 35s. for Northern.
40s. for Southern and 42s. 6d for Gulf
ports, but recent charters have exceeded
these rates in several instances

Tungsten Ore — Scheelite. $26 per unit
Wolframite quotations ranged from $">6
down to $20. according to grade.

ENGINEERING AND MINIM; JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 5

Iron Trade Review

ri l I ~i;i ki.ii — J ...

steel trade has hopes that the
••> Improve
li u itlo » i ■ bi Ing results.
Improvement thus far but i
I In the wrong din
strj «.i~ chiefly

movement
the Oonnellsvllle
«rhereo> blast-furnace operations have been

paclty,
and an Inability to ship
d be made
these respects have conditions
Por weeks past the
shipments of finished steel have been less
•i though production
curtailed, and In the las) week
iddltlonal accumulation ol
finished steel In mill warehouses and yards,
resulting In th,- . additional

departi lause it was physically Im-

iducl
The hop. s of the steel imlii«m center
m>on the weather moderating', or
rather staying; mo is yesterday and

t>>,luy have shown practically seasonable
t.'mperatuivs it is believed that th.' rall-
from their blockaded con-
dition of the weather permits. Theeml
ordered last Wednesday by those In control
it Was Pennsi anis lines

east of Pittsburgh ami th.' Baltlmo
' >hio east of the Mississippi River, simply
supplement a group of embargoes already
in effeet. hut reduce I illy nothing

the number of permits granted to pass
throuch tli- ies Very little steel

en shipped east from the Pittsburgh
and vallej districts for some time, but
there arc a few outlets west The most
interesting item in this direction is that
the American Sheet and Tin Plate Co is
making up a shipmei

tin plate for the Pacific Coast salmon
industry, and this shipment Is expected to
get through In good time The tin-plate
mills were exempted from the plant-closing
order and ha\e bet n opi rating to the extent
that the st.-el supply permitted. M.,m

ire on the vi rge of closing, however.
on account of filled warehouses

Pir Iron — The merchant furnaces in the
valley- Pent jylvania general!}

Ting out about 70^ of their norma!
output, representing a somewhat lighter
rate of operating than obtained a few
weeks ago The output is below contract
requirements and is going out to points not
embargoed to th of nearly the full

production. There is nothing being done
in the market, except that OCCS onal sales
of foundry iron are being made for the
second half of the year, with a clause to
to any raw Government
price that may be I ore time of

shipment of each lot Set prices remain:
ier, $36.30 : basic and No. 2 foundry.
J33 : malleable. -ray forge, $32.

fob. furnace freight to Pittsburgh in the
case of the valleys being 95 cents

steel — The market Is very quiet There
is some d.-mand for soft steel billets and
sheet bars, but no material available.
There are fairly free offerings of shell-
discard steel, roiled to various billet sizes,
but only a limited demand for this steel,
prices being a few dollars a ton below the
set prices for soft steel, which remain as
follows- Billets. $4 7 Bheet bars and small
billets, $51 ; slabs. $50; wire rods, $57.

vuv, K HI .11 \ I IONS

STOCK QUOTATIONS linntinunl

Ferroalloys

Ferromanganesi — While inquiry is lim-
:'.-<!. offering united, and

the market is strong at $250 for prompt or
forward

Coke

ConnelUvillc — Production has been great-
•1 in the last three weeks, being
about »;"', of the rat.- obtaining In L916,
hut car supplies began to show a slight im-
provement late last week, and this week
i to make a decidedly betti I
showing, provided the weather remains
moderate There are considerable stocks
of coke in the region, but no hope of mov-
ing them at movements
ich complained of are now being
rapidl ted and nearly all the coke
■t point of con-
sumption measured on the rails, irrespec-
tive of who bought or sold it originally.
The objection to these interchanges on the
part of shippers suddenly disappeared early
There are no open-market
transactions, the lire: iction being
fully absorbed by contracts. Set prices
remain at $6 tor furnace, $7 for 72-hour
selected foundry and $7 30 for crushed, oyer
1 inch.

n \ Kxru.i

an 29

. < .old M

• «

Mil -m A It '

Km am a Ret . pf

his!

\m Sm Sv.- . i>r . \
Mil Sin S.v , p( It

■

(90

\m Zinc

'

1 inc. i»f

.

HatopH.vi Min

1

Rrthfehem Steel

79|

liethlehem steel. i»f

IH>

Hut!.' A -MiiM-rior

• if Pasoo

t'hil.- cop

■

1 M' 1 A iron

t:

<.*ruclhl<- Steel

Ponw Mliiitt

il M A S

1 M A s , t,f

■

Nil-- . ore etc

i ireene » ?ananea

10 1

teel

'II

Inspiration < 'on

International \ take)

Kenneeotl

-i.'.'i

■

Mexican Pi I rol

Miami < Topper
\;ii'i i ead, com

.

II

National l ead, i»f

99

Wv C "nnsol

is;

Ontario Mln

4t

. pf

Ray ( on

Ht'nuMlfl AS. .com..
1 A S . pf

76

94|

-liflilt'M

40

rennemw C a <

l il

r S Steel, <'<»in

U. s Steel, i»f

"opper

Vj Iron C A i

si .

S3

N\ Y. Cl'HItf

J:ni 29

Butte a \ v

Butte f a 7.

8

Huttf Petroli

•

i 'itli-donla

4s

l ':UuiihI A .1. Turin

1,'.

. ;tn * ■up ' 'orpn

( "arllHli-

('aahlioy

.09

I ion \rl7. Sm

lti

i nil « 'upper mines

Nev -I tah

:a

I mma «'nn

,'.

\ lr*t \Ht Cop

2

Goldfleld i mi

:,.

c rohLield Merger

t.03

nmonster

:

Hecla Mln

3!

Howe Sound

1

.Jerome \ erdr

,!:

Kerr Lake

Louisiana

t ")0

Magma

41

Majestic

.26

MrKtnlev-li.ir-S.i

! 57

Mllfnrd .

SI

Mohican

|a

Mother I. ode

.26

N V A- iloiul

tl2

x l pissing Mines

S|

Nevada

11

Ohio fop

. ,,;,,

Ray Hercules

4i

Richmond

: se

Rochester Mines

.34

st Joseph Lead. ,

I •

Standard 3. i.

40!

Stewart

-

Success

07;

Tonopah

t3i

Tonopuh V.x

1H

■llion

A

Trov Arizona

.10

t'nlted Cop

tl

i nlted Verde l\t

J36

rnited Zinc

11

rtlca Mines

: 09i

Yukon Gold

2

SAN FRAN •

Jan. 2»

Alta

03

.12

Best A Belcher

01

Bidllon

t 01

01

i !hallenge 1 on

03

dence

.08

Con. Virginia

or,

iiould A ' 'urry

01

Bale A Norcroes.. .

.01

-< r I't

.17

OS

t 60

.01
01

Sierra Nevada

ng

t'nton Con

.82

3 III!

Jim Butler

62

MacNamam

.18

Midway

.10

Monl.-Tonopati

.12

North Star

03

Rescue Kula

,,.

West End ( "ii

.76

Atlanta

.09

■i . .

04

■

D'neld Daisy

: 02

nee. ,

12

rumbo i .xtenalon...

16

Ke warms

.07

Nevada HlUa

.04

Nevada Packard

.20

Round Mountain. .

.22

Stiver Pick

.04

White Caps

.43

Big Jin.

t.75

i Eastern

3.80

BOSTON INCH • '

\-u en t ure

U

Ah meek

7^1

Alaomah

;tn

Mlouei

■0

\rlf ' !om., Othl

I3|

\rn.il.l

;m

Bonanaa

Ifi

Butte- RalaklaTa

,,.

i alumet A- \rli

.. ,

* dumet a Reels

432

nnlal

1 ;

i opper Kancc

IQ

Dal) W

1 ';.1\

5^

i frsi Butte

•1

i ranklln

li

Granby

74

lltineoek

-

Hedley .

(13

t 2,r>

lndl;mu

78

laic Royale

31

Keweenaw.

i ake

'.

i a Salle

Mason Valley

.»

Mans

61

m 13 dower.

1

Michigan

1

Mohawk

SO

New Orcadian

New i

13

North Butte

14|

North i ake

37

i ■ ibway

::.

oid Dominion

1 3

. i-i ;-,,];,

57

Qutncy

73

si Mary's M i

.12

Santa \ o

.70

i

7'

Shannon

61

Shattuck-ArH,

15

So Lake

li

So i tab

13

Superior

4

Buperlor & Boat.

3

Trinity

31

Tuolumne

1

f s. Smelting

45i

r s Smelt'g, pi

44

Utah Apex

11

Utah Con

11

1'tuh Metal

2

Victoria..

21

w inona

H

W olvcrlne

34

w j andot

.60

HUSTON CURB' Jan. 29

Alaska Mines < "nrp

.18

Bingham Mines.

ft;

Boston Ely

.55

Boston & Mont,

44

Butte & Lon'n Dev

.10

Calaveras

]

I'aluniet-Corbln.

t 01

Chle( I on

2A

Cortez

10

Crown Reserve

18

Crystal < 'op

47

i agleA Blue Bell.

i

Gila <"opper

17

Houghton i opper

.50

Intermountain

1.70

Iron Cap, Com

191

Iron < !ap Cop . pf

tl4)

Mexican Metals

.29

Mines of America

1!

Mojave Tungsten

07

Nat Zinc A- Lead .

.16

Nrvada-Douglas

.90

New Baltic

.90

New Cornelia

16|

Oneco.

30

Pacific Mines

! 35

07

I (H o SPRINGS

t l rssi.ll I 'oil.

i loctor Jack Pot
i ikion Con.

El P ISO

i KM Sovereign,
» lolden i !j cii*
Granite
Isabella

Mary McKlnnO)

Portland

i nlted Gold m

\ lndlc:Mor

SALT LAKE*

Ilatinnck

: 26

CariilfT

2 50

( olorado M IniiiL:

.08

Daly

i 42;

Dulv-Judee.

7 00

l.mplrp f "opper.

1 10

Gold Chain

.08

Grand Central

.55

Iron Blossom .

-48!

I.mvcr Mammoth.

J.03

May Day

02;

Moscow

.02

Prince ''on

64

Rfeo Wellington

16

Silver-King t'oal'n

2 60

King Con

2.70

Bloux con

02;

So llecla .

.68

TlntlC Standard. . .

1 35

Uncle Sam

.01

\\ alker cop

1 65

WUbert . .

13

Yankee

03

TORONTO'

Adanar.

Beaver Con
Chambers Ferland.
i lonlagaa.

Haruravcs .
I,a Rose.
Peterson Lake
Temlakamlng
W ettlaufer-Lor.

on
i lome i-:Tifn
i lome Lake
Ilolllncer
Mi i r.i re
Newray

Porcu, crown.. .
Teck-Hughes

Vlpond

West Dome

lii\no\
Alaska Tre'dweil
Burma Corp
i 'am A- Motor
Camp Bird
II Oro
Ksperanna.

M« \1, an Mines
Mln Corp ( 'an.
Nertil, pn
Onullle
Santa Cert'dls.
Tomboy

Jan i

•i\ os oi

i i :<
ii 10

n s

0 14

1 1

•Bid prices, t Closing prices. 1 Last Quotations.

MONTHLY AVERAGE PRICES OP METAl.S

Jan

i eli

'i

Vl.nl

Ma\
.lone

Jlllj

Ult:

Sepi

ii,i
\,„

lie.

\,u ^ on,

i- s

Is 177 58
50 241 57

50 250 1,1
19 oi,', 71
19 034 88
17 519 82
17 183 66
4S 680 6S
49 3S5 67

51 71171
', l 971 78

830
888

si'. I
876
748
971

inn

107
7411

339

sol

London

1916 HM7

in i,s.

37 71

36 41i

38 Of,:

37 941
II) in,.
-Ill III

49S 43 4U

584 50 921

361 II 32

192 43 684

llll II II

Year 19 Oslo;, 661 81.417123 675131 315 40.851
\"ew York quotations cents per ounce troy, One silver

I Ion. pence per ounce, sterling silver. II 925 line.

New York

1 loo

Electrolytic

Standard

l lectrolytlc

1916 | 1917 | 1916 | 1917

1916

on;

Ian

24.008 28 673 88.083 131.921

116 167

142 SI,

Lei,

26 44ii 31 7511 1(12 867 137 898

133 167

lis Inn

Mai

26.310 31 .481 107 714 136 780

136 000,151 0011

Mini
Maj

27.89527 935 124 319 133 842

137 389,147 15s

28 628 28 7ss LI5 457 130 000

152 522 142 0011

.lone

26 801 29 982 112 432,130 000

137 455 142 000

luly

23 S65 26 620 95 I1H 12s 4IIII

125 51111 1-1(1 401

Aim

26 120 25 :<sn 1 10 283 122 391

126 304 137 aM

Sepi

26.855125 073

113 905 117 500 K!4 071,135 251

net

27 193 23 500

122 750 110 mill 142 523 125 mil

\o\

30 628 23 500

134 050 1 to 011(1 155 4:12 125 0111

Dec

3 1. 890 1 23. 500

145 311',, llll lltlll 162 842 128 urn

Year

27.202 27. ISO

llll 050 I24.SII2 138.281

138 i"

New 1 on.

London

1916

1917

1916

1917

.Iaouar\

41

S25

44 175

175.548

185.813

February

42

717

51 4211

181 107

198 974

March

5(1

,'41

54.388

193 609

2117 44:'

April

•SI

230

55 910

199.736

220 171

May

49

128

63 173

196 511

June

4>

"31

62 053

179 466 24 > 0s:

38

.IS

510
565

UlltUSl

62 6S1 169 870 243 97'

September

.IS

S30

61 542 171 3451244 03f

October

41

"II

61 851 179 307247.467

December

42

635

87. 120il83 368

298.151

237 . 56?

Av. year.

13

480 61.802 182 096

New York

St. Louis

1 on, Ion

1916

1917

1916

1017

1916 | 1917

January,

5 921

7 626

5 826

7 530

31 167 30 500

February...

6 246

S 636

6 164

8 595

31 9SS 30 5111

March

7.136

9.199

7 375

9 120

34 441) 30 SOI

April

7 630

9.288

7 655

9 158

34 368 30 ui<

Mav

7 463

1(1 207

7 332

10 202

32 967 30 ,'"

June

6 936

11.171

6 749

11 12331 011 30 5111

July

6 352

10 710

e.185'10 644 28 137 30 601

AURUSt

6 244

111 594

6 nss 10 51s 29 734 3(1 5(11

September

8 slo

8 680

6 699 s 611 30 786 30 601

October

7 000

1, 71(1

6 89S! 6 650 30 716 3(1 5m

November .

7 042

6.249

6.945 6. 187 30 500 30.501

December..

7.513

6.375

7.405, 6.312 30 5110 30 600

Year

6 858

8.787

6.777i 8.721 31 .359130.5011

New York

St.

.ouis

London

1916

1917

1916

1917

1916

1917

Jan

If, 015

9 619

16 745

9.449

89 S10

4S 32'i

1 eh

IS 420

10 045

IS 2611

9 s75

97 762

47 001

Mar

16.846

10 300

16.676

10 130

95 04S

47 000

April

16 005

9 459

16 525

9 289

99 056

,1 63;

May

14 276

9 362

14 106

9 192

94 217

.-, 1 (III:

June . .

11 752

9 371

1 1 5S2

9 201

68 591

54.000

July

8 925

s 643

8.755

s 473

50 750

54 000

Auc

s 73(1

8 360

8 560

S 190

51 5S7

51 (llll

Sepi

s

s 136

8.820

7 066 52 095 54.000

(let

9 829

7 983

9 659

7 813 54 159 54.006

Nov

1 1 592

7.847

11 422

7 672 56 023

5-1 01,1

Dec

10.665

7.685

10.495] 7.510|55.842

5 1 OW

Year

12.804

8.901

12.6341 8. .813172.071

52.413

New York and St. Louis quotations, cents per pound
London, pounds sterling per long ton.

Pin Iron.

Pl!h

Januarj
February

March

April

May

.lllllc

July

AllKUSt ..

September
( ictoboi
November
December.

Year

Beasemi r
1916 1917

«2

21 16
21 si
21 65
21.78
21 95
21 95

21 95

22 ss
24 61
311 0-
35 16

S3.',
36
37
12

16

54
57
54
46
37.
37.
37

Basic;

*2:i ss S43 57*20. 98 S39. 62 *21 . 15 840JJ3

1017

130 95

30 95
33 49
3.S 0(1
42 S4
50.05
53 80
50 3
42 24
33 95
33 95
38 95

No. 2

Foundry

1916

1917

119 70 S30.95

19 51 30 95

19 45 35.91

19 45 40 06

19 58 43 60
19 341 50 14

19 20 53.95

19.22
19 53
21 51
26 55
30 79

53.98

4S 5s
33.95
33.95
33.95

t As reported by W. P. Snyder & Co.

February

1918

ENGINEERING AND MININC .l()l KNAI,

•H\l

lllllllllllllllltlllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllltlllllllll in in iiiiiiiiiiiini nn 1 1 1 ri r 1 1 1 1 1 1 14 mi ii J tutu i uti ti i Li 1 1 ■ 1 1 1 1 1 ■ 1 1 j 1 1 m 1 1 1 1 h m m j i ii i ii i mi lit l 1 1 1 rti 1 1 1 m j ■ i j 1 1 < J i ■ 1 1 1 1 > i i ir 1 1 ill iij mm in i tu r 1 1 tu r i j 1 1 f ii 1 1 iju-

The Mining Index

Siii,iiiiiiliililillllllllll9liiiiiiiiiiiiliiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii!iiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiuiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii iiitiitllltlllllltlllllllllllllllllllllllllllMII I nillllllllllllliiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimiiiii iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimiiiiuiiiiiiiiiiiMmiiiiiiiiiiiiiliiliiiuiiiniii..

Ie> .i convenient reference to

ill,- current literature of mining und metal-
ling published in all of Mi.- important
porlodlcals "i the world We "ill furnish a
, op> of an> .hi ii le > II In print i In the
original language for the price quoted
\\ hel e ii" I"'1' quoted the msl Is un-

iwn innsniueh a.- the papers must be
ordered from the publishers, there will be
gome delaj for the foreign papers Remit-

ce must be sent with order Coupons are
furnished at the following prices 20e each,

foi -i ::.: foi •■'•. and 100 for $15 When
remittances are made in even dollars, we
will return the excess over an order in

tpons if so requei ted

< oi'l-ER

ALASK \ — Cold. Silver. Co] i

.,11,1 Lead In Vlaska in 1916 Alfred H.
Brooks (Mineral Resources of the L'. S.,
1 916 Pari I, N'oi 20, 1917 ; 13 pp )

81 analysis- Colorlmetrlc Determi-

nation .ii Bismuth. H.iriN A I!. Mother-
well. iK„b and .Mm Journ., Dec. 22, 1917;
3 p.) 20c.

ARIZONA — Copper Production in
Arizona. Waller Douglas. (Eng. and Min.
' Journ . Jan. 12, 1918 : ; p ) 20c.

B6 40— CHILE — Andes Copper Mining
Co.'s Development at Potrerillos, Chile.
James E Harding (Eng. and Mm. Journ.,
Jan. 19, 1918 ; :! pp . illus. ) 20c

B641— LAKE SI ' I ■HUH lit COPPER IN-
DUSTRY in 1917. .lames MacNaugh-
ton (Eng. and Min. Journ., Jan. 12. 1918;
I p.) 20c

8642 — MANITOBA — Metal Mining in
Manitoba in CUT H. L. Bruee. (Can.
Min. Journ., Dec. 15, 1917; 1 ', pp.) 20c.

8643— MARKET — The Copper Market
in 1917. (Eng. and Min. Journ., Jan. 12,
1918 ; 2 pp i 20c

8844— METALLURGY of Copper in 1917.
Arthur L. Walker i Hug. and Min. Journ..
Jan. 12, 1918 ; 2 pp.) 20c.

8645 — MONTANA — The Butte District.
B. B. Thayer. (Eng and Min. Journ., Jan.
12, 1918 ; i p.) 20c.

8646— PRODUCTION, EXPORTS, ETC.

Copper in CUT. (Eng. and Min. Journ.,
Jan. 12, 1918; 1 p.)

B647 — SMELTER SMOKE — The Treat-
ment of Metallurgical Smoke in Japan. Tet-
SUTOW Komakine. i Met. and Chem. Eng..
Oct 15, 1917; 13 pp.) 40c.

B648— SMELTING — Development of Re-
verheratory Practice at Copper Cliff. Ont.
Chas. F. Mason. (Eng. and Min. Journ..
Dec. 22. 1917 ; 1 ', pp.) 20c

8649 — SMELTING WORKS — The New

Smelting Works of the Mount Cuthbert

Company. (Chem. Eng. and Min. Rev.,

Nov. 5, 1917; 4* pp., illus.) 40c.

COLD DREDGING, PLACER MINING,

ETC.

8650 — ALASKA — Gold Placer Mining in
the Porcupine District. Henry M. Eakin.
(Bull. 662-B. U. S. Geol. Surv., 1917; 8 pp..
illus.)

8651— GOLD DREDGING in 1917. F F
Sharpless. (Eng. and Min. Journ.. Jan. 12, a
1918; 25 pp.) 20c

8652— REDREDGING — Will It Pay?
Walter H. Gardner. (Eng. and Min. Journ .
Jan. 5, 1918 ; 2J pp . illus.) 2".'

GOLD AM) SILVER CTANIDING

8653— PRECIPITATION — Charcoal, as a
Precipitant of Gold from Its Cyanide Solu-
tion. H. R. Edmands. I Monthly Journ
Chamber of Mines of West. Austr., Sept. 29,
1917; 8 pp.. illus. )

8654 — PRECIPITATION — I 'harcoal Pre-
cipitation of Gold-Bearing Cvanide Solu-
tions. H. G. Walton. (Chem. Eng. ami
Min. Rev., Nov 5, 1917; 2; pp.. illus.)

GOLD AND SILVER — GENERAL

B655— ALASKA — Gold. Silver. Copper
and Lead in Alaska in 1910. Alfred H
Brooks. (Mineral Resources of the U. S.,
1916 — Part I, Nov. 20, 1917; 13 pp.)

8656— ALASKA — Lode Mining in the
Juneau Gold Belt. Henrv M. Eakin. (Bull.
662-B. U. S. Geol Surv., 1917; 16 pp..
illus.)

B657 \ i. \su \ Mining i levi i" i

n ii.. Ketchikan an, I Wrangell Mining I'is
i Icl I'll. odOl ■' I 'hapin i Bull 66 : I I
U s i ;. -Hi Sun . 191 7 ; I 3 illus )

B668 CENTRAL AMERICA In 191 i
i Eng. and M in Journ . Jan 1 2, 1918 .
I p I 20c,

8669 i '< ISTS Mining I iosti at I lordot a,
i intario S. H. Brocli unli r c Eng and Min.
Joui ii Jan 5, 1918 ; 1 p ) 20c

B660 M \ N IT. IB \ Metal Mining In

Manitoba In 1911 E I. I'.m Ian

Min Journ . Dec. 15. 1917 ; I | pp I 20c.

8661 -M VRKET, PRi IDUCTII IN, ETC
Silver in I9I7 Edward Crush (.Eng. and
Mill. Journ . Jan, 12, 1918 ; 33 pp., illus.)
20c.

B66 MIOT AI.I.IT.HY of Gold and Silver

In 1917 Herbert A. Megraw (Eng and
Min Journ., Jan. 12. nils ; 2J pp ) 20c.

via;:; -NEVADA -Solving the Ore Treat
in, in Problem at White Caps Mine John
G Kitchen (Eng. ami Min. Journ. . Nov.
24, 1917 ; :i pp , illus.) 20c.

8664 ONTARIO— Mining in Ontario in
1917 Thus. W Gibson (Eng, a ml Min
Journ . Jan. 12, 1918 ; 2', pp.) 20c

8665 — RAND — Report of the Depart-
mental Committee on Underground Mining
Contracts, Witwatersrand Mines to the
Minister of Mines and industries. (Pre-
toria. So. Afr.. 1917 ; 36 pp )

8-666— RAND MINING— Some Aspects of
Rand Mining (Eng. and Min. Journ.. Dec.
29. 1917 ; 1 ■■; pp.) 20c.

8667 — ROASTING — Formation of Quick-
lime in Roasting. Carl J. Trauerman. t Hug
and Min. Journ.. Pec. 22. 1917; - pp.) 20c
Discussion of article previously published.

8668 — STAMP MILLING — Electric Fur-
nace Manufacture of Shoes and Dies on the
Witwatersrand. Geo. H. Stanley. (Journ.
Chem., Met. and Min. Soc. of So Afr.. Sept..
1917: 1"?. pp., illus.)

8669 — TAILINGS — Recovery of Com-
stock Tailings from Carson River. Lewis

11. Eddy. (Eng. and Min. Journ., Dec. 29.
1917 ; 13 pp., illus.) 20c.

8670 — TRANSVAAL MININC, in 1917 II
F. Marriott. (Eng. and Min. Journ., Jan.

12. 1918; 2- pp.) 20c.

8671 — WAR — Is Gold Mining Necessary
During the War? Discussion by II W

Seaman. Geo. E. Collins. Mark P.. Lamb,
Robert J. Kerr and E. .1- Barnes. (Eng. and
Min. Journ.. Dec. 29. 1917 and Jan. 19. 1918;
25 pp.) 20c.

IRON ORE DEPOSITS. MINING, ETC.

8672 — CANADA — Production of Iron and
Si. • ) in Canada During 1916. John Mc-
Leish. (Can. Dept. of Mines, 1917; 50 PP I

8673 — UNITED STATES — Iron Mining
in the United States. (Eng. and Min.
Journ.. Jan. 12, 1918; 1 p.) 20e.

IRON AND STEEL METALLURGY

B67 I— BLAST-FURNACE ENGINES — A
Volume Regulator for Blast -Furnace En-
gines. L. C. Loewenstein. (A S M, E.
Dec. 1917 : 42 pp.. illus.)

8675— CENSUS OF MANUFACTURES:
1914, Iron and Steel, Including the Blast-
Furnace. Steel-Works and Rolling-Mil?.
Wire and Tin-Plate and Template Indus-
tries Prepared under direction of W. M
Steuart. (Bull. U. S. Dept of Commerce,
1917: 68 pp., illus.)

8676 — CHROMIUM IN STEEL AND
PIG IRON" — Practical Hints on the Estima-
tion of Chromium in Steel and Pig Iron.
Thomas F. Russell. (Iron and Coal Tr.
Rev., Nov 2. 1917; J p.)

Si! 7 7— ELECTRICITY as a Fuel Saver
in the Iron and Steel Industry. A. H. Mar-
shall. (Iron and Coal Tr. Rev. Nov. 30.
1917 ; 2 pp.) 40c.

8678 — FERROMAXCAXR.SE AND SPIE-
GELEISEN. Geo. C. Stone. (Eng. and
Min. Journ. Jan. 12. 1918: 2 pp., illus.)

8679 — LABOR — Heat Hazards — An In-
dustrial Waste J. A. Watkins. (Iron Tr.
Rev . Dei 11 1917 : 1"! pp.) 20c.

M VRKETS l-iii burgh [roil and
Steel Markel i i i ,ul i I Ing and

m h i.. in ii Jan, 12, 1918 Ij |>p I

I.I. \l> (Ml /im

ALASKA Gold, Silvei ■ loppi i
and Li ad In lasl s In 1916 Ufred H
Brooks (Mineral I M" I '. S .

1916 Pari I \.". 20, 1911 13 pp.)

I ' .11. Thl ' '..■ hi d' Men. I l|

trici in 191. Stanlj A Easton (Eng, and
Mm Journ . Jan. 12, 1918; 1 p.)

LEAD PRODUCTS Other Than
u in.. Lead .1 R. Wettstein ( Eng. and
Min Journ Jan 12, 1918; I p.) 10c

8684— MARKETING oi Lead by the
Smelter. (Eng and Min. .Journ.. Dec. 29.

1917 ; 1 ; pp >

8686— METALLURGY of Lead in 1917
H. O. Hofman. (Eng and Min. Journ.
in 12 1918 : 1 i pp i !0c

8686— METALLURG1 ol Zinc

W

12.

in

■ nd Min Journ

1917.
Jan.

of Zinc

E.. S>'|it .

I; [ngalls (Eng
Cls 2 pp.) 20c

8687— M 1SSOURJ Southeaj tern Missouri

Lead IKsl m 'I I I \ Win .1.1 I Eng ' ''

Min Journ Jan 12, 1918 ; 2 pp.) 20c
8688 — MISSOURI- The Mining Districts

of Joplin and Southeast Missouri- (I) ll . W.

Kitson (Eng and Min Journ., 1 ■•

1917 ; 63 pp., illus.) 20c.

8689 — PRODUCTION, MARKET, ETC

Lead in 1917 (Eng and Min Journ., Jan

12, 1918 ; 3 pp i

8690 — PRODUCTION, MARKET, ETC

Zinc in 1917 (Eng. and Min. Journ.. Jan.

12. 1918 : 1 | 20c

8691- -WISCONSIN— Zinc Mining in Wis-
consin. .1. E. Kennedy. (Eng. and Min.
Journ.. Jan. 12. 1918; 3 p.) 20c.

8692— ZINC OXIDE — Oxide
Geo. C. Stone (Bull. 129, A, I. M.

1917 : 12 pp . illus.) 10c.

OTHER METALS

8693 — ALUMINUM— Bauxite and Alum-
inum in 1916. James M. Hill (Mineral
Resources of the U S. 1916 — Part 1. Nov
2. 1917 ; 12 pp.)

8694 — ANTIMONY in 1917. K. C. Li.
(Eng. and Min. Journ.. Jan. 12. 1918; 1}
pp.. illus.) 20c.

8695 — BISMUTH. CERIUM. PALLADI-
UM, ETC.— Unusual Ores and Metals in
1917. (Eng. and Min .Journ.. Jan. 12.

1918 ; IS pp. i 20c

8696 — MANGANESE Milling in Arkan-
sas Tom Shiras. (Eng and Min. Journ..
Dec 22, 1917 ; 1 p., illus.) 20c

8697 — MOLYBDENITE at Falcon Lal<e
Manitoba J. S. DeDury. (Can. Min.
Journ. D.-e 1. 1917; 2'. pp., illus.) 2QC

8698— MOLYBDENUM Chas Hardy.

(Eng. and Min. Journ.. Jan. 12, 1918; J
p.) 20c

8699 — NICKEL. E. I'. Mathewson.

(Can. Min. Journ.. Dec. 15. 1917; 2j pp.)
Address before Royal Canadian Institute.
Toronto. Nov. 28. 1917. 20c.

8700 — QUICKSILVER in California.
Murray Innes ( Eng. and Min. Journ., Jan.
12. 1918; 3 p.) 20c.

8701 — QUICKSILVER — Metallurgy of

Quicksilver. Murray Innes. (Eng. and
Min. Journ., Jan 12, 1918: 1 p.) 20c.

8702— SECONDARY METALS in 1916.
J. P. Dunlop. (Mineral Resources of the
U. S.. 1"16 — Part I, Oct. 6. 1917; 13 pp.)
20c.

8703 — TIN" — Slime Treatment on Cornish
Frames: with Particular Reference to the
Effect of Surface. S. J. Truscott. (Bull.
158. I. M. M.. Nov. 8. 1917; 68 pp.. illus.)
20c.

8704 — TIN DEPOSITS of Irish Creek.
Virginia. Henry G. Ferguson. (Eng. and
Min. Journ.. Jan. 5. 1918; 23 pp., illus.)
20i

8705 — TIN DREDGING in Portugal.
Frederick W. Foote and Rastus S. Ran-
som. Jr. (Eng. and Min. Journ.. Dec. 29.

1917 : 1 | pp . illus.) 2"e

8706— TIN MARKET in 1917. J. II
Lang. (Eng. and Min. Journ., Jan. 12.

1918 ; | p.)

jl

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 5

- itv, the.

S. and Mm
Journ ISIS . Ij

■ - RE MARKET.

Mill Journ l.l.i

v.iv mi r \i i K UN'EBALB

n 1916 J s DUler.

of the V s . 1916 —

rXITE m the Coast*) Plain ..f
Journ. Jan. 5.

• II pp . II Exa rpl

report of I! K Shearer

1711— CHROM1TE In 1916 J S DU-

the U s .
Part I Oct S6 1917; is pp. iiius.)

-FLUORSPAR Our Mineral Sup-

• F Burchard.

i Bull S Geol Surv., 1917:

•

GRAPHITE m 1917 (Ens and
Journ., Jan 12, 1918; l ', pp I
9714 — GRAPHITE MINING in Mew

l> H N. ul.itul iV.uk and .Min
Journ . Jan 19, 1918

-GYPSUM In 1916 Ralph W.
Stone (.Minora! Res the U S.

117; 7 pp

SITE In 1917. (Eng

Min. Journ. Jan 12, 1918; X p.) 20a

-POTASH- Spanish Potash. B.
Mackay Herloi (Min. Journ Dei
1917; lj pp., Ulua i 10c

-PYRJTE In 1917. War Minerals
Committee (Eng. and Min. Journ.. Jan.

I i

-PTRTTE AND PYRRHOTITE
VEINS in Jefferson and St. Lawrence
Count: York, Report on the A. F.

Buddington (Bull. No I. N V State De
Nov., 1917 ; i» pp., [Hub >
■SAND AND GRAVEL In
R \v Ston.- i Mineral Resources of the
D .-' . 1916— Part II. Dec 21. 1917;
8721 — SULPHUR — Our Mineral Sup-
Sulphur. Philip S Smith < Bull
iW.-B. 0 5. Geol Surv.. 1917; 3] pp.)

PETROLEUM nn NATURAL GAS

ARIZONA — Oil Possibilities in
North-Eastern Arizona Milton A. Allen.
(Min. and Oil Bull. Dec, 1917: 11 pp.,

illus i

-CALIFORNIA — Chart of Cali-
fornia Oil Production. Lewis H. !-7ddv.
(Eng. and Min. Journ., Dec. 22, 1917: 1
p., illus.) 20c

872-1— on, SHALE— School of Mi-

Shale. Clifford J. Laube.
(Colo. School of Mines Mag. Dec 1917;
1 P)

8725 — OIL SUPPLIES^-THe Search for
New Oil Pools in the United States Dor-
sey Hager. i Knt and Min Journ.. Jan.
5. 1918 ; 2 pp . Illus.) 20c

MIMM (.IN EB M.

-Alaska — Water-Power Investi-
gations in S ern Alaska. G
Canfleld. (Bull 6f,2-B. I Surv..
11(17; 52 pp., Illus )

8727— AUSTRALASIA in 1917. W P
Geary- (Eng and Min. Journ., Jan 12.
1918; li pp )

8728 — CHRONOLOGY of Mining for 1917.
(Eng. and Min. Journ. Jan. 12. 1918; 3
20c.

8729 — COLORADO — Mining in Colorado
in 1917 Geo E Collins (Eng. and Min.
Journ.. Jan. 19. 1918 ; 11 pp.)

8730 — CONSTRUCTION — New Mining
Metallurgical '''instruction in 1917.
(Eng. and Min. Journ., -Ian. 12. 1918; H
pp.) 20c.

ST.-n—roSTS. ETC.— Data of the World's
Principal Mines s F. Shaw. (Eng. and
Min Journ.. Jan 12. 191 8; 2 pp.)

-HEALTH— Hookworm in Ca
nia Mines. Edwin Hiirgins. (Eng. and
Min. Journ.. Tie,- 22, 1917; 1 p.) 20c. Dis-
cussion of article previously published

8733— HOISTING — Otis Passenger Ele,
vator at Inspirator Shaft C. E.
(Bull. 132. A. I M i: Dei 1917; I] pp
illus.)

8734— HOISTING ROPES— -Consideration
in the Selection and Use of Hoisting Ropes.
(Eng. and Min. Journ Dec 22. 1917; 2J
pp ) 20c.

8735— HOSPITALS — Design of Small
Mine Hospitals O. L Puckett and J. B. De
Hart (coai Age. Oct. 13. 1917; 4J pp.. il-
lus.)

3736 — IDAHO — Mining in Idaho in 1917.
Robert N. Eell. (Eng. and Min Journ..
Jan 19. 191* : 3 pp )

M v.M'I'.m; \ Mining In Manitoba
m 1911 R i' Wallace (Eng and Min
Journ., Jan. 12. 1918 ; i p.) Soc.

- v MEXICO— Mining; In Mexico in

1917. (EliK and Mm Journ. Jim. 12.
1918; li pp )

ONTARIO Mining In Ontario in
1917 Thos W Gibson (Kng and Min.
Journ.. Jan 12. 19IS . 2] pp )

RUSSIA In 1917 .1 P Hutchlns.
iKiik and Mm. J, min. Jan 13, 1 9 1 S ; 2-,
PP i

s \i'i in New ideas in Danger

Sigma W I. i 'handler (Coal Age, Nov.

ip illus )
8742- SCRAP MATERIAL - Storing

Scrap Material l Kns and Min .l.iuril..

I iee .'.'. 1917; ; |i . illus I

SOUTH AMERICA in 1917 | Bins

and Min. Journ.. Jan. 12, 1918; 2 1 pp I

<7ii TEXAS Review of Western Texai
H Davis (Texas Mineral
Resources, Nov. 1917; IJ pp.) 20c.

TONNAGE CALCULATOR — A
'hum- Calculator for Reducing Plant-
Readings of Mine Plans t<> Tonnages
and Areas on the Dtp. n R Robinson.

(Journ i 'hem , Met. and .Min Soc. of So.
Mr . s,-|.i . 1917; -". pp., illus.)

I S BUREAU OF MINKS — Ac-
tivities of The ('. S Bureau of Mines for

ear Ended June 80, l :» l 7 (Eng. and
Min. Journ., Dec. 22. 1917; 21 pp.) 20c

X747 I \ [TED ST \'i ES General Re-
view of Mining in the United States in
1917 (Eng and Min. Journ.. Jan. 12. 191S;
5] pp )

■UTAH— Mining in Utah in 1917.
Edward R Zallnski. (Eng. and Min.
Jan 19, 1918 ; 31 pp.) 20c.

FLOTATION

B749 FILTRATION OK CONCEN-
TRATES- Notes on Vacuum Filtration of
Flotation Concentrates. Ralf R Woolley.
(Kng. and Min Journ., Nov. 17. 1917; 2}
pp . illus.)

s 7 r. o PROGRESS of Flotation in 1917.
Herbert A. Megraw. (Eng, and Min.
Journ.. Jan. 12. 1918; 8 pp.) 20c.

ORE DRESSING — GENERAL

-; I -CLASSD7D2R— .Making an Inex-
pensive Classifier. F. W. Foote and Ft. S.
Ransom. Jr. (Kng. and Min Journ.. Dec.
29, 1917 ; 1 p., illus.) 20c.

B752— C< INCENTRATION TESTS— Com-
parative Concentration Tests on Wood and
Fluted Glass Surfaces at Porco, Bolivia.
Har,, Id A Lewis (Bull. 158, ] M M., Nov.
8, 1917 ; 1- pp.) 20c.

METALLURGY — GENERAL

B753 -CONSTRUCTION — New Mining
and Metallurgical Construction in 1917.
(Eng and Min. Journ., Jan. 12, 1918; 4J
pp.) 20c

8754— FOUNDRY — .Negative Experi-

ments on Waste Core Sand. 11. w. Gillett

and E. I. Mack (Reprint from Journ. Am.

of .Metals. Vol. NIL No. 1. 1917; 10

PP I

PI 1(1 iPHOROUS ALLOYS— Alloys
of Copper and Phosphorus. James Scott.
(Met. Ind . Sept., 1917; 2 pp., illus.)

8756— SMELTER SMOKE — The Treat-
ment of Metallurgical Smoke in Japan.
ow Komakine. (Met. and Chem.
Kng . Oct. 15, 1917 ; 13 pp.) 10c

SAMPLING AND ASSAYING

8758— .MILL SAMPLING and Estimation
of Tonnages W. B. Rhodes. (Colo School
of Mines Mag. Dec, 1917; 4} pp., illus.)

8759— MINE FLOORS Sampling of

Uine Floors. Albert G Wolf. (Eng. and
.Min. Journ.. Dec. 29, 1917; 2 pp.) 20c.

8760— SAMPLING Mineralized Veins.
set I ( Bull. 66, Univ. of Ariz..
1917-1918 ; 5 pp., illus ) 20c.

FUELS

(See also "Petroleum and Natural Gas")

8761— BYPRODUCT COKE and coking
ion C. J. Ramsburg and F. W.

'i IAS M E . Dee . 1917 ; 34 pp..

BYPRODUCT COKE PLANT of
Brie, Hill Steel Co. F. T. Moran. (Coal
Nov :;, 1917; 2 pp., illus.)

8763 — CANADA Production of Coa! and
Coke in Canada During the Year 1916 John
McLeish. (Can. Dept. of Mines. 1917; 40
PP >

8764— FUEL OIL— Practical Details in
Burning Fuel Oil Under Boilers. Henry
James Kennedy. (Ind. Management, Dec.
1917 : 14 pp . illus.) 40c

8766 PEAT In 1916. James S. Turp

i. Mineral Resources of the U, S.. 1916

Pan II. Nov 19. 1917 ; 2 pp.)

B766— WASTE OF COAL — Preventable

Waste ul Coal in the I tinted Stales. David
MolTat Myers. (A. S. M. E., Dec, 1917 •

i i

)IIMMI

AMI METALLURGICAL
MACHINERY

8767 -BUCKET ELEVATORS — Design
.ind Cmstru, -lion of Bucket Elevators. Roy
Reddle (Eng. and Min. Journ., Dec 29,

1917 ; 7J pp . illus.) 20c

8768 — CARS — Building Cars to Serve In-
dtistries. A Brief Description of the Meth.
ods Employed and (he Equipment Required

in the Manufacture of Industrial Cars

Many Types Required for Mines. Furnaces
and Mills W. S Doxsey. (Iron Tr Rev
Dec. 20, 1917 ; 3] pp., illus ) 20c

8769 DRILLS— Displacement-Tanks for
Measuring Air Consumption of Rock Drills
Waller S. Weeks. (Min. and Sci Press.
Dec, 15, 1917 : 2 pp., illus.)

8770— SHOES AND DIES FOR STAMP
MILLS Electric Furnace Manufacture of
Shoes and Dies on the Wit watersrand. Geo.
II Stanley. (Journ. Chem. Met and Min
Soc. of So. Air., Sept.. 1917; 10$ pp., illus.)

8771— SKIPS — Skip-Changing" D,\ i,
the Butte .Mines Theodore Pilg.-r (Min
and Sci. Press., Oct. 27, 1917; :jj pp., illus.)

MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION

8772— ROCK PRODUCTS — Preparation
of Rock Products. Raymond W. Dull.
(Journ W. Soc. Engrs., Sept.. 1917; 12
pp.. illus.) 60c

8773— TESTING METHODS— Report of
Committee E-l on Methods of Testing. (Ad-
vance copy. Am. Soc. for Testing Material!,
June. 1917 ; 5 pp.)

MISCELLANEOUS

8774 — ALASKA— Water-Power Investi-
gations in Southeastern Alaska. Geo. H.
Canfield. (Bull. 662-B, U. S. Geol. Surv..
1917; 52 pp., illus.)

8775— BLUEPRINTING — Notes on Blue-
printing. (Eng. and Min. Journ., Dec. 29,
1917 ; 1 p.) 20c

8776 — DIVIDENDS — Mining Dividends in
1916. 1917, and to Date. (Eng. and Min.
Journ.. Jan. 19, 1918; 3 pp.) 20c.

8777 — FILING DRAWINGS. Method of.
Albert G. Wolf. (Min. and Sci. Press,
Sept. 22, 1917; 2 pp., illus.) 20c

8778— LABOR — Safety and Sociological
Conditions in Utah. R. M. Magraw. (Coal
Age, Oct. 13, 1917; 4 pp., illus.) 20c.

8779— MINING STOCKS in 1917 on N. Y.
Exchange. N. Y. Curb, etc (Eng. and
Min. Journ., Jan. 12, 1918; li pp.) 20c.

8780 — PERU — A Small Hydro-Electric
Development on Top of the Andes. J. H.
Stokes. (Gen. Elec. Rev., Oct., 1917 ; 3 pp.,
illus.)

S7S1 PROHIBITION — The Saloon Evil
in the Mining Industry. (Coal Age. Dec.
15, 1917 ; 2 pp.) 20c

8782 — RUSSIA in War Time. Horace V.
Winchell. (Min. and Sci. Press, Oct. 27.
1917; 6 pp., illus.)

8783 — WAR — Government Operation of
Mines. Frederick F. Sharpless. (Eng and
Min. Journ. Nov. 3, 1917; 1 p.) 20c

8784 — WAR— Military Books for Engi-
neers. (Eng. and Min. Journ.. May 12,
1917; U pp.) 20c.

8785 — WAR — Submarines in Periodical
Literature from 1911 to 1917. Helen R H09-
mer. (Journ. Frank. Inst., Aug., 1917;
551 pp 1

8786 — WAR — The Engineer's Part in
Prosecuting the War. E. W. Rice, Jr.
(Gen Elec. Rev., Aug., 1917; 3 pp.)

8787 — WAR — The Government and the
Metals. (Eng. and Min. Journ.. June 23,
1917 ; 1 p.)

8788 — WAR — Work of the Engineers in
the Field. (Eng. and Min. Journ., July 7,
1917; 3 J pp.) From a lecture by Lieut
C. O. Martin. Royal Engineers, reprinted
from Journal of the Royal Artillery. 20c.

8789 — WAR TAX — Memorandum on
War Excess-Profits Tax (Kng. and Min.
Journ.. Dec 16, 1917; 8] pp.) 20c

X79H— WAR TAXES on Mining CompaB
ies. (Kng and Min. Journ.. Oct. 27. 1917;
1 p.) 20c

8791 — WAR TAXES on Mining Compan-
ies. J. Parke Channing. (Eng. a.nd Min.
Journ.. Nov 24. 1917; % p.) 20c.

8792 — WEIR MEASUREMENT — Recent
Development in V-Noteh Weir Measure-
ment. (Iron and Coal Tr. Rev.. Oct. 19,
1917 ; 11 pp.. illus )

Engineering and Mining Journal

>/iiw.' 105

February 9, 1918

mi > > > urn Hiiiiitii •■■■

X umber 6

ROWB .MINE AT RIVERTOX, MINX.. SHOWING HYDRAULIC STRIPPIXG OPERATIOXS

Manganiferous Iron Mining in the Cuyuna

District, Minnesota

By P. M. OSTRAND

Mining Engineer, Crosby, Minn.

Mines of the Cuyuna district of Minnesota have
shipped nearly seven and a half million tons of
iron and manganese ore since its opening in 1911.
Two bodies, which differ in character of ore, are
separated by a narrow strip of barren formation

THE restriction on the export of manganese ores
from India, the cutting off of the Russian sup-
plies caused by the blockade of the Black Sea, and
he increased demands for manganese in steel manufac-
ture have contributed within the last year or two toward
he development of the Cuyuna range, the manganifer-
us iron ores of which constitute one of the important
eposits in this country. Should access to the Brazilian
eposits be cut off, the steel industry of the United
>tates would face a serious situation and for immediate

and are known as the North and South ranges.
Openpit, milling and caving methods of mining
are used. Hydraulic stripping, as instituted at
the Rowe mine at Riverton and the Hill Crest at
Ironton, has proved successful and economical.

relief would probably have to rely largely on the produc-
tion of the mines operating on the Cuyuna range.
The Cuyuna iron range of Minnesota embraces an
area approximately 65 miles in length, and from one to
10 miles in width and is near the geographical center of
the state. This area has locally been divided into two
ranges, known as the North range and the South range.
A strip of territory three miles wide, in which no iron-
bearing formation has yet been found, separates the
two ranges. It so happens that the main line of the

ENGINEERING AND .MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 6

Duluth-Brainerd branch of the Northern Pacific RR.
through the district, and the track has
. popularly regarded as the line of division between
the ranges. The two ranges, while structurally ami
ally similar, differ somewhat in the character of
the ore. The North range, comprising an area of ap-
•ely 50 square miles, contains nearly all of the
.ins of the district and it is in the North-
ern part of this area that the important manganiferous
iron ore deposits are found.

Magnetic Slates Aid Preliminary Exploration

The district has no marked topographic features. The
surface is level and is covered by a heavy glacial mantle
sand from 50 to 100 ft. thick, deeply dented in places
by lakes, swamps and marshes. No outcrop indicates
the mineral-bearing formation, so that prospecting is
difficult, although magnetic surveys with dip needle and
sun dial have been of assistance, especially on the South
range. The orebodies in the district ami the majority
of the enclosing rocks are not in themselves magnetic,
but the association of certain magnetic slates with the
iron ore has made magnetic surveys valuable in new-
ground. In fact, it was the deflection of the compass
that caused the engineers of the Northern Pacific Ry.,
as early as 1883, to classify this area as being under-
lain by iron-bearing rocks, and this fact perhaps influ-
enced the building of the railroad through the barren
strip separating the two ranges. Preliminary drilling
in new ground has been and still is largely directed by
the results of magnetic surveys. However, the rule has
exception, particularly as applied to the deposits on the
North range, and no royal road to finding ore by means
of magnetic surveys alone has as yet been discovered.

Manganese Deposited by Descending Solutions

The prevailing opinion among geologists seems to be
that the area comprising this district was originally a
part of an inland sea, and that the iron formation was
deposited as a sediment with other associated rocks.
Subsequent to the precipitation and deposition of the
iron sediments, the rocks of this region were subjected
to intense pressure and folding and the various sedi-
ments deposited were altered to the slates, schists, fer-
ruginous cherts and other rocks found today by heat
and pressure. Following this period of folding came
the period of glacial erosion, in which the tops of the
anticlines were eroded and carried away, thus exposing
the iron formation to weathering and the action of at-
mospheric waters, which resulted in local concentration
of the iron ore. The manganese was originally deposited
at the bottom of the inland sea along with the iron.
During and subsequent to the folding processes, the
manganese salts (through the action of descending at-
mospheric waters i , were dissolved and carried downward
through the exposed limbs of the iron formation ; other
constituents were dissolved and in their place manganese
was deposited. The fissures and cleavage planes in the
formation and the pore space developed by the leaching
out of the silica and other constituents, all of which
controlled the circulation of the descending solutions,
developed different phases of the manganese replacement
that have been fully discussed' by E. C. Harder.

■Bull, of A. I M i: . Sept., mi

The main structural features of this range consist (
a series of more or less parallel folds extending in
northeast -southwest direction, in general the same i
thai of the Lake Superior synclinorium, and probabl
contemporaneous with and produced by the same fore
which caused the distortion of the whole Lake Superic
region. The folding and subsequent erosion and coi
nut rat ion resulted in a series of more or less par. ill.
lense-like and tabular orebodies with their longer dimei
sion parallel to the bedding and dipping at an ang!
usually of from 60° to 70°. The formation usually dip
to the southeast, probably due to overthrow folding, an
is surrounded by barren rocks. The orebodies on th
North range average over 100 ft. in thickness, and i
places are as much as 500 ft., while those on the Sout
range are narrower and do not average over 50 ft. Som
of the orebodies extend unbroken for more than a mil
along the strike of the iron formation. As a rule th
highest degree of concentration is found on the hangin
wall side and near the top of the formation, althougl
drill holes have encountered merchantable ore 700 fl
below the base of the glacial drift.

Producing Mines Included in Five Belts

Seven or eight main belts of iron- and manganese
bearing formation follow an approximate northeast di
rection through the district. The main producing belts
as defined by the location of operating mines, beginnini
with the most northerly belt, are five. The first include
the Ferro, Algoma, McKenzie and Ida May mines, al
mined for their manganese content only ; the second in
eludes Merritt (manganese) and Kennedy (iron) mines
There are breaks in the continuity of this belt. Th<
third belt includes Cuyuna-Mille Lacs, Sultana, Mangai
No. 1, Hopkins and the Joan mines, all of which ar<
mined for their manganese content excepting the Hop
kins, which is partly iron. In the fourth belt are Mah
nomen, Mangan No. 2, Evergreen, North Thompson
Armour No. 1, Armour No. 2, Pennington, Feigh, Hil
Crest and Rowe mines. This belt contains both iroi
and manganese in commercial quantities and most o:
the ore is sold on a combined basis. The metal-bearinj
formation continues unbroken along the same strike fo;
more than eight miles and contains the most importan
ore deposits in the district. Cuyuna-Duluth, Armoui
No. 2, South Thompson, Meacham and the Croft mine:
are in the fifth belt, all being mined solely for their irot
content. These five belts contain all the producing mine:
of the North range. In addition, other belts, which ii
a measure complete the successive limbs of the fold;
described above, have been partly explored by drilling
but their continuity for any great distance has not beei
proved. The rocks between the limbs are barren anc
do not have uniform characteristics. It is possible thai
the relation between the limbs may be determined fron
a study of the associated rocks and ore that has thus
far escaped the drillmen.

Magnetic Surveys Define Exploratory Drilling

The unit of exploration is usually 40 acres of land.
Previous to exploration, the corners and property lines
are established and a dip-needle survey is usually made
in the following manner: Beginning at any corner of
the property, dip-needle readings are taken at 100-ft.
intervals along the property lines surrounding the tract.

February 9, 1918

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

271

i'Iu' needle is held in the same manner as a compass
rati) it comes to resl and then turned so thai the axis
if tlic bearings of the needle is perpendicular to a ver
ical plane passing through the magnetic meridian. The
mints of greatest attraction around the traverse arc
mted and, bearing in mind that the strike is in a north-

PBNNINGTON OPENPIT AT IROXTOX. MINX.

;ast-southwest direction, a line connecting the two
joints of highest attraction is projected across the tract
ind stakes are set along this line at 100-ft. intervals.
Readings are then taken at 50-ft. intervals on lines pass-
ng through the stakes at right angles to the projected
ine. From the data thus obtained, deductions as to
strike, the direction and approximate inclination of the
lip may be made, and the drilling operations directed
accordingly. A sun-dial compass has been used in con-
nection with the dip needle, but generally the dip needle
alone is used. The interpretation of the results of a
magnetic survey and the direction of the subsequent
drilling call for technical skill as well as considerable
local experience.

Vertical Drilling More Reliable Than Inclined

Drill holes on the Cuyuna are usually placed on a
line at right angles to the strike and across the forma-
tion. Inclined drill holes are sometimes made, although
vertical bores have been found to be more dependable.
Both churn and diamond drills are used and average
charges by local drill contractors are $2.75 per ft. for
churn drilling and $4.25 per ft. for diamond drilling.
Drill holes are numbered and, upon completion, their
position in the field is substantially marked. During the
drilling, samples of the formation are taken at 5-ft. in-
tervals. The situation of the holes as well as the results
of the drilling are carefully platted and preserved as
permanent records. Probably 5000 holes, averaging 300
ft. in depth, have been drilled on the Cuyuna, and ex-
ploration is still active. The deepest drill hole in the
district was bottomed at a vertical depth of 1037 ft. in
the formation. This hole is situated on the northwest
quarter of the northwest quarter, Sec. 17-46-29, and is
a part of the Rowe lease held by the Pittsburgh Steel
Ore Company.

Openpit, milling and underground mining systems
are used in the district ; the method decided upon being

a que tion ol cosl and adaptability, In each ci
of the plant, stripping and oth< hovel opi

shaft sinking, underground cosl of mining, eb . are i
mated and the figure* compared. In the

narrowness of the orebodj and the irregularitj in the
composition of the ore make the use of a ovel

impracticable, while some of the wider orebodies, orig-
inally operated as openpits, will eventually use all three
methods. Thi shovel operations are followed by

milling, and this in turn will be succeeded by the regular
underground methods. Of the six openpits operal
on the Cuyuna range, but one — the Thompson, al Crosby
— has as yet reached the millii • and thai opera-

tion was begun in the early pari of 11U7, when the grade
of the pit approach became too steep for the economical
employment of a locomotive.

Steam-Shovel Operations Practicable to 80 Ft.
Below Base of Stripping

Mining an orebody having a width of not more than
100 ft. and a dip of 70° by steam shovel has its disad-
vantages. The pit is narrow and track grades to or
from the approach have to be developed by switchbacks.
The shovel must continue ahead in a straight line until
the limits of the mining operations are reached, and
all material, rock as well as ore, must be taken as it
comes. This makes the problem of grading the ore a

SAXD PUMP AT HILL CREST MINE. IROXTOX. MINX.

difficult one, so that some of the pits have established
and are shipping as many as four or five grades of ore.
The depth to which ore may be mined by steam shovels
is limited largely by the track grades developed on the
approaches, and the depth of milling operations is con-
trolled largely by the proximity of the overburden, the

ENGINEERING AND MLNlXi; JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 6

pitch of the orebody and by the nature of the hanging
wnll. which also affects steam-shove] operations. Under

usual conditions. 80 ft. below the base of glacial drift
is considered a maximum depth for steam-shovel work,
with an average ot perhaps 60 ft Milling will further
retime this ore level an average of 60 feet

Milling is a combination of openpil and underground
mining. A shaft, usually well off the orebody, is sunk
to a depth below the limit of the proposed milling oper-
as, and a main haulage drift is then run from the
shaft to a point at about the center of the orebody,
which in this district, owing to the dip. will be near
the foot-wall side. A drift cross-cutting the main drift

THOMPSON MILLING PIT ON CUTUNA RANGE

at an angle and parallel to the strike of the orebody is
then driven to the limits of the desired operations and
raises to the top of the ore, now the surface, are driven
at intervals of from 50 to 70 ft. along this crosscut.
Well-timbered chutes are constructed at the bottom of
these raises and the ore is blasted and broken into the
raises or mills from the surface and drawn from the
chutes into tram cars, hauled to the shaft and hoisted.
Inverted cones of ore will be left between the raises, as
the ore is mined into the chutes, and are tapped by an-
other set of raises situated halfway between the first
set, and so on until all the ore to a point about 10 ft.

above the roof of the main haulageway has been minec
When conditions limiting the depth of milling operation
have been readied, the surface of the pit will probabl,
be leveled off and covered with a layer of poles an>
boards. The surrounding overburden will then b
blasted in on top of this to a depth that will insur
safety to subsequent mining operations below. Th
usual method of top-slicing and caving will then b
started below the boards.

The underground mining method generally used ii
the Cuyuna district is the top-slicing and caving system
which is so well known that a description is scarcel;
warranted here. However, some features peculiar t<
this district may be mentioned. Some difficulty has beei
experienced with sand runs. The sand overburden i:
usually fine, and when saturated with water form:
quicksand, which, having once found an outlet througl
the caves to the rooms below, is an exceedingly difficul'
thing to stop. Often a layer of ore four to five feel
thick, left in the back of the top sublevels in wet mines
will reduce if not eliminate trouble from sand runs anc
in the end result in a larger recovery. A mattress ol
carefully laid poles and lagging on the top sublevels
will also help considerably.

Portable Sand Pump Installed at Rowe Mine •

Hydraulic stripping has been successfully used on twc
openpit properties on this range, namely at the Rowe
and the Hill Crest mines. The method was initiated
at the Rowe mine in 1913, under the direction of J. Car-
roll Barr, general manager of the Pittsburgh Steel Ore
Co. The light sandy overburden at this property being
comparatively free from boulders and hardpan, the
proximity of favorable dumping grounds and the avail-
ability of water suggested the hydraulic methods finally
adopted. Two hydraulic giants were used at the Rowe,
each requiring one 10-in. clear-water pipe, one 10-in.
two-stage centrifugal pump for the clear water and
driven by a 200-hp. motor, one 12-in. discharge-pipe
line and one 12-in. two-stage centrifugal pump, used as
a sand pump, driven by a 250 hp. motor. The clear-
water pump was situated on the lake shore near the
inlet of the clear- water pipe, and the sand pump, with
its motor, was mounted on a standard flat car so that it
could be moved to different points in the pit. Wherever
it was desirable to establish a sump, six 4-in. casings
were driven from surface to the top of the ore, around
the platform of the car and in 10-ft. lengths. The plat-
form was attached to these pipes by clamps. By releas-
ing the clamps the car could be lowered and the dis-
tance from the suction to the sump regulated as re-
quired, a minimum grade of 4% being maintained
between the working face and the sump. The inno-
vation of using a portable flatcar and lowering same
by means of casings and clamps, as far as known orig-
inated at this mine.

Previous to the installation of the regular hydraulic
machinery a unique method of moving dirt was used. A
12-in. pipe line with a 75 hp. steam pump was available
at the time, and the pump was installed near the lake
and about 1200 ft. of the pipe attached and laid on the
rising ground back from the lake shore, the grade of
which was slightly over 6%. A furrow was plowed in
a straight line from the lake to the outlet of the
pipe and the pump started. Water flowing from the

February 9, 1918

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

.

jipe into this furrow eroded and moved S0.000 yd. in a
nonth at a cost of 1.8c. per onliic yard.

Approximately 2,000,000 eu.yd. of overburden waa
noved at the Rowe mine in three years, at 8 cosl of
1.7c. per in. yd. The distance between the center of the
occavation and the center of the dump was about 1200
t. and nearly level. The best stripping record was made
n June, 1914, when dirt was moved at the rati- of 205.2
u. yd. per hour. The plant was in operation 7 1 of
be 720 hours in the month, the remaining 20', repre-
enting the time taken out for Sundays, repairs, etc.,
ml at times the presence of heavy gravel cut down the
ate to an average of 64.7 yd. per hour. The total cost
t plant was $34,000, which includes material for re-
airs bought from time to time. Electric power was
urchased at the rate of lie. per kilowatt-hour.

The manganiferous orebodies of the district, owing
j adverse market conditions in the past and conseq-
uently a restricted output, have naturally had a high
nit cost per ton, and the irregularity and narrowness
f the deposits have contributed toward high exploration
nd development charges. However, the larger iron
lines have a fairly uniform range of costs and the
Mowing figures represent an average of amounts paid
er ton for underground mining in the district, based
n a daily production of 700 to 800 tons of ore and as-
iming that the orebody contains a million tons or more.
. hoisting depth of 250 ft. and a pumping capacity of
000 gal. of water per minute have been assumed.

COSTS PES TON OF UNDERGROUND MIXING-
ON CUYUNA RANI I

Exploration $0. 07

Slicing or stoping . ,90

Tramming 08

Hoisting 10

ling^ .15

Supervision and office 10

Insurance 04

Total $1 44

To the above cost must be added the royalty charge,
sually about 50c. per ton removed, and an amortization
large of 15c. per ton. The slicing cost includes tim-
;r, powder, tools, compressor charges and labor. The
ist of operating the surface plant has been prorated
nong the items of pumping, hoisting and compressor
larges.

In so-called "all-manganese" mines the costs, for the
■asons mentioned, are considerably higher. It is prob-
ile that the cost in stockpile or on cars at the mine,
eluding all charges, will range from $3 to $4 per ton

a property producing 150 tons or more per day.
The cost of stripping an openpit property by steam
lovel will range from 15 to 20c. per cu.yd., depending
i nature of material encountered, proximity of the
imp and grades necessary. Hydraulic stripping when
>plicable will reduce the cost perhaps 505c. The cost

mining ore by steam shovel, including necessary sub-
ainage, maintenance of tracks and all supervision and
fice charges, will average from 25 to 35c. per ton.
illing costs range between the amounts paid for open-
t and underground mining.

Ore Reserves of Cuyuna Total 100,000,000 Tons

Over 100,000,000 tons of merchantable ore have been
veloped in the district to date. The greater part of
is reserve is iron ore sold for iron content only, while
■out 20 million tons is manganiferous iron ore running
to 30% in manganese. Two million tons will perhaps

average 20 and the remainder L0 to 12', manganese.
These figures are conservative. Should the mangai
situation require it, the known reserves of manganifei

ous ore could bo grouped with respect to iron, pho
phorus and manganese content, so that no1 only will
present metallurgical requirements be mel but a much
larger amount of manganese than indicated by the
above figures would available for steel manufacture.

The following figures show the growth of the district
since 1911, when the first shipmenl was made from the
Kennedy mine, to date:

ii M MA Mill [RON AND1M \m.\m

ORES. 1911—1917

Veai TonaYShippi .1

1911 ,., 147,000

1912 305,111

1913 733,021

1914 h ,■

1915 .... 1,136,113

1916 1. 716.218

1917 (estimated) 2,400,000

The district in 1918 will, in all probability, be a
very active one, for the seriousness of the present situ-
ation on the Atlantic seems to justify the belief that
fewer ships will be used in the manganese trade. Fur-
thermore, should the Government guarantee that the
price of manganese will not be regulated downward dur-
ing the period of the war, a natural rise will result and
an unprecedented boom in the exploration and the de-
velopment of the manganiferous ores of this district may
be looked for.

Extralateral Mining Rights
By A. L. H. Street*

A clear and concise pronouncement on the law of
extralateral mining rights is handed down in the deci-
sion of United States District Judge Dietrich in the
Idaho case of Bourne vs. Federal Mining and Smelting
Co., 243 Federal Reporter, 466.

The opinion recognizes that prima facie the owner of
a mining claim is the proprietor, not only of the sur-
face but of everything beneath it. An adjoining owner,
asserting the right to follow a lode on its dip under
the surface of the particular claim, has the burden to
prove, by a preponderance of the evidence, facts estab-
lishing that right.

If a lode or vein apexing in plaintiff's claim crossed
the southwesterly side line, he was not entitled to
pursue the vein beyond the vertical plane of such side
line, unless the apex intersected at least one of the
end lines.

"Where the apex has in part been disclosed, and, so
far as known, its course is parallel to the side lines,
it may be inferred that the strike of the hidden portion
is substantially the same as that which has been ex-
posed," the court declares. But where a vein crossed
the southwesterly side line of plaintiff's claim, and
continued in an irregular and northerly course toward
the corner at the interesction of the northwesterly end
line and the northeasterly side line, being more nearly
parallel with the end lines than with the side lines,
no presumption could be indulged that it crossed the
northwesterly end line, rather than the northeasterly
side line.

•Attorney at law, 829 Security BIdg., Minneapolis, Minn.

UNEEBING AM' MINING JOURNAL Vol. 105, No. 6

i ,,,,,,,„,,,,„ n.Mininni. iiiumiiiiiiiiiiiiiUHiiniiinuiui ii iiiiiiiiiniiiiiii nun imiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiii m mi

RENO H. SALES
Anaconda Copper Mining Co

ARTHUR NOTMAN
Phelps Dodge Corporation

JOHN W. FINCH

GUT N. BJORGE

iiiiiiiiiiiiiii > mi nun milium i minim

intuit n iiniiin miiiniini inn iiinliimii I II ntniiililiii

mi mi i n limn < "' '

February 9, L918

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

276

Irtysh Corporation Developments in Siberia
and the Russian Internal Situation

Following the flooding of its Ridd* r mine in Si-
beria, the Irtysh Corporation increased explora-
tion in the Sokolni and opened an important <>xi-
dized gold orebody, also some sulphide bodies as
rich as those of the Ridder; both the zinc ami
had smelteries in the Ekibastous coal basin are
now operating. Construction program delayed
but conditions arc not so bad in the Altai region
as in European Russia, of which an interesting
n view is given. New holding company, Russo-
Canadian Development Corporation, formed, with
perpetual voting trust, to hold the shares of the
Russian companies.

AT THE meeting of the Irtysh Corporation in Lon-
don on Dec. 11, 1917, important events relating
to the company's mining and smelting operations
in Siberia were reviewed by the chairman, Leslie Urqu-
lart. who also discussed Russia's internal situation. Mr.
L'rquhart has spent much of his life in Russia and his
judgment of present conditions is consequently of great
interest. His address at the second annual meeting of
he shareholders of the Irtysh Corporation is repro-
luced herewith practically in full and is worthy of care-
'ul reading by all who think of Russia as a future min-
ng field. He said :

"The report of the technical committee which accom-
)anies the report and accounts deals fully with the de-
.elopments and operations at our properties in Siberia,
md although I am sure it has been well studied by
shareholders it will not be out of place if I comment on
he most salient features.

Discovery of Gold Ore in Sokolni Mine

"In the technical committee's report there is a para-
rraph headed 'Discovery of gold ore in Sokolni.' It is
i short paragraph, but of extreme importance; in fact,
re have discovered in the Sokolni mine a belt of oxi-
lized gold ore 200 ft. wide and averaging nearly 30 dwt.
told. While our engineers are not yet able to assign any
lefinite length to this orebody, it would certainly seem
easonable to suppose that an orebody 200 ft. wide must
xtend to considerable length and depth. As a means of
isualizing the possibilities of this deposit a rough esti-
mate of the ore above the present tunnel level, which in
he report is given as 140 ft. from the surface, repre-
ents about 200,000 tons for every 100 ft. of length,
ou will realize from these few remarks that we have
ere an orebody of great present value and of great
uture possibilities. The treatment of this ore presents
o metallurgical difficulties.

"The flooding of the Ridder mine, of which you were
uly advised, forced us, pending its unwatering, to ex-
edite the development and extraction of ore from the
okolni mine. The developments at Sokolni have been
lost satisfactory ; our work has proved important new
odies of rich sulphide ore as high grade as the Ridder,
nd has increased our total ore reserves by at least an-

other 360,000 ton loped ore, nol im luding any

extension in depth, and has found aportani

new gold discovery, and baa shown us thai the probable
value of the Sokolni mine is a the Ridder.

Ridder Mink Can Be Unwatered in Six Wei

"The unwatering of the Ridder mine can be taki
at any time we maj consider that labor and other con-
ditions permit; the mechanical equipment is now on the
spot and the mine can be unwatered in at the outside six
weeks. I would again mention that the ore beinj/ al
present extracted from the Sokolni is quite as profitable
as Ridder, cheaper to mine and more than sufficient to
cover all our mill and smeltery requirements for a long
time to come without the help of Ridder. While it would
have been quite possible to have continued our drilling
campaign to show up still larger reserves of ore, we con-
sidered it best, in view of the ample reserves in sight,
that our geological department should concentrate its
energies on a detailed geological survey of the miner-
alized belts on the concession. This work has immense-
ly increased the mineral possibilities, as the map which
has been sent you clearly shows. Five of the mineralized
belts contain the outcrops of a number of deposits simi-
lar in character to Ridder. The belts are the same type,
but of much greater extent than that on which the Rid-
der, Sokolni, Krukovsky and our other known mines are
placed. The sixth belt is similar in occurrence to the
Kyshtim mineralized areas, and contains several gold-
bearing iron gossans, which have now been conclusively
proved to be the cappings of copper ore deposits.

Ore Reserves Increased

"You will expect me to say a few words about our ore
reserves on the Ridder Concession. As no drilling work
has been done for the last year, the reserves of ore at
Ridder mine remain unchanged, while there is an in-
crease of 360,000 tons due to the opening of the Sokolni
mine. Based on the pre-war prices of metals, the total
proved ore reserves now show a profit value of £13,000,-
000, but no gold ore is included in this estimate from the
new Sokolni gold find. I find it difficult to deal satis-
factorily with this question on the basis of our proved
reserves, as these serve as no measure or criterion of
what we can confidently expect from our great miner-
alized concession. It will require years of diamond-
drilling work on our many known deposits alone to give
any definite idea of this. In a word, the question of
quantities of ore need never trouble us, and the output
can be limited only by our ability to handle and smelt it.
The remarks I have just made about ore at the Ridder
concession apply in the same way to the Ekibastous coal
basin, the reserves of coal there being practically un-
limited. Summarizing the operations generally which
have been described in detail in the technical commit-
tee's report, I may say the concentration mill is sufficient
for all our requirements for some time to come, and has
been giving excellent metallurgical results.

"The Ridder railway, 70 miles in length, is now com-
pleted and in operation. The Ekibastous railway has

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 6

boon further extended to a total length of 90 miles, The
Beet and river transport is in the meantime ample for all
our requirements. The coal mines are equipped and de-
veloped for an output far greater than the output which
owing to labor difficulties we obtained this year, and
when conditions are again normal there will be no dif-
ficulty in increasing this to meet all future requirements.

ZINC and Lead SMELTING Plants in Operation

"There are two furnaces in operation at the zinc
plant which have given good metallurgical results; ad-
ditional furnaces of the same type as are now in opera-
tion are in course of construction.

"Since the date of the technical committee's report we
have news that the lead smeltery has been started, is
working satisfactorily and is producing a valuable out-
put of lead, gold, silver and copper metals. This great
self-contained enterprise from the mining of the ore to
the final extraction of its metals is now established. The
metallurgical processes have all been proved, rail and
river transport facilities provided and the mills and
smelting works generally fully equipped. We are now
working on a commercial scale, only requiring additions
to the different plants to attain large outputs and profits.
You will realize that to have accomplished these magnifi-
cent results during the war required the unselfish devo-
tion to our interests of everybody concerned in the man-
agement of our properties. Since the revolution the
work of our directors, managers and staff in Russia has
been carried on very often under conditions of danger;
labor difficulties, owing to the political ferment which
has demoralized the discipline of the workmen, have
created endless troubles which our managers had to
overcome. Notwithstanding these conditions we are all
proud to say that we have not had a single day's stop-
page at any of our works. I feel that we owe a deep
debt of gratitude to our president in Russia, Baron
Meller-Zakomelsky, and the directors and managers of
our companies, and I am sure that this meeting will ex-
press its appreciation of their unselfish devotion.

Construction Program and Greater Exploitation
Restricted by the Unsettled Conditions

"The political and economical chaos of the last eight
months in European Russia has naturally seriously af-
fected and delayed our program of construction work
and the exploitation of the properties on the larger scale
anticipated, but although the output at Ridder and
Ekibastous is still small, the income derived is consid-
erable and is being applied for the purposes of our
general construction program. Notwithstanding the
difficulties we had to contend with, it will be some satis-
faction to you to learn that the estimated recoverable
values in metals and concentrates in stock at all points
and mostly at the smeltery approximate roughly 20,000,-
000 rubles at present market prices. Further, we have
provided and transported all the fuel requirements of
the Ridder mines and railway until the middle of 1918.

"The large stocks of concentrates at the smelting
works and the supplying of all fuel and other require-
ments at the mines for operations on a large scale have
necessarily required the provision of considerable work-
ing capital, but this sound and satisfactory position in-
sures a large continuous and increasing revenue to the
Russian companies as soon as conditions permit of nor-

mal work. But for the present events in Russia w<
should today be making large profits, which could havt
been employed in further construction work and in add
ing to the larger working capital required for the in
creased operations of our business. Owing to the re
st ruted operations of the zinc smeltery at Ekibastou:
and the delay in starting the lead plant the receipt:
from the sale of metals have been barely sufficient t<
cover all current working expenses, and while we hav<
strengthened the business by continuing the construe
tion program and preparing and carrying all stock;
necessary for operations on a large scale, this has re
quired financial assistance from outside which, if tht
smelting plants had been working up to full capacity
the realization of the metal values in the concentrate;
we are carrying would easily have provided.

Financing Through Russian Banks

"In times like these your directors were very loatl
to appeal to the shareholders to support further th<
company, and we decided to make every effort to carr;
on in these difficult times and to bring the company t<
the profit-earning stage without asking the shareholder
to take the burden on themselves, and I am glad to sa;
we have succeeded in doing this. I informed you las
year that a long credit of 1,800,000' rubles had beei
opened to the Russian companies by an important Rus
sian bank. For some time past your directors have fel
that the internal financial position in Russia was sue
that the foreign rate of ruble exchange was bound to g
still further against Russia and that therefore we shoul
gain on the exchange if we in the meantime financed i
Russia instead of remitting moneys from here. Imm<
diately on my arrival at Petrograd in the spring of thi
year favorable arrangements were entered into whereb
the credit of 1,800,000 rubles was increased to 5,000,00
rubles. I am pleased to say that our enterprise is hel
in such high esteem in Russian business circles that w
had no difficulty whatever in arranging this long-ten
credit and, further, should it be necessary, we have ol
tained assurances from more than one Russian ban
that this credit can be still further increased.

"This is not surprising when one considers the va!
metal resources of the Ridder and Kirgiz companies an
the fact that whatever the perturbations the politic"
economical events in Russia may bring about, the zin
lead, copper, gold and silver metals which these con
panies produce have a world's market and standai
values. The shortage of production generally and tl
enormous world's requirements in these metals both no
and after the war naturally make the future prosperi!
of these enterprises independent of the fluctuatioi
which may affect producers of other commodities. Noi
this credit sounds like a very large sum, as at pre-w;
exchange it would have amounted to more than £500,00
Had we remitted the 5,000,000 rubles at the time we r
quired it in Russia this would have cost us aboi
£335,000. I am glad to say that by financing in Russi
as we have done, this credit will require only aboi
£130,000 to cover — a saving to the company of ov<
£200,000. It was my intention to have given you a fina
cial resume of the operations of the Russian companie
but unfortunately the disorganization in Russia has pr
vented the completion of the necessary statements an
therefore, although I can give you no actual figures,

February 9, 1918

ENGINKKK1NC AND .MINIM; JOURNAL

277

an only repeat that the financial arrangements made in
ta&sia provide with a margin for all requirements
vhieh can be reasonably foreseen at present, and which
nake allowance for the present labor situation at Kidder
,nd Ekibastous. It is probable that with the lead smel-
ery now in operation and the large additional revenue
hat this will now bring, our financial position will be
anceforward very sound and will be covered by reve-
ue. In times like these, however, it is best to be pre-
>ared for the unexpected. A highly satisfactory ar-
angement has been made with the Russo-Canadian
)evelopment Corporation to hold the shares of the
Russian operating companies, British control being
ssured through a perpetual voting trust.

Political and Economic Disturbances in Russia

"As the Irtysh properties are far removed from the
enters of chaos and anarchy in Russia, 2000 miles at
;ast from Petrograd, these events have not affected us
s seriously as other industrial enterprises in the coun-
rj . Nevertheless, a reflex of these anarchist influences
oes reach and seriously affects the discipline of the
Russian workmen, the relations of these workmen and
le management, and the normal operation of our busi-
ess. I would mention that at the Kirgiz properties the
lajority of the men are local Kirgiz Mussulmans, who
re peaceful, and have caused no trouble of any kind.
"Immediately after the fall of the late Czar's govern-
lent, the Socialists and extremists formed at Petrograd
hat is known as the Soviet, or Council of Workmen's
nd Soldiers' Delegates, and hundreds of local Soviets
jbordinate to Petrograd were formed all over the
Juntry. These Soviets were supposed to represent the
orking classes of the towns and the soldiers; these,
eing simple, ignorant men, were naturally influenced
nd controlled by the executive committees of the
oviets, composed of wild idealists, internationalists,
acifists, anarchists and the scum and pro-German
•aitors who came with them. At first the moderate
ocialists and pro-Russians were in control, but ex-
•emist influences continued to gain ground, until to-day
le Bolsheviks, a curious jumble of conflicting elements,
mging from wild idealism to German intrigue and re-
:tionary monarchism, not only control the Soviets, but
ive proclaimed themselves the government of the coun-
y. The Soviets, by preaching a furious doctrine of
ass hatred and plunder among the working classes,
nd being liberally supplied with German money, car-
ed on an active peace and fraternization propaganda
nong the ignorant soldiers at the rear and front. The
ldustrial workers and the soldiers were quickly de-
loralized, and as a natural result there is chaos in the
>untry today.

Russian Populace Easily Misled

"Political freedom was suddenly granted to 200,000,-
)0 people, the great majority of whom were ignorant
id illiterate, politically undeveloped, used for gen-
•ations to a parental government with the Czar and
hurch to keep alive the consciousness of their spiritual
;ing, their understanding of right and wrong, the
eals that kept them together as a people, the symbols
id emblems of their nationhood. The ideals which
iey understood were replaced by sublime doctrines, by
icialist theories, by rotten international trash which

killed their love (it country and pride Of race, by the
preaching Of class hatred and plunder, bj peace and

bernization propaganda, bj German money and alcohol,

by the mad ravings of demagogues and tools. The untu-
tored Russians, full of mystical theories, with childishly
trusting simplicity, believed every lie they were told,
every lying promise made; (heir childish ignorance
made them the easy victims of the adventurers, dema-
gogues and traitors.

Bolshevik Government Cannot Last

"The Russian democracy is not ready for a socialistic
or republican self-government ; the proletariat and peas-
ants are too ignorant for independent political life. Per-
sonal rule is what they have been used to, and a paternal
government in the form probably of a conservative con-
stitutional monarchy is what they understand, require
and must have, but an anarchist government had to
come to drive that simple truth home to them. They
have tried liberty and misconstrued it into license; they
have suffered too much and have already had enough;
they are longing for that law and order which the pro-
letariat of the towns, the ignorant demagogues and
traitors who have jumped power cannot and will never
give them. The present anarchist or Bolshevik govern-
ment is artificial and cannot last, and these absurd fa-
natics and traitors obtained control of the technical
equipment of the country, the railroads, posts and tele-
graphs, by pandering to the lower instincts of the town
and industrial workers.

"But these people do not represent 10 C/C of the popu-
lation. The real Russia is the 85 "Jc living on the land,
the peasant proprietor, the peasant communities who
own communal lands, their own horses, cattle, food;
they have a stake in the country to lose, and when they
at last understand, as they are rapidly realizing to-day,
the real issues preached by the Bolsheviks, they will
have nothing to do with socialistic and anarchist the-
ories. I am sure that every shareholder present, and
indeed every Briton throughout the world, will have
seen with the utmost pleasure that the British govern-
ment had the insight and the courage to break off all
relations with these opera-bouffe usurpers. The town,
railway and industrial workers, thanks to the incite-
ments of their anarchist leaders to work as little as
possible for as much money as possible, have brought
about the breakdown of the railways, and as a result
hundreds of thousands of factory' workers are now out
of work in Petrograd and other large towms, as there is
no fuel for the works. The proletariat have paper
money in abundance, but they cannot buy food, as this
has to come from the interior and Siberia, and the rail-
ways cannot supply the towns. Famine is staring them
in the face ; the proletariat is being forced by Nature to
see reason at last. The demoralized, undisciplined army
of 12,000,000 men is mainly drawn from the peasant
classes, and while many are loyal to their country and
may remain at the front, many millions, mostly infan-
try, committing excesses as they desert, are returning
to their villages for food, but they will there eventually
come under the sobering influence of their elders and
women folk at home.

"Today the governing issue in the settlement of the
terrible crisis that Russia is going through is the ques-
tion of food. In the districts where food is abundant,

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 6

the Don, the country of the Cossacks,
the e Urals and Siberia, where all the

this group of companies are situated, there
ad' onler. 1 do not pretend that
■ jses even there, bul th
ildiery. You will already
iii the papers that these districts, repro-
of the former Russian Empire, re-
the usurping Bolshevik government at
Petrograd and all it stands for. They refuse to supply
the Bolsheviks with food for fear it falls into the hands
tans; they are organizing a determined
sit ion. and in the end they must win, because they
•aire, the great majority of the people, common
id food on their side.

This Winter Will Bring Russia to Its Senses

"The elections to the Constituent Assembly are grad-
ually revealing the will of the nation. The latest elec-
tion returns show that the Bolsheviks have 2,700,000
votes, but the Cadets, representing the intelligent bour-
geois elements, and the revolutionary Socialists, who are
both opposed to a German peace, have each obtained over
0,000 votes, or together 4,500,000 votes, thus con-
siderably exceeding the votes cast for the Bolsheviks.
The action of the latter is characteristically despotic;
they threaten to use force and other unfair means to
suppress the meeting of the Assembly representing the
electors of the country, but it is doubtful whether they
will really venture the attempt. If they do, the reaction
against them will be the greater and quicker; they can
never go against the will of the nation. The Bolsheviks
are on the point of collapse; Russia is rising again, the
country is coming back to common sense, and the suffer-
ings of the deluded masses this winter will finally com-
plete their downfall and that of all other extremist ele-
ments. To my mind, this is certain and bound to take
place very soon.

Difficulties with the Miners Avoided by Fore-
handed ACCUMMULATION OF FOOD

"In the earlier days of the revolution a number of our
employees, both at Ridder and Kirgiz, were arrested and
driven off the properties by the local Soviet simply be-
cause they did not please the extremist leaders of the
men. The majority of our workmen are moderate in
their views and see the unreason of the Soviets, but
many are terrorized and submissive to the agitators,
who endeavored by every means in their power to usurp
the authority of the managers. The managers have
naturally had great difficulties to contend with, but we
are and have been fortunately in a position to prevent
any further excesses, for we provide our people with
food and they realize that if they force us to close down
they will starve. The internal purchasing value of the
ruble to-day and the wages paid are entirely dependent
on the price of food. Wheat, meat, butter and other es-
sential foods are plentiful in the districts of Siberia
adjacent to the Ridder and Kirgiz properties. The Rus-
sian companies, by purchasing large quantities ahead,
can do so at comparatively low prices, and by selling
from its own stores at cost prices to the workmen keep
down the price of essential food commodities. By this
common-sense policy wages have been kept within rea-
sonable limits.

"During the four months of this summer, when I was
in Petrograd on the affairs of these companies, I had
Frequent opportunity of meeting and discussing political
and economical questions directly affecting our enter-
prises in Russia both with delegations of our workmen
and with the ministries concerned. The extreme Social-
ist officials of the new ministry for labor at Petrograd,
and Skobeleff. a minister appointed by Kerensky, were,
if anything, more extreme in their demands than the
workmen themselves, and 1 can say that this ministrj
during Kerensky's government, instead of helping to
moderate the appetites of the men, incited them to in-
crease further their demands. But all these are small
matters; they have naturally given us great cause for
anxiety and unlimited thankless work, but they will be
very much in the past when the politico-economic hap-
penings in European Russia today will by a simple proc-
ess of nature bring about stable government in the
country, and I feel sure that ere this winter is past
Russia will be herself again.

Saner Elements Slowly Regaining Influence

"The peace question is much broader and more funda-
mental than that of the passing Bolshevik authority.
The Russian people, the ignorant masses with famine
staring them in the face amidst all the anarchy and con-
fusion, an army demoralized by the promise of peace
negotiations, are longing for peace, but in my judgment
they are not going to agree to peace on Germany's terms.
At the same time the prostration of Russia is a heavy
blow for the Allies, but it would be a mistake if we
allowed our feelings to endanger Anglo-Russian rela-
tions. The intelligent Russian classes are suffering the
deepest feelings of humiliation and shame. The officers
in the army are martyrs to the Allied cause. But they
are powerless in numbers to prevent what is happening.
There are still many brave and loyal soldiers who can be
depended upon when the opportunity comes to fight for
the honor of their country and give their lives as they
have done before.

"The saner elements in the population are slowly re-
gaining influence, and if, for the moment, Russia is out
of the war, she will still continue to contain considerable
German forces on her front, and possibly later may bt
able to render considerable assistance. There is a great
deal going on in the real Russia, but it cannot be told
to the world just yet, because the Bolsheviks at Petro-
grad are at the end of the telegraph lines. But there it
no reason to be pessimistic. Nature must and is reas-
serting herself. I have lived in Russia for the best part
of my life, and I know and trust the real Russian people
and I have a certainty of conviction that Russia, aftei
all her humiliation, will rise again; her destiny marks
her out for a great future; her natural resources, hei
immense population are security for this. If we car
show the Russian people that we sympathize and under
stand their terrible difficulties, if for the sake of all wc
have suffered and sacrificed together in the commor
cause we continue our moral support, we shall be repaic
a thousandfold by a people who, though temporarily
misguided, are generous and kind-hearted. If we judg<
them harshly we shall be only playing into the hands oi
our enemies.

"There is a matter which I understand has causec
anxiety to some shareholders, and which it may be wel

February 9, 1918

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

279

if I mention. That is the question of the titles to the
properties of the Ridder and Kirgiz companies. The
Ridder titles, as you know, were granted to us by the
ar's Cabinet on a lease of 76 years and on a low
royalty basis. The Kirgiz coal and other propertii
liold directly from the state until complete, exhaustion,
under the usual mining leases and terms. When the

ibdicated all crown lands became the propel
the state in ether words, they were nationalized. The
benefits and obligations of the Ridder contract, there-
fore, reverted to the state. No change was necessary in
the lease of the Kirgiz properties, as these properties
dready belonged to the state. It will be evident that as
dl these properties already belong to the state they can-
io1 be subjected to further nationalization. The Bol-
■ lieviks, or anarchists, whose power is passing, as
Russia will have none of them, talk df expropriation in
avor of the state. In our case there is nothing to ex-
iropriate except the leases. The properties themselves
ire not yet fully developed and equipped, and require
onsiderable working capital, and besides capital special
■xpert technical knowledge to operate. Neither of these
onditions, even if we take them seriously, are the Bol-
sheviks, or anarchists, able to fulfill. As a matter of
'act, by doing this they would undoubtedly lose a source
>f revenue to the government in the royalty the com-
>any is at present paying.

Negation of Property Rights Impracticable

"Apart from this, however, the negation of all prop-
•rty right is the negation of statehood, and to my mind
s inadmissible, as history has never shown us such a
irecedent. Even the most savage tribes in the world
ecognize the right of the person and of property as
lecessary for their existence. The whole Russian in-
lustry has been developed by foreign capital and enter-
irise, and Russia requires foreign capital to develop her
inlimited natural resources. How is she going to get
his if she turns herself into a robber state? It is more
specially absurd, therefore, to expect that Russia, a
ountry undeveloped, with few industries, a population
f 200,000,000, practically untutored and politically un-
eveloped, 70rr of whom at least are illiterate, is in a
ondition fit for socialist self-government and the carry-
rig into effect of extreme socialistic measures. What is
here to socialize? What is there to expropriate? Of
he population, as I have already mentioned, less than
ire factory workers, 85 cc live on the land, and
hese have a stake in the country to lose. Only 10% are
irge landowners in European Russia, while Siberia is
ntirely owned by the state. The state cannot discrim-
nate, and therefore legislation must cover everybody,
f, therefore, our properties are expropriated, then the
•hole of Russia must be expropriated, which is an ab-
urdity. Nationalization? But our properties already
elong to the state. Any way you look at it I really
annot see that any change can be made in the titles to
ur properties when a stable government is established
nd these absurd anarchists and traitors are put in their
ight place.

"I now come to deal with the paragraph in our report
hich runs as follows: 'The urgent necessity for the
doption of prompt measures to uphold and safeguard
■ritish interests in Russian mining undertakings which
;ritish enterprise discovered and British capital has

developed has been io forcibly impressed on your d
tors thai thej recently made arrangements which they
beli. i i ire the ol ["he

these arrangements will be explained by the chairman
at the ensuii rig ' I ought to say that exactly

similar arran en made bj each ol three

1 ompanie nan i orporation, the Kyshtim Cor-

poration and Hi-' Tanalyk all of which, as you know,
are in n allied. For several months past

this matter has caused us great anxietj ; we bi
aware of attempts in mure than one quarter to pure:
blocks of shares in seme of the group of companie I
have mentioned, in order to acquire control and ap]
ently to substitute foreign for British influence as the
determining facto) in the policy and administratis
our Russian enterprises in which so large an amount
of British capital has been invested. It is interesting to
observe that only last week the Frankfurter Zeitung
had leading articles (Nov. 23 and Nov. 26) on the value
to Germany of our properties.

The Coronado Incline Top-Slicing
Method

A description of the incline top-slicing method devised
and adopted by the Arizona Copper Co. at its Coronado
mine, in the Morenci-Metcalf district, Arizona, was
published in the Journal of Apr. 7, 1917. This method
has been in successful operation for over a year as in-
dicated by the accompanying tabulated comparison' of
costs between the incline and the flat top-slicing methods.

COMPARISON SHOWING SLICING STOPE w I I: U>] 3JGIVING COS! -
PER TON DELIVERED TO HAULAG] CHUTES d

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Aver-
age
Ad-
Tons Ma- justed Total?
Ton- per Labor terial Total Labor Adjusted
Month nage .Man Cost Cost Cosl Cost Cosl Remarks
1916

June 12,295 4 90 0,790 0 272 I 060 0.872 1 144 Flat slicing
July 13.355 4 38 0 835 0 325 I 160 0 975 1 300 Flat slicing I
Aug. 13,934 4.20 0.808 0 299 1.107 1.017 1.316 First inclinejslices tried

Sept. 11,901 3.98 0.943 0.381 1.324 I 073 I 454 Going through change
, of system from flat to

' incline.

Oct. 13,270 5.04 0.785 0.341 1.126 0.848 I 189 Going through change

of system from flat to

Nov. 9,580 6.58 0.689 0.347 1.036 0 649 0.996 Going through change

of system from flat to
incline.
Dec. 12,038 7.16 0.659 0.298^0.957 0.596 0.894 Going through change
, 3tem from flat to

1917 indiDe-

Jan. 13,629 8. 10 0.672 0.294 0.966 0 527 0.821 Going through change

..I system from flat to

Feb. 10.367 7 60 0.569 0.309 0.878 0 562 0 871 Change'of system com-

.,«..., „ „.. .. pletedonafistopes.

Mar. 13.072 9 30 0 647 0 235 0 882 0 459 0 694 Incline slicing entirely.'

Apr. 13,141 II 20 0 502 0 280 0 782 0 381 0 661 Incline slicing entirely.

May 15.937 1 1 20 0 445 0 305 0 750 0 381 0 686 Incline slicing entire .'y.

Column 4, labor cost, shows actual cost at is occurs
monthly. Owing to the sliding scale of wages, its fluctu-
ations do not do justice to the comparison.

Column 7, average adjusted labor cost, shows compari-
son of labor cost if the same rate were used over the
entire period. In this case the average figures out to be
$4.27 per day. Therefore this column shows the differ-
ence in cost on that basis.

Column 8, total adjusted cost, shows total of columns
5 and 7, giving average adjusted labor cost plus mate-
rial cost.

Scott

1 Eicerpt from an article on the "Incline Top-Slicing Method," by W. G.
ott to be presented at the February meeting of the A.I.M.E.

-

EXGINKKKING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 6

Zinc Ores of the Joplin District"

The ores of the Joplin district Of .southwest Missouri
and adjourning areas of Oklahoma and Kansas carry
an almost uniformly high metal content of both lead and

As they will eventually l>e exhausted, it is expedi-
ent to ascertain the conditions under which ores of this
character were deposited in the form in which the;,
cur. in order to simplify the search for similar deposits
iu other regions. Studies of the ore deposits by Sieben-
thal. show that these ores of zinc and lead were probably
deposited in the present geological epoch. Siebenthal's
hypothesis assumes that artesian waters of alkaline com-
position, charged with H CO,. Si (OH), and H:S, dis-
solved metallic sulphides in the Cambrian and Ord-
ovician strata and carried them westward to regions
where the absence of impervious covering of Chatta-
nooga shale and the presence of fissures enabled the
solution to rise. At points where the diminution to
pressure permitted the gases, H.S and CO., to be re-
leased, the dissolved silica precipitated as a gel and the
sulphides slowly crystallized out.

In the vicinity of Joplin the Duenweg-Oronogo
ore channel assumes the form of a nearly vertical fissure
three or four feet wide, closed, though perhaps not

casite, although orthorhombic instead of isometric, gives
fragments sufficiently near to being roughly spherical ti
answer for practical purposes in concentration. Thi
(licit and jasperoid-flint gangue, more than 90% ol
the "mine dirt" in the sheet-ground mines, splits up int(
conchoidal splinters and flakes that facilitate a rapid ant
complete separation of the ore.

The relative content in zinc, cadmium, copper, lead am
iron of various zinc concentrates from the Joplin distric
is shown in the accompanying table. Anaylsis of om
sample of rich crude ore or "mine dirt" is also given.

Prof. Waring's paper contains an interesting com
parison of the analyses of zinc concentrates and o
flue dust from the calcination of Webb City and Carters
ville ore, the latter showing an increase in the cadmi
um-zinc ratio to 15 times that of the original ore. Th<
conversion of 95.4% of the cadmium from CdS inti
soluble CdSO, suggests that the extraction of the cad
mium from such material should be made by hot watet
followed by cementation upon zinc, instead of returnini
the flue dust to the calcining furnace.

A summary shows the highest, lowest and average as
says of 426 shipments of zinc- and lead-ore concentrate
from 34 principal mines in the Joplin district (includin;
seven Oklahoma mines) during the first quarter of 191(

REPRESENTATIVE \V\1 \H s i .] /INC uliU CONCENTRATES OF THE JOPLIN DISTRICT

Mine

Standard

Big Six.
Ayres and M< . - ■
Hudson.
Jack Ro?--
Sphinx

Big Circle

Welton .
Maude B... .
Yellow Dog..
Tellov Dog...

[Locality

Fortune, Mo
Aurora, Mo

rd, Mo - . .

\ alley, Mi i
lo
I ty, Mo. . .

Oronogo. Mo

( fertersville-Prosperitj

i tj Mo
Webb I ity, Wo

City, Mo

Description

Rosin jack

w rate jack

Lead gray, pebble jack

Ruby red, pebble jnck. . -

Yellow blende

Sfelli i'.v I ilende

Yellow blende

Dark brown, rosin blende.
Rosin jack
: a jack
< 'miiIc ore

Zinc

Cadium

[Copper

%i

%

61 97

0 436

0. 133

56.75

0 018

0.004

64.05

0.841

0.015

62 05

0.322

ii inn

54.70

0 225

65 77

0 135

0 077

56 90

11 1 III

Trace

57 40

0 410

0 036

55 70

0 227

Trace

57 95

0 710

12 78

0. 170

Lead

In

%

%

0.815

o.:

None

i.i

0.625

O.f

None

O.f

1.025

i.:

None

o.:

1.510

i.<

1.340

3 1

Trace

4,<

1 620

Ii

0 293

i.i

everywhere, by ribbons or upright layers of jasperoid
flint. The formation consisted normally of thin bands
of alternating chert and limestone, but the limestone de-
posits have been replaced by sulphides, and in places
by calcite and jasperoid, on each side of the fissure for
distances varying from several hundred feet to half
a mile or more. The wide extensions of the ore-bearing
ground appear to coincide with oblique cross-fractures,
some of which show more or less displacement. The
main fissure of the ore channel is well defined in the
lower workings of the Oronogo Mutual mine, and in the
Oronogo Circle mine it is visible almost to the surface.
The first deposits mined in the district were of the
open-ground or soft-ground variety, and were undoubt-
edly outlets of the artesian mineral solutions. They
were filled with irregular deposits of blende and galena
and other minerals in a gangue of brecciated chert as-
sociated with clay and fragmentary debris resulting
from the tumbling in of surface strata.

Conditions differ in details in other portions of th~
region, but the hypothesis of probable origin applies to
all. The sulphides in the deposits are hard and crystal-
line. When comminuted, as in the process of milling,
each minute fragment remains approximately an iso-
metric crystal; galena as a cube, sphalerite a hextetra-
hedron, and chalcopyrite a perfect tetrahedron. Mar-

• Abstract from a paper by W. George Waring, presented at the
St. Louis meeting of the American Institute of Mining Engineers,
October, 1917.

■Origin of the Zinc- and Lead Deposits of the Joplin Region,"
Bull. 606. U. S Geol. Surv., 1915

Supplementary anaylses are also given, in more or les
detail, of typical calamine, blende, lead ores, mine ws
ter and leach water from tailings dumps. The min
water is typical of certain areas about Galena, Jopli
and the Cartersville districts and shows, in parts pe
million: Free H,SO„ 29.4; FeSO„ 157.4; Fe2(SO.)
179; ZnSO,, 2840.5; Pb, 1.9; Cd, 5.25; Cu, 0.3; Mi
24.5 ; Ni and Co, 2.1 ; and CaSO„ saturated. Mine w;
ters of other areas are alkaline.

At the smeltery of the Bartlesville Zinc Co., in Okl;
homa, an alloy of gallium and indium oozed out upo
the drusy surfaces of cakes of lead residuum that ha
been taken out of retorts used for the redistillation c
crude spelter.2 Later the presence of germanium i
Joplin ores was proved by G. H. Buchanan.3 Still moi
recently, the presence of thallium in zinc ores of tr
Webb City-Cartersville district has been noted.' Pract
cal methods for the extraction of rare metals from zim
blende ores are lacking, but it is suggested that litt
difficulty would be met in separating the cadmium, tha
Hum and indium, along with copper, etc., in metall
form, from the leach liquors of the electrolytic proce;
by cementation upon granulated spelter. It is thougl
that gallium and germanium would concentrate in tl
electrolyte until their precipitation could be effected, b
a method yet to be devised.

2"Recovery of Oallium from Spelter in the United States
"Jour. Ind. and Eng. Chem.," 8, 225, 1916.

s"The Occurrence of Germanium in Zinc Materials," "Jou
Jnd. and Eng. Chem.," 8, 585, 1916.

*"Revista real academia cientiflea," Madrid, 8. 49-63.

February 9, L918

ENGINKKKING AND MINING J01 RNAL

281

Graphite Industry in Alabama

The larger number of Alabama graphite plants are
ituated in the Ashland district of Clay County, but the
eld of operation is being rapidly widened, and plants
re in operation in both Coosa and Chilton Counties.

'respecting is also being carried on in Cleburne County.

Efforts are being made to compile figures on pri
on of graphite for 1918, the individual producers in
,1,'ibatna having been asked to estimate their output, as
lis will be of unusual importance owing to the bearing

will have on the policy of the War Trade Board with

i>gard to imports from Ceylon and Madagascar. Pro-

in Alabama are displeased with the action of the

nr Trade Board in allowing large importations, while
le output of their mines has had to be curtailed for
lis reason. Despite the shortage of ocean tonnage,
lips have been provided to bring graphite half way
round the globe, while orders placed within 300 miles

The country rock of the district i- a metamorpho ed

mica schist with igi u Intru inning long dikes.

A green chist, called the Hillabee by the Ala-

bama Geological Survey, borders th,- mica schist on the

west tor the entire length of the area. The character of
the graphite beds is widely different, being continuous

in some instances, and in other cases extensive char
occur in short distances along the strike. Sometime a
bed may be capable of being worked for a width of
100 ft., but more commonly for less than 60 ft. The
■ ccurrences of the beds themselves are not regular, but
certain well-defined groups may be recognized. The
origin of the deposits is assumed to be sedimentary, the
carbonaceous material being metamorphosed into the
Hake variety of graphite. The ground averages usually
less than 5',, but the size and grade of the flake also
determine the possibility of profitable extraction.

Simple openpits provide an inexpensive method, loos-
ening the rock with occasional shots if necessary, but

SKETCH MAPS SHOWING GRAPHITE AREA NOW UNDER ENPLOITATION IN ALABAMA

i the consuming plant could not be delivered owing to
dlroad embargoes. These and other complaints made
J the Graphite Producers' Association of Alabama are
■ be called to the attention of Congress.

Areas of Graphite Deposits

The area of known important flake-graphite deposits
eludes two belts. The belt to the northeast, from the
irtheastern part of Clay County, extends southwesterly
>out 27 miles past Delta and Ashland, to Millerville.
lie flake quality at this point is absent, especially be-
.7een Millerville and Goodwater. The second belt be-
ns at Goodwater, in Coosa County, and for a short
stance has a northwest direction which gradually
anges to the southwest through Coosa County and
tends about five miles farther into Chilton County,
lis southwest division from Goodwrater to where the
nds and clays of the cretaceous formation cover the
aphitic rocks is approximately 33 miles long. The out-
opping of the deposits, not considering the 10-mile
rip between Millerville and Goodwater, is about 60
iles, with a maximum width of four miles.

the rock can be barred down or loosened with pick and
shovel in most cases. Weathered rock is much softer
and is easier to work. This condition sometimes pene-
trates to a depth of 100 ft. as a maximum, and for other
cases a minimum of 25 ft. is found. The weathered
rock usually produces better concentrates, as less crush-
ing is necessary and the size of the flake is less reduced.

Reduction of the Ore

This phase of operations is still in its infancy, the
several processes are new and subject to considerable
further experimentation. The object is to produce the
largest amount of No. 1 flake with as little dust as
possible. Most of the mills are using flotation without
oil, while the dry method is being introduced and has
proved successful in different plants. A combination of
both processes may be adopted. At present there are
hardly any plants that are identical in concentration
practices. The Ceylon Graphite Co., in Coosa County,
is using the oil-flotation method with success, while the
Flaketown Graphite Co., in Chilton County, is using the
dry method, including a Huff electrostatic machine.

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 6

The ordinary wot method consists briefly in crushing
in a gyratory crusher, followed by finer crushing with
interned reening if found advantageous. After

g put through the drier, another crushing is made
ami the material is then subjected to wator-tlotation
sometimes after having had a preliminary
pneumatic separation.

The following is a current list of the graphite com
d the state, alphabetically arranged, showing
production and other details of operation, as compiled
by \\ . K. Prouty, of the Geological Survey o\' Alabama.

\11UTI-: COMPANIES l\ \' LBAMA

Cap
M mi ' tffioe Shipjpin inning

Point 10-Hr. ttions

\ \- : ind Ashland . 200 Oct I. 1917

land mo Vbout l"io

\ Uhland 40 Jim . 1917

Alabam i No I Uhland Ashland 400 W)

Allen. I : I'll 7.

Ul ind Uhland 150 Julv I, 1917.

Ashland Grap

\- land. ... . I ncorporated Nov. or

1917.

Atlas Ashland . Ashland 100 Oct I, 1917.

Ashland 150 July I, 1917.

Birruit.. Pyriton Pyriton (a) 100 Beginning to build.

Black \ -iiui.l 100 Have i ostruc-

tion.
Bann. r Lineville Graphite t.tl 100 Have not begun construc-

tion.
Carbon Mountain Lineville. ... Graphite.... 100 Beginning construction.

G I water or Parkdale.... 125 Feb., 1917.

niga

Consolidated — Lineville Graphite... 100 Havem ostruc-

t ion.
ile Flake.. Ashland . Uhland. . . 100 Oct, 1917.

Clay Count •. Uhland Plant on

H.R. near

p 100 Mar, 1916
Continental Lineville Graphite (a) 100 Have not begun construc-

Central Lineville Graphite (a) 1 00 Have not begun eonst ruc-
tion.
:ine Flake
Graphite Co. .. . Birmingham.. (c) (c) Incorporated Nov., 1917.

Coosa Carbon Co. Birmingham.. I I te) Incorporated Nov., 1917.

Dixie Ashland Ashland (a) 100 Have not begun construc-

tion.

Enterprise Chandler Sp.. Weathers

.Station. . . . 100 About Nov. I. 1917.

Eagle Ashland Ashland ... 150 June 15. 1917.

Empire Ashland Ashland.... 100 Beginning construction.

Fiauco. Montgomery. Mountain

Creek (b) ... Have not begun construc-
tion.
Flaketown... Montgomery- Mountain

Creek 120 Have been running 10

i - or more.

Goodwater Goodwater... Goodwater.. 150 July I, 1917.

Graphite Co. of

America Goodwater... Goodwater.. 300 Started building.

Grieseti, Ashland Ashland... 400 Aug. 2, 19 17.

Graphite Mills,

In*- Ashland Ashland. . . . 200 Have not begun construc-

tion.

Great Southern. . Lineville Graphite... 100 Oct. 1 5, 1917.

Ashland Ashland 100 Nov. I, 1917.

Hood-Graves Ashland Ashland 100 Oct. I. 1917.

India Graphite

Co Birmingham.. (c) (c) Incorporated Nov., 1917.

Jennings No. I... Ashland Hassell Gap. 100 Two years.

Jennings No. 2. . Ashland Hassell Gap. I 00 July, 1917.

Keystone Co Ashland (c) 150 Incorporated Oct., 1917.

King Ashland. . . Hassell Gap. 100 Oct., 1917.

Lecroy Graphite

and Mining Co. . Birmingham.. Hollins 300 Incorporated Oct., 1917.

Lineville Lineville Graphite. . . 100 May, 1917.

May Bros... ind Uhland ... 400 Oct. I. 1917.

Monit... Uhland Hassell Gap. 100 Sept. I, 1917.

National Uhland . Ashland... 100 Aug. 2, 1917.

Nora a
Milling f'.. ' ndler

Springs Weal

100 Under construction.

Orleans Flake.. . Lineville Graphite.... (o) 100 Dnder construction.

Lin. villi- Graphite. 100 July, 1917.

Poeal. ' Uhland it 200 Incorporated Nov., 1917.

tphiteCo Ashland (c) (c) Incorporated Nov. or

1917.

Ashland Ashland ... 150 Several years.

Uhland . . Ha 100 I icl . 1917.

Mining and

■ odwater. Goodwater.. (a) 100 I

' uid 100 i id . 1917.

bland . 100 .1 ion

Sylacauga...

ind Ashland. . 100 Winter. 191 5.

: Uhl nd Ashland (a) 100 N

I'ark-

i ted I)'<-.. 1917.

Lineville... Graphite.... (a) 100 Notstai
Vulcan Graphite

Birmingham.. Incorporated Sept.. 1917.

•.proximate capacity only; (6) '■ construc-

tion; details of prop not available; (./) No record availabl.-.

The Alabama Geological Survey is conducting experi-
ments on flake graphite to determine if it is possible by
use o\' compression to compact the graphite so as to make
it of greater value in crucible manufacture, and thus
do away with the necessity of using the imported
product.

Grading of Graphite in Alabama

Fletcher G. Downs*

Graphite is produced in a number of grades which
are principally the result of the method of its separa-
tion from gangue minerals. This operation is attended
by so many difficulties that numerous failures inevitably
occur, due not so much to poorness of yield, as to the
installment of unsuitable mechanical appliances. At
present important developments in concentration prac-
tice are being carried out in the Alabama field now at a
number of properties starting production.

Recent Developments in Concentration Methods
Several concentrating systems are being used or in-
stalled in the Alabama graphite districts. The old
standard flotation process described by Irving Herr in
the Journal, April 21, 1917, involves the drying of the
ore and a complicated crushing system. Many of the
ores will not stand such an expensive procedure. This
process looses one-half to two-thirds of the graphite
and produces low-grade concentrates running 50-55%
carbon. A modification of this system uses an improved
type of washer invented by H. G. Colmer, and produces
better concentrates. Minerals Separation and Callow
flotation machines were installed in several plants ; other
mills put in the Sutton, Steele & Steele dry-concentrat-
ing process. These last three have resident agents
in Ashland, and will demonstrate their several process-
es there, for the benefit of prospective or existing opera
tions. At Goodwater, the Simplex Graphite Refining
Process Co. has a plant for demonstrating another forrr
of froth-flotation apparatus.

The Alabama Flake Graphite Producers' Associatior
was organized in 1917, for mutual benefit and has
a plan under way for the establishment of a central
finishing mill, which will take the product of the vari-
ous mines and refine it to standard grades. This would
be of great benefit both to producers and to consumers.

Grades of Flake and Dust Graphite
Alabama graphite is produced, in general, in foui
grades: No. 1 flake, No. 2 flake, No. 1 dust and No.. 2
dust. The flake grades all remain on a No. 12 standarc
silk bolting cloth, which corresponds to a fineness ol
about 125 mesh. The distinction between No. 1 anc
No. 2 flake is entirely one of fineness, and the dividing
line is drawn differently in different mills. Some cal
flake coarser than 70 mesh No. 1, while others give thai
designation to flake coarser than 90 mesh. One or twe
mills divide this flake into three grades of coarseness
and there was a movement during 1917 to make onh
one grade of flake, all of which shall stand on 125 mesh
There is little difference in carbon content between th<
No. 1 and No. 2 flake. Either grade will run from 8(
to 94% carbon, according to operating conditions ir
the mill. Most of the mills produce a flake product run

'.Mining engineer, Southern Graphite Co., Ashland, Ala.

Februan 9, L918

ENGINEERING AND MINING J01 RNAL

2K'.

og better than s.v, carbon, and the average carbon
mtent is 87-88?, . The material finer than L25 mesh ia
died dust. A small part of that made (10-159! ' will
in better than l.v, carbon, and is railed No. 1 dust.
ost of it, however, averages 30% carbon.
Alabama flake does not stand in high favor with
aaufacturers as a material for graphite crucibles.
lis is because few of the producers have been able to
aintain a uniform standard of 90', | in carbon, and
icause of fineness and thickness of the flake. Crucible
akera like a thick flake, little of which is finer than 70
ash, more than half of which is coarser than 50 mesh,
id running over 90rr carbon, if possible. The Alabama
•oduct is light and fluffy. A large part of that stand-
g on a 70-mesh screen will pass through a 50-mesh,
id it is not uniform in carbon content. In 1917, how-
i r. producers were able to dispose of practically all
their flake as crucible stock because of the shortage of
eal material for this purpose; particularly the graphite
em Ceylon.

Alabama flake is suitable for lubricating, stove polish
id electrical purposes. The miners aim to dispose of

much of their product as possible, however, for
ucible use, as that grade brings the best return for
e bulk of the material. On this account, the flake, as
arketed, is seldom in a form suitable at once for these
her purposes. The No. 1 dust is suitable for paint
ock. The No. 2 dust can be used only for foundry fac-
gs and is difficult to sell. The No. 2 flake production
ries in amount from 20 c, of the No. 1 up to the en-
re amount of flake produced, according to the milling
stem employed and the condition of the flake in the
e. About as much dust is produced as flake.
Flake prices for the first half of 1917 varied from
> to 22c. per lb. for No. 1, according to the carbon
<ntent. No. 2 flake brought 2c. per lb. less than the
st grade. No. 1 dust brought 3 to 5c. per lb. in 1917.
o. 2 dust, when it could be sold at all, brought $20 per
n. Good flake was worth 15c. per lb. at the end of
e year.

In the fall of 1917 some shipments of Ceylon graphite
me in, and the crucible manufacturers were able to
jck up a supply sufficient to last them until the spring

1918. At the same time, the freight congestion in
e East put a practical stop to shipments from Alabama

the principal graphite-consuming centers. Conse-
ently little Alabama flake is being shipped at present,
i d no new business is likely to be done before the
ter part of the first quarter.

Bureau of Mines Reports Progress
in Smelting Investigations

Washington Correspondence

Van. H. Manning, director of the Bureau of Mines, in
is annual report presented to Congress on Dec. 14,
, ts several important achievements of the Bureau,
nong which are the references to smelter smoke in-
stigations. Enlarging upon this subject, Mr. Man-
mg later in his report writes as follows:

As a result of investigations that have been carried on
i cooperation with the Bureau of Mines, one large copper
(npany is expending $1,600,000 for equipment to recover
ist and fume from the smoke of its smelter.

During this year the metallurgist in charge of the Salt
Ike City station has represented the Anaconda Smelter

Commission and has been directlj inten ted In the in
ligations being conducted at tin- smelting woks at Ana
la. Mont., to imj i ondit ion ' >ne

electrical precipitation planl co DfO0

been in opei ctobei L918 ioul B00.

tlllO ,u. ft. a minute of I I ill '

nients with this plant led the \ naruinla eunipany to begin

work en an installation to handle all the gases <>f the
roaster, about :;. nun, nun ,u.ft. a minuti The plan adopted
rails for 20 electrical precipitation units, a 525-ft. stack,

and the necessary Hues, and involves an expenditure esti-
mate,! at (1,600,000.

The reduction of the sulphur dioxide in tin' smelter leases
will proba it, progress is being made.

During the fiscal year inueh study was given to the scheme
of utilizing sulphuric acid in the manufacture of phosphate
fertilizers for shipment to the Eastern markets. The acid
plant at Anaconda is now being enlarged to a capacity of
180 tons a day, and plans are being made for a plant that
can treat about 50 tons of phosphate rock a day for the
production of a high-grade acid phosphate. It is expected
that in a few months at least 30 tons a day of the sulphuric
acid being made at Anaconda will be utilized in the manu-
facture of this phosphate.

During the last year the work conducted in cooperation
with the smelting companies for the purpose of improving
smoke conditions around smelters has been aimed primarily
at the recovery and utilization of the material wasted in
the smoke. It is found that at most plants the recovery of
the solid constituents— dust and fume — is feasible and
would pay a reasonable return on the investment required.
Usually the recovery of all the waste gases is not feasible.
At plants where the waste gases cannot be utilized the
investigations are for determining what emission of gases
into the atmosphere may constitute a nuisance or be a
menace to agricultural and other interests and, where the
gases are found to cause damage, to determine the most
practicable method of preventing injury to crops.

Decided advances have been made in plans for utilizing
locally the sulphuric acid that can be obtained from smelter
smoke; these plans include the manufacture of superphos-
phate for fertilizer and high-grade phosphoric acid, and
improvement of alkaline soils by direct application of acid.

The American Smelting and Refining Co. has continued
the elaborate and careful investigation begun by it in Utah
in 1914 along lines indicated by the work of the Selby Smel-
ter Commission. These investigations are being extended
to the company's plants at Tacoma, East Helena, El Paso,
and Eastern points. The metallurgist in charge of the
Salt Lake City station of the Bureau of Mines has been
directly interested in these investigations and has had
access to all the data obtained. These data have been made
available for helping others in similar investigations.

At the request of the officials of the St. Louis Smelting
and Refining Co. and the American Zinc, Lead and Smelting
Co., the metallurgist in charge of this station has studied
the smoke conditions about smelters in Illinois, Kansas,
Oklahoma, and other states of the Middle West and has
begun investigations for the improvement of those con-
ditions. These investigations are now being carried on by
the staffs of the companies, and the results will be available
and will enable the bureau to assist other companies in
similar problems.

The utilization of sulphuric acid through the manu-
facture of phosphates for fertilizers is discussed by
Mr. Manning as follows:

How to bring about the manufacture of phosphate prod-
ucts on a commercial scale is an important problem, as it
involves the utilization of the waste sulphur dioxide in
smelter smoke and the development of the phosphate de-
posits of Utah, Idaho and Wyoming. The investigations
are being made in connection with the work of the Ana-
conda Smelter Commission.

Experiments have been made ai- Anaconda toward the
manufacture of a glacial phosphoric acid, or a high-grade
acid liquor, and preliminary experiments have been made
at the byproduct-coke plant of the Illinois Steel Co., at
Joliet, 111., for utilizing this acid liquor to make ammonium
phosphate in place of the ammonium sulphate now being
made. In these preliminary experiments the presence of
iron and alumina in the Anaconda phosphoric-acid liquor
prevented the formation of a product that could be handled
in the apparatus at Joliet. Further experiments will fol-
low. Other experiments, aimed at determining the best
practical method for making the ammonium phosphate
from the impure acid, are being continued on a small
laboratory scale at the Salt Lake City station.

ENGINEERING AND .MINING JOURNAL Vol. 105, No. 6

iiiiiiuiHiuimtiiiiiMiiiiiiiiiiii.iiiiiiiiiimi inn uiiiiiiiiiiiiii 1 1 ; 1 1 1 i m 1 1 m j i li< i in 1 1 n 1 1 bn 1 1 u 1 1 n 1 1 in 1 1 u 1 1111 1 lh i in 1 1 m 1 1 1 n 1 1 1 1 n 1 1 1 1 1 1 m 1 1 n m 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 g 1 1 1 1 mi > 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 m 1 1 1 1 1

Opencut Mining in Tennessee

PHOSPHATE WORKINGS OP INTERNATIONAL AGRICULTURAL CORPORATION, MT. PLEASANT, TENN.

MARBLE QUARRY OF TENNESSEE PRODUCERS' CO. NEAR KNOXVILLE, TENN.

February 9, 1918

ENGINEERING AM) MINIM; JOURNAL

ZINC MINE OP EMBREK IRON CO., EMBREEVILI.IC, TENN.

HYDRAULIC MIXING AT PROPERTY OF BLUE GRASS PHOSPHATE CO., SOUTH OP MOUNT PLEASANT, TENN.

OPENCUT OPERATIONS OF MIDDLE TENNESSEE PHOSPHATE CO., MAURY COUNTY. TENN.

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 6

Prospecting for Manganese

BK BENm V. MAXWEl i
The - in the Appalachian region containing

manganese that are now either entirely neglected or
only partly developed. In view of the present shortage
in the manganese requirements in this country, it may
be interesting to know how to proceed in the prospecting
of those areas and how one may judge the possibilities
of developing a mine in a given territory. The region to
which I have specific reference is that lying north of
the Blue Ridge.

First, the prospector should go over the surface to
find lumps of manganese If in doubt as to whether a
lump is manganese, or merely iron ore, pick up a frag-
ment of white stone and scratch it with a piece of the
ore. If it makes a brown mark it is iron. If it makes
a black mark it is manganese, and the blacker the mark
the higher the grade of your ore. This is the starting
point, but be careful right now not to make up your
mind that you have •'struck it rich," as likely you have
not; but you have the first evidence. Now frighten
away your idol, steel yourself against too much en-
thusiasm and get to work. Lose sight of the lumps
and search for smaller units. Get down on your knees
and examine the clay, if any is exposed. Take your
prospecting pick and dig a little hole and at intervals
rub a portion of clay between your thumb and finger.
If your pick hits ore it will tell you by the sound. If the
small lumps of ore show on the surface, and the rub-
bing of the clay shows grains of sand, clean a few of
them and break them on a rock. If they are black, they
are manganese. If silica, they will be white. When
thus far along you are assured that you have not only
"dornicks" (boulders), smaller lumps and sand but that
you will probably find good pay ore. Now sink a shallow
pit, and look for the source of your ore.

Since the manganese ore is residual and probably
originated from the sandstones, and is bedded in clay,
it is well first to examine the topography of the immedi-
ate field. If the area under consideration is in a de-
pression, or if it is upon the flat surface of a ridge or
the flat summit of a mountain, you have found a place
where clay would naturally deposit and lie. If the float
is found upon the slope of a steep rocky ridge, you must
know that there is little there but rock. If the ridge
slopes gradually, then examine it, for it is possible that
the whole ridge is a mass of clay, and perhaps the rock
lying around is float from the quartzite ledges. Now
look for the walls; first, the quartzite which may be
the hanging wall or the foot wall, as the case may
be. Then look for the other wall, which in the majority
of instances is limestone. Consider whether the ore
is in a depression, whether upon top of a ridge
or whether your bed of clay crosscuts the ridges
which come down from and lie parallel to the
quartzite wall. If it does, then trace it to the next hill,
and if the ore is there you may expect that the body
of clay "matrix" will be worth looking into. You will
also know that your ore is in place and is not "drift";
that instead of the ore being mixed up with fragments,
boulders and sands of the broken-down walls, the bed
of ore-bearing clay was formed before the period when

« General manager, Maxwell Manganese Mining Co., Elizabeth-

ihe erosion of the adjoining walls took place, that yoi
ore will be comparatively free from silica and th;
even the finest sand can be saved and shipped in ai
ilition to the larger sizes. On the other hand, if the cU
is filled with boulders, pebbles and grains of sand, yt
will know that the ore has been transported and th;
jigs, screens and other separating machinery will 1
required to bring it to proper grade.

Having thus satisfied yourself as to the source of tl
ore, and being impressed with the fact that the area <
ore-bearing clay justifies your confidence, work right o
Sink a pit, and another pit, and if the ore still shows, pi
down a shaft or drive a tunnel. In the meantime, as tl
work progresses, take a pan of the clay and wash i
and determine how much ore the clay will yield to tl
cubic yard or foot. If not satisfied, make a trough 16 i
by 12 ft. and haul a few yards of the clay to wate
wash it and get your estimates from that. You will 1
surprised at the amount of ore that a ton of apparent
almost barren clay will yield, and when you figure tl
value of ore and the cost of treatment of a cubic yai
of the clay, you will have a further basis of computatio
Do not be too sanguine as yet. Keep on prospectii
and do not go to your friends or the public and indu
the building of a plant which may ultimately prove
stumbling block against other possible investors. Ful
satisfy yourself that you have a mine, and when yi
have done so, and have calculated your yardage to t
known width and length and thickness, estimate t
probable tonnage and build the washing plant to me
the requirements. If the indications are indefinite ai
uncertain, give up the operation at once. Do not spei
another cent nor grieve over your loss, as it is nothii
in comparison to what it would have been if you had n
used due caution.

Now as to persistence of the ore at depth. That
an unknown quantity in practically the entire field. E
cept in rare cases where the ore lies in a basin and up
a bed of limestone, which in turn may be near the si
face, there is little known in fact as to depth. T
deepest hole I have ever seen sunk in a bed of mang
nese in this region went down 80 ft. and was bottom
on ore. But I have seen clay carrying manganese
ing exposed in the bed of a creek, and have followed it I
an elevation of 400 ft. above the water level and ha1
found the ore in the clay there. I see no reason w'
the ore should not go as deep as does the clay.

Operators receive numerous inquiries by mail fro
would-be purchasers of manganese properties, but eai
inquirer wants a developed mine and the report of i
engineer, analyses, etc. What is a developed manganc
mine? It is a mine or section of ore-bearing clay whii
has undergone the above suggested examination, al
since such an examination within my knowledge is s-
dom made unless the owner himself is going to open;
I always say that there are no manganese mines upi
which an engineer or a geologist can pass intelligent.
All he can do is to report that he found float, pits, e-
dences of ore, etc., but be cannot truthfully give m<J
than an opinion. He does not know; he cannot lesi
without the use of the pick and shovel, and, practica'
speaking, the only known value of a manganese depot
is when the ore is mined and ready for shipment.
can, though, if he understands his business, do the <-
velopment work and approximate the tonnage availal .

February 0, 1!)18

KNCINKKRING AND MINIM, JOl KNAL

287

Principal ( onsumers of Pyrite

\w I'm w \s Minerals Com muni

William roung Wt tervelt, Chali man
The following tentative lisl of pyrite consumers in the
United States has been prepared by the War Minerals
Committee and is published for the benefit of produx era

PRINCIPAL PYRITES CONSUMERS

i manufacturing; Co., Wilmington, N. C.
nia Chemical Co., Montgomery, Ala.

American Agricultural Chemical Co., Montgomery, Ala.;
Charleston, S. C; Columbia, S. C; Boston, Mass.; Alex
andria, Va.; Baltimore, Md.; Buffalo, N. Y.; Carteret,
X. J.; Cincinnati, Ohio; Cleveland, Ohio; Detroit, Mich.;
Kli.abethport, N. J.; Newark, N. J.; Pensacola, Fla.;
Savannah, Ga. ; Wilmington, N. C.

American Alkali ami Acid Co., Bradford, Penn.

Anderson Phosphate and Chemical Co., Anderson, S. C.

Armour Fertilizer Co., Atlanta, Ga.; Chrome, N. J.; Jack-
sonville, Fla.; Nashville, Tenn.; New Orleans, La.

Avery Chemical Co., Lowell, Mass.

Barker Chemical Co., Dunnellen, Fla.

Bergenport Chemical Works, Bayonne, N. J.

Blackshear Manufacturing Co. Blackshear, Ga.

Bower Chemical Co., Philadelphia, Penn.

Butterworth & Judson, Newark, N. J.

Buffalo Fertilizer Works, Buffalo, N. Y.

Baugh Chemical Co., Baltimore, Md.

Caroleigh Fertilizer Works, Raleigh, N. C.

Cleveland Cliffs Iron Co., Marquette, Mich.

Cochrane Chemical Co., Boston, Mass.

I ommercial Acid Co., St. Louis, Mo.

Consolidated Rendering Co., Boston, Mass.

Contract Process Co., Buffalo, N. Y.

Cotton States Seed and Fertilizer Co., Macon, Ga.

Davidson Chemical Co., Baltimore, Md.

Detroit Chemical Works, Detroit, Mich.

Du Pont Powder Co., Wilmington, Del.

Empire State Chemical Co., Athens, Ga.

Etiwan Fertilizer Co., Charleston, S. C.

Eureka Fertilizer Co., Perryville, Md.

Farmers Fertilizer Co., Columbus, Ohio.

Federal Chemical Co., Nashville, Tenn.

Free State Fertilizer Co., Carrollton, Ga.

Furman Farm Implement Co., Atlanta, Ga.

General Chemical Co., New York, N. Y.; Bayonne, N. J.;
Buffalo, N. Y.; Cleveland, Ohio; Fairfield, Conn.; Newell,
Penn.; Pulaski, Va.; Chicago, 111.; Marcus Hook, Penn.

Georgia Fertilizer and Oil Co., Valdosta, Ga.

Grasselli Chemical Co., Cleveland, Ohio; Chicago, 111.;
Tremley, N. J.; Pittsburgh, Penn.; Selma, Ala.; Grasselli,
Ala.; Gadsden, Ala.

Griffith & Boyd, Baltimore, Md.

Gulfport Fertilizer Co., Gulfport, Miss.

Hampton Fertilizer Co., Hampton, Ga.

Harrison Brothers, Philadelphia, Penn.

Home Guano Co., Dothan, Ala.

Home Mixture Guano Co., Columbus, Ga.

International Agricultural Chemical Co., Macon, Ga.

Jackson Fertilizer Co., Jackson, Miss.

Jarecki Chemical Co., Sandusky, Ohio; Cincinnati, Ohio.

Jefferson Fertilizer Co., Birmingham, Ala.; Bessemer, Ala.

Kalbfleisch Chemical Co., New York.

Lancaster Chemical Co., Lancaster, Penn.

Lenning & Co., Charles, Philadelphia, Penn.

Mandeville Mills, Carrollton, Ga.

Martin White & Co., New York.

Maybank Fertilizer Co., Charleston, S. C.

Meridian Fertilizer Factory, Meridian, Miss.; Hattiesburg,
Miss.

Merrimac Chemical Co., Boston, Mass.

Morris Fertilizer Co., Atlanta, Ga.

Mutual Fertilizer Co., Savannah, Ga.

Naugatuck Chemical Co., Naugatuck, Conn.

New Jersey Zinc Co., Hazard, Penn.

New Orleans Acid Co., New Orleans, La.

Old Dominion Guano Co., Atlanta, Ga.

Painter Fertilizer Co., Jacksonville, Fla.

Parsons Pulp and Lumber Co., Parsons, W. Va.

Pelham Phosphate Co., Peiham, Ga.

Pennsylvania Salt Manufacturing Co., Philadelphia, Penn.;
Matrona, Penn.

Phosphate Mining Co., Savannah, Ga.

Planters' Chemical and Oil Co., Talladega, Ala.

Planters' Fertilizer and Phosphate Co., Charleston, S. C.

h & Sons, E., India tnd

Read I te Co., Nasta llle, T< n leaton, £ I

Reliano Ferti! er < '"., Savannah, Ga.
Richmond Guano I md, \ a

\, I.I \\ I.I 1. . \\ ., I > . II. P

Roanoke Guano < lo., Rob

Robertson Pert ilizi i folk, Va.

Royal no Co., P. E., Norfolk, \ a . Ball re, Md.;

Columbia, S. C; Macon, Ga.

Savannah Guano Co., Savannah, Ga.

Scott Fertilizer Co., Elkton, Md.

Smith Agricultural Columbus, Ohio.

Smith & Co., Springfield, 111.

Southern Fertilizer and Chemical Co., Savannah, Ga.

Southern States Fertilizer Co., Savannah. Ga.J Augusta, Ga.

Standard Guano Co., Baltimore, Md.

Standard Guano and Chemical Co., New Orleans, La.

Standard Chemical and Oil Co., Troy, Ala.

Swift & Co., New Orleans, La.; Atlanta, Ga. ; Wilming-
ton, N. C.

Talladega Mercantile Co., Talladega, Ala.

Tennessee Fertilizer Co., Albany, Ga.; Columbus, Ga.

Thomas & Son Co., I. P., Philadelphia, Penn.

Troup Co., La Grange, Ga.

Tupela Fertilizer Factory, Tupela, Miss.

Union Superphosphate Co., San Francisco, Calif.

Virginia-Carolina Chemical Co., Alexandria, Va.; Albany,
Ga. ; Americus, Ga.; Atlanta, Ga.; Augusta, Ga.; Balti-
more, Md.; Birmingham, Ala.; Blacksburg, S. C; Charles-
ton, S. C; Charlotte, N. C; Columbia, S. C.J Columbus,
Ga.; Durham, N. C; Dothan, Ala.; Gainsville, Ala.;
Greenville, S. C; Lynchburg, Va. ; Macon, Ga. ; Memphis,
Tenn.; Mobile, Ala.; Montgomery, Ala.; Newbern, N. C;
Newman, Ga.; Norfolk, Va.; Opelika, Ala.; Petersburg,
Va.; Pon Pon, S. C; Richmond, Va.; Rome, Ga.; Salis-
bury, N. C; Savannah, Ga.; Sandford, Fla.; Social Circle,
Ga.; Staunton, Va.; Shreveport, La.; Wilmington, N. C;
Winston-Salem, N. C.

West Virginia Pulp and Paper Co., Dovington, Va.

Wilson & Tooner, Jacksonville, Fla.

York Chemical Co., York, Penn.

Pipe Corrosion in Buildings

Inasmuch as the rusting out of pipes is one of the
prolific sources of trouble for the metal-mine operator,
the following notes on corrosion from a bulletin of the
A. M. Byers Co., of Pittsburgh, Penn., may be of
interest :

An investigation of pipe corrosion was prompted in
Pittsburgh by local agitation on the part of property
owners who charged that chemicals were being used in
the water-filtration plants which destroyed the piping to
such an extent that not even brass was immune. This
subject was taken up by the Pittsburgh Board of Trade,
and a report rendered which showed that no chemicals
were used which could in any way be held responsible
for the trouble, but the opinion was expressed that the
city should not be held responsible for the fact that pipe
of inferior quality had in some cases been used. To
determine the life of pipe under varying conditions of
service, Thomas F. Payne, a sanitary engineer of Pitts-
burgh, was commissioned to make a house-to-house can-
vass of buildings, to ascertain all the pertinent facts
which might aid in solving the rust question in the most
efficient way. After several unsuccessful attempts to
obtain accurate data from private residences and other
buildings, 125 apartment buildings in Pittsburgh were
investigated.

This investigation, it is stated, showed the corrosion
to be most severe in the hot-water mains (exposed base-
ment piping) and the recommendation was therefore
made that pipe one size larger than that used in regular
practice be used for this purpose. The larger size, hav-
ing greater thickness and larger bore, would not so
easily rust through or become stopped up with rust.

-

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 6

is. which are usually concealed, proved
to have a longer life than the basement mains. It was

t ho re fore a question whether the practice of specifying
brass pipe tor risers, and iron or steel for mams, might
DOt be reversed to advantage. Brass pipe in this in-
.>n ilid not show up as well as might be ex
pected, and many complaints were heard on that account,
Wrought-iron pipe in 65 buildings, ranging in age from
eight to 20 years, did not show a single failure when
used for eold-water supply, and in only one or two of
these buildings did the w rought-ircn hot-water risers re-
quire any repairs in the same period of time. Lead
pipe, for hot-water risers, seemed to have an average life
of 18 years, one complete failure being recorded after
14 years' service.

It appeared from the investigation that the pipe lasted
a little longer where an automatic water heater was
used. This undoubtedly is due to the possibility of
maintaining a lower temperature of the water than With
a heater not having thermostatic control, for corrosion
increases with the temperature, reaching its maximum
between 140" and 170° F. Temperatures from 115° to
130" F. were therefore recommended wherever they will
serve the purpose.

and

World's Stock of Platinum thus far produced and still
available is estimated at 4.000,000 oz. by Dr. George F.
Kunz, in an article in the November "Bulletin" of the Pan-
American Union. Of this stock he allots 400,000 oz. as
used for catalyzing, 1,000,000 oz. for dental purposes; 1,000,-
000 oz. for chemical apparatus; 500,000 oz. in electrical de-
vices and 500,000 oz. in jewelry. Total platinum in the
United States he estimates at 1,000,000 oz., besides about
400,000 oz. of other metals of the platinum srroup.

Organization of War Department
War Industries Board

The organization of the War Department, the War
Industries Board and of the Army Ordnance Depart-
ment, which is a subdivision of the former, is illustrated
in the accompanying charts. These will be found of
interest in connection with the account of Secretary
Baker's reorganization of his department, which was
published in the Journal in the issue of Jan. 26, 1918.
In the first chart is shown the general organization of
the War Department. The supreme authority is shown
to be vested in the President, as commander-in-chief of
the Army in wartime, passing from him to the Secre-
tary of War, who is responsible to him on all matters
pertaining to the Army, and who supervises the activi-
ties of the various bureaus and divisions of the War
Department through the medium of the General Staff.
The War Industries Board is shown in the second chart
as deriving its authority from the President through
the Council of National Defense. On the one hand, it
seeks to utilize to the utmost the natural and productive
resources of the country, so that, on the other, the maxi-
mum benefit may be secured through it in purchasing
supplies for the Army, the Navy, the Shipping Board
and the Allies. The organization of the Ordnance De-
partment, as recently effected, is shown diagrammatic-
ally in the last chart, which well illustrates the coordina-
tion in work contemplated. The four operating divis-
ions are given in their relation to the sources of produc-
tion, inspection, supply and procurement, and to the
fighting forces, both in the United States and abroad.

THE PRESIDENT

SECRETARY OF WAR

Surgeon

General

Adminis-
tration.
Onuni-
zation.
and Per-
sonnel

Medical
Supplies

Hospital?

Assistant
Statistics

CHIEF OF STAFF

AND
GENERAL STAFF

War Department Section

War College Division

Assistant

Purchase and Supply

~T

Chief
Signal
Officer

Chief of
Engineers

Chief of
Ordnance

IX

Quartermaster
General

Adminis-
tration,
Organi-
zation,
and Per-
sonnel

Aircraft
Equipment

Electrical
and Tel-
egraphic
Equipment

Adminis-
tration,
Organi-
zation,
and Per-
sonnel

Fortifi-
cations

Revetments
and Sea Walls

Rivers and
Harbors

Maps

Adminis-
tration,
Organi-
zation,
and Per-
sonnel

Design

Purchase

Production

Inspection

Issuance

Adminis-
tration,
Organi-
zation,
and Per-
sonnel

Supplies and

Equipment

Remounts

Construction

Accounting
and Pay

STORAGE AND
TRANSPORTATION

Recruiting
and Organ-
ization

Personnel
Pensions

THE ARMY

War

Council

ZJ

Opinions

Clemency

Records

Drafts

Courts
Martial

Executive

Appeals

Statistics

Publications

Finance

Inspection
•f Troops

Inspection
of Property

Condemna

tions

•\>hni:irv 9, L918

ENGINEERING AND MINING J01 RNAL

ORGANIZATION AND FUNCTIONS OF WAR IMXMKIIS HOARD

289

i aflnt ' i Dt putnwil
Army

1

Ouiirti'rninstcr
i orpi \''"*

Ordnance Department
An)

1

Signal Corps
Army

M

u

Medical l>cpartmcnt
Army

<

v. aids and Pocks

1

J-

<
-

Construction and

np.iu Vu>

u
5

Supplies and Accounts
Navy

h

z

a;
/.

£

>

Medicine and Surgery

N.HV

Steam Engineering
Navy

Ordnance Bureau

c
u

Marine Corps
Navy

Shipping
Board

\

Allies
Purchases

\

PRESIDENT

COUNCII.OFNA -\\ l'l IENSE

« \H IM)l smil s HOARD

\ll\llMSIK\liM IHUMIlN

CLEARANCE COMMITTEE
< lean and coordinates require-
ments (or article! on the shortage
lists. Meaiadatty

PRIORITIES DIVISION

Vrr.iniii's priority of production

and distribution. Sits dally

RAW MATERIALS DIVISION
Arranges (or supplies of raw ma-
terials

I INISHED MATERIALS DIVISION
Arranges for supplies of finished
products

CONVERSION OF INDUSTRY
DIVISION

POWER DIVISION

LABOR DIVISION

LEGAL DIVISION

STATISTICAL DIVISION

X

Mints -except Coal

>

r

r

Factories

50

BlMI till

?

30

1 oundiies

o

V

Forges

z

>

Machine shops

Power plant*

I

| Mills

£

f—

Quarries

;

JO

Forests

O

D

C
3

Imports

Converted

establishments

<
PI

NOTE: A "war industry" is construed to mean any Industry which cannot meet the war-time needs without abnormal expansion or conversion of facilities

Washington, D. C.

January 1, 1918.

ORGANIZATION OF THE
ORDNANCE DEPARTMENT

MILITARY
AFFAIRS

War Council
General Staff
Military Attaches of
Foreign Governments

PROCUREMENT DIVISION

Places all Orders and
Contracts with Private
Manufacturers and Arsenals

OFFICE OF

THE CHIEF OF ORDNANCE

with Supervisory and Coordinating Bureaus which
represent, act for and report to the Chief

GENERAL

ADMINISTRATION

BUREAU

Arsenal Management

Finance

Property

Legal Matters

Personnel

Secret Information

3e

MANUFACTURING
ARSENALS

ENGINEERING
BUREAU

Design
Experiment

Invention

Tests

Specifications

Determination of Types

Construction

CONTROL
BUREAU

Estimates and

Schedules of

Requirements.

Industrial Relations

Methods and Organization

Production

Research

Information

X

CIVILIAN
AGENCIES

Council of National
Defense and Other
Authorized Agencies

OPERATING DIVISIONS

PRODUCTION DIVISION

Follows up, Supervises and
Regulates Production

Deals with Prod'tcere in all
Production Matters except
those relating to Price or Quality

Central ^pe£tloo,Jn^srrl^Mytt^^adjusimepts <rf dispute*, etc.
of plan (6 and condition* affecting production *\

INSPECTION DIVISION

Inspects and Accepts all
Ordnance Stores

Handles all Questions Re-
lating to Quality

Supervises Production with
Respect to Quality

A

SUPPLY DIVISION

Receives Stores and Distributes
all Ordnance and Ordnance
Stores

Operates all Storehouses

Arranges for and Follows up
Transportation

PRIVATE

MANUFACTURING

PLANTS

JZ

£

MILITARY FORCES IN THE
UNITED STATES

^

EXPEDITIONARY FORCES

290

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL Vol. 105, No. 6

inmumtuiiiiimii i i mm iimiimi iiimmiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiimiiimmiimmiiiiiiii inn Ill i iiiimniiiHiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiitiiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiim

Details of Practical Mining

n iiniiiiiimi miiiiimi nut iiliiiiiu i I nun liiliiiiiiiiiiiiiiiinii iiiiiiiini nun nun i iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimiiiiiiimii i i mm,

Safetj in Making and Using Primers

R\ II. GoM>

Up to the present time there has been no standard
satisfactory way of making dynamite primers. Manx
■ie methods in use are unsafe, and each milling dis-
trict usually employs a different method. Standardiza-
tion has been proposed in some states, but as yet noth-
ing has been done in this respect. If a convenient and
method were adopted as standard, many serious ac-
cidents would be avoided. Many accidents are caused
by the scraping of the cap on the sides of the borehole,
and, with present methods of priming, there are many
ways in which this might occur.

Drill-sharpening machines in use today make perfect
bits, and in many cases a reduction in the diameter
of the borehole is the result. Lower grades of explo-

the sketches. Fig. 1 shows the fuse laced through tl
cartridge and illustrates the method known as "doub
lacing." This is objectionable, for it increases the dian
eter of the primer and bends the fuse. If the fuse
bent, the powder train may become broken and cause
misfire, or the powder may burn through the coverin;
igniting the dynamite and causing an imperfect expL
sion. If the cap is thrust too far or if an exceptional
long one is used, it may penetrate the opposite side i
the cartridge and be exposed by scraping against tl
rock. The same objection applies to the primers i
Figs. 2, 3 and 4. The diameters of the primer ar
borehole may be such that the fuse will bind along tl
side of the hole, allowing the cartridge to be pushc
ahead, thus detaching the cap.

The primer in Fig. 5 is not satisfactory, for the re
son given above, as the cord on the outside is exposed '

FI6.1

F16.2

FIG. 3 FI6.4 FI6. 5 F16.6 F16.7 FI6.6

METHODS USED IX PREPARING PRIMERS FOR BLASTING

FIS. 9

FI6.1C

sives are also used extensively, and they require
stronger caps for detonation. Previously the No. 6 cap
was commonly used, but this has not proved strong
enough for the lower grades of explosives, and a No. 8,
which is longer than the No. 6 cap, is now being used
extensively. Recently a new cap, similar to No. 8 and
2: in. long and one in which the explosive requires more
space than the ordinary fulminate of mercury cap, has
been placed on the market.

Primed from the side, the danger from the use of
these long caps is increased, for the cap is apt to pro-
ject through the cartridge, and if the angle is such that
it does not project through it is readily detached from
the cartridge. In either case a premature explosion
may result, due to the scraping of the cap on the sides
<A the borehole. A fuse that will not burn through the
side walls is difficult to manufacture, and this tendency
is increased when the fuse is bent. The ideal condition
is to keep the fuse straight and insert it in the top and
center of the cartridge along the direction of its length.
After being placed in this position, it should be anchored.
Some of the methods commonly used are shown in

MVitherbee, Sherman & Co.. Mineville, N. T.

abrasion and may be readily cut or pulled off. Fig.
shows the cap in the proper position in the cartridge,
it is imbedded in the explosive and therefore protect
from injury. Also, it points along the charge, so th
the most efficient results may be obtained. The o
jection to this method is that no way of anchoring t
fuse is provided. Fig. 7 shows a primer in which an :
tempt is made to remedy the trouble by opening the e:
of the shell and tying with a cord, as shown. But ti
does not overcome the difficulty, for the reason that t
shell is made of paraffined paper, and no matter h(
taut the cord is drawn the fuse can be readily pull
through the paper. Fig. 8 shows a patented devi^
which securely anchors the fuse. A double cord is u-
bedded in the explosive and is prevented from pulli
out by means of a knot in the lower end. The oppos:1
or loose end is fastened to the fuse by means of a clc
hitch. From the standpoint of the user, this devi'
is satisfactory, but manufacturers claim that it is bo
difficult and expensive to insert this cord when ti
paper shells are being filled with explosives.

Figures 9 and 10 show the application of a devi'
which I have patented for overcoming these difficulti

February 9, 1918

ENGINEERING AND MINIM; J01 RNAL

291

H consists of a ferrule of flared shape, made of copper
>r any other suitable material, and is crimped on the fuse
with the regular cap crimper. The end of the cartridge
ied, the cap and fuse, with ferrule attached, are in-
serted m the open end, and the paper wrapping of
the cartridge is tied around the ferrule with a
■ord. The ferrule maj be made part of the cap
sr detached from it. but in either ease a satis-
factory anchor is formed. The detonator is in the
proper position for the most efficient results, and
there is little chance of its becoming- detached from the
■art ridge. The cost of manufacture of the ferrule is
sxceedingly low and its use assures a safe and conveni-
ent method of priming.

Positive Cutout for Trolley Lines

Power in trolley lines is a source of danger unless
-nine positive method is used whereby the power may
h> cut off from certain sections of the line when not in
186, Frank Huskinson in Coal Age describes an instal-
ation which is positive in action and such that the
notorman could not go out and leave the power on the

TO PARTING

, , TROl

L

rY LINE t i

MAIN LINE

N?l 10'

2

100' N?3

J\"

FEEDER LINE

fS.PDT. SWITCH

DIAGRAM OF POSITIVE CUTOUT SYSTEM

aarting lines. The locomotive in going out of the part-
.ng was moving uphill. In the accompanying diagram
:he places marked 1, 2 and 3 are section insulators, or
:utouts, that are inserted in the trolley line. No. 1
:utout is placed where the trolley should be dead, No. 2
:utout is placed about 10 to 15 ft. from No. 1, while
No. 3 is placed about 100 ft. from No. 2.

A special single-pole double-throw switch is placed at
i convenient point between No. 1 and No. 2 cutouts.
This switch is so placed that with the locomotive com-
ing out of the parting or side track with the loaded trip,
the motorman will throw the switch lever just after the
trolley wheel has passed over No. 1 cutout onto the line
oetween cutouts Nos. 1 and 2.

From the main line on the other side of No. 3 cut-
jut a feeder line is run to the blade part of the switch
marked A, also a tap is taken off of this feeder line
and connected to the short piece of trolley between
•utouts Nos. 1 and 2. One switch contact is connected
to the trolley line that goes to the parting, while the
Dther is connected to the piece of trolley line between
:utouts Nos. 2 and 3. This arrangement with the
5witch blade on one contact allows the power to be
™ the lines up to cutout No. 1.

The motorman, upon going into the parting, will
throw the switch to the opposite contact. This puts
the power into the trolley lines on the partings, but at
the same time takes the power off the section of trolley
line between cutouts Nos. 1 and 2. The section of
trolley line between cutouts Nos. 1 and 2 has the power
on at all times, regardless of the position of the switch.

The motorman, upon coming out of the parting with
the loaded trip, must throw the switch from one con-

tact i" the other before be can get any power on the
line between cutouts Nos. 2 and :;. Thus it |
Bible for the motorman to leave the witch on the wrong
contact, Thi mak< a safe arrangement foi the pro-
tection of partings where mules aw liable to come in
contact with the trolley hue. A lamp is also placed at
the parting and connected to the trolley line and the
rails. This light will burn when there is power on the
line, but not if the power is cut off.

The special switch employed is reliable, sate and
convenient. It is inclosed and considered safe by the
mine and the insurance inspectors. I have several in
use and they are entirely satisfactory in all respects.
A triangular box of the desired dimensions is made
of suitably treated wood. This is lined with sheet
asbestos. The metal parts of the switch are mounted
within this box, with only the three switch terminals
and the handle on the outside. After the connections
are made to the switch, the terminals are insulated.
The switch handle moves in a slot in the bottom of
the box, so that it is practically an inclosed switch.
This switch is installed so as to be easily thrown by
the motorman as the locomotive passes by. The con-
nections are so arranged that the handle of the switch
is always thrown in the same direction that the locomo-
tives are traveling.

Mine

Forge for Heavy Work.

By W. L. Zeigler*

A simple and inexpensive method of building a forge
for heavy work is shown in the illustration. The shell
is made of worn-out trommel screening or steel plate,
coarse rock being used for filling the lower half. A 4-
in. pipe is put in place and then filled around with con-
crete, so that the center is left saucer-shaped to permit
the placing of a fireclay lining.

The blast is supplied by using a small amount of high-
pressure air through the y^-in. nozzle, which draws a

' FreeAir

CONSTRUCTION DETAILS OF FORGE FOR HEAVY WORK

large volume of free air through the pipe, forcing it to
the tuyere. By the sudden expansion at the nozzle the
air pressure and the temperature are greatly lowered,
thereby precipitating any contained moisture, which
then drains from the l-in. hole in the cap at the end
of the large pipe. When using compressed air alone, as
for a large weld when a strong blast is needed, the en-
trained moisture in the air does not all drain and greatly
interferes with the bottom of the fire.

•Mill superintendent. Success Mining Co., Ltd., Wallace, Idaho.

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL Vol. 105, No. 6

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Details of Milling and Smelting |

nun ii mi n 11 1 1 n iiiiiiiiii imiiiiiiiiiiiniiMii iiiiiiiiiinii iiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiii i inn i i minimi imiimi mi iniiiiiiiiiniini

Notes on the I se of Draft Gages

By James Robertson

In the determination of flue drafts, velocity, head and
other data which are necessary in the many calculations
connected with experimental work at reduction plants, it
is customary to use the Ellison differentia] draft gage, or
gages of a similar type. Frequently, however, a plant
is so isolated that several months may elapse before the
required apparatus can be secured, and in such cases
home-made gages must be used. Prof. (.'. K. McQuigg
described1 a differential gage for determining drafts and
velocities, but without a knowledge of Professor

tubing is used to fasten the gage glass to the connectioi
piece and takes up any strains due to differences ii
alignment between the two parts. A flat-bottomed bot
tie is often unavailable for use as the liquid reservoh
and if a bottle with a bottom having the least semblanc
of a bell shape is used (particularly where colored wate
is the liquid), changes in atmospheric temperatures en
countered at the higher altitudes cause moisture to con
dense on the interior. This moisture collects at the bot
torn, or rather top, of the bell (at B), and when a drop i
big enough it falls into the top of the open tube used ii
Professor McQuigg's gage, so that trouble and dela;
are experienced in clearing the glass tube. The im

FIG. 2.

TEMPORARY REPAIRS TO ELLISON' DIFFER-
ENTIAL DRAFT GAGE

FIG. 3.

IMPROVED AUTOMATIC AVERAGING DEVICE
FOR DIFFERENTIAL DRAFT GAGES

McQuigg's apparatus a gage similar to his was made,
improved somewhat, at a smeltry in South America.

Few bottles available for such use are perfectly suit-
able, and when incorpoprated in an apparatus, under
such climatic and operating variations as were encount-
ered at this South American plant, unless changed to
suit conditions will give trouble in manipulation, for it
requires careful handling to prevent glass tubing from
being broken. Two important features were incor-
porated in the improvised gage shown in Fig. 1. The
rubber tubing from the draft or Pitot tube is con-
nected to a tapered brass sleeve fastened to the gage
board by a copper or brass strap. By the use of this
device, shown at A, it is possible to connect up the ap-
paratus without danger of the operator breaking the
glass of the gage and causing interruption in the work,
which was the case when the rubber tubing was attached
directly to the glass tubing. A short piece of rubber

proved gage overcomes this difficulty by bending the up
per part of the tube, after it has been passed through thi
rubber stopper, in the form of a hook (as shown at C)
and this simple expedient prevents any of the condenset
liquid entering the glass and giving trouble.

The Ellison gage is undoubtedly one of the best foi
draft determinations. Fig. 2 shows a gage on which th<
glass tube was cracked at the point where it joins the oi
reservoir. The gage was badly needed, and until anothei
could be secured, temporary repairs were made on th(
tube by pouring plaster of paris around the cracked part
When this hardened and was saturated with oil, it was
found that the gage worked satisfactorily ; the only pre
caution required was that the zero readings should b<
taken more often than usual to insure against possiblt
error.

An automatic device for securing average readings of
different draft gages was described' some years ago

'"Engineering and Mining Journal," Mar. 29, 1913.

s"Engineering and Mining Journal," Apr. 4, 1914.

February 9, 1918

ENGINKKKINC AND MINIM; .101 RNAL

298

his consisted of a brass cylinder having one opening
t the bottom, which could lie attached to the gage, and
ny number of openings at the top, depending on the
umber of Pitol tubes used. The device has been im-

roved ami is shown in Fig. 3. For this particular rase.

" - jj

FIG. 1. IMPROVED DIFFERENTIAL, DRAFT GAGE

ie rubber tubes coming from the Pitot tubes were con-
noted to pieces of i-in. brass tubing at the upper part
! the cylinder, and the gage was connected by a rub-
;r tubing at the lower end. A positive pinch cock
as placed on each tube, and in this manner it was easy
i make individual or average readings, as desired. The
Tew cap top allows inspection and cleaning of the de-
ce when necessary.

Riddell-Davison Self-Cleaning Grate
for Dwight-Lloyd Machines

A self-cleaning patented grate for Dwight-Lloyd sin-
ring machines has lately been devised at the Port Pirie
ant of the Broken Hill Associated Smelters, Australia,
hich is automatic and positive in its action. This
neltery, which has been using standard straight-slot
rates, is now adapting the new apparatus to its D.-L.
ant of 11 machines.

The essential idea of the patent is a continuous, ele-
ited 24-in. grate rib, the supporting cross ribs being
ropped sufficiently below the tops of the grate bars to
low plowing and cleaning tools ample clearance in their
avel. The peculiar position of the grate rib itself as-
sts the release of the sinter at the discharge end of
ie machine to such an extent that on all charges yet
ied at Port Pirie, both single and double roasting, the
ots of the grate remain clean. For abnormally hot
id sticky charges in which lead and slag might
•nd to close up the slots, an auxiliary cleaning tool, of
ivel design, is provided. The peculiar shape of the
rate allows this device completely to remove all lead,
ag and fused charge at one pass.
In recent tests at Pirie, the D.-L. machines have been
in on charge mixtures particularly fusible in character
-50% Pb, 20% raw matte, 13% limerock, etc. — in an
fort to determine the extent to which the slots of the
SW grates could be clogged from metallic drippings,
ised slag, etc. Leady mixtures of this sort, when for-
erly handled over standard straight-slot grates, had
variably resulted in rapid plugging and clogging of

the Blots to a degree requiring continu tra labor

at both feed and discharge end oi machine — one man
punching slots and another hairing ofl inter. The new
grates were found to discharge the inter from th
same fusible mixtures freely and completely, slots re-
maining open and dean. It thus appear thai the o
sion for using the auxiliary cleaning tool provided by
the Riddell-Davison system rarely, if ever, occurs at
Pirie. The peculiar shape of the grate rib, however,
makes it easily possible to introduce a completely ef-
fective continuous clea vice, on top of the grates,
if the necessity should arise in the application of this
system at other poinl

The tendency to breakage of pallets and grates arising
from the sudden drop at the discharge end of the D.-L.
machine is appreciably lessened by this new system,
which does not require such a heavy jolt for the dis-
charge of sinter.

It is reported that the new style of grate not only
eliminates all labor in cleaning, but increases the gen-
eral efficiency of the D.-L. operation to a marked de-
gree. There is an actual increase of about 30% in
air space over standard grates of same slot width, and
this suction area is kept 100% effective by the unfailing
duty of the new grates. In the long run, machines
equipped with the new device show increased roasting
speed and a better sulphur elimination than those using
standard straight-slot or herringbone grates.

It is believed that the Riddell-Davison elevated grate
is the final solution of what has been at some plants
a considerable mechanical difficulty in the D.-L. opera-
tion— the persistent clogging of grates.

A Successful Lock Washer

I have seen many devices for holding a nut or cap-
screw in place, but most of them have their objec-
tions, writes T. 0. Vickers in Power. The illus-
tration shows a washer that I have made and
used with success after several other devices had been
tried, to hold a capscrew in a bearing cap on a vertical
shaft. Although it is quite tedious to make without

NUT OR CAPSCREW LOCK WASHER

proper facilities, I believe the washer could be made in
one operation with a suitably designed die or punch.
As shown, a small spring-steel catch is riveted in a
recess in the washer and projects above the surface
when not depressed, which is done when the nut is re-
moved. The under head of the rivet is cone-shaped, to
be fitted into a suitable recess in the casting of the
machine, made with center punch or with a small drill.
If offered at a reasonable price, I think this lock would
find a ready market.

194

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 6

( instruction and Equipment Costs
of United Eastern Mill*

The coarse-grinding department of the United East-
ern mill at Oatman, Ariz., consists of two No. 64
Marc; ball nulls each direct-connected to LOO-hp. Allis-
Imers motors, automatically fed by an lS-in. steel
apron conveyor. Each mill operates in closed circuit
with a duplex (.'allow screen, the oversize of which is
returned to the mill by an 18-in belt-and-bueket ele
r, and the undersize (, — 30-mesh ) goes to a combined
distributor and sampler. The fine-grinding department
is composed of three Allis-Chalmers tube mills, 5 ft.
in diameter by 6 ft. long, each direct-connected to
To-hp. motors, operating in closed circuit with a 1 •on-
duplex classifier. The classifiers overflow into a laun-
der to a Callow S-ft. sloughing-off tank where additional
settling is expected to take place. The various items of
the cost of constructing and equipping these two de-
partments, as well as the cyanide and clarifying depart-
ments, may be seen in the accompanying table.

rSTBOCTION COST OF MAIN MILL AT UNITED EASTERN PLANT

Labor Material Power Miscellaneous Total

Excavation $10,897 04

5,473 74
.inery. f- o. b.
Oatman*

Machinery, erection.. 4,022 18

Building lumber

Lumber framing and

erection 5,205 89

Building covering in

place 821 50

Doors and windows

in place 183 06

Wood tanks, f. o. b.
Oatman

Wood tanks, election 939.27

Piping, f. o. b. Oat-
man

Piping, erection 1,329.63

Electric wiring, f.o.b.
Oatman

Electric wiring, erec-
tion 1,483 04

Belting in place 18.06

Launder lumber

Launders, erection. . . 412 14

Engineering, Los An-
geles office

Engineering, field. .. . 749 05

Tailings dump and

fences 330 87

Furniture and fixtures 6.50

Painting 221 87

Small tools and equip-
ment 117 24

$2,203 52

4.411 18 $21 54

57.487 02
862 36

7.411 87

114 27

538 02

2,302 77

75 16

7.811.06
122.80

2,864.93
2,906 89

$945 85
390 75
420 96

3 62

722 22
71 57
22 87

182 80

24 89
51 50
132 30

122 31

9,050 99
51.99

$13,100
$10,852

56
31

57,487
5.389

7.411

H2
56
87

6,164

87

3.124

27

258

22

7.811
1,065

nt,
69

2,864
1,329

93

t,(

2.906

B9

1.483

740

71

435

1.14
28
57

HI

9,050
983

99

84

355

58

354

7h
(in
17

239

Sr.

Total mill construc-
tion $32,211 08 $90,328 04 $135 81 $10,864 16 $133,539 09

•Includes $9,015 20 for precipitation presses and zinc feeder that should
properly be charged to the refinery.

Continuous counter-current decantation is the cyanide
process used. The cyanide plant has five Dorr thickener
tanks 40 x 12 ft. and four Dorr agitators 24 x 14 ft.
Each thickener has a Campbell and Kelly diaphragm
pump located above the tank to pump the pulp into the
following tank. Three centrifugal pumps handling the
clear solution are each connected to a fourth pump act-
ing as a standby. Each pump is direct-connected, motor-
driven, and equipped with automatic float switch at the
priming tank to shut off the motor should the priming
tank be drained. A small compressor is installed to
supply air to the agitators at 20 lb. pressure.

The solution from the first thickener after entering
the press-solution tank is pumped by a centrifugal pump
through a 3J x 32-ft., 28-frame Merrill clarifying press,
the clarified solution going by gravity to a 20 x 10-ft.
gold tank. From here a 7 x 8-in. Piatt Iron Works pump

•Excerpted from a paper entitled "The United Eastern Mining
and Milling Plant," by Otto Wartenweiler, to be presented at the
February. 1918. meeting of the American Institute of Mining
Engineers at New York.

sends the pregnant solution through two Merrill 36-in.
82-frame precipitation presses in the refinery, zinc dust
having been added by means of a feeder and emulsifier
to the pipe from the gold tank to the triplex pump.
Duplicate triplex and centrifugal standby pumps are
installed. The buildings are all timber-framed and cov-
ered with corrugated iron. The grinding and cyanide
departments have concrete floors sloping i in. per ft
where possible and all draining into a sump.

A Well-Constructed Concentrates Box

By Frederick W. Foote* and Rastus S. Ransom, Jr.1

Attention given to the saving of concentrates and thi
proper separation of heads, tailings and middlings is o:
as much importance in small milling operations as ii
large ones, and the impression that any kind of a bo:
is good enough to catch concentrates from the tables

LAUNOER

A

-

(

7

'd

*— HP— *
B

A

i

E\

— 24'-

Elevation Plan

PROPERLY CONSTRUCTED CONCENTRATES BOX

especially in a small mill, is wrong. The type of cor
centrates box shown in the diagram was primaril
for use with James' tables, but can be used equall
well with the Wilfiey, Butchart or other makes of cor
centrating tables. The position of the intermediat
partitions, A and B, is determined somewhat by th
ratio of the products formed during the operation an
will differ for various substances, the dimensions show
being found satisfactory for a pyritic tungsten ore. B
means of tin launders (which are shown in detail
sliding on the guide (C) and the back (E), the sepan
tion may be made accurately and the material deflecte
to the proper compartment. The holes (D) are 1 ii
in diameter and placed 3 in. below the top to drai
off the water. When the compartments are full, th
concentrates are shoveled out. This box requires 4
sq.ft. of 1-in. T. and G. and 4 ft. of 2 x 4-in. lumber an
can be built easily in one day by a carpenter. The bac
(E) is placed at the discharge end of the table.

N.

•Mining Engineer, 80 Broadway, New York

tMetallurgical Engineer, James Ore Concentrator Co., Xewar

J.

February 9, 1918 ENGINEERING and minim; JOURNAL

mi i inn iiiiii iiiimmiHimmiiiiiiuiiiimmiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiililiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiuiiimiiiiiiiiiiii n. mi n n mi

295

llllllllllliimmuimiii.;

Events and Kconomics of the War

Half a million American troops will be in France early
iar, and if transports are available a million more
ill cross the water before Pec. 31. This was the sen-
tional statement made by Secretary Baker on Jan.
, when in a three-hour speech he defended himself
id the War Department against Senator Chamberlain's
urges of inefficiency. Suspension of the Monday clos-
er order, now in effect in the Kastern half of the coun-
f, is under consideration by Dr. Garfield; though
eight congestion is still bad. the fuel situation is stead-
improving, especially in the matter of coaling ships,
proclamation was issued by President Wilson on Jan.
calling for greater food saving. A bill to create a
If-billion-dollar "War Finance Corporation," favored
Secretary McAdoo, was introduced in the House,
le Senate Committee on Interstate Commerce pro-
sed to terminate Government control of railways 18
raths after the end of the war.

Abroad, the supreme Allied war council convened at
?rsailles. American troops were reported to be hold-
er a small sector on the Lorraine front. Air raids were
ide on London and Paris. Three Austrian mountain
sitions, with 2600 prisoners, were taken on the Asiago
ights by the Italians. Extensive strikes are reported
have occurred in various parts of Germany. Bolshe-
ki took the Russian towns of Odessa and Orenburg.

^Var Finance Corporation Proposed
by Secretary McAdoo

Creation of a War Finance Corporation by the Gove-
rnment to afford financial assistance, either directly or
'directly, to persons, firms, corporations and associa-
■ >ns whose operations are necessary or contributory to
te prosecution of the war, was asked of Congress on
.n. 28 by Secretary of the Treasury McAdoo. This
.1 is to be furnished "where such persons
*all be unable to procure funds on reasonable or practi-
ce terms from the general public or through the
irular banking channels." The corporation is to have
•'00,000,000 capital stock, all of which is to be sub-
:*ibed by the United States. It may make advances to
ly bank, banker, or trust company which has extended
Uncial aid to persons or corporations to aid in prose-
ting the war. Advances may also be made to savings
Inks or other banking institutions which receive sav-
ins deposits. In all such cases, advances are to be se-
ired by the deposit of collateral. Similar advances may
i exceptional cases be made direct to individuals or cor-
1 rations engaged in war work.

The War Finance Corporation is to be empowered to
i ue its own notes or other obligations, to an extent of
*,rht times its capital stock, running for not less than

< e year or more than five years. These obligations may
I sold, publicly, and are also to be eligible for purchase

< rediscount by the Federal Reserve banks, which may,
i turn, issue their circulating notes against them. An-

< ler section of the act provides for the control by the

corporation of private security issues. It is to have the
power of licensing, or refu ring to < ny individual

issue in excess of $100,000. The corporation is to have
five directors, one of whom is to be the Secretary of the
Treasury, in whose hands will be placed this immense
measure of control over all private financial operate

A. Barton Hepburn, banker, author and economist,
when asked his opinion in regard to the wisdom of the
corporation, said in part:

"The proposed board is to regulate all issues of securi-
ties that equal $100,000 in amount. That would include
the activities of small villages and towns. Our officials
at Washington are staggering under enormous and
laborious responsibilities. Is it prudent to enlarge their
labors by this sweeping responsibility? Is it prudent to
send every locality to Washington for permission to
manage its local affairs? And members of the Supreme
Court, of the Interstate Commerce Commission, of the
Federal Reserve Board — in short, nearly all important
United States officials — are appointed by the President
by and with the advice and consent of the Senate. The
proposed board is given very unusual powers, perhaps
necessary in this war crisis, and is composed of the Sec-
retary of the Treasury, who appoints four additional
men, approved by the President, to act with him. Is so
much autocracy necessary to preserve democracy?"

There is a feeling in Congress, says the Times, that
giving the Government control over money will grant a
closer power over nonessential industries, through a cer-
tain priority of loans, than is possible even in its author-
ity over the raw products of manufacture. Chairman
Kitchin believes that the Government will be able to re-
strain issues of gilt-edged securities which would com-
pete with successive Liberty loans.

Labor Department to Regulate Wages

The special labor advisory committee which was ap-
pointed by order of President Wilson has drafted a
so-called war-labor plan which it is said has the ap-
proval of the Secretary of Labor. Under the new pro-
gram, a reorganization of the Labor Department is
under way that includes within its scope the following
movements :

To prevent strikes, a special committee made up of
men named by the National Industrial Conference
Board, which contains representatives of America's in-
dustrial associations — one man to represent the public
and six men named by the American Federation of
Labor — will meet in Washington within a few weeks
and draw up an ironclad agreement by w-hich a definite
plan for regulating wrages during the war will be en-
forced. Eight newr bureaus will bring about a reorgan-
ization of the entire administrative plan of the Depart-
ment of Labor. The ordnance, aircraft, shipbuilding and
other production divisions of the Government will re-
ceive all the help they may require by reporting their
needs to the Department of Labor.

296

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 6

The closing paragraph of the advisory committee's

rep- plainly that unless a centralised administra-

tion of production is effected the whole labor plan as
d will he insufficient to meet the nation's great
war emergency. This, in effect, is a decision by the
labor experts of the country that a munitions chief or a
munitions department is essential if the war materials
■ be produced. The memorandum says:
"Labor matters do not stand by themselves. They are
phases of production, and no centralized administration
of labor can be adequate which does not go hand in
hand with the centralization of administration of pro-
duction. How this latter centralization is to be accom-
plished is not for your council to consider, but its judg-
ment is clear that failure to secure such centralization
spells failure to secure a sound situation in labor and
failure to prosecute the war vigorously."

reat is the emergency of taking up the labor
problem of the country at once and obtaining agree-
ments and guarantees in order that the necessary work-
men can be mobilized for the war work, that the
advisory committee points out that no problems can be
left to work themselves out.

Intermountain Rate Case Decided

In deciding the intermountain rate case on Jan. 30,
the Interstate Commerce Commission authorized trans-
continental railroads to increase rates from Eastern
points to Pacific seaport cities to the level of the rates
now prevailing to intermountain points. The order be-
comes effective on Mar. 15. Simultaneously, the com-
mission refused to allow railroads to cancel existing
commodity rates on shipments of less than a carload
and apply higher class rates.

The commission found that the former reasons for
maintaining lower through rates to Pacific ports from
Eastern territory than to the mountain territory were
removed when ships formerly in service between the
Atlantic and Pacific seaboard, by way of the Panama
Canal, were taken over for transatlantic service. After
analyzing the figures presented by the railroads, the
commission decided that rates to the coast wrere abnor-
mally low, considering service rendered and transporta-
tion expenses. For that reason the petition of commer-
cial interests of Pacific points that the intermountain
rates be lowered was refused.

Government Railway Control

Director General McAdoo declares erroneous the
statement that he was about to appoint state directors
for the operation of railroads ; no such measure is being
considered. He puts into effect, however, a new system
of Government railroad administration, dividing the
country into three sections — East, South and West — and
placing a railroad executive at the head of each. Mr.
McAdoo has appointed the following men as members
of the Railroad Wage Commission : Franklin K. Lane,
Secretary of the Interior; Charles C. McChord, of the
Interstate Commerce Commission; Chief Justice J.
Harry Covington, of the Supreme Court; and William
R. Willcox, of New York. Mr. Willcox has resigned as
chairman of the Republican National Committee.

The duties of the commission are to make general in-
vestigation of railroad wages of the United States with

the view to determining the wages of the different
classes of labor on railroads. Work will be begun al
once and a report giving recommendations in general
terms as to changes that are necessary will be madt
to the Director General, who will then make a decisior
upon it. The powers of the commission are broad anc
it will consider not only the compensation of railroac
employees, but the relation of railroad wages to thost
in other industries, conditions in different parts of thi
country, the special emergency existing owing to wai
conditions, the high cost of living, and the relation be
tween different classes of railroad labor.

The Labor Power of the United States

The available labor power of the United States total:
29,650,000 men, according to a survey made by thi
public service reserve of the Department of Labor. Thi
total labor power is estimated at 40,100,000 persons
This includes 8,750,000 women who are engaged in gain
ful occupations. Two million of these women are en
gaged in the mechanical and manufacturing industries
and therefore are fitted for machine and other work oi
munitions of war, on shells, on clothes and shoes. Al
of the women, however, were deducted from the tota
figures given by the reserve of available labor power
There was also a deduction of 1,700,000, estimate!
as the total requirements for the National Army. Thi:
leaves the estimated total 29,650,000 as the availabli
labor supply.

These figures show that there are 1,500,000 men en
gaged in domestic and personal service in the Unitei
States. The other general classifications show 11,000,
000 men and 2,000,000 women engaged in agricultural
forestry and animal husbandry, 1,000,000 men engagei
in mining of all kinds, 9,000,000 men and 2,000,00'
women engaged in the mechanical and manufacture
industries, 2,600,000 men and 200,000 women engagei
in transportation, 3,400,000 men and 600,000 women en
gaged in trade, buying and selling, 550,000 men an.
50,000 women engaged in the unclassified public service
1,000,000 men and 70,000 women engaged in the pro
fessions, 1,500,000 men and 2,500,000 women engage
in domestic and personal service and 1,300,000 men an
700,000 women in clerical occupations. It is estimate
that 225,000 men will be needed in France in staff corp
work for each 1,000,000 fighting men or men in the line
This means that one man behind the lines will be re
quired to care for the needs of each four fighting met
For the most part they must be skilled men — engineer;
building trades mechanics, machinists and blacksmith:

"High wages mean high prices. Fresh cycles of wag
advances succeed one another. Each one results in fu)
ther increases of prices or in preventing a reduction o
prices. The producers are raising prices against then
selves as consumers. We are deeply impressed with th
seriousness of the situation, and are convinced that i
the process continues the result can hardly fail to b
disastrous to all classes of the nation." This is th
summing up of a report just given to the House c
Commons by the committee on national expenditur
into the rising cost of necessities of all kinds in Grea
Britain. "The whole thing is a vicious circle of risin
wages followed by rising prices."

February 9, l!U8

ENGINEERING AND MINIMI JOURNAL

2!)7

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Industrial News from Washington

By Paul Wooton. Special Correspondent

II Nllllllllllllllll Illl INI Illllllllllllllllll Ullilillllll

May Export Certain Metals to Norway

After long study, the War Trade Board has decided
upon the quantities of certain commodities which may
be exported to Norway. The negotiations were con-
ducted with Dr. Fridtjof Nansen. Under the agreement,
way will receive 1000 tons of lead. 80 tons of tin,
12 tons of antimony and 350 tons of asbestos. The
amount of copper which is to be allowed has not yet
been determined, as is also the case with bismuth, man-
ganese, mica, nickel, titanium, wolfram, chrome and
all their ores and alloys. These latter, however, to-
gether with tin, may not be exported from Norway to
the Central Powers.

Copper may be exported by Norway to the Central
Towers, under certain conditions, which are set forth
in the following excerpt from the War Trade Board's
statement:

The exportable surplus of copper controlled by the United
States and its associates is not sufficient to meet all de-
mands. But so far as the war needs of the United States
and its associates permit, the board will assist in every way
in supplying- the copper needed by Norway. The board
agrees to Norway's export of copper to the Central Powers
only in compensation for copper received from those pow-
ers in manufactured form, plus .V ; to cover wastage. The
I nited States cannot concede the right of Norway to export
compensation copper to the Central Powers in the form
of the copper contents of ores, which, with the exception of
purple ore, are lean in copper but rich in sulphur. The
sulphur contents of these ores greatly exceed in value their
copper contents. Sulphur is a commodity of prime import-
ance in the manufacture of explosives, and is of the greatest
value as well to the United States and its associates as to
the Central Powers. Its export in this form would, there-
fore, result in granting to the Central Powers, under guise
3f compensation for copper, a large amount of valuable war
material, which has nothing whatever to do with the prin-
ciple of compensation. This board is unwilling to permit
such a result. No pyrites has in fact been exported by
Norway to the Central Powers for a considerable period of
rime. The compensation copper expoi-ted to the Central
Powers should be in the form of crude or refined copper.

With regard to certain other mineral products, the
'oard's statement says:

In our negotiations Norway has attempted to reserve the
ight to export from Norway to the Central Powers all
'ther articles than those mentioned above without any
imitation whatever as to kind or quantity. If we were to
iccept this proposition we would be consenting to the ex-
>ort freely by Norway to the Central Powers of many of
he commodities which we are asked to furnish to Norway
is well as all forms of nitrate, of which, Norway produces
nany, besides calcium nitrate. Iron ore, iron, steel, zinc
md aluminum would pass freely to the Central Powers.

The board, of course, assumes that the Norwegian govern-
ment will consult with the United States and its associates
s to the sources from which Norway shall from time to
lme obtain her supplies, and if this be done the board
eels warranted in assuring Norway that, in case an agree-
nent shall be reached, the reasonable requirements of Nor-
way can and will be met, and that the United States and
ts associates will use all their efforts to this end.

First Potash Land Permit Issued

Twenty-five hundred and sixty acres of alkaline marsh
md in Inyo County, Calif., is covered by the first permit
or leasing potash lands under the new law, which was
<sued on Feb. 2 by the Secretary of the Interior. Others

will be issued m (he near future, the applications having
been practically approved. Under the recently enacted
statute, exploration permits, good for two years, may
be issued covering tracts of land not exceeding 2560
acres. In case potash of commercial value is discovered
on public lands, the permittee will be given a patent for
one-fourth of the land covered by his permit. The re-
mainder may be leased by the Government to others.

Is a Mineral Administrator Wanted?

Basing their view on the belief that the country, as
a whole, regards the conduct of the Food and Fuel ad-
ministrations favorably, despite the drastic application
of authority made by Dr. Garfield, the friends of the bill
providing for a mineral administrator are much en-
couraged. When Dr. Garfield's order was first an-
nounced and met with such manifestation of disap-
proval, it was thought that any chance that the mineral
bill might have had was lost. All had agreed that its
failure or success would depend on the manner in which
the public received the closing-down order.

I. C. C. Asked To Change Classification
of Minerals in West

Applications have been filed with the Interstate Com-
merce Commission to change the Western freight classi-
fication of minerals as follows: Increase from 40,000
to 50,000 lb. in the carload minimum weight on lead
ore concentrates: increase from 30,000 to 36,000 lb. in
carload minimum weight on zinc wire; increase from
30,000 to 36,000 lb. in the carload minimum weight of
blast-furnace accessories; change in package require-
ment restricting movement of arsenic trioxide so as to
provide for shipment only in tight barrels, to prevent
sifting and the possible contamination of foodstuffs;
increase from 40,000 to 50,000 lb. in carload minimum
weight on zinc concentrates; increase from 40,000 to
50,000 lb. in the carload minimum weight on lead or zinc
mine refuse (chats); increase from 40,000 to 50,000
lb. in the carload minimum weight on copper or lead
bullion in pigs or slabs.

May Divert Imports of Manganese
to Florida and Gulf Ports

The U. S. Shipping Board is again surveying the
shipping situation, in so far as it pertains to manganese
ore, in the hope of finding a way of diverting some Of
the ships in this service to other trade. A saving in
tonnage is expected to result from the plan of allotting
imports of manganese ores to ports other than those
through which they customarily enter. By using Florida
and Gulf ports, steaming distance will be shortened and
congestion at Baltimore and Philadelphia avoided. Most
of the manganese received from abroad has come
through the two ports mentioned.

ENGINEERING AND MINIM! JOURNAL Vol. 105, No. 6
luiuuiunuiiumiiuniUHUuiiiiuiiiiitiiiiiuuiiiiii ininnii i mimiimimmimmimmiim i I iimmmiim UlUHlUlimuilll iiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiu

Editorials

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The Roots of the Trouble

SENATOR HITCHCOCK in his great speech in the
Senate on Feb. 4 hit the nail squarely on the head
when he said that nothing but the genius of perfection
and the power of omniscience could enable one man to
look after the vast interests involved in our successful
ecution of the war. "President Wilson," he said,
not at one time design and conduct our difficult and
delicate foreign policy, perform the duties of Com-
mander-in-Chief of the Army and the Navy, act as his
own prime minister, design all the legislation for Con-
gress to pass, dictate all the industrial, financial, and
political activities of the country, and look after the
expenditure of $250,000,000 a week." And we may add
that he cannot do all those things and attend to such
details as fixing the price for copper. Amazing as it
may appear, he has undertaken to consider and decide
upon such details.

The present turmoil in the affairs of the United
States, especially the industrial and financial affairs,
results, in our opinion, from three fundamental causes,
as follow > :

1. The adoption by the Administration of the eco-
nomic fallacy that repudiates the law of supply and
demand. Nonessential production that would naturally
be extinguished by high prices is but imperfectly
checked by the arbitrary' rulings of boards that in the
nature of things cannot be omniscient and omnipotent.

2. The impossibility of one man being able to do
what he has undertaken, and the ideas and policies that
have stood in the way of the development of a proper
organization and the coordination of plans.

3. The attitude of labor, which, regardless of wages
and all other conditions, causes it to perform less than
full-time work at average maximum efficiency.

The first trouble may be cured by abandonment of the
whole price-fixing policy ; the second may be corrected
by opening the eyes of the President. In both of these
matters the decision is squarely up to the President.
As to labor, nobody can make it work if it does not
want to. After it has got the high wages to which it is
entitled, and after it has obtained correction of such
evil working conditions as may rarely exist here and
there (we cannot believe there is any general evil)— if,
after it has secured those things, it is still unwilling
to work and work hard, nothing but patriotism will
induce it to do so.

The Proposed Mines Administration

A BILL fathered by the War Minerals Committee has
been drafted but not yet introduced in Congress,
the purpose of which is to provide for an administration
of the metal mines of the country similar to the ad-
ministration of the fuel and food supplies. Regarded
more narrowly, the purpose is to provide for the supply
of a few essential mineral:- whereof we are snort.

e.g. pyrites, manganese ore, graphite, etc. In support
of the bill it is argued that unless there be a proper
control of these things there are likely to be develop-
ments of crises similar to that resulting from the present
shortage of coal. On the other hand, the bill is meeting
with a public reception that ranges from opposition,
through suspicion and coolness, to lukewarmness. Out-
side of Washington we do not hear of anybody who is
enthusiastic about it. The mining public is highly sus-
picious respecting the broad powers for interference in
the mining industry that are written into the bill. We
have been slow in expressing our opinion of it, refrain-
ing from doing so until after mature reflection. Our
opinion is as follows:

1. There is a danger of crises in certain mineral
supplies, but to avert them there is need rather for a
supreme board of directors, coordinating all industrial
policies, rather than any more confusing legislation,
which we think this would be.

2. The great metal industries — iron, copper, lead,
zinc, etc.— are well able to take care of themselves, and
any legislation that would afford ground for further
tampering with them should be resisted most strenuously.

3. There is a need for an advisory and administrative
minerals and metals board, executing details of policy
under a supreme board of directors. As examples of the
functions of such a board, we may mention these: We
are confronted by a shortage of sulphur, especially in
the form of pyrites, but we possess a considerable sup-
ply of brimstone that ought to be used most advan-
tageously, which the proposed board should direct. Simi-
larly as to the use of zinc blende. Such a board would
also look into the augmenting of our scant tin supply
which might be done by facilitating the completion ol
the tin smelteries now under construction by private con
cerns, by promoting the importation of ore from Bolivia
by reducing the wastes by junk smelters, etc. Thesi
and numerous others that might be mentioned woulc
be valuable functions, that would justify the creatioi
of such a board.

4. The terms of the pending bill that give the boan
economic and price-fixing powers should be rigorousl:
pruned out. While we do not lack confidence in th
exercise of such powers by the War Minerals Committe
and the Bureau of Mines as constituted at present, w
should fear the possibility of such powers, necessaril
written broadly in the bill, falling into other hands. W
think that the result of a price-fixing policy in blightin
production has already been amply demonstrated, an
there should be no more of it.

5. We are aware that the purpose of the framers <
the bill is to stimulate the production of certain thing
and therefore they contemplate minimum prices ratht
than maximum, but the power to fix one kind imph*
the other and should not be conferred, for the reasc
previously given. If there be need for some commo.
ity, natural high prices will stimulate the production <

February '.». 1918

ENGINEERING AND MINIM; JOURNAL

299

iust as we are now witnessing the development of a
aphite industry in Alabama. If tin- natural develop-
■iit be not sufficiently rapid, owing to the reluctance

private capital to embark in enterprises of uncer-

i, n life, let the minerals and metals hoard he authorized
form a mining corporation with national capital.
, h a corporation could enter into contracts for mineral
•plies upon terms that would insure private adven-
ers and accomplish the same purpose as minimum
eee without introducing the evils of general price-
Fing.

In brief, therefore, we favor the general idea of the
i of the War Minerals Committee, hut we think that
should be very severely amended, so as to preclude
I danger of further tampering with our great, self-
riant and efficient mining industry. And there should
i be left in the bill anything that might be used as
l retext for "taking over" any mine or any part of the
n ling industry.

Some Things To Wonder About

OUR naval men began to prepare for war in 1915,
they say. Therefore, in 1917 they were ready. What
nzles us is why the Army staff, observing the new
• ure? in warfare that were being developed in Europe,
i; not begin to think how they affected their profession.
H should have thought that it would be a matter of
'ifessional interest for the general staff to sketch out
b plan for a modern army of one million men, its
•( ipment, the quantity of material, etc. If it had done
at would have been more nearly ready ; but instead of
big so it appears to have been satisfied to read the
Kspapers as a reflection of current history in the same
aie way that Tom, Dick and Harry were doing.

nother thing that amazes us is why, when the
J-l?s had so efficiently coordinated their munitioning
h ugh the purchasing agency of J. P. Morgan & Co.,
« not that organization immediately adopted by the
Jo. Government instead of relegating it to the side
:ni and trying to create a new one?

id still another thing. Why is it that the shell,
■"pnel, gun and rifle factories, the explosives works,
mall the rest that were so smoothly supplying the

s in 1915 and 1916, became so helpless when the
ned States wanted their assistance?

1 our issue of Feb. 2 we published an article on the

-leaching of copper ores by George D. Van Ars-
'1 of the Phelps Dodge Corporation. Mr. Van Ars-
'1' states, incidently, that it is unwise to publish re-
r of experimental work before final results are ob-
»d. Be this as it may, the fact remains that the

:' is a clean-cut and valuable one, dealing with a
bet which has an important bearing upon the future
O'iction and treatment of low-grade copper ores. Mr.
"Arsdale places the low limit of copper in milling
ejit \\cc. It is evident that in mining the enormous
Nges of porphyry ores the present much lower
»'■ copper rock will be either mined and waste piled

t;e left underground in a state of partial develop-

Heap-leaching, as proposed and carried out ex-

nientally on Copper Queen and Burro Mountain ores,

offers promise of rendering available the copper In
what has hitherto been considered waste. Tht method

has the merit of simplicity and directness, both in the

plant required and in its operation. The weakest points
are low extraction, length Of time and the possibility Ol
large and uncertain leakage losses due to seepage. Mi
Van Arsdale discusses the chemical, physical, engineer-
ing and economic factors in a way that is illuminating
and thorough.

The reason why any price-fixing discourages produc-
tion is in no way mysterious. Take the case of copper,
for example. Before the "fixing" the price was about
26c. (not the 35c. that the authorities adopt in esti-
mating the millions they saved the public). Even at
26c. there was some copper produced at no profit. Such
production is checked immediately, for there is no longer
the incentive to those producers to keep going in antici-
pation of a higher price that natural market conditions-
might establish. The industry adjusts itself to a basis
of 23k'., with another group of producers simply getting
a new dollar for an old one. But that condition does
not last. The prices for labor and material, which are
not fixed, go up, the cost of producing copper goes up,
and each rise blows out some more producers just as
surely as if the price for copper were falling.

Elsewhere in this issue we publish the regulations of
the Bureau of Internal Revenue governing the collec-
tion of the income tax, dated Jan. 2, 1918, but issued
Feb. 2, in so far as they relate to the important subject
of depletion and depreciation of mines. In view of the
great interest in this matter, we hurried these pro-
visions into print, and present them without having had
any opportunity to examine them carefully and comment
upon them. The first reading, however, inclines us to
the opinion that in the main the regulations are fair.
There is no doubt that they are founded on a sound
theory.

The absence of team-work is constantly cropping up
in Washington. Some parts of the Administration now
seem to be scared by the realization of how the political
policy has checked industry. Mr. McAdoo is working
to speed up production. Dr. Garfield is working to re-
tard it. Verily the Administration needs a board of
directors to decide what it wants to do. Newspaper
dispatches imply that the President is not so averse to
the idea as he is to having Congress force it on him.

There was some hope that the President's taking over
the railways was going to confer upon the country the
inestimable blessing of the disappearance of the Inter-
state Commerce Commission, but alas ! a compromise in
Congress has decreed that it is to remain with us. In
business such a bungler is fired, but not in politics.
There is but faint hope that we may lose the Federal
Trade Commission.

Senator Hoke Smith bubbles to the surface, says the
Evening Post, to reveal the economic laughability of
fixing the price of cotton. "Price-fixing, if applied to
cotton," he points out, with terrific logical force, "should
also be extended to the pay of the laborers. When
price-fixing they should not single out cotton unless they

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 6

.11 the way down the line to every manufactured

product of cotton." How true! And of course. Senator

lit, when prices were being fixed for

.steel and copper, how the Government must also fix the

price of locomotives, and scissors, and automobiles, and

. percolators.

II IIUtlltnilllUIHMI

BY THE WAY

• in iiiMimmiii

In December. 1917. the amount of Utah stock held in
France was 106,251 shares, against 2">'.). 153 in July,
1914 The corresponding figures for Chino were 45,838
204), and for Ray. 80,118 (42.411).

On request of Senator Calder, the Senate on Jan. 31
ordered printed in Congressional Record the speech of
Col. \V. B. Thompson, delivered in New York recently,
in which he described conditions in Russia growing out
of the Bolsheviki movement. This speech was pub-
lished in full in the Journal.

"When I came back from Russia a few days ago,"
said Col. W. B. Thompson, "and began to talk about
what I had seen and learned and how I felt about it.
my friends said. 'What! Have you been dyed red, too?'
And I replied, 'Well, if to feel sympathy for 170,000,000
people who are struggling for liberty and fair living is
to be dyed red, then I have.' " Russia's principal needs
from America, he declared, are sympathy first — and
shoes. There will be 50,000,000 Russians without shoes
by spring. It is impossible to get shoes in Russia now.

In its last monthly circular the American Exchange
National Bank remarks: "'Win the war' is the chie
business of the day. All else is subordinate to that, but
killing other business will not achieve victory. Only by
sustaining the production of real wealth and keeping
labor employed can we get money for prosecuting a long
war. We cannot have 'business as usual' in the midst of
such a struggle, but it is dangerous to disregard those
natural laws which exist and control the distribution
and sale of all products. Price regulation is an inva-
sion of the law of supply and demand that cannot be in-
dulged in as freely as many profess to believe."

The Real Red-Tapers*

Congressional investigators, now having their fling in
Washington, make a guileless exhibition of themselves.
They come forward with impatient demands that "red
tape" be cut. But the moment they discover a Food Ad-
ministrator, or a member of the Council of National
Defense, who has actually slashed through the red tape
and got things done, they level at him an accusing finger
and sternly exclaim: "That was illegal." They go on
to inform the gentleman who has proceeded vigorously,
but irregularly, that he really ought to be put in jail
for what he has done. This is the pretty Congressional
way of "encouraging the others." Bold initiative is re-
buked; and then the safely routine and stodgy official is
furiously asked wrhy he does not display bold initia-
tive. Thus we have the pleasing spectacle of the chief

•From the Eveninr/ Post, Jan. 4, 1918.

authors and worshippers of red tape vehemently ar-
raigning both those who live in awe of it and those who
flout it. The farce of inconsistency could no further go.

Who is it that has insisted upon swathing Govern-
ment business in red tape? Congress. By minute stat-
utes, jealously guarding the expenditure of every dollar,
by rules and regulations spun out into a spider-web, by
immemorial custom acquiring the force of law, ad-
ministrative agents have been for years cabined, crib-
bed, confined. They cannot stir a step without first
looking out of the window, reading the temperature,
taking a survey of sun, moon, stars, and asking 10 assist-
ants what they think of the prospects of rain. If the
step they take is, according to the red tape duly pro-
vided, a misstep, some auditor will hold up their ac-
counts and stop their pay. And it is under the dead
weight and terror of such a system that officials are ex-
pected to exhibit the highest qualities of energy, dash,
and disregard of conventionalities, with the noble "get-
there" spirit. It is Congress that has established the
fettering checks and restraints under which official ini-
tiative is suffocated. It is Congress that has gone upon i
the theory that every disbursing officer, every purchas-
ing agent of the Government, is presumptively dis-
honest, and will steal or pilfer or graft unless an elabo-
rate system of paper espionage and regulative detail is
placed before him like a barbed-wire entanglement. And
now Congress looks upon its own creation and sees that
it is not good.

There is nothing new in the disclosures of choking
red tape now being made. The results brought out are
only what have steadily been predicted by experts who-
have looked carefully into the Government Circumlocu-
tion Office. In recent years there have been many re-
ports in the interest of economy and efficiency in the
Government service. Several of these have struck at
this very matter of needless red tape. They have shown
the incredible and fantastic piling up of petty ma-
neuvers in order to get the smallest thing done. If i
clerk in the Treasury wants a new stick of sealing wax
the process of getting it requires two or three days o\
requisitions and initialling and O. K.ing. An officia
in the War Department may run short of letter paper
The supply may be stored just across the hall from him
But can he step across and get it and go on with his cor
respondence? Not he. A blank application must b
filled out, half a dozen signatures secured for it, mes
sengers dispatched here and there, the whole sent, i
may be, to the War College for a final vise, and in th
end, it is probable, the wrong paper will appear!

We would not lay the blame exclusively upon Con
gress. There has been a general popular inertia and in
difference in all this affair of Government red tap*
But now that the glare of war has thrown the defect
and dangers of the old system into high relief, thl
opportunity to press for a reform ought not to be losl
Congress is evidently stirred by what has come out!
but what is to be feared is that it will legislate again.' j
red tape by providing a lot of new red tape. Troubll
with ordnance and munitions, it will be said by sonr!
can be cured by creating a new member of the Cabine I
and surrounding him with a network of restricth I
statutes. The true hope of improvement lies in the fa< |
that the country is now looking on and getting a vivi{
sense of who are the real Government red-tapers.

!

February 9, 1918

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

801

Federal Income Tax on Mines

The regulations governing the collection of the income
tax imposed by the act of Sept. 8, 1916, and its amend-
ment of Oct. 3, 1917, are, in so far as they apply to mines
and mining corporations, reproduced from Regulations
No. 33 (revised) of the U. S. Internal Revenue Depart-
ment, as follows:

Art. 171. Paragraphs "seventh" and "eighth" of section
5 (a) and paragraph "second" of section 12 (a) of Title I
of the act of Sept. 8, 1916, authorize individuals and cor-
porations to deduct from gross income "a reasonable allow-
ance for exhaustion, wear and tear of property, and ....
(b) in the case of mines, a reasonable allowance for deple-
tion thereof not to exceed the market value in the mine
of the product thereof which has been mine 1 and sold during
the year for which the return and computation are made";
provided, that when the sum of the annual allowances for de-
pletion equals the capital originally invested, or in case of
purchase prior to Mar. 1, 1913, the fair market value as of
that date of the mineral "in place," no further allowance
on this account shall be made.

Ownership of the mine content at the time for which com-
putation is made is an essential prerequisite to an allowable
deduction for depletion.

The deduction in the case of a lessee will be limited to
an amount equal to the capital actually invested in the
lease, without regard to value as of Mar. 1, 1913, or any
other date.

The paragraphs of the title above referred to authorize
in the case of mine owners two classes of deductions to
take care of the wasting of assets, namely (a) depreciation,
(b) depletion.

DEDUCTIONS AND VALUATION

Art. 172. If the property was acquired by purchase or
otherwise (other than by lease) prior to Mar. 1, 1913, the
amount of invested capital which may" be extinguished
through annual depletion deductions from gross income will
be the fair market value of the mine property so acquired,
as of Mar. 1, 1913. The value contemplated herein as the
basis for depletion deductions authorized by this title must
not be based upon the assumed salable value of the output
under current operative conditions, less cost of production,
for the reason that the value so determined would compre-
hend the profits to be realized from operation of the prop-
erty.

Neither must the value determined as of Mar. 1, 1913,
be speculative, but must be determined upon the basis of the
salable value en bloc as of that date of the entire deposit of
minerals contained in the property owned, exclusive of the
improvements and development work; that is, the price at
which the natural deposits or mineral property as an en-
tirety in its then condition could have been disposed of for
cash or its equivalent.

The en bloc value having been thus ascertained, an esti-
mate of the number of units (tons, pounds, etc.) should be
made. The en bloc value divided by the estimated number
of units in the property will determine the per unit value,
or amount of capital applicable to each unit, which, multi-
plied by the number of units mined and sold during any one
year, will determine the sum which will constitute an allow-
able deduction from the gross income of that year on ac-
count of depletion.

Deduction computed on a like basis may be made from
year to year during the ownership under which the value
was determined, until the aggregate en bloc value as of
Mar. 1, 1913, of the mine or mineral deposits shall have been
extinguished, after which no further deduction on account of
depletion with respect to this property will be allowed to the
individual or corporation under whose ownership the en bloc
value was determined. .

FAIR MARKET VALUE MAR. 1, 1913

The precise detailed manner in which the estimated fair
market value of mineral deposits as of Mar. 1, 1913, shall be
made must naturally be determined by each individual or
corporation interested and who is the owner thereof, upon
such basis as must not comprehend any operating profits,
the estimate in all cases to be subject to the approval of the
Commissioner of Internal Revenue.

In any case in which a corporation uses for purposes of
its income return an estimate of the value of mines or of
mineral lands or properties as of Mar. 1, 1913, as the basis
of computing amounts to be deducted for depletion or return

of capital, this department in passing upon the accuracy and
fairness of such estimate will attach due weight to the
market value of the stock of the corporation on Mar. 1, 1913,
and also to sworn statements as to the value of capital stock
of the corporation filed at any time thereafter for purposes
of the special excise tax on corporations based on value of
their capital stocks imposed by Title IV of the act of Sept.
8, 1916.

In any case in which any depletion deduction is computed
on the basis of the cost or price at which any mine, mineral
lands or properties were acquired, the corporation will be
required upon request of the Commissioner of Internal
Revenue to show that the cost or price at which the property
was bought was fixed for purposes of a bona fide purchase
or sale by which the property passed to an owner in fact as
well as in form, different from the vendor. No fictitious or
inflated cost or price will be permitted to form the basis of
any calculation of a depletion deduction, and in determining
whether or not the price or cost at which any purchase or
sale was made represented the actual market value of the
property sold, due weight will be given to the relationship
or connection existing between the party or parties selling
the property and the buyer thereof.

RECORDS TO BE KEPT

Every individual or corporation claiming and making a
deduction for depletion of natural deposits shall keep an ac-
curate ledger account, in which shall be charged the fair
market value as of Mar. 1, 1913, or the cost, if the property
was acquired subsequent to that date, of the mineral de-
posits involved. This account shall be credited with the
amount of the depletion deduction claimed and allowed each
year, or the amount of the depletion shall be credited to a
depletion reserve account, to the end that when the sum of
the credits for depletion equals the value or cost of the prop-
erty no further deduction for depletion with respect to this
property will be allowed. The value determined and set up
as of Mar. 1, 1913, or the cost of the property if acquired
subsequent to that date, will be the basis for determining
the depletion deduction for all subsequent years during the
ownership under which the value was fixed, and during such
ownership there can be no revaluation for the purpose of
this deduction if it should be found that the estimated quan-
tity of the minerai deposit was understated at the time the
value was fixed or at the time the property was acquired.

In cases wherein the quantity of the mineral deposit in
the mine prior to Mar. 1, 1913, cannot be estimated with
any degree of accuracy, it will be necessary, if depletion de-
ductions are to be taken, for the individual or corporation
owning the deposits, with the best information available, to
arrive at the fair market value of the property as of Mar.
1, 1913; that is, its fair cash value en bloc, if such value is
believed to be other than its original cost, which value,
during the period of the ownership under which it was de-
termined, shall be final and shall be charged to the property
account as hereinbefore indicated, and then, on the basis of
the most probable number of units in the property, the per
unit value shall be determined as the basis for computing
annual depletion allowances, this method and allowances to
be continued until, but not beyond, the time when the value
as of Mar. 1, 1913, shall have been extinguished.

WHEN TO USE ORIGINAL COST BASIS

The original cost of the mineral deposit may be taken as
the basis for computing annual depletion deductions if the
fair market value as of Mar. 1, 1913, as hereinbefore re-
quired, cannot be ascertained otherwise, allowance being
made for minerals which may have been removed prior to
that date. ,

In cases wherein a mineral property was acquired subse-
quent to Mar. 1, 1913, the same rule for computing the an-
nual depletion deduction will apply, except that in such case
the basis of the computation will be the actual cost rather
than the value as of Mar. 1, 1913.

A lessee corporation is not entitled to any depletion deduc-
tion as such, but if such lessee, in addition to royalties, pays
a stipulated sum for the right to explore, develop and oper-
ate a mine, such sum may be spread ratably over the esti-
mated number of units in the mine, and thus ascertain the
amount of invested capital or bonus payment applicable to
each unit. The per unit cost thus ascertained will be multi-
plied by the number of units removed from the mine during
any one year and the result will be the amount that may
be deducted from the gross income of that year as a return
of the capital invested. In the case of both mine owner and
lessee no deduction for depletion or return of capital will be
allowed when the invested capital has through the aggregate
of all such deductions been extinguished.

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 1C5, No. 6

Foreign Trade in Copper

ipper from the United States in
ad the first 11 months of 1917 are
by the Department o( Commerce as follows:

October,
reported

.

«

chief

1 b

4 Jio.707

»000

Ml. 54.

9.44.' >09

2.008,1 19

11.820

98.191,954
ri.wl beginning Juh '

v.,
I b

48.740

34,621

(.151

2.50. I

1.017.244

4.718

•

\..v.

4.'>22.47l
17.20 i 'i. ■
'>47..'

(5,81

'.o .7 i
12.689

04. .41

The weight of ore exported in November was 249 long
tons, and of concentrates, matte and regulus, 108 long
tons.

Imports of copper in October, November and the first
11 months of 1917 were as follows:

ntents

■
i i':ir>. pi£>. etc

-
- nmanufacture

tppei chief i .!u.-

39.056.597 37.002.908 497.793,727

Ore imported in November weighed 32,623 long tons;
concentrates, 14.622; matte and regulus, 3592 long tons.

I let

Nov

Jan.-Nov.

!.!.

Lb

1 I.

I4.j0t,.272

12.344,102

138,208,144

125,659

3.718,242

20,348,007

18.747.533

20.643,329

310,554.417

4.362.544

88,592

10,476,756

1,583.587

186. .Mi,

17,765,922

31.002

22.407

420,481

Co. A, Twenty-Seventh Engineers,
Taps the Comfort Fund

Who got the first goods bought with the 27th Engi-
neers' Comfort Fund? Ask Company A; it knows. It
has been provided with a stock of tobacco, a splendid
outfit of athletic equipment and with games for the less
strenuous moments. We know it is not good form to
leave the price tag on a present, but we want to let con-
tributors know how their money is being spent. The
smokes cost $172.32; the games such as checkers, dom-
inos, and cards, $53.63, and the athletic equipment,
$313.82; the total $539.77— just as a starter for Com-
pany A.

In order to present these things to Company A at
assembly on Jan. 31, it became necessary to move
quickly. Consequently the goods were purchased in
Washington by Lieutenant Mampel. Mr. Manning, di-
rector of the U. S. Bureau of Mines, who is taking a
great interest in the Twenty-seventh, kindly furnished
a truck to take the cases to Camp Meade, thus insuring
prompt delivery.

At assembly Lieutenant Colonel Perry, who had
just arrived at Camp Meade to take command of the
regiment, introduced Mr. Ingalls and described the or-
ganization of the Comfort Fund. Mr. Ingalls told the
men that he spoke in behalf of the mining industry.
The men forming the regiment are a part of the industry
and are coming back to it. In the meanwhile the indus-
try is going to be thinking about them and is going to
back them up. Miners have special traditions, among
which are the ideas of sticking together and being effi-
cient. The Twenty-seventh as an engineering and min-
ing regiment is a unit that is bound to be a crack
regiment in a crack corps, and it may count upon aid
from the industry whence it came. The industry itself
will have pride in this. Following Mr. Ingalls, Captain

Trounce, of the office of Chief of Engineers, who served
for 18 months with a mining company of the British
Army, described mining conditions at the front.

Now, it is perfectly plain to all why our goal of $100,-
000 is not an extravagant idea. It is also clear that
those who stay at home should let us hear from them
without delay if we have not already done so. The list
of those who have contributed to the Comfort Fund to
date is as follows:

gineering and Mining Journal

New Y.uk Engineering Co

A Friend, Nov. 23

H 11

l> B Charlton

H. W Harding.-

Frank X Spencer

\v. L. < toursen

J. II Polhemus

J. H, Janeway

Albert D. Beers

.1. E. Haves

J. A. Van Mater

I. Vogelstein & Co

"Cuprite"

R. H. Bassett (Hanna Ore Mining Co.)

A Friend, Dec. 10

I*. A. Mosman *.

American Zinc, Lead and Smelting Co

J. G. H

Daniel Guggenheim

A. H. H

Willard S. Morse

August Heckscher

A naconda Copper Mining Co

F W. Bradley

Charles Le Vasseur

A Friend, Dec. 13

Freeland Jewett

Herman A. Wagner

Francis P. Sinn

R. C. Gosrow

D. C Jackling

"V"

J. H. Brickenstein

E. E. Northrup

Rogers. Mayer & Ball

Denver Technical Staff. American Metal Co.. Ltd

A Friend, Jan. 9

E. B. Coolidge

.1 V N. Dorr

Pope Yeatman

W, H Aldridge

C. E. Hart

Robert I. Kerr

Engineers of Washoe Smeltery. Anaconda Copper Mining

Company

Harry C. Graham

Utah Copper. Nevada Consolidated. Ray Consolidated

and Chino copper companies

A Friend. Jan. 23

John Gillie

J. N. Houser '.

C. K. Lipman

Theodore Sternfeki

Clinton H. Crane

T. Wolfson

William H. Hampton

W. E. Merriss

J. Pai'ke Channing

Miami Copper Co

J. H. Means

C. W. Goodale

P. G. Beckett ,

Total

$1000.00

1000.00

5.00

5.00

5.00

1000.00

5.00

5.00

5.00

10.00

10.00

10.00

25.00

100.00

10.00

10.00

10.00

10.00

loo.oo

5.00
100.00

5.00

25.00

100.00

looo.oo

100.00
5. Of

50.00

10.00
5.0b

10.00

5.00

100.00

10.00
5.00
5.00

50 00

30.00
100.00

10.00
200.00

50.0i.

50 00
5.00
5.00

205.00
25.00

1000 00

5.00

25 00

5.0fl

r.

:

500.00

m. on

10.00

10.00

100.00

230. mi

li

25.00
:.ii. mi

$7695.00

We are also providing the regiment with reading ma-
terial. Friends were asked during the week to donate
detective stories, books of adventure, war books, etc.,
from their libraries. Those who have so far responded
are Mrs. W. H. Aldridge, Mrs. William Young Wester-
velt, A. R. Ledoux, H. H. Knox, F. F. Sharpless, J.
Parke Channing, J. F. A. Clark and W. R. Ingalls. The
McGraw-Hill Book Co. donated a $24 set of mining
books. Altogether, 113 books were packed this week
for shipment to camp.

The "Association of the 27th Engineers" has now been
formally organized to administer the affairs of the Com-
fort Fund. Lieut. Col. O. B. Perry, commanding officer
of the regiment, is president of the organization ; Arthur
J. Baldwin, vice president; and Walter Renton Ingalls,
secretary and treasurer. Donors to the fund that is
being raised may now obtain the benefit of exemption
of their gifts up to the limit provided in the law.

February 9, 1918

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

803

namely, to the extent of 15', of the net taxable income.
Checks may now be drawn to the order of W. R. Ingalls,
treasurer.

Thus things that to many have seemed to exist largely
on paper are assuming tangible form. The mining regi-
ment is taking shape, the need of contributions to the
fund is real, and the gifts thus far received are doing
actual good and affording great pleasure to all. Who is
there among mining men who will hold back his hand
from such work?

Imports of Ores and Metals in 1917
Washington Correspondence

The Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce re-
ports imports of the metalliferous ores, metals, cyanides
and nitrates for 1917 as follows. For purposes of com-
parison, import figures for 1916 are included in the
table.

1916

1917

296,293,168

142.494,169

59.348,535

144,957,846 1,7)

Manganese ore. tons

576.321

629.972 (6)

lion pyrites, tons

1,244.519

967.340

Tin. lb

133.073,293

143,687.037

Antimony matte, rettulus or metal, lb - -

19,749,830

35,649.113

Cyanide of sodium, lb

483,811

1,604.117

Nitrate of soda, tons

1.218.423

1,555.839

Iron ore, tons

1.325,736

971.663

4,357

'a) Increas" eome.s principally from M

exico.

(b) From Brazil. British India, Cubi .

Japan.

From Brazil 512,517 tons were

imported in 1917.

Chronology of Mining for January

Jan. 7 — Offices and laboratory at the Omaha plant
of the American Smelting and Refining Co. destroyed
by a fire that threatened the entire plant.

Jan. 9 — A premature explosion of 3000 lb. of blasting
powder on Sacramento Hill, Bisbee, Ariz., killed two,
fatally injured two, and seriously hurt eight men.

Jan. 10 — Resolution passed by the New York Metal
Exchange placing on the purchaser of tin the burden
of all risks attendant on railroad and shipping delays or
losses.

Jan. 14 — Disastrous fire at the plant of the Chemical
Products Co., at Denver, incurring a loss of from $50,000
to $75,000.

Jan. 14 — Resumption of operations of the High Ore
and Lawrence mines, in the Butte district, after a pro-
longed shut-down for repairs.

Jan. 14 — Temporary injunction granted by U. S. Dis-
trict court at Portland, Me., upon request of the Ameri-
can Smelting and Refining Co., against the smelting of
certain Bunker Hill & Sullivan ores in the latter's new
smeltery at Kellogg, Idaho.

Jan. 16 — U. S. Fuel Administrator Garfield issued an
order closing factories, offices, theaters and all public
buildings east of the Mississippi during the five days,
Jan. 18 to 22 inclusive, and on the nine consecutive
Mondays thereafter, in order to relieve the congested
traffic of the railroads and the coal shortage in the East.

Jan. 19— Announcement by Secretary Lane of the De-
partment of the Interior, that the work of surveying
and dividing into leasing units the more accessible part
of the Nenana coal field of Alaska has been completed.

Jan. 22 — Copper price of 23>c. extended to June 1,
1918, following conferences of producers and War In-
dustries Board.

Jan. 23 — Director General McAdoo ordered an em-
bargo upon all new shipments of freight on the Penn-

sylvania linei Pittsburgh, the Baltimore & Ohio

lines east of the Ohio River, and on the Philadelphia &
Reading system. Fuel, food and certain war necessities
were the only exceptions made.

Jan. 24— Price of 12c. per lb. for high grade spelter
agreed upon by producers and the War Industries Board
for U. S. Go- -eminent, Allkd and domestic requirements
until June 1, 1918.

Foreign Trade in Lead and Zinc

Imports of lead during October, November and the

first 11 months of 1917 are reported by the Department
of Commerce as follows:

Articles and Countries
Lead Ore:

Canada
Salvador

Mexico

Chile

Peru

ttalj

England

German Africa

France

Panama

fltliers

Totals

Lead — Base Bullion and Bullion:

Dutch East Indies

Peru

Canada

.Mexico

i I, ■

-. I i,

57.600

1.237.969

728.000

21,573

3,888

2,049.030

11,711

7.329
2,703.244

Novembel

Content-. II,

332,144

41,801

576.67')

1.615.805

Sl.ilH

18.320
2 616 0 .7

182.391

278.825

15,409.525

Totals

Lead — Pigs, Bars, etc.:
Panama

Barbados

Colombia
Haiti
Canada
Guatemala

En dand

Mexico

Peru

France

Ce.ile

Bri. ish West Indies

I Ml,!.

2.722.284

326

1.685

1,079,243

5.925

Totals

6.688
3.143.275

105

>. 150.251

The gross weight of lead ore imported in
was 10,417 long tons.

The actual tonnage of zinc ore imported in
amounted to 8756 long tons. The countries
and the metal contents were as follows:

October November

Contents, Lb. Contents, Lb
496,000

4,776.904

Country s:
Canada

Australia

Spain

French Africa
Italy

Totals

1.333.925
1,578,675
4,702.033

7.614,633

5,272.904

Nov

< mi, t.nts. 1,1,

8. 384,ni,(,

44 918

14.115,495

3.538. S34

400.963

46,719

8,609.804

4.405.145

I 20. 1 0 !

24,401

6.3/J

'6.549

837.028
I
1,591,118
80.654.146

83.340.837

61.076

3.323

3.155

39.133

332.099

59.088

80.186

9,287,790

18,948

89.086

8,769

27,313

15.421

10.025,389

November

November
of origin

-NTov

Contents, Lb.

9.220.714

25.005.837

88.480.867

12.166.840

1.245.000

4.822.400

140.941,678

2,125
2.211
12.570

Zinc in Blocks, Pigs, etc.:
< losta Rica
Panama
Cubs

Mexico

Ecuador

Canada

Brazil

Colombia

Jamaica

I ith rs

Totals 15.447 34.878 422,325

Imports of zinc dust in November, 1917, amounted to
15,320 lb., all from Japan.

Exports of lead and zinc were as follows:

264

1.202

12.311

1,670

9,704

52,143

280,420

3.318

7.580

49.777

5.513

6,000

2.165

5,705

1 ,ead

Pigs, bars, etc.. produced from
domestic ore

Pigs, bars, etc., produced from
foreign ore
Zinc:

Pigs, etc., produced from domes-
tic ore

Pigs, etc., produced from foreign
ore

Sheets, etc

October
Contents, Lb.

5.329.408
21.039.360

No v.

Contents. Lb.

14.688.767
2.128.313

10.208,889 12.255.998

4.901,762
1.905.783

I

3.777,189

Jan.-N'ov.
Contents, Lb

97.224.047
35.617,954

245.034.896

113.418.571
29.002.476

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 6

Personals

..

H.w lln' < i.mfort

lun.l :i Eidawnt

1 ii Jaluutoa nisi Contl-

Mlchl-

\ s ( ,.i, ed « uli ll Kop-

■ .. . I.OI-

\ , r S«U Hukki - n Ins

utado 184

bia
I . ....,.<■ r \\ ill- 'I SUp-

-. .icl< St.'.-! Co.'s plant
N. a

Tiu<nm> Ncllina. metallurgist, ol

tly returned from a
I lo the Philippine Islands
n..n.ii.l i>. Vni.iT. formerly with the
. alley Mining Co . ;s assistant
tendent. Tertiary Mining Co., Ques-
,da.
K..-.W-U ii Jahasoa, of the University
of Pittsburgh, has been appointed mem-
ber of th«- topographic and geologic survey
commission of Pennsylvania.

ktarraj ML Dunran, vie.- president and
general manager of the mines department
of the Cleveland-Cliffs Iron Co., has gone
to Florida for a month's rest.

William (.. Mather, president of thrt
.ind-Cliffs Iron Co Cleveland Ohio,
cted business on the Marquette range
during the last week of January

!■ -t John Dixon is mining engin. el-
and metallurgist in the engineering de-
partment of SufTern Co Papaeolera man-
ganese mine. Rio de Janeiro. Brazil.

\ K. Knickerbocker, formerly connected
with the Arthur Iron Mining Co., 1

the position of chief engineei a
reat Northern Iron Ore Properties.
\rtiinr T...I.I Kennedy, formerly mining

■ r for the Republic Iron and Steel

In command of a company of the
23rd Engineers, now in service in Prance.

\ \. Iictwrilcr has resigned his po

• rintendent of the National Zinc Co.
and is now advisory engineer, Powdered
Coal Engineering and Equipment Co., Chi-

-

Frank Samuel, number of the firm of
Frank Samuel. Philadelphia, has been ap-
pointed a member of the subcommittei ol
ferroalloys of th»- American Iron and Steel
Institute!

C. G. Ballantyne, president and general
manager of the Montana Bingham Con-
solidated Mine? Co., arrived in Salt Lake
tly to undertake direction of
the property.

II. J. Underbill, superintendent of the
Great Northern Power Co.. which furnishes
power to the mines on the Mesabi range.

■ en made general superintendent of
that company with headquarters at Dulinh.

John Beward has returned to Now Vm-i
from Venezuela, where he had been en-
gaged for two months in the examination
of coal and copper properties in the vicin-
ity of Carubano for Hen .1 V. Gomez,
lent of Venezuela
Charles S. Arms has been commissioned
captain. Ordnance department, and as-
signed to active duty at the Wat

al, where he has charge of the heat-
treating, annealing and taking out of test
mens in the new gun-forging plant.
Daniel C. Jarkling will be director of
the United 'owder Far-

with Major Seeley W. Mudd. 1" S R
as assistant director. The two plants will
-■lated near Charleston, W. Ya.. and
Nashville. Tenn. Negotiations for their
construction were conducted by Benedict
■ retary of War. and
Mr. Jackling

J. F. Wolff, mining engineer and
gist, who I -ted for the last

nine years with the Duluth. Minn., office
of John U mining engineer for

the Oliver Iron Mining C My ex-

amined tlon Four mine, near Eve-

•i the Mesabi range, for a group of
stockholders. This property was worked
- ago by a stock company, but
minlr.-- - ons have been suspended

indefi'

Waller A. Barrowa, Jr., president and

'he Thomas Iron Co.,

and Hokendauqua. I'enn.. was

recently el -ident of the i

Pig Iron Association. He was born in

in 1865. and studied

College at New Brun--

N. J., and was first emplo

by the Sharpsville Furnace Co.,
I'enn. In 18f'7. he became

superintendent of the blast furnace de-
partment Of the Mahoning Valley Iron
foungstown, Ohio, and in 1899 was
superintendent at the Everett fur-
Everett, Venn. From 1900 I" 1908
hi was general manager for the Shenango
Furnace Co., Sharpsville, Penn., and then
became metallurgist for the Northern Pa-
Iflc Ry Co., which position he filled until
m- appointment in August. 1916, as presi-
dent of the Thomas [ror Company.

o. C. Davidson, Of Iron Mountain; Mich.,
general superintendent of the Oliver Iron
Mining Co . was elected to the American
Iron and Steel Institute on Jan. 16. Other
newly elected members are as follows:
i Heber Parker, Heading. Penn.. vice presi-
dent and metallurgist of the Carpenter bteel
Co.; Milford Wortham, Temple, Penn.. vice
president and superintendent of the bea-
board Steel and Manganese Corporation;
Samuel Osborne Ilobart. Pottstown, Penn.,
manager of blast furnaces, Eastern Steel
Co Edwin T. Wood. Steuhenville. Ohio.
metallurgist. I.a Belle Iron Works: Douglas
S. Thropp, Everett. Penn.. general manager
of quarries, ore and coal mines for J E.
Thropo: Harris K. Masters, head of ore
department, W. R Grace fi Co.. New
York ; Alfred Stansfield. professor of metal-
lurgy McGill University; Louis H. Winkler,
metallurgist. Cambria Steel Co. ; Charles
B Ellis, secretary to the president, Amer-
ican Vanadium Co.. New York.

Obituary

Heurv Elliot Snracue, at one time presi-
dent of the Colorado Coal and Iron Co..
now the Colorado Fuel Co.. died at his
home in New York on Jan. 29, aged 82
years.

Edward McKIm Hagar, president of the
American International Steel Corporation,
died suddenlv at his home in New York,
on Jan. 19, of pneumonia, at the age of
44 years. He was graduated from the
Massachusetts Institute of Technology in
1893 and from Cornell in 1894. He or-
ganized and conducted the business of Ed-
ward M. Hagar & Co., manufacturers'
representatives in machinery lines in Chi-
cago. From 1906 to 1915 he was president
of the Universal Portland Cement Co.. and
later of the Wright-Martin Aeroplane Co.
For two years he was president of the
lit ion of American Portland Cement
Manufacturers, and was the organizer and
a past president of the Cement Products
Exhibition Co. Mr. Hagar was a member
of the American Society of Mechanical
Engineers, the American Society for Test-
ing Materials, the American Society of Civil
Engineers, the Western Society of Engi-
neers, the American Institute of Mining
Engineers, the Illinois Society of Engineers
and Surveyors, the Engineers' Club. New-
York, other clubs in Chicago and Pitts-
burgh, and of the Phi Kappa Psi fraternity

Societies

profession. Alexander Potter, consulting
engineer of New York, complimented the
Association on its national success with
t he problems relating to the human and
business side of the engineering profession.
E. J. Mehren. editor of "Engineering News-
Record," S. J. Stone. A. C. Davis and others
presented valuable suggestions toward in-
creasing the service to individual members.
It is thought that the activity of national
distribution of technical service will be
greatly advanced with the establishment of
this Eastern branch.

Colorado Metal Mining Association and
the Colorado Chapter of the American
Mining Congress held a joint meeting in
Denver, on Jan. 22-24. in the Assembly
room of the State Capitol. The meeting was
attended by five or more delegates from
each mining county in Colorado and by
numerous delegates from Nevada, Utah and
Wyoming. The following officers were
elected by the directors for the ensuing
year: George M. Taylor. Colorado Springs,
president : George O Argall. Leadville. first
vice president ; R. M. Henderson. Breck-
enridge. second vice president : E. N. Funs-
ton, Silverton. third vice president ; M. B.
Tomblin, Denver, secretary ; and A. M. Col-
lins. Creede. treasurer. Addresses were
made by William J. Galligan. Federal fuel
administrator for Colorado; Hiram E
Hilts, chairman of the Industrial Board ;
James R. Noland. and Fred Carroll, com-
missioner of mines. Dr. V. C. Alderson
president of the Colorado School of Mines,
was unable to be present, but his address
was read by the chairman. The chief
questions discussed were "silver" and the
"excess-profits war tax." The following
conference committee on silver was ap-
pointed: E. N. Funston. chairman; L. A.
Ewing. Jesse F. McDonald. Bulkelev Wells.
Charles Anderson, and George L. Nve. The
following conference committee on" the ex-
cess-profits tax was likewise appointed:
George E. Collins, chairman : Fred Car-
roll. H. S. Shakerd. O. L. Patterson and
D. W. Strickland

Industrial News

Goldachmidf & Forbes. Inc.. New York,
dealers in metals, announce that Edgar S.
Fassett. general manager of the United
Traction Co.. Albany. N. Y., became asso-
ciated with the company on Feb. 1, as di-
rector and secretary.

Driver-Harris Co., Harrison, N. J., suf-
fered the loss by fire of its insulated wire
and electrical cord departments on the
night of Jan. 31. The buildings in which
they were housed were completely de-
stroyed. The company announces that its
production of resistance materials, cast-
ings, cold-rolled strip, nickel sheet and
other products is not interfered with in
the least and that business will continue
as usual.

Vincrican Society for Testing Materials

has notified its members that any of them
who have entered the active military ser-
vice of the Government will have his dues
suspended during the period of such ser-
vice, and still retain all the privileges of
ociety, including the receipt of its
publications.

Mining and Metallurgical Society of
American. New York Section, will hold a
meeting at the Columbia University Club.

10 West 43rd St.. New York, on Feb. 14.

It is to be noted particularly that
the meeting will be held at the new club-
house on 43rd St. It will be preceded by
an informal dinner, which will be served
promptly at 7 o'clock. The speaker of the
evening will be Simon Lake, one of the
original inventors of the submarine. Mr.
Lake will use moving pictures and lantern
slides to illustrate the development of the
tine, will discuss some of its more in-
features, and point out its future
possibilities, both as a naval machine and
adjunct to the commercial marine.

American Association of Engineer: The

New York chapter was organized on Jan.
■ charter being presented bv Presi-
dent Edmund T. Perkins at the installation
•-'. held at the McAlpin hotel. R.

11 Vanderbrook was elected chairman. The
keynote of the meeting was sounded bv
Mr. Perkins in his address on the "Engi-
neer's Relation to Society." He urged the
men to broaden their social and civic
activities, paying more attention to the
human equation of engineers, and to
assume greater responsibility for the

New Patents

United States patent specifications listed
below may be obtained from "The Engi-
neering and Mining Journal" at 25c. each.
British patents are supplied at 40c. each.

Alumina — Process for purifying clay and
other siliceous and aluminous earths and
ores. Frank Lang-ford, Eureka, Calif.
(U. S. No. 1,251,057; Dec. 25, 1917.)

Concentration — Rotary Gravity Machine
for Separating and Concentrating Precious
Metals. Edmund Randolph. Portland. Ore
(TJ. S. No 1.247,717; Nov. 27. 1917.)

Electrical Separation of Suspended Par-
ticles from (iases. Apparatus for. Walter
A. Schmidt and George C. Roberts. Los
Angeles. Calif., assignors to International
Precipitation Co.. Los Angeles. Calif. (U.
S. No. 1,252.183; Jan. 1, 1918.)

Hoist — Safety Cross Head for Mine
Hoists. Samuel Jewell. Negaunee. Mich.
'i- S. No. 1,252.122; Jan. 1. 1918.)

Iron Sulphide. Method of Manufacturing.
Napoleon G. Petinot, New York, N. Y., as-
signor to United States Alloys Corp. (U
S. No. 1.252.024 ; Jan. 1, 1918.)

Ore Separator. Thomas C. Cole, Rus-
s.-llville. Ark. (U. S. No. 1.248.267; Nov.
27, 1917.)

Process of Manufacturing Sulphuric Acid.
Marion L. Hanahan. Dothan. Ala. (U. S.
No 1.253.238 ; Jan. 15. 1918 1

Rock Drill — Drill Sharpener. William
A. Smith. Denver, Colo., assignor to the
Denver Rock Drill Manufacturing Co,
Denver, Colo. (U. S No 1253.291; Jan.
16, 1918.)

February 9, 1918 ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL .tor,

fromi'iii "imilii I iiimmmii minium , iiiiiiiimiimii mniiiiiiii , , „„ „ ,lml, , „„„„„„„„„„,„ mim IIIIIIHIIIIHWIIIIIIIIIIIII iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiik

I Editorial Correspondence

51111 ' ' ' ' ' ' ' "" I""' '"' nun i nun mi mi mini mimiminnmi in imimmi inimnnmii minimi mil

SAN FRANCISCO — Ian. sn

Manganese and Chromium form the sub-
fect matter of preliminary report No, 3 is-
sued by the State Mining Bureau, by E. S
Boalieh. direction of Fletcher Hamilton.
State mineralogist. Mr. Boalieh has con-
iensed in a space of 32 pages some useful
.nformation relating to the occurrence of
nanganese and its uses, prices, freight
-ates. and lists of owners and operators in
California and manganese consumers and
llso U. S. Geological Survey list of pur-
chasers. The chapter on chromium con-
:ains a note on occurrence and concentra-
ion of the ore and its uses, prices, freight
*ates, lists of owners and operators in Cali-
'ornia and chrome buyers and consumers.
3oth chapters contain letters from dealers
ind consumers of the two products. An
ippendix gives a list of available publica-
ions of the bureau,

A Comstock Dividend Has Been Deelared

>y the Union Consolidated, the chief pro-
lucer in the N'orthend district. The divi-
lend is 5c. a share payable on Feb. 1 to
stockholders of record on Jan. 26. The ac-
ion of the directors was a surprise to
narket operators, as it was believed that
10 dividend would he declared until further
shipments of bullion. But the recent devel-
ipment and extraction of medium and high-
rrade ore. making an average weekly yield
if more than $10,000. and the indications
if a large amount of payable ore in pros-
lect. induced the declaration of the dividend
it the present time. November and De-
'ember made fine showings and the steady
iroduction in those months still continues.
n the week ended Jan. 19 the yield, ex-
Jusive of the ore sent to the storage pile,
pas $10,842, the ore averaging $17.71 per
on. In the year 1916 the total vield was
(171.842. The weekly yield steadily ad-
-anced during the last half of the year
i. large proportion of the payable ore
■ame from the stones and raises between
he 2300 and the 2400 levels, in the east
lide of the lode. The present operations
ire extended to 2700 level and the water
stands below Uie 2900 level .and the
Mexican work is in progress for mining
in the 2900.

The Mine Output of l. old in California in

917, acording to estimate of Charles G.
'ale of the U. S. Geological Survey, was
21.098.915, a decrease of $311,826." which
s but a slight decline in view of condi-
ions brought about by the war. These con-
litions affected the deep mines more seri-
usly than the placer mines. Some of the
maller gold mines have closed down, and
t is not unlikely that a number of the
arge producers may be obliged to curtail
iroduction and devote the labor to develop-
ment during the winter. The season is late
nd for that reason the present year shows
ome small improvement, though it is too
arly to form an idea of the outlook for

918. The silver, copper, lead and zinc
roduction in 1917 totaled $2n.358.777.
making the total for the five metals, gold,
ilver lead, copper and zinc. $41,457,692.
n increase over 1916 of $1,708,429. The
eep mines are producing about 60% of
he gold, the remainder coming chiefly from
he dredges. The silver output is esti-
mated at 2.144,196 oz.. a decrease of 420,158
z. from 1916. The price of silver in 1917
mcreased the total value of the productio
y $58,030. The advance in the price of
ilver encouraged the undertaking of new
nd resumption of old work, but the silvei
roducers. like the gold producers, were
irgely handicapped by high costs of mate-
[als and freights and slow delivery, so that
he additonal undertakings in the year did
ot add greatly to the production. Copper
lining advanced, both in production and
he installation of improved methods. The
roduction increased from 55.897.118 lb. in
916 to. 57.591.195 lb. in 1917. The price
ISO advanced, showing an increase in total
alue of $1,914,114 Labor troubles cur-
ailed production to some extent in Shasta
ounjy. hut did not cause the complete
losing down of any of the mines. The
Rtirn.it. d output of Iead'in 1917 was 23.-
j*'MTl lb., an increase of 10.782.481 over
916. Most of the lead comes from Inyo
nd San Bernardino Counties. The esti-
mated production of zinc in 1917 was 9.-
58.X.-.1 II, as compared to 15.2S6.485 lb. in

1916 The zinc comes from the copper
mines of Shasta County and the Silver-lead
mines of Inyo County. The larger com-
panies reduced the production in I

DENVER — Jan. 19
American Institute of Mining Engineers,

Denver section, held Its annual dinner and
meeting at the University Club, Denver, on
ran. 23. The following officers were elected
for 1918: chairman. Charles McNeill: vice
chairman. George M. Taylor; secretary.
Fred Carroll; executive committee. Herbert
Collbran and Willis I .

Oil Shale in Colorado is attracting con-
siderable serious attention. It is claimed
that the future of the oil industry is In the
immense deposits of oil shale in western
Colorado and eastern Utah. The oil may
be extracted from this shale by simple
processes. It is estimated that a plant for
the efficient handling of oil shale can tie
put up for about $100,000. Active develop-
ment and several plants are under advise-
ment by capitalists. The Government has
regarded the shale deposits of sufficient im-
portance to create a reserve of 145,immi
acres in Colorado and Utah for the future
use of the Navy. The oil shale is tough
and hard to mine, but it is probable that
Colorado mine operators will he able to
satisfactorily solve the problem. Where the
overburden is not great, steam shovels will
probably be used.

An Ore Sales Committee is advocated by
Fred S. Caldwell, delegate from Gilpin
County to the convention of the Colorado
Metal Mining Association, who addressed
the meeting on the subject. "What Conces-
sions Are Due the Metal Mining Industry
of Colorado Upon the Basis of the Smelter
Investigating Committee's Report, and How-
to Get Them." A resolution was offered
which urges the appointment of seven dele-
gates to form, an ore-sales committee, which
shall negotiate with the smelters and ore
reduction plants for the marketing of metal-
liferous ores and products on the following
basis: An initial settlement for ore pur-
chased shall be made upon receipt of the
same at smeltery or reduction plant, in
accordance with the practice which now
obtains and upon the schedules now in
force, but the smeltery or reduction plant
receiving the ore shall keep a metal ac-
count for every metal found in commercial
Quantities in the ore. each of which said
metal accounts shall be closed every three
months and. Thereupon, and as soon as the
ores are treated and the metals refined and
marketed, the business for the period shall
lie closed and the gross profits disbursed as
follows: (1) The actual cost of treatment,
refining and marketing shall he determined
and paid; (2) an interest charge of 59r on
working capital shall be deducted: (3) all
taxes, insurance, etc.. for the period, to-
gether with plant depreciation at the rate
of 10% per annum, shall be determined and
deducted; (4) a net profit of 15'; on plant
investment shall be computed and allowed
(5) the surplus, if any. shall be apportioned
among the several metal accounts according
to their respective gross profits, and. there-
upon, the sum falling to each metal account
shall be disbursed to the producers of that
metal in proportion as their settlement
sheets show they contributed to the pro-
duction of the same.

SALT LAKE CITY — Jan. 30

Emmet D. Boyle, governor of Nevada.
was entertained by the executive committee
of the Utah chapter of the American Mining
Congress at dinner at the Alta Club on the
evening of Jan. 20. stopping en route to the
Western mine operators' congress at Den-
ver With him as guests of honor were
Governor Bamberger and Henry M. Rives.
R. C. Gemmel was toastmaster and Gov-
ernor Bamberger made a speech of w-elcome.
Speaking in the interest of silver mining
particularly. Governor Boyle expressed con-
fidence that the bill fixing the price of
silver at $1 per oz., soon to come before
Congress, would become a law. In this
connection he explained the provision of the
bill calling for the melting of silver dollars
stored in the Treasury, to supply bullion
for export to the Allies and to pay trade
balances. He also touched on the excess-
profits tax measure, pointing out the dif-
ficulties of mine taxation and the fact that
mines are a wasting asset.

lit I'll... MONT. — Jan. in
The < oal Situation in Montana in
gratifying to the people. Tin- state h

abundant ci id while a I

prevailing in the Eai i oi f the

coal mines in Montana wen

lestion of closing don n for a time on
account of an oversupply on hand The
Bear i 're, i ird to state

Fuel Administrator Swtndlehnrst that un-
less condil i ather chat.;
would be necessary p.

(he mines of the compan, owing to the
quantity on hand. This messag.
"ii' in reply to an inquiry as to slack coal
The message stated that the Anaconda Coal
and Iron Co. was producing 125 tons of
slack coal daily, the Hear Creek Co I'm
tons daily, the Smokeless and Sootless Co
50 tons daily and the International Coal
Co. 50 tons daily. This coal has sold at
prices ranging from 25c to $1.60 per ton
and the telegram stated that any reasonable
price would he accepted. The jobbers have
been authorized to contract for the whole
output for a year at 5uc. a ton net at the
mine. This action will relieve the mines
of much of their stock and at the same
time put the slack coal on the market at a
reasonable price-
Labor Agitation Ik still Brewing n
Butte and. as can be surmised from a small
weekly paper now issued, agitators are onlv
awaiting the opportune moment to start
trouble again among the miners. What is
known as the Metal Mine Workers' Union
was organized last summer and demands
were made upon the companies which were
beyond all reason This organization was
declared at the ti,„e to he affiliated with the
I. W. W., but the leaders immediatelv
rushed into print with a denial, hoping to
pull the wool over the eves of those who
would not become affiliated with that or-
ganization. In the last issue of this weekly
an appeal was made to the miners of Butte
to relax in their efforts in producing cop
per. to slow down and resort to sabotage
The article was signed "Butte Metal Mine
Workers' Union Xo. 800. I. W W." This
should be evidence sufficient that this unio i
ociated directly with the 1. W. W
While the union has at present practically
no membership among the workers, the
leaders are still enjoying a life of luxurv
with money in their pockets ready to spend
on the unsuspecting miner as an induce-
ment for him to quit work. There is a
strong suspicion that German money is still
being used in this district in another effort
to curtail the production of copper.

Federal Troops Continue to Patrol All
Roads leading to the mines and no attempt
is made to molest any man going to or
returning from work ; but judging bv the
utterances of the i. W. W. faction, if the
soldiers were withdrawn, it would be onlj
a short time before they would be assault-
ing and threatening men who persisted in
working.

The Reopening of the Butte-Detroit Mine
and Mill by Freeman I. Davison of Boston,
who is in the city and has made arrange-
ments for strong Eastern financial backing.
Mr. Davison says that he proposes ti
main here at least one month to see to it
personally that the property is placed on a
producing and paying basis. Additional
equipment is being added to the mill, which
is up-to-date and was built for the old
Butte Central Copper Co. which was taken
over by the Butte-Detroit. He says that
altogether between silver-zinc and mangan-
ese ores there will be treated 650 tons of
ore a day just as soon as the mill is
finally equipped. Contracts have been
made with the Davis-Daly, the Norwich,
the Hibernia and other properties for the
treatment of their ores, and other con-
tracts are expected to be closed in the
course of the next few weeks. The con-
tracts so far made are on quite favorable
terms. Arrangements have been made with
Minerals Separation for the use of their
process. Sam McConnell. formerly super-
intendent of the Butte Central, has been
engaged as mine superintendent and has
already a large force of men at work get-
ting the mine in readiness. For the pres-
ent this mine is expected to produce at
least 100 tons of silver-zinc mill or-
day. It is also intended to mine daily 100
tons of pink manganese ore and ship it
direct to the Miami Metals Co. of Chicago.

i

ENGINEERING AND .MIXING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 6

i\ ill be

i week, hut

to work to the

bly a

<m bis

highest market

production.

IWIIUI.IN Mil) — Jan. SI

Tin- Minrral Output I I**-

,it IS6.698.884 This
obtained by taking the produc-
■ .
tor, and th<
■ f the metals for the entii
! bv the Engineering and Min-
\v of the mining
th the returns from the state
1 Mr Bell estim.it-
■ the mineral production at
< lent returns, however.

. t the total far abo'

nd on Jan 1- lie
■s. which are Gold
silver. 12

ler, 7.168.00
value ' ■ 101.000.00

value ' ' ■ ; and ill - I lb :

valu.- ■ . making a total oi

tor FS.-ll estimates that 95 ,
of the ad and zinc. :'"': of the

copper and 10<S of the gold was produced
in Shoshone county (Cieur d'Alene dis-
tills it is apparent that
me countv continues to maintain its
the great c titer of mm:
Idaho. The year witnessed the
exhaustion of the Gre Hill-Cleveland,
formerly the Standard-Mammoth, and the
Wardner will probably soon
be ahandomd by the Federal company,
g into th. on of the Bunker

livan, which will no doubt ex-
tract much or.- from the ground below the
kings It is also probable that
the Caledonia will end its career during
the cv is an offset to these,

the National Copper, near Mullan, seems to
be entering upon a long period of produc-
tion. The Sherman, near Burke, i- expect-
ed to become a steady producer this yean
The Amazon-Manhattan, on Bi
has just started shipping and has a large
orebody developed, and the 1;
near by. should be a regular shipper in the
earlv spring The completion of the rail-
road on Pine creek will be followed by In-
1 shipments from the Douglas, High-
land-Surprise. Nabob and Constitution. In

idditlon to tins new tonna |dJPIht

i ml,- ha v.- more ore In sight
Bver before

JOPLIN Ian. 39

Revival of Operations in the Missouri
section of Joplin looks promising by reason
of the steadily rising premiums for eases
in Oklahoma it is no louse,- possible for
an individual or company with only a few
thousand dollars to attempt to mine in that
Held now For this reason owners have re-
cently receii tat ions tor prom-
ising lands where soft-ground deposit!

. exist. It is believed a revival of
, k i,, this section will re-
sult in the discovery of a number oi rich

mines The i iin surrounding the city

,.f Joplin has never been prospected with

loroughness of tie Oklahoma fields.

Another liig Mining Deal in which the
consideration was in ol Jl.OOO.ouo,

; t i n a i ; i" this district.

iplin, and associates ot
v,.„ N acres with three

Ing mills. In the Oklahoma field, to
n k, and associates
The mines included in
I that are now operating are located
it Commerce, and are the Miami Zinc and
law, and the Lennan Lead
,,,,1 Zinc Thej have been operated for
:mie and are good producers. The
workings of the Lennan are the deepest
district, being 380 ft. This property
also has the largest steam pump in the field,
i triple-expansion Prescott pump hav-
gal. per minute. Each
.if the three mines has a mill with a capac-
ity of 500 tons in 20 hours. The remainder
Of the acreage in the transaction is made
ip of tour 10-acre tracts, two of which are
only a short distance south of Picher and
two a short distance to the north, across
,ite line in Kansas. Each tract has
been drilled and has a shaft in ore. The
owners announce that they will start
the immediate construction of a mill on each
propi it v Mr. Tylee is president of the new
company, which will be known as the Miami
nd Lead Co Mr. Lennan retains an
interest and is vice president and general
manager.

TORONTO — Jan. 30

The Canadian Government will fix a

royalty as a basis for the mining com-
panies' to pay the claims of the Minerals
Separation North American Corporation for
the use of the oil-flotation process, the gov-
ernment to hold the money in trust while
the validity of patents is being investigated.
The corporation has given notice that it
will enforce its patent rights and stop
all infringements, but will grant licenses
for the right to use its processes. It adds

that a settlement for previous infringement
must precede the granting of licenses foi
future use. The operators are not likely tc
attach any serious importance to this noti'l
fieation until the rights of the corporation
have been established by the government
inquiry.

WASHINGTON, I). C. — Jan. 30
Sulphur Deposits of 1'oporatapetl. Mexi
eo, are to be exploited again, accordini!
to an announcement by the semi-official
Mexican news bureau here. These deposit
have been worked intermittently since thij
time of the Spaniards when Cortez ob
tained the sulphur necessary for his po*v
der from this deposit. Several unsuccess
ful efforts to exploit this sulphur have beei
made during the past 30 or 40 years, bu
the difficulties of transportation from >i
lofty a height and the disadvantages o
working at an altitude of more than 18.00J
ft. have made it impossible to compete wit!
imported sulphur. At present, howevei
with the absorption by the Allies of praq
tically all the sulphur produced in the 1'nit
ed States. Latin America, it is said, i
looking to Mexico for badly needed suppliel
of sulphur.

The ancient crater of Popocatapetl. whic
is several hundred feet in diameter, apl
parently was choked by a flow of sulphuij
Excavation must be taken up at a depth o
300 ft. within the crater and hoisting ma
ehinery erected on the rim of the crater.

BENDIfiO, AUSTRALIA — Dee. 28

A Review of the llendigo l.oldtiebl fo
1H17 shows that although statistical^ th
period was the most unsatisfactory fo
many years, there is still ground for opti]
mism regarding the future. The productio
for the 12 mo.: Tons crushed, l'.i5.ooo|
gold won. 68,000 oz. ; calls. £57.000 ; divl
dends. £6451. During the year nearly 4J
companies were incorporated into the Ben
digo Amalgamated Goldfields Co.. Ltd.. an
their leases grouped in order to centraliz
operations and ensure more economical corj
trol. The surface equipment and treatmeJ
plants are being reorganized and modenj
ized to reduce working expenses. This ha]
meant the closing down of a number of th!
mines for the present but the men have beej
placed elsewhere. It is worthy of note thf]
with one exception, namely the South Ne !
Moon mine, which a few years ago waj
the premier of the field, all the dividend
paid were bv companies since merged intl
the B. A. G.

The development of the parallel lines i
reef has lately attracted some attentio:]
and several companies have been formei
with the object of testing the resources <|
these lines, which have hitherto been almo.'
neglected. It is anticipated that develoj:
ments will he met with early in the ne:
year.

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The Mining News

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ARKANSAS

PRODUCTION OF XoRTH FIELDS m
ZINC and !• ■ a total of

b of all ores 1,164, lb. of

'.as lead. Approximately 5*53 was

zinc sulphide, and the remainder silicate

and carbonate ores. Th.- production was

made in Boone. Baxter. Marion. Newton

searcy counties, by approxin

tors, th-- greater number operat-
ing on a small scale. Of the grand total
are in the mine bins or on the
platforms at shipping points.

Baxter County

SILVER RUN (Rush)— Jos. I'. 1

and a I overhauling mill

and are ready to operate a.s soon as wea-

MICHIOAN (Buffalo)— The Michigan

formerly held .under lease by tie- .1

C. Shepherd Mining To. was taken over by

a Tulsa. Okla.. company. Development

tart at once and sufficient proof of

ground mill will be constructed.

Boone County

EVERTON MINING AND DEVELOP-
MENT CO. (Everton)— Moving mill from
Big Joe mine to Jones lease, where
have opened up good body of jack and car-
bonate.

CONTINENTAL (Harrison) — Installing
new pumping station at the K. and M. mine.
tie Continental group.

ZINC CAMP (Zinc) — Zinc and lead ship-
ments in 1917, compiled by L. L. Brown,
ore buyer at that point, show a total of
carbonates and silicates of 4.614.620 lb. ;
lead 30 tons. At the mine a 25 carload
tonnage is in the bins awaiting shipment.

Independence County

BATESVILLE CAS AND OIL (Bates-
ville) — Sinking a prospect hole near Bates-
for oil and gas, V. (_;, Richardson
high-grade manganese ore
at 54 ft. Probably the deepest ore ever
red in this field. Most of the pro-
duction made from much higher deposit.
Mole is in a low bottom close to White
river.

Marion County
DIXIE QUEEN i Buffalo) — Some copper

i oming in with the zinc.
MARKLE (Dodd City) — Taken over this
week m interests Will remodel

and Increase capacity of small mill now on
property.

SILVER QITOEN (Rush)— Taken over by
Oklahoi I levelopment work to

start at once under direction of Ed. Zimmer-
of YellviUe.

ARIZONA

Cochise County

DENN ARIZONA (Warren) — Pumps co>
ered in at 14 30 ft. and ready to rai
water from 1600 level. Water now at 15
level.

CALUMET & ARIZONA (Warren)-
Driving on 1600 level to Denn line, ivlie
promising ore was recently found on 14'
level.

COPPER QUEEN (Douglas) — Decemt-
production at smeltery from ores from coi-
pain's mines in Warren district, 9,000,01
lb. copper.

Gila County
MAZATZAL MINING CO. (Globe)-
Rock drills, hoist and a small pumpil
plant for further development are «•
templated. R. S. H. Bradley is manage

PORPHYRY COPPER CO. (Globe) -
Preparations under way to cut shaft sl
tions at 530 ft. and 630 ft points from shtl
and to start level drifting to block out o

ARIZONA COMMERCIAL (Globe) •
Opening by new stopes between 1
1500 levels and developing energetically
800. 1000. 1200 and 1500 levels. Wa
level low-ered to between 1200 and 14'
levels.

February 9, 1918

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

;$07

Maricopa County

KAY COPPER (PI nix) — George W.

Long, vice president of the United Eastern,
and associates recently acquired control of
the Kay Copper Co. propertj In the Tip
Top district about 45 mill's north of
Phoenix. Considerable development has
been done on the property and some ship-
ments of high-grade copper ores have been
made. The new owners will begin opera-
tions at once,

Pima County

NEW CORNELIA (Ajo) — Plans for erec-
tion of smeltery are being considered. Plans
do not contemplate erection in 1IMS unless
a marked decline in the cost of materials
takes place. Underground development by
New Cornelia Is well under way at prop-
erty of Ajo Consolidated ores from shovel
pits and underground workings higher in
grade than indicated by drill records.
Yavapai County

VERDE COMBINATION (Jerome)— Ore
discovery on 600 level is near Gadsden line
and is encouraging.

DEL MONTE (Jerome) — Shut down ap-
parently for an indefinite period, although
additional equipment was received and in
course of installation when closing order
came.

JEROME VICTOR EXTENSION (Jer-
ome)— Expecting to unwater the 1200 level
and resume development. Although this
level has not been opened extensively, the
showing is considered encouraging.

UNITED VERDE EXTENSION (Jer-
ome)— New blower has greatly improved
working conditions underground. The fire
is under control. Smelting plant construc-
tion progressing satisfactorily.

DUNDEE ARIZONA (Jerome) — Closed
down pending completion of arrangement
by which it will use the new Verde Ex-
tension traffic tunnel to gain entrance and
raise from 900 level to connect with its shaft
thereby eliminating cost of pumping and
hoisting, necessary when sinking.

CALIFORNIA

Amador County

INJUNCTION SUITS brought by farm-
ers on Dry Creek against Mother Lode
mines may result in the filing of suits by
the mine owners against the farmers for
violation of their recorded agreement made
at the time former injunctions were ob-
tained in the courts. This agre in -nt pro-
vides that no further suits r-ill be brought
against the mines and that the farmers will
not aid or encourage such suits and will
arbitrate all claims.

CENTRAL EUREKA (Sutter Creek) —
Survey and mapping of underground work-
ings in progress Good ore development
on 2500. 2700. 3350 and 3425 levels con-
tinues. At present 30 stamps out of 40 are
dropping.

Butte County

BUMBLEBEE (Oroville) — High-grade

orebody reported. Expect to start new mill
in February. Electric hoist being installed.
This property and the old Josephine, situat-
ed in Morris Ravine, are operated by
Charles C. Vaughn and B. T. Hickman

Calaveras ( lty

MOKELUMNE HILL district attract-
ing attention as producer of quartz gold,
but placer mining not so encouraging!
Easy Bird running mill steadily, and re-
cent developments at depth encouraging.
The Fischer being unwatered and prepara-
tions in progress for extensive work.
Shaft being unwatered and retimbered.
Main orebody followed to the bottom of
shaft and reported 4 ft. wide, assaying $!>
per ton. Stockton Ridge and other placers
in district being dismantled of equipment.
Eldorado County

PLACERVILLE REGION continues ac-
tive in development and production of
chrome and copper.

Fresno County

COALINGA EMPIRE OIL CO. (Coal-
inga) — Permit to pay cash dividend of
$281,902, this amount being withdrawn from
assets. Company recently sold most of its
property to the Shell Oil Co. The Empire.
Republic and De Luxe companies have aNo
been permitted to withdraw and pay to
the stockholders shares of capital stock of
the Coalinga Empire held by them. These
shares constitute all the assets of the com-
panies, which will be dissolved as soon as
distribution is completed.

Glenn County

OIL PROSPECTS on the McKinsey place
near Orland reported to be still encourag-
ing. Water pumped from the 45-ft. well
said to be of milky color and warm tem-
perature, having a thick scum of oil after
settling Samples have been sent to the
University of California for testing

Nevada Counts

CALIFORNIA (Rough and Ready} -
Shaft deepened 260 ft. To prospect
points of the property to determl ■ tl I he
oreshoots persist to great depth m form
of permanent orebodles, King C Gillette

is owner

Plumas Counts

McCARTY (Quiiicy) — Chrome depo 11

recently examined by L. C. Stei

to be one of best so far examined Re-
ported that .i one-mile tramway will be

built for getting the ore out to

road, which will lie li-ngl ii I from pi .-:,

ent terminal to point of delivery i ..
the tramway Will require in miles of
new load

Shasta County
MAMMOTH COPPER CO (Kennett) —

Copper smelted in December estimated at
1.640,000 lb.

Tuolumne Count.)

MT. JEFFERSON (Groveland) -Mine
and improvements sold at public sale by
eount\- tax collector; bought by I a nest W
Marker for $2550. Property consists of
quartz mining claim, mill site, iM-stauip
mill, two hoists and neadframes.

FORTUNA (Sonora) — Including the In-
diana. Bella Italia. Sirius, Minot and Comet
quartz claims, optioned by S. B. Baton.
Purchase price {40,000, payable in three
installments by Feb. 1921. Property now
owned by McCormick Co. and associates.

EAGLE-SHAWMUT (Shawmut) — Elec-
tric hoist installed on third level used in
development and mining lower levels Ore
goes to 60-stamp mill through main work-
ing adit 2800 ft. long. Mine and mill em-
ploy 175 men. Controlled by Belmont De-
velopment Co.. of Nevada.

COLORADO
Boulder County
POTOSI (Caribou) — Several sets of les-
sees at work in this property, and high-
grade silver ore being produced. Recent
shipment of two carloads has a grade of
about 300 oz. per ton.

Clear Creek County

LITTLE GIANT MILL (Lawsonl— M II
completed.

WALDORF (Georgetown) — Operations
will be resumed.

TREMONT (Idaho Springs) — Making
regular shipments through Argo tunnel.

NEW ERA (Freeland) — Two shifts work-
ing in mill and regular production made.

PAYROCK (Georgetown) — Worked by
three sets lessees. Shipments high-grade
lead-silver ore made.

ONE- FORTY' LEASING CO. (George-
town)— Shipping lead and zinc concentrates
from lease on Seven-Thirty.

BALD EAGLE (Idaho Springs) — Bagley
Leasing Co. developing this property for
last month, and has opened a shoot of good
ore. Test run of 125 tons shipped to Jack-
son mill. Considerable milling grade ore
developed.

i.ilidn County

HOMER (Central City) — Shaft being
sunk from 200 level. Both shipping- and
milling-grade ores opened.

GILPIN-EUREKA (Central City) — Shoot
lead-copper ore 3 ft. wide opened recently
on 700 level. Milling plant operating
steadily

FRONTENAC (Central City) — Lessees
shipping smelting-grade ore from 600 and
7 00 levels Considerable milling ore placed
on dumps for future treatment. Water
prevents operations at present below 700
level.

Park County

SOUTH LONDON (Alma) — Shipments
ore being made.

HIGHLAND MARY (Silverton) — Oper-
ated by leasing company. Making regular
production.

NORTH STAR MILL (Silverton ) — Run-
ning continuously on custom ore. Louis
Bastian. superintendent.

San Juan County

LACKAWANNA (Silverton) — Tunnel in
1400 ft. Large shoot ore opened recently.

PRIDE OF THE WEST (Silverton)—
Mine and mill operating steadily. Both
crude ore and concentrates being shipped.

ARIADNE (Silverton) — Crosscutting to
strike at depth. Former producer of good-
grade, lead-silver-copper ore from upper
workings.

VENUS (Silverton) — Being worked by-
lessees. Preliminary shipment of lead-sil-
ver ore gave satisfactory results. Mine
will be operated all winter.

sun Miguel County

Wild I Bl IV IT, llui i.l. I Km I]

. i . ■ i i . . - 1 . i , Ba

■ ntly.

Ti 'M i. o', i i . iiurld Idi rable on-

from .syd,„.y group, which has been

del. i., I i i, i hi. compan foi

tune, bi ii. tn at< d In milling plant

summit ( iiimly

EXCELSIOR (Frisco) ew mill running
makl •■ good i avlng.

KITTIE INN1S - i - Lean taken,

nt ..i lead expected It

tutor,

TONoi'Mi PLACERS CO. (Hi. cken
Dredges will shut down In January
tor annual repairs. No. l dredge will work
Magnum Bonum placet . on Blue Rivet ni I
spring This ground thoroughly tested b:
drilling.

Teller County

GRANITE (Cripple Creek) — Working
:i lode through Dillon shaft; ship-
ping good-grade ore.

OCEAN WAVE (Cripple Creek) — Ore
opened on 100 level of Hurst shaft. Mini-
worked by lessees.

KING SOLOMON i Frisco) — Main tun-
nel being driven further to cut vein sys-
tem of Royal Mountain.

HIAWATHA (Cripple Creek) — Ship
mints good-grade on made recently by
lessees. Mine on Beacon Hill.

TRAIL (Cripple I'reek) — Belongs to
United Gold Mines Co.. and operated by
lessees making large production.

FOREST QUEEN (Cripple Creek)— Reg-
ular shipments being made to Golden Cycle
mill. New shoot opened on 600 level.

SHOO FLY' (Cripple I'reek) — Rich dis-
covery made recently. This mine is on
Womack Hill, where first discovery of gold
was made in Cripple Creek district by Bob
Womack.

IDAHO

Shoshone County

MORNING (Mullan) — Repairs in Hie
shaft will be completed in February, u Inch
will permit the mine to resume operations.

AMAZON-DINIE (Wallace) — Property
in Montana just across state line ready to
award a contract to sink the shaft from the
900 to the 1100-ft. level.

SUNSHINE (Wallace) — Consolidation of
mining ground in Beaver district an-
nounced and includes the Sunshine. Port-
land, Idora, Toughnut, Tuscumbia and
Parrot. The consolidation was accom-
plished by the Sunshine Mining Co. The
Day interests are said to be financially
back of the enterprise.

MARSH (Burk"e) — Milling operations
suspended Jan. 15 upon exhaustion of all
ore available. Work in mine is now limit-
ed to development on 000 level, where a
promising oreshoot is being followed. Mill
has been running jointly with the Hecla
company, the Marsh running one-third ol
each month and Hecla <wo-thirds. Hec'a
now running full time, having mill undi r
lease.

MICHIGAN

Copper

WINONA (Winona) — Shipping 3G0 to
370 tons daily

AHMEEK (Ahmeek) — Daily output 4000
tons in January.

HANCOCK (Hancock)— Shipped 1100
tons daily in January.

WYANDOT (Houghton) — Just shipped)
750 tons from stock pile to Winona mill.

ISLE ROYALE (Houghton) — Production
increased to 2900 tons daily in January

OSCEOLA (Osceola) — Average output
now over 5000 tons of ore daily, with fre-
quent records of 5500 tons made.

WOLVERINE ("Kearsarge) — Output in
January, 1917. was 32.17',) tons and 501.-
478 lb. of copper. Yield was 16.25 lb. of
copper per ton, as compared with 15.16
lb. for November.

LA SALLE (Laurium) — Shipping to
Calumet & Hecla mills about 600 tons
daily. Working two shafts on Kearsarge
lode; stoping to 17th level at No. 1, and
developing 12th to 20th levels, inclusive,
at No. 2 : rock low grade, about 10 lb. of
copper per ton.

CALUMET & HECC.A (Calumet) — Pro-
duction of copper for the year 1917 was
Ahmeek, 27,919.812 lb.; Allouez. 8.892.915;
C & H., 77,495.283; Centennial. 2,002,857
Isle Rovale. 13.480.921; La Salle. 1.919.775;
Osceola", 16.084,958 ; Superior. 2,201,672 :
Tamarack. 1.202.595 ; White Pine. 4.067.-
529 lb.

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 6

B nine

M u !■ returned

u.ui IVvi lop-
1 1
: start at on.

Extension

'WK t Mohawk) — December pro-
ms, compared "ith
on of
,1 « Ith 879.-
Id, 20.41 lb refined
1 with 19 H>.
Shafts 4. 5 and 6 showing
ror all at present
Motor haulage has
but deliveries not expected
for months

\11W1 -"1 V
Mr-abl Khmkp
OUVKR IKON MINING CO (Vlrg
— In itions and addition.- of

stripping operations. A sub-
ist been placed for cars
l '.it i of the order has !>■ eti
Vestern Wheeled Scrapei Co
which will make a delivery in March or
■. d. automatic air-dump cars.
Bi'TLER BROS (Nashwauk) Mine of-
- which were headquarters for the
tuated at the Quinn Han
mints, completelv destroyed by Bre, Jan.
The loss will amount to several thou-
I dollars. Tartly covered by insurai

loss was destruction of all records
and t

MI>Mll Kl

joplin District
ST REGIS (Dnenweg) — Has new shaft
at No 2 property In Joplin in ore

BETHEL i Miami) — Has -tailed seven
drills on leases north of Commerce.
KATV (Granny) -Power changed from
Btriclty. recently installing 75-
hp. motor to operate mill

SILVER CROWN I Vinita. okla.) —
Stan-. I several drills developing leases near
Peoria i ikla . and recently took over Gebo
mine for •

PLEASANT VALLEY (Carthage) — At
annual meetii ted J. M Millard,

president, and William S Pitt, general man-
ager. Small mill under course of construc-
tion

CHANUTE SPELTER (Joplin) — Delayed
In starting mill construction on Hartley-
land at Baxter. Kan . by had weather
Drilling underway

AMERICAN" Z I. ft S (Carterville) —
T I' Donahoe has resigned as manager of
properties Succeeded by I. H
-l. Donahoe was with Granbj M &
r 30 years George I. Kenny, su-
perintendent of company's Klondyke mine
Granby, also has resigned and has been
succeeded by Burley Hatcher.

mos r \ v x
Fencu- County
BARNES KING DEVELOPMENT CO
(Kendall) — Operations during December
were North Moccasin, or.- treated, 1852
tons, assaying $8.80 per ton ; bullion pro-
duction, $14,184 : oiost.r and shannon, in
Harysvflle district. Lewis and Clark
mty, total ore treated. Hi bul-

lion production. $62.n2'.' . shipped from Glos-
ssaylng $* 46 per ton ;
shipped from Shannon. 3070 tons, assay-
ing i 1 1.35 i«r ton

Lewis and (lark County
THOMAS CRUSE DEVELOPING (Hel-
ena)— Gold, sllvei from S00 east
fed

HELENA ' He II 'mg of

stockholders in Helena Jan 14: new officers
e'e lelena Mining bureau, which

trols 'he proper

— il \ ^ r liow ( .ninty
,. BUTTE (Butte) — Smeltery pro-
duction - 574.1 1" lb. of

BUTTE-DETROIT (Butte) — Investiga-
tior. i'li view to reo

lng Ophir mill to treat manganese ores of
the district.

omply with
request of War Board I little new

o.le during war and p

pon- Improvi :iectric Ry

forced to change sch.-dule In taking the

thousands of miners to and from the mines

ry dav and has reached an agreement

the Anaconda company by which the

latter's mines w.-w alvid ■ ' Into three
g ri ups with equal numbers ol men In each
The hours for starting the mount ig
shtfti are 7. s and 9 o'clock, and the night
shifts now go on duty al 5, 6 and . OCIOCK.
This will materially relieve the congestion

On street ear- and obviate the purchase Ol
quipment

V I \ \1>A
Store] Counts
SIERRA Nevada (Virginia)— Placed
lii in ft. compressed-air line on :h»n
v\ el

OPHIR O irginia) — Sent to Mexican
mill from 1100 level 147 ear-, assaying

M.l'HA AND EXCHEQUER (Virginia)
i west cross, hi advanced 10 ft.
through quartz and porphyrj

IACKET (Gold HUD- -Surface sent loo
a mill from gloryhole. Surface tun-
nel Bnished installing winze hoist Ex-
tra,-ted 119 ears low-grade or.-. Mill work-
ing with new equipment; west side mills,
tables and old cyanidation plant oper-
ated 368 tons of mine ore put in mill bins;
:: bars bullion shipped to smeltery

UNION CON (Virginia) — Increased
amount of pay ore extracted from 2500
1,-vel Sent to mill 1-1 » tons, sampling
. : Vein worked 20 ft. north and 10
ft smith Drift started on vein 85 ft in
si ut on 2600 level. Mine sent to
Mexican mill 337 tons, averaging $24.95,
and 275 tons wedge rock, sampling $8.85.
Exclusive of ore sent to storage pile, the
yield for the week was $10,800 of ore.

SOI Til DAKOTA
Lawrence County
FIRST SHIPMENT OF MANGANESE

ore made from this district by J. F. Street
of Lead Ore is of a good grade and lew
in phosphorus and silica.

GOLDEN REWARD (Deadwood) — An
Oliver Biter is being installed.

GOLDEN CREST (Deadwood) Ar-
rangements completed for reopening of
property. Unwatering main shaft to start
loon, followed by active mine work. The
cyanidation mill will soon he placed in
commission.

MOGUL (Terry) — Aerial tramway from
portal of main working tunnel to mill bins
completed and placed in commission.
Working tunnel driven below ore zone and
the ore now- drawn from all the workings
through raises and chutes.

UTAH

Juab County

EIGHTY-EIGHT (Tintic Junction) —
Work being done on small scale during
winter preparatory to more active work in
shipping season. Shipped four ears in 1917.

DESERET MOUNTAIN (Tintic Junc-
tion)— Shaft down 350 ft., where body of
low-grade copper ore has been opened.
Pour cars shipped in 19 17 Transportation
problem not yet solved.

IMPERIAL LEAD (Lucerne)— Five cars
shipped in recent months and stated ca-
pable of regular shipments with ore teams
available. Incline down lln ft in ore about
in ft. wide and 5 ft high.

TINTIC CENTRAL (Silver City) — Re-
l-'il for 1917 shows a slight deficit. Dur-
ing 1917, is:, ft. of drifting. 137 ft. of rais-
ing and 89 ft. in winzes was done. Work
on 870-ft level has been abandoned. Drift-
ing from 170ii level of Iron Blossom has
reached Tintic Central ground about 200
ft. ea.-t of shaft, where quartz fissures
have been ,-ut

Summit County

DALY WEST (Park City) — Effort to
change management continued. Denial of
rumor of possible purchase by ( intario.

(OWA COPPER (Park City) — Shaft
down 120 ft in quartzlte, carrying streaks
and stringers of silver-lead-copper ore of
shipping grade. Ore being mined in winze
not far from shaft improving with depth
in quality and amount.

PARK-UTAH i Dark City) — Development
t,, be resumed in south drift, which
branches from ' Intario drain tunnel about
in. nun ft from portal to prospect new
ground in Hawkeye, McHenry and Glen*
sections in eastern part of camp. Pos-
sibility of finding fam rly ,-ontinua-
of Ontario vein

DALY WEST (Park City)— stockholders
owning 25.000 -hares have started move-
nt against present management, which
it is alleged owns only small part of stock.
Notices sent to stockhohl- asking that

following men be elected to directorate: H
otto Hanke, president Judge Mining and
Smelting Co. ; G. O. Brooks, Scranton.
Penn : G. W. Lamhourne. general manager

Judge Mining and Smelting Co.; O. M.
Friendly, superintendent, Judge Mining and
Smelting; Harry M. Stonemetz, of J. W
Ilium ft Co., 53 Slate St., Boston, Mass.
Slated that no intention of bringing about
consolidation with Judge Mining & Smelt-
ing Co., and believe that company should
be paying dividends. Rumored that pur-
chase by Ontario is in contemplation.
Tooele County

GARRISON MONSTER (Gold Hill) —
Working 12 men at Deep Creek prop. riy.
t'nele Sam tunnel in 640 ft.

WESTERN UTAH COPPER (Gold HUD
— New body of lead during week ended
Jan. 12 furnished about 100 tons of ore.
and shipments of ■ copper ore reduced to
about 125 tons, following beginning of lead
shipments. Lead orehody opened on both
Son and 100 level.

CANADA

Ontario

BERN'S IDE (Kirkland Lake) — Opera-
tions have been started on this property,
which is under option to the Cobalt Aladdin.

MINING CORPORATION (Cobalt) —
Sinking shaft on property in Rickard town-
ship on which it has option, and results are
stated to be excellent.

TEMISKAMING (Cobalt) — Annual re-
port shows net earnings $544,342, and cash
on hand Dec. 31, $507,157. Production of
958,669 oz. at cost of 31.56c. per oz.

NIPISSING (Cobalt) — Has discarded
Callow notation and will concentrate and
cyanidize. Reason given is on account of
difficulty of treating cyanidation product by
dotation.

DOME (Porcupine) — Has decided to sink
main shaft from 800 to 1500 level on com-
pany account and not let contract. Rumors
of change of control are current, but noth-
ing definite has developed.

LAKE SHORE (Kirkland Lake) — Im-
portant strike made on 4 00-ft. level undei
Kirkland Lake, where vein .has been pene-
trated for 8 ft. in crosscutting. Width and
grade have not yet been determined.

McINTYRE (Porcupine) — Report for last
six months of 1917 shows that 89,807 tons
of ore, averaging $10.48, were treated, as
compared with 86.086. averaging $10.46,
the previous period. Recovery for second
period was $865,498, operating costs were
$453,476. or $5.04 a ton. and profit was
$412,022, or $4 58 a ton. compared with
$4.87 for previous period. Development
was 3796 ft and 4 739 ft. of diamond drill-
ing was done. Option on Plenaurum has
been extended till Dec. 31. 1918.

MEXICO

Kaja California

COMPAGNIE DU BOLEO (Santa Rosa-
lia)— Copper production for the month of
December is 1.785.840 pounds.
Coaliuila

AMERICAN METAL CO. (Higueras) —
Serious cave has occurred in the Paloma
mine.

MAZAPIL COPPER CO. (Saltillo) —
Lead smeltery operating on ores froiru
San Eligio in the Mazapil district, Zaea-
tecas.

REFORMA MINE (Cuatro Cienegas) —
Operations continue. Recent uprising of
the Gutierristas has not materially inter-
fered with work.

CONSTANCIA (Sierra Mojada) — Oper-
ations to be resumed upon completion of
repairs now being made to Mexican North-
ern Railroad.

AMERICAN SMELTING AND REFIN-
ING CO. (Sierra Mojada) — Panuco mine
now under lease. Shipping to Monterey
plant. John Russell is assistant superin-
tendent.

Zaeateeas

NAZARENO y ALICANTE (Concepcion
del Oro) — Doing a small amount of work.

CONSUELO (Concepcion del Oro) — In-
vestigations made by California interests.
Owner, F. R. Yarela.

AMERICAN SMELTING AND REFIN-
ING CO. (Concepcion del Oro) — Work at
the Bonanza mine going on under the sup-
ervision of W. B Hates, superintendent
of the Sierra Mojada unit.

MAZAPIL COPPER CO. (Concepcion del
Oro) — One copper furnace being operated
on ores from Aranzazu mines. Coke short-
age prevents more extensive operations.
R II Jeffrey is general manager.

SOCAVON DE PROVIDENCIA (Concep-
cion del Oro)— This property and the Al-
barradon are developing, but not produc-
ing, on account of the shut down of the
smeltery at Torreon J. W. Williams is
superintendent.

Kebrua.-y it, 1918

ENGINKKKINc; AM) MININC Jul RNAL

809

&"«"' iiiiiiiinuiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiii iiimiiiii mi iiiiiiiiiiiiiinmiii mi miiiiiiiiiiiiiuuiiuaiuu i iiiiuu i i lumuii "■•-■-■-■■imMllr.~--~ r||

The Market Report

Wma iniiiiiilililiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiniiiiiiiiiiii in i lilllllll Illll mi i iiiiimn llliilllllllllliuilllllllll n llllllllllllliillllliiiiiiiiiiiimiiuillN iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimiiiiiiimiiiiiiniiiiimiiiiimiiiiiinil

SILVER AND STl'.KT.ING KXCIIANG]

Stcrl-
iiiK
Ex-

i hlllCr

Sliver

Feb.

Sterl-
ing

Ex-
change

Silver

Jan.
Feb.

New
York.
Cents

Lon-
don,
Pence

New-
York,
Cents

Lon-
don,

Pence

31

1
2

4.7525
4 7525
4 7525

86|
86|
86|

43{
43J
43]

4
5

6

4 7525
4 7525
4 7525

86;
86;

86{

43*

43»
43

Xi-u York quotations are as reported by Handy
& Hurman and an- in cents per troy ounce of bar
silver, 999 fine. London quotations are in pence per
troy ounce of sterling silver, 925 fine.

DAILY PRICES OF METALS IN NEW

' YORK

Copper

Tin

Lead

Zinc

Jan.

Electro-

Feb.

lytic

Spot.

N Y

St L.

St L

6!

6 70

7!

31

*23J

t

<sK

(5 6 80

(5 7|

6;

6 75

7 60

1

*23J

t

@6j

(4 6 80

(5 7 70

6 J

6 75

7 60

I

*23J

t

@6j

(S 6 80

(5 7 70

4

*23>

t

+

t

!«

6}

b 5

5

*23|

t

(n 6j

(.1 o 80

(8 7 70

6!

6 75

7 60

6

*23J

t

(3 61

(a 6 80

(5 7 70

* Price fixed by agreement between American
copper producers and the I". S. Government, accord-
ing to official statement for publication on Friday,
September 21, 1917.

t No market.

The above quotations (except as to copper, the
price for which has been fixed by agreement between
American copper producers and the I*- S. Govern-
ment, wherein there is no free market J are our
appraisal of the average of the major markets based
genprally on sales as made and reported by producers
and agencies, and represent to the best <.f our judg-
ment the prevailing values of the metals for the
deliveries constituting the major markets, reduced to
basis of New York, cash, except where St. Louie is
the normal basing point.

The quotations for electrolytic copper are fur cakes,
ingots and wirebars.

We quote electrolytic cathodes at 0 05 to 0 10c.
below the price of wirebars, cakes and ingots

Quotations for spelter are for ordinary Prime
Western brands. We quote New York price at 1 7 5c.
per 100 lb. above St. Louis.

Some current freight rates on metals per 100
b: St. Louis-New York 17c; St. Louis-C'hiea
6.3c; St. Louis-Pittsburgh. 1 3. I cents

lb.
leago,

LONDON

Copper

Tin

ILead

Zinc

Jan.
Feb.

Standard

Elec-
tro-
lytic

Spot

3 Mos

| Spot

Spot

3 Mos.

Spot

31

1

2
4
5
6

HO
110

110
110

no

110

HO

110
110
110

125

125

125
125
125

298
296|

299J
299
300;

296

294J

2961
296"'
299

29!
1 29!

29',

29*

1 29|

54

54

54
54
54

The above table gives the closing quotations on
London Metal Exchange. All prices are in pounds
sterling per ton of 2,240 lb. For convenience in
comparison of London prices, in pounds sterling per
2,240 lb , with American prices in cents per pound
the following approximate ratios are given, reckoning
exchange at $4 7515 £29'. = 6.2576c.; £54 = 1 1.4545c;
£110 = 23. 3333c; £125 = 26 5151c; £260 = 55 151 3c;
£280= 59 3937c; £300= 63.6362c Variations. £1
= 0.2121205c

Metal Markets

NEW YOKK — Feb. 6. 1918

All of the markets have been reduced to
such a situation that week after week there
is scarcely anything to be said except that
"there is nothing to report."

Copper — The requisitions for copper con-
tinue unabated, except that for the moment
there is a lull in shipments to Europe, most
of the ships that were tied up here having

I" en supplied wiili coal and being now on
their eastward voyage The refiners in the
vicinity of New S"ork are having great dif-
ficulty either In getl ng coal or crudi i p

per. or both, to their works, and
plants are In imminent danger of being
obliged to suspend production. The situ-
ation from this end is mu<
OUS than it was a year ago. tor riot only is
the impediment to traffic worse, but also
manufacturers in Connecticut, who now
rely upon Government supply, do nol
in their yards the reserve stocks that they
used to.

( upper Sheets ale quoted al

lb., fob. mill, for hot rolled, and Ic. higher
for cold rolled. Copper wire is quoted at
27c. f.o.b. mill, carload lots.

Tin — There is still no market Talk about
a few small sales of Banka at 85c. indi-
cates what the market might be if there
were any supplies to be had.

Lead — Although the market continues
firm the situation is easier, chiefly owing to
freer deliveries by the railways. In local
centers where there are still scarcities of
prompt lead and delays in receiving ship-
ments fancy prices are still realized, but
even on such local and relatively trifling
business premiums are less than they were
a little while ago. With respect to the re-
fineries, the bases of supply, the situation
differs, some having lead to supply, while
others are distinctly short in their ability.
We are inclined to think that the latter
condition is the predominant one. On the
other hand, there is no doubt of there be-
ing an immense quantity of lead in transit,
and. the fears of consumers having been
allayed, inquiry during the last week was
not very brisk. Features of interest were
some sales to Canada and some consider-
able inquiries from China and Japan.

Zinc — The market continued dull and
uninteresting, with moderating sales around
7.65c, St. Louis.

Zine sheets — Price of zinc sheets has not
been changed. Demand is strong and the
market continues at $19 per 100 lb. f.o.b.
Peru, less 8% discount

Other Metals

Aluminum — This market is inactive at
36 @ 38c. per lb. for No. 1 ingots at N'ew
York, though some dealers are asking a
higher price for spot delivery.

Antimony — A little Government business
was done, the market being otherwise quiet.
It is overstocked and is naturally inclined
to weakness on that account. We quote
spot at 14c. and futures at 123@13c
o.i.f.. in bond. Chinese houses report that
the market is higher in China than here.

Bismuth — L'nchanged at $3.50 per lb. for
the pure metal.

Cadmium — This metal is quoted at $1.50
@1.75 per lb., depending on the quantity.

Nickel — Steady at 50c. per lb., premium
of 5c. per lb., for electrolytic.

Quicksilver — The demand has slackened
on account of shut-down of manufacturing
plants, and the market is easier. We quote
$125. San Francisco reports, by telegraph,
$117.50, easy.

Gold. Silver and Platinum

Silver — This metal lias declined slightly
owing to more liberal offerings in the Lon-
don market. The closing quotation in
London was 43d. and in New York 86;c
Cable reports show a reduction in the In-
dian currency figures which are now stat-
ed to be under 15 crores.

Mexican dollars at New York: Jan. 31.
68Jc. ; Feb. 1, 69c ; 2, 69c. ; 4, 69c ; 5. 69c. ;
6, 6SJc.

Platinum — Unchanged at $106rdl08; de-
mand good.

Government purchase of about 21.000 oz.
of crude platinum recently imported from
Russia, through the cooperation of the U.
S. Department of Commerce and American
mining engineers resident in Russia and
the Russian-English Bank of London.
Petrograd and Moscow, was stated in the
daily papers to have been made at $90 per
oz. This, however, is only a tentative

The ultimate adjustment, it i

■ 1 to tin- current mai
ket prices of the pei lod The exact •

shii tit, which consisted of

i nugget platinum,
known, as the assaying and refining have
not been compl.
Palladium- Unchanged at $135; strong

Zinc and Lead Ore Markets

Joplin, tin., Feb, .' Blende, per ton
high $69.10; basis cic, Zn, premium

$61 .'■" medium to low $60@60; calamine,
per ton. 1"', Zn, $33<5 30; average selling
price, all grades of zinc, $52 86 per ton.

Lead, high $86,80 ; basis 80'.; I'l,
80; average selling price, all gr;c
lead, .<?.', 54 per ton

Shipment thi week Blende 8675. cala
mine 312, lead 1213 tons Value, all ores
i ii,- a eel

Several mon mills In the Oklahoma field
clos.il down .Ian :; I . following the em-
bargo ot.ler of th,- Frisco lines, tl
more cars would be supplied for ore ship-
ments for an indefinite period Continued
cold, extreme cold for this section, great-
ly retards mill operations, and, in ad
many miners of tin- Oklahoma field are
under treatment for smallpox. The mining
section has been quarantined by Oklahoma
state authorities The .loplin section has
be.n practically frozen up since Dec. 1.

PlattevUIe, Mis.. Keh. ■> (By telegraph)

— Blende, basis Cn . Zn, ?•',! base for premi-
um grade down to $53 base for second
grade. Lead ore. basis sic; Pb. $80 per
ton. Shipments reported for the week are
1189 tons of zinc ore. 34 tons of lead ore
and 315 tons of sulphur ore: for the
year to date, the figures are: 10.463 tons
of zinc ore. 177 tons of lead ore and 2661
tons of sulphur ore. Shipped during
to separating plants 2124 tons of zinc ore.

Other Ores

Manganese Ore — Unchanged at $1.20 per

unit.

Molybdenum Ore — Quoted at $2.15 per
lb. of molybdenum sulphide for the 90<%
grade. This ore being forwarded by ex-
press to a large extent, the railway con-
gestion has not interfered with shipments.
and arrivals have lately increased in vol-
ume, but so far the trade has easily ab-
sorbed them.

Pyrites — Spanish lump is quoted at 15Jc
per unit, on basis of 10s. ocean freight,
buyer to pay excess freight and war risk,
except that, depending on conditions, con-
cession of 2r, of war risk may be allow.-d.
Ocean rates remain at 35s. for Northern.
40s. for Southern and 4 2s. 6d. for Gulf
ports, but recent charters have exceeded
these rates in several instances. December
chartered tonnage less than
shortage ah I

Tungsten Ore — Scheelite. $26 per unit:
wolframite quotations ranged
down to $20. according to grade.
Feb. 1. tungsten, molybdenum, vanadium,
manganese and chrome ores came under
the licensing authority of the American
Iron and Steel Institute, in so far as those
ores are imported from abroad. Importers,
dealers and consumers are now required to
give a guarantee before material is re-
leased to them

Iron Trade Review

PITTSBURGH — Feb. 5

A further curtailment in steel produc-
tion has been forced by the inability to
ship finished product. Scarcely any steel
is now being shipped from mills except on
Government orders, and shipment is some-
times impossible even of Government steel.
There are embargoes against shipment to
nearly all points, and permits are almost
impossible to secure for shipment of ordi-
nary commercial steel. Shipments from
the Pittsburgh and valley mills during Jan-
uary were equal to between 50 and 60<";
of mill capacity, nearly all this being Gov-
ernment steel, while in the last 10 days the
shipments have been at not over 50^

expected ;

from $26
Beginning

ENGINEERING AND .MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 6

[me the

-

■■

m has

than

■

■

suffer-
low a pen-
Ion m liters
rs re-
y market ojues-
tly In-
■y forms would
irket.

rather lethargic
.vaiting until the
• tilder n • n
Meanwhile
3 no discus-
sion ■ hinpton will be dis-

■ e vis Ion,
ally set ti.r. ing been ex-
Mar 31 by thf announcement of
subject come; up
-••y may be
lifTerent. for steel may possibly

iron — Connellsrille coke shipments
rhe smallest in this
movement t<* furnaces wa*i
rhat the fui

are produc-
er their normal pip iron.
The furnaces bavins byproduct ovens are
There is no piir Iron
Me in the mark*-t for early aellvery«
is don. for the
second half of t "• the contracts car-

providing for price revision
rernment prices,
Many of the steel work- would buy pig
iT»n for .arty deliveries if it could !>•■ had.
Found- so much in-

buslness having
cases fallen off The market re-

iMe at the s.-t prio
F3C 30 : basic and foundry, $33 ; mal-
leable, *33 Srt ; pray forge. (33. f.o.b. furn-
ace. frHjrht from valleys to Pittsburgh h -
Messrs. W P Snyder & Co
their computation of average prices
■1 in transactions in January at
$3fi 30 for bessemer and $33 for Las:

v small tonnape entering into the
comp The averages have now

it thf Government prices for four
months

Steel. There Is no soft steel to be had

in the market, producers being behind in
making d*- tracts, Thf mar-

F61 ; slabs, .<."" ; sh. <-t

a moderate
inquiry I^t rhich is in fairly

good supply at %'lfn% und-r th<
for a

STOCK 01 01 * riONS

STOCK QUOTATIONS— Continued

Ferroalloys

Frrromancanr-r— While the market is
far fro m : * Is very strong,

$25». being the minimum

tion for prompt or forward. There is no
scarcitv thus far. but the supply of Bra-
zilian orf is threatened further by the
short?. - in Brazil.

Coke

Conn^ll-* ill.- ship-

ment1- «n this mo'

and t"'. ■ ter. Tht-r<-

was a ply Monday slightly

than 4 is was due to mild v

on Sui rat u re passing above

the night it dropped nearly to
ther seems to he
in prospect Addition!
suited from la

tions. fusing to takr;

coke through the Greenshurc g I
I-atrob*-. while -f the

regior r 1000

Lhela railroad,
[a tracks,
en made at the
•ration and
ally all tl

which
for 72-hour se-
and J7 30 for crushed
■ ns.

S \ l XCH t
. t.old M

III

.

Etef.. pf
, pf., v

pf w

BatopllU Mill

steel,
^teel, pf.

■

I - ■
■

t 'OlDO

Iron. . .
Crucible st,. i
Dome MlDM

i m a a
i s , pf
irectf.

- 1 eel .

"on
tUonal Nickel
Kennerotl

Ijickawann.i Steel

Miami Copper. . . .
Vtt ) i no, pom.
: Lead, pt
sol

Ontario Min

Qulc silver, pf ...
Ray ' '''i

Rci uMi I ftS..com.

: as, pf

Sluss-shffTleld

Tennessee C & C.

■el, pf ....

Utah Copper

Va Iron C * C

N. V CURBt

106

43

1

78

■

IB

42

'.Ml

46
28

77
92

47.

loo;

is;

4|

77

95|

111
83

54

l .

HilttV A N V

1

liutte Detroit

< toledonla

55

< felumel A .l^rome.

11

Can «'op corpn. . .

2A

ii

ri7 Sm

o

Con. ("opprrmlnes. .

r:

Con N>v -t tan

*$

Fmnia Con

.

1 Irst \:it < "op

2

!■! i on

.401

ColdurM Mercer..

.031

< ireenmonster. . -

ti

Heela Min

3J

Howe Sound

4

Jerome Verde

.-:.

Kerr take

si

ana

so

3 s

■ ,i

McKtntey-Dar-Sa. .

54

Mllford

.7.1

NfohlcaD

1

Mother I ode

28

N V a- Fond

11

Vipissim* Mines.. . .

SI

Nixon Nevada

i :

Ohio Cop

ti

Ray Hercules

4]

rttelimnml

t 56

Rochester Mines. . .

.30

St. Joseph Lead.. . .

17

''I S. 1

10

18

Sureess

OS

Tonopah

31

Trinulllon

Troy Arizona

li

united Verde Ext. .

37.

United Zlne

1 ;

.08

Yukon Cold

BOSTON 1 Mil '
adventure

O.iiievk
\lL.'.'!liall

. ctfs

Butte-Balaklava.
.(. Arti

t allllii.-l A llecla

i Yiitetitilal
i 'opper Range.

-i
Davis-Daly

Fast Unite

Franklin

Hi .ii, |

. .
Isle RoyalC

Keweenaw
Lake
Id -=:« li.-

illey ... ,

M:i\ tloWe-

Mlchlcan
Mohawk
Mew Orcadian
New [drta
North Butte
\..rti. Lake
nilbwa)
old i lomlnlon

Qulncj ......

si Mary's M L.

- M.f , I I . . .

Pen. i

Rbannon
Rhattuck- W ■

S<. Lake

su. Utah
Superior

Siiperlnr A Mtwt.
Trfnllj
Tuolumne
i - Smelting
r s Smelt'p. pf.
Dtah \pex
Utah < ion

Dtah Metal

Victoria

Winona

Wolverine

Wyandot.

P \ V Hll v •

Vita

Andes

K.^r A- Itf-lcher

Caledonia

' nuUenge coa

dence

I Irslnla

ft < 'urry

Hale A Nororoas... .
Jackri-cr I't
I.

Occidental

Ophlr

Overman

3ava«e

sierra Nevada

fnlon Con

Utah Con

Belmont

Jim But* -

MarN'amara

Midway

Mont -Tonopah —

North Star

West End i on

Atlanta

!>■ eld 1 1

Jumbo Extension...
Kewanas

Nevada HUH

i ard. . ,
Round Mountain.. .
Silver 1'lek
White Cape
But Jim
United Eastern

03
12
ill
05
.04
08
lis
III
in
07
I 1
; BO
II
in
01
09
'ix

.18
M

11

111
.04

: 02

: 02
is

: in

.07
.04
.22
.23
.06
.43

3. SO

! 30

1:8

33
66

li'.ii.
14
17!

{li

:.ii

91

h:

77
18!
J 13

t -'a

1.75

t RS

te

!i
i«i

:i

21
611

J13
IS j

t 37

: .75

ti

75
55

: 7o

171
5J

115

Oi
t.13
14
3
»3J

lit

451

til

II
2!
12!
J1S
34!
J.fiO

BOSTON CURB* Keb. 5

AlaakH Mines i !orp.

.18

Blngbara Mines

H!

Bosliin Ely

60

lliistuii A M mil

44

Butte a i.oii'ii Dev.

.14

< lautveras

1

I '.iliimit-i iirhiti.

J. 01

i in.-f con

2!

10

crown Keaerve

.20

Crystal i -op

.48

& Blue Bell

2

Gtla Cupper.

17

Ilinmlilnn Copii'T

75

Intermountaln.

• 70

1 Com

19*

Irnii i apt :op

JI4t

Mexican Metals

.31

Mines of Kmericti

1 1

Mojave Tungsten

07

Nal Zinc* 1 I ,

24

da-1 uias

1

New Baltic

1

New 1 itnielia

16'

< ineco

30

Pacini Mines

135

.05

BAI.T I.VKI •

Cardlfl

i lolorado M imimi,'

Dab

Ige

l:mplre < -upper

(ink! i lhali

(.rand i einral

[run Kl-issiil I

I ower Mamiimth.

May I »ay

in
Rlro Wellington.
Rllver-Kln
Silver kIiil^ ( 'on,

SI. ni I ,.ri

So Heels
i Intl -fandard. . ,

m
Walker < lop

w lll.ert

Yankee

♦26
2 50

us

1 47.
6 25

10

at

57

51

: 03

02

102

60

.17

2.60

2 30

02

72

: i 35

t 01

I 75

13

03

TORONTO"

Feb. 2

Adanae .

Beaver Con

( haml.iTS 1 erland.

< 'onlagas
Harcravcs

lake . .
Temlskamlne

Wettlaufcr-Lor

n

ten

ke

I'.ililmirr

Melnlvre

Newray

Porcu. Thrown

i;hea

\'lpond.
West Dome

.10
105

.26

.10

3.00

07

2S

09

.29

04

25

09

17

5.00

1 37

.37

.21

.55

.20

13

. "i ii SPRINGS I .1, 5

cress,. n Con

1 lOOtOt .laek P.. I

1 Ikt.lll I '..II

i i pas .

(■old Sovereign

c.oklen < \ cle

Granite

Isabella

Mary McKlnney

Portland

United Gold M.

\ Indleator

1 s7
111
05
15
02
I 75
I I
07
i IS
i in,
i ■
32
* Mid prices. t ' llOBlng

LONDON

Alaska Tr.dwell

Hurma Corp

Cam ; Motor. . . .
Camp Bird.

II oro

Bsperanaa
Mexican Mines..,

Min. Corp. Can.
Xeehl. pfd

provUle

Santa Gert'dis.
Tomboy.

prices, t Quotations.

[£1 OS ii.

4 3 9

11 0

MONTHLY AVERAGE PRICES OF METALS

New York

London

1916

1917

1918

1916

1017 | 191s

Jan

Feb

Mar
Kprll

Mat

56 775

56 755

: 935

R4 415

74 260

65 024
62 '.!"

66 ns:i
68 515
,17 S55
71 604

75 765

75 630
77 5.85
73 861
73 S7.r,
71 7i:,

76 071
79 010

S5 407
100 7411
87 132
85.891

s.-, 'ii.ii

ss 7112

26 9611
26 .I77,
.'7 ;,'I7
.ill 662

36 682

37.742
36 410
36 963
17 940
39 065

44.356

Sept

net

Nov

Dec

32 7.S4

32 361
34 192
36 410

50 9211
44 324
43 5S4
43 052

Year

65.661

81 417

31 315

40 S51

New York quotations cents per ounce troy, tine silver:
London, pence per ounce, sterling silver, 0.925 fine.

New

York

London

Klectrolytlc

standard

Electrolytic

1917

i:ns

1917

1918

1017

19, s

Jan.. . .
Feb . . .

Mar

April
May.

June....

2.8 . 673
31 7-.ii
31 481
27 935
US 7ss
29 962
26 620
25 3 so
25 073
23 500
23 500
23.500

23 500

131 921

137 SOS
136 750

133 s-12

130 000

1 in non

1 10 000

142.895
Us lull
151 000
147 15S
142 000
142 000
140 4II..I
137 nun
135 250
125 000
125 111 III
125 000

125.000

Aue. .
Sept . .

Oct

Nov.
Dee. . .

122 391
117 500
110 000
110.000
nil 000

124 S02

Year

27.180

138 401

New York

London

1917

1918

1917 | 191S

Januar
Februa

March

April

May

June

July

AUL'USt

Septem
Octobe

Noyeni

Decern!

r

T

tier

44 175

51 420

54 3SS

55 910
63 1 73
62 053
62 570
62 681
61 542
61 s.-.l
71 740
S7 120

(o)

1X5 813

Ills '174
207 443
220 171
245 114
242 0S3

242 1S1

243 97s

244 03S
247 467
274 943
29S 556

293 227

>er

A v vear

61 SO"

"37 563

(':) No average computed.

New York

st I mils

London

1917

191S

1917

1918

1917

19'S

January
February....

March

April

May

June

July .

AUBUSt

September..
October.. . .
November
December.

7 626

s ,. ,.

!

9 288
10 207
1 I 171
in 7111
10 594
s 680
6 7111
6 249
6 375

6 782

7 530
s 595

9 120
'1 158
•0 202
11 123
Ml 644
10 518

8 611
6 650
6 187
6 312

6 684

30 500
30 500
30 500

.10 Mill
.in 500
30 Mill
.'ill .Mill
30 500
30 500
30 500
30 500
.ill .Mill

29 545

\ ear

S.7S7

. ... 1 8 721

10 500

New York

St. 1 oitis

1 ..iitl.ti

Spelter

1917

1918

1917

191S

1917

191S

January

February....

March

April

Max

June

July

August

September..

October

November

December.

9 619
in ill",
in 100
9 459
9 362
9 371
■ ,.i ■
8 360
8 136
7 983
7 s47
7 685

7 836

9 449

9 S75
10 130
9 2S9
9 192
9 201
s 473
s 19(1

7 ;

7 S13
7.672
7 510

7.661

48 329
47 000
47 000
54 632

:. i 000

54 IHH)
:,4 nun
.-,4 000

54 00(1
54 000
54 000
-.4 OM

54.000

Year

S 901

s slS

52 413

New York and St. Louis quotations,. cents per pound-
London, pounds sterling per lone ton.

Pie Iron.

BessemerJ

Bastct

No 2
Foundry

Pen

1917

191s

1017

1918

1917 1 191S

January.

February
March
\prll
May

June

.luh
August

September..
October. .
November .
December. .

<5 95

36 37

: 7

42 23
46 04
54 22
57 45
54 '7
46 4U

37 25
37 25
37 25

S37 . 25

(30 95

30 95
33 49
3S 90
12 s4
50 05
53.80
50 37
42 24
33 95
33 95
33 95

$33 95

Sill !I5
30 95
35 91
40 06

50 14
-.1 OS
-. i 95
Is 58
33 95
33 95
33 95

$33 95

Year

$43 57

$39.62

$40 83

i. irtedby W.P. Scyder&Co.

February 9. L918

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

:;i i

Current Prices — Materials and Supplies

iniuiiiiiiiii; i iiiiuiiiini iiiniiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiii iiiiiiiiniiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiraiiiiiiitiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiitniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimn.iii iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiih niiiiiiiiiiiiini i i ul milium n nun

IKON AND STEEL

COAL BIT STEEL Warehousi price pel pou

SHEETS — Quotations

l-o the base quotal b from milt:

cents per imuril In various cities From

Blue \m

No ill . .
No I '.•

\n 1 I

Black

No- IS
[Job ""
N.. 26
Bo 28
Galvanized

No 10

12 . . .
14

IS

Large Mill Lots si
I Pittsburgh Louis

.out '.'0. .
and 24

No
No,

Ncis
Si is

No.
N...

.nut 20. .
unit ','4 . .

i 25
I 30
4 .35

4.80

I 85
4. llll
-..on

5.35
r> 35
5.65
5.80
5.95

6.25

32

37

f.'

!I7
97
97
17
.32
.02

S.lll

Chicago Francisco

. I . li CHI

5.50 B.05

5.55 6 in

6.25
6.30
6.35

n 15

6.80

li Ml

6.80

IV-

7.40
7.70

6.90

15.0.")
7.011
7.10

7.70
7.00
8.05
8.35

K.I. I
1918
.1 i
5.50

6.25
• '..in

8 I I
b 15

6 70

li Ml

6.80

4:40

7.70

York-^
One

1 si I
I 8 .
i on

."...'in
i.35
.to

.->.."> 1 1

i; ,ii
i; on
8.65
ii 95
7.05
i "ii
7.50

STEEL RAILS — The following quotations are per ton f.o.b.
Pittsburgh and Chicago lor carload or larger lots. For less than carload
lots 5.-. per 100 lb. is charged extra:

, Pittsburgh

Feb. 1. One

1018 year Ag

60.00-65.00 38.00 60.00-65.00

63.00-65.00 40.00 63.00-85.00

•3.125 53.00 "3.135

•3.125 52.00 "3.125

•3.125 50.00 «3.125

, Chicago" s

Feb. 1. One

1918 Year Ago

nandard bessenier rails..
Sandard openhearth rails

Light raiN. s to 10 lb

Light rails, 10 to 14 lb. . .
Light roils. 25 to 45 lb. . . .

.-is. on
40.00
47 00
4ii/io
44,00

•Government price per 100 lb. for rails rolled from billets.

TRACK SUPPLIES — The following: prices are base per 100 lb.

Lob Pittsburgh for carload lots, together with the warehouse
prices at the places named:

, Pittsburgh y San

One Year Fran-

Feb. 1. 1918 Ago Chicago St. Louis Cisco
Standard railroad spikes.

,',-in. and larger S3. 90 $3.50 $5.00 $(5.45 $7.25

Track bolts 4.90 4.85 6.25 Premium 8.80

Standard section angle bars 3.25 2.25—2.75 4.50 Premium 4.155

STRUCTURAL MATERIAL — The following- are the base prices
f.o.b. mill. Pittsburgh, together with the quotations per 100 lb
from warehouses at the places named:

Mill. , — New York — N

Pitts- Feb. 5. 1 Yr. St.

burgh 1018 Ago Louis

Beams. 3 to 15 in $3.00 $4,105 $3.95 $4.27

Channels 3 to 15 in 3.00 4 105 3.95 4. 27

Singles. 3 to 15 m..1, in. thick 3.00 4.195 3»05 4.27

Tees. 3 in. and larger 3.00 4 105 3.95 4.

Plulc

1.4 15 4.75-5 4.52

Chi-
ea go

SI '.'0
1 75
4 75
4.75
5.00

San
Fran-
.■isco
$4.75
4 .20
4.20
I 25
4.45

Dallas
$5 50
5.50
5.50
5.50
6.00

STEEL SHEET PILING — The following price is base per 100 lb.
Lo.h. Pittsburgh with a comparison of a month and a year ago:
Feb. 5. 1918 One Month Ago One Year Ago

$4.00 to $5.00 $4.00 to $5.00 $3.00

RIVETS — The following quotations are per 100 lb.:
STRUCTURAL

-Warehouse—

, — New York-
Mill. Feb. 5, One Chi-
Pittsburgh 1918 Year Ago cago
larger. $5.25 $7.00 $5.25 $5.50

St.

Louis
$5 55

San
Fran-
cisco

$15,155

Dallas

SS.llll

8.00
s 15
8.50

Lengths between

CONE HEAD BOILER
14 in. and larger. 5.35 7.10 5.35 5.(50 5.6F 6.75

% and 1J. . .. 5.50 7 25 5.50 5.75 5.80 6.90

| and ft 5.85 7.60 5.85 6.10 6.15

Lengths shorter than 1 in. take an extra of 50c.
1 in anil 2 in lake an extra of 25c.

WIRE ROPE — Discounts from list price on regular grades of bright
*ml galvanized are as follows:

New York St. Lotus

Galvanized iron rigging List -4- 20% -f 20' I

Galvanized cast steel rigging Net List List

Bright plow steel 30 ' ! 30 cc

Bright ,-asl steel 17% 5! 17'.,',

Bright iron and iron tiller 5% 59c

HORSK

named :

AMI MULE SHOES — Warehouse prices per 100 lb. in cities

Mill
Pittsburgh
$4.75
4.90

Cin-
cinnati
$0.30
15.30

Chicago St. Loins

$15 50 $15.00

6.50-7.00 6.25

Denver
$7.50

7.75

Birm-
ingham
$15.25
6.50

Straight

Assorted

SWEDISH (NORWAY) IRON — This material per 100 lb. sells
as follows:

Feb. 5. 1918 One Year Ago

New York $14.00 $6.00

Cleveland 15.00 6.30

Chicago 13.50 5.50

In coils an advance of 50e usually is charged:

Note — Stoek searre generally.

tl.Mll
-

New York i 'in-
$0.12 -

DUN. I. s'l it i Wari ho o prli e i" i

Solid

Hollow

»n 15

New Y.irk
I i.

Denvei

*o 10

st Louis

PIPE — The I,, i Pittsb

basi card of Ni,\ B 191 ' toi steel pipe and for Iron i
ni'TT WELD
Steel Iron

I 'Ill's

%, ', and \ .

Blai I Galvanized

Inches

Blai-k Galvanized

II

IS',
£ to 3 ,1 '

II-,

i ,

to o.

37', •,

LAP WELD

2 .

.11 , . ' ,

I" I I, .

•:■,.

26%

12 7c
16%
15%

to 4

4 i/j to li 28 %

EXTRA STRONG PLAIN ENDS

, tn I '.• 3.1",

3

36 <A ■ ■

EXTKA STRONG PLAIN ENDS

3d' , •; 2

33' . ■'. 2 >, I,, 1 29%

32 ',, •; 1 i . to li

Note — National Tube Co. quotes on basing card dated Apr 1
From warehouses at the places named the following discounts hold
for iti el 1'ii'c:

Black ■

BUTT WELD.

%. ', and % !"■■

'... i i ■ .

% to 1 '-.. . . 1991

L_- P WELD.

2'/j to 4

I', to 'I

1'".
I ,' ,
11'

1 8 <",

14",
17%
16%

New York

% to 3 in. butt welded 3s ,

3'j to (> in. lap welded 18'

New York Chicago St. Louis

. to 3 in. butt welded . 27.8% 25 1 ■:

3V4 to 6 in. butt welded List 18.89! 22 I "-

Malleable fittings. Class B and C. from New York stock sell at list
price. Cast iron, standard sizes, 15 and 5%.

Chicago

42.8 •;

38 s !

-Galvanized-

Chicago

27.8' ,

1 8 8 , i

St. Louis

40 1 -,
36 1 ".

FLOTATION OILS-

in barrels :

MISCELLANEOUS

-Prices of oils for flotation.

in cents per gallon.

, Denver .,

In Bbl. In Car-
Lots load Lots
$0.30 $0 27

.'(0
24%

41
.34 '-.,

10
31

Denver. 44c:

New York Chicago

Pure steam-distilled pine oil $0 50% So 45

Pure destructively distilled pine oil 40 .43

Pine tar oil 28 4 .30

Crude turpentine .37 .40

Hardwood creosote .19 V? "

•F.o.b. Cadillac. Mich

SODIUM CYANIDE — New York price is 37c. per lb.:
in Chicago. 45c.: in St. Louis. 40c.

SODIUM SULPHIDE — In New York the price per pound is 4c to
4',c for concentrated. 2 Vi e. to 2V4c. for crystals. The Denver price for
crystals is quoted at 9c; the St. Louis price. 8,'.: the Chicago prio
"V Concentrated comes in 500-lb. drums, the crystals in 440-lb. bbl.

ZINC DUST — New York price is 18c per lb. in 1600 lb. barrel:
Chicago. lSc; in Denver, itic: in St. Louis. 25c.

ALUMINUM DUST — Chicago price is $1 per lb.

CALCIUM CARBIDE — Price f.o.b cars at warehouse points east of
Mississippi River (except in Alabama. Georgia and Florida, is $07.50 for
Cameo $102.50 for Union miners' carbide. In territory between Missis-
-nil River and the Rockies and in Alabama Georgia and Florida, add $5:
west oi Rockies, add Sin to $15.

LINOLEUM — In 50-sq.yd. mils m carload lots the price is 903j, pel
square yard, for concentrating tables.

Fire

50-Ft Lengths

75c. per ft.

Third Grade
$0.25

Underwriters' 2% -in

Common. 2 '•_. -in 40 %

Air
First Grade Second Grade

iji-in. per ft ' ~

Steam — Discounts from list
First grade.... 30% Second grade 30-5 9> Third grade. .40-K'

RUBBER BELTING — The following discounts from list applj-
to transmission rubber and duck belting:

Competition 50% Best grade 20%

Standard 359!

LEATHER BELTING — Present discounts from list in the fol-
lowing cities are as follows for cut lengths:

Medium Grade
New York 40 f^,

St. Louis .-^°,7;„«

Chicago J0 + 10%

Birmingham ,52?

Denver 40 %

Heavy Grade
35%

40%
40 + 5 li

411"
40<-,

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. (i

Mil I t K— I I I.KI \K\

i. v n II ii' i i m ING — 40%.

H

imi v kimi matter than 8-m the price is i to

■ less than BOO ft titer*

The number of feel per pound for the

. | : I -in.. 3J ;

I In. 1 i pound

-

Denver

- I'll*
New Orleans
. - liigcles

Si Mill.

P \l KIS,.

■ . mi

ston sheel

I

14
.83 tt

»0.77

i .1
ss
.66
g9
BO

II

■

.ss
i 1

braided and rraphited, for valve
lis 66

i in
to .70

111:1 nun u- Quotations on the different kinds in the cities
nam. I follows, f " b works:

fork
1000 $50 00 i" 55.00

100. No. 1 15.00 to

;.. r net ton 135 00 to 145 00

i
per net ion 90 00

brome brick. per net ton 60.00 lo 70 00

Chicago
$55.00 to mum

60.00 m 80.00

- •• fire hri.'k. 0

per moo

15

'. im — Kir. |

\ I '.. rS ',■ in

Tin- second quality is $4

165: St. 1 ouls trade $40 lo $50.
5 to $30; Denver $23 per 1000.

Kill H \\ III - For fair-size orders, the following prices per

New York
iro. .

Material bj

Y.'lluw Pin..
N.i I Whiti ' '
.Whit.- Oak
wiin.' o.ik — Creosoted

Douglas Fir — '

San Fr ■ 1 - f ir Creosoted

in x 9 in.

s Ft 6 In
si 30

1 llll

97

1 .'ill

1 "I

6 in. x 8 in.
bj s Ft

$1.06 to 1.11

7.".

82
1.16

.80
1.52

« . l . I \ - i

per pound for bai '

innati

■

Fi*>« *

Transmission ~

• '.•

t '.

Car journal

follows iii the following cities in

Chicago
5«

.i
ii

4

I ! •
3%

u I
.! 1
I) I

3.3

.; :.
I 6

Birmingham

.si,
15
Id

3

5%

5

Denver
10
15
16

.".
5%

COTTON WASTE — The following prices are in cents per pound :

-New York-

,i \ . ,, Cleveland
11 00 '" 13 "" 1" "l1 1" I' "0 I'1 00
00 ■ I"' i" 9J00 14.00

Chicago
14.00 to 15.00
10.00 to 12.00

vt IPING CLOTHS — In Cleveland the jobbers' price per 1000 is
as follows:
13'. x l.T. $35.00 13K x 20H $45.00

In Chicago they sell at $30 to $33 per 1000.

1 1n~KED OH These prices are per gallon:

, New York. .

F lb. ".
1918 V
in hair $1.31

111 1.08

, Cleveland s

Feb. 5 Oni
ifMs year Ago

-1 nil

l.in

, Chicago ,

Feb. .">. One
L918 fear \.go

si.. -I-; so<)8

1.45 1.08

WII1TF AMI Kl.li II Vli in 500-lb Iota .-'.•II as follows in

cents per pound

-R.-d-

Dry
I 50-fb. keg- 11 o

. 11 .75
k.-u .... 11.25

Feb 5. 1918 1 Tear Ago Feb.5 1918
Dry

In Oil Dry In Oil and In Oil

11 no 10.50 1 1 'in 10.50

I 1 25 10 75 11 25 10.75

II JiO 1 1 il" 1 I 50 1

1 : 00 1 50 12 :.n 13 00

White-

Yr. Ago

Drj

and In Oil

in :,c>
in 75

I I Mil
I" .'I

■> I TS From warehouse at the places named, on fair-sized
the following amount is deducted from list:

-N.-u York

■

igo N

Feb. 5, One

1918 Tear Ago

$3 00

.85 3.00

l "o '.'..-.n

l.nii 8.00

One

3.00
3.00
following discounts Mom list price:
Feb. 5 191S One v.

I"-.

50—10%

50—10%

M \( IIIVF. BOLTS — Warehouse discounts in the following cities:

% by 4 in. and smaller

and longer un to 1 in. by :;ii in

New Cleve-

York land

40%

Chicago
40 — 10%
30 — 5%

St.

Louis

40%

30 — 5%

wareli
in list

at the places named the following
amount is deducted from list price

New York.. $1.00 Cleveland. .$3.00 Chicago. .$3.00 St. Louis. .$.100

For cast-iron washers the base price per 100 lb. is as follows:
New STork $5.00 Cleveland. .$4.50 Chicago. .$3.50 St. Louis. .$3. 75

EXPLOSIVES I rice per pound in small lots at cities

Low Freezing

New York . .

Clncinnal

City
New Orleans

Se ii'i'

Chii ago

SI. Paul ....

Si Louis ....

il nver

Los An. le
s.in Francisco

•Ke-

M,

SO f,

31 K
.20

IS' .

.19 -,

■:o

Hi'.
.19
.24
.17 M

40 7c
$0.27 V4
.23*
.26 Vi
.24%
.2 1 '.
■:.-i\
.26 ! ,
■ii' .
.25 ! ,
.in
.23%

i.'i.iiin
00%
$0.34 '.,
38 %
.:i.l',
29%
..'11%
.33
.:i:!'l
,39 y.
,32 ' ,
.39
.30 >i

80%

I'l'i

II «
,43

.39%
,42 V,

named :
Black

Powder
$2.50*

3.35*
3.45*
8.15'

.40 %

FUEL Oil. — Price variable, depending upon stock New York
quotations not available owing to this fact. In Chicago and St.
Louis the following prices are quoted:

Chicago St. Louis

Hexican heavy. 13-14 Baume 7e. none

Domestic light. 22-26 Baume .",'„.■ 5%c.

Note — There is practically no luel oil in Chicago at present time.

CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS
roofing MATERIALS — Prices per ton fob. New York or
Chicago:

Carload Lots

Tar felt 1 14 lb. per square of 100 sq.ft.) $61.00

Tar pitch lin 400-lb. bbl.) 15.00

Asphalt pitch (in barrels) 29.00

Asphalt felt 60.00

PREPARED ROOFINGS — Standard grade rubbered surface
complete with nails and cement costs per square as follows in New
York and Chicago:

Less Than

Carload Lots

$63.00

16.50

30.50

63.00

No.
No

1 grade .

2 grade .

, 1-Ply ,

c.l l.cl.

$1.15 $1.40
1.10 1.25

felt

-Plv x

l.cl.

$1.00
1.40

111

c.l.
$1.45

1.35
lb. per square)

3Ply

c.l. l.cl.

$1.75
1.50

$1.90
1 .65

costs $5.35 per
costs

Asbestos asphalt saturated
100 lb

Slate-surfaced roofing (red and green) in rolls of 108 sq.ft.
$1 s;> per roll in carload lots and $3.10 for smaller quantities.

siiiuKli's. red and green slate finish, cost $4.75 per square in carloads,
$5 in smaller quantities, in Philadelphia.

11 TILE —

4x12x12

¥0.08
,056
.0688
.058
.11
.1155
.07

LUMBER — Price per M in carload lots :

Boston

St, Paul . . .
Cincinnati . .
Kansas City

Denver

New Orleans
Seattle

8x12x13

$0.1 .->
.11
.129
.113
.30
.1771
.11

12x12x12

$0.20
.163
.174
.1575
.30
/3339
.16

Y.P.

Boston . ... $53 Mi

-8 x 8-in. x 20 Ft. and Under-

Cincinnati
Denver . . .
Kansas- City* ..

Seattle

New Orleans .

St. Paul

•I-.insas City-

Fir
$53.50

36.66

34.00
33.00

35.00

35.25 34.00 39.75

23.00 33.00 33.00 23.00 23.00

38.00 .... . . .... 36.00

.... 49.00 40.00 40 00 ....

—These quotations are for No. 1 common.

13 x 12-In..

20 Ft and Under

Y.P
$60.00

35.00

Fir

$60.00

39.00
35.00
23.00

1-In. Rough. 10 In.
and Under
Fir

Y.P.

Boston $45.00

' in. nmati 35.00

Denver 35.00 $32.00

Kansas City 44.25 50.00

Seattle , 23.00 23.00

New Orleans 35.00 ...

St. Paul 46.00

Hemlock

$32.00
50.00
33.00

Jin. T. and G.
10 In. x 16 Ft.

Y.P.

$50.00

37.50

52.50
23.00
35.00
61.00

Fir
$50.00

32.00
53.00
23.00

PORTLAND CEMENT — These prices are for barrels in carload
lots, including bags:

Feb. 5. 1918
New York $3.2?.

Jersey City
Boston . . .
Chicago . .
Pittsburgh
Cleveland
Denver . . .
Los Angeles

2.16
2.77
2.21
2.31
2.44
3.10
2.40

One Month Ago
$2 22
2!l6
o 7"7

2!31
2.31
3.44
3.20
3.40

One Year Ago
$1.73
1.60
1.02
1.8R
1.81
1.94

LIME — Warehouse prices:

New Y or i

Chicago

St. Louis
Dallas

San Francisco

Host nn

Kansas City . .

St. Paul

Seattle

Hydrated per Ton
Finished Common

Lump per 300-Lb. Barrel
Finished Common

$16.50

H3.50

$2.10

$1.90

15.00

12.00

1.90

1.80

13.00

1.50

16.50

17.(1(1

1 .65

16 50

14.50

2.75

2 to

21.20

19.20

3.00"

1.91I-

17 (III

1 (.0(1

1.20*

1.10*

is 00

1.80*

tBirmingham

300. lb.

barrels.

classification

of hydrated lime.

Lump lime

sells for

65c. per bushel of 80

•Per 180-lb. barrel.

Denver — There is one
$21.25 per ton, paper bag's.
lb., in bulk or barrel weights

Note — Refund of 10c. per bag", amounting- to $'? per ton

Engineering and Mining Journal

February 16, 1918

Volume 105

Numi 7

MILL AND TAILINGS PILES, BIG HURRICANE MINE, ARKANSAS

The North Arkansas Zinc and Lead Field

By TOM SHIRAS*

Carbonate and silicate ores the mainstay of Ar-
kansas zinc and lead production. Recent drilling
to greater depths in northern part of field has
aivakened interest in sphalerite, but as yet galena

NOTWITHSTANDING the lower prices for zinc
ores that prevailed in 1917 compared with the
two years 1915 and 1916, when the North Arkan-
sas field made its big gain in development and produc-
tion, 1917; when viewed from all angles, was a suc-
cessful year for the field. Prospecting was active in all
camps and results were gratifying; and as many new
mills were put in commission, the output for 1917 prom-
ises to show, when the tonnages are compiled, a sub-
stantial gain over the production of 1916. Only a few
mines, operating on low-grade ore, were forced to close
down on account of the low market price and in-
creased production costs.

•Mountain Home, Ark.

has not been found in important quantities. Min-
ing is mostly confined to oxidized zinc ores by
open-cut methods, and milling is modeled largely
after Joplin practice. Crude-oil engines utilized.

According to the report made in July by J. H. Hand,
representing the state bureau of mines, a total of 24,-
862,000 lb. zinc and galena ore was produced during the
first six months of 1917, which showed at that time a
gain of 33§ per cent, over the first six months of 1916.
The last six months of 1917 did not maintain this
increase, on account of car shortage and a lower price
for ore. The report's estimate for 1917 is 45,000,000
lb., compared with 36,000,000 lb. in 1916. As in former
years, carbonate and silicate ores composed the larger
part of production, being about 10 times greater than
galena and sphalerite. Stronger efforts are now being
made to develop sulphide of zinc deposits than ever
before in this field, which will undoubtedly increase the

■NGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 7

- re after a few years. The
readily discovered, occur-
mntain sides, and easily mined
mnd-water level.

of sphalerite have been

ae of the higher levels, asso-

- and silicates, most of it occurs in

n a sulphide zone. The sphalerite of

mine, on Buffalo River, which is now

below the river bed. At the Bear

ek, in Marion County, sphale-

Kclusively. This property is operated by

tinental Mining Co. and is one of the few mines

e field that has been developed by shafts and drifts.

The main shaft is L57 ft. deep, and ore is taken from

drifts at the To- and 133-ft. levels.

PHQHE OREBODIES AT GREATER DEPTH

of zinc sulphide have been intersected by
drill holes and prospect shafts in nearly every camp in
the field. Galena is not found abundantly throughout
the district, being apparently limited to the northern
Boone. Marion and Baxter counties, the vicin-
ity of Ponca, Newton County, and in the Cave Creek
rict The larger part of the production for the last
three years has been from the Ponca district, where it is
found in fissures extending from the surface down-
ward. In the other sections galena is found in pockets
with clay and flint. Some galena has been discovered
in dolomite at deeper levels.

The zinc ores produced in this field are remarkably
free from impurities and make high-grade spelter. An
analysis of sphalerite ore from the Bear Hill mine,
given in Branner's report, shows: Zinc, 66.46%;
sulphur, 32.30; silica, 0.25; iron, 0.15; magnesia, 0.20;
calcium, 0.51 ; cadium, a trace, and is representative of
what may be expected of all ores of this class from this
field.

Another analysis, made of smithsonite ore from the
Morning Star mine, shows: Zinc oxide, 64.31%; car-
bon dioxide, 34.93; water, 0.58; magnesia, 0.03; cal-
cium, 0.90; iron and alumina, 0.12; sulphuric acid,
trace; cadium, trace. The zinc oxide in this ore contains
metallic zinc. Other analyses given by Bran-
ner from this mine are 43.08%, 47.11% and 47.88% me-
tallic zinc, which is representative of average grades
for carbonate and silicate ores produced in this field.
Until late in 1917 little attention was given to pros-
pecting for deeper ores; but there are a number of
companies now conducting operations for this purpose.
Drilling has started on Cowan Barrens, between Yell-
ville and Rush, Marion County; and there are also ac-
tivities near Lead Hill, Boone County. Leases have
been taken for exploration purposes around Flippin,
Marion County, and Zinc, Boone County. Drilling is
-ing near Batesville, Independence County,
where the operators hope to find oil and gas. Some shal-
kets containing gas have already been tapped,
ng to the proximity of these districts to the man-
ganese fields of Independence and Izard Counties, and
' he lead and zinc area further north, it is possible
that a smelting center may develop there if quantities of
- are discovered.

There was little change in mining methods in the
Arkansas field in 1017. Milling methods, however, are

undergoing radical changes. Crude-oil engines are com-
ing almost entirely into use in this section, superseding
steam plants. Fine grinding and table concentration
are also receiving considerable attention from the oper-
ators. Where such methods are practiced a much better
extract ion is made, and it is now apparent that many
failures during the early development of the field were
largely because of undue metallurgical losses. Assays
made from some of the old tailings piles show grades
containing from 5 to 10rf metallic zinc. Many tables
were installed in 1917, and their use has diminished
much of this loss. The most elaborate effort made to
increase extraction by fine grinding and table concen-
tration in the North Arkansas field is at the Big Hur-

BIG HURRICANE MINE, NEAR PINDALL, ARK.

ricane mine, one of the J. C. Shepherd properties, near
Pindall, on the Missouri & North Arkansas R.R. That
the method used is applicable in the treatment of car-
bonate ores is evident from the results obtained. The
operators have reduced their loss from 5rc metallic zinc
to 3%, and by experiments lately made with still finer
grinding it can be reduced to 1.5 per cent.

The Big Hurricane property consists of 480 acres.
The mine proper is in an ore-bearing fault running N.
82 deg. W. that has been traced on the surface for
lour miles. Branner describes the fault as one of two
faults that cross township 16 N., Range 18 W., Sec-
tion 7, Searcy County, from Saint Joe, toward Yardelle.
The evidences of this fault in the vicinity of the mine
are abundant and conclusive. The mine consists of an
immense openpit on the side of the mountain through
which passes a thin ore-bearing vein included in the
fault. The ore is removed from the pit in cars, by
means of a hoist and ah incline track that runs through
a tunnel, which protects it from slides from the high
cut on one side during wet weather. Waste from the
lower end of the pit is hoisted by a swinging crane from
above. The lower or east end of the pit is 150 ft. long,
50 ft. deep and 60 ft. wide. The west end is 200 ft.
long, 60 ft. deep, and 60 ft. wide.

O cidized Ores Mined from Opencuts

Until recently the mine produced nothing but carbo-
nate ores. These are of various colors and textures, from
the honeycombed variety to the solid smithsonite, and
in numerous shades of yellow, gray, red and brown.

February 16, 1918

ENGINEERING AND .MINIMI ;\,\l.

8 1 6

The full depth of the orebody has never been penetrated,
but it is continuous from grass roots to its present po-
sition. A deposit of sphalerite was recently uncovered
in the floor of the east end of the pit underlying the
carbonate. Development work is being clone now on this
new find to determine its extent. The ore in this de-
posit occurs in the rock breccia of the fault, and in clay
seams and openings.

With the exception of a few feet of surface soil, all
the ore mined from the pit has yielded a mill recovery
of 12} % as carbonate concentrates. These concentrates
show an average metallic zinc content of 40',, are
practically free from impurities, and make grade-B
spelter.

Milling at Big Hurricane Mine

Big Hurricane operates three mills. Mill No. 1 is of
standard Joplin type and has a capacity of 125 tons per
day. It is used for the preliminary crushing and clean-
ing. All ore treated in this mill is reduced to a size
that will pass through a J-in. mesh screen. The crushed
ore is then passed over a 4-cell rougher and a 5-cell
cleaner, where the coarse ore is recovered. All of the
water overflowing from the dewatering boxes goes to
a Dorr thickener, and thence to the slime tables in mill
No. 2. All tailings or chats from mill No. 1 also pass
by gravity to mill No. 2 for finer grinding. Mill No. 1
recovers 6ft of the product.

Mill No. 2 sets 50 yd. from mill No. 1, across a hollow,
and is equipped with a Hardinge ball mill and 10 tables.
The chats from mill No. 1 are re-ground in this mill and
passed through a 1A mm. screen to the tables. One fea-
ture of the table operations in this plant is that the
middlings are not returned to the heads, as is the com-
mon practice, but are conducted directly to a table,
designated as a middling table. Mill No. 2 has a ca-
pacity of 200 tons per day and makes a 5CC recovery.

Mill No. 3 was built as an experiment, the first equip-
ment consisting of one table over which the pulp from
mill No. 2 was run without finer grinding. A profit-
able saving was made and three more tables were added.
By heavy feeding the four tables handle on an average
cf 100 tons per day, from which a saving of 1J% is
made. With the exception of the small boiler and en-
gine driving the tables and a pump in mill No. 3, the
entire power installation of mine and mills consists of
crude-oil internal-combustion engines. The mine and
mills are operated day and night and the production
runs from 90 to 100 tons of concentrates per week.

The tailings piles are estimated at from £0,000 to
60,000 tons, and carry from 3 to 5^ metallic zinc. Part
of this is the pulp from the finer grinding operations
and part chats from mill No. 1, made before the other
mills were built. All the tailings will be re-treated.

Publi< i 1 all ordei ol petri i

withdrawals and restorat 80, L916,

been published aa Bull • the U.

Survey. Since thai date the Pre idenl has approved

orders for six withdrawals, I
naval oil-shale reserv

Petroleum Withdrawals and
Restorations

In response to a constantly increasing demand for
copies of withdrawals and restorations since Sept. 30,
1916, the Department of the Interior has issued in the
form of press statements, as orders become effective,
lists of the lands covered by the orders. A report entitled
"Petroleum Withdrawals and Restorations Affecting the

Details of Quicksilver Production

The domestic output of quicksilver in 1!)17. according
to statistics compiled by II. D. McCaskey of the IT. S.
Geological Survey, was 36,351 flasks of 75 lb. each,
valued at about $3,857,000. The output was the greatest
si nee 1883. The increase in 1917 over the production of

1916 was 6419 flasks. The productive States were Cali-
fornia, Texas, Nevada, Oregon and Arizona. The o
put of California in 1917, was 24,251 flasks, against 21,-
045 flasks in 1916. Texas produced 10,759 flasks against
6306 flasks in 1916. The Nevada output decreased fn
2198 flasks in 1916 to 916 flasks in 1917. In Arizona
and Oregon, combined, the production was 422 flasks in

1917 against 383 flasks from these States and Wash-
ington, combined, in 1916. The exports of quicksilver
for the first 10 months of 1917 were 10,222 flasks,
against 8880 flasks for the entire year 1916, and the im-
ports were 4491 flasks for the first nine months of 1917,
against 5659 flasks for all of 1916.

In California the Abbott mine became a producer in

1917, with prospects of a considerable increase in 1918.
The Helen mine continued production, and the Sulphur
Eanks made gains that are likely to be continued in

1918. The Big Injun was a new producer. The Patri-
quin continued production, and the output of the Bella
Union and La Joya showed considerable gain. The New
Idria yielded slightly more than in 1916 and remained
the largest producer in America. The Cambria was idle,
but the Oceanic increased its output. The New Almaden
and New Guadalupe both showed material gains. The
St. Johns again made a large output. The Culver Baer,
Great Eastern, Cloverdale, and Socrates all made gains,
those of the first three being notably large.

The increased production in Texas is credited to the
Chisos, Big Bend, Mariposa, and Chisohm, in the order
named. Further increase may be expected from the
Terlingua district, which was long ago put on the map
by these mines. The decrease in Nevada's output was in
part due to loss of the Goldbanks plant by fire and in
part to decreased production from the lone district.
Properties near Mina made notable increases, especially
the Red Devils or Farnham and Drew properties.

The small output from Arizona came from the Mazat-
zal Range and from new prospects near Phoenix, and
most of the output from Oregon was derived from the
Black Butte mine. The production stage was not
reached in the Meadows district, near Gold Hill, Ore-
gon and only prospecting and development work were
carried on in the Morton district, in Washington.

The high prices received in 1916 and 1917 were due to
greatly increased war demands, principally for making
fulminate for explosives, anti-fouling paint for ship
bottoms, drugs, and storage batteries, and for amalga-
mating gold and silver ores, but were due also to the
large increase of exports over imports. Most of the
output continues to come from properties that were
producing before the war.

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 7

Zinc-Smelting Possibilities in Tonkin,

Indo-China

irs,
ed in l!>15.
interruption of
out
Plenty
ailable,
with a little first-class
rie. ■ and wane* low. Evt

■inns and with zinc at i.29c,
■ shown. Profitab lop-

■

IS THE state lit" Tonkin, in French Indo-China, the
increase in the production of zinc ores has been rapid
during the last decade. From an output of only
a metric tons in 1906, the production has mounted
ely, with but two slight recessions, being 5471
tons in 1907, 9436 in 1908, 15,154 in 1909, 23,787 in
1910, 28,401 in 1911, 28,259 in 1912, 33,403 in 1913,
31,490 in 1914, and 34,300 metric tons in 1915. Al-
though the outlook seemed dark in the latter part of
1914. the resumption of exports to Europe and the
recent purchases of calamine by the Japanese have led
to the hope that the mining industry of Tonkin will
. without serious damage, the grave crisis provoked

MINES IN TONKIN, INDO-CHINA IN 1914

Amount
Pro- Kx- Me-
duction ported tallic
Metric Metric Zinc,
Operated by Tons Tons

nea de
Trang Da, of
35 Ru
Clictay, Paris I0,l80n 6,800 40

Raskin

:

Trang Da M

o-Quang

Q : IDC

Q; mf

Mr. Denis, of -
Tuyen-Quang de Yen-Linh,
T u v e n -
Quang 1.554a 1.119 50

ing Mr. Perrin, of Tuyen-Quang. . . 450a

52

■ if 14
in- Ba, Lucie 1: 10,376b 6,550 50

Lang

d'Ex-
I onlcin, pi

de Van

Lang, of 7 Hue
! a n ge r,
Hanoi. Tonkin.
Indo-China.. 1.672c 1.327 45

' ISOQuaidw '

1.900a 430 50

Totals

5.36S6 3.104 56

31.500 19,330 47 4-

rld war. Regarding the future possibilities

for a zinc-smelting industry in the Tonkin section,

•ition is called to the advantages of establishing

treat the ores produced in that state. The

metallurgy of zinc is one of the most delicate of prob-

-:illed technical aid should be employed in

chief of the m

de l'Ind. Minerale, 5i

applying to new conditions and surroundings the best
rules o( practice as evolved through long experience
in this industry.

The zinc industry requires, as prime essentials, a
supply of ore, fuel and refractory material. The ore
extracted in the Tonkin district is principally calamine
(almost entirely the carbonate, and calcined locally),
the blende amounting to but 20 to 25% of the output.
The average zinc content is high — about 47% — though
this will doubtless be lowered somewhat as the pro-
duction increases, due to a more complete exploitation
of the deposits, unless the restriction of exports to
Europe causes the abondonment of the poorer parts of
the orebodies.

The accompanying table gives the detailed production
of zinc ore in 1914, as well as the average content
and the quantity of ore exported.

Irregular Orebodies in Palaeozoic Limestone

The deposits are in massive Palaeozoic limestones
that lie in the region on the left bank (north) of
the Fleuve Rouge River, between the Claire and the
Song-Gam Rivers on the west and the railroad from
Hanoi to Lang-Son on the east, with a total extension
of 150 km. from east to west and 100 km. from north
to south. The masses of calamine, which are of thin
formation, are found in vertical or steeply inclined
fractures or in enlargements appearing to be in direct
relation to the fracture. Ordinarily the orebodies are
irregular, so that it is difficult, if not impossible, to
make tonnage estimates. It is known that in this
class of ore deposits the calamine does not usually
extend far in depth and the ore often passes to blende,
the orebodies showing more regularity. This has al-
ready been established in the development of Lang-Hit
and at Than-Moi, which are among the oldest. Several
things should be taken into account regarding the
future of these calamine deposits. The fact that only
recently have the orebodies opened on the indications
of ancient Chinese workings, in the zones easiest to
explore, becomes of value; the extent of the mineralized
region that, often covered with dense bush, is far from
having been completely explored ; the hopes that may be
founded upon certain good deposits where exploitation
has scarcely commenced and upon others where pros-
pecting is under way — all justify the conclusion that an
important zinc industry may be created in Tonkin and
that the supply of ore will be ample for a long time
to come. The zinc contained in the ore extracted
each year in Tonkin represents the production of a
re smeltery comparable to the establishments of
Viviez or Auby.

Local Fuel Supplies

Tonkin has little bituminous or semi-bituminous coal.
The Phu-Nho-Quan basin, recently investigated near
the southern border of the delta, is both near the sea
and the mineral region. However, it contains vertical
beds difficult to work and seems to yield a sulphurous
coal. Near the zinc mines of Lang-Hit and of Tuyen-

February 16, 1918

ENGlNKKKINi; AND MINING J01 R

817

CJuang- there is found on tlie one hand the deposit of
Phan-Me, where a good quality of coal is extracted, un-
fortunately in small quantity, and on the other the
basin of Tuyen-Quang. which produces an excellent
lignite. These two deposits maj become an important
aid to the zinc industry.

Further, Tonkin possesses in the Rhaetic coal basin
bordering the sea and the Song (river) Da-Bach,
extending from the island of Kebao to Dong-Trieu,
reserves of close-burning coal or anthracite thai
now be considered as practically inexhaustible. The
northern mountain chain of Dong-Trieu contains good
anthracite, but this region, further from the sea than
the others, is not yet exploited. The southern chain
of Dong-Trieu, where some small mines have been
opened a short distance from the Song-Da-Bach, pro-
duces a coal having 7 to 8% volatile matter and sold
at a price of 14 to 15 fr. ($2.80 to $3) per ton for
screened lump and from 6 fr. ($1.20) upward for
washed fines. Coal-mining activity is concentrated at
the Hongay concession, which, admirably situated at
the waterfront, produced in 1914 about 500,000 tons of
close-burning coal with 8 to 9% volatile matter. The
development of this mine to a higher production is im-
peded solely by the lack of a sufficient market, prin-
cipally for the fines, which form a large proportion of
the coal extracted. The average sales prices quoted by
the Hongay company in 1915 were 17 fr. ($3.40) for
screened lump and 10 fr. ($2) for washed fines.

Summarizing, Tonkin could easily furnish, under good
economic conditions, the 50,000 to 60,000 tons of coal
necessary for the treatment of the zinc ores extracted
each year.

Refractory Materials

It is known that deposits of refractory material of
first quality are rare — rarer in Europe, it seems, than
those of zinc ore. Such deposits have not as yet been
noted in Tonkin. The purest clays — sought for pottery
manufacture — of which samples have been fur-
nished to the laboratory of the mines service, are gen-
erally too rich in oxide of iron or in alkalis to be
strongly refractory. The best, from this point of view,
do not contain enough alumina to be of first quality

ANALYSES OF CLAYS OF TONKIN- INDO-CHINA

Ho-Lao, Port Waltut. no-Len,

in the in Anam

Plain (Annam) Near

' Dong- in the Tonkin

Trieu Kebao Frontier

Of of o*

/o /o /o

Moisture t 1.3 2 4 1.2

1 1 ion loss , 4 8 5.1 7.1

Free silica 28. 1 3 7 5 4

Combined silica . ... . 44 2 65 3 56 0

Alumina 18 9 20 7 26.2

Oxide of iron 0 5 0 1 0 1

Lime . Trace 0 9 0 4

Magnesia .... , Trace 0 2 Trace

Alkalies .... 2 2 16 3.6

Plastic Non-plastic
Remarks. — The deposits of Ho-Lao and Purr Wallut are in the Dong-Trieu-

i bao coal basin. Further information may be found in "1

mineralo giques Bur l'Indo-Chine Erancaise," by G Dup d '■ I
Lain- . Paris.

and possess a good plasticity. On the other hand, the
excess of silica which they contain would doubtless
render them but slightly resistant to basic fusion.
Three analyses of washed clays taken from extensive
beds are here given.

The three clays of which analyses are given resisted
a temperature of 1350° C, the highest that could be
attained with the means at hand in the laboratory. It

i hould be pi , :,i |eai I a an

adulterant, mixed with claj n alumina. 'I he

po ibility of finding in Tonkii erviceable In

metallurgy i the Chim

in many pla zinc ores locally. If their

method of treatment, probably yielding a poor pi
uct, did employmeni of b

what higher than used in European practice, it is
reasonable to suppose thai th ontaining

little silicate, is ii reduced.

Scarcely any attention has been paid to clays 0
oJ the i leuvi Ri gje delta i forth.

i es may be made elsewhere or commercial in-
quiries may bi ountry which furni
ictory earths emp tnufacture of
cis. the clay boxes for holding delicate porcelain ware
while being burned in kilns, winch must resist a tem-
perature much higher than that required for zinc reduc-
tion and distillation, which, according to Vogt', is 1280°
to 1300° C. Be the source what it may, it should be
borne in mind that the weight of refractory earths
consumed in the metallurgy of zinc represents at most
only a tenth the weight of the ore, and, with other
factors remaining equal, the transportation of a part of
the clay from Europe to the Far East would reduce by
only a small fraction the saving on the freight of the
ore which must result from local reduction. The tem-
porary difficulty of selecting a suitable mixture of
refractories does not constitute an important obstacle to
the enterprise under consideration.

Labor and Economic Conditions

The natives of French Indo-China are not robust,
but they are intelligent, clever and docile. With proper
training and supervision they render excellent service.
The current scale of wages is as follows : Skilled labor-
ers, from 70c. to one dollar (1.75 fr. to 2.50 fr.) per
day; common labor, 25c. (0.6 fr.) per day. The subordi-
nate staff can be recruited easily from native stock.
Manager and superintendents should be European.

Before the war the Tonkin ore, except for insignifi-
cant shipments to Hong-Kong, was sent to Europe.
About half went to Dunkirk and half to Antwerp, though
a little went to Hamburg. For about 10 years a large
part of the production was sold in advance to Germans.
Exportations to Europe, suspended in August of 1914,
were resumed actively — but to France and England —
during the second quarter of 1915, and toward the
latter part of 1915 an important shipment was made
to Japan. The freight to Dunkirk or Antwerp was from
22 to 32 fr. ($4.40 to $6.40) per ton before the war
and rose to 75 fr. ($15) in 1915. On the other hand,
Indo-China took from Europe in 1913 about 1150 tons
of sheet zinc, eight-tenths of which came from France.
This does not take into account several tons of crude
zinc coming from China on the Yunnan railway and
consumed by local industries.

In China, notably at Sze-tchouen and Honan, are
zinc deposits where the ores are generally treated
locally. For 1913 the importations of zinc were: Spelter,
529 tons; sheet zinc, 1526 tons; other manufacturers,

JBull. Soc. d'Encour., p. 323, 1906.

[-The wages are given in native currency with the French
monetary equivalent for Oct.. 1915. The high market price of
silver has doubtless affected ■ rates since that date. —

Editor.]

JNG ANP MIXING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 7

were: Spelter, 907

a . . rude metal and ore,

Belgium and Holland).

. supply the Chinese importa-

that continues, or at least furnish

that coming from Kurope

other hand, the exportation

■ - tends to prove that in

ed resources sufficient to

• ii .'re.

of blende are

Dually, of which the greater part (.about

rom the Kaimioka mine, on Hondo

an engineer of the Mitsui Co. who

buy ores. The zinc smeltery installed

mpany near Nagasaki, not far from

the 1 basin, is equipped to produce annually

: metal from 16 Silesian furnaces. The

•ion of 1<' new furnaces is expected to supply

Japan's needs, which reached 13,500 tons in 1912 and

Another smeltery, of Suzuki & Co., of Kobe, is

to treat annually 2000 tons of Japanese blende. A

third was to be constructed by Fuzita & Co., at Osaka.

This indicates that Japan is endeavoring to restrict her

imports of the metal and is seeking the Tonkin ores to

supply her smelteries. Freight rates to Europe mounted

igh in 1916 that much Tonkin ore went to Japan.

Conclusions

A zinc smeltery in Tonkin will find available ores of
high tenor and relatively easy to reduce. Installed in
the Hongay region near the coast, it could receive all
its ores by river or sea route and would have almost
at its door, under favorable economic conditions, the
necessary fuel supply. To be sure, anthracite is less
convenient than bituminous coal, but the problem of its
utilization in zinc furnaces has already been solved in
the eastern zinc district of the United ' States. The
establishment would be at equal distances from two of
the best deposits of Tonkin clays, which could furnish
at a cheap price part of the requirements of refractories.

The machinery required, particularly that for rolling
the sheet zinc, which is an indispensable item of
commerce in the Far East, would naturally be more
expensive than in Europe, but ground space and con-
struction costs would be much cheaper. Interest rates
on money in Indo-China being practically double those
in France, the annual charge on capital would be, for
an equal capitalization, 25 to 40% higher for an
amortization period of from 10 to 15 years. The man-
ager and superintendents would receive salaries double
or triple the European standards, but, on the other
hand, good labor is available at one-half or one-third
the cost in Europe for a like amount of work.

The greatest economic advantage lies in the saving
of freight on the ore from the Far East to Europe.
A part of this saving might well be diverted to the
encouraging of developers of mines, by means of an ad-
justment of the bases of ore purchase, to ensure steady
supplies. If the product of zinc metal could be sold
in the countries of the Far East which now import
such supplies from Europe, it is clear that the profits
to be divided between miners and smelters would at
ent the freight on the ores from Haiphong
iurope plus the return freight on the metal. In fact

it is evident that it would not be to the interest of
importers to bring supplies from Europe if the market
was the same in the Far East. But it is not proper
to assume that the markets of the Far East would
absorb more than a small fraction of the zinc product,
say about 10%, or a proportion represented by the
Indo-Chinese consumption. So that if the zinc is ex-
ported to Europe the cost of transporting the metal
must be deducted from, instead of added to, the pros-
pective profit. Calculating on a basis of freight rates
before the war, assuming that the relation of future
rates on ore and metal will be slightly more favorable
to the latter than formerly and that the treatment loss
will not exceed 6%, and figuring on a zinc market of
E20 per ton (4.29c. per lb.), it is estimated that the
minimum saving that could be accomplished by a Tonkin
smeltery would be from 16 to 21 fr. ($3.20 to $4.20) per
ton. On account of the changes produced by the war
the advantage today would be considerably greater, and
a smeltery would find favorable operating conditions
in a country the economic life of which has been, rela-
tively, little affected by the war and where the price
of coal has not increased.

British Columbia Mineral Production
in 1917

The British Columbia Bureau of Mines has issued an
estimate of production in 1917. The prices upon which
the evaluations are based are: Placer gold, $20 per oz. ;
lode gold, $20.67 per oz.; silver, 81.38c. per oz., less 5% ;
lead, 8.78c. per lb., less 10%; copper, 27.18c. per lb.;
zinc, 8.884c. per lb., less 15%. The British Columbia
Bureau of Mines estimates that the total value of the
mineral products of the province in 1917 was $5,107,892
less than for 1916.

In 1917 the gross production of coal and coke was
83,170 long tons less than that of 1916. The marked
decrease in lode gold was the result of lessened produc-
tion from Rossland and the shutdown at Trail, caused in
both cases by labor difficulties.

MINERAL PROntCTTON" OF BRITISH COLUMBIA
Production in 1916

Quantity Value

Gold, placer $580,500

Gold

fuacei

221,932

Total gold

Silver, oz 3.301, 923

Lead, lb 48.727,516

Coppcr.lb 65.^79,364

Zinc, lb 37.168.960

Total value of metal-
liferous

'.sof 2,2401b... 2,084,093
Coke, tonsof 2,2401b... 267,725

Total from collieries

Miscellaneous, building
materials, etc

Total value of pro-
duction

4,587.334

$5,167,834
2.059,739
3,007,462

17,784,494
4,043,985

$32,063,514

$7,294,325
1.606,350

$8,900,675

$1,326,273

$42,290,462

Estimated Productiuii in

1917
Quantity Value

$550,000

118,259 2,444,000

$2,994,000

3.069.021 2,372,353

38,661,811 3,054.283

61.416.617 16,693,037

33,776,335 2,550,113

2,160,417
159,554

$27,663,786

$7,561,460
957,324

$8,518,784

$1,000,000

$37,182,570

Data of the World's Principal Mines

In the table giving "Data of the World's Principal
Mines," published in the Journal of Jan. 12, there was
an error with respect to the Yellow Pine Mining Co.
The profits for the year 1916 were $766,252, instead of
$66,252, as published; also, the company paid $800,000
in dividends, which item was omitted.

February 16, 1918

ENGINEERING AND MINING

819

a ' i ' """ "'" nimin iiimiMiiiimmiimiii i imiiii iimim i > inn nlllllll

Prominent Men in War Activities
Related to Mining

'"tl" "I I I< Ml II

FRANCIS S. PEABODY

Assistant to the Director in Charge of

Explosives

EUGENE METER, JR.

Assistant Commissioner, War Industries

Board

MARK L. REQUA
Head of Oil Division, Fuel Administration

WILLIAM YOUNG WESTERVELT

Chairman, War Minerals Committee

iiillliiliiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimin inn i iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiinii iiiimiMiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiitiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiMiHiiiiiiiiiii imnmi iiiiiiinii iiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii iiiiiiullltliliniitlllllllif:

tING AND MINING JOURNAL

What Caused the Coal Crisis?

Vol. 105, No. 7

Sly predicted a breakdown
'ore it actually
J ork authority says: "The coal
.ly. The effects which we
ded from causes thai
rent for weeks. Coal was the
was fixed by Government
tred the war it became obvious that
- thai would have to be regu-
nvention of coal operators was
ington. The Secretary ^i the Interior and
ament officials informally agreed
rs that a • $8 per ton at the mine

al. But the Secretary of War
net official were not satisfied with that
-dt of the controversy the President
;> fixed the price at $2 per ton and Dr. Garfield was
ed Fuel Administrator. He took charge finding the
mine owners discouraged, disgusted and many of them
I positive operating loss at a $2 price. Three
months of precious time wore 1 >st when mines should
have been outputting at 125 'V of normal capacity. Fi-
nally prices were raised to $2.40 and again later another
ts per ton was added, proving beyond question
that the $2 price level was unfair and below the cost of
production to a considerable percentage of the country's
coal production. This time lost in the price-fixing
haggle was not made up. It was here that the trouble
started."

A Boston banker remarks: "The fundamental cause
the interference by the Government in the opera-
tion of natural economic laws and in the private oper-
ation of a great, essential industry. If the coal business
had been left alone and allowed to work out its own
salvation, and if we had been saved from having a Fuel
Administrator, the country would be better off than at
present.

"And the pity of the present situation is that the
public will not grasp this essential fact that interfer-
ence through the medium of Government inefficiency is
the basic trouble. The public is in grave danger of
missing this point entirely and assuming that the pres-
ent crisis calls for more instead of less Government
regulation."

The New York Times summarized in this way the
causes leading up to the coal crisis: "The coal pro-
ducers consider Dr. Garfield as incompetent for the
place the President has put him in. Dr. Garfield does
not believe that the coal producers are to be trusted to
st the Government in its administration of the fuel
industry; at any rate, he has given them that impres-
sion, which amounts to the same thing. The railroad
men also believe that Dr. Garfield has failed by a wide
margin to do the best that might have been done, and
the Fuel Administration has ignored the suggestions
•he railroad men for a zoning system for coal
traffic on the ground that those suggestions were not
practicable.

B. Colver, the Federal Trade Commissioner, who

determined the coal prices promulgated by President

-on in August, makes no bones of declaring that the

railroads are entirely to blame for the coal crisis. He

goes so far as to say that possibly the railroads have
deliberately given less wartime service than they might
have given, and that their purpose was to back up their
pleas for bigger rates on the ground that they needed
more money for equipment." [W. B. Colver is a joke.]

"The coal troubles," continues the Times, "may be
to have started on the first day of July, when
Secretary of War Baker, as Chairman of the National
Council of Defense, repudiated the agreement which the
coal operators had voluntarily made to reduce their
prices from $5 and $6 to $3 a ton. He not only repu-
diated the agreement which three other members of the
Government had hailed as a patriotic act, but accused
the coal men of making a price that was exorbitant and
oppressive, notwithstanding the fact that it was not
much more than half of what they were then getting
— and which they continued to get for nearly two
months more because of the action of Mr. Baker.

"As will be remembered, the voluntary agreement of
the coal men was made at the suggestion of Secretary
Lane of the Interior, also a member of the Council of
National Defense; of Chairman Peabody of the Coal
Production Committee of the Council, and of ex-Gover-
nor Fort, of the Federal Trade Commission. No reason
for his attack on the coal men was given by Mr. Baker
beyond his opinion that the reduced price was exorbi-
tant and that his associates in the Federal Government,
Secretary Lane, Mr. Peabody, and Governor Fort, had
had no authority to approve the action of the coal men.

"But there was another reason not disclosed. At that
time the Federal Department of Justice was prosecuting
a group of coal men in New York on the charge of price-
fixing. Attorney General Gregory dreaded the effect
that the price agreement in Washington, approved by
three high officers of the Government, would have on the
trial. He asked Mr. Baker to come to his rescue by
repudiating the offered price of $3 a ton for coal, with
a 50-cent reduction for all coal sold to the Government.
Mr. Baker complied with that request.

"The fixing of the coal price on Aug. 21 was done in a
hurry. The President accepted the figures suggested by
Mr. Colver without then getting all the facts that later
induced him to increase the price in order to keep all
the mines going. One criticism of the Colver ruling
as a factor in producing the present coal crisis is that
the Federal Trade Commissioner made Jiis price with-
out any allowance whatever for the differences in the
cost and difficulty of working thick veins and thin veins,
and that his work was so carelessly done that five coal-
producing states were omitted from his list altogether
from sheer oversight.

"Furthermore, the price fixed was for run-of-the-
mine coal. Experts say this has resulted in the coun-
try's losing all of the benefit of the extra coal produced,
because the added tonnage is practically all slate and
refuse, and there is no inducement to wash and clean
the output before it is loaded and no time to do it in
the face of the rush demands. This means that the car
shortage is aggravated by using cars to haul rubbish.
Much of the product of the coal mines hauled since last
August has been ash.

"The troubles in the coal business, beginning with the

February 16, 1918

ENGINKK1UNG AND MINING J01 RNAL

action of Mr. Baker in tlic summer, say the producers,
have been continued and multiplied under the adminis-
tration of Dr. Garfield. His first ruling was that no
men of actual experience in the coal business should
serve on any of the coal administration committees of
the several states.

"The average output of the small mines that closed
because they could not be worked at the prices allowed
without reference to thickness of veins and other local
conditions was five thousand tons a day. Their shut-
ting down during the eight weeks that the price ques-
tion was 'up in the air' meant the addition of many more
millions of tons of coal to the quantity that did not get
moved in the summer and fall. A strike period of three
weeks in Illinois caused further shortage, running into
the millions.

"The refusal of the Fuel Administrator to sanction
the opening of new mines, on the ground that they may
not prove sufficiently productive, ignores the economic
fact, as set forth by the coal men, that chances must be
taken every year on the opening of new mines to keep
up the total number under operation. One hundred and
seventy-nine mines were exhausted and abandoned in
1916, and 106 were closed down in 1917 for the same
reason.

"The urgent need for zoning the entire country to
help the railroad as well as the coal situation comes
from the old practices of consumers buying coal from
remote mines. Mines of the Middle West have custom-
ers in the East, while customers in the West are buying
coal from the mines in Pennsylvania.

"For example, a concern in Buffalo gets its coal from
a producer in Southern Illinois, necessitating a haul of
600 or 700 miles. He might buy his supply from the
Pennsylvania mines, reducing the haul to about a third
of what it is now. Such a zoning system was suggested
to Dr. Garfield soon after his appointment last August.
According to the railroad men who worked out the plan,
the Fuel Administrator ignored their offer completely.
It is said in behalf of Dr. Garfield that the railroad plan
is impossible and that he is at work now on a zoning
system of his own. The Fuel Administration office is
also at work trying to devise some method whereby the
coal may be cleaned at the mines to save the haul of
refuse. Coal men say this could and should have been
done at the outset of the Government's control of the
fuel industry.

"W. B. Colver, of the Federal Trade Commission,
whose price-fixing is held responsible by coal men as one
of the chief causes of the trouble, sweeps all the above
explanations away and insists that the only fault has
been with the railroads.

"Commissioner Colver's charges are not borne out by
the railroad statistics of the Council of National De-
fense for 1917. In the year just closed the average
mileage per car per day was 27.7, as against 27.5 for
1916. There was an 18% increase in the coal tonnage
handled in 1917 over 1916, not the decrease charged by
Mr. Colver. All the comparative figures for the two
years show an increase, not a decrease, in railroad serv-
ice for the first year of the war.

"They could have done still better, say the railroad
men, if the Government had handled its end of the war
business a little differently. They cite particularly the
need of a zoning system, not only for coal traffic, as al-

readj told, bui for ti and muii

northeastern part of th intry, th( lias

overloaded with war indu he traffic

is co I There should be more muni

in the South i •, the North, and the I !

ernment should divert so ness

to emlia- rolinas, Gi orgia, and the

Gulf States, where the railroads would have a freer
field for operation than in the congested North."

I [oover on Sa\ ing

"In this nation," says Mr. Hoover, "we consume or
destroy over :>0\ more food than we need for health
and strength, and that margin, if it can be eliminated,
will supply all Allied demands, but we shou draw

it from that class to which economy and moderate use
is a daily necessity.

"The production of ammonia in 1917 was about 130,
000,000 lb. Of this the demands of the Army and Navy
for explosives purposes are estimated to us as being
150,000,000 lb. per annum and the amount necessary to
maintain cold-storage warehouses is 40,000,000 lb. per
annum. In other words, there is an absolute short-
age of 60,000,000 lb. per annum at the present moment,
which may later on be partially reduced by increased
production. Yet ammonia is being used to a very con-
siderable extent in the maintenance of skating rinks, in
cold storage of furs, alcoholic drinks, household ammo-
nia, etc. I think the War Department has recognized
that the maintenance of the cold-storage warehouses
is vital to the food supply of our people and that they
may therefore themselves be obliged to reduce the
amount of explosives manufactured and thereby pos-
sibly jeopardize our military possibilities until produc-
tion can be built up.

"Another typical case of this kind lies in the question
of tin cans. It would seem to effect no great hardship
on the American people if the use of tin plate and tin
foil in toilet articles, and for containers in such other
articles which can be established in either glass or
paper cartons, were limited. I feel certain that unless
some effective control of the matter is taken that we
shall be unable to preserve the very large amount of
fruit, vegetables and meat which must necessarily go
into tin containers."

Mount Lyell Project After the War

During 1917 the Mount Lyell company, according to
the Dee. 28, 1917, supplement to Commerce Reports,
became interested in silver-lead properties near Zeehan,
and the company expects to spend $1,250,000 on a plant
at Zeehan for the electric treatment of those ores with-
in six months after the end of the war. The power for
this plant will be obtained from the King River, where
surveys are now being made to determine the best site
for a hydro-electric station that will be built and oper-
ated by the state government when power is needed
for the plant. It is estimated that at least 20,000 hp.
can be obtained.

Remember the 27th Engineers. Mining men over draft
age who cannot enlist can join the Association of the 27th
Engineers. Checks for the fund should be made payable to
W. R. Ingalls, treasurer.

IING AND MIXING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 7

I valuation oi Wisconsin Zinc Mines

valuation as applied to

inc district is described in

1 1 strict," by EL C. George1

actions of the American Inst i-

rict vary from 20 to 300 ft.

it. in height and from 500 to 7000

todies oi the district

;'t., an average height of 20 ft. and

Another has a length of 800

and a moan height of 40 ft. After

found in a prospect drill hole there is no

Utility in proving up the extent of the orebody,

unit mely narrow or crooked in its course.

-TO~W-

°AS

v<r

°20

• pnosfvcronruMOUS 0 5tf W0' l»3' % 'Lt—*J6- HV—

croncBOOr

X HOLE PLAN OF HYPOTHETICAL, OREBODY

A plan map of a hypothetical orebody as shown in
Fig. 1 is blocked out for a total length of 1000 ft. by
prospect drill holes, a vertical section of which is shown
in Fig. 2. The west 600 ft. of this orebody shows
an average width of 120 ft., with a higher zinc
tent and a lower iron content, as shown in

/ BROKEN LINE- AREA SHOWNS ORE

FULL LIME • AREA MINED OUT
■ ORE IN DRILLHOLE

FIG TIYE SECTIONS OF ORE BLOCKED OUT

AND STOPED

Table I, for the average assay of the prospect drill holes
than the west 600 ft. The west 600 ft. of mine had 12
prospect drill holes in ore and the east 400 ft. had eight

TABLE I DRILL HOLE ASSAY REl
• 600 Feet of Orebody

\'o.

Footage

Zinc Assay

Iron Assay

1

40

7.8

6.2

2

29

4 2

8.8

3

39

3 0

5.5

4

22

7.3

10.4

5

36

7.0

4. 1

6

6

2 1

6.7

7

26

10.7

7 0

8

43

12.6

5 4

9

22

8 6

6 0

10

33

2.8

2.9

II

31

5.2

7.0

12

18

4 1

12.0

-

28.7

6 73

6.42

East 400 Feet of Orebody

"^BC

Zinc A

Iron Assay

13

33

III

5 4

63

6.5

6.4

15

29

8 0

2 0

4

13 8

7 6

17

7

8 3

12 6

18

69

8 2

7 7

19

83

4 0

5.8

20

45

9 7

2.6

41 6

7.37

5.66

prospect drill holes in ore. On the basis of the assays

of these drill holes the thickness, width and length of

le orebody, an estimate of tonnages, grades and values

insln Zinc Co., Platteville, Wis.

is made, using the same costs as the State Tax Commis-
sion has used as the average of the district.

Concentrating operations in the district have shown
that about 70% of the metallic zinc contents, and about
of the metallic iron contents of the ore as shown
from the prospect drill hole records is recovered in the
concentrates. These factors are used to show recovery
from drill hole assays.

The buyers for the smelting companies purchase on
a base of 60 c, metallic zinc contents in the zinc concen-
trates. They penalize $1 per unit of zinc below 60',
and pay a premium of $1 per unit above 60%. Iron is
penalized at the rate of $1 per unit over 1%; lime is
penalized $0.50 per unit over 2rr ; lead is penalized $1
per unit over 1%. This scale of penalties and premiums
usually applies to concentrates containing from 50 to
63' o metallic zinc. For ores of a lower grade a differ-
ent scale is used. Some ores are purchased on contract
deducting a fixed smelting charge from the value of the
metallic zinc content of the concentrates.

TABLE II. CALCULATION OF VALUE OF AN OREBODY

Wist 600 Feet of Orebody

6. 73 X 0 7 = 4 711 recoverable zinc;
4,711 X 1.5 = 7 07% received ZnS.

6 42 X 0.5 = 3 21 recoverable iron;
3 21 X 2 2 = 7. 06% received FeS,.

7 07 + 7. 06 = 14. 13% recoverable mineral as concentrates.

4.711

= 33. 3% zinc in concentrates.

14 13
28.7 X 80 X 600 = 1,377.600 cu.ft. (12 cu.ft. = I ton)
= 1 14,800 tons ore in place.
i : ed nn 5c. spelter, $40 per ton for 60% zinc concentrates) 33.3% zinc con-

til he worth $17 per ton.
114.800 X 0.1413 = 16,221.2 tons of 33.3% zinc concentrates.
16,221.2 X 17 — $275,760 40, gross value of concentrates.

East 400 Feet of Orebody

7.37 X 0.7'= 5. 1 59 recoverable zinc.

5,159 X 1.5 = 7.74% received ZnS.

5,66 X 0.5 = 2.83 recoverable iron.

2.83 X 2.2 = 6. 23% received FeSa.

7 74 + 6. 23 = 13. 97% recoverable mineral as concentrates.

5 159

= 36. 8% zinc concentrates.

13 97

41 6 X 120 X 400 = 1,996.800 cu.ft. (12 cu.ft. = I ton)
= 166,400 tons of ore in place.

(On same basis as above 36.8% zinc concentrates will be worth $20 per ton.)

166,400 X 0 1397 = 23,246 1 tons of 36 9% zinc concentrates.

23.246.1 X $20 — $464,922 gross value of concentrates from east 400 ft. of mine.

$275,760. 40 gross value of concentrates from west 600 ft. of mine.

$740,682 40 total value of zinc concentrates.

Tons ore in place — west 600 ft 1 14,800

Inns ,,rein place; — east 400ft . 166,400

Total 281,200

j(r , added for ground broken outside of drill holes (see

Fig. 2) 140,600

Total tonnage to be mined 421,800

The average operating cost as shown by the report of the Wisconsin Tax Com-
mission is about $1.25 per ton mined.

"i»i.iting cost— 421,800 tons at $1.25 $527,250 00

Cost 150 ton mill and mining equipment 30,000 00

Total $557,250, 00

Gross value of concentrates $740,682. 40

Less 10% royalty to landowner 666,614. 16

Operating cost, mill and equipment 557,250 00

Total $109,364. 16

A concentrating plant such as planned for the above
property, running two shifts per day and "culling" the
"boulders" before the mine ore, or "dirt," goes to the
crusher will handle about 100,000 tons of mine ore per
year, so that the life of the mine would be about 4.2
years.

Some of the mining companies of the district own the
property on which they mine, but most of the mining
operations of the district are conducted on leased land.
The land owner generally receives 10% of the gross re-
ceipts of sales of ores. Technically this 10% is part of
the profit, but from the standpoint of the mining com-
pany it is an operating expense.

February 16, 1918

ENGINEERING AND MINING J01 RNAL

Gibbs Oxygen Rescue Apparatus

A self contained unit for mine rescue work thai
in lightness, endurance ami safety surpasses the
helmet. Expelled carbon dioxide is regenerated
by a caustic soda absorber and oxygen regen-
erated and supplied through a valve system that
limits the supply to physical requirements.

THE Gibbs oxygen rescue apparatus, which has
been developed by W. E. Gibbs,1 in cooperation
with other members of the staff of the U. S. Bu-
reau of Mines, seems in several respects to be superior
to other types.

The apparatus is a self-contained unit carried wholly
on the back of the user. It is light and its parts are well
protected against injury. A special device feeds the
oxygen used, and although plenty is available for the
wearer when working hard none is wasted when he is
resting. Hence the new apparatus may be worn for a
considerably longer time without recharging than can
models now in use which furnish a constant volume. An
unusually efficient carbon-dioxide absorber that liberates
little heat is another feature of the apparatus. Caustic
soda, which is much cheaper than the potash salt for-
merly thought necessary, is used as the absorbent.

Normal air contains roughly 20% oxygen mixed with
about 80% nitrogen and a trace of carbon dioxide. At
each inspiration part of the oxygen breathed combines
in the lungs with carbon brought by the blood, and the
air expired contains about 4% carbon dioxide. The
nitrogen of the air is unchanged by the act of respira-
tion and takes no active part in it other than to dilute
the oxygen. The amount of oxygen consumed in the
body is precisely the same whether the gas is breathed
pure or diluted with nitrogen in the form of air. Con
trary to the belief held a few years ago, there is no
flushing of the face, no feeling of exhilaration, no in-
crease in the pulse rate, nor elevation of arterial ten-
sion.

If, however, the oxygen content of the air breathed
be materially reduced, unconsciousness and death are
almost sure to follow without any warning symptoms,
provided the carbon dioxide content of the air remains
low. For this reason it is advisable that breathing
apparatus supply an atmosphere rich in oxygen. As
much of the oxygen made from liquid air contains 2 or
3% nitrogen, which remains unchanged and accumulates
in the apparatus, analyses of the atmosphere breathed
by the wearer generally show a decreasing content pro-
portionate to the length of time the apparatus is worn.
If the proportion of carbon dioxide in the artificial
atmosphere rises much above 2%, deeper breathing or
panting warns the wearer of danger, generally in time
to let him get to safety.

The elements that enter into the construction of the
Gibbs breathing apparatus are shown in the diagram.
When the wearer inhales through the mouthpiece A, the
valve B opens and oxygen passes from the bag C
through the cooler D to the lungs. On exhalation the

■i'ii, somewhal diminished in volume and containing
about 4% carbon dioxide, rom the mouth.

valve />' now i I e E opene to lei the mix-

ture of 03 gen and carbon dioxide pass into tin- ab-
sorber F, where the caustic soda combines with the
carbon dioxide to form sodium carbonate with the for-
mation of some water and the liberation of heat.

From the absorber or regenerator the purified oxygen
passes by way of the duel G to the breathing bag I>, which
expands to make room for it. The total volume of gas
in the apparatus is now less than the original volume bj
the amount of carbon dioxide taken up by the absorbing
can. After the wearer of the apparatus has taken a few
breaths, the bag C collapses enough to permit the weight-
ed lever H to open the oxygen-admission valve /, when
the bag C fills again automatically. The heat generated
in the absorber is removed from the gas by radiation,

•Excerpts from the "Yearbook of the Bureau of Mines, 1916."
'Engineer of mine-safety investigations.

DIAGRAM OF GIBBS APPARATUS

partly from the cooler D and partly from the bag C and
the connecting tubes. A reducing valve J lowers the
pressure of the oxygen from about 2000 lb. per sq.in.
in the bottle to a pressure that may be controlled by
the admission valve I. A pressure gage K indicates the
available oxygen. The gas may be turned off by the
stop valve L when the apparatus is not in use. A relief
valve M operates when the pressure in the circulatory
system becomes too high. In order to be practicable,
breathing apparatus should be mounted on a suitable
frame and be conveniently supported on the user.

A magnalium casing contains the valve-closing tog-
gles, which are actuated by a flexible metallic bellows.

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 7

• the junction • 3ing

etal. When this

ure inside the bellows.

\ih of an atmos-

-e outlet lias

., ing valve makes

ittently to the breath-

by the user under

ctreme labor.

tus are mounted on a

which is ii the back. The

tus in use with its pro-

aluminu ed.

■ of much
A fori ely adopted contained 20

MPL.ETE GIBBS APPARATUS IN [

vertical sheets of fine iron-wire gauze, held parallel to
each other and one-fifth of an inch apart by spacers.
These sheets before being put in the can were dipped in
molten caustic soda containing 20'^ water. The caustic
solidified on the gauze when cold, forming reinforced
plates ab a. thick, between which the expired air

ed. The plates not only absorb carbon dioxide from
the wearer's breath but maintain a uniform surface
from which the condensed and chemically produced mois-
ture drains away, so that the capacity of the absorber
is nearly constant until the active material has ail been
used. Recently another type of absorber, containing
caustic soda in lumps, has been adopted.

A pressure gage or "finimeter," which is read by
touch, instead of sight, and sounds an alarm when the
■/en ir. the cylinder has been reduced to 30 atmos-
pheres, completes the apparatus. The whole device,
which weighs only 30 lb., or considerably less than other

types, is suspended from the shoulders by leather
straps. There is a minimum of parts. All the connec-
tions have been made without the use of rubber wher-
ever possible. A simple mouthpiece and nose clip is used
instead of a helmet. Experience has shown that the
helmet is dangerous, and its use has been abandoned
by the Bureau of Mines. The pressure within the ap-
paratus is maintained slightly above that of the atmos-
phere by the pressure of a weighted flap H on the
breathing bag. Consequently, if the apparatus is punc-
tured, or if a crevice in any part of the system opens,
the leakage is outward only. Exhaustive tests of the
new apparatus have shown that it permits unusually
free breathing; that the air supplied is comfortably
cool; that as the front of the body of the wearer is en-
tirely free he is not hampered in his movements; and
that the parts of the device are well protected against
accident. The entire apparatus can be quickly taken
apart or put together with a wrench and screwdriver.

Manufacture of Chemicals in France

According to the bulletin of the American Chamber of
Commerce, in Paris, France is in no way inferior to any
other country as a producer of the raw materials re-
quired in the manufacture of chemicals. The streams
of France by hydro-electric development supply a total
of 9,000,000 hp., an ample supply to operate her facto-
ries. Also, by the judicious use of coal a byproduct of
470,000 tons of tar per year is utilized in the manu-
facture of dyes. France is at least the equal of Ger-
many in the production of sulphuric acid, the base of
chemical manufactures, and prior to the war produced
905,000 tons, of which 62% was obtainable from the
resources of the country. This compares favorably with
Germany's production at the same period, which
amounted to 411,000 tons of acid and imports of stocks
required for the manufacture of 1,200,000 tons of acid.
Approximately 1,000,000 tons of sodium chloride, the
source of hydrochloric acid, chlorine and soda, is pro-
duced from the salt marshes and mines of France. The
treatment of sea water provides an ample quantity of
bromine; phosphates are abundant in French north-
ern Africa and nickel and chromium in New Caledonia.
In France are to be found the most extensive bauxite
deposits known, and mines of the country are produc-
tive in lead, antimony, arsenic and iron ore. In the
south and from the colonies of France large quantities
of oleagineous seeds, rosin, turpentine and plants used
in perfumery are available.

Since the war France has greatly increased the num-
ber of factories engaged in the manufacture of chem-
icals. Special schools are graduating each year 200
chemists trained technically and practically to enter the
industry. In November, 1916, the Compagnie Nationale
des Matieres Colorantes was founded, with a capital-
ization of 40,000,000 francs.

At the beginning of 1917 the Compagnie Frangaise de
produits chimiques et matieres colorantes, de Saint-
Clair-du-Rhone, a company producing chemical prod-
ucts and coloring matter, was founded; the Societe de
Saint-Denis increased its capitalization from 3,375,000
to 7,000,000 francs, and the Etablissement Kiihlmann
raised its capitalization to 40,000,000 francs. Such re-
sources and plants imply great possibilities.

February 16, 1918

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Canvas Tubing for Mine Ventilation

Flexible, waterproof pipe thai can be installed
for ventilating purposes with minimum labor and
time is to be preferred to galvanized tubing,
which has many disadvantages. The North
Butte Mining Co., in snaring better air supplies
by the installation of blowers and canvas pipes,
not only increased the willingness of the men to
work but secured larger footages in shaft and
drifting operations.

THE difficulties in securing conditions that make
for efficient work underground, especially of over-
coming the inconvenience of high rock tempera-
tures as encountered at depth, are well known. The
same is true of efforts made to reduce overhead expense
by working headings 24 hours in a day, if blasting is
done frequently in that time. Conditions resulting
from these causes have driven native-born Americans
from the mines, and their places have been taken by
less efficient foreigners. The war and the educational
qualification clause included in the immigration law will
probably limit the supply of foreign labor to those now
in mines, and operators must appeal again to Americans.
Metal tubing, with blower or exhaust fans, has long
been used to supply air to dead ends where natural
ventilation is impossible, and in driving smoke from such
places. In Butte, Mont., canvas tubing has been used
extensively and has many advantages not possessed by
metal tubing. Improvements in the canvas itself, the
jointing of sections and manner of suspension have in-
creased its usefulness. A product now on the market is
impervious to air, fireproof, and provides a system of
jointing that permits the tubing to be put up or taken
down in a few seconds.

Canvas Pipe as Used at Granite Mountain Shaft
Preferred to Galvanized Tubing

Deepening the Granite Mountain shaft of the North
Butte Mining Co., Butte, Mont., from the 3100- to the
3700-ft. level was begun in 1916. Satisfactory progress
was made for a few months, but air conditions became
poorer with depth, and the best workmen left. It was
evident that some means of bettering conditions must
be devised. The Granite Mountain is a downcast shaft
with a good supply of air on the 3000-ft. level. A fan
with galvanized tubing extending from the 3000-ft.
level down the shaft, through the pump compartment,
had been considered. But the drawbacks and disad-
vantages of the galvanized tubing were such that the
engineers in charge decided to try a canvas tubing that
was placed on the market about the time that the work
on the shaft was begun. No means of joining sections
were attached to the tubing and connections were made
by slipping two ends over a wide metal hoop and hold-
ing the canvas in place by wiring it there. When two
lengths were joined in this way, a comparatively slight
weight could pull the sections apart. Probably concus-
sions have worked the same result.

•Abstract of paper by L. D. Frink to be read at the February
meeting of A. I. M. E.

Later ;i joint thai nol onlj . but

a greater load, v. attaching

two rings of the of which may be pul

within the other by contracting one rini Ible

and can <■ pul together while the fan

is running. The canvas which covers the ring, b<
sewn in at each end o as a gasket and

prevents air leakage. In drifts and crossi
bands similar to the suspension ring used in shaft work
are pul over the joints at required intervals and slack
in the tubing is taken up. Supporting rings, made from
galvanized iron, were put over the joints and hung in
the shaft by means of wires. After the installation of
the tubing and the start of the fan, the best shaftmen
were back looking for a place in the shaft, showing that
working conditions had improved.

Shaft Progrkss More Than Doubled with
Flexible-Pipe Installation

August, 1916, progress amounted to 132 ft., against
50 ft. in July and 60 ft. in June, and the 20-ft. sump
below the 3700-ft. level was cut in a few days in Sep-
tember. By using pieces of varied length, the tubing
was kept as close to the bottom as the shaftmen wished
it to be. In adding lengths the lowest, or blasting piece,
was always removed and a new length placed above it.
No great difficulties were encountered in the use of the
tubing in the shaft. Occasionally the supports had to
be lowered because of the stretching of the canvas; a
few holes where the tubing was cut by flying rocks had
to be sewed up, and it was necessary to start the fan
after it had been stopped to hang the lines for timbering.
Velocities of the air taken at the discharge averaged
over 5000 ft. a minute. Rock temperatures in drill holes
on the stations at the 3600- and 3700-ft. levels ranged
between 100° and 105 = F. A No. 4 Sirocco fan blow-
ing through a 16-in. tubing was used, but this was
larger than necessary. A No. 3 fan with a 12-in. tubing
would have answered as well.

Tubing Used in Crosscut with Breast 2100 Ft.
from Air Supply

The success in the ventilation of the shaft prompted
the management to put a fan and some tubing in a
crosscut being driven from the shaft. Conditions here
were different, as water temperatures taken near the
breast gave 65° F. While this factory as a work-

ing temperature, the accumulation of powder gas at the
breast made it impossible to keep a full shift working,
and rounds were repeatedly lost, so that the problem
was not to cool the place but to clear it of smoke. The
breast was 2100 ft. from the nearest supply of air — an
upcast raise with a temperature higher than that of
the breast of the crosscut. A fan house was put up over
this raise, and 16-in. tubing extended in 1500 ft. to a
booster fan. From this point the air was sent through
another tubing to the breast. The joints between sec-
tions were the same here as in the shaft, but the method
of support was different. A messenger or suspension
wire (No. 8 galvanized) was stretched, the ends being
fastened to stulls in the crosscut. At points from 25
to 40 ft. apart sprags were put up, and the wire was

UNEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 7

In the the tub-

were inserted

ie wore fastened wire clips
those hangers, the tubing was
r and made fast by bending
ther. Between the soot ions a ten

m ring used in the shaft

the joints, and when the slack was

. lamp that hold the messenger

ed the tubing from drawing back. The

.. when running, about 2500 ou.t't. per min.

at tl the line.

WaTKi: 5ATION IN TUBE REQUIRES ATTENTION

T) . irning it was found that each low place in

the tubing was weighted with water, caused by the con-
D of the air in cooling. Conditions at the breast
the drift, however, were much better than they had
. and the shift could easily work there. The sections
were then disjointed and the water was drawn off. It
evident that the condensation could not be pre-
vented, but by placing grommets in the bottom at both
ends of each section, and keeping these corked, air leak-
would be stopped, and by shutting down the fan for
w minutes each morning the ditch man could run all
the water to the ends, pull the corks, tie up a short sec-
tion and move on to the next joint to do the same. By
the time the last sections were drained, he could start
back along the line untying the canvas and replacing the
All would then be well for another 24 hours.
Later the booster fan was not necessary, and the tubing
- connected straight through, making, before the
finished, a 2400-ft. line. Conditions at the
breast of this crosscut could not be made entirely satis-
fy, because of the poor supply of air that had to
be used, but the place was put in such condition that a
round was seldom lost and the men remained, with but
few changes, until the crosscut was complete. When
holed through to the Rainbow shaft, the crosscut was a
mile from the Granite Mountain shaft, the source of the
air supply.

This was the first ventilating air line that had been
run in a crosscut, and the tubing conformed easily to the
bends. Where galvanized pipe would have been hard to
install, because of jutting rock or slight bends, the can-
vas passed them in smooth curves. Elbows to fit any
angle were easily made by cutting the tubing to pattern,
as a tinsmith cuts elbows, and sewing the two ends
together.

Removal of Blasting Piece Prevents Injury to
Pipe During Blasting

In this crosscut some difficulty was experienced with
the leading lengths until a successful blasting piece was
made. This piece was made up with harness snaps

tened to ears sewed to the hem of the tubing, so that
it might easily be put up or taken down. Before spit-
ring a round of holes, this piece was detached and car-
ried back to a safe place. This would leave the discharge
far enough removed from the breast to be safe from
and the effects of concussion, and still close
enough so that the smoke would quickly be driven out.

.en the next shift came on, they would replace the
blasting piece so that the air might blow directly on
the workmen.

On the 3000-ft. level good air was supplied to the
si of a drift by means of a No. 2* Sirocco fan blow-
ing through 500 ft. of 10-in. tubing. In this length
there was one place where the water ran on the tubing
in streams, but the canvas showed no ill effects from the
bath. The cost per foot of driving was reduced about
50 in this drift, and no difficulty was experienced in
keeping men. On the 3200-, 3400-, and 3600-ft. levels,
considerable use has been made of the canvas tubing in
the crosscuts. Rock temperatures on these levels are
high, being 100° F. at the 3200-, 102° on the 3400-, and
104° on the 3G00-ft. level, but as yet a separate fan has
not been put on each of these levels, and all the air is
supplied by a No. 6 Sirocco fan blowing from the 3000-
ft. level. An air box has been put in one corner of the
pump compartment of the shaft. At each level, the box
is tapped and direct connection is made to the flexible
tubing that runs to the breast of the crosscut. In spite
of the high rock temperatures, the working conditions
at the breast have been comfortable, and by having in
each working place a number of short lengths, the men
can bring the lead piece as close to them as they wish.
When the short lengths are all in use, a long length is
sent down to take their place. This order of changes
is repeated as the work progresses.

Tubing in Raises Boxed for Protection

Ten- and 12-in. tubing is used on these levels. By
its use, it is found that the tension rings, used in con-
nection with the clamp that grips the wire, and of course
the clamp too, are not necessary on the smaller tubing.
When they are not used, the clips that are bent around
the wire messenger to support the tubing must be care-
fully tightened. More care must be exerted in the use
of the canvas tubing for ventilating raises than in
crosscuts or drifts. With high rock temperatures, it
will be found that added advance and the consequently
diminished cost will repay amply the time spent in
placing and protecting the tubing. In all the vertical
parts of the raises, it is found necessary to box the
tubing for protection from falling rocks. These boxes
need not be air-tight and can quickly be thrown together
out of 1-in. material. At the offsets the tubing need
not be covered. The discharge from the top box must
be covered with a screen to keep falling pieces from
going down the tubing, and it must be especially well
protected when blasting.

Sufficient Ventilation Not Assured by Proximity
to Air Supply

The proximity of a current of good air does not
necessarily mean a good place to work. A stope was
started on the 2600-ft. level directly over a crosscut
used as a main air course of the level. On the first
floor the conditions were good; on the second floor the
stope was a poor one to work in, and the third floor was
so hot that little was accomplished, though neither end of
the stope was 50 ft. from the main air course, but no
natural ventilation was obtainable. A No. 4 Sirocco
fan with a 20-hp. motor was placed at the crosscut and
the air was taken through a 16-in. tube up a manway
and turned directly on the men in the stope, which
made it a good place to work. Stopes such as this must
often be worked until connections can be made to other
levels, and the use of blower fans seems to be the best

February 16, 1918

ENGINEERING AND MIX INC J01 R

827

solution of the problem presented by such places. In
one stope with ample connections between levels a No.
1 fan and 16-in. tubing completely reversed air currents,

with a resulting drop of 15 degrees. This result was
accomplished without causing any apparent ill effects
in the other workings. Often places are encountered in
both stoping and development where artificial ventilation
is needed only while a raise is being put up, or a cross-
cut or a drift extended. Such work may take a month
or less. Normal conditions may be such that it is im-
possible for men to work in these places. The short
period of time necessary to have the fan blowing before
natural ventilation can be obtained does not warrant
the building of a concrete foundation. Wood founda-
tions have been eliminated almost entirely for all elec-
trical machinery on account of fire risk. As motor
haulage with direct current is used almost entirely, and
the trolley lines reach almost every part of the mine,
some No. 2 and No. 3 direct current fans, placed on
heavy plates, have been mounted on trucks and so ar-
ranged that they may be turned to any horizontal angle
with the trucks, and make a satisfactory installation for
use in these places.

The experience of the North Butte Mining Co. with
canvas tubing has extended over a period of more than
a year and has been tried out in all sorts of working
places, and in every case has justified the installation.
Canvas tubing is more satisfactory than metal tubing,
and those who adopt its use are not likely to return
to galvanized iron.

Injury to Blasting Employees

By A. L. H. Street*

Where a miner offered his services to a mining com-
pany and assisted in blasting operations, the company
was entitled to assume that he had the experience and
skill usually possessed by employees of his class, and, in
the absence of information that he was inexperienced,
the company cannot be deemed to have been negligent
in failing to warn him against dangers commonly under-
stood by miners. So held the Utah supreme court in
the recent case of Olsen vs. Triangle Mining Co., 167
Pacific Reporter, 813, in which plaintiff was denied the
right to recover for injury caused by his striking a
missed hole in picking rock down. The court finds that
the explosion resulted from plaintiff's failure to take
precaution for his own safety, by examining the places
where he knew charges had been placed, to be sure that
there was no missed hole, that is ordinarily taken by
miners.

Status of Pig Tin Subcommittee
Defined to Tin Trade

The subcommittee on pig tin, of the American Iron
and Steel Institute, John Hughes chairman, has issued
to the tin trade the following bulletin on pig tin, en-
titled "Circular Letter No. 3" :

Owing to the numerous inquiries received from the trade
and consumers of pig tin, indicating that there is no clearly
defined understanding as to the functions of the subcom-
mittee on pig tin, this committee desires to make its posi-

clear, and pi I • rpt

the Joui i he V I i l< Board, i u<

dated Jan. 8, L918, on p 8, of whii h appears a concise state-
ment as iu the fui i the various ttees, in-
cluding the subcon i tin:

These commit anj authority whi

soever in the if import licei

or in any way on their own initiative tn determine who
shall or shall not ), or de-

termine their disposition; but their only are

gather such information in the varioui trades as
the Government, ai War Trade Board,

may from time to time direct; to nisignees

of the various commodit 1; to release these

conn to the im] from

the War Trade Hoard, and prioi I" licfa release to
obtain from the importer lees or other

agreements as the War Trade Board maj require; to
keep themselves informed for the benefit of the board
as to the use and disposition of the imported commodi-
ties and the observance by the importers of any guar-
antees or agreements given in connection therewith,
and to keep full and complete records of all impor-
tations of the various commodities.

The subcommittee on pig tin is using every effort to
assist consumers of pig tin under the existing circum-
stances and will continue to do so; but it desires that the
trade and consumers realize the subcommittee's limita-
tions in its field of operation and that it be relieved of re-
sponsibilities which it cannot assume and over which it
has no control.

Imported Indian Manganese Ores
Show Uniformity

Herewith is reproduced a table, taken from the records
of the Matthew Addy Co., of Philadelphia, showing the
analyses of various cargoes of manganese ores imported
from India. It is reported that the imports of 1917
will exceed those of 1916 or 1915.

ANALYSES OF INDIAN MANGANESE ORE IMPO

Manga-

Mois-

Silica,

phorus,

ture,

%

50 80

5 67

6 80
7.76

7 57
5.81

0 092
0 098-
0 096

0.095

0 074

1 14

51 06

0 40

50 93

0 93

50 79

0 43

51 51

0 73

50 84

6.87

6 63
7.29

7 55

0 097
0.073
0 089
0 097

1 26

51 83

0 64

51 97

0 64

52 22

0 47

52.80

4.98

0 063

0 34

53 07

5.44

0.071

0 35

52 98

5 41
6.32

6 79
6 65

0.074

0.079
0 090
0 098

0.33

50 97

0 42

51 28

0 34

51 12

0.69

50 37

b 11

0 075

0 85

51 74

7 97

0.106

0 91

51.66

7 90

0 102

0 68

51 63

7 27

0 091

0.62

52 11

5.83

0 086

0 75

50 08

6 66

0 114

1 09

6 63

0 076

0 85

51 73

6 51

0.092

0 69

50 58

7 81

0.089

0 82

51 90

7 04

0 086

0 84

51 99

3 65

0 054

0 81

51 22

6.40

0 071

0 63

•Attorney at law. 829 Security Building. Minneapolis. Minn.

Date

1915
Oct. 10
Dec. 16
Dec. 22

1916
Mar. 30

1917
Jan. 24
Feb. 9,
Feb. 1 7
Feb. 22.
Mai 19
Apr. 9
Apr. 1 1 .
Apr. I 1
June I 1 .
June 18
June 20
June 25.
June 50
Sept. 12.
Oct. I
Oct. 8
Nov. 5
Nov. 7 .
Nov. 8.
Nov. 13.
Nov. 20.
Dec. 27.
Dec. 31

Graphite Exports from Ceylon in 1916 amounted to 33,410
short tons, valued at $7,29*8,106, as against 21,817 short
tons, valued at $2,569,434, in 1915, according to the London
"Chamber of Commerce Journal." Three-fourths of the
total shipped in 1916 went to the United States, about 18%
to the United Kingdom and possessions, and the rest to
Russia. Prices for the period from August to December
averaged $265.71 per ton for all grades. For the year the
average price of large and ordinary lumps was $283.43 per
ton and that of chips, dust and flying dust $155.26 per ton.
The best grades reached record prices, while dust of low
grades was unsalable, owing to high freights.

v; a\P MIXING JOURNAL Vol. 105, No. 7
„,„„„„„„„„„„„ iiiiinuiiuinuiniiun urn i iiiinimitiiiinimiiiiHiiuniiiiiimiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniii imumiumiiimmiiiimimmiiii|

Photographs from the Field |

iimmuiiiiiii

iiiiiiiniiiiiiii miiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiimmimiii t iiiiiimiiiimn iinitm ininiitiiiiiiii inn mm iimimiiiiiiiimiiuiniiiiimuimimiR

CANVAS

TUBING INSTALLED FOR VENTILATING WORKINGS AT A BUTTE. MONTANA, MINE

PHOT' >W READILY CANVAS PIPE CONFORMS To CURVES MET IX UNDERGROUND MINING

February 16, 1918

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

829

CONCENTRATOR OF 200-TON CAPACITY AT MORNING STAT1. MIXING CO. PLANT. MINING AND MILLING ZINC

ORES AT RUSH. ARK.

BEAR HILL ZINC MINE AND 200-TON MILL OF CONTINENTAL MINING CO., AT DODD CITY. ARK.

ENGINEERING rYND MIXING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 7

d I ses of Zirconium and
Its Compounds

irconium are the minerals

ociated with

rconium silicate. It is placed

• the name of zirkite. Zirkite con-

mium oxide. Other com-

.": with the Eirconium oxide are silica.

ride, alumina and manganous

■nium is obtained in crystalline, graph-
rphous forms. Pure malleable zirconium, re-
is stated by investigators to be fit for
■r platinum. It has been suggested
lamp filaments, but in neither case has any prog-
: plication been reported.

FESROZmCONIUH ALLOYS
The new alloy ferrozirconium is finding a limited
application in the steel industry as a scavenger for re-
moving nitrogen and oxides from steel. One of the most
recent alloys of zirconium placed on the market con-
tains between 40 and 90% zirconium, with the remainder
iron "r an iron-group metal. Small percentages of
titanium and aluminum are also introduced. It is
claimed these alloys, which are covered by U. S. Patent
1 1, are not subject to oxidation and are highly
-tant to chemical reagents. They have a metallic
luster and take a silvery steel-like polish. They are
readily malleable, and it is suggested that they may
find Important application in the manufacture of drawn
filaments for incandescent lamps. Such filaments are
claimed to have the property of selective radiation; in
other words to emit more light than corresponds to the
temperature at which they are heated by the electric
current. This implies a considerably lower wattage per
candle power than is now required by the average metal
filament lamp. A typical analysis of some of the alloys
produced under the above patent shows: Zirconia, 65;
iron, 26; titanium, 0.12, and aluminum, 7.7%. The
production of the alloys is accomplished either by re-
duction with finely divided aluminum incorporated with
the mixed oxides of iron, titanium, etc., or whatever
metals it is desired to introduce into the alloy; or they
can be produced by heating the mixed oxides in a graph-
ite crucible in an electric furnace, using either zircon or
zirkite as a source of zirconium. An English patent,
No. 29,376, covers the use of ferrozirconium as a scav-
enger. The alloy contains 20% of the element and is
used in an amount equal to about 1% of the weight
of steel treated.

Zirconium Oxide

Zirconium oxide, or zirconia, is a pure white sub-
stance having a sp.gr. of 5 and a melting point ranging
fro o 3000° C. The first important use for the

pure oxide was to replace the calcium oxide cylinders
used in the Drummond or so-called "lime" light. The

at objection to the calcium oxide cylinders was that
they rapidly deteriorated, owing to the absorption of
moisture and carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Be-
ving a much more intense illumination, zirco-
nium oxide is absolutely unaffected by the agencies

Meyer in Mineral I

which make calcium oxide so unstable, and recently has
found rather extended application in the Bleriot light,
now being used somewhat extensively abroad on auto-
mobiles. The first incandescent mantles manufactured
by von Welsbach in 1880 were essentially zirconium
oxide. Thorium oxide, however, is now used almost en-i
tirely, to the exclusion of all other refractory oxides, fori
this purpose.

One of the earliest important applications of zirco-l
nium oxide was in the Nernst light, in which small rods
or pencils of zirconium, magnesium and yttrium oxides
were raised to incandescence by an electric current. In
this lamp it was necessary to heat the rods or glowers by;
an auxiliary device to a temperature of about 700° C, at
which point they became conductors and, through the.
resistance offered to the passage of the current, incan-i
descent. The quantity of zirconium used in the manu-
facture of glowers for the Nernst lamp is comparatively!
small. At the present time there are two important
commercial applications of zirconium oxide: (1) As a
refractory body; (2) as an opacifier or clouding agent
in enamels.

Refractory Properties of the Pure Oxide

In manufacturing refractory ware such as crucibles,
mufflers, combustion tubes, resistance cores, etc., from
zirconia, the low thermal conductivity of the materia
should not be overlooked. Hence the walls of the cru-
cible or other similar container must be considerably
thinner than would be the case if other refractory bodies
were used. Owing to the high tensile strength ol
articles made from zirconia when properly bonded anc,
burnt at a sufficiently high temperature, it is possible
to manufacture such ware without unusual danger oj
breakage through handling. Another important consid
eration in the use of zirconia is its resistance to fluxes,
and slags.

Various patents have been secured, both in this counJ
try and abroad, covering the manufacture of refractory
vessels from zirconia, for which is claimed remarkable
heat-resisting properties. In one instance the pun
oxide is mixed with 3 to 10% of magnesia, using starch
phosphoric acid, gelatinous zirconium hydroxide or bo
rates as binders. The ware is fired in an electric fur
nace at a temperature ranging from 2900 to 2300° C.
thus producing a body which is practically impervious t(
all liquids and unaffected by strong acids or alkal
fusions. Owing to the extremely low coefficient o:
expansion, such ware can be subjected to very suddei
changes of temperature, in this way resembling fusee
silica, but, unlike silica, is not subject to devitrification

Prior to 1915, no extensive research work had beei
done in America on the production of pure zirconiun
oxide on a commercial scale, but the inability to secun
the product from abroad has spurred American investi

ANALYSIS OF COMMERCIALLY PURE ZIRCONIUM OXIDI

Per Cent.

ZrOj 99.91

.0.04

I , m, 0 01

0 01
0 02

99 99

gators to develop commercial processes, so that there i:
promise that an oxide running 98 to 99% ZrO. will ii
time be placed on the market at a price in the neighbor
hood of 60c. per lb. in ton lots. In the preparation o

February 1G, 1918

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

lie pure oxide, it is important thai it be practically
ron-, titania- and silica-free. Iron is particularly ob-
fctionable, as it acts as a llux. A high-grade com-
leirially pure zirconium oxide gives the analysis shown

1 the table. .

A recenl European patent <"\>ts the use of zirco-
ium oxide as a surfacing material for silica, bauxite or
ther refractory bricks or products.' It is claimed by
ic patentee that a thin layer of zirconium oxide, with

suitable binder, renders the coated article resistent
i slag corrosion.

It has been found from investigations conducted in
lis country' and abroad that tor certain purposes
irkite (natural Brazilian zirconium oxide) is an effi-
ient refractory. The proper selection of a binder is

very important consideration in the manufacture of
ricks and other ware from zirkite. Phosphoric acid,
>dium silicate and lime were tried, but with indifferent
lccess, and in many cases it was clearly apparent that
ich bonds were absolutely detrimental, causing serious
uxing and softening of the zirkite at comparatively
iw tempei-atures.

Manufacture of Zirkite Bricks
In the manufacture of zirkite bricks in standard
lapes, about 5% of a highly refractory clay has been
Hind a satisfactory bond, although a water-ground
xkite has been used as a cementing or bonding material,
ms obviating the necessity of introducing a binder hav-
ig a lower melting-point than the zirkite. American
re-brick manufacturers, however, have been unable to
roduce zirkite bricks on a commercial scale, owing to
teir inability to burn them at high enough temperatures
i secure the maximum shrinkage.
Most attempts to burn zirkite bricks have been made
i silica-brick kilns, but with indifferent success. The
lture for zirkite in refractory bricks is promising.
he work along this line has been highly developed on
le Continent, and actual tests made on a Siemens-
[artin furnace using a zirconia-lined hearth show that
fter four months of continuous operation at high tem-
jratures the hearth was still in good condition and
ould serve at least four months longer before renewal,
areful statistics compiled from these tests show a sav-
ig of about 50 c'c in actual maintenance costs in favor
' the zirconia lining over an ordinary' refractory lining
ich as. is generally used. No allowance was made for
icreased production and higher efficiency.
The initial cost of zirconia lining is rather high as
impared, for example, with magnesite brick, but it is
ore than offset by its higher melting point, marked
distance to corrosion, low thermal conductivity and
w coefficient of expansion.

Manufacture of Laboratory Ware

The investigations of Dr. Charles Morris Johnson
iring the last few years have resulted in the manufac-
re of laboratory ware made from zirkite mixed with
her refractory bodies. Zirkite filtering crucibles,
uffles, combustion tubes, combustion boats, pyrometer
otection tubes and Kipp generators with replaceable
uts are now on the market at prices comparing fav-

i'German patent Xo. 289,292. Feb. 8. 1914.

:"Further Notes on the Refractory Properties of Zirconia."
'tallurg-ical and Chemical Engineering. Vol. 13, No. 4, p. 263.
iril. 1915.

orably with lil actured fi an

porcelain or Eu ■ a. Zirkii

havi ported runnii

for as long a period . being used

stantly night ami day. Owing to thi

these tubes, thej

do not devitrify an. I • U|, to temperatt

of 1000° centrigrade.

Italy's Mineral Production in 1917
as Influenced by the War

E. Ferraris*

The mining industry in Italy, in 1917, must he con-
sidered as having adapted itself to war conditions. Fuel
and iron ores played the chief part in increasing pro-
duction; second place was held by pyrites and sulphur,
while output of ores of other metals, as iron, was
rather on the decrease. All the old lignite mines were
reopened and many new mines began operations. The
prices paid for fuel were very attractive, but the out-
put of lignite, though twice as great as in 1916, was
only one-fifth of the quantity required by industry and
the railways of the kingdom.

The iron mines of La Nurra, in Sardinia, began to
supply a large quantity of ore; management of the
old mines of Cogne (Valla d' Aosta), was taken over by
the Ansalde works; the mines at the end of 1917 were
in the development stage. A large electric plant will be
erected for smelting the ores electrolytically at Aosta.
Extraction of magnetic iron ore from the sand banks of
Nettune was started. The pyrites mines near Gavor-
rano, belonging to the Societa Montecatini, were the
largest producers of rich pyrites which was exported
chiefly to France.

Production of sulphur was hampered by lack of labor
and the difficulties due to the increasing depth of the
old mines and to leasing arrangements, especially in
Sicily. Some large mines were bought by companies
able to develop them in a modern way. Competition
with the sulphur of Louisiana will be keen after the war.
All the lead mines did their utmost to produce a maxi-
mum ; but the supply of coke f or,smelting the ores was
limited, and it was necessary to ship some ores to
France or England for reduction.

The production of zinc ores was half as great as be-
fore the war; nearly all zinc ores were exported to
France, England and the United States. The war
caused an increase in the production of antimony ores
and metal. Sardinian mines supplied most of the out-
put. The quicksilver mines of Monte Amiata largely in-
creased their production, which was nearly 1000 tons of
metal. They are controlled by the government, which
supplies the metal to England.

Consumption of Gold and Silver in the Arts is estimated
by the Director of the Mint for the United States in 1916 as
$51,061,187 worth of gold and 32,103,507 fine ounces of
silver. In these estimates are included the use of gold coin
to the amount of $3,500,000, and of silver coin $100,000—
equivalent to 77,344 fine ounces; there are also considerable
amounts of old jewelry returned for use in the arts. The
net amount of new bullion devoted to industrial use in the
United States in 1916 was estimated at $41,120,149 of gold
and 22,204,641 ounces of silver.

•Turin, Italy

ENGINEERING AND MIXING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 7

Flotation License of Minerals Separation
North American Corporation

red l<u

\ < 1 mean Corporar

. under its

>;,■■'( is summarized,

ons of the

fa full

THE conditions under which licensees have been
permitted to use the flotation processes patented
Minerals Separation, Ltd.. and its American
branch, the Minerals Separation North American Cor-
poration, of 61 Broadway, New York, have frequently
. commented upon. Some details of the license
agreement are given herewith, reproduced from an
original indenture, either in summary or in full, depend-
ing on the importance and interest of the particular
on.
After the usual preliminary paragraphs, the Minerals
Separation North American Corporation agrees to grant
licensees the right to use the inventions described and
claimed in its I". S. letters patent (53 in number) for
the concentration of ores by the notation process
at the mines, mills or dumps of the licensees, who may
vend the concentrates so produced, subject to the various
conditions of the agreement. The first article of the
agreement specifies the royalty thai shall be paid.

Quarterly Production Reports To Be Rendered

Articles 2 and 3 relate to the manner of accounting

and to the remarkable provision for communicating and

explaining, only to the licensors, all improvements or

• discoveries the licensees may make, and also for passing

to the licensors the right to pacent such improvements

in any parts of the world. These two articles are so

important that they are reproduced in full. Article 2

follows :

2. The licensees shall keep at the counting house or office
of their said mine books of account and shall enter therein
full and complete particulars of all the ores and/or material
treated including quantity and assays of rated metal con-
tents thereof and of the concentrates and tailings produced
also including quantity and assays of rated metal contents
thereof. The said books of account with smelter-settlement
certificates shall at all convenient times be open to the in-
spection of and subject to verification by an accountant or
auditor to be appointed by the licensors. The licensees shall
quarterly deliver to the licensors an account in writing
showing the quantity and assays of rated metal contents of
the ores and or material treated during each quarter and
the quantity and assays of rated metal contents and other
particulars of the concentrates or products produced or re-
covered under this license and the assay of the tailings.
The licensees shall if so required by the licensors verify the
said accounts by affidavit or by statutory declaration. The
said quarterly accounts shall be delivered to the licensors
within 30 days after the expiration of each quarter, viz.,
within 30 days after Mar. 31, June 30, Sept. 30 and Dec. 31,
starting with the quarter day immediately following the
date of this license. The licensees shall within 15 days
thereafter pay to the licensors free of exchange in New
York the full amount thereby shown to be due.

Article 3 is the one to which so much objection has
been raised, it being contended by most people that this
article of the agreement has practically stifled devel-
opment by licensed users of the process. The fact that

all improvements made by licensees must be turned
over to the patent holders has a decided tendency to
destroy any incentive on the part of operators toward
experimentation and improvement of the process.
Licensees may not, without the consent of the licensors,
toll other operators about any. modifications or improve-
monts they may make; but this is in consonance with
the attitude of Minerals Separation in inhibiting its
technical staff from the customary participation in dis-
cussions of this process before scientific societies or in
the current technical literature. A glance over the
literature of the process shows the barrenness of the
members of the Minerals Separation staff in this re-
spect; except in the patent office and in the patent suits
their names have for the most part been kept sub-
merged. Whatever development has been reported ir
the last five or more years, as to the nature of th(
process and its manifestations, has come from outsid(
of the Minerals Separation company, which has not onlj
restricted the expansion of information through its
own engineers, but has obligated users of the process
to contribute their information only to Minerals Separa
tion. The further restriction near the end of Articb
3 prohibiting licensees from using, without the writtei
consent of the licensors, any improvement, modificatioi
or addition to any of the inventions not the propert;
of Minerals Separation, presumably has for its objec
the protection of the royalties of the M. S. compan;
and insuring their continuation during the life of th
patents. Licensees might have a different point of vie^
in the event of some epoch-making development in th
process — or might even view the matter differently noi
did they not fear the all-pervading patent hand. Articl
3 of the agreement reads as follows:

3. The licensees shall during the continuance of this li
cense promptly communicate and explain to the licensor
every invention or discovery made or used by them whic
may be an improvement modification or addition to any c
the inventions specified in the letters patent within thi
license, or may be useful in carrying out any of the proc
esses thereby protected or any addition thereto or mod
fication thereof whether patentable or not which the sai
licensees may use or be or become possessed of. All sue
inventions and discoveries shall so be available for use b
the licensees as if they were contained in the letters patei
within this license and subject thereto the licensors shal
be entitled to have the full benefit of and if obtainable to ol
tain letters patent for any such improvements or disco"
eries communicated to them by the licensees which sail
letters patent shall be and become the property of tr|
licensors, and the licensees shall render all assistance i|
their power for that purpose, provided that the license
shall bear all the charges and expense of obtaining sue
letters patent for all or any of such parts of the world !
they may desire to protect or apply for, and such lette:
patent when obtained shall be and become letters patei
within this license, and the licensees will use their go<
offices to induce their officers, agents and employees to a
sign or transfer to the licensors any inventions made 1
such inventors upon terms mutually satisfactory to sa
licensors and said inventors. The licensees shall not wit
out the written consent of the licensors during the co
tinuance of this license use or employ any improvemer
modification or addition to any of the inventions specifi'
in the letters patent within this license which said improv
ment, modification or addition is not the property of tl
licensors. On written request consent will be given by t'
licensors who, however, assume no responsibility or ob
gation whatever by reason thereof.

February 16, 1918

ENGINEERING AND MINING Jul I ; \ A I .

Article 4 provides that Minerals Separation shall,
whenever required (the licensees paying out-of-pocket
expenses), give all assistance, information and advice
regarding the working of the various inventions so as
to enable the licensees to use same to the best advantage,
and the licensees likewise agree to use their utmost
endeavors to promote the success of the inventions. The
licensees may not dispute the validity of the patents
nor in any way assist a third party in litigation with
the licensors, according to Articles 5 and 6, reproduced
below :

5. The licensees shall not directly or indirectly during
the continuance of this license nor at any time after the de-
termination thereof dispute or object to the validity of the
letters patent within this license or the novelty or utility of
the inventions specified therein.

6. The licensees shall not either directly or indirectly
during the continuance of the letters patent within this li-
cense or any of them use the said inventions or processes or
any improvement or modification thereof or addition thereto
otherwise than in accordance with these presents, and the
licensees hereby undertake and agree that they, their officers
and agents, will not in any way directly or indirectly sup-
port or assist third or hostile parties in any litigation either
against the licensors or any licensees of the licensors or
against Minerals Separation, Ltd., of London, England, or
its subsidiary or associated companies or successors own-
ing patents in the British Empire or any foreign countries
for the inventions protected by the letters patent within
this license, or its qr their licensees, or by the licensors or
said Minerals Separation, Ltd., or said other companies,
against others.

Licensees May Not Assign or Sublet License or
Machinery Without Consent of Licensors

Article 7 provides that the licensees shall not assign
or sublet the license nor dispose "of any machinery or
apparatus the subject matter of any of the said letters
patent" without the written consent of the licensors,
such consent not to be withheld in the case of a bona
fide sale of the licensees' undertaking or a substantial
part of it to a responsible party who will undertake to
enter into a license of approximately the same terms.
Article 8 permits the agents of the licensors to enter
at all reasonable times upon the works of the licensees
and to make such tests or analyses as may be desirable
for checking accounts; it also provides that Minerals
Separation shall have the privilege of access to the
works for prospective licensees who may desire to see
the process at work. Article 9 provides that the licensees
shall, when required, supply to the licensors full detailed
information as to the working of the process, but, with-
out the written consent of the licensors, the licensees
shall not communicate any detail connected with the
working of any of the said invention modifications to a
third party.

Engineering Advice and Plans Furnished at Cost

The preliminaries connected with the installation of
the plant and process are covered in Article 10, which
provides that, when required, the licensors shall furnish,
at the cost of the licensees, plans and specifications of
the proposed plant and an engineering adviser. Article
11 merely states the covenant of the licensors to grant
the licensees the benefits of the use of the patents during
the term of their issue or for any extension thereof.

The licensors assume the right in Article 12 to defend
at their own cost any infringement proceedings brought
against the licensees, but the latter shall render to the
licensors all possible aid (other than monetary) and shall
notify the licensors immediately such proceedings are

instituted; provided, however, "thai If any proceedings
are taken again I the licen ei bj partiei again I whom
the licensees are precluded by contr: ctual relations from

raising any of the defenses c.pe-) to them, and the

licensors elect to defend in the name

of the lie mi ee , then the licen • i ball bear and pay

all costs and damages iii co n therewith."

In the event of failure to pay royaltii within 80

days from date cm which they are due, or any other
breach capable of being made good, or if the licensees
should cease to operate the process for the period of
12 months, or should be wound up for inability to meet
their liabilities, Article L3 gives the licensors the right
to revoke the license by serving the licensees or their
liquidator with a notice in writing. Articles 14 and 15
cover purely legal matters to the effect that the contract
is made in the State of New York and that a prepaid
registered letter to the place of last-known address shall
constitute a legal notice under the contract.

Principle Patents of Minerals Separation

Pages 9 and 10 of the contract are devoted to a list
of the patents controlled by the Minerals Separation
company. These range from that of A. E. Cattermole in
1904 to that of Lavers, Greenway and Lowry in 1916.
Other patentees whose inventions are included in the
Minerals Separation list are: Goyder and Laughton;
C. V. Potter; Cattermole, Sulman and Picard; Sulman
and Picard; E. B. Kirby; Sulman, Picard and Ballot;
H. L. Sulman; A. J. F. De Bavay; H. L. and E. S.
Sulman; T. J. Hoover; Sulman, Greenway and Higgins;
T. J. Greenway; James Hebbard; Greenway and Lavers;
Nutter and Lavers; E. H. Nutter; Chapman and Tucker;
Broadbridge and Howard; A. C. Howard; Nutter and
Hoover ; H. H. Greenway ; Leslie Bradford ; Greenway
and Lowry; G. A. Chapman; Henry Lavers; J. W.
Littleford; Higgins and Stenning; A. H. Higgins; T. H.
Owen ; L. A. Wood; G. E. Ohrn ; F. J. Lyster and Lavers,
Lowry and Greenway.

Minerals Separation N. A. Corporation
Royalty Schedules*

The royalty schedules for the use of the patented
processes of the Minerals Separation North American
Corporation are based on:

(1) Percentage, i.e., a percentage of the gross value of all
metals recovered from the total ore milled, irrespective of
the methods of treatment employed so long as flotation is
used at any point in the flow sheet; (2) Unitage, i.e., fixed
rates per unit (of 20 lb. per short ton) or per ounce of
the various metals recovered from the total ore milled, ir-
respective of the methods of treatment employed so long
as flotation is used at any point in the flow sheet; (3)
Poundage, i.e., fixed rates per pound or per ounce of the
various metals recovered from any material treated by
flotation. (4) Flat Rate, i.e., fixed rates per ton of cop-
per ore milled, according to the average daily tonnage of
mill feed.

Intending licensees have the option of selecting any one
of the foregoing methods applicable to their ores which
they consider most favorable to themselves, but after mak-
ing the selection and entering into a license agreement,
payments must thereafter be made in accordance with the
rate appearing in the schedule elected. Royalties on com-
plex ores from which more than one merchantable product
is recovered shall be calculated and paid for at the regular
rates applicable to all and each of such products. For ex-

•Excerpt from Rates and Schedules of Royalty, Minerals
Separation North American Corporation.

. N,; AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 7

u

h and all adi
apply.

ill metal
sed by current
qoarterl}

predominant metal
ntrate are computi
h metal regardle

y or ad-
smelter allow-
tual contents of the concentr

alty for copper ores is limit-
centrates which do not con-
nmercial quantities. I
■ Hilary values in commi
under this schedule, pay additional royalty
..n the basis above stated.
The schedules as tar as practicable are condensed in

- ZINC \M> I I W>

Zini Silver Gold

, lc. 25c.

per
la^eont.. unit unit oz. oz.

5c. 50c.

oz. oz.

I j. per Silver

all

2}%
6c.

■
per per per
lb. lb. lb.

.mil unit unit

II 4c. 0 3c. lc

•hod I lb. lb. lb.

per

5c.
per

per

50c.
pel

: terry

sjew York, othei equally

r. | v ' rtao-Ur.l p.it.h .• .: •.. \- selected by the licensors < b) Metal valu -
othct than sine ud >• a.l an on such part ;i- ;- paid for by Bmelter.

■ :s 20 lb. in each ton. If

ing in open competition

computed on the

baro of Itc ;L~ a bona-fide purchaser would

dm ... opefl eomr> •■-. ■ - " ■ concentrates and products. Exception is made

.11 metals contained m ci melted

f other thai

The royalty schedules for copper, gold and silver ores
are identical with those given for lead ores, with the
exception that no minimum metal content in concentrates
or products is specified. In addition, a fiat rate on total
tonnages milled is made for copper ores. This is 12c.
per ton of ore treated up to 4000 tons per day, 10c. per
ton for the next 2000 tons per day and 9c. per ton for
the next 4000 tons treated per day. The daily tonnage
is computed by taking the total tonnage treated in a
given quarter year and dividing by the number of days
of operation.

The royalty for the treatment of graphite ores is
of the gross value of the total graphite recovered, to-
gether with 21 ' ' of the gross value of other metals or
mil.- ntained in the product and paid for by

t-fide purchasers. The total royalty shall not amount
to less than 6c. net or more than 20c. net per ton of total
tonnage treated. The quarterly average price quotation
of the Engineering and Mining Journal or other equally
reliable standard publication to be selected by the
rude ores or ores refined directly are
.ted.

The royalty I'm' the treatment of molybdenum ores is
of the gross value of the total molybdenite, together
with - i of the gross value of any other mineral or
ined in the mill product and paid for by a
bona-fide purchaser. The price is determined in the
same way as- given before. Exception is made of metals
contained in crude ores marketed or refined directly
without previous treatment other than rock breaking
and hand sorting.

Coal Production in 1917

Bituminous coal production in 1917, according to
statist us ami estimates of the U. S. Geological Survey,
amounted to 544,262,000 tons, or 8.3% more than the
nation of 1916 and 23% more than that of 1915.
The amount of beehive coke made in 1917 was 33,994,-
838 tons, or a decrease of 4.3% compared with 1916, not-
withstanding the increased demand for coke that pre-
\ ailed. This decrease was brought about to some ex-
tent by car and labor shortages, but was chiefly the
result of the successful competition of byproduct coke.
This byproduct, according to preliminary estimates,
amounted to 22,600,000 tons in 1917, a gain of 18.5%
over 1916. The total production of both beehive and
byproduct coke in 1917 was therefore close to 56,600,-
000 tons, of which the byproduct amounted to 40%.

Mexico's Relapse

In the general social decline now in progress, Mex-
ico leads almost all competitors by a few months at
least, says the Sun. Carranza, remaining at the head of
a government that offers no further temptations to his
compatriots, sits on an empty treasury and lacks the
credit to borrow any sum on any terms. He has long
ago confiscated private hoards in banks and strong-
boxes; that last reservoir of means has gone dry. To
make the financial situation worse, if we can speak of
finance where money reserve is not and the bankers
have ceased business, the silver peso, the standard coin
of the country, has been melted up and shipped out, be-
cause of an increased value due to the enhancement in
the price of silver metal.

As for security of the population, the army, it is re-
ported, supports itself by looting. Some 40,000 or more
soldiers and their officers are unpaid and have no pros-
pect of pay, so they gain their living by foraging in-
dustriously among the civil population. This leaves
them little time to guard the country. Consequently
bandits abound, and beat the soldiers at their own game
of looting. So much plundering puts a stop to the pro-
duction and marketing of goods. Failure of last year's
Indian corn crop has aggravated the trouble.

In some respects Mexico has kept several laps ahead
of Russia. Kerensky was Russia's Madero, leaping into
the vacant seat of power on the strength of high ideal-
isms, only to be dashed thence as suddenly as he came.
The Bolsheviki are Russia's Villas, terrorists organizing
the mob and leading it to plunder. Russia still offers its
plunderers a rich field and may for months. The tragic
sign in Mexico was the drooping of Villa: a sign of
the exhaustion of the rich loot on which his roving
desperadoes lived. Now looting has become the necessity
and indeed the chief but lean pursuit of the Mexican
authorities.

Februarj L6. L9J.8

ENGINEERING AND MINING .KM i:\.\l.

u.

S. Chromite Production Inadequate
To Meet War Need

Unfortunately for the United States, the present do-
mestic output of chromite is scarcely one fourth of the
quantity needed for war and domestic uses, bo that the
oilier three fourths must lie imported. Hitherto most of
bur imported chromite has come from Rhodesia and New
Caledonia, and, notwithstanding the scarcitj of ships,
much of it still comes from those distant lands. In re-
sponse to our call for chromite, Canada in 1916 sent us
10,930 long tons and in 1917 she more than doubled her
shipments of chromite to the United States.

A recent press bulletin of the U. S. Geological Survey
states that at the present we are facing a deficit in the
supply of chromite and we should spare no effort to in-
i rease the output of this country as well as that of ad-
jacent countries. The domestic production of chromite
in 1916 was about 47,000 long tons and last spring the
prediction was made that in 1917 it would reach 48,000
long tons. According to J. S. Diller, of the Survey, the
latest returns indicate that this prophecy has been ful-
filled.

California and Oregon the Principal Producers

The output of Oregon in 1917 was greatly increased,
as well as that of Eldorado, Del Norte, and other coun-
ties in California. Washington and North Carolina
have entered the list of producing states, and Maryland
promises to become a larger producer. The output in
1917 included 1000 tons from Alaska.

Chromite is used in the making of chrome steel and in
several chemical compounds that have an important
place on our battle front on both land and sea. The com-
pounds furnish the strong durable, yet subdued and pro-
tective, colors that are used to dye the soldier's khaki
clothes and tan the upper leather of his shoes. Chro-
mium readily forms alloys with iron and gives hard-
ness to the steel that is used for armor plate and for
armor-piercing projectiles. It is one of the essential
elements in stellite, an alloy with cobalt, now employed
in making high-speed tool steel.

Most of the known bodies of chromite are small, and
those that lie far from lines of transportation are not
available for exploitation by the ordinary miner because
of the difficulty and expense of getting the ore to the
market. Many of the deposits are in national forests,
particularly in the Klamath Mountain region, and could
be made accessible for exploitation by means of Govern-
ment roads, construction of which would permit an in-
crease in the domestic production that otherwise is
likely to decline.

Much of the chromite on the Pacific Coast is of low
grade, averaging about 40 % chromic oxide, and on that
account is of less value than the imported ore, which
generally contains 50% or more of chromic oxide. The
shipping value of 40% ore, f.o.b. railroad, at points on
the Pacific Coast is about 70c. a unit — that is, $28 a
ton — whereas domestic ore of the same grade has been
offered in Philadelphia for $1.20 per unit or $48 a ton,
with a bonus of 2c. per unit for higher grades and a
penalty of 4c. per unit for lower grades.

The most encouraging feature of the chromite in-
dustry on the Pacific Coast is the increase in the work
of concentrating the ore so as to raise its value. Before

■ it ion, however, tl m of the

to be treated i ■ d, and if the

ixide in the pure ore ia less than

i, is not likelj t" i ble. Spotted

ore — that i i pent ine ed. witl black

ite ma\ ted to advanti

if the grains of chromite are high grade ore and i

Stitute 20' 0! in hand

i '-mic-ally of low gradi

ha> ntaim d ] aluminum, a

higher grade of on entrat ion.

1'iit rat in' alreary in opi or in

course of construction in I Idorado, San Luis Obispo,
Stanislaus, and Fresno countii ! il fornia, and it' the
price of chromite i ont inues to rise the numb
will he multiplied and will make more of the lower
grade ore available. Some of the ores are of low grade
because they contain magnetite, and such ores may be
enriched by the use of a magnetic separator. A larger
quantity of low-grade ores may be mined if the rela-
tively greater cost to the manufacturer of using such
ores is offset by higher prices.

Foreign Sources of Chromite
The domestic production of chromite apparently can-
not be so much increased as to offset the present deficit,
nor can current imports from distant countries be easily
maintained. A larger supply must be secured from
nearer sources. Cuba has hitherto furnished little chro-
mite, though it is reported to contain large deposits of
low grade. Nicaragua is shipping a small quantity of
ore to this country. In Antioquia, Colombia, chromite
is reported to be so abundant that it has been used to
build the walls of houses. Brazil has valuable deposits
several hundred miles northwest of Bahia, and may yet
become a contributor to our needed supply.

Most of the chromite required is needed in factories
in the eastern United States, and on account of the diffi-
culty and expense of long transportation from the west-
ern deposits one of the most urgent present needs is to
increase the production of chromite in the Atlantic
states. The chrome industry of America really began in
the Eastern states. The mines of Maryland and Penn-
sylvania once supplied the world's chromite. The Wood
mine, of Lancaster County, Penn., yielded about 95,000
tons of chromite, a quantity six times as large as the
biggest body of chromite yet found on the Pacific Coast.
Fere, too, the first American buddle was installed for
concentrating sand chrome, which in some stream beds
is said to enrich itself so rapidly as the result of floods
that the deposits may be reworked profitably at inter-
vals of about 15 years. Two concentrators are already
at work in Jackson County, North Carolina, and it is
hoped that similar operations may be begun at other
places in the Atlantic states.

Hardening Nickel and Cobalt

Nickel alloyed with 8-10O zirconium will take a fine
cutting edge, according to the Chemical Trade Journal.
Either cobalt or nickel with 8-15% zirconium has its
melting point reduced below that of any one of the
three separate metals, with an increase of electrical
resistance; and with 16-30% zirconium the hardness is
greatly increased, giving an alloy suitable for cutting
tools. This application of zirconium has been patented.

KING AND MINING JOURNAL Vol. 105, No. 7
nummiiiin, . i n 1 1 1 1 1 < i n l 1 1 1 1 n 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 m 1 1 l 1 1 1 1 1 1 u l i n i 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 m 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 g 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 n 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 11 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 u 1 11 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1^

Mining and Metallurgical Machinery 1

,lllllmlll, i ii minim i n inn u iiiiiiim I imimi lillllllllllllli I I iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiin imiiiiiiiiiiiiiimiurH

A Steel-Jacketed Electric Heater

The round nines and metallurgical

rthe installation of heating units are numerous
ceted electric heater illustrated has been
put . Industrial plants. Besides being

tailed in crane cabs, valve, pump and meter houses,
theater tieket booths, there have been many miscel-
applicationa. The ease of conducting electric
current to remote corners, to moving-crane cabs, etc.,
of electric heat simple. The heater
units shown iOO-watts capacity, and can be con-

nected in multiple to any alternating current or direct
current circuit where the load does not exceed 250 volts.

[•EEL-JACKETED ELECTRIC HEATER UNIT

Only heaters that are actually required need be installed,
yet additional units can be placed with as little trouble
as electric lamps, singly or in groups in such places as
heat is required.

The units are flat, resembling an ordinary meter and
the dimensions are ,-. x H x 231 in. All parts are en-

-<--d, and no porcelain, cement, asbestos or molded in-

tion material is used. Insulated eyelet holes are

provided, and ordinary screws are used to mount the

unit, while terminal connectors are placed at either end.

In mounting several of these heaters space should be
provided between units, and between unit and surface
on which it is mounted, to allow for a good circulation
or air. The heaters are manufactured at the New York
works of the Cutler-Hammer Manufacturing Co., of
Milwaukee.

Holder for Blueprints and Drawings

A holder for blueprints, records, charts, drawings and
newspapers is being marketed by the National Co., 275
Congress St., Boston. Two strips are provided, the

2

"PRESTO" HOLDER FOR BLUEPRINTS AND DRAWINGS

upper one being removed when it is desired to add or
take out material. These strips are clamped together
by means of three catches which permit prints of nar-
row widths to be held firmly. The holder is suspended
by hooks placed at the top. The catch, as shown in de-
tail in the illustration, consists of a hardened-steel stud

C, fastened to the lower strip E, and levers A and B,
the latter being fastened to the upper strip D. The
device is locked by pressing lever B and released by
pressing A. The holders are made in 30-, 36- and 42-
in. sizes.

Securing Proper Mine Ventilation

The subject of mine ventilation has of recent years
come into its own in metal mines, and the old idea
of "eating" powder smoke and dust is speedily being
done away with by modern methods of producing safer
and more comfortable working places underground.
One of the great causes of waste in underground opera-
tions has been lack of ventilation, and, with the improved
conditions in that direction, operators are learning that

February 1(5, 1918

KNCINKKIMNC AND MINING JOURNAL

by supplying better and more air to the men the output
is increased, costs are lowered and the general health
of the men is improved. The introduction of compressed
air for drills underground produced air currents and
was one step toward securing better ventilation, but
this was found by actual test to be inadequate for ven-
tilation purposes unless the air was forced into the
place desired for a long period of time, and this en-
tailed considerable waste.

The most successful development in mine ventilation
has been found in the use of specially treated canvas

preserving compound thai protect the ftbei from dry
rot, acid watei and the action of the weather. No b

are required \ ake the coupling, which con I I oJ two

onii rai i 1 ii.i- ring with flat L in < u h end of the

tubing. The coupling is made by inserting one ring
inside the other and placing the rings parallel so thai
the flanges catch the end and h ild them fast. The tub-
ing is supported from a win lied to prags placed
at 15-ft. intervals in the rout'. Si " hooks, fur-
nished with i i ion, are placed in brass eyelets in
the seam and the other end of the hooks slipped over

■b it 1

i it ' wfy^
Wm€ SJm Jm m

JtmBmf

SUSPENDING A 100-FT. SECTION OF FLEXOID TUBING JOINING TWO SECTIONS OF FLEXOID TUBING

MOTOR. BLOWER FAN AND TUBING INSTALLED UNDERGROUND

DRIFT. 15 MINUTES AFTER BLASTING

tubing, which makes a satisfactory air duct and meets
all the necessary requirements. It is light, easily and
quickly installed, combines toughness with flexibility,
and satisfactorily stands the severe conditions of mine
work. The Bemis Brothers Bag Co., of St. Louis, Mo.,
recently introduced its Flexoid tubing, used by a
number of operators both in the United States and in
foreign countries with excellent success. Flexoid tub-
ing is made by saturating a strong canvas with a special

the wire. "Blasting pieces" are provided so that the
extention of the tubing may be carried up to the face
of the drift, and, when the time for the blasting ar-
rives, can be quickly removed. The blasting piece has
special snap hooks that attach +he piece to the wire and
provide a simple fastening that is easily handled. The
various uses of canvas tubing and the successful results
following every installation have proved that under-
ground ventilation can and should be secured.

ANP .MINING JOURNAL Vol. 105, No. 7

Illlllll IIIIIIIIIIIIIIUIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIUIIIIIIUIIIIIIUIIIUIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIUIIUI Illlllillllllllljy

Correspondence and Discussion |

<n in iiiinii i n Illllii iniiiimimii iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiin iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiH

P ibl ( Interest Demands Enactment oi

Ministration Water-Power Bill

keep the nation's water power
a or monopolist last on

l lie Administration water-
cress, "pons the way to save
• the United States their most valuable
10,000 water horse-

on was formulated under the direc-

iculture, the Secretary of

iry of the Interior, was submitted

r his approval, and recently put

•.n Administration measure. It deals with

■ in national forests, public lands, Indian

-t roams. A special committee of

the House has been created to consider it.

admirable measure, drawn with thorough
.:id unusual skill. The principles essential
use and development of our public water
powers in the public interest are all embodied in it.
In my letter of Nov. 16, 1917, I urged support of the
following seven definite principles in water-power legis-
lation:

1. The thing to do with water power is to develop
it. Whatever retards or restricts the development of
public water powers on terms fair to the public is

public policy and hostile to the general welfare.

2. Water power belongs to the people. The sites
where it is produced should always be held in public
hands, for only so can effective control in the general
interest be secured.

3. Where public development is not desired, the right
to use water-power sites should be leased for periods long
enough to permit sound, attractive, and profitable in-

nent, but never longer than 50 years. At the end
of each lease all rights should return to the people
e them.

4. In order to protect the consumer against extor-
tion, rates and service should be regulated by Federal
authority when state or local authorities fail to do so.

.ably prompt and complete development and

operation, subject to market conditions,

.Id be required. Already millions of water horse-

-r are held out of use to further monopoly by

private corporate

r individuals who make money out
he people should share their profits
with the people.

7. The public has a right to complete information
about every business based on the use of public property.
;al pleasure to point out that every one of
plea is fully safeguarded in the Adminis-
trate <;r-power bill. What remains, therefore, is
put this measure through without delay,
'ration water-power bill will first come

before the House of Representatives, where an effort
will certainly be made to amend it to the benefit of the
er interests. If that fails, the water-power lobbyists
will endeavor to have the indefensible provisions of the
Shields bill substituted in the Senate for the Adminis-
tration bill. Beaten in that, they will fall back upon
the formula of obstruction and delay they have used
>o successfully for the last 10 years.

The Administration measure is practical, fair and
wise. The friends of conservation should insist that
their friends in Congress give prompt and full support
to the Administration water-power bill, and see to it
that it is passed without emasculation, substitution, or
postponement. It is of vital interest to the country while
the war is on, and will be equally important after the
war is over.

The passage of this law will secure to the American
people forever vast resources the use of which for the
good of all will make this land a safer and a better
place to live in. All the forces of conservation are
behind it. I urge that the Administration water power
bill be accorded the strongest approval and support.

GlFFORD PlNCHOT.

Milford, Pike County, Penn., Jan. 21, 1918.

Ground Frost in Alaska

While looking through an accumulation of Journals,
upon my return from Alaska a short time ago, I noticed
a short article in the issue of Sept. 15, page 491, under
the heading "Ground Frost in Alaska."

In the Slate Creek district, which is a placer district
at the headwaters of the Chestochina River and at the
foot of the Alaska Range on its south side, there
is little or no perennial frost in the ground, although its
recent presence remains most clearly indicated. The
more rounded hills and gentle slopes still have a cover-
ing of moss which is practically unbroken, but where
steep slopes predominate the hillsides are usually en-
tirely bare or retain but a few isolated patches of
moss on an otherwise bare surface. Extended observa-
tions shows that before the ground frost left these hills
they were entirely covered with moss the same as now
covers the lowlands and gentler slopes.

A change in climate which effected a thawing of the
ground beneath the moss covering caused sliding of the
thawed patches of rock and earth from the steeper
slopes. Once the moss covering was broken, thawing
and sliding went forward at an accelerated rate, until
now the steeper hillsides are entirely bare of moss or
there remain only isolated patches at spots favorable to
retention.

That the disappearance of the ground frost in the
Slate Creek section is recent is indicated by the game
(caribou) trails, the testimony of the Indians, and by
the topography. The testimony of the Indians as to
their having hunted caribou in the district is confirma-

February 16, 1918

ENGINEERING AND M1NINC Jul RNAL

tive evidence of the numerous game trails still to lie seen
mi the areas that retain their moss covering, whereas
trails are cut off and gone on surfaces which have been
denuded of the moss.

Except for the surface sliding since the perennial
frost left the ground, the present topography was de-
veloped before the initiation of the climate which pro-
duced the ground frost. While this Arctic condition
prevailed erosion was nil, and the glaciers appear to
have been inactive. An amelioration of climatic condi-
tions started a renewal of erosion, and the dormant
glaciers, after probably an initial advance, again took
up their retreat. The placer gold in the present streams,
Slate Creek, Miller Gulch, and Ruby Gulch, was all de-
posited before the era of ground frost development, and
during the second glacial stage.

Jacob W. Young,
Mining Engineer.
230 First National Bank Bldg., Oakland, Calif., Nov.

1, 1917.

Heap-Leaching

George D. Van Arsdale's paper on "Some Experiments
in Heap-Leaching Copper Ores" in the Journal of Feb. 2
last is of timely interest, and inspires the following com-
ment on certain features of the method: Heap-
leaching involves the same essential principles as tank-
leaching, but they are applied in a cruder way and
under less favorable conditions. The material, instead
of being sized within well-defined limits, is hetero-
geneous and partakes of the nature of the product from
a rock breaker. When this is piled it is difficult to se-
cure uniform bedding. Channeling, w7hich until the ad-
vent of proper distributing machinery was not uncom-
mon in tank-leaching, cannot be avoided. For a dissolv-
ing solution to be efficient, slow, uniform percolation
is essential.

It is obvious that rates of leaching must vary in differ-
ent parts of the heterogeneous bed that forms the heap.
Certain clayey zones will set up a rate of leaching pro-
hibitively slow, while in the coarser parts of the bed
the solutions will run through too rapidly for dissolv-
ing a sufficient burden of metal. The application of the
solution to the top of the heap prevents it from com-
pletely reaching the peripheral zone. In the case of
the coarser lumps it is possible for capillarity to draw
the solution within the lump, but once the lump has been
saturated there is very7 feeble solution movement. Prob-
ably diffusion will assist in removing some of the dis-
solved metal to the outer boundaries of the lump, but
at best only a small proportion of the metal within the
lump can find its way into the circulating solution. An
excessive time, as compared with that required in tank-
leaching, is a necessary feature of heap-leaching. The
development of leaching methods in cyaniding was in ac-
cordance with two fundamental operations, the liberation
of the valuable mineral particles by fine crushing and
the thoi-ough contact of the solution with the mineral
particles. Heap-leaching at best is only a rough ap-
proximation to the methods used in approved cyanide
practice.

The solvent used in heap-leaching copper ores de-
rives its activity from the presence of free sulphuric

being present as frei
ami ■ , phate, The porous natun

the heap is an advantage in permitting the afiratioi
the solution. The heighl of the heap La limited by the
power "f the boIuI arry oxygen well down into

bed. It should he experimentally determined by testing
the solutions for their oxidizing power at different

hts and under varying leaching rati \ . ■

charges would admit of thicker beds than chargi
acterized by a high proportion of lines or much cli
material.

Mr. Van Arsdale's method of alternating the irri;
of one portion of the heap with drying and airing fol-
lows the lines established in leaching practice in cyanid-
ing gold and silver ores. It will undoubtedly bei
established practice in heap-leaching. Heat would be
advantage not only in shortening the time but also in in-
creasing the mobility of the solution within the mass.
Without doubt its use would be too costly, although it
would be worth trying out on a liberal scale. The con-
ductivity of a thick mass of broken rock is low, and the
heat losses would be relatively small, since they could oc-
cur only in the effluent and by conduction through the
sides and top of the heap. In the application of heat it is
probable that only winter heating w-ould be necessary.

The proofing against leakage of both collecting drains
and the floor of the bed involves considerable difficulty.
A reinforced-concrete floor protected by mastic and sup-
ported by a proper rock foundation would be highly
desirable, but its cost would be high, amounting to an
outlay of 35c. per ton of heap ore (assuming a height of
24 ft. and a thickness of concrete of * ft.). Were the
yard to be used through a period of years the concrete
floor would be advisable, but where the heaps are to be
leached and left a cheaper construction would be ad-
visable. It is probable that the methods used in proof-
ing the floors of water reservoirs would be found
equally applicable to the preparation of the floor of the
heap. A plastic clay is not always obtainable and the
securing of it from a distance would greatly increase its
cost. The leak-proofness of clay floors is a subject for
investigation. The thickness of the clay, the plasticity
and kind of clay and the thoroughness of the pugging
are details that can be determined only from experience.
In my opinion the use of a makeshift floor of question-
able leak-proofness is the weakest part of the system.
Crushing, if required, transportation and piling must
be done as cheaply as possible. It is therefore necessary
to provide an adequate plant for this purpose. A suffi-
cient tonnage to justify such a plant is a primary re-
quirement.

As Mr. Van Arsdale has pointed out so well, the eco-
nomic factors as w-ell as the mineralogical composition
of the ore constitute the important features that call for
judgment and careful preliminary study. The record of
his results is an important contribution to the metal-
lurgy of copper ores, and is significant of the trend of
future work in the treatment of low-grade oxidized
ores. The recent applications of hydrometallurgical
treatment of copper ores on a large scale represent
progress in a field of metallurgical development which
has been dormant largely on account of the major at-
tention commanded by wet concentration and the more
recent wide application of flotation.

New York, Feb. 10, 1918. Geo. J. Young.

[NEERING AND MINING JOURNAL Vol. 105, No. 7

^^^^mmm^^^^mmimmammmiwiiu;:«ij.. 'iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimi

llllffllllllllllllllll"

Events and Kconomics of the War

iiiiiinitiiiiiiiuii i I n inn i nun urn i iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiini mi imiiiiii

The trai urrying United States

•;sh convoy, was torpedoed on Feb.

the 2401 persons on board, 126

■ii'; one battalion each of Michigan
well as 760 men of the
try Engineers, were on the ship. The "hi

canceled t>y Fuel Administra-
te ami Smith Carolina, Tennessee,
. Alabama. Mississippi and Louisiana;
ler remains in effect in those states.
laker continued. The sale of
$5n< oi Treasury certificates was launched on

tary McAdoo as a prelude to the next
On the same date. Senator Overman,
of North Carolina, introduced a bill conferring on the
• unrestricted power to "coordinate and con-
•nmental activities as a war emergency;
the measure caused great sensation. Fuel oil was placed
under ! A two-ounce wheat-bread limit for

patrons of all public eating places was ordered by Food
Administrator Hoover. Registration of Germans began
I. Franz Rintelin and 10 aides were convicted
in New York of conspiring to place bombs on food
ships; each was sentenced to 18 months' imprisonment.
A war-trade board was created in Canada on Feb. 8
similar to that in the United States; Sir George E.
Foster is chairman. The trial of Bolo Pasha for treason
opened in Paris on Feb. 4. The Austrian cabinet headed
Dr. von Seydler resigned.

War Cost 24 Millions Per Day-
Ten months of the war have cost the United States

•rnment about $7,100,000,000, at the rate of
>7 10.000,000 a month, nearly $24,000,000 a day.
More than half of this huge sum, or $4,121,000,000,
has been paid as loans to the Allies, and the balance,
about $3,000,000,000, represents America's outlay for

wn war purposes, exclusive of more than $600,-
."00 for ordinary Governmental expenses. The war's
toll in money is increasing at the rate of more than
a month, and indications are that the two
remaining months of the nation's first year as a belliger-
ent will raise its war bill to almost $10,000,000,000, of
which $■"■ .000 will be for Allied loans and about

the same amount for the Army, Navy, Shipping Board
and other war agencies. These figures were compiled
from the latest available Treasury figures.

Railroad learnings Dropped in 1917

The railroads of the country in 1817 earned about
$95- 0, which is near the amount the Government

is expected to have to pay the roads this year as com-
pensation under national operation. This was indicated
by figures on revenues, expenses and income of all roads
earning more than $1,000,000 last year, available in un-
official computations based on Interstate Commerce Com-

mission reports for 11 months and an estimate for De-
cember.

Compared with the estimated income of $958,000,000
last year, (he figure for 1916 was $1,087,533,000; for
1915 $716,476,000; for 1914, $692,330,000, and for 1913,
$816,510,000. Figures for 1917 show that, if railway
income continues to decline as in recent months, the
Government will face a deficit in making its compensa-
tion payments, aumented by increases in wages and the
constantly rising cost of materials and supplies.

Jackling Will Direct Powder Plants
for Government

Completion of plans and contracts for the construc-
tion of two smokeless powder plants, each to cost about
$50,000,000, has been announced by the War Depart-
ment. The plants will be situated at Charleston, W.
Va., and Nashville, Tenn. The Thompson-Starrett Co.,
of New York, has begun the erection of the Charleston
plant. The construction work at Nashville will be done
by the Du Pont Engineering Co., a subsidiary of the
Du Pont Powder Co. The latter company will equip and
put the plant into operation before turning it over
to the Government. Each plant will have a capacity
of about 500,000 lb. of smokeless powder per day and
will employ from 10,000 to 15.00C men. Negotiations
for the construction of the two plants were conducted by
Assistant Secretary of War Crowell and Daniel C. Jack-
ling, of New York. Mr. Jackling will direct the opera-
tion of the plants when erected, with Maj. Seeley W.
Mudd as assistant director.

J. P. Morgan & Co. as Munitions
Buyers

J. P. Morgan, Jr., from the beginning gave himself
and his house unreservedly to the cause of the Allies,
and wherever the Morgan purchases or the money of
the Allies came in contact with the Morgan interests,
Mr. Morgan insisted upon filing with the British Treas-
ury a statement of all direct and indirect ownership of
the house of Morgan or the members thereof.

This is sufficient answer to the people who think the
Morgans have been profiting by the war, said the Wall
Street Journal recently, unless the thinkers themselves
have such a thieving nature that they are willing to be-
lieve that the house of Morgan would file such state-
ments of ownership for mutual protection and then im-
mediately falsify them by any private transactions.

Thousands of dishonest men, most of whom do not
really know how dishonest they are, have wished they
had the opportunity of Morgan to purchase war sup-
plies. But there is not one of them, even if he were
honest, who would like to have assumed that responsi-
bility for the price paid, at first 1% and later only I
of 1 per cent.

February 16, 1918

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

841

Somebody once asked Mr. Morgan concerning his
compensation and he replied: "It was sufficient com-
pensation for me and sufficient honor when I was told in
London that our prompt dispatch of the goods was just
what enabled the Allies to begin their offensive on the
Somme six months earlier than they otherwise would
have been able to do. The knowledge of that fact was
all the thanks 1 could ever desire."

Yet today, while hundreds of people have been six
months in Washington trying to learn the war supply
business, the house of Morgan sits on the sidelines with
its several hundred employees trained in the war pur-
chase line, ready to serve the Government. But ex-
perience and training are evidently not wanted.

The Congressional investigation at Washington
served to emphasize what might have been our prepara-
tions if the house of Morgan had been commandeered,
as it ought to have been, by the Government, that the
wealth of its experience in handling billions of supplies
for the Allies might have been available for ourselves.

All the contracts for powder, guns, shells, rifles and
a multitude of other things were handled by Morgan
with fairness and dispatch and with such completeness
as to win the highest praises from the foreign govern-
ments. When the United States entered the war, the
house of Morgan asked to be relieved, and Lord North-
cliffe was sent over to succeed in the purchase of sup-
plies.

Just before Lord Northcliffe departed for England
for the Christmas holidays he said to a friend: "Noth-
ing the British government can ever do would be too
much for the house of Morgan & Co. for what it did in
aiding the Allies. The goods and supplies were of the
best type and they came through on time without any
hitches or disputes. But for the copper, steel and other
things we received through Morgan, we should have
been very expensively delayed."

Fuel Oil Placed Under License

Manufacturers and distributors of fuel oil with gross
sales each of more than 100,000 bbl. a year were placed
under license by a proclamation of the President issued
on Feb. 4 and effective Feb. 11. At the same time, Fuel
Administrator Garfield compiled and issued the fol-
lowing priority list for fuel-oil deliveries to be made
by oil interests east of the Rocky Mountains, regardless
of existing contracts:

1. Railroads and bunker fuel; 2, export deliveries or ship-
ments for the U. S. Army or Navy; 3, export shipments for
the navies and other war purposes of the Allies; 4, hospi-
tals where oil is now being used as fuel; 5, public utilities
and domestic consumers now using fuel oil, (including gas
oil); 6, shipyards engaged in Government work; 7, navy
yards; 8, arsenals; 9, plants engaged in manufacture, pro-
duction, and storage of food products; 10, Army and Navy
cantonments where oil is now used as fuel; 11, industrial
consumers engaged in the manufacture of munitions and
other articles under Government orders; 12, all other
classes.

The action taken was said to be of the greatest

importance because of the need of furnishing an ample

supply of fuel oil for war industries and war and cargo

vessels. The United States was asked to meet the big

demand for fuel oil at the Inter-Allied War Council in

Paris. The distribution of the supply will be under the

direction Mark L. Regua, head of the oil division of the

Fuel Administration.

\lt Vdoo Appoints Railroad Stafl

Directoi General McAdoo has announced the organ-
ization of the staff which is to advise him in the din k I
ing of Hi" railro The itafl

comprises Walker D, Him assistant to the Direcl
General; John Barton Payne, general counsel; Carl R.
Gray, director of division of transportation; Edward
< hambers, director of division of traffic; John Skelton
Williams, director of division of finance and purchs
W. S. Carter, director of division of labor, and Charles
R. Prouty, director of division of public service and
accounting. Mr. Carter takes the position by consent
of the Brotherhood of Engineers and Firemen, wl
has given a leave of absence from his position of presi-
dent. He will represent the Government in all its deal-
ings with both organized and unorganized railway labor.

Federai Controller of Shipping Named

H. H. Raymond, president of the Clyde and Mallory
steamship lines, was appointed on Jan. 28 by the U. S.
Shipping Board as Federal Controller of Shipping. He
will have offices in New York. He has been in the shipping
business in New York for 35 years. Mr. Raymond, a
statement issued says, "will see to it that ships are not
delayed in port, are turned around quickly, loaded with
cargo properly, and will supervise the incidental opera-
tions that go with the work. He will cooperate with
the Army and the Navy whenever possible, and with
the Allies, and primarily will be charged with expedit-
ing vessels and the loading of cargoes in the war serv-
ice. He will be clothed with all requisite authority, and
on questions of policy he wall be governed by the
declarations of the Shipping Board and will report to
the director of operations."

One Year of Unrestricted U-Boat War

In the 12 months of unrestricted warfare launched
against American and Allied shipping by Germany on
Feb. 1, 1917, there have been sunk by submarines, mines,
and raiders 69 American vessels, totaling 171,061 gross
tons, according to a careful compilation of records of
sinkings which have been made public in the period. Off-
setting this loss of American vessels, most of which
were sailing ships, the United States since Feb. 1, 1917,
has added to her merchant marine by the seizure of
former German and Austrian owned ships a total of
107 vessels having a gross tonnage of 686,494, leaving
on the credit side of the American ledger in the account
with the Central Powers a net gain of 515,435 gross
tons. The loss of life caused by the sinking of the 69
American ships was more than 300 persons, however.

The percentage of sinkings of American ships com-
pared with the number of vessels which have sailed
through the war zone successfully is small. Records of
the Department of Commerce show that for the period
beginning Feb. 1, 1917, and ended Dec. 1, there were
cleared from American ports in the foreign trade ships
aggregating 17,738,900 tons net, or approximately 24,-
834,400 gross tons. The number of ships making up the
total of tons was not made public by the department.
The announced sinkings of British ships for the year
up to and including the week ended Jan. 23 have been

-.,; \NP MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 7

.11 1000 tons,

■

Possible Economj in Gasoline

that the avi
.it this time

t ion mentioned as a basis

mation of the van ami

supply is subjected would be about

I

\o

1,500.000
2.000.000

30

2.049,000

100

6,849,000

itemizes about

Gallons

2 1
13 0

67.000

108.000
150.000

271.400

21 8 1,493.800

This is approximately 1,500,000 gal., or about 22%.

In other words, nearly a quarter of production is

sted. The war no • stimated at 959,000 gal.,

or 14' , of the daily production, as against 1,500,000 gal.

. leaving a daily balance, over war

nee<: 1,800 gal., available for other purposes.

I loover Asks Power To Distribute Food

Herbert C. Boover, U. S. Food Administrator, has
advocated, in a letter to Representative Anderson, of
Minnesota, the extension of the Food Act to include the
following:

Control of distribution in order that all classes
and localities may fare alike and that unnecessary con-
sumption should be prevented; (2) control of use of
foodstuffs in food manufactures, with a view to limit-
ing the less essential manufactures; (3) control of
commodities critically necessary for the production and
preservation of foodstuffs, in order to prevent great
losses of military sacrifices.

"It appears to me," said Mr. Hoover in the letter, "that
we should attack the nonessential uses of foodstuffs, and
that we should attack the points of unnecessary con-
sumption of foodstuffs. By these means we can place
the burden where it belongs — on the luxurious and
greedy, and not upon the poor. This implies some
further measures of control in distribution and in non-
essential use. If you give the whole problem study, I
will find that somewhere in the nation we
consume or i more food than we need

for health and strength, and that this margin, if it can
be implemented, will supply all Allied demands. But
Id not draw it from that class to which economy
and moderate use are a daily necessity."

roughout the country were placed on a

read" diet on Jan. 28, when bakers began a

titution of other grains for wheat. A

proclamation by President Wilson on Jan. 26 stated that
the world is facing a shortage of food, especially cereals,
and that the American people must save at least
2,000,000 bid. of Hour every month until the next crop
is harvested and milled. The rationing is asked for
primarily because an enlarged export surplus of food
must go to the Allies and to the fighting forces.

Climate of France and Belgium

"The present interest of the people of the United
States in matters pertaining to Europe has extended to
quest ions of climate and the probable effect of the
weather upon the health and comfort of those who have
been or who may be called for service in France and Bel-
gium," says Preston C. Day, chief of the Climatological
Division of the U. S. Weather Bureau. "The outstand-
ing features of the temperature of the countries of
western Europe are the comparatively warm winters
for such high latitudes and the relatively cool summers.
Along the coasts of northern France and of Belgium
temperatures are very similar to those experienced on
own northern Pacific coast, the average monthly tem-
peratures at Dunkirk, France, and at Seattle, Wash.,
being identical for nearly half the months of the year
and differing only slightly for the other months. Further
south over the Atlantic coast districts of France the
temperatures throughout the year resemble those of the
coasts of southern Oregon and northern California, and
during the winter months the averages are not materi-
ally different from those of the Carolina and Georgia
coasts.

"From the standpoint of bodily comfort, the climate
of northern France and Belgium may be briefly sum-
marized as follows: The winter weather is rather
rigorous and unpleasant, due to the persistence of com-
paratively low temperatures, much cloudiness, and
frequent rain and snow. The winds blow mostly from
the west or southwest and are frequently damp and
chilly, the relative humidity being rather high. The
winter nights are long and the days correspondingly
short. With the transition from winter into spring,
the rapid warming up familiar to residents in most sec-
tions of the United States is not so noticeable in France
and Belgium, the average temperature for March being
only 2 deg. to 4 deg. F. higher than for February. The
summers are pleasant as compared with much of the
United States, the day temperatures being mostly mod-
erate and the nights cool. Occasionally hot weather is
experienced, but the heat is not excessive and the heated
periods are usually of short duration. During the latter
part of June the days in northern France and Belgium
are more than 16 hours long, the sun rising a little
earlier than 4 a.m. and setting after 8 p.m. Autumn
also is usually pleasant, especially during September and
October."

Steel and shipbuilding industries have suffered the
heaviest proportional loss from the Army draft, accord-
ing to figures published by General Crowder:

No Total r;

Indu Encaged Called Called

H 373.701 22.068 5.9

lilding 62.071 2.628 4.2

600.148 18.710 3.1

railroads 1,236.867 21.557 1.7

Agriculture . ... 13.843,518 205.751 1 4

February 1G, L918

ENGINEERING AND MINING Jul KNAL

343

IIIIHI Mil I I I Illl Illlllllllllllll Illlllll Illllllllll Illlll I Mil I I I MIMIIMIIIIIIIIIIIIII MIIIMIIMIMMII Illlllll Illllllllllllu I M IMIMIIMM I I I

Industrial News from Washington

By Paul Wooton, Special Correspondknt

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I I iiiiiiiiiiiininii i hi

Activities of U. S. Bureau of Mines

Extensive organizations in each state are being built
up by the U. S. Bureau of Mines to carry out the
provisions of the explosives act and to conduct an educa-
tional campaign which, it is hoped, will do much to
keep explosives out of improper hands. Each of the
following organizations is nominating one person for
appointment to an advisory council to assist the U. S.
explosives inspector in each state: Council of National
Defense; National Board of Fire Underwriters; Na-
tional Safety Council, and the Association of Accident
Insurance Companies. In addition, the police authorities
in each state are asked to recommend one member for
the council.

Experiments are being conducted at the Salt Lake
City experiment station in regenerating zinc dust from
the impure oxides formed in the manufacture of dyes.
The zinc is dissolved in a concentrated sodium hy-
droxide solution, from which it is precipitated as zinc
sponge by electrolysis. The station is also preparing
samples of material containing the new mineral tung-
stenite. Preliminary studies are being made in sep-
arating tungsten sulphide from high-grade lead ores.
Selective flotation, after an oxidizing roast, is looked
upon as a possible method of treatment.

New Priority Regulations Issued

The priorities division of the War Industries Board
has made public Priority Circular No. 3 defining the
regulations which the priorities division now has in
effect for determining precedence in orders and work
and describing the methods of administering them. The
regulations are subscribed to by the Secretary of War,
Secretary of the Navy, the chairman of the Shipping
Board and the president of the Emergency Fleet Cor-
poration, and the chairman of the Council of National
Defense. The circular discloses a much wider field of
operations than that defined in the first circular, issued
in September of last year. The priority regulations
apply to all individuals, firms, associations and corpora-
tions engaged in the production of copper, iron, and steel
and in the manufacture of their products; of chemicals,
cotton duck, and woolen cloth, and all such other raw
materials and manufactured products as the committee
may deem necessary from time to time.

Under the new regulations, all orders and work are
divided into four general classes, instead of three, as
heretofore: class AA, class A, class B, and class C, with
such sub-divisions as class AA-1, AA-2, etc., class A-l,
class B-l, etc. Class AA comprises only emergency war
work of a special or urgent nature. Class A comprises
all other war work ; that is to say, orders and work neces-
sary to carry on the war, such as arms, ammunition,
destroyers, submarines, airplanes, locomotives, etc., and
the materials or commodities required in their produc-
tion or manufacture. Class B comprises orders and work

which, while nol primarily designed for the prosecution
of the war, yet arc of public interest and e ential to
the national welfare or other-, pecial importance.

Class C comprises all orders and work not embraced
in the other three classifications, and no certificate
will be issued therefor. All orders, work or materials
not covered by priority certificates will fall within cla
C. The new regulations in no way change or modh
any priority orders previously issued. The rule of
procedure from now on is that orders and work in cl
AA shall take precedence of those in all other classes,
orders and work in class A preceding those in class B
and those, in turn, orders and work in class C, irrespec-
tive of the dates the orders were placed.

"The classification of an order," the circular states,
"simply means that it shall be given such precedence
over orders of a lower classification as may be necessary
(and only such as may be necessary) to insure delivery
on the date specified in the order. It does not mean that
work should cease on orders of a lower classification or
that the order should be completed and delivery made
in advance of orders taking a lower classification if this
is not necessary to effect delivery within the date speci-
fied. The one to whom a priority certificate is directed
should make his own production plans so as to get the
maximum of efficiency out of his operations, making all
deliveries at the time contracted for, if possible, and
where this is not possible, giving precedence to the
orders taking the highest classification."

Will Issue 90-Day Export Licenses

The War Trade Board has announced that all export
licenses issued on and after Jan. 22, 1918, shall be valid
for a period of 90 days except in the case of special
commodities where a different period is specifically
issuance, and the new ruling has been adopted in order
nary export license has been 60 days from the date of
Issuance, and the new ruling has been adopted in order
to aid manufacturers who contract for future delivery,
and to avoid congestion at ports of exit, due to the ex-
piration of export licenses pending shipment and the
delay involved in obtaining new licenses or extensions
of the originals.

No extensions whatsoever of the new "90-day" licenses
will be granted. If it becomes evident that goods cannot
be shipped during the term of the license, a new applica-
tion for license should be filed in ample time, stating
the probable date of shipment. In such cases the origi-
nal license should not be returned with the new applica-
tion, but should be held until it has expired. Extensions
of licenses issued on or before Jan. 21, 1918, will be
granted as heretofore.

It is announced that the Bureau of Exports has dis-
cretion to grant licenses valid for a period not exceed-
ing six months in cases where the article to be exported
must be specially manufactured and there is satisfactory

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 7

are required for its

. xtenaions whatsoever

ranted and, in case of expira-

hipment, a now license must be applied for.

Expansion of Old Bureaus Preferred
I . > ( 'reating New Ones
r.il uncertainty prevails in all matters affected by
rnment's purchasing policy and by the changes
ling in agencies which ileal with producers of raw

: he 1'resiilent has expressed himself in favor

tiding the regular agencies rather than o( creat-
ine tendency seems to be away from
ations as the Council o( National Defense,
vision ehief in one o\' the regular bureaus who re-
. hail two assistants, now has a force of 120 men.
■ ...-■ pie of the expansion which has taken
•hin the departments to handle work which has
hitherto been conducted by special organizations.
The fact that seven extensive questionnaires have
■tly been sent out to the sulphuric acid industry by
different officials is being used as an example of the lack
nation due to so-called outside bodies exercising
the functions of long-established bureaus. Disgust
among acid manufacturers is general. One of them
te across the blank "We are making acid, not
•'. ering questions." The more recent inquiries have
been answered by only a part of the industry.

Metal Exports in 1917

Refined copper to the amount of 1,029,633,943 lb.
exported from the United States in 1917, against
,616,763 lb. in 1916 and 300,412,186 lb. in 1915, ac-
cording to the latest figures of the Bureau of Foreign
and Domestic Commerce. With the exception of Sweden
and Russia in Asia, the exports of copper increased to
all the principal countries to which shipments were
made. The most decided increase is shown in exports
to the United Kingdom, which in 1917 took 372,766,738
lb. of our copper, as compared with 173,003,875 lb. in
1916 and 70,908,741 lb. in 1915.

Lead exports in' 1917 declined to 176,932,759 lb. In
1916, 220,304,944 lb. was exported. In 1917, however,
there was a decided increase in the amount of export
lead produced from foreign ores. The total for that
year was 64,514,449 lb., while in 1916 the total exports
produced from foreign ore amounted to only 19,305,109
lb. Increased amounts of lead were sent during 1917
to France, Russia in Europe, the United Kingdom and
Brazil, while exports to Denmark, Netherlands, Sweden,
Canada, Argentina. Japan and China decreased. Italy,
which took only 672,585 lb. of American lead in 1916,
received 3,652,702 lb. in 1917. The Netherlands, which
secured 6,329.258 lb. in 1916, received only 279,262 lb.
in 1917. Exports to Sweden in 1916 were 6,132,466 lb.,
against 112,031 lb. in 1917.
.Spelter exports were greater in 1917 than in either

1916 or 1915. Total forwardings to other countries in

1917 were 404,362,152 lb. As in the case of lead, there
a decided increase in the amount of spelter produced

D foreign ores. Exports of zinc in 1917 made from
foreign ores were 127,777,499 lb., comparing with 86,-

457,195 lb, in 1916 and 14.142,981 lb. in 1915. Exports
increased to Italy, United Kingdom, Canada, Asiatic
Russia and Australia. Decreases were shown in the for-
wardings to France, Norway, Russia in Europe and to
British South Africa.

Sulphuric acid exports in 1917 fell slightly below those
of the year preceding. The 1917 exports were 63,542,-
980 1!).. as compared with 66,463,501 lb. in 1916. Sul-
phur to the extent of 152,833 tons was exported in 1917.
The exports of the mineral in 1916 were 128,755 tons.

Will Estimate Pyrites Resources

Costs of mining iron pyrites in the various districts
of the United States are being ascertained by the U. S.
Bureau of Mines. An effort is also being made to esti-
mate the amount of pyrites in each of the various
deposits. This investigation is being conducted by
C. E. Julihn, who recently has been transferred from the
division of mineral technology to undertake the work.
In order that more detailed information regarding the
pyrites resources of the country may be available, the
Bureau is planning the division of the country into dis-
tricts, each of which is to be in charge of a mining engi-
neer, who will devote his entire attention to pyrites in
the territory assigned to him.

Higher Freight Rates Asked on Ores

The carriers concerned have asked increases to the
domestic basis in the import rates from North Atlantic
ports to Central Freight Association territory. The
proposed New York to Chicago carload rate on iron
pyrites, chrome ore and manganese ore is $4.25 per gross
ton. It also is proposed to add 3.8c. per 100 lb. to the
present rate on nitrate of soda from Baltimore to Hamil-
ton, Ont. ; 3c. from New York to Toronto and 4.1c from
New York, Philadelphia and Baltimore to Sulphide,
Ontario.

Gompers Suggests Seven-Hour Day

A universal seven-hour day during the period of the
war, instead of present spasmodic suspension of indus-
tries by the Fuel Administration to conserve coal and
relieve railroad congestion, was suggested recently by
Samuel Gompers, president of the American Federation
of Labor, in a speech to the convention of United Mine
Workers. A proposition of this sort is likely to be
received with enthusiasm by workmen in general. The
chief attendant difficulty would be to return to the old
order after the war was over.

Would Increase Available Mine Timber

The Senate passed a bill last week authorizing the
cutting of timber for mining purposes by corporations
organized in one state and conducting operations in an-
other. Existing legislation is extended by the bill to
apply to all states. The present statute gives this
authority to citizens of Colorado, Nevada and the ter-
ritories. The bill specifies that in no way are the rights
of any railway company to be increased to cut timber on
the public domain. It was passed without amendment.

February 16, 1H18 ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

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Editorials

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Turning Over a New Leaf

THE ministerial crisis, which in Great Britain and
France means the formation of a coalition cabinel

or the substitution of a new one by the opposition party,
finds expression in the American system of government
in the same administration altering its policy to con-
form to the wish of the people. That is what we are
now witnessing in Washington. There is no use in fur-
ther argument respecting the basic principle, for that is
now practically recognized by everybody. It is only
a question of just how the reform is to be effected.

The President and his superior ministers now see the
need for better planned administration, just as did the
protesting Senators. It is not impossible that he saw
it even before they did and was contemplating a new ar-
rangement when they took the wind out of his sails. Be
that as it may, he could not let Congress force upon him
what he was already minded to do. Therefore he re-
jected the Congressional plan and came back with a
demand for wider authority for the Executive. Each
party is now- playing to save its face, and the result
will be a compromise in which the President will osten-
sibly come out on top, while the way will be paved for
the reform in administration that the critical Senators
have been demanding.

Of course, this will leave stranded in a ridiculous
position those Senators and newspapers who have been
defending the Administration as the performer of some
miracles and the achiever of a good general average;
but that does not matter. It is perfectly well known
within the Administration itself, and for some time past
it has been, that most of our present troubles are due
to its own sins of commission and omission; but there
is less certainty as to how high this realization has
crept and how full is the understanding of it.

The idea that there is pressing need for a general
manager (individual or board) has been grasped, but
we are not so sure that in the highest quarters there is
a comprehension of just what this means. If for the
muddling of doctrinaires there be substituted a man-
agement of financiers and bankers, on the theory that
they are the kind of business men who are needed, there
will be no great step in advance. What we have on
our hands is a great job of production, and what we
need is a production management; in other words, a
Director of Munitions. Above that we need an execu-
tive committee that will coordinate the plans of the Mu-
nitions Director, the Food Administrator, the Railway
Director, the Shipping Board, etc.

The Colorado Smelting Investigation

THE complaint of ore producers, especially the small
ones, that smelters treat them unfairly in the
purchase of their ores, is an ancient one. The large
producers get along amicably with the smelters, for
through their own technical staffs they are able to obtain

information respectin and can discu the

terms of r.mi i ;m i etc., in the lijrht .,!

knowledge. With the -mall producer, however, tii
are different, As a casual or intermittent shipper. he
is naturally in a less favorable position than the large
regular customer. Moreover, he does not possess private
means of acquiring knowledge of the smelting busim
and such public means as are available to him he gener-
ally ignores. Consequent ly, he become: readily the
subject of grievances. That such a state of mind should
exist in Colorado more than elsewhere is explained by the
fact that it is a region of many small mines, and of gen-
eral custom-smelting business. There are neither so
many mines nor so much smelting business as there was
20 years ago, but even now there is no other region of
silver-lead smelting in the United States where the ore
supply is derived from so many different sources as in
Colorado.

The complaint of the ore producers in Colorado led
finally to a legislative investigation of the conditions of
the business, which was authorized in the early part of
1917. The committee to which this task was entrusted
naturally had to investigate all kinds of ore buying, viz..
by the gold mills, by the single zinc smelter, by the public
samplers, etc., but it was well understood by everybody
that the special object of the inquiry was the silver-lead
smelters, of which the American Smelting and Refining
Co. is by far the more important. The legislative com-
mittee wisely employed the services of 0. R. Whitaker,
an experienced smelting metallurgist of recognized
standing in the profession. The findings of this com-
mittee, comprising Mr. Whitaker's report, have lately
been published.

The committee conducted hearings, at which numerous
shippers of ore expressed their opinions and complaints.
This was naturally more a matter of form than anything
else, the real work having necessarily to be done by exam-
ination of the smelters' books. This was performed by
Mr. Whitaker and his staff, and the bulk of the report of
the Smelter and Ore Sales Investigations Committee is
occupied by his report. Mr. Whitaker conducted his
investigation as an experienced metallurgist would do.
He reports the facts, going minutely into many details,
not so thoroughly into others, and refrains from express-
ing any opinion, which he leaves to the committee to do.

Mr. Whitaker found that the Colorado lead smelters
realized in 1912 an average operating profit of $1.59 per
ton of ore smelted, exclusive of interest charges and plant
depreciation. In 1913 the average profit was $1.64. In
1914 it was 68c. In 1915 it was $1.41. And in 1916 it
was $2.56. The average for five years— 1912-16 — was
$1.56. During this period the average quantity of Colo-
rado ore smelted was a little over 600,000 tons per
annum, there being relatively small changes from year to
year. Mr. Whitaker reckons depreciation, interest, taxes,
etc., at 61c. per ton, giving an average net profit of
95c. per ton in smelting Colorado ores during five years.

MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 7

treated l>y these Bmelters,
i from other states, was

r about 77.".. ooo tons per annum. The
i in this business is esti

•
In tt. this finding there was nothing thai the

could do except give the smelters
n The realization of a net
.t of onl rage for five years.

h included a year of large war profits, iliil
.v that ti ducers o( the state were being

the contrary, this meager profit repre-
■1 the value Of the turnover, which will
not impn as being an extravagant remunera-

tion out of business wherein the smelter takes all the
fluctuations in the markets for the metals that
he I

. The committee figures out. however, that the net return
- . the investment of f 10 and rather

-h.-. bead over that, though not very severely.

the committee manifestly appreciating the weakness of
the ground for criticism in that respect. "While it is
probable the plants could not be reproduced at those
figures at present." says the committee, "they could be
in normal times." Here we have the same uneconomic
view regarding capital that has found expression in
the treatment of American railways during the last 10
years, in the drafting of the war profits' tax law of
1917. etc. According to this view, capital represents
only land and constructions in present use, and is en-
titled to a return of only 5 or (>', upon that basis.

The smelting of 775,000 tons of ore per annum may
be assumed as meaning about 970,000 tons of charge.
A"Umtng that 1,000,000 tons of smelting capacity,
divided among five smelters, had been built in Colorado
just previous to 1912, it is probable that the cost of
construction would have been about $2,700,000, or about
$2.70 per ton of annual capacity. Capitalization upon
such a basis would fail to take into account the expense
of creating an organization to conduct such a business
successfully, and in the case of the smelting works of
Colorado the losses suffered in order to bring them to
their present position as profit-earners. We find, by
reference to our own survey of silver-lead smelting
capacity, published in our annual statistical numbers,
that the five silver-lead smelting works of Colorado have
an annual capacity of about 2,000,000 tons of charge per
annum. Consequently, only about 50f, of the actual
smelting capacity of Colorado has been capable of use
during the last five years. Reckoning capital upon what
is used rather than on what exists is a weird idea.

But more than that, during the last 20 years many

once important smelting works that were "bought and

paid for have had to be abandoned and even dismantled.

Among those have been the Grant works, at Denver,

the Philadelphia and Pueblo works, at Pueblo, all the

works in Leadville except the Arkansas Valley. The

amortization of these plants was never accounted for

in the cost of smelting, although of course it constituted

a part of the cost of smelting, but came out of the

•its of the business. The method of the American

Smelting and Refining Co. has been to negotiate its

amortization by perpetuation, if we may coin that ex-

Q. In other words, it has sought to replace mori-

I plants by new ones in more prosperous districts,

lining thus to changes in the geography of the
mining industry, which has been done out of the profits
of the business. The Colorado plants were the nucleus
of the organization of that company about 20 years ago,
but if its management had relied upon them, had failed
to study the map and had gone to sleep while the mining
industry of Colorado was waning, it would today be a
derelict, there would have been no profits, and it is not
unlikely that the mines of Colorado would have had no
local means for having their ore smelted.

There are some other points in the conclusions of the
legislative committee that might well be criticised. For
example, its attention is confined to the matter of smelt-
ing Colorado ore, although in order to obtain sufficient
lead for the successful smelting of that ore, the smelters
are obliged to fetch high-grade lead ore from Idaho at
a loss. But, without any doubt, the report of this com-
mittee may be characterized on the whole as generous,
and it will certainly be of salutary effect. It is, for
example, made clear to the miners why payment cannot
be made for the lead and copper contents of ores when
they are under minima that to the uninformed person
seem large.

Let Troops Go in Unsinkable Ships

THERE is now being fitted out at an Atlantic port
the S.S. "Lucia," an Austrian ship of 9000 tons
taken over by the United States. She is being equipped
with an interior arrangement of small water-tight cells,
the purpose of which is to afford a buoyancy that will
keep the ship afloat if she be torpedoed. Manifestly
this is feasible, just as a lumber-laden schooner that has
been rammed and abandoned refuses to sink and be-
comes a water-logged derelict, a menace to navigation.
The same principle was tried in filling the holds of
cross-channel steamships with empty casks, but the
trouble with that was found to be that when the ship
was sinking the casks burst up through the deck.

The idea that is being applied in the "Lucia" was de-
veloped by the U. S. Naval Consulting Board with the
cooperation of the Ship Protection Committee of the
U. S. Shipping Board. The cellular structure that is
being put into her consists of about 12,000 small wooden
boxes, themselves subdivided into a multiplicity of cells,
the unit box being covered with thin galvanized sheet
steel. The unit boxes are secured to the frame of the
ship. The cellular construction of the boxes is simply to
permit the use of light woodwork. Whether this form
should be adopted or whether the boxes should be made
of heavier lumber without any interior divisions is of
course simply a matter of figuring weights and
strengths. The filling of the "Lucia" occupies from 15
to 20r/r of her cargo space.

We understand that a manufacturer who has no war
contracts and is situated outside the zones of freight
congestion stands ready to manufacture these boxes at
the rate of 10,000 per day. The cost is moderate in
comparison with the value of shipping at present, the
rate of insurance, etc.

Considering this project with a view to cargo-carry-
ing, there are many things to be weighed, the main
thing being the relation between submarine risk and
diminution of carrying capacity by 20fc, let us say. In
view of the critical shortage of shipping at present, it

February lti. 191*

ENGINEERING AND MINIM. JOURNAL

Ml

is probable that such a project would not be regarded

favorably. However, the lost of the "Tuscan ia"
prompts the thought that troop transports might rea-
sonably be equipped in this way. The elements of cost
and loss of freight-carrying capacity would be negligi-
ble. The passenger boat is but a small freight-carrier
anyhow. If the filling of her small holds with buoy-
ancy units should affect her ballasting, a balance might
be struck by letting her carry a small quantity of
very heavy freight, such as steel rails, stowed on her
bottom.

Mr. Storrow's Common Sense

NEW ENGLAND has, perhaps, suffered more acutely
from the coal shortage than any other section of
the country. Factories have had to be closed right and
left, and the people have been hard pressed in order to
keep warm in their homes. As a last resort they turned
to cord wood, which farmers and w:oodsmen can cut
from their native hills. The demand for cord wood has
been so urgent that prices have been bid up sharply, $9
per cord in the country and $16 delivered in the city
being common prices now. However, Mr. Storrow, the
Fuel Administrator, announced that there would be no
attempt to fix prices for wood, for, as he said ingenuous-
ly, he wants to encourage wood-cutting among the
farmers. Mr. Storrow's theory that it is better to have
high prices and get wood, is different from that of
Secretary Baker, William B. Colver, and Dr. Garfield,
that the prime consideration is a fixed low price, no
matter if the people go without coal.

Secretary Wilson's Clear Vision

SECRETARY WILSON of the Department of Labor
expressed good sense in a talk at a labor meeting in
New York on Feb. 10. If all laboring men but knew it,
as William B. Wilson and Samuel Gompers know it, it is
those who work for wages who have most at stake in
the existing struggle. Let Germany win, and the fate
of laboring under the German system of autocracy will
overtake them. Let the cause of democracy prevail,
then labor will get its due. Secretary Wilson sees this
clearly when he says:

"If I were asked to state our greatest national need
1 would say that it is a spirit of sacrifice for the com-
mon good — sacrifice of pride, of prejudice, of material
comforts and of lives, if need be. Only by sacrifice can
the most perfect democracy on earth be transmitted to
our sons."

Labor will stand firmly behind the President, he said,
and will submit to vast sacrifice, for labor realizes that
it has more at stake than any other part of the people.

"Some people are trying to tell the workers of the
country that this is a capitalists' war, a war waged for
the benefit of capitalists. If this had been a capitalists'
war it would have taken a far different course, my
friends. If this is a capitalistic war, then the Adminis-
tration at Washington is dominated by the capitalists.
If that had been so there would have been no excess-
profits tax and other measures burdensome to capital.

"Any man of sense knows that it would have been
more profitable for us to have stayed out, more profit-
able for the capitalists wrho could have gone on extort-

ing high pi it i the ne< i obatant .

Hut democracy wai at Btake. Th mcb more al

stake than some foil eem to real

Secretary Wilson also has a clear in:-i>'lit into the
philosophy of the propaganda of the L W. w.. which li

that it is logical and justifiable tci break down an in-
dustrial organization by means of sabotage so that the
people can take over the organization from private
owners for little or nothing. Something of this sort is
being tried by the I'.olsheviki of Russia, who arc; ruining
their plants and throwing away their own tools with the
certainty that they will have to start all over again as
builders, suffering misery in the meanwhile. Secretary
Wilson made no bones about saying that he believes a
good deal of the I. \V. \Y. kind of talk is being paid for
by Germany money, and all of it is unworthy of Ameri-
can democracy.

r ii i

BY THE WAY

,,,,, mi tin. tin tnriiiiiiiiiii < mini tint inn HiminimiiHtiliiitiliiillillltlUlilHlR

Chairman Simmons of the Senate finance committee
announced on Jan. 31, after conferring with Secretary
McAdoo, that work probably would begin about Mar.
15 or Apr. 1 on war-tax legislation, first to perfect the
present law, and second, to provide both for additional
bonds and increased taxes for Government needs in the
fiscal year 1919. Legislation will not affect bond or tax
levies for 1918, but only for 1919. Taxes for 1919, ac-
cording to Senator Simmons, will be increased, not
enormously, but probably by increasing levies of the
present war-tax bill, -with addition possibly of some new
and comparatively minor items.

The difficulties of doing an export business under
existing circumstances are picturesquely outlined as
follows in a paragraph from an unknown contemporary :
Inquiry. Search for a Low Price. Fight for a Reason-
able Freight. Battle for Low Insurance. Cable Codes.
Censor. Delays. Mutilated Cable Order. Repetition
of Cable. Opening of Credit. Rise in Price. Increased
Freight. Cable for Additional Money. Yell from Cus-
tomer. Export License. Perusal of Embargo List.
Headache. Interview at License Bureau. Information
That License Is Required. Filing of Application.
Waiting. Additional Waiting. Letter from Washing-
ton. Statement That No License Is Required. Ad-
ditional Headache. Steamsnip Co. Rate Clerk. Argu-
ments. Verbal Freight Contract. Written Freight
Contract. Difference Between Them. Higher Rate.
Murderous Feeling. Sarcastic Letter from Customer.
Advice How To Do Things. Anxious Insurance Agent.
Anxious Freight Clerk. Next Ten Insurance Agents.
Next Ten Freight Clerks. Insurance Information That
Steamer Is a Cousin of Noah's Ark. Big Premium.
Additional Premium. Delivery of Goods. Dock Clerk.
Rejected Packages. Longshoremen. Strike. Non-
arrival of Steamer. Repetition of Almost Everything
Mentioned Before. Delay. Request for Extension of
Credit. Extra Loud Yell from Customer. Final Ship-
ping Bills of Lading. Captain's Spree in New York.
Delay. Consular Certificate. Foreign Consul. Delay.
Bank. Waiting for check. THE CHECK. THE
HAPPY FEELING. Cancellation of License. Final
Headache.

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 7

Shipping Capacity Effects Even Major
\\ ar-Industn Problem

ng production curtailment.
I arfield holidays and of the
Led of various industries. The
i i. however, has no scion-
no knows whether the available ship-
reduction.
■io is trying to find out Yet, on the
the relation of output to avail-
depend the operation of industries, the
supply and wages »i labor, the housing
tive railroad expansion — in fact, every
■n of our war industry.
There are big problems pressing for solution in Wash-
hut none more important than this. Of what
let new contracts, if they are shortly to be
• led or suspended. Of what avail to speed up
industries, if they are later to be slowed down. To
.*. purpose recruit labor forces at great expense, if
the organizations are to be disrupted through lay-offs.
Let us face the conditions frankly, says the Engirt* i r-
ing V. We are in danger of severe dis-

turbances. An unofficial inquiry recently made in
shington brought the investigators to the conclusion
that we will produce in 1918 for oversea use three times
•nuch as we can ship. Suppose the supply is only
twice as much, or 50', more. The situation still is
serious, even granting the storage possibilities — and
age needs cannot be intelligently estimated until
there is a central intelligence in • Washington charged
with summarizing the tonnage in prospect and bal-
ancing it against shipping capacity.

It is a big job, an important job. It involves really-
knowing how much new tonnage will go into the water
this year, knowing what the Emergency Fleet Cor-
poration will actually do.

Until this job is done, we shall go forward with
bungling efforts at curtailment, relying on patriotic
appeals for support of the measures rather than on
facts. Meanwhile, we may embark on a housing pro-
m two or three times larger than needed, on labor
recruitment which will result first in unnecessarily high
wages and later in severe labor disturbances, on trans-
portation and storage measures that might be unneces-
were the facts available.

A. I. M. E. Will Discuss Important
Topics at New York Meeting

Means of avoiding another coal shortage crisis next
winter and a discussion of some of the problems of mu-
nitions manufacture as related to mining are outstand-
ing features of the 116th meeting of the American
tute of Mining Engineers, which will open on
Feb. 18, in New York. Distinguished naval officers,
Hudson Maxim and a score of others qualified to discuss
the efficiency of heavy guns made in this country are
expected to be on hand for what promises to be a
posium of national character. The subject will be
the erosion of guns or the hardening of the inner sur-
face of the tube. The original paper is written by Dr.
Henry M. Howe, of the Government ordnance depart-
• Hudson Maxim will present the paper.

To the mining engineer belongs the task in this war
not only of mobilizing the supply of raw material for
the country's greatest industries, but also of solving the
fuel problem, which has been more serious this month
than over before. It is for those reasons that the eyes
of the country should be focused on the approaching
mooting of the Institute of Mining Engineers, which
now numbers more than G000 members and includes in
its personnel all of the leading members of the profes-
sion. The meeting will continue for three days in New-
York and on the fourth day, Feb. 21. a trip will be taken
to Princeton, N. J., where the engineers will view the
Government School of Aeronautics and the work of the
Princeton battalion of student soldiers.

Government Recognizes the Importance
of Chemistry in the War

Manufacturing plants engaged in the supply of war
material are now receiving the careful consideration of
the War Department in the matter of adequate chem-
ical control. The experience of both Great Britain and
France taught the necessity of conserving the supply of
trained chemists, which at no time was large, in order
that the supplies upon which the winning of the war so
largely depends may not be curtailed. Provision has
been made through an order of the Adjutant General of
the Army by which manufacturers of material neces-
sary to the prosecution of the war, who have lost the
services of chemists through the first draft, may again
obtain the services of these men for war work. It is
announced, also, that provision has been made by which
manufacturers threatened with the loss of their trained
chemists in the present draft may retain these men.
Only those chemists whose services are necessary to war
work will be considered, and the evidence submitted by
the manufacturer must be conclusive.

Manufacturers thus affected should apply to the
Chemical Service Section, N. A., New Interior Building.
Washington, D. C, for the regulations governing the
transfer of men already drafted, or the possible reclass-
ification of men not yet called. The request for exemp-
tion must come from the manufacturers ; applications
from the men will not be considered.

Potash Recovered as Byproduct of
Chilean Nitrate Industry

C M. Barton, vice-president of the du Pont Nitrate
Co., operating in Chile, told the Delaware section of the
American Chemical Society at its meeting in Wilming-
ton, Del., on Feb. 8, that not only had the du Pont com-
pany succeeded in producing potash in paying commer-
cial quantities from the Chilean nitrates, but had re-
vealed its process* to the representatives of companies
from Allied and neutral countries operating plants in
the nitrate fields. A Neiv York Times dispatch covering
the Wilmington meeting says:

"The du Pont company produces only about lr'c of
the output of the Chilean nitrate fields; but it has suc-
ceeded, by its processes, in producing 10,000 tons a year
of a product containing 25 % of potassium nitrate. This
is equivalent to ahout 1200 tons of potassium oxide. The
others of the 200 nitrate plants in Chile are capable
of producing an average quantity of potash equal to

February 16, 1918

ENGINEERING AND MINING J01 RNAL

th;it produced by the du I'ont company. On this b
the production would he 240,000 tons a year; but the

process can he further developed and improved. There
is reason to believe that in a short time it can be carried
to such a point that, instead of recovering about one-
third of the potash in the ore, it may be possible to
utilize virtually all and thereby bring the total output
up to 720,000 tons a year."

Closing of Unprofitable Rand Mines
in Prospect

Mr. Malan, Minister of Mines, Union of South Africa,
moved on Jan. 18, in the Union House of the Assembly
at Cape Town, for the appointment of a select committee
to report on the situation that has arisen in connection
with the working of some of the mines on the Witwaters-
rand owing to the "increased costs of labor and materials
and other reasons." A cable dispatch of Jan. 18, from
Johannesburg, to the London Financial Times states
that "a dozen Rand mines are earning less than 2s.
per ton, and consequently have no prospect of paying
a dividend. It is expected that a certain proportion,
possibly the entire group, will eventually cease milling
operations with the view of conserving supplies for the
richer and more profitable mines. The idea is prevalent
that the government will remit license fees and that
the remaining companies will form a fund for the
purpose of pumping and generally maintaining the closed
mines. Another view is that the situation may be met
by diverting stores and labor from mines the ore re-
serves of which are becoming exhausted."

Imports of Ores and Metals in 1917

In the table under this head in the Journal of Feb. 9,
the figures given for zinc ore represented the zinc con-
tent, not the quantity of ore. The figures given for lead
covered the lead contained in the lead ore and bullion
imported and did not include lead in pigs, bars, etc.
Also, imports of tungsten ores in 1916, which amounted
to 3635 long tons, were omitted by error.

Preparing the Twenty-Seventh for
World's Series

Baseball fans in the mining regiment discovered that
the great American game had not been forgotten when
the outfit recently furnished to "A" Co. was selected.
A baseball arsenal has been put at the company's dis-
posal— enough to help everyone keep in trim to knock
the Kaiser out of the box when the match comes off
between the gopher regiment and the Potsdam Huns.
The game is a good one to foster among the fighting
men. There is a natural transition from shouldering
bats to shouldering guns, from catcher's mask to gas
mask, from killing the umpire to killing the Boche and
from the team work of the diamond to that at the front.
The officers who are training regiments in this country,
especially those who have served abroad, are very em-
phatic about the value of outdoor sports as part of the
training of men. We are going to see that the Twenty-
seventh Engineers have the best outfit of this kind that
can possibly be obtained.

The lit of contributor! to the Comfort Fund,
is now administered by the newly formed "A Delation
of the :27tli i | i, adiij lengthening. Here

is a 1918 opportunity for the fan who it cooped up in
;> mining camp Root for the mining regiment and help
bin a baseball outfit for one ol the manj companies I it
will he the best rooting you ever did, The list oi con
tributors to date is as follows:

I
New York Englneei Ing i
A Friend. \..

II ii

D E Charlton
ll w Hardii ■■ ■
Prank N Sp< nci I

w I.

■ I II iv ,

.1 h Janewa]
Albert I > Beei
.i E Hayes
J. A. Van Slater
L. Vogrelatein & >■..
"Cupriti "

!'■ It '■■'■ ■■ ■'< i n. ii.'.. .Mining Co I

A I--ii.li. ■ I ii

P A .Mommi

American Zinc. Lead and Smelting

J. O. H

Daniel Guggenheim

A II II

Willard s Morse

August Heckscher

Anaconda I topper Mining ' '■•

f. w Bradley

Charles Le Vasseur ...

A Friend. Dec. 13

Freeland Jewett

Herman A Wagner

Francis P. Sinn

R. C. Gosrow

D. C. Jackling

"V

J. H. Brickenstein

E. E. Northrup

Rogers. .Mayer & Ball ....

Denver Technical Staff. American Metal Co., Ltd

A Friend. Jan. 9

E. B. Coolidge

J. V. X. Dorr

Pope Yeatman

W. H. Aklridge

C. E. Hart

Robert I. Kerr

Engineers of Washoe Smelterj lining

Company

Harry C. Graham

Utah Copper. Nevada Consolidated. Raj Consolid

and Chino copper companies

A Friend. Jan. 23

John Gillie

J. N. Houser

C. K. Lipman

Theodore Sternfeld

Clinton H. Crane

T. Wolfson

William H. Hampton

W. E. Merriss

J. Parke Channing

Miami Copper Co

J. H. Means

C. W. Goodale

P. G. Beckett

F. R. Foraker

Charles A Chase

E. Fleming L'Bngle

Calumet & Hecla Mining Co

I mi II

G mi

i

Hi mi

1"'

1

I

Ii

HI HIP

r, 00

101

r, no
2G on

1 '

1 00

5 "I-

■,

10.00

100.00

10 00

5.00

:

50.00
30.00

10.00

-

B0 00

205.00

r, oo
25 00

50.00

500.00

10.00

10.00

1

1

25.00

5 mi
250 mi

Total $8000.00

The need of rooting for the Twenty-seventh has be-
come strongly apparent to us. We have just learned
that one large mining company had not even heard
about the 27th Regiment of Engineers. Lest there be
others like it, we say that this regiment, the mining
regiment now being formed under Lieut. Col. O. B.
Perry, at Camp Meade, in Maryland, is in blood and
bone of mining men. It is representative of our mining
industry from the Yukon to the Rio Grande and from
the Mother Lode to the East. Its members propose to
add the risks of war to those of their calling by engag-
ing in military mining operations, of necessity at the
very front. Enlist if you can ; if not, you can subscribe
to the Association for the 27th Engineers, which has
been formed to look out for the material welfare and in-
terest of the men. Make your checks payable to W. R.
Ingalls, treasurer.

WD MlXiNC JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 7

Blowpipe and And resta t»r Minerals. Pp. •">; Bull.

71, Bureau of Mines.

Metbeda for Increasing trw Recover] from Oil Sands. J.
;.. 189, illus. Bull. MS. I' S. Bureau of
ington.

rbook ..I the Bureau ..I Mim-. li'lti. Bv Van. 11. M:,n-
mng. Pp. 174, illua. Bull. 141. U. S. Bureau of Mines,
.-.ington.

California Mineral Production for 1916. By Waller W.

I'l- 179, illus. Bull. 74. California State
Mining Bureau, San Francisco, Calif.
tnotracta of Current Decisions on Mines and Mining from
M.,% to \ucust. 1^17. By J. \V. Thompson. Pp. 111.
Bull. 159, I S Bureau of Mines. Washington.

Utitudes in North Carolina. Compiled by the North Caro-
lina Geological and Economic Survey. Pp. 1-4. Bull.
87, North Carolina Geological and Economic Survey.
Chapel Hill. N

1 he G noted and °rt' deposits of the Virgilina District of
\ iri;inia and North Carolina. By Francis Baker Laney.
Pp. 17b. illus. Bull. XIV. Virginia Geological Survey,
Charlottesville. Va.

State Bafetj News. December, 1917. Pp. 14; Bull. 70, Un-
iversity of Arizona Bureau of Mines.
Includes an article entitled •■Acetylene Mine Lamps" by

William Maurice, in which the action and operation of

acetylene lamps are described in detail.

Pala^ontological Contributions to the Geology of Western
\u-tralia; Series VI, Mos. XI and XII. By F. Chap-
man and R. Etheridge, Jr. Pp. 94, illus. Bull. 72,
W. stern Australia Geological Survey, Perth, West Aus-
tralia.

The Bureau of Science, Philippine Islands. Fourteenth A'l-
nual Report of the Director for the Year 1915, to the
Honorable the Secretary of the Interior. By Alvin J.
Cox. Pp. 71. Bureau of Science, Manila, Philippine
Islands.

Biennial Report on the Operations of the North Carolina
Geological and Economic Survey for the Two Years
Ending Nov. 30, 1916. By Joseph Hyde Pratt.
Pp. 202. North Carolina Geological and Economic
Survey, Chapel Hill. N. C.

Industrial Unreal in (ireat Britain; Reprints of (1) Reports
of the Commission of Inquiry into Industrial Unrest
and (2) Interim Report of the Reconstruction Com-
mittee on Joint Standing Industrial Councils. Pp. 249.
Bull. 237, Bureau of Labor Statistics, U. S. Department
of Labor, Washington.

Boletin de" Minas. Num. 3. 7% x 10V4, pp. 132, illus. Direc-
cion de Montes y Minas, Secretaria de Agricultura,
Comercio y Trabajo, Cuba.
Brief reviews of the progress of mining in the various
provinces of Cuba. The most interesting features are the
data with reference to the Pinar del Rio copper mines, by
Ramon Gaston; the iron and manganese mines of Oriente,
by Eugenio Aguilera, and the oil developments in the cen-
tral mineral districts, by Pablo Ortega, the director of the
Department of Mines and Forests.

Anuario de Mineria, Metalurgia, Electricidad v Demas In-
dustrial de Bapana, Vol XVII. 1917. Published by the
"Revista Minera, Metalurgicia y de Ingenieria," under
the direction of Adriano Contreras and Roman Oriol.
6x9, pp. 1000; 7 reales. Revista Minera, Madrid.
This directory, which has now been issued for 20 years,
give3 a list of the mines of Spain, classified by provinces
and products; also of the mining, metallurgical, chemical
and electrical companies, with their capital stocks, man-
agers, etc., and the situation and other particulars of their
works; also the railroads of general or special interest to
the mining industries. A list of Spanish mining and civil
engineers is appended. It also gives the official text of the
and regulations governing the industries.

An Investigation of the Iron Ore Resources of the North-
west. By William Harrison Whittier. Pp. 128. Bull.
2. Bureau of Industrial Research, University of Wash-
ington, Seattle, Washington.

Iron Ore Occurrences in Canada. Vol. I. Descriptions of
Principal Iron Ore Mines. Compiled by E. Lindeman
and L. L. Bolton; Introductory by A. H. A. Robinson.
Pp. 71, illus.; 22 maps in separate cover. Canada De-
partment of Mines, Mines Branch, Ottawa, Can.
The volume issued contains a review of iron ore occur-
rences in Canada and a statement of the annual production
and utilization of Canadian ores in Canadian blast furnaces
from 1887 to 1916. A brief description of the history, pro-
duction and types of ore is given for the more important
iron ore producing provinces. The principal iron mines are
covered in detail.

Standard Table of Electrochemical Equivalents and Their
Derivatives, with Explanatory Text on Electrochemical
Calculations, Solutions of Typical Practical Examples
and Introductory Notes on Electrochemistry. By Carl
Hering and Frederick H. Getman. 414, x7%, pp. 130,
illus.; $2. D. Van Nostrand Co., New York.
Tables in Hering's usual painstaking style, with just
enough text to carry them. The contents are: Fundamental
laws; fundamental data and description of the tables; elec-
trochemical equivalents by weight; grams per ampere hour
in order of magnitude; electrophysical equivalents by vol-
ume; valences of the elements in their combinations; calcu-
lations involving electrochemical equivalents; electrolysis,
electrolytic dissociation, Faraday's law, coulomb meters; the
electrionic theory; valence; elementary principles of chemi-
cal reactions and calculations; conversion factors used
in electrochemical calculations; glossary.

Business Law for Engineers. By C. Frank Allen. 6x9,
pp. 431; $3. McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York. Part
I, Elements of Law for Engineers. Part II, Contract
Letting.
The author states in the preface that the purpose of the
book is not to make "every man his own lawyer," but
rather to give the engineer a sufficient understanding of
important fundamental features or law, so that he may
have some idea of when and how to act himself and when
to seek expert advice, as well as to enlarge his horizon
and perhaps encourage him to further study of law. This
book should find a cordial reception from engineers, since it
is written by an engineer and deals with a subject upon
which every engineer frequently finds himself inadequately
informed. Part I deals with technical details of law. It
contains an introduction on common law and discusses evi-
dence, contracts, torts, equity, real property, corporations,
agency, sales, negotiable instruments, railroads and the
engineer's legal relations with others. Part II considers
the important subject of contract letting and discusses ad-
vertisement, information for bidders, proposal, uniform
contract form, bond and specifications.

The Iron Ores of Lake Superior; Containing Some Facts of
Interest Relating to Mining and Shipping of the Ore
and Location of Principal Mines; with Original Maps
of the Ranges. By Crowell and Murray. 6x9, pp.
322, illus. $3.50. Third edition. Crowell & Murray,
Cleveland, Ohio.
The first and second editions of this work have proved to
be of great service to miners, shippers and users of ore
from the Lake Superior districts. In this third edition the
information as to shipping statistics and ore analyses has
been brought up to date and there are several papers on
geological topics by well-known engineers, which are well
worth reading. The arrangement of the book is convenient
for reference. Chapter I is on the early history of the
region and the succeeding, chapters treat of Geology; Min-
eralogy; Production of Ore; Dock Equipment; Classification
of Ores; Valuation of Ores; Beneficiation of Ores; and
Methods of Analysis. Chapter X is a special paper on the
"Geology of the Wakefield Area of the Eastern Gogebic";
and Chapter XI another on the "Progress of Development
of the Cuyuna Range." Chapter XII, which covers more
than two-thirds of the book, is a condensed but detailed
account of the mines of the region and their ores.

February lti, 1918

ENGINEERING AM) MINING JOURNAL

::.,!

Personal

t

Smelter checking and mill

lots ol ore « in be i .:» ? i ..r the n< « Urm'i

v\ mi.

Have > hi itributed to tin* Comfort

fund for the '.'7th BnglneerBf

<'. S. Hit/Ik lias moved from Sail Lake
City to 27 William St., Xew York.

Cunt. 0. B. Sdniri. 10. (>. R, C., is sta-
tioned at Fori Kearney, California.

stunrt <;. Garrett, reoently with the Car-
ter Oil Co., has entered the .Naval Reserve.

J. J. shannon has been made general
manager of the Woodward Iron Co., of
Alabama.

Klrby Tliomus bas returned to New York
from examination work in the Gowganda
district, Ontario

8. h. Hamilton, of Philadelphia, is In
charge of the operations of the Caroline
Chrome Co., Waynesville. North Carolina.

Y. Wakabaj tisbi. representing Japanese
iron mining interests, has been studying
mining methods in the Birmingham district
of Alabama.

Perry ti. Harrison, formerly superintend-
ent of the National Mines Co.. National
Nev.. is an assistant in the office of H. V.
Winchell, Minneapolis.

J. S. Coupal, of the Engineering Man
agement Co.. has returned to 165 Broad-
way. New York, from examination work
in Arizona and Nevada.

Wayne Darlington, consulting engineer
of Philadelphia, is in Vancouver, B. ('.. and
will return to Philadelphia, via Colorado,
about the middle of February.

Donald >I. Liddeil has been commis-
sioned a captain in the Signal Reserve
Corps and assigned to duty on the War
Credits Board at Washington.

C. I*. Baker. A. G. Bartholemew, W. M
Drury. Karl Eilers. P. S. Morse. H. A.
Prosser and S. F. Shaw have been visiting
mines in Coahuila and Nuevo Leon.

C. K. Leith, of the University of Wis-
consin, and .1. F.dward Spurr, of Philadel-
phia, are in Washington investigating the
ocean movement of mineral commodities
for the U. S. Shipping Board.

E. E. Reyer, superintendent of the Do-
lores y Anexas mine of the American
Smelting and Refining Co., is returning to
Matehuala, San Luis Potosi, Mex.. from
a vacation in the United States.

C. Vey Hotmail, mining engineer, has
been nominated state assayer by the Gov-
ernor of Maine. Mr. Holman is now en-
gaged in the exploitation of molybdenite
deposits at Catherine Hill, in Hancock
County, Maine.

E. H. Clausen is remodeling the cyanide
mill of the Colorado Mining Co.. at Aroroy,
Masbate. P. I., of which .1. S. Coldbath
is manager. Mr. Clausen expects to return
to the United States on completion of the
work, in March.

T. J. Harwood, formerly mining engineer
for La Rose Consolidated Mines Co..
Cobalt, Out., has been appointed manager
of the Schumacher Gold Mines, Ltd., at
Schumacher. Ont.. succeeding S. A. Wookey,
who has joined the colors.

Charles 1., Harrington has resigned as
superintendent of the Overall Mines Co.,
of Cedar. Colo., to become mine superin-
tendent for the Schlesinger Radium Co.. of
Denver. He will make his headquarters
for the present at Naturita, Colorado.

Paul IVooton. Washington correspondent
of the "Engineering and Mining Journal,"
has removed to the Union Trust Bldg..
from the Metropolitan Bank Bldg.. which
has been taken over by the Government
for the use of the Federal Reserve Board.

M. Henri Jequier, metallurgist of the
Societe Miniere et Metallurgique de Penar-
roya, and Dr. Auguste Hollard, consulting
engineer, are on a metallurgical visit to
this country. The Penarroya company,
which has its headquarters in Paris, and
mines and works in Spain, is the largest
smelter and refiner of lead in Europe.

W. J. Hanna, of Toronto, who recently
resigned as Canadian Food Controller, has
gone to Peru to adjust matters between
the Peruvian government and the Inter-
national Petroleum Corporation, of which
he is a director. The object of his mis-
sion is understood to be the stimulation
of the production of fuel oil and gasoline
for the British and American war depart-
ments.

Falkenburg & I.aucks, chemists, metallur-
gists and engineers of Seattle. Wash., have
dissolved partnership, effective Feb. 10. An-
nouncement is made by M. J. Falkenburg
that the firm of Falkenburg & Co. has been
formed and will conduct business as assay-
ers and chemists at 116 Yesler Wav, Seattle.

Obituary

Charles A. Borst. load ,,i the Clinton
Hematite Co . al Clinton. N i died ud
denlj on Jan 28, al Clinton, Hi
•it; years old,

Hugh J. Baldwin, one of til. I
mining prospectors in Canada, died
ronto on Jan, 23 after a i horl illni
u-s He "a.^ the dtscoverei
"Lucky Baldwin" mine, at Kemogaml Sta
tion.

•lames a. Roderick, chief of the depart-
ment of mines of Pennsylvania foi
last 20 years, died at his homi In
ton. Penn.. on Feb. I. aged 76 (real He
was born in South Wales and came to this
country In the early sixties in
he a as mad.' aupei intendent of coal mine;
for the Wai rlor Run Mining •

as appointed state nun.' Ini pi etoi .
which position he tilled until 1889
in became superintendent of the coal In-
terests of Linderman *.- Skeer In 1899 he
was appointed chief of the slat.- bureau of
mines, which lal. tin- depai

nt mines. Mr Roderick served as chlel
of the latter until his death

I.ieut. Col. A. Winter F.vuns was killed

in action in Frame on Oct. 12. lillT. while
serving with the Third New Zealand Rifle
Brigade. He was a South African, the
son of Col. Robert Winter Evans, of Kings-
down, Durban, Natal. He received his
preparatory education In England and
entered the School of Mines, Columbia
University, from which he was graduated
in 1906. At the beginning of the war he
was engaged in gold mining in New-
Zealand, where he enlisted in the British
forces. He was major of the third battal-
ion of his brigade, which took part in the
battle of Messines Ridge, in which action
Evans won the Distinguished Service Order
and promotion to lieutenant colonel. He
had also seen action in the Boer war

.11.111 ml HUM l,ll„l„l„,imiM„„„,IM , ,ll„„„„,„ll I,,,, B

Societies

■ III. III. ..IILI .|,|,,

Oregon School of Mines Society held a
special meeting on Jan. 28. Thomas Yar-
ley. superintendent of the U. S. Bureau
of Mines experiment station at Seattle,
Wash!, addressed those present. He dis-
cussed the development and work of the
Bureau and gave a brief resume of the
conditions affecting "war minerals" on the
Pacific Coast. About 40 members were
present.

Institute of Metals (Great Britain)
will hold its general annual meeting on
Mar. 13-14 in the Chemical Society's rooms.
Burlington House. London. The presi-
dential address will be delivered on the
first day ; papers will be read and dis-
cussed at both sessions. A ballot for the
election of members will be held at the
meeting. Applications for membership
must be returned not later than Mar. 6.
at noon.

Engineers' Society of Western Pennsyl-
vania— The annual meeting of the me-
chanical section was held in the audi-
torium. Union Arcade Bldg.. on Feb 5,
1918. at 8 p.m. Frank Thornton, Jr., en-
gineer of the electric heating department
of the Westinghouse Electric Manufactur-
ing Co.. East Pittsburgh. Penn.. pre-
sented a paper entitled. "Electricity as a
Substitute for Natural Gas for Heating
Purposes." The paper was illustrated
with lantern slides. The metallurgical and
mining section of the society held its an-
nual meeting on Jan. 29. A paper en-
titled "The Use of Pulverized Coal in
Metallurgical Furnaces" was presented by
W. O. Renkin. manager of the engineering
department of the Quigley Furnace Spe-
cialties Co.. New York.

Ill III I Ml I IIIIIII, in, I, II, llllll III, 11,11111111, III ,,,,,,, II, IIIUIIIIIII, II Miiiiiiiiliuiiitiiii.,;

Industrial News

Goldschmidt Detinning Co. and Gold-
sclimidt Thermit Co. announce that the
business of both companies will hereafter
be conducted by the Metal and Thermit
Corporation, with general offices at 120
Broadway, New Y'ork.

Duriron Castings Co., of Dayton, Ohio,
manufacturers of Duriron acid-alkali-rust-
proof apparatus, announces the removal
of its Chicago office to the Harris Trust
Bldg. The office will continue in charge
of George A. Cocup.

i ■ ink .i i ob - . foi m<

.1. pui 1 in. ill ,.f lli, w

Manul I'o

now i.

■■• Battery
Co., I .1

Ibvndroth 1 Root Manufacturing " •■
manufacl uren ol Roel
plpi ii-i ■.!. i ivatei

• i > al "i n.-

Ilci 1 1 ', Broadw m to the

. Bro

' I '• Pomp iinil I Engineering * 0

ncoi i«ii ai. 'i and •■■ hi in. ii'i

i. pump "I ' hi -and

gravel-dredi i p impi for • leat

w ater and h « ill d< al In

general sui rid breakei

including emu, vini.- and el,

mi , >,,

New Patents

United Sta
below may !»•■ obtained from "The Engi-
neering -nil .Mining Journal" at .■'..■ each,
British nail upplied al !"•■ each.

Aluminum — Cooling Apparatus for Alka-
line Alumlnate - Ralph s Sher-
win. East St. Louis. II i»i to Alumi-
num Co. of America, Pittsburgh, Penn
il' s No 1.261,295 . I'.e 25, i!U7.)

Aluminum Alloy. Cn, Zn, Sb & Ag.
William A McAdams, Bayshore, N. Y. ir.

S. No. 1.-217,977 ; Noi I 9 17.)

Alunlte — Separation of Alunite from As-
sociated Rock or Gangue Car) F. Hage-
dorn. Chicago, III. assignor to Mineral
Products Corp., New York, X Y. < l". S.
Nos 1,253,591 and - , Jan. If,.

1918.)

Blasting — Shot-Firing Device. Elmer
Porphir ; Pittsburg. Kan (U, S. No. 1,-
251,820 ; .Ian. 1. 1 9 I ! I

Explosive substance — A mixture contain-
ing 1', nitro-glycerin, 12'; hexa-nitro-di-
phenyl, SO', ammonium nitrate and 4%
tlour. Carl Rudolf Jahn, ScnlebUBCh, near
Cologne, Germany, assignor to the firm
of Sprengstoff A. C Carbonit, Hamburg.
Germany. <U. s No 1,253,691; Jan 16,

19 IS.)

Flotation Ore Concentrating Apparatus.
Orren Allen. Denver, Colo. (U s. No. 1.-

260,938 ; I>ec. 25, 1917 I

Furnace — Metallurgical Heating Furnace.
Edward C. Walker and Asheleigh S. Muses
St. Louis. Mo, assignors to George M
Illges, St. Louis. Mo (U. S. No. 1,248,213;

Nov. 27. 1917 )

Furnace — -Recuperative Furnace. Silas
B. Russell. St. Louis, Mo., assignor to
Parker-Russell Mining and .Manufacturing
Co.. St. Louis, Mo. (U. S No. 1,251,426;
Dec. 25. 1917.)

Furnaw — Roaster Furnace Top. Ralph
E. H. Pomeroy. McGill, Nev. (U. S No
1.251.692 ; Jan. 1. 1918.)

Furnace-Bricks — Treatment of. Arthur
McD. Duckham. Ashtead. England. (I' S
No. 1.252,415; Jan. 8. 1918.)

Heat Treatment of steel — Composition
for Hardening Steel and Similar Metals
Zachariah Taylor Clark. Portland, i ire
(U. S. No. 1.253.786; Jan. 15, 1918.)

Ore Pulverizer. Charles O. Michaelsen.
Omaha. Neb., assignor to Minnie E. Michael-
sen. Minneapolis. Minn (IT. S. No. 1,247,-
7H1 . Nov. 27 1917 I

Liquid-Spraying Device. George H Gil-
man. Claremont, N. H . assignor, by
mesne assignments, to Sullivan Machinery
Co.. Boston. Mass. ( I'. S. No. 1.251.453 ;
Dec. 25, 1917.)

Ore Pulverizing; Mill. Charles L. Buck-
ingham. Denver. Colo. (U. S No. 1.247.-
633; Nov. 27. 1917 )

Rock Drill. William A. Smith. Den'-er.
Colo., assignor to the Denver Rock Drill
Manufacturing Co. (U. S No. 1.253.290:
Jan 15. 1918.)

Rock Drill — Dolly Mechanism for Drill
Sharpeners. William A. Smith. Denver.
Colo., assignor to the Denver Rock Drill
Manufacturing Co. (U. S. No. 1.253.292 ;
Jan. 15, 1918.)

steel — Process of Rust-Proofing Iron
and Steel by Vapors Containing Phosphorus
Compounds. William H. Allen. Detroit.
Mich. (U. S. No. 1.248.053; Nov. 27. 1917.)

Steel — Process of Treating Steel to Pre-
vent Rusting. Reginald L. Gooding. Bridge-
town. Barbados, British West Indies. (U.
S No. 1.247.668; Nov 27. 1917.)

Surveying — Hand-Leve' William Stuart
Fallis. Raleigh. >" C. (V S. No. 1.253.163:
Jan. 8. 1918.)

-

[NEERING fVND MINING rOURNAL Vol. 105, No. 7

| iMhiiii .niuimiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiuiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii t u iiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimillllllllliiiiilllllllii iiiiiiiiiiiiniiig

Editorial Correspondence

m n mm mini iiiiiiini iiiiiMiiiiiiiinmiii iimiiiiiiiinim iiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiimmiiiii

imiiiiiiiiiuiiiiiiiuiiiniHiiiuRiiiiiiHiB

■ ... ,

-»\ I i; x m IM O— I *b '

.. w . H .,- Mlaa

: *
. '.

Tti.

r •

the Lode In

that 111-

- ilt in lli-

•

pr ' thb

out

ftlM unras Th.i-.ni>' of the trouble—

of the

keep

and

ted by

irmers

lugs .l.nns.

1 the 1 1

I

th. a total
ant another

in \ \ I B — I th. ••
Doll.r >il«rr 1- B. It | X' '"I

the Coo-
Mining < oii-

apters
the

,1 Nevada,

LUthorixlng Go\

■l.i chairman ol

ontlnue

the Walsh-

ort to

.1 at $1 in the

r-mininK industrj nl

\, the J. .1"! Mwtln* in DeBTM ol the

,.f the American Mm
: I new of-

l.ics of

■ lining Industn

, who

in bill.
I the fnited States

ill was

that •

bill has ■ mdable

-s who

.vcrnor
Nevada tl

i aftei
he „ production of silver

supply

, t of mining, it was

,f sup-

i mining in the West had

ost of labor

It is interesting

f silver has in-

hile the [.rices of

wheat

al the
d undei i

•.ing board ha agri i 'I up-
as the general im-

■

mm. Federal

• ■

lo oil shahs

produce

rels of crude oil from

of the state.

■ intry doubt
ill overtake
ihat in
in three feet thick I

• n 10 times the amount

de oil thai ha been

ddltion
n onlum sail

. , ton

''■ '"•'
• '"" to mine shale tn
on the
tax and its effect on the
. industry,
s \i i LAKE CITY— 1 el., i.
The Status ol Mineral Land In I tali in-
cluded In school-land grants to thi
some time an

ttled by a recen] dei
i- >: Supreme Court, and title held to haw
.... hi, the Federal Governmeni
wherever such lands were known to have
arlng at the time of grant.
I tab Copper Co.. has Made Another
K„Vr In Wages, effecting I ad and

unskilled labor al its mini and nulls.
Skll,,„i ire to reci ive an advance

of 25c per day : ! laborers at Bing-

ham , a day additional, while

the same class o rs i] the G

■,,• an advance oi 15c. a day.
the difference being made In accordance
» 'th the number of hours worked, era-
the mine working nine hours.
and those at the mills eight hours. The
.. in wages was made voluntarily by
the company.

BUTTE, mont. — Feb. I
i he Payroll of Hie Anaconda Company
for the month of .January was elr.se to $1.-
i [,500 miners and surface
men employed. Every one of the 23 pro-
ducing mines c.f the company has now all
the m. ii n ' both the day and

night shifts There are many idle men.
I, nt f. are practical miners, and

of course the latter are given preference
in employment.

The Packing Warehouse of the OuPont
Powder <i>.. about six miles from the city.
was .1 recently, entailing a

loss of about $8000 As soon as the fire
i i Boyle with-
drew all men from the locality for fear
of an explosion, as there was considerable
Ite in the building awaiting ship-
,i the powder explod. d, but
slowly burned away. The superintendent
says thai the fin ccidental and was

mi pipe coming in contact
with inflammable material.

The Northern Montana Natural Gas
Co. is the name ..f an organization for
which articles ot tion were n '

iv filed, it has a capital stock of $500,

The incorporators are: C. F. Kelley, vice
nt of the Anaconda Copper Mining
Co., John Gillie, general manager; L. O.
Evans, chief counsel to the Anaconda ; !■'
M. K'-rr. general manager of the Montana
Co., and Charles .1 Kelly, president
of the Daly Bank and Trust Co. The char-
ter is one which admits of the pany

engaging In any and all kinds of bu

but particularly in the development of oil

and gas lands.

Ophlr Mill Resumes Work on manganese
ore. At first the output will nol hi over
100 tons per day. but will be gradually in-

.1 as new ' i ii] ni is installed. The

output of blacl " ii. concentrates

old to the Miami Metal Co. The

Ophir mini beer unwatered down to

a depth of 300 ft. and mining has begun.

It i? the shaft down

10 i ■ Pii e will

ed direcl to the Miami company

nicago. The flotation procei

I een secured from Min-

i put in operation

in about two weeks for the treatment of

The Coal Situation in Montana is not
hortage is expected. The
al public has resigned itself to the
charged by retailers as a conse-
quence of nt regulation and has
lulled Into a State Of indifference as
to further hapi i 0 Hie coal
however. Information has reached
Fuel Administrator Swindlehurst
that the output of many mines which was
rly sold dl dealers and large
consumers is now sold through fi< I i
jobbers, who collect margin per
ton allowed by the Government. Fearing
that all Montana mines will soon sell
through jobber thus eliminating competi-

tion and adding I6c. per ton to the price
of all Montana coal. Administrator Swin-
dlehurst wrote to National Administrator
Garfield on Jan 9, asking him to make an
order abolishing the coal jobbers' business
in Montana. Unless the request is granted,
the c.al industry of the state is likely to
become a monopoly

The Concreting of the Granite Mountain
simft of the North Butte company has been
completed, and the property is once more in
operation after being Idle since the de-
struction of the shaft by fire on the night
of June S, r.H7. During the time Granite
Mountain shaft has been closed the ore has
In ,n hoisted through the old Speculator
shaft at the rate of about GOO tons per day.
It is expected that it will not be long be-
fore the North Butte company is back to
its normal output of 1700 tons a day. The
Granite Mountain shaft has been madt>
fireproof down to the 3000 level. The shaft
has four compartments and has been lined
with steel beams, buried in heavily rein-
forced concrete. Below the 3000 level the
shaft is wet and it was not considered nec-
essary to carry the fireproofing below this
point.'

SPOKANE, WASH. — Feb. 4
A Large Electrolytic Antimony Plant in
Spokane is promised if further tests on ore
are successful. Laboratory experiments on
ore taken from the property of the Coeur
d'Alene Antimony Mining Co. have encour-
aged the owners so much that M. E. Jolley.
president of the company, says a small
factory will be erected to continue the
tests on a larger scale

(iold. Silver, Copper, Lead and Zinc
mined in Washington in 1917. according to
the estimate of C. N Gerry, of the U. S.
Geological Survey, were valued at $2,238,-
000. an increase of 9% over the value in
l!iir,. There was decrease in production of
gold, silver, copper and zinc, but an in-
crease in that of lead. This increase and
the higher prices of metals in 1917 gave the
output a value slightly above that of 1916.
which was $2,048,350. The lead output in-
creased to over 9.000.000 lb., valued at
about $824,000, representing an increase of
nearly 4,000.000 lb. in quantity and $450,-
000 in value. The product came largely
from the Klectric Point property in Stevens
county. Strikes at smelteries during the
year caused a curtailment of shipments
from Washington, especially from the Re-
public and Chewelah districts.

HUSKING. MINN. — Feb. 2
Iron Ore Shipments from State-Owned
Mines on the Mesabe range in 1917 were:
Leonidas. Eveleth, 795,9111 tons : Helmer.
K.nnv 259.569 : Kelvin, Nashwauk, 35,-
806-'Shiras. Buhl. 191,042 ; Hanna. Mt,
Iron 147,697; Deacon. Kenny, 117,711;
Duncan, Chisholm. 5013; Sliver. Virginia,
1555; Majorca. Calumet. 112,394: Franz.
Buhl 78,302 ; Mesabe Mountain, Virginia.
r, ! 93] ; Woodbridge. Buhl. 236.442 ; Pool.
Hibbing, 395.749; Wanless, Buhl, 195,552;
Philbin, Hibbing, 204.510; Wacoutah A
Mt Iron. 72.725; Wacoutah B, Mt. Iron.
1376; Thompson, Crosby, 81,394; Smith.
Hibbing 249,846; Hill Annex. Marble.
250,949; Maderia. Hibhing, 7125; Morton.
Hibbing 1832 tons; total, 1917, 3,505.436
tons. Prior to 1917. 17.470.540 tons. Grand
total, 211,975,976 tons.

The Assessed Valuation of the Iron
Mines in St. Louis County alone is greater
than the assessed valuation of all the per-
sonal property in the State of Minnesota
subject to ad valorem taxation for 191 1.
The mining properties in this county are
assessed at $2711.754.812. while all the per-
sonal property in the state subject to art
valorem taxation is assessed at $26-, 193,-
685 The mining companies this year will
paj Into the treasury of St. Louis County
*:i 005 193, which will be divided as fol-
lows: State. $1,375,433; county; $1,521.-
642; cities, villages, townships and school
districts. $6,108,418. The village of Hibb-
ing collects the largest tax on the range,
the total being $2,429,788 ; the city ol
Eveleth is second with $930,966, and Stunt/.
Township, in which Hibbing is situated.
comes third. $S82.894. The total which the
state "ill raise this year from property
tax will be $8,200,000. or about $800,000
less than the total which the iron mines
will pay into the treasury of St. Louis
County

February 16, L918

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOl UNA!.

Id Ll'TII, MINN.— I .1.. I

The Assessed value of Minnesota Hints

in 1917, despite record pments

.,i Iron ore. is fl8.021.697 hlghei than In
1916, as determined bj the Minnesota Tax
Commission Excepting 1901 thl li thi

largest Inci eai e evei made bj the con

slon In anj s ear, ;iuci amount 9 to a

total assesed value of * 19 i,S63 G92 1 11 ac-
cordance with the classified assessment law
,,1" 1 '.11 s, iron ore, mined 01 unmln< .1 Is
subject i" assessment at BOoi of us full
value The state tax rate for 1 9 1 .' or
era] assessments will produci a revenue
for state purposes of H 500.396 [1
assessments will give .■ revenue o< 10

379

HOUGHTON, MICH. — Feb. ■".

Electric Haulage llu- Been Made Ibso-
ini.-ij Safe at tin- Calumet and Hecla
through experiments which have resulted
in a reduction of the voltage from 2r.» to
125.

The Fuel Administration's Orders clos-
ing down Industries will not be applied to
tiii- section of Michigan. Copper mines
bought their coal supply a year ago and,
as usual, ordered all they needed The coal
Situation here is serious every winter
There can be ho chances taken. Coal
must be brought in by water. Rail trans-
portation is too costly. The winters al-
ways are long, with protracted perio

belOW SOTO and five feet of snow, and new

coal never comes in until navigation opens
As the district is making a necessary war

munition it is well supplied with coal

tjuincy Now Has I niler Const mil ion H
the Nordberg shops a winding engine that

will hoist ore from a depth of 10.000 ft
This plant will be surpassed by but few
in the world in so far as one lone CO 1-
tinuous haul is concerned. The contract
for the new hoist was let last spring and
delivery is to he made next summer. The
new hoist will replace the present plant

at Xo. 2 shaft, which will then be re ved

to the Mesnard No. 8 shaft, which is
gradually going deeper and producing to
the limit of rapacity of the hoist in oper-
ation. The hoist now in use at Mesnard
will go to the Pontiac. which has not been
operating since the strike.

The Construction of the New steel foul
Bridge, by the Calumet &- Hecla at Hub-
bell, is nearing completion. This stei I
structure is built to un-load a 10,000 toa
cargo of coal in 24 hours. Clam diggers
will be used of 10 ton weight and will
handle. 11 tons of coal. Everything is in
readiness for the plant but the motors,
which are promised for February. Because
of the six months winter in the copper
country and the necessity for securing coal
by water transportation, enormous ton-
nages must be secured in the summer and
carried through the winter. Fires in huge
coal piles are numerous. This new coal
bridge, with its large clean-up clams, can
speedily handle a fire by the simple process
of moving the coal.

Copper Producing Companies of the
Lake Superior district have plenty of men
and men are still coming in and are being
brought in. looking for work. However,
the big difficulty right now is making these
new men efficient. Untrained workmen,
farmers, barbers, store clerks and hun-
dreds of others who have come into or been
brought into the camp in search of em-
ployment, are absolutely incapable, of do-
ing the work of the trained workmen who
have been leaving the district. The Army
has taken hundreds. Calumet alone lost
more than 1500 men through the draft
and enlistments and most of them were
men who worked in the mines, young men
who were born here, and Calumet is but a
small part of the camp. The new men
must be trained through weeks and months
of tedious labor, before they become nearly
so efficient as the men who left. Many
do not like the work, although the old em-
ployees were satisfied. They cannot make
nearly so much, particularly on contract
work, as did the former workmen, hut still
they expect the high wages made by the
latter. The result, in general, is that more
men must be employed to keep up the pro-
duction to the point at which it was
running a year ago. A year ago the mines
of the district were putting out the biggest
production of copper in the history of the
camp. One factor, however, in favor of
increased production is that most of the
men coming in are willing to stay — much
more willing than were the men imported
last summer. They are gradually becom-
ing efficient workmen, although an effi-
cient trammer or timberman cannot be
made from the raw material in a week or
in a month. With peace talk, with the
factories elsewhere slowing up because of
the fuel orders, a good class of the raw
material lias been coming in.

An Improved s>-ii-m ,,t Rklp Loading

has ju.-t been adoi

Heels with ih,- pur|

The present managem. bi

in reducli
part in, nt and then In inol
enl 1'" si "i ■' 1 '"uii.i nt coppei

over 1 61 rii, latesl achlei 1 1 1

r- duel Ion hat been inude bj .1 1 1

int. using " ' - >i all

titrol of a I 1 1 1 evei I up two

cats loadi -i with 1 ,ni- and dump
through 11 funnel nt thi bacl ol thi

nit,, t in- -i, [p, whl i" low 1 he tl

,,1 11., level Anothi 1 1 j pi
on,' car and dumpi it into the skip with-
out the funnel Tins, lifl
I- I., used in coi eleel rii

thai 1 i" na I need at 1 he

Ni> hi 1.1 1 n s of t iu< Calumet and Hecla, t..
gi ther with a new design of fl

The lift « us in - 1 usi ii .it t ii 1. 1 Jan.

21, The dumping is .1 irkabl)

fast rate bj oni man li id in..

or four men. and saves the cutting ol
Chutes m Ih,' solid, so that
duction in costs is large,

Lake Superior Copper Mil,,- i>, -rat-
ing at n betti 1 'rii'- exempt 1 m
granted tin- mines in the general flu
ders issued by National Fuel Administrator
Garfield and State Vdminl trator Prudden
did not in any way affect th< min-

ing industry here. There has been no

ition or curtailment of mining, null
lng or milling tin ;i single day. \ numbei
of tin- Michigan copp anies have big

com racts with tin- c fov rnmenl b nd
firms working on Government contracts.
For the present snow and labor troubl
seem safely passed, The Lake Superior
district has been almost blizzard bound
sine, Christmas, yet there lias been no
serious tieup on th,- mine railroads. Pro-
duction from some of the mines to the
mills decreased a few days tins month hut
this loss has practically been made up and
nil th.' roads are cleared Men have been
coming into the district in good number
for tin- last COUple of months and since
tin- embargo ordered at many of the in-
dustrial Centers easl of the Mississippi, in
consequence of the fuel orders, the num-
ber has greatly increased. A high class of
labor is being received new and practics
every mining company that has been bring-
ing in men is now full-handed. No men
are being turned away, however, and there
is to be no reduction in either tin- wage
seal,- 01- the payment of the special bonus-
es and premiums to tin- men because of tie
great influx of labor. It is rather antici-
pated that the advent of spring will cause
many of the itinerants to move out. look-
ing for labor on the surface or in manufac-
turing plants.

JOPLIN, MO. — Feb. 2

Application of Leaching and Electrolysis

to sheet ground zinc ores is predicted as
a future possibility by W. George Waring.
In a paper read before a recent meeting
of operators he called attention to fact
that leaching is peculiarly adaptable to the
chats, middlings, slime and sand of 11011-
calcarious ores of the Grand Falls chert
horizon. Electric current can he pro-
duced at nearby coal mines at a prii
almost as cheap as hydro-electric current.

Mill Destroyed by Fire on Christmas
Day will he rebuilt by Butte-Kansas Co.,
on lease in new Waco-Lawton field. It
will be virtual duplicate of original mill,
which had capacity of 41m tons in 10 hr.
in sheet ground and about two-fifths that
in Waco formation. Since the fire the
company has been working its south shaft,
which was not damaged, and results have
been satisfactory. E. A, Wiltsee. Joplin,
is one of principal owners. The property
is in Kansas, just across the road and
state line from the High Five Co. Mill
building will be started on the High Five
lease as soon as the winter moderates.
A deep hole has been completed for a
Pomona pump to use in shaft sinking.
Half a mile east of this property another
strilzs was made on the Olson land Plan
to drill one more hole and then start
shaft sinking; Strike broadens the proved
mineralized area in this new camp

PHOENIX, ARIZ. — Feb. 4

Arizona Production for 1317. according
to estimates of the U. S. Geological Surv y.
shows that the output of gold, silver, cop-
per, lead and zinc had a total value cf
over $214,000,000. an increase or more
than $23,000,000 over the value of the out-
put in 1916.

In Mohave County, the successful oper-
ation of many mines depends upon the serv-
ice of the Desert Power and Water Co. of
Kingman, whose lines extend to Oatman,
Chloride and other producing districts, im-
provements made in 1917 amounted to

$200.

i

i ...... u t. .

eel t ll et I * I , I - , I n li >

I e.l'l I)

'

H1LVKI TITV, K II I .!• i

I li lor (In- MogOllOO District

'I

silver Tin- principal opi i -it Ins

Ion M ,..ii i

I t hi So. - null

d
pari of t hi mat, ,t ound

d the plant w ill Ih III op, I

atlon ,i.i I-. in i i Imoiig the
Important develoi >nti oi thii com]

■ eutting ol n lai gc bods '-I
the i i ii. i ,,,. bodies

on tie- Johni on and i 'hampion ■

COmpl. t.-d linn new

!• i >t i, ,,r : :t . have

drifts well stalled on ih, lower level

a i gelj increased tin- 01

null wa-. i. adllj i"

it y i companji increased their

.luting 1917 In March the>
et- tie- Maud s mine, i i rui
within thirty daj s, and have bi ■

in June 1 1..- I >eep
■ Ci ral haft t -
tiini" i ■ ' ' ■ .1 ., head fra me and ho
plant ... talli .1 Oi • h .. opened v. 1

-it and is being developed and 1 hip
ped 1.. the mill. Developi

duel Ill, 1 e 1 1. eont ii.l|e,| at tile I Jbl ' ll

-•in. I 1 '111 tun mine:-. I h. ,u hi r two pro],, ri ..

of tin- Central croup and which are to be
operated through 1 he haft on He Deep

•1 '"'.'. n 11 work wa tarted on the Pa

cine in Deci • x and arrangi mem

being mad.- t., coi

Th.- Deadwood shaft is being unwatei .1
material is being delivered and tins prop
erty will no doubt be In operation In the
near future 'I'll,- main tunnel on thl

1:111- group is being driven to cut t.
found 111 the upper workings which had

to he stopp.-.i mi account ..I How of water
"-.I 11. 1 he .-.-imp havi

"I. While the lire al the S

mill reduced production to a marked de-
gree, ih,- development <,f new ore ir, the
■ I., pest workings and tit new properties
point to an increased production for Ibid.

ONTARIO, Feb. t

The Cobalt Mini's in !!>17 shipped ;i

of 2i.i tons of ore and concentrates. This

compares with 15,050 tons in 1916,
tons in 1915, and IX. 220 tons in 1914 This
increase is nil th. more remarkable in view
of the increasing amount of buillion turned
out by several "t the companies. Tin- hue
est shippers were as follows : Nipissing.
3542 tons; Dominion Reduction, 3170 tons.
McKinley Dart-act. 3 tons; .Mining Cor-
poration, 2272 tons, while the O'Brien, La
Hose, Buffalo and Coniagas each shipped
over 1 1 11 in tons.

Manitoba Government Construction Work

of the road from Fort Alexander on the
Winnipeg River to the Rice Lake gold
camp, 35 miles distant, has been started
It is at first to be only a winter road. Put
will afterwards be leveled, and made suit-
able for traffic in all seasons. It
pected that it will be opened about the
third week in February, and will n uli 1
the camp accessible from Winnipeg in one
day's journey. If the road is ready befon
the break up of sleighing, a large quantity
of machinery and supplies for tic- d.
lnent tif th- Uic-e Lake mines will be sent
The Attention of Prospectors is being
: ed to Pot 1 Matachewan district.

about 3" miles west southwest from Kirk-
land Lake. The formation resembli
of the Kirkland Lake field, though the vein
outcrops differ considerably. containing
large quantities of quartz carrying heavj
sulphide. On the surface a number of
these outcrops pan gold freely, but aft.-,
sinking test pits the gold content do.
show so high. Porphyry in the district
similar to that occurring on the property of
the Tough Oakes mine. Kirkland Lake.

VANCOUVER, It. C. — Feb. 4

British Colombia's Mineral Production in

1917 w-as only about $1,000, less in value

than in the banner year of 1916. according
to figures compiled by E. A. Haggen. and
this is despite the loss of production brought
about bv strikes at the Trail smeltery and
in the coal fields. Placer gold production
shows an increase, lode gold a decrease.
silver a decrease, copper an Increase and
zinc a decrease. The total for the year is
placed by -Mr. Haggen at J41.299.668.
against $42,290,462 1.

BNGINl WD MINING JOURNAL Vol. 105, No. 7

[ niiuuiUHi i mi iiiiiMiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiIiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiig

The Mining News

niiiimiiimmiliiiii iiiiiiiiiiiiiiilllllllllllllllllllll IMII1II IIIIIIIIMIIIIIIIUMIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIMIIMIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIF

\l Ml \M \

.• ■■ ,

i '". ■ ' _,| f,„ • .!, m it. • .11 • tl rowing

I ....

I,.,. ,j

\KI/i'N \
l.lla < ,.u"H

final < ouiiK

being

be sunk

, Ing eatab-
n watered by ' tie

\ VPU.M (Kelvin) — Mm t.uild-

iag co l> ii.ll the <-.|Ul|>-

m*nt rating

in about t

Yatapai < Mat)
JEROME VKKDE - Having

■ in ran
shipments

. ["LAND (Jerome)-

pumps

■ of the n

ime Mining
itt and

BY EAGLE (Mayer) — Mill of the
will be operated

\PEX (Jerome)— A. G Har-

loped at once.
PPER (Mayer)— Body of
.hale : eveloped In the

.ft
TE DE COBRE (Mayer) — Crosscut
tunnel through 10-ft of low-

rrade coi

VERDE INSPIRATION (Cherry)-

..i the

plant.
ked ..ut
ELL. i Humboldt)— A m-..
opened up
ft !>outh of the main shaft This will
r<,m the gOO level of the

INTAS (Mayer)— On the

en opened up
i high-grade or<

PAT idard)— .v inized

Intyre and \V Ii Ma-
Will soon begin opera-
tions. The property lies south of I

VAI rl'KIt CO ti-

ght miles southwest
I by de<

thoroughly explored and
OUt. A

•

A $3". "On power
Canyon

-

( M IHlliM \
Altiniriln ( mi ut \

WE- iakland) — Permit

mining

" shares
trating

■ lounty.

Cala' rri, I nunli

r

m small

nd nas shown possibilities as regu-
rhomas T Porteous is

i i Dorado Count]
ALUMINUM I PlacervlUe) — Aluminum
gold quarts property, three miles south of
being operated under lease by
Andrew T Anderson

CINCINNATI (PlacervlUe) — Recent
clean-up of the llrst mill run at the Cin-
cinnati mine, 11 miles northwest of Placer-
vllle, yielded an average of $3.82 gold per
the plates, not Including the gold as
concentrates. The total cost oi mining and
milling was less than $1 per ton N H.
Burger is manager

■ WlXn ,"EI |l.. rail..) Active de-
velopment work ii In progress on the Red
Wing quartz mine hall a mile southwest
.if Martm./. gold mine and three miles
south ,, ui station. Vein

on the 200 level In a 800-ft crosscut. A
number of veins of quartz from 3 to 14 in.
in width, which assay $15 gold per ton
have been discovered. Tunnel being ex-
across vein to footwall. After the
footwall is reached drifts to be run north
lUth, and a winze sunk, and soon as
a sufficient tonnage of ore is developed a
milling plant will he installed. Seth G.
Beach, lumber merchant of Placerville.
recently acquired a large interest in this
mine.

Inyo County
PINE CREEK TUNGSTEN (Bishop) —
Preparations being made for development
.if this new property recently taken over
loper Shapley. Preliminary survey-
just completed from Southern Power Co.
line to Pine Creek canon, the distance for
power transmission being nine miles to
ills or 11 miles to the proposed mill
site Contemplate the installation of a
in plant. Ore to be transported from
0 mill by aerial tramway. Work has
started on a road building a distance of
Bve miles recently examined by E. E.
Mclntyre, of Mclntyre a.- Carpenter, con-
sulting engineers for Round Valley Tung-
Co.

Nevada County
MAYFLOWER (Nevada City) — Option-
ed by Eastern men. Planning modern
equipment and extensive development

ALLISON RANCH (Grass Valley)—
Leasers taking out good ore. and ore lease
i to pay $40 a day per man. The
leasers furnish the labor at $4 a day. and
the company furnishes hoist, pumps, mill
ami power.

NORAMBAGUA (Grass Valley) — High-
grade ore reported in development near the
bottom of the shaft. Width and per-
not at this timi b<
A Operated by the Three Sevens
Mining Co.

LE DUC MINING CO (Crass Valley) —
Xew officers elected are C F White, of San
Francisco, president; B. A Penhall, Grass
Valley, vice president and manager: Or
W. G. Thomas. Grass Valley, secretary;
John P. Jones. San Francisco, and Will
Sami dlrei tors.

NORTH STAR '.alley) — Natural

basin on Wolf Creek utilized for storage
of tailings pro' di uati I'.nnpany

has installed a tower for liftint sands to
necessary height t.. be carried across the
on vacant lands owned
by the company. The tailings problem
Is demanding solution at other mines in
the Crass valley and Nevada City dis-
tricts.

Placer County
BALTIMORE (Fi ! I ill)— Large

force of in .1 at this placer mine,

and production incr.

pacific DREDGE (Auburn)— Recon-
struction of dr.-dge in progress. Former-
ly operated on middle fork of American
rig installed on north fork.

Plumuv County
JUNEDAT (Crescent Mills) — Making ex-
provementi including new air

compressor and ele. • motoi Contend-

installation imp mill. Vein at

of 800-ft. tunnel said to be eight

ide. carrying much free gold In

quartz F. D. Searlght is president.

Santa Iturbura County

PIN A I, DOME OIL en. (Santa Maria) —
Permit to pa\ t.. the stockholders property
and assets amounting to $2,880,000. If paid
in bonds of I'nion Oil Co. the same to be
deemed of face value. By former author-
ity of the commissioner of corporations the
company paid dividends from undistributed
profits.

Shasta County
KEYSTONE (Coram) — Good copper ore
reported at the bottom of 260-ft. shaft.
Shasta County
0 s SMELTING R. & M. CO. (Mam-
moth)— Copper production from smeltery
for January was 1, 820,000 lb.

WALKER (Old Diggings) — Russell L.
Dunn, of San Francisco, has made exam-
ination of the property. Owned by Salt
Lake interests which are contemplating a
reopening.

YANKEE JOHN' (Centerville) — Two-
stamp mill being installed. Ore in sight
for testing. Shaft to be deepened and
further exploration and development fol-
low. If results warrant stamps to be add-
ed. T. E. Graff is superintendent.

.MOUNTAIN COPPER CO* (Iveswick)-'
Grading for addition to concentration plant
at Minnesota station on the Iron Mountain
Ry. is in progress. Contemplate having
the new plant ready for operation in the
first half of 1918.

AFTERTHOUGHT (Ingot) — Reported)
that flotation plant will resume opera-
tion in January. Necessary improvements
and adjustment and a scarcity of cars
caused temporary closing down of plant
in November. John Tait Milliken. and J.
M. McClave will assist J. T. Robertson
with resumption of flotation. Company
being financed by John T. Milliken. The
mine contains a. large amount of zinc, cop-
per and other metals and has been a com-
plex problem.

Sierra County
YOUNG AMERICA MINE (Forest) —
This ancient channel gravel deposit is
again producing. Mugwump Mines Co., of
Grass Valley are present bonders and have
installed, under the supervision of L. R.
Miller, a complete plant, including a new
design tube mill. Property has two well-
defined quartz veins cut by ancient chan-
nel. One of these veins produces fine
specimens of picture gold, and the other
is well mineralized and probably a good
low-grade proposition.

Siskiyou County
KLAMATH RIVER DISTRICT is active.
S. B. Bar placer of 40 aires near Gottville
being worked through 2-compartment shaft.
Prospecting drifts will be driven. Gasoline
engine, hoist and pump to be installed. Op-
erated under lease by Louis G. Glieve and
Or. W. A. Boslough, of Ashland. Ore. Pilot
Knob quartz property waiting for water
Recent mill test satisfactory. T. K. Ander-
son, of Ashland, owner. Mine equipped
with steam hoist and waterwheel pump.
Centennial Bar mine installed new Cooper
pump, driven by overshot wheel. W. B.
MacAdams is owner. Red Hill mine in-
stalled 2-stamp quartz mill. Operated by
John R Clute and W. J. Beagle. Ranch-
erie cement gravel mine installing new 50-
ton ball mill to increase capacity of milling
plant. Electric power will be furnished by
California-Oregon Power Co. Mr. Ander-
son, of San Francisco, is manager

HAZEL (Hornbrook) — Concrete pillars
for compressor in place and 10-stamp mill
being put in order. Operated under lease
by Mr. Goivan,

Trinity County
BABLEVV MINES Co. (Los Angeles) —
Permit to issue 9997 shares capital stock
to L. L. Grimm in exchange for lease to
mining land and water rights of hydraulic
mine situated near Lewiston.
Tuolumne County
HAI.ES & SYMONS (Sonora) — C. E.
Rives is moving 5-stamp mill to this prop-
erty, expecting to be operating before Mar
15. Mine is developed by two shafts. 55
ft. and 100 ft deep, with 100-ft. crosscut.
Large amount of ore ready for milling.

SPRINGFIELD TUNNEL (Columbia) —
Preparations for resuming operation of this

February u>, 1918

ENGINEERING AND MINING J01 F

855

gravel properly, whirl) Is lapped by :i tutl-

nt-i ami raises. Company has secured ii^iit-
of-way for now tunnel from Mormon Creek

through the Wight ranch Working the

portion of the property was stopped by Bow
of water that could not be handled through
other source Right-of-way also secured
for electric-power line through Wight
r&noh

SILVER I'Ll'ME Tl'NNKl. (i:,,,t,;,-

town)— Shipments being made by Will Ste-
phens.

MIDLAND CHIEF (Georgetown) — Ship-
ping lead and sine concentrates Ore treat-
ed In Lynn mill, operated by company.

COLORADO
Clear Creek County
HALL TUNNEL (Georgetown) — Tunnel,

in T <>o ft. "ill I"- driven 8800 ft Milling
plant. Including notation, will be built.

IMPERIAL MINING CO. (Georgetown;
— Operating Waldorf and other properties,

and Waldorf mill. Flotation used.

CAPITAL COMPANY (Georgetown) —
Making regular production of good-grade

gold ore assaying in copper, lead and silver.

MIDLAND CHIEF (Georgetown) — Oper-
ating mine and mill of Mineral Chief com
pany. Flotation used with good results
Philip M. Collins in charge.

COLORADO CENTRAL (Georgetown) —
Foundation for new mill completed. Ex-
pect to have mill completed by spring.
Regular development work being done.

COLORADO & ARGENTINE (George-
town)— Will be reopened. Property ad-
joining Colorado Central. Over $100,000
produced 30 years ago from depth of 100
ft.

GUM TREE (Idaho Springs) — Property
being developed under lease by Adolph Nel-
son and associates, and payable ore opened
Trial shipments of both smelting and mill-
ing ore made. Milling ore shipped to the
Newton mill at Idaho Springs.

BIG FIVE (Idaho Springs) — Considerable
low-grade ore shiped from Mosher lease by
W. T. Hireen Lake property being operated
by three sets of lessees. Lessees are clean-
ing out the Bellman property preparatory to
resumption of development through the Big
Five tunnel.

Custer County

PASSIFLORA (Westcliffe) — Regular
shipments, totaling about 1 00 tons per
week, being made. Ore is heavy iron-cop-
per-lead sulphide. Most of production from
125-ft. level.

(<ilpin County

GILPIN - EUREKA (Centrafl City) —
Stated flotation plant may be installed.

PRIMOS CHEMICAL (Empire) — Con-
struction of milling plant progressing sat-
isfactorily.

CONCRETE (Central City) — Westerly
extension of Gunnell ; being worked through
lateral from Argo tunnel. Regular ship-
ments made to Argo mill.

EVERGREEN (Apex) — Two shifts work-
ing at mine and mill. As soon as big com-
pressor installed, mill will be worked
three shifts. Flotation installed ; making
satisfactory recovery. Lower levels drain-
ed, and large shoot ore opened on 350-ft
level. Copper is chief valuable mineral.

CASHIER GOLD MINING CO. (Central
City) — Milling plant nearing completion,
and mine workings cleaned out and re-
paired. Meeker shaft retimbered to 320-ft.
level. Pittsburg and Golden Wedge will
be worked through this shaft. Ore trans-
ported from this shaft to mill by two-bucket,
counterbalanced tramway.
Lake County

FANNY RAWLINGS (Leadville) — De-
velopment work has opened high-grade sil-
ver ore carrying some lead and gold. Regu-
lar shipments made. Large tonnage zinc
sulphide ore also developed.

DERRY RANCH DREDGE (Leadville) —
Closed dredging season Dec. 15. In 1917
produced $15,000 per month; paid $50,000
dividends, or 50% on capitalization of $100,-
000. Property covers 1800 acres. Ground
averages 20c. per cu.yd. Capacity of dredge,
7500 cu.yd. per day.

Ouray County

SILVER BELL (Ouray) — This old prop-
erty, near Red Mountain, will be reopened
by lessees. Mine was a large producer of
high-grade silver ore. associated with an-
timony, copper and bismuth minerals. Now"
full of water, and this extremely acid.
San Juan County

CONGRESS (Silverton) — Systematic de-
velopment work being done by lessees this
winter, preparatory to spring shipments.
Mine now cut off by heavy snow. Regular
production of good-grade silver-copper ore
made during last season.

Situ MlKllH < <iiiiiI>

MOLYBDENUM QUEEN (Ophll I

build mill in Spring. tO in at mill vl.d.num
ore

TOMBOY (Tellurlde) - About 700
treated dath i»> concentration and cyanlda-
tlon Stated more ground on Ouraj Count}

side oi range will be worked

summit County
ELLA (Breckenrldge) — Shipping
carbonate ore

[RON m \sk . Brecki i gi l

ment work progressing with satisfactory
results shipments of iron manganese ore

made

KOKOMO MINING CO (Kokomo)
Large body of low-grade molybdenu

opened Averages less than L" . Plotatloi

tests being made to determine posslbh
saving

Teller Count]
VICTOR (Cripple creek) Operated bj

Kama! Leasing Co Making regular ship-
ments

INDEX (Cripple Creek) -Plve-yeai lease
taken bj El Paso Extension Co. Develop-
ment work to be done at one.

CRESSON (Cripple Creek) — Recent de-
velopment work on fifth level, southea I ol
shaft, has opened large tonnage of milling
grade me tire being mined on 11th. i:ch.
14th and 16th leveli

LONGFELLOW (Victor)— A new ore
house is being erected at the main shaft bj
the Excelsior Mining. Leasing and Electric
Co. The new structure will be ready for
use early in February.

IDAHO
Homier County

ARMSTEAD MINES INC. (Talache) —
Tunnel No 3 cut the expected vein at a
distance of 3505 ft. The vein is 5 ft. wide
and contains splendid concentrating ore
assaying 25 oz. of silver per ton.

Shoshone County

REINDEER-QUEEN (Mullan)— A 6-in.
vein that assays 1R',; copper and 2 oz.
silver struck at this property in the long
drift running east. For over 300 ft. there
has been from 3 to 4 ft of low-grade ore.
and the last 150 ft. carries an average of
about 2i'/, copper.

AMAZON - MANHATTAN (Wallace) —
Ray-Jefferson mill, on Beaver creek, is now-
running on ore from Amazon-Manhattan,
being delivered at the mill by a tramway
one-half mile in length. Ore is both lead
and zinc. This is a new producer controled
by the Days who also control Ray-Jefferson.

CORRIGAN (Kellogg) — Property, con-
sisting of 40 claims and owned by the Fed-
eral Mining & Smelting Co.. being operated
under long lease by the Kellogg United
Mines Co. Much development was done by-
Federal many years ago, showing up much
zinc-lead ore which was unprofitable to
mine at that time. Shaft was sunk 600 ft
Leasing company announce that a mill of
100 tons initial capacity will be built in the
spring which will recover both lead and
zinc. Company is being financed by S A
McCoy, of Spokane, who is now in the east
to complete arrangements for mill.

BIG CREEK (Wallace) — Important strike
made by the Big Creek Mining Co this
week, the vein being cut after driving a
crosscut 2400 ft. Seven ft. of lead-silver ore
has been penetrated, the entire mass being
of good milling grade with several streaks
of high grade, one of which is 6 in wide
and which probably assays 70% lead. In
the workings 600 ft above there are two
shoots, one gray copper and the other lead
Extensive shipments have been made from
former which carries high silver Ore in
strike below shows some gray copper and
it is regarded probable that both shoots
have come together.

MICHIGAN
Copper

ISLE ROYALE (Houghton) — Daily ton-
nage 2900 tons.

OSCEOLA (Osceola) — Tonnage increased
from 4200 daily to 4400.

NEW BALTIC (Houghton) — Finding
rich ground in raise from 275 ft. level.

FEDERAL SYNDICATE (Calumet) — Se-
cured options South of Keweenaw Water-
way, formerly called Portage Lake Canal.

BEAR LAKE POOL (Calumet) — Fifth
diamond drill hole down 362 ft., mostly
in sandstone so far. with some conglomerate,
and one bed of trap rock 21 ft. wide.

NEW BALTIC (Houghton) — Raising
south of shaft on rich shoot to prove ex-
tent upward, and so far excellent' showing
of buckshot-sized stamp rock.

w HITB I'lM: i i .1 No.

Is getting Inl i a Ileal lot

Ion,, . ;0kOQ0

SEN1 :c \ (Mol ' iin.ler

him hops
do troyed I", fin last week S.ba/t sinking
deli ed sveral weeks.

VICTi » 1 1 1 \ (Victoria) T'to. in, tlon In
1917, 1.600,000 lb i oppi i- (in, stop* OB
"till lev.i yielded 36 t,jn,s ol mass C
' hi Pol lit tods
CALUMET A\l> in. ci. \ (Calumi

it of I in- Tarn-

the North Tamarack.
WHITE PINE EXTENSION (Tin. ,

levels In BOO It.
OUth No 2 shaft ore

■ i., i ton

PR WKI.1N ( I i. i, i, nun) l,,l. nflvi "Oii-

i" tarti d "ii 30th li vol nortl

Pewablc tm; gdal li making 5th lev-
el n< ,1 I ;,!■• dOVI n tO I 360 daily

on account of

aii.m EEK i Houghton omini

trom in, North Vhmeek shafti 3 and 1

i""* "if a ir] i i lepth, as

tin nick today is running close I" -'2 lb

coppei to tie ton

HOUGHTON COPPER (W mil — In

making exploi atlo , ,, ,,p,.P t v

,r v'ii level .li i ft on Supi rlor wen!

out of vein crosscut 13 fi easl and found

west vein in -at boundary with only lit-
t ie coppt '

MICHIGAN, (Rockland) — ..Substantial

shipments ol mass copper continue to be
made from this property and underground
developments on the two formations am
encouraging .Milling rock now goes to the
Winona mill.

MINNESOTA

Cuyunn Ranee
\SII IRON CO ,-Riverton) — Recently
incorporated to mine Congdon-Adams lands
in Sec. 19-40-29, for manganiferous ore.
Available for shaft and open-pit mining.

Mesadi Range

NEWPORT (Grand Rapids)— -All ex-
ploration work has been discontinued.

OLIVER (Eveleth)— Coal dock built to
supply locomotives for the Adams pit west
of No 1 Spruce shaft, about completed.

TIAXXa illil.limg) — Plans to erect a
new office building in Mil. long and mow its
western Mesabi headquarters from Chis-
holm.

MAJORCA }fTXE (Calumet ) — The Pick-
ands Mather Co sinking 8x18 ft. three-
compartment shaft at an angle of 60 deg
Four new buildings, office, sleeping camp
dining camp, and blacksmith shop, are also
being constructed Foui diamond drills be-
ing operated mi section 15-56-23

WAWBEEK (McKinley) — The contract
to build the dry house, engine and boiler
house, warehouse, office, and blacksmith shop
has been awarded to .Martin Bergerson, of

Virginia This mine is just being opened
up Mr Bergerson has just completed the
building of additional surface facilities at
the Virginia property of the company.

BRAY ,'Ke. watihl— Tills Republic Iron
and Steel property is first on Mesabi range
to conserve fuel by burning timber of too
poor quality to use underground. The
large timber yards at mine being gone over
carefully, and all culled timber is cut up
in proper lengths for the boilers. It is
estimated that the fuel value of two cords
of cull timber is eoual to one ton of soft
coal.

MISSOURI

Joplin District

F, E. HESS (Racine) — Will drill out con-
siderable acreage near Racine.

DIXIE GIRL (Rush) — Tunnel headings
have penetrated big body of carbonate of
zinc

LUCKY FIVE (Joplin)— Have opened
good small lead mine on Freer land, near
Duenweg

BEN B (Joplin) — Has started operation
of new 200-ton mill. O. Longacre, Joplin.
owner.

NEWHOUSE (Baxter. Kan.) — Have in-
stalled 9-in. pump and 100-hp. engine and
will drain ground.

CHARLES PAGE (Tulsa) — T. H. Steffins
and associates in lease in new section of
field directly east of Miami.

FERCH (Joplin) — Developing good ore-
body on Continental Zinc tract at 200 ft.
To build tram to Pearl mill and increase
output.

ZINC BASIN (Rush) — Operated by
Okla.-Ark. Oil and Mining Co.. of Holden-
ville. Okla. Struck small pocket of as-

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 7

■

MOM ' * s x

iiu>

■

■I its
>w In

In* tax

...Mil . I MllllH

mine
. v. in aver-

..1 ;iinl
12 ft wldi

-

id and

«,li-r II. .w < OBOtj

only,
si \ IDA

I \ nn t onnl >

PPF.R CO (Thomp-

I artlvi', hut nothiiiB
irface

N % r I Mill |

IPAH ORE PRODUCTION for

i ounti .1 i"

■

ih Kxtei

- . MacNa-
I Halifax l

Rtorej ConnlJ
, iph ( • la)— Wot* in pi

NEVADA (Virginia) — Ad-

10 ft.

IACKET (Gold Hill) — Surfar

-haft bins
Surfa. low-grade

-
Hoping Mill opt

Inued :
•.ankle
■ a mine ore
ir bullion.

-Total produc-

from mine

raging

Work

sam-
th rlrift 01
• 1 started in a . quartz.

I T Ml

r ( oillil \

PER RANCH (Mllford) — New elec-
lallfd soon at in-

Juul. ( ounti

IANTJARY from

• If. I ;,t

'I with
November,
Decn
th January*. 1917.

-

. Tintic Junction) — Car of
narket B. F. Flelner.

LILY - Difficulty

allayed to

installed and

Work again taken up

ndred feet.

up about I" ft., with
rig 'ire copper-gold-

[RON I '~','", '"

lyi i [Pect-

\ortn

Cisjj riVAl H ii i i Mammoth) Property

Lral being pros-

, In carrying

> expected soon to

UTAH MINES (Fish Springs) N

mile haul to Ms ume ra-

new management Q

illation of ores unde

pi a al s evel when

would
ded from workings Much
would, with good transporta-
shtpplng grade.

TINTIC STANDARD (Eureka) Devel-
opment : orebody both
,i at greater depth On 1260
Irlftlng to north has followed main
ion ft., and ore ol shipping
, sets wide i »re continu-
ing both upward and downward, as well
as laterally In two directions Ore also

I from drift connecting new shs
the 1260 with old stope. Also drift on
same level continued a iterly from

shaft opened bunches of ore.

*nlt Lake County

SOUTH HECLA i Alia)— Shipped four
.1; ended Jan. 12, In spite
,.f adverse hauling conditions.

COLUMBUS REXALL (Alta) — Since

Jan 1 about 260 tons of ore shipped down
partly by wagon a«d partly by

MONTANA -BINGHAM (Bingham) —
l.,ad ore of shipping grade reported at
depth Opened in raise from Montana-
Blngham tunnel, being driven for Fortuna
workings. 140D ft. higher up. Good body
i ported in Keystone tunnel.

\I.TA CONSOLIDATED (Alta)— String-
opened m face ol drift from
I lyn tunnel, being driven for down-

ward ■ Of ore in Earl lease i ire

being driven in Braine fis-
sure from main tunnel level, about nil ft
from former raise In this si ction . latter has

followed ore upward foi I 50 ft. Strike

in Silver King fissure holding out, and
winze being sunk -to facilitate mining.

CARDIFF (Salt Lake)— No shipments
al present on account of bad roads In Big
1 canyon and little ore to be
shipped during heavy winter season, except
ihipments as will be furnished by
lile near Lovendahl. In meantime,
ted to keep working force as at pres-
to 7.". men. and devote winter sea-
development work, preparatory to
imptlon of shipments in spring.

Summit County

THREE KINGS (Park City)— Shalt

ft Small pump handling water

pending arrival of large pump delayed en
route

PARK CITY SHIPMENTS FOR JANU-
ARY, according to preliminary figures,
amounted to 10,302 tons, compared to 10,-
ikii ton-; in December, 13,466 in November,

and 11.172 tons in Octobel The January
output In 1917 was 6 Ii 43 tons.

JUDGE MIXING AND SMELTING
(Park City) — Fire starting from spai
from roaster at zinc plant caused some
damage, although speedily put out by lire
tment of plant. Top and side of
burnt out. but temporary l
io be quickly made, and roaster operating
again almost immediately

SILVER KING CONSOLIDATED (Park
City) — stockholders voted Increase In capi-
talization of from 7"". to 1,000,

shares to help financing newly acquired
Califomia-Comstock. Stockholders given
opportunity to acquire new issue
whatever is not taken to be offered for
sale

t'tah County

PACIFIC (American Fork) Royaltli
by American Fork Exploration Co. — les-
sees—on six lot mounted to $776.
Two more ears still to ettled for, and
considerable tonnagi centrates in
bin. Roads, blocked since Jan. 15. open
again.

PHILIPPINE ISLANDS

Ma-hate

COLORADO MINING CO. (Aroroy) —
Ball mills replacing stamp in remodeling
of mill. J. S. Colbath is manager.

< \\ \i> \

Ontario

M.-KlN'l.K-Y-i iARRAGH (Cobalt I i >U!
Mui for 1911 amounted to $890,000. Divi-
dends, (269,723

TECK HUGHES (KirUland Lake) i

number of changes being made In mill to
inipioN e reco-) ery

DOME MINES CO (South Porcupine)
Mill shut down .mi Dec I. but mine develop-
ment still m progress.

ANKERITE i Porcupine) — Downward
continuation of orebody found In crosscut

at the 200 level

SKEAD (Skead Township) — Shaft down
urn ft and crosscuttlng under way to pick

up \. ins found on surface.

THOMPSON KRIST (Porcupine) — Has
lei contract to \ Ipond for drifting into T. K,
pi opei tj from i"" level of Vipond.

ELLIOTT KIRKLAND (Kirkland Lake)

Shaft being put down from In" to 500
level At 300 ft. level. 11 ft. of ore was
cut.

CROWN RESERVE (Cobalt)— Produc-
tion Of 1917 was {265,166 as against $191,-
822 for preceding year. Profits were $82.-
573 as against $2073 ill 1916.

DOME LAKE (Porcupine) — Good ore

being found in No 3 vein in a stope from
the 100 level, which shows good grade
milling ore for about sn n

LA ROSE (Cobalt)— Shaft on Violet
property down 400 ft Will be sunk :iu ft
further, at which level a crosscut will be
run to pick tip veins coming in from
O'Brien mine

DAVIDSON (Porcupine) — Oreshoot cut
on 100 level 5 to 6 ft. in width and ovei
200 ft. in length. Diamond drilling indi-
cates that this orebody extends to the 300
level.

CHAMBERS FERLAND (Cobalt)— Prof-
its for 1917 were $69,333. Paid dividend to
Aladdin Cobalt, the English holding com-
pany, of $72,600. Balance carried forward
is $11,597.

MINING CORPORATION OF CANADA
(Rickard Township) — operations are be-
ing vigorously pushed. A mining plant in-
stalled and preparations being made for
diamond drilling. Shaft being put down.

ADANAC (Cobalt) — At annual meeting
Feb. 7 bylaw will be introduced asking per-
mission to increase capital from $2,500,000
to $3,000,000. Arrangements have already
been made for sale of block of this treas-
ury stock.

WRIGHT - HARGRAVES (Kirkland.

Lake) — No. 3 shaft reached 2oO-ft. level
and crosscut has passed through 16 ft. of
vein with face still in ore heavily mineral-
ized. New electrically driven mining phyit
giving satisfaction.

McINTYRE (Porcupine) — Report of
operations for last half 1917 shows in-
creased production, with higher operating
costs. Number of tons milled. 8!i,8:i7 ;
value. $10.48 per ton; recovery, $865,498;
total operating costs. $453,476, being $5.nl
per ton. The profit was $412,022, or $4.58
per ton.

LAKE SHORE (Kirkland Lake) — Finan-
cial statement as of Nov. 30 shows cash
and accounts receivable of $74,423 and cur-
rent liabilities of $34,114, leaving balance
of $40,300. During year $70,538 was spent
in development, amounting to 2865 feet.
Developed ore is 25,000 tons, averaging $16
a ton. Indicated ore an additional $400,000.

NIPISSINi* (Cobalt) — The Callow unit
is being discarded and company giving
preference to the cyanide treatment. This
is due to the high cost of the process and
the difficulty of marketing the product,
which must be shipped out of the country
for treatment. By using the Wilfley ta-
bles, followed by cyanide, it is possible to
produce a concentrate which can readily
be turned into bullion at the company's re-
finery.

TEMISKAMING (Cobalt) — Fight for
control continues with increasing bitterness.
Meeting held Feb. 4. but results will probably
not be known for several days. Annual re-
port for 1917 shows 958.669 oz. produced at
a cost of 31.6c. per oz. Gross value was
$875,782 and net profits $544,342; $300,000
was paid in dividends. Quick assets are
$835,342, which includes $507,157 cash in
banks.

MEXICO

Sonora

GREEN-CANANEA (Cananea) — Th •

production for January was : Copper, :i -

130.000 lb.; silver. 96.970 oz. and gold

730 oz.

February 1G, 1918

ENGINEERING AND MININi; JOUR

HjiiiiiiiiiiiillllliHIiillluiiilliiilllllullllHlllllllllllllllllimiiiiiiiiiiiiim mi I n nil iiiiiiiiiiiini nil n inn mil in ninnii | nun iiiimiiiiimimiiiiiiiiNiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii inniiin nn

The Market Report

aiiiniiinniininiiniiininmimmiiiiliiniimimiillliilllllimmmiminiii ininiinimininiiniiiiiiimi inn I I n n niiminiininiiniinnniiniiiniiiniiiiiinii i imiimiminiimn mi iinniiii

SILVER IND STERLING EXCHANG1

Sterl-
ing
Ex-
change

Silver

Sterl-
imr
In

change

Silvi i

Feb.

N ew
1 ork,

('(■II!.-

Lon-

• 1

Pence Feb

New

Vork,

1 ion

.Ion.

Pence

7

8
9

4.7525
4 7525

4 7525

861
861
85i

43 i 11
43 12
42i 13

4 7525
4 7525

85]

858

42J
421
42

NYn York quotations are as reported by Handy
& Barman ana are in routs per troy ounce of bar
silver, 999 tine, London quotations arc in pence per
troy ounce of sterling silver, 925 fine.

DAILY PRICES OF METALS IN NEW YORK

Copper

Tin

1.. ul

Zinc

Electro-

Feb.

lytic

Spot.

N. Y.

St. L.

St L

6 80

6 70

7 65

7

*23J

t

@6 90

@6 80

<a'7 75

6 80

6 70

7 70

8

*23J

t

@6 90

@6 75

(.i 7 75

6.80

6 70

7 70

9

*23$

t

@6 90

(5 6 75
6 75

(3 7 75

7 70

II

*23J

t

7

(5 6 80
6 80

(o>7 75
7 70

12

@6.85
6 80

@7 75
7 70

13

*23S

t

7 @6 90

©7.75

* Price fixed by agreement between American
copper producers and the V. R. Government, accord-
ing to official statement for publication on Friday,
September 21, 1917.

t No market.

The above quotations (except as to copper, the
price for which has been fixed by agreement between
American copper producers and the U. S. Govern-
ment, wherein there is no free market) are our
appraisal of the average of the major markets based
generally on sales as made «nd reported by producers
and agencies, and represent to the best of our judg-
ment the prevailing values of the metals for the
deliveries constituting the major markets, reduced to
basis of New York, cash, except where St. Louis is
the normal basing point.

The quotations for electrolytic copper are for cakes,
ingots and wirebars.

We quote electrolytic cathodes at 0.05 to 0.10c.
below the price of wirebars, cakes and ingots.

Quotations for spelter are for ordinary Prime
Western brands. We quote New York price at 17.5c.
per 100 lb. above St. Louis.

Some current freight rates on metals per 100 lb
are: St. Louis- New York 17c.; St. Louis-Chicago,
6.3c; St- Louis- Pittsburgh, 13.1 cents.

LONDON

Copper Tin

Lead

Zinc

Standard

Elec-
tro-
lytic

Spot

3 Mos.

Spot

Feb.

Spot

3 Mos.

Spot

7
8
9
II
12
13

110
110

no
no
no

no

no

no
no
no

125
125

125
125
125

305
305

310
3114

315'

302J
302|

306

307|

311

29i
294

294
294
294

54
54

54
54
54

The above table gives the closing quotations on
London Metal Exchange. All prices are in pounds
sterling per ton of 2,240 lb. For convenience in
comparison of London prices, in pounds sterling per
2,240 lb , with American prices in cents per pound
the following approximate ratios are given, reckoning
exchange at $4.7515. £294 =6 2576c; £54 = 1 1.4545c;
£110 =23 3333c; £125 = 26 5151c .; £260 = 55.1513c;
£280= 59 3937c; £300= 63.6362c. Variations, £1
= 0.2121205c

Metal Markets

NEW YORK — Feb. 13, 1918
The only interesting feature this week
was the advance in the price (or lead.
The dullness in zinc continues depressing.
Tin is unobtainable by anybody. About
copper there is little to report.

Copper — The settlement of the long-
shoremen's strike and freer deliveries of
blister copper by the railways are reliev-

ing the Bit uat ion al the copper 1 1 fl
which, In tari, are now troubled more bj
. i ude coppi i coming In too rapid)} than
i hey are bj the lack of it.

Cupper Sheetn are quoted at 811c. pei
b t.o.b mill foi hoi rolli d, and Lc i
for cold rolled i topper « li e ia quoted al
f.o.b mill, carload •

Tin- i hi i e i still no market, Pli nl s

Ol pie WOUld buy Straits tin if H

to be had. and probably would pay $1 a lb
for It. Indeed, price would be no
ation, and the I' S. Government, in spite
of having ■ ered supplies a little

while ago, would now probablj paj extrav-
agant prices just as cheerfullj

else.

Lead — There was a more widespread in-
quiry and some fairly large transact

were effected, both in the St Louis and
New York markets On Feb. li the Amer-
ican Smelting and Refining Co advanced
its price to 7c. New York The Orient
continued to Inquire for lead in our mar-
ket. Init apparently purchases have not
yet been made.

Zinc — There were a few transactions
The only interesting features were a Irill-
ing advance in the price as reflected bj
those thai were made .and the sale of
some spelter for export.

Zine Sheets — Price of zinc sheets has1 not
been changed. Demand is strong and the
market continues at $1!) per 100 lb. f.o.b.
Peru, less S',; discount.

Aluminum — This market is quiet at 36ifi
38c. per lb. for No. 1 ingots at New York.

Antimony — This metal continues dull
and weakish. We quote spot at 13 J'" 1 I c ,
and futures at 12gc., c.i.f., in bond.

Bismuth — Metal of the highest purity for
pharmaceutical use is quoted at $3.35 per
lb. for wholesale lots — 500 lb. and over.
South American shipments of impure
grades continue to come in and, after refin-
ing, metal for miscellaneous commercial
purposes is available at $2.65^ 2.75 per lb

Cadmium — This metal is quoted at $1.50
(g 1 75 per lb., depending on the quantity.

Nickel — Steady at 50c. per lb., premium
of 5c. per lb., for electrolytic.

Quicksilver — Unchanged quotationally at
$125, but the market is easier on freer of-
ferings and reduced demand. The expecta-
tion of heavy arrivals in the near future
also has a checking influence. San Fran-
cisco reports, by telegraph, $117 50, steady.

Gold, Silver and Platinum

Gold — Gold coin and bullion in the U. S.
Treasury on Jan. 1. 1918, amounted to
$3,040,439,343, comparing with $2,864,841.-
650 on same date in 1917 ; held in Treasury
as assets of the Government, $212,230,998
as against $252,526,280 last year; held by
Federal Reserve banks and agents against
issues of Federal Reserve notes, $512,489,-
005. In circulation. $972,561,266 (includes
$299,843,787 credited to Federal Reserve
banks), as against $679,702,890 on Jan. 1,
1918, and $1,065,170,819 on Dec. 1. 1917.

Gold monetary basis is to be tried in
southern Manchuria by the Bank of Chosen
and the Yokohama Specie Bank, the cen-
tral financing institution for this region.
Quotations for silver exchange at Dairen
was officially abolished by the Japanese
government, according to 'Commerce Re-
ports." but the proclamation was rescinded
owing to the opposition of Chinese mer-
chants ; the local "chamber of commerce"
indorsed the gold standard but objected to
its being applied solely at pairen.

Silver — This metal is in steady demand,
though at slightly receding figures. Ship-
ments to London have increased recently
owing to special orders.

Mexican Dollars at New York; Feb. 7.
68; 8, 68; 9, 68; 11, 68; 12, ; 13, 68.

Silver dollars in U. S. Treasury on Jan. 1,
1918, amounted to $568,269,513 as against
$568,270,319 on Jan. 1, 1917 ; subsidiary
silver, $218,266,579, as against $193,495,082.
Silver dollars held in Treasury as assets of
Government, $16,300,521 on Jan. 1, 1918,
comparing yvith $17,108,654 on Jan. 1. 1917 ;

(1,791,860

iimi- date in clr-

on; Silver dollars. 177,869,353 on .Ian

I. 19U 0,864 on .Ian 1

ertiflcati and

I'lnl imim

A little : i e. i We q

uiiiiiiium Advanced to $1872 138.

Zinc and Lead Ore Markets

joplln. Mil. Feb. '< Blende, per ton.
• . Zn, premium ore,

-or !..

,-.i lamlm pei ton i u ' Zi aver-

ting price, -Hi grades of zinc, $55.15
per ion

I., a.l High, (86.95 . basis &0<% Pb
85 ; average selling price, all grades of lead,

$XII 13 pel lOII

Shipment! tie week: Blende, 77iv cala-
mine, 366, lead 1062 ions. Value, all
eek, 1530,150

The Frisco announced todaj the lifting
of a 10-day embargo, during which time

t accepted ni xmsigi nts. Bven

with this embargo in effect the
shipment was larger than a year ago. and
is only 900 tons zine less than last week

The prolonged winter has broken and
the two feet of 1 1 ost i out of I he ground,

the thaw < g so gradually that it has

interfered but little in hauling ore.

riiiftcviUc, Wis., Feb. '■> iRv telegraph)
— Blende, basis CO', Zn, $62.50 basi tot
premium grade down to $57.50 basi Co
second made Lead ore, basis 80% Pb, $83
per ton.

Shipments reported for the week are
2306 tons of zine ore, 292 tons of sulphur
ore; for the year to date the figures are;
12,769 tons zine ore. 177 tons of lead ore
and 2953 tons of sulphur ore Shipped
during the week to separating plants. 2625
tons of zine ore

Other Ores

Manganese Ore — Unchanged at $1.20 per

unit for metallurgical ore. basis 48 per cent.

Molybdenum Ore — We quote J2.15@2.20,

basis 90 per cent.

Pyrites — Spanish lump is quoted at 15c.
per unit, on basis of 10s ocean freight,
buyer to pay excess freight and war risk,
except that, depending on conditions, con-
cession of 2r; of war risk may be alio
Ocean rates remain at 35s. for Northern,
Ills, for Southern and 12s. 6d. for Gulf
ports, hut recent charters have exceeded
these rates in several instances.

Tungsten Ore — Sc.heelite is unchanged
at $26. Wolframite is quoted $20@25, the
top price being for ore containing 7U','
tungstic trioxide and free from impurities,
while the lov ■• price represents ore as-
saying 60%. and containing considerable
tin, copper, etc

Iron Trade Review

PlTTSHl Kfill — Feb. 12

The Steel Corporation's unfilled Obliga-
tions increased nearly 100,000 tons in
Januarv. this comparing with an increase
of nearly half a million tons in December.
The December increase was caused chiefly
by the sheet and tinplate business for the
current half year having been entered dur-
ing December. There would have been a
decrease in unfilled obligations in January-
had it not been for the light shipments.
which amounted to about 60 % of capacity,
against shipments at about 80% of capac-
ity in December and at about 90r:*< in pre-
ceding months. The January shipments
were about two-thirds war material and
about one-third ordinary commercial steel,
the latter thus representing only 2 0^r of
the capacity. Despite these very light
shipments, there was no general pressure
upon mills by buyers for better shipments.
and thus far this month the shipments
have averaged still lighter yvithout caus-

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 7

the month

■
■

.mini:

ts thai ai'

■ .1 permit*

dicates

lustry has

i rate

than ' ^l" easllj

enta. The

industry is. in-

and ahip-

>i * up ih»- steel

■ .1 \
of plates The

.•it «>f merchant ship*
ted for the cur-
haps onl> ahoui
month cat. be

■ mill.'

month • since

made in plat ty almost double

: the mills

: tatioii facilities

hat there will be an

■ domesti<
leaving still -.>

for all the freight-car
tmethfng t"
i rket.

absolutely
utaim.. ■ ■ ting for a re-

■ . ■■ ■ on a i

pmenl of a new

fit Iron — Production of pip iron by
int furnaces" in the central west has
ine-nalf cap
sts an outside estimate, in the past foi t -

ton >s em-

d, and shipping permits are ditHcult

but there has been no large ac-

cumu while

facilities have

• nsumers do not

than they were

two n >ntraets are

, particularly of

regulai

on iron e
sellers refuse to Bell
on ar, ome are p

■ i.i'i— hipped

•■■■<] from any
.-hall auto- celed. Tl ■

■ *he market at
■

from the val ■

*>t«-«-l " QO OfTerillL

finished form arid there Is no

of Inquiry. There are

piles of discard steel.

hard

of the dlfl

U The mill

' ■

ee for soft
all billets, $51;
slab- J 57.

STCX k 01 OTA1 IONS

STOCK QUOTATIONS Continued

Ferroalloys

■ minnnr»f — The market continues
firm b at $250, delivered, for

■ r<l There been some

ide lower ,.,.
■
d, but the con-
: ore irnpor I -i tain.

Coke

' e ?fxth day of

ville coke

1 production are

far the rail-

r.ing at freer

ally as

me.

\ \ i xrn t

..I

: .coin

Rfl . pt

, pf , v

m s*v pf n

\ if

lUlopll.-u* MUi

.,-1

-..vi.i.r

i 'Moo

Colo I uel A Iron

■ I
Minn
IM * S

ire .-if
t ireeor i ■naneo
* lull States Steel
Homcatake

Inflpln

International Klrkri

ijiokaw.iiuiii Steel
\ii u. li, Petrol
Miami i 'opper
Sal i i - .ill, com.
National Lead, i»f

\V\ i .ihSnl

10 Mtn

Qulr silver, pf

Dn
l;. publlcl AS..rotn..

Repu ill 1 A S .. pf

■ ■ id
Bsee C ft ( '.

1 B -t. I, nun

t- s steel, pf
rtah Cupper
Va ITOI I iS I

N <> iTRB»

iii*r i edge
Botte a \ '»
Butte « .v /
Unite Dotrolt

Ionia
< Uumel a Jerome.

I op ' orpn

Carlisle

Cash boy

\riz Sm
' ion ' oppermlnea.

-iv -T'tah
Kmnift ( on
First Nat. cop
..oldneW Con

< ioldfleld Merger.

< ireenmonster.

llowi- Sound

Jerome \ ertle

Kerr Lake

Louisiana.

Magma

Majestic .

Maran

MoKlnley-Dar-Sa.

Mlirord

Mohican .

Mother Lode
N V A Hond
NlpLislnc Mines.

Nei aria. . .

' 'i.i i>

Ray Hercules
Richmond

Etocoeater M 1m a

St Josepn Lead
Standard 8. L.
rarl

Sucress

Tonopah
Tonopah Kx
Trlnulllon

i I 0D .

t'nlted Verde Ext
i olted Zinc

. . .

I Of.

II

1
:s.

19

jii

If.

4SI

27

41

■in

I ■

33

761

51
103

is;

ii,

16

a*

10
33

75.
2(

x

■Sf

in

,'
t*

5,

.50
40

3.1

III

: . .14

t 76
»'

i

: 56
:t;,

17
40|
.2.1
09
31
1A
f.
n

8i'

: 5s

\ I \l II • I Otl 'I

S\N 1 II \-. •

.1, .

Alts

n :

12

ittm a Belcher.

01

0.1

on

0 ■

OS

i 'on \ Irglnla

07

i lould 6 ■ uri ■

in

Hale A N<ircrofl8 . . .

in

' r Pt

06

i :

Ophlr

01

BftTHce

01

.08

- on

.02

truh i .in

1 01

Bdmom

62

MarNamam

.15

Mldwas

.08

Modi i onopah

0.1

Reacae i :ula

Ui^it End < mi

81

HI

5.02

D'fleld Date

oalon....

.15

Ki^wanaa

117

Nerada Hiila

J. 04

Nevada Packard .

.23

Round Mountain.. .

.23

Hllver Pick

.04

White (ape

.43

BlaJlm

t.75

United Kaatern

4.00

to von lure

Uimirk
\keinali

\rli Cora., i-tfB

\rnolit

lleiianra

Butte-Balaklava

Calumet i

Calumel a Recta
■ rntcnnlal

I
I (ah \\ eel
i taly

last Itutle

i raaklln
Hancock
Helvetia

Indian:!
tale H.iyale

Kcweenan
i ake
i :i Salle

■ aiiej
Mm
Mayflower

Mlrtiluan

■
\rw \ii':i<ltan

Mew Idrta

Nortb Butte
North Lake

OJIbway

old Dutiilnlon. .

< Nweola

Qulncy

91 Mary's M. L. .

Santa I <■

Seneca

Shannon
Shattuck-Arti

Bo Lake

So Utah

Superior

Superior A- Host.
Trinity

Tuolumne
0 s, smeltlnK.
0 s Smelfg, i>f
i tah tpex

Ctuh con
T'tnh Metal.
Victoria.

Winona

Wolverine

Wyandot

l

70
2fi
51
121
I SO
80
.*;.
M !
44.r»
13)
47

w

•I
.1

74

8t

113

20

86

1

6
21

Mi
6

2
ill

21
13

151

.40

1

43

.17

73

.13

.70

7i

.1

'!]

14
4

-\
41

95

46

45

f
ij

34
.60

HUSTON <I'RB* Feb 9

MiihKh Mines i 'orp.

18

Bingham Mines, . . .

8!

Boeton Kiv

.67

Hostmi A Mnnl

.42

Butte A l.oii'n Dev

.14

Calaverafl

11

( ;iliiiuci-i urhln.. . .

t.01

Chief con

oi

10

crown Reserve

.22

Crystal Cop

.60

Eagle A Mine Hell. .

2

Gila Copper

t!7

Houchton Copper. .

7.1

lnternioiiiiljiln

t.70

Iron Cap. Com. . . .

in:

Irrin ( ap < op., pi..

114;

Mexican Metals. . . .

.41

Mln. n of America. .

1 i

Mojave Tungsten .

05

Nat Zinc* Lead.

.23

CCevada-Douglafl . . .

.9.1

\'ew Bailie

.90

Xew Cornelia

16i

< ineco

30

Paeltlr Mines

t 35

SALT LAKE*

Feb 8

Bannaek

Cardiff

< lolorado Mining .

Dali

i nil;. - ludge

ICnipIre ( "opper.

Gold < imlii

Grand Central
Iron Blossom
Lower Mammoth.

May Day

Moscow

I'llnri < nil

Rico Wellington

SIlver-KIm

Sliver King I 'on

I, IN I l.ll

So. Hecla

•llnth Standard. .
I'nrli- Sum

Walker Cop

Wllbert

1'ankec

t 26

2 60

OR

1 4.1
6.25

tl 10
.08
57
50
J 03
02
J. 02
.58
.17

2 67
2 50

02

.75

;i 36

1.01

I 70

.10

.02

TORONTO*

Bailey

Beaver con

t 'hampers Ferland.

f onlak'as

Ilarcraves

I.a Rose.

Peterson Lake . .
Temlskamlni:

\\ . nlanf-r-l.or

Davidson

■i..|i

Home Lake

Holllnuer

Mclntyre

Newray

Porcu. Crown

Teek-Huehes

Vlpond..

West Dome

.09

1.05

.25

.10

3.10

.07

32

.09

.29

04

34

III

.22

.1.1.1

1.37

.28

.20

49

.24

.12

. •" ■■ SPRINGS

l .I. 0

LONDON

.Ian 21

< ircsson Con.

i Bl ;

Alaska G. F ..

ill Us Oil

Doctor Jack I'm

04

Burins Corp.

•I 3 9

Elkton Con

OS 1

Cum A Molor

0 119

ii Paso

14

Camp Bird

0 8 6

< lold Sovereign

021

101 Oro

0 9 6

« ...lit. -n t \ oie

i 781

l'speralua

0 9 6

* iranlte

45

Mexican Mines

.1 13 9

Isabella

mi;

Mln I 'orp. 1 'an

ii ii; ii

Man McKlnnej

06

Neohl. pfd

0 9 9

Portland

i mi

Orovllle

(1 IS 1',

United cold M.

15]

Simla Cerfdls.

0 14 6

\ Indicator

SI

Tomboy

1 0 0

* Bid prices, t Closing prices, t Quotations.
MONTHLY AVERAGE PRICES OF METALS

Silver

New York

1 nil. I.il

1916

1017

1II1S

1916

1017

mis

Jan

.... 77..

76 6:l(i

ss 702

26 960

36 liS'J

44 856

Feb . ,

56 7.1.1

77 585

26 97.1

37 742

Mar

.17 036

7.1 S6 1

27 .197

36.410

April
Mn\

l.l 11.1

73.875

30 862

.'111 063

74 269

74 74.1

36 477

37 0411

June

65 024

76 071

31 060

39 06.1

.lllll

62 940

711 010

30 nun 40 nil

Aug

66 088

S.I 407

:n 4iis 4:1 4is

Sept

68 ill

100 740

32 58450 920

Ool

67 856

s7 332

92 361 44 324

Nov

71 IHI4

85 sill

34 192

43 5S4

Dec

7.1 76.1

HI OliO

36 4lii

4.1 052

Year

6.1 661

SI 117

81 31.1

111 s.ii

New York quotations rents per ounce troy, fine stiver;
London, pence per ounce, sterling silver . 0.925 fine.

New York

London

Licet ml.vtic

Standard

F.lectml) Mi'

1917

1018

1917

1918

1917

1918

.Ian.. . .

js 1,7:1

23 . 500

131 921

I ill lino

142 895

126.000

Feb

31 7.10

137.89.1

148 100

Mar. .

31 481

136.750

151 000

April .

27 03.1

133 842

147 158

May. .

2S 7SS

130 000

142 000

June .

29 962

130 000

142 000

July

26 620

128.409

140 409

Auc

j:, 3so

122 391

137 000

Sept.

2.1 117:1

117 .100

135.250

Ool

23 .10(1

110 000

125 000

Nov. .

23 .11)11

110.000

125 000

Dec

23 .100

1 10 000

125.000

Year

27 ISO

124 892

138.401

New York

London

1917

1918

1917

1918

Januar
Fehrua

44 17.1
51 420

(0)

185.813

19S 97 1

y

March

.14 388

207 443

April

55 910

220 171

63 173

245 1 14

June

62 053

242 083

July

62 .170

242.181

62 681

243 978

61.542

244 038

61 8.11

247.467

November

74.740

274.943

Decern!

S7 120

298.556

Av. year

61 802

237.563

(0) No average computed

N.ew York

St. Louis

London

1917

1918

1917

1918

1917

Mils

January
February....
March.
April

May

June

July
Aueiisi
Scplemlier
October.
November. .
1 lecemlier

7 626

8 636

9 199

9 2SS

10 207

11 171
III 71(1
III .,'11

8 ..so
6 71(1
6 249
6.37.1

6.782

7 530
8.595
9 120
9 1.18

10 202

11 123
III 644
III .lis

8 611
6 650
6.187
6.312

6 684

30 500

30 .100
30 500
30 .111(1
3(1 500

3(1 Kill

3(1 500

3(1 .1(111
.",(1 .100
30 .111(1
30 inn
30.500

29 . 54.1

Year

8.787

8 721

30.500

New York

St. Louis

London

1917

1918

1917

1918

1917

1918

January .

February ....

March. . .

April

May

June

Julj

AtlKUSt
September..
October.
November .
December.

9 619
III 11 4.1
II) 31111
9 1.19
9 362
9 371
S 643

s 360

s 131,
7 9.S3
7 847
7 688

7 836

9 449

9 875
10 130
9 289
9 192
9 201
8 473
8 190
7.966
7 813
7.672
7 510

7.661

48 329
47 000

■17 11(111
.14 632
54 lion

.14 (Kill

54 lion
.14 nun

14 III III
14 III 111
.11 000
54 000

54.000

Year

8 901

8.813

52 413

New York and St Louis quotations,. cents per pound.
London , pounds sterling per long ton.

Pic Iron.

Bessemer!

Basic!

No 2
Foundry

Pgh.

1917

1918

1917

1918

1917

1918

January...
1 elini.'iri

March

A prll .

May

June

tulj

August..
September..
October.
November .
December. .

(35 9.1
36.37

37 37
12 23
46 94
54 22
57 4.1
.14 17
Ii. in
37 -'.'.
37 2.1
37.25

$37.25

S30 95
in 9.1
33 49
38 90
42.84
50.05
53 so
60 37
42 24
33 95
33.96

i.i 91

J33.95

$30 9.1
30 9.1
35.91
40 06
43.60
50 14
53 95
53 95
48 58
33 95
33.96
33 95

$33.95

Year

142 67

839 62

$40 83

t As reported by \Y P Snyder & Co.

Engineering and Mining Journal

February 23, 1918

W'lnith 105

Num

TYPICAL VIEW IN THE SHEET-GROUND AREA SHOWING EFFECT OF \ CAV]

The Mining Districts of Joplin and
Southeast Missouri — II

By H. W. KITSON

The mines of the Joplin district lie in an area
of 3000 square miles covering parts of south-
west Missouri, Oklahoma and Kansas. Most
of the operations are on leased units of
JO- and iO-acre tracts, although several large
companies hold thousands of acres in fee. The
ores art mainly productive in zinc blend; galena,
however, forms an important byproduct and cala-

mine is obtained in minot quantities. Tin ore-
bodies occur in net sheets at certain hori-
zons in Mississippian limestone, and are mined
from vertical shaft- bit pillar and open-stopi
methods. Production is steadily increasing, and
new areas are opening up rapidly in bin Oklahoma
and Kansas sections where tht ■ an Itiah
hi gradi

THE Joplin district covers a territory of 3000 square
miles that includes parts of Missouri, Oklahoma
and Kansas, and consists of numerous scattered
camps and groups of camps situated along more or less
well-defined 'oelts, shown by dark areas on the map in
Fig. 1. The main productive-section in Missouri lies in
Jasper and Newton counties; but the district extends
also into Lawrence, Dade, Christian and Greene counties,
all of which are in. the southwestern part of the state,
whence the name Southwest Missouri zinc district by
which it is also known. Eastward from the city of
Joplin the Missouri section extends to Springfield, a
distance of 60 miles, and westward to the Kansas state
line. North of Joplin the active camps take in Webb
City, Carterville, Oronogo, Waco, Neck City and Alba,
and to the south Granby, Spurgeon, Spring City and
Saginaw, making a width of 3C miles on a line north-
ward from Granby through Duenweg to Neck City.

In Oklahoma, the Joplin district lies entirely within
Ottowa County, in the northeast comer of the state, ex-
tending from the vicinit\ of Miami. 40 miles west of
Joplin, to the Kansas slate line on the north, taking in
Commerce, Quapaw. Sunnyside, Douthat, St. Louis, Cen-
tury. Tar River, (ardin and Picher. The Kansas sec-
tion lies in the southeastern part of Cherokee County.
and. together with the Oklahoma section, is sometimes
called the Miami district. The important communities
in the Kansas section are Galena. Treece and Baxter
Springs. The main line of the St. Louis and San Fran-
cisco R.R. passes through Miami. Baxter Springs. Ga-
lena, Joplin, Carthage and Springfield; and the Missouri
Pacific. Kansas City Southern Missouri. Oklahoma &
Galena, and Missouri. Kansas and Texar- railways connect
most of the other camps with Jopli: and smelting
centers. This city is therefore an important distribut-
ing point and an industrial as well as geographical cen-

INEER1NG AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 8

with the Southwest

[meeting Ga-

City, Carth-

of nearly 50,0

•mto to the various mines

omnium:

from the top of any of the in-

„ur. . iround Joplin presents

tho d all sides of a wide level plain, and

rved for many miles.

rn. irked by thoir mounds of "chat"

.1 dummy elevators, and between them

ted fields and patches of woods.

The hat broken bj the drainage sys-

-t of Spring-

therefore a ir.uch-needed project. Railroad spurs have
recently been extended tc Richer, St. Louis and other
camps in the Oklahoma district; and in the near future
the important producing centers of this district will
all be connected to the main lines of one or more of the
important railroad systems. On the other hand the
extreme flatness of the country offers no opportunity
for favorable millsites and consequently mills are all
equipped with elevators inside, and "dummy elevators"
with launders outside. By means of the latter the
"chats" are heaped in conical piles by stages, and at
the larger plants accumulate to considerable heights,
h of the many small mills that dot the landscape
is situated over a hoisting shaft, and surface or under-
ground haulage from adjacent properties to a central

MAP SHOWING MINED AREAS IN' THE JOPLIN DISTRICT, MISSOURI, OKLAHOMA AND KANSAS

field along it- westward course north of Joplin and be-
tween Joplin and Springs, where the surface has
■ntly rolling relief. The Spring and Neosho Rivers
join a short distance southeast of -Miami, this district
Kit . . between the angular convergence of the
. and having a topography similar to that of Joplin,
level and unbroken except for one or two low hills, as
Clue Mound, in K. ear the state line north of
Picher. The region is on the western border of the
. rk Uplift, and elevations range from 1000 ft. at
Miami and Joplin to 1250 ft. and more in the eastern
ct.
The if the district offer great
facilities for railway construction and highways, al-
though the rapidly growing amount of traffic over the
r ■ itpaced the rate of upkeep, and the roads are
[uently in ■ ■ ition. The proposed concrete
ad from Joplin to the new Miami fields is

mill is rare. The prevailing hoisting practice of the
district is by means of buckets, which system enables
a light winding engine to be installed at the top of
the headframe or "derrick," as it is more properly-
called. With flat surface conditions this light type of
structure has the advantage of giving considerable
hoisting height at a low initial cost, which condition is
desirable for proper dumping headroom over' mill bins
or "hoppers" that are most conveniently and customarily
built as an integral part of both derrick and mill. Some
of the larger and more recent properties, however, are
using skips and centralizing hoisting and milling opera-
tions. Such practice, however, is only practicable where
the operators are not obliged to pay separate royalties to
a number of different lessors from the sale of concen-
trates of ores from an equal number of different five to
40-acre tracts.

In the Missouri and Kansas sections the average unit

February 2::, li»l8

ENGINEERING AND MINING J01 l:\.\l.

of operations is 2o acres ami in Oklahoma 10 ai
The reason for this is that mosl of the minea are
worked under a leasing system. Mining rights air

leased on land owned in small tracts by the dcveiulents
of the original settlers it\' .Missouri and Kansas, who
were altogether an agricultural people, and by the
Indians in Oklahoma vho own their laud m tracts
granted by the Government.1 Many of the larger com-
panies have purchased considerable tracts of land out-
right and some have purchased the right to mine without
royalty, but do not possess the surface rights. The large
number of small independent operators obtain leases
usually for 10 years and pay royalties on shipme
of ore at rates ranging from 2* to 25%, the average
being about 7J% in the Oronogo-Duenweg sheet-ground

pillars underground <>v a top,

wisdom of BUCh polil ommercial standpoint

dent. More elaborate methods have been attempted,
but the; cial failun i cat I data on

mine and null exl ra< trict are, In the

nature of the method used, alt ble to obtain,

It i i Iron, 111 to I.',' , of the

orebodies remains in pillar, and that from 58 to 70
recovered in the mills.

Leases usually provide for the removal by the li
of all machinery and equipment at the expiration of his
lease, and as the standard practice of thi 'in

both mining and milling is adaptable in all mines it
enables an operator to salvage an'1 transport the ma-
chinery of his mill, hoisting and other equipment ah

PRODI CING i "\ir\NIESOFTM i:i< r

MISSOURI
Joplifl

Oronogo

M.

Blende

242.140
264,830
149,150
171.300
120,800

83,410
92,290
65,450
62,270
63,100
55,370
40,270
62,700
25,480
7,690
241,610

Totals 1,747,860

Calamine
Falk.ior M. Co 63,800

Webb City— Carterville

Galena

Bumble Bee M. Co

si Regis M. Co

Little Martha M. Co. ...
Fifte nth Stn el \I. Co...
Gibson M. Co
< lonsolidated-Inter-State

Swarti M Co

Malcona M. Co

I fchel Gray M. Co

Ni« Geronimo M. Ci i

Eagles ! M I ■ •

W iae iim M. Co

Paragon M. Co

Malabury M. Co

Rabbits Foot M. Co

Sundries

Mutual M. Co

Oronoii

< lalena
227.1,80 175,300

19!

* ialena

419,680 175,300

Aurora

oza M. Co. . .

Co

Total

M. A. & F. R. Co

Mathews-Phelps M, Co.

idge M.Co

Consolidated M. Co. . ..

Bertha A. M. Co

American Z. 1. A S
Kirkwood M. Co . .
Queen Esther M. Co

Concord M. Co

Unity M. Co

Ben Franklin M. Co.

Mahatmah M. Co

Nearby M. Co

Lucy Bell M. Co

Shawgo M. Co

Sundries

Blende

510,730

458,660

161,150

170,280

156,140

86.190

72,280

65,820

47,510

35,690

13,230

309,340

241.210

Galena

Total

178,000

I >9 900

62,180

12,660

412,640

Calamine

80,000

70,000

44,240
34,000

228,240

Galena

Diplomi ! I
C. W. S

B....r M.Co

Bn nz M

,' ■

130,730
87,000

85,510
87,520
72,000
48.510
9,990

17,610

106,010

I 040

Sundrio 1 16,660

521,260 243,320

WaCO-I.au ton

Eastern L. & Z. Co

Smart & i

Total.

360,160

254,540

614,700

OKLAIHiM \

American Z. L. & S.

Gr.inby

Blende

66,800

Calamine

Perkins M. Co 1,400,000

J. R. Underwood M. Co 80,000

Woodcock M. Co 80,000

Buick M. Co 70,000

ill Ml

Total

220.710

Totals 2,087,020 220,710

Tennessee M
Culbert L. & Z. (',,
Kirkpatriek M. Co

1,630.000

Blende
130,800
45,940
19,330

Galena

Duenweg

Athletic M. Co

Coahuila M. Co. ...
St. Regis M Co
What Cheer M Co

Blende

603,790

545.050

206.180

65,660

Galena

Total 196,070

Alba-Neck City-Purcell
Blende

Galena

Jbptin Concentrating.
Sponable M. Co

67,000
66,460

Undent ri

Mahutska M. Co

; i

( S Smelting Co

Bilharz M. Co

Admiral1

Skelton No. 2

Anna Beaver M. Co

Bethel M. Co

Ramage A I I

M. Co

C. Dawson, trustee. . . .
Skelton Xo. 1

Kid M.Co

Central L. & Z. Co

Lion M. Co

Piokee L. & Z I

Dewdrop M. C

Haynes M. Co

Woodchuck M. Co . .

Croesus M. Co

Blue Goose M. Co ....
Sundries

Blende

2,630,400
936,850
820,470
659.740
600,000
198,240
322,290
)00 040
281.600
278.840
191,130
130.000
122,560
87,890
85,350

115.690
83,960
80,000
87,080
78,970
54,360

Galena

i lalena

B0.880

2,860

85,960

65,440

243.220

Total 1,620,680 Total 133,460 Totals 8,463,000 478,360

Total production for the week ended Oct. 20, 1917, was: Blende, 16.2S3.170 lb.: calamine, 1,922,040 lb.; lead. 1,358,900 lb.

mines, which are the lowest of all in grade. Since the
boom in the newer fields north of Miami premiums are
asked in addition when the leases are taken, and royalties
average from 10 to 15%. Some of these premiums have
run as high as $260,000 on the larger tracts. When
a lease is solicited, a one-year's option for drilling and
proving up the ground is given, subject to acceptance
by the lessor at the end of that time, together with
the previously drawn up terms of lease.

Individual orebodies are of varying size, but the range
of life is from six months to six years. Under such
conditions it is apparent that little capital can be put
into plant and development, and the result has been
methods both in mining and rrilling that will yield a
marketable product at the lowest possible combined cost
of plant and operation, with little regard for loss in

'"The Mining Districts of Joplin and Southeast Missouri — I.'
"Engineering and Mining Journal," Dec. 22, 1917.

intact to another part of the district and continue opera-
tions on a new tract under a new lease.

Ores and concentrates are s< Id at the mills through
ore-buying agencies representing the various smelters,
according to the time-honored custom of the district, at
so much per dry ton. For zinc sulphides the base
price per ton is quoted by the buyers for a 60% zinc
metal content and is subject to fluctuation according to
the market price for spelter and special characteristics
of individual ores. Concentrates of higher or lower
grade than 60 % are respectively allowed or penalized $1
for each unit above or below this base. An iron content
of 1% is accepted, but above this amount a penalty of
$1 per unit is imposed. The maximum allowable lead
content in zinc concentrates is fixed at 0.3%, and
amounts over this are penalized indirectly in calculating
base-price quotations. Zinc silicate ores are sold on a
base price for 40% zinc metal, with premiums and

[NG AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 8

for sul-
bought in a

oiurn or
There
or iron.
re mined are con-
concentrates made. Thus
from which LOO
imbined con-
o. Zinc concentrates
.its of the district from
0 to

any independent opera-
lin distri iry, as their

md the d light ; but reference

me of the larger companies is of

Lmerican Zinc, Lead and Smelting Co.

.ares in groups located north

16,000 acres; the Butte and Superior; the Waco Mining
wnli 7100 acres; P. B. Butler, with 6500 acres; the
Danglade, and the Church & Mabon interests. The most
important producers at present are those given in
the table, grouped according to their respective camps
and showing the relative production in various classes
ires and concentrates as officially reported for the
week ended Oct. 20, 1917. The base range of prices for
ores and concentrates for the week was: Blende, from
$60 t" $75, with an average of $67.50 and an average
settlement price of $66. Galena was sold in prices rang-
ing from ^70 to $80 per ton and calamine $35 to $38
per (on.

Zinc silicate ores are mined in certain parts of the
district, as at Granby, Duemveg and Joplin City. Gran-
by is the chief producer, and in 1916 averaged about 50
tons per day. The American Zinc, Lead and Smelting
is at present producing from its own and sub-leased
properties in Granby about 40 tons of this ore per day.
But little lead-oxide ore is found. The average rate of

Bingham

Underwriter

Commonwealth Ramac

^aftagiijMglgj

Mbf

^^W^

PIG

PANORAMIC VIEW OF PICHKR. OKLA . SHOWING THE MOST APVAXCED

of Joplin, Webb City, Carterville and Oronogo, and south
of Joplin in small scattered tracts extending from the
Oklahoma line to Granby and including the properties
absorbed in 1916 of the Granby Mining and Smelting
Co., and recent acquisitions along the western border
of present activities in the Kansas field. In the Okla-
homa section the most important producer is the Eagle-
Picher Lead Co., with rich and extensive tracts leased
and sub-leased at Picher, Cardin and south of Tar River.
The Miami Zinc Syndicate has leases aggregating 4000
acres in tracts under development west of Baxter
Springs in Kansas; and the American Metal Co. has a
vast number of small tracts in the northwestern part
of the Missouri section and extending from northeast
est across the Kansas section along the so-
called Miami fault belt. The properties of the Commerce
Mining and Royalty Co. lie mostly in the Miami field
to the west of Miami, Century and Picher, extending
along the Miami fault belt into the southern part of
Kansas. This company was the first in the western
fields, having struck ore at Commerce in 1905. The
egar Hill Zinc Co. has a comparatively smaller tract
" of Baxter Springs and west of the Commerce com-
pany's properties, and the U. S. Smelting Co. has de-
ed and completed a large mill on tracts west
of the Vinegar Hill ground, and holds some leases
• of Waco. Other large development enter-
■ict are: The Chanute Spelter Co., with

production in silicate ores from all camps is about 75
tons per day.

According to the annual statistics published by the
Journal, the production in ores and concentrates of the
Joplin district in 1917 was 550,000 tons. Of this
amount 80rc was blende, 6.5% calamine, 13.5% galena.
Missouri produced 58.5 c c of the total tonnage, Oklahoma
34% and Kansas 7.5%. Considering the proportional
production of total blende ores, which was 442,000 tons,
Missouri accounted for 56%, Oklahoma 36% and Kan-
sas 8%. Most of the calamine came from Missouri
mines and amounted to 35,695 tons, Oklahoma produc-
ing only 65 tons and Kansas none. Of the lead ores
produced, which altogether amounted to 72,500 tons,
Missouri yielded 55 ',, Oklahoma 39%, and Kansas 6%.

Joplin Zinc Production Showed Steady Increase

In each of the four years since 1913 production from
the Joplin district responded to advancing prices of
zinc; and although in 1917 zinc concentrates averaged
only $67.70 per ton with zinc at 8.7c. per lb., as com-
pared to $84.72 in 1916 with zinc at 12.5c. and $79.30 per
ton in 1915, when zinc was 13c. per lb., Joplin increased
its production nearly 26f<: over that of 1916. The an-
nual increase over the preceding year in 1916 was 23'
and in 1915, 12 f(. Considering the production in 1914
as normal compared with previous years since 1900,
when prices of zinc concentrates ranged between $40

February 23, 1918

ENGINEERING AND MINING .)()

and $45 per ton ami spelter between ■"> and 6c. per lb.,
the production of i!'17 was 60' greater than in norma]
pre-war years. Lead ores reached the highest avei
basic price in 1917. which, roughly, was $98 per ton, as
compared with $84 in 1916, $55 in L915, sic. .mi in L914
and $52.50 in 1913, Although an importanl byproduct
of the Joplin district, lead is produced in comparatively
small quantities, and the fluctuations of the price of
zinc practically govern operating conditions, irrespective
of the price of lead.

The response to the demands of the war, reflected in
the increased prices of zinc and lead, was made possible
i>\ the exploration of lower-grade ores in the Missouri
sheet-ground mines and the rapid expansion of develop-
ments in the Oklahoma and Kansas high-grade fields.
The last six months of 1917 witnessed a strong reaction
in metal and concentrate prices, and many mills operat-
ing on low-grade sheet-ground ores were forced to cease
operations. A large percentage were dismantled and
taken to the newer fields. As a consequence, this con-

fai e in the higher 1 th< Mi ippian 1

stones, mainly in the boulder} ground along the roughl]
;i contai i made bj the depo it of 1 hi lat< i
shales in ancient sink holes in the Chester and Boi
The sheet y round depi ratum ot

the Uoone 1 ii chert . that li<

nea rl it 250 ft. below I

and froi LOO ft. f rom the Lower nh

oi the Boone formatio

The Grand Falls chert has a thickness var
eight to 50 ft . I

the lime and depi tninated in a

cherty bj hlyh

intercalated between alternate narrow bain:

he name implies, of chert, flint and jasperoid.
Grand Falls chert is seldom mineralized for more tl
20 or 25 ft. vertically, the orebodies being incli
above and below by barren zones of flint of varying
thickness; but these deposits extend over wide areas in
many parts of the western portion of the Missi

RATION'S AND THE INTENSITY OF DEVELOPMENT IN A PERIOD OF TWO YEA US

dition decreased the 1917 production of blende from Mis-
souri about 9rr. The production of lead and calamine
was slightly increased. In Oklahoma and Kansas many
developments started in 1915 and 1916 reached their
productive stages early in 1917, and notwithstanding
the drop in metal prices later in the year, this section
of the district continued its intensive production and
was only prevented from making greater gains by short-
ages of labor and power. The increase in production
of blende from Oklahoma and Kansas in 1917 was 175 cr
and of lead 94?0 of the production of 1916.

Orebodies Mainly in Mississippian Limestone

The orebodies of Joplin, as mentioned, occur in
all Carboniferous sedimentaries of the district, but main-
ly in the cherty crystalline Boone limestone of Mississip-
pian age. The Boone outcrops throughout all but the
extreme western limits of the district, has a total thick-
ness of 350 ft. and a slight regional dip somewhat north
of west, disappearing in the Oklahoma and Kansas sec-
tions and at the northwest corner of Jasper County, Mo.,
under the overlying and successively outcropping Ches-
ter and Cherokee limestones, sandstones and shales, re-
spectively of Mississippian and Pennsylvanian age. Two
distinct classes of orebodies occur in the Missouri sec-
tion, and locally these are known as the "upper run"
and the "sheet-ground" deposits. The "upper run" de-
posits were the earliest found, occurring near the sur-

tion, and most typically and persistently in the zone,
shown on the accompanying map, between Oronogo
and Duenweg. The sheet-ground deposits, although far
more extensive and productive than the "upper run"
deposits, especially in the present mines, are much
lower in grade, yielding in 1916 mill recoveries, in the
orebodies then worked, ranging from li to 3% com-
bined sulphides. At present 2% ores are barely yield-
ing a margin of profit.

In many places the sheet-ground orebodies are con-
tinuously connected to the sink-hole deposits above by
orebodies occurring in the upper Boone. Such ore-
bodies also are replacements and deposits in and upon
the limestone walls of former openings or channels. The
mineralization has in some places been followed in min-
ing for varying distances below the sheet-ground de-
posits in what is known as the "second lime." Camps
where the mining of "upper run" orebodies still exists
are Duenweg, Joplin and Granby. The largest sheet-
ground mines are at Webb City, Carterville, Joplin,
Duenweg, Porto Rico and Granby. The "lower run"
orebodies have been mined at Oronogo, Sarcoxie, Aurora
and Cave Springs. At Granby and Springfield ore has
been mined from the "gumbo runs" or deposits in the
basic shales of the Boone formation.

In the Miami district definite geologic relationships
are not so apparent and have not as yet presented suffi-
cient evidence for complete and satisfactory inclusions.

ENGINEERING A.ND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 8

wever, ax

■ to date is I mi-

. lies at
mi ft, and in shape, thick-
strike presents characteristics

■ Missouri, with-

ilint characteristic of

rt In the Miami orebodies the

uderably higher in grade than in

nd generally presents more of

tructure. There is more limestone in

body, and considerable yellow cal-

; and although much of the ore occurs in

osiderable flint and chert

the formation in the mineralized area

be more extensively of the brec-

ented type, and on the whole presents

ied marks of distinction from the structural char-

• the sheet-ground orebodies. The richest

- have been concentrated along bedding planes and
'.lei watercourses where a sheeted condition exists,
•nay represent horizons which, according to Sieben-

at the terminus of an artesian circulation con-
trolled by the impervious shales which begin to outcrop
in this district and mark the ever-increasing radius of
>n from the central dome.
• immerce a well-defined fault was recognized un-
derground, and Assuring occurs in other parts of the
Miami district. Apart from this, however, no well-
ned evidence of faulting has yet been found and
given general recognition. In fact, the so-called Miami
own "ii the map is arbitrary, and merely repre-
• - the general trend of present development. The
"upper run" deposits of the Miami district are the shal-
er orebodies, and these occur from 100 to 150 ft.
iw the surface, mostly in the Chester limestone, and
generally are somewhat lower in grade than the ores
mined from the "lower run," and contain a considerable
amount of bituminous matter that interferes more or
with concentration.

Ore Deposited from Artesian Circulation

The proportion of lead to zinc in the Joplin sulphide

- varies considerably in different sections of the dis-
trict, and in each section there is a considerable varia-
tion due to relative depths from the surface. If the
artesian theory is accepted, the original deposits in the
bedding planes and seepage channels would have a pri-
mary character varying both in grade and relative lead

• ' such deposits as have been either
leached or enriched by the later action of surface waters.
The primary ores exposed by erosion have been impover-
ished by the oxidation and solution of the zinc sulphides
I relatively enriched by the less soluble residual
galena. Part of the zinc taken into solution replaces
limestone or combines with silica in solution at or near
the surface to form carbonates and silicates in favor-
able channels, and part migrates in solution to greater
below the surface, reprecipitating secondary sul-
below the zone of oxidation and thereby produc-
an enrichment in zinc relative to the lead contained
in the primary sulphides. To a much less extent in the
g to the lower solubility of lead,
dergone a similar process.
The. ined in the Joplin district were

for the load content, and for a number of years carbon-
ates of lead only were recognized. As greater depth
was attained galena became the predominant ore, but
when still deeper zones were reached the relative quan-
es o( blende increased, until at the depths exploited
in recent times sphalerite establishes the district as a
producer of zinc. Pyrite and marcasite occur as associ-
ated minerals in nearly all Joplin ores, but although the
percentage of iron sulphides is comparatively small, their
relative proportions in ores vary considerably in differ-
i nt localities. The common gangue minerals are dolo-
mite and caleite, deposited contemporaneously from
acid solutions with the sulphides, and jasperoid, a meta-
somatic replacement of silica and limestone which
occurs abundantly as a deposit from the same solutions.
Excepting in the camps mentioned, most of the mines at
ent in the Missouri section are producing from the
sheet-ground deposits, which are the lowest-grade ores
of the district, and but for the large tonnage available
could not be made to yield a profit. In the Miami and
Kansas sections the ores are uniformly higher in grade
and contain a relatively greater percentage of galena
than the sheet-ground deposits of Missouri.

Some of the mines in the Picher section are producing
ores steadily from which a 15 rc combined sulphide mill
recovery is made and a large number of properties are
milling 10' c ores, while others are mining varying grades,
probably averaging over 5ff . The Laclede mine, in the
Miami district, recently broke into an open cave the
walls of which were solidly lined with cubes of galena,
individual crystals ranging up to four inches in size.
Such deposits are probably of scientific interest rather
than of commercial importance, as the amount of such
ore is limited and furthermore presents certain difficul-
ties in handling.

(To be continued)

Economic Aspect of Flotation in
Southeast Missouri

The cost of flotation in southeast Missouri is many
times that of tabling, and the flotation concentrates are
much lower in grade than are the table concentrates,
which shows that every effort should be made to mini-
mize the tonnage treated by flotation, according to A.
P. Watt.' Flotation has many disadvantages; it is no
panacea for all the ills of the district. As all the larger
companies operate their own smelteries, consideration
must be given to the cost of treatment of flotation con-
centrates by the smelter, together with the high dust
loss. What must be considered is the greatest ultimate
profit to the company, not the greatest profit to any
certain department. Every pound of lead recovered
in the mill by gravity methods yields a greater profit
to the company than it does if sent to flotation for
treatment. Flotation produces a larger tonnage of con-
centrates than tabling, and the grade is lower. Because
of the larger tonnage of low-grade product, the freight
and smelting charges are higher for the flotation con-
centrates. In general it can be said that every pound
of lead saved by flotation yields a smaller profit than if
kept out of the flotation plant and saved in the mill.

Concentration Practice in Southeast Missouri." a paper pre-
sented at the St. Louis meeting of the American Institute of Min-
ing Engineers, October, 1917.

February 2:1,. HI 18

ENGINKKRINc; AND MINIM; JOURNAL

Use of Powder in Opencut Blasting

By E. S. 1 \< OBSON

'/'/<<• economical »••-•< 0/ powder in opt ncut blast-
ing is a subject not frequently discussed in print.
Tin ,: or gives some practical suggestions
bused ail the experience of more than iO years.

IN ANY type of blasting, the placing of holes is
of prime importance. In order to get the greatest
yardage from a hole, it should be placed as far from
the face as possible and at the same time clear the
bottom of the bench. Experience indicates that in blast-
ing with a vertical face the holes should be placed 10 in.
from the edge of the face for every foot of hole depth.
For example, if the hole is 30 ft. deep, deduct 2 in. for
every foot, which is equal to 60 in., or 5 ft., leaving 25
ft., which should be the maximum distance between the
hole and the edge, consistent with good work. This
thickness will vary according to the texture of the rock,
but the variation seldom will be more than 20 per cent.

Breakage Area of Holes

Assuming that ground is uniform and has no cleavages,
a hole will reach as far to each side as the resistance in-
dicated in front of the hole less 10%. For example, if
the hole is 30 ft. deep, then the thickness or resistance
is 25 ft. less 10rr, which equals 224 ft. on each side of
the hole, Or 45 ft. over all. Multiply the length by the
width, which gives 1125-sq.ft. area, equal to 125 sq.yd. ;
multiply this again by 10 yd., the depth of the hole, and
the result is 1250 cu.yd. of rock. The amount of black
powder necessary to move a cubic yard of solid rock
varies considerably and depends principally on the rock.
If the rock is brittle use less powder; if tenacious, add a
little more. Variations in the specific gravity of the
rock also affect the amount of powder needed. Where
rock is heavy, more powder must be used than where
the rock is light, the variation between the maximum
and the minimum being about 30rr. The average
amount of black powder necessary per cubic yard of rock
is i pound.

If the springing of a hole should slough off some rock,
an estimate should be made of this amount, expressed in
cubic yards, and the amount of powder to be used should
be reduced to correspond. If, on the other hand, the
ground has moved beyond the limits and is going to take
in more material behind the hole, an estimate of the
amount should be made, as stated above, and powder
added to correspond. Likewise, if a weakness of the
rock mass be discovered, and it appears that the hole is
not going to break the quantity that was at first sup-
posed, calculate the amount of difference and reduce the
powder as stated above.

Hold the spring (or pocket) as near to the bottom as
possible. A hole requiring 25 kegs of powder should
not be allowed to raise more than 3* ft. above the bottom
of the excavation, although 2 ft. is to be preferred. In
case the pocket will not hold the stipulated amount with-
in the stated vertical height, reduce the charge in pro-

•Foreman of rock fill, Pilares mine, Pilares de Xacozari,
Sonora, Mex.

portion I

calculal mi' the number oi md deducting the

charge at the rate of cu.yd. lo

Black powder is nol a
the pocket after the last spring to a depth of - in. in
30 ruin, or less time. In 1 • namite.

has been that 45 lb. 0 < 1 qua!

to 100 Hi. of Marl, powder. Dynamite, however, d
not roach nut as far from the hole as the black powder.
In fad i1 often pulls less than half. To overcome this
difficulty, it is advisable to shoot two or n

- . using electric « aps. From the fact that <!■ namite
covers a smaller area it is evident that the placing oi
holes must be adjusted to correspond. My experience
has been that for dynamite 8 in. from the face for e\ i
foot in depth is the most economical, subject to varia-
tions according to the kind of rock. The distance be-
tween holes should be about 6 in. for every foot of depth.
For example: A hole 30 ft. deep with a distance from
the face of 20 ft. will reach 15 ft. on each side. The
second 30-ft. hole will have a reach of 15 ft. to each
side, so that the holes in this case should be 30 ft. apart.
The area of the two holes is as follows: Thickness, 20
ft.; width of the two holes, 60 ft.; area, 1200 sq.ft.
or 1334 sq.yd. which, multiplied by 10 yd., the depth of
the holes, gives 13334 cu.yd. On an average this will
require 300 lb. of dynamite containing 40', nitro-
glycerine.

Blasting for Steam Shovels

In blasting for steam shovels it is evident that the
bottom of the cut must be left level, in which case it is
policy to place the vertically drilled holes back to the
maximum, as indicated above, and sometimes a little
more. As soon as the face is clear to the grade-line,
drill a horizontal row of holes, starting them at grade
level and dipping downward about 2 ft. in 10; the holes
should reach one-half the distance between the toe of
the face and the base of the hole. The main holes should
always be put down 3 or 4 ft. below grade line in order
to avoid, as much as possible, the necessity of block-
holing, which is expensive. The toe holes should be
placed as far apart as the holes are deep and should be
sprung at least once — twice if the rock is hard. It
is not advisable to put enough powder in the lifters to
break the ground represented over them, but sufficient
to crack the rock between the lifters. The amount of
powder thus used must be deducted from the charge to
be used in the main holes. In this kind of blasting all
the holes must be discharged at one time, using elec-
tricity.

When blasting in cuts, such as railroads, canals or
other narrow places, the spacing of holes is based upon a
different principle than that expressed above. For in-
stance, a railroad cut is 18 ft. wide and it is desired to
reach both slopes with one hole and not to break ground
on the outside because seldom is full compensation
paid for the ground taken out beyond the slope stakes
and at times no compensation at all for over-breakage.
If holes fail to reach the slopes (after a cut is 12 ft.
deep), place the hole further back from the face and

[NEERING AND MINING .10URNAL

Vol. 105, No. 8

e line. If the holes over-
peri-
two or three
12 t't. back from the I

. lass
vi- than indicated

may know ex-
will take after it has
thf following rules will serve as a
licy to keep the
ble. In order to ac-
ake the first spring with
.!<!. After the powder is in
.rk the tamping stick at the collar of the
of a misfire how far you
drill wit! er the tirst spring with tamp-

- in. This is done in order to keep
the d ripping the hole above.

ir more feet of tamping is
'.'hen the second spring is made, count care-
fully the nur ;icks it takes to fill the pocket, but
the powder to come above the pocket made
by the first spring. If the pocket will contain 21 sticks,
-1 by the number of sticks in the first spring,
which v . this case. The result, as is apparent,
en.

Rule for Determining Quantity of Powder
Required in charge

From the above it is learned that the pocket expanded
even times the size of the charge of dynamite it con-
tained. Thirty-seven sticks of li in. or 48 sticks of
•cder equal one keg of black powder in bulk. If
one wishes to put 20 kegs of black powder in a hole
of the size above mentioned, multiply 37 (which is equal
to one keg) by 20, which is the number of kegs. This
shows that the desired result is a pocket that will hold
sticks. Dividing 740 by seven shows 105 to be
the number of sticks necessary for the last spring. As
a rule the last spring will expand the pocket from 15 to
more than indicated by the powder used, based on
the figures as given above. Therefore, deducting 20%
leaves 84 sticks of powder, which 9 times out of 10 will
be sufficient. If in the springing of a hole it is ap-
parent that the hole is going to be so badly broken
in the last spring that it will not be practicable to load
it with black powder, reduce the spring to one-half and
load with dynamite.

Precautionary Measures To Be Observed
in Blasting

More accidents occur through the non-observance of

precautions than from all other sources combined. It is

customary to make the first spring with a short fuse,

which i- done in the following manner: Cut the wrapper

lengthwise on one side and drop one stick at a time into

the hole. Put down the tamping stick and tamp each

-: separately until the required number is in place.

wder thus far has dropped freely to the bottom,

the spring can be made with a drop fuse. Cut the fuse

18 in. 1' i pen one end of a stick of powder (care

be taken not to tear the wrapper). Make a hole

he center large enough to insert the primer and

' .^lighten up the wrapper around the fuse.

Then tie the wrapper firmly with a cord. Before ignit-
the fuse be sure to have enough fine dirt to cover
the powder to the depth of 18 in. Ignite the fuse and
drop the charge in the hole. Do not attempt to follow
the charge with tamping stick, which is a common error.
In making the second or following springs, it is not
practicable to use the drop fuse except in cases where
the pocket is lull of powder, and then only if the hole is
entirely free from all obstructions.

In making preparations to blast with an electric
fuse, punch a hole in one end of a stick of powder
and insert the primer. On the opposite end make a half
hitch and adjust firmly. Now run down the tamping
stick until it reaches the powder in the hole. Mark the
tamping stick at the collar of the hole. Withdraw and
measure the length required for the wires, making a
kink in the wire so as not to lose the mark. Now lower
the stick of powder by the wires until it reaches the
mark, and when it reaches the mark do not follow it
with the tamping stick. Where it is necessary to use a
tamping stick after putting down the primer, use one
that is perfectly smooth and small enough so that it is
not necessary to force it down. If there are any slivers
on the stick, remove them, because they may pick up the
primer, and then when the dirt is put in the primer may
get separated from the charge and there will then be no
explosion.

Treatment of Choked Holes

If, while pouring black powder into a hole, the
hole should choke, do not attempt to drill it out with a
steel drill. Use a copper bit, about 1 ft. long, threaded
on one end to fit into a S-in. pipe coupling. If there is
time, the following method is better still: When push-
ing down the tamping stick, if it is found that the hole
is choked with powder, do not jar it at all, but calculate
the number of feet the powder has raised in the hole
and pour in one pint of water for every 3 ft. of hole that
has filled with powder and let it stand for one hour and
a half. The tamping stick may then be pressed down
through. If, after applying the electric current, you
fail to get an explosion, do not return at once to as-
certain the nature of the difficulty, as explosions are
often delayed.

When holes are choked, the most effective way to over-
come the danger of missed holes and delayed explo-
sions is not to attempt to pass the primer (or cap) down
the hole inserted in a stick of powder, but to use the fol-
lowing method: Make a loop as near the cap as pos-
sible, small enough so that the tamping stick will not
pass through, but do not use a slip loop ; cut the tamping
stick to a wedge point and cut out the center of the
wedge in a V-shape. Place the loop between the two
prongs of the V, holding the fuse firmly in one hand.
Then pass the tamping stick to the bottom and press
gently downward until the dry powder is encountered.
Secure the end of the fuse that is held in the hand.
Place both palms of the hands on the tamping stick and
roll it back and forth between them, at the same time
raising upward gently and using care in removing it.
Put in a quart or two of dry powder before filling the
hole with dirt. Always remember: If there are two or
more holes in circuit there may be an explosion the in-
stant the current is applied and yet there may be a
delayed hole.

February 23, 1918

ENGINEERING AND MINIM; J01 RNAL

Amalgamation and Roasting Practice
in Gold Coast Colony

Bl PAUL T. l:i;l III.

Dt tails of the amalgamation and roasting practice
at the Prestea Block A mill in Gold Coast ( '•>
To these ore added notes from Mr. Bruhl's obser-
vations as to the cornet procedure under vary-
ing conditions and care of equipment.

I SHALL limit myself in this article to a considera-
tion of the amalgamation and roaster practice in
the Prestea Block A mill, the most important plant
in the Tarkwa and Prestea gold fields, in the Gold
Coast Colony, Africa. A screen analysis of the amalga-
mation feed was as follows: 4- 30 mesh, 2.65%; + 60
mesh, 34.37%; + 90 mesh, 16.51 ff ; + 120 mesh,
6.19%; and — 120 mesh, 40.28',.

The equipment consisted of 22 side-shaking plates
making 180 shakes per min. and actuated by a 10-hp.
motor; a clean-up barrel five feet long and three feet in
diameter, and two Berdan pans. On day shift the
plates were scraped at the head end with steel scrapers
and then rubbered up. As the lower end was nearly al-
ways stained and scoured, it was cleaned with a little
fine sand and ammonium chloride and re-amalgamated.
Mercury was sprinkled on, and rubbed in well with a
scrubbing brush. The plate was next rubbered up, the
surface smoothed with a soft brush, and the final touches
given under a stream of water to prevent oxidation of
the freshly cleaned plate.

Notes on Care of Plates

The practice of furrowing the amalgam at the head
of the plate with the fingers is not to be commended
when the feed contains an appreciable quantity of sul-
phide particles. The plate ought always to be washed
with water and hard-scrubbed after the use of am-
monium chloride, which leaves the amalgam surface
unclean. The pulp would remove the stains in the
course of time, but until such time as it does, the plate
is not at its highest efficiency. Should the plate be
scoured to bare copper, I see no serious objection to
the use of a weak solution of potassium cyanide, as it
prepares the plate for re-amalgamation much more
quickly than does ammonium chloride. The use of
cyanide is considered inadvisable by some, owing to
its solvent action on gold, but I am of the opinion that
the time saved is worth more than the minute quantity
of gold that may be lost.

Further, cyanide solution is said to harden amal-
gam. If the plate be sprinkled with mercury, and a
little amalgam be added, this objection does not hold
good. Too much amalgam should not be scraped off,
for a closely scraped and rubbered plate is always
"slippery," and therefore not suitable for catching the
gold. Again, as the plates are dressed every eight hours,
enough mercury must be added to keep them soft during
that period. A clean plate retains less mercury than

•Nevada Consolidated Copper Co.. McGill, Nev.

quantity of amalgam on it, and thus
it either bea i ■ nd of the shifl oi

re than enough n n added,

"tear ,1 run down into 1!

It i 1u have too wi't than ton dry

a plate.

Cyanide in Mill Water Kept Plati Bright

Owing to the shortage of water on one occasion,
creek water was used into which about 60 tons of 0.10%
KCN solution Rowed per day after passing through the
waste-extractor box. The return water to the batfc
therefore contained a small pel of cyanide. The

plates during this period became bright, hard and frosted
in appearance. They "came up" well after the clean-up
and, from the point of view solely of cleanliness, the
trace of cyanide in the mill water was an advantage.
After the first day or two the plates remained bright,
although they were not so hard. They were 11 ft. long,
4 ft. 8 in. wide, with a grade of 6%. This was too
steep for large tonnages, taking into consideration both
quantity of pulp and coarseness of the feed. To pre-
vent scouring of the plates, as the result of a broken
screen above, a spitzkasten was installed at the head
of each branch launder, the underflow feeding three
Bigelow amalgamating pans working in parallel.

A stain should be carefully removed and preferably a
little amalgam should be rubbed in at the spot where it
occurred; otherwise the discoloration commences to
"creep" up the plate, and so gives rise to further trouble.
The light stain sometimes seen on a good plate is easily
got rid of by rubbing in a sprinkling of mercury. The
splash boards should be kept soft, as otherwise pieces
of hard amalgam may break away and pass into the
riffles. The layer of amalgam on them should not be
thick.

Preparing Old Plates

Some old plates, which had been scaled, had to be
prepared for use. They were scoured with clean coarse
sand, wet with strong cyanide solution, and then well
scrubbed, after an addition of mercury, until most of the
surface had been amalgamated. Soft amalgam was
then added and well rubbed in, cyanide solution being
used again. After a light feed had been run over the
plates for a few days, they were in excellent condition.
The plates were dressed on afternoon and night shifts
exactly as on day shift, except that the scraping was
omitted.

The "black sands" and iron oxide that collect at the
head of the plate should always be removed. If much
amalgam is scrubbed up it can be rubbed in at the upper
end ; if only a little, it may as wTell be removed with the
"black sands." It is not necessary to keep a thick layer
of amalgam on the plates, for if the surface is spongy
with a layer Jg in. in thickness, any quantity in excess
of this is of no practical value. The mercury used in
dressing should be scrupulously clean. Retorted mer-
cury always contained impurities in the form of scum,

[NEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 8

mming, by pouring the n

nder
then filtering (the apex
to allow minute
•n cyanide),
through a double thickness of
mercury would now roll down
g any trace of impurities,
nd with mercury in a
s being removed with a
. old in the plate heads was
amation. Fine-grinding was not
lesired t<> keep the percentage
re not treated, as low as possible,
:it the liberation of graphite, which caused
•ds cyanide vats. 1 believe a dotation
died, and a better recovery is now
raphite is floated off with the con-
central

Procedure at Monthly Clean-up

be monthly clean-up the plates were steamed for
then -craped and scoured for two hours,
to the plates. The scouring was done with
ind and "blocks." made by wrapping iron gauze
round rectangular blocks of wood. Mercury was added
at the rate of approximately 7 lbs. every half hour.
ring, all the sand and amalgam was
pushed to the head of the plate and the sand was washed
the foot launder, the discharge pipe of which
•• plugged. The plate was rubbered up closely
and the riffles were cleaned out onto the plate, which was
her hour and then sluiced down and
dressed. Judgment must be exercised in determining
the duration of the scouring. It is inadvisable to try
for a record clean-up if the setting of a new record
spells ruination to the plates; records may be too dearly
bought. Personally I considered a 45-min. scour ample,
followed by a second scour lasting 30 min. Each of the
plates yielded 110 to 140 oz. of amalgam. The steamed
amalgam was put through the Berdan pans and squeezed
into slabs of 500-600 oz. in a mechanical squeezer; all
other amalgam was hand-squeezed into 100 to 150-oz.
balls, though I think 80-oz. balls are the most con-
venient for retorting and subsequent melting down.

When the mill stopped for the monthly repairs, the
riffles, distributors, launders and traps were cleaned out.
Any large pieces of amalgam recovered went to the Ber-
dan pans; the cocoanut mattings were hand-picked and
brushed and then stored for burning. All other mate-
rial went to the barrel for 16 hours grinding. The slag
from smelting was ground for 16 hours; one-half bucket
of mercury was then added and grinding continued for
four hours more. The barrel, on being cleaned out,
usually yielded 10 oz. of amalgam. The slag was dried,
sacked and shipped to England.

Roaster Pan Clean-up

The buckets of material from the roaster pan were

inder a tap, the large pieces of iron picked out,

and the residue was floated in a bucket of mercury, the

king to the bottom. The skimmings went

the Berdan pan-, and after four hours were floated

mercury, the second skimmings

•the barrel for 16 hours.

When a large bowl of skimmings from the daily
amalgam bad been collected, they were squeezed as free
as possible from mercury and put in the Berdan pans
for four hours. After the addition of two cups of mer-
cury, the pan was cleaned out into one-half bucket of
mercury, any skimmings being re-ground for two hours.

The iron that had been "magneted off" was ground
in the barrel for 48 hours, three-quarter bucket of mer-
cury was added, and grinding continued for four hours.
The iron was cleaned out and sieved in a tub of water,
the coarse and tine particles being "panned" separately
.■mil "magneted." One and one-half drums of iron
yielded 65 oz. of amalgam. A drum was 2§ ft. high by
I S ft. in diameter.

Roaster Department Practice

The plant started with one Edward roaster, side and
end fired ; the gases passed to flue-dust collecting cham-
bers, and thence up the stack. The concentrates were
charged by means of a belt conveyor into a hopper from
which, by means of a screw-feed, they were discharged
into a push conveyor at the fire end of the furnace so
as to eliminate moisture. No great amount of moisture
was, as a matter of fact, removed in the travel of the
concentrates along the furnace top ; and as the conveyor
went out of order rather frequently, thereby causing
delay and necessitating the expense and irregularity of
hand feeding, 1 think the plan of feeding directly from
the hopper into the furnace is preferable. At about
the fourth rabble from the feed end, the charge gives
off white fumes and begins to spark; it becomes hotter
and hotter as it is worked down the furnace, and the dis-
charge is at a bright red heat. The fires should not be
too fierce, for a high temperature causes the charge to
clot and thus to receive a bad roast.

Wood was employed as fuel. It is important that the
firing should be regular, in order that a uniform heat
may be maintained. Later, a new furnace, on the re-
generative principle, was erected, the gases passing over
the charge and then under the hearth before going up
the stack. It had greater capacity, and did better work.

Grinding Followed Roasting

After roasting, the concentrates (which now weighed
30°/, less) went to Bigelow pans. The charge was
divided equally between two pans, the overflow from the
lip discharge of each pan going to another pan for re-
grinding, making four pans in all. The roasted con-
centrates were crushed in 0.5% KCN solution, and amal-
gamation was practiced in the first two pans. At each
of these was placed a drum containing a 5% lead acetate
solution, the rate of drip being regulated according to
the condition of the roast. From the regrinding pans
the pulp streams flowed to whichever agitator was
being filled. The agitator (12 ft. dia. by 8 ft. high) took
about 24 hours to fill, and the charge was then further
agitated for 48 hours.

The pulp flowed by gravity to a monteju, and thence
by air pressure to a 50-leaf Dehne filter press. A cake
contained about 163 lb. of dry slime. The charged press
was given three washes from the barren solution tank,
and two water washes or more if necessary. The aurif-
erous solution from the agitator had a cyanide content
of from 0.25% to 0.3%, the drainings from 0.02 to
0.05'r. Twenty pounds of lime were added per shift to

February 28, 1918

ENGINEERING AND MINING J01 RNAL

the roasted concentrates, and the same quantify was
thrown into an agitator after it had been filled. About
80 it', of cyanide in solution was added to an agitator
during filling.

The protective alkalinity was kept latterly as high as
O.l^i CaO; previously it had ranged from 0.008 to
0.000', and had given satisfactory results on light
feeds. On one occasion after an agitator had been idled,
it was noticed that the cyanide content had fallen to
0.02', from the average value of 0.275' . While the
agitator had been filling, the roast had been exception-
ally poor and both air-lifts out of order. The chi
was pressed, and the residues, which showed a high
assay value, were re-treated. Apparently, therefore,
as the washing in the press had been thorough, the gold
in the charge could not have been dissolved out satis-
factorily.

This may have been due to the great destruction
of KCN, owing to the bad roast or to the lack of
sufficient oxygen in the pulp, which latter delayed the
solution of the gold. The rich residues were hand fed
into the pans and re-agitated with excellent results. A
screen analysis of the roasted concentrates before and
after grinding is appended.

SCREEN ANALYSIS OF ROASTED CONC] NTHATES
Mesh Before Grinding After Grinding

+ 30 5 5 105

+ 60 14. I 0 91

+ 90 33 5 3 62

-120 6.1 2 70

+ 150 9 6 4 83

+ 200 12 45 5 48

—200 18 88 81.38

Experiments on cyanidation of the flue dust were
conducted with the following typical results. In No.

RESULTS OF CYANIDING FLUE DUST

No. 1 2 .

A B

Solids in feed 25<; 25%

Strength of KCN solution 0.5% 0 0 5ITo

Pounds CaO per ton 50 30 50

Hours agitation 24 24 24

Strength of KCN" after agitation Nil 0 48f"c n 5

CaO after agitation 0 01, 0 112 0 124'"

Assay value of heads $44 $44 $44

Assay value of residue $32 $5.25 $4 60

Percentage recovery 27 6' , 88 J 89 7'7

As203 before roasting, lr'c\ after roasting, trace. Loss in weight during
roasting, 17' ,

1, agitation with KCN was employed without roasting.
In No. 2, two hours' roasting w-as followed by agitation
with KCN.

Utilization of Low-Grade Minerals
in Germany

Comment has been made in the Journal of the re-
duced tenor of the ore now being treated in the Mans-
feld copper district in Germany. The cupriferous schists
formerly treated averaged about 2.5rr, while the ma-
terial now being handled is as low as 1% or even 0.7
Cu. Echo des Mines of Dec. 2, 1917, comments further
on an address of P. Krusch, reproduced in Stahl und
Eisen of July 19, 1917, in which he stated that, follow-
ing the stoppage of importation and the advance in
prices, German metallurgists had been led to utilize
materials which in times of peace were considered too
poor to be commercially available. In many cases good
results have been obtained by the application of new-
methods, and he predicted that minerals of lower grade
would be utilized in normal times. He commented on
the reduced grade of the ore now treated in Mans-

feld district, bul

place in the metallui stei

and low

:. , . ted.

Vanadiun i ienl quantity

in slags which contained nol more than 0.7$ vanadium.
The wolframite of old abandoned dumps and Blag skim-
mings serve ae a source of tui

de is now welcome, although only hah the grade for-
merly ai worth; ■ ion, I'

ited. Bauxite i ontaining
alumina is now considered sufficiently rich, and met-
allurgists have likewi ed at the poinl ract-

aluminum from clay. No special
curred in the production of arsenic and antimony, bul
sulphur, which for a long time was obtained only in the
free state, is now extracted from gypsum and anhy-
drite. Phosphate rock of 20 rc grade is being trans-
formed into fertilizer.

South African Mineral Production
in 1916

The annual report of the Department of .Mines and
Industries, Union of South Africa, for 1916, contains
the following information relative to the mineral pro-
duction for 1915 and 1916:

Quantity, Quant ity,

oduct 1915 1916

Gold, fine oz 9,096.410 9.296.963

Silver.fineoz 966,176 968,935

I)i;,i, 103,385 2.346.330

Coal, ton 8,281,324 10.0 i.

Coke, tons 7.279 10.704

26,050

Tons

28.969.769 22.841 653

3,441 353 3.264 06S

2,138 473 4,655 837

41 458 60. 154

627 000 609 120

89 669 721 662

180 250 402 000
352 396

68 126 755 305
2 500

I 423

2 000 13 496

545 000 5,276 700
20 000

22 400

44.000 132 000

Copper matte, 45.2% copper

Tin concentrates, 67.5% metallic tin.

Asbestos

Graphite

Magneaite

Antimony

Lead

Zinc

Corundum

Nickel

Sheelite

Mica

Iron Pyrite
Keolin
Iron Oxide .
Talc

45,104 000 56.267 000

6,303 000 6.299 000

Lime 68.989 000 78,222 000

Flint 453 000 297 000

Gypsum 2,838 000 3.990.000

The total value of the product in 1915 was £45,531,009,
while the 1915 production was valued at £50,593,359.
Both gold and silver show an increase. The diamond
production is greatly in excess of the 1915 production,
but lower than that of 1914. Copper production is 6128
tons less than in 1915.

Transvaal mining concerns in 1916 produced 28,542,-
650 tons of ore, and employed 229,926 men in 90 mines,
of w^hich 83 were producing and seven non-producing.
In December, 1916, 9765 stamps and 326 tube mills
were in operation.-

Ultra-violet Rays in Arc Welding, produced by the elec-
tric arc between carbon and iron or iron and iron, are
harmful to the welder, according to W. S. Andrews in the
General Electric Review. Operators must therefore be
careful to employ protective screens and lenses. Proper
use of the latter will shield the eyes of the welder against
these rays as well as against glare, flickering and intense
heat. Such welding should be done behind screens where
it will not effect other workers in the shop.

1ING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 8

Fine-Grinding and Porous-Briquetting of

the Zinc

Ch

arge

rind

THE paper is the sever-

rting
■ how by certain improved
al. over that theoretically
. thereby effecting an incre
I plant as well as

ITIONS in the Southwest
the Southwestern zinc works a charge of roasted
zinc ore with a side mixture of carbonates and silicates.
analyzing on the average 50 Zn, is mixed with
::iore of its weight of a mixture of coal and coke
analyzii. fixed carbon. The ore is of vary-

ing fineness and the coal and coke are usually crushed
in a semi-moist condition through a -in. screen. With
ore- aggy nature, this coal proportion is in-

ert.: J to as much as 100r, of the weight <<t

the "re. With te ores, or where anthracite

.th higher carbon content are cheap enough,
the percentage of reducing agent is cut to 45%, or even
somewhat lower. The average charge per retort for a
monthly run of a plant on ore, as distinguished from
retorts on blue powder, ladle skimmings and other in-
termediary products, runs from 60 to 66 lb., with a
mean of 63 lb. for the Southwest with standard retorts
of 8. --in. inside diameter and 50-in. long inside, using

-ted sulphide ores. Conditions will change these
figures, but 40 lb. of ore per cubic foot of retort space

i believe, an average in the better operated plants.
Since the rise in the price of spelter, the tendency has
been to overcharge. To remove the slag that is formed
when retorts are overcharged, extra men are put on to
"gum-chisel*' the retorts to prevent "set" furnaces and
"butchered retort

Taking the above conditions as premises, one finds
that from four to six times the amount of coal necessary
for the reduction is used, as is evidenced by the fact that
the analyze as high as 35% fixed carbon.

There are good reasons why this excess of fixed carbon
must be used, and perhaps these can be best explained
ription of the metallurgical requisites of a
zinc charge. They may be enumerated as follows:

Metallubical Requisites of the Zinc Charge

1. High reducing power, especially at the end of the

to reduce any carbon dioxide to monoxide and

ig about ndensation of the vapor. It is, of

• well known that carbon dioxide, if formed in

iriK Engi. •

the retort, oxidizes the zinc vapor at lower temperatures
and is the cau e of Hie formation of an excessive amount
of blue powder.

2. Heat conductivity as high as possible, so as to per-
mit the heat, as soon as it permeates the walls of the
i\ to the inside of the charge in order that
as uniform a temperature as possible may be attained
in the retort. For this reason large pieces of coal, ore,
anil coke are charged, since fine material is a poor con-
ductor of heat.

.".. Porosity. — If the charge be too dense, the back
pressure of the gases produced is so great that reduc-
tion is hindered. Moreover, the porosity allows the
secondary gaseous reduction to proceed.
ZnO + CO = Zn + C02
CO, + C = 2CO

4. The charge must leave a residue that is substan-
tially non-slagging in character. Since carbon is in-
fusible, this can be attained by having sufficient fine
nii'lion present in the charge to leave particles of car-
bon in the residue. Since the fine particles are predom-
inantly consumed or oxidized in the reduction of the
ZnO, these must be present to a certain excess in order
to leave enough fine coal particles at the end to act as a
sponge and stop any slag from attacking the retorts.

Theoretical Fuel Consumption Approached in
Experiments in Electric Smelting

In my work on electric smelting where only 12% of
coal was added, it was shown that it was possible, oper-
ating on a fairly large scale — one ton of charge per day
— to reduce zinc ore successfuly with only the theoreti-
cal amount of coal. This seemingly incongruous fact
points the way for certain improvements in the ordinary
reduction of zinc ore in the retort. Accordingly, the
above analysis of the requisites was made and investi-
gation and research were started to find the metallurgi-
cal ultimate.

Coal-dust firing, used successfully in the cement and
smelting industry, was taken as a pattern. In this, the
almost instantaneous oxidation of carbon is attained by
the use of coal in the form of dust. Since any reduc-
tion process is likewise an oxidation process, it is not
fanciful to regard zinc reduction as an oxidation of the
"charge" coal. Accordingly tests were made, grinding
both the zinc ore and the coal to 80-mesh and finer.
These fine mixes were worked off in a crucible or
in a retort, and while they brought out certain
advantages they also showed conclusively that the
fine charge had the disadvantage of being so dense
as to hold back the zinc vapor and gases, and
so to diminish the speed of reaction. In the con-
ventional furnace, large pieces of coke are put in to
"ventilate" the charge. Accordingly an addition was
made of broom straw, which gives a carbonized skeleton
that is preserved during the retorting operation and
provides an exit path for the gases. Moreover, the car-
bonized skeletons or eductors are an ashless and very
active form of carbon, and thereby reduce the carbon
dioxide to carbon monoxide. Since the flow of the gases

February 28, L918

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOUR]

871

naturally takes to t Ih'si- oductors, this supor-roduetimi 1!
t fficient m impro\ ing conden: al ion.

In these tests, the percentage ol material

was gradually decreased, from 60' I to 50, 40, 30, 25 and
20', successively, and it was found that with complete
reduction (residues analyzing from 2 to o..v , Zn) tl
was no slagging of the ore, provided the proportion of
eoal was left above 2091 • unless the ore was especially
slaggy. For instance, using an ore analyzing Zn 22
Fe ;;:!. S 8.8, SiO 6.4, Cat) ami alkali 1\ , with 20°/, of
anthracite, there was slight fritting, but none with
25 . of eoal. In general, with reducing eoal an
fixed carbon 07.0',, volatile matter 26.6, ash 12. 1
and an ore analyzing Zn 43. .V , . Fe 7.10, CaO 4o\ or
even more, there is no trouble in getting residues that
contain absolutely no "gum" or slag and analyzing in

zinc as follows : 2. 1 ' , , 0.6, 2.9, 2.1, 1.8, 0.5'

The ore

chai-ge per retort was thus raised to 100 lb. and the coal
percentage reduced to 30 (( or lower.

The reason for this is that the charge is highly re-
ductive, due to its fineness and the peculiar way it is
"ventilated," and since the immense number of fine par-
ticles of carbon left at the end hold up the slag-making
particles and any iron sulphides, little gum is formed,
and if formed it does not touch the retort walls. Instead
of the carbon particles passing through the process with-
out oxidation, many of them 1 in. in diameter, and with-
out performing any useful purpose, the surface of the
particles is increased forty- or fifty-fold, and if one
holds to the original simile of coal-dust firing and re-
members that in zinc reduction two solid reagents must
be made to combine, one cannot but admit the great the-
oretical advantage of a finely ground porous charge.

For practical working, however, a charge must be
a fair conductor of heat, for zinc reduction is heat-
absorbing. This fineness of the charge, while it certainly
promotes the reduction if properly "ventilated," makes
the charge a poor conductor of heat, which is a decided
disadvantage in the practical retorting operation.

Briquetting Increases Heat Conductivity and
Retort Capacity

This poor conductivity is overcome by briquetting,
which causes a certain lessening of the volume, but at an
expense of $1.50 per ton of ore. But since the density
of coal is less than half that of the ore, the reduction of
the percentage of coal from 60 to 30 % or less increases
the pounds of zinc ore per cubic foot from 42 to 63 lb.,
or increases the charge per retort from 67 to 100 lb.
Assuming a cost of $17 per ton of ore for smelting under
present conditions, fine-grinding, ventilating and bri-
quetting permits a reduction in cost, by means of in-
creased charging, of $5.67. The reduction in "charge"
coal cuts the cost of coal from $2 to $1.20. There
would be a reduction in furnace labor and in retort con-
sumption because the charge gives a residue that blows
out clean. I believe that the recovery will be increased
because of low residues and decreased retort consump-
tion ; perhaps this saving will amount to $3. The cred-
its thus total $10.97 while the debit is $1.50 ; or a total
net saving of $9.47 is possible.

The briquetting needs a special binder and, after mix-
ing, can be effected by extruding through a pug mill,
followed by warming or heating, leaving a partially re-
duced mass in various sizes suitable for charging in the

convent ional manm i 1 1 ■ uld

be afa ameter.

nl method
using a 40 I [flc

for the reason th; ng

needed. Whet liei 1 I, ,n I ,e i|, :

bon "i- by carbon mono) i through

the process t.. .-, lai ' in lari not

acted "ii at all, si i epl t<> n

the charge heat-cond i grii dins "' coal and

ore it he dotal ion re es to the

in. urn i-.ii i i Me eoal and pi in < bilat-

eral advantages. The "kernel" briquetting
necessary heai condui tn it> . The i ercializal ion oJ

proposal would, in my judgment, effect an
.nt national saving in coal, zinc and labor.

Effect of ( upper on Steel

To obtain additional data on the mechanical propi
of medium-carbon steel containing small quantities of
copper, an investigation was made by Carle K. Hayward

and Archibald B. Johnston, which they have described
in a recent paper.' Two grades of steel were used, which
are referred to in the account of the test as "high-cop-
per" steel and "low-copper" steel. Chemical analyses
showed the following compositions: High-copper steel
— 0.380 fc C, 0.0 12', I', o.r.70', Mn, 0.0309! S, 0.860 °/<
Cu; low-copper steel —0.365% C, 0.053$ 1', o..V.to
Mn, 0.048% S, 0.030% Cu. The steel was furnished
in bars about 1 in. square in cross-section. A more
suitable form for heat treatment was secured by turn-
ing these down on a lathe to i-in. round bars. The
steel as forged was very soft and turned easily.

The tensile tests were made in an Olsen testing ma-
chine; the shock tests on the Charpy machine at the
Watertown Arsenal, and the hardness of the specimens
was determined by the Brinnell and scleroscope methods.
The results are summarized by the authors as follows:

"The tensile strengths show a striking superiority
of the high-copper steel. The yield point and ultimate
strength are in every case higher, where the ductility is
practically the same, although here too the average
figures for reduction of area are with one exception
slightly higher for the high-copper than for the low.
This, however, is offset by slightly higher values for
elongation in a majority of the tests in favor of the
low-copper. The hardness tests by both methods show
the high-copper steel in all tests to be harder than the
low-copper. The Charpy shock tests show the high-cop-
per steel in all cases to be superior to the low-copper.

"In general, the results confirm the work of Ball,
Stead, Breuil, and Campbell as regards the effect of cop-
per on hardness and tensile strength. They confirm the
work of Breuil as regards brittleness and the work of
Campbell as regards reduction of area. It is also true,
that, as Stead has stated, the behavior of the copper steel
resembled that of nickel steel."

Asbestos in Great Britain may be dealt in only by permit.
Effective Jan. 5 last, the Admiralty prohibited the sale,
supply or delivery of any raw asbestos, according to a
cable from the American consul general at London.

■"The Effect of the Presence of a Small Amount of Copper in
Medium-Carbon Steel"; a paper presented at the February.
191S. meeting of the American Institute of Mining Engineers, at
New York.

ENGINEERING AND .MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 8

Sulphur and Copper Oxide Determination

Bi C. G. MAIER*

. arch
[tuples, in

cury.

arilii ust

s sulphide

TH! letermination of "oxide," or acid-

i and mill products is a mat-
e importance for the control both of
I leaching and of concentrating operati

m. The usual method of making this

::. without going into details, is to treat

. bed-out portion of the sample taken for analy-

with dilute sulphuric acid, bringing just to a boil,

: by filtering, washing and determining the

amount of copper contained in the filtr;

a roasting is carried on as a preliminary to

when an unroasted ore is to be leached with

sulphuric acid, this method of determination is accurate

enough for practical purposes, since in both cases what

the amount of copper soluble in sulphuric

acid, and not, except possibly for control of roasting, the

true percentage of "oxide" or metallic copper, as op-

d to copper combined with sulphur. The object of

these notes is to bring out the fact that this method, as

applied for the control of flotation operation, may give

misleading results.

irate Determination of Sulphide Copper
Needed To Control Flotation
Flotation, as now practiced, does not pretend to re-
• r more than a portion of the so-called "oxide" cop-
per present, and in the mill reports, therefore, at a
number of places, the recovery by flotation is calculated
both for the total copper present and for the "sulphide"
copper. Finely divided metallic copper may or may not
be recoverable by flotation, according to local ore pe-
culiarities, but in any case it is not "sulphide" copper.
prous oxide by the ordinary method of "oxide" cop-
per determination will, of course, also yield only half of
■>pper to the sulphuric acid used as a solvent.

ailed sulphide copper in an ore or mill
iuct is now usually estimated by difference between
the total copper and the oxides as determined by treat-
ment with dilute sulphuric acid, it is evident that when
• products carry metallic copper or cuprous
le in appreciable amounts, the determination of sul-
phide copper will be in error in proportion to the
amount of metallic copper present and in proportion to
one-half of the cuprous oxide present. Such ores are
treated by flotation in a number of places, and a method
;rately determining their true sulphide content
is therefore of inter*

following method is suggested for this purpose:
from one to three grams of the sample, depend-

lartment, Phelps Dodge Cor-

ing on the copper content, into a 150 c.c. casserole, add
i . of 1, II SO,, and heat to 80-90° C. for 30 to 45
min. Avoid boiling. After this treatment, cool to
room temperature and add 4-5 c.c. of clean mercury.
Rub the mercury about in the bottom of the casserole
or beaker with finger or otherwise until it is cer-
tain that all the ore particles have had an opportunity
to come into contact with it. Three or four minutes'
rubbing with the finger will usually suffice. Under
these circumstances the metallic copper is usually amal-
gamated and is taken up by the globule of mercury.
Tour the supernatant solution, containing the sulphide
minerals and gangue suspended in it, into a beaker,
taking care to retain the mercury as a single globule in
the casserole. Wash the last traces of ore into the
beaker by means of a fine stream of water.

The mercury having removed any original metallic
copper and also any resulting from decomposition of
cuprous oxide, the solution is now filtered and the
copper in the residue and filtrate determined in the
usual manner, preferably by the iodide method. The
copper in the residue represents, of course, the sulphide,
while that in the filtrate represents the so-called "oxide"
or, rather, acid-soluble copper.

Notes on Procedure

While the method as outlined above has given good
results in the laboratory in which the analyses were
made, the following points, more or less obvious in
themselves, are worthy of note : After washing the ore
irom the mercury, it may be desirable, if much metallic
copper is present, to add a second fresh portion of
mercury to insure complete separation. Ordinarily, if
a little care be used, this will be unnecessary, but it
may be desirable as a means of insuring complete sepa-
ration.

It is sometimes a little difficult to wash the last traces
of ore from the mercury. This may be facilitated by
pouring the mercury from one casserole to another.
The ore has a tendency to stick, while the mercury
comes over all in one globule. The ore thus left sticking
to the casserole should be washed into the beaker.
With a little care and practice the washings may be
made without too large an amount of water, 100-150
c.c. usually being sufficient.

In determining the copper in the residue from filtra-
tion, it is possible to put the wet filter paper directly
into a beaker and treat with HN03, HC1, H,S04 and a
little bromine, and dissolve, at the same time destroying
the filter paper. Usually, evaporation must be made
twice to destroy the paper completely. The partial car-
bonization of the paper, however, leaves a gelatinous
residue, which has a tendency to froth over, so that,
where it can be done conveniently, it is well to dry and
ignite the filter paper.

When it is undesirable to redistill the mercury for use
a second time, it may be purified sufficiently by filter-
ing through chamois and allowing to stand for some
time in contact with dilute (5%) HN03.

The method has been tested in the Phelps Dodge
laboratory on widely varying ores with entire satis-

February 28. 1918

ENGINKKKINC AND MINING .KM R

faction. A few determinations are given as typical
of the results achieved:

1. A material typical of flotation concentrates, con
taining only sulphide minerals with a small amounl of

oxide imt no metallic- copper, when analyzed by the
usual method was shown to have the following com-
position: Total Cu, 21.17' : acid soluble Cu, 0.24
sulphide Cu by difference, 24.23 To another port
of the same sample was added 1 of finely divided me-
tallic copper. Analysis by the new method, the added
copper being removed with mercury, gave the following
results: Cu in residue or sulphide Cu, 24.189! ; ■•■
soluble copper, 0.2:2 : total Cu by sum. 2 1.|o .

2. On analyzing a concentrator slime a typical result
obtained is as follows: Total Cu, 0.52' r ; acid-soluble
Cu, 0.20', : sulphide Cu by difference, 0.32$ . The new
method gave this analysis: Cu in residue or sulphide
Cu, 0.31%; acid-soluble Cu, 0.20 % ; total Cu by sum,
0.51 r, . This slime quite evidently did not contain me-
tallic copper in larger quantity than the error of de-
termination. Consequently, in order to make a test on
this class of material, 2.2<"( of fine metallic copper was
added. The new method on the slime plus the added me-
tallic copper gave the following results: Cu in residue,
0.33 % ; acid-soluble Cu, 0.20 % ; total Cu originally pres-
ent, 0.53%.

3. On an actual ore (Old Dominion ore, Globe, Ariz.),
containing metallic copper and suboxide copper, results
were obtained by the usual method as follows: Total
Cu, 5.26% ; acid-soluble Cu, 1.92% ; sulphide Cu by dif-
ference, 3.34%. By the new method the results were:
Cu in residue or sulphide Cu, 2.49% ; acid-soluble Cu,
1.92% ; metallic Cu by difference, including A of Cu
present as Cu.O, 0.83 c(. On this ore the error in the
sulphide copper determination by the old method is
0.85% (3.34 — 2.49), an amount sufficient to affect
seriously the calculation of sulphide copper recovery by
flotation.

In order to check the new method further on this ore,
another portion of the same sample was taken for anal-
ysis, and to this was added 2CC of metallic copper. A
re-assay then gave the original amount of metallic cop-
per as 0.83%, a very good check with the first deter-
mination of 85 per cent.

Method Compares Favorably with Others

It is apparent that under the conditions of these tests
the method is about as accurate as the ordinary run of
copper determinations and that a separation may be
effected to within a few hundredths per cent, of copper.
As with many other methods, some practice and con-
siderable attention to details are necessary for accu-
racy, but, when carefully followed, the method is be-
lieved to be capable of yielding good results, and, though
tests on it have not yet covered a sufficient period of
time to determine its ultimate usefulness, there seems
to be no doubt as to its practicability.

It also seems that the method may be of value in
the control of roasting operations when it is desirable to
know the amount of sulphide copper present in the cal-
cines. Tests have not been made in the Phelps Dodge
laboratory on calcines, but it seems probable that ac-
curate results may also be had with such materials.
Credit should be given Mr. Rankin and Mr. Harnden for
cooperation in the w7ork described.

Scope <>t ,i Miner's Employment

Bl A. I.. II. Siki

As affect inc .in employi i n award

under Workmen' n Law t<o- an accidental

injury sustained bj him "in 1 1
iiu-nt." any acts done by him in th<

and in conformity < I in by the

owners must be regarded a-- having been done in the
line of his duty, holds the California supremi

in the recent case of Atolia Mining Co [ndll 'rial

Accident Commission, 167 Pacifii Reporter,

In this case, a mine shotfner's strict duties ended
when he had assisted in drilling holes for blasting,
loading and firing them at the end of the shift's work-
ing hours. But, under a well-established custom in
mining, he returned twenty minutes after the explo
to ascertain that all the shots had exploded, to avoid
peril to the incoming shift. In afterward leaving the
mine, he was fired upon by a guard employed to prevent
thefts of ore, and the mining company denied liability
for resulting injury' under the Workmen's Compensa-
tion Act, on the ground that the injured man had acted
as a mere volunteer. The court, however, holds that
the accident occurred in the course of employment,
saying:

"The recognized custom of miners, carried out with
the knowledge and approval of the mine owners . . .
becomes in all essentials for this award a part of the
duty of the miner in the performance of his work,
and his injuries thus resulting grew out of and occurred
in the course of his employment."

Decreased Iron and Steel Production
in Austria-Hungary

The position of the principal iron and steel companies
in Austria-Hungary is reported to have deteriorated,
from a financial point of view during 1917, according
to the Iron and Coal Trades Review. A reduction in
the profits and production of the Prague Iron Industry
Co. is stated to have taken place in the September
quarter; the Alpine Montan Co. reported a decline of
$140,000 in net profits in the first half of its financial
year, with prospect of a further decrease in the third
quarter. It is explained that the causes are to be found
in the difficult labor conditions, the rise in the cost of
all raw materials, and the increase in wages. There is
no possibility of an expansion in production at present ;
on the contrary, it is impossible to maintain the exist-
ing level of output, owing to the decreasing supplies
of raw materials and consignments of finished products
in consequence of the appropriation of rolling stock for
army purposes. The scarcity of labor is another serious
factor. Russian prisoners of war tried by the Alpine
company were found unfit, and have been discharged.
Production of iron ore at the well-known mines in
Styria is said to have considerably decreased.

Mercurial Poisoning at quicksilver reduction works was
discussed recently by representatives of the Bureau of
Mines, the Board of Health of California and the Industrial
Accident Commission of that state, in an effort to reduce the
danger arising from this cause.

•Attorney at law. 829 Security Bldg.. Minneapolis, Minn.

VNH MININi; JtHKNAL

Vol. 105, No. 8

■BMMaaHHMMaMMMIUIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII II Illllllllllllllllllll Illlllllllllllllllllllllllll | rilllllllllll I Illll Illllllll I iniiLj

Launching Yuba No. 17 Dredge in California I

'"i»"" iiiiiiiliiiiiiiiiliiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiii inn mi i imiiim iiimmi mllllllllll iiiinilllllllllllllllUIll

BE IX THE WAYS PREVIOUS TO

CHING AT HAMMOXTON, CALIF.

February 2:i, 1018

ENGINEERING AND MINING JO

THE LAUNCHING OF YUBA NO. IT. SINGLE-STACKER DREDGE, AT HAMMONTON, CALIF., NOV. 4. 1917

The hull of Tuba Xo. 17 all-steel gold-placer dredge, built by the Tuba Manufacturing Co. for the Yuba Consolidated Gold
Fields, was launched at Hammonton, Calif., Nov. 4. 1917. It weighs 700 tons and carried constructed trusses and other parts of
the superstructure. The dimensions are: Length. 155 ft.; beam. 6S ft., not including overhang; depth, 11J ft.; and width of well
hole, S ft. 7 in. Construction started with the actual laying of steel on Aug. 4. 1917. In the three months there were 12 Sundays,
one holiday and one rainy day when work was suspended, making a total of 14 idle days, or 76 days actually spent on con-
struction. The number of men employed in this period varied from 40 to SO. The camp houses or tents were planned to accom-
modate 125 men. that being the number required in subsequent periods of construction. Yuba Xo 17 dredge is practically of the
same design and construction as Yuba No. 1". The digging ladder is 154 ft. long. 5 ft. 4 in. wide. 10 ft. 6 in. deep at center and
weighs, without buckets and pins. 445 tons. Complete, it is equipped with 100 California type. IS eu.ft. buckets that are designed
to dig S5 ft. below the water line. The buckets weigh 4200 ana the bucket pins 700 lb. each. The bucket idler is 5 ft. 9 in.
in diameter, cast in one piece, and weighs 11 tons. The upper tumbler is 5-sided and weighs 15 tons; the shaft is 14 ft. 10J in.
in length and has a diameter of 4S in. The lower tumbler is round and has a diameter of 5 ft. 5 in. The single stacker is 175
ft. in length and weighs 90 tons; the conveyor belt is 350 ft. long and 44 in. wide. The ladder-hoist winch and the swing winch
are identical with those on Yuba Xo. 15, the stacker drive is the same as Yuba Xos. 15 and 16, and the revolving
and water nozzles are the same as Yuba Xo. 15. The spuds are 60 ft. long. : ft. 1 in. x 5 ft. in section, and the point is of solid
steel and 10 ft. long. The main part of the spuds, which weigh 42 tons each, is built of steel plates and angles.

vNl» MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 8

Qualifications and Duties of a Shift Boss

to

■/)(/

1^ -.his address is t. the shift

. ed in thai capacity myself, and
. ha ■ ■ . • of the things expected of

- • tancy in Baying that I know
nany and important, and if he is a
■ has a proper conception of his work,
ue of the most valuable men in the
.. [f, however, he is only a driver
• entirely possible that he may be a posil
inj opany and the men. Of the former

i know we have a goodly num-
: the drivers only, it" we have any — and I know
a — I sincerely hope they may soon be real
fters" in the truest sense of the word.

[NTERPRI -:.- I OM1-ANY POLICY TO THE MEN

The shir the man who really stands between

the company and the men. He represents the company
the men and interprets its policy. Consequently, the
dut • - are varied and far-reaching, and

:id the ordinary idea of "getting out the rock."
In working large orebodies of uniform grade his princi-
pal duty is to look after the tonnage and, when necessary,
rowd the mine for a still greater tonnage. At a
mine like the Copper Queen it is entirely different. Here
the shift I 'oss has many other problems, and often he
must use his individual judgment. Of these considera-
tions, the one of greatest importance is the work itself.
While the individual responsibility for the employ-
ment of men has been practically removed from the
dders of the foremen and bosses by the substitution
of a central employment office under the direction of
a man whose object is to secure the most intelligent
and best trained men available for the work, the oppor-
tunity and duty of the foremen and bosses to "fit the
man to the j till of supreme importance. In fit-

ting a man to the job, the first question which presents
t is "What are the man' ilities?" For ex-

ample, "Can he tell ore from waste?" "Is his tempera-
ment such that he unconsciously wants to make a "big
wing* and. consequently, fails to sort the ore as clean
"Is he physically strong enough to stand
up to the job, or can his intelligence be used to better
advantage in some other direction?"

nstance, a man physically able to make a splendid
ker in a sulphide stope when there is no sorting to
done might be absolutely wasted in mixed ore re-
quiring careful sorting. Of course, over half of the
rk requires no particular knowledge of ore on the
part of the man, and thi3 fact should not be lost sight
of in judging a man's value for this part of our
In development work, a man trained in
railroad tunneling, underground drifting and rai

similar lines will be better fitted for this field than
one trained in "chloriding."

So far, we have considered only the question of
selecting men already trained. As a matter of fact,
in recent years, with the tremendous expansion of
metal-mining operations in the West, it is becoming
incri evident that the supply of trained men is

practicallj exhausted, and to meet this condition it is
larj not only to select men but to train them for
the job, and it is here that the shift bosses have their
largest opportunity for valuable service. Bosses them-
selves are selected as much for their knowledge of how
to (U^ the work and how to instruct others to do it
as for their ability to handle men. These questions of
the "selection of the man for the job and his proper
training" are, in a way, only secondary to the real
constructive work of the boss.

A carpenter selects his materials, tools and methods
for the particular job, but first of all, he must have
a plan to work to. Similarly, the boss must have his
plan complete in every detail and fitted into that of
the division foreman, whose plan, in turn, is fitted into
that of the general foreman, and so on, each portion,
as it were, dovetailed into every other, until the whole
makes a complete, self-contained scheme of management,
able to take its stand in the mining world — a finished
structure, well designed and efficiently operated.

As someone has aptly said, "The authority to issue
an order entails the duty of seeing that the order
is carried out." Naturally, this involves, besides the
knowledge of how to carry it out, careful planning,
as otherwise the issuer of the order will not know
whether it can be carried out or not. For example,
a man may be sent into a drift to drill a round of
holes and finds only part of the outfit. He spends a
couple of hours "rustling" the rest of the outfit, fails
to get in his round and is seriously reprimanded, or,
perhaps, in extreme cases, discharged for something
that was not his fault, but entirely due to the failure
of the shift boss to work out a comprehensive plan in
advance of issuing orders.

Shift Boss Should Do Justice to the Mine
and to the Men

In the second place, it is the duty of every boss to
do justice to the mine itself. First of all in regard
to the method of extracting the ore. Small bodies of
ore may be easily passed up which may be connected
to larger ones that would mean hundreds of thousands
of dollars to the company. Of course, there are so
many prospects that it is impossible to follow out each
so-called break or stringer of ore. Nevertheless, it is
the duty of the shift boss to try to recognize a good
prospect and report it to his foreman, so that the com-
bined judgment of both men will be exercised. This
is ah important consideration when one considers that
the life of the mine is really at stake and that it may
be lengthened or decreased according to good or poor
mining — in other words, lack of conservation of the
orebodies.

The third consideration is vested in the proper inter-
pretation of this company's policy. In general, the
policy of this company is well known. It is to pay-
good wages in order to have the men contented and at

February 28, 1918

ENGINEERING AND MINING J01 RNAL

the same time to operate the mines on a good business
basis, so as to reap the maximum amount oi profits,
The attitude of the shift boss may turn the feeling

of the men either for or ayainst the company. In

fact, the popularity of the company is really at stake

between the shift bosses anil the miners.

Fourth is the importance o( handling men. Evi

shift boss should make a studj of his men. First in
regard to their ability, so as to lit the right man in
the right place; and second in regard to discipline,
so as to set his good will and his interest in the work,
and at the same time have all orders obeyed. At this
time, when wages and bonuses are higher than they
have ever been in the history of the camp, there is a
natural feeling that superhuman efforts must be made
to maintain costs at their former level. Obviously.
if good work was being done before the increase of
wages, costs could not be held down by simply attempt-
ing to increase the efforts on the part of the men.

The policy of the company in paying the present
high wages is not to obtain the privilege of driving
the men any harder, but is to share with them the
increasing prosperity of the industry. At the same
time the situation does present an extremely favorable
opportunity for the study and introduction of new
methods for making the same amount of effort more
effective. We all know the difficulties encountered in
asking an old experienced miner to change his way of
doing something, but with the added incentive of more
money these changes can be effected much more readily.

Attitude of Men Toward Company a Reflex
of the Shift Bosses' Efficiency

It is useless to expect a man to judge of the com-
pany's feelings toward him except in the light of his
treatment at the hands of his immediate superiors, and
this responsibility of the shift boss to represent the
company to the men both wisely and well, is. after all,
the most important duty to them both. It has been
said that justice is man's most important mission on
earth. Now, unless a boss thoroughly understands the
interplay of the forces set in motion by his orders, he
cannot hope to estimate their results justly and dis-
tribute praise and blame where they belong. In addi-
tion to this there can be no cooperation that is not
founded on mutual respect, and "blackguarding" a
man, while it may arouse fear and hate, can hardly
be expected to arouse esteem and respect.

Without the cooperation of his men a boss is as
helpless as a new-born babe. In recognition of this
fact, too much importance cannot be laid on upholding
his authority and discipline; that is to say, he should
hold his men individually responsible for the orders
issued to them and should be held personally responsible
by his foreman for the execution of all orders issued to
him, the foremen, in turn, being held personally respon-
sible for all orders issued to them. This system of
responsibility, excepting in cases of extreme emergency,
should be adhered to firmly.

Good Shift Bosses One of Company's Best Assets

In concluding these remarks, I hope that each one

■ will realize the responsibility that rests upon him. If

ycu consider everything carefully when giving orders,

so as to make it clear to your men just what should

be d i and er tools vi it h

whi< h to .•hi to expei t a

liable daj 's work, 0 , J OU may not alv.

I"- right, and will ma but

w ii musl r< men bei I hal ) i u hi
j our Bupi i ability to tt

and and that In every or

you hi or wr<

the companj will hi ou and is upholding

your judi i the benefit of the doubt thai

your judgmei I until you should pre ■

unworthy of their confidence. The responsibility
for good discipline and. the good will of the ur-

self and to the company rests eni

tlders. It is, therefore, of the portance

that you try to interpret the policy of the company
correctly and to use your best judgment in matt i
disciplim ting orders and expecting a fair da

work, so that you will hold the respect and confidence
of your men.

I am convinced that the foremen and shift bosses of
this or any other mining organization constitute the
best asset of the company' they are serving, provided
they treat the men under their charge fairly, justly
and humanely; and what can be a better asset to our
company than a force of clean, satisfied, well-paid men
who have the fullest confidence in the organization
under which they are working and who, in case of
either hard times or times of labor stress or strain,
know of a certainty that the official representatives
of the company are ready and willing to give to each
workman a sa.uare deal?

Price of Aluminum in France

Another advance in the price of aluminum in France
was made by the French Ministry of Munitions, accord-
ing to Echo des Mines of Dec. 2, 1917. This advance
was made retroactive on deliveries to works since Oct.
1 by Aluminium Francais, which is charged with the
distribution of the aluminum supply. Metal which had
been invoiced up to that date to consumers at 4 fr. per
kg. (32.7c. per lb.) is now billed at 6.40 fr. per kg. (50.9c.
per lb., at present rates of exchange) for ordinary in-
gots, 98-99 r( . The usual increases were maintained for
sheets and granulated metal. The benefit of this increase
naturally does not go entirely to the French manufac-
turers, but is to a considerable extent the result of the
rise, during the last two years, in the cost of coal, of
labor and of raw materials, although the price of the
French product remained fixed at 4 fr. The new sale
price resulted from an equalization established between
the price of the French metal and that of metal bought
outside and fabricated in France, duty paid. In reality
the rise is due especially to the necessities of war fab-
rication, which compelled the purchase of aluminum
from foreign sources, notably from the United States.

Platinum Nuggets are more common in Russia than
in the Colombian fields. The great Demidov nugget, accord-
ing to Dr. George F. Kunz, in the November "Bulletin"
of the Pan-American Union, is the largest in the world,
being approximately 7x4x3 in. and weighing 9624 grams
(21 lb. 3.46 oz. avoirdupois). It was found in the Nijni
Tagil region in 1843. Another large nugget was found
in the Urals in 1834 at Martinov. This weighed 8335 grams.
One large Colombian nugget weighs about 800 grams.

ENGINE] . UND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 8

Regulations of the U. S. Explosives Act

ii..

d in

8 in

law, dis-

I! !. 1917, a summary of the
iven. Regulations governing
ted by the United States
that are of interest to the
follow:
• of I . law is: To prevent disloyal persons

edients and to keep

tits out of the hands of persons

not protect them carefully enough to prevent

or used for unlawful purposes.

nd others should satisfy them-

the loyalty and responsibility of persons to

whom they sell explosives. Licensors have been instructed

to ■ to any person not known to

sponsible unless recommended by

repu: ens of the community.

tor which licenses are required include:

ionium nitrate, blasting powder, blasting caps, all

-. chlorate powders, detonating

or cordeau detonant, detonators, dynamites, blasting

machines, electric blasting caps, fuse of all varieties, per-

- and squibs. Explosives ingredients in-

clu. : and nitric acid, as well as a number of other

chemical compounds not of pertinent interest. Exceptions

are made when any of the commodities are sold or issued

by licensed foremen to workmen under them.

Kinds of Licenses
The licenses issued are: (A) Manufacturer's license —
■ he obtained by every person manufacturing explosives
and listed ingredients, and permits the purchase, possession
and sale of such substances by the manufacturer. These
ses are issued only by the Bureau of Mines, Washing-
ton, D. C. ( B » Vendor's license — Must be obtained by every
person receiving or purchasing explosives and listed in-
to others, and permits their possession
•his purpose. This license is not required by foremen
for sale and issuance to his workmen. These licenses are
licensing agents. (C) Purchaser's license
— Must be obtained by every person receiving or purchasing
exp. listed ingredients for use, and permits their

— , but does not authorize the holders to
sell or issue to others, except through a licensed foreman.
not required by workmen when sale or issu-
ance to them is made by a licensed foreman. These licenses
all local licensing agents. (D) Foreman's
license — Must be obtained by every foreman, etc., who pur-
cha- - from his employer, explosives or listed

for sale or issuance to workmen under him.
re issued by all local licensing agents. (E)
obtained by every person ex-
porting explosives or listed ingredients. These licenses are
issu> the Bureau of Mines, Washington, D. C. (F)

Imp be obtained by every person im-

or listed ingredients. These licenses are
ireau of Mines, Washington, D. C.
inventor's and investigator's li-
'•very person purchasing, manu-
' ' posing of explosives and

f r the purpose indicated by the license
licenses are issued by all local licensing

on Licenses

jed by local licensing agents are good only in

A license will not be

*sved t icant under 21 years of age; except that a

Par to uch an applicant when

he is r 'd in mining, agriculture, or other

u,m ' tiic use of explosives and when he is per-

sonally qU -I to use explosives, and when he presents a
written statement from his employer to that effect. This
will not prevent the issuance of a purchaser's license to a
person under L'l years of age who may be engaged in his
own business, provided that such applicant presents con-
vincing evidence to that effect. A foreman's license will not
be issued to an applicant under L'l years of age.

\n applicant who is not a native-born citizen and whi
claims citizenship must produce his certificate of naturaliza-
tion or those of his parents. If unable to do this, he should

iduce satisfactory secondary evidence of citizenship, in
the form of affidavits, supported, if necessary, by affidavits
of other persons, setting forth all the facts upon which he
bases bis claim. None of the above licenses releases their
possessors from the necessity of obtaining such other licenses
as may be required under state laws or local ordinances
pertaining to explosives or ingredients.

How to Obtain Licenses

Although an explosives license can be obtained at any
place in the state in which the explosives or ingredients are
to be sold or used, it is necessary that the applicant be
known to the licensing agent or properly identified by him.
Consequently it is advisable to make application to the
nearest licensing agent, not necessarily in the applicant's
home county, but at the most convenient place. The appli-
cant must appear in person before the licensing agent, and
previous to doing so he should prepare a statement of the
amount of explosives and ingredients purchased, disposed
of, or used by him during the last six months, and an esti-
mate of the amount he will require for 12 months to come.
Before filling in his application blank the applicant should
read the law with care, paying especial attention to Section
12. (Sec. 12 refers to the application for license, the in-
formation required of the licensee, the fee, records to be
kept by licensing agents, etc.)

Firms, associations, societies and corporations desiring a
license for purchasing or vending explosives, or educational
institutions applying for the analyst's, investigator's or
educator's license, may apply through a properly qualified
representative, and the license shall be made out in the
name of the firm, association, society, corporation or institu-
tion, but a foreman's license shall be issued upon presenta-
tion of the foreman in person and shall be issued to the
foreman in person, as foreman of the designated individual,
firm, association, society or corporation. A corporation em-
ployee applying for the license for a corporation should
present proper credentials to show his official capacity.

In the case of an applicant for an analyst's, chemist's and
investigator's license, if the applicant is a person and not
an institution, such person must be identified and endorsed
in writing by two reputable citizens of the community
known to the licensing agent, and the oath of the applicant
must be taken in the presence of his endorsers.

Having read these instructions, examined the application
and determined which class of license is necessary, the ap-
plicant should proceed as follows: (1) Fill out the applica-
tion form (either in the presence of the licensing agent or
at any convenient place). (2) Swear to the correctness of
the statements in the application. (3) Pay a fee of 25c. to
the licensing agent (this includes the fee for the oath). (4)
Receive the license of the proper class. (5) Receive in-
structions regarding the duties of a person holding an explo-
sives license. (6) Receive instructions as to records which
must be kept. (7) Receive instructions regarding the re-
porting of explosions and fires, occurring in mines, quarries,
factories, warehouses, magazines, houses, cars, boats, con-
veyances and all places in which explosives or ingredients
are manufactured, stored or used.

If a license is refused to an applicant he may appeal from
the decision of the licensing agent to the Council of National
Defense, Washington, D. C., and this appeal must be made
within 30 days of the refusal of license. Any person re-
quiring certified copies of his license may obtain them by
sending photographic or photostatic copies of the original
e, printed on dull-finished paper, to the Director,
Bureau of Mines, Washington, D. C, or by appearing before
the agent of original issue and producing the license and
paying a fee of 25 cents.

How to Obtain Licenses from the Bureau of Mines
Applications for manufacturer's, exporter's and import-
er's licenses and for other licenses required by manufac-
turers, exporters and importers should be obtained from the

February 28, 1918

ENGINl i kin.; and MINING fOl RN \i

Director of the Bureau of Mi] es, We hington, 1 1 I Bl
for such applications maj be o

Bun in of ttine i, oi from the State I Inspector In

each state. Departments, bu . of the i nited i

mmenl and their individual employees may applj for
and receive licenses either from a locai I I or

from the I'm, tor. Bureau of Mines, The Army and '
are the onlj Federal bodies exempted from licensing under
the law. Appeal from refusal of license by the
Bureau of Mines, lies through the Council of National De
fense, Washington, D. ('.. and must be made within
of the refusal of lie*

Use, Protection and Lapse of Licenses

A license is not transferable and may be used only by the
person to whom it lias been issued If a licensee die
leaves the service of an employer for whosi
license was procured, the license becomes void and should be
returned to the original licensing agent. It is the dutj
prison, company, etc., to return to the licensing agent the
licenses issued to foremen who have left the employ of the
said person. Each license hears a number and must be

protected and preserved by the licensee, so that he maj be
identified at any time when lie desires to purchase vend,

ISSUe Or use explosives. In the event the license is lo
destroyed, a new license may be issued upon application to
the original licensing agent, but only upon satisfactory evi-
dence that the facts are as claimed. A.nothi I ition
form must be filled out and additional fee of 25c. paid.

Every person authorized to sell or issue, and in the case
of analysts and investigators, to dispose of explosives, shall
keep a complete itemized record showing when and to whom
the explosives are sold, given, bartered or to whom or how
otherwise disposed of. This record shall be sworn to and
furnished to the Director of the Bureau of Mines, or his
authorized representatives, whenever requested. Theft of
or misuse of explosives and other violations of the law and
all explosions and fires occurring in buildings, plants, mines,
etc., where explosives are manufactured, stored, used or
sold, shall be reported at once to the United States Explo-
sives Inspector, to the proper local authorities and to the
Bureau of Mines, Washington, D. C. All such occurrences
involving the theft of 100 lb. or over of explosives, or the
serious injury or death of one or more persons, or property
damage of $1000 or more, shall be reported at once by tele-
gram, at Government rate. Licenses must be exhibited upon
request to any peace officer, Federal or state, or to any
representative of the Bureau of Mines.

It is the duty of every licensee to prevent explosives sold
or issued to him from coming into the hands of disloyal or
incompetent persons; to keep explosives in a suitable maga-
zine securely locked (see rules for storage) and to protect
his magazines and define and post his premises with con-
spicuous signs on which are displayed the words, "Explo-
sives— Keep Off.'"

Every holder of a license is appealed to as a loyal citizen
to cooperate in the enforcement of this law. Great assist-
ance can be given by licensees through their seeing that
magazines are in a safe condition, that unused explosives
are returned to magazine, that careless and disloyal per-
sons are not permitted to obtain or use explosives and that
dangerous practices are discontinued.

Rules for Industries Using Explosives
Every owner or operator of a mine, quarry or other in-
dustry using explosives or ingredients will require: (1) A
purchaser's license, when explosives are bought for use
only by his employees, and for delivery to them at the mine
or quarry. (2) Or a vendor's license, where explosives are
bought for resale even in part, for use away from the mine
oi quarry.

Such owner or operator, when licensed as a vendor, shall
be governed by the rules of the United States Bureau of
Mines, to which vendors of explosives are subject; except
that in selling explosives to his own employees at and for
use on the premises under the control of such vendor he
shall be governed solely by the following rules for their
distribution: Every owner or operator of a mine, quarry
or other work shall require all employees who are charged
with the custody or distribution of explosives to become duly
licensed. No unlicensed employee shall issue or distribute
explosives. Employers desiring foreman's license issued to
their employees shall certify to the licensing agent that
the applicant is over 21 years of age, that he is known to
such owner, operator or person in charge, and in his opinion
the applicant is a proper person to whom the license may
be issued. Before certifying to the character and qualifica-
tion of an employee, the owner must satisfy himself as to
his employee's character and responsibility.

be marked "I

in i i

ISSUll

zine at i

into

Bureau of M
A dailj inventoi and kind

d to
the office of the i

a daily balance mould any

explosives have been lo tund thai

explo

such information shal |

If tl o ii,.

within the period i

shall without delay notify the State I

wire the D man of .Mines, Government

. collect.

Only one licensed person should be in chai maga-

zine i/.ines and issue ( i during 01

When going off shift the records Bhould
stock jointly counted, cheeked and the

uensee of the succeeding shift. No explosives shall
be issued to an employee of a mine, quarry, or other work

ept upon a written requisition signed by a licen
man or other authorized pel-son. Such authorized
shall use reasonable intelligence t - full quantity

of explosives in each ease has been properly used or the
unused portion returned to the magazine from which it
taken, or placed in a safe, locked box located in a position
designated by the foreman. In ti tig explosives from

one magazine to another, the magazine keeper issuing the
explosives should obtain the receipl of the magazim
who received the explosives.

Any employee who fails to use in a proper manner all
explosives issued to him or return the unused portion to
the magazine from which he received them, or place in a
safe, locked box located in a position designated by the
foreman, shall be guilty of a violation of the act under the
authority of which these rules are issued and subject to
prosecution therefor. This rule and the one next following
must be read and explained to each employee whose duties
may require him to use or transport explosives, and copies
must be posted conspicuously upon the premises where ex-
plosives are used or stored.

Should it come to the knowledge of any person that any
employee of the operator or owner of any quarry or mine
has unlawfully removed explosives from the place where he
is employed, such person shall immediately report such
knowledge to the local authorities, to the State Explosives
Inspector and by wire to the Director, Bureau of Mines,
Washington, at Government rate, collect; and should he fail
to do so he shall be deemed to have violated the act under
the authority of which this rule has been made. A company
operating several mines in the same state will require only
one purchaser's or vendor's license, but must provide each
of its officers with local licenses or with a certified copy of
the original license. If a company operates mines in two or
more states, a license of the proper class must be obtained
in each state in which operations are carried on.

Suggesti

It is suggested that in mines or quarries where explosives
are sold or issued by licensed foremen, a sufficient number
of such foremen be provided to insure against operations
being interrupted by sickness, absence, etc. At mines or
quarries where explosives are not sold or issued to miners
on the premises and where in consequence of this each
miner must have a purchaser's license, it might be well to
arrange with the nearest licensing agent to station himself
at certain times at some convenient place, at or near the
mines, to issue licenses; thus avoiding loss of time by large
numbers of workmen who might otherwise be required to
travel some distance in order to secure licenses. Ignorance
of the law as to its effect on aliens may result in consider-
able confusion, and it is essential that every precaution be
taken to avoid any violation of the law, which might result
in reduction of output. It is consequently important that
owners and operators cooperate to the end that their em-
ployees may fully understand the requirements of the law
and comply therewith. Since licensing agents and vendors
are required to satisfy themselves as to the responsibility

\NP MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 8

ind oper-

w ill not

mil>s,
law.

nd quarry-
e or quarry, no

ist not be taken to

n must be returned to
located in a
fuse,
ed away from the
ig must have a pur-
ist ho sho . par-
ol minor or quarryman
such is necessary in the pursuit
be a citizen of the
it he is m>t a citizen or subject
ir with the United States or of a
: with an enemy of the United States,
that he be otherwise qualified under

will require a pur-
• this license explosives must be used
r. If a prospector wishes to sell
ther persons, he must obtain a

tml must keep a record of the

- iion 9 of the law.

ill be guided by the foregoing rules, espe-

i quarries, mines, etc. A contractor

m a foreman licensed as an eni-

IOD, provided only that such explosives

on the premises covered by the foreman's license

re purchased.

■i Explosives ind Ingredients

•" explosives must be stored in safely

■•■ they must at all times be otherwise pro-

• theft. All explosives to the extent of 25 lb.

n strongly constructed wooden boxes,

h must 1" urely locked at all times except when

beir. . •■ emptied, ami which should, whenever possible,

be placed in a securely locked building. All explosives, ex-

when in ; " manufacture, when stored in quanti-

iter than 25 lb., must be kept in magazines which

are properly constructed, safely located and securely locked

or otherwise protected against theft.

The Explosives Inspector in each state,

working in cooperation with his advisory committee, shall
have the right to inspect all places where explosives or in-
gredients are nd to require the making of whatever
notion, location or safeguarding may be
the proper protection of the contents and of
'unding property. Guards may be ordered placed, tem-
porarily or permanently, at any magazine. Appeal may be
made from any decision of the U. S. Inspector, to the
Bureau of Mines, Washington, D. C.

Battlefield Salvage of War Metals

Iron, steel and metallic alloys, that have been showered
for months on the battlegrounds of Europe, must be re-
moved as a nece- liminary to the resumption of
peaceful pursuits, and the question arises of how the
earth is to be rid of this encumbering metal, which,
bee. the quantity of unexpl* lis and hand
that it contains, would form an acute danger
;!tural labors. A systematic "sweeping" of all
the bora 11 be required, and Le Genie

ting apparatus which, though

ial object, can be applied to other

rice it will indicate the presence of all metallic

ply buried in the

iha" apparatus, as it is called because of its

the presence of a 75-mm. shell at a

n. and of a grenade at somewhat less depth.

. the principle of the Hughes

A vibrated electric current furnished

ansmitted to two identical but

separated exploring coils, causing respectively an in-
ductive em.f. in two secondary coils which are in juxta-
position with them. These secondary coils are connected
it ion in the circuit of two telephone receivers.
The two pairs of coils, comprising each a primary coil
and a secondary coil, are theoretically identical. The
inductive em.f. should therefore maintain a constant
equilibrium and the receivers should transmit no sound.
This is not usually the case, however, because dissym-
metry always exists in the coils which must be corrected
by a regulator. When this has been accomplished, if
one approaches a metallic mass with one pair of coils
the inductive conditions of these coils will be changed
and the telephone will sound.

In the Alpha device, of which M. Chanoit was the
designer, the four exploring coils are arranged in pairs
around two horizontal wooden disks, two feet in
diameter, suspended at the ends of two wooden arms
lixed at an angle of 45°, and joined by a cross-piece. The
mis of the disks are about five feet apart. The
regulator is placed at the apex of the two arms. It com-
prises two small inclosed coils. Of these the exterior
coil is fixed and in series with the primary circuit; the
interior coil, inserted in the secondary circuit, can be
turned 180° in such a way that the angle of the two coils
may vary 90° in either direction. This instrument has
already been used in connection with water service in
locating the plates covering taps in places where these
have been covered with earth and their exact position is
uncertain. "Whether the contrivance can be so improved
as to be of use in mineral regions or to operate at
greater depths remains for the future to show.

Test for Iron and Steel Pipe

In establishing the identity of iron and steel pipe, as
used in buildings, the following test for determining the
presence of manganese in the sample has been used, ac-
cording to the A. M. Byers Co., of Pittsburgh, Penn.,
manufacturers of wrought-iron pipe:

Place in a porcelain dish, preferably a small porcelain
crucible, a clean, bright drilling or some filings of the
metal to be tested, about the size of a pinhead ; add six
drops of pure nitric acid, heat, add two drops of silver-
nitrate solution, then one crystal of ammonium persul-
phate not greater than one-eighth inch in diameter.
Warm the solution but do not let it boil. If the metal
is steel, a pink color will begin to develop and at this
point it should be removed from the source of heat, when
a decided red coloration will result. If no coloration de-
velops, but a small amount of dark residue remains in
the dish, the metal is wrought iron. Care should be
taken at all times to test only clean drillings and to keep
dirt or foreign matter out of the dish. If a small
thimble size crucible is used a match will supply suf-
ficient heat for the purpose.

Manganese, in the process of steel manufacture, has
to be added to the molten metal in order to make it pos-
sible to roll and weld it into pipe, while wrought iron
requires no such manganese addition and therefore
usually contains only a trace of this metal. Wherever
it is possible to obtain samples, the manganese test can
be supplemented by the crushing test, revealing the
bright crystalline fracture of steel or the dull gray,
fibrous fracture of wrought iron.

February 23, 1918

ENGINEERING AND MINING J01 RNAL

881

F. W. Matthiessen

FW. MATTHIESSEN died at his home in La Salle,
111., Feb. 11. L918. He was born In 1885, in
• Germany, and was in his 8.'5nl year. Simple
democratic and unostentatious, Mr. Matthiessen played a
large part in business, civic and social activities. He
was one of the pioneers in the zinc smelting and rolling
industry in the United States.

Educated in Germany and a graduate in mining
neering from the Freiberg School of Mines, Mr. Mat-
thiessen formed a fast friendship with Edward C.
Hegeler, a fellow student at Freiberg. How they came
to America and established themselves is best told in
the words of Mr. Matthiessen:

".Mr. Hegeler finished his studies in the spring of
1856, but did some important surveying in the mines of
Freiberg after that. I had gone to Heidelberg for the
summer. We met again in the fall of 1856 and traveled
together through various mining districts of Germany,
Belgium and England. Thence we sailed on a steamer
for the United States, landing in Boston, immediately
thereafter going to New- York. In the latter city we
learned that at Friedensville, near Bethlehem, in Lehigh
County, Penn., attempts had been made to make zinc
from the ore deposits found at that place. The ore was
a fine silicate, but all attempts to produce zinc from it
had failed. We were aware that success would be
difficult to attain, but Mr. Hegeler looked on it as an
excellent opportunity to test his skill, and I would have
undertaken anything with him as a co-worker.

"We were successful and we made some metal. This
was all done at our own expense. After attaining our
object, we found that the company had not sufficiently
Tecovered from the panic of the year before to furnish
the necessary funds to properly equip a smelter, in ad-
dition to their works for the manufacture of white zinc.
We did not feel inclined to invest our money further,
since we would have been dependent on a company own-
ing one mine only. We considered that the ore deposits
would not stand the additional drain for metal making,
being already taxed to supply the paint works.

"We heard about the discovery of zinc ore in the
West and concluded to ascertain what chances there
might be out West. We had learned of the existence
of zinc ore in Southeastern Missouri and in Wisconsin.
On our way West we stopped for a few months at Pitts-
burgh, that being the great manufacturing center, be-
lieving that by so doing we might get acquainted with
American necessities and American business methods.
Then we went and explored the mines in Southeastern
Missouri. We made investigations with a view to
establishing, perhaps, a smelter in the coal region of
East St. Louis. Our experiments with the ore were sat-
isfactory, but we found difficulties in our way on
account of political conditions. We could do nothing
there. This was in the spring of 1858.

"We then turned our attention to the zinc mines of
Wisconsin, and were given great encouragement. This
was also true when we came to La Salle, the closest
field to these ore mines, with the object of establishing
a smelter here. Especially did the late Alexander Camp-
bell encourage us in our enterprise, obtaining for us
the necessary real estate and also a contract with the

Illinois Central R.R. \\' located neai th< < entral tn
ami buill the firsl furnace a little north ol th< pn
furnaces. Mr. Hegeler had examined the lire clay in

St. Louis and had a | that it was sintabl.

our needs. He bought the ni Are brick in St.

Louis and had it shipped bj boal to La Salle. And we
tai ted to build the fai I
"The firsl shovelful of dirt wa turned Dec. 24, 1868.

We had a furnace runniii fully when the- Civil

War broke out. Then' being no sale fter

the outbreak of hostilities, we cea porarily, but

commenced operation again when in \Ht\2 or 1 x<',:{ a lively
demand for zinc arose in the manufacture of arms and
cartridges. During the cessation of manufacturing, we
had been making experim< that when we started

again we did so with decidedly improved methods. Qui

F. W. MATTHIESSEN

means were limited and we were very careful in our ex-
penditures. We spent no money that was not absolutely
necessary."

The enterprise thus begun under such humble cir-
cumstances grew rapidly, and at the end of the Civil
War a zinc-rolling mill w7as added. In 1871 the firm of
Matthiessen & Hegeler was incorporated. The mining
of coal on their property was begun in 1874, and in
1881 a sulphuric-acid plant was added to the zinc smelt-
ery. Under the guidance of the two men the smeltery
of the Matthiessen & Hegeler Zinc Co. became famous
for its advanced metallurgical practice.

The virility and broad interests of F. W. Matthiessen
are shown by the variety of enterprises in which he
was an important power. The first street railroad in
La Salle, the Western Clock Co., and the La Salle Ma-
chine and Tool Co. were representative of a few of the
interests that owed their success to his organizing and
managerial ability. He was mayor of La Salle for 10

I MIMNi; JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 8

He
: nature,

There were
id F. W.,

Henry Mat-
P. Blow.

• ions.

■: Institute of Mining

known that was his only

.

Pri se< P cess for Extracting Potash
from H ritish Feldspars

3ts the immediate extraction of
feldspar, in a paper entitled "A
n and an Available Source of
cfore the Institution of Mining and
Mr. Ashen. ft was d in the experi-

tevelopment of the proposed process by H.
Salman. No claim of an original discovery-
hut rather the adaptation of a known reaction
mercial problem. The original article and its
n cover over 40 pages; hence it will be possible
■ ntion briefly only the salient features.

■ feldspar be crushed to 100 mesh and mixed
with an equal weight of pure dry sodium chloride, and
then heated to 900-1000 C. for two hours, out of
contact with air or moisture, the following reaction
takes ph.

2NaCl K,O.ALp,(SiOI)1 = NaJO.ALO,(SiO,).
-|- 2KCI

The reaction is reversible, and its commercial ap-
plicability will depend upon nice adjustment of mixture,
temperature and time. When properly conducted, the
product consists of a finely divided insoluble sodium feld-
r and freely soluble sodium and potassium chloride.
In laboratory experiments, the extraction from a feldspar
containing 1<> KO exceeded 85rr- There was no loss
volatilization, and the weights of the products cor-
rionded to the equation given. Experiments were
conducted in closed porcelain, nickel and iron retorts,
and as long as air and moisture were carefully excluded
none of the retorts was attacked in the least.

In 1913 E. Bassett took out a patent in the United
i on this reaction, but its failure in com-
mercial application may be due to the fact that Bassett
claimed that air must be present, as well as to the
he did not recognize it as an equilibrium
- ;ng under Bassett's specifications, Ash-
:"t found that the recovery was small, losses were
high and there was a rapid destruction of the retorts.

numerous experiments, it was found
that the b< re secured when the feldspar,

ixed with an equal weight

■ and subjected to a temperature of 1000° C.

- two hours. Under these conditions an extraction of

of the potash was obtained. Treating the same
ire at the same temperature in an open retort
resulted in high volatilization losses and a much lower
i i soluble potash. Experiment also showed
that, in the presence of an excess of potassium chloride,
la feldspar was attacked, producing soluble soda
salts; hence care must be used in order to avoid a
al of the desired reaction. The recovery of the
potassium chloride from the leaching water was accom-
plished by simply crystallizing out the sodium chloride,
the more soluble potash salt remaining in solution.

As a means of practically carrying out this method,
vertical retorts were tried with marked success. The
feldspar was mixed with only 20$ of salt, the re-
maining salt being placed on top of the charge; after
an hour's heating 40', of the salt had percolated
through the mass and passed out of the perforated bot-
tom, carrying with it the greater part of the potash,
and indicating even better results than were obtained
in the laboratory retorts. As this feature is still a
matter of further experiment, it is suggested that for
immediate results it would be advisable to use a stand-
ard bench ot large D-shaped gas retorts, eight retorts
to the panel and each panel supplied by its own pro-
ducer. The material to be operated upon would be fed
into the retorts in suitably constructed iron boats,
passing them in at one end and out at the other after
remaining a sufficient time at the desired temperature.
A small stream of producer gas would be used to replace
any air leaking into the retort. Ten panels of such
retorts would produce 50 tons of potassium chloride of
80$ purity per day.

The estimated pre-war costs for the process in north-
ern Scotland, where it is proposed to install the process,
were: Quarrying, 2s. (48c); crushing, Is. (24c);
boats for retorts, Is. (24c.) ; heating, upkeep and labor
on retorts, 5s. ($1.21) ; crystallizing, Is. (24c) ; new
salt, 2s. (48c) ; total, 12s. ($2.91) per ton of feldspar
treated, or £6 ($29.16) per ton of 80rr muriate pro-
duced. Adding £1 ($4.86) for overhead charges and
contingencies, makes a total of £7 (about $33) per
ton of product in normal times. No credit is given for
any byproduct, though it is quite possible, in a favored
locality, that the soda feldspar formed in the reaction
would have commercial value, as it is used in the manu-
facture of certain glass and porcelains.

While the foregoing may present nothing unusual to
those who have been studying methods for the com-
mercial extraction of potash from feldspars in the
United States, it adds another possible direction to
research and may suggest the elements of a process
applicable to localities where feldspar, salt and fuel
may be brought together at small cost.

Available Supply of Arsenic in 1917 amounted to 9787
tons in the United States, according to U. S. Geological
Survey. The production of arsenic in 1917, as estimated
from the known production for eleven months of four
companies operating seven plants, was 5826 short tons,
valued as $1,300,000, compared with 5986 short tons valued
at $555,187 in 1916. During 1917 the American Metal Co.,
through its Mexican subsidiary, resumed production in its
smeltery at Mapimi, Mexico, and the Chipman Chemical
Co. reopened the old arsenic plant at Brinton, Va. Prep-
arations were also made for recovering the arsenic from a
large amount of accumulated flue dust at Great Falls,
Montana.

February 28, L918 ENGINEERING and MINING J01

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| Details of Milling and Smelting

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( omputing Length of Belt in Rolls*

BY W. F. SCHAPHORSTf

Last year I published a chart showing a method of
determining the length of rolled-up belts by simply lay-
ing a straight-edge across the chart. It attracted con-
siderable attention and a number of leaders questioned
its accuracy, thinking that it was not reliable because
it required only one dimension, "S", as shown in the
sketch herewith. I received many letters asking if the

5 M

COILED BELT SHOWING FACTOR S

thickness of the belt didn't make any difference? The
thickness of the belt is immaterial. In case it is de-
sired, the formula is

L = 0.2618 NS
where

L = Length of belt in feet ;

N = Number of turns;

S = Distance shown in the sketch in inches.

For large rolls of belt this formula will be found more
accurate than the chart because of the fact that by using
the chart the point of intersection of the line must be
estimated. Thus it is possible to make an error of
several feet in, for example, a 500-ft. roll. Such an
error would not be tolerated in most instances, but,
nevertheless, the chart will be found handy for esti-
mating lengths when taking inventory, etc.

Effect of Mouthpieces on Flow of
Water Through Submerged Pipe

The loss of head in the flow of water through a sub-
merged short pipe to which a mouthpiece is attached
has been the subject of an investigation by the Engineer-
ing Experiment Station at the University of Illinois,
Urbana, 111., and the results obtained by the experiments
conducted, together with the conclusions drawn, have
been published in a recent bulletin issued by the sta-

•Copyright, 1917, by W. P. Schaphorst.
fEngineer, Woolworth Building, New York

The expei solved the use of a casl iron

pipe ul: iii. long and 6 in. diam., bored to a smooth Bur-

i ast-iron conical m i different leng

and angles were employed In thi

The experiments showed that as applying to condi-
tions likely to be met in engineering pi due
for the head lost at the entrance to an inward-pi
pipe (that is, without entrance mouthpiece and not flt
with wall of the reservoir) is 0.62 of the velocity head

0.62 g- ) instead of 0.93 ~ , as usually as-
sumed. To put it in another form, the coefficient of
discharge for a submerged short pipe with an inward-
projecting entrance is 0.785 instead of 0.72, as given in
nearly all books on hydraulics. Further, the lost head
at the entrance to a pipe having a flush or square en-
trance is 0.56 of the velocity head in the pipe (0.56~ )

v
instead of 0.49 =-, as usually assumed. In other words,

the coefficient of discharge for a submerged short pipe
with a flush entrance is 0.80 instead of 0.82, as given
by nearly all authorities. The loss of head resulting
from the flow of water through a submerged short pipe
when a conical mouthpiece is attached to the entrance
end may be as low as 0.165 of the velocity head in

the pipe (0.165.', ) if the mouthpiece has a total angle

of convergence between 30 and 60° and an area of ratio
of end sections between 1 to 2 and 1 to 4 or somewhat
greater. In other words, the coefficient of discharge for
a submerged short pipe with an entrance mouthpiece
as specified above is 0.915. The loss of head which occurs
when water flows through a submerged short pipe hav-
ing an entrance mouthpiece varies but little with the
angle of the mouthpiece if the total angle of converg-
ence is between 20 and 90° and if the area ratio is be-
tween 1 to 2 and 1 to 4 or somewhat more. The loss
of head for any mouthpiece within this range would be
approximately 0.20 of the velocity head in the pipe

(0.2o|-). There is, therefore, little advantage to be

gained by making an entrance mouthpiece longer than
corresponding to an area ratio of 1 to 2. Thus, an en-
trance mouthpiece with a total angle of convergence of
90° and the length of which is only 0.2 of the diameter

of the pipe gives approximately 0.20 5- for the loss of

head. The amount of velocity head recovered by a coni-
cal mouthpiece when attached to the dicharge end of a
submerged short pipe depends largely upon the angle
of divergence of the mouthpiece, but comparatively lit-
tle upon the length of the mouthpiece. This is true for
lengths greater than that corresponding to an area
ratio of 1 to 2 and for total angles of divergence of 10°
or more. The amount of velocity head recovered de-

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 8

in-
or near 10
I rather abruptly
■ mouth-

ami an

bed to a submerged short

i ity head in the pipe,

a] amount possible of re-

by a
e when attached to a
lerably more when a con-
mouthpiece is also attached than it

I of the short pipe is simply
• attached ). This
cess in the ivered diminishes rather

the discharge mouthpiece in-

r a discharge mouthpiece

J angle of divergence of approximately 40 .

. in the velocity head recovered is probably

dm- b flow in the pipe as the water

app the discharge mouthpiece. The smooth flow

allows the mouthpiece to recover more of the velocity

I in the pipe than when a more turbulent flow exists;

• ■ as much as :!:'>', in the case of

the discharge mouthpiece having a total angle of diverg-

■ a ratio of 1 to '-'.

Hygiene tor Lead Workers

be benefit of the health of lead work-
in the plant of the U. S. Metals Refining Co., at
I Chicago, Ind., are given by Dr. H. C. Ernst, assist-
ant plant physician, in the Ax-I-De7it-Ax, the company's
paper,
•-ceo chewing is particularly a bad habit for lead
They carry the •'quid" in a dirty pocket, or
handle it with soiled fingers and thus convey lead dust
dts to the mouth, and that way acquire systemic
poisoning

In lead works, the employees should brush the teeth
before eating. Besides the systemic poisoning result-
ing from pyorrhea, carrious teeth and gingivitis, the
poor condition of the mouth impairs the appetite and
digestion and lessens the workman's efficiency.

The workman should take a full hot bath at least
twice a weak or oftener when the work is of such a
nature where there is excessive sweating. If the work
involves exposure to irritant dust or fumes, the body
ild be sponged with warm water and well rubbed
each night before retiring. In this way the skin can
be kept free from eczema or dermatitis and a more rest-
ful sleep induced. Workers exposed to metal fumes,
iallv those of lead, should be accorded facilities for
iiathing before returning to their homes. At
meal time and before returning home, in all dusty trades
the workman should be allowed at lease 10 min. for
thorough washing of the hands and face, and among
the leao the use of nail-brushes also is to be

emphasized.

fhe protection of the mouth and also in some in-

against irritant dusts, which are

iuce ulceration, a douche and gargle should

ntly be used of warm normal salt or saturated

lution. The nose could be protected fur-

g the interior of the nostrils with lard

or vaseline. Acid vapors tend rapidly to erode the
enamel of the teeth. In order to counteract its effects,
the mouth should be rinsed frequently with an alkaline
solution, and the teeth should be cleansed twice a day
with a simple tooth paste or eastile soap.

Close fiting goggles should be used where irritant
dusts are liable to enter the eyes, or where irritant
fumes or gases obtain, and the eyes should be bathed
on quitting work with saturated solution of boric acid.

V.\ e shields, or goggles, made of such material as
mica, wire glass, wire mesh, celluloid, etc., either plain
or colored, should be worn by metal grinders, stone-
cutters and all those who are liable t» have fine sharp
particles injure the eyes. When a foreign body is lodged
in the corner of the eye, a fellow workman is usually
asked to remove it, which he often does with a dirty
toothpick or straw, thereby setting up an inflammation
which is often serious. Instead of this the workman
should endeavor to float it out with boric-acid solution
or a drop of sterilized oil, and, failing in doing so, only
an expert should be allowed to remove the foreign body
from the eye.

Extension for an Oil Can

Much of the energy expended in climbing a ladder
to oil countershafts, lineshafts, etc., can be saved by
the use of a simple device described by William Forray
in Power and shown in the accompanying illustration.

The little lever at the back of the oil can, with th3
wire attached and with the ring placed at a convenient
position on the handle, is for the purpose of pressing
the bottom of the oil can. Of course this rig cannot be
used to oil loose pulleys and the like, but will be found
useful in a great many places.

February 23, L918 ENGINEERING AND .MINIM; ,|oi |;\,\I. 385
|lm ' m""" ""' ' ' ■ ' "" " ' i MiiiMMiii i , m tmuiuiiiimiHiii , , , „„<„„.„„, „„

I The Assayer and Chemist

I

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Improved Method of Sulphur Analysis

By F. G. Hawley*

Sulphur in orea and furnace products is usually de-
termined gravimetrically, the customary procedure be-
ing to oxidize the sulphur to a sulphate, and then to
precipitate it as barium sulphate and weigh. There are
numerous modifications of this method, differing in the
manner of oxidizing. Some commonly used employ
oxidation with nitric acid and potassium chlorate or
with aqua regia. These methods give satisfactory re-
sults with ores that are easily oxidized, such as those
in which the principal sulphide is iron pyrites. How-
ever, it is difficult to oxidize the sulphur completely in
mattes and calcines as well as in ores that contain much
copper or zinc sulphide. In analyzing such material,
much of the sulphur is liberated in the elemental form,
fusing into small globules that can be oxidized but
slowly and with difficulty. Under these conditions, it
will usually be found that the results will be low, owing
to volatilization loss. For such samples oxidization
either by fusion or sintering will usually give good re-
sults, but as these methods are laborious and generally
require a blank to determine the sulphur contained in
the flux, most chemists object to them for routine work.

New Method Employs Vigorous Oxidation Agents

Some time ago I worked out a modification of the
nitric acid and chlorate method by the use of which the
sulphur in almost any kind of material can be oxidized
easily and completely in a few minutes. This method
has been in daily use for some time in several of the
larger laboratories of the Southwest and has given
satisfactory results. It is as follows: Weigh 0.5 to 1
gram of the sample into a 400 c.c. Griffin beaker, cover
with a watch glass, add 10 c.c. of a 20% solution of
NaC103 in water, and 7 to 15 drops of a mixture of
equal parts of bromine and glacial acetic acid, which
should be kept in a dropping bottle. Add 10 c.c. of
HNO. nearly saturated with KC103 and shake until
sample and solution are mixed. If the sulphur content
is high it may be advisable to place the beaker in a
cooling trough for a few minutes. In two or three
minutes, or as soon as no unoxidized sulphur can be
seen, place the beaker on the hot plate and evaporate
carefully to dryness. Cool, add 5 c.c. of 60 HC1 and
again evaporate to dryness; take up with 10 c.c. of 60rf
HC1, heat until everything possible is dissolved, dilute
to 150 c.c, neutralize with NH^OH adding 10 c.c. excess
of the latter.

If lead is present, add about one gram of ammonium
carbonate also. Heat to boiling and boil one minute.
Filter through a 15 cm. filter paper and wash 6 or 7
times. Heat the filtrate to boiling and boil off most of
the ammonia; neutralize with HC1, adding 2 to 3 c.c.
excess of the acid. Add a 10% solution of BaCL, drop

•Chief chemist, International Smelting Co., lliami, Ariz.

by drop, until 8 to 5 c.c. have been used and then run

in at once about lo c.c. more. Boil 10 1
ettle, filter, ignite and weigh a Bi
[f the sample contains lees than i', oi sulphur, it is
better to evaporate to a bulk of 100 i c. or less, to u i

a small.-- ,f ii< i. to boil longer and to li

over night. The method can be I
sioek solution of UNO, water and NaCIO
adding 20 c.c. of it all at once to the a b il I think

the former procedure more accurate. In analyzing
ore containing barite by this method, the sulphur in
the latter would not be included in the results, but it
is usually not desired.

Formation of Sulphur Masses Makes Oxidation
Difficult to Complete

A study of the action of ordinary concentrated nitric
acid of 1.42 sp.gr. on sulphides will show that it is of
a two-fold nature; first it oxidizes and combines with
the metallic portion to form a nitrate, and then, in a
slower and less vigorous manner, it oxidizes the sul-
phur to SO.,. When the oxidation of the sulphur takes
place less rapidly than the solution of the metal, the
sulphur is left as fine particles of elemental sulphur
floating around in the acid. Enough heat is usually
generated Li the reaction to melt it or at least to make
it soft and sticky so that the particles coalesce in larger
masses. The increase in size and temperature of these
flakes of sulphur renders them much more difficult to
oxidize. Long contact with strong oxidizing agents will
usually get most of the sulphur in solution, but gener-
ally some loss will occur from volatilization.

The chlorates are much stronger oxidizing agents than
nitric acid, and their presence in the acid has a ten-
dency to lessen the amount of sulphur that escapes
oxidation. By diluting the nitric acid with a solution of
NaC103 in water, the action at first is much less vigor-
ous and, as the water absorbs considerable heat, the
temperature is kept low enough to prevent any liberated
sulphur from melting. The sulphur thus remains in a
finely divided state and can be easily oxidized by the
chlorate and bromine.

Sodium Chlorate More Soluble Than Potassium
Chlorate

The advantage of using a solution of NaC103 instead
of KC103 is that the former salt is much more soluble.
Cold water will dissolve only about 6% of KC103 while
it will dissolve nearly its own weight of NaCIO,. How-
ever, when it is desired to make a solution of chlorate
in strong nitric acid, potassium chlorate has the advan-
tage of keeping better, as sodium chlorate begins to
decompose in a short time.

Bromine is an even more efficient oxidizing agent than
chlorate. The chief objections to its use are its disa-
greeable fumes and its high cost. When dissolved in
acetic acid it does not volatilize nearly as rapidly as

AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 8

uch in

it tie

and quickly

I he

rinci pally of

■ m-

.1 with.

ilphides and

si i rn \
. GH n \ PR] i [PITATED

ipitate the SO in the
r than to ren
iting with ammonia, fearing that
3 ilphate. M> i
ition is not too hot when the
i sufficiei • of ammonia

is little tendency for the ferric hydrox-
sulphates. It" there is an insufficient excess
ammonia present, and especially if a large amount of
■iinum or is also present, the precipitated

:11 retain a little sulphate, but it can be
almost completely washed out with a warm :2.V . solu-
W'hen it is properly precipitated and
prevent lumps from forming
that might n ne sulphate mechanically, the hy-

ride will never retain more than 0.04ff to 0.07fr of
hur. To prevent the formation of lumps while
-hing the hydroxide, direct the jet of water in such
that it stirs the precipitate thoroughly, taking
care not t<> let the precipitate drain so long that it be-
- to pack down. Some chemists think that the pres-
ence of copper in the solution in which the SO, is being
precipitated has a distributing effect. Numerous experi-
ments made here seem to prove that when present in
any ordinary amount it has no noticeable effect.

Method Compares Favorably with Others

Many experiments have been made to test the accuracy

•his method for sulphur and to compare its results

b other methods. The tests have been satisfactory,

and. as the results were all quite similar, but one of the

•xperiments will be given here. These analyses

re made on a sample of matte containing about 42',

Ve. The following results were obtained:

-.od 1 — Oxidized by fusion with 5 grams of

N'a .< O and 0.7 gram KNO in a platinum dish, leached

h water, filtered, acidified with HC1 and precipitated

in the usual way. The sulphur f jund was 25.62, 25.65,

*">7 per cent.

hod 2 — Oxidized by sintering in a muffle with 4

and 1 gram Na/.'O. in a platinum dish,

leached with water and finished as in Method 1. The

•hur found v 2£ 17, 25.55, 25.55 and 25.fi-

3 — Oxidized by the Allen and Bishop method
Br, KBr, and UNO ; reduced solution by powdered
aluminum, filtered and precipitated sulphur. The sul-
phur found •■■ >5 and 25.55 per cent.

.od 4 — The method I have described was used.

:.hur found was 25.50, 25.54, 25.60, 25.60 and

•it.

-.od 5 — Oxidized by means of 15 c.c. of a saturated

. more KCIO, being added after

action began. The iron was separated by ammonia. The
sulphur found was 24.50, 24.90, 2 1.68 and 24.15 per cent.

Method 6— Oxidized in the same way as in No. 5, but
pure UNO was added first and then Crystals of KC103.
The sulphur found was 24.04, 23.85, 23.32 and 23.18%.

Globules of sulphur were formed to s large extent in
.Methods 5 and 6, but disappeared before the samples had
evaporated to dryness. Tests by the aqua regia method
ated less than 20' of sulphur.

Determination of Zinc

The following method of determining zinc has been
found useful by J. YV. Springer, who describes it in
Zeit. f. angew. Chew,., 1917 (republished in condensed
form in Journ. Soc. Chem. Ind.) :

Two to five grams of the ore is heated in a covered
beaker with 20-25 c.c. of concentrated hydrochloric acid
until the hydrogen sulphide is driven off; 10-25 c.c. of
nitric acid is now added and the heating is continued
until complete solution is accomplished. The contents
of the beaker are evaporated to dryness and the evapora-
tion is repeated after moistening the residue with hy-
drochloric acid. After expelling the last traces of nitric
acid the residue is taken up with 20-50 c.c. of hydro-
chloric acid and is diluted to 200 or 400 c.c. and boiled.

Hydrogen sulphide is now passed through the hot solu-
tion until it cools; the mixture is made up to 250 or
500 c.c, well-shaken, and filtered; 50 c.c. of the filtrate
is treated with bromine water and heated until the
solution has become clear; after which the iron and
manganese are preciptated by adding 25 c.c. of am-
monia solution and the liquid is again boiled. The zinc
is now titrated with potassium ferrocyanide in this
hot solution. The volume of the solution should be ap-
proximately the same as that used for the check test
which is carried out with 0.25 gram of chemically pure
zinc, 4-5 c.c. of hydrochloric acid and 20 c.c. of am-
monia solution. The method is a modification of that
originally proposed by L. Blum in Zeit. anal. Chem.,
1892, 60, where it is given in detail.

Estimation of Silicon in Ferrosilicon

To determine the amount of silicon in high-grade
ferrosilicon, the following method is given by H. G.
Martin, in Chemist Analyst: Grind the material in an
agate mortar and decompose 0.25 gram by fusing in a
nickel crucible with 4 grams of sodium peroxide. Leach
out with hot water into a casserole, acidify with hy-
drochloric acid, evaporate to dryness and bake 30 min.
at 110° C Take up with water and hydrochloric acid,
boil and filter. Make the filtrate strongly ammoniacal,
boil and filter. Ignite the precipitate in a platinum
crucible at a low temperature, to get rid of the paper;
fuse in 15 to 20 times its weight of potassium bi-
sulphate until all iron is dissolved in the melt. Cool,
leach out with hot water and a little HC1, boil and
filter. This last residue is the portion of the silica
which failed of dehydration in the baking process.
Place it and the main portion of the silica, previously
obtained, in a clean platinum crucible and ignite, blast-
ing before weighing, weigh, volatilize with sulphuric
and hydrofluoric acids, ignite and weigh again. The
difference between the two weights is the total silica.
Calculate to silicon.

Februarj -J.".. L918

ENGINEERING AND MINING

Events and Economics of the War

Eu

The entire foreign commerce of the United States,
including all exports ami imports without exception, was
made subject to control by license after Feb. 16 by
President Wilson; the step is l to add at |<

1,000,000 tons to the shipping available tor troops and
supplies. Following the suspension of the "heatless
Monday" order in the south, similar action was taken by
Fuel Administrator Garfield affecting the rest of the
states in the Fast except in New England. Section 1
of the order as well as all freight embargoes remain
operative. Sentiment in Congress has shifted on the war
cabinet and munitions measures, which, it is thought,
may be abandoned if a compromise can be made on the
Overman bill, drawn to empower the President to re-
organize the executive agencies of the Government as
he may see fit. The second Urgent Deficiency bill,
carrying over $1,100,000,000, was reported to the House.
Striking carpenters in Eastern shipyards returned to
work upon being rebuked by the President for obstruct-
ing the shipbuilding program.

In Paris, Paul Bolo "Pasha" was sentenced to
death as a traitor. The Ukraine, acting independently
of the rest of Russia and in the midst of civil war,
signed a treaty of peace with the Central Powers; the
truce between the latter and Russia ended on Feb. 18;
Bolshevik leaders stated they will make neither peace
nor war with the Teutons. Eight small British craft
were sunk by German destroyers in Dover Strait.

Stettinius' Role in War Department
as Reorganized

The role that Edward R. Stettinius, of New York,
will play in the reorganization of the War Department
was more clearly defined in the following statement
recently made by Secretary Baker:

"The function of Mr. Stettinius will be largely that
of a surveyor of the industrial field and an accelerator
of war supplies. He is to be largely instrumental in
maintaining an even flow of production to the purchasing
agencies of the War Department. It is within his
province to keep track of the capacity and production
of contractors. If there are changes in the require-
ments of the American expeditionary forces, orders
for these changes must be passed on down the line by
Mr. Stettinius, so that the production may be in accord
with the demand. Mr. Stettinius will also watch closely
the transportation and shipping situation, in order that
the production and deliveries of war materials may pro-
ceed properly.

"In other words, Mr. Stettinius, a business man and
purchasing agent of vast experience, may figuratively
be called the 'surveying eye' for the Director of Pur-
chases and Supplies, who is a military officer and as-
sistant to the Chief of Staff. Mr. Stettinius will en-
deavor to mobilize industry for the war needs of the de-
partment, and when a certain article is required he will

know w 1

tin i .ri e ..' v hich it may b

Secretary Bal the plan- of the depart-

ment « itfa n unci in charge of thi

newly formed d leneral Staff. 'I I

will

to be in charge of a permanent i
tive assi but now in charj

W. S. Gravi Genet

War plans division, to be headed by Brig, P D

Lockridge, president of the Arm] V> but in his

absence to bi in charge of Col. D. W. Ketcham.

Purchase and supply division, to be in charge of Brig.
Gen. Palmer K. Pierce, who will navi atea with him

Edward R. Stettinius, of Now York, as Surveyor of Sup-
plies and Purchases.

Storage and traffic division, to be in charge of Maj. Gen.
George W. Goethals, the Quartermaster General of the
Army.

Army operations division, to be in charge of a permanent
director of operations; Brig. Gen. H. Jervey is acting for
the General Staff in this capacity at present.

Steel After the War

The United States may find a keen competitor in
Europe in the manufacture of steel after the war, in-
stead of a consumer which will take, as has been hope-
fully stated so often, millions of tons of American steel
for rebuilding purposes. Great Britain, Canada, Ger-
many and other countries are making steel today in
greater quantities and more economically and efficiently
than ever before. There is no reason to suppose that
Europe will not show a similar increased capacity for
producing commercial steel after the war is over.

A prominent steel manufacturer recently expressed
himself on the subject, saying:

"The European countries may be in debt to the extent
of, say, about $100,000,000,000. Great Britian, France,
Russia and Belgium will owe this country billions of
dollars. Is it possible that anyone believes that Europe
will start in by still further increasing its obligations
to this country through the purchase of steel and other
products? I guess not.

"Europe will seek to expand its markets, and the
United States, as the richest nation in the wTorld, will
be the great objective point, or dumping ground, if you
wish to put it that way. And how defenseless we will
be, with cost per ton of steel produced now above the
normal selling price of the same steel previous to the
war! With our high wages and in the absence of a sub-
stantial protective tariff, a serious situation may con-
front us.

"A world-wide readjustment is the great problem that
must be dealt with after the war — a readjustment of
labor, prices, finance, ideas and theories. It is time
that preparations were made to meet future trade
changes. We should not deceive ourselves by believing
that Europe will be our big customer after the war.
Europe is likely to be our poorest customer. Europe
may be a seller, not a buyer."

tING AND MINING ,101 KNAL

Vol. 105, No. 8

\1, \ Bans Unnecessary Building

the war. This is the

,;d :

ry Department

tal and credit during the

■ .il inquiries aa
ns of one kind and another

to plans for public
I iu< department, 1 have

■ - u here they

lent thing in normal times,

.< a real shortage of houses

ngly advise that materials, val-

I ereilit he not utilized for this purpose.

aid he built should he determined

■ irgej f of th» need."

field Suspends Fuel Order

The order providing for heatless and workless Mon-
:.ir. lV> in the states east of the Mississippi
'•■ « England, where the regulation is still in
ded on Feb. 13 by Fuel Administrator
field, the action being concurred in by Director
ds McAdoo. It was emphasized that
the -imply suspended and not rescinded.

Should weather conditions cause a new transportation
an'! ble that the order will again

generally effective. In the meantime, railroad
em'o nlered by the Director General of Railroads

will remain in force until there is further improvement
in the whole situation. This decision followed the recent
ending the order in the southern states.
! of the order, prescribing the preference to
be shown by dealers in delivering coal, remains in
force. Dr. Garfield said in the course of his statement:
"The order contemplated fuel restrictions on 14 days
during January, February, and March. The restrictions
have been in effect eight days. Conditions today war-
rant the conclusion that with the continued enforce-
ment of the preferential delivery of coal under Section
the order of Jan. 17, and continued transportation
improvement, further restrictions on the consumption
of fuel will not be necessary."

Overproduction May Stop Industry

of industrial overproduction, which may
Tip railroads and transatlantic shipping facilities,
causing embargoes and temporary factory shutdowns,
pointed out to the Senate Military Committee re-
cent'; by II. L. Gantt, a production engineer of the
Army Ordnance Bureau and the Shipping Board. He
emj 'he need of some coordination of control,

■risibility in Government work, he declared,
ble for much confusion,
machine is built wrong," said Gantt. "It's all
r a nice, smooth asphalt road, but not for the
we're going over. The trouble is that
the people who have built the machine are largely
. financiers, and school teachers — good ones, but
been in dealing with words. They
• not aecu.-torned to handle things — only words."

Danger of factory overproduction, and even of ab-
solute stoppage of industry, also was expressed by Dr.
Herman Schneider, dean of the Cincinnati Engineering
University, in charge of labor problems for the Ord-
nance Bureau.

"1 fear we are running into fewer working days per
week for labor," he said, "with the cost of living in-
creasing a rather serious situation. Either there must
be a reduction in the number of working days or a con-
trol of production."

Russian Mines Commandeered

i hi mines and smelting works of the Kyshtim Cor-
poration. Ltd., a British company operating in the south-
ern district of the Ural Mountains, in Russia, were
recently declared confiscated by a Bolshevik decree and
made national property. The company published a state-
ment to this effect on Jan. 22. The property involved
comprises 1,40G,700 acres, of which iron mines, smelting
works and gold and copper deposits cover 189,000 acres.
The principal mines are the Amerikansky, Koniukhoff,
Smirnoff, Ivanoff, and Tissoff. The company is capital-
ized at £1,260,000. Its statement says in part:

This is in accordance with the Bolshevik program, that
all property and industry must be made national. In the
case of the Kyshtim mining works the reason given is that
the administration have refused to accept the control of
the workmen's committees. If this control by the commit-
tees were accepted it would have involved the handing over
to the workmen of full control over the management, and
the only responsibility remaining for the administration
would be that of finance, under which conditions it is obvi-
ous it would be impossible to operate. The directors are
not able to estimate the operative value of such a decree,
nor have they yet heard that any steps have been taken to
put it in force.

The directors wish to state that, from reliable informa-
tion received from Petrograd, transport in the country is
totally disorganized; it is practically impossible to obtain
fuel, materials, wages or food. A stoppage of operations
was in any case inevitable; the decree regarding the nation-
alization of banks has prevented the company from continu-
ing to finance the operations of the properties. Further,
it is at present impossible to transfer money from this
country to the Russian banks.

In a word, Russia today is in a condition, as is well
known, of absolute anarchy, and the operation of the Kysh-
tim properties is practically impossible. It is the opinion
of the directors and managers in Russia that the present
confiscation decree may make things easier when order is
restored, as the responsibility for the troubles which are
almost certain to result from the present conditions will
fall entirely on the Bolshevik usurpers of the company's
rights and properties.

The company has entered a formal protest through

the British Embassy, at Petrograd, based on the fact

that the Kyshtim business has been built up by British

capital and that all shares are British owned.

Western Petroleum Supervisor Named

Prof. D. M. Folsom, head of Stanford University, was
recently appointed by Mark L. Requa to supervise the
production and distribution of petroleum in certain
western states, as well as Alaska and Hawaii. His ter-
ritory includes California, Washington, Oregon, Idaho,
Utah, Nevada and Arizona. Professor Folsom an-
nounced that there will be no compulsory licensing of
oil producers at present, as this would require the Fuel
Administration to become immediately responsible for
operation and production. A system of friendly co-
operation, rather, will be practiced.

February 28, L918

ENGINEERING A\n MINING J01 RNAL

"It will be necessary, however," Professor i
stated, "fur all companies to pool their cars and tank
ships to prevent shortages and embarrassment in de

liveries." No limit is to lie placed on fuel oil eonsump
tion SO long as storage conditions remain as thej are.

Profiteering in Germany

When the Frankfurter Zeitung recent 1\ attacked the
German war profiteers, especially the Krupps and other
munition makers, for "making a good thing out of the
war" and heaping up gain at the expense of the nation
as a whole, a cry of indignation immediately went up
from the organs of the Pan-German and iron and steel
capitalists, and the Frankfort paper was accused of deal-
ing in generalities, and not citing facts to prove its
contention. This caused the paper to print figi
showing that 37 munition plants and allied works, with
a combined capital of $400,000,000, cleared in the last
year 75', more than they earned in the year 1913-14 —
that is, in round figures $87,500,000, as against
$50,000,000. The same concerns increased their divi-
dends, on the average, from 8.2% to 13.9%, though
several of them doubled their dividends. In the two
years last reported these 37 companies made such large
profits that they could afford to write off an amount
equivalent to 40 cc of their entire stock capital.

In commenting on these data, the Zeitung, as quoted
in the London press, said: "We see that business is
flourishing. It is flourishing just now, probably, more
than ever, because the War Office is paying the large
works (not the small ones) prices which deserve the
closest attention of the Treasury Department."

As evidence of the far-reaching plans of German in-
dustry for the future, it is noted that the Mannesmann
firm, of Westphalia, is about to increase its capital
from $3,500,000 to $21,500,000.

Americanization in Steel Plants

The Valley Americanization Committee, representing
the industrial organizations in the boroughs of Sharps-
ville, Sharon, Farrell and Wheatland, in Shenango Val-
ley, Penn., and with an annual budget of nearly $6000
provided by the steel and iron plants of the district, has
established and maintains schools for aliens in the
various boroughs, and has employed a director who gives
all of his time to Americanization work. Each plant
employing foreign-born men has taken an alien census
and appointed a representative who acts as the medium
between such aliens and the committee. A card is being
filled out for every non-English-speaking employee, who
either pledges himself to enroll in the night school or
states his reasons for not so doing.

The committee has also organized a series of "nation-
ality" meetings, at which plant superintendents and local
officials address the men and emphasize the night school
facilities, naturalization procedure, and Americaniza-
tion. After a year's efforts to educate foreign-born
workmen, the committee points out that besides pre-
paring the men for citizenship, the work has beneficial
results in the plants. It saves time in giving orders
and directions of work; it tends toward greater safety
by teaching men to read signs and understand the work;
it makes orders more explicit ; its airs the dissatisfaction
of the men ; and it cuts down labor turnover.

Work o\ War ( redits Board

The War ( Iredil Bi ited to pa upon ad

vancea of fui d on Governr

work, ha appn

proximatelj Thi . made undei

authority of an have si imulated the

production of war mat and both larg mall

conl ractors have availed then, . tem.

The board was created by the of War with

the following mei i Samuel McRoberts, vice pr<
dent of the National Citj Bank of New York, now a
colonel in the Ordnance Department, National Army;
M. W. Thompson, financial expert and account
lawyer, of New York ( ity, now lieutenant colonel in
the Sigi . U. S. Army, and Edward Clifford, an

investment banker, of Chicago, now lieutenant colonel,
Quarterma ter I orps, National Army. A number of
attorneys, bankers, and accountants, including Donald
M. Liddell, engineer and accountant, were called in as
assistants to the board in del ing the great number

of applications immediately made for advance payments
on Government contracts. The law permits advances
not exceeding 30ff of the contract price for supplies,
such payments to be amply secured.

"Many manufacturers, on account of delays caused by
railroad congestion, etc.," says a statement made by the
board, "used up all their capital, borrowed all they could
from their banks, and still did not have the money
necessary to finish their supplies and make deliveries
to the Government so as to get payment for them. In
some instances they were on the verge of closing down
their plants because of their inability to get the cash
to meet their payrolls.

"By authorizing advance payments promptly the board
has relieved all these contractors, who, instead of spend-
ing their time trying to find money, are now enabled to
devote themselves entirely to the business of producing
war requirements."

Big Drop in 1917 Building

The record of buildings erected in the United States
for 1917 reflects the swift readjustment of our na-
tional resources consequent upon the war. In 101 prin-
cipal cities of the United States for 1917 the building
permits received by the American Contractor, New-
York, show a total of $631,746,722, compared with
$889,884,679 for 1916, a decrease of 29%. The total
number of permits issued in these 101 cities was 198,968,
as against 258,484 for 1916, a decrease of 23f<. The
average cost of buildings erected in 1917 was less than
that erected in 1916, not because of reduced costs but
because of a greater percentage of small residences
built, the need for workmen's homes having become
acute. A few cities, 29 in fact, show a gain for the year.
These do not include any of the first class, and the gains
are due mainly to special causes.

War Credits extended to foreign governments by the
Treasury since the United States entered the war are as
follows, according to a statement authorized by the Depart-
ment: Great Britain, $2,045,000,000; France, $1,285,000,000;
Italy, $500,000,000; Russia, $325,000,000; Belgium, $77,400,-
000, and Serbia, $4,000,000. The total is $4,236,400,000.

NG AND MINING JOURNAL Vol. 105, No. 8

„,a,,uiMMiiiiiiMiiiiuimimiiii4iiiitimiiiiiii i 1 1 iinilllillilllllllliiiiii Illlllllllllll Minn I! i i Iimilllll mi iiimiiiiiilliiniilliilll n

Industrial News from Washington

PAW V, [A] CORRESPONDENT

■ ——..—ill ,111,1 i iiiinniiiiiiini minimi iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimiiiuiiii in

All mi rrade Under License

important
the President of his
. making the cut in'

Stati
declared to be nei
ir industrial strength
gard
•rials which will
drawn by the Bureau of lm-
„ • ;. the following statement

■ ill be made t» administer these regulations

nent to legitimate business

ransmittal of

many may cost the

it the front, and that each day's

t money, to the enemy means

ompanying toll of lives, the

tancy or weakness is inconceivable.

rst" for our soldiers, regardless

ons and firms in this

. who before our entrance into

little sympathy with the war-time commercial

must be taught that these arc

,,f the first importance to this country, and

restrictions need expect no favors,

I how important such individuals or firms may

be in the bu orld. The time has come when all

war is not limited to combating the

D the battlefields of France, but must be carried

transactions of life, and that our business

remolded, where necessary, to meet exist-

■

• felt by importers that there will be
any a of the importation of necessary

articles, if the transaction does not involve dealing with
an enemy or ally of an enemy, or otherwise giving him aid
or comfort. If the importer endeavors diligently and in a
ion to comply with the requirements of
the War Trade Board, no loss, and but slight inconvenience,
■

While the orders cover "all articles of any kind what-
soever." all metals, minerals, mineral oils, ores and all
derivatives and manufactures thereof, along with
numerous other more important articles of commerce,
are mentioned specifically.

The plan of making all imports and exports subject
to license is expected to simplify rather than to com-
plicate the procedure which has been necessary since
when licenses were required for certain articles
There now is no question as to what requires a
lice^ elieved that much uncertainty and

delay will be avoided resequence. So far as im-

■ ned, it has been recognized for many
months that control over distribution of raw materials is
ne<*

in the preparation of the related forms and regulations
Eor the income and war income taxes, and in
C to afford taxpayers a nccessan period I'm llic prep-
aration of returns after receiving the forms and regula-
tions, tin' time for filing returns due after Oct. 16, 1917,

and o fore .Mar. 1, 1918, pursuant to the act of Sept.

8, I'.Um, mud the ml of Oct. 3, L917. for income, war in-

au.l war excess-profits taxes, whether they are to be

made on the basis of the calendar year or of a fiscal year

luring thi' year 1917, is hereby extended to Apr.

1, 1918. So far as this extension applies to the returns

of corporations to be made on the basis of a fiscal year

m than the calendar year, it amends the provisions of

T. I). 2561, as amended by T. D. 2615 and 2633.

Assay Commission Named

An assay commission has been appointed by the Pres-
ident consisting of the following members: Represent-
ative William A. Ashbrook, Johnstown, Ohio; Will H.
Rounds, Sioux Falls, S. D.; John L. McNeill, Durango,
Colo.; W. P. Morris, New Hampshire; L. V. Bassett,
Rock Mount, Salem, 111.; Samuel Newhouse, Salt Lake
City, Utah ; Calvin Page, Portsmouth, N. C. ; A. C.
Weiss, Duluth, Minn.; J. H. O'Neil, Boston, Mass.; L.
\V. Nieman, Milwaukee, Wis.; Martin H. Glynn, Albany,
N. Y. ; Roy W. Keehn, Chicago, 111.; S. B. Amldon,
Wichita, Kan.; Robert P. Oldham, Seattle, Wash.;
Kenneth M. Simpson, San Francisco, Calif.; Dr. George
F. Kunz, New York; Dr. Marcus Benjamin, Washing-
ton; Louis A. Fischer, Washington, and Dr. W. P. Hille-
brand, Bureau of Standards, Washington.

Mineral-Control Bill Opposed

A substitute measure for the Mineral-Control Bill,
which was drafted by the War Minerals Committee,
probably will be drawn up by Senator Pittman, of
Nevada, and Representative Foster, the chairman of
the House Committee on Mines and Mining. Senator
Pittman believes that the proposed bill is unnecessarily
broad in its scope and too indefinite in its effect. He
thinks a bill can be worked out which would accomplish
all the control the Government officials have in mind
and at the same time not shake the confidence of the
mining operator. Senator Pittman has discussed the
bill with department officials and expects to begin work
on the new measure at once.

Time Extended for Filing Tax Returns

Apr. 1 of the time for filing return
rne and war excess-profits taxes was announced re-
-ioner of Internal Revenue in the

*ement:

iable delay in the preparation of forms
for the war excess-profits tax, and hence

Shipment of Export Minerals Affected
by Traffic Re-routing

Mineral exporters are evincing great interest in the
appointment of an inter-regional traffic committee by
the Director General of Railroads. Many inquiries have
already reached Washington with regard to the change
in routing necessary to shift traffic from the more
ously congested gateways and ports to those that
are less congested. The matter of distributing traffic
more advantageously has been placed in the hands of
B. L. Winchell, C. F. Randolph and T. C. Powell.

Februarj 2.".. 1918

ENGINEERING AND MINING 101

American Institute of Mining Engineers

The annual meeting of the Institute ed at

Netv York on Feb. 18, and conclude

with a visit to theaviation field at Princi ton, X. ./.

The technical papers wt r< interesting and timely,

dealing to a considerab / with thi

ration and development of matt , ,i ;„

the prosecution of the tear. Sidney J. Jennings

was elected president, and an amem

the requirements for membership was passed.

THE lltith meeting of the American Institute of
Mining Engineers convened at the Engineering
Societies Building in New York on Monday, Feb.
18, the technical sessions continuing until Thursday,
when a visit to the aviation field at Princeton, X. J., was
scheduled as the concluding event of the meeting. The
registration on Monday morning started rather slowly.
but the attendance was soon swelled by the arm.
many members who had been on trains that were
slightly delayed. By Monday afternoon the registra-
tion gave promise of an attendance nearly, if not fully,
as large as in normal years.

The technical papers presented were interesting and
timely ; in them and in the discussions the keynote was
how best to conserve national resources of labor and
minerals so as to render the greatest assistance in the
prosecution of the war and the maintenance of proper
conditions at home. The Woman's Auxiliary of the
Institute, as in previous years, immediately took in
charge the entertainment of the visiting ladies, besides
holding several business sessions to deal with organi-
zation matters and with the war relief work which the
Woman's Auxiliary has undertaken. The entertain-
ment included visits to the art galleries of Henry C.
Frick and the Hon. William A. Clark; to the Metro-
politan Museum of Art; several receptions, including
one at the residence of President-elect and Mrs. Sidney
J. Jennings at 44 East 80th St., and a theater party
to see "Chu Chin Chow." The ladies also attended
on Wednesday the "Hoover" dinner and informal dance
at the Hotel Biltmore and the visit to the Princeton,
N. J., aviation field on Thursday. The principal excur-
sion of technical interest was a trip through the New
York subways to inspect some of the recent work and
methods of holding loose ground.

The first technical sessions were those of the coal and
of the nonferrous-metallurgy divisions, which were held
simultaneously in the two halls on the fifth floor of
the headquarters building. G. H. Clevenger acted as
chairman of the metallurgical session, and the first
paper, by F. R. Pyne. on the "Disadvantages of Chrome
Brick in Copper Reverberatory Furnaces," evoked con-
siderable discussion. Mr. Pyne pointed out the difficul-
ties of metal absorption and of fluxing the chrome bats
and stated that the hydraulically pressed magnesite
bricks now available were preferable in most instances
in copper-refining work. Prof. H. 0. Hofman in the
discussion pointed out that the temperatures that usually
prevail in copper blast furnaces were too low to flux
chromite and directed attention to the freezing-point

cui

chromiti

i ] i ; . i

and chromiti ,.. , ,

wed thai th< ,\ h.< h u

16.02 (CaMj 0, 16.02 A; i
thai would flux
Rutherford corrobor;

rienced in flui rome bal

Queen \.
Arizona. Chrome bricks had given Bat
in the blast-furnace , where they lasted from

two to three years. Magnesite bricks, wh< n
could not afterward be subjected to moisture, and,
though tried in the reverberatory walls, had nol proved

satisfactory as one course of chrome brick— to
fluxing with silica I, rick below -then 18 in. of mag-
nesite and one course of chrome

experienced when charging along the side walls instead
of fettling, owing to th< ire contained in the

ore, and for this practice Mr. Rutherford considered
a straight silica-brick wall most satisfactory. Secre-
tary Stoughton suggested that it would be patriotic
not to use any more chrome brick than necessary, in
order to conserve our supply of chromite for war needs.
Woolsey McA. Johnson's paper on the "Fine-Grind-
ing and Porous-Briquetting of the Zinc Charge" pointed
out the advantage that might be obtained through better
heat conductivity and ventilation of the zinc charge.
Discussion was participated in by Messrs. Ralston,
Hofman, Hall and Eagles. Mr. Ralston suggested that
with the expansion of flotation and the production of
finer concentrates some steps, as indicated by the
author, would have to be taken by the zinc smelter,
or perhaps the lime treatment of raw zinc sulphide
might be again used. In response to inquiry. .Mr.
Johnson stated that the binder used in his briquetting
experiments was sludge acid from oil refining and that
this binder was used in quantities varying from 10 to
12%. In the next paper, W. E. Ruder gave the results
of some tests of "High-Temperature Resistance Fur-
naces with Ductile Molybdenum or Tungsten Resistors."
The application of these furnaces was mainly in the
laboratory and experimental work at high temperatures.
Practically a temperature of 23' mi C. could be obtained
with a useful life, though temperatures up to 3350° C. —
the melting point' of the tungsten resistor — were pos-
sible for short periods with the vacuum type of furnace.
The furnaces had been used at the General Electric
works for heat treating and degassifying tungsten.

"Zinc Refining," especially that phase of it developed
by the war demand for high-grade spelters, was the
subject of a paper read by Leland E. Wemple. Discus-
sion elicited the information from the author that the
total net loss in refining spelter was between 6 and
7r , about oc< of which was in the first operation and
the remainder in the retreatment of byproducts. The
papers on "Bone-Ash Cupels," by Frederic P. Dewey,
and "An Automatic Filter at Depue, III," by G. S.
Brooks and L. G. Duncan, were read by title only.

.-■-'

[NEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 8

wore

in and About t ho

.il Situation

i upon the wasteful

■ i deprecated

til only the best coal was

that the day would i

ial we would

teful methods, but he

mutual arrange-

wing the great saving
oal mine, to
: then the installation yA'
mplete verification of the
saving of 50 . \
Mr. Hobart. In the discus-
ser it was brought out that many
mine the advisability of a change
ity, as made by the steam engi-
nce what was wanted was not
a b. made under ideal conditions of clean flues

rt firing and regular work, but a run-
• under i. nditions, the irregular work of

a mine and consequent irregular tiring, pumping, etc.
member emphatically stated that a regular boiler
made under ideal conditions threw no light on the
practically valueless. It was brought
out in the di that the real weakness of a steam

plai ' lure to adopt itself to irregular

. . and the real strength of an electric plant was
adaptability to irregular working. With a steam
plant, the boiler must be kept going night and day to
keep the pressure up for any peak load. It was not
practicable to drop off a boiler or put it on again;
great waste of coal. The point was made
that the electric installation was more flexible, and if
.it ion was large enough, or varied enough, to
be able to avoid conflicting peak loads on the various
machines, more efficient results were obtained with
electricity than with steam alone. It was also suggested
that the upkeep of steam engines, steam hoists, steam
pur; *eam lines was very materially greater than

ele> ■• llations doing the same work. One member

said that their experiments showed that a 1500-kw.
alternating-current plant, costing about $125,000,
would replace two boiler plants of a combined capacity
hp.. and would effect a net saving of $15,000
per year, with coal at $1 per ton.

The annual business meeting was held on Tuesday
morning, at which time the election of officers was
announced. The new officers are: President, Sidney J.
Jer. e presidents, Henry F. Drinker, Robert -M.

nond; directors, F. G. Cottrell, Hennen Jennings,
one, Samuel A. Taylor and Arthur Thacher.
The amendment providing for an increase in the stand-
membership was passed, 1123 votes for, 59
and 6 ballots invalid,
iay afternoon simultaneous sessions were held
.ron and steel and by the petroleum and gas
The later sessions, the smoker on Tuesday
and the "Hoover" dinner on Wednesday, will be
ed at greater length in the next issue of the

Remember the Twenty-Seventh

"His journey o( uncertainty" — thus one member of
the mining regiment styles the adventure upon which
he has embarked. The men of the Twenty-seventh
have eagerly answered the call to join the colors. They
don't know where they are going, but they are on their
way, with a stopover at Camp .Meade. This blithesome,
devil-may-care spirit we must help them maintain.
To this end the Association of the 27th Engineers (the
Comfort Club) was formed. Contributions are wanted
for the Association's fund, out of which may be pur-
chased tobacco, athletic equipment, games, etc., for the
men and which will be a prompt source of aid for their
families if needed. Receipts to date are as follows:

tig and .Mining Journal

g Ineering Co

,\ Fl 23

i fharltonl '.'. '.'. '.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'. '. '. '. '. '.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'. '.

li W. Hardlnge

Frank X Spencer

W. I i

.1 II. Polhemus

.i il Janeway

Albert 1'. Beers

.1 l-:. Hayes

Van .Mater

I. Vogelstein & >',,

"< luprite"

l: li (Hanna Ore Mining Co.)

A Friend. I tec. 1 "

P. A n

Am. man /.me. l.eail and Smelting Co

.1 '1 H

Daniel Guggenheim

\ li il

Willard S. .Morse

August II'

Ana<unda < Copper Mining Co

F. w. Bradley

< Charles Le Vasseur

\ Friend. Dec. 13

land Jewett

Herman A. Wagner

Francis P. Sinn

R. < - Go '

D. C. Jaekling

V

.1. 11. Brickenstein

E B. Xoii hi up

i s. Mayer & Ball

Denver Technical Staff, American Metal Co., Ltd

A Friend, Jan. 9

E. B. Coolidge

.1. v. x. Dorr

i

\v II

i: Hot

' ' I Kerr

of Washoe Smeltery. Anaconda Copper Mining

rnipany

i C G raham

Utah Copper, Nevada Consolidated, Ray Consolidated

.panics

A Friend, Jan 23

John dillie

.1. X. H'.ll '!

C. K. T.ipman

ti m H Crane

T. Wolfson

Willi" ii Hampton

\V. F. Merriss

J. Parke Channing

Miami Coppei Co

I. II. .Means

C. W. Goodale

ii I

F. I : Foraker

ries A I 'hase

B. Fleming L'Engle

' lalun i .- Hi cla .Mining Co

I ! < '. Ferguson

i : Van Gundy

Frankiin Osborn

iimund

W. T. Swoyer

Interest

$1000.00

1 n

5.00
5.00

I

1

5.00

10.00
10.00
10.00

2!

100.00
10.00

in. an

1 n ii"

I 5.00

1 10

f

Inn. on

r, en
25.00

I

1 .00

1 III

;, ,ie
50 i"
in mi

5.01

111. (Hi

5.00

Kin 00

10.00

5.00

5.00

r,

3n.in

l o

10.00
200.00

5(l.n
50.00

5.i('i

:, . i i ■ '

205.IHI
2.". 00

1000.

5.

25.

5.

50.

50.

500.

10.

10.

10.

100.

250.

10.

50.
25
25
5
250
18
10
10.
10.
10.
10.

on
00
in.
00
00
00
00

nn

nil

00

(III

nn

(III

nn

,i

00
00
00

nn
(III
in.

00

III

00

Total

58068 00

Are you uncertain about subscribing to the fund?
The men of the regiment are of your own kind. Some
of them were working alongside of you, perhaps, only
a few weeks ago. Perhaps you could not see your way
clear to enlist in the regiment. Here, then, is your
chance to do your bit. Make your checks payable to
\V. R. Ingalls, treasurer.

. i . 28, 1918

ENGINEERING AND MINING J01 K

Editorials

nillliui iiiiiiiiiimimimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii iiiiiiiiiitmm mini iiimiiiii iiiiinii iiiiiiiini mm nmmiNllllltlHimi Ilimill illllllllllllillliiiiiiin mi n iiiiiiiiiiiiimiiiiii

Reductio ad Absurdum

TEN months ago we preached "In production

and diminish consumption."

Washington dispatches Tuesday afternoon told of the
alarm that is being felt in Administration quarters
respecting the startling decrease in steel production.

It was hinted that non-essential consumption would
have to be curtailed further by arbitrary proscription.

Thu.- we see ourselves standing on the quagmire of
diminishing production, instead of on the safe ground
of increasing production.

This situation is presented under the headlines of
"Serious Decline in Steel Production — Delays to Prog-
ress of the War Threatened — Non-Essentials in the
Way — Need of Prompt Remedial Measures — What Re-
cent Official Figures Reveal."

This is being blamed upon the coal shortage, the
railway congestion.

But the statistics for 1917, which were available
within 10 days after the end of the year, showed that
the production of iron had decreased as compared with
1916. The production of copper had decreased. Among
the great price-fixed commodities only coal had in-
creased, but although the tons of coal were more, there
was great doubt whether the total of heat units in
it were more.

The same dispatches brought the news that the
Senate's Agricultural Committee had reported favorably
on a bill to raise the price for the 1918 crop of wheat
to $2.50 per bushel. A Senator introduced a resolution
to make it $2.75. These motions follow statements
that the farmers are reluctant to plant under the pres-
ent $2 guarantee.

Price-fixing by Congressional legislation was bound
to come. The principles of sound economics having
been repudiated, we are approaching the reductio ad
absurd ii»).

Some Economic Considerations

THE Treasury Department has a committee of
economists, representing the chairs of Yale, Har-
vard, Princeton, Columbia and Colorado College, with
the leadership of Prof. Irving Fisher, of Yale, which
has been engaged in a study of the purchasing power
of money in war time and on Feb. 10 issued its first
public statement.

This committee finds that the average of wholesale
commodity prices last month was 81% above that of
July. 1914, while the rise in retail prices in the same
period has been 57%. This confirms the opinion, not
infrequently expressed, that the cost of living has not
increased so much as is indicated by the common index
numbers, which reflect the basic commodity prices. The
individual is more concerned with retail prices, but even
they enter but partly into his cost of living. Other
things, such as rent and the use of public services,

oil

the avei

the last tin. , known thai th<

thai ghtly

iii any cases, and not at all in mi

if the finding of Pro

tain that thi
1.57 times thai of July, 1914, and that the actual in-

han that.
Howevei . on of thi is not the

purpose of the Treasurj

is rather to point out the evils of inflation, eithei
credit or currency, or both. The committee says:

In particular we must avoid,
by b Loans to the Goveri not from

savings but from borrowings will tend to bank

it. Further extension of bank credit will chiefly bring
about a rise in commodity pi es. It 5 thi refore desin
that further loans to the Government should be made out
of current savings.

There are two ways for us to lend money to our country.
The right way is the frank and honest way of saving, by
spending less or earning more. The other and wrong wax-
is the, at first, cheap and easy, although ultimately costly
and painful, way of lending the Government what we bor-
row from the bank. . . .

If I buy Government securities by giving up the purchase
of a pleasure automobile, the (i can buy a mili-

tary truck with the same money, and the labor and capital
which would have made the pleasure ear for me will make
the truck for the Army instead. That is the right way.

The wrong method is employed if I insist upon buying
that pleasure car and so can buy the Government securi-
ties only by borrowing the money at a bank. I have sacri-
ficed nothing out of current-money income. I have simply
increased the money income of the Government.
I give the Government my check to buy the truck, but at the
same time I enter the market to prevent the Government
from getting it. In short, the public, by its paper subscrip-
tions, appears generous to its Government, but is selfishly
refusing to make the actual sacrifice. . . . Thereupon
the Government, in order to buy away from us what we
will not otherwise surrender, bids up prices.

But rising commodity prices present only one of a series
of evils which will follow if we continue far on the wrong
road. In the wild scramble to buy — the public competing
against the Government and the producer trying to sa'.
both — there is increasing difficulty in getting supplies.
There occur railway congestion, car shortage, coal famine
(for instance, from using up coal in non-essential industries
and from using the cars needed to move it) and other dis-
locations.

The best and quickest v the right road — the

l'oad of thrift — is by reducing consumption and increasing
production, by repressing non-essentials and by organizing
a redirection of industry. President Wilson has xvell said,
"It is our duty to protect our people, so far as we may,
against the very serious hardships and evils which would be
likely to arise out of the inflation which would be produced
by vast loans." And again, "Now is the time for America
to correct her unpardonable fault of wastefulness and ex-
travagance."

With all due respect to the eminent committee of
economists, may we be permitted to say that their re-
port, which is characterized by sound sense in principle,
Is equally remarkable for its evasion of the cognizance
of some facts, of the logical deductions from them
and its own clearly enunciated principles, and
adherence to a policy of the impossible? The cardinal

*

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 106, No. 8

• thi A,i- :■ has

though il I by

nning that inflation could nol

ly repressed, but

ut in . or another.

nine months ago.

weakness in

artificial patch-

ist then be di i"

■.ml finall the Treasury

Administration

; hinly disguised

was price-fixing. Within
the the war buBii I instinctively

■ increased and consumption
o1 was that the country needed
otton, wheat, etc., ami on the
its wastes and eliminate its
Dmmon sense and sound
■ this w( have tried to reduce
our is of exhortation,

e than compulsion, while, on the
^concerting fact that our
pro, • i We have, indeed, wit-

coal famine, and dislocation
other things, but it has not been inflation
that has produced them. The present declaration from
"hat production must be checked and that
sounds paradoxical unless
•>d what is meant, and there is a conspicu-
ous absence i thinking on this subject.

nt is not that the production of the
iimodities should be checked; on the contrary,
that kind of production has already been mischievously
hampered and now needs to be speeded up. On the other
hand, the production of some things has been over-
ind such production does, indeed, need
to be checked.

- melancholy that an industrial and financial

so brilliant a year ago has been

ight into the mess that it is now. where we have

e kind ol '..ring us in the face, though

wearehopii. I it and probably will do so. Tl

rious impairment of the fundamentals
'except for the increasing inefficiency of labor and the
ip of much money). Our situation is rather
like that of a regimen' . splendidly equipped, that has
1 into a stone wall by its officers' failing
to give the correct commands. Our estimated gn
volume <»f business in 1017 was about $50,000,000,000,

- ' '.ooo. while our war

Jan. 1 was about $7,000,000,000, including

loan.s to the Allies i which are mainly spent here). Of

• \penditure should simply have replaced

•enersil building, municipal improvement, etc., which has,

in : . but Washington has put

nto all kinds of munitioning without any

equipment that it cannot possibly

-hort time, building much in places

our railway facilities are insufficient to carry it

a general congestion in the main rail-

ition of labor supply, and. in short,

This is now understood, and efforts

are being made, and it is hoped

The checking of

production that is now talked about means, of course,
that we shall divert some of our energy and monej
back to domestic employment, such as repairing our
railways, for the simple reason that there is no use
in putting it into the manufacturing of munitions that
cannot be transported before 1919, or later.

Not lor one moment are we advocating inflation as
being something beneficial, but the view may be enter-
tained that a moderate inflation is better than artificial
repression, which, after all, is bound to result in failure.
High prices carry with them their own corrective, one
of the manifestations of which is curtailment of con-
sumption by force of circumstances, in ways that are
more effective than exhortation. With repressed infla-
tion we have experienced exactly the evils that the
Treasury Committee outlines among the consequences
of inflation. And even while the Treasury Committee
is giving its advice, the Secretary of the Treasury is
promoting a stupendous financial measure that spells
deliberate credit inflation, although it is argued that
this will not be dangerous if the power be wisely
controlled.

Copper for Shipbuilding

AT THE present time, when so tremendous a program
of shipbuilding is in progress, it is interesting to
consider the quantity of copper required for this purpose
alone. In the Journal of March 25, 1916, we published
an article on this subject, to which reference may now
usefully be made. The following is a quotation from
that article:

Generalizing, however, for the ordinary first-class cargo
vessel having about 10,000 tons dead weight, engines of 3000
to 4000 i.hp. and speed of 12 to 14 knots, the requirement
for copper and the copper content of brass, bronze, etc.,
res from about 100,000 lb. to about 200,000 lb. A ship of
10,000 tons d.w., 3000 i.hp. and 12-knot speed might be built
with the lower of those figures if there were no special re-
quirements as to copper. The upper of the two figures
probably represents the maximum that would be used in a
ship of this class. Judging from the data supplied by six
large shipbuilding companies, the use of 150,000 lb. for a
10,000-ton ship would probably be not far away from the
actual average.

The copper is used in the form of brass and copper tubes,
condenser tubes, wire, sheet copper, propeller blades and
numerous castings made from alloys containing copper.
The figures that are stated represent only the quantity of
:opper purchased by the shipbuilders as raw copper or
brass. They do not include the copper in valves, cocks,
pumps and many auxiliary fittings that are purchased from
other manufacturers. As for the consumption by the ship-
builder himself, the quantity is about equally divided be-
tween copper and copper in brass. For example, a concern
building a 10,000-ton ship might buy 90,000 lb. of copper
and 150,000 lb. of brass. Reckoning the copper content of
the latter at 100,000 lb., the total purchase of copper for
this ship would be 190,000 lb.

The plans for shipbuilding in the United States con-
template the provision of 6,000,000 tons in 1918. That
figure may not be attained, but, assuming that it might

I here would be a consumption of about 90,000,000 lb.

"Pper for that purpose alone. Shipbuilding in Great
Britian and other foreign countries will greatly increase
that total. As to the consumption of copper in naval
shipbuilding, we cannot form any idea, for no one of the
governments reveals the extent of its naval construction.
Ships of war require va tly more copper than do mer-

February •2.\, 1918

ENGINEERING AND MINING J01 I

chant -hips. For example, a battle hip like the U. S. S.

"Idaho" requires 1,500,000 to 2, 000 lb. of copper and

brass, Without any doubt, the requirements for copper
in such construction, both here and in Europe, arc h

The proposed bill for the regulation of the mining
industry, which is commonly referred to as the Mil for
a "mineral dictatorship," is meeting with general o]
sit ion in the mining districts of the West. We under
stand that the sponsors for the bill have modified it
so as to exclude copper, lead, zinc, and iron mining from
its provisions.

The days of suspended industry in February may
or may not have been costly, but il is certain that
they were not so expensive as the New York dailies
represented last Sunday, on the authority of the Black
Diamond. They put the loss for eight days at $4,344,-
000.000. which would he $543,000,000 per day. or at the
rate of $162,900,000,000 per annum, reckoning 300 days.
Inasmuch as the gross volume of business in the United
States in 1!U7 is estimated at about $50,000,000,000,
there is manifestly something wrong in estimating the
loss of about 8', of that sum in eight days.

liimiu <|

iimmiitiiiiiiiiiiamiiiiiiiiiii;

BY THE WAY

The New York Herald says the most powerful mes-
sage to the American people whieh has gone out from
the national Capital this week was contained in testi-
mony before the Senate Committee on Commerce, when
George J. Baldwin, head of the American International
Shipbuilding Co., exclaimed under cross-examination:
"Let us build the ships first; then put us in jail."

The war has changed ocean routes and trade rela-
tions. Now the United States is dealing directly with
the producers of raw materials. Half of the tin mined
in Bolivia will be refined in this country hereafter.
Germany will sell no more dyes in the United States,
and the $15,000,000 yearly taken from domestic indus-
tries will remain here to the benefit of American labor
and capital. American dyes are now being exported to
21 countries.

William D. Haywood, international secretary and
treasurer of the I. W. W., who with 165 other members
of the organization was indicted by a Federal grand
jury on a charge of conspiracy and sedition, was released
on bonds of $15,000 on Feb. 12. Federal Judge Landis
reduced the amount of the bail from $25,000 to $15,000,
despite the protest of District Attorney Clyne and Frank
K. Nebeker, special assistant United States Attorney.

"This man does not want his freedom ; he is holding
himself out as a martyr," said Mr. Nebeker.

In pleading for the release of Haywood. Attorney
George F. Wandever said :

"The freedom of Bill Haywood, regarded as a hero
by his fellow members, will relieve a certain tension.

ii i' by various of the I. W. \v membei
•'nil \ m] I,, mi the countrj thai

11 ot jfoui Honor, i not Intended

a a threat."

As to self-protei tion ags In one1 pr<

the National Board of Fire i nderwriten suggi
eai li indh idual hould pled] i 11 a follows:

I will keep our match

So fai a I < an, l will use onl

-N" lamp will be filled bj artificial light oi iftei dark
Coal ml and gasoline will be kept m absolutelj
tight metal receptai li

II I smoke, I w ill smoke w here neit hei match, pipe,
nor stub will endanger life or property.

I will see thai every match is out before it leaves
my hand.

191?

1916

1915

5.150.938

>. 1 « 5. 1 2 1

1 ,421

2,645,247

3.087,212

1,674,771

3.251.352

1 17,691

2,063.834

3,334,960

3.277,768

2,1 16,494

>, 4 17. 340

.073

2.263,470

"055

3.211,588

2.380,827

■^ 438

3.224.513

2.562.427

3.247.947

>.7I3

2.779.647

3. 1 33.954

12 366

2,852.561

i. 303.038

3.508,849

3.125.491

■ 794

: 811

3.037.308

2.882.919

3.171.087

3.302.322

2,792

29.682, ,66

Januarj Pig Iron Production

Pig iron production in January, 1918, amounted to
2,411,768 tons, accord ng to Iron Ige, the output for

the month being the smallest since June, 1915, The de
crease was caused by the severe cold weather and poor
transportation conditions. Thi hows the proi

tion by months for the last three ye;

w I HRACITE Wli ( OKI PIG till i.N I'll' '111 < riON

'lull

January
February

\pnl
M.,\

.1 mi,

July

Septcmbi'i
Octob i
Novembci
Decemb ,

Foreign Trade in Copper

Exports of copper from the United States in Novem-
ber, December and for the year 1917 are reported by the
Department of Commerce as follows:

1 1- c Jan.-De ■

l.i. I.I.

Ore and concentrates contents 48,740 868.037 5.790,510

Unrefined, in bai .... 6,784.621 9.480 17,215.445

Refin. 76.553,151 81.776.947 1.029.076.493

Old and si rap .... 232,833 1.183,109

Plates and sheets 2.505,643 6,786,754 42.669.943

Pipes and tubes ... 564.994 542.905 e.)7,273,480

Wire, except insulated 1,617 I : .m», 198 26.880.887

Composition metal, eoppi-r chief

valu. 26.367 f.i) 1.230,910

Totals 88,079, 94,481,521 1.131,320.777

(«) Figures ning Julj I

The weight of ore exported in December was 10,904
long tons, and of concentrates, matte and regulus, 189
long tons.

Imports of copper in November, December and for
the year 1917 were as follows:

Jan.-Dec

Lb.

i ind con 12,344.102 16.500,020 154,698.164

Matte and regulus, etc . 3,718,242 700,936 21.048,943

Unrefined il piss,. 20,643.329 40.701.202 355.598,036

Refined, in bars, etc 88,592 613,619 6.747.958

Old, etc., for remanufactui 186.236 107.672 17,89

Composition metal, copper chief value 22,407 9,221 429,702

37.002.908 58.632.670 556.416.397

Ore imported in December weighed 42,683 long tons;
concentrates 11,948; matte and regulus, 695 long tons.

\\i> MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 8

sonals

1

■ ■

| .|...,, - I! i. mi.

. nun

I I ' ii i

-

N H ,•-•■.. Arm

bi en

i
ill Irmi

■

Go dman,
j \\ M ■ ■

romp-

i i: 1 ■ i •

•■ B

n b

I! S

t

i Bnrrhard, of

■

i , i i

'

llMl-

quired,

the capture

road « .is

II (Ire

ful iu tempi

, ■ i . ■

In ■

.... i

.

., i . i . I ■ . . .

,i
■ i.i. u earlier In the
i\ rlncourt and
, very bad

lently

ii Are

Obituary

lugnste M.nli. . died al

on Feb I. from

He "us born in Brooklyn,

\ y , , .1 from the

in 1877 ii

i and Nevada as

later returi

.ml. for ■ nheim

ur through

China with I

mineral resources Other nips

l

I Mexico ■■! Mathez

i of I Club of

i "i" the Engineers Club New

Societies

American Societs of <i\il Engineers n el

New York Tin i

Devens. al Ayer, Mass., was de-
standpoint from
etion by v. T i tog
.
\ in.- r i « ;i it Soctets fur Testing Materials
will liniil it: 21sl annual n i .June

il the i tote! Tra re. Atlantic

.1 Manuscripts of papers to be
i eel should I"- in the
trea bs Apr

l ." and as far in ad\ ance ol thai date

Issociation «r Ohio Technical Societies

was organized al a conferei i Ohio

engineering societies held a1 Columb
T .\l..iiis. profi

versity,

Ident and C E Drayei

\il engineering

- and bra I sociel ies

in i Ihio wei ted with bul one

\ desire to bi ul pro-

il unity i: e main

feature of i he Vll del

. . :• hi. i tion b; la

■ co

and ' ' is must take part in I he

lawmaking then i

Montana Sect! f American Institute

of Mil i il tinual meet-

■ Bow Club, Butte,
1 1918 Tl

I :
B. H ■

i and F

Van-

i

l on "Ef-
Hydraulic Classi-

i ..nil-,

I Ii i

N at 'Mini ( la) Product* Isso-

..

. de by

o the Cla In

\' G

Keeli Ottawa; "1 he Vpplieat on
ill. Motor: In the > Ilaymaklng In-
bj Kenneth C Burney, Hamilton,
i int. . ami i 'r>,, in, ,i i ;.,. Fired i n
by It. Il VfcEh 03 . I layton, i Ihio, i Hrli ei
iven elected as follows: President) Thoi a
tlnl i Ice presid -nl s,
William Bruge Todmorden, Ont. ; Ryland
ii New, Hamilton, Ont.; and G. Angus
ironto i 1 1 i a ' > i reasurer, < lor
don C Keith, Toronto; councillors, Charles
B, Lewis, Toronto; John S McCannell,
Milton, i »nt . Walter Clark, Corunna. Ont.;
T ll i iiuiiam. Inglewood, Ont. ; < Jha rl<
\ M lllar, T-'i onto . Vndrev i »"<i . Mimic
i nit ; E, Frld, Hamilton, Ont.; and N. T.
i 'i Montreal

Industrial News

Isbeatos Protected Metal Co., of Pitts-
burgh, has moved Its I loston office to thi
State Mutual Bldg William II Cummlng
., In chat ge
Pittsburgh Wood Preserving Co., together
with the i diio Wood Preseri Ing Co., i he

ii \\ I I 'i .',,■[ \ nig i !o . the Ac

Tie Co "i .Mulligan, ami the Century t'mii

. .i I.i. 1 1 i .iiiili.i itl.-s I Irani B. Sli Mi!-".

is in - -i.ii ni 1 1 . . \ , \ .-ii their nil" e n

Pittsburgh, r-'iiii. i r the Com wealth

Bldg to » i' is tiuarters In tin- Cen-

Buil ding
Metal mill Thermit Corporation, recently

oi i i in,. Huh i ii, in, rger of the ' Sold

schmidt i '. i n.iiin- Co and the ' loldscl dl

Thermit Co i capitalized al $3,250,000

T Graham has been elected president

of the new concern and Daniel G. Reid i

-in ector The concei ns merged ha^ e i i

working under practically identical ma

nn in. nt and direction, with an entire com-

in i% of interest, for two years. The new

corporation takes over and will operate
four different plants, located at Jersey
City and Chrome, N. J ; Wyandotte, Mich,
and East Chicago, End, The Chrome and
East Chicago plants are detinning works,
the Wyandotte plant manufactures linuid
chlorine, and the Jersey City plant thermit
products, including welding materials, car-
bon-free metals, alloys and pure tungsten
powder The corporation also has plants
and welding simps iii Pittsburgh, Chicago,
San Francisco, and Toronto. General offices
of the new concern are at 120 Broadway,
New York.

■ ii,',,, in.

New Patents

,,,i ,

United States patent specifications listed
below may I btained from "Tin Engi-
neering and Mining Journal" at 25c each.
British patents are supplied al 10c each.

Alumina — Process for preparing alums
from clay or other similar natural com-
pounds of aluminina. Louis L Jackson,
New York. N V. assignor of one-half to

il v. New York. X Y. (U. S

" . I ! . ' 129 Jan 22, IMS 1

Aluminum— Alloy of Aluminum and
Beryllium Hugh s Cooper, Cleveland,
• linn assignor to the i !oopei I te tea rch ( !o ,

ni.l. < Hi ■ S. No. 1,254,987 ; Jan.

!9, 1918.)

Aluminum — Composition of Matter Con-
sisting of Aluminum:. Tin and Phosphorus
Frank T. Schuller, Minneapolis, .Minn
.1 S ' " 1,254,854 ; Jan. j:'. 1918 I

Concentration — Machine for Separ:

■ ,i,i,i Jil >, , , and I he Like 1 1 Sands

i n\ ,-r. i lalgary, Alberta, < !a nada
. i 154,484 ; Jan 22, 1918 i
ore Treatment Process of Treating Ores
nig Sintering of .Metal Oxides for
...... Arthur S Dwight. New

'. . i . V (U. S No 1,254,316 ; Jan. 22,

Pig Lead — Lead Supply System for Pig
John F, .Miller. Trail.

B. C ' r s Xo 1.255.11 Jan

H8.)

rig Lead ifai Casting Lead

Pigs John F .Miller. Trail. 1: C, Canada.

i r s .v.. ■ ■ in jan

Rock l>rill. Rowland O Pickin, Chicago,

111 (U S Xo 1.254
Steel Process. Fred rick T Snydei
III | I S X,, 1,254,078 : Ji

/in,- Smelting Process and Apparatus
ig Zinc a mi the Like in an Elec-
ni Furnace Filip Tharaldsen,

a. Norway (U s No 1,255 -

066 : l

/in. Smelting- .Method or i
Smelting Zinc Involving Chloridizing of
Blue I'. I i,i inn, m. Telluride,

(U. S. No. in 22, 1918 i

Februarj 2S, 1918

ENGINEERING AND MINING J01 i

gimilllll IIIIUIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII IIIIIIIIIIHIIIIHIIIIIHIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII IIIIIIIUIIUIUIIUIIIIIIIUUI IIUIIIIUII i i 111 mm i i UI , „ ,, ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, m |r

I Editorial Correspondence

Si mini imillllitllllliiiifliiiiiiiumii milium iiiimiiiiimmmii I iiiiiimiii mi mimmiimimiiiiiiiiiiii mimiimimn i „ mmimiimmui iiiiiiiimmiti i mm miummi

8 \ s IK \ \< is< 0 — I eb. 6

in tin- Cometock Mini'- oi Nevada, ore!
assaying as high b i ton were

taken from 1 1 1 * - i nlon Consolidated from a
vein "ii the 2500 level Other assaj
from Sir.s in the 2400 level ti
in the ! -ii to

\ i. .in mill during the week i"7 imis
averaging {26.86 and

averse Ini Ophii i n( to 1 1 1 > ■ mill 4M

cars of ore assaying Jii 04 per tor

is sampling, (10.08 per ton Sierra
N'evada developed ore on thi 2500 level as-
saying from, $4.62 to J31 36 per ton, and
showing good silver content Jacket saved
or low -grade ore from the 30
its from the surface tunm

tons ill mill bills and shn Mar of

bullion.

salt. LAKE « n\ — Feb. 16

The Suit Lake Chemical < "., producing
potash salts from the waters of Great Salt
Laki at Grants, 30 to 3S miles wi
Sail l.akc City, is preparing to double the
capaoity of its plant, which at present pro-
duces four tuns of potash salts daily b

l pm, -ess The working forces will
be increased.

The I>eei> (reek District, in Tooele
County, lias developed its first dividend
paying mine in the Western Utah Copper
after a shipping period of not unite a

the completion of the new railroad

into this camp. The Western Utah Copper,
shipping: about 200 tons of ore daily, chiefly
copper and lately some lead, sinci
spring, on Feb. 15 will pay in dividends

$3? I, or Tie per share. The authorized

capital stock is 500.000 shares, and about
0 shares are issued.

Oil Shales Investigation is being con-
ducted by the Salt Lake station of the
U. S. Bureau of Mines, on a laboratory
basis in cooperation with the University of
Utah: and the results of experiments with
processes of extraction of oil and byprod-
ucts are to be published. The Bureau is
also cooperating as far as may be in the
determination of the resources of this
tion in this material by making superficial
examinations of specimens sent In by pros-
pectors and others to determine whether
in each case there is sufficient volatile mat-
ter present to warrant comtplete analysis.
and when the material appears of sufficient
interest, submitting the names of analysts
qualified to make complete determinations
In this way material of no value is elimi-
nated. The Bureau itself is not author-
ized to make complete analyses

BUTTE, MOXT. — Feb. 7

The Minerals Separation vs. Butte and
Superior hearing will take place on Mar. S.
before the" Court of Appeals in San Fran-
cisco The suit brought to recover damages
for the use of the Minerals Separation
process in the Butte and Superior mill.
\\ as decided by Federal Judge Bouripiin.
and the court awarded decision in favor
of the Minerals Separation Company.

The Produetion from Butte Properties in

January was only 24.500.000 lbs. of copper.
This represents an increase of about
000 lbs., compared with December, and
is nearly 3,000,000 lbs. less than in Janu-
ary. 1917. when the companies were em-
ploying about the same number of men as
at present. The Butte and Superior Min-
ing Co. milled in January 4 7.000 tons of
ore. which is an increase of 4.000 tons
compared with December, but which is
8000 tons less than a year ago. when the
same number of men were employed. The
East Butte company is the only concern
Showing an increase in production com-
pared with a year ago. In January. 1918.
the company produced 2,574,140 lbs of cop-
per which is approximately 7 4.000 lbs.
more than in Deceimber and is a record in
the history of the company. The facts
brought out by the above figures indicate
that the East Butte company has capable
and experienced miners, while the other
companies are compelled to put up with
men who hire as miners and who manage
to get by because of the lack of better
men. It is known that in some of the
mines there are a number of I. W. W.
sympathizers, who declare that they are
storing away enough money to carry them

through Um i n hen n •

tus, to work i active, and

\ 1 1 r 1 1 I
ed i>: the I. W. W I

umpt i la boi ti Agitato:

either ii\ ing through

i w u In different pari

or bj monej supplli >

ire known to i" till active

men are c tantly nmv h n here

miners congregate preaching the di
of a demand for more
working hours

Uanganese Mining in tlie Phlllpsburi

district, from the beginning, I

■ .1 de> elopmenl FYom i he repoi i
ble that the

ontain at least 135, o

: iiat.ie for and per-

Ions

which under present conditions should all
its are In

i magm sian lim/
analysis of a typical sample of thi
i s that it contains I
manga ron and 0.24' .

in preparing ore for shipment some of the

is puke, I out by hand and thi

r screens to i educe the silica
■■in 32
to ni mangam silica,

while the lui ns m 5' . manga-

nese and 159! silica Most of H
shipped from Philipsburg contain
manganese, less than 2V. iron and about

llica, and is worth about
F-ob. Philipsburg The Philipsburg Min-

installed a concentrator to
thi screenings and the large deposits of
the more siliceous ores from several prop-
erties in the district

SPOKANE, WASH. — Feb. IS
The Heleher Mine, in Republic Camp, has
been bought by Frank Babcock, of Ewan,

Wash, for a price of $50, , pay. ;

installments extended over a period 0

her has been a producer of
copper-gold ore of low grade About
ft. of work i .lone Shipments last

year totaled 3000 tons. The general con-
tent of the ore has been «■: coppei
gold and 40 to 50c in silver per ton The
property was located in 1896.

Metal Mining Companies in the Stat*"

benefit by a new interpretation of the in-
dustrial insurance law. which has just been
announced. The commission propos
collect 5% on payrolls for the first nine
months of 1917 and 2V, for the last three
months. The metal mining association pro-
itly. urging a uniform collection
of 2 v. for the year The commission has
old, red, in a letter received recently, that
rate applied from June 7. 1917
This increases the period of lower rating
from three months to nearly seven months.

The Washington Water Power Co. will
provide power to operate machinery in the
magnesite and copper districts of Stevens
County. Washington, having closed a con-
tract with the Stevens County Light and
Power Co. to provide current from its
hydro-electric plant. The latter company
will build its own line, and the power will
be taken from the recently completed plant
at Long Lake. 20 miles south of Spokane.
The Washington Water Power Co. has been
furnishing power for the operation of sev-
eral mines in the Coeur d'Alene district
for a number of years

The Discovery of Gas in a well being
sunk by the Walla Walla Oil. Gas and
Pipe Line Co.. in Benton County. Wash
ington. has aroused considerable excite-
ment The first flow was estimated at
ft and this has been followed by
a new strike, liberating, it is estimated.

3, ,000 ft of gas daily. The strike was

made at a depth of about 60" ft Solid
basalt rock was drilled through, and when
the strike was made pieces of rock were
thrown as high as the top of the derrick
The company is planning considerable de-
velopment as a result of the find. George
A Libby, of Tacoma. is president, and
Henry B. James is general manager.

WALLACE, IDAHO — Feb. 15
The Consolidated Interstate-Callalian

Mining Co.'s annual report covers the
eighteen months ended Dec. 31. this being
the result of changing the company's fiscal
year to conform to the calendar. Summar-

clval ..! in.

dui in v

dendi
Lid prloi to .i

■
April 1, 1916, i

97 oi pet

■

I Of III I III r .

millim ioi pel to

A vera (

to I.

■
■ production, ni d

■il.lll, l|.-.

olsi and installation, assessment
and p:

1 ' !■■■'■ ml ni ng pi

and d

:■ 1"

LEAD, s |). — | ,.h | .

s.hiiI. ii:ik,,in Min, thi Production in 1917:

■
mine inspi

produced during 1917, 1,860.904 tons of gold

The
production is apportioned

I tons. 5 17

15 . ' lolden Ri ■

■ :.:;i7 -
•39; ii 150 tons. $l>*r,ii: Elk

Mountain, 3120 marck,

53719 77 . i lol
$3 is I n7 : miscellaneous, 3!

of tungsten coi and high-grade

ore. which had a total value of $::
Most of t) taken froi

iugh the Wasp No 2 made
one shipment Several small ship
■ ■ • credited to the southern mills.
were shipped 324 toi

kane districts; 1281 tons of lithia
valued 0 from the Keystone dis-

trict: 32] tons of mica,
from Pringle and Bel

ore fro,,, ,.. ,,,.,) having

a ralui

City, having
a valui Pyrite, manganese

sum. kaolinite, coal, limestone and
tural materials were also recovered and
r all productions is placed al
148 The bullion recovered shi
slight d iver the previous year and

the san of the tons treated The

total number of underground
shows a large decrease over 1916
idents in

JOPI.IV MO. leb. 1 1

Business vie Seneca, Mo., are boost-
ing mining activity in a novel way.
have appoint.
menial Club to obtail
and land owners, and then advertisi
and otherwise seek mining men to take
leases and develop them. No royalty is
charged and the plan is meeting with some

SUCCI

Attempt in Obtain a Protective Tariff on

all zinc ore is to be made once more
by the sheet-ground o]

trict. At a meeting held al Webb City, a
committee of 1" men was appointed ti
vestigate possibilities arid make a ti
Washington in the near future to inter-
in and .Missouri Senators.
rgued importation of Mexican ore
is largely responsible for low price of zinc
ore here Matter is to be kept non-political.
Mining Operations on a Larger Sicale
than customary in this district have been
reached by the Waco Mining Co.. which is
owned by the T X Barnsdall Estate in-
terests, of Pittsburgh. Pe , where there
are now two concentrating plants in oper-
ation in the new Waco-Lav ton camp. The
newly completed Xo 2 mill was recently'

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 8

moi M\ VM/ -I rb. I I

I i ilmolon -n..li.r,

h will
burgh.

\'o i

,- , Prodi • • •

Drought b> the

a in. .il. Til hot'

ilmosi impo

on will be
i >i com-

..tuns

.. h. by thr

dated Coppei Co. The

n ill I., Mr. p root and

, . . i ■ .

n IS1I1KGTON, l>. C. — Feb. ■-'

Deposits »i I'uhKii In This < ountrj

itwith-
potash

have ""I been

withdrawn from entry. i
. w permll be issu

itash tracts of land

lach permll las
li
■ iiialitv and quantity Is discovered, i

will be u'iv. ■
fourth of the land covered by his |
and i I der may I" by t he

of the
i ■ >day Issued the flrsl

S permit under this law, covering
alkaline marsh land in the
■ tunty, Califo
and the permittee exp

,n ptlj l'^ sinking w< lis

The Restoration ol < oal Lands

i
the approval of thi

withdraw i
land ii item Montana,

m to the Port Peck
Indian Reservation. Thi land in this part

of the slat, was withdrawn because re-
ports from \ arlou oui oi Indicated that
deposits of llgnlti were present In the
bel ween VII souri and STellow atone
Rivei Government geologists who have
working In Montana have proved
thai these lands an tor the most part
nd form a pai I of t hi large
- Ite Held In Montana and North Dakota,
valu Hi-. The coal

classification work in this part of the
carried on bj i he Department of
the interior through the C.ological Survey
during the last in years, has developed
fact that nearly all of the land listed

in this order Is underlain by on ion

beds of lignite. Coal lands adjacent to
this area on tin north, east and southeast
have been cla rom time to time and

restored to entrj and purchase under Up-
land laws A pari of tin- withdrawn
land in i his sei tion ot Montana, nam
151,429 acres, lias been classified as coal
i the rema indei B611 acres, as non-
coal land The erasure of the withdrawal
by thi Pn sldi nl i eston d i he land to eoal
entry and makei a Large area in this pari
of the stair available to those who wish
to open coal mines in order to relieve thi

slim i Ol COal \ part Of the land was

ted prior to the withdrawal and was
■ ■'' withdrawal or restora-

TOBOMTO — Feb. 14
Statement of Silver Ore Shipments over
the T .v.- N" i) ll\ lor the month of Jan.,
r.ns. from Cobalt proper wert Aladdin
I obalt, 59.60 tons; Heaver. 119.99 ; Buffalo.
363.97 Coniagas, 130.50; Dominion Reduc-
tion Co., -'.'1 65: Hudson Bav. M_.1T; Kerr
Lake Minnie Co., -9.89; La Rose. 119.18;
McKinley-Darragh, 42.11; O'Brien. 129.40;
Penn Canadian, 31.43; Right-of-Way,
51.54; Temiskaming, 66.52; Trethewey,
7n 35 tons : total, 1.458.60 tons. From Elk
Lake, the Miller-Lake-O'Brien shipped
•■ I" tons, making a grand total of
1484.70 tons Nickel ore shipments from
Porquis Junction, made from the Alexo
w ere 812.85 tons.

uiiiiiimimiimimimii i mini i in i luiiiiliuilllllMI iiiiiiiiiiillllllllliiiililiiiiliiiiiiiiiiii iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiimiiiiiii.

The Mining News

i iiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiMiiiiiiiiii nun minium i mimiiiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiim iiiiiiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiir

\KI/ll\ \

oonij

■

' i ir-

and

I

pped

■

• Oltlt \

It on

■

- i and

' l ...inn

t ma-

plant will be in operation this month Rail-
road ,-pnr at mill practicall] completed
Add PINAL COUNTY

FORTUNA CONSOLIDATED (Superior)
-Report another strike Tunnel driving
all north and south vein having ship-
pine ore. hoping to reach cross-vein system
Magma and Silver King mines. Tun-
! ft. long

PEARL (Mammoth) — Detroit peopli
operating the Pearl group formerly belong-
Tarr interests have pun
. molybdenum mill at Tro
moving it to their propert] from

Mammoth

Yavapai County

ARIZONA BINGHAMTON (Mayer) —
Diamond drill on I hi 60C op

ing

BLUE BELL I M er) — 1
Arizom . o considi ra hie

diamond drill from the

K BELL EXTENSION
;a
claims south of tine Work

.1 Murdoi
Ti: DE COBRE (Mayer)— The pres-

W \ Tinker, of
in pi

I VI II oi: \ I \

Alpine Counts

.arge deposit
ported Property
Will-
d

riers are

Amador t .unity

t-ONEIDA

ipert ies will he
i bi

-a and Cen-
tral Eure

riLli EUREKA (Sutter Creek) — Deepen-
ing the shaft is progressing at the rate of
17 p. 20 ft: a week, three shifts being em-
Expected to deepen 1000 ft. below
the present lowest working level of 2100 ft.
Clearing out old drifts and crosscuts ahove
the 2000 level also in progress.

KEYSTONE MINES i Sutter Creek)—
Semi-annual report t.. stockholders to Dee.
31. 1917, states that in-stamp mill crushed
13.151 tons, yielding 5.7X1 In bullion and

$107,374 in < Estimated net

profit ai i J2 10 pi i ton of ore worked.

-bout 12.000 tons ..f rock was hoisted from

the 1 200, I 100, 1 800 levels, the 900 level

producing 2896 tons and the 1000 level

5636 ions Large amount of development

included opening new level a! 2100-fl

[Join Will crosscut east and west on this

level, prospecting on the west in the

ates, which are in evidence

2600 level. other development on

iOO level C R Downs is manager.

Butte County

WESTERN ORE CO I)— Re-

acquired mineral rights to

chrome deposits on the Hendrlx and Taylor

properties near Lime Saddle north of Oro-

ville. Arrangements being made by A. E

Vandercook, engineer for the company, for

installation of concentrating mill Three

large ■ id to have been di eloped

i by motor truck

for rail shipment

rid. .rail. i County
PLACERVILLE REPORTS discoveries
of alunite in a gold-bearing quartzite vein
three miles south

Inyo County

SALINE VALLEY SALT CO (Keeler)—
mway in operation and ship-

ioiii the mill by rail.
.1 a Goodman, president

Lassen County
CLARK MINES (Milford) — Reported
thai copper properties will be developed,
which « ill attract im
in. nt of o pei ties in the disti ict

February 2:t. 1918

ENGINEERING AND MINING J01 H

\ t\ tulit I on ||< \

SIERR \ ISBESTt IS CO I W

Pei ud

to he Used 'ting and in. i i

.l..|in D Ho L E. I < >;ik-

fand, to 1 • ' ■ ivi G 8nl

of purchase option and lea i un-
ited claims .11"
$200 in addition 1 'omipanj a

■ h and 1 i.ii ■ . 1 1 .each

Hi" shares tor * '■' cash Hod and

Conrad shares to be held in *

ALLISON RANCH (Grasi Valli I

ers reported to have dtsi new

ledge on No nee

10 ft : • 1 ■ < 1 i.- fron 6 in i" 3 ft in

width Mill is operating tr» stamp:- two

shifts on ore nun.. 1 i>\ leasers, averaging

-s 1.. • lc ., ton

Plumas Count)

KELLY MINING CORP I Santa
permit to li ... 10 hare:

stork toll 11 Keiij 1 irehasi pi Ion

ami lease to operate 8 mining claims Vlso

to sell 50 I shan ■ be

iist-il in equipment ami development K<
shares to be held in escrow

WALKER COPPER (Portola) Re-
ported that Anaconda Copper Mining Co
will acquire propertj Purchase prior said
to I " New shaft is down

below 100-ft point m large body of on-
said to assa> V. COPPi per ton
gold Orebody said to havi
for a length of 900 ft

san Francisco Counts
HYDRO-MET ULLURGICAL < '< »
Francisco) I'm nut to issue 37.600 sht
oapital stock to M. I >oUr> scr- Wrhicst in

exchange for process and plat me

ores, and to sell 12,500 shares at 51 to lo-
used in completion of plant

Sltatfta Counts

KLEINBERG (Redding)— Properts situ-
ated in Oregon gulch will be Keystone
drilled l>y C H Mitchell If prospecting
warrants, tlie ground will be dredged

f S SMELTING R & M (Mammoth) -
Has acquired by transfer all the business
and property of the Mammoth Coppei
Mining Co, dating Jan 1, 1918 Produc-
ing three tons of zinc and 200 lb cadmium
per day from Mammoth mines High-grade
zinc ore being developed.

AMERICAN DREDGING CO (Redding)
— Old Reid ferry farm, owned by Mrs Wil-
liam Menzel. said to have been optioned at
a price of $80.00(1. Farm contains 1042
acres, situated at confluence of Middle
Creek and Sacramento River. Ground has
been Keystone drilled and was turned down
by another company Early day placer
miners found plenty of gold along the
river, and the river bed at this point has
been dredged and scraped by divers within
the last 15 years. Company believes bench-
lands will pay to dredge.

Siskiyou Counts'

HAZEL (Hornbrook) — Mill started after
being idle for four years. Large amount
of high-grade ore ready for milling.

COPPER KING lYreka) — Oregon men
said to have optioned this copper property,
situated short distance from the Blue Ledge
mine.

BLUE LEDGE (Yreka) — Reported that
there is prospect of property being optioned
by English syndicate operating Ladysmith
smeltery at Vancouver. Ore shipments last
few months indicate good prospect for de-
velopment of large copper producer.

CALIFORNIA-OREGON POWER CO.
(Hornbrook) — Dedication of Copco dam on
Klamath River Feb 3. The plant has b
in operation since Jan 17 Connecting with
the company's general power and lighting
system, the Copco plant increases the set-
vice to double its former capacity T
are three smaller plants in California and
three in Oregon. California points are not
now dependent on Rogue River for power.

Tuolumne County
DENSMORE (Columbia) — Reported to
be optioned by New York and Denver men.
Mine closed about eight years ago on ac-
count of death of Alvinza Hayward. owner,
and has passed into hands of local men I >i -
veloped by 1500-ft. tunnel and
with 10-stamp mill.

pactfit* cold mines corpora-
tion (San Francisco)— Deeds ''pen
filed for record at Sonora transferring the
Dutch-Sweeney and App properties in
Jamestown district Trust deed cor-
poration to the Union Trust Co of San
Francisco for $300,000 bonded indebtedness
insures the installation of new milling plant
at the Dutch for handling ores of the three
mines. To cost about $150,000 W. .1.
Loring is general manager

i in 1. 1 \ no

< hull .-.- I ..iiiih

Tl RRET COPPER M v "■ I • H
• Turret I— Cu
pi', titanium
minerals being rutlli
grade grapl
: ft \ .in
. .up on k i : Radon i ma

TURRET INDEPENDENCE (Tu
Shippln n i: K

t uio- » ounts
MSI PRUTS ( Leadvllle) I..
mangat

at Pui

BIG Ft 'UP, (L adi lie) Leased I

its will 1"

ngs vein.

GRIFF! S I., advllli I Pi
Kelvin i-gradi

lead-zinc ore Powei Ini maj i>e built to
mine.

San .1111111 * ounts

ZUNI (Silvei Tins properts on

Anvil Mountain, has been
Anderson and E-

opening the nun- >m tunnel

ing cleaned out and retimbered Tin prop-
erty once produced high-gradi silver ore,
hut ha

LACKAWANNA (Silverton) Di
tnent work is in progress at the mini

uction work is being pushed on the

to .rent a new mill at the foot of Kendall

Mountain, and construction will begin in a

B Sheahan I i Intend-

>uii Miguel County

SUFFOLK MILL (Ophir) — Treating ore
from Suffolk mine and custom ore from
Favorite mine.

CARRUTHERS MILL (Telluride) — Shut
down until spring on account of
shortage.

LIBERTY BELL (Telluride)— Mill
ing about 500 tons daily. In future plant
will be installed to cyanide concentrates

LEWIS (Telluride) — Mill will now be
run full time . pi. viously run half-time.
Extraction, especiallj by notation, ex-
pected to b. impro> 'i Crew recently in-
creased.

COLORADO-SUPERIOR (Telluride) —
Commonly known as Black Bear, produc-
ing about 180 tons daily. Treated it
Smuggler mill of Smuggler-Union Mining
Co. Ore delivered over aerial tramwa)

SMUGGLER-UNION l Telluride i— Smug-
gler mill running steadily on ore from
Smuggler. Humboldt and Black Bear
Flotation added to mill and cyanid-
ation eliminated, old Pandora mill no long-
er in operation.

siiiimiit County

WELLINGTON (Breckenridge) — Ship-
ments of zinc and lead-silver concentrates
being made.

MORE WORK (Montezuma) — Large
shoot zinc-carbonate ore opened in develop-
ment work.

DUNKIN LEASE (Breckenridge)— Lead
carbonate ore being mined and stored un-
til roads opened Mine worked by lessees.

MOLLY P. (Breckenridge)— Shipment of
hand-sorted bismuth ore returned over $200
per ton. Property one-half mile north of
town, on Yuba dam

Teller County
HOLLISTON MINES CO. (Cripple

l^Meeting ol stockholders to lie held
to consider proposition to sell all of hold-
ings.

WILD HORSE (Cripple Creek) — Shoot of
milling-grade ore opened on 500-ft. level,
and shipments resumed. Development work
continued on 1250 level

ENGINEER'S LEASE (Cripple Creek) —
Three-year lease taken from Free Coinage
Consolidated Mines Co on Wilson claim
Crosscut being driven into Wilson claim
from 80 I of Lee shaft of Isabella

workings.

ROOSEVELT TUNNEL i Victor)— Head-
ing beyond eastern boundary of Re-
claim of Rose Xiehol Company, and now
within Colorado City lode of Portland Com-
pany on northwest slope Battle Mountain
Tunnel now driving southeast toward Port-
land No. 2 shaft. 1800 ft When connection
is made tunnel will have depth of 2]
below surface, and a total length 26,000 ft
Tunnel cut extension of Hidden Treasure
vein in Rose Nichol ground, and a
has been cut for Camp Bird Mining, Leas-
ing and Power Co.. which holds 6-yr. lease

I > ... l l lie

i I:

i thi

i iller li

i. m

III Mill

Hhovb i *

i. .mo
<ml I

RE> I'

by wbe

mated in I'.-v. daj s

Work will I" Shalt

now down Tim tl and pu ■

Mull ft tic ■ -ploi .

ground froi

SUCCESS (Wallao I id on

made on tin- i: ;. ,; or 7 tt

wide and a high-gradi It ha.

ncour-
agement. Gri I tun level i

prospected with diamond drill New man-
agement has reduced worl it almost
one-half, and mill is now rui inly one

JACK WAITE (Murray)— Coi

to resume ore shipments bs Mar 1.
Wagon road, including eight bridges,

'cashed out by high water I:
under way. Meantime work in mine sus-
pended. Bins full and much
down ready foi d also

i out. whii
five miles further until li.
Company has substantial surplus and is
considering building mil! tl

MM till. \ X
( iopper

ALLOUEZ (Allouez) Averaging dally a
little over 1900 tons

HANCOCK (Hancock) — Increasing dail>
tonnage about 50 tons now to 11"." and will
continue increasing

BEAR LAKE Pool. (Calumet) — Sixth
hole down a ft. : the hole is the southern-
most of those drilled.

LA SALLE (Houghton) — Producing ore
at the rate of I'"" tons daily Will likely
!"• increased materially this spring.

HANCOCK CONSOLIDATED (Hough-
ton)— Mechanical tramming installed on
two levels and is working satisfactorily.

WHITE PIXE EXTENSION (Whiti
Mine) — Has on 2nd and 4th levels about
5000 ft. of openings in good, uniform
ground: employing 50 men

COPPER RANGE (Houghton) — Tri-
Mountain stamp mill, destroyed by fire two
years ago. will not be rebuilt this summer,
unless the war should I

WIXOXA i Winona) — Di yield

in refined copper nearly 15 lb. per ton as
compared with 17 lb. per ton for November
and 16 lb. for Octobei . January is slightb
better.

WOLVES!* i (Houghton) - I
at Wolverine - dually is falling off De-
cided slump I das s
- any improvement in
quality.

FEDERAL SYNDICATE (Calumet) —
Started diamond drill Feb. 1" 1]
34, close to Keweenaw Waterway on strik-
of beds found mineralized at Bear Lake
Pool. '1\ miles northeast

SENECA i Calumet) — Has cut away thc-
snow and ice to sink shaft. Engine has-
been turned over : boarding house and shaft
house arc about Except shallow

shaft at extreme north, this is first explora-
tion and it is in most promising ground be-
tween Ahmeek and Mohawk : the shaft will
be vertical for 2100 ft. and then curving
to Kearsarge lode.

CALUMET & HKCLA — i Houghton) —
Practically all of the big construction plans
of the corporation for 1918 will be aban-
doned and all enemy directed to getting
out as much copper as possible This is
i the order- iovernment. Con-

struction of the hospital, for which plans
have been completed, may have to be post-
poned out of defi of the
Government that evi be directed
toward ore output.

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 8

•

UON i x \ \

Jpflf-r-on i Oaal v

MINKS

I ' .rk I c.llllll

Mining

-

Meagher < nlllll>

llENT

Lead-

.

»il>rr BO« 1 DOBt)

••'It put

k ration

I nut is

nuary

■

i — January

i y was

M \ \|. \

rrmlda < oantj

i— Produc-

( <<unt\

In the

if for-

ri cj the

attan)

[>hree shifts

■ '• in ""'

Earl

,\i \ - \ i Mai

di i>t li "I

bring oar-
he water now Is
LSlly handli d t>>

WHITE CAPS (Manhattan) Re ump

work from thi fifth

•I'M. drift now out from the

for the mill Is b< Ing

the third, fourth and

i a approximately i 00
\ though ii" data ye( avail
since the resumption
the new process the mill

i.l h> 111 K :

htaii •■•
the to ited and the extraction

Oil III

La « r.-in i- < mi ii i \

IRONTON PORTLAND CEMENT CO

(Ironton)- Potash-recover: being in-

IV S Barstow .v t lo 50 Pine

Si \ ^ Plant will be I of han-

the dust 0 i bbl oi cement

day.

I I \u

< arbon Count]
■I. MINES IN HIAWATHA IUS-
TRIi "I' ha> Ing the Utah coal routi i • cent
outlet, are working full
time, and during January there was

d over this route 119.000 to
coal. The road was able to ship the entire
production from the mil

Juab C itj

TINTIC SHIPMENTS tor week ended
: amounted to 196 cars, showing
i week, having
amounl the two weeks prei

to 141 and IV!

GEMINI (Eureka)- Uis up

' Dec 31, 1917, dividend unl Ing to

, id al rati oi ' ■ i hai i on
During 1917 mai keted 189
ockholders1 meeting old
directorate reelected !■'. W i
dent : Jackson i * Mc( !hr; al, mai
■ -Under
Gemini icl ically same

during
] '.' ! 7 Shipments from this property and
above held down bj

^alt Lake County
TINUED SHIPMENTS FROM

ALTA— The Smith Hecla Sells Michigan-
Utah, Alia Con., and Rexall are all snip-
ping. Recent shipments from last-named
amount to 4 20 tons.
UTAH COPPER (B i ■ mat d

i y output
EMMA CONSOLIDATED (Alta)— M M.
m, of Salt Lake City, to have charge
placi of OS l lei z
.1 .1 Beeson, former having gone to Ari-
zona and latter to take part in the t

Summit Count)
PARK CITY SHIPMENTS for thi
ended Feb 1 amounted to 3,748,010 in of
ore and COI i

PARK-UTAH (Park City)— O] m t

■ i n part of i d inter

Working

from ' drain tunnel Largi ml

of ground to be passed throug

or<-.

THREE KINGS (Park City)— In cutting
pumping r a Assure

nuartzite. Interesting in
of manner irrence in neigl b

properties, where the intermediate qu
ated with oi

Tooele * ounty

< 'AXON' — Shipi principally

the i: .,.1 the

furnish-

Wbrk

it the Utah Qi n, Thad

t intali ( mint.v
.i: LANDS IX UINTAH BA-
Iding what is known a: the Mur-
Ero

ler one
i a company i to be org
the ground. The ca

i will, it is

id, bi Among those

with .Mr Murdock an D

K < ; petroleum eer, who

of the ground ;

Knight, William Spry. M. C. Godbe,

W. II Shearman and John Pingree.

ONI \KIO

PORCUPINE SHIPMENTS for the week
ending Feb. 9 were Hi cars ,,l >nv irom six
mines, and contained a total of 891,279
[bi "i high-grade ore and concentrates
The Mining Corporation also shipped
oa of bullion

DOME LAKE (Porcupine) — Cut good ore
at the BOO level

missim; (Cobalt) Has taken op-
tions "ii Claims in II"' new district in
Powi II

\KWi:\Y (Porcupine) — Option on prop-
ertj held by Porcupine Crown and Domin-
ion Reduction Is expected to be dropped,

M tNING CORPORATION (Cobalt )— Has

taken option With $2! -ash pavineut on

a Fluorspar propertj near Madoc, Ontario

EDWARDS (Porcupine) — Property is
being opened with Idea oi shipping pyrite,
of which a considerable quantity exists on
property.

HUDSON BAY (Cobalt)— Extensive
sampling indicates a knee tonnage of low-
grade ore capable of being profitably
i i eated

I, A ROSE (Cobalt) — Crosscuttlng started
in the new Violet shaft at 100 ft depth
where it is expected that one of the O'Brien
veins « ill be cut

HILL (Munro Township) — Camp build-
ings have been put up and a force of 32
men is at work shall is down 70 ft. on
a well-mineralized vein.

MOIRA LAKE FLUORSPAR (Madoc)
— This mine, owned bj Stephen Wellington
and G, Munro, has been sold to the Mining
i torporat Ion of ' Canada.

HOLLINGER (Porcupine) — Annual
mjeeting was routine affair ami old directors

were re-elected Xo mention was made of
payments of dividends in the future.

OTISSE CLAIMS (Powell Township)—
\u option lias been taken "ii this property
by interests associated with the Dominion
M0I3 bdenit e ( !o of Quj on, Que.

KIRKLAND - PORPHYRY ( Kirkland
Lake) No 1 shaft has reached the 300
level and a 30 ft sump is being sunk Vein
at 100 shows free gold and telluride: ovei
a width of five feet

DOME EXTENSION (Porcupine)— Dia-
mond drilling campaign started i,\ the
Pome, which had option on this property.

is to 1 ontinued. Drilling will be done

by the Home Extension.

N'IPISSING (Cobalt) — In January pro-
duce,! ore of an estimated net value of
£307,019 and shipped bullion from Nipis-
sing and customs ore of estimated net
value of $310,881.

WALSH CLAIM (Gowganda) — The

Crown Reserve is conducting exploration
operations and has installed a plant com-
prising a .'-drill compressor, hoist and two
40-hp boilers

DAVIDSON 1 Porcupine) — At annual
meeting statement was made that ore re-
were 30,000 tons of $15 ore and

10.1 tons of $20 ore Xew mill with

capacitj of 60 tons per day will be in
■en next month

PITTSBURG-LORRAIN (South Lor-
rain) — Ore from this mine (formerly the

'in tiei is now being treated by the old
mill of the Wettlanger, which has been
leased bj the company Crosscutting on
the third and fourth levels is under way.

TEMISKAMING (Cobalt) \t the meet-
Id last week F L Culver and as-
were defeated and a new hoard
elected, composed of .1 P Bickell, W. .1

Sh ird. .1 B Tudhope, and H D.

Symmles, all of the Mclntyre hoard, and
W Linton, G E l >rummond and G. M.
Miller

TRETHEWEY (Cobalt) — Annual report
shows that In 1917 there was ::i.7J2 tons
oi ore milled averaging 13.8 oz.. of silver
per ten, and recovery was 341,278 oz Net
value 1.01" and operating profit
was (114.934 Company is building a
plant i" treat 66.001 s of 4.7 oz. tail-
ings 1 '"si of plant will he $20,000. Re-
el at 264,000 ounces.

I'KHl

CERRO HI-: PASCO (Cerro de Pasco) —
of Mister copper was

6.5!'^ ids

CHOSEN

ORIENTAL CON (Unsan) — Xo\
pi oduction from 00 tamp mill, operating
28.9 days, crushing 25.882 tons, in gross
receipts (139,409,585; operating costs, $73.-
637.625; improvements and development.
$3,010,225. December clean-up valued it
$134,352.81, and for January $125,280
Sufficient native labor is available.

February 23, 1918 ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL 401
■IIIIWIIIIIIIHIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIlHIIIIIinilllim liliiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiuiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiii iiiuiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiinimiii iiiiiiiiiiiiiuiiiiiimiiiiiiiuiiiiiiiiiiiiiii miiiiiiiiimiiiiniiiimiiiliiiiliimiiiiimiii

I The Market Report

.iiiiiiiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiminiiiii iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniuuJuiiiuiiiiiiuiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiMiiiiiiiiiiiitiiiiu iiiiiiiiuiiimiiiuiiiii iiiiiiiiiuiiuiiiiuiiiuiiiuiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiitiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiuiuiiiiiiiiiiuiiiiiuiiiiiiiiuiiuiiiiM

SI] VEB IND STl Ki IV, I X< n VNGE

mi;

Ki-

change

Silver

Stcrl-
ini'
Ex-

New
i ork,

1 ', 1,1

Lon-
don,

V B
1

1

Lon

• loll,

14
15
lb

4 7525
4 7525

85

421

42;

IK
19
20

4 7530

4 1 ,30

85|

42:

1

\rw York quotations are as reported 03 Handy
6 Harman and arc in cents per troi ounce of l>:ir
ailver, 999 fine London quotations are in pence per
- ,n,'.' of sterling silvei . 92 i

mil > PRII ES OF mi r\i > l\ m W YORK

Copper

Tin

I., ,,l

Zinc

1 1

lytic

Spot

N Y

St L

St L.

6 95

7 70

14

*23!

t

7

(,. 7 mi

6 90

(» 7 75
7 t>5

15

-23;

t

7

(5 6 95
6 90

(S 7 7ii
7 65

16

*23J

t

7

(06 95
6 85

(6 7 70
7 60

18

*23J

t

7

(3 6 95
6 85

7 571

19

*23J

t

7

@6 90
6 95

@7 62;
7 55

20

•23}

t

7

<p 7 00

(5 7 60

• Price fixed by agreement between American
producers and the V. R. Government,
inp to official statement for publication on Friday,
September 21, 1917.

+ No market.

The above quotations (except as to copper, the
price for which has been 6xed by agreemenl I
American copper producers and the U S
ment, wherein there is no free market! are our
appraisal of the average of the major markets based
generally on sales as made and reported by producers
and agencies, and represent to the best of our judg-
ment the prevailing values of the metal? for the
deliveries constituting the major markets, reduced to
basis of Xew York, rash, except where St. Louis is
the normal basing point.

The quotations for electrolytic copper are for cakes,
ingots and wirebars.

We quote electrolytic cathodes at 0 05 To 0.10c.
below the price of wirebars, cakes and ingots

Quotations for spelter are for ordinary Prime
Western brands We quote New York price at 17 5c
per 1001b above St. Louis.

Some current freight rates on metals per 100 lb.
are: St Louis-New York 17c; St. Louis-Chicago,
6 3<- : St Louis-Pittsburgh, 13.1 eents.

LONDON

Copper

Tin

Lead

Zinc

standard

Elee-

tro-

lytic

Feb.

Spot

3 Mos.

Spot

3 Mos.

Spot

Spot

14

110

110

125

323

320

29*

54

15

110

110

125

323

319

29);

54

16

18

110

110

125

317 314

29',

54

19

110

110

125

314 311

29*

54

20

110

110

125

313 1 311

29*

54|

The above table gives the closing quotations on
London Metal Exchange. All prices are in' pounds
sterling per ton of 2.240 lb. For convenience in
comparison of London prices, in pounds sterling per
2.240 lb. with American prices m cents per pound
the following approximate ratio? arc given, reckoning
exchange a» $4 7515. U29', = t> 2576c : t 54 = I I 4345,-;

£110 = 23.3333c; £125 = 26 5151.-.; £260 = 55. 1513c;
£280= 59 3937c ; £300= 63 6362c. Variations, £1

= 0 2121205c

Metal Markets

NEW YOKK — Feb. JO, 1918
The most interesting feature of this week
was the firmness of lead. The situation in
zir.c was, if anything, more depressing
than it had been previously With respect
to copper, there is nothing new to report.

Copper — The metal is being required by
the Government in large quantities Some
settlements are being received from the

War I lepai tin. oil , « till

i hi "... \ s i >epai tmi
tlvely prompt

<„pi>er Sheets ar<
II. i .. 1. mill, foi •'• and lo higher

,i wire i* quoted at
i .. I. mill, cat load lots
Tin — There is still no market
Lead Tli. ' tovernmi n( Is taking ••
Ol net bui
lively small and spotted In cha

,■. as a fair \ ..luiii. of In St.

I... uis. w here thi : Lffened up, then

ofl and i,. .i..i

Tin- quota! lon o London for

Jen .' 1918 « as in erroi I

i have bi en -'■'}. in
as given, and the monthly ai
fin January should bi

/inc Transacl Some

large tonnages h

ell, but, a I
though they shaded their prices, the,
that somebodj else had shaded more. At
the close the market showed signs of weak-
ness.

President Wilson has approved an
ment reached by the War in, in trii Board
and thi rs of Grade A zinc, fixing

a maximum price of II

si Louis, and 12.17c. Xew York, subject
t.. revision ..n June l A maximum □
a pound for plate zinc and 15c. for
f.o.b. at plants was fixed, subject to the
usual tr.ol. discount. The following
tions wer. laid down:

First, that the producers of Grade \
plate anil sheet zinc will not reduce the
,1 that the Allies, the
public ami Hi.- Government wilt be sold /.me
at the same prices; third, that they will
take necessary measures to prevent zinc
from falling into the hands of speculators
who might increase the price to the public;
fourth, that thej ry effort to

up the- production so as to n ade-

supply during the war.

Other Metals

Aluminum — This market is quiet at 30 Ti
38c. per 1 1 > for Xo. 1 ingots at Xew York.

Antimony — A little more business than in
the previous week was reported W< quo
spot at 133c. and futures at 12*.
c.i.f. . in bond.

Bismuth — Metal of the highest purity for
pharmaceutical use is quoted at $3.35 per
11. for wholesale lots — 500 lb and over.
The market is quiet.

Cadmium — This metal is quoted at $1.50
< 1 75 per lb., depending on the quantity.

Nickel — Steady at 50c per lb., premium
of 5c. per lb. for electrolytic.

Quicksilver — Quiet, $115. San Frai
reports, by telegraph. (117.50, steady.

'Cerium Alloy (safety lamp grade) ;
Round sticks, minimum lot. 11 lb., $40 pet-
lb. ; 50-lb. lots. $36 per lb.

•Cerium Iron Alloy: In rounds and
squares, minimum lot 11 lb.. $25 per pound.

Gold — A Washington dispatch says gold
coin to the amount of $100,000 was with-
drawn on Feb. 18 from the Sub-Treasury
by a private banking house for shipment
to Mexico. It is understood that this is the
beginning of an export movement under an
arrangement by which the United
Government has agreed to permit the ex-
portation of $7,500,000 to Mexico, a similar
amount being retained here to meet the
balance of trade created as a result of
heavy importations of Mexican silver and
hemp itrto this country

Silver — The silver market has ruled very
steady during the past week, opening at
423d. in London and closing at 42§ : the
demand from London continues large for
shipment to London and San Francisco, but
offerings of silver have increased of late
and sellers are apparently more willing to
sell at the market. Shipments abroad have
increased, as is shown by the fact that
exports from San Francisco for the month
of January amounted to 4,433.362 oz. and
from New Y'ork for the week ended Feb. 16.
to 1.301,633 oz.

"Mineral Foote Notes," February.

•From
1918.

i , 14,

.

Plat tin a little stronger We

■ 109
PaUadl

Zinc and Lead Ore Markets

.li.plm. Mo.. I •■!.. in I

Zn, pi ' 50 . mi do

in , Zn

S.71 ; calamini
all zlni

l.ea.l lh

'on
Shipmi ii in,
mine. 2311 ; Ii

I he .,

tually all i,.en purchased by one buyer,
idden advi

d an advai to *T per

ton during the

The demand for zim

several reasons : Si

... mdil

metal are i

port light gas sp.Hei. while readily sal-
a nnot bt dellt - 1 1 mpany hav-

ii. that no 1 1 a. ■
• r
Plattevllle, Wis., Feb. 16 -(By telegraph)
Blende, l c, $61 base

for premium grade down I

_: ,,!• , bad.

n.n Shipments reported for the
v, eek are i 850 tons of zinc ore, 164 to

i
ihe figures are 14.619
, ore. 341 tons of lead ore an. I 3483
tons of sulphur ore. Shipp.il during the
rating plants. 3042 I .f zinc

. i e.

Manganese ore Qi .1 nominally at

$1.20 per unit, basis - a premium

been paid for a large ar-
rival of foreign ore.

Molybdenum Ore — Quoted at $2
2.15, basis s.".',. but this quotation I

nal. no busii i b s reported, buy-
ers having withdrawn

Pyrites— Spanish lump i
per unit, on I. a an freight.

buyer t.. pay exci it and war risk.

except that, depending on conditions, con-
cession of 2', of war risk may be allowed.
Ocean rates remain ; or Northern

and 42s Cd. for Southern ports Cargo
tonnage is scarce; only half the tonnage
required in January was

Tungsten Ore — Xo ■ s in

s, he. lit. reported. Quoted nominally at
$26. Wolfl 14, ac-

cording to grade. There was considerabli
activity in this ore. especially In impure
grades.

•Thorium Ore: Minimum content thorium
dioxide ' ' deliveries, carloads and

less than carloads, $55 per unit: f
ore, minimum lot 1 ton, $80 per unit of
ThO.,.

•Uranium Ore: Uranium oxide minimum
2%, UjOg, carloads. $60 per unit per net
ton. or S3 per lb. TO. contained.

•Zirkite: Carloads, $100 per net to:
than carloads. $120 per net ton. hags in-
cluded.

Iron Trade Review

riTTMURCH — Feb. 19
Xone of the railroad embargoes has
removed, but as there were somewhat
letter supplies and a more liberal granting
of permits, shipments from the steel mills
have increased slightly. A large interest in
the Pittsburgh and Valley districts esti-
mates its shipments last week at close to
f capacity, against somewhat under
f capacity during the week previous.
Practically all shippers report some im-
provement for last week.

The increase in steel shipments is not a
measure of the improvement in railroad

■Mineral Foote-Xotes." February.

•From

■

AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 8

Ql OTVl I«>ns

for the

■

.HI !••

■

■ ■

■
■

■

:> no
■ . hut

■

Im mi: done
half of the

■
foundry and

forge.

•- .

■

Or-

h loped

illoys

1

■

■

Coke

<

.

Mill

S.pl

\ \ iTIIIU
■ \ \

* 'slump)

i|i < nrpn
Carlisle

ippermlnca

« 'oil Nrv -Utah

i mma < "on

i iold field ■

i Merger.

< ireenmoi
[In
Howe -■>

\|i Ktii].v-l):ir-Sa

I

\ ^ A Monti

Mines.

• ". ada
Ohio ' op

■

it Mints*

standard S, I.. . .
Stewart

■ . .

1 Kx

Trltmlllon .

>p
United

I mi. •! !

97

in : i

>

101

im

7.',

:4

.BO

41
28

'.1
■ I
t 75
25
20

''•

2

i

,0
:l
161
HI.
25
in

1 1
r.n

n
i I

\il\i'iilu .

ptfa
oaklava.

A II. vl .

Indiana

|p...

'A

\. ,\ trcadtan
New l. In
North Butte

I 11. I 1)1)11:

Qtilncy

S:int:i I •'

Rhatnn

SO I :lki'
S" I lull

Superior

A Host.

Trinity

Tuolumne

I' S Sn .

FJ s Smelt's, iif

I'tnli i on

Utah Mi

Wolverine
\\ \ andol

'

Ul

"i

' urry

llm Bui

I AW. . . .

04
14

til

i .
Ill
us

in
III

HI

I
II

71

il

117

ill

t.7S
1 60

II

Ml

f,„

I .II

in

70
'I

tis

- ,

j;

"i:

i.
■i i

ii:

i

■_•

631

A

13

■
35

1
13

-ji

-<

7.'.

3

17

li
1 I

Ij

A

:i;

951
1(1
I ..

2!
II!

21

?!

35

(in

BOSTON . run- Feb 1"

Masks Mlnea ' lorp

HIiiKliam ' li»
Boston l' ly
Boston & Mom
Bui !■■ a i nii'n Dev

calumet-r. 'nrhln.

< iii.r i 'nti
Cortes

i rown Reserve
i irystal ' lop
Eagle* Blue Kill

'opper

Hougbton ' oppei
Intermountatn
Iron i lap, i 'om
Mexican Metals
Minis ,,f America.
Mojavr Tungsten

/in, A I .,:,,!

Nevada-I louelas,
n'i-w Baltic
New i Cornells

i in,,, ,,

Paclllc Mines

Rex ' mis

Ynk ."Ill

BALI LAKE"

I'.,, im:,, I

Cardiff

< lolorado Minim:
Dal

1 • il Inilu'i'

Empire ' 'opper.

(.,,1,1 . loll.

( irand ( -eniral -
Irol Blossom

moth,
May i niv
m
Con

i, ,n
Silver-King ( 'oal'n.
Silver |

• nilard. . .
Uncle Sam

Wllbcrt

20

S!

711

in
12

1
t m

in
22
74

2
17
75

711

in:

,l
l |

.30
95

nn
in:

20
: 35

no

i;
i .-i. n;

: 2fi

2 5(1

IIS

1 45
11 25

;l 111
08
57
43

.02
t.02

.58

.17

2.67

2 .Ml
112
Si.

1.70

,10

112

TORONTO^

Feb 16

Ballej

Ferland.

1

mlng

i -I. or.. , .

ten . . .
llollhnor
Ncwray

rown.

II-

-.05

(III

in

IIS
20
04

1

22

4 (1(1

20

24
.12

Mm K QUOTATIONS Continued

i ,'l ., SPRINGS

, I, in
1 934.

1 UMIIIN

.1:111

' All

VI iska G F

ill ins

.. i Pol

ii

Burma 1 lorp.

1 2

1 11,1, ,11 1 -III!

Cam A Motoi

11 12

i i Paso

i .linn lllnl

II s

i .oiit sovereign

1 ' nn,

II (1

i iolden i ij rlr

1 77

i sperama

II s

■ Iranltc

II

Mexican Mines

i i 1

i tabt Mi

07

Mm i lorn ( Ian

0 If,

i,ii j

mi.

Ncchl. pro

II n

Portland

1 III,

I .,,,, lit.

II IS

, i..,|,l M

I ij

sunt:, i icrt'dla

II 13

nil

35

i boj

n in

■ iiitl prt.'.-s t » 'loslnc prtci-a, i Quotations

MOM HI \ rt'lKWil I'HICISIII MITMS

\'iii Vort

i ,,niion

mi,,

1917

mis

mi,,

1917

mis

lull

ss 7112

Y, mill

3i. ns:'

44 350

i eh

.'0 1175

37 712

M ,,

73 Slil

27 507

3

Vprll

in n ,

73 875

iii 662

36 963

Maj

l.i,

35 177

37 1110

linn.

'i

70 1171

.1 111,11

3D 005

llllj

i, ' 940

311 000

111 1 111

tug

I.', ns 1 85 107

31 198 43 lls

32 58 1

50 020

Oct

. , s7 332

32 11,1

41 121

71 604

85 891

3 1 102

13 584

'

85 ''I'"

36 li"

43 o.r,2

*i car

i, i i.'.i

SI 117

11 :l

10 861

... ™ > ork quotations cents per ounce troy, fine silver
i Mini, .ii. pence per ounce, sterling Bllver, 0.925 floe.

S or!,

i ndon

1 l.iliiil, tic

itandard

i lei trolytlc

1917

1918

1917

mis

1917

mis

Ill

28 073

23 .,00

.i ■!

1 III 000

11' 895

125

1 rl,

,, , ,n

137 896

lis Hill

Mill

3 1 Is|

1.: '

151 mm

M>rll

■ n

133 si '

147 158

Mas

28 7ss

130 nun

142 000

?'i 962

130 noil

142 noil

lulj

20 020

12s inn

1 In 409

2', 380

12" 391

137 noo

Sept

25 1173

l 17 5011

135 250

, si

.,,1

1 10.000

125 000

Nov.

23 5011

i in lino

125 01)0

11, -I

. .mi

110 000

125 110(1

■Scar

27 180

121 892

138 l"l

New York

London

1917

I01S

1017

1919

.,,

Pebrua

11 175
51 420

(")

1S5 si 3
198 974

293.227

Murrh

54 . 388

207 443

Iprll

55 010

220 171

Mi,,

03 173

245 114

02 053

242 083

lllli

02 570

242 181

02 Osl

243 97S

September

01 542

244 038

i ictober

01 S51

247 407

Vovcmber. .

74 74(1

274 94.3

Decern

Av. J

87. 120

298.556

ear. .

01 802

237 563

f'O No averaKe computed.

New

\ ,,rl. St

.mils

London

1 r.i.l

1917

'US

1317

mis

1917

mi*

7 020

0 7S2

; , in

0 I1S4

.ill .Mill

29 50

February....

s 886

s 596

'ill .Mill

0 100

0 120

ill Mill

April

0 2SS

9 158

30 500

111 2117

in 202

30 500

II 171

1 1 1 23

30 500

July

111 710

10 644

3n .Mill

n /.I

111 51 s

::n Mm

s Osn

s i.ll

30 500

1 ll'tolHT

I, 7111

i, 660

30 500

November.

0 240

« 187

3(1 500

i >,.,•, .i,ii„.|

0 375

fi 312

30 500

, car

s 7S7

8.721

30 son

' , 'A

1917

mis

SI

MltlS

I ,,Mi|iil,

1017

mis

1917

101K

n 519

7 830) 9 149

7 001

is 829

54.000

III 1145

9 B75

47 linn

March

in ;iin

111 1311

47 noo

Mirll

n 159

'i 289

54 032

'i 382

'I 102

54 noo

0 371

n 2(H

54 000

n.

N 013

s 173

51 nun

lUKUSI

s 3011

8 1911

51 mm

September

8 130

7

54 000

• i, i obei

7 'is:;

7 si:;

54 0(10

November

7 -. 17

7 072

54 000

7 ».-.".

- 901

7 510

54

i i:ir

52 413

\>w York and St. Louis quotations,. cents per pound
London, pounds sterlltm pit lone ton.

No 2

Pis Iron,

• incr:

Basic!

Foundry

Pgh

1917

19LS

1918

1917 | 1918

835 05

(37.25

s:in 05

S33 95

S30 95 (33.98

February

11

.;n '1.,

10 M ,

: ; i"

35 01

Vprll

' ■

IS 'III

in (10

' i.i

n, 'U

12 -.1

43.60

iuni

,1 12

50 •' ,

511 14

57 46

lUKual

U 17

50 17

53 05

September

16 i"

l ■ '1

ts ;,s

33 05

33 05

2.7 25

33 05

33 05

37 25

33 05

■■ ,

sl3 ,7

S40 83

: \sn |,,,riiii h. \\ P. Snyder & Co.

Engineering and Mining Journal

March 2, 191 S

Volume 105

Nutni

MODEL 300 STEAM SHOVEL DIGGING IN STRIPPING BANK OP MESABI RANGE OPEN-PIT

Steam-Shovel Mining on the Mesabi Range

By L. D. DAVENPORT

Chief Engineer, Oliver Iron Mining Co., Hibbing, Minn.

Methods that have been used in removing overbur-
den, disposal of the stripping and the subsequent
mining of the ore on the Mesabi range of Min-
nesota have undergone many changes since the be-
ginning of operations. There are today more than
SO open-pits on the Mesabi. The Hull-Rust mine,

at Hibbing, is the largest of these, and, with the
Mahoning mine, covers 400 acres. Steam-shovel
operations are continuous througlwut the year.
The season for the open-pi' is limited by

the opening and closing of navigation, while
of the stripping is done during the ivinter mm

THE first exploration work done on the Mesabi
range consisted of test pitting, and the shafts
were sunk to the water level, whereas at present
churn and diamond drills are generally used, and greater
depths are explored. A sufficient number of holes is
put down to determine the shape and extent of the ore-
body; samples are taken each five feet in depth and
usually analyzed for iron, phosphorus, silica, manganese
and alumina. From the drill records, cross-sections of

•The first of a series of three articles describing present prac-
tice of the larger mining companies in developing and operating
open-pit mines on the Mesabi range.

the orebody are made which show the layers of over-
burden and bessemer, non-bessemer and lean ore, paint
rock, slate and taconite. (A complete description of the
exploration work, classification of ore material and the
platting of the data on cross-sections has already been
published. ) " Maps showing the top and bottom contours
of the orebody are then made from the exploration
cross-sections. The tonnage of bessemer, non-bessemer
and lean ore is estimated from the cross-sections, by

'"Orebodies of the Mesabi Range." bv J. F. Wolff. E. and M J..
July IT, -i. 31 and Aug. 7, 1915.

\\l> MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 9

both

lining

• ion, which is usually

column i

h three feet in depth

Knowing the compara-

rburden rock

with steam shovels and

v-'ht underground mining,

nich drill holes should be

mined by the open-pit

UDE BY Ml 'I »EL S00, AND
■ REMOVE SAME IREA WITH
SHI IVEL

",i.h1. This information, when platted on a surface

a preliminary outline of the pit. To de-

the final outline of the area to lie stripped re-

qui: refill study of the orebody, considerable

exp' ibly further drilling. Aside from

the comparative cost data on each drill hole, other

:hat influence the final outline of the pit are

railroad connections, possible ore yards, location of

dump ground, operations on adjoining property and

•ral topographical conditions. In determining the

T>ping limits it is customary to allow a 1:1 slope

for the stripping banks, with a 20-ft. berm from the toe

of the stripping to the crest of the ore. In many cases

this allowance has proved inadequate, the average slope

being nearer to Li rl on stripping banks which have beer)

standing for several y.

Whenever Possible, Pit Approach Is Planned to
Allow Complete Extraction of Available Ore

The position of the pit approach is a matter which
requires careful study, as frequently one approach is
used for both stripping operations and removal of ore.
Whenever possible the approach is planned so that it
can be used, with future changes in grade, until all the
available ore has been mined. On the other hand, the
demand for production may necessitate a temporary
approach which will make only a part of the orebody
available. In some of the larger pits a permanent
stripping approach, as well as one for the removal of
the ore loads, is necessary. After the ultimate align-
ment of the ore tracks has been worked out and platted
on the map, cross-sections are made and an operating
estimate is prepared which shows the following: (1)
Stripping yardage (overburden, lean ore and paint
rock, solid rock); (2) steam-shovel ore (includes all
available for removal by steam shovel; ; (3) milling
and scram ore 'includes all ore not available for re-
•am shovel lying inside a J:l slope from the
underground ore (includes all
ot falling in the two preceding classes;,
i rule the first field work is staking out the strip-
s-sectioning the area to be stripped.

This is locally referred to as "taking original levels," and
the elevations so obtained are used later in the monthly
yardage estimates. Determining the position of the
stripping and dump tracks, coal track and dock, supply
tracks, repair or "rip tracks," water tank and pipe lines,
dump trestles and surface drainage ditches and the
eventual staking out of all these are some of the prob-
lems for the engineer to solve.

Demand for Larger Stripping Equipment

The first stripping work on the Mesabi range was
done with teams and scrapers or the material was loaded
by hand into wagons. Later 1 cu.yd. cars running on
light rails were loaded by hand and hauled by team.
The next step was the "dinkey" equipment shown in
Table I.

TAB

I'u \.l
3
5

DINKEY EQUIPMENT I SED I \ MKSVIU STRIPPING

i

Dinkey

I. mol ivea

Tons
8-9
10-15

Steam-
Shovels
Model

45-50
60

of Dippe

i'ii -i.l

IS

This type of equipment was used until larger shovels
having dippers of 2-cu.yd. capacity were introduced,
when the 36-in. gage dinkey locomotives and cars were
replaced by standard-gage equipment. Table II shows
the general increase in the size of stripping equipment
up to the present time. The association of certain sizes
of locomotives with certain types of shovels is a general
classification, many different combinations of locomo-
tives, cars and shovels being in use at the present time.
One striking feature in connection with the increase in
size of equipment is the decrease in the number of men
employed on the stripping dumps.

The first dinkey equipment required a dump crew of
50 men, whereas with the present use of large dump

TABLE II COMPARISON OF ME.SABI STRIPPING EQUIPMENT

Capacity

of Dipper,

Cu.Yd.

2

2S
21-4

5
6-8

spreaders, only two men are needed. Fig. 1 shows a
cross-section of a single cut taken with a Model 300
steam shovel. The loading track was laid on the surface
of the ground as shown at A, and on this particular

Material from Cut- 1 is cast- up at I' K
Material from Cut? is cast up at ?f
Material from Cut Sis cast up at 5'
Cut "a "including Cast l'and?'is loaded 01 t

out on Track in Cut ? \x.\

Cut "b" including Cast 5' is loaded o y,

out on same Track °,?'

Cast Cut

( tenacity

0 i Ll

< — Locomotives — •

~- Steam Shovels — '

Size of

Weight,

Weight,

CO Yd

Cylinder, In

Tons

Model Tons

7

17x24

73

60-65 70-75

7

17x24

73

70-80 83-110

12-20

19x26

105

91 107-123

16-20

20x26

136

100 138

20

20x26

136

300 360

Stripping %%
Bonk '

Tip of Ore

3. /s\loading Cut b /V ''\jooding Cut
* J ■ r-4'-M

^ILZ.

■so'- •*!<

Cut?

—Xi--s?!--^

Cast Cut I

PIG 2. CROSS-SECTION SHOWING METHOD OP REMOVING
A SHALLOW CLEAN-UP WITH MODEL 91 SHOVEL

cross-section the shovel had sufficient reach to push the
accumulated spill from the cars clear of the further
rail of the loading track. The divisions marked from
1 to 10 show the cuts that would have been necessary
had the same cross-section been removed with a Model
91 shovel, and the loading tracks for the different cuts
are lettered from A to H. Track A is the loading track
for the first cut, track B for the second cut, track C for
the third and fourth, and so on.

March 2. L918

ENGINEERING AND MINIM. J01 i:\.\l.

Two LO-hour shifts, with the men changing from the
daj to the night turn everj two weeks, are general in
open-pit work on the Mesabi range. The length of the
shipping season is limited bj ili«' opening and closing
of navigation on the Great Lakes and usuallj i
from early in April to about the mi. Idle of November.
While considerable stripping is done during the shipp
season, many of the mining companies confine their sum-
mer work to the removal of ore ami leave the stripping
operations for the winter season, for by this arrange-
ment they ran keep then- organizations employed
entire year. Usually the same equipment, with the ex-
ec pi ion of ears, is used in stripping as in digging

The position of the first shovel cut depends entirely
on the conditions that are met with on each stripping
job. Sometimes, where the surface is irregular, a
thorough cut is cast through the center of the pit with
the shovel cutting on grade. A track is laid behind the

Strippini ,t when

\> no nt. but the lowi r,,i tii, Anal cleai

lied through the <»<■ approach u

maii.nl When

it is p0S8ible I" dig tl ■ arlj parallel

to I uniform .lean up of

the remaining overburden can be left. An avei

lean-Up usually r

requires too many shovel move* per train and thus
prai On th( other band,

with a clean-up cul of mon i able

dirt is spill,..! along the leading track, necessitatis

Ork. Where a :',- or lit. cl(

up has been left, casting a few cuts will prevent delaying
a locomotive. Fig. 2 shows a en ect i hal-

low clean-up cut removed with a .Model 9] shovel. When
the surface of the ore is irregular, the clean-up shovel

TAKING A CLEAX-UP CUT WITH A MODEL 91 STEAM SHOVEL

shovel and serves as a loading track for the next two
cuts, one on each side. Again, the first track may be
laid on the surface of the ground and the dirt from the
first cut loaded into cars instead of being over-cast.
If, however, the first cut is cast, a uniform grade is
obtained, facilitating the building of the first load-
ing track, which in turn serves for two cuts of an
average depth of 12 ft. Laying the first track on rough
ground requires considerable trackwork, and the irregu-
larities of the roadbed cause heavy wear on the locomo-
tives and cars. The shovel cut tends to follow the un-
dulations of the loading track, and unless carefully-
watched the profile of the excavation will be very ir-
regular. However, with this method, all dirt handled
by the shovel is loaded from the start, and this practice
is customary where the surface is fairly uniform. In
deepening the pit 25- to 30-ft. benches are dug to the
height of the shovel boom. In the general run of over-
burden, if higher benches are carried, the dipper tends
to undercut the bank, causing it to suddenly cave and
bury the pit crew or make a costly delay in digging the
shovel out.

may often cut through a knoll of ore, and then after a
few moves it will be necessary to crib up the track with
several layers of ties to support the shovel over a sag
in the ore surface. Ore cut by the clean-up shovel is
usually stockpiled in a cleaned part of the pit. The
final cleaning of the ore surface is done with teams and
scrapers and by hand work.

When stripping operations are started, it is customary
to protect the cuts from surface drainage by means of
ditches, which vary in size, according to local conditions,
from steam-shovel cuts to small ditches that follow the
contour of the ground and are dug by hand. Water in
the Dit is pumped into the nearest surface ditch, small
portable boilers supplying steam to the pumps.

Shallow holes, known as "top" holes, are used in strip-
ping to break the frost. These are sunk with jumper or
hand-drills that have been heated to a dull red, and in
badly frozen ground steam points have been used. The
depth of the holes will van- from three to six feet. The
charge used in blasting consists of six to eight pounds
of du Pont black powder per hole, depending on the
ground. In some cases it is advisable to loosen the

ID MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 9

by
I blasting with light
air
d prevent hard fin
in height are shaken
isting "gopher" holes.
the l>ank and are
to if from the hon-
ing, when first used, consisted in
uvrh to permit a man to enter
and lents caused this method

■her" holes at the present time

'out L5 in. Loose ground

, 2 round shovel blade, the

July turned up. fitted with a 25-ft.

• in. diameter. When a hard seam is

it is drilled with a long auger or with a

two sticks of dynamite are pushed in

' —

FOR LOADING "GOPHER" HOLES

with a pointed loading stick and fired with a blasting
machine. The loose ground is then removed with the
shovel. If a boulder is struck while the "gopher" is
being driven, repeated blasting with 60 ' , dynamite will
often shatter it sufficiently to allow the hole to be con-
tinued. Where it is impossible to blast through a
boulder, the hole is bottomed against it, or a new hole
is begun a few feet away, depending on the length at-
tained. The limit of length of a "gopher" hole is about

et.
In winter the top of the banks freezes as deep as
eight feet. Unless this crust is broken by top drilling
befor* "gopher" holing is done, the latter usually under-

the bank, causing slabs of frozen ground to slide
down and bury the loading track. It frequently happens,

where the frost has been broken, that chunks too
lartre to be handled by the shovel roll from the bank to
the track and have to be block -holed by drilling with a
steam hose or hot moils and then blasted.

ibsekved in Blasting

The powder boss determines the size of the powder

charge from the height of the bank and the material

in digging the hole. With a 25-ft. bank,

1" of dynamite are used to "spring" or

chamber the hole, which is then loaded with 5 to 10

black powder. Wooden spoons, 3-in. x

in. in j ft. long and fitted with 25-ft.

lies, are sometimes used to place the powder in the

den launders 2 in. square with a hopper

end, as shown in Fig. 8, are in general use. A
keg of powder is emptied into the hopper, the cover shut
and a plug closing the bottom of the hopper is pulled
by means of a eord through the cover. The box is
oscillated by a 12-ft. cross-handle, causing the powder
to run down the launder into the chamber of the
pher" hole. The long cross-handle allows the powder
men to stand six feet on either side of the hole, instead
l\ in front, as was necessary with the old-style
spoons. Furthermore, the closed hopper protects the
powder from the danger of sparks. A detonator, con-
sist ing of two to five sticks of 60% dynamite with two
exploders, is placed in the center of the charge. Two
electric blasting caps, or else one electric and one or-
dinary blasting cap and fuse, are placed in each hole.
The latter combination is in more general use for the
reason that tamping sometimes injures the lead wires
from the electric caps. Holes are filled and tamped to
the collar with sand or gravel and are fired in batteries
of three to five at a time. The distance between holes
is usually 20 to 25 ft., and the depth of the holes varies
according to the shovel cut to be taken. The general
rule is to make the horizontal distance between the
center of the loading track and the chamber of the
"gopher" hole five or six feet less than the reach of the
shovel. For example, with a Model 91 shovel the distance
from the center of the loading track to the bottom of
the hole should be 40 ft., as the shovel reach from load-
ing track to toe of bank is about 45 feet.

Jackhamer Machines in Common Use for
Drilling Boulders in Pit

When the shovel encounters boulders too large to be
loaded, they are rolled to one side of the cut and left
until drilled by "single-jackers" who work on contract
and average about 15 ft. per shift in granite. Blasting
is done by the company powder man, using 60% dyna-
mite. When a large boulder is partly uncovered in the
bottom of a cut and projects so that it interferes with
the shovel track or the jack-arms, there are several ways
of removing it. One practice, formerly common but
now seldom used, is to "bulldoze," that is to place 25
to 75 lb. of dynamite on the boulder and blast. Needless
to say, this method frequently injured the shovel. Often
a small "gopher" hole can be dug under the boulder on
a side away from the shovel and charged with black
powder. When blasted, the ground will frequently
be loosened enough to allow the dipper to roll the
boulder to one side. Some stripping contractors have
provided one or more drills of the jackhamer type
on each shovel. Air is supplied from an air pump or
the compound pump on a locomotive, and the boulder
is block holed.

(To be continued)

Vermont Talc Industry during 1917 was extremely active,
all of the producers being sold to capacity during the en-
tire period. Approximately 70% of the production of Ver-
mont was mined and manufactured by the Eastern Talc
Co., the remainder of production being furnished by the
American Mineral Co., Magnesia Talc Co., Vermont Talc
Co. and one or two smaller producers. Prices of the lower
grades of talc averaged from 15 to 20% above those pre-
viously prevailing, while in the higher grades advances
ranged as high as 25%. These advances have not en-
tirely covered the increased cost of labor and supplies and
contracts for 1918 were made at advanced figures.

.March

1918

ENGINEERING AND MINING J01 RNAL

Estimation of Manganese in Aluminum

Alloys and Dust

Bl I- E CLENNELL

Known gravimetric or volumetric methods o)
estimating manganest aftei its separation from
accompanying metal* proem too slow or too com-
plex for general use. Tiro methods are therefore
described of determining manganes< which do not
require it* separation from ell otht r constituents.
Both involve titration with sodium arseniti solu-
tion, the proper condition* for standardizing
which were carefully worked out as described.

ANALYSES made in the laboratory where the
f\ experimentation here detailed was conducted
-L- -*- show that manganese is a frequent constituent
of aluminum alloys. When these are used for the
manufacture of dust, a large part of the manganese
finds its way into the final product Some of it may
be eliminated in the melting process; on the other hand,
ar. additional quantity may possibly be introduced, to-
gether with iron, from the wear of manganese-steel
balls in grinding; thus one generally finds that when
alloys high in manganese are used the dust contains
less than the raw material, but when little or no man-
ganese is found in the alloys, the dust contains more
than the raw material.

In separating manganese from other metals in the
routine analysis, the determination is made on one gram
of the dust. After removal cf grease by means of
ether, the dust is dissolved in dilute hydrochloric acid
with addition of a little nitric acid, and any insoluble
residue filtered off. The filtrate, which should be hot,
but not actually boiling, is treated with excess of caustic
soda, sufficient to redissolve the alumina first thrown
down. A dark-brown precipitate remains undissolved,
consisting of the hydroxides of iron, manganese, copper
and magnesium. This is allowed to settle, filtered and
washed with hot water. The filtrate contains alumina,
zinc and a trace of iron.

Separation of Manganese from Iron, etc., in
the Precipitated Hydroxides

Various methods for the separation of manganese in
this precipitate were investigated in the laboratory. As
is well known, the separation of iron from manganese
by ammonia and ammonium chloride is always imperfect.
It was thought that possibly a sufficiently good separa-
tion might be made by two or more repetitions of the
process, consisting of dissolving the precipitate in HC1,
adding excess of ammonia, boiling and filtering. After
three or four cycles of this procedure, the filtrate no
longer showed any appreciable reaction for manganese
when tested by adding bromine water and boiling. The
final precipitate, however, when dissolved in nitric acid
and tested by boiling with lead peroxide, gave a strong
manganese reaction. It would seem, therefore, that
when the relative proportion of iron is very large the

manganese i - < ompleti Ij prei ipitated by an

with the iron, notw ithstai

able quantities ol ammonium chlorl

Tests were made on a method of separal means

of ammoniun 11 Fre eniu

precipitate is dissolved in IK'I. nearly neutralized
ammonia, a i i ble quantity (one or more grams)

of ammonium chloride added and the solution dilu
to about 200 c.c, Ammonium carbonate is then added
in sufficient quantity to the slightlj acid liquid to p
duce a faint cloudiness, but no distinct p ;te. The

solution is then boiled thoroughly to expel CO,, when
the iron is precipitated as a light red basic carbon
leaving the manganese in solution. The precipitate is
allowed to settle, then filtered and washed with hot
dilute ammonium chloride. It was found that, while
it is possible to get a good separation by this method
when all the necessary precautions are carefully at-
tended to, it is too troublesome and tedious for general
use. If much iron is present, rne first precipitate must
be redissolved in HO and reprecipitated with ammonia,
or even with ammonium carbonate, as in the first opera-
tion. The filtrate must also be examined by adding
excess of ammonia and boiling, in all cases.

Procedure in Zinc-Oxide Method of Separation

Attention was then directed to the zinc-oxide method
of separation. The method followed was more or less
on the lines of that described by A. H. Low,3 but it
was found that it is unnecessary to boil down with
sulphuric acid. The presence of zinc in the filtrate from
the ferric hydroxide seems to interfere with the direct
precipitation of manganese by bromine; instead of the
usual dark-brown hydroxide, a light-brown precipitate
occurs, and the precip'tation is incomplete. Addition
of ammonia causes a precipitate, presumably zinc
hydroxide, which redissolves only in considerable excess.
Good results are obtained, however, by using sodium
acetate, as described by Low. Another trouble which
sometimes occurs is that the precipitate of mixed iron
and manganese hydroxides fails to dissolve completely
in HC1, spots remaining on the paper which obstinately
resist the action of the acid. I have found that this
can be remedied by adding one or two drops of a con-
centrated solution of sodium sulphite, which causes the
stains to disappear instantly.

Finally the following procedure was found satisfac-
tory: After precipitating with caustic soda, as in the
routine method, wash once or twice with hot water,
dissolve the precipitate from the paper by means of
hot 50% HC1 (about 10 c.c. usually suffices) adding a
few drops of concentrated sodium sulphite and collect-
ing filtrate in a clean 250-c.c. flask. Wash three or
four times with hot water. Add 1 or 2 c.c. concentrated
HX03 and heat to boiling to peroxidize iron; add excess
of ammonia, then about 10 c.c. of strong bromine water ;

♦Analytical and metallurgical chemist with Charles Butters
& Co., Oakland, Calif.

'Quantitative Analysis, seventh edition. Vol. 1, p. 437.
^Technical Methods of Ore Analysis, fifth edition, p. 162.

tING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 9

nd wash
mpletely
.mi and coppei
The precipitate
sulphite .mi

lone, followed by
little 11s- sure the con-

Sodium carbonate
dded, ■ little at a time, until
■.nation, then HC1 is
.• -. Pure Bine oxidi
oiling until thr Ferric
is liquid and a little zinc
sed. By nearly neutralizing as
litated without the ne<

After settling

tea, the mixture is filtered and washed thor-

rests made on the residue, by

ng in nitric acid and boiling with lead peroxide,

•h<- separation of manganese was practically

the filtrate add one gram of sodium acetate and,

ng bromine water. Boil thor-

few minutes, filter and wash with hot

• r. It is also well to test the filtrate by further

additioi: am acetate and bromine, although the

pre - generally found to be complete in one

operation, the manganese coming down as a dark-brown

hydroxide.

Estimation of Manganese

The manganese, now being precipitated in a prac-
tically pure condition as hydroxide, may be estimated
by any of the well-known gravimetric or volumetric
methods. For gravimetric estimation, perhaps the best
procedure is to redissolve the hydroxide in HC1, precipi-
tate as carbonate, filter, wash, ignite and w:eigh as
r else dissolve in HC1, precipitate as phosphate
in presence of excess of ammonia, boil, cool, filter, wash
with ammonium nitrate and ammonia, ignite and weigh
!n;P,0..
Many volumetric methods have been described and
several have been tested in the laboratory where the
results here set down were obtained, as regards their
applicability to aluminum alloys and dust. The methods
•nsted were:

1. That depending on the oxidation of oxalic acid
Technical Methods of Ore Analysis, fifth edition,
pp. 1

Volhard's method, depending on the titration of
a manganous salt with permanganate ("Low, loc. cit.,
pp. 187-169).

A method depending on oxidation to perman-
ganic acid by the use of ammonium persulphate, and
titration with an arsenite solution.

Oxalic Acid Method

The filter paper containing the moist hydroxide pre-

'ate is tran-Orred to a flask and 3 measured quantity

•andard oxalic acid in excess of that required for

the reaction is added, then dilute sulphuric acid (say

" ■ ' ' . and the mixture heated with

■■ till the manganese hydroxide has completely

ed. The liquid is then titrated, while still hot,

standard permanganate. A blank test is made,

•he same quantity of standard oxalic and sul-

phuric acids and a filter paper of the same kind as in
the assay, ami treating in the same way. The difference
oi the two titrations corresponds to the amount of
oxalic acid oxidized by the manganese dioxide present
in the precipitate, and is therefore proportionate to the
amount of manganese present.

As will be observed, 'his is an indirect method, and
involves the use of two standard solutions, of which
the manganese equivalent must be known. With care
it gives accurate results, though in some cases it ap-
pears doubtful whether the manganese is all in the form
of dioxide or whether it may not be partly thrown down
as some lower oxide. In any case a simpler method
is desirable.

Volhard's Method

An attempt was made to apply Volhard's method direct
to a sample of aluminum dust as, follows: 1 gram of the
dust was dissolved in sufficient 50% HN03, about 50 c.c.
of on acid being required. H,SO, was then added
and boiled to fumes, diluted, neutralized with sodium
carbonate and finally with zinc oxide, made up to a
definite volume (500 c.c.) and an aliquot part taken.
This, however, gave no precipitate on adding standard
permanganate, the first drop of the latter producing a
permanent pink coloration. Apparently the large
amount of aluminum and other salts interferes with
the reaction. The method could probably be successfully
applied to the mixed iron and manganese hydroxides
obtained in the routine analysis, but would present no
special advantage in rapidity or accuracy over the oxalic
acid method.

Ammonium Persulphate Method

As none of the foregoing gravimetric or volumetric
methods are sufficiently rapid or simple for regular use,
a process was sought which would permit the estima-
tion of the manganese without the necessity of separat-
ing all or most of the other constituents. The following
method was communciated to mc by Mr. Liljegren,
chemist of Hunt & Co. I give the method as described
by him :

"Take 500 mg. of aluminum dust. Remove grease
with ether. Dissolve in 45 c.c. nitric acid (sp.gr. 1.20)
equivalent to 5 parts concentrated HNO, and 11 parts
water. Boil till nitrous fumes are driven off. Add 50
c.c. water and 15 c.c. silver nitrate solution (1.33 gram
per liter) . Bring to a boil. Add 20 c.c. of an ammonium
persulphate solution containing 52 grams per liter. Heat
just to boiling. Cool quickly and titrate with dilute
sodium arsenite, till pink tint disappears.

"The strong stock solution of sodium arsenite is
made by dissolving 10 grams of arsenious acid (As203)
and 30 grams of sodium carbonate in boiling water,
and when dissolved, cooling and diluting to 1000 c.c. To
prepare the dilute standard solution, 62.5 c.c. of this
stock solution are diluted to 1000 c.c. One cubic centi-
meter of this standard arsenite solution = 0.1% Mn
approximately, on an assay of 500 mg. The solution is
standardized on steel of known manganese content."

It will be observed that the method is extremely
simple and rapid. It depends on the formation of per-
manganic acid by the action of ammonium persulphate
on the manganese compounds present in the nitric acid
solution. The silver salt is supposed to act as a catalytic
agent, but it is also useful in precipitating any trace

March 2, l'.tlS

ENGINEERING AND MINING J01 RNAL

109

Hi' chloride, which would otherwise reduce the p
panic acid.

In tin' case of alloys, where the sample is received
in the form of clippings, filings or drillings, it is not
practicable to dissolve in nitric acid alone in any reason-
able time, and in such ca ive used aqua regia,
expelling the last traces of chlorine by evaporating o
or twice with concentrated HNI nearly to dryness.

My experience with ammonium persulphate was far
from satisfactory. In a few cases the color was
veloped under the conditions above described, but more
often no effect whatever was ibtained. Sometimes a
pink tint would form momentarily, but the liquid would
almost immediately become turbid, with precipitation
of brown manganese hydroxide. This latter effect could
generally be prevented by additii n of sufficient sul-
phuric acid, but the action was so uncertain and un-
satisfactory that the use of ammonium persulphate was
finally abandoned. It seems possible that this failure
to obtain a good reaction may be d'ie to some deteriora-
tion of the reagent by long keeping, but as I have been
unable to obtain a fresh supply this point has not been
verified.

Estimation of Manganese by Lead Peroxide Method

As a substitute for ammonium persulphate, lead
peroxide was tried in the series of tests detailed below.
Great difficulty was at first experienced in getting con-
sistent results, but finally a m?thod was evolved which
seems to be generally applicable to aluminum dust or
fine granules, and to be accurate enough for all practical
purposes. The procedure at m-esent recommended as
the final result of these tests is as follows :

Take 1 gram of the sample in a 300 c.c. flask. Add
50 c.c. of 50 cc nitric acid. Heat gently with constant
agitation until violent action sets in, with copious evolu-
tion of red fumes. Withdraw from heat and cool, if
necessary, until this is over; then boil to expel red
fumes. Filter into another 300 c.c. flask. Rinse first
flask out once or twice with hot water, passing wash-
ings through filter. Place filter paper in a nickel
crucible, dry, ignite and add enough sodium peroxide
to cover the ash. Fuse at a gentle heat for about one
minute. Dissolve the melt in water, and add the solu-
tion to the liquid in the second flask containing the
nitric-acid extract. Boil well; add about 1 c.c. standard
AgN033 to ensure absence of chlorides and again boil
for a moment. Add 100 mg. lead peroxide for every
milligram of manganese supposed to be present. Boil
one minute, cool, make up to 100 c.c. and mix thoroughly.
Let settle about five minutes and filter. Titrate 50 c.c.
of the filtrate with standard sodium arsenite.

Occasionally some of the precipitate passes the filter
and slightly obscures the end point. When this happens
it is preferable to refilter before titrating. In any
case the first portion of liquid running through should
be rejected. The end point is marked by the change
from pink to faint yellow, and the same tint must be
taken for the end point in standardizing. The method
can be carried out in half an hour or less. There is
apparently no necessity for preliminary removal of
grease.

The arsenite solution may be stardardized as follows:
Take a measured quantity, say 5 c.c, of the standard

ii. A.I.I

1 c.i oi .. aturated ilphite, which

i "" •■ ■ -

acid ; warm till a perfectly cli ition

is obtained, addii ■ Add

■*,(l c.c. of water. Boil thoroughly to expel nitri

A. 1.1 i c.c. standard Bilver nil ram lead

peroxide; boil one minute, i ool, make up to 100 i

kNDARDIZI

Mn.

(1) .

1

—

a

Q
V

~y-

—
—
-

*

—
-

= — B

M

1

2

1

25

25

1

0 5

4 2

0 280

1 '17

2

5

1

25

25

1

0 5

13 0

.. 11

3

10

1

25

25

1

0 5

11 7H

•4

3

1

25

25

1 5

0 25

10

5

5

1

25

25

1 5

0 5

12 55

0 235

5 89

5 90

6

5

1

25

25

1 5

0 75

M >

0 218

6 34

7

5

1

25

25

1 5

1 0

0 268

5 89

5 17

8

5

1

25

25

1 5

0 25

0 278

5 89

4 98

9

5

1

25

25

0 5

8 4

0 351

5 89

3 95

10

5

1

25

25

1 s

M 7 5

8 1

II (.,4

5 89

3 81

II

5

1

25

25

1 5

1 00

12 1

5 89

5 69

12

5

0 5

50

1 5

0 25

1 6

1 841

5 89

13

5

0 5

50

1 5

0 5

7 25

0 406

5 89

3 41

14

5

0 5

50

1 5

0 75

7 25

0 406

3 41

Ii

5

0 5

50

1 5

1 0

10 8

0 273

5 89

5 08

16

5

0 5

25

50

1 5

0 25

11 25

0 262

5 89

5 29

17

5

0 5

25

50

1 5

0 5

12 0

0 245

5 89

i .,4

18

5

0 5

25

50

1 5

II 65

0 253

5 89

5 48

19

5

0 5

25

50

1.5

1 0

1 1 1

0 225

5 69

20

5

0 5

25

50

1 5

0 5

12 75

0 231

5 89

5 99

21

5

0 5

25

50

1 5

0 5

110

0 268

5 89

5 17

22

5

0 5

25

50

1 5

0 5

13 3

0.221

5 89

6 25

23

5

0 5

25

50

1 5

0 5

12 15

II 242

5 89

5 71

24

5

0 5

25

50

0 5

14 2

0 207

5 89

6 67

25

5

0 5

25

50

15

0 5

12 25

0 240

5 89

5 76

26

5

0 5

25

50

0 5

13 95

0 211

5 89

6 56

27

5

0 5

25

50

1 5

0 5

II 1

0 265

5 89

5 22

28

5

0.5

25

50

0 5

12 35

0 238

5 89

5 89

29

5

0 5

25

50

0 5

9 65

0 305

5 89

4 54

30

5

0 5

25

50

0 5

8 9

0 331

5 89

4 18

31

5

0 5

25

50

1 5

0 5

12 7

0 232

5 89

5.9/

32

5

0 5

25

50

15

0 5

8 6

0 342

5 89

4 04

33

5

0 5

25

50

1 5

0 5

7 9

0 373

5 89

3 71

34

5

0 5

25

50

15

0 5

7 0

0 421

5 89

3 29

Other conditions

durini

rta w.re as follow.-. 1

:

13) and (51; one minute after .61 Tests 8 to II — 5 <
after 12), otherwise a.- in testa I to 7 rests 12 to 15 — Boiled after (3) and (5l;
one minute after . 6). Tests 16 to 19 — ( 4) added and boil. I 20 —

. 3i and . 5i added to cold solution; just boiled aft' r . 6i Test' 21— Boiled
(4) and (5); not after .61 Test 22— Boiled aft. i (4) on. . fter (6)

Test 23 — Boiled after 1 4! ; two minutes after (6) Tests 24 and 25 Just boiled
after (6). Tests 26 and 27 — Boiled one minute after 06 ferric

sulphate added after . 4t and boiled. Test 30 — lOc.c.fen added after

(4) and boiled. Test 31— Boiled after (4) ; just boiled after .6). Test 32— 5 c.c.
ferric sulphate added. Test 33 — 10 c.c. ferric sulphate added. Test 34 — 15 c.c.
ferric sulphate added.

filter, reject first portion of filtrate, draw off 50 c.c.
and titrate with the standard arsenite.

The manganese content of the permanganate may be
calculated from the iron factor by multiplying by 0.1967,
assuming the following reaction :

lOFeSO, + 2KMnOf + 8HSO: == 5Fe2(SO<), +

2MnSO, + K:SO. - 8HX>

from which it appears that 5Fe lMn, or 1 part Fe

fyl OQ

--. ^ ° g = 0.1967 parts Mn. This being known,

the manganese factor of the arsenite solution is readily
calculated. For example, in a given case, 5 c.c. of per-
manganate required 23.2 c.c. of arsenite solution, and
the iron factor was 1 c.c. permanganate = 5.967 mg.

5.967 0.1967

Fe. Hence 1 c.c. of arsenite =

23.2

-13.04 grams AgXG3 per liter.

0.253 mg Mn.

A better method of standardizing seems to be obtained
by the use of the manganous nitrate solution referred
to in Table II and notes.

Where chlorides are known to be absent the addition
of silver nitrate is unnecessary and is preferably

LING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 106, No. 9

tions in the
thosi and-

-0011

■ \ in detail.

ground samples it
and expel e*
n with nitric acid. The first
suits, apparently
t dilution. More regular results
hen the volu liquid was 7"> to

adding tlu> lead peroxide,
sulphuric acid appears to be detri-
- • 11). Probably the lower results
rric suli>' due to the HS(>. as

ied in the form of nitrate the apparent
per - not diminish' d.

■ re made to determine the effect of

■ different stai treatment. Tests

which AgNO was omitted, gave a higher

j tests 25 and 27. in which

added. The ferrii sulphate solution used

I contained .V, Fe (SO » and

-

The manganous nitrate solution used in these tests

• pared by dissolving two grams of

micalry pure mang <rbonate in 20 c.c. of 50'

UNO. adding a few drop- >ng sodium sulphite to

->i>n m arsi sin -"Ni ion

-

Asnunption-

■ Mn.
■ Manganese

I

1
4

6

I

10

It
17
U
19

2'

-

10
10

5
5
5
5

5

10

7
10

5

J

10
M
M

25
10

J5

>0

:>

25
25
25

25

25

25
25
25

25

25

25

50
40
25
50

40
30

4 I
9 6

12 15

13 8
19 95

6 85

10 8

11 0
10 8
10 0
10 4
10 4
10 6

4 25
10 45

14 05
17 8

4 I

9 7

13 7

19 2

9 9

10 2

- - 3

BcS

0 233

0 249

0 275

0 346

0 240

0 349

0 221

0 217

0 221

0 239

n 230

0 230

0 226

0 246

0 225

0 229

0 238

0 269

0 233

0 246

0 244

0 249

0 24 1

0 234

I 9|

I 95
4 81
6 46
8 19
I 89
4 46
6 30
8 83
4 55
4 69
. 5 — Boiled ;»ft<-r

to 22-

re i 2t

ion. This was boiled thoroughly,
diluted to 100 c.c. Assuming MnCO,

7*
f)9
56

56

7S
7S
7n

7a

7s
7*
7-1
7*

78

''I
Jt
69
9 56
1.91
4 78
6 69
9 56
4 78
4 78

1.89

4 42

5 jo

6 35

2 02
4 77
6 74
9 45

4 82

5 02

cooled, and

■In. the standard of this solution should be

nil. Mn per c.c.

The standard ferric nitrate solution was made by dis-

mg. of pure iron wire in 10 c.e. 50$ BNO ,

ncentrated HNO., boiling thoroughly,

and making up to 125 c.c, so that 1 c.c. = 1

Fe.

The irregularities in the first fi/e tests are probably

insufficient dilution at the time of adding the

I . Tests 7. S and ;• show that uniform results may
ibtained with varying amounts of nitric acid beyond
the necessary minimum. In test 6 the amount of acid
pp ;i M ly insufficient.

Tests in to 13 show that ferric iron does not affect
the results up to the amounts likely to be present in the
samples to be tested. Tests 15 to 18 show a diminishing
amount of Mn compared with the amount theoretically
present, as this amount is increased. This is evidently
due to insufficient lead peroxide. Tests 19 to 22, in
which the PbO was varied according to the amount of
Mn present, show fairly concordant results. About 100
parts of PbO for each nart of Mn seem to be required.
Test 2."> shows that aluminum, up to the amount that
would be present in an assay, does not interfere. Test
24. in which grease was added, shows a slightly higher
result than the corresponding test without.

Tests in this series (Table III) were made on a sam-
ple representing 580 cases of 160-mesh aluminum dust,
containing iron 2.15rr, copper 0.2 ',, and grease 1.06f, .
The object was to determine the best conditions for pre-

TABLE III MODIFll VTIONS Of LEAD PEROXIDE METHOD ON
M I MINI \l DUS1

iption: I c.c Na,AsO, = 0.235 nog Mu

Lrsenite Manganese
on 50 c.c. Indicated,
v Treatment

1 Dissolved in 5(1 i.e., 50' Il\>> . filtered, washed

twice with hot water. I treated with aqua
regia and ailed down with HNO, .mil
added tn main nitrate; I c.c, standard AgNO,
added and solution boiled 7 1 0 334

2 As in test No. I, bul aftei treatment with aqua regia as

- . filter paper was ignited in nickel crucibli . e - b
fused wit! melt di — Ived in wa£er

and added to aqua i egia ezl tart ; I o.c LgNI I ,
added 7 0 u 129

1 Dissolved in 5n c.i , 50' HNO,, filtered, washed
twice with lint water and filter paper rejected; 1 o.c.

id solution boiled ..... 6 55 0.308

4 Dissolved in 50 c.c, in\ HNO,, filtered, washed

twice with lint water Filter paper ignited in nickel
crucible, ash fused with sodium peroxide. Melt dis-
solved in water and added to the original filtrate;
1 c c igNO, added 7 2 0 338

5 Dissolved in 50 c c 50' , HN( >.. 25 c.c. water added,

then) c.c. AgNO,. Boiled without filtering 6 45 0.303

(i As in test No. 4, but AgNO, omitted 6 8 0 320

7 Dissolved in 50c.c . 25', HC1 + 10, ,■ . 50', HNO,,

filtered, washed twice with hot water. Filter paper

treated as in test 4 Filtrate precipitated with

Nat »H -+- Br. Refiitered. Residue dissolved in 25

' IIM i,. Boiled, added 50 c.e. water and

I c.c. AgNO,... 7.8 0.367

i 7 1 0 334

_ In each of the above tests, on'' gram of aluminum dusf was used. In each

after treating as described above. 0.5 gram Pb03 was added, solution boiled one
minuti luted '<■ 1 00 c.c, filtered, and test mini 50c e.

paring the sample for the titration of manganese by
the lead peroxide method. It will be observed that low
results were obtained when the residue that was insoluble
in HNO. was rejected, as in test 3, or left undecomposed,
as in test 5. Tests 1, 2, 4 and 8 agree within the
probable limits of variation of the sample. Probably the
method used in test 4 is preferable, as it entirely elimi-
nates the introduction of chlorides, and is simpler and
quicker than those used in test 1 or 2.

The higher result of test 7 is at present unaccounted
for. In this case the bulk of the Al had been removed
in the first stages of treatment but, as shown by test
23 in Table II, the presence or absence of Al should
not affect the Mn determination. The NaOH and other
reagents used were examined for Mn with negative re-
sults. In test 8 the routine method was followed, the
sample being dissolved in 50 c.c. 25 cc HC1 and 10 c.c.
50 % HN03. Insoluble matter was brought into solu-
tion by treatment with sodium peroxide, and the Mn
finally separated by the zinc-oxide method, and precipi-
tated by Br. This precipitate was then dissolved in
25 c.c. 50Sr HNO., and a little Na,S03, 50 c.c. water and
1 c.c. AgNO, added.

March -. L918

[NEERING AND MINIS'. J01 RNAL

ill

The Mining Districts of Joplin and
Southeast Missouri— III

i;-, u. w. KITSON

Silicate Ores "rem near the SUrfOCi and are mined

mostly i'!i hand-steel methods. "Up] " sul-

phide deposits are mined bii hi ■ '' '"'"''

ods and are known «s "soft-ground" wines.
Open stoping by undercutting tram raises, and
tin square-set system, are also used where ground

conditions p< rmit. "Sheet-grOUnd" and inh rtu d-
ded tabular deposits are mined by open stopes

and pillars, from vertical shafts, hoisting with
buckets, and producing at a low cost per ton.

THE silicate ores of the Joplin district occur in the
weathered zone above ground-water in limestone.
They are irregular and pockety orebodies and for
the most part mined by hand-steel methods and the ores
sorted underground. Mines in the "upper run" sulphide
orebodies are practically exhausted, but in the early
days of the Joplin district constituted the main source of

stone sink ho an elongated forn of

tb and width; and they often i
h :, cin ulai trike following tl ■
and form i ! le" depo U

Large pockets containing nearly pun- galena and
blende were frequentlj found ted with a dark

secondai filling cavities and

• locally known a- "cotl

,.,„.). decomposed Bhale or "soapstone," often

formed the walls and roof. When to th was

added the considerable amount of moisture and mud,
stoping was difficult, and such mines required he.
timbering, cl ed and often spiled, and shafts

quently had to b( '< solidly for their entire depth.

Where the ground permitted, square Bets were used in
stoping. These mines were sometimes deep enough for
more than one level. Where tl d would stand, the

ore was followed from the lowesl level to the upper limits
with inclined raises. When completed, the raise hot'
were undercut in benches progressively for the length

FIG. 1. UNDERGROUND HAULAGE IN THE JOPLIN

production. These deposits were for the most part in what
are known as "soft-ground" mines, necessitating, as the
name suggests, the use of timber, as distinguished from
those that were minable by the support only of pillars.
The deposits were high grade, but pockety and irregular,
and the ground when soft was also wet. Many of the
orebodies deposited along the contacts of shale in hme-

•Continued from Part I. Dee. 22, 1917. and Part II. Feb ,23
1918 ; to be followed by Part IV, on milling in the Joplin uistnct.

« DISTRICT WITH STORAGE-BATTERY LOCOMOTIVE.

of the raise, leaving high walls behind. The ore as
broken fell to the bottom, where it was shoveled into
"cans" or buckets set on trucks, trammed to the shaft
and hoisted in the buckets. Stopes of this character
were often over 60 ft. high and sometimes 40 ft. wide.
The ores mined at present occur mainly in the sheet-
ground deposits of the Grand Falls chert and the inter-
bedded deposits of the western part of the field. The
methods used in mining are similar in both cases, there

INEER1I i ' MININU JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 9

mnd.
mm drill

and
under tak<

•■•(1 altogether by

ilphides)

oper-

lly from an initial

i squares

STING FROM A JOPLIN SHAFT STATION

staked out on the surface 20 ft. or more on a side, the

size, grade and depth of orebodies can be closely esti-

mater before putting down a shaft. Previous to the war

- undertook to prospect a tract for from 75c.

• pplying their own labor, rigs, tools, casing
and power. In the fall of 1917 the cost of churn drill-
ing had risen to $1.25 and $1.50 per ft. and over, and
concessions in supplies also were required. When a
certain number of holes have demonstrated the presence
of an orebody, a vertical shaft is started and sunk to
ore simultaneously with further drill operations, as
illustrated. Shaft sinking costs vary from $25 to $30
per ?

It has been found in practice that on account of local
variations due to the presence of lean or barren portions
in the orebodies, the samples from some holes cannot be
relied upon. Some holes may pass through good ground
without giving evidence of ore in cuttings by striking
r barren portion adjacent to high-grade ore.
Igs or other cavities in the orebody will

-ntrate the heavy sulphides to such an ex-

tent that but a small proportion filters the sample bailer,
and the results of Single holes are therefore often decep-
tive and consequently not dependable, and drilling data
valuable only after a great number of holes have been
put down at closely spaced intervals. This method
ascertaining the size and trend of an orebody
- data, also, invaluable as an aid to later mining.
Shaft sites may be selected near the center of gravity
i el odj ami the lowest point in the trough of
the deposit, thus equalizing future tramming distances
and obtaining proper drainage grades. Drill holes also
aterially in ventilation where there is but one
shaft in a mine and the working face recedes from it to
considerable distances.

in ke s Hoisted Directly to Mill Bins

With but two or three exceptions all the shafts of the
district are vertical. Some of the larger companies
have two compartment shafts, but the majority are
single compartment. These shafts are not timbered ex-
cept where cribbed for short distances below the collar
in passing through the soft alluvium soil or soft shale
rock in the Miami section. Buckets are used in
tramming and hoisting almost altogether, and these are
hoisted with ore, supplies or men, without guides and
( rosshead. Where shafts have two compartments, a

ind Mining Practice in tin- Joplln
and Engf. and Min. Journ., Oct.

: 'TTTIXi; AROUND A PILLAR FROM TWO ST( )PES

simple plank lining fastened to cross stulls divides
each. Over the shaft or each compartment there is a
separate hoisting engine, either steam or electric, set in
the derrick close enough to the shaft to enable the
"hoisterman" to raise and lower without signals by
simply looking down and observing the operators.
Shafts in the sheet-ground mines vary in depth from

March 2, L918

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOUB

418

280 i" 260 ft. and in the western part of the district
from L50 to 250 ft., with but one or two al materially

iter depths. The hoisting engine is usually fron
to 60 ft, above the collar and the hoisting rope ps
over a small sheave about L0 ft. highei rhe "tubs"
or buckets are run to the shaft on trui I and or in

ti-ains as Bhown in Fig. l, according to the Bize of the
mine. The shafts are usuallj centrallj located with re
speit to the size of the orebody and are sunk for a sump
a short distance below the floor of the ore. Stopes are
started in two diametrically opposite directions from the
shaft for the full height of the orebody, leaving sub-
stantia] pillars of ore on two sides. A plank platform
covering the sump is built, to the level of a bucket truck,
and each truck in turn is brought to the edge of this
platform prior to affixing the snap or worm hook at the
end of the hoisting rope.

A typical shaft station is shown in Fig. 2. Tic
tions are electric lighted and the hoistman can easily
observe the hooking and unhooking operations from his
position. Empty buckets are lowered on the brakes to
the platform, the rope is given the necessary slack and
the hook transferred by the "tubhooker" — one at each
compartment when there are two — from the loop in the
bale of the empty to that of the loaded bucket. At an
arm signal from the tubhooker the bucket is slowly
raised high enough to clear the empty on the platform,
whore it is momentarily steadied by him, and then jerked
to the surface and level of the hoistman at apparently
incredible speed. The tubhooker then rolls the empty
on its lower rim to the cleared truck, which ife run back
to a return track and the next loaded truck is pushed up
to the platform. When the loaded bucket arrives at the
top, a counterbalanced door operated by the hoistman
is dropped across the shaft directly under the suspended
bucket, inclining toward the bins, and a swinginig arm
hook, offset toward the bins, is brought to engage the
ring fastened to the bottom of the bucket. The hoisting
rope is then given the proper slack and the bucket
dumps its contents backward toward the shaft and onto
the incline. The capacity of buckets used in the district
is from 800 to 1500 lb., but outside of sinking operations
those most in use are 1000 or 1200 pounds.

The No. 3 shaft of the American Davey mine of the
American Zinc, Lead and Smelting Co., in Webb City,
may be taken as typical of the most efficient hoisting
practice in the district. The shaft has two compart-
ments and is 252 ft. deep. Two vertical duplex steam
hoists directly driving 24-in. drums wound with i-in.
cables and hoisting 1200-lb. buckets are in use. The
average time of one complete cycle of lowering and
hoisting is 35 sec. and the average rate of hoisting from
both compartments in one eight-hour shift is 1300 buck-
ets, and records have been as high as 1500. Some elec-
tric hoisting records are over 2000 buckets per shift.

In his paper Mr. Young gave the cost of hoisting per
ton for 1912, 1913, 1915 and 1916, respectively, as
4.68c, 4.33c, 3.99c, and 4.83c, and for four months of
1917 at 6.4c, including power and repairs, which com-
pares favorably with hoisting costs by cages or skips in
mines elsewhere hoisting similar tonnages. In the mat-
ter of safety, a recent disastrous accident occurred in
the Miami district from lowering by means of the brakes
a bucket with four men, a risky practice indeed, unless
the brakes are frequently inspected. As a matter of

a Joplin • en >■

markablj few. ised in ordl

nar\ . ,,,

t shafts, [n d( oi in the bucket while

hoisting ore, tic eng er can pull . n. at the

sound n| vnIicIi > • tom Of He halt |

away as fast

1 oped radially in all

directions, lea\ in n in Fig. •",. Iron

to 20 m. in (i ami i' i and 20 t" 100 ft. apart, depending

upon the charactt und. In tic- und

mines the Hint floor and I usually quite smooth

end level, making an ideal Lack and Hour to break to and

obviatill ling platS. Six feet

is the minimum height stoped, am i height

of ore varies up to l.'."i ft., probablj averaging 20 ft. in
round mines, but often 80 to 10 n. or more
in the Miami fields. Ore in the sheet -ground deposits
is fairly constant throughout the minable area-, and
there is little choice of ground when cutting or robbing
pillars. In the higher-grade orebodies of the Mi:

DRILLING AND SHAFT SINKING NEAR PICKER, OKLA.

district there is this factor of consideration, and
although pillars are generally cut entirely with respect
to the standing character of the roof, when they are
robbed in the final process after all stoping has been car-
ried to the property or natural limits of the orebody,
the richer pillars are taken out entirely or in greater
proportion than those in the leaner ground. There is,
however, in some parts of the sheet-ground mines a
"cotton rock" condition of the roof that cannot be sup-
ported, which is entirely barren and has to be shot down
with the ore, causing at times a certain dilution.

There is no underground sorting in any of the mines,
but a small percentage of waste is sorted at the grizzlies
over the bins on top. On account of the friability and
local variations in grade, underground sampling is im-
practicable, and estimation of whether certain ground
is ore or waste, based on experienced observation, gives
satisfactory results. Within the sheet-ground orebodies
there are areas where the ore is disseminated rather than
laminated, and this ground, being of a brecciated char-
acter, does not support the roof so well as the latter,
consequently requiring greater pillar diameter and less
open stope between. In the sheet-ground mines the flint
roof is usually about 40 ft. thick and may be frozen
to the limestone above, or separated from it by a thin
layer of clay selvage. The first condition exists north
of Webb City, where pillars are spaced as far as 100 ft.
apart, but in most parts of the district the second con-
dition prevails and 20- to 25-ft. intervals are most com-
mon. Sometimes a simple stull and headboard will
assist in steadying the back where it is not in a too bad
condition and not too high.

[NEERII ' MINING JOURNAL

Vol 105, No. 9

ground in prai

fitly

ng is driven

. the floor of the

drilled from beneath

than L6 ft. is to

■ progressively from

three benches or

far with

order thai the ground blasted

the bench below and obviate unnec-

th methods the breast of each

arried forward with a serrated face

n! to surface conditions must be carefully main-
ed E\ 'i-> precaution is taken to insure the sur-
from a cave. This is necessary on account of the
retained surface rights agreed in the terms of the lease.
N'ow and then, however, a cave has occurred, the effect
of which is shown in an illustration of the last issue.
Man) of the sheet-ground mines extend under the resi-
dential sections of large communities and paved streets
and carlines pass overhead regardless, while dull thuds
can be heard and felt underfoot in the streets at shoot-
ing time. In the vicinity of Carterville and Webb City
the sheet-ground mines have been stoped over single
ia underlying 160 acres, and developments indicate

I :iNG >'\' A STOPE IX THE JOPLIN DISTRICT.

ng one open side to which the next rounds of
break.

• advanced at the width established for
the distance between pillars cutting around them until
adjacent headings meet behind the ground so left.
Th- reeding row of pillars is then staggered or

<t to the first; so that more uniform
•.tained and the minimum amount of spa<
left standing unsupported. Sufficient provision is made
in offsetting to permit the main track lines to be ex-
tended to the face without undue deviation from a
line. In this method of mining from 15 to 20 ,
is left in pillars during the stoping
are robbed in the final process and from
; of their tonnage is reclaimed.

that eventually these will have an extent of 350 acres
or more.

Throughout the district, in drilling underground two
men are customarily used to a machine and Ingersoll-
Rand mountable water-type machines have been adopted
in most of the mines. Drill helpers act as tool nippers,
assist in setting up the machine on the drill column or
tripod, either of which is used, depending on the height
of the back, and fetch sharp and dull steel between the
shaft station or underground drill sharpener and the
machine drill. But little dust is created in drilling,

ing to the adoption of the water-type hammer drills,
and at some of the mines in the sheet-ground district as
high as 60 tons per machine shift is broken, as com-
pared to 40 tons when the piston machines were in use.

March ■■!. 1918

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOl RNAL

■1 1 5

Large sizes of steel are used and deep holes drilled.
Jackhamers are used to break up the larger boulders.
Holes are chambered or "squibbed" before final bla I
and considerable powder is required per hole. This is

especial!} the ease in the Miami section, where the

ground is harder to break, although possible somewhat

easier to drill.

In the Miami ground machinemen ran drill as much

as 90 ft. of hole per machine shift. An- pressuri
maintained at 90- and 100-lh. gage. Drilling costs in
the sheet-ground mines before the war were under 20c.
per ton and blasting costs about 15.5c. per ton. At
present these costs range from 25e. to 30i . per Ion for
drilling and 15e. to 30c. per ton for blasting, accord-
ing to the ground and whether the powder is obtained
under favorable contracts or purchased in the open
market. According to the prevailing custom in the
district, the drilling is done on day shift and mucking
on both day ami night shifts. Special crews chamber
and load the holes on the second shift, firing as the shift
goes off.

Ventilation in mines connected to more than one shaft
is generally good, and the smoke has plenty of time to
clear between the night and next day shifts. Air whis-

i lump at on,, oi I

steam or electrii p p can handle tin- Bow without
much difficult] or undue co I in the newer mine- m

the .Miami fields, C lerahle water has tO he handled

during the earl line and opening up the

ground, hut after a time the flow diminishes and the

normal quantitj nec< pump at anj one itation

is seldom over 1000 or llliu gal. per minute. In the
ound mines v imii).' prop, rties are con-

nected underground over coi ome

kings are to drain

central pumping companies hi med and the

uted on an equitable ba

In the Picher camp a single drill hole upplies water
for the domestic requirements of the population. This
hole is 1100 ft. deep an ougfa the Netta mine,

belonging to the Eagle-Picher Lead Co., a pillar having
been left as protection. The mine wato district

is markedly acid and although used in milling through-
out the district it is useless for other purposes and has
a strong corrosive action on pumps and pipe lines. Cen-
trifugal and triplex pumps are used most commonly.

The wages of the Joplin district are based on a sliding
scale that varies with the concentrates market. When

DEVELOPMENTS NORTH OF PICHER XEAR THE KANSAS STATE LINE, WITH BEXE MUNDE, KAN., IX THE DISTANCE

ties are placed underground at the shaft station in the
large sheet-ground mines that can be heard by miners
in the remote headings at lunch and "quitting time."

The Joplin district is notable for its shovelers and the
large tonnage of mine "dirt," as the ore is called,
handled per man. No. 2 scoop shovels are used alto-
gether, and shovelers work in pairs, usually under con-
tract, as shown in Fig. 4. The contract prices are
based on a price per "can," according to the bucket tally
at the shaft station or motor "lay by" where they leave
the loaded trucks, and vary in different parts of the
district according to the local wage scale, the height or
capacity of the buckets used and the length of tram to
the shovelers' "lay by." When labor in the district was
abundant and conditions were normal, a shoveler would
handle 20 tons per day or more and earned as much as
$6 or $7 per shift at a cost of from 20 to 25c. per ton.
At present, however, good shovelers are scarce, the effi-
ciency is much lowered, and underground power shovels
are again being given consideration at some of the
larger properties. Motor, mule, and, where grades are
steep, rope-haulage systems are used, depending upon
the distances advanced from the hoisting shaft. Shov-
elers seldom tram their buckets over 200 ft., and where
possible these distances are considerably shortened.

The drainage problem in the district, although a
factor of considerable moment, is not one offering great
difficulties. The gentle grades of levels usually enable
the water to be conducted by means of a system of

concentrates are sold at a basic price from $40 to $45
per ton, machinemen get $2.50 and helpers $2 per day.
The wages increase 25% for each increase of $10 per
ton in the price of concentrates, and with the market at
$75 per ton machinemen receive $3.50 and $3 per day.
In the newer fields, where living conditions are less at-
tractive than in Joplin, the wages are higher, and where
machinemen, trammers and hoistmen are working on a
bonus or contract basis, as they are in some mines, the
earnings rise as high as $10 per day in individual cases.
As in other parts of the country, cost of mine supplies
has increased considerably and the rate of increase for
Joplin is shown by the relative pre-war and present
prices given in the accompanying table.

PRICE OF MINE SUPPLIES IX Till. JOPLIN DISTRICT

1914

Coal, per ton $2 10

Dynamite, 40' ; pulp, per 100 1' ... 1 1 00

gelatin, per 100 11. II 50

i, per 10011. 15 50

:>er 6,000 ft 24 75

Caps No. 6 per 1,000 7 57

T-rail, No. 8. per tor. 35 00

Drill steel, solid, per lb 07{

Drill steel, hollow, per lb I 0

Rubber wire-wound air 1; - 25

Total underground mining costs per ton as given by
Mr. Young for a typical sheet-ground mine hoisting
1000 tons per day are: In 1912, 68c; in 1913, 65c; in
1915, 88c; and in 1916, 99c In Miami costs are some-
what higher, owing to the inherent conditions to be
expected in a comparatively new camp.

•

1917

$3 60

71

18.25

66

20 50

78

31 75

105

37 86

53

14 58

92

80.00

129

.16

120

.23

130

35

40

[NEERING ASP MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 9

Shovel On I ars at New

\ . \ri/.

•i,,' Now Cornelia Cop-
lopment of the
og steam Bhovels
air features wore

de-dump car had out-

- were fust introduced into

. iron district, 50 being

in-McKinney property. Other

rapidly adopted them, and

vet Iron Mining Co.,

. rthern Iron I

iblic Iron and Steel Co., the Shenango

the contracting firm of A. Guthrie

used in surface mining and

qua: the Michigan Alkali Co. and the Solvay

en introduced in South Amer-
the Bethlehem Steel (
ade to the use of the new-type cars
per Mining Co. in the Journal
111 The Utah Topper Co. is also using a
•■ number o! these ears. While in the two copper
in which the above-mentioned companies are
ope: he equipment has been used for handling

-hovel pits, the car is also adapt-
able to smelter work, and has proved highly suitable for
handling' - at large power plants, being thus

employed by the American Gas and Electric Co., and
by the Commonwealth-Edison Co. of Chicago.

The ■ extremely sturdy construction, being all

: and massively built to withstand the excessive
ise in large rock excavations. This
poi: ' rime importance at Ajo, where individual

chu: -ling a ton or more are dropped into the

which work is similar in character
that performed during the exten-
:. of the I Northern, upon which the firm of

Langhorne, Langhorne & Sneed cut a roadbed for a
tance through solid rock; and work on
the Welland Canal, which was in blue gumbo, and in
oper ' ow being carried forward by the Norfolk

near Roanoke, a solid-rock excavation.
The second highly important feature is the application
of air control to the dumping process. Two levers con-
trol the unlocking, dumping, uprighting and relocking
ne car or any number of connected cars. From
ample for one complete cycle
■
In controlling a train unit, a single unskilled opera-
the manipulation of one lever, can unlock and
of material within 10 seconds, and
can upright the entire train, relock, and have it started
on the return trip within another 10 to 15 seconds. The
can either dump the entire train to the left or
to the right or dump alternate cars right and left;
and he can dump any selected car singly from a position
:ny car in the connected train. When dumping a
iected unit, all cars can be dumped simultaneously —
my and also a point of considerable
.ince when ii red to spread the load by

dumping while the train is in motion. Cars are operated
irawn from the regular air-brake train line,

■4L6f *H

F1&. 1, SECTION

FI6.E, BRAKE END

FIG. 3, SECTION

DETAILS OF BRAKE END AND MID SECTION'S OP THE
AIR-CONTROLLED SIDE-DUMP STEAM-SHOVEL CARS.

March 2. L918

ENGINEERING AND .MINIM; JOURNAL

•117

and the air is Btored in reservoirs on each car to
drawn upon when dumping, as shown in Fig. 3. I
quite practicable, therefore, to dump a loaded train after
the engine has been disconnected.

Other points of the car of considerable importance
in certain mining work are the car-floor extensions,
which with the sharp dumping angle cause the load to
be thrown a considerable distance from the rail and
from the free-swinging door, the action of which tends
to obviate any possibility of danger from overturning
when the door is struck in dumping.

The car. as shown in the illustrations (the R-20 type
made by the Kilbourne & Jacobs .Manufacturing Co., of
Columbus. Ohio*, has a 20-cu.yd. (80,000 lb.) capacity.
with a maximum load capacity of L00.000 lb., and is
equipped with automatic two-way air-dumping devices.
The weight of the body is 34,200 lb. and of the trucks
13,800 lb. and a ,V>n- steel floor-plate covering the
entire bottom of the car brings the total weight to
51,700 lb. The cars are built for a standard-gage
track and are equipped with Westinghouse schedule
K. U. 1012 airbrakes. The dumping device consists
of air cylinders made of machine quality cast iron
20 in. in diameter, one on each side of the car, as shown
in Fig. 3. The operation is controlled by two three-way
valves at one end of the car and the air is automatically
cut off when sufficient pressure in the cylinder will dump
the car.

A locking device is placed on both sides of the center
line of the car and is controlled by direct connection
to the air piston. The car is held in an upright posi-
tion by sixteen ! x 3}-in. steel locking bars shown in
Fig. 1. At the top these bars are connected to the
body underframe by special cast-steel bearings and to
the underframe braces by means of cold-rolled steel
pins. At the bottom the bars are fastened to a steel
arm, which is held in position by the body bolsters.
These members are of scissor-type construction and fold
under the bed on the dumped side of the car during
the dumping operation. The angle of dump is 45°.
The locks consist of a steel arm and knuckle placed in
the body bolster and are entirely automatic. They are
operated by a shaft running between the body bolsters,
secured in babbitted boxes, and operated by the main
dumping cylinders.

What Is Labor Unrest?*

The human mind is the most complex piece of mech-
anism in the world. It is the master mechanism. How
it works nobody knows. What it will do individually
and collectively under any given conditions, nobody
knows — not even its owner.

The man who digs your ditches has depths you cannot
plumb. You see him come and go every day, and his
coming and going become a part of your daily habit of
thought, like the coming of your morning newspaper.
Some day he doesn't blend with the scenery as you are
accustomed to viewing it. Unknown to you there has
been some crisis in his life; his mental depths are in
turmoil; age-old questions come to the surface. Placidity
becomes turbulence, and you are annoyed — unless you
have become similarly turbulent yourself, in which event
vou are not annoyed. You understand.

5four diti h ! hie

ancestors' life and thoughts and limbering

in his soul and hi roused Hi

io it always been a ditch

in Asia Mi Italy, along t ( i

line of ci\ ili ;a1 ion' push upward, h ppn

ami oppi eased, i

for the oppressed havi alv

One lit'.- • blood-flo

tinuous from general ion
of years behind us speak in us ami to us and through

us every day. I thinker-, ancient and

modern, affirm this.

Then een more stirring human depths

since August, 1914, than there had been in the whole
period since our Civil War. All of our accustomed
grooves have been upset. In our social bearings we
lack a sureness of direction. The guide pc
become weather vanes. Our placid gray matter has been
set seething. The former smooth surface of our mi'
which reflected the current weather, the passing clouds
and the orderly seasons, is turbulent; the sediment of
the centuries is bubbling to the surface from the depths.

Wi get into channels. Channels are comfortable.
They fix direction. Where you are going doesn't worry
you. It suffices that you are comfortably on your way.
Then something happens and destroys the channel. You
and your ditch digger face each other with the eternal
question of your mutual relationship in your eyes.
The thousands of years back of each of you are com-
pacted in the look. .-1 ouldn't jihrase the <
in words if you tried. You don't try, either of you.
Instinctively you know it, but to save your souls neither
of you could say it.

If you tried to say it, you would both use the words
you used in the channel — wages, open shop, cost of
living. Especially the ditch digger would. He couldn't
phrase the concentrated protest of ten thousand years
in a moment of crisis any more than he could think
it logically in a year in the channel. It is too big, too
overwhelming, too much a rising of his whole being.

So when you ask him what he is turbulent about,
don't quibble about the lack of a clear-cut answer. It
can't be made; you couldn't make it yourself. But if
you want his answer, get it in his reactions. Hear
him give approval to war against the Kaiser; note the
set of his features when the war profiteer is mentioned;
watch him as he listens by the hour to the man you
would call an agitator; catch his constant sanction to
the opportunities open alike to everybody and his
equally constant suspicion of opportunities not possible
for his children. The public schools are never afraid
to go direct to the people for money; universities are.

Business based on the idea of maximum cash returns
to the owner, at any cost to competitors, to labor, to the
social order, to the Government, was bound to be a
boomerang.

The labor unrest is the instinctive protest of ten
thousand years against all this.

♦An editorial in Engineering News-Record of Feb. 21.

.Mining Titles in Mexico to the number of 320 were issued
during the last six months of 1917 by the Mexican govern-
ment. The State of Sonora led, with 117 Nuevo Leon,
Chihuahua, and Durango were the other states showing a
large number of denouncements.

ENGINEERING AND MINING .KURXAL Vol. 105, No. 9

muuiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiitiit.il t minium iiiiiini niim iiniiniii urn nmi i imimimiHj

IVrrhotite Open-Cut Mines of Virginia

- *r

* ^

Jw

I

*4k

OF PTRRHOT1TE ORE AT I ;i;R MINE, NEAR MONARAT, VA.

HOT1TE MINE OF THE GENERAL CHEMICAL CO., AT MONARAT, VA.. X

EAR TH1I

March 2. 1918

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

119

N-CUT WORKINGS VT BUMBARGER MINE OF GEN1 IEMICAL < \\

/

•PEN-CUT 200 FT. PEEP. SHOWING ORE IN PLACE. AT HUE! MINE NEAR MONARAT, VA.

HESTNUT YARDS OF THE NORTH CAROLINA EXTENSION OF THE NORFOLK & WESTERN RY.

[NEERING AM' MIXING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 9

Chrome-Ore Specifications and Producers of

Chromite in California

m < rs

of tin larg-

, > ■

Sl'Ki lr r chrome civ ;is used by Bome

osumers in different industries are
the California State Mining Bureau in

The pur required for the chemical and

•dustries. For the manufacture of chro-

ma' with a minimum of 50' Cr,0 are desired.

although the Mutual Chemical Co. of America, 55 John

•k. states that it will accept ores contain-

a minimum of 48 hromic oxide and a maximum

of G The Sawyer Tanning Co., Napa, Calif.,

- chromite in the production of bichromate of soda

'ant at Napa, but "can use chromite only when

containing 47', or more of chromic oxide and not over

-

Ore 50 CrO for Ferroalloys in Demand
illurgical ore for ferroalloys should also preferably
com. or more of chromic oxide and small amounts

of sulphur, phosphorus and similar impurities. The
Goldschmidt Thermit Co., 120 Broadway, New York,
in making a 603 carbon-free ferrochromium, "prefers
the ore to be over 50' Cr,0 . less than 1 !■', SiO, only
traces of sulphur and phosphorus and no injurious
metals." This company prefers a contract "covering
all possible points between buyer and seller, such as
specifications, delivery, quantities, etc., and to pay 100%
on the dry weight after weighing, sampling and analysis

a third independent party, whose results shall be
final." The Noble Electric Steel Co., 995 Market St.,
San Francisco. Calif., specifies an ore containing 30%
metallic chromium and not over 10', silica, and will
not enter into an unbonded contract nor without first

meeting the chrome property and making sure that
ther •; probability of the producers making good

on their contracts. Foote Mineral Co., dealers, 107 North
19th St., Philadelphia, give the following specifications

metallurgical ore: Cr,0,, minimum, 40', ; SiO,, maxi-

mu' maximum, 0.5', ; P, maximum, 0.2 per cent.

Specifications of brick makers vary considerably, but

are generally lower than those of the ferroalloy or

chemical plants. The St. Louis Refractories Co., Title

. ranty Bid/.. . Mo., under date of Aug. 4,

1917. stated that it intended to make some chrome brick,

but did not at that time have its plant arranged for it;

as a dealer, however, it was prepared to purchase about

8 of 34$ to 40'- ore. The American Refrac-

' sai and Chromium.'

illf.

tories Co., Joliet, 111., desired ore containing from 4o,
to509i Cr,0,. » minimum of 15% Fe.O, and of &°/( SiO,
The company prefers specified tonnage contracts; usual
ten: sight draft against bill of lading; balance

payable on delivery of car, sampling and analysis at
destination; when seller has shipment sampled and
analyzed by reputable chemist, company will pay sight
draft t'oi- lull value, based on such analysis. The Harbi-
son-Walker Refractories Co., Farmers Bank Bldg., Pitts-
burgh, Penn., specified: Cr,Oa, minimum, 40%; SiO„,
maximum, l>', ; Fe20.„ maximum, 15%. Usual form of
contract provides for 80', sight draft, with bill of lading
and certificate of analysis attached; balance on determin-
ation of quality of ore after arrival.

Producing Chrome Properties in California

Owners and operators of producing chrome deposits

in California are listed by the California State Mining

Bureau as follows:

Agard & Stewart, 268 Market St., San Francisco, Calif.
Alexander. F. A., 225 Monadnock Building, San Francisco,

Calif.
American Exploration Co. (lease of Tyson Mining Co.),

Grants Pass, Ore.
Austin, H. C, Georgetown, Eldorado County, Calif.
Biggs, H. C, 2718 California St., San Francisco, Calif.
Bingham, Alonzo, Callahan, Siskiyou County, Calif.
Brewer, Florence & Dennis, A. S. (property in Trinity

County leased to Federal Chrome Co.), Red Bluff, Te-
hama County, Calif.
Bunker, H. H., Michigan Bluff, Placer County, Calif.
Calhoun, Frank, Locating Co., 200 Phelan Building, San

Francisco, Calif.
Carson, Frank, Visalia, Tulare County, Calif.
Chaix, S., Latrobe, Eldorado County, Calif.
Clary, Harry, Angels Camp, Calaveras County, Calif.
Crisle-Riffe Chrome Mine, Kings River, via Sanger, Fresno

County, Calif.
Curran, W. E., Sanger, Fresno County, Calif.
Davis, John, Copperopolis, Calaveras County, Calif.
Dibblee & Arata, San Luis Obispo, Calif.
Dolbear, S. H. (for American Refractories Co.), 1411 Mer-
chants National Bank Building, San Francisco, Calif.
Dougherty, C. F., Strathmore, Calif.
Driesbach, F. M., 2101 E. 12th St., Oakland, Calif.
Farish Co., Inc., Insurance Exchange Bldg., San Francisco,

Calif.
Farmer, R. H. (Placer Chrome Co.), Newcastle, Placer

County, Calif.
Fenster, G. C, & Lehow, W. S. (leased to C. H. Holbrook,

W. L. McGuire and H. E. Springer), Crocker Building,

San Francisco, Calif.
Fuqua, T. F., & Bell, R. E., Lower Lake, Lake County, Calif.
Graham, W. S., Ukiah, Mendocino County Calif.
Gravlin Chrome Mine, Grants Pass, Ore.
Green, W. C, Georgetown, Eldorado County, Calif.
Healdsburg Mineral Co., Healdsburg, Sonoma County, Calif.
Hill, S. W., Red Bluff, Tehama County-, Calif.
Hollister, William, San Luis Obispo, Calif.
Hothersall, George J., Nevada City, Calif.
Joerger, Martha, Oakland, Alameda County, Calif.
Johnson, G. S., & Co., Phelan Building, San Francisco, Calif.
Kleinsorge, W. E., 605 Peoples Bank Building, Sacramento,

Calif.
Lambert, N., Magalia, Butte County, Calif.
Levensaler-Speir, Monadnock Building, San Francisco,

Calif.
Mackey, Peter, Jamestown, Tuol«mne County, Calif.
Madrid, John, Angels Camp, Calaveras County Calif.
Maltby, C. S., 1311 Humboldt Bank Building, San Francisco,

Calif.
Marianno, J. F Box 6, Chinese, Tuolumne County, Calif.
Masterson, T. F. & A. C, Callahan, Siskiyou County, Calif.
McFaul, J., Angels Camp, Calaveras County, Calif.
Meyer, Fred, Weimar, Placer County, Calif.

March 2, L918

ENGINEERING AND MINING J01 RNAL

Mineral Products Co., 884 Rialto Building, San Franc

Calif.
Mineral Resource Co. of America (care of Ralph E. Hyatt),

Hughes Hotel, Fresno, Calif,
Neill, Thomas, Pope Valley, Napa < ounty, I alif.

Newman Chrome Mine, Livermore, Ui la County, Calif.

Nichelini. \ . Chiles, Napa County, Calif.

Neilson, G. w . & Donnefly, P., Folsom, Sacram inty,

lif.
Noble Electric Steel Co., 996 .Market St., San Francisco,

Calif.
Norcross, D. C, 430 California St., San Francisco, Calif.
O'Brien, .lames, Hoff, Peter, & Ybright, Charles, Latrobe,

Calif.
Peri, Frank, Copperopolis, Calaveras County, Calif.
Pierce & Benadom, Morro, San Luis Obispo County, Calif.
Pilliken, George. Folsom, Sacramento County. Calif.
Power Timber Co., Call Building, San Francisco, Calif.
Rhodes, L. H., Cribble. C. N., & Byle, B. I . Coalinga, Calif.
Richards. George A. & Thomas, Oakdale, Calif.
Roeper, J. C, Independence, Inyo County. Calif.
Ryan, Thomas, Copperopolis. ras County, Calif.

Sanger Mining Co., Sanger, Fresno County, Calif.
Solinskv, F. J., 729 New Call Building. San Francisco, Calif.
Sullivan, D. J., Hemphill, W. F., & Noble. R. E., Dutch Flat,

Calif.
Tedoc Mining Co. (lease of Charles Carpey and James

Brown), 268 Market St., San Francisco, Calif.
Trinidad Mining Co., 214 Front St., San Francisco, Calif.
Tucker. Henry (leases of Newhall Estate), Calistoga, Napa

County, Calif.
Turner, R. Chester, Grass Valley, Nevada County, Calif.
Turner, R. L., & Geisendorfer, C. A., Colfax, Placer County,

Calif.
Tyson Mining Co., Tyson Building, Baltimore. Md.
Union Chrome Co., Adams Building, 180 Sutter St., San

Francisco, Calif.
Wait, A. L., Plymouth, Amador County, Calif.
Walsh, Guy & Hall, Auburn, Placer County, Calif.
Ward, George, Fosteria, Calaveras County, Calif.
Waters, Charles, San Luis Obispo, Calif.
Wellman, Scott I., 3603 Finley Ave., Los Angeles, Calif.
Wheeler, A. A., 1640 Clay St., San Francisco, Calif.
Williamson Bros. & Cole. Washington, Nevada County,

Calif.
Williamson, O. S., & Beck, C, Iowa Hill, Placer County.

Calif.
Wilson, Fred, Angels Camp, Calaveras County, Calif.

The California bulletin also gives a list of about 70
chrome properties that have had some development and
a further list of about 40 undeveloped properties.

Largest Chrome Mine of the Pacific Coast

The largest known body of chromite on the Pacific
Coast was in Shasta County in what was formerly called
the Brown mine,1 on the south slope of Little Castle
Creek, three miles south of Dunsmuir. This mine was
acquired by the California Chrome Co. in 1915, and the
engineer in charge, J. R. Van Fleet, furnished the U. S.
Geological Survey with the accompanying notes con-
cerning this great orebody :

"On the first level of the mine, the orebody is 146
ft. long in a direction N 40° E and 40 ft. wide, with a
height of 54 ft. On the second level, 30 ft. below, the
length increased to nearly 160 ft., but the orebody de-
creased by half in width and thickness.

"The country rock of the chromite orebody is in part
peridotite, but chiefly pyroxenite, which exhibits large
cleavage surfaces, often several feet in extent. These
cleavage surfaces are sometimes spotted with grains of
olivine, giving the surface a decidedly greenish color.
Along the east wall the pyroxenite has been altered
into serpentine, which gradually merges into the parent
rock in a few feet. On the south end of the orebody
there was a mass of heavy black rock, probably dunite,
which to the uninitiated was easily mistaken for chrom-

Along the • .■ t wall th( ded line of 1 1<

ml the wall, •
.m ; while mi th< no

line of demarcal off Into the wall

- wall rock intrud
in i.i thi i I also i

<ui the top 10 ft. o i nd.

"The orebody wa
throughout. I he re tilled v.

containing line p of chromite and olivine,

a knife blade to several inch,
width, and the surfaces of th< djacenl v

Bmooti iations due to faulting. These

no apparent System, except that they

were generally wedge shaped, always with the large end
down, making the ore exceedingly heavy and hard to

hold with timbers. There was one well-defined fault,
which penetrated the orebody about through it , outer
of mass in a northwesterly direction, and, like the or*
body, dipped to the northeast about ?."> . The position
of this fault is shown at both levels on the plan of the
deposit submitted. No evidence of any vertical throw-
was found, but there was a transverse or horizontal
throw of about 5 ft. on the first level. On the second
level there was no throw observed. Along this fault
plane there was a zone of about 4 ft. in thiol
muddy clay containing fragments of chromite from fine
particles to several hundred pounds in size. The walls
of the adjacent chromite were smooth."

In view of the early production of the deposit, this
orebody has been estimated as containing 12,000 tons
6T merchantable ore. There was a shrinkage in washing
and grading of about one-third, so that the contents
within the limits of the orebody approximated 18,000
tons. Concerning other deposits, Mr. Van Fleet says:

"It has been my experience that the chromic-oxide
content of ore in a deposit varies considerably. Almost
invariably I have found the outcrop and float of smaller
deposits to be the best material. In one case, near
Callahan, in Siskiyou County, this occurrence was so
marked that the lower portions of the deposit were not
of marketable quality. Also, in the smaller deposits,
when there is a well-defined cleavage between the inclos-
ing rock and the chromite on all sides, the ore through-
out is of about the same grade. Where there is a hard
rib or zone in the deposit, the hard rib of ore is of
higher grade than that surrounding it. Of course,
this would hold only when the hardness is not due to an
impurity. This occurrence was particularly marked
in the Little Castle Creek deposit. Where there is no
line of cleavage between the ore and the wall rock,
there are apt to be intrusions of the surrounding rock
into the orebody. The grade of the ore decreases near
these intrusions."

»U. S. Geol. Surv. Mineral Resources. 1914. Part I. p. 10, 1916.

Deposits of High-Grade Iron Ores found in the Biscayan
Provinces of Spain, according to Commerce Reports, are
easily mined, close to tidewater, and handled with cheap
labor. These deposits have been immensely profitable,
with the result that Bilbao, which is the center of the in-
dustry, is reputed to be the wealthiest city of its size in
Europe. The deposits are distributed by provinces as fol-
lows: Producing — Guipuzcoa, 92 acres; Vizcaya, 2184; San-
tander, 709; total, 2985 acres; nonproducing— Alava. 1525
acres; Burgos, 3248; Guipuzcoa, 7594; Vizcaya, 13,163;
Santander, 13,483; total, 39,013 acres.

. \.; AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 9

Flotation of Chalcopyrite in Chalcopyrite-
Pyrrhotite Ores of Southern Oregon*

Li WILL 11. C0GHILL1

the nature of disturbing influences and how to meet

them, hut only a few of these are enumerated.

,,inul to rESTS ON FLOTA ["ION "I

I i:l II V\ HRHOl (UTHERN OR]

m ighed I to It. II.. and carried 1.13 tioof

. titration ' s ' '" '-''■ A" "'" ' ""' unoxi

""°"( " lo. 17 and is rheee - Oachitc and aiurite,

unts for the tailings being ol higher grade than th<

Qf Copper in Tailings

ton ill 0 M"l'■ % % TotalCu

54.0 0 45 7 2

■.algamati i Waldo 74 6 o 70 20 7

3 Waldo 14 0 0.30 6 1

_^_ 4 92 0 0 50 13 0

5 Murrison 44 0 0. 12 6 5

I" B •"'■ ' N1 aes entered into a co- » m°™ «.? 0.12 5.0

ent with the Oregon Bureau of 822 020 62

64 3 0.55

■ the purpose ot investigating 10 .... 0.30 214

, , , , 1 1 0 26 16 7

ring on the treatment ot low-grade and 12 0.23 8.1

ed in charge of these investiga- 94 J 050 103

suiting metallurgist, and laboratory room j* |. &■« 0 90 292

ad experiments was provided \7S %■> a™ j««

ricultural College, at CorvaUis. One of geveral of fte progress ^ wgre made to conform

en up was the possibility of sepa- tQ the tentative flow sheet shown in the accompanving

pynte from pyrrhotite and pyrite by no- diaj,ram The results of one test made in co6peration

, . , with D. C. Morris, representing the American Explora-

s the copper-bearing mmeral found at ^ ^ of Qrants Pags> are giyen fa Tab]e n Thig

uthern Oregon; often it is ultimately sample wag crughed excessivelv fine. It is likely that

1 with pyrrhotite and pyrite. In places these & fineness Qf ?5% thrQugh 200 megh wou]d haye been

Sue minerals form as much as 75% of the ore, satisfacto Callow cells were used> but the Minerals

so that the vein consists almost wholly of sulphides. 0 ,. . - _ , . , , „ ,

„ .. Separation type of machines seemed to give equally good
Ordinary gravitation methods of concentrating the resuus

copper-bearing mineral cannot be applied, because the

gangue sulphides have practically the same density as TABLE " PROD' ' rSOgo^o^°N TEST "F QUEEN °F

chalcopyrite. Magnetic Separation does not Seem prac- 1 copper; sample crushed to 99% through 200 mesh; contained

ticable— assuming that the gangue sulphides, either in a "x"'lz,d copper)

-. .. . , Weight Per Gent. Copper Grams Per Cent.

natural state or after a preliminary treatment, can be No. of of in of Copper of

made to respond to an electromagnet-because fine- T°cfst Products pgJ»*' ^& Prod£ct- lofe ££
grinding is required to liberate the mineral grains. The |4 Concentrates.. 450 6.0 28.3 1 70 58.5

63 Tailings from nud-

methods of concentration now employed are hand sort- diingsccii 925 123 33 041 14 1

...... - .- .,. 65 Tailings from cleaner. 227 30 II 0 0 33 II 3

ing and jigging, which eliminate some of the siliceous 6i Tailings 5.940 78 7 0.6 0 47 16 1

gangue. Inspection of the smelter returns in the pos- Totals 7,542m) 100 0 T91 100.0

session of mine operators shows that the average grade (a) 7.5«grams = 16 63 lb.

of ore shipped runs 10% in copper. As the work was done with the intermittent type of

The experimental work on separating the chalcopyrite machines, there were, necessarily, middlings products —

from the gangue by flotation has been carried through 63 and 65 in Table II — that have to be disposed of by

the preliminary laboratory stage with encouraging re- approximation, in calculating the results, as shown be-

sult,-. As a mill may never be considered complete and low. From Table II the milled products, on a 100-gram

finished until the orebody is exhausted, so in this, as in basis, appear to be about as follows:

Other ore-testing experiments, there are Still Undeter- Percentage of Recovery — Xos. 63 and 65 containing 12.3 +

t, . _ ., ,, , 3.0 = 15.3 grams of pulp would produce tailings running 1

mined factors. However, in order that those who are copper. Then 15.3 x 0.01 = 0.15 gram copper lost. This loss.

iw,t* — ^trrt ;n tVi r. uAr».>nt,"nn r*t ...Lk^m, v... <i „*.„ j. : » added to that from No. 61, shows a total of 6.15 + 0-47 =

interested in the separation of sulphides by flotation 0.62 gram copper lost, or 0.62 -=- 2.91 = 21.3% of the total copper

mav havp the results of trip laboratory work hpfnre tViom is lost- Hence the recovery is 78.7 per cent.

1 01 me laooraiorj WOrK Deiore mem, ^^ of Concentration— These two middling products contain

■reliminarv report is to be published by the Bureau ?Al,t ° 33 =J*74 grram copper. The loss in reconcentrating

Is 0.15 gram. The recovery from them is therefore 0.74 — 0.15
of Mil = 0.59 gram copper. Assuming that this 0.59 gram of copper is

in concentrates running 25% copper, there would be 0.59 X 4 =

_ _ T 2.36 grams of concentrates. The total concentrates would th n

STS AND GENERAL DISCUSSION amount to 6.0 (No. 54) 4- 2.36 = 8.36 grams concentrates. This

means a final concentration of 100 into 8.36. or a ratio of 12: 1.

The tabulated data in Table I record nmcrptq tests ,ie of Concentrates — In 8.36 grams of concentrates there

l iuu in iaoie i recora progress tests — were , 70 + 0 59 _ 2 29 grams of copper; 2.29 -=- 8.36 = 27.4%

which the results obtained approximate success- copper in concentrates,
actice. Many random tests also were made to find This method of approximation, applied to the tests

from samples 1 to 15, inclusive (Table I), produces an

• Bur**u of extraction of 90% with equally high-grade concentrates,

except where, as shown by grab samples of the overflow.

March 2. I'.ns

ENGINEERING AND MINING J01 RNAL

tin- tost was stopped too soon. It should be noted in
regard to the tost shown in Table II thai only 15
of the i barge entered the closed i ircuit for retreatn
This quantity, although small when compared with avei
age practice, is excessive for ■ : it was larg<

those tests because thej were prolonged in the effort to
float the oxidized copper, ["he freedom with which the
fresh chalcopyrite floats is remarkable. At times tl
is also apparent a most striking play of brassy colors on
the overflow.

Color Not a Tkii Indk \iok ok ckami ok Fkoth

This reference to color introduces a fertile subject

for scientific discussion, but can be treated only briefly
here. The first impression was that the color was a true
indicator of the grade of the froth, but later work
showed that it was not. Sometimes the Minerals E
aration type of machine gave a richer looking froth than
the Callow type, when analysis showed it to be of lower
grade. When the pulps are of equal densities, the Min-
erals Separation machine gives, without fail, a brassier

,

1st
ROUGHER

^COHClMTRATfS

TENTATIVE FLo,w SHEET FOR < 'HALCOPTRITE-
PTRRHOTITE ORES OF SOUTHERN" OREGON

froth than the Callow. This seems natural because the
Minerals Separation machine makes less froth where the
bubbles have had more opportunity to gather the chal-
copyrite. The burden of chalcopyrite is, therefore,
heavier and more evident than in a Callow machine,
where the great number of bubbles — some of them
doubtless barren — dart to the surface and form a
voluminous froth. The heavy burden of non-wetted
mineral carried by the froth stabilizes it by the "skew-
back" effect discussed in a recent paper.1

The Callow froth showed a better color on the con-
cave (upward) surface than on the convex, that is, in
the depressions. Although it is true that the weight of
the mineral grains should be considered as a factor in
causing them to slip down the surface to the lowest
point and thus increasing the burden there, it should be
noted that the resultant of the molecular forces points in
that direction. The fact that the resultant points toward
the depression can be emphasized by the following
analogy ; the physical principles will be discussed at an-
other time: Float a mineral grain in a drinking glass
that is thoroughly cleansed so that the water turns up
to meet the glass. The mineral will seek the lowest part
of the meniscus — the center. Fill the glass to overflow-
ing so that the liquid surface becomes convex, and the
mineral again travels to the depression — this time at
the circumference. When floatability is due to the

ion Mm. the floating substance Invariablj
the lowest poinl on the n -

ton In gold. Hand sorting

Queen ot Br ■ ■■ , aled that

i [te i nfo

tely the flotation concentrate contain only a small

proportionol gold, it likelj that the gold dded

in the cl< avage •

The gold in the tailinge amalgamated
freely in
the metallic state.

i>n r i d Gavi Steep Suei & rve

Only one oiT was tried, it wa I from a stock

of 22 oils on account of it
The surface-tension effect •

mined and plotted bj E. II. Miller, of the I
of Minos, and the one used was found b .per

surface-tension rune than ai ,1 in stork. It

was selected because a froth with a slightly variable
suri ion would, with the so be suf-

ficiently stable. Whether the other oils would have
proved satisfactory was not determined, as the oil men-
tioned gave excellent results. Its miscibility is an im-
portant characteristic.

Only once, and then by accident, was the ore ground
in the presence of an insoluble oil. The insoluble oil
acted as a collector on all the sulphides present and
spoiled the differential separation sought. The overflow
carried only 5', copper, whereas 30'r copper in the first
overflow was to be expected when the pulp carries 2J%.
As already stated, the oil used reduces surface tension.
It seems strange, in view of all that has been written
on the subject, that there are no published data on abso-
lute values of surface tension of mill solutions. In the
course of these experiments several determinations were
made by the drop-weight method. One determination
gave: Surface tension of overflow, 65.9; of underflow,
69.8. This result is in accord with classic tests made to
prove absorption, as given in textbooks on colloid chem-
istry. The quantity of oil necessary is minute, 0.1 lb.
per ton of ore being ample. The oil was added to the
charge in the cell, and the overflow could be drawn after
an interval of a few seconds. Neutral water was used.

Precautions To Be Observed in Using Process

The process is simple when two "don'ts" are observed :
(1) Don't grind in the presence of an insoluble oil;
use it cautiously in any event; 2) don't grind samples
in a disk pulverizer, and if the use of a ball mill instead
of a pebble mill is contemplated, make careful tests to

TABLE III. RES1 LTS OF DISK AND MORTAR GRINDING

Copper in Overflow

1 i flow,

Prepared In Grani:,

Disk... 10

Mortar 24

see whether the iron surfaces of the balls have an in-
jurious effect. This is especially important in connec-
tion with the statements of Zachert3 and Gahl', showing
that the use of iron balls has a beneficial effect.

%

Gran

14 0

1 4

16.2

3 9

'Rickard, T. A., and Ralston, O. C, "Flotation." p. 195 (1017).

-Flotco No. 1, furnished by the Flotation Oil and Chemical
Co.. 2 Rector St., New York.

3Zachert. Victor, "Beneficial Effect of Grinding with Steel
Balls in Flotation," Min. and Sci. Press, vol. 114. May 12, 1917.
p. 663.

'Gahl. Rudolf. "History of the Flotation Process at Inspira-
tion." A. I. M. E., Bull. 117, September, 1916, p. 1656.

,Ni> MINIM; .101 K.NAI,

Vol. 105, No. 9

m this paper no ap-

niill. l>ut it was proved
ed, the u
aable but must
ashing. The
■ containing chalco-
Bach sample
.■,1 for cyanide
ipper min-
is machine; in the
ree of fineness in a
le HI shows the relative llota-
red in the mortar overflowed
much higher grade product.

American Chemical Society Omits
lis Spring Meeting

n with the advisory committee and

■r members of the American Chemical Society, the

dir. voted to omit the spring

meeting, which was to have been held in St. Louis this

. April. It is felt that transportation conditions

-uch that unnecessary travel should be avoided, and
also that the chemists of the country are so busily en-
gaged in meeting war needs that their work should

•-e interrupted for the purpose of conference at this
time. The annual meeting of the society will be held

leveland, Ohio, in September.

I ngineers in Government Service

The Engineering Council, through its American
engineering sen-ice committee, has supplied during the

few months to various Government departments
and bureaus, in response to their requests, several
thousand names of engineers from which selections
were to be made to fill a great variety of positions in
uniformed and civilian service for the Army and Navy
and other branches of the Government's activities in
connection with the war, as well as for indirect service
for manufacturers and contractors engaged upon Gov-
ernment war work.

neet these demands the American engineering
service committee has assembled in its offices in the
Engineering Societies Bldg., New York, extensive
- and much detailed information concerning engi-
neers in all branches of the profession throughout the
country. It will readily be appreciated that if these lists
are to be maintained in the condition most useful to
the Government and to the Engineering Council, the
committee should promptly receive information concern-
ing each engineer who has gone into any kind of Govern-
ment service, direct or indirect, so that a record may
be made on his card in the committee's office.

whom this request applies are urged

nd their names at once, with their present addresses
and occupations in the Government service, as well as
a brief statement ■ hether or not they are avail-

able for other service, to the American engineering

ce committee, Room 901, 29 West 39th St., New
Other readers are asked to bring this request

,e attention of such engineers or to send informa-
tion directly to the committee.

The Engineering Council is an organization of na-
tional engineering and other national technical societies
America. It has approximately 40,000 members,
member society having duly elected representatives
therein. The Council was created to provide for the
proper consideration of subjects of general interest to
engineers and the public.

Foreign Trade in Lead and Zinc

imports in November, December and for 1917
i eported by the Department of Commerce as follows:

V ,\ ember
ats, Lb,

332.144

41.801

576.679

1.615.805

i 1 , '. I 8

I

lor
Mexico
Chile

ind
!
Franci
Panama

Totals 2.616,067

Lead Base Bullion and Bullion:
Dutch I ' ' I ndies

182.391
Canada 278.825

15.409.525

I December Jan i >ec
Contents, Lb Contents, Lb.

18.320

15,870.741

I eti
i
idol 183

ia
Haiti

I

1 Ingland

Mexico

Peru

1

Chili

British West I i.Iii -

(Ithrrs

316.116

967,169
313.042

1.596.327

9.823

1.109,050

19.205.260

20,324,133

8.700,182

44,918

15.082.664

3,851,596

400,963

46,719

8.609,804

4,405.145

120.102

24,404

6,379

41,292,876

6,688

Vim
1,595

3.143,275

1.552,892

105

103,664,970

61,076

3,323

3,155

39,133

338,029

60,683

80,188

10,840.682

18,946

89.086

8,769

27.313

15,589

Totals 3.150,251 1,560,585 11.585.974

The gross weight of lead ore imported in December
was 4961 long tons.

The actual tonnage of zinc ore imported in December
amounted to 4885 long tons. The countries of origin
and the metal contents were as follows:

Countries:

November
Contents. Lb.
496.000

4.776,904

December

i i intents, Lb.

1.089,674

2.913,317
3.500

Jan. -Dee.

Contents, Lb.
10,310,388
25,005,837
91.394,204
12,166,840
1,245.000

Italy

4.822,400

3.500

Totals

5,272,904

4,006,491

609
5.044

5.658
64,561

13.131

1,825

90.828

144,948,169

Zinc in Block-. Pigs, etc

2,125

9,704

2.211
12.570

52.752

285.464

3.318

Canada
Brazil

17,972

13.238

114.558
5,513

1 9. 1 3 1

2.165

7,530

34,878

513.153

Imports of zinc dust in December, 1917, amounted to

53,370 lb., and to 801,337 lb. for the year.
Exports of lead and zinc were as follows:

November December Jan. -Dec,

Lead: Contents, Lb. Contents, Lb. Contents, Lb.
etc., produced from

14.688,767 15.206,810 112,430,857

•'.ii -. etc , produced hum

foreign ore 2,128.313 28.896,495 64,514,449

I luced from domestic

12,255,998 31,749,757 276,784.653

Pigs, etc., produced from foreign

2,495,615 14,358.928 127.777.499

3.777,189 2,648,400 31,650,87

March 2. L918

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Stamp Shoe and Die Making Begun
in Transvaal

An account o( what is said to bo the first comiW
production of shoes ami dies for stamp batteries in the
Transvaal is given in the September, L917, issue of the
Journal of the Chemical, Metallurgical ami Mining So
ciety of South Africa. The problem of developing a
domestic supply of these necessities of the gold-milling
industry, which was presented by the restriction of im-
ports, was attacked by a committee appointed by tin'
technical societies of the Rand in February, 1916, The
committee reported that such manufacture was possible
by utilizing existing accumulations of scrap shoes and
dies and recommended a process of manufacture con-
sisting, preferably, of melting in an electric furnace of
the induction type, similar to the Kjellin.

A site and building were secured on the property of
the Robinson Gold Mining Co. on the Witwatersrand,
and construction of the furnace was begun in May, 1916.
Current was switched on to the furnace on Sept. 3, 1916,
power being obtained from the Victoria Falls and Trans-
vaal Power Co., Ltd. The power consumption at the
furnace was about 800-900 kw.-hr. per ton of steel melt-
ed. The best month, considering results, was July, 1917,
in which 73 tons of castings was produced at a cost of
less than £14 per ton, power consumption being 775 kw.-
hr. per ton of steel melted. In addition to the melting
furnace, a coal-fired pre-heating furnace was installed
to save power by heating the scrap to redness before
it is charged into the electric furnace, and so arranged
that it also heats the drying stove.

Motor Fuel from Kerosene Distillates

Efforts are being concentrated by every progressive
oil refiner, according to Frank P. Peterson, in a paper
on the extraction of gasolene from natural gas pre-
sented at the February meeting of the American
Institute of Mining Engineers, on the problem of de-
structive redistillation of kerosene distillates, which
amount to a large fraction of the crude. Sufficient suc-
cess and encouragement have been reached in this di-
rection to insure that within the near future all excess
kerosene distillates will be treated in this fashion. It
is now evident that from 25 to 50% of such distillates
can be economically converted for use as motor fuel or
can be used by blending with casing-head gasoline.
This will add to the total gasoline supply an amount
equivalent to an increase of 10% in our total crude-oil
production.

Cinnabar Deposits of Tuscany

American capitalists might find it to their advantage
to investigate the cinnabar deposits in the Monte Amiato
district of Tuscany. Some of these have been mined
from remote times, though only since 1846 have opera-
tions been carried on systematically. The Almaden
mines in Spain produce from 900 to 1200 tons of quick-
silver per year, and the Monte Amiato mines from 600
to 700 tons per year, although but two of the six shafts
are equipped with modern machinery, writes F. T. F.
Dumont, U. S. Consul at Florence, Italy, in Commerce
Reports, Nov. 22, 1917. Only half of the cinnabar-
bearing land is owned by mining corporations.

Metals of I ligh Boiling Point

1 hi ■■.'! ioui publi hi >! data on the ■ i and

tilitj of mi b i John ton,
m Journ. hi, l. «, /,, ,„., [91

in Journ, Noc < 'hi worked

out for calculating the vapoi | n tempi
ture. I he follow ng tal the approximate bi
ing points oi the principal metals at

750

lum '.'I >2l> 27" 130 4MI
Zim 41

051 >8l (i 620 750

"1 500 57li 660 77H '0(1

271 540 i .'II Mil I 441)

onj 630 540 (,20 720 840 1,440

327 620 710 820

Aluminum 630 730 830 950 1,090 1.28(1 1.440 1.5."

Manganea 1.225 790 890 1.020 1.170 I

Silvei 960 920 I, Old 1,160 1,320 1,520 1,700 I.7B0 ,

1.510 980 1.090 1,230 1,400 1,610 1,800 1,890 2.200

232 1,01(1 1,130 1,270 1,440 1.660 I.S50 1.940 2.260

1.083 1,080 1,200 1,340 1.520 1,740 1,930 2,030 2.350

Nickel. - 1,452 1. 100 1,220 1,370 1,550 l.7«o 1,970 2,070

Iron 1,520 1,130 1,250 1,400 1,590 1,820 2,010 2,110 2,450

830 220 260 310 360 430 490 510

iminum, manj tnium

nickel an. I iron urn- calcul

Employers' Liability for Defective

Steam Shovel

By A. L. H. Street*
The Alabama supreme court has approved a judgment
against an iron-ore mining company for the death of an
employee due to the falling of a steam-shovel dipper in
connection with which decedent was at work. (Sloss-
Sheffield Steel and Iron Co., vs. Harrison, 76 Southern
Reporter, 47.) The court holds that the fact that an em-
ployer has used such safety appliances as are used by
many operators engaged in the same line of business is
not conclusive as to his exercise of due care in the mat-
ter and would not necessarily relieve him from liability
for a defective condition in such appliances.

Aluminum Alloy from a German Zeppelin showed an
analysis of: Aluminum, 91.92% ; copper, 4.13% ; iron, 3.27%
and silicon, 0.65%, according to a determination made for
Iron Age, which secured a small section of the L21, which
was shot down at Cuffey, England, on Sept. 2, 1916. Mag-
nesium has been reported to play an important part in the
alloys used in making Zeppelins, but this is not confirmed
in the analysis given. Aluminum has been known to be
the principal constituent, and the lightness of the piece
is conclusive evidence of this. But aluminum itself has a
tensile strength of only 18,000 to 20,000 lb. per sq.in. and
must be made stronger for use in airships. The incorpora-
tion of copper with aluminum is known to strengthen it.
One prominent American company produces an alloy of
92 to 93% aluminum and 8 to 7% copper, which is claimed
to have a tensile strength of about 35,000 lb. per sq.in.
In this Zeppelin alloy part of the copper has been replaced
with iron — apparently with intention, as it is not probable
that this element would appear in so large a proportion as
an impurity. It may be that it adds strength to the
aluminum-copper alloy or it may increase the rolling
properties. An authoritative estimate is that this particu-
lar alloy has a tensile strength of close to 40,000 lb. per
sq.in. Such strength combined with its extreme lightness
makes it a valuable material for airships. The pres-
ence of the iron is interesting. It is known that aluminum
will dissolve a certain amount of metallic iron, forming a
mechanical mixture but not a chemical union. The quan-
tity of aluminum in the framework of a modern German
Zeppelin is from 10 to 12 tons, according to the notes fur-
nished a London journal by a French officer.

•Attorney at law, 829 Security Building, Minneapolis, Minn.

[NEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 9

American Institute of Mining Engineers

•

r the

isions.

Ht to the
rsity.

I Id in

S

TKj.; : the American ln-

Mining Engineers was held on Feb. 19,
the New York meeting, ami was
i on nial. Besides the dec-
oy .1. Jennings and the other new
dents, the directors at a subse-
de as first vice presi-
v. N. Dorr as a director to till the vacancy
R. M. Raymond to a vice

The Nkw Requirements fob Membership

The amendment raising the standard of membership
■ .ally without opposition. The new re-
amending Art. II. Sec. 2, of the constitu-
ring new members, are as follows:

shall comprise all those persons who on the
ebruary, 1918, were members of the Insti-
•n thereto, all those thereafter elected or
into the class of Members. _

r«on to be eligible for election or transfer into the
Members must be at least 2, years of age and must
have had at least six years' employment in the practice ot
mning, geology, metallurgy or chemistry, dur-
of which he must have held positions
• v in one or more of these fields.
lation from the scientific course of a college, ap-
proved by the committee on membership, shall be con-
red equivalent to two years' employment, as required in
the previous sentence. , .

Employment as a teacher of engineering, mining, geology,
metallurgy or chemistry, if in direct charge, may be con-
red a position of responsibility as specified in the second
paragraph.

ins employed in research or any scientific literary
work or in teaching in the scientific departments of colleges,
approved by the committee on membership, who at the
same time are engaged in consulting or in the active prac-
tice of mining, geology, or metallurgy, shall be entitled to
consider the time so spent in active practice as equivalent
to an equal length of time of employment in positions of
onsibility, provided the work done or the positions held
seem to the committee on membership to warrant the
equivaler

The requirement of three years' employment in positions
of responsibility may be waived by the committee on mem-
bership in the case of persons who have done notable
original work in mining, geology, or metallurgy, or have
won distinction by research or investigations in one or more
of these subjects. By investigation or research is under-
stood laboratory experimentation as distinct from investi-
gations in literature or compilations of the work of others.
A per:-on eligible for election or transfer into the class of
-/dates shall be one who, in the opinion of the commit-
tee on membership and the board of directors, is suitable
for such election or transfer by reason of his interest in or
th mining, geology, metallurgy, or chemistry,
-sociates shall comprise all students in good
standing in engineering schools, who have not taken their
and are nominated by at least three members, two
m must be their instructors. A Junior Associate
-uch not longer than five years after leaving
Ing school, at the end of which period his
become a Member or Associate must be

passed upon by the committee on membership. If elected,
ho shall pay at that time the entrance fee and dues of a
Member or Associate'.

In case there is any question as to the classification of
a candidate the committee on membership may require from
him any evidence lie desires to present, anil the decision of
the committee as to the proper status shall be final.

The last paragraph of Sec. 2, prescribing the manner
of proposal and election of candidates, was not changed.

The technical session on mining and milling, Tuesday
morning, was presided over by President-elect Sidney
J. Jennings, owing to the absence of Prof. Robert H.
Richards on account of illness. The opening paper dealt
with some practical hints on the operation of bucket
elevators by A. M. Nicholas, of Australia, who was able
to be present and read his paper in person. Charles A.
Van Winkle's paper on "Recent Tests of Ball-Mill
trashing" was read by title and discussed by Prof.
John W. Bell, J. Parke Channing and B. Britton Gotts-
berger. Mr. Channing in introducing Mr. Gottsberger's
written discussion said that the members of the Miami
Copper Co. staff, being responsible for the introduction
of the Hardinge mill in large installations in the South-
west, were much interested in the tests of the Marcy
and Hardinge mills at the Inspiration Consolidated
plant, but were under the impression that the Inspira-
tion test installation was not going to gi^e satisfactory
results, and advised Mr. Hardinge against entering two
Hardinge mills in this contest. The Miami company
some time later was remodeling Section 6 of its fine-
crushing and grinding department, and instead of rolls
and two Hardinge mills for grinding 1000 tons of 3-in.
product to approximately 48 mesh, installed three 8 ft.
by 36 in. Hardinge mills, with which the grinding for
the 1000-ton unit is now being satisfactorily done. Mr.
Gottsberger gave the following data regarding the
work of the remodeled section :

Grinding Results at Miami Mill

"The grinding is at present done in two stages. Each
Hardinge mill is driven direct by a 150-hp. motor
through Wuest gears and runs at 20.6 r.p.m. The en-
tire section tonnage is first subjected to single-pass
crushing through one mill, the product passing to a
4 ft. 6 in. Dorr classifier. The overflow of the classifier
is finished product. The sand product of the classifier,
representing the oversize of the first mill, is divided
equally between two mills of the same size, each operat-
ing in closed circuit with a 6-ft. Dorr classifier. The
overflow of these classifiers is finished product, the sands
being returned to the mills for regrinding. The prod-
uct produced by this system of grinding is shown by
the following average screen analysis of the tailings for
the month of January, 1918: On 28 mesh, .0%; on 35
mesh, 0.1; on 48 mesh, 0.4 (cumulative percentage,
0.5) ; on 65 mesh, 3.8 (4.3) ; on 100 mesh, 14.2 (18.5) ;
on 150 mesh, 14.8 (33.3) ; on 200 mesh, 6.3 (39.6) ;
through 200 mesh, 60.4 per cent.

"The average tonnage handled in Section 6 by the
three mills during the month of January, 1918, was 987
tons per day of 24 hours. The power consumed in
grinding by the three mills according to wattmeter
readings amounted to 7.475 kw.-hr. per day, equivalent
to 7.57 kw.-hr. per ton. The power consumption for the

March 2. 1918

ENGINEERING AND .MINIM, JOUR

427

remainder of the work done in the total reduction from
mine rock is small. We have no accurate wattmeter
readings on this, hut according to our regular power
distribution, figured from ammeter readings, the power
for preliminary coarse crushing, convej ing and operal ion
of the Dorr classifiers amounts to l kw.-hr. per ton.
Therefore, the total power consumption from mine rock
to finished product is 8.57 kw.-hr. per ton."

1'iotation with Hkavikk-than Water Media

The paper on "A New Method of Separating Mate-
rials of Different Specific Gravities" was the other in-
teresting event of the Tuesday morning session. This
paper was read by H. M. Chance for the author, (apt.
Thomas M. Chance, who is now in the national service.
Briefly, the method consists of the use of a floating me-
dium having a specific gravity between that of the
gangue and the valuable mineral. In a miniature ap-
paratus the floating of coal from slate was demonstra-
ted, the floating medium used being a mixture of sand
and water. With a centrifugal pump a circulation of
water under small hydraulic head was maintained
through a perforated plate in the bottom of the "jig"
or apparatus. This made, Mr. Chance explained, a "true
fluid mass" of sand and water, about 12 in. high, having
a specific gravity of from 1.2 to 1.8. Above this there
was about 6 in. of clear water, which was kept circulat-
ing by the centrifugal pump. Coal and slate were put
into the apparatus. The coal sank only to the level of
the "fluid mass" of sand and water, while the slate sank
to the bottom of the apparatus. By using heavier sands,
a heavier medium may be secured. Preparations are
being made to install an apparatus at one of the anthra-
cite breakers. The work has not been carried into other
fields as yet, though Mr. Chance was of the opinion that
it might be applied to other separating problems upon
further development. Material to be separated should
be appreciably coarser than the sand used in the "fluid
mass."

There was considerable discussion of this proposed
method of separating, W. S. Ayres calling attention to
a similar medium having been created years ago in a
pipe put down in a caisson at the Brooklyn Bridge. In
this case the "fluid mass" was 85 ft. high and the clear
water reached the 100-ft. mark on the pipe. Mr. Ayres
considered the novelty in Mr. Chance's method to con-
sist in the agitation. Referring to methods of remov-
ing the separated minerals, J. V. N. Dorr spoke of a
California invention for separating frozen from sound
oranges in which the frozen oranges were floated off
and the sound oranges, which sank, were taken out of
the apparatus by a conveyor. Professor Locke thought
that the method might offer the "next possibility in ore
dressing" and said that heavy media were already being
used, as, for example, tin and antimony bromide solu-
tions. Discussion as to the patentability of the method
brought out some humorous comment as to royalties
and cost of the apparatus, J. Parke Channing adding
the final quip in warning the inventor that he should
be very careful not to let the least bit of air get into
his centrifugal pump unless he were prepared to enter-
tain a long lawsuit with Minerals Separation.

At the Tuesday afternoon session of the iron and
steel division, the paper of most general interest was
that of Prof. Henry M. Howe, on "The Erosion of

Guns." This \\: d bj Hud

Maxim, of the Naval Consulting Board, who found Hie
mining ei andmetallui oewbat "gun-ehy"

when he touched a match to some wder he

had been exhibiting Dr. Maxim told the engine*
that the steel of eaptureil German guna had been exam-
ined and was found not to b< i t" thai in tli"'
American Kim . America had teel and also, he

hoped, better men. I ion

of this subject and also o! I eding paper, bj -I E

Howard, on "Transverse in Steel Efc In

the Petroleum and (,. led over by A. F.

Lucas, d n centered on Matteson' on

"Principles and Problems in oil Prospecting in the Gulf
ountry," and on the Etequa and the Beal and
Lewis papers on valuing oil lands and estimating future
production of oil wells.

Interesting illustrated lectures were given in the audi-
torium on the third floor of the headquarters building,
Tuesday afternoon, one of these being on the "Devas-
tated Districts of France" and the other, by Mark R.
Lamb, on "Bolivian Tin Mines," both stationary and
moving pictures being shown. At the smoker in the
evening, conforming with the spirit of the times, the
talks were of a more serious nature than in previous
years, but equally interesting. The speakers were:
Capt. Hodder-Williams, of the British Army, now train-
ing prospective American officers at Columbia Univer-
sity; (apt. E. E. Dulieux, representing France; Lieut.
Col. Boorman, of the British and Canadian recruiting
organization; Samuel A. Taylor, of the coal division of
the Fuel Administration; M. L. Requa, of the oil divi-
sion of the Fuel Administration; W. L. Honnold, of the
Commission for Belgian Relief, and W. Y. Westervelt,
of the War Minerals Committee.

Besides the sessions on metallography of steel and
on employment problems, on Wednesday morning, the
annual meeting of the Woman's Auxiliary was held at
10 a.m. The new officers of the Woman's Auxiliary for
the coming year are: President, Mrs. Robert C. Gemmell;
first vice president, Mrs. Louis I). Huntoon ; second vice
president, Mrs. Karl Eilers; third vice president, Mrs.
Levi Holbrook; secretary, Mrs. Sidney J. Jennings;
treasurer, Mrs. Harris K. Masters. Mrs. H. P. Hender-
son was elected a director. Mrs. C. C. Burger is chair-
man of the Americanization committee and Mrs. H. H.
Knox of the foreign relief committee; an emergency
committee, the head of which :< not yet named, will
undertake knitting and other relief and comfort work for
the Association of the 27th Engineers (the mining
regiment) . There was a lecture at 11 : 30 by Dr. Kellogg,
formerly of the Belgium Relief but now of the U. S.
Food Administration, who told of the limited rations now
prevailing in England, France, Italy and Germany, and
also gave the Woman's Auxiliary the schedule for the
reduced— but still much above the European— ration
that would soon be asked of the food-saving volunteers
of America.

Employment Problems One of the Most Important
Subjects of the Recent Meeting

At the morning session on employment problems,
the statement made by H. M. Wilson, in his paper on
"Mine Labor and Accidents," that 40.5 % of 2497 fatal-
ities investigated were due to the human element,

NEERING AND MINING J01 RNAL

Vol. 105, No. 9

holding that,

arer

who was

rant but Oil that

\\ ho

. with hi-; work.

-s liable

pinion was ed, how-

i not rtui nt as much

methods

'i-n difficult to get the old,

i about it" to have

di livered bj Dr. Thomas

r on '•Illness in Indus-

. did not read his paper, on account

.. but emphasized its salient points in a
guards for the health of em-
• in dollars and cents which Dr.
e demonstrated in black
The subject was briefly dia-
idy, following which an inter-
by Dr. E. E. Southard on the
Southard, who is the
dir. pathic institute at Boston, dealt

rmal mentality on the border-
ire found in moody employees
nded. At the suggestion of Dr. South-
M reading as follows:

That the board of directors of the Ami

ncrineers be requested to appoint a

milar committee of the Xational

1 if such shall be appoint*"! i

of employment in relation to mental disease

tee to report as a joint commit-

year from date.

The last paper, on "The Employment Manager and
•r Turn-Over Reduction." by Thomas T. Read, was

R. Hook, who emphasized

i making the would-be employee's first

impression of the plant in which he is seeking to work

a good one. Mr. Hook's interesting discussion was cut

•unately, as Bradley Stoughton found it

imperative to give him the hook in order that the hun-

mining engineers might be fed; still more grievous

•date that, due to the same cause, W. A. Grieves

did not get a chance to unburden his mind.

:k Wanted for Crippled Soldier?
ne afternoon session, employment problems were
further ■!, and the members experienced the

•lty of listening to the presentation of a paper by
in, .Mrs. Frank M. Gilbreth. Maj. Frank M.
reth. who had been employed by the German gov-
ernment early in the war to study the refitting of injured
'rial work, and is now engaged in simi-
the U. S. Government, was unable to at-
tend- i: on "The Crippled Soldier in In-
ably presented in an informal way by his
be one of the most interest-
in? n. In this connection a letter was read

suggesting that from experi-

ith injured mine employees it was essential to

v them that they could quickly re-

upation; he felt that crippled soldiers

.Id remain attached to the Army and military pay

tinued for at least one year. Secretary Stoughton
also spoke, from his experience with the blind, of the
necessity o\' overcoming the initial depression and
quickly showing the afflicted that they can be restored
to gainful occupations. Investigation ha-' already been
instituted at some plants to determine which positions
may be lilted by crippled soldiers, and this duty was
urged upon all members. Besides the regular papers on
the program of the employment division, there were
short talks by F. C. Henderschott, of the New York
on Co., on the corporation school; by Lawrence
Yeiller. k( the National Housing Association, on the
housing problem, especially as crystallized in caring for
shipbuilders and munition workers; by Mr. Harrison,
of the Russell Sage Foundation, on general economic
conditions as investigated by his organization, the re-
sults of which are available to members of the Institute
in over a dozen volumes on the shelves of the Engineer-
ing Society library.

Lively Discussion of Genesis of Sudbury Ores
At the session on geology and ore deposits on the
afternoon of Feb. 20, the paper on the "Chilean Nitrate
Industry," by Allen H. Rogers and H. R. Van Wagenen,
was read by Mr. Rogers. In the discussion that fol-
lowed, Prof. Waldemar Lindgren and Prof. Charles P.
Berkey took part. Interest of the afternoon centred
about the paper on the genesis of the Sudbury nickel
ores by Hugh M. Roberts and R. D. Longyear, which
was presented by Mr. Roberts. Prolonged discussion
followed, in which Professors Berkey, Lindgren, Graton
and Miller joined. Dr. G. F. Kunz remarked that the
Sudbury ores were the most promising source of plati-
num in North America. L. P. Teas' paper on the "Re-
lation of Sphalerite to Other Sulphides in Ores" was to
have been presented by Heinrich Ries. Dr. Ries was
absent, however, so the conclusion of the paper was read
by S. H. Ball, presiding, who asked for discussion, in
which Prof. Graton and Berkey joined.

Annual Dinner at the Biltmore
The concluding social features of the 116th meeting
were a theater party for the ladies at the Century The-
ater, the president's reception at the Hotel Biltmore and
the annual dinner at the same hotel, followed by in-
formal dancing. The annual dinner was well attended,
and the "Hoover" menu was found fully as enjoyable as
the old style, both as to caloric and gustatory value. Mr.
Hoover, who was unable to be present, wrote Secretary
Stoughton the following letter, which was reproduced
on the menu :

I am glad to hear that the Conservation Division of the
Food Administration is to dine in spirit with the American
Institute of Mininc Engineers. Be cheerful about this
dinner; every year the war goes on the butter pot will
shrink in size- but it has disappeared in Germany. Some
year or other, when we are living on the present German
ration they will crack!

Among the speakers of the evening were W. 0. Hotch-
kiss, of the War Minerals Committee; Bainbridge Colby.
of the U. S. Shipping Board, and President-elect Sidney
J. Jennings. Retiring President Philip N. Moore, who
acted as toastmaster, startled, if he did not shock, his
auditors in introducing Mr. Colby by his reference to
our War Department being in the hands of a tem-
porarily reformed pacifist, and the distribution of pub-
lic information in the charge of a temporarily reformed

March 2. L918

ENGINEERING A.ND WINING fOl RNAL

muckraker, Mr. Colby, obviously surprised bj tins in
traduction, hastened to state thai he had not re. me to
criticise, but rather to urge representative citi en h
stand behind the Government. Without indulging in
grandiose prediction, he assured the engineers thai the
shipbuilding program was now going forward with

ISfactory progress and said that the same was also true

of aircraft production. President-elect Jennings, in a
i'cw brief remarks on the problems before the institute
and its members, stated that the great* i peration

and participation of labor in the manar. m. ui .1' indus-
trial enterprises would likewise become apparent in the
mining industry and constitute the principal problem
of the mining engineer during the coming year. On
Thursday, the members and visitors went to Prince-
ton, N. .1.. where they inspected the aviation ground
school and the university, after lunching at Graduate
Hall and being welcomed by President John Grier
Ilibben of Princeton University. The autumn meeting
of the Institute will be held in Colorado during the first
week of September.

Santa Gertrudis Annual Report

The annual report of the Santa Gertrudis Co., Ltd.,
for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1917, reflects the situa-
tion affecting the company's property in Pachuca,
Mexico. The report states that the current change in
the political situation resulted in better operating con-
ditions and a plentiful supply of labor. Production,
however, was greatly curtailed through shortage in
cyanide, but at the time of this report the mills were
going again at full capacity. Mining and milling costs
advanced materially, due to higher wage scales and
greater cost of supplies, which, however, was partly com-
pensated for by the increased price for silver.

At the Compania De Santa Gertrudis, S. A. ( the min-
ing company), a total of 8856 ft. of development, or
65 rf of the normal amount of work, was performed.

Work in the north vein on No. 22 level was interrupted
by a heavy flow of water, and diamond drilling is con-
templated to explore below this depth. The new orebody
in the mineralized hanging wall, noted in the last annual
report, has been extended 95 ft. and shows an average
width of 23 ft, assaying 1.22 dwt. gold and 12.0 oz.
silver per ton.

On the No. 16 level, 1650 ft. south of the north vein,
a new body of ore was opened up in two shoots aggre-
gating over 190 ft. in length, with a width of 56 in.,
assaying from 1.5 to 1.96 dwt. in gold and evaluated at
about 14 oz. of silver per ton. The ore reserves are
estimated at 1,125,000 dry tons (short) containing 68,-
783 oz. gold and 13,756,756 fine oz. of silver.

During the period covered in the report, 214,110 tons
of ore containing 12,556 oz. gold and 2,214,312 fine oz.
silver were sold, representing an output of 61.1% of
the normal capacity. The amount of water pumped from
the mine averaged 785 gal. per min. and was handled
without difficulty.

At the Compania Beneficiadora de Pachuca, S. A. (the
milling company), owing to cyanide shortage the mill
ran at only 53.2 cc of full capacity; but at the time of
this report it had resumed its normal output. During
the year a bullion recovery of 89.84% was effected, and
the average price that governed silver was 33.16d. per

standard ouno ng converted

to bail mills as n I,, i while

flotation expei imenl to date have made onl

coverj . thej will not onti I for the

The old i luadalupe mill n sd for thi

arc. mill ol i i

silver uric , At the

mill the average rate i apai I

was 1 1 1 1 dry toi

ion.

Coal-Mine Fatalities in the United
States I >uring Year 1917

By Albert II. I

The abnormal conditions under which the coal mines
were operated during 1917 are reflected in the accident
ids to the extent of an of 21', in fa-

talities over 1916. The reports of the coal-mine in-
spectors to the Bureau of Mines of the Department of
the Interior during 1917 account for 2696 fatalitie
the coal mines of the United States, as compared with
2226 for L916. There has be. still an unusual

demand on the operators for an increase in coal produc-
tion, which has been hampered by a congestion in freight
traffic and an apparent shortage of labor. Available
data indicate an increase of less than 10 per cent, in
production. It is not possible to give the number of
men employed in 1917, but preliminary reports to the
U. S. Geological Survey indicate that in some states
there was a slight increase, while in others there was
a small decrease. Estimates by state mine inspectors
in 15 of the smaller mining states, representing one-
fourth of the industry, indicate about 10'- increase
in the number of employees. Therefore, the total num-
ber employed in 1917 may not be much in excess of 1916,
namely, 720,971.

Those mines which were able to secure cars to market
their coal were operated on a full-time basis, which adds
to the number of days the individual miner could work,
thus lengthening the time he was exposed to the mining
hazard. The risk encountered by the individual miner
is proportional to the time exposed. Other mines which
were not so favorably situated as to dispose of their
coal operated only part time. This condition results
in an increase of certain dangers, especially those due
to gas, dust and falls of roof, which would not obtain
in the case of the mine operating full time.

The shortage of mine labor, which is urgently re-
quired to keep pace with the increased demand for coal,
is due to the attractive wages in munition factories, en-
listments, and drafts into the Army, a relaxation in
immigration, and to emigration of many miners early
in the war. It has been necessary, therefore, to em-
ploy new and inexperienced men from other fields to
replenish this shortage. Many of the experienced mine
foremen and safet.v engineers have either enlisted or
been drafted into the Army, or secured more remunera-
tive employment elsewhere, with the result that less
experienced foremen have been placed in charge of some
of the workings. With the exceedingly large demand
for coal, it has not been possible for the operators and
others concerned to give as much attention to accident
prevention at the mines as under normal conditions.

NEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 9

IIIUHIIIIIH II Illllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll Illllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll IIIIIIIHIIIIIIIIillllllMIIL

orrespondence and Discussion

iiiiiiiiiiniiiiiii ilium inn iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimiiiiliiiliiiiimii miiiiiimimiimiiiiimiiiii mimiimii iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimiiig

Merits I Gold and Base-Metal Mines
S teculative Investment

:al mining seems to offer the most

for returns on money specula-

and after the war? In August,

months thereafter, the world war

-h action <>n practically the whole

■ ' .. nes of all kinds curtailed

metals dropped, and in some

it As the war went on, however,

i opper, lead, zinc, molybdenum

the greatest rise in the prices of

known.

The result of these high prices was heavy speculation

inies producing the metals, the forma-

:iany new companies with properties in various

. elopment, and the opening of old abandoned

mil- :i to have ore of sufficient value to permit

profitable operation as long as the high prices prevailed.

.-metal mine: tablished value increased

production to the economic limit, and many went beyond

it. By economic production is meant production which

entirely on speed of development. Only

■ >re should be mined in a given period

that can be matched in the same period by a like amount

blocked out for mining. Those properties which, in

order to take advantage of the high prices obtainable

for their product, have gone beyond the economic limit,

must sooner or later curtail production to return to the

point where development keeps pace with it.

of the United States into the war has
been followed by the arbitrary fixing by the Government
of a price for the base metals, which has been much
■ r than the average obtainable before the legislation,
reat many "war" companies have shut down, and
others have curtailed their production. The prices of
the stocks of these companies have dropped greatly,
even of the old-established companies. The mining
public has therefore on the whole lost considerably,
which hi ted in a lessening of speculative interest

in mines and mining of all kinds.

opinion that this condition will be more
noticeable after the war than at present. The reasons
nsumption of these metals will materially
will suffer another adjustment
large companies have increased their
plai development to cope with the increased

demand. The continuance of the same rate of produc-
•; war would soon flood the markets, and
i-le for their product would still fur-
therefore certain that the majority of
n their output after, the
rether with the lowering of price of
• ill result in greatly decreased earnings,
orollary effect on the stock market,
the price of the ill drop. With this con-

dition, the public interest in this kind of mining will
cease, and speculative interest turn elsewhere.

Gold as compared with base metals presents an en-
tirely different aspect. The increase in interest in
base-metal mines due to the war caused a corresponding
decrease in the interest in gold. The increase in market
value of the base metals has had the effect of lowering
the purchasing power of gold. The higher cost of
material connected with mining has greatly lessened
its in the production of gold. The price of gold is
standard, $20.67 per oz. The higher the price of mate-
rials, the less the purchasing power of gold, the greater
the cost of production, and the lower the profit. This
condition, which has been prevalent since the beginning
of the war, has caused a curtailment of production in
many gold mines, especially in low-grade ones, and in
many cases lowered the margin of profit so that divi-
dends had to be cut. These factors have had the effect
of turning the interest of the mining public from gold,
and have caused the industry to become more or less
stagnant.

It is certain that after the war conditions will change.
With adjustments of the price of base metals, gold will
still remain at the standard value of $20.67. With the
resumption of world commerce, the gold reserves of the
world must needs increase, and this condition will call
for greater production of the metal. With the lowering
of price of commodities, the cost of production will be
lessened materially. Larger profits will result from
both of these last conditions. The speculative public
will turn to gold and gold mines, and an era of great
prosperity will start for those in any way connected
with the producing of gold. From these premises it
is reasonable to assume that gold mining will in all
probability experience its greatest boom shortly after
the cessation of hostilities.

Hamlin Brooks Hatch.

South Porcupine, Ont. Jan. 24, 1918.

Heap-Leaching

I was pleased on reading Mr. Young's comments on
my heap-leaching paper. I believe Mr. Young is cor-
rect in pointing out that there will certainly come a
distinct trend toward leaching for the treatment of
low-grade ores. Leaching is basically correct in prin-
ciple, and now that the actual plunge has been taken,
and we have several important examples of large-scale
work, Chuquicamata, Ajo, and the recent development
of ammonia leaching, progress along these and other
lines is bound to come. Referring to the details of the
comments, I do not anticipate great difficulty in piling
so as to secure relatively good uniformity of bedding.
This I think will be largely a matter of the selection of
the proper machinery for the purpose. Regarding siz-
ing uniformity in comparison with, for example, cyanide
leaching, we should, I think, recognize a relation be-

March 2, L918

ENGINEERING ANI> MINING J01 KNA1.

481

twi'cn the bulk <>f material bemK treated, the time i"i

treatment and the various sizes. In cyanide leaching
we are dealing with small bulks of ore comparatively,
requiring complete and intimate contact with the solu-
tion in a short time, in heap-leaching on a practical
scale we will have to do with quantities as units, run-
ning up to hundreds of thousands of tons, and our avail
able time of treatment is increased in a large ratio. In
other words, considered in this way, the uniformity of
a heap-leaching pile may be regarded as fully equal to
that of material for other leaching purposes, which
must be crushed and sized to a definite degree, on ac-
count of inherent limitations of method.

The leaching of the peripheral zone of a heap is, of
course, a matter that will have to be considered with
respect to the manner of solution application. Of course,
solution applied directly to the top of a heap will not
reach the peripheral portions. Distribution of solution
to such portions, however, can be arranged easily. I
do not know whether it will prove true that only a small
part of the copper within a lump will find its way into
the circulating solution. With our present knowledge
I think this is a matter of opinion, and our experiments
in progress will tell us the maximum lump that can be
leached. I do not believe that aeration, and the presence
of free oxygen, either in solution or otherwise, is so
important as porosity sufficient to permit of percola-
tion. I would prefer to say, therefore, that the depth
of pile will be limited by porosity rather than by the
power of the solution to carry oxygen well down into
the bed.

Attention is called to the very important practical
point of proper water-proofing. This will depend to a
great degree on the ground itself. We have found at
Bisbee that our solution losses are relatively small, even _
with a comparatively crude water-proofing. When the
underlying ground carries lime, and especially if a
"caliche" layer is near the surface, I do not think the
water-proofing problem will be serious. Where a water-
proofing layer is needed, which is naturally a matter
for experimental determination, the relative order of
preference would, I think, be, first, concrete and mas-
tic, which, as pointed out by Mr. Young, will be ex-
pensive, although not prohibitively so; second, a layer
of slime tailings, which are cheaply available in many
localities, and, finally, a clay. I think there is no ques-
tion that anything in the way of elaboration of appa-
ratus or expedient beyond the simplest forms will prove
too expensive, although, aside from cost, a number of
these would be desirable. G. W. VAN Arsdale.

New York, Feb. 16, 1918.

Crowning a Large Wooden Pulley

The Feb. 2 issue of the Journal carried a descrip-
tion of crowning wooden pulleys by taking them to a
country shop, building up a rest and fixing a small
lathe for the job. I have seen millwrights and car-
penters do the trick, even on a wooden wheel 8 ft.
diameter and 18 in. face, in a much simpler and more
expeditious manner, by simply revolving the pulley in
place on the shaft at the usual speed and holding the
teeth of a carpenter's saw against the face of the mov-
ing pulley, using the saw as a wood turner would use
a hand-turning tool in a wood lathe, and judging the

effeel bj "!■ erving tin periphery "i tin- pulley, topping
t<> actually measure when tin- work was Hearing com

plet ion.

Instead ol being a rough job, a it would seem, it >-

a very good job. and i have used these Bame pull
for years afterward, coupled with rubber belts, with-
out Beeing anj excessive belt wear from method of
squaring, or crowi be. In a built-

up wooden pullej the >aw cuts through nails or sen
quite readily, h ill the aw needs ai

ward is resetting and sharpening.

New York, Feb 26, 1911 S. H. Brockunikr.

Is Gold Mining Necessary During
the War?

Not absolutely necessary at this stajre of the war,
when we practically control the gold reserve of the
world; but I believe it would be the height of folly to
curtail the output of gold in any manner, as it will have
very little bearing on the outcome of the war. We all
know that, calculated on the buying power of an ounce
of the metal, gold has really depreciated from 35% to
50r; of its value during the last three years.

Gold mining should be encouraged in every way pos-
sible where the operators are producing with a close
margin of profit, due to gold depreciation, and even a
taxation exemption should be considered. Gold, being
the monetary standard of the world, will be absolutely
necessary in the adjustment of conditions after the war
is over. But the present gold reserve of the world does
not represent 10' ', of the current values of exchange;
a condition due to the exorbitant prices, high wages and
inflated values placed on all properties and business op-
erations. Bankers maintain that the gold reserve should
be at least 25 ' , for conservative banking.

I take this opportunity to ask a question for future
discussion. The gold reserve being less than 10cr, what
will be the condition and how will the exchange problem
be solved after the war when the countries of the world
get back to normal conditions? Gold or other metals
used as standards must retain their proportion to the
money values of the world and this is impossible with
gold worth $20.67 per oz., unless some other standard
is adopted. The laboring class will never consent to a
reduction in wages; the conditions of 1913 will never be
seen again. So how will the problem be solved?

My answer is as follows: Since the United States
Government, as well as other countries, has called in
practically all gold coins, I suggest that the world
refrain from any gold coinage and hold the gold reserves
at the local seats of government. Gold can thus be
placed at a premium, or, rather, a new standard, which
will place the money situation on a sound basis. The
manufacture of non-essentials, such as automobiles and
other pleasure appliances, should be curtailed first; also
unnecessary improvements on roads, buildings and parks
could be abandoned until after the war. Many things
should go before the suspension of gold mining is even
thought of, because it is the one basis of stable govern-
ment. We cannot do without it unless we have some-
thing to replace it for, under normal peace conditions,
the world's business can be conducted on the theory of
"I owe you and you owe me" only to a limited extent.

Maiden, Mont.. Feb. 7, 1918. E. B. Coolidge.

(ING AM> MINING JOURNAL Vol. 105, No. 9

I . I IIIIIU llllllllllll UN HUH mil I mill ;i.;. Ill Illlllllll Illlllllllllll

Events and Economics of the War

umed by Germany at the expire-
- ronton forces are moving
Baltic provinces; a third Novo
in the Ukraine; no resistance has been
ral thousand prisoners and much
.1 have been taken. In Paris. Senator
que] to the Bolo trial. In
r Henry Wilson succeeded Sir William
staff.
In the I - ates, treaties were signed with Great

ada by which the latter countries may
ana between the ages of 21 and SI within
:• borders, and the Federal Government may likewise
British citizens from 20 to 45 years old
wh< lent here. The next Liberty Loan was fore-

RffcAdoo at 4i%. Secrecy in connec-
tion with Army contracts was ordered abandoned by
Baker. The Administration's railroad bill
the Senate with few changes. The President,
tion. reaffirmed the $2 base price for the
V jcount Ishii was appointed ambas-
1 hington from Japan.

Rice Talks to Mining Engineers
on Coal Problem

In discussing the fuel problems of the day at the New^
■k meeting of the American Institute of Mining En-
gineers. George S. Rice, of the U. S. Bureau of Mines,
in part:
"The problem of the Fuel Administration is a terrific
one. It is not only a problem of production, but also
of transportation. In general, it may be safely
•rted that the mechanical capacity of the mines in
this country is amply able to take care of all its needs,
to obtain this capacity the mines must have sufficient
lailroad cars regularly to ship their output, and the loss
. day's output is one that cannot be made up. Some
have imagined that coal can be stocked in the mine,
but, as a matter of fact, that is not possible, at least for
more than a day's run.

"It may also be asserted that there are enough men

to produce the necessary coal, in spite of the diminished

numbers, if they could and would work every day.

ild' means railroad cars and mine supplies; 'would'

refers to their willingness to stay on the job every day

it i work. The miners on the whole have

been making large earnings, first because of the regular

rk that has been offered to them; second, because of

the increases in the labor rates, which have been very

large in some parts of the country. This has (aused

the indifferent miner to take self-appointed holidays

when he should be at work. These are serious problems

"he operators and to the Coal Administration.

"This country' has drafted its young men for the

rifice that a man can make. Is there any

on why all able-bodied males should not be

iiiiiiiniiiiiiminiiii i i mimii iiiiiini u ilium iiuiiiiiiiiiiiiii

compelled to do at least eight hours' work every working
ila\ until this war ceases, for which they will be paid
Ear beyond what the man who makes the greatest sac-
rifice is paid?"

Safeguards Against Poisoning by TNT

One of the greatest dangers to workers in the highly
developed munitions industry lies in the nitro and amido
compounds of benzol and toluol, one of which is trinitro-
toluol, a powerful explosive. Workers are exposed to
the latter in its manufacture and in shell-loading. It
is readily absorbed through the skin and respiratory
tract. Although such absorption cannot be prevented
altogether, it can be made so slight that no workers,
except, perhaps, those especially susceptible, will have
symptoms of chronic poisoning.

The Public Health Service of the Treasury Depart-
ment has published an article giving practical points
on safe handling of trinitrotoluol and dealing primarily
with the shell-loading processes, of which there are two.
The compound is either pressed into the shells by power
presses while in powdered form, or is poured into them
while molten. In the former method, used only in the
case of large shells, simple measui-es will prevent poison-
ing. The article therefore deals principally with pre-
cautions to be taken where the latter method is used.

It is recommended that workrooms be constructed to
secure complete segregation of each stage in the process
of loading; that long, narrow, one-story buildings be
used; that a conveyor system be adopted to avoid un-
necessary handling of the substance; that workers be
instructed as to the danger of poisoning; that they
secure as complete protection of the person as possible
by overalls, caps and gloves; that they avoid all alco-
holic beverages; that they take milk or milk products
with their breakfast previous to starting work; that
they observe the strictest personal cleanliness; that
persons under 21 be kept from handling the compound,
as they are especially susceptible to the poison; that
men be employed for only eight hours a day when work-
ing with trinitrotoluol; that those employed in the
most hazardous parts of the work be rotated to less
hazardous processes at least every two weeks; and that
an efficient system of medical supervision be established.

Refineries Losing Men to Government

The high wages paid on Government construction
work have taken men from private manufacturing in the
vicinity of New York to such a degree that production
of materials essential to the conduct of the war is threat-
ened. It has been learned that certain companies have
appealed to the Government for assistance, so serious
has the matter become. Among them are the following:

American Smelting and Refining Co., the Anaconda
Copper Mining Co., the United States Smelting Co.,

.March 2, L918

ENGINEERING AND MINIM; JOURNAL

i::.:

vith a big refinery al Chrome, n. J.; the United Lead
jO., which is a subsidiary of the National Lead Co.;
he Barber Asphalt Paving Co., engaged in making road

Material for the various cantonments; the Pardee Steel
Vorks, and the Roessler & llasslacher Chemical Co. One
•f these companies is said to he paving at the pn
ime :18c. per hour for an eight-hour day, compared
vith the normal wage of about '2'.\\\ Coming into com-
K'tition with the demand for labor with the builders of
pell-loading plants, hospitals, powder plants, etc., whose
•ontracts with the Government are on a "coat-plus-profit"
jasis, the copper men say that they cannot hold their
vorkmen. The current wage on the Government oper-
ttion is 40^c. per hour for a ten-hour day, with time and
i half for overtime.

Boosting the Engineer

Steps to acquaint the Railway Wage Commission with
'acts as to recognition and compensation for technical
engineers have been taken by the American Association
if Engineers. The association maintains that it acts
hus not solely in the interest of its members, but to
lid all engineers, without regard to their affiliations
ir particular branch of technology. In a communcation
iddressed to the Wage Commission, the association
mints out the high efficiency and large earning capacity
if the Pennsylvania R.R., and notes the significance of
he fact that a civil engineer has been its chief executive
or many years. The road's policy, it says, has been to
ecure technical engineers for service in its various de-
lartments, that they may apply their trained minds to
he betterment of their branches of the service.

This practice of the Pennsylvania company, however,
s exceptional, the association claims. In many cases,
•oads built by technical men are operated and main-
ained by non-technical men who have obtained their
xperience at the cost of the roads. The engineering
lepartments retained by the roads for self-preservation
re generally treated in rather niggardly fashion, both
s to the pay and number of men they are allowed to
mploy. Says the association :

It has taken a world tragedy, the tragedy of war, to
xouse the nation to an appreciation of the value of its
eehnical men. This great strife is not, as in other ages,
|. contest of brute force in which the bulkiest muscle is
>ound to win, but it is a battle of intellectual giants strug-
gling for supremacy in destructive creation and protective
I nd defensive development. The civil engineer, the mechani-
i al engineer, the electrical engineer, the mining engineer,
he chemical engineer, the aeronautic engineer, the marine
ngineer — a great cooperative brotherhood working for
lieace and victory — have cast their skill, knowledge and
ifort into a crucible from which our country is drawing: the
(netal from which victory will be fabricated and a world
leace be secured.

Manufacturers and the Labor Problem

Manufacturers need missionary work as well as do
workers to arouse them to the needs of the present situ-
tion, according to Roger W. Babson, who recently
oured the West as a special agent of the employment
ervice of the Department of Labor.

"The labor difficulty at present is one of improper
istribution, rather than of shortage," said Mr. Babson.
The complaints of manufacturers, I have found, have
risen not so much from their difficulty in obtaining

labor, but in their difficulty In obtaining it al thi
which the manufacture] de n to paj My principal
difficulty was in convincing manufacture] oi the in

crease in (I I ,,i [\\ i,,,. |,, Ua; nd in the

reasonable] .nK ancing wa

"The manufacture) who are nol complaining aboui
paying advani i oi 100' for material which

they must, use are strenuouslj objecting to payin
fraction of this advance in wagi

"In many ways manufacti more liberal than

e earners. I ly pay heavj taxes, give

bountifully to the Red Cross, and similar organizati
are willing to work in Washington for .Si a year and
permit their wives to Kmi from mornii ight, but

there is one thing which they will nol do: give up i
sixteenth of the so-called 'inherited righ! of the em-
ploying class.' "

National Labor Board Appointed

Capital and labor have named the five representatives
which each was asked by the Government to appoint
to outline a basis of relations for the period of the war.
The first session of the conference was held in the office
of Secretary of Labor Wilson on Feb. 25.

The representatives of the employers are: Loyal A.
Osborne, New York, vice president Westinghouse Elec-
tric and Manufacturing Co., and chairman of the execu-
tive committee of the National Industrial Conference
Board; Charles F. Brooker, Ansonia, Conn., president
of the American Brass Co.; W. J. Vandervoort, East
Moline, 111., president of Root & Vandervoort Engineer-
ing Co. ; L. F. Loree, New York, president Delaware
and Hudson Co. ; and C. Edwin Michael, Roanoke, Va.,
president of the Virginia Bridge and Iron Company.
The representatives of the workers are: Frank J.
Hayes, president United Mine Workers of America,
Indianapolis, Ind. ; William L. Hutcheson, president
United Brotherhood of Carpenters and Joiners of Amer-
ica, Indianapolis, Ind. ; J. A. Franklin, president of the
Brotherhood of Boilermakers and Iron Shipbuilders of
America, Kansas City, Kan.; Victor Olander, representa-
tive, International Seamen's Union of America, Chicago;
T. A. Rickert, president United Garment Workers of
America, Chicago.

"Agreements on principles and policies which would
govern the relations between employers and workers
during the war," Secretary Wilson wrote each of the
representatives of capital, "will greatly facilitate the
formulation of a national program and will contribute
largely to a successful administration of that program."

Among the problems facing the board are the follow-
ing: The basis for wage determination; strikes and
lockouts ; piece-work prices and price-fixing ; method of
eliminating improper restrictions on output of war
materials from whatever cause; practice to govern dilu-
tion of labor; discrimination against union and non-
union men; admission of union agents to plants; method
of promptly adjusting disputes at their source through
boards containing equal representation of employers and
employees; right of workmen to organize.

Prevention of disturbances rather than the cure of
them will be the central doctrine of the Government's
entire policy. Reorganization of the Labor Department

JINEER1NG VND MINIM1. JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 9

effort .uui confiict-

11 an effort to ob\ iate

the department's ad-

remove the cause be-

i .-suits.

I lectrification of All Railroads Urged

railroads as a solution

problems of the United

I by E. W. Rice, Jr., president of the

the American Institute of
at the opening of the institute's
cently held in New York.
ricity has been substituted for steam in
railroads," Mr. Rice said, "fully 50'

ble capacity of existing tracks and

oth.r ■ en demonstrated."

•hat electric engines speeded up schedules as

hiK! and that the cold weather that paralyzed

the steam linrs did not hurt those electrically operated.

He trification of the roads would save

Mns of coal in one year, or three times

• -he total coal exports of the country, while

of the ton mileage of all of the roads now given

to the transportation of coal could be saved by the

urrent. In addition to coal waste he asserted

that 000 bbl. of oil, or nearly 15*7 of the total

■.it, went to engines and could be saved by electricity.

Mr. Rice said that 25,000,000 hp. of water-power was

• in th» United States for the generation of

electricity to run the roads, and that every horsepower

water would save at least six rounds of coal for

each ■ >T-hour of traffic.

"It is really terrifying," declared Mr. Rice, "to realize

that _ the total amount of coal which we are

digging from the earth each year is hurned to operate

railroads under such inefficient conditions that an

average of at least six pounds of coal is required per

power-hour for the work performed."

Putting the College Behind the Army

With a view to mobilizing the educational institu-
tions of the country and their facilities for special train-
ing, there has been created in the War Department a
mittee on Education and Special Training. Asso-
■d with it will be five civilian educators, known as
an advisory board of educators. The functions of the
committee will be to mobilize the country's schools and
colleges behind the Army. It will encourage and ar-
range for the technical education of men needed by the
era! branches of the Army, particularlv the Ordnance
Bureau, the Signal Corps and the Engineers. It is esti-
mated that within the next six months 75,000 to 100,000
men of the nation's armed forces will be given inten-
training in the nd colleges. In a degree

the educational institutions are already rendering pa-
triotic service to the Government, but it is planned that
there shall be a systemization of their efforts and that
ir facilities for technical training shall be fully
utilized.

The committee will be composed of Col. Hugh S.

iuty Provost Marshal General; Lieut. Col.

<?rt I. Rees, of the General Staff, and Major Gren-

ville Clark, of the Adjutant General's Department. The
five advisory members of the committee, whose selection
has been approved by the Secretary of War, are: Dr.
Charles R. Mann, of the Carnegie Foundation for the
Advancement of Teaching and the Massachusetts Insti-
tute o( Technology; Dr. James R. Angell, of Chicago,
dean of the faculties of the University of Chicago; J. W.
Diet/, of Chicago, director of education. Western Elec-
tric Co.; president of the National Association of Cor-
poration Schools; James P. Munroe, of Boston, a mem-
ber of the Federal Board for Vocational Education
(which appointment will include the interests of the
trade schools and schools of secondary grade), and Dr.
Samuel P. Capen, of Washington, specialist in higher
education.

Coal Situation in France

Before the war France consumed annually a total of
approximately 65,000,000 tons of coal, of which, in
round figures. 41,000,000 tons were of domestic produc-
tion and 24,000,000 tons were imported from abroad,
that is to say, from Great Britain, Germany, and
Belgium. The monthly consumption in peace times thus
amounted to 5,400,000 tons, according to Codiiih rc(
Reports. In 1916, the domestic mines produced only
20,000,000 tons and the imported coal amounted to
only 19,000,000 tons, making the total quantity available
for consumption 39,000,000 tons. In November, 1916,
a typical month, the French mines produced 1,800,000
tons of coal and the imports amounted to 1,500.000
tons, the available monthly supply being, therefore,
3,300,000 tons, which represents a deficit, compared with
the monthly consumption in 1913, of approximately
40 f ( . It should be noted, however, that the above
average for 1913 includes also the summer months,
whereas the consumption is necessarily greater in the
winter months. The figures for December, 1916, com-
pared with the monthly average of 1913, indicate a
diminution of 44 per cent.

The following figures illustrate the great increase in
the domestic production of coal during the last two
years. In October, 1915, the French mines produced
1,700,000 tons; in October, 1916, 1,800,000 tons; in
October, 1917, 2,782,000 tons. In November, 1915, the
French coal mines produced 1,500,000 tons; in Novem-
ber, 1916, 1,600,000 tons; and in November, 1917,
2,690,000 tons, or an increase of about 80% in the two
years. It should, of course, be noted that the invaded
portions of France contain the principal French coal
mines, and that therefore the war has cut off the chief
source of supply and has made necessary the more
intensive exploitation of the mines in the uninvaded
regions.

Tunneling the Bosporus

The Turkish Parliament is said to have approved a
bill providing for the construction of a bridge and
tunnel across the Bosporus, connecting Europe and
Asia. Contract for the work has been awarded to a
Budapest firm, and it will begin operations in April.
The Bosporus is at the entrance of the Black Sea, con-
necting that sea with the Sea of Marmora. At its nar-
rowest point the Bosporus is 1800 ft. across.

March 'J, L918

ENGINEERING AND MININC .lull

i nun i iiiiiiiiiiiilliiiniiiiH inn i i iimimmimiiiii m n i i | ||||||||| i minim „ inmmmiii mi i

Industrial News from Washington

Bl PAUL Wooton, Special Cokk nt

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Curtailing Imports a Knotty Problem

Par-reaching action affecting the use of ocean bottoms
may be expected in the near future. Imports and exports
that are not needed within the next few months, and the
transportation of which involves delay to shipping, will
be stopped. The problem now being worked out is that
of determining which commodities are needed so acutely
that ships must be furnished for their transportation in
the face of the demand for tonnage which is required
for troop, munitions and food movements.

It is recognized that the shipping crisis will be acute
until August. After that time, there is every promise
that the building program will exceed losses. Military
accomplishments during the next five months will be
determined to a considerable extent, it is believed in
Washington and in London, by the tonnage of shipping
which can be devoted exclusively to military uses.

The matter of determining which of the mineral
imports and exports may be reduced or eliminated from
ocean transportation will be in the hands of a Shipping
Board-War Trade Board committee, of which C. K.
Leith is the head. Another member of the committee is
J. E. Spurr. It is understood that the War Industries
Board also will be represented. Business men of recog-
nized standing will be asked to sit with the committee
in formulating suggestions. This committee expects to
make an early recommendation. As a basis for action
by the War Trade Board in licensing mineral imports,
an attempt is being made through several Government
agencies to bring together all information bearing on
questions of mineral imports, and when possible repre-
sentatives of mineral trades affected will be consulted.

In some quarters in Washington it is believed that
importers of a number of minerals have been favored
unduly in the matter of ship assignments. Objections
have increased in volume, until an absolute determina-
tion of the matter is promised in the near future. What
is regarded as an inspired statement of the attitude of
the importers was made recently as follows:

"With ships returning from Europe in ballast as they
constantly are, the necessity for imposing restrictions on
imports is not apparent. Some imports from Spain may
be curtailed, but the greater part of the saving of
tonnage would have to be effected in the Latin-Ameri-
can trade. It is there, however, that the United States
hopes to establish a commercial advantage which will be
permanent.

"The experts are finding that it is impossible to deter-
mine what classes of imports are non-essentials. A
non-essential to American consumers is not necessarily
a non-essential to the country producing it. Aside from
the fact that imports that might be cut off are necessary
for the maintenance of the world's balance of credit,
so many of them that at first glance might seem non-
essential are found, upon investigation, to be essential
to American industries that it is proving a knotty
problem to prove when an essential is not an essential.

The situation is being influenced by foreign govern
menta whose ind would be affected. The]

making inquiriei through diplomatic channel which

indicate that they will not allow their m<l io be

jeopardized withoiil vigorous protest. Retaliatory action

in many cases is regarded as probable."

Lane Discusses Problem of Cutting

Mineral Imports

War minerals to the extent of 2,000.000 long tons are
being imported. Three-fourths of this tonnage can
be eliminated in case of extreme necessity, officials of
the U. S. Bureau of Mines have com hided. To cut out
so large a part of the mineral imports, much technical
work is necessary, which is described by Secretary Lane
substantially as follows:

A large force of metallurgists should be set to work
immediately on the changes necessary in practice to
use lower grade manganese alloys. Field parties of
engineers and geologists must take samples for quick
concentration tests to improve the quality of the domes-
tic materials. A group of engineers must be organized
to encourage the development of new pyrite mines and
to determine the need for priority assistance in the
shipment of materials and products.

The concentration of chromite ores is an immediate
and pressing problem, as two-thirds of our supplies still
come from abroad.

Improved milling methods and a study of the use of
domestic graphite in crucibles would increase the domes-
tic production of this material very rapidly. Under
present uncertain conditions, the graphite industry is
threatened with serious curtailment, rather than ex-
pansion.

It is absolutely essential that the consumption of
such products as tungsten and quicksilver be super-
vised and checked carefully to make sure that these ma-
terials are used properly and kept out of alien enemy
hands.

The producer of imported minerals in undertaking
new operations needs information and assistance to
hasten his production. The consumer in changing to
new materials needs technical assistance to prevent dis-
turbance and interruption of his production. Technical
investigation must precede the radical changes involved.

In order to initiate this work, the Bureau of Mines
is asking for an appropriation of $150,000. This is to
be devoted principally to work on nitrates, pyrite, sul-
phur, manganese, graphite, quicksilver, potash, tung-
sten, antimony, chromite, magnesite and mica.

Limiting Non-Essential Industry

Of decided comfort to those industries which feared an
arbitrary classification as non-essential was the Fuel
Administrator's recent order making it plain that a dif-
ferent policy would be tried out at least. With the

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. !)

an order was issued

• he production of common

at ount manufactured in

ter agents of the Fuel

i that there would l>o over-

in 1918. Most manufac-

e output when they were

thai their competitors would be

This situation brought

Qg in part 88 follows:

carrying on a series of con-

which iisv large quantities

irning the requirements of each

■ the Fuel Administration is

of production which, under the

tisfa torj to manufacturers and

■-. but which will not represent a consumption

icture of supplies not needed during

It is through this system of scientific

th large economy in the methods of

Administration expects to supple-

e product ion of coal this year.

Decision on Pyrites Question

Imp. ron pyrites are likely to be suspended

entirely. The requirements of this country are to be

by increased domestic production of pyrites, by

! production of pyrites in Canada, and by sub-

-ulphur where requirements cannot be met

by • d in the L'nited States and in

A large quantity of sulphuric acid is available

-melting plants.

ho have studied the matter are satisfied
sulphur reserves are sufficiently large to meet the
'■d, which will thus be thrust upon them,
boot interfering with the supplies jroing to the wood-
pulp industry and to the Allied governments. Ocean
age will thus be conserved and domestic production
of iron pyrites and pyrrhotite will be stimulated.

Importation of other mineral supplies, such as man-
ganese ore from Brazil, is to be curtailed. The West
Indies and Central America are to be scoured for ores
to take the place of those from Brazil. Every effort will
be made to stimulate domestic production. To ascer-
tain the capacity of nearby countries to supply man-
ganese ore, Albert W. Burch, representing the U. S.
reao of alines, and E. F. Burchard, of the Geological
Survey, will make an extended trip at once to Cuba,
other parts of the West Indies and to Central
America.

New Minerals Board Formed

To coordinate the Government's work on war min-

•loint Information Board on Minerals and Their

•een formed. Pope Yeatman has been

suggested for the chairmanship of the board by Bernard

M. Baruch, of the raw materials section of the Council

.'."ational Defense. E. S. Bastin is to be the secre-

•<f the board.

vernment agency interested in minerals will
have a representative on the board, which will be a
central source of information through which all in-
quiries as to minerals will be routed. In case informa-
s needed from different sources, the matter will
be compiled and issued as one document by the joint
d. The agencies to be represented on the board, at

the beginning of its work, arc: The Geological Survey,
the Bureau of Minos, the War Industries Board, the War
Trade Board, the Shipping Boai-d, the Food and Fuel
administrations, and the departments of Agriculture,
Commerce, Treasury and State.

Graphite Situation Easier

A measure of relief has been afforded graphite pro-
ducers in Alabama by the lifting of the embargo on cer-
tain shipments. Representative Hetlin, in whose district
the graphite industry centers, feels confident that an un-
derstanding has been reached with the War Trade Board
which will prevent any further importations of graphite
for uses which can be met by the domestic product.
(Hinge A. Sharpe, of Ashland, Ala., is the president of
the Alabama Graphite Producers' Association. He has
been active in the negotiations between the authorities
in Washington and those interested in the Alabama
production. It is Mr. Sharpe's contention that the War
Trade Board acted unwisely when it permitted the im-
portation of large quantities of graphite from Madagas-
car and Ceylon, thereby taking out of other service
much needed ships, when large supplies of Alabama
graphite were prevented from reaching domestic markets
by reason of railroad embargoes.

Dollar Exchange Now Established
with Chile

Dollar exchange with Chile is at last a reality, it is
announced. It is heralded as a result of the Pan-Ameri-
can Financial Conference held in Washington in May,
1915. The proposal was made to the conference by
Leopold Frederick, treasurer of the Braden and the Chile
Copper companies. Under the present arrangement, the
Chilean government will allow part of the export duties
on nitrate of soda to be paid on 90-day bills drawn on
New York. Formerly the export duties were payable
only in gold and in bills on London.

Prospecting for Nitrate in Death Valley

Systematic prospecting of nitrate deposits in the
Death Valley region of southern California by several
geologists of the U. S. Geological Survey and a force
of workmen is now under way. The occurrence of ni-
trate in certain clay hill deposits in that region has
long been known, but development work done thus far
seems to have been merely an effort to comply with the
requirements of mining laws rather than to determine
the workability of the deposits. The present work is
confined to trenching and sampling, but the Survey is
prepared to do deeper work if it be found advisable.

Save the Ammonia

The Government could use for munitions alone 20,000,-
000 lb. more ammonia than can be furnished by all the
plants in the country working at maximum capacity,
it has been announced officially. An appeal has been
made by Herbert C. Hoover to stop all leaks through
which ammonia is being wasted. Mr. Hoover suggests
that it may be necessary to limit refrigeration and ice
making to the most efficient plants.

March 2, 1918 ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

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4:17

Editorials

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A Minerals and Metals Administration

WE HAVE set forth, in many editorial articles,
the opinion that the Administration in Washin
should include a central executive board with plenary
authority. Whether this should be called a War
Cabinet, an Executive Committee, or a Board of Vice
Presidents is immaterial. The essential idea is to have
a surveying and planning chief. A month or two ago
we awoke suddenly with an appreciation that the crucial
thing in our entire plan was ships. This had been
becoming increasingly evident since last March. "Had
we possessed an adequate statistical force, under control
of a real general staff, or a real national planning com-
mittee or chief," says Raymond B. Price, "this weak link
would have been expressed in mathematics so convinc-
ing that not even a week's delay in strengthening it
would have been tolerated by the people or their leaders."
Instead of which we had the four months' squabble
between General Goethals and Mr. Uenman, and then
some more.

Now, we do not suppose that we are going to have the
benefit of a real general staff. The Administration
seems to be opposed to it, for some unfathomable reason.
Nevertheless, we shall not cease to point out the vital
necessity7 for such an organization. If there were such
an organization, we conceive that one of the impor-
tant divisions in it should be a minerals and metals
board. That board should be comprised of men experi-
enced in the mineral and metal industries. The minerals
and metals board should be divided into a production
branch and a purchasing branch. These branches should
be, in turn, in the hands of experienced men. Every-
thing relating to minerals and metals should come to
this board.

As illustrative of the chaos that has existed heretofore,
and still exists, we may say that we ourselves, during
the last 11 months, have been requested to give advice
or assistance respecting minerals and metals, or we have
had other relations pertaining to the same subject, with
the following boards, bureaus and commissions.

War Industries Board.

War Minerals Committee.

War Trade Board.

Bureau of Mines.

Food Administration.

Federal Trade Commission.

Priority Commission.

Ordnance Department U. S. A.

Navy Department, Bureau of Supplies and Accounts.

War Credit Board.

There may be others that we have forgotten. In
some cases we have known these boards to come into
conflict with each other on matters of considerable
importance. We have known matters of international
interest to become so involved in interbureau tangles
that nothing could be accomplished until private indi-
viduals stepped in and applied ordinary business methods

to the problem, with the I ted and 1 on-

fused officials and bureau chii

We ai.' 11. .i ;,\ in., these an

e to the members of the regular bureau staffs in
Washington. Among them an- in be ion ml the effii
and the inefficient. Many of the committees that an-
manned by dollar-a-year men arc just as bad as the 1
inefficient of the departmental bureaus. We are nol
sure (hat sum.' of them are not worse. Sunn- of the
dollar-a-year nun have entered upon the exei
official authority with the keen relish that -
wisdom. But fundamentally it is not the system,
rather the lack of system, that is at fault.

There is talk now of creating a mines administration.
This plan originally was formulated in a hill by the War
Minerals Committee. The terms of that bill (never
introduced) would have permitted the proposed adminis-
tration to do almost anything it chose. The mining
industry, alarmed by the troubles that Governmental
interference in its affairs had caused already, did not
assent to the proposal; therefore, its promoters excluded
from its terms aluminum, gold, silver, steel and iron,
copper, lead, zinc, coal, and petroleum, and are now
requesting support for the modified bilL There are
other great branches of the mining industry that mijrht
also have been excluded as being well able to take care
of themselves — cement, for example — but before any-
body commits himself to the modified bill, he should
examine it carefully.

The main point that is in the minds of the War
Minerals Committee is the promotion of the production
of such minerals as pyrites, n^ansranese ore. magnesite,
chrome ore, graphite, etc. This has been taken up by
the Secretary' of the Interior, who says that the devel-
opment of American mines would supply two million
tons of minerals now imported and allow the vessels to
carry additional food and supplies to our army in France.
We do not think that this brochure is worthy of Secre-
tary Lane. He has been ill advised when he has been
told that our importations of tin (tin ore), sodium ni-
trate, and antimony can be replaced by the development
of mines in this country. His own bureaus ought to tell
him that a quarter of a century of search has failed to
reveal any promising tin mines in the United States, and
that if we want tin we must still rely upon Bolivia and
the Far East; that until we have instituted the produc-
tion of nitrate from the atmosphere, we are bound to im-
port sodium nitrate from Chile, and that the phenome-
nallv high prices for antimony failed to stimulate in this
cou/itry any large production of that metal, which with-
out any doubt we shall have to bring from China, as in
thf past. There are some minerals heretofore imported
that can be produced in the United States and are
be.ng produced in greatly increasing quantities, for
example, manganese ore, chrome ore, and magnesite,
bat it is the stimulus of high prices that is effecting it
and not anything that Secretary Lane has done or is

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 9

wish that there were less

•n.

ind ird as part

■ eal general staff. If

.nl. it might perhaps have checked

nnmunieation. Such a board

who think in tonus of

who would examine every proposed

division of the staff, and

upon the minerals and metals

ir great industries, one o( far more

■ that are being paraded now for

• in a critical condition. Im-

• it, and perhaps sheer i vr-
departments have stood in the way

threatening situation. A minerals and

wing things broadly, and having the

lid acquire under a general staff (and

thei old be attending to this. Under

our existing system the situation receives practically no

tion We simply wait for something to crack.

The Scarcin of Tin

IF WE had a properly constituted minerals and metals
board, on the lines indicated in the previous editorial,
of the first things that it would do would be to
direct its attention to the existing scarcity of tin, and
>uld do it in the following ways:
In the first place, it would, through other branches
•he Government, urge curtailment of consumption
• that are unnecessary, or for purposes that
are amenable to substitutions. For example, a good
many things that are put up in tin cans might tem-
rily. and perhaps permanently, be put up in paper,
•••board, or glass. A good deal of tinfoil is used as
wrapping in packages of cigarettes and other small
les. wherefor it is not only unnecessary but also is
a nuisance to the user. Many articles now made of tin
• ir tin plate might just as well be made of sheet zinc.
The next natural step would be to recover tin that is
thrown away in processes of manufacture. The re-
covery of tin from tin-plate scrap is already a well-
. nized industry', but all over the country there are
junk smelters who are remelting bronze junk and wast-
ing tin in their slags. By proper instruction they could
be caused to recover tin in the form of matte, instead
ir it in slag.
The most important way of increasing our tin supply,
however, is to facilitate the completion of the smelting
plants that are being constructed at Perth Amboy and
•klyn. The urgency of the situation should be
pointed out to the Priority Board, to the War Indus-
rd and to other boards tiiat are interested, and
the proprietors of those plants should be aided in every
■
At the same time, it should be pointed out to the War
Trade Board and to the Shipping Board that tin ore
must be brought here from Bolivia with all possible dis-
patch; such importations should obtain an Al priority
order.

There is no use in wasting much time over prospect-
ing for tin in the United States or in the development
of alleged miri<--. During the last 25 years, private

capita] has had great inducement to do just this thing
and has tailed. No Government geologist or mining en-
gineer is going to be able to succeed where private
engineers have failed.

However, there is one occurrence of tin in the United
States that deserves attention, this being an old mine,
abandoned 25 years ago, and now full of water. It is
now in the hands of promoters, who have lately been
hawking it around in New York. One of our greatest
mining companies offered to take it over and put sev-
eral hundred thousands of dollars into the development,
giving the promoters an interest. The promoters stupid-
ly refused to accept this offer, as they were apparently
looking for ready money, payment of which, under the
circumstances, would be quite unjustifiable. A min-
erals and metals board might properly look into this
situation.

The scarcity of tin in this country at present is some-
thing desperate. Price is no object, not even to the
Government, which is not keen about price-fixing when
there is nobody to bully.

Mr. Hoover has urged the people to dispense with
the use of tinfoil and tin plate, and to avoid wastes, but
we are unaware of any other officer, board or committee
of the Government that has given any serious attention
to the tin situation or to means for ameliorating it.

Cost of Producing Copper

THE United States is not the only country in which
copper producers must meet rising costs. The
recent reports of several of the principal Australian
producers disclose figures that are quite in line with
those that are being reported in this country. At
Mount Lyell for the year ended Sept. 30, 1917, the cost
was £53 10s., and this figure is probably lower than that
of any other company at present. At the Hampden-
Cloncurry mines,, according to the chairman of di-
rectors, the cost is now about £80, as compared with a
pre-war cost of £45 to £50. The Mount Cuthbert, Walla-
roo, and Cobar figures are all in the neighborhood of
£80 per ton.

Ore and Gangue

THE old question as to the definition of ore and
gangue rises once in a while from the past and is
likely to entangle some one in its meshes. A short time
ago the U. S. Bureau of Mines issued a technical paper
of 48 pages entitled "The Ores of Copper, Lead, Gold,
and Silver." It is a useful little publication, which can
be criticized only on account of its attempt to treat a
large subject in too abbreviated a form. Our concern
is simply with a brand-new "scientific" explanation of
"ore," given after the customary technical definition of
the word. It is said that, scientifically speaking, "An
ore is a metalliferous mineral that contains a metal that
has found a recognized application in the arts and in-
dustries, and occurs in such abundance in nature as to
be of commercial importance." An inexorable conclu-
sion would seem to be that asbestos, or talc, or kaolin
are ores of magnesium and aluminum, or that abrasive
garnet is an ore of iron.

March 2, L918

ENGINEERING AND MININi fOURNAl

439

Still further complications arise when the author

Classes auriferous pyrite in which tin' stale <■!' the gold

cannot be ascertained as a gangue mineral, ur when he

labels stibnite in a lead ore with the same appellation)
though its antimony may be recovered in the form of
hard lead.

The moral is to pass lightly over the troublesome prob-
lem of ore and gangue.

nin imimimi' ■

BY THE WAY

i mmi

imimumimi imiun

■ill*

J

The fiftieth anniversary of the discovery of the once
famous Gympie gold field in Queensland was fittingly
commemorated last autumn. James Nash, the discover-
er, who reported the find at Maryborough on Oct. 16,
1867, died at Gympie on Oct. 5, 1913, at the age of 79
years. Several years ago a memorial — a drinking foun-
tain— was unveiled on the field and the Queensland Gov-
ernment Mining Journal printed an account of the dis-
covery of the gold field by W. H. Traill, from which the
following is taken: "It was just at that epoch that,
tramping along a bush road, a wandering digger, Nash
by name, 'tried a prospect,' as he went, here and there,
as a spot seemed likely. There were hundreds of such
wanderers plodding along the tracks of the colony, and
eking out, with a few grains of gold washed here and a
few grains washed there, a sort of subsistence. Nash
stopped at an obscure gully on an insignificant cattle
run to boil a quart pot of water for his midday meal;
and not to waste time, while the water was heating, he
stepped up a gully a few paces and tried 'the wash.'
What Nash found in his dish when he had washed off
the earth may be inferred from the fact that within a
few weeks all the distressed male residents of southern
Queensland were hastening to the spot, and within six
months Australia had assisted to pour 15,000 men on to
the field. The gullies were rich and numerous. One
ounce of gold to the dish was not uncommon. One
Curtis brought to light a nugget weighing 975 oz., and
worth £3675. Alluvial gold lying near the surface is
not long in being rooted out when 15,000 men are at the
task; but about the time when fresh ground became
scarce, reefs were discovered as rich in gold as had been
the alluvial deposits. Near the surface, when broken
into, some of these reefs proved to be of phenomenal
richness. The lucky owners picked out buckets full of
specimens — fragments of quartz tied and banded to-
gether with strings of gold. . . . Within five years,
over a million and a half sterling in virgin gold had been
extracted from soil and reef. Presently all these splen-
dors were dimmed and a lesson — which should be of
transcendent value when applied to other fields in
Queensland still in the early stages of development — was
taught to miners. The reefs had been found in a black
slate, or, more accurately, shale. At comparatively shal-
low depths, about 200 ft. or so, this rock was succeeded
by another quite different. The quartz reefs, on passing
out of the black shale into greenstone, became barren.
. Claims were abandoned in numbers, and there
was a prospect of the place being deserted altogether. But
deeper sinking byr some venturesome spirits cut a second
bed of the black shale. The reefs on reentering it re-
sumed their prolific character. Eventually a second, a

third and a fourth bed of the blau k hale were pent
trated, with in n in ea a n n ol aui

ous character to, thi reei when traversing thosi
The Gympie gold field no t<. the end "i 1916 had pro
duced 3,274,791 i approximately $66,000,000 Lfk<

other Australian fields its output ha been declining ol
late years; it is now the tenter of a pn farming

and grazing district.

Those who are worrying over onlj one tax return
should consider the cai e of the International Nickel Co.,

which is three times hit, says the Evening Sun. In ad-
dition to the American ai ' Canadian excess profits t.

the Nickel managemen! lias to make allowance for the
special Canadian mining tax bill which u. d by

the Ontario Legislature last April. Undei thi law
nickel and nickel-copper companies are taAed at the rat.
of 5', on profits from $10,000 to $5,000,000. It was
this multiplicity of taxes that brought about the reduc-
tion in the dividend rate on Nickel from 25 to 16', last
November. For the nine months ended Dec. 31, 1917.
Nickel's gross earnings were $11,797,235 and the net
$7,987,967 after setting aside a reserve of $3,680,711.
Balance available for common dividends was equal to
$3.10 per share ($25 par value), as against $5.94 in
1916. The surplus carried forward for the nine months
of 1917 was $2,005,102, compared with $4,933,268 for
the corresponding period of the previous year.

America has been a wholesaler in raw materials, writes
Secretary Lane of the Department of the Interior in
The Nation's Business. Our boast has been in the mil-
lions of tons of steel or coal or barrels of oil or of feet
of lumber that we could produce. We dealt in things of
magnitude, that we took greatly as they came out of
nature's storehouse, not thinking or not caring how
much of any mysterious value they concealed. The
chemist finds that nothing is simple. He tears all things
apart to find things that are not patent to the eye, and
out of the infinitely little and obscure creates a new
world of things useful and beautiful. This is the con-
version that is going on in America in all fields. We are
entering upon the quest for the minor metals, or rarer
woods, in our select places of beauty and of exceptional
climate or fertility. In all the domain of this great
country extending from the semi-tropics across the
desert and the most forbidding wastes into the far Arctic
we have come to believe that there is no land that is en-
tirely valueless. War forces a nation to an intensive study
of what it can do. Men who had regarded them-

selves as modestly useful only in the discovering and re-
vealing of new sources of material strength found that
their years of experience in the mountains and on the
desert, in laboratories and in mines, called them at once
into the thick of the European struggle. . But we

soon realize when thrown into such a struggle as this war
how far removed from entire independence we are. Coffee,
rubber and manganese from Brazil, chrome from South
Africa, tea from the Orient, sugar from Cuba, sisal
from Mexico, nitrates from Chile, hides and meat from
the Argentine, wool from Australia, pyrites from Spain
— these are some of the raw materials we need and for
which the ocean must be kept open, unless our dependent
industries are to weaken.

ENGINEERING AND MINIM! JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 9

Februar) Mining Dividends

v.iaiy. 1918, by 22 United States
taking public re-
pared w ith $12,812,-
panies in February, I'.'iT.
in mining companies paid $1,534,-
$2,186,851 in HUT.
pany which paid in February was

Bump

,•
,- -.

-
Mri

.aea. c

\1, V

SM4.840

10

78.150

10

68.422

10

122.000

IS

90.000

111

50

1 50

133,689

10

I7I.SH2

1 50

6 00

600.000

4 00

1,400,000

05

200,000

05

63,150

7 00

2.100.000

10

178.849

2 25

1.312.500

07)

17,000

Per Share

Total

$0 03

$60,000

12)

loo.ooo

2 50

J74.963

2 00

i.ooo.ooo

the White Knob Copper and Development Co., which
disbursed $10,000, or 5c. a share.

ere passed this month by the Wilbert and
mpanies.
Total dividends in the first two months of the year
were as follows, the figures for 1917 being given in
parentheses: United States mining and metallurgical
compan:. 211,013 ($26,272,734); holding corn-

pan. (1,340,000); Canadian, Mexican and

Central American companies, $2,714,261 ($3,826,199).

Engineers <>n the Mcsabi Remember
the Twenty-Seventh

Of course. Hoover was unable to be present, or they
would have been more careful with the C,.H,,0M. Rut
people accustomed to do things in a large way, as they
are up on the Mesabi range where this happened, are
apt to be careless about small matters. It was at the
banquet of the Engineers' Club of Northern Minnesota,
and after reading a telegram from absent members
serving in the 27th Engineers, President A. E. Anderson
suggested a donation to the Comfort Fund, as the best
of backing their friends in the mining regiment.
So they dumped the sugar from the bowls and took up a
collection. And we bet that they will remember the
banquet longer because of this event, and so will we.

The mining regiment needs more recruits. Mine
manage: intry are requested to interest

themselves in filling up the rank-. We suggest that
ted at all mines that persons desiring to
volunteer should communicate with the mine manage-
ment, which will advise respecting the proper pro-
cedure for enrollment in the 27th Regiment of Engi-
The regiment has been equipped with rifles, has
e proficient in the manual of arms and exhibits
all the appearances of a well-trained regiment. "A"
Company is provided with mining tools, portable ma-

chinery, etc., in a way that's considered superior even by
veterans from abroad. Uncle Sam pays the bill for all
this. Rut the littli' things, such as tobacco, games and
athletic equipment, that will help the men enjoy life,
must ho purchased either by the men themselves or out
of the Comfort Fund. Rut yourself in the place of any
man in the regiment, and see what an attractive thing
the fund is. Consider the matter from this angle and
then got your name on the following list of contributors:

Engineering arid .Mining Journal

.\Y\\ glneerlng Co

\ Friend I

11 ii

I > E i lharlton

ii w Hardinge

Frank N Spencer

W, I. Coursen

.1 ii Polhemus

.1 li Janeu aj

i ' i leers

.1 E Hayes

i \ Van Mater

I, Vogelstein fi < !o

"Cuprite"

R II r. .ii I Hauna Ore Mining Co.)

A Friend, I Pec. to

P. .\ Mosman

American Zinc, Load and Smelting Co

J G ii

Daniel Guggenheim

A II II

Willard S. Morse

August Heckscher

Anaconda Copper Mining Co

F. w Bradley

seur

A Friend. Die. 13

Freeland Jewett

Herman A. Wagner

Francis P. Sinn

II i ' Gosrow

D. C. Jackling

i. ii I'.i iekensteln

E 10 Nbrthrup

Rogers. Mayer & Ball

Denver Technical Staff. American Metal Co., Ltd

A Friend. Jan. 9

E. B Coolidge

.1 V X. Dorr

Pope Yeatman

W. II Alrtridge

i: Marl

Robert I Kerr

Engineers of Washoe Smeltery, Anaconda Copper Mining

Company

Harry C. Graham

Utah Copper, Nevada Consolidated. Ray Consolidated

and Chino copper companies

A Friend. Jan 2:i

John Mi '

J. X. Ilouser

c. K Lipman

T' dore Sternfeld

Clinton It Crane

T. Wolfson

William II. Hampton

W. I-;. Merriss

J I 'arke < 'Manning

Miami Copper Co

J. 11. .Means

C. W Goodale

P. G Beckett

F. l: Foraker

Charles a Chase

E Fleming L'Kngle

Calumet & Iteela Mining Co

H. (',. Ferguson

Jay B. Van Gundy

Franklin Osborn

0«car i.acnmund

W T. Swoyi r

Interest

Quincy Mining Co

American Metal Co

William ii Fairbanks

I>. 10. Curry

W. I!. Ingalls

II. A Guess

J. Mc. C

Engini ers' I'lnb of Northern Minnesota

B B Thayei

R. II. Sales ■

$1000

I

6

5

5

1000

5

5.

5.

10

10

10.

26

100

10

10.

10

10.

100.

5

100

5

25.

100

1000

100

5

50

10

5

10,

5

100

10.

5.

5

50

30,

100.

10,

200

50

50

5.

5.

Illl

00
00

oo

00

.oo

"0
00
00
00
00
00
00
Illl
00

Illl
oo

00

Illl

00
00
0b
00

III)

00
00

Ik'

00
0 0
00
00
00
00

oo

00
00
00
00

oo

III]
Illl

Oil
00
00
00

205.00
25.00

1000

5

25

5.

50.

50.

500.

10.

10,

10,

100,

250,

10

25

50

25

25

5

250

18

10

10

10

10

10

100

250,

25,

5.

50

25,

5,

85.

50

25,

00
00

00

Illl

00
00
00

Illl
Illl

00

Illl
Illl
Illl
Illl

00
.00

oo

.00
.00
.00
00
00
00
00

III)

00
00
00
00
00

III)
III)
Illl
Illl

nil

Total $8688.00

One contributor has made an interesting proposition
to us as follows :

How would it be if contributions were made in the form
of monthly installments ? Possibly a good many more of
the members of the mining engineering profession would
come in if it were put in that form. Speaking for myself,
I will contribute $10 per month as long as it is needed, and
will increase this amount whenever possible.

March 2, 1918

ENGINKKKINC AND MINING J01 RNAL

11!

A good idea and we will take pleasure in reminding
those who prefer to subscribe thus when their p:i> ments
are due, if it is desired. There are many demands for
money today, and some who have given largelj in other
ways may feel unable to put as much into the Comfort

Fund as they would like. No gifl ran lie too small to
be welcome. Make your checks payable to W. R. (ngalls,

treasurer.

Utilization of Norway's Iron Ores

The Norway iron and steel industry is showing
activity, and no less than five different new companies
now contemplate the working of the iron and steel in
various ways, according to Commerce Reports. The
largest of these is the Christiania Staalverk. This
company has actually been in existence for about 30
years, having been originally incorporated with a cap-
ital of $8000. At present it manufactures a small
quantity of steel from imported pig iron, and it has
been gradually increasing its capital up to $268,000.
It now desires to bring the capital up to about $6,000,-
000, with the idea of smelting ores and making steel
and rolling plates and shapes to the extent of about
50,000 tons per year. The extension of the company
is being encouraged by the government, which offers
to guarantee a loan of $2,742,000, to be repaid during
40 years. The government also grants a subsidy of
$1.61 per metric ton of all rolled products turned out
during the first five years of operations, and gives
certain water-power concessions, which will enable the
company cheaply to develop the power of waterfalls
which are about 18 miles from Christiania.

Electrochemical Works at Shawinigan

The electrochemical industries in the Shawinigan
district of Quebec, Canada, are described in a paper by
H. E. Randall, presented at the Pittsburgh meeting of
the American Electrochemical Society in October, 1917.
In this district, which is situated 20 miles from tide-
water on the St. Lawrence River, 500,000 hp. has been
installed and 600,000 available water-power is as yet
untouched. The Pittsburgh Reduction Co., now the
Northern Aluminum Co., was one of the first industries
to locate at Shawinigan. American refined bauxite is
brought in by rail and reduced to aluminum, between
50,000 and 60,000 hp. being used for this purpose. The
Aluminum Co. also has a wire-drawing and cabling
plant, and manufacture all the aluminum wire made in
Canada. The works employ about 500 men.

The Canada Carbide Co. employs about 350 men,
manufactures calcium carbide and acetylene gas only,
and utilizes some 40,000 hp. The Shawinigan Electro-
Metals Co. produces metallic magnesium in many forms,
and occupies about five acres with various processes.
The company utilizes about 2500 hp. in both alternating-
and direct-current furnaces. The Canadian Electrode
Co. manufactures the larger sizes of carbon electrodes,
and has an output of about 15 tons per day.

The Canadian Electro-Products Co. manufactures
acetic acid and acetone from acetylene gas supplied by
the Canada Carbide Co. This plant has been put into
operation since the war, and has become one of the large
industries at Shawinigan. The Prest-O-Lite Co. oper-

ng plan' ■ i lene g h it

pun liases f > and whi< I

distributed lived acetylene bj the comp

Praser, Brace & Go, have an ■ ratal electrii fui

nace plant for the manufacture of variou

eels and for general experimental purpo ea, The la(
est addition to Shawinigan power i the Canadian

Aloxite Co., a subsidiary of the Carborundum <',,,, whii h

will utili/.e over 20, > hp. and is building an exten

sive plant covering about I

Tungstenite, a Sulphide of Tungsten

Discovery of a sulphide of tungsten, the first to be
found as a mineral, has been made in the Emma mine,
in the Little Cottonwood district, Utah. The new min-
eral, which has been named tungstenifc . i ribed in
a preliminary way by R. C. Wells and B. S. Butler,
the U. S. Geological Survey, in the Journal of tin- U i
ington Academy of Sciences, as follows:

"The hardness of tungstenite appears to be about 2.5.
Particles which are easily cut from the massive piece
with a knife blade appear under the microscope to con-
sist of feathery leaves or flakes resembling graphite.
The mineral is opaque. It marks paper, soils the fingers
slightly, and rubs up between a mortar and pestle like
graphite. The cleavage and fracture could not be de-
termined. The luster varies from dull to brilliant me-
tallic; the color is dark lead gray, and the streak is dark
gray. The actual specific gravity of the second speci-
men mentioned was 6.43. Allowing as well as possible
for the impurities and undetermined material, the
specific gravity of the tungstenite is calculated to be
about 7.4. This may be compared with the following
specific gravities, MoS.., 4.7; FeS 4.9; MoO., 4.5 and
WO ... 6.3.

"Tungstenite appears to be unattacked by hydro-
chloric acid or nitric acid. It is decomposed by aqua
regia or by fusion with sodium nitrate. Its behavior in a
bulb tube and on charcoal cannot be stated definitely
because of the impurities, though it appears to be a
rather stable compound, not even being oxidized by
roasting in air. It burns with incandescence in oxygen."

United States Using Less British Tin

Imports of tin into the United States during the
calendar year 1917 showed a slight increase, notwith-
standing the difficulties experienced by American im-
porters in getting foreign export licenses and the fact
that the importation of this metal is controlled by the
U. S. Government. Including the approximate content
of imported ore, but not including Alaskan ore, the
total imports of tin in 1917 amounted to 68,996 long
tons, against 66,624 tons in 1916, according to figures
made public on Feb. 14 by the Bureau of Foreign and
Domestic Commerce, Department of Commerce.

Of 1916 imports, 49,415 tons, or 74% of the total,
came from England and the Straits Settlements, where-
as in 1917 only 41,463 tons, or 60%, came from these
two sources. Imports from the Dutch East Indies in-
creased to 14,148 tons, or 20% of the total, Australia,
China, and Bolivia supplying most of the remaining
20%. A large part of our Straits tin imports came
by way of England, as usual, but it is expected that
1918 will witness an increase in direct shipments.

tlNG \M' MINING JOURNAL Vol. 105. No. 9

MMMMMUtiiimmiiiiiiimiiu iiiiiu • iniiiiiiiiiiiiii > Dili iiiiiiiiiiiini iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiihiiiiiiiiiiiiiis

The Mining Index

niiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiui iimiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiimiiiiiim iiiiiiiiiMiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimimimiin;

Lture

(tin '.■'■!■■

if in

,.■■■. \\ '

in' papers
delay for
Coupons
-

liars.

I Oil I I.

In the Ketchikan and
apln i Bull. S62-B, l S

Ins I

Th* Smelting of the pre. T A
I, 1911 : 13 pp.. illus.) Sixth

ATES — Hold. Silver, Copper Lead and
James M II iP i Mineral Re-
117 i 9 pp. >

vator at Inspiration
VIM E. Dec., 1917 ; 4 J pp..

.1 Young. (Kiir.
I t| icusslon of article

ip- Leaching
PP i
ibllshed Feb. _'

nts In Heap-Leachingf Cop-

En« and Min. Journ.. Feb. 2,

".TANA — -<;old. Silver, Copper, Lead and Zinc in
(Mineral Resources of U. S..
-
NEVADA — i;..ld Silv.-r. Copper, ead and Zinc In Ne-

ces of r. s.. 1916 —

• 4 1 I'P)

..; Notes on the Disadvantages of Chrome
a. tv Furnaci Francis R, Pyne. (Bull.
1917; 21 pp.)

Kl DOING, II \< I R MINING, BTC.

Anvik-Andreafskl
662-F, U. S. Geol

IgOJ — M.ASKA — Gold i > the

1. Harrington (Bull.
ilus. )
» s • 1 4 — ALASKA — Gold r th Tolovana District.

Ala*'- (Bull 662-D, i S. Geol. Surv., 1917;

.'.SKA — I»de Deposits and Gold Placers near the
- beck and A. G. Maddl'en.
- Geol. Surv., 1917; 52 pp illus) 20c

i.iil |. \ \ n Ml \ I U -i.l N I KAI.

ggO« — ALASKA — Lo i Gold Placers Near the

R M. Overbeck and A. G. Maddren.
(BulL 662-G r S Geol Sun . 1917; 52 pp., illus ) 20c

-EASTERN STATES — Gold. Silver, Copper, Lead and
, in 1916 James M. Hill. (Mineral Re-
■ouro -Part I. Dec 18, 1917; 9 pp.)

S808 — FLOTATION at Cobalt. Ontario. W. E.Simpson. (Min
and - I, 1917; 61 pp . Illua i

S809 — MONTANA — Gold. Silver, Copper, Lead and Zinc in
Montana in P'l>> V. C Helkee (Mineral Resources of U. S.,

19IC I'^rt I. |. pp.)

\ — Antlmonial Silver-Lead Veins of the Arabia
i Adolph Knopf (Hull 660-H, U. S. Geol. Surv.,
up )

UTH WALES— Broken Hill South Mine. W.
E v. and F\ H Warren (Min. Mag., Jan., 1918; 8

■

RALIA — Notes on the Phillips River
Gold r Field M IC M'Keown (Croc. Aus. Inst. M E

pp . illus i

Mil RALIA — The Effect of the Cost of

Thos. B. Stevens
(Journ. Chamber of Mini ig. 31, 1917; 2 pp.)

DOS OKI. DEF08IT8 minim,. ETC.

8814 — COLORADO— Manganlferous Iroi irrences at

R/-d ■ • |ih li Implitiv i Kni; and Mm. Journ.

I

Iron Mining in the Cuy-
; (Eng. and Min. Journ..

IKON \Nli -.111.1. — MIIM/IKI.-i

of Iron and SI ' anada

of Mines, 1917; 50
■ • hemical P
Eng., Oct. 15, 1917 :

Thi Booth-Hall Electric Steel
Fur- Co. I Iron Age. Jan

3

8819— ELECTRIC SMELTING Lea Fours Electrlques a Aoier
dans l.i Province de Quebec (Journ, du Knur Elec, Nov. 1, 1917;

0 ELECTRIC STEEL INDUSTRY The Status of the.
■ iron Aue. .Ian :.. 1918; -J pp.)

II ELECTRIC STEEL MELTING PLANT. \V. Buchanan.

(Journ. Chem Met. and Min. Soc. of So. Afr.. Sept,, 1917; 4J pp.)

: Rl I \ l.l.i ITS— Metallurgical Ferroalloys In PUT

Robert .1 Anderson. (Eng. and Min. Journ.. Jan. 26, P.I18; 21

PP >

|. -FERROCHROME Situation. (Eng. and Min. Journ.
Feb 3, pus ■ i J pp.) M.

vn: i ferri 'MANGANESE— Bibliography of the Manufacture
of Ferromanganese. E. C. Buck. (Met. and Chem. Eng., Dec. 1.
1917; I '. pp.) 40c.

88:': . I w i '' INSTRUCTION — New Iron and Steel Works

tructlon. (Iron Age. Jan. 3, 1918; 18 pp.)
8826 -PROGRESS — Phases of Iron and Steel Metallurgy in
1917. .1 E. Johnson, Jr. (Iron Age, Jan. 2. 1918; rij pp.)

8827 — SLAG VISCOSITY TABLES for Blast-Furnace Work.
A. 1, Field and P. II Royster. (Bull. 132, A.I.M.E., l>ec. PUT;
8 PP )

8828 — SPAIN — New Iron and Steel Works at Sagunto. Spam
(Iron Age, Jai 3, 1918; 1J pp., illus.)

LEAK AND ZINC

8829 — ARKANSAS — North Arkansas Zinc and Lead Field.
Tom Shiras. (Eng. and Min. Journ., Feb. 16, 1918; 2} pp.. illus.)
20c.

8830 — EASTERN STATES — Gold, Silver, Copper. Lead and
Zinc in the Eastern States in 1916. James M. Hill. (Mineral Re-
sources of U. S„ 1916 — Part I. Dec. 18, 1917; :> pp.)

8831 — ELECTROLYTIC ZINC — Future of Electrolytic Zinc
Thomas French. (Advance copy. Am. Electrcchem. Sue, Oct..
1917; 8 pp.; published in Met. and Chem. Eng., Dec. 1, 1917.)

8832 — ELECTROLYTIC ZINC EXTRACTION at Trail, B. C,
i: II. Hamilton. (Advance copy, Am. Electrochem. Soc, Oct.,
1917; 3 pp.)

8833 — HYDROMETALLURGY and the Electrolytic Precipita-
tion of Zinc. Floyd Dixie James. (Bull. Mo. Univ. School ol
Mines, Aug.. 1917; 28 pp., illus.)

8834 — INDO-CHINA — Zinc-Smelting Possibilities in Tonkin.
Indo-China. (Eng. and Min. Journ. Feb 16, 1918; 23 pp.) 20c.
Abstract of paper by A. Lochard, chief of the mines service oi
Indo-China, appearing in Bull. Soc. de l'lnd. Minerale.

8835— MISSOURI — Lead and Zinc in the Joplin District
Jesse A. Zook. (Eng. and Min. Journ., Jan. 12, 1918; 3 p.) -'"'

8836 — MONTANA — Gold. Silver, Copper, Lead and Zinc in
Montana in 1016. V. C. Heikes. (Mineral Resources of U. S.
1916 — Part I, Dec. 22, 1917; 32 pp.)

8837 — NEVADA — Antimonial Silver-Lead Veins of the Arabia
District, Nevada Adolph Knopf. (Bull. 660-H, U. S. Geol. Surv.,
Jan. 7, 1918 ; 7 pp.)

8838— NEW SOUTH WALES — Broken Hill South Mine. W.
E. Walnwright and P. H. Warren. (Min. Mag., Jan.. 191S: 8
pp., illus.)

8839 — ORE PRESSING — Quelques Reflexions sur le Lavagi
des Minerais de Plumb et de Zinc. G. Allemand de Fonbonne.
(Bull. Soc. de l'lnd. Minerale, Nos. 1 and 2, 1917; 133 pp.)

8840 — RUSSIA — Irtysh Corporation Developments in Siberia
and the Russian Internal Situation. (Eng. and Min Journ., Feb
9, 1918 ; 41 pp.) 20c.

8841 — SMELTING — Recovery of Spelter and the Treatment of
Retort Residues. E. M. Johnson. (Met. and Chem. Eng., Feb. 1,
1918 ; 5 pp.) 40c.

8842 — WISCONSIN Zinc District. H. C. George (Bull. 132.
A I M.E . Dec P.i 17 ; 30 pp., illus.)

8843 — ZINC-FURNACE TEMPERATURES — II. Edward Mac-
kay Johnson. (Met. and Chem. Eng.. Jan. 1. 1918; 35 pp..
illus.) First instalment was published Sept. 15, 1917. 40c.

OTHER METALS

8844 — ALUMINUM — L'Industrie et les Grandes Applications
de 1 Aluminium Pur et a l'Etat d'Alliages. Jean Escard. (Genie
Civil, Dec 1 and 8. 1917; 7J pp.. illus.)

8845 — ANTIMONY — Antimonial Silver-Lead Veins of the
Arabia District, Nevada. Adolph Knopf. (Bull. 660-H. U. S.
I Surv . Jan. 7. 1918 ; 7 pp.)

8846 — MANGANESE — Manganiferous Iron Mining in the Cuy-
una District. Minnesota, P. M. Ostrand. (Eng. and Min. Journ..
Feb. 9, 1918; i ; pp., illus.) 20c.

8847 — MANGANESE — Producers and Consumers of Manga-
and Manganiferous Ores. (Eng. and Min. Journ., Jan. 26,
1918 ; 2J pp ) 10c

8848 — MANGANESE — Prospecting for Manganese. Henry V.
Maxwell. (Eng. and Min. Journ.. Feb. 9, 1918; 1 p.) 20c.

8849 — MANGANESE — Utilizing Domestic Manganese Supplies;
Manganiferous Iron Ore in the Blast Furnace to .Make Higher
.Manganese Iron — Conserving Manganese in Basic open-Hearth
Bath Metal Edmund Newton. (Iron Age, Nov. 29, 1917; 2J pp.)

8850 — MANGANIFEROUS IRON ORE Occurrences at Red
Cliff, Colo. Joseph B. Umpleby. (Eng. and Min. Journ., Dec.
29, 1917; 1 p.) 20c.

March 2, L918

ENGINEERING \vl> MINING fOl

ii I

88 .1 MOLYB1 iEN I M \ n thi M< tallui g-j il

.1 m \\ 1)1 i is.hi Lai • » i?o\

8852 PLATINUM Q
" ii .nit .in.-.-., i i ...hi. i Ion. Valuci md Pro

B 1 luustan and i ;..\ i \i In Jou

1911 . pp i

8SG '• PLATIN1 Ii Especial :' to Latin v<

i Hull Pan \n,. i. i 1.1..11. \..\ ,191 lllus.)

38E4 STRl pNT] w iti: li Pi iSII

I Bull, 660-1, I'. S. ' leol Sui v., L918 ; II pp
I'l \ i •..inp.il ..
d Glass Surfaces al Porco, Kolivta Harold \ Lei
158 i M \l ., Noi B 1917; 12 pp I

B866 TIN F, intaln I llsti Icl

Una .ii .1 South i 'arollnn Vrtl ind D. B

i Bull 660 1 1, i s. I leol Sun ,1911

TUNGSTEN Production ol
Mine will Daughman (Salt Lake Mln Rev., 1917;

20c

B8BS Tl NGSTENITE, a New Mineral. In thi Cottonw I

k n Kuhre (Sail Lake Min Re\ Dec 30, 1917; li pp., lllus)

::\ ri 'i inium ri.." tli

Compounds, (Eng and Min Joui i 118.) Excerpl

loin g paper bj II IT. Meyer in .Min, -ml Foote-Notes, March,

,.17

MIN \l n'AI.I.K MINI KALS

8860 -ALUNITE DEPOSITS il la and Til

tion. (Hull. 8, Australia Advisory Council of Scienci and i
try, 1917 ; 47 pp lllus.) Report of a specla committee appo
to Investigate the Australian di ■ alunite

i,iii!\ tor the i reduction of potash

8861— BAUXITE and Aluminum In 1916 James M
(Mineral Resources i>f the LJ. s. 1916 Pari I Nov.. 2.
12 pp )

8862— BORAX in 1916. Chas G ?ali md Hoyl s Gali I
s. Mineral Resources of U. s. 1916 Pari II, Jan. 7,
3 pp . illus.)

8863— CEMENT in 1916. Emesi K Burchard (Mineral Re-
sources of the 1-' S. in 1916 — Part II. Jan. 26, 1918; IE pp lllus.)

8864 — FLUORSPAR and Cryolite in 1916 Erni ' I Bui

chard. (Mineral Resources of U s, 1916 Pari II, 14,

1917; IT pp , illus.)

8865 — GRAPHITE — Grading of Graphite In Al una Fletchei

<: Downs. (Eng. and .Min. Journ., Feb 9 1918; p I 80c

8866— GRAPHITE INDUSTRY in Uabama (Eng and Min.
Journ., Feii. 9, 1918; 1J pp., lllus ) 20c

8867— MAGNESITE in 1916. Chas G. Yale a loyl S Gale

(Mineral Resources of l\ S.. 1916 — Part II, Jan. 16, 1918; n pp.)

8868 — POTASH— A Neglected Chemical Reaction and an Avail-
able Source oi Potash. E. A. Ashcroft ; also discussion I Bull
169 and 160, I.M.M.. Dec.. 1917. and Jan.. 1918; 43 pp., illus.)
• 8869 — PYRRTTOT1TE DEPOSITS of Southwest Virginia J A
Van Mater. (Eng. and Min. Journ., Jan. 26, 1918 ; 1 p., illus.) 20c

8870 — SALT — Tin- Palestine Salt Dome. Anderson County,
Texas, and the Brenham Salt Home. Washington and Austin
i'., unties. Texas. Oliver B. Hopkins. (Bull 661-G, C S Geol.
Surv., Oct., 1917: 28 pp., illus.)

8871 — SULPHUR, Pvrite and Sulphuric Acid in 1916. Philip
S Smith. (Mineral Resources of the U S 1916 — Part II. Jan.
23, 1918; 29 pp.)

PETROLEUM AND NATURAL GAS

8872 — ALABAMA— Oil and Gas Possibilities of the Hatchetig-

bee Anticline. Alabama. Oliver B. Hopkins (Bull 661-H, V S
Geol. Surv.. Dec. 11, 1917; 33 pp., illus.)

8873 — GASOLINE FROM NATURAL GAS— Extraction of
Gasoline from Natural Has as an Industry Allied to Production
and Refining of Petroleum. Frank P. Peterson. (Bull 132.
A. I. ME.. Dec. 1917; 12 pp., illus.)

8874 — ILLINOIS— Oil and Gas Fields of Illinois. H A
Wheeler. (Eng. and Min. Journ.. Jan. 26. 1918; 33 pp., illus.) 20c

8875 — OKLAHOMA — Geologic Structure in the rushing Oil and
Gas Field. Oklahoma, and Its Relation to the Oil, < '.as and Water
Carl H. Beal. (Bull. 658. 17. S. Geol. Surv.. 1917; 64 pp., illus.)

8876 — REFINING — The Trumble Refining Process. N. W.
Thompson. (A.S.M.E., Dec. 1917; 15 pp., illus )

ECONOMIC GEOLOGY — GENERAL

8877 — ECONOMIC GEOLOGY in 1917. Adolph Knopf. (Eng.
and Min. Journ Jan. 12. 1918; 3 pp.) 20c.

8878 — ORK DEPOSITS — Evolution of Ore Deposits from
Igneous Magmas. W. H. Goodchild. (Min. Mag., Jan., 1918 ; 9 pp.)

MINING — GEN KRAI.

8879 — DRILL BITS — Relative Merits of Carr and Cross Bit- as
Disclosed by Drilling Tests. (Eng. and Min. Journ.. Jan 26.
1918 ; 2J pp.) 20c.

8880 — GASOLINE ENGINES — Suggestions for the Safe Opera-
tion of Gasoline Engines in Mines. R. H. Kudlich and Edwin
Higgins. (Tech. Paper 174, U. S. Bureau of Mines, 1917. 19 pp..
illus.)

8881 — HAULAGE — Rounding Curves on Haulage Roads (Iron
and Coal Tr. Rev.. Dec. 7, 1917; 3.; pp.. illus.)

8882 — MANAGEMENT — Training a Mining Organization in
Efficiency Methods, ('has. A Mitke. i Eng. and Min. Journ.. Jan.
26. 191S : 2 pp.) 20c.

8883 — PRIMERS — Safety in Making and Using Primers. H.
Comstock. (Eng. and Min. Journ., Feb. 9, 1918 ; i p.. illus.) 20c.

8884 — RAND — Report of the Departmental Committee on Un-
derground Mining Contracts. Witwatersrand Mines, to the Minister
of Mines and Industries. (Pretoria. So. Afr., 1917 ; 36 pp.)

8885 — SELLING PROSPEGTS Chas. F Willis (Bull. 62,
Univ. of Ariz.. Bureau of Mines, 1917-18; IS pp )

i Depl ,.(
I" 11118 ; i ; pp i

. l-.lie

I I ■. I \ I III N

_. 1918

hi; i inn -i\i. i.i n i i. \ i

W Allen

8893 SCREEN— Hoi

1 '

- . $ P., Mln: ) 20C

Ml 111 II lil.l-l.l AI.K.VI,

DRAFT GAG1 ' Drafl Q

Eng and Min i ,,,,

lllus i

8896 l-'l: VNCE — i . i I'Apn

i Bull Soc .I. rin, i Mlnerale, No. l. I pp.)

REFRACTORY MATE! ad van -

i: Pyne. (Bull. 132, A.I.M.E Dec, 1917 ; 2} pp )

8897 -SLIME TREATMENT with Par-

to i hi Effi et of Surfac I i I

LE8 I M M Noi 8, 1

SAMPLING \N li ASSAYING

i GANESE AND CHROM1
Rapidi flu Mai du Chromi Produil di

giques. \ rravers. (Rev. .;■• Mel . Nov.-Dec 1917; 12J pp )

8899— SILICA— Sur la Filtration de la Slllce. Paul xicolardot
et Jean Koenig. (Rev de Met., Nov.-Dec, 1917; 3] pp.)

ii els
(See also "Petroleum and Natural Ga I
8900 — COKE — Tli. Determination of Mol I in In Coke. A C
Fieldner and W. A. Seivig. (U. S, Bur.au of Mini 1917 II
pp.) 20c

8901 -NATURAL GAS- Compn Ibility of Natural 'las and
ii.- Constituents with Lnal: es of Natural Gas from 31 CItli

the United States. G. A. Burrell and I w R rti i\ s

Bureau of Mines 1917; 16 pp.. illus.)

8902— WASTE I i of Culm and Othei Wa ti Mai. -rials from
Coal-Washine. Plants for Other Purposes, John a. C. Kershaw.
I Met and i Ihi m Eng., Jan. I, 1918 ; 3] pp )

MINING AND METALUJUGK \l. MACHINERY

89i3— FILTEi; PRESS. Th.- D. R. Sperry (Met and Chem
Eng.. Feb 1, 1318; 3 pp., illus.) Aims to give general know ■
of the filter press, its field, commercial a 10c

891)4— PUMP— T.si of a Rotary Vacuum Pump. (Eng. and
Min. Journ.. Jan. 26, 1918; 1 1 pp., illus ) 20c

8905— RESCUE APPARATUS— Gibbs Oxygen Rescue Appa-
ratus. (Eng and Min. Journ.. Feb. 16. 1918; i; pp., illus.) 2"e

INIH STRIAL CHEMISTRY

-8906 — NITROGEN — La Fijacion del Azote Atmosferieo. Daniel
Florentin. (Bol. de Minas, Sept. 30, 1917; 16 pp.)

8907 — PIGMENTS — Arts Chimiques ; Pigments Blancs Em-
ployes dans les Travaux de Pelnture. A. Livache. (Bull.
d'Encour.. Nov.-Dec, 1917; ~.l pp..

8908 — POTASH — Alunite Deposits of Australia and Their
I'tilization. (Bull. 3. Australia Advisory Council of Science and
Industry. 1917, IT pp., illus.) Reporl of a special committee ap-
pointed to investigate the Aust] deposits of alunite and
their suitability tor the production of poti I

MISCELLAN KOI s

8909 — ALASKA — Government Railroad of Alaska. Theodore
Pilger. (Min. and Sci. Press Di ;>p.. illus.) 20c.

8910 — DEPLETION AND DEPRECIATION. T. O. McGrath.
(Eng. and Min. Journ.. Jan. 26. 1918; 2* pp.)

8911 — LABOr; — The Engineer, the Cripple and the New Edu-
cation. Frank B. and L. M. Gilbreth. (A.S.M.E., Dec 1917:
13 pp.)

8912 — LABOP. — The Problem of Industrial Housing Leslie H
Allen. (Ind. Management, Dec, 1911 ; 9 pp., illus.; also Iron Ac-,
27, 1917.)

8913 — PROFESSIONAL FEES and Theii Collection. Fred-
erick F. Shatpless. (Eng. and Min. Journ.. Jan. 26. 191S
pp.) 20c.

8914 — RUSSIA — The New- Russia. Win B Thompson. (Eng
and Min. Journ.. Feb. 2, 191S ; 2.1 pp.) 20c. A speech at the
dinner of the Rocky Mountain Club. Jan. 23, I

8915 — TAX — Federal Income Tax on Mines. (Eng. and Min
Journ.. Feb. 9, 1918; 1 p.) 20c.

8916 — WAP. — Organization of War Department and War In-
dustries Board (Eng. and Min. Journ., Feb. 9, 1918; 13 pp..
illus.) 20i

8917 — WAR — Organizing Industrially for War C. E. Knoep-
pel and G. Sumner Small. (Ind. Management. Dec, 1917 ; 9J pp. )

g91g — WORKMEN'S COMPENSATIONS. J. Preston .Tone-
(Bull. 44, Univ. of Adz, Bureau of Mines. 1916-17; 19 pp.)

EN J1NEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. i)

Personals

1C

Societies

i "i"" i,t

u

of tin-

J

t \

J. .1,11

111.'
I til.'

USt).

I I I

and
Marlon St..

chief engi-
Ifton.

mechanical
r Co..

i i

i man-

1/ I
i w i . .i> ir.l

r % O'D ' ":i,if "

wno' n ,. i o ent

been ap-
R.qua, i
- Fuel Admlnis-

i ..I w ilium. II. Thomi

N. H.

took
i,.a-
Ol the
1890.

harge

■ of the

,Var Indus-

-lr.

n some

■-■

\\ - ( ! I't of

r Co..
■

iperin-

I \ Thornton

K « l
I I M. I ,n. rl,

ng and

-
mak-

X.,..r,.,n I" "

■...■■, I.I. . .'

S. „ \..rk -. .- Ol tlV

|„ Rnmford Hall.

' ' i H

'" , In

.1

'il ,„. ■
Chin ' ! ,

.,, talk with 70 lantei

< he i mi..".. In. . held Its first an-

the Blltmore Hotel New

1

I manufa.
represented Ap ,'^ ''

more are i

b

. . , rmed, or-

.1 of dire, to ■ i h'.' """,",, "'

il,, lattei
,o have
electing five additional di-
the ..ii»-' i's
,i : Horace

, „.,. presldi Henrj Howard,

P, asurer, J D Cameron Brad-
.rs al larg. Edward Malllnck-
Dr. William l .
William Hamlin ChildS, and J. J.
\,,,i Section: W. D.
II,,,,., lirman, S. B. Fli mini: J.. M.

Ooetchius, C F Burroughs. .1. 11 1 . Rodier,
Charles M. Butterworth; Coal rar By-
produ i I' W. Jayne, chairman,

w i; \,i,i,,-, , C .i Ramsburg, W. E Mc-
Kay. A i 'Ken Foreign Pyrites
Section: A. D i chairman, C. P.
ughs. F. II. Nichols, ^\ . H. Mills,
. ction: F. A. Lidbury.
chairman. C D Cohen, F. J. Tone; Fertil-
izer Section' C. G. Wilson, chairman, C. F.
oughs, W. L>. Huntington. C. H. Mac-
\ c Read Vlb. rl French, Porter
ng, William Pre oott. Fr.-d. i ick Itay-
ii, l.i Miscellaneous Chemicals Section: A.
G i:< chairman, <: P. Adamson,
William Henry Bower; Alkali Section: J.
D Pennock, chairman. 10 II Hooker. N. h..
: Sargent, Eli Winkler; Domes-
•; rites and Sulphur Section : ( H.
Ma. I'.'. well, chairman, w, X. Wilkinson,
il P Nash, C. G. Wilson; and Dyestuffs
i. Reese, chairman . and
Dr. J. M. Matthews, secretary.

.jniumnn. hhiiiiiiiihiiiimiiiii 11.1111111.111.111U11 ^

Industrial News

Obituary

"Me.-i. ret.--- Products, Consolidated Ex-
panded Metal Companies, Braddock, Penn,

Pp. i 2 ; .; \ :i in . Illustrated, \ booklet,
,i "Military Camps of Our Allies"
and ,i, Igned to portraj the uses of "Steel-
crete" products In l. ml. linn construction,

— I'll.- Evolution Of III"' St.-.-l ISnll liidiis-

ir\- is the title of b pamphlet Issued bj
iiu- Hoover Steel Ball Co . Ann Arbor,
Mich., which tells In an Interesting way
].,.„ the steel ball Industry came n.i>. ex
Istence and describes the methods of man-
ufacture. Pp. 116; 6 x li-in. ; Illustrated

. H hi , miiniimi it.tiiiHMn.mii.nmi »>u

oling

Hyatt Boiler Bearing Co., Newark, N I .

has promoted Earl E Eby to be assistant

anager Mr Eby, who was formerly

the Pittsburgh office of the m-
rings division of the company,
I, th. Metropolitan Bldg.,
-, ork.

Walter A. Zelnicker ~. 1 1 1 » i > 1 > Co., St. Louis.

at 627

Plymouth Bldg-.. Minneapolis, Minn, to

i , lanadian trade.

,1 K. Papin, formerly St. Louis and

south est. e of the Da ven-

,,.,, t i oi . w orl a rid foi 10

manager of the Zelnickei i panj^s equip-

t, is in cha

Vulcan Steel Products Co.'s representa-
n Paris. George S Th impi on, Mas
ppolnted t" the purcha ing board
of the American Expeditioi arj Fore.

■ i has been ai i igned particularly

eel mattei This

board ol American civilians

i beaded bj Mi i I 'rake,

to pi u] II purcha: es

1 1 ■■• rican Army

he board are

. lo Baldwin

i. ,ii, la I'd Steel Car Co.,
Vacuum
OH Co.. Ui i el it,, ,iu,-i . ',,

Allied Machin ' Co and
■i.i" -i . lompany.

iiiiiiii.ii.inii. mm rtii.tMiii.iii i,,,i ,,,,,,,>, iiiiilllllllllll.llC

Trade Catalogs

Brownhoisl Buckets and Tubs. The
• Ing Machine] . ' Jo., Clev.

.; x 9-in. ; illus-
ities of
the different typ given.

New Patents

s

iniie.i siates patent specifications listed
below ma. be obtained from "The Engi-
neering and Mining Journal" al 26c. each
in ,u, h patents are supplied at 10c each
Alumina, Purification of. John W. Horn
st v. Summit, N J . assignor to Mineral
Products Corporation, New York, N. Y.
(U. S. No I 266, ,!-'. Feb. 6, 1918.)

t'or.--i)rili. Rowland O Pickin, Chicago,
111 (U. S No. 1,264,268 . Jan. 22, 1918.)

Electrolytic Apparatus having Rotating
Receptacle tor Electrolyte .lames T. King.
Toronto, Ontario, .'ana. la. (U. S. No
1,264,046 . Jan 22, 1!)18.)

ElectrodepoHltlon of Metals. Frederick
Laist and James Orr Elton, Anaconda,
Mont., assignors to Anaconda Copper Min-
ing Co.. Anaconda, Mont, (U. S. No. 1,255,-
432 ; Feb. 5, 1918.)

Furnace, Klrctric. Frederick T. Snyder.
Oak Park, 111 (U. S. No. 1.254.077; Jan.
22, 1918.)

Kiiniuc. Electric Smelting Furnace

Frederick T. Snyder. Oak Park, 111. (U.
S. No. 1,254.079; Jan. 22, 1918.)

Furnao — Metallurgical Furnace (Elec-
tric). William Buhl. Carnegie, Penn. (U.
S. No. 1,264,308; Jan 22, 1918.)

<.iu,i. . mite — Process for Extracting Po-
tassium Salts from. Glauconite or dreen
Sand. Frederick Tschirner, Newark, N. J.
(U S No. 1.254. -ISO; Jan. 22, 1918. and
No. 1,254.451; Jan. 22. 1918.)

Gold-Recovery Device (a sluice). George
M. Minkler. Spokane. Wash. (U. S. No.
1,254,718 ; Jan. 29, 1918.)

Mine Car — Tilting Platform for Mine Car
Dumps. James A Nolan. Bowerston, Ohio.
(U. S. No. 1,254.621; Jan. 22, 1918.)

Mine Car — Control Mechanism for Auto-
matic Safety Mine Car Cagers. James A
Nolan. Bowerston, Ohio (U. S. No. 1,254.-
fi22 ; Jan. 22, 1918.)

Mine-Car Wheel. Thomas Parker Otter-
son, Krehs, Okla., assignor of one-half to
Presley Robins Allen, McAlester. Okla.
(U. S. 1,255,780; Feb. 5. 1918.)

Ore-Separator. Charles E. Brown, Law-
ton Okla. (U. S No. 1.254,651; Jan. 29,
1918.)

Ore Trramenl — Process of Treating Com-
plex Ores or Concentrates Therefrom.
Frederick Laist, Anaconda. Mont., assignor
to Anaconda Copper Mining Co., Anaconda.
Mont. (U. S. No. 1,255,440; Feb. 5, 1918.)
Bock Drill — Close-Corner Drill. Francis
A. Jimerson, Athens, Perm., assignor to In-
gersoll-Rand Co.. Jersej City, N. J. (U. S.
No. 1,255,316; Feb. 5, 1918.)

steel — Process of I 'inducing Iron and
Steel. Samuel McDonald, Alhambra, Calif.
(U. S. No. 1.255. P. 1 ; Feb. 5, 1918.)

Tunneling — Means for Forming Circular
Tunneling by positioning concentric spaced
lings transversely in tunnel, driving lag-
ging boards between said rings, removing
the dirt in the space inclosed l>y the lagging
hoards, positioning a sec., ml pair of circu-
lar rings, etc. John W. Morgan. Milwaukee.
Wis, ill. S. No 1,255,207 ; Feb 5, 1918.)

/.in. — Method of Purifying 7.inc-Bearing
Solutions. Frederick Laist and James Orr
Elton, Anaconda, Mont., assignors to Ana-
conda Copper Mining Co., Anaconda. Mont.
(V a Nos, 1,255,434; 1,255,435; Feb. 5.
L918 I

/.in. — Process ..i Recovering Zinc from
Orel Frederick Laist and James Orr
Elton, Anaconda, Mont . assignors to Ana-
conda Copper Mining Co., Anaconda. Mont.
il' S. Nos. 1,255,436; 1.255.439; Feb. 5.
1918.)

Zln. — Process of Treating Zinc Ores
Containing Iron by Calcining. Etc. Freder-
ick Laist. Anaconda. Mont., assignor to
\ ,i.i, ,,,i,l;, Copper Mining Co.. Anaconda.
Mont. (U. S. No. 1,255,438; Feb. 5, 1918 )
Zin< — Recovering Zinc From Its Solu-
tions by Electrolysis. Frederick Laist and
James Orr Alton. Anaconda. Mont., as-
signors to Anaconda Copper Mining Co..
Anaconda, Mont. (U. S. No. 1,255,433 ;
Feb 5, 1918.)

March 2, 1918 GINEER1NG AND MINING IOURNAL 146

yillllimilllllllllllll Illlllllllllllilllill I iihiiiiiiiiii ii iiiiiiin I ii nimiimiiH iniiminiiiiu

I Editorial Correspondence

PWililllllillllllllllllllUllllllllliliRiiiiniiiiiilii n iiiiiiiiiiiiiiMiiiiiiiiiiiii inn iiiiniiniiniinnnininnniiiiii nil i n i ininninnii mi i mi iniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiin'niili nniin

SAN FRANCISCO — li'li. 20
Waste Book rrom tin- Black Oak Mine
dump in Tuolumne County IS pro
road metal which is being u
the county. Two miles of road ha

.1 with this in. ii. rial ; and all that
is needed to i educe 1 1 dumps of

the mines bo good road metal r .1 rock
crusher. So th< many

bad i.>;i. is in thf mining of the

state. The cost of the matei 1
In fact, many of the mines an
to donate the waste tor road mo k ng pui -
poses. The fault lies with the
>>t the counties, who l>le foi

Incidentally, the fault a

with the mining companies, v*

make It a part of their bus! less to di
good roads.

Ninety-five Sen Oil Well* wen

in the flrsl si\ weeks of 1918 In Call
fornla holds. The number in the flrsl

of February was only nine, which

the average in the we< k

ended Feb, - the number was 21 and

,11 26 it was 1 2 The total 0
is an Increase of only two wells over the

period of 1917. The new wells in
the present period are evenly distributed
over the fields including Los Ang
Maria. K, rn County and Coallnga. One
of the notable new wells, reported bj the
State Mining Bureau in the last report is
by the Shell Co in the Montebello field
A new well by the Mew Mexico Oil 1
Ventura County calls attention to undrilled
territory south of Sulphur .Mountain.
recent development has indicated produc-
tion at shallow depth. There were only
two wells abandoned in the week, making
a total of seven abandoned since the begin-
ning of the year.

Production «f Zinc in Shasta County in
1916 amounted to 9,484,800 lb., an incr as,
of 1.106.399 lb. over 1915 This production
came chiefly from the Mammoth mines.
The source of the Mammoth production in
1915-1916 was the jig-concentration of cop-
per ores carrying a zinc content. The
new electrolytic zinc plant at Kennett,
installed in 1916, passed through the ex-
perimental stage in the last half of the
year, and in 1918 will add largely to the
zinc product. The plant is operated on
the baghouse product of the copper
smeltery, which contains zinc in the form
or" sulphates and oxides from the copper
ores. The Afterthought flotation plant
should also add largely to the zinc output
of Shasta County in the present year, as
the experiments have been practically eom-
pleted. The Pacific Coast offers a spelter
market at a price about lie. per lb. higher
than the markets of New York and St.
Louis and the consumption of zinc in the
coast region is many times greater than
the present output. There are other zinc-
bearing ores in the county, notably at
Cully Hill, which have remained undevel-
oped during a long period of years because
of the lack of metallurgical methods to
meet the requirements and of a profitable
market for zinc. Shasta County has long
been the chief copper producer in Cali-
fornia and ranks high as a gold proi
The total production of all minerals in
the county in 1916 was valued at $13,639,-
508. Of this amount the gold and silver
product totaled $2,052,356.

The 319th Engineers, now being organized
at Camp Fremont. Palo Alto. Calif., is
asking through the press of the state
for the enlistment of miners between the
ages of 18 and 40. inclusive. The regi-
ment will probably be employed largely
in that class of work for which good
miners are trained. Men subject to draft
may be inducted into this regiment, and
those not subject to draft who are within
the age limits may enlist This offers a
fine field for miners and other skilled work-
men and engineers to serve the nation in
the "way that will be of greatest advantage
to the country and most satisfactory to
themselves. It is stated by J. A. Dorst
that this may be the last opportunity to be
offered for men to take service in this
regiment without being drafted. The list
of trades desirable is given by Major Dorst
in circulars sent out. Draftsmen, instru-
mental surveyors, adzemen, topographical
sketchers. carpenters, skilled and rough ;
photographers or blueprint operators,

(muleteers), machinists, ti

!llo|oiv\ ele dl IverS, >lnlil ll

men. lie:

. .

< I he: e .,1. III.;..

si. asslsl.i

La men having experlenci with

anything in tb, .1 ,

callable, will also I... .,.

SALT LAKE < 1 1 ^ —Feb. :«

Utah as ji Producer ,>i ^iiwr jn 1:117
first in thi- lisl iduclng

this in. ording to the Bureau of

Mines and U, S. Tie

output of this state an
oz., valued at - The gold

duction, amounting to 175,133 oz. and val-
1 $:: 620,300, places Utah • ighth in
the list of gold-pi

Nnn-Kt'sirh'nt Employee* nt the Garfield
Plants of tie' Utah Copper Co., nun 1
about 1 57, who were Ii

duty on tie- molt, mi: of the 10th,
are again at work. TI ad no griev-

the compa ny, and thi ii
tion in not reporting for work was ap-
parently undertaken under sudden impulse,
is said to have been die t.. dissatisfaction
with the train service from Salt Lake City
to Garfield, particularly in the matter of
morning trains, Xo further trouble is ex-
pected. An agr 1 in confer-
enci between the .company manag
and representatives of the employees was
unanimously accepted at a meeting held
at the Labor Temple on the evening of
Feb. 14 T'.ie question of the train
ule as asked for by the men is before the
state utilities eonmu:

BVTTK, MONT. — Feb. 23

Tlie Hustling Curd System is being in-
vestigated by Paul A Brissenden, of Wash-
ington, D, i', who is ed with the
1 of Labor Statist About the

only persons who are opposed to the rust-
ling card I W W
they have interested Congresswoman .Tean-
nette Rankin in their behalf, and it was
through her efforts that Brissenden came
to Butte, Any man who bears a decent
reputation can secure a rustling card The
card is issued at the employment o;!
the mining companies and can easily be ob-
tained by any man who can show that he is
a bona fide workman who was not dis-
charged from his last place of employment
for conduct detrimental to the best inter-
ests of iris employer Brissenden will re-
port to the Bureau of Labor in Washing-
ton. He has hid a conference with some
is of the Industrial Workers of the
World.

Montanu State Employers' Association

adjusted 240 dif een employ-
ers and en, Butte in 1917 in

conferences betwe representatives of or-
ganized labor and this association. Cor-
responding numbers of differences were
d in many other cities of Montana
in which the organization is represented.
Tli is iroes to show what can be a
plished by systematic, collective aid sym-
pathetic action on the part of hot
plovers and employees, which tends to
bring out the point of view of each and t.~
be conducive to an agreement that is
mutually just and satisfactory. Formerly
adiustments have usually been preceded by
strikes, lockouts, expensive interruption to
the industries, court proceedings and the
like that resulted merely in a temporary
compromise and in the widening of the
gap between the interests of labor and
capital. To create a better understanding
between employer and employee it became
necessary to eliminate the custom of the
employer dealing as an individual with
labor as an organization, a necessity that
found expression in the formation of the
Montana State Employers' Association,

I la - o, N. ii Session,

III lie

II IV, w ha

is working

...

s, v. Stewart

to tb. -abi 1

ople from til,
I. \V. W.

I the radical elem -n', in

securing aid 1 \v. W. union,

April
1, for

and oth.r radii
iiianil is to be for $1

1 the abolishment of the rustling-
card systi in. So tar tb,- only organiza-
tion which litis shown any inclination to
come to the support of the I. \V W is
union. This organl:

S, and
its men bei almost continually en-

deavoring to make trouble

SPOKANE, WASH. — fell.

•0

New Charges for Treatment as an-
nounced by the Consolidated Mining and
Smelting i'o. of Canada, Ltd.. ate giving
operators in British Columbia 1

charges proi id.- for a
ment on ore containing not more than 4'.
I 95 • ,,f tie- silver content and '.'»'.
of the lead content, with each in
of 1', of zinc content the company will
r duce the amount of the silver it will
pay for bj ind it will reduce the

amount of lead it will pay for bj
Ore containing more than 25'35 zinc will
not be If the or.- contain

than 0.05 oz. in gold 95' 01 the sold will be
paid for at $20 per oz. An additional
charge of 50c per unit per dry to
material, but not to exceed $4 a ton, will
be mad- for sulphur in the ore. A mini-
mum - "'ill be made
for moisture. Flotation concentrates will
be charged SI extra per dry ton. Chi
for smelting will be increased or deci
L'5c, a ton whenever the cost of coke in-
creases or decreases. The charges will be
increased or decreased He. per ton for
each lc. increase or decrease of change
per shift in th< wages paid labor.

WALI mi IDAHO— Feb. :i

The Idaho School of Mines, at Moscow-
will adapt its courses to the exigencies or
war In making the announcement Fran-
cis V Thomson, dean of the school
-ill of our sophomot
•off to the war.' and we have but one
left and he has a Ilea.

his call to the aviation camp We have a
large and vigorous freshman class, and the
problem is how shall we train
that thev may be of the g ssible

service."' Prof Thomson says it will be
necessary to maintain the four years'
course, but the number in the class will
be small The school of n ilreadj

pledged to assist the War Department in
selecting men for special service in the
\rmv and the dean thinks the situation
will best be met by the adoption of a
nical vocational course of six or twelve
months to prepare young fellows just out
of high school for substitutes in industry
to take the places of technical men, prac-
tically all of whom) are now in France or
on the wav there. "We pi opose. therefore."
continues Prof. Thomson, to give to these

NEERING AND .MINIS'. JOURNAL

Vol, L05, No. 9

-
-

Mil I Til. Ml\ N. 1 el.

v Sorthwentern

a ill be

.ugh hatidi-

'.-.-I is

■

- built

Is be-

• than

ii «... II.. i"-. I thai 10,1 .«""' I..H- "f ore

during
hut It Is feared that this

; could
I he capacity

. II. l\\

hout tli.- winter

!.. the

Ith Furnace

...mis
jori i n tfO —Feb. 80
/,.,. or.- Pound hi PoHtnl, Mo., ■" a bed

ntatn high-
mal purltj i '• velop-

. . ford n. ar i

tj and i""
lachln-

7 \ lO-ft shaft

\ mill hai ing a capacity oi

d The

■.at. .1 iii blue limestone.
\n intendment to ih. i \..-- Proflta Tax

i being

■ this district in ai. • (foi i to

int.-r. -st in tl ■ help

Iter The committee that has

ttiis purposi ntlj and d

iducers were
addres u ebb < " it > .

Victor Rakowsky and i. C Church,
..f Joplin, members of the committee Sub-
have been appointed and an
effort will be made to raise a fund of no(
less tl a committee or

at Washington until the
matter is thrashed out. Possibly a repre-
sentative will be kept in Washington per-
manently. Tart of the work h. re is to
get every man who has any Influence with
any member of Congress t" exert thai In
'• u. ii.-. immediatelj in the interest of the
amendment. It Is believed that were II
it. .t for thi dinar) conditions the

amendment would not he difficult to obtain,
hut th . many things for the Gov-

ernment to do that only extra effort will
bring success in this casi Committees
have been appoii prepare statistics

from the three Important centers in this
field, Joplin, Webb City and .Miami, prov-
ing the unfairness of the present tax.

I'limiN iii-

I' 'el.. ■: I

Set I Vnnual Report of the Holllncer

Consolidated, being the seventh annua

pott of Mi.' I tollTngi i ' Sold Mines. 1.1.1 .

for th.- year ended I »ec Slat, shows that
operal loi I r. tilted In the wiping oul
of the defli : the aci umula-
tion ..f a surplus of $712,724; the dlsbui >-
m. -nt of ^;;ix.iiihi in dividends and the ex-
penditure of Si;::i.-:i7 upon plant and $131.-
" ' i np.m capital development. The total
was $4,271,260, with a gross oper-
ating profit ••! • ' ' 19 and a net profit,

aft.r deducting depreciation, taxes and

donations, of $1.75 ii President N G.

Timmlns, in his report, states tha

h in the mine over 508.000 tons of

or.-, carrying $4,373,635, were removed, an

, is show ii in loi- reserves from
$3 1,1 85.536 p. $40,231 136, meaning that

approximately $10,3 f new or.- has

■ icposed during the year. For two

years work below sen ft, has been prac-

.it a standstill, « hue over $10,000,000

new ore has been developed above

ii, BOO-fl level, He- ground below that

depth i"um unexplored territory of good

p. illative value The curtailment of

dividends early in li'iT enabled the com-
pany to he placed upon its present strong
basis. The conviction was expressed thai
conditions would eventually become more
favorable to the gold-mining Industry. The
nrture policy of the compajvy would he to
conserve its strength until it was possible
to s,e into the future more clearly than
at present. If conditions become no worse
the early resumption of dividends nitty be
looked forward to. The report of Manag-
ing Director P. A Robbing states that an
average number of in in men w.-re employ-
ed during the year, which had increased
to 123" men at the end of the '.ear. The
value per ton of the ore reserves is esti-
mated at $v.'.ir,, against $8. US estimated at
the end of 1916. The mill operated at re-
duced capacity, owing to labor shortage,
the actual time of operation being 7" :!' ',
of possible, as against 111 r; of possible
time in 1916. There were treated E14.000
tons of ore. as against 601.854 tons milled
in 1916. Working costs per ton milled
w.re $4,439 in 1917, as compared with
J4.II3;! in 191 I'., and $3.98 in 1915.

miiiiiiuiiiiiiiii iiiiiuiiiiiiiii i urn iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniii i iiiiiini nun i minimi mi iiiiiinii iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiii iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii^

The Mining News

iiiiiiiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimimiiiitiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii iiiimimiiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimmiiiiiii iiiiimimmimmim mimiiiimimimmiimmimimmiiiiiiiiiirH

\l Ml \ M \
1RAPHITE O • .Ashland)

only a f.w
-en wh.-ther it will be

XKI/UN \

, ■ * < ..iint )
\ T.MAX —The

r vein
in the
•

i •man i — The shaft is

it and the

met ion

is t.e-

■

• with

the ctowoj' .'en (inn the Az-

mly improve the

tate de-

Pln»l I .unit.

. Kelvin)—

hich will

■

Yavapai * ...mi .

—Tom

(Jerome)—
Victor Ex-
tei ed and
al develop-

I (Jerome)— The
i ie 600

lev.l at a point 58n ft from the shaft. Be-
tween the schist and porphyry there is a 2-
t't streak of quartz carrying some cl
I yrite.

YEAGER CANTON (Prescott) — N. L.

Amster. of Boston, and .1 W. Bennie, man-
ager of the Shannon Copper Co.. have taken
over the Veager Canyon property, which is
with electrical machinery.
Electric hoists and pumps are on the way
and development work has ali.adv been
started It is expected that shipments will
be made by June of this year.

AMERICAN - ARIZONA (Phoenix) — A
syndicate of Waterloo. Iowa, business men
has purchased the Vincent Fortune prop-
erty, in the Xevv River district. 35 miles
north of Phoenix. The property is about
three and one-half miles south of the Kay
property, recently acquired by George w
Long and associates, and adjoins on the
north property owned by E II Yaw-key. of
N'.w York. The newly formed syndicate
will operate under the name of American-
Arizona Copper Mining Co.

ARKANSAS

Independence County
INDEPENDENCE MINING CO. iBates-
ville) — Ha-s purchased another steam
shovel which will be put in operation im-
mediately at Polk-Southard mine.

Marion County
GROUNDHOG (Buffalo)— Mill under
ictlon will be d by Apr l

Will mine and treat zinc ore

MARY AGNES (Buffalo)— William \
Barr, operating und< has Struck

body of high-grade carbonate in first ■ ■
pect tunnel.

J. C. SHEPHERD (Rush)— Has taken
leases in the Batesvllle manganese field on
Polk Bayou, near Batesville, and will start
ve mining operations this month.

NORTH STAR (Yellville)— P. C. Hey-
v.ood announces a drilling campaign for
this spring Will prospect in the valleys for
deep bodies of sphalerite Operations now
being conducted on upper carbonate run
Property equipped with 50-ton concentrat-
ing plant.

CALIFOKN I A

Amador County

CEXTRAL EUREKA i Sutter Creek) —
Preparations for deepening shaft com-
pleted Indications on 3450 level encourage
belief of persistence of the orebody to 500
ft. further depth. Thirty stamps of the
la-stamp mill dropping on good ore. chiefly
from the 2600 level.

Placer County

PIONEER (Forest Hill) — High-grade
ore reported, attracting attention of pros-
pectors and miners to this section of For-
est Hill divide.

Shasta County

AFTKP.THOUOHT ( Ingot) — Immediate
construction of 2" cottages for miners and
families ordered by the company Improve-
ments in flotation plant reported progress-
ing satisfactorily.

Siskiyou County

SPRIXGFIELD TUNNEL (Columbia) —
Work has started to tap the ancient chan-
nel, which has been explored by prospecting
shafts Expected to complete the tunnel in
six months Machinery used at the old
tunnel in Stanislaus Canyon has been
moved to the new site, to be installed after
the necessary surface buildings are com-
pleted. Joseph Cadamartori is superin-
tendent

Tuolumne County

GAGE (Shawmut) — Reported high-grade
ore disclosed at bottom of 72-ft. shaft.
Drifting is in progress Property was on-

March 2, I IMS

E NGINEB RING Wl> MINING J01 RNAL

t loned by H I

about a >•' it- i ■> Ion co

on, Fra ncls had

deti 1 11,111. >i niin. iir It

SIERRA 1 1' VELOPMENT CO [J
ton N i ' (old bem lug gra\ el I In

bott ii pro erty,

situated on noi I h Idi of Knight I

oad two mil I town Sua i

mi operation « III i lent

ii. Table Mountain district

COLORADO
Boulder < ounty
UNITED STATES GOLD tORPORA-

TI< IN i Sim. u Loaf) For prei will

be confined to development

Clear Creek. County

URGENT] ME S CREi >LE ("Georgetown)

Will be worked by i I of local men

Propertlei on I iea i enworth mountain.

\l. wins \ MINING & LEASING CO
(Idaho Springs)— Recently organized to
develop iniiu' near Idaho Sprini

IDAHO (Idaho Springs) — Recently re-
opened, and good-grade ore exposi
velopment work

BIRMINGHAM MINING CO (Idaho
Springs > iii rei enth taken o\ er mini
Bis FortJ Co and will begin development
work,

GUpln C its

STAR OF THE WEST (Central City) —
Regular shipments of high-grade lead-sil-
ver ore made.

Lake County

MT. CHAMPION (Leadvffle)— Winze be-
ing sunk to develop at depth oreshoots
mined on levels above.

Ouray County

YELLOW JACKET (Ouray) — Develop-
ment work being done on this Bear Creek
property. Mill may be completed in spring.
C. Wilriey, manager.

CAMP EUR'"" (Ouray) — Tunnel heading
was advanced 160 ft in December. An-
other vein giving good assay value has
been cut Breast now under portal of old
boarding house adit, through which mine
was formerly worked.

RED MOUNTAIN MINES (Ironton) —
Operating Genesee-Vanderbilt. Robinson.
Yankee Girl and Joker tunnel properties
under lease and option. Winter snows
have blocked railroad, so work is confined
to development until spring. Joker tunnel
cuts Yankee Girl shaft below 600 level, and
shaft will be unwatered from that point.
Development work in Genesee tunnel pro-
gressing steadily.

San Juan County
ST. PAUL (Red Mountain) — Has been
leased to Louis Schafer and associates, of
Silverton. The property has been reopened
and will be actively developed. An electric
hoist has been installed.

San Miguel County

J A N U A R Y CONCENTRATE SHIP-
MENTS from Telluride district were: T.mi-
boy, 50 ears ; Smuggler-Union and Black
Bear. 60 cars ; Liberty Bell. 12 cars ; total,
122 cars

CARRUTHERS (Ophir) — Mill shut down
for winter on account of water shortage.

NEW DOMINION (Ophir) — Car of crude
ore shipped recently returned $300.

LIBERTY BELL (Telluride) — Stated
company has least- on block of ground on
Humboldt claim, recently purchased by
Smuggler-Union. Ground lies on Ouraj
County side, but ore is trammed through
workings to San Miguel County and treated
near Telluride.

Summit County

ELLA (Breckenridge) — Shipping high-
grade lead-silver ore to local sampling
plant.

BLACK METAL iKokomo) — Lessees
have shipped molybdenum ore to Leadville
for treatment in Pingree mill.

RED CHIEF MOUNTAIN (Montezuma)
Company of Denver men organized to work
old Square Deal property.

WELLINGTON (Breckenridge) — Making
regular shipments of lead and zinc concen-
trates and of crude lead-silver ore.

MOLYBDENUM PRODL'CTS CO. (Buf-
fer)— Milling plant nearing completion.
Capacity to be 250 to 300 tons per day.
Company has large acreage in Fremont
Pass section.

Teller County

MARY McKINNEY (Cripple Creek) —
Stated main workings will be leased.
Ground being divided into blocks.

BIG TOAD (Cripple Creek) — Reid mill
remodeled, and milling operations will be

i i iduction i"
aboul i

ORA x rii : (. 'i ippii Creek)
duel Ion made bj

and i lead Plm

b> c panj nit i

Moil
VIM Hi ' \Ti IR ii 'i Ipple Creel I
level di i work will bi

both \

Sum.' |i Indlcatoi I "ill

I, bloi

made

i.i oui.i \

Hull Count)

CHI ''I'l ! ■ IT! (EMI-

CAL CO M 'In' lull ■ I Bxi
i,n , \|.ri mi, Mill mill S11 'I for

final mill i I i

com i ructed u] Mine

e of I he Is

known In this countrj
vein two ml to 38

i
skips, band picked n "Hi i" Its
llmlnai 6 crushing.

red! i <■• i Ha n

i ,i Butchart tables. Flne-grlnd-
: The
. 1 1 ore will be hipped direct a nd the
gi ade "in ha i e a rat lo of i o
in i | in 2 Into 1. The com-
pany Is enlarging Its i -hp. hydro

ii. power plant to 1500 hp. and controls
other power sites within a short distance.
Linn a broad-gage railroad to
Clermont, of 10 miles, on the

net \ Hi.- Northwestern R.R.
The Government has recognized the merits
of this enterprise and will assist pi

every mannei v P. Pratt

is president and manager.

IDAHO
Bonner County

ARMSTEAD MINES, INC (Talache)—
Adit No 3 has reached footwall aftei pa
ing through a vein oi concentrating ore

in ft. wide, which it has cut at a depth of
1600 ft .hi the dip. The length of the tun-
nel is 31)02 ft. The vein will bi developed
by a long raise and drifts Experimenta-
tion "ii the me will begin at once to estab-
lish the proper flow sheet, and mill con-
struction will be stalled at the earliest op-
portunity. H. H. Armstead is president.

Shoshone County

CARBONATE HILL GIANT (Mullai.)—
A hoist and other machinery have been de-
livered at the property preparatory to sink-
ing a shaft 1000 ft. if necessary to pi '

the ground. This enterprise is being di-
rected by W. I). Greenough, who has con-
solidated' the Carbonate Hill and Giant
groups of claims. Considerable lead and
zinc ore has been developed on Carbonate
Hill. The operations as planned are re-
garded of great importance.

FEDERAL (Wallace) — The Mace mines
(Standard-Mammoth) of the Federal Min-
ing and Smelting Co.. which were closed
down about the first of the year on account
of the exhaustion of the known ore deposits,
are not to be abandoned without further
exploratory work. The company owns 1700
ft. of ground north of the Standard-Mam-
moth vein and extending to the Tamarack
and Custer. It is known that several veins
cross this ground and it is in the heart of
one of the richest sections in the district.
General Manager Frederick Burbidge has
announced that a crosscut will be run from
No. 6 tunnel level north to prospect this
virgin ground.

Mil llll, \\
Copper

FRANKLIN (Demmon) — In January,
average daily tonnage of ore of 1 1

CENTENNIAL (Houghton) — Two lower
levels are today in better ground than at
any time previous.

SOUTH LAKE (Lake Mine) — Yield for
January, 10 lb. copper per ton. Pi
monthly record. 14} lb. per ton; ore ton-
nage. 2300; working only one shift

MOHAWK (Houghton) — Mohawk is con-
tinuing to make an excellent record. Pro-
duction for January was 1.338.000 lb. of
copper.

KEWEENAW CUPPER (Calumet) —
Share- of stockholders who have not paid
$1 assessment, due July 2. 1917. will be
sold at Calumet. Mar 6

VICTORIA (Victoria Mine) — I:
yield of 15 lb. of copper per ton made three
last months; average. 11 lb. per ton. Cop-
pei for January, 128 tons; for Deo

COPPER RANGE Mi

' 'h:i mpiiiii ll

■

.

o Lhal

nil used iii the i

w i n.\ BRINE i Houghton)— Thi

a ii.-

i able appi i The pi od

i pari d w no
for I lecembei Tl no op*

■
pi i In

1 1 " i U 1 1

: be bi

i than Ja nuai
that i- ' bruai ort n onth.

Iron

AM \S \ P( IRTER i

night in a cave-In. !:• scue crew

ell 'Sine tht'ee. bllt lilt I"

MIS N I -III \

Me-. it.i Bange
JONES AND LAUGHLIN CO (Hibbing)
— Main shall "i ' hi m o Soul h ■ gm -
has been sunk 100 It below the collar and
as yet has bad nu trouble with water or

quid ind

. H. I\ ER III' IN MIXING CO

Fire i
( irigin is supposed to ha • been fri
from blacksmith shop. Mine is an active
shipper to the Minnesota Steel Co. at Hu-
luth A tew wooden headframe is being
ed ,to complel Ion

\ u:\.\Y MINI-: (Hibbing) — The I
ands-Mather < '<> is Installing three electric-
ally driven pumps, the in equip-
ment fur th. property's complete electrifi-
Work is being concentrated on the
new 260-ft. tramming level, where ore will
be brought to th.' shaft limn the newly
| il-up area east of the pit

JOHNSON MINI-: ( Virginia)— Controlled

by the Minnesota Cooperative Mining Co.,

of which James Cardie, "I St. Paul.

ident. Sinking i shaft near the Prindle

Section 6 The orebody contains

.'.'iii.' ions of lugli-grade hessemer ore

and it is expected th.it 50, tons will be

shipped ile coming season.

l;i iBERTS MINI-: i McKinley)
by the Bowe-Burke interests and will be

renamed I be Emniil mine. These people

also operate the Morrow and Burns mines
at Eveletii ' Robert mine, which is

owned in fee by Mr. Robert oi Win

lis. was opei i in i' 03 the New York

State Steel i mil operated by that

pan} i ill mpany went

ii.t" bankru

WISTAR mining 'I' (McKinley) —
. nt K. Quinn ami s will begin

.,, once i" di"" haft the Wis tar

a 10-acre tract on Section 17-58-16,
just south of the McKinley mine of the
Oliver lion Mining Co. This property is
owned in fee by Henry Stevens' esi

lit, Mich . and was explored in 1917.
The Wistar company has delivered some
equipment and tin- Duluth \- Iron Range
R.R will build a spur to the property.

MISSOt Kl

Joplln County

(MONWEALTH (Picher, Okla.) —
Sinking shaft on lease near Tieece. Kan.
Will build new mill, or move No. 1 plant
from location east of Picher.

VELVET (Miami, Okla.) — Starting ac-
tive development on tract on Four Mile
Creek in new field south of Miami. M.
Dawedoff, Miami, secretary-treasurer-

i'i INSTITUTIONAL I & Z (Miami,
Okla.) — Has bought Midas mine and 20-
acre lease at Picher. Win Kberlien, Jop-
lin. superintendent.

ENGINEERING AND MINIM; JOURNAL

Vol. 105. No. 9

ma

-

north

-

LSI of

• lump, a.-*

>pl I n ) — Has

Will

.1.1 mill Now

u • : Board. Sapulpa,

i \V V Idler.

. ■ i Have ii. w

. . .

il depth 160 ft

Di U M.

manager,

TTE (Wentworth) — M a king

al two nulls near
■ 1 .'.ii tons
Half of this output
[11, with only four Bhi

■ul-
0 B Hi in \ . W.-iitworth.

City) Will

drill holea on 20-acre

not heavy.

■I nigh zinc.

I Bank Bldg.,

Oklahoma City J. 1: Green, superli

MilN I v \ x

I .• ( ..mil .

3E (Phlllpsburg) — Pace of

BTI td< inan-

?l pr. paraf being made

■ shipments Uobc-rl Mc Donee,

>il\rr lt..« 1 imiiiI>

II BUTTE (Hutte) — During quar-
1917. there was mined
■i of on and
>>f preclptate. Then

->r.- and -' drj
tons ol resulting in 1,752,024

■ ..f silver and

hows sur-
Completlon of eo
••■ Mountain shaft, destroyed by
iced at co
■ i to be In full
shaft on

.... 459 ft
-lip compi
will be Installed there to tal:.' .are of water
in sinking.

\ I x \ II \
Pffye I ...inly
r.hattan) — South drift has
■ from shaft Th.- for-
ains unchanged, the tlrift run-
■
.ft.

WHITE • (Manhatlan)-

100-ft level now measures
The fault bi

I ■ :. .1

• ... I

inK fault plane, and main lire
objective.
(Manhattan) — The

■

' rpjartzit.

-matlon i

IATED (Manhattan)
-I shaft ha d 800-

• •' has

i
the air line
n the shaft.

ranhattan)— A raise

the fifth level on east or.

■ 30 ft. from level. I,

mill ore and will be car-

•h to 4th It • drift from

Of L'TO ft.

will require n" ft more
it of shah- and reaching
Is pro\ mc up to
i treated about 100 tons
irtlng up. The first clean-
made Feb 16

Stores C ity

MEXIC UN (\ lopment In

v. l iii quarts Bampllng $6.63 to • I B6

ton

SIERRA NEVADA l ' Develop-

,,,, . losed 12 in on the

footn

JACKET (Qold Hill) — Sawed 10 ears ot

1 1 .'ill sulfa.', tunnel and IS ..us from

haft Sen! to mill glory-

hole: 316 tons to mill lens Mill tables and

eld cyanide plant working.

UNION CON (Virginia) — Ore mined in
00 levels assayed from
per ton. The high-grade
earn., from the 2800 ; ore on the 2400 level
ays as high as (37.26 per ton; on the
vel. <;;: 38 per ton. Besides send-
ing to the Mexican mill on which pro-

th. I'nion shipped

live Lars ol bullion to Selby Development
on 2600 level is in low grade quartz.

I TAN

Beaver County

MAJESTIC (Milford)— Prom Old Hick-
ory mine during three months ended Jan.
81 Ipped. In January,

1250 ions. Ore averages 2 to 3',? copper.

Juab County

CHIEF CONSOLIDATED (Eureka) —
Shipments during 1917 amounted to 511.950
dry tons, which brought $1,554,714, after
rig, sampling, and trans-
chargei Metal content of ore:
9176 oz gold, 1,634.907 02. silver, 10.780,-
r. 4 1 > lb. lead, and 600,236 lb. zinc. Net
profit, after payment of all charges $427,637.
Average net value of ore after payment of
smelting, freight and sampling, $25.93, and
gross value $1" 12 per ton.

salt Lake County

Ci iLUMBUS-REXALL (Alta) —Shipped
711 Ions sine.- Jan, 26, of an estimated
gross value of $30,000. Orebody being fur-
ther developed.

ALTA CON (Alta)— Car of ore shipped
recently and another nearly loaded. Sev-
eral faces being worked, as new lower
workings from Copper I 'rince tunnel.
Brooklyn workings, and new ground to east
of latter

CARDIFF (Salt Lake)— Drifting being

n 8 level to prospect at greater

deptli limestone-quartzite contact along
which main orebody was found South
Fork GOO-ton bins being filled and surplus
ore to be stockpiled alongside preparatory
for spring hauling and shipping season.

UTAH COPPER (Bingham)— Estimated
Federal taxes will increase costs of copper
production by 3c. per lb., rising wages and
of materials adding 5095 over 1916.
Normally about 106 days required from
mine output to refinery output, and this in-
creased 5091 01 more, owing to railroad
congestion.

WASATCH MINES (Alta) — Tunnel

1600 to 1700 It and expected to cut some

fissures soon. .Main objective point is

under old Columbus stope, 3000 ft. further

Power plant supplying number of Alta

mines in good I,. Arrangements with

Power and Light Co whereby power
.an be switched on when Wasatch plant
with br. -akdown.
OHIO COPPER (Bingham)— Report for
six months ended June. 30, 1917, shows net
"I 256,257, production having
d to ' , 69 6 H lb i opper selling for
"■• 125c per II. Cost of flotation plant
given as Mini. .-,. hi estimation of tail-
dump at 1,1 ,000 tons Flotation ex-

ted to increa i extraction from 45 and
it old mill treating

over j I..., dally. Installation of first ■

ol flotation plant about ready. Old
"';|1' reelected at recent meeting N
E Rogers, president

suii.mil County

. °-VI 'ark City)— Lessees shipping

from upper levels, and company from lower
Much ore in sight.

JUDGE MINING AND SMELTING

Mark City) Roa ter repaired after fire of

few days ago and operating smoothly.

Damage estimated at about $15,000.

Tooele County
LUCKY STAR COPPER (Salt L.-vke) —
Property in Dugway district making up
er ore. with view to ship-
ping via Faust Station.

COPPEROPOLIS (Cold Hill) — Car of
Cl I'l'. 'i -gold-silver ore on way lo market
Property controlled by Uamhcrger-Dunyon

i nt. rests.

WOODMAN MINING (Cold 11111) — Tn
Frankle mine crosscut from winze ir.n ft,
below surface, lowest workings, has opened

i everal feet of ore. Mining being <i in

several places.

WESTERN I TAII EX. (Gold Hill)— De-
velopment being done in several places with
• noouraglng results. No. I tunnel and
crosscut in 600 ft. and winze from tunnel
on Helmet vein down 30 ft. Mogul shaft
d.mn 150 ft and inclined shall about 180 ft

GARRISON MONSTER (Cold HUD— Bis-
muth ore of good grade reported In Turner-
chase lease Lessees also mining lead-sil-
ver ore. Company developing ore in
porphyry incline and In Uncle Sam vein.
Car shipped recently from former and car
from latter being prepared for market
Stated to have large deposit of iron ore
■ allying some had and silver. Ore being
taken out from higher grade streaks in
this body.

Utah County

PACIFIC GOLD (American Fork) — Re-
port covering 11 months ended Jan. 1 shows
$23(1:! received in royalties and $2300 on
hand al end of period, Name of leasing
company changed from Fissures Explora-
tion to American Exploration, when in
March, I Ii 17. control passed to W. E. Dillo-
way. Lease to American Exploration Co.
expires June 7. 1919, unless $50,000 pay-
ment is made, in which case lease would
automatically continue five years longer.
So far, $12,299 received from royalties
Fifty-ton mill built at Dutchman mine bv
Fissures Exploration dismantled, and new
150-ton mill constructed at Pacific bv Dillo-
way interests. First car of concentrates
shipped (>ct. 22.

WASHINGTON

Stevens County

DIAMOND R MINING CO. (Metaline) —
Three years' option by this new company
taken on the Diamond It and Bella May
properties of the Spokane Lead Co. in the
Metaline district. Officers of the company
are R. H. Hutchinson and W. H. Crawford.

CAN All A

Ontario

KERR LAKE (Cobalt)— Production for
January was 204,641 oz. of silver.

BEAVER (Cobalt) — An important body
of high-grade ore being opened up on the
700 and 800 levels.

MURRAT-MOGRIDGE (Wolf Lake) —
Drifting on the 200 level shows that the
vein maintains consistency in gold content.

DOME EXTENSION (Porcupine) — This
company is arranging for an extension of
the drilling carried on by the Dome Mines.

TEMISKAMING (Cobalt)— President J.
P. Bickell and several of the directors paid
a three-day visit of inspection to the mine,
returning to Toronto on the 13th.

KIRKLAND LAKE (Kirkland Lake)—
The T. & N. O. Ry. has decided not to
build the spur into this camp until condi-
tions for construction become more favor-
able.

NIPISSING (Cobalt)— During January
the company mined ore of an estimated
value of $307,019. and shipped bullion and
customs ore of an estimated net value of
$310. SSI. Explorations in new areas will
be stalled from shaft No. 63, which has
been dewatered.

BURNSIDE (Kirkland Lake) — Develop-
ment work has begun, power being con-
veyed to the property by a pipe line from
the Sylvanite plant. No. 2 shaft is being
put down to a depth of 155 ft., from which
point a crosscut will be run to pick up one
of the Tough Oakes veins. No. 1 shaft will
be pumped out and deepened.

ADANAC (Cobalt) — The shareholders on
Feb. 14 voted to increase the capital from
$2,500,000 to $3,000,000. At present only
one-half of the additional stock will be
issued, which will be offered to the share-
holders on a pro rata basis at 10c. per
share Those taking up the stock will be
entitled to subscribe after Sept. 1 to the
issue of the remaining shares on the same
basis

DAVIDSON (Porcupine) — At the annual
meeting. Feb. 13, the president reported
that total amount of ore blocked out and
«n sight down to 200 ft. level was 100,000
tons, probably averaging $10 per ton. Ad-
ditional large bodies of low-grade ore
were indicated by lateral work between
200 and 300 levels Diamond drilling close
to 500 level disclosed a vein 35 ft. wide.
five feet of which carried high-grade ore.

March 2, L918

ENGINEERING AND MINING fOl RNAL

149

IWilllllllMllllllllllllllllllimiluiiliMlilllMlllllllll mil I i i i UIIIIHMIIII miiiiiiiiiiiim I i ii Illllllllll iiiiiiiiiiiiiinii i u i i, iwuuu iiiiiinii iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiui

The Market Report

ftlim i in i < ■ 1 1 M 1 1 in i bi 1 1 l 1 1 1 1 mil I ii I mi it minium him ii iiiiiiiMiitiiu.il miiiiiiiiiiiii , mm,, mii u , imimimmmiu/

SILVER VND ST] 1:1 INC EXCHANG1

lei.

Bt> rl
tag

K x-

Bil

-i ork,
Centa

I i

(loll,

pence

Feb

3ti rl

ItIL'

Ex-
change

S.I

V n

( '. ii,-.

Lon
don,

i ■. nee

21
22

4 7530
4 7530
4 7530

85|

■H.I

42l

42

25
26
27

4 7. 'it
■1 7.HI
4 7530

851
851

421

42
425

Now Y«>rk. quotations an- a^ reported by ■
& Human and are in centa per troy ounce of bar
silver, 999 fine, London quotationa are in p
troy ounce "f sterling sttveri 92 5> Gne.

DAILY PRICES OF METALS IN NEW YOHK

1
Electro-

Tim

Lead

Zim

Feb,

lytic

Spol

N Y

SI I.

s, 1

6 95

7 55

21

*23i

t

7

(a. 7 00

c. 7 en

22

6 95

7 55

23

*23J

t

7

l,i 7 00
6 9i

m 7 t,"
7 55

25

*23J

1

7

(5 7 mi

fa 7 60

7

6 95

7 50

26

*23|

t

@7J

@7.20
7 20

@7 55
7 50

27

*23!

t

7i

©7 25

(.. 7 55

* Price fixed by agreement hot wren American
copper producers and the V. S, Government, accord-
ing to official statement for publication on Friday,
September 21, 1917.
- 1 Nil market

The above quotations (except as to copper, the
price for which lias been fixed by agreement betwi en
American copper producers and the U. S. Govern-
ment , wherein there is no free market ) arc oui
appraisal of the average of the major market*
generally on sales as made and reported by producers
and agencies, and represent to the best of our judg-
ment the prevailing values of the metals for the
deliveries constituting the major markets, reduced to
basis of Xew York, cash, except where -St. Louis is
the normal basing point.

The quotations for electrolytic copper are for cakes,
ingots and wirebars.

We quote electrolytic cathodes at 0.05 to 0.10c.
below the price of wirebars, cakes and ingots.

Quotations for spelter are for ordinary Prime
Western brands We quote Xew York price at 17.5c.
per 100 lb. above St. Louis.

Some current freight rates on metals per 100 lb
arc: St. Louis-Xew York 17c; St. Louis-Chicago,
,3c; St. Louis-Pittsburgh, 13.1 cents.

LONDON

Copper Tin

Lead

Zinc

Standard

Elec-

tro-

lytic

Feb.

Spot

3 Mos.

Spot

3 Mos.

Spot

Spot

2!

110

no

123

315}

312

29*

54

22

110

110

125

314

311

29 >

54

23

25

110

110

125

314

311

29!

54

26

110

110

125

318

314

29*

54

27

HO

no

125

318 1 314

29*

54

The above table gives the closing quotations on
London Metal Exchange. All prices arc in pounds
sterling per ton of 2,240 lb. For convenience in
comparison of London prices, in pounds sterling per
2,240 lb , with American prices in cents per pound
the following approximate ratios are given, reckoning
exchangeat $47515. £29J = 6.2576c; £54 = 1 1.4545c;
£110 = 23. 3333c; £125 = 26 5151c ; £260 = 55.1513c;
£280= 59 3937c; £300= 63 6362c Variations. £1
= 0.2121205c

Metal Markets

NEW YORK — Feb. 27, 1918

Lead is now the only metal that ex-
hibits any market interest. It was stronger
again this week. Respecting copper, zinc
and tin, there is nothing new to be said.

Copper — The U. S. Government is tak-
ing a good deal. Our allies have lately re-
duced their purchases, owing to the shin-
ping deficiency, and have directed their

mi. in ion in cleaning up theli

linns h. I . II.- ... ..... :■•• n. w Ol

M,, \ . i>. , n placed
I..
Oners compelling

owing

.. the office of tin hat re-
fining coal a have i.. rgel

. i. iii :i conl rai i i ■' con! racl w hicli
is appreciated by none bettei than the
copper ri liners.

Copper Sheets are Quoted a! 81|c per
i. mill, for hot rolled, and Ic hlghi r
i oi cold rolled < topper w Ire Is num. <i at
i, ,.. <.'.. i ., I, null . in load lots

in, in spol straits there is still tin
lol ■! prompt Banka was
sold ai si;,- ,,,i Feb

Lead Thi actions in round

lots — in.. .,:.... i,, ,, lots — every .ia\ in the
week, and there was a fairly wldi
Inquiry from consumers. Some producers
did not bonk all the orders they might
have done The A. S. & I: Co. advanced
its price to 7.',c. on Feb. 26.

zim — Small business done from day t<>
das was mostly at prices of from '■ 56 to
7.60c An ordnance order for 250 tons of
Grade C or "select" spelter mi Feb. 26
was awarded to a bidder at 7.90c, New
fork This is figured equivalent to 7.50c.
for Prime Western spelter at St. Louis,
possibly a shad-, lower.

Zine Sheets — $1R per mo lb., unchanged.

Other Metals

A Ui in in ii m — The market is firmer; prices
37 (a) 39c per lb. for Xo. 1 ingots at New
York.

Antimony — A moderate volume of busi-
ness, perhaps I'm tons, was done at i:;,v
for spot, which we quote. Futures are
quoted at 1- if in bond, and not

very freely offered.

Bismuth — .Metal of the highest purity for
pharmaceutical use is quoted at $3 35 n i
lb. for wholesale lots — 500 lb- and ovei
The market is quiet

Cadmium — This metal is quoted at $1.5"
(ii 1.75 per lb., depending on the quantity.

Nickel — Steady at 50e. per lb., premium
of 5c. per lb. for electrolytic.

Quicksilver — I'nchanged at $115 San
Francisco reports, by telegraph. $115. bare-
ly steady.

Gold. Silver and Platinum

Gold — An additional export of $1
in gold coin by the National City Bank
to Mexico was authorized on Feb. 26 by
the Federal Reserve Board, pursuant to
agreement entered into between the Stat.
Department and Mexican officials. It is
understood that this export was on ac-
count of sisal shipments

Great increases in silver exports t..
the East were a feature of the 1H17 move-
ment of the precious metals". A Washing-
ton dispatch states that China took $12,-
106.600. about twice as much as in the
previous vear. Purchases for British In-
dia jumped from $2,334,467 to J24.392.402.
Imports into the United States from Mex-
ico were $31'. 000, 000, an increase. Gold
exports to Mexico amounted to about $13.-

i, or 12 times as much as in the

previous vear. The only countries to
which we" exported over $100,000,000 in
gold last vear were Japan and Spain. Ex-
ports to Latin America, however, showed
substantial increases, owing to growing
trade.

Silver — Continues steady at 42|d. in
London. The demand for silver is continu-
ous. It is onlv a question of what will be
the price — higher or lower. Advices from
India are to the effect that the issue ot
one-rupee notes appears to have met with
immediate response on the part of the
public It is to be noted that the shrink-
age of the metallic reserve in the India
Treasury continues. This means that buy-
ing of silver for mintage must continue.

in. ,ii >

Palladl Dei

Some I

i in

Zinc and Lead Ore Markets

Joplln, Mn.. I ii,.

Zn, premium, $65 ; mi

erage ba ■ e, pel

lon, l"'. Zn,

Millie. |40 I

Lead ; high, $81 Pb, $866

-

Shipments tin- n i eh i '■'<• nde,
mni, . 138 ; i. mi. i 06 r toi \ alue all ores
the Week, $ i.1 1

As is frequently the rule when
an- lowered, a prepo I high-grade

Ores ■- ..rally

I. .-st anil ..
from $2 to $2.60 per ton. with an average
price of shipments higher than last

Plattevllle, Wis., Feb !S (I telegraph)
■ i. per ton, b zinc. $61

has,- fm- premium grade down to $57 base
for second grade. Lead ore, basis sor.
lead, ?v:: per ton. Shlpn enj reportei
the week are 1928 Ions of blende, 190
tons galena and 513 ton ol BUlphur ore
For tii. s ,;t ' to 'inn el 6,5 i ■

.,1 galena ami
3996 tons of sulphur ore Shipped during
the weel to separating plants, l'hx? tons
,,f blei ..

Other Ores

Manganese Ore— Sal,, as high as $1.30
per unit f"l" metallurgical on Ol
grail- and upward wen reported, but the3e

ir mar-
kel is still .Hinted al $1

Molybdenum Ore Quoted at $2. In

foi B59! grade. Sa let mall.

Pyrite — Spanish lump is quoted at
per unit, on basis of 10s. ocean fi
buyer to paj exci fri Ig in .< mi wai
except that, depending mi conditions,
cession of -', Of war risk may I..- alii
Ocean rates remain

and 42s. 6d for Southern ports Cargo
tonnage is scarci . only half the tnnnag ■
required in January was secured.

Tungsten Ore — Sheel'te, ''fi. nominal
Xo transactions reported. Wolframite S'.'O
'a 24. according to grade. Sales moderate.
Considerable business for future delivery
was done, the British Government having
given permission for shipments from Hong
Kong to the United States after the ore
has first be. offered to the British Muni-
tions Minis

Iron Trade Review

PITTsHI Kl.ll — Feb. ifl

Very confusing statements are being
■rith respect to the iron and st- i
production. The divergencies arise chief]'.'
frmn the loose use of terms, but partly
from an optimism that fails to distinguish
cts from realization. As to misuse
of terms, the railroad clean-up during the
last three weeks of favorable weather re-
sulted, as already noted in these reports,
in the movement to blast furnaces
great deal of coke that was blocked en
route, whereby the production of pig iron
has greatlv increased, being now at a rate
of 75 % or more of capacity, against about
15', in the worst period, but this inci
rate cannot possibly be maintained unless
coke shipments are better. For three
weeks past the Connellsville shipments have
averaged about 100.000 tons a week under
requirements. At many steel works it is
preferable, rather than carry pig iron, to
convert it into ingots even if the ingots
cannot be finished. Car supplies at the
steel works have on the whole increased

\M> MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 9

STOCK "I "l * riONS

s i ii< k i.ikii >. i loss . antinuad

\. II • l eh 26 . in O 9PRINC.S I

nklaVil

. Ilecla

'op
t

II Is

■ I . '.

in or
final Im-

var

I lH-

itain-
l>ro-

Ihc vital i
■

of tin- Iron anil

i hat was

i- . i ■ i ■ making

|it IP'll to i-us-
tleliverles.
be-
' inns
half, sub-
i In-
thai foun-
indry
1 if they

Freight

«i»^i il fur

lly no

■ ITered

from

■

id, pf

N.i >.'l

'. S . pt

. .1
Tenie

■in

r
Va. tl

v \ i ram

ha

Ferroalloys

Ferrnmanxa

■

rather
I

price

.'i

1 101

n

Coke

* MUMllSTfllC — Last

-

no im-

■: that
Thf mar*

hil- Ledp

s Y
■ trolt

■ la
i 'jiiuim-i A- Jerome

p < 'orpn
. fcrttale
« ':vstil>oy
Con xrtz. Pm
("on Coppermine
Con Wv.-Vtah

F.mma Con

1-lrst Nat. Cop

c.oldneld Con

i ioldneld I

mater,
Hecla Mln

ind .

Verde
Kerr Lake
Loulslar.:
Magma

Mi-Ktnlt
Mllfurd .

.
Mother Lode
\ \ A Hond .
Viplaslne Mines.
revada
op...
■

K:i'. !!■ "

Richmond .

r Mines
St. Joseph Lead.

! 3. I ..
Stewart
Success
Tonopah
Tonopah Ex
Trtlmlllon
I roj Arizona
United <'op
Cniu-d Verde i x\
rnltwl /-lnc

Feb 26
ig

A

.,:.'

04
75

I
62

7 5

.50
38 SO
: 2s

OS

1 25

■j,,
121

-

'A

4'

I

34
161

40 ;

2fi

10

3i

43 1

II
.60

2.
J. 08

Helvetia

Indiana

ile . . .

n
I ake
l n Salic

■

n
Mohawk

i-llan
NeW Idrla
North Butte

: ike

i Mil Pomlnlon

■

Qulney

'a M 1
Santa Fe
■
in
Shattuck-Arli. .
so Lake
h
Superior

Superior A Host.
Triblty
Tuolumne
i - Smelting
r s Smelt's, pf
Utah W'\
i ...

Vtah Metal.

victoria
Winona
Wolverlni

u •. mdoi

26
51

20
20

1411
13

II

20

2!

'•

i ;.
>

63
2

13

30

41

75
531
95

■

II,
1

14
4.
3
3!
1

41.

45
2!

11
2
2,
lj

33

60

BOSTON CURB' Feb 25

BAN 1 •
A full*

Beat A- Belcher..

i Mlnl'inla

Con Virginia
' urr\

- Pt

Mexican

.-.I .
Ophlr
Overman
lavage

Union con

Jim ButV

MaeNamaru

Mom -Tonopah

nd Con.
Atlanta

Florence.

i xtension

.-

Packard

Round !

Whin- i ape

I astern .

Alaska Mines i lorp

211

Bingham Mines.

9

i h

.73

Boston A- Mont.

.60

Hiiue A- I.on'n Dev

.13

l alaveras

1,

i .iliimet-Corhin

: oi

Chle! Con

2:

r.irtez

in

Crown Reserve

21

Crystal cop

.60

Eagle & Blue Bell.. .

2

(Ilia ( 'upper . , . .

:i7

Hounhton Copper. .

75

Intermountaln

: 7u

Irnri I lap, ' "Hi

19

Mexican Metals

44

Mines ol America.

i:

Molave TungBten

04

Nat Zinc ,v Lead,

30

Nevada-Douglas.

.98

New Baltic

99

New i nmrlla

i6:

20

Mines

: 35

.12

1

SALT LAKE*

in
I'-
ll!
06
IM
07

01
01
06
05
J 60

t'.Ol

: ni

117

,7

: oi

J. 15

09

HI

.09
78
I!
.114
.02

: 02
1 1
ig

iiT
114

: r,4
: 75

J4.S0

Bannaek
i ardifl

Colorado Minim:
Daly.

liiih-.lii'lk'e.
plre ' upper
haln

( .mini i iiitral
ln,n Bios

[ammotfa

Moscow

on

RICO \\ •

Sliver-Kin

Silver Klin.' I 'on.

i m
So. Hecla
Tlntic Standard.

Walker Cm,

TORONTO-

Adanae.
Bailey
Beaver I o

rs I erlarul

Coniagas

Peterson I
Tcintskamlng. .
wettlaufer-Lor.

ike

HolllriBir
Mclntyre
Newray

rown

Teck-Huches

Vlpond

me

.09

:.05

.24

.10

3.15

.06

32

08

.'7

04

34

10

.28

4 87

1 40

23

.18

.50

, i on
i .,,. tOI Jack Pol .

111,1, 111 I 1,11
i i Paso
i ;..1,1 Sol

i Ir.inlle

Isabella

m.ii \ McKtnne)

Purl land

i loW M
\ Indicator

.40

.117
081

i in
IS
35
Bill prices. i

Ofj
1)3]

LONDON

I i LSI ' l ■ I

Burma i lorp, . .
Cam A- Motor
i 'anm Bird

I 1 I Tn
I S[„'l ;,

Mexican Mines

Mill COrp, I nil

-., , hi, pM
I in. villi-

Santa I ii

Combo)

prices, : Quo1

.Ian 41

mi [Oi 6x1

I :i ii
n 1 1
0

0 9

0 9

S 12

(l I.',

0 9

0 is

II 13
n |g

0

MONT1I1 1 \VI RAG1 PRICES OF METALS

New i i ondoi

silicr

1917 j 1U1S | 1916

1917

1918

Jan

id ...

16 682

1 l 356

1 1

77 585 21', 1175

H7 742

■

i

73 sill , ,9'

36 llll

Mirll

i.l 115

30 662

36 963

7 1 745

36 177

'.7 940

14

76 ''7 1

62 940 79 HI"

30 000

III 1 10

..., 083

85 ni7

11 |98

13 lis

Sepl

68 515

:!•_• 5S4

50 9211

67 S55

32 361

44 324

Nov.

71 604

13 584

Dec

. 765

s:, 960

36 tin

.. ... 1 SI 117

1] .1 111 s.'.l

Not "i oric quotations cents per ounce troy, line silver
London pence per ounce, sterling silver. 0.925 flue.

s in Ynrk

London

ilytlc

i ippper

olytic

Staniiaril

1 1, en

1917

I'HS

1917

1918

1917

1918

Jan.
Feb
Mar.
April

May.
June ...
lull

lug

Sept

i Id

Nov.

Dec.

28 673

31 77,11
31 4s 1

2S 7SS

29 962

!l . ,

23 500
23 ".mi
23 500

23 500

131 921
137 895
136 7.511
133 842
130 000
130 000
128 urn
122 I'll
117 500
llll 000
llll IK1II
1 HI nun

110 000

142 S95
lis Hill
151 000
147 158
l 12 nun
142 000
1411 41 III
137 000
135.250
125 noo
125 000
125 000

125.000

Year

27 180

124 sirj

New York

London

Tin

1917

1918

1917 f 1918

44 175
51 420

54 388

55 910
63 173
62 053
62 570
62.681
61.542

.11 s-,1
74 7411
87 120

<">

185.813 293 227

February

March

IDS '17 1
207 44:i
220 171
245 114
242 0R3
242 181

243 97S

September

244 088

247 41.7

November

December

274 943
298 556

\v yeitr

',1 si).'

237.563

(«) No average computed

New Y'ork

St. Louis

Londoi

Lead

1917

191s

1917

1918

1917 | 191s

January. .
February....
March
\pril
May

lull
UlgUSt

September. .
1 letober. .
November. .
December. .

7 626
s 636
9 199
9 288

10 207

11 171
10 710
in 594

8 680
1, 710
6 249
6 375

11 7S2

7 530

8 595

ii 1211
'.1 l.-,s
HI 21)2
11 123
10 1.44
10 -'.is
s llll

11 ,,.-,11

6 187
6.312

6 684

30 500
30 500
30 500

30 r.nn

30 '

30 500
.1(1 500
,;n 500
30 500
.in .inn
30 500

30 "J in

29 ill

Year .

S.787

8 721

10 .1.1

New Y'ork

St. Louis

London

spelter

1917

1918

1917

191S

1917

lllls

January
February

March .

April

May

June

July.

Aueusi

September

1 iiti, her

November

December

10 045

111 300
•1 159
il 362
S 371
8 643

S 3110

8 136
7 983
7 847
7 685

7 s:;i;

9 449

•1 S77,
10 130

■1 189
11 1112
9 201
s 173
s Hill
7 966
7 313
7.672
7 Mil

7.661

4s 329

17

47 000

7,4 1IIIO
7,1 ill Hi
54 1100
7,1 linn

54

54 noo

54 000
54 000

54 linn

Y'ear..

8 901

8.813

52 113

Xew York and St. Louis quotations,. rents per pound.
London, pounds sterling per long ton.

No

2

Pie Iron,

H. -seiner*

Ii '

Foundry

Pgta.

1917

191s

191S

1917

191s

January

(35 95

S37 25

S3II 95

$33 95

S30 95

$33 (15

February...

36 37

30 95

30.95

37.37

33 49

35 91

April

42.23

is 'III

40 06

May ....

46 94

4 2 s4

43.60

54 22

50.05

50.14

lui-

57 45

53 80

53.95

5 1 17

50 37

53 95

September

■In 411

42 24

48 58

1 ictober

37 25

33 95

33 95

37 25

38 95

33.95

December. .

37 25

33 05

33 95

Year

-43 ',7

$39 62

$40 83

S As reported by W. P. Snyder & Co

Engineering and Mining Journal

March 9, 1918

Volume 105

Numl

Ml Illltlllll IIIIIIIIMIIIIH1I IIHimilMIIHUUIIUMIIMIHIIIMMMIHMHIMI

FIG. 1. BUILDING IN WHICH NEW LABORATORY IS FIG. 2. BALANCE TABLES CONSIST < >F 10-I.V CONCRETE

HOUSED AT CHROME PLANT SLABS SUPPORTED ON TILE PIERS

U. S. Metals Refining Co.'s New Laboratory

at Chrome, N. J.

By B B. HOOD*

A thoroughly up-to-date chemical laboratory has
recently been erected by the United States Metals
Refining Co. at its Chrome, New Jersey, plant.

IN THE custom smelting and refining of ores and
bullion, it is essential that proper facilities be
provided for prompt and accurate analytical deter-
minations on the samples of the ore and bullion received,
as well as for control of the various metallurgical
processes. In order that these requirements be met
properly, the chemical laboratoiy must be so arranged
that ample facilities are provided for the necessary
routine work and that there be room for future expan-
sion, to prevent overcrowding at an early future period.

The Chrome plant of the United States Metals
Refining Co. had grown to such an extent that
it was desirable to provide more adequate laboratory
facilities. Also, owing to the expansion of the plant,
the ground upon which the then existing laboratory
stood was urgently needed for other work. Early in
1916, it was therefore decided to erect a new laboratory
which would handle the plant work at that time and
have sufficient capacity for taking care of probable future
requirements for many years. No expense was spared in
design and construction to secure the most up-to-date
and efficient facilities.

The building is a two-story brick structure, 50 by
115i ft. Brick partitions and concrete floors are used
throughout, with an asbestos-covered roof carried on

* Assistant to the superintendent, Chrome plant. United States
Metals Refining Co.

Facilities have been provided for all branches of
analytical work, so that the future requirements
of the growing plant may be efficiently met.

steel trusses, making the structure as fireproof as pos-
sible. A basement with a concrete floor is used for
storage purposes. All workrooms are piped for gas,
hot and cold water, compressed air at 50 lb. pressure,
and suction at about 10 lb. The building is heated by
steam and lighted by electricity. A telephone system
with a switchboard in the laboratory office affords com-
munication among the various rooms in the building.
Fig. 3 shows the arrangement of the first and second
floors.

All the hoods are of Alberene stone, supported on
pipe framework. The hood doors are of i-in. asbestos
board, held in wood frames. The tops of the hoods are
connected to an exhaust fan of 30,000 cu.ft. capacity,
by means of A. R. M. Co. iron, pitch-lined pipe. All
hoods are equipped with gas, compressed air and suc-
tion connections. Fig. 5 illustrates their construction.
Where required, in place of steam baths, electric stoves
are used which maintain a uniform temperature of
about 90° Centigrade.

The work benches, Fig. 4, are oak cabinets supported
on short legs made of pipe, making a sanitary base, and
with Alberene tops, and drawers and lockers as shown.
The balance tables, shown in Fig. 2, consist of slabs of
reinforced concrete 10 in. thick and three feet wide,
supported on white tile piers, and with lengths varying
to suit the requirements. This construction has served

vNP MINING rOURNAL

Vol. 105. No. 10

U

olytic

:i the

partment, amount-
brolytic «;

room is furnished with lockers, desk, table, lounge
chairs, and is made attractive in various ways.
The analytical department occupies the south end of
the second floor. The main laboratory room is well
lighted by windows on three sides and is one and a
half stories hijih, the roof trusses being exposed. The
walls are of white tile and all tables are similar to that
shown in Fig. I. The hood is of Alberene stone, as

■

AS^

LIBRARY

HALL

.tmACI

••

FURNACE ROOM

TABLE

>

h

ots 5

T.
O
O

M S ROOM

. S//WI | — f- SINK | f> SINK

s/««l

TABLE

TABLE

TABLE

.

I-

Jj

nil

'•J 1
-J

i

1

B

J

? J

CMEMICAL

STORAGE ROOM

ANALYTICAL LABORATORY

44 : ■ 4«'-8"

TABLE

TABLE

TABLE

I «SIHK

1 V SINK

1 k SINK

' c Over This Section on/y --->>
SECOND FLOOR PLAN

DOOR TO
EIRE ESCAPE

FIRST FLO Of? PLAN

MICAL LABORATORY AT CHROME PLANT OP UNITED STATES METALS
REFINING CO.

minations per day. The three battery rooms are fitted

b steel gratings, protecting rhe doors and windows,

ifeguard the platinum which >s left on the shelves

night during electrolytic deposition. Smoot elec-

re used. The balance room for this

irnished with two balance tables on

with space for six balances. The wet

roo- rite-tiled walls, three stone-top benches and

•>erene stone. Smoot flasks and automatic

. for the work in this room. The ladies'

shown in Fig. 5. Thus each man has plenty of table
space and room to work in. He is also close enough
to the hood to be able to watch the work there. This
arrangement of laboratory equipment has proved highly
satisfactory from an operating point of view. The
hydrogen sulphide and balance rooms are separated
from the main room by hallways. This prevents stray
H2S fumes from getting where they are not wanted,
and protects the balances against all fumes.

The assay department, consisting of four rooms, is

March 9. L918

IG \M» MINING I'M i

situated at 1 1"' norl ii mi oi I he 8( ond flooi ani
of tin1 same height as the analytical department, eo
the parting and balance root i h have ceili

over them. Six oil-fired muffle furnaces equipped with
asbestos curtains are used in the furnace room. 1 '
curtains protect the operators in front from the heal
generated back of the furnace. A Frame bearing the
operators' names is attached to the assayers' table, as
shown on work table in Kijr. -1. Tins system is followed
throughout the laboratory, and identities the men with
their positions, and indicates responsibility for local
conditions, thus creating a feeling of pride which pro-
motes tidiness. The refuse chute in the corner of the
room leads to a box in the basement, making a con-
venient way of disposing of refuse from the furnace
room and workroom below.

The assay wet room has white-tiled walls and stone-
top tables and an Alberene stone hood. One reinforced-
concrete table with white piers supports the balances
used to weigh out assay charges. A steel fire-escape
leads from a door in this room to the ground. The
balance room for the assay work has two reinforced-

danl lib]
cipally upon metal] ii
and to all l

kept on tile.

At present, I

ofh\ e "ii the hi • n

ha- hen ■ quipmen etal-

raphic outfit, which ha
of refined coppei I work is in charge of \\ '
Smith, metallurg

The main laboratory offic< avenientl

on i he first floor, and all I ion

with the laboratory if lone in them Ali .alls

and worl u the building are painted white.

laboratory is in charge of 11. D. ( Ireenwood, chief chem-
ist, who has a force of 42 employees.

The analytical work done by this department covers
the following: (1) Ores and bullion to be smelted or
refined; (2) fluxes, fuel, brick, etc.; (3) byproducts such
as slags, cobbings, flue dust, etc.; (4) departmental
products as matte, anodes, cathodes, etc.; (5) solutions

FIG. 4.

WORK BENCHES HAVE ALBEREXE STONE TOPS
AND SANITARY BASES

PIG. 5.

HOODS ARE BUILT OF ALBERENE STONE WITH
PIPE FRAMEWORK

concrete tables on white-tiled piers, with space for the
six balances. The parting room has walls of white
tile and, besides the stone-topped tables and Alberene
stone hood, has a sample-shaking machine. It is also
fitted with double windows as a protection against dust.
About 300 assays per day are made at present.

The central part of the second floor is ceiled, the
attic above it containing the ventilating fans for the
hoods, etc. In the sulphur room determinations for
sulphur are made. This is out of reach of any outside
sulphur fumes that would tend to vitiate the determina-
tions. This room is also used for oxygen determinations
and special analytical work requiring freedom from in-
terference. In the conductivity room is installed the
very latest Hoopes conductivity bridge with a special
balance for weighing wire. Special apparatus for an-
nealing the wire is included in the equipment. Tests
for electrical conductivity are made twice on wire drawn
from furnace charges while those charges are being
cast into refined product, thus furnishing a control
upon the product intended for wire, etc., while it is
being produced.

as electrolytes, acids, etc.; (6) refined products, copper,
silver, gold, etc.; and (7) experimental work of a special
nature.

Almost all samples come to the laboratory already
prepared and put up in 4 x 7-in. manila envelopes.
Moisture determinations and sizing tests are made in
the sampling department before going to the laboratory.
Samples in which persons outside of the company are
interested arrive in triplicate; otherwise in duplicate.
At a table in the lower hall the samples are each given
a serial number, which is written on the envelope;
then a triplicate record is made of the sample on a
printed form. The original, a white copy, is not per-
forated and is left bound in the book which is kept
in the office. The pink and yellow copies are perforated,
and, after being separated, are fastened to the
samples. Of the latter that are in duplicate one
goes with the pink slip to the analytical or the battery
division of the laboratory; the other, with the yellow
slip, is taken to the assay division. The third sample
of those in triplicate is sent to the vault for the use
of the umpire, if that proves necessary.

\M' MINING JOURNAL

VoL 105, No. 10

then retui
,vhere the results
The pink

'•

r which
rtificate i
• her samples. The
itialed by the chief
urbon copies are

a
^

aniding ( oncentrates vs. Smelting

A E. Dsucki

ding raw gold-bearing con-
• aily demonstrated by the fol-
■ hipping and smelting. It is also
:ine grinding in cyanide solution to pa-

itely necessary for a high ex-

the gold within a reasonable

In most cases preliminary

. At Kalgoorlie, Australia, which

• e of gold telluride neces-

mplete roasting (0.11 to 0.35% S) and

rinding preliminary to cyanidation.

ne Oriental Consolidated Mining Co., Maibong,

• ne gold-bearing concentrates obtained from van-

s

X

-

;

--

--•

2™ZP"x>

—

j2*2I2

<i

■

.

'

■

During L908-'09-'10, this sulphide material was trans-
ed to Taracol (24 miles) and treated 18 days by
percolation direct at the Taracol cyanide plant at a total
rage yearly cost of $18.13, $10.27, and $9.09 per
ton respectively. The extraction was not satisfactory.
During r.Ul-'12-"13-'U. it was taken (20 miles) to the
company's cyanide plant at Kuk San Dong and treated
16 to 20 days by percolation, at a total average yearly
expense per ton of $13.G8, $11.38, $7.50, and $8.36. The
extraction of the gold for these periods was 49.1, 64.7,
58.8, and 49.0' respectively. These results were also
from satisfactory. Finally during 1915-'16-'17, the
following method was employed successfully: The raw
concentrates were treated on the spot by fine grinding
in a cyanide solution, air agitation, decantation, and
filter-pressing, at a total cost per ton of $7.38, $5.59,
and $4.47. The extraction of the gold for the corre-
sponding periods was 73.9, 94.2, and 91.2%. This re-
sult has been highly satisfactory in comparison with
former methods and smelting.

This plant, which began operations on Jan. 16, 1915,
is housed in a wooden frame building 35 ft. by 81 ft. and)
contains one 3 x 12-ft. tube mill, two 8 x 23-ft. agitating
tanks, one 12 x 15-ft. sump tank, one 6 x 8-ft. solution
tank, one solution pump, one sand pump, two 6 x 10-ft.
clarifying tanks, two cone classifiers, two cone thicken-
ers, one 24-frame Dehne filter press, one Monteju, one
-18-hp. electric motor, one 25-hp. electric motor, one 150-
cu.ft. air compressor, and three zinc boxes. The figures
given on extractions and costs were taken from the
company's annual reports.

There are many sulphide gold ores that are amenable
to flotation methods, and there will be an increasing
amount of concentrates produced in the future which
will require cyanide treatment on the spot for the re-
covery of the precious metals.

•ere originally shipped to a smeltery in America

atment. The total cost for marketing was about

vhich included handling, transportation,

and refining. In addition, there were the

it the smeltery for moisture, fines,

. which, if accounted for, would put the

nsiderably above 530. The approxi-

of the concent: - follows:

srsenical pyrifc ; iron

nd lead, traces; total, 100%. These

ere finally at the smeltry owing to

tent.

Ramsay Memorial Fund

A committee of men prominent in the physical and
chemical sciences in Great Britain was organized after
the death of Sir William Ramsay in July, 1916, for the
purpose of raising a substantial fund to be used for
the establishment of Ramsay research fellowships,
tenable wherever necessary facilities might be avail-
able, and a Ramsay memorial laboratory of engineering
chemistry at the University of London, where Ramsay
served 26 of his most fruitful years of activity.

Through this general organization, committees were
formed in many countries, including the United States.
The sum to be raised was set originally at £100,000, of
which more than £300 has been contributed by residents
of this country. The committee in the United States is
headed by Walter Hines Page, as vice president, and
Charles Baskerville, chairman. Many well-known men
are on the committee. Contributions in the United
States may be sent to the Ramsay Memorial Fund
Asscciation, 50 E. 41st St., New York.

York.

Aluminum Co. of America, through its welfare depart-
ment, has created plant facilities at Massena, N. Y., for
instruction in English and prepai-ation for naturalization.
It is also distributing in pay envelopes a series of 12 civic-
lesson leaflets in English and foreign languages.

March 9, L918

ENGINEERING AND MINING J01 I

Ore Deposits of the Yellow Pine Mining

District of Nevada

Bi FRED A. MALI-:.

The Yellow Pine Mining district, in th( south-
western part of ' nty, Nevada, was known
for many years, but did not attract important
attention until 1906, wh ■ d zinc ores wt r<
discovered. Tin construction of the Los I
& Salt Lake R.R. at the sewi - in dis-
trict transportation facilities, and a rapid de-
velopment has since taken place. Zinc, lead, cop-
per, and gold ores are produced. At the Boss
nihte. platinum and palladium in association villi
cop hare been discovi ed. The district
is now making an important annual production.

THE paper here presented is intended only as a
description of the most prominent geologic fea-
tures of the Yellow Pine district, with special ref-
erence to those of economic importance. The first men-
tion of the district was in 1903 by J. E. Spurr,1 who
briefly described the structural geology of the Spring
Mountain range. In 1906, H. F. Bain2 briefly described
the Potosi mine. James J. Hill," of the United States
Geological Survey, visited the district for a short period
in 1912, the result of which is an excellent reconnaissance
report, covering the district in some detail, but neces-
sarily with brevity. Since that time, articles covering
special features of the district have appeared in the
technical press, including some by the author of this
paper, and a description of the Boss mine, by Adolph
Knopf,' appeared in 1915. Development of the district
during the last few years has progressed so rapidly and
with so many notable discoveries, particularly with ref-
erence to the rare metals, that a further description at
this time should prove of interest.

Yellow Pine District of 400 Square Miles Area
The Yellow Pine mining district is situated in the
southwestern part of Clark County, Nevada, about 300
miles northeast of Los Angeles, along the line of the
Los Angeles & Salt Lake R.R. The district extends from
Mount Olcott on the north to the California line on
the south, with a width of about 16 miles east and west,
the total comprising an area of 400 sq.mi. The principal
shipping point is Jean, Nev., on the Los Angeles & Salt
Lake R.R., although considerable ore is also shipped
from Arden and Roach, situated on the same railroad.
A narrow-gage railroad, owned and operated by the
Yellow Pine mining company, but used exclusively for
ore haulage, connects Jean with Goodsprings, eight
miles west of the railroad, and thence proceeds to the
Yellow Pine mine, four miles further west. Good-
springs is situated at about the center of the district,

♦A paper read before the New York meeting of the A. I. M. E..
February, 1918.

tGeneral manager. Yellow Pine Mining Co., Good Springs.

>Geology of Nevada South of the Fortieth Parallel, Bulletin
£08, U. S. G. S.

^Bulletin 285, U. S.-G. S.

"Bulletin 540F, U. S. G. S.

'Bulletin 620A. U. S. G. E.

and is tl Wagon n

the variou pro] railroad are uni-

tnly good during all bi i hi 't ellow P

tricl embrai es the south < ■

rangi
posed largely of ated

c the Kingston M on the

quite Valley, with Ivi of

the range. I .id. Hat .

tuating the rugged c) ,t mounts

The general trend of the
northeast and southwest, the highest point being .Mount
Olcott on the north, having an elevation of 8500 ft.,
with Diablo Grande on the extreme south, with an

\

b r

Potosi
3. Keystone
4- Aura Amigo
5. WThale

6. Bill Ny<

12. Ninety-

16. Prairie i

17. Yellow

2". Lavinia
25 Port.-r

26. Monte Cristo

27. Accident

SKETCH MAP— YELLOW PIXK MINING DISTRICT

elevation of 5865 ft. Water is not abundant in the dis-
trict, but a few natural springs occur on the slopes of
Mount Olcott and an abundant water supply has been
developed at Goodsprings by wells of shallow depth.
Water has also been developed in considerable quantity
at various points in the Mesquite Valley. An equable
climate makes operation possible throughout the dis-
trict at all times of the year.

The oldest mine in the district, and one of the first
locations in Nevada, is the Potosi, on the west slope
of Mount Olcott, adjacent to the old Mormon trail which
connected Salt Lake City with San Bernardino. Owing
to the inaccessibility of the district, it attracted little

\Nl> MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 10

iver

dl plant

a in the dis-
outcrop
It was not until
.1 in the
• Lake R.R.
1 shipmei

. nature of the mixed lead-zinc

difficulties, and first re-

ewhat disappointing

. xperimenting, in

Pine Mining Co. evolved a process for
sep.. nd zinc minerals in their ores to

pro-' lily marketable products, with the result

ton plant was erected at Goodsprings and
illy since that date. The
i'ine nan railroad was constructed in

1911. During recent ye oral smaller milling

plants have been erected, most of them of the dry-con-
centration type, and production of the district has
lily increased. An important development of recent
- the discovery in 1914 of platinum metals in
the ores of the Boss mine. This discovery attracted
-iderable attention to the district, and some valuable
■lopment has been accomplished; the production of
platinum become of prime importance.

The production of the Yellow Pine mining district,
up to and including 1915, is as follows:"

Total

I ,.1. Lb. Zinc, I,b. Value

s ■■ 515 101.771 521.411 5.138,247 15.8J4.643 Jl, 453.715

■ 6.544.917 13.254.860 1.363,354

1.268 192.339 283.592 6.204.065 14.369.709 1.239.081

8.034 122,703 156.389 4,185.208 11,862.149 864,882

»JJ 100.146 262.600 4.620,243 21.061.182 2,926,300

!- ' " ''80 1.327.390 26.692.6S0 76.382.543 $7,847,332

The figures include only the production reported to
the United States Geological Survey and necessarily do
embrace the entire production of the district; the
gold production of the Keystone mine is, for example,
■ nt. Production figures for 1916 are not yet avail-
able, but will show a substantial increase in all metals

Areal Geology op Yellow Pine District

The Spring Mountain range consists largely of sedi-
mentary rocks of Paleozoic age, estimated by Spurr to
have a total thickness of approximately 17,000 ft. Of
section, about 2000 ft. is Cambrian quartzite, ex-
'1 at the extreme north end of the range, the re-
nder being limestone of Cambrian and Carboniferous
tone may also be present in the
■ never been definitely identified.
the range, the east flank is com-
I ft. of yellowish and reddish
ic age, correlative to the Tria

Flanking the
■ :' Quaternary gravels
lidated.

tree* of the United States.

n ii standpoint, the important part of
the section ia a series of Carboniferous sedimentaries,
about 3000 t't. in thickness, comprising the main portion
of ih. southern limb of the Spring Mountains, as it
. tins scries that all known orebodies in the Yellow
Pino district have occurred. The series is composed
mainly of limestone, varying in appearance from light-
colored thinly bedded strata, to massive, dark thick-
bedded limestone. Most of the limestone is somewhat
siliceous, although occasional strata are composed of a
pure crystalline variety, and dolomitic varieties are not
infrequent. The limestone beds are occasionally inter-
spersed with strata of a grayish fine-grained sandstone,
important only on account of their relation to known ore-
bodies, and beds of calcareous shale are also evident.
Igneous rocks are not plentiful in the Yellow Pine
district, but are important on account of their relation
to known orebodies. The intrusive rocks consist largely
of dikes and sills of monzonite-porphyry, varying in
color from pink to yellowish brown. The most prom-
inent intrusions consist of three large dikes of mon-
zonite striking nearly north and south roughly parallel
and with several hundred feet of sedimentaries inter-
vening. These dykes are known respectively as the
Lavina, Yellow Pine, and Keystone porphyries, and out-
crop at various points in the district, indicating a thick-
ness of from 100 to 400 ft. The rock composing the
dikes varies greatly in texture, but in all cases is dis-
tinctly porphyritic, showing phenocrysts of quartz, orth-
oclase, plagioclase, biotite and augite, in a fine-grained
groundmass. Some sections of the poryhyry indicate
considerable alteration, such minerals as limonite,
chlorite, and sericite being present, but the sedimenta-
ries in contact with the intrusions show little alteration.

Small Dikes Numerous

In addition to the three larger intrusions are numer-
ous smaller dikes, usually striking about N 30° W and
varying in thickness from 10 to 20 ft. The rock of
these dikes is a monzonite-porphyry, similar to that
already described, except that it appears to be slightly
more acid, and the dikes frequently occur associated
with the larger intrusions. It is possible in some cases
that the smaller dikes are offshoots from the large
intrusion, although I am of the opinion that they are
due to a phase of minor intrusion following the original
intrusive period. The age of these intrusions has not
yet been definitely established, but it is undoubtedly
post-Jurassic and probably Tertiary. The only oc-
currence of extrusive rock in the district is a horizontal
sheet of biotite-andesite, about 20 ft. thick, capping what
is known as Table Mountain, in the southern part of the
district. It is evidently of volcanic origin and has no
relation to ore deposits.

The Spring Mountain range throughout shows intense
and complex folding, accompanied by numerous faults
and fissures. According to Spurr, the general structure
of the range is a broad syncline with numerous minor
folds. Across the north-south section the structure is
anticlinal. However, in the Yellow Pine mining dis-
trict, the sedimentary beds have a persistent dip westerly
or southwesterly at angles of 15 to 45° and may be con-
sidered monoclinal. In this vicinity of Porphyry Gulch,
in which is the Yellow Pine mine, is a local dome-shaped
anticline, with a central axis about at the apex of Ruth

March 9, 1918

ENGINEERING AND MINING , I

457

Mountain, The northern limb of this anticline has been
removed by erosion, but the southern limb includes the
ore zones of the Yellow Pine, Yellow Pine Exteo
and Prairie Flower mines. At the Yellow Pine Exten-
sion, on ili<' south, tin* bods dip southerly, westerly .-it
the Yellow Pino, and northwesterly at the Prairie
Flower, the strike of the beds assuming roughly the
arc of a circle. Other local. folds occur at various points
in the district, notably in Devil Canyon, near the south
end of the district, where intense local folding is evident.

Of the faults observed in the district, by far the
profound is the Great Fault along the eastern slope of
the Spring Mountain range. This is evidently one of
the main continental faults, striking nearly north and
dipping steeply in an easterly direction. The throw
of the fault is evidently at least 3000 ft., the eastern
block being down-thrown this distance, as evidenced on
the eastern slope of Potosi Mountain, where the Mesozoic
sandstone is against the Mississippian limestone. This
fault may be readily traced throughout the length of
the district, a distance of 25 miles. Two other important
series of faults occur in the district; a series striking
about N 30° W, dipping 75° northeasterly, and a series
striking north and south, parallel with the Great Fault,
but with minor throws. One or both of these series of
faults are invariably associated with the orebodies and
on this account are of special importance.

Ore Deposits Oxidized Lead-Zinc and Copper-Gold

The principal ore deposits of the Yellow Pine district
may be divided into two general classes, oxidized lead-
zinc deposits, and copper-gold deposits; some of the
latter also contain an important proportion of platinum
metals. Of the two classes, by far the greater tonnage
has been derived from the lead-zinc deposits, although
of late years the copper-gold deposits have assumed
considerable importance. Silver in varying quantities
is contained in ores of both classes and is an important
constituent of nearly every deposit.

Ore deposits of this class occur in three distinct strati-
graphic zones throughout the district, nearly every ore-
body having certain characteristics from which its zone
may be determined. (1) Lower zone, including the
Potosi, Snowstorm, Contact (?), Pilgrim, Prairie Flower,
Yellow Pine and Yellow Pine Extension, with possibly
the Monte Cristo orebodies. (2) Middle zone, includ-
ing the Mobile, Whale, Lookout, Mountain Top, Palace,
Porter, Accident, Bullion, Anchor and Valentine ore-
bodies. (3) Upper zone, including the Bill Nye, Akron,
Surprise, Dividend, Volcano, Christmas and New Year
orebodies.

Such properties as the Green Monster, Milford, Addi-
son and Tarn O'Shanter have not been included in the
classification, as their distance from other deposits
makes correlation difficult without a careful study of the
individual property. However, it is possible that they
may be included in one of the known zones.

The distances between the various zones have not been
computed accurately, but amount to several hundred
feet, the greater distance being between the lower and
middle zones, and all zones being included in the Upper
Mississippian limestone series. Of the lower zone, which
to date has been the most productive in the district, the
Yellow Pine mine in Porphyry Gulch may be taken as
the best example, this property having a larger record

Of proi n than any in Up ■ : . and thl

"i tl cal of the i

in tio- vicinity. The di the Yellow

Pint • to, but not in contaci with, a

large inl ru ion

tioned as the ■» ellow Pine poi pi - a In

the vicinity of the Yellow Pini be form of a Bill,

the ("nt:. conformable with the limestone strata,

W liiih dip about ! ■ ply,

exploration purposes, the index strata are con-
aidered to be a cal< are dstone in the hanging wall

and the thick-bedded shale in the footwall of the so-
called "ore zone." These beds are evident In all do-
posits of the lower zone, except where they have been

oved bj ero ion, as is the case at the Poto
whore the sandstone is absent. In the Yellow Pine mine,
the orebodies frequently extend to one or the oilier of
these index strata, although more often there are
of intervening limestone, and in no case does the ore
extend into or beyond either the sandstone or the shale.

Orebodies Confined to One Limestone Stratum

The orebodies of the Yellow Pine mine are essentially
of the replacement type, and are apparently confined to
one limestone stratum, although frequent step-faulting
with considerable throw gives the appearance of sepa-
rate orebodies. The step-faults are of N 30c W series,
with the southern block invariably thrown northwesterly,
and have evidently been the means of egress for the
mineral-bearing solutions which formed the replace-
ment deposits. In fact, the large continuous orebodies
which are found in the Yellow Pine mine are apparently
due to the frequent occurrence of faults of this nature,
it being apparent that the mineral-bearing solutions
were incapable of replacing the limestone more than
a few feet from a zone of fracture. Most of the north-
west faults are mineral-bearing in the nature of a
fissure filling, and much valuable ore has been derived
from this source, although the greater quantity by far
has come from the replacement beds.

The ores of the Yellow Pine mine consist of a mix-
ture of smithsonite and calamine, with cerussite and
occasional galena, the lead minerals carrying silver
values to the extent of about 0.5 oz. to the per cent, of
lead. Hydrozinkite in irregular masses and cave-fillings
is commonly found in the orebody, and anglesite is a
not infrequent mineral. The ore is commonly of brown-
ish or pinkish color, due to the presence of small quanti-
ties of iron, cobalt, and manganese, and varies in tex-
ture from earthy masses to dense hard chert-like va-
rieties. The lead and zinc minerals are intimately
mixed as a rule, although considerable zinc ore, free
from lead, has been produced, and some high-grade lead
ore comparatively free from zinc. A general average
of the metal content of all ores extracted to date (ap-
proximately 100,000 tons) would be about 30% zinc,
14% lead, and 9 oz. silver per ton. There are no true
gangue minerals in the Yellow Pine deposit, the entire
limestone stratum having been replaced by the lead and
zinc minerals in most cases, except for occasional thin
ribs of siliceous limestone, frequently altered to chert.
Small masses of soft limonite, calc-spar and gypsum
have also been noted, these being the result of alteration
of the original orebody.

The orebodies of the Bybee mine have been of remark-

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 10

:iin

■ ft.

ft,

th north

: faults, but

ithern ext(

un-
depth of

ughly
inc

■ ■ '
he intense fault-
ily, allowing
depths,
ted.
mi the lower zone,
D the north end of the district.
duced approximately
e during the past few years,
that of the Yellow
I content is markedly less and
ave been of crude zinc ore.
i ellow Pine Extension and Prairie
in the lower zone, are similar
low Pine, although some-
. and the Pilgrim and Snowstorm properties

I IRYSTALLINE LIMESTONE

iified as in the middle zone all

alline limestone stratum which

ith and dips westerly at

This stratum may be traced

con- throughout the district, although it is fre-

que: A bed of heavy blue lime-

te immediately overlies the ore-bearing limestone of

the middle zone, and forms a distinctive stratum from

ebodies may be correlated. The

ntinuous throughout the

bed. a distance of about eight miles, but

•ely dependent upon local faulting and

;ring at various points along its extent. Igneous

ly not been of so much im-

n in this zone, although the

ity to tli i ion has not

rly demo

found in th: newhat similar to

■ in that the principal eonstitu
lead, zinc and silver. However, the ore
thori ighly oxidized and presents
The lead occurs mostly
•site and showing
■ ntent usually averages about
of had. Zinc occurs ah:
■rm of carbonate, varying from a soft
hard crystalline smithsonite. Sphaler-
•ral instances, encased by
ie minerals are much more
the lower zone, a crystalline calc-spar
lie. Large masses of

nite and granular quartz are sometimes present.
iroperties in the middle zone, the Anchor, sit-
uated in tin- southeastern portion of the district, has had
the production and is a typical deposit. The

property has now been developed to a depth of about
:'t.. showing frequent oreshoots averaging about
four feel thick an ] oi varying lateral extent up to 100
th evidently being governed by the distance
from fault tissur

lied upper /.one is less developed than either
of the lower "in's, but in recent years has become of
iderable it iportance, and is found in the Bill Nye,
Sun ml ami Christmas properties. The ore

at all of these properties presents a more siliceous facies
lie other two zones, the ore occurring
i occasionally included in a bed of gray-
ish fine-grained sandstone. The underlying stratum is
alline limestone, also ore-bearing, and the
footwall is a heavy blue dolomitic limestone. As in the
lower zones, lissuring seems to have played an important
part in the ore deposition, and both the northwest and
h-south fracturing is quite prominent. In the ore
I occurs largely as galena, showing marked flow-
structure, bhe cubic variety not occurring in large
i uantities. The silver content is considerably higher
than in either of the other zones, averaging about 0.75
oz. to the per t "iit . of lead and frequently much higher.
Zinc occurs largely as calamine, but smithsonite and
hydrozinkite are usually present.

character of the District's Copper-Gold Deposits

The copper-gold deposits are found in various places
in the Yellow Pine district, apparently without any
r.tratigraphic relation to the zinc-lead deposits. They
are usually clearly distinct from the lead-zinc orebodies,
but, similarly, they are apparently determined by the
presence of fracture zones, usually of the northwest
scries. If is also si -nificant that they are usually found
in the vicinity of intrusives; in fact, at the Lavina mine
a large monzonite-porphyry intrusion contains pyrite
and chalcopyrite in considerable quantity, clearly in-
dicating that the intrusives have been the source of
the copper ore in the vicinity. The Lavina intrusive
contains the only primary ore yet discovered in the
i iet, other orebodies consisting largely of minerals
•al of the zone of oxidation: cuprite, malachite,
azurite and chrysocolla, with occasional chalcocite.

At the Ninety-Nine, Copper Peak and Columbia prop-
ertie.;, all of which have records of substantial copper
production, the ore occurs in a buff-colored crystalline
b'mestone, in masses roughly conformable with the strata
feet in thickness. Minerals of the
o • bodies are all of the secondary type, cuprite and mala-
chite predominating, with occasional chrysocolla and
chalcocite. Apparently, the orebodies are all of the re-
placement type, with lateral extent limited by the dis-
tance from fractures. Replacement of the limestone beds
has not been complete in most cases, the common gangue
minerals in the ore being a pinkish calcite and soft
limonite. The orebodies in these properties are not
definitely associated with igneous intrusions, but the
that they occur in a belt of igneous activity seems
to indicate that further development will disclose their
relation to igneous rocks. At the Lincoln property, in
th • tii I' i 1' the district, ore of similar char-

March 9, 1918

ENGINEERING A.ND MINING J01 I

acter occurs in limestone adjacent to .1 large intrusion
of monzonite-porphyry, Tins deposit is of special in-
terest in that the oxidized ore is associated with cerai
rite (horn silver) which occurs in considerable quantity
in the cleavage planes of the ore, which is a mixture of
cuprite and malachite. Gold is also present.

The centra] western 1 of the districl has as-

sumed considerable imp s on account

of tin' discovery of platinum metals associated with the
copper ores in this vicinity, Of the orebodii far

discovered, the largest and must important is that at
t ho Boss mine. The ore occurs in a scries of dolomitic
limestones, part of the Upper Mississippian scries, strik-
ing northeast and dipping about 1 •"> west. All <i!
so far developed occur in a zone of fracture, striking
north and averaging about 30 ft. in width. About 500
ft. north of the deposit is a large intrusion of mon-
zonitc-porphyry, probably an extension of the Keystone
porphyry. Some development work on the contacts of
this porphyry has 1 hown low gold content, but generally
it appears unmineralized.

The Boss mine lias been opened by a series of four
adits, following the fractured zone at various elevations.
All of these expose oreshoots, the largest opened to date
being between the first and second levels, where an
ore zone averaging about 12 ft. thick and 150 ft. long
has been disclosed. Two types of ore occur in this
orebody, a light-gray quartzose material that crumbles
to a fine sand, which contains platinum and gold almost
entirely free from copper, and a copper ore, containing
malachite, chrysocolla, and cuprite, occasionally asso-
ciated with limonite. The oxidized copper ore usually
contains very little platinum or palladium when free
from the quartzose material.

Gold and Platinum Occur in a Free State

Associated with the quartzose material in the form
of irregular masses and small veinlets is a greenish
talcose substance which has been identified as a bis-
muthic variety of plumbo-jarosite, a basic lead ferric
sulphate. A careful study of this mineral has demon-
strated that it contains the gold and platinum in the
Boss ore to a very large extent. Apparently, however,
neither the gold or platinum is in combination chemical-
ly with this mineral, but occurs in a free state intimately
associated with it. Only rarely can a grain of the plati-
num metals be panned, as it is evidently so finely divided
as to resist mechanical concentration. Analyses of the
gold, however, have demonstrated that the gold and plat-
inum occur separately and not as an alloy, nor have any
minerals of platinum other than the native metal been
identified.

The metals of the platinum group that are found
in this ore are platinum, palladium and iridium, with
traces of rhodium. Only platinum and palladium occur
in sufficient quantity to be of commercial value, and
the two are found in apparently no fixed ratio. Gen-
erally, however, palladium exceeds the platinum content,
although a sample of a small shipment of high-grade
ore, made in 1914, assayed 111 oz. gold, 99 oz. platinum
and 16 oz. palladium to the ton. Other samples of the
plumbo-jarosite have assayed approximately 500 oz. gold
and 260 oz. platinum metals per ton, the platinum metals
containing palladium in excess of platinum. According
to Knopf, a composite of 22 samples taken in the

bodj . and includ 1 . the 1
with plumb

I l;i

dium per ton, which
of th(
The coppi - the

siliceous material, 01 and in

diaterj 1

two to four feet thich following fractures, and

cave-fillings on the footwall of the fractured
This 1 1 ns gold and

in limitt bite

imn 1 underlying the L

t. thick, 1
most entirely of chalcocite in a fine-grained

of unusual hardne
ore indicate a content of about 15', copper, 0.8 oz.
gold and 0.5 oz. platinum per ton. No primary ore has
et been encountered in the mine, although develop-
ment work 1 1 done at depth. I.ai of
thoroughly leached zones showing much limonite with
occasional veinlets of copper carbonate, d I on
the upper levels, seem to indicate that a further zone of
secondary enrichment may be expected with further
depth.

Summary

The development of the properties in the Yellow
Pine mining district to date has been comparatively
meager. With the exception of the Yellow Pine mil
Potosi and Boss mines, development has been confined
entirely to the surface zone, and in no case has ground-
water level been reached or the character of the primary
ore definitely established. Owing to its. inaccessibility,
and the complex nature of its ores, the district has
been handicapped by lack of capital to develop the
various properties, and it is only in recent years that
active and intelligent development has been in progress.
Railroad and motor trucking have simplified transporta-
tion problems.

The successful treatment of the mixed lead-zinc ore
by various processes has been demonstrated. The
method employed by the Yellow Pine Mining Co. is
a specialized application of ordinary gravity concen-
tration methods, using rolls, jigs and concentrating
tables. Final concentration of the lead is effected by
cai-eful classification and table work, using specially
designed equipment. The plant is essentially a sep-
arating plant, the process being to remove the lead
minerals, the remainder of the ore, or what would
ordinarily be known as tailing, being shipped as a zinc
product. In 1916, the Yellow Pine Mining Co. milled
20,580 tons of ore averaging 10.5% lead, 30.4% zinc
and 4.6 oz. silver, from which was produced 2294 tons
of lead concentrate, averaging 54.2% lead, 13.2% zinc
and 20.2 oz. silver per ton; 14,240 tons of zinc con-
centrate averaging 4.4r< lead, 32.2% zinc and 2.2 oz.
silver; and 3525 tons of zinc slime, averaging 6.5%
lead, 33.9 % zinc and 3.6 oz. silver per ton.

The scarcity of water in the vicinity has produced
a type of dry concentrator which is giving satisfaction,
and there are now five plants of this type operating
in the district, each having a capacity of about 50 tons
per 24 hours. Dry concentrators of both the Stebbins

NKKKI MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 10

used; the
rade
although the

he load and
alcining plant
... for treat-
Oil is used
jing about 34

inc. with a

limately 25" ! . thus

. ht charges and obtaining a

This process has

iy to pure carbonate ores,

t give good results.

strict which still remains unsolved

the lower-grade zinc and mixed

•wing to the low gravity of the oxidized

ivity process for separating them

ne gangue is applicable. Recent ex-

i leaching and oil flotation have given

.Its, and it is expected that the suc-

- of ore will be a develop-

t of the near future.

karing Ores Treated at Los Anceles

The complex nature of the platinum-bearing ores of
the Boss mine has presented many difficulties, but after
e experimenting, a process has been evolved
which bids fair to prove entirely successful in the
action of the various metals. Owing to the inac-
-ibility of the mine and the high cost of labor and
reagents, it was decided to erect the plant at Los
rather than at the mine. In consequence, a
separate corporation, known as the Palau Metals Co.
formed, and this company, headed by C. A. Over-
mire, of Los Angeles, the inventor of the process,
entered into a contract with the Boss Gold Mining
Co. for the exclusive treatment of its platinum-bearing
ores. A plant of 300-tons monthly capacity was erected
in Los Angeles and has been in successful operation
for some time. The details of the process employed are
not divulged by the inventors. The ore treated in the
plant averages about 1% copper, 4%, bismuth, 1.0 oz.
platinum metals (platinum and palladium), 0.75 oz. gold
and 8.0 oz. silver per ton.

I lie Ninth Annual Convention of the
Northwest Mining Association

The ninth annual convention of the Northwest Mining
•ciation was held in Spokane during the week begin-
ning Feb. 11. From 200 to 300 members attended the
sessions, and much interest was manifested in the
papers read and discussions that followed. This associa-
tion is unique in that it embraces a field that combines
political, technical and business but also social
purposes in its aims. The membership of the association
: mainly of the mining men of the dis-
•ikane, and they responded in kind,
be old-time prospector to the mine manager
a property employing a thousand men or more.

the case with practically every conven-

ce April much of the time was devoted to

and patriotic speeches; and as 50 to 60

mining men attended the meeting from British Col-
umbia, the convention was given over, to a large extent,
to cementing that feeling of brotherhood and com-
monness of purpose that the war has created. The
association voted this year to affiliate with the Ameri-
can Mining Congress.

A notable event of the meeting was the adoption of
a resolution proposing Federal regulation of custom
smelteries rates and royalties on patented metallurgi-
cal processes, by the Interstate Commerce Commission
or "i her similarly capable body empowered to ascertain
costs of smelting and establish scales of charges in con-
formity therewith and to fix reasonable rates of royalty
on the use of all patented processes or devices essential
to the proper development of the mining industry.

Dr. E. II. Lindley, president of the University of
Idaho, gave an interesting talk on "Human Engineer-
ing" in which he discussed the handling of labor. Dr.
Lindley, who was formerly professor of philosophy and
psychology at the University of Indiana, has given
years of study to this subject, and was one of the main
investigators engaged by Henry Ford to help him
in developing the high state of efficiency for which the
Ford plant is so favorably known. Stanly A. Easton,
president of the Idaho Mining Association and manager
of the Bunker Hill and Sullivan company, outlined the
scope and accomplishment of the association, which now
has about 1000 members. Mr. Easton called attention
to the fact that of the 1200 men employed by his company
70$ are native-born Americans, while less than 1%
of the foreign born do not have final naturalization
papers; that, of the men employed by his company,
62% are married, and of these married men 70% own
their own homes. He stated that the Bunker Hill and
Sullivan had mined 500,000 tons of ore in 1917 and
had produced 100,000,000 lb. of lead and 1,736,000 oz.
of silver, and that since its discovery in 1886 the
property had produced 7,876,000 tons of ore that brought
to the company $80,000,000, of which $20,000,000 went
to the stockholders as dividends and the differenc°
was paid out mainly as wages or for supplies in the
immediate vicinity, and so had contributed greatly
toward the upbuilding of the neighboring parts of Idaho
and Washington.

Among the mining men attending the session were
Charles M. Campbell of the Granby Consolidated com-
pany; W. E. Zwickey of Kaslo, B. C; W. M. Archibald
of the Consolidated Mining and Smelting Co. of Canada,
Ltd.; Alfred McMillan of Rossland; Ernest Levy of
the Le Roi No. 2 Mining Co.; A. Klockman of the
Idaho Continental Mining Co. ; Rush J. White of Butte ;
Frederic Keff er of Spokane ; James F. McCarthy of the
Hecla Mining Co. ; Eugene Day, Harry Day and Jerome
Day of the Hercules Mining Co.; W. T. Ziegler and
Frank Skeels of the Success Mining Co.; Stanly A.
Easton and Michael Sullivan of the Bunker Hill and
Sullivan; George S. Bailey of the Lone Star-Surprise
group at Republic, Wash.; Preston Locke of the
American Smelting, Refining and Mining Co.; John
T. Burns of Denver, Western secretary of the American
-Mining Congress; Henry Landes, state geologist of
Washington ; L. O. Howard of Washington State College ;
Francis A. Thomson and D. C. Livingston of the
University of Idaho, and Thomas Varley, C. A. Wright
and W. H. Coghill of the U. S. Bureau of Mines.

March 9, L918

ENGINE] RING AND MINING J01 R

■li. l

The Bonus System Applied to Mining

By W. V. Db iamp*

Several articles have appeared lately in various tech
nical publications, dealing with the bonus or contract
system as applied to underground labor, bul in all this
mass of information and opinions there is one important
consideration that has not been- dwelt upon. In mir
work the Blue Bell mine is trying to adopt a bonus sys-
tem, which works out with excellent results in a shop
where the piece-work system is successful and where
it is possible to limit the operations and movements
necessary to do a certain job; but when attempt is mi
to adopt the method underground, it often fails mi
ably, which is due to the many variations in the char-
acter of the work.

Occasionally there are certain classes of work which
can be placed on a definite bonus system and which will
work out satisfactorily both for the employee and the
employer — such work as shoveling in a large stope where
there is a constant supply of broken ore, or in tramming
ore or waste on a level where the operation is definite'
and the supply more or less regular. Also certain
classes of work, such as drilling in a large stope where
the conditions from day to day do not vary too greatly,
or in driving a drift or crosscut where the ground is
uniform in character.

Delay in Computing Bonus Breeds Dissatisfaction

When such conditions are constant enough one is able
to estimate a certain task for a day's work, and any
unit of work above this task can be used as a unit for
a bonus to the workman concerned. The amount to
be paid is generally determined at the end of two weeks
or a month, as the case may be, and at the end of that
period the company engineer measures up the particular
working place and calculates what the daily output has
been; after which a bonus notice is posted to the effect
that John Doe has earned a bonus for the period of a
certain amount per day. John Doe, on seeing this notice,
if he happens to think he has earned more than is stated,
is inclined to be peeved, and decides in his own mind
that the system is a fake and designed for the company
alone; that he will get paid only a certain amount any-
how. As a result he ceases to put forth any effort
toward earning a bonus, and since he waits 15 or 30 days
to find out what his earnings were, he is likely to slow
down to a leisurely pace and forget about the bonus.

The above statement is made from observation during
many years of effort to institute a bonus system for
general mining work that will be satisfactory both to
the employee and the employer, and carries a full
realization of the many difficulties to be expected. As
a result of this experience the conclusions I have reached
are that the principal fault lies with the employer, in
that he does not give his bonus system sufficient super-
vision ; and both close supervision and a daily check on
results are necessary to success.

For the average miner or laborer working under a
bonus system it is not sufficient to know the results of
his labor every 15 or 30 days. He should know posi-
tively at the end of every working day, or before he goes
to work the next shift, what he has earned. This is not

♦Mine superintendent. Blue Bell mine. Mayer. Ariz

a new idea I

that whatever om ibl)

on an indh idual ad will event

•
supervision to

reduce the aumbi der ea< b

what I i

separate chei k< i to handli om 80 to

40 men, Thi man can be directlj under the shift b

but gets his bonu the mine offll

mined for the \arious wml:

responsible to the office tor

He should be supplied with record cai

Working place of every man and .should detail on tl
the class of work and the amount of bonus earned bj
each. The card records can then l>'- summarized daily,
and a notice posted to the effect that certain men have
or have not made a bonus. It is just as essential that
the bonus earners be posted as it is for those that hi
earned none. By posting the notices daily every i
is made acquainted with the earnings of himself and
others.

The bonus idea should thus be kept alive in the minds
of the men, and if any question arises it can be brought
up and settled at once. The miner working in a drift
should know just how much ground he is breaking per
round, which makes daily measurements of every head-
ing necessary. The cards for each working place should
state the time lost due to causes not under the control
of the man, and the shift should be divided into two
parts. Thus if a miner is held up all the morning by
being forced to bar down a dangerous back, and in the
afternoon does an unusual amount of work, he should
receive credit for the full shift at the same rate of earn-
ing he has made during the afternoon. Bonus rates
should be posted on each level or at the entrance to each
working, and every new man starting to work should be
made fully acquainted with the methods in use and rates
of pay and bonus.

This may appear complicated to the manager, and the
idea of increasing the number of bosses and clerks will
probably meet objections, but once the confidence of the
men is obtained and the system well started it will work
out nicely and will tend greatly toward maintaining or
increasing the average rate of the work performed.

Care Essential in Figuring Bonus

As to the method of determining the bonus to be paid
in a particular case, I have found that one cannot be too
careful in establishing this figure, and, once established,
the rate should not be changed except in the event of a
change in wage scale or the adoption of some new con-
dition or mining method that would make the old rates
impossible. Careful records of past performance and
a study of actual conditions should be made as the basis
of the rate, and I have found that where a certain
amount per man has obtained for a certain period
it is well to accept this as the base rate and begin the
bonus from this point, increasing at a regular rate as
the work increases. In the event, however, that the
employer feels that the average has been entirely too
low, it is well to begin at a low rate and gradually
increase the unit rate as greater output is obtained.

As an illustration of the first case, assume a carman
tramming 30 cars per day from a certain chute. The

ENGINEERING AND WINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 10

&5 per daj will be

car for
. ttle time at the
d no! "take five"
r him to increase his

impany bj
amately 34c per
anj . If the same amount
men, it would be suf-
and leavi

tage advance has

20 for miners

is to ( h man work-

ployment of two carmen and two

of the total saving made.

- 1.72 per ft., and

50 per ft. A direct

b man at ti of 31c. per day

should never be attempted is to so

the bonus so that it will always be constant.

I ha heard mine superintendents say, We want

rn at least 25c. per day more
Je. Thi- ave mistake and one that

.It in the slowing up of the men, as the incentive
since this constant bonus, in the
•he men, will mean nothing more after a certain
period than a straight increase in wages, and they will
it entirely of the bonus idea. This was aptly
illustrated a few years ago in the copper mines of
Arizona. When copper went up the companies raised
. certain amount per unit increase in copper, with
the result that every' man, from the mine superintendent
n, felt, after the lapse of a few- months at the in-
creased wage, that his value to the company was the
total wage paid, and lost sight of his base rate entirely,
ne companies at this time had taken the trouble to
' ■ o different checks for each period worked, one
check for the number of days due at the base rate and
the other check of different color for the copper bonus
paid, it would have resulted in every man's looking upon
that bonus check in an entirely different light and would
have kept constantly in mind his actual base rate and
the amount he was earning because of the increase in the
price of copper.

The bom. k system, to be entirely successful,

ild be handled in a similar manner, and if rules were

to be e 1 for a bonus system they should be

1. Never change a bonus rate.

Notify men daily of amounts earned.

3. Notify every man when he starts of the exact con-
fer which he is working, bonus rates, etc.

1. Keep the bonus idea constantly in mind,
all bonus by separate check.

Deposits in Spain are to be exploited in the

n the Province of Guadalajara, according

stated to occur in beds in

-ian strata, to have a thickness exceeding 1 m., and to

r a distance of about 1500 m. It appears that

-'raphite in the form of "bars" and "large crayons"

'ready been forwarded to Barcelona and Valencia.

Concentration of Chronic Ores

Little has been done in the United States in the
titration of chrome ores. Chrome sands have been
treated on buddies, sluices, etc., but until recently no
us attempt was made to beneficiate lode chrome
ores, beyond the hand sorting practiced at nearly every
chromite mine. In L917 two concent rating mills were
under construction in California, which has lately pro-
duces most of the chrome ore of the United States.

In discussing the concentration of the California
chrome ores, Preliminary Report No. 3 of the Cali-
fornia .Mining Bureau stated that a mill was under
construction near Patterson, in Stanislaus County, for
the > Concentrating Co., of San Francisco, and

that the Placer Chrome Concentrating Co., of Newcastle,

coarse ore /■ j

ORE GATE

24' x C BLAKE JAW CRUSHER
1

a cket [levator (38' center to center)
cylindrical steel stcraoe em (14 "m diameter by i2' mom

i

l!" BELT CONVEYOR

e'x El' HARONGE BALL MILL

14" WET BUCKET ELEVATOR (31' CENTER TOCENTER)

i , FRESH WATER

SAKDS

<

DUPLEX CALLOW SCREEN ( ZO MESH)

OVERSIZE

T

DUPLEX DORR CLASSIFIER

If

SLIMES FRESH WATER

DORR THICKENER^

UNDERSIZE

THICKENED SLIME
T~~

CLEAR OVERFLOW

THREE COMPARTMENT HYDRAULIC CLASSIFIER

SIX 14' WILFLEY TABLES

v. •. ■ '

TAIUMOS WATER

'■'. . v-'-

6" MIDDLINGS ELEVATOR

ONE 14' WILFLEY TABLE
■f T~

CONCENTRATES

TAILINOS

1

WATER

FLOW SHEET OF ST. FRANCIS CHROME MILL,

had built a mill one-quarter mile south of Rattlesnake
Bridge, in Eldorado County. The latter mill consists
of a 4 x 6-ft. grizzly, 8 x 12-in. Blake crusher, Hendy
self-feeder 4 x 5-ft. ball mill, two Deister-Overstrom
concentrators and one Deister simplex sand concentra-
tor. In a test run made in October, 1917, it was noted
that there "was a tendency for the ore to slime, which
could probably be remedied only by substituting rolls for
the ball mill."

In Canada, several concentrating mills have operated
in the Black Lake district of Quebec. The Mutual
Chemical Co. of Canada operates two concentrators in
this district, the Lake Side mill, under lease from a
local company, and the St. Francis mill, a new plant
built in 1916. The company, under date of Apr. 24.
1917, gave a brief account1 of its operations to the

omite In 1916," by J. S. Diller, "Mineral Resources of the
1916," Part I, pp. 21-38.

March 9, L918

ENGINEERING AND MINING J01 R

U. S. Geological Survey, and while in the main the
concentration of chromite is similar to that of other
hits, it is interesting to note details as to equipment
and other data contained in the company's statement
which is reproduced below i

Lake SkIc Mill — The Lake Side mill is Bituated about two
miles south of the town of Black Lake, on the line of the
Quebec Central U.K. This mill, built about 16 years
and abandoned in 1909, was refitted along the original lines
during the summer of 1916. The equipment consists of:
Keceiving bin. capacity ,■< ti
One ;i \ IB-in. Blake jaw crusher.
Elevating and conveying equipment for distribution
of ore to stamp-battery bins; capacity ."■•"» tens each.
Thirty 950-lb. gravity stamps.
Seven 16-ft. YViltley tal

Concentrate collector boxes and storage shed for con-
centrates.

Water-storage tank.
Ore is hauled to the plant by wagons, which deliver either
into the mill bins or stock pile, as desired. The plant is
driven by electric power. The water supply is pumped
from Black Lake, a distance of 700 yards, under head of
180 ft., by means of a 7 x 9-in. triplex plunger pump, belt
driven.

The essential features of the milling system are as fol-
lows: (a) Reduction of ore to about 2-in. maximum size
by means of the jaw crusher; (b) crushing by stamps to
pass 29-mesh screen; (c) stamp product fed directly to
Wilfley tables; (d) middlings from six tables, without re-
grinding, concentrated on one table, to which they flow by
gravity.

It will be seen at a glance that the above outline embodies
the simplest possible system of gravity concentration, cor-
responding to concentration practice of some 15 or 20 years
ago. In refitting the mill, the original design was neverthe-
less adhered to, as the very limited tonnage of milling ore
that could be assured at the time made it advisable to limit
expenditures to the minimum. The milling results cover-
ing the eight months of operation, Aug. 1, 1916, to Apr. 1,
1917, are substantially as follows:

Ore milled per day7, long tons 70

Water consumption per ton of ore milled, long

tons 7 — 8

Average content in chromic oxide, per cent 12

Recovery, per cent 65.8

St. Francis Mill — This mill, built during the latter half
of 1916, at the company's own mines, is about four and
one-half miles southeast of the village of Black Lake. The
nominal capacity of the mill is 80 tons per 24 hours. Elec-
tric power is used throughout. The requisite water supply,
65 gal. per min., is pumped a distance of seven-eighths of
a mile from a small lake approximately' 120 ft. below the
level of the main storage tank near the mill.

The accompanying flow sheet indicates the milling system
and equipment employed. Attention might be called to
the following conditions which influenced the design of
this plant:

1. Desirability of economy in water consumption —
Excess water in slimes produced in grinding, as well as
excess water from all the tables, is returned to the Dorr
thickener, where the contained solids are settled out and
the recovered clear water is made available for re-use.
The net loss of water is thus reduced to substantially the
amount required to carry away the tailings.

2. Asbestos fiber in the ore — In the earlier stamp mill-
ing of the ore a good deal of difficulty was encountered as
a result of the "blinding" of the battery screens by asbestos
fiber. The idea that this difficulty would be entirely avoided
by the use of the Callow traveling-belt screen has been
proved to be correct during the short time that the mill has
been in operation. It has also been found in actual opera-
tion that a considerable portion of the fine asbestos fiber is
floated out in the slimes overflow of the Dorr classifier.

3. Chromite in the slimes — It will be noted in the accom-
panying flow sheet that no provision was made for the
concentration of the slimes produced in grinding. It was
reasoned that by providing ample capacity in the Dorr
classifier the operation of this classifier could be so con-
trolled as to effect the settlement, along with the sands
product, of a large proportion of the slimed chromite.
Operations thus far have shown that this settlement takes
place to a considerable extent, but the mill has not yet been
in operation for a sufficient period to allow of reaching a
definite conclusion as to whether slimes concentration can
profitably be dispensed with.

"I" i '■

wet milling m

as being applied to

Adverse Factors Affecting the rransvaal
Mining Industry

ran. 15, E. A. Waller . president of the Trai
Chamber of Mini I the difficulties i

taining the gold output, said: "Three fact

ously al'

increase in tin- cost of mining materials and general

working expenses, which eliminates the margin of pn

on the low-grade section; (2) the acute native labor

shortage; (3) reduction in nitroglycerine supplies.

"If the last two difficulties were susceptible of a
marked improvement, the industry could probably be
carried on for some time on the present basis, notwith-
standing the fact that the first difficulty is growing
more acute. It is unlikely, however, that such a marked
double improvement can take place. The native labor
force now shows a slight seasonal increase, but with
the return of seed-time this improvement will probably
disappear. If neither native labor nor the explosives
supply can be maintained even at the present level, then
the problem of maintaining the gold output for Imperial
purposes and continuing operations in the mines on a
sufficient basis to prevent unemployment, and so conserve
the prosperity of the Union, would become most difficult
of solution.

"As regards nitroglycerine, the industry has econo-
mized to the extent of 25% since the war started, and
the limit in this respect appears to have been almost
reached. The further reduction of 21% required by the
Imperial government combined with the Union govern-
ment's instructions to the effect that the supplies on
hand in this country must be conserved has necessitated
research for substitutes.

"The most probable position is, therefore, that the
native labor supply will neither appreciably improve nor
become much worse, while the explosives shortage may
be somewhat relieved by the use of substitutes. In that
case the difficulties appear to be surmountable with
government assistance and the rearrangement of the
operations of the industry as a whole, with particular
reference to two points — namely, the necessity of main-
taining the gold output and of maintaining the pros-
perity of the Union. I understand that the Union
government is losing no time in thoroughly investigat-
ing the position with a view to arriving at a solution."

Salt Production in continental United States, Hawaii and
Porto Rico in 1917 was 6,946,000 short tons, an increase
of 583,000, or 9%, over 1916, according to the U. S. Geologi-
cal Survey. Michigan led, with an estimated production of
2,294,000 tons, and the New York output totaled 2,175,000
tons. Ohio produced 954,000 tons, Kansas 726,000, Cali-
fornia 178,000, Texas 86,000, Utah 65,000, West Virginia
20.000, and Hawaii, Idaho,. Louisiana, Nevada, New Mexico,
Oklahoma, Porto Rico and Virginia combined, 447,800 tons.
Given labor and transportation, salt producers of the
United States can more than supply the nation's needs.

.,• MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 10

The Incline Top-Slice Method Applied

Orebodies

to Large

r i "*

Met-

1 P. B. Scotland in

pplied to an

m width. This

, ore-
stem by sectionalizing
and a method of so doing is
in a paper presented at the
American Institute of Min-

In laying out the orebody for stoping operations, it

-levels ii blocks, as shown by

ethods 1 and 2. A drift

Mil

■

WOKC

1

-

Bm

Cross-Cut

BLOCK /MX 1

BLOCK

NO 2

BLOCK A/0.3

CE

i

■

-

Cross-Cot

BLOC* NO.4 BLOCK

NO. 5

BLOCK NO. 6

PLAN

work necessary in method 1, using small shrinkage
stopes for chutes of which Fig. 1 shows a plan and
ection, would be 200 ft. of drifting, and 150 ft.
of raising for manways and timberways, amounting
in all to 350 ft. This section would contain practically
35,000 tons of ore (based on factors in this district),
which would show a production of practically 100 tons
of ore for every foot of preparatory work. The shrink-
ages are not counted in this. They are run 3 or 4
It. in width through the block and from sub to sub
and produce a good tonnage from the start. All this
work would be in ore. No arrangement is shown for
disposing of the ore. It is recommended that drawing-
off chutes be placed at each sub where the surplus can

3T OR SHBIN1 F'E METHOD

■■un through the center block lengthwise of the
orebody. From this drift crosscuts are run at right
angles even,- 50 ft. to the end of the block. Sub-levels
are spaced even- 55 ft. vertically, or in multiples of
11 ft., which is the height of a slice. Drifts and cross-
cuts should be run directly above" one another, and
re practically duplicates in so far as the size
■ie orebody on the different levels will permit. Drifts
and re run off center in relation to the

k lines in order to allow the shrinkage stopes and
chutes to be carried up in the middle of the blocks.
• r drawing-off conditions from the
it is necessary to transfer the ore
as: shown by Fig. 3. The preparatory

t< 50' >H —SO'-

*t<- 50' •>)

A CHUTt B C

lT n n

D E

m c

•

CHUTC AND MANWAY

rj G H- 1

nr n n n

Cross- Cut

Cross-Cot

BLOCK NO. 7

BLOCK

c

n

no. a

BLOCK NO. 9

L

}'
c

s

Cross-Cut

Cross-Cut

BLOCK NO. 10

BLOCK

NO. II

BLOCK NO. 12

PLAN

vision. Arizona Copper Co.,
zona.

K - 50' ->!<■ - 50'- >U 50- — ■ >l

SECTION X-Y
PIG. 2. SECOND OR RAISE AND CHUTE METHOD

be drawn off as required, either into cars and run to
transfer chutes, or the chutes from below be arranged
to come up into each block and the ore diverted into
them direct from the drawing-off chutes (the latter is
the Coronado practice). These chutes, later would
answer for part of the shrinkage as the blocks worked
downward, as shown in Fig. 3.

In method 2, using all chutes of which Fig. 2 is a
plan and cross-section, the preparatory work would be
considerably more, amounting to 200 ft. off drifting and
450 ft. of raising, in all 650 ft., which would produce
approximately 55 tons of ore for every foot of prepara-
tory work. This would likewise be all in ore. The
drawing off of the ore at the sub-level would be the
same as in method 1. Break-throughs or connections,
every 11 ft. vertically, as shown in cross-sections, are

March 9, 1918

ENGINEERING AND MINIM. ;\\i.

nm from the manwaj a into the alii ea and arc no) figured
in, being taken care of with the atopea as required.

With either method, the operation of the slices would
be the same. Panels 10 ft. wide are started up on
I incline at righl angles to the shrinkages or line
of chutes. Slices are always started at the Bide furthest
from the manway and run up until the end of the block
or mat of the stope adjoining fs reached. This is re-
peated, retreating towards the manway, the panels being
shot down as fast as they are worked out.

Referring to Fig. 1. the shrinkage method, it will be
noted that it provides manways in the clear of the
ore being immediately stoped. so no extra precaution
need be observed for a safe retreat, whereas with meth-
od 2, the all-chute method, the reverse is the case.

Details of First Method

Stope out blocks 1 and 3 first. Entrance to the stopes
is made through manways A and B, block 2, when blocks
1 and 3 are stoped out down to the first sub-level.
Stoping can then be started on block 2, entrance being

X= Manand limberway Z = Main Haulage Level 'Drift Y=Sub-Levet Drift ■

PIG. 3. LONGITUDINAL AND CROSS SECTIONS OF ORE-
BODY. SHOWING PROCEDURE BY EITHER METHOD

made through manway C in block 5. Entrance to blocks
can be made through either top or bottom sub, as
convenient. After blocks 1 and 3 are stoped out for
a couple of slices, and it is decided that block 2 should
start producing, entrance can be made to blocks 1 and
3 from sub-level below, while entrance to block 2 can
be made from sub-level above. Manways A and B can
be bulkheaded over and filled with ore, so there need
be no interruption in working the three blocks together
in this manner. However, if the latter plan can be
avoided, it would simplify working conditions if the
side blocks could be kept 55 ft. in advance of those in
the middle, this being the distance between sub-levels.
When the mine is once in that state, the entire area
can then be stoped without interruption. By keeping
the middle blocks one sub-level higher all the time, the
ventilation of the side blocks would be greatly improved.
Then again, the nature of the ground might not permit
cutting these middle blocks or pillars through the center
with a shrinkage stope as shown. If there is any doubt
about the advisability of this, the shrinkage stope could
be left out and a chute run up in the center instead.
Thus the block could be mined out as in method 2.
Repeat in the same way with the adjoining blocks, 4,
5, 6, etc. The manway C in block 5 will be included in
the shrinkage when the latter is brought up in that
block. "Break-throughs" are run even' 11 ft. from

the man

■ ■
The manwa d off with a tin

ide.

I 'i if! rHOD

It the ground i.nnk-

throughi
Referring to bl , ami 9

down t.. -ui. level Si i. .hi tan. . bein through

manways I> and /•' in bit

' ing through from p to J and from /' to A
floor i>e, the slie.'. Thii oul

11 ft. high to the i head, would lie prod

ing from the start and should nol make much of a
break in the tonnage. The tops of the chutes could
lie inclined toward each other until th neet,

whicl in make the production <>( the stope i

tically as high as if it had the shrinkage through the
center, as in method 1. By having entrances through
D and F, block 8 only, it would lie necessary to finish
7 and 9 down to the sub-level before starting to stope
block 8. This would reduce the number of manw..
only two being necessary for the three blocks. If it
is not considered advisable to hold the middle block
up while the two outside blocks are being stoped out
to the sub-level, a manway in each of the blocks 7 and
9 could be added, such as C and G, in which case one
of the manways in block 8 could be omitted. This would
provide an independent manway for each block, but
it is a question whether it will be as convenient as it
looks; for in this method we have to figure on a final
retreat at the wind-up of each slice. This would be
simplified by centering on one of the manways in block
8, such as D, in which case we will consider blocks
7 and 9 finished down to the sub-level, entrance to
same being already explained. To proceed with block
8, a cut is taken across the stope in the regular way, and
up to the mat overhead, connecting chutes D, E and F.
Slicing is then started at F, retreating back, panel after
panel, until D is reached. All the stoped portion is
blasted down, leaving a panel intact around D. Some
extra reinforcing may be necessary to make sure of
holding this manway open. This remaining panel is
then worked out quickly and shot down. If independent
manways were used in each block, the extra precaution
for a final retreat w-ould have to be made with each
one, where with the method just described the final
retreat can be centered on one. The same procedure is
repeated in adjoining blocks, 10, 11, 12, and so forth.
If the ground is quite firm, method 1, with the shrink-
age stopes, would be recommended. For example, ground
that would hold raises without having to be timbered
would be perfectly safe. If there is any doubt about
the shrinkages not holding, chutes had better be re-
sorted to, as described in method 2. The monthly out-
put that could be expected from each 50-ft. block,
working two shifts, would be between 2500 and 3000
tons. If the ore is soft, that could probably be ex-
ceeded. The system as described is intended for an
orebody about 150 ft. in width. A much greater width
would probably require another set of drifts and cross-
cuts. Branches or swells that would interfere could be
handled separately, something on the order of the
Coronado system.

[NG AND MINING JOURNAL Vol. 105, No. 10

mmimiiiiiiuiinmmiiii iiiniiiiiiiiiiiiuu iiumiuimmiiiUMiuiiiiumiiiuuui uimuniiiiniimiii m u m uiunii|

s

Photographs from the Field |

nmuii i i i "I"" " iMiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiitiM iiniini

iiiiiiiiiiiiiini nun iiiiiiiiiini !iiiiiiiiiiiiiiinilii<-

i. 'HI R CO., CI LBERTSON COUNTY, TEXAS. WHERE DEPOSITS OP 90<Tr SULPHUR OCCUR

i.l'Hii; ORES IN CULBERTSON COUNTY, TEXAS, SHOWING RETORTS USED

March 9. L918

ENGINEERING AND MINIM. J01 ;

Z7XC DISTILLATION FURNACE IX THE NATURAL GAS DISTRICT OF OKLAHOMA, STILL IN OPERATION BUT

ABOUT TO BE CLOSED DOWN FOR REBUILDING

iTHER FURNACE IN THE SAME WORKS

The lower photograph shows the chimney er.d, while the upper photograph shows the opposite end. The dis £ th.se

furnaces is rather unusual.

ji D MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 10

tracts from the Diary of a Bolshevik

Smelterman

r»V .1. P. Hl'TCHINS*

ML917. I did not work today. 1 have
irday. Why should 1 work
none) and there is so

the railroad station'.' 1 cannot
are urged to work so hard to make
for enough to haul away,
.ii at the smelter works very hard;
.iid often fourteen hours every
rk only eight or ten, but then his pay
,.nd he ought to work harder. He
ought to make copper as fast as possible so as
ar. 1 cannot see how my working
harder I 'PPOr will help to win the war, and, if

ry to have copper, why does not some one
take away the copper lying at our railway station? Yes-
while sitting on the platform of the railway sta-
tion, a freight train came along from Vladivostok. One
of the cars waa loaded with copper, marked with some
queer letters, not like our Russian letters. It must have
been copper from abroad. But why do they use foreign
copper, leaving our beautiful Russian copper, which
looks just as good, lying for weeks at the railway sta-
tion? I cannot understand all these queer things that
have happened since the war began anyway. I think
the Czar does not keep his promises. He promised that
the war wnuld not last long, and it has lasted over two
years, and my oldest brother, Ivan Ivanovich, has been
killed, and Nikolai Ivanovich, my second oldest brother,
is a prisoner in Germany, and we must send money to
him, and Alexander Alexeivich, my cousin, has come
back with his eye blinded and his left leg shot off by a
bullet, and they only gave him a wooden leg that does
not fit him, and he can only walk slowly because the leg
is so heavy and he gets very tired. He will never again
be able to work in the fields or to dance the gopak, and
he was such a good dancer, the best in the village, and
Maria Petrovna, who was going to marry him, now says
that she will not marry "a piece of a man who could
not get food and clothes for the children." Poor Sasha !
He Will have to be a watchman at the wood yard, if he
can get a job at all.

My son. Peter Ivanovich, was wounded in Galicia
while h- hting with a club, for there were not

enough rifles — only one rifle for three men. But there
will be enough rifles when all the soldiers finish the war
to bring home, when we will show some one something,
for all the soldiers say they will bring their rifles home
with them. Peter Ivanovich was shot in the right leg,
and he did not have his leg well nursed, and now it is
shorter than the other and stiff at the knee. He says the
nur lazy and did not take care of his wound at

night, but snored in their beds; he could hear them.
i all these crippled and blind men live? Lucky
I have plenty of children and Peter Ivanovich plenty of
Perhaps they will help him; who knows?

Broadway

1 don't like this war. They take all of our best men
and best horses. The horses never come back, and the
men don't come back at all, or only come back all shot
to pieces. I wonder if we will have enough men to plant
the wheat and rye- Last year we had to leave the smel-
ter, which was shut down for weeks, while we sowed
the fields and gathered the harvest. This year it will
be worse. And soon Easter will be here, and it will be
sad, for we will not have vodka, but will have to drink
honey beer, which costs very much and it gives me a
terrible headache. Last Sunday I visited at the house
of Alexei Petrovich, and we drank honey beer, and
how my head ached all Monday! I did not feel much
like working Monday, and I did not work yesterday
either. The Little Father took away our vodka when
the war began, but promised that we could have it again
after the mobilization was finished; but the mobilization
never finishes. The Czar has not kept his promises. In
a few days, the men 43 years old will be called to the
war. Lucky for me that the men at the smelter are
not to be called. I will not leave the smelter.
Yesterday I went to the shop to buy clothes, for the
owner, Jakob Abramovich, expected to have a new party
of clothes. It had not arrived, and so I must go on
wearing my old velvet breeches, although they are worn
out and although I have plenty of money to buy new
breeches. Yesterday afternoon I played cards with
three friends who were not working. I won 43 roubles
and 67 kopeks. This was lucky for me, for I often lose
to the Strange Men who come to our village and play
with us and then go to the next village. They seem to
always win and have wonderful luck, the devil knows
why. These Strange Men have only come since the war
began. Before the war we did not have any money to
spare for gambling. Now we have plenty, but we can-
not buy anything, for the shop has no goods, and we
can't buy vodka; and so we gamble and lose to the
Strange Men.

Tomorrow I will go again to Jakob Abramovich to
see if his party of goods has come. I like him, although
he is a Jew, for he will sell his goods and he is not like
the shopkeeper at the mine, who, although he is a Rus-
sian, refuses to sell his goods, for he says that he can
buy no more and that he does not want to have an
empty store.

March 19th. I have not thought much lately except
about this terrible war, and now there has been a revo-
lution in Petrograd and the Little Father has lost his
job and his uncle has refused to take it. I wonder why
the Grand Duke Nikolai Nikolaievich did not get it. He
is a great man and a great hero. Why did they fire
him, or was he so good that they did not like him? I
cannot understand. One day they said the Czar was our
Little Father, our protector. Now they say he was a
traitor. They said our Holy Church was our friend.
Now they say it was not. I never liked our village
priest, because he always tries to get money from me.
I don't mind if he gets drunk and gambles, for all men

March 9, 1918

ENGINEERING AND MINING J01 i

must del this. Now they saj thai the Jev com-

rades and must not be abused. I never hated the .lews
verj much, and Jakob Abramovich always kept a good

stuck nf cl.it lies, and will sell me whal 1 want it" he has
it, not like the Russian shopkeeper at the mine.

It is hard to work now, for there arc queer reports
being talked over by the men. and 1 like to discuss them,
too. The American foreman tries his best and hardly
goes home at all, but sleeps at the smelter. Why do
people want to work bo hard? The manager, who is also
an American, called all the workmen together and made
a speech yesterday. He tried to explain what had hap-
pened at Petrograd, but 1 could not understand him, as
he talks Russian very badly. He has been here several
years, but does not talk well. 1 wonder if all the Amer-
icans are so stupid, and must work so hard like they do
to make up for their stupidity. But I like him anyway,
because he is so fair.

April 28th. We have had several raises of wages, and
now I work only about half of each week ; for I make as
much now in half a week as I did before in a whole
week. Our American foreman works harder than ever,
and, he says, for the same wages. He seems to be a fool,
for all of us workmen have had raises. We now have
a Sovyet here, and I am a member. We have made de-
mands of the American manager for more wages, and
have had to threaten to stop work before he would
consent. But he consented at last. He told us that our
country needed copper more than ever; but how can
that be true when there are always several big piles of
copper lying at the railroad station? I asked him about
this, but he said that he could not get cars to ship it in.
Why do they not give cars if they want copper so
badly? I am more puzzled than ever and I wish the
infernal devil-bred war would end so we could be like we
were three years ago. Then 1 received only one rouble a
day, but I could buy things. Now I get twice as much,
but 1 cannot even buy tobacco now, for there is none in
the store. My velvet breeches are almost in rags and the
clothes of my wife and children are quite worn out.
They tell us that we are going to get more land. That
will be good, and we will then be able to let our land lie
fallow oftener than once in three years, as we have al-
ways done. We planted our seed, but not as much as
last year, for we still have some of the last harvest left,
and labor is scarce. The devil take the war!

June 30th. Still I wear my poor old velvet breeches,
for I cannot buy new ones ; there is no velvet in the shop.
1 have more money than ever before. The Sovyet has
made the manager give us higher wages, and now I re-
ceive three times as much as a year ago. The manager
told us that the company was losing money, but we did
not believe him, and then to prove it he showed the
books to a committee, of which I was a member. I
could not understand them, and we think they must be
false and made up to deceive us. One thing I saw, and
that was that the Americans were receiving much larger
wages than the Russians. We do not like them, and
Dimitry Pavlovich, who has worked in Moscow, says it
is not right and that we ought to receive the same wages
as the Americans. Evgenee Kcenievich, who has come
from Petrograd, agrees and says we can run the works
as well as the Americans, and that we ought to run them
ourselves. But most of us, especially those who have not
been in Petrograd and Moscow, do not agree.

July 7th. V. ne man W

stabbed, Sevei al irned to their hon

in tins \ illage. i hej aj th< bai k to < ■

when the land should be divided at I urt

to gel theii hare, hut the land hi divided.

[ think thi

have their pa al all w ho have nol l"

to the war as inferior i eral ol them had

been drinking honey beer, which alwa ea me a

terrible headache, and insulted Maria Petrovna, Lydia
[vanavna and Nadezhda Nikolaevna. Their husbands
were very angry, and there was a fight, and several

other villi v 1 !<•

ing. The soldiers say we live like pi;rs and don't know
thing. Perhaps we do; I have always thought thai
hould have had more schools. Why did the gov-
ernment insist that we have a vodka shop, but did not
let us have more schools? Education ought ree,

like light and air.

July 19th. The soldiers persuaded us to divide the
land of Alexander Mikhailovich, who is a bourgeois and
owned 10,000 desiatins, and to take his horses and
cattle. We did; and we burned his buildings, too, and
his big house. Some of the old men said we were fool-
ish to destroy buildings, but we decided that they were
too big to be used by us, and so had better be destroyed.
We also burned the village hospital, which was given
to the community by Alexander Mikhailovich. I think
that was a mistake, for anyone may be sick. Some of the
elders said we were ungrateful, but I think Alexander
Mikhailovich just gave us the hospital and was kind to
us in other ways just to bribe us to allow him to hold
10,000 desiatins. Everybody bribes, anyway.

The soldiers are causing lots of trouble, and want us
to take wheat off the freight trains that they say are
going to the west, to feed the bourgeoisie, who are our
enemies. Alexander Mikhailovich is one of the bour-
geoisie, and he has no right to have so much land as
10,000 desiatins.

July 27th. We stopped a freight train and took ten
carloads of wheat and rye. This is easier than harvest-
ing the grain, so some say they will not bother to cut
their grain. I am going to cut mine anyway ; one may
need it later.

August 11th. We have had several meetings and have
at last decided to run the mine and smelter ourselves.
We have fired the Americans and put the works in
charge of a committee from the Sovyet, and I am a
member of the committee. We have doubled all the
wages again.

August 22d. The furnace burned last night; the
night shift was talking politics and not attending to
work. The mine is not producing ore fast anyway and
we would have shut down anyway until we could get
more ore. The men at the mine are not doing their
share of the work. We have raised wages again, but I
do not know- how they will be paid, for we have not
much money left in the office safe. Our brothers in Pe-
trograd tried to put down the bourgeoisie last month,
but Kerensky prevented. But we will try again later.

September 2d. Yesterday was pay day, but there
was not enough money to pay all the men, and the last
to come to the office did not get any pay. They were
very angry, and there was a fight, and Simon Simon-
ovich was stabbed between the shoulders and died in

■ \i> MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 10

an man-
id if we
vork

■

■

I, and in

• blown in again. All

i .'ii in Petrograd and

ist a< they did

do not think a Committee

1 like the Amer-

and would not mind if they

like we do. But if this

we could have run it all

when all the land will be divided and

- his pro The devil knows.

Of What Use Is the Millionaire?

iid that "to make a millionaire you
rb all the earnings of a thousand men; to
Uionaire the earnings of a million."
The following is the reply of a writer in the Boston

•una there are -100,000,000 people. There are no

bill: md 1 doubt if there are many millionaires.

But. had the energy of a Rockefeller organized China as

an industrial producer for the world and for herself, he

. i have made many multi-millionaires in the process and

and earnings of 400,000,000 people. Mr.

Rockefeller I money and built tank storage for

when people laughed. Was he entitled to only

saving to the world millions of dollars'

worth of oil? Everybody had the same opportunity. But

nobody had his courage or faith.

if Mr. Rockefeller hired money and then went into

■ a and produced oil and iron and steel and railroads,

would he be entitled to your standard of $1000 a year or

'.inaman's wages of not exceeding 10c. a day?" If he

made 400,000,000 rich and prosperous by the development

of their unused underground natural wealth, bringing it

to the surface and the markets of the world, what should

be r .' Mr. Rockefeller once said that if he took

any pleasure in contemplating his life it was that he had

made two blades of grass grow where but one grew before.

I know the world would like to take away Mr. Rockefeller's

blades of grass, oblivious of the fact that they would

hurt themselves more than Rockefeller. But the pity of it

at such is human meanness, envy, malice and desire

to get the fruits of others' toil without entering into their

labors, that the world envies the rewards of the men of

in,i invention, and of talent, and would like to

• • cir wealth and increase idle hours.

reflect that there is more value under the

surface of the State of Nevada than on the surface of the

whole world? But you can bring it to the surface only by

summoning accumulated wages of the world, paying for

their use by interest or dividends and then organizing your

.nits by brain units so that there is economical "pro-

Vou only look to hand labor, that is the minor

labor of the world. What is an army without its general?

the inventors of the sewing machine, the reaper, the

.-raph, the telephone, just $1000 laborers? Who will

-. limit to the labor of human brain? Rockefeller, with

be the most poorly paid laborer in the

the man who gets a thousand dollars a year

r one-hundred times overpaid, for he may be

iter to his employer and the world.

ny billions to the wealth of the country,

■ one for his enterprise in organiza-

and production?

that without the men who earn much

'ars a year there would be very

be able to earn that amount. There

men of foresight, daring, and

;*k their fortune in faith in God and

that lie raw unused and

..less under our feet. What was the value of this

country when 100,000 Indiana roamed, or rather fished and
canoed on the inns, an, I camped on the river banks? Don't
you know that the ambitions of men to win fame and for-
tune, e>s fertile fields and beautiful gardens, to
dwell in palaces and give their families luxuries and insur-
er future comforts, produce more for the world than
tor the men of ambition?

I] 5e of the world today is the soeialistie, the I.
W. \V. and Bolshevik] endeavor to level down the men who
are pioneering the world forward instead of levelling up
and stimulating all men to possess by production; and then
to possess and produce more. Mr. Rockefeller has been
the mainspring in the production of fifty billion, and he
has not got 5' , of what he has assisted to create. Could
you in the interest of the world limit his energies, his brain
activity or his production? Would you rob him? Would
you steal from him? I fear that you would if you could,
and that you don't now know it or see it. The pity of it
is that stub robbery would be a disaster not to Mr. Rocke-
feller but to the world and millions of men in it.

5four Constitution and ideas are having their exemplifi-
n and try-out in starving and disorganized Mexico and
Russia. Interest on capital is nothing but the wages of
capital and capital is only accumulated wages. Start the
world agoing on the land as God made it and it takes cen-
turies for man to battle with the elements of nature, become
a producer and learn to think and accumulate surplus pro-
duction, and surplus production is nothing but the surplus
from his labor transmitted in the form of houses, improved
lands, developed mines, improved roads, etc., from one gen-
eration to another, each generation adding to the accumu-
lated wealth and harnessing it for wages and the produc-
tion of more wealth.

This has been done in this country to the extent that an
American family is able by the use of accumulated wages
or capital in roads and machinery to save on the average
each year ten times what a Chinese family can earn. In
China you can transport a ton a mile for 10c. by human
labor. In the United States you do it for three-quarters
of a cent. It is accumulated capital alone that has enabled
us to do this in America, and yet the envious, the slothful
and the unthinking would deny wages to capital which has
made the wages and savings of America possible.

Today capital gives the wherewithal to fight for free-
dom and democracy, for it gives us the railroads, the ships
and the factories for powder, gun and shell. Germany is
the most highly organized capital state in the world. It
has put its capital to bad use, but its entire reliance today
in attempted world conquest is upon its accumulated capital,
and industrial and financial organization. Prussia has
enslaved the country in militarism and is seeking to enslave
every surrounding country. Opposed to Germany is the
united, cencentrated wealth of western civilization support-
ing millions of free men on the field of battle.

The hope of Germany for world conquest today lies in
the promulgation of poison economic gas — the propaganda
with which she misled the 140,000,000 ignorant peasants in
Russia. The Hun said to the Slav: "Lay down your arms
and take to the land." And then the Hun takes the Slav.
Today the same propaganda is being put forth in all the
countries fighting for liberty. Labor is told that this is a
war of capital, that capital will get the benefit and that
now is the opportunity for labor to come into its own by
conscripting wealth. Conscription of income in war time
is right, but conscription of wealth — the taking of the capi-
tal that produces the income — is national suicide. If the
German propaganda seeking the destruction of organized
capital prevails on this continent, it will be immaterial
whether we are annexed to Mexico or to Russia.

All countries will share the same fate.

Bor Copper Mines in Serbia

The Societe des Mines de Bor, a French company, oper-
ated a group of copper mines in the vicinity of Bor, in
Serbia, up to the time of the occupation of that coun-
try by the Central Powers. The annual meeting of the
company was held in Paris on Nov. 20, 1917. Accord-
ing to Echo des Mines, no official account of the exploita-
tion was available, but the directors had received news
through friends in Geneva who reported that "the work
of exploitation by the Germans has been pursued very
actively. The district of Bor has been occupied by Bul-
gars, but German engineers have directed the opera-
tions at the mines."

March 9, L918

ENGINEERING AND MINING J01 I

IV!

Benedict Crowell, the Organizer

President Wilson ia to have ins own way in th<
duct of tlic war. Everybodj in Washington, including
his most vigorous opponents in Congress, has known
and secretly admitted that. But his way will be sur-
prisingly similar to the way which ti oong
Senators ami Congressmen have been urging him to
adopt and which he has been refusing to accept as a
thing suggested l>y them, says the rimes.

In other words, there will be a director "i' munitions
in fact, although not in name. The director will i
all the power that Congress lias said mils1 ii in

somebody — the power to get beyond advising ami in
real doing. If he is big enough for the task, he will
bring celerity, efficiency, and precision to the muddled
operations of the many bureaus and commissions which
so far have been engaged, without coordination, in a
haphazard struggle to equip the American armies here
and abroad with the thousand and one things they must
have before America can take a big military part in
the war. He will, at least, have the full authority neces-
sary to work such a change.

Such, in brief, is the plan of the President to put an
end to the defects of the war-making machinery of the
Government. The plan was perfected by Mr. Wilson
and Secretary Baker before the now rapidly waning
dispute between the White House and the Senate became
acute. This explains the President's emphatic, almost
angry, objection to the Chamberlain bills to create a
War Cabinet and the office of Minister of Munitions.
Not only did he resent interference by Congress in what
he considered his exclusive domain as Commander-in-
Chief of the Army and Navy, on general principles, but
he objected to having a scheme so much like his own
undivulged plans coming before the public as an inven-
tion of the Military' Committee of the Senate.

In the time of its incubation, if not in publicity, the
plan of the President probably has the priority. At
least, so say his supporters. The beginning of its devel-
opment may be fixed roughly as about the middle of last
November, when Benedict Crowell, of Cleveland, was
made Assistant Secretary of War. It is nearer the
truth, perhaps, to call it Crowell's plan rather than the
device of either the President or the Secretary of War.
Mr. Crowell, who will be Acting Secretary of War if
Mr. Baker makes his contemplated trip to France, will
have much to do with putting the plan into effect, as
soon as the President, with the new power of the Over-
man act, can make the drastic redistribution of func-
tions called for by the plan and authorized by the act.

Although he does not admit it under cross-examina-
tion, or in speeches before investigating committees of
Congress, it is said that Mr. Baker knows that he has
limitations, and knows what they are. He came to
realize some time ago that business efficiency was the
chief lack of his department. He realized that some-
thing besides his own idealism and that of the President
was necessary to get things done on a quantity produc-
tion basis and that this something w-as either not pos-
sessed by anybody in his department or, if there, was
kept powerless by existing rules and machinery. So
the first step in the process of which the Overman bill
is a vital part was to call in Crowell on the 10th of No-
vember as the successor to William M. Ingraham. Mr.

1 rowell, v. hi Depai in .

attrai ted o little atl

familiar in V.

and metallurg

It was i.i
sistant ; \\ :,r. l,

■ ting Qu ral. It

suggestion of .Mr. < rowell thai

ral of Supplies, in i!:,\ in/ tl
two appoinl i i eral other . and

in el
ment, the Assistant any final

things in the way of reorganization. l\ I by

the insiders that he was I

new machine within reach, to be all ready for the as-
when the blanket power should be de-
rived from Congress to make over the whole machinery
of the Government without any legislative restriction.

Sulphuric Acid in 1917

-More sulphuric acid was produced in the United
States in 1917 than in any previous year. A moderate
estimate made by the U. S. Geological Survey shows that
the increase in the production of acid of all strenj
in 1917 over that in 1916, stated in terms of 60° B.
acid, amounted to at least 600,000 tons. In the follow-
ing figures a certain quantity of the stronger acid re-
ported should really be carried as acid having a strength
of 66° B. or less. However, as no data are available to
show the proper distribution of all the acid made in
1917, the statement has been prepared as if the re-
ported production were the actual production. The
1917 output was as follows: 50° acid, 2.306,372 short
tons; 60 \ 1,187,704; 66°, 850,006; and stronger acid,
1,190,019 short tons. Compared with this, the 1916
figures are: 50°, 1,829,471 short tons; 60°, 1,119,753;
66°, 1,580,100; and stronger acid, 443,332 short tons.

The condition of the market for sulphuric acid in
1917 is reported to have been on the whole even better
than in 1916, and the value of the product was consider-
ably higher than during that year. Some companies
have had difficulty in obtaining sufficient sulphur ore
and many of them have been compelled to change from
pyrite to sulphur burners. Experiments in the greater
utilization of pyrrhotite have been carried on and at-
tempts have been made to find domestic deposits of
pyrite that can be used if the supplies of foreign ore
are curtailed under the conditions imposed by the war.

The estimates given above are based on returns from
the acid manufacturers received by Philip S. Smith, of
the Geological Survey. Nearly 98% of the manufac-
turers reported their production, and that of the others
was estimated from previous records. It is believed
that the totals of these preliminary figures will approxi-
mate closely the final figures, which will be made up
when the complete returns are received, although the
quantity of acids of different strengths, as stated, may
require considerable readjustment.

Rates for Transporting Sulphuric Acid in tank cars from
producing points in Utah to New York, Boston, Philadelphia
and Baltimore will be canceled if the Interstate Commerce
Commission. grants permission to do so sought by the Wa-
bash Railroad.

JD MINING JOURNAL Vol. 106, No. 10

mmiiiiiiiiiillllll miii iiiiiiiiiniiii iiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiii hi i mm iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiimiii myg

Mining and Metallurgical Machinery

i i mini mill in inn imiuimi mimiiiiimiimii iimimimni i i minimi i imimiiiiiiii lis

\ Nevt Pedestal Grinder for the Drill
Sharpening Shop

ling of bits and shanks
large measure responsible for
Iter results from the drilling ma-
machine sharpeners forge both
•'■>rmed and accurately
-d. a punching machine enlarges the hole in hollow
• that there remains but one
in the preparation of tha steel for drilling, the

shop use. This, like the sharpener and punching ma-
chine, is operated by compressed air. It is light in weight,
readily portable and requires only a plank base. The
powerful three-cylinder motor operates in a bath of oil
and consumes little power. A single foot lever controls
the machine, so that the blacksmith can use both hands to
hold the steel. Ordinarily the grinding wheel used is of
8-in. diameter and 1-in. face. The spindle is fitted with
a No. 2 Morse taper socket so that a rose reamer can
be used for countersinking the hole in the end of the
shank. This operation guards against cutting the water
tube of the drilling machine.

The "Little David" grinder is also used to true up
the edges of drill bits, point picks and grind other tools
around the blacksmith shop. The complete machine
weighs 195 lb., is 441 in. high, and occupies a floor space
17 x 201 in. It operates satisfactorily with air pres-
sures of 60 to 100 lb. per square inch.

•I: DRILL SHARPENING sic IP

squaring off of the drill shank. Unless drill shanks are
made square on the end, a strain is thrown on the ham-
mer-drill piston and causes pi3ton breakage, which is
an expensive item, not only in the cost of part replace-
ment but also in the time that the drilling machine is
out of commission. Further, with imperfect shanks it
is r le to take advantage of the full force of the

and drilling speed is retarded.
To insure shank perfection, the Ingersoll-Rand Co.
has developed the "Little David" pedestal grinder for

Useful Pipe-Line Device

A useful fitting for pipe lines has recently been de-
vised, and is being offered for use on steam, air, water
and other pipe lines. It has several functions, and
possesses characteristics that will satisfy the require-
ments of each, consisting primarily of a cup-shaped
end into which is fitted a movable, curved socket, fixed

CROSS-SECTION OP BERRY FLEXIBLE JOINT

to the other end of the pipe where the desired joint is
to be made.

The illustration shows the design of the fitting, known
as the Berry flexible joint, and indicates its applicabil-
ity for various functions. It has a ball-joint action, so
that an angle may be readily formed, and acts also as
an expansion joint, since the ball fits into the cup in such
a way that it is free to move backward and forward,
thus taking up the variations in lengths of the pipe
due to temperature. The flexibility of the joint allows
it to absorb vibrations satisfactorily, avoiding damage to
the pipe from this source. The many uses of the fitting
will be evident to the practical operator, and its con-
venience for the prompt changing of angles in a pipe
line are such as to be self-evident. The device is manu-
factured by the Iron Clad Joint Co., of New Orleans, La.

March 9, 1918

ENGINEERING AND MINING Jul I

A Self-Feeding Bucket Loader

A machine that combines the features of the old
wagon loader and the steam shove] has been placed <>n
the market by the Barber-Greene Co., of Aurora, 111.,
and is known as the B-G Self-Feeding Bucket Loader.

WAGON BUCKET LOADER IN OPERATION

The construction is heavy, making it suitable for han-
dling loose material such as ore, sand, crushed rock,
etc., of not larger than 6-in. diameter. The loading
is done by means of a bucket elevator supplemented by
a feeding device which consists of a pair of horizontal

DOUBLE-DISK FEEDING DEVICE OX BARBER-
GREENE LOADER

disks set almost flat on the ground but with a slight
pitch toward the pile. This double-disk feeder is at the
base of the elevator, and as the disks rotate inward
and toward the loading buckets, the material is car-
ried toward the center, to be picked up by the buckets,

winch dig from the ce of the dinks. 'I in

disks enable 1 in1 machine to <i < j.r a width of I
rather than mere bucket width. The drive for tin- disks
and the bucket ie furni bed ' < LO-hp. gasoline

with friction clufe •!. and a din

drive to ih<' rear wheel propel the loader forward or
erse, with two speeds in either direction. A dif-
ferential gear providi harp corners. It
is said the machine will handle i cu.yd. i"-i mln

( hart for Spacing Shaft Hangers*

The spacing interval for hangers on mill shafting de-
pends upon the diameter of shaft, number and spacing
of pulleys and the respective pulley loads. A calcula-
tion is simplified by the use of the chart illustrated.

Without

Pulleys

0.25-1

0.3-

0A-

0.5-

i0

Id
I
□

_1
(E
UJ

ti

<

5

4

X
J)

— 4

With
Pulleys

8 -

—10

g
E

UJ

ID

I
I

I

o

z

a.
ui

t

7-
4

5

UJ

IE

-15 o

z
<

h

3 —

-SO

—25

1—30
B

0.25-

.

0.3 —

0A-

0.5—

-

-

■ ~-

.1 —
i

i

. IS —

E -

)

z —

3 —

A —

5 —

UJ

u

— 5

in

k

ul

o
%

X

z

uJ
UJ

n

Ul

1

* Q

—10

Copyright, 1917, by
W.F.Schophorst

CHART FOR DETERMINATION OF SPACE INTERVAL.
FOR MILL SHAFT HANGERS

To determine the proper interval on a 2-in. shaft with-
out intermediate pulleys, the diameter of the shaft, 2 in.,
is found in line A and the interval 15 ft. is read in
line B horizontally opposite. Similarly to determine the
interval on a shaft with intermediate pulleys the inter-
val in feet is found on line D directly opposite the diam-
eter of the shaft in inches on line C.

•W. F. Schaphorst, Mechanical engineer. New York.

D MINING JOURNAL Vol. 105, No. 10

i . in; i i mi: II i m

1 cuts and Economics of the War

i to
lias

.'; ^( the

. to

under discussion.
Ued a "step
hancellor von Hertling, who de-
to them; London and
ere. In Frame,
ilsed an attack in the St. Mihiel
il. The Spanish cabinet resigned.
April 6 was set as the date for
Third Liberty Loan campaign. Tempo-
the food restrictions on "home cards"
were announced by Food Administrator Hoover. The
.1 the Administration's railroad bill un-
The bill for housing shipyard employees was
lent, who also approved an agree-
lucers of aluminum fixing the maxi-
mum base price of the metal at 32c. per lb.

Mil. That the Chamber of of the United

\ ■ ,. ■ earnestly calls the attention of the busi-

of Germany to these conditions and urges them

i nation and to COi i the end that

a ,i conomic war may be averted and that a last-

nay be made more certain.

Business i avors Economic Combina-
tion Against Germany

An overwhelming vote in favor of a resolution warn-
ing German business men that an economic combination
will be formed against Germany after the war unless
the danger of excessive armament is removed by making
the German government a responsible instrument con-
led by the people was announced by the U. S. Cham-
ber of Commerce at the conclusion of a preliminary can-
zation members. The vote as recorded
154.
A referendum on the resolution was ordered on Jan.
.nd copi> ach of the 1000 local com-

mercial and industrial organizations comprising the Na-
hamber. Each organization has from 1 to 10
to its membership. Following is the
iution:

The size of Germany's present armament and

ittitude have been due to the fact that her

military autocracy, not responsible to the

d,

The size of the German armament after the

the measure of the greatness of the armament

all nations; and,

of economic conditions

(tore armament will funda-

fter-war receipts of raw materials

a her foreign trade; and,

'.ur opinion, the American people for the

-sive armament will assuredly

-mbination against Germany if govern-

Germany make it necessary for self-

•rierican people will not join

is after the war if

imament has been removed by the

eminent has in reality become a

by the German people;

be it

federal ('octroi of Roads to End
Two Years After War

vote of 337 co 6 the House on Feb. 28 passed the
Administration bill governing the operation of railroads
under Federal control. As finally adopted, the bill is
in the form reported by the Committee on Commerce,
with the exception that it was amended to protect short
lines, which amendment had been accepted by the com-
mittee. As passed the bill contains these chief pro-
visions:

The President enjoys supreme rate-fixing powers, the
authority of the Interstate Commerce Commission to fix
rates being abrogated. The bill as it passed the Senate
gave the President authority to initiate rates, but left
the Interstate Commerce Commission with power to
repeal the rates established by the President. The
period of Federal control is fixed at not to exceed two
years after the peace terms have been ratified.

Daily Rifle Output Over 13,000, Says
Secretary Baker

Our weekly production of rifles 10 months after war
was declared was four times as great as the weekly
production of rifles in Great Britain after 10 months of
war and twice as large as the production in Great
Britain after two and one-half years of war, Secretary
Baker recently declared. According to Mr. Baker, the
daily rifle production by the Ordnance Department for
the week ending Feb. 9, 1918, was: Model of 1917,
7,491; model of 1903, 1,086; Russian rifles, 4,435;
Total, 13,012. Production for that week was 46,792 of
the models of 1917 and 1903, and 24,400 of Russian rifles,
or a total of 71,192.

Since Apr. 6, 1917, the Ordnance Department has
manufactured and procured more than 700,000 of the
service rifles, model of 1903 and model of 1917. This
is 100,000 more rifles than were available at the time
of our declaration of war. We have to-day a total of
1,300,000 service rifles. Only about 50% of troops carry
rifles. We have in addition, 160,000 Krags. 100,000 Rus-
sian rifles, and some 20,000 Ross rifles, or a total of about
280,000 training rifles.

It is a matter of distinct military advantage that the
parts of the new rifle are so standardized as to be inter-
changeable in the field. The model of 1917 has ballistic
power involving a chamber pressure of about 51,000
lb., as eompared with 42,000 lb. in the case of the British
Enfield. The gun withstands the high pressure of the
American ammunition on equal terms with the Spring-

March 9, 1918

ENGINEERING AND MINING JO! l\

field rifle, the barrel having been changed to posse a the
same strength, while the receiver and the boll action are
amplj strong, since thej arc of 84' tempered nickel
steel, giving one of the strongest boll actions of an]
The now rifle takes a 80-caliber cartridge, which has
the advantange over the British Enfield of being rimless.
To achieve the rifle and ammunition production pro
gram the Government has expended or has obligated
itself to expend, during LO months of war, $400,000,000
and some 200 officers, 80,000 men. and 10,000 women
have been engaged exclusively in the manufacture
rifles and cartridges. Two Government plants and
three privately owned plants an 1 in making

rifles, and one Government plant and nine priva
owned plants are engaged in cartridge manufacture.
Ordnance experts in this country and in Europe are in
agreement that the U. S. Army is being equipped with
two of the best three rifles in the world.

War Savings Stamps a Good Investment

The "Limit Club" is a feature of the present national
war-savings campaign. The principal idea of the club
is that every individual who can possibly afford to take
war-savings stamps to the limit allowed by law ($1000
at maturity, which cost only $826 in February, 1918,
$828 in March, etc.) do so, in order to set an example
to employees and others of lesser means and to show-
that the man with means feels that war-savings stamps
are a most excellent investment.

There are two kinds of war-savings stamps — 25c.
"thrift" stamps and $5 stamps. The $5 stamps sell for
$4.14 during March, 1918, and for lc. additional each
month thereafter during 1918. That is $4.15 in April,
$4.16 in May. etc. The Government will pay $5 for
each of these stamps in January, 1923.

The 25c. stamps sell at all times for 25c. — the price
does not change. With the first 25c. thrift stamp bought
at the post office, bank, etc., the purchaser is given a
"thrift card" with spaces for 16 such stamps, or $4
worth. When the card is filled, it may be exchanged
for a $5 stamp at the post office by the payment of 14c.
in March, 1918, 15c. in April, and so on. Purchasers
who wish to dispose of their stamps for any reason be-
fore January, 1923 — the maturity date — may sell them
back to the Government at the advanced current price,
thus recovering the principal with interest.

"'Ill' - i ion al \\ :.

w lih coal speculal ion.
Some jobber w 11] go out of bu those 1

title to coal output - » ill not, l
operators will b

and fuel adn

hi wever, when i will be the link

producer and ming al

e i" bin'
"A !"■ put into operati

transportation, The countrj will be divided into
and di\ i n, ( cut ral and We '■

the All. :
Rough 1 j spi i

v- ill be i bi I iiana line. All long haul

Allegheny coals will be eliminated, but this coal will be
permitted to reach the Northwest by way of the La

product gas roals and smithing coals will be allowed
out of their zone in special cases."

Complaint of Dirty Coal Justified

In all the recent crises there has been no more justi-
fied complaint, the U. S. Fuel Administration has ad-
mitted, than that of the great quantity of unclean coal
sent to the householder's bin. To be compelled to pay
high prices for stone, slate, and dirt was an injustice,
it was generally felt, and warranted loud protest.
The Administration has already begun to remedy this
abuse, and local inspectors have been stationed at the
mines to inspect the entire output and see that the coal
is clean.

Floyd W. Parsons, editor of Coal Age, after a talk
with Dr. Garfield, said the Administration was deter-
mined to put through the plan for the elimination of
jobbers.

Iron and Steel Conditions Improve

The improvement in iron and steel works operations
has gone further, as indicated by 75% blast-furnace
operations at Steel Corporation plants, accompanied by
85r( active ingot capacity and 80 to 85', in rolling
mills, says Iron Agi in its last issue. Some companies
have not fared so well. Eastern Pennsylvania, which
was hardest hit, is still short of coke, and blast fur-
naces there have scarcely exceeded a 50 % operation,
with steel works at 60fi or less. Pittsburgh and near-
by districts are suffering from new car shortages.
Loaded cars have left the mills, but are not returning,
and the giving of special priority to food shipments has
resulted in the sending of empty cars all the way from
the East to the Far West. Coke shortages increased.

Steel manufacturers conferred in New York on Mar. 1
preparatory to a meeting with Government representa-
tives to consider the prices that will prevail after Apr. 1.
Steel producers, after months of hamperings, w-ith stead-
ily advancing costs, now ask for stabilized prices over
a period of six to nine months. The uncertainty as to
prices and pig-iron and steel supply is beginning to
affect consuming industries in a number of lines, and
the next conference at Washington is considered of
more moment than any that have preceded it.

Foundry operations have been curtailed here and there
for lack of pig iron, but there are also cases in which
the demand for castings has fallen off because certain
industries in the less essential class have found their
sales diminishing or have had to stop for lack of fuel.
Inquiries recently before the market from Canadian
shipyards have been withdrawn, and the needs of these
yards, which are put at 300,000 tons for the year, will
be supplied by American mills under Government ar-
rangement, the distribution being made at Washington.
At Toledo, Ohio, four vessels have been booked that will
take about 10,000 tons of steel.

With more plates available for general use, demand
is cropping up. Oil companies are now planning to add
to their tank capacity, and from other directions feelers
are being put out. At Cleveland an order for 13,000
tons of light plates for submarine fighter- is one result
of the new activity at Detroit.

i.ND Mil OURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 10

oiled
ted by an offi

ider-
- tlie export mar-

which rollings
credits have now
placing <.*i this busini
am, tons. ;it Government

•• . original contracts,
ween the two govern-
ii an important way on the prii
r Japanese ships.

dropped to 95,000 tons in
•,..n total of December. When
r munitions plants had run its course in
208,500 tons oi fabricated work
that year, the total for January, 1916,
fell ■ lit large lettings of fabri-

cate hips now leave little before the bridge

and structural ahi

A proposal to tear up the rails of the Hudson Bay R.R.

war purposes abroad lends interest to an effort to

sell some 65,000 tons of heavy rails, bought and paid

by what was .nice Russia, but still stored in this

country'- They may yet be turned to account for the

Allies and the question of title settled afterward.

France has bought 1500 forgings for 155-mm. guns and

for 75-mm. guns The transaction is added evidence

of her inadequate raw material supplies but of abundant

gun-making facilities.

Mining and Smelting Companies
Prosper in Germain

In a survey of German mining and smelting indus-
tries, made by the Frankfurter Zeitung and based on
the reports of the various companies, stress is laid on
the fact. i/mmerce Reports, that all the works

were busy to their utmost capacity, and that while army
and navy orders still predominated the first evidence of
interest in peace needs could be noted. It is stated that
it has been impossible to furnish figures of output; but,
in view of the enormously increased profits of the vari-
ous companies, the output must have gone up by leaps
and bounds. But for transportation difficulties and the
shortage of skilled labor production would obviously
have been even larger. The record profits of the com-
panies, despite the fairly large sums set aside for war-
profits taxes, were made possible by the good prices,
which were more or less in accord with the enhanced

• of raw materials and the general higher out-of-
pocket expenditure.

The results of 37 companies engaged in iron and steel
production and coal mining, point to the conclusion that
few other branches of industry in Germany have en-
joyed more favorable conditions during the war period.

:its have reached records that leave the results of

previous years far behind. Even so, it is questionable

whether the published profits really represent the total

gains of the several concerns; for on the one hand the

*ten off and put to reserve have been great-

'•creased in view of the war conditions, and on the

•r there must be large invisible reserves which do

not appear in the balance sheets. This much at least is
certain: that with the exception of two enterprises the
companies specifically studied were able to show in-
creased ii. i profits and to raise their dividends to the
peace level. Many even surpassed the peace level.
The concerns devoted exclusively to coal were unable
Low increases in profits to the same extent as the
iron and steel works, but their profits were nevertheless
i. Mixed works likewise are able to look back on a
profitable year, although the results of the companies
in southwestern Germany could not compare with those
of the Rhenish-Westphalian and Silesian works. This
was partly because the southwestern concerns produce
ores of a poorer quality and partly because their plants
are near the war zone. Most prosperous of all were the
iron and steel works, which, despite considerably in-
creased sums written off and placed to reserve, were yet
able to increase their net profits by 60,000,000 marks
[at normal exchange the German mark is worth 23.8c]
and their dividends by an average of two per cent.

Platinum Commandeered

Orders were issued on Feb. 28 for the commandeer-
ing for war purposes of all crude and unworked plati-
num in tne hands of importers, jobbers and wholesalers.
Increasing need for platinum in the manufacture of
munitions, according to officials, rendered this step im-
perative. Commandeering will be carried out through
the War Department. The world supply of the metal is
comparatively small, and production has shown a steady
decline since the war began. Internal troubles in Russia
have virtually eliminated the world's chief source of
supply. The War Committee of the jewelry trade has
been asked to ascertain how much platinum is now in
the hands of manufacturing jewelers, and, if necessary,
they will be asked to surrender it. There is no present
intention of commandeering manufactured platinum,
it is said.

A modern battlefield — ohe of those vast seas of inter-
lapping shell holes— is strewn with wreckage of every
sort. This debris is not only dangerous because of the
explosives included, but is often of great military value
To remove the danger and realize the value, companies
of old soldiers, territorials, have been formed who may
be seen on the day after battle, bending over the tor-
tured earth, exploring it in every direction. On the battle-
fields of one single army during a single month the
material collected included 2000 tons of iron and steel,
32 tons of copper, 1,000,000 rifle cartridges, 2000 trench
bombs, and 1048 rifles.

No "cost-plus" contracts will be let under Adminis-
tration program for housing munition workers, Otto M.
Eidlitz, Federal Director of Housing, assured the House
Public Buildings Committee. "We shall do business on
a fixed price," he said. "When that is impossible, there
will be a stated compensation, beyond which the con-
tractor will not be permitted to go. I am against the
cost-plus system, although my firm now has hundreds
of such Government contracts."

Remember the Comfort Fund of the 27th Engineers.

March 9, 1918

ENGINEERING A.ND MINIM. .i<n i

477

lllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIHI Illllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllltllll Ill Ill Illlllllll Illllllllllllllllllllllll

Industrial News from Washington

By Paul Wooton, Special Corki nt

HIIHI I iiiii iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiililllilllllilllilllliiliiiliin ililiilliiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiinni i iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimiiiiin i limn inn minimum urn mi inn i nil 11 i inn

Mineral Information Hoard Organized

Formal organization of the Joint Information Board
on Minerals and Their Derivatives has been effected.
Pope Yeatman, who is in charge of non-ferrous minerals
for the War Industries Board, is chairman of the in\\
organization. Edson S. Bastin, of the U. S. Geological
Survey, is the secretary of the board. The Joint Infor-
mation Board is not intended to supplant or to sup
plement the work of existing Government agencies. The
object is to make the work of each organization more
useful to the other by keeping all informed as to what
is going on in the way of mineral work, or, as George
Otis Smith puts it, "Thus avoiding doing things twice
or half doing them."

The board intends to build up files of information on
all the principal minerals. A record will be kept show-
ing in detail all mineral activities being conducted by
or for the Government. The board will meet three times
each week until plans have been perfected for the co-
ordination of the work. The membership of the board
is as follows :

A. B. Adams, Treasury Department, Internal Revenue;
H. R. Aldrich, War Industries Board, Division of Statis-
tics; Edson S. Bastin, U. S. Geological Survey; Frederick
W. Brown, Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Soils;
R. M. Chapin, Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Ani-
mal Industry; Melvin T. Copeland, War Industries Board,
Commercial Economy Board; Thomas Cox, U. S. Fuel
Administration, Oil Division; Frederick P. Dewey, Treas-
ury Department, Bureau of the Mint; H. A. Havens, De-
partment of State, Consular Service; John K. Haywood,
Department of Agriculture, chairman, Federal Insecticide
and Fungicide Board; Commander R. S. Holmes, Navy
Department, Bureau of Ordnance; C. C. Houghton, Fed-
eral Trade Commission; Henry Hubbard, Department of
Commerce, Bureau of Standards; Lincoln Hutchinson,
War Trade Board, Bureau of Imports; Karl F. Keller-
man, Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Plant Indus-
try; Lieut. Col. R. P. Lamont, War Department, Ordnance
Dept., U. S. Army; C. K. Leith, U. S. Shipping Board;
C. E. Lesher, U. S. Fuel Administration, Statistical Dept.,
Coal Division; Chas. W. Merrill, U. S. Food Administra-
tion, Division of Chemicals; Harvey S. Mudd, Bureau of
Mines; Lieut. Comm. N. W. Pickering, U. S. Navy, Bureau
of Ordnance; G. F. Richardson, Office of Director Gen. of
Railroads, Car Service Division; Guy C. Riddell, U. S.
Tariff Commission; S. H. Salomon, War Trade Board,
Bureau of Research; C. D. Snow, Department of Com-
merce, Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce; J. E.
Spurr, U. S. Shipping Board; L. L. Summers, War Indus-
tries Board, Division of Raw Materials; F. G. Tryon, War
Industries Board, Division of Statistics; F. P. Veitch
Department of Agriculture; Pope Yeatman.

Bureau of Mines Wants Quarter Million
for War Minerals Work

Appropriations totaling $250,000 have been asked by
the U. S. Bureau of Mines for special investigations
of war minerals. In a letter transmitted to Congress,
F. S. Peabody, as acting director of the Bureau of Mines,
points out the necessity for these as follows:

"I believe that the investigations outlined are of such
importance and urgent necessity that every effort should
be made to have them undertaken immediately. I am
constantly receiving requests from the various military

bureaus and official boards ol the Government for
technical information along the e lines which
sary to solve i in- | infronl them. 1 1 I

e effect ive, it must be organized and un<
taken immediately."

posed to divide the appropriation as follows :

JH0.000

110,000

II

15,000

Tin

15,000

Mercury

5.000

II ii

$250,000

ten

7 nun

<i(d the use ol and

mwngarnf' ace ferro $40,000

ferroalloys La the electric furnace . . 5.000

Treatment of rhod<"' 5,000

Inalyau ol mangai eel 5,000

titutea for mangai 5.000

Field parties to examine and sample ore deposits 10,000

Concentration of Low-grad< 10,000

$80,000
Pyrites and Sulphur
■ t engineers to supervise and stimulate pyrite production, . $15,000

! 'reparation and use of pyrite from OOal mines. 8,000

Utilisation of pyrite cinder, including the recovi ry ol ttoppi i 3.000

3,000
The treatment of sulphur, including flotation as applied to surface

poeite in the West 3.000

Reduction of sulphur used for wood pulp (sulphai- p) 3,000

$35 000
Sulphuric v
Increasing the efficiency ol chambei plant $5,000

I nvestigation of the possible reduction in the consumption of acid 5,000

ry of sulphuric acid in the m inufacture ol high explosives, oil
refining, pickling iron and steel, and utilization of "niter ' cake from

explosives plants

Use of enriched air or oxygen in manufacture of acid and use of liquid

S02

Concentration of chamber aci 1

5,000

5.000
5,000

Graphite

Improvement in milling practice, including flotation and electrostatic
separation of mica and improvement of ^health conditions

Domestic graphite for crucibles compared with Foreign materials — Use of
low-grade flake — Use of suitable domestic clays — Standardization of
domestic product

Utilization of amorphous and low-grade graphite, including possible
manufacture into artificial flake

Substitution of electric furnace steel for crucible steel, thereby eliminat-
ing crucibles

$25,000
$8,000

5,000
5.000
2,000

Tin

Recovery of waste tin

Mercury
Concentration of low-grade ores — Improvement furnace practice.
Uses and substitutes for mercury, particularly for rulminal

$20,000
$15,000

u 000
3,000

Potash

Potash survey — Recovery from cement kiln!: and blast furnaces —
Alunite, leucite, feldspar, brines, and mine tailings

Tungsten
Improved methods and reduction in losses in milling of ores and manu-
facture of ferro

Properties and use of molybdenum as substituted for tungsten

$5,000

$10,000

$5,000

5,000

Ant imony
Substitute for antimony for hardening lead (calcium, barium, and lead)
Domestic versus Chinese antimony when used as antimony sulphide for
primers and small-arm munition

$10,000

$4,000
3.000

$7 'Mm

Chromite

Fi -Id examinations

Concentration of low-grade ores for ferrochrome and refractories, and use

of low-grade ore for salts .....;..

Substitutes for chromite for refractories (magneeite) and for ferro

$5,000

5,000
5,000

$15,000

Magnesite
Addition of iron to domestic product for refractories — Preparation —

Experience in use — Permanent market $5,000

Mica
Standardization of mine product — Properties of domestic mica as com-
pared to imported product $3,000

lND mining journal

Vol. 105, No. 10

Be Balanced

pproaching an

nili-
sm which is

the war.

various

ami it is only

Army officers and

should be the firs! to

- held the theory

more inefficient than

• us from private manufac-

■e help of "efficiency engineers," which has

indicative of a realization

our manufacturers that their

what they should be. The people

help are in many cases no wi

■thuds are concerned, than others

red how badly they are doing

The whole subject seems to resolve itself

• that our business and industrial systems

ted for times like these, when it is necessary

..11 our energies and exert our full driving

rd the achievement of one supreme object.

We should not be surprised that this is the case, for

economic theory has never contemplated teaming

up all the industries of this country for one object,

rather discouraged that idea and encouraged

individual competition of the most strenuous kind. In

we are a nation of individualists who have

never really seriously contemplated cooperation for the

common good.

When this problem of cooperation is suddenly put
up ' een by the war, it is not surprising

that our business men, trained in the individualistic
ol, should be entirely unfitted to solve the new prob-
lem. Moreover, it might be expected that the men who
have been most successful in individualistic, competitive
. in which profit was the main aim, should be
ally the ones least fitted to establish a scheme of
and production for the benefit of the com-
munity. This is a new problem to them, and one
r outside their experience.
It is to be granted that such business men may
have individually great driving power, but this very
excess of driving power in individuals or corporations
kely to make the confusion all the worse, unless
a n iination is established which will keep

the driving power of the individuals or corporations in
proper balance.

It h. e perfectly evident to all observers that

the capacity of the nation for production of war mate-
ormously greater than its capacity for shipping
and that we must at once not only balance
production, but slow it down in order to prevent
such a choking of our Eastern ports as may produce an
impossible and dangerous condition. The five-day shut-
lered by the Fuel Administrator and the one
.t-down are our first attempts to slow-
production, and we ask ourselves at once if
The answer comes that if

making too much war material we had better turn
some of our activities into the manufacture of articles of
peace. Immediately we run into the financial situation.
which a: present seems to seriously hamper new- under-
takings.

1; would seem that the claim of the railroads that
they need 51,000,000,000 worth of improvements should
at this juncture be considered. Here is one organiza-
tion, now devoted exclusively to the service of the
community, which, being under the control of the
Federal Government, can be financed directly by that
Government, and there would seem no reason why the
production programs of war material should not be
limited, and a certain amount of the energy now being
expended in that direction turned at once toward im-
provement of our transportation facilities.

This is the first suggestion that occurs to one as
a means of avoiding the economic situation which
seems to be forcing itself upon us. If we can afford
to spend billions for war, should not our Government
be authorized at once to turn w-hatever surplus energy
has been inadvisedly called into this work into chan-
nels that will benefit the community in time of peace?

After nine months of confusion, it is becoming
perfectly clear that as far as we are concerned, in
this country at least, our war problem is one of pro-
duction and transportation on a huge scale. The
critical point today is recognized on all sides to be our
ability to transport material to Europe. We have in
the past repeatedly had estimates as to what trans-
portation facilities we should have, but it is only
recently that any real attempt has been made to study
the transportation problem thoroughly and to find out
what the limiting factors were and how they could
be improved. It is hoped that through the investi-
gation which is now being made, we shall shortly have
exact knowledge on this subject. In the meantime,
however, we already have approximate knowledge which
indicates that our production of war material is rapidly
outrunning the possibilities of transportation.

Early in December Dean Schneider, working for the
Ordnance Department of the Army in Washington,
warned General Wheeler, Acting Chief of Ordnance, of
the situation which is now impending, and the Ordnance
Department began promptly to investigate. Investiga-
tions of this subject by one department, however, are
not sufficient. Our whole production program must
be harmonized with the possibilities of over-seas trans-
portation. In other words, an attempt should be made
at once to balance our production of war material of
all classes with the possibilities of transportation, and
wherever necessary the production program should be
slowed down at once in order that the congestion on
our Atlantic seaboard may be relieved. The slowing
down of this program means that energies which have
been unwisely directed to war activities must be at
once transferred back again to the industrial work
which has to do with peace and the upkeep of our
industrial organization.

This is necessary for two reasons:

First: If we are going to spend fifteen billions per
year in war, we must produce at least fifteen billions
more material than we need for peace times, which
means that our working plant must be kept in the
best possible condition.

March 9, L918

ENGINEERING AND MINING , I

Sen. iid : if we do imt reali e thai by the prod
of a surplus of war material we shall ultimately
compelled to cease i h.it kind of manufacture and therebj
suddenly throw oul of work numbers of men, \\<' may
precipitate an economh crisi ol greal magnitui

like, Rem< i ibi i

i n the men in th< lenl

there is no adm

tribu

Manganese at Piracaua, Brazil

Washington Correspond]

Much importance is attached to the manganese de-
posits at Piracaua, in northern Brazil, by U. S. Consul
George H. Pickerell, stationed at Para, Brazil, He
quotes extensively from a report on this property. The
Department of Commerce considered the matter of suffi-
cient importance to devote more than two pages of
Commerce Reports of Feb. 8 to this subject. A sum-
mary of the engineer's report is as follows :

1. There exists a formation of manganese that crosses
the property from east to west.

2. It is calculated that the "Deus to Ajuda Hill" alone
contains at least 300,000 tons of high-grade manganese ore,
which can be mined by simple adits; that the cost of d-
ering the ore on board ship in Piracaua Harbor need not
exceed $2 a ton.

3. The means of access to the property are excellent, as
there is a harbor 4% miles distant from the "Deus to
Ajuda" accessible for vessels up to 25 ft. draft.

4. The climate is healthful.

5. Supplies and labor are to be had very cheaply.

6. Timber and fuel exist in more than sufficient quanti-
ties for any purpose.

7. The ore from Piracaua can be delivered on shipboard
$3 more cheaply than ore from the biggest Brazilian mines,
and consequently manganese can be worked on Piracaua at
a profit when ore from other Brazilian mines would only
pay expenses.

8. Piracaua is the best located of the known manganese
mines.

Comfort Fund to the Rescue

All out of smoke, and pay day a long way off — a bad
state of affairs, as even the censor will admit. Meatless
and wheatless days can be endured, but days when the
tobacco pouch is empty are certainly fierce. The SOS
relayed to us from camp, where some of the Twenty-
seventh were in this condition, found a state of pre-
paredness, thanks to the Comfort Fund, and the matter
was immediately adjusted without any red tape. One
of the advantages of the fund is the speed with which
such matters can be attended to. It is like the games
in the "Streets of Cairo" where you ring a bell and
get a good cigar. In fact, in the present case, it was
through the aid of the great Fatima that the sorrow
of the boys in camp was alleviated.

"Out of tobacco" means a great deal — a really serious
condition. We recommend to smokers who are inter-
ested in the mining regiment — and that should include
all mining men — that they consider the following fifty-
fifty proposition: Send the Association of the 27th
Engineers monthly, or whenever you wish, as much as
you spend on tobacco for yourself; in other words, as
often as you light up, set one up for some fellow in
the mining regiment. That will help keep the fund
up (there will be a constant drain on it) and it will
keep you in touch with the mining regiment through
this column, as you ought to be. And if you want to
contribute more than that amount, go as far as you

ni
II v\

w i
.i 1 1

.i i .
.i x
i. \

"I Iudi III

i: ii
A I

I •

I (anli lelm

Wlllard .

August

K \

A Friend, Dec 13 ....

Freeland Jew etl

I i : ■ 1 1 ■ ■ i I ' Si nil

D. c '

! ! Bricken

E E Northrop

ill

Denver Technical Stan*. American Metal Co., Ltd

A Friend, Jan. 9

ii. Coolidge

J. V. N. 3 ion

Pope featman

W H AMridge

C E Hart

lert I. Kerr

Engineers of Washoe Smeltery. Anaconda Copper W
Company

rv C. Graham

Utah Copper. Nevada ''onsolidated, Ray Consolii

and Chino copper companies

A Friend. Jan 23

John Gillie

I- N. Houser

C. K. Lipman

Theodore Sternfeld

Clinton H. Crane

T. Wolfson

William H. Hampton

W. F. Merriss

J. Parke Channing

Miami Copper Co

J. H. Means

I '. \V. Goodale

I ' ' ',. Beckett

F. R. Foraker

c Iharles A. Chase

F. Flr-ming L'Engle

Calumet & Heela Mining Co

H. G. Ferguson

.lay E. Van Gundy

Franklin Oshorn

Oscar Lachmund

W T. Swoyer

Interest

Quincy Mining Co

\ merican Metal Co

William H. Fairbanks

i: Curry

\V. R. Ingalls

H. A. Guess

J. Mo. C

Engineers' Club of Northern Minnesota

B. B. Thayer

R. H. Sales

Albert C. Burrage

Edward H. Clark

P. Rutherford

Adolph J. Marl inson

Frank R. Edwards

C. H. Munro

E. E. McCarthy

J. L. Bruce

D. Ford McCormick

Louis D. Huntoon

P. G. Spilsbury

I' 0

100000
6.00

50.00

500.00
10.00
10.00
10.00
100.00
250.00
10.00

50.00
25.00
25 ii»

10.00
10.00

100.00
25.00
50.00

85.00
50.00

15.00

10.00

Total $8990.00

The mining regiment needs recruits; help to get them.
If you cannot enlist yourself, subscribe to the Comfort
Fund. Make your check payable to W. R. Ingalls, treas-
urer. In view of the considerable detail work in the
administration of this fund, acknowledgment of contri-
butions is made only through publication in the Journal.

GINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL Vol. 105, No. L0

mi ii i iiiiiiuii iiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiii iiiiimiiMiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiuiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii ii imiji

Kditorials

iiiiiiiiimiiiii iiiiiiuii imi'imimi iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniii ii iiiiiiiiiiiiniiMiiiiii minimi mmiiimm i n ir

1 ssentials and Non-Essentials

■ I - that is now en-

1 hington is the proscription of

:al industries, but even in the

Administration there is differ-

cting the new molestation of in-

roposed. Nor is there any

ling facts, which is naturally the first

settled.

There is, moreover, a certain glib carelessness about

rial industries" that is apt to lead

us into trouble if there be not clear thinking about the

problem. There is, indeed, much doubt as to whether

• iitial; and, furthermore,
whether the suspension of some of those that are dis-
tinctly non-essential would be wise. For example, we
suppose that the manufacture of feathers for the trim-
ming of women's hats might reasonably be classed
iential industry, but to forbid it would be
likely to throw out of employment a class of people un-
suited for other wnrk. whose idleness would be a bur-
den outweighing any saving of coal and transportation
that could be expected.

..n, industry such as the promotion of shady
incial enterprises, consuming paper, clerical and print-
in? labor, use of the mails, etc., may not only be non-
ritial but also vicious; yet its eradication might
•e worth the trouble, at this juncture.
But in the main, the interrelation of industries is such
that branches that at first sight appear to be non-essen-
tial exhibit themselves in a different way when consid-
ered carefully. Thus, the jewelers of Attleboro may
be regarded as cluttering up our path in winning the
war Hers do not need jewelry, but if they were

e shut up we should deprive ourselves of their abil-
ity to make parts for certain necessary scientific in-
struments. And, moreover, while it is true that sol-
diers and sailors do not need jewelry, we use such wares
:n foreign countries for things that must be
bought and imported for military use.

The phrase "eliminate the non-essentials" is a de-
rive from the sound theory enunciated early in the
increase production and curtail consumption."
curtailing consumption was meant above all things
the diminishing of wastes. This is a sterling teaching of
Manifestly the public welfare is increased
.' the fire loss, the depredations by vermin,
the 'hrowing of useful things into the garbage

rap heaps. We may properly take further
•duce our eating, following the illu-
mi: er that we eat too much. We

et more wear out of our clothing before we
it. Finally, we may dispense with luxuries,
re touring in automobiles. Contributory
hese desirable economies are nat-
""al 1^ n, and proscription, which ought to

function in the order here stated. The natural law will
in itself bring about all possible economies by making
them compulsory, and the adjustment of industry to
the new conditions is then automatic. We have a
classic example in the swift reduction in the consump-
tion of lead for bird-shot when the price for lead rose
extravagantly in 1917.

But the economic policy of the Administration has
been based on the theory of suspending the natural law,
and consequently the main reliance has had to be on
exhortation, which ought to be supplementary, not
primary. Even in foodstuffs there is ground for the
belief that more freedom in the markets, supplemented
by the admirable propaganda of the Food Administra-
tion, would have been more effective in curtailing con-
sumption. The third expedient — proscription — is dan-
gerous, although it is not outrightly to be condemned.
Thus, the forbidding of the traditional American Fourth-
of-July, with wastes that are not only profligate but
also are dangerous, would be of incontestable merit.
The prohibition of the use of grain in brewing and dis-
tilling may be supported on economic grounds in time
of peace as well as in war. But the damage that may
follow the general proscription of industries was well
illustrated by the results of Dr. Garfield's recent coal
order.

In the matter of eliminating or suspending non-es-
sentials, there should be a careful discrimination be-
tween production and consumption. There is unfort-
unately a confusion of thought in Washington on this
subject. When it is remarked that "We are at war
and we cannot have business as usual," there is utterance
of a truism ; but this does not mean the following of hap-
py thoughts that this, that or some other kind of pro-
duction is non-essential and therefore is summarily to
be forbidden by the deprivation of coal supply or other-
wise. Rather does it mean that the public should re-
duce or suspend its uses, either for the reason that they
are wastes that may permanently be reduced, or that
they are for things they may be postponed. The sub-
jects of wastes we have touched upon already. With
regard to things that are not wastes but may desirably
be postponed: The householder may be moved to re-
furnish his house, but it is not too much to ask him
to make the old furniture suffice for a while longer.
Similarly as to building by individuals, many municipal
improvements, etc. The surest way of compelling this
is high costs, and in fact just that thing has been com-
pelling it. Patriotic exhortation (and also exaltation)
is a valuable supplementary motive among the wealthy,
who are able to ignore the increased costs. Let the
curtailment of non-essentials follow these lines, and
the matter of production will take care of itself, and
there will be no arbitrary, ill-considered disturbance of
industry.

Now, there arises the question whether, even while
the curtailment of what is supposed to b^ non-essential

March 9. 1918

ENGINEERING \M> MINING J01 B

production is being meditated in Wa hington, the
tailment of consumption lias nol been already over
done? Let us examine some unexceptionable premises

ami also some facts.

Our business turnover in 1917 is estimated at about
50 billion dollars. This was effected with about In
million workers. We enter 1918 with about two million
subtracted for military service. This does not nece
sarily imply such a reduction in the capacity for pro
duction, for the military subtraction may lie I'ulK "i!
by the addition to the producers of some of those pi
sons who previously had been habitually idle and so
of those engaged in non-produc* ive occupations. The
mutually offsetting factors of decreased efficiency of
laborers and increased efficiency of administrators, of
increased output per man and simultaneously increased
inferiority of product (as in the case of coal) cannot
be correctly weighed; anyhow, not yet. Nor can we
safely draw too close the analogies from British experi-
ence, for the British started with an industrial organi-
zation much inferior to ours. Allowing for that, how-
ever, and directing our attention to minerals and met-
als, we see from the British statistics that although
Great Britain has sent a far larger proportion of her
workers to the front, she has been able to maintain her
production of coal and iron pretty well, her greatest
reductions having been in building material. It is not
therefore far-fetched to forecast that even with our
military subtraction of men we can at least maintain
our aggregate production of things and our business
turnover. Nay, more: we ought to increase our pro-
duction of iron, copper, lead, coal and other essential
commodities, at the expense of stone, brick, cement
and other building materials, and probably would do
so if those industries were unhampered by Govern-
mental regulations.

At present we are spending at the rate of about
seven billion dollars per annum on our own war work
and six billion for our Allies. The latter is not much of
a dislocation of our industries, for previous to our en-
try into the war their purchases in this country ap-
proached that figure. The war work for them does not
materially change the nature of our gross business
from what it was in 1916, although the terms of pay-
ment are different, i.e. we are appropriating more of our
net earnings to carrying them. But our own war work
is, of course, a direct shift of industry, i.e. we have
to transfer about 14% of our total turnover from one
kind of work to another. Considering special indus-
tries, such as iron and copper, the percentage of diver-
sion is, of course, much larger, but the very fact that it
is so much larger must lead us to consider whether we
have not already put into some branches of our war
work too much of our energy (with not enough in
other branches) and whether we have not too much cur-
tailed what have been deemed to be non-essentials, not
meaning that we have been excessive in eliminating
wastes but that we have postponed internal improve-
ments that ought not to have been postponed.

In other words, there is strong ground for the sus-
picion that the Government, to use a commercial phrase,
has overbought itself in iron, copper, lead and other
commodities, stocking up at various points with sup-
plies that cannot be used for a much longer time than

ordin try . on :

and tb.it the time will come when the i enl will

perfoi ..ine and when ordinary biuini

been so crippled bj thi .on of v.

deem to be n. [< U1n not be In a position

to buy anything. Tins idea is lurking In the m
the producers of iron, copper and l. ■ad a:- being a •. ■

real dancer. I',. •:■ , ,, j„ \\ :

ington with respect to "n , -,., 1, the

i prayerful consideral ituation

by whatever central powers I I lich

things, ["here bi qi ral staff, we do not know

to Whom tO appeal.

We make, however, the representations that oui
nomic troubles have not been due to too much manin
turing, for we did not in mi? produce enough of the
basic commodities to permit of increased manufactur-
ing in the aggregate. Nor have they been due to a
general and sudden outgrowing of railway capacity,
for the railways carried the production in 1916, they
had no more to carry in 1917 (except some million
tons of slate and dirt in the coal), and they incre..
enormously their performance in the first six months
after the railway board assumed direction of opera-
tions. Nay, the economic troubles have been due to
the Government itself overbuying and congesting a
relatively few places and a relatively few railway lines
with goods that cannot possibly be used until 1919 or
later. This followed from there being an entire ab-
sence of any munitioning and military plan. And now,
in order to get out of the mess of its own making,
Washington is meditating another shock to industry
under the guise of proscribing non-essentials. Before
that step be taken, there should be developed a plan,
and there should be a stock-taking of what has already
been acquired and contracted for.

"Business men and wage earners cannot lend money
to the Government unless they can make it, and busi-
ness must earn more money this year than last year."
says Mr. Sabin, president of the Guaranty Trust Co.
"There must be discrimination, of course, between that
which is essential and that which is non-essential. But
no legitimate business which can make money without
competing with the Government is non-essential. In
fact, it is very essential, because money is one of the
most important munitions of war."

National Economics

IN 1911 that eminent British economist Sir George
Paish estimated the annual saving of the American
people at $5,000,000,000, of which about $2,000,000,000
was reinvested in means of housing the increase in popu-
lation and about $1,100,000,000 for railway, tramway
and municipal improvements.

The following statistics, collected from various
sources, will aid in giving a perspective view of the
present economic situation.
Finance:

Wealth of the United States at end of 1917, $250,000,-
000,000.

Estimated total income of the people, 1917, $50,000-

000,000.

Estimated net income in 1917, §15,000,000,000.
Estimated net income in 1914, $6,000,000,000.

\i> MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 10

■ authority of emi-

put

re-

the Curn us that

n the wealth of the

00.
■ ital for capital, sur-
m and deposits of Uu-
this is the official in
ited by some bankers,
wealth of the Tinted states is

0,000,000,000.
S McAdoo, banks and fiduciary

,000 of tl

income in 1917 a part was derived as

of farms, $J 1.000.000,000.

.000.

operating revenui ,516,961.

the total net income in 1917:

net earnings, $958,000,000.

the Bureau of Internal Revenue, the net

ations in L916 amounted to $8,693,-

000.' asidering this figure, the estimate of $15,-

'oi» as the net income of the people in 1917 is

rible. The increased saving power of

the American people by ordinary economies is estimated

at $"1,000,000,000 by the Wall Street Journal. Our

great that the increased savings may easily

be made more than that.

Annual avoidable food waste in United States, $1,000,-
000,000 (Hoover's estimate).

The banking power of $34,473,100,000 at the end of
ncludes:

Money in circulation, Feb. 1, 1918, $4,965,878,604.
Gold held by Federal Reserve Banks, Jan. 31, 1918,
'tOO.

in the United States, $3,000,000,000.
These re srsible additional credit ex-

'"•0,000,000 (according to Sir Edward
Holden'a calculation on present gold and cash holdings.)

I in the pockets of American
people, •> .000 to $2,000,000,000 (according to James

J. Phelan, of Hornblower & '.'

•ates public di 31, 1917, $6,664,359,097.

Europe's purchases from the United States in 1917, $4,-

it Britain's war cost up to Jan. 1. 1918, $32,800,-
000,000.

France's war cost, $15,400,000,000.
Italy's war <

"0,000,000.
Hungary's wai 0,000,000.

Th- -timates . rench origin.

military expenditures, Julv 1 to Di

I uly 1 to Dei
expenditures, July 1 to Dec.
nditures, Julv 1 to Dec. 31, 1917,

United States total expenditures, July 1 to Jan. 31, 1918,

id. 000

United States loans to Allies, July 1 to Jan. 81, 1918,

-.000

United States war expense, first 10 months, $7,100,-
000

United States loans to Alius, first 10 months, $4,121,-

000.
France, total expenditures, 1917, $8,969,400,000.

The loans of the United States to the Allies are being
spent mainly in this country. Our war cost of $7,100,-
000.0(H) in 1017. including the foreign loans, was about
1 r of the total business turnover and about one half
of our estimated net income. Not all of the military
expenditure is destructive, a considerable part being
applied for permanent improvements, such as increase
in shipping capacity.

in 11)17 of first year's war cost, $12,500,000,000.
at estimate of first year's war cost, $7,000,000,000.

Presmt monthly expense, $725,000,000.

Estimate in 1017 of first year's loans to Allies, $6,000,-
000,000.

Present estimate of first year's loans to Allies, $6,300,-
000,000.

Present estimate of first year's cost and loans, $13,300,-
000,000.

Estimated receipts from internal revenue taxes, $2,800,-
000,000.
Railways:

Gross income of American railways, 1917, $4,038,000,000.

Net income of American railways, 1917, $958,000,000.

Guaranteed net income for railways, 1918 et seq., $955,-
000,000.

American securities maturing in 1918, $741,631,853
(Lorae).

Number of freight cars in the United States, 2,500,000.

Labor:

Total labor power of United States, 40,100,000.

Women engaged in mechanical and manufacturing indus-
tries, 2,000,000.

Women engaged in other gainful occupations, 6,750,000

Men required for the National Army, 1,700,000.

Available masculine labor power of the United States.
29,650,000.

Men engaged in agriculture, forestry and animal hus-
bandry, 11,000,000.

Women engaged in agriculture, forestry and animal hus-
bandry, 2,000,000.

Men engaged in mining, 1,000,000.

Men engaged in manufacturing industries, 9,000,000

Women engaged in manufacturing industries, 2,000,000

\1 ii engaged in transportation, 2,600,000.

Women engaged in transportation, 200,000.

Men engaged in merchandising, 3,400,000.

Women engaged in merchandising, 600,000.

Men engaged in public service, 550,000.

Women engaged in public service, 50,000.

Min engaged in professional occupations, 1,000,000.

Women engaged in professional occupations, 70,000.

Men engaged in domestic and personal service, 1,500,000

Women engaged in domestic and personal service, 2.-
500,000.

Min engaged in clerical work, 1,300,000.

Women engaged in clerical work, 700,000.

The above estimates respecting labor are according to
recently made by the Public Service Reserve
of the Department of Labor. The same authority esti-
mates that 225,000 men will be needed in France in staff
corps work for each 1,000,000 of fighting men or men
in the line. This means that one man behind the lines
will be required to care for the needs of each four fight-
ing men. For the most part they must be skilled men —
engineers, building trades mechanics, machinists and
blacksmiths.

March '.>. !!>1S

ENGINEERING AND WINING fOl R IAL

Membership in American Federation of Laboi
shipping:

World's shipping capacity in L914, 19,000,000
World's shipping at end of 1917, 42,000,000
kg to Captain Peraius, German naval writ

Other authorities estimate that the present torn

1. 100.000 less than at the beginning of tin- war and that
the existing shortage is about 7,500,000. Add to this
8,000,000 tin's as the minimum necessary in maintain
1.. ".00. 000 nun in France.

Total net loss of ships during war, to .Ian. 1. L918,
1617,000 tons.

Great Britain's shipping, Aug. l. 1914, 16,841,919 tons.

Great Britain's shipping loss. 1916, 2,225,000

Great Britain's shipping loss, L91 J, 5,000,000 I

Great Britain's shipping loss. 1914 I

Great Britain's construction and purchases. L914 to 1917,
6,3uG,914 tons.

Great Britain's construction, 1917, 1,163,474 tons (offi-
cial).

Great Britain's net loss, 1914 to 1917, 2,750,000 tons.

United States ships in process of construction, '
1917. J.800,000 tons.

United States ships contracted under new program. 3,-
124,000 tons.

1 nited States construction, 1917, 901,223 tons.

Great Britain-American construction combined, 1017, 2.-
0G4.(H)7 tons.

Submarine sinkings, 1917, 6,000,000 tons.

Estimated American production, 1918, 3,000,000 tons.

Estimated British production, 1918, 2,000,000 tons.

United States Merchant Marine, Jan. 1, 1917, 12,250,000
tons.

Electrification:

Coal used by steam railways, 1917, 150,000,000 tons.
Coal saving by general electrification, 100,000,000 tons.
Oil saving by general electrification, 40,000,000 barrels.
Horsepower available for railway electrification, 25,-
000,000.
Total horsepower wasted in American streams, 35,000,000.

E. W. Rice, Jr., is the authority for the above figures.
Coal used in Great Britain per annum for power, 80,-
000,000 tons.

Estimated saving by electrification, 55,000,000 tons.

The above figures are from a report by the sub-com-
mittee of the Ministry of Reconstruction, which contem-
plates supplying the kingdom with power from 16 central
stations, saving coal to the value of $135,000,000 per
annum.

For Consideration of a General Staff

1. If munitions and manufactures consist in the main
at metals, if in the latter half of IS 17 the production of
iron, copper, lead and zinc diminished (as the statistics
showed), if the production of coal increased, and if the
American railways carried more freight than ever
before, why was there a railway congestion and why
should there now be fear of a coal shortage?

2. Our Allies have been asking us for barges and tug
boats. Washington has said we could not supply them.
James J. Storrow, New England Fuel Administrator,
addressed to Dr. Garfield a letter under date of Feb. 21,
in which he said : "There have been numerous excellent
small yards on the coast not fitted to build ships for
Government, but which since war began could have
constructed many tugs for War Department and had
them all completed by this time. Barges for naval use
can be built in 60 or 80 days. There are plenty of places
where they can be built. It seems to us here particularly

unfortunate thai the War Department hi <

i,. ,, thi n

Of time and pi.

ernment to build the barges and
Mr Storrow i

tug dop i u, . \, „ England
supply. '^ et we are contemp
millions i

lack of shipp
and barges to Great ■ would I

reh pping. 'I

which this n

3, ll<>\\ mm
reduced by furni
increase the output of her coal mini

I. In \ he alan, piy,

why is it not planned to ting

plant and blast-turn.;

icity and boo is with I

5. Why are not steps being taken
toluol from all possible sour

Chronology of Mining, February, 1918

Feb. 2 — First potash land permit issued under the
new law by the Secretary of the Interior, cover
acres of alkaline marsh land in Inyo County, Calif.

Feb. 5— The transport "Tuscania," carrying United
States troops under British convoy, was torpedoed off
the Irish coast; of the 2401 persons on board, over 100
are dead. One battalion each of Michigan and Wi
sin Engineers, as well as 750 men of the First I
estry Engineers, were on the ship.

Feb. 8— The du Pont Nitrate Co., operating in Chile,
told the Delaware section of the American Chemical
Society, at its meeting in Wilmington, that not only
had the du Pont company succeeded in producing potash
in paying commercial quantities from the Chilean ni-
trates, but had revealed its process to the representa-
tives of companies from the Allied and neutral coun-
tries operating plants in nitrate fields.

Feb. 14 — Accident causing four deaths occurred
just below the 1100-ft. level of the Williams shaft of
the Iron Cap Copper Co., at Miami, Ariz.

Feb. 16 — The entire foreign commerce of the United
States, including all exports and imports without ex-
ception, was made subject to control by lie ense by Presi-
dent Wilson.

Feb. 18 — Opening day of the 116th meeting of the
American Institute of Mining Engineers in New York.

Feb. 19 — Decision rendered by the U. S. Circuit Court
of Appeals in San Francisco upholding on every point
the previous decision rendered by Judge G. M. Bour-
quin of the U. S. court for the district of Montana, in
the case of Clark-Montana Realty and the Elm Orlu
mining companies against the Butte & Superior Min-
ing Co., thereby setting a new precedent affecting title
to quartz mining claim locations.

Feb. 23 — Eleven men trapped in a mine cave near
Crystal Falls, Mich. Three were rescued.

Feb. 25 — First session of the five representatives each
of capital and labor appointed at the request of the
Government to outline a basis of relations for the
period of the war.

ENGINEERING AND MIXING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 10

ionals

\ . .... .all. .11

' " En-

Bnsi-

irk »n

■

i k Vna-

tl> arrived
■

rk on Mar
from which .'tt> he
*■-
i \ i .. with the Cherokee

i heater \ l. H. I...
id.' North

ed tin- staff
LJold Mint's.

it k. I'uinam .in engineer In

- Smelting,
oration Co., has
in the Engineer
duty at the
ot at Washington,
i Rlddell. recently returned from
appointed
to th.- V. S Tariff
i The commis-
■ whl< h Dr F w Taussig is chalr-
- I 1 In preparation for the
• the war
MM., » Kn, hum. dean of the College
,,f K; ■ ■:' the University of Colo-

direct th. immediate
ictlon of one of the two 0 S Gov-
nt smokeless-powder plants, under
supervision of I > C Jackllng
II \ Kltrh. of Kansas City, will have
of the construction of the other

Robert II. MrMa.trr. assistant general

manager of the Steel Co. of Canada, will

Ington t.. ad on the

War Mission, headed by

' Brantford. 'Hit Mr Mi'-

■ >rk on th.- commission will be

•ally In connection with the iron and

- dustry. in which capacity he will be

••.minion's buying agent.

Hrnn Morrrnthau. former U. S. Ambas-

iw i director of the

Ltd.. recently visited

holdings near Baxter. Kan.

rty with him were B. Bochaebild,

f th )mpany . C. M. I.oeb, l)r.

an. and K. B. Ilcbrrlein. They
■huH-n ov.-r th-- district by W. H.
of Joplln. district manager.

Obituary

Donaiii ii MrH«n, a civil engineer of
much ■ i onstruction, died

v Vork on Feb J7. aged 76 years.
i>r \rtiiur II hlliott. an expert on gases.

I. N Y . on K. I. J- II.
m London. England, and was
the School of Mines. He
ii bia University, being
es in 1881. II
f chemistr
'"ollege of Pharmacy, and
dai
York H»- was the author of
bemlcal Analysis."

Societies

i.in i allege ••! Mine* — Minnesota
graduates held their eleventh annual ban-
. Minn . on Feb 22. Th-
■r was shown In that only
as compared with the 50
ttended I year.
Bactemra' -,ei.-tv ..f \\.-i.n, ivmuiyl-
rania — The structural section bi-monthly
id in the Union Arcade
PentL, on Mar. 5. The
Seal
9 Howarth,
.rgh.

Mlnlnc and Metallurei. al Society of

Arn-i-l.. will K. r on Mar 21 at

'olumbia University Club,

'ork Upon this

•ccaslon a gold medal will be presented by

Pope Y.-alitian for distin-

iii the administration ol

v.-.. \..rk i leetrieal Society held its lltli

war meeting on Feb. 27, al the United En-

Bids N< « ■> ork. A

paper pointing out that ships were a vital

,m hi. ii bj Major Frederick

Palmei eral Pershing's staff, was

mill Other speakers were

Capl Uexandei Macomber and Major A.

B Ki

anerlean lu-ilti ' Consulting i "f

i.eer- in... elected the following officers
for the year 1918, at Its council meeting
on Feb 19 B Stillwell, president .

Alexander C. Humphreys, vice president;
F \ Moll tor, secretary and treasurer At
the annual meeting the following members
.1 to take the place ol the ex-
piring .-lass in the council .I Vlpond
Davies, P W Henry and C M Ingersoll.

\nieri.uii s... iet> of civil Engineers held
a meeting on Mar 6 In the Engineering
Societies Bid*., New York, Ballots on the

.a the constitution were
canvassed. Floyd A. Nagler presented a
paper entitled "Verlfleation of the Bazln
Weir Formula bj Hydro-chemical Gag-
ings." illustrated with lantern slides C.
own, of Salt Lake City, recounted his
experience in handling unusual drainage
problems

New York Business Publishers' Associa-
tion discussed the coming drive for the
Third Liberty Loan at its regular monthly
meeting on Mar. 4. Charles A. Hirsch-
berg, advertising manager of Ingersoll
Rand Co., pointed out how advertisers in
business papers can and will help "to
put over" the Third Liberty Loan. Arthur
J. Baldwin, president of Associated Busi-
ness Papers, Inc.. told how business pub-
lish.-rs can join forces with the Liberty
Loan Committee. Roy Soule. editor of
"Hardware Age," and Will I. Irwin dealt
with other phases of the subject.

Johns Hopkins University announces
that the remaining lectures of the J. E.
Aldred series on engineering practice will
be given at Baltimore as follows: Mar. 13.
■The Operation of a Manufacturing Plant."
I.v Ralph E. Thompson, superintendent.
Gillette Safety Razor Co., Boston, Mass.;
Mar 20, "The Control of Stream Pollu-
tion." by Earle B. Phelps, Hygienic Lab-
oratory, American Public Health Service.
Washington. D. C. : Mar. 27. "The Manu-
facture of Structural Steel." by Bradley
Stoughton. secretary. American Institute
of Mining Engineers. The lecture on "The
Coal Problem," on Feb. 27 was given by
E. <;. Bailey, president of the Bailey Meter
Co., Boston. Mass , instead of by Ralph E.
Thompson, as scheduled. On Mar. 6 Julian
C. Smith, vice president. Shawinigan Water
and Power Co.. Montreal. Can., lectured
on "The Growth of Electric Systems."

Industrial News

Faweus Machine Co., Pittsburgh. Penn..
announces the death of its president.
Thomas FawcuB, on Jan. 22.

Consolidated Arizona Smelting Co. has
ordered two 8-ft. Hardinge ball mills in
addition to the Hardinge mill it installed
about a year ago.

Bluest, ine Mining and Smelting Co., of
Mason, Nev., has purchased from the Hard-
inge Conical Mill Co. the two 8-ft. x 36-
in. cylindrical Hardinge ball mills which
wer. previously installed at the Inspiration
plant.

\. I*. Watt, who has opened consulting
offices at 52 Vanderbilt Ave.. New Yqi-k,
and is making a specialty of ore concen-
tration, desires to receive catalogs from
manufacturers of ore-concentrating devices
and general mill equipment.

National Safety Council will send to its
3470 industrial, railroad and other mem-
bers copies of its original publications
entitled "Shafting. Couplings. Pulleys,
Gearing" ; "Engine Guarding and Engine
Stops" ; and "Oilers and Oiling Devices."

ITestlnghoase Electric and Manufactur-
ing Co. has moved its office at Phoenix,
Ariz., to Tucson, Ariz. Its representatives.
J H. Knost and W. G. Wlllson, will have
their headquarters in the Immigration
Bldg., Tucson. W. H. Thompson, who has
been engaged in the heavy electric trac-
tion work of the company, has resigned
to become works manager of the Fairmont
Mining Machinery Co., of Fairmont. W.
Va., makers of coal-mining equipment.

Worthlngtnn Pump and Machinery Cor-
poration— The following appointments have
been made, effective as of Mar. 1 : James
E. Sague, vice president, in charge of en-

gineering and manufacturing; Leon r.

I'Vustman, vice president, in charge of
general commercial affairs, including con-
tracts, prices. purchases, traffic, etc. ;
Frank ll Jones, vice president, in charge
of sales. ESdward T. Flshwick, general
sales manager; Charles K Wilson, assist-
ant general sales manager; William Good"
man. assistant to vice president ; William
Schwanhausser, chief engineer. The offload
of the above Will be tit 115 Broadway,
Xew York. N'eil (', l.amont is appointed
Works manager. I.aidlaw Works, with of-
fice at the works, Elmwood Place, Cincin-
nati. Ohio.

Hardinge Conical Mill Co. has received
the following data representing an average
run of the new X ft x 30-in. Hardinge ball
mill recently installed at the plant of the
Miami Copper Co.: Capacity. 45 tons per
hour with very hard ore ; 5(1 tons per hour
(1200 tons per day) with ordinary ore;
primary mill discharge (1200 tons per 24
hours), on 10 mesh. 6.4% ; on 14, 7.3% ;
on 20. 9.9%; on 28. 15.8'/, ; on 35, 8%;
on 48, 9.1%; on 65, 5.9%: on 100. 6.7%;
on 160, al'. ; on 200. 2.77c; through 200,
23.1';;. Product of secondary mills: on
28, 17. ; on 35. 1.7%; on 48, 4%; on 65,
\0<Y, ; on 100, 15.6% on 150, 13.9% ; on
200, 6.5% ; through 200, 47.3%. Cast iron
balls used: 600 lb. 4J-in. balls added to
primary mill per 24 hours ; 750 lb. 2-in.
balls added to each secondary mill per
24 hours. A fraction of 1 lb. cast iron
balls is consumed per ton of ore ground.
The 1200 tons per day crushed by the one
primary ball mill is recrushed for flotation
extraction in two 8 ft. x 30-in. ball-pebble
mills. The three mills take a total of 360
hp.. making approximately 3J tons per hp.
from mill bin to 48 mesh.

II..II..II.IMIII

.1.111111. II Il.u

Trade Catalogs

■ niimiiiiii.il

Fenestra Straight Line Operator for

opening steel sashes. Detroit Steel Products
Co., 2250 East Grand Blvd., Detroit. Mich.
Folder. 5 J x 11£ in. Description of a de-
vice that will open a Monitor sash 60° or
the full 90°. if desired.

■inn.iminiiimnnimiiin inintii mini uwiHiMiMNUMOMHittMMaitH

New Patents

.in ,..).. I.. n.

United States patent specifications listed
below may be obtained from "The Engli-
neering and Mining Journal" at 25c. each.
British patents are supplied at 40c. each.

Aluminum — Solder for. composed of zinc
and tin. in the proportion of two to one,
and a relatively small proportion of sal-
ammoniac. John J. Aubertin, Jr.. St. Louis,
Mo. (U. S. No. 1.256.285; Feb. 12. 1»18.)

Mine-Car Running-Clear — John Lee Mc-
Dowell, Berwick, Penn., assignor to Ameri-
can Car and Foundry Co.. New York
N. Y. (U. S. No. 1,256,148; Feb. 12. 1918.)

Mine-Car Wheel. Lubricated. John Lei
McDowell. Berwick, Penn., assignor tc
American Car and Foundry Co., New York
N' Y. (U. S. No. 1,256,151; Feb. 12, 1918.)

Mine-Car Wheel and Axle. Frederick H
Gibbs. Brooklyn, N. Y., assignor to Ameri-
can Car and Foundry Co.. New York, N. Y
(U. S. No. 1.256.484; Feb. 12. 1918.)

Mine-Car Wheel with Hub-Cap. Warrei
V. Johnson, Bloomsburg, Penn., assignor t<
American Car and Foundry Co., St. Louis
Mo. (U. S. No. 1.256,137; Feb. 12, 1918'

Mine-Car Wheel and Means for Attach
ing Same. Warren V. Johnson. Blooms
burg, Penn., assignor to American Car am
Foundry Co.. St. Louis, Mo. (U. S. No
1.256,136 ; Feb. 12, 1918.)

Ore-Separating Apparatus. Ray P. Saf
fold. Douglas, Ariz. (IT. S. No. 1.256,263
Feb. 12, 1918.)

Rock Crusher — Featuring the combina
tion with the pitman of a spring counter
balancing means located below to suppor
the pitman and take its weight from it
bearing. Richard Bernhard. Milwauket
Wis., assignor, by mesne assignments. t|
Worthington Pump and Machinery Con
(U S. No. 1.256.289; Feb. 12, 1918.)

Titanium Ores — Concentration of. Mat:
rice Roger Raffin, Dunkirk, France, assign
or to Society P. Raffin and Fils, Dunkiri
France. (U. S. No. 1,256.368 ; Feb. V.
1918.)

Tunnel (onstruction — A lining of concrel
block sections. Cornelius G. Hastings. Wes
Hoboken, N. J. (U. S. No. 1,256,312; Fel
12, 1918.)

Tunneling-Shield. Cornelius G. Hasting
West Hoboken, N. J. (U. S. No. 1,256,3131
Feb. 12, 1918.)

March 9, 1918

ENGINEERING AND MINING .i<»i RNAL

r

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I Editorial Correspondence

liiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiminiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiini nil iiiinii iiiiininn mint iiiiiiiniiiiiniiniiiiiiniiiiii iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiinin i iiiiiiiiiiiiiiniinniiiiiiiniii mm imiiiiniiimn i minium i i

s\\ FRANCISCO — Feb. '.'K

Union Consolidated, Comatoek'a Chief
producer on the north end, lias declared ■<
hcond dividend of 5c a share, pay abh Mar,
1. The 2400 level continues to yield hlgh-

fjrade ore, and tin- raise from the 8500
evel. north drift, is also continuing the
production of high-grade The high-grade
oro averages about $G(i per ton on the
2100 level of the Ophir the ore averages
J1S a ton. and exploration of wide areas In

Promising ground is in progress. Sierra

Nevada is still driving north in a new ore
shoot recently disclosed and assaying $30
per ton. The Mexican mill Is kept supplied
with large tonnage of good grade of ore,
and all of the companies, both in the Noj'tii
fad, and the Gold Hill districts, are ad-
vancing development work. The North Mid-
dle mines are still in operation, awaiting
the installation of larger pumps. It Is be-
lieved that pumps will be obtained and the
unwatering of these properties be in prog-
ress toward the end of the firs half of the
present year.

California Oil Producers are advised by
Mark L. Requa, director of the oil division
of the Fuel Administration, that the Lever
bill contains no provision for fixing prices.
Mr. Requa states in his letter that, even if
there were such powers in the bill, there
are other more important problems to be
solved at this time. Mr. Requa states that
the wildcatter should be encouraged to con-
tinue activity in the knowledge that his
reward will not be circumscribed, and that
the producer should be encouraged and
urged to continue production and at a price
which will return a fair profit on his in-
vestment, keeping in mind the hazards of
the industry. The Lever bill does permit
fixing profits, and its provisions contem-
plate prevention of waste, licensing under
specific rules, seizure for hoarding, punish-
ment for conspiracy and the right to com-
mandeer and to seize products as well as
plants and factories. Mr. Requa is so well
known for his expert knowledge and pro-
fessional ability that his appointment to a
position in the Fuel Administration has
given general satisfaction in California and
has been a source of great encouragement
to oil producers in all the fields in the state.

Precipitation of Snow and Rain has been
insufficient during the season to provide
water for hydraulic mines, and many other
mines have been close to a shortage until
the middle of February. The storms which
began Feb. 16 give promise of fair amount
of snow and rain to enable the miner to
proceed on the basis of a fairly good sea-
son. The snow at Truckee. which was the
first of importance for the winter, measured
18 in., and the rate of precipitation indi-
cated on Feb. 17 that a depth of 4 ft. would
be reached within 24 hours. Reports indi-
cate that there is fair amount of snow on
the western slope of the Sierra, also in the
foot-hill counties, in the Siskiyou Mountains
and the northern end of the Coast Range.
The rain was general from north to south
throughout the valley regions. Up to Feb.
15 there was much fear of a shortage of
snow-, and the lack of rain in the valley
was shortening the feed for the stock, re-
sulting in the death of large numbers of
cattle and sheep. Unless there should fol-
low an exceedingly hot spell the amount
of snow will probably be sufficient to carry
the mines along until late in the season,
and the rain will have supplied the power
and irrigation reservoirs to an extent that
will obviate the necessity of drawing on
the snow reserves at an early period.

Conference of Oil Men representing 60^
of production was recently held at the office
of Fletcher Hamilton, state mineralologist.
The participants in the conference repre-
sented the Associated. Amalgamated, Gen-
eral Petroleum, Shell, Standard and Union,
also the Southern Pacific and Santa Fe and
several Doheny companies. The purpose
was the discussion of the war-time neces-
sity for the most thorough and systematic
methods of development and production in
California oil fields. Recently R. P. Mc-
laughlin, state oil and gas supervisor,
called the attention of various large pro-
ducers to the superior methods already in
use by certain operators, and as> a result
all but one of the companies having an an-
nual production in excess of 1,000.000 bbl.

I.., v e itriiitle.l i i mil of ad<

plan:- which ma ■ " le or u, t

ent m oil eni i "i develop-

ineiii ,,r n.iii practice Thi In this

confer* . nlsed thai a general adop

ii i Hi. i" : i met hod- bj ail largi

cerns will lead to the

also to the adoption of similar methods by

such small operators as nave W
taJ<en such a course Then- are 1» 01
of these small companies whieli ha-.

•..mi, lime I.,-, n following systematic
methods The discussion brought out many
facts not gene-rally recognized I
engineering work Involves the consideration
of many small details Oil-field develop-
ment work le divided into two classes,
technical and mechanical, it was pointed
out thai Hie commonly used terms "prac-
tical" and "theoretical" cannot be defined
and therefore have no place in these dis-
cussions Details <>f field practice which
gave promise of reduced costs were con-
sidered. Plans will be made for further
meetings for discussion of individual
problems.

SALT LAKK CITY — Feb. 27
I v tensive Colli Deposits In Iron County,
in the southern part of the state. 32 miles
east of Lund, on the Salt Lake route —
known as the Colorado Plateau coal fields
— are in prospect of being opened. A be-
ginning has been made in the formation
of the Iron County Coal Co., which will
begin development, in a conservative way,
mining only such material as can be read-
ily marketed Adequate transportation
must be provided before operation on a
large scale will be possible, but the com-
pany is building a two-mile tram, the com-
pletion of which is expected in ninety days
An especial point of interest in regard to
the coal deposits is their proximity to the
well-known iron deposits, which gave the
county its name. There is little doubt as
to the value and extent of the iron ore
deposits. Successful experiments have heen
made as to the best method of treatment
and it is only a question of time when they
will be mined.

WALLACE, IDAHO — Feb. 28

Selective Flotation Han Been Established

as a milling possibility in this district ap-
plied to the recovery both of lead and zinc
as separate concentrates. The solution of
this problem is also receiving much atten-
tion in the experiment station maintained
by the bureau of mines in connection with
the state university at Moscow, where
definite progress has been made. Among
the metallurgists connected with the mines
of the Coeur d'Alene district, it is probable
that W. L. Zeigler. metallurgist and mill
superintendent of the Success Mining Co..
Ltd.. has made the greatest advance toward
a practical solution. This week Mr. Zeigler
exhibited samples of lead and zinc recov-
ered in his laboratory experiments by dif-
ferential flotation from Success slime The
lead concentrate is nearly free from zinc,
being 79% pure. The zinc concentrai as-
says 43^ zinc and contains a little 1 ad.
The tailings showed but a trace of lead or
zinc. So satisfactory have been the results
of these experiments that Mr. Zeigler ex-
presses confidence that he will soon be able
to apply the process on a commercial basis.
The importance of these experiments is in-
dicated by the statement of the Success-
management that the successful applica-
tion of differential flotation will add 50%
and probably more to the profits derived
by the company from flotation product.

During the Previous Session of Congress
a bill was introduced declaring a mora-
torium applicable to notes, contracts, mort-
gages and other forms of civil contracts in-
volving men serving in the Army and Navy
and to extend until the close of the war.
This bill failed to pass, and nothing has
been heard of it during the present session.
To the average citizen this proposed law
is so manifestly fair and just that it is im-
possible to understand why Congress has
delaved its passage. From Camp Lewis
comes the information that many soldiers
who were paying for their homes or land
under the installment plan are confronted
with the possibility of losing their property
and the payments already made, which is
naturally causing them great anxiety. Cer-
tainly a soldier who is serving his country

. I

1 1 ■ , .1 from
i

in ibe mining

...I ill 'A lilel, He

Hut they ate et, titi.d to Government

■I A leti, dli 1 1 let

ample This count y, Shoshi mi

:-. tit nearly a thousand men to the wai

without ho will i,

to the iinl dtaft B]

mate, 76' -.i Uses' men have shar<
mining m opera! Ii

ed !
i. and Bharet upon which tie .,
Bessments an- i .
auction "ii ■' it.

things art perfectly obvlout As a practical
proposition it is In

ing "somewhere In France" to receive no-

• nt within tin- I- .

and if they could rei
would be Impost • m to pay the

assessments out of their meager stipend.
These men feel thai a great wro
pi i pet rated by the Government if
holdings are not protected through Ihi
enactment of a moratory law- which
exempt their shares from ;, ..i ,.t

least would prohibit their sab- and pi
them to reclaim the stock when they return
to civil life by the payment of He ;..
lated assessments. Certainly the sacrifice
these men an making is enough without
adding to it the loss of thell pro
Some mining companies are recognize
justice of this claim and are carrying the
shares of men who are serving in the Army
and Navy

BUTTK, MONT. — Feb. 28
The I'irst Company of Home Guards

was formed at Great Falls on Feb 17 I.-
members of the Metal Trades Coun
Great Falls. Mont., who organized what
they claim will be the first company of
home guards formed under the law gi
ing the subject now before the spi
sion of the Legislature of Montana. Tin-
formation of such organizations to supple-
ment or replace the regular soldiers in In-
dustrial centers of Montana and punish-
ment for persons instrumental in starting
labor troubles were the topics untl.
cussion at a meeting held at Butt, on Feb
16 by the American Alliance for Labor and
Democracy.

Operations in Neihart, Cascade Connty,
have started where silver mines havt i
taken under control by Boston in'
through the efforts of George H. Bra:
of Boston. In a short time the concen-
trator on the property will be operating.
Tin property consists of the Moulton mine.
with four patented claims: tin I
mine, with four patented claims and one
unpatented claim, a well-equipped concen-
trator, water rights and several house lots.
The property has direct railroad connec-
tion, with plenty of cheap coal, and water
and timber are available. The Moulton
is down to a depth of 500 ft., and approxi
matelv $900,000 worth of silver ore has
been shipped to the smeltery, averaging
from 50 to 75 OZ per ton. with 3 to
lead and $2 to S I in gold per ton.

Creating Dissension \mone Various
Unions, that would ultimately result in a
strike and cessation of mining operations
in Butt..

labor elements which recently made
tempt lo revive a grievance against union
members, on account of their attitudi
ing the troubles of last summer. It appears
that at that time these men continued at
work for the Anaconda in capacities where
their services meant keeping the properties
in condition to resume operations at full
capacitv as soon as the differences were
settled. At recent meetings of the trade
unions affected it was decided to insist
that the Anaconda company either discharge
these men or pay a fine of $500 foi
one in order to put him in good standing
with his union. Failing a compliance with
this demand on the part of the Anaconda
companv. it was suggested that a general
strike be called pending an adjustment of
the demand. The company announced that
it would await whatever action the men
might take before deciding on any course.
Since then the individual unions held more

ENGINEERING WP MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 10

11"

l

IIT"N

Mil II
M" —

— 1

Bed 1

if the

PI IN

1.

\t

Pi

- for

High Grade

for pur.
mi -honored
declared thai -

per Ion

i per Mining In the Galena i amp

pmenl

ted aboul a

troi iboi e

I
vel. Lasl
al drill hoi.

• ■- !

It has now reachi .1 186
... i pa tng I

ha been
Id a mill recover; 01

. i metallic

outh from

have Bhow n a similar

the deepi r level, and

ither 1 o have

similar occurrence. Un-

re will be ■

ipment. The St. Clair OH

, lias

I south
will start drillil
medial he deep

mile north
at thi I a i Eed

... i . 1 1 1

haft. 1 ■■■■■

feature
of the lower level "run Vir-

tually all of the upper rim in the Ga-

. cond grade.

TOKONTO — Feb. 28

Improvement In Labor Conditions in most

of tne Nor mining camps is

i mines have all the

minus

prevail In the Klrkland Lake Held, where
many men are applying for work, other
new camps art- also stated to bo well sup-
plied with labor. At I'oreupinc the high
paid i'\ the l-Iollingcr nnl the Me-
Intyre, In tin- case of the former ranging
i ..in - ! mi $8 per day, hit \ .■ been an unset-
tling Influence, as many nun are unwilling
to work tor the companies paying less ,
wages, preferring to leave the camp and
i m job: elsev here.

MELBOURNE, \ I STKALIA — Jan. lis

The Mount MnrKiin Cnmimuy at Queens-
land 'li B the half year ended Nov. ^5,

1917, treated 160,174 tuns, yielding -lull
tons of copper and 18,083 oz. gold. The
null treated 91,186 Imis of ore, producing
.i 693 tons of concentrates, assaying 5.61%
.i ml 0,577 OZ, gold.

The Output From Broken ITill Mines in

1917 Included 213,618 tons of silver-lead

titrates. :!7s.;.l! tons of zinc concen-
trates, ami i!S,s:»n tuns of carbonate ores;
:i total Of 620,962 inns, valued approxi-
mately at $19,400,000 The strike in August
and September affected the production of
the last two Quarters. Results of work on
the outside minis are not included in the
ires mentioned. Tile output for l'.Uli
was valued at $ I s.75o,ooii, and for III 15,
$16,160,000,

New Zealand Production in 1917 showed
that the Walhl Cold Mining Co. treated
191,742 tons that yielded bullion valued at
$1.6iHi,iniii Tin- total value of bullion won
in, in this mine to date is $57. inn. unit and

the dividends paid amount to $24,ono.

The Walhl Grand Junction Co. treated
116,130 tons thai yielded bullion valued at

$1, , I'lm total amount of bullion

obtain'.! fr this mine to date is $7,950,-

000, and dividends paid. $1,160, Otto. The

Talisn Consolidated Gold .Mining Co. at'

Karangahake yielded bullion valued at

$675,11(10 Tim total liulli tutput to date

from tins mine is $13,450,000 and the divi-
dends paid sine, tin reconstruction of the
company amount to $5,320,000.

.hi mm mimniiimiiiii i i , iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimiiMiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiMiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiilllliiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiilllllillllilllllli illinium

The Mining News

■"■ .iriM'-|.iu! mi .i:r" iirliiiiir!lliiiMiiilMiiiiii|i iituii,iiM|[Mitii[iiii::i[-,i.i|.;ii nil hum iiliiimtt Ill i m i'l l :jj l ill ill [til tltlll rutin tttl lt!l l Fit l ill tllltnutu lllllll II! [It 111 I It m It lltir?!

VI.ASK \

-

\M\

\i:i/'i\ \
rim. i i onnty

,t 100

.1 I aunt)

- uning

-

utting
i ad-

- was

in)— New 50-
•n dry concen-
r, is corn-
Will go into
in March.

v)— Sinking in

tunnel

■ ion was cut. 0
some c ted up. Y\ . F. Gor-

u charge.

Yuma County
BLACK RBEi (Salome) — At

in the Mantua
Hala distri. ing 2

Opera ions a re in
charge of H. E. Wlllham,

i \i.iroit\i\

Amador County

[ONT (Drytown) — Shaft reached

.'"I statioi inff cut

for the J'tOu level. The I include

four claims, extending 4200 ft. alone the
Mother Lode.

Humboldt County
MANGANESE Fort

Baker, known a I Knoll, optioned

Hawkins.

.1 M Knight Reported

ml available.

ter, will receive royalty

of $4.50 per ton.

PLTJTUS cently

acquired by Chief and under develop-
ment by that company. Body of
quartz opened al dep ted to show-

ore, and being b tting in

two directions as well as by sinking and
raising.

S apa I iiiiiiI.i
MA.\ i;i i ii rty leased

i and Silver Mining Co.

..! nil ft. Of

tunnel to be di mediately.

N ei "la County
OUSTOMAH (Grass Valley) — Mill pro-
ducing 1'." daily with
1 . | hauled from
Sweet Ranch, at Lime Kiln, with motor
trucks. Chrome ore is separated from
other minerals. Concentrates are shipped
East by mall.

ill (Columbia) — New compressor
installed and ready for oners' ion. Shaft

Is several hundred feet below lo

tunnel level, and pumps will be started!

nmediately to unwater drifts and stopesj

railroad built to connect mine with

main Alleghany road. A. A. Codd is)

manager.

Shasta County

MAMMOTH (K.nnett) — Reported thatj
large tonnage of ore being shipped to]
the smeltery from Mayflower mine at
Pioneer. Nev. The ore is high-grade
quartz that cannot be treated at profit in
stamp mill operated at mine.

MOUNTAIN COPPER CO. (Keswick)-
iid completion m
500-ton addition to concentrating plan
situated at Minnesota Station. New ter-*
ritorj recently explored in the mine promx
is.-s large incn ivailable or.-.

Siskiyou County

RANCHERJA (Hornbrook) — New
crusher installed and mill started. Flume
built to carry water and tailings over the
head of Wagner ditch.

KLAMATH RIVER DISTRICT coin-

active. Reynolds Creek mine

being i.|i. rated by drifting. Ed Mann and

a ...iii. have several men at work. Blue

Nose mine ready as soon as water is

a\ a liable,

MARCUSSEN (Orleans Bar) — Owing to
lack of snow and rain, this mine and the
Salstrom are the only ones worked so
far this season. Late snow and rain in
the middle of February will probably en-
able other hydraulic mines to operate at
least a part of the season.

Tuolumne County

BIRNET (Sonora) — Herbert Shaw and
Frank Beal, developing lease, disclosed
good milling ore and recently shipped high-
grade from a 6-ft. vein.

MANGANESE ORE in Moccasin Creek 16
ft. wide and has been traced on the sur-
face for more than a mile. Optioned by
John V. Munn.

March 0, 1918

ENGINEERING AND MINING J01 RNAL

( HI Uli Mill

Gilpin Counts

\xxi:\ (i ■ ntral City) 1
h mine, Idle foi
na men.

Lake C t3

FA1RVIEW (Leadvl
low (trade mai

siderable Iron opem 'I reei
probably lenticular, 120 n thli
exti nl not fully determined

oiim.x County

ST I. \w i:i m'K i [ronton)
opened bj
ment .it 01

CAMP BIR1 i (i luraj ) — Ne«

im-

■ - w.i.inn-: (Ouras I Power plant.

and air drills installed and de-
velopment work under way. Driving on
i-i'i vein of silver-lead ore and regular
shipments made. Mine in Dexter Ci
district

Park County
l.( 'XI ii ix M. & RED CO (Alma I

Ing i""" n to open orebodj i

present workings. About 1000 ft. com-
pleted,

sun .iiinii County

ST. PAUL (Sllverton) — Worked by les-
i ailed, i h •
ier with ci silver.

San Miguel Count]

STANDARD CHBM. CO. (Placervl
Recentlj two 3J ton auto trucks

for hauling carnotite ore to railroad.

tfOS CHEM CO. i Vanadium) — Lack
of suppli d curtailment. Opera-

tioi unied on full scale in short

time.

BELMONT-WAGNER (Telluride)— Con-
struction of mill progressing. Large
crew working on d. i and big ton-

will be ready for mill.

Summit County

MOLLY B (Breckenridge) — Examined
(or ttly. Mine a producer

of bismuth ore.

WELLINGTON (Breckenridge) — Sixth
raise cut main oreshoot. Mill oper-
ating steadily.

TONOPAH PLACERS CO. (Beckenridge)
— No. 2 dredge to be completely overhaul-
nd new machinery installed.

IRON MASK (Breckenridge) — Xew
shoot of lead carbonate ore opened on low-
er workings, below iron sulphide ore.

FRENCH GULCH DREDGE (Brecken-
ridge)— Dredging operations closed for
r; repairs being made.

ROYAL TIGER (Breckenridg.
grade lead-zinc gold-silver ore opened in
winze from main tunnel level. Grade in-
creasing with depth. Winze 60 ft deep.

POWDER RIVER DREDGIXG (Breck-
enridge)— When transformers installed and
electric power line is connected, dredge will
be ready to begin operations on B. & L.
placer on Blue River below- town

BUNKER HILL (Breckenridge) — All in-
terests of lessees to be taken over by
Bulkeley Wells and associates. Electric
hoist and compressor to be installed and
shaft deepened.

MONTE CRISTO (Breckenridge) — Mill
completely overhauled and new machin-
ery installed. Test lots to be milled to
determine further alterations. Property in
upper Blue River section.

TOXOPAH PLACERS (Breckenridge) —
No 1 dredge working in Blue River north
of Breckenridge ; Xo. 2 dredge, on Swan
River, being overhauled for next cam-
paign ; Xo. 3 dredge, in French Gulch, shut
down on account of water shortage. This
dredge usually works all winter.

Teller County

MODOCK (Cripple Creek) — Development
under way.

UNITED STATES MIXES CO. (Cripple
Creek) — Production made largely by les-
sees.

VICTORY GOLD MINING CO. (Cripple
Creek) — Shipping from Beacon shaft of
Prince Albert group.

GRANITE GOLD MINING CO. (Cripple
Creek) — Regular production made from
Dillon and other shafts.

ELKTON (Cripple Creek) — Lessees min-
ing good-grade ore on Henlev vein between
3rd and 4th levels of Elkton shaft. Les-
sees in Tornado also producing

velopn

ti: \ ii. (i

■
main shaft Thi m planl It

<tiil the bo

. .t

rri.E CREEK DIVIDEND

■

: share ; t
Minii:

VINDIC '
tlon lm In milling plan

tons per d
be making betti
nage of low-gi
■ i d.

FOREST

new .

from 1 1

ing Co. Thi

a ton to the

Goldei nlng ami I Co., at

Colorado Spi

LUCKY CORNER This

proper! r of the D Ing t o.

K L.

a ton.

Shipments

Station to Mining and

Reduction i Springs.

in \lio

Rhoahone County

SUCCESS iV. ot on

i by drifl On

the lfiOO
which may

Diamond drill on the 140
passed through small body of zinc. Man-
■ t reports tantial profit in

January.

BTG CREEK g the

strike of a

high-grade mill' ire was dis-

covered, drifting
was dr
in its placi I
copper ore. A i
the face return,
and 0 !

a streak of ore retui oz. sil-

ver per ton and I
side o:
tir.ues. Sin

the extent of $100,000 hi
from the tunnel 560 ft. above

MICHIGAN
Copper

ALLOUEZ (Allouez) — Milling 1900 tons
of ore daily.

NEW ORCADIAN (Houghton) — In drifl
17th level disclosed new amygdaloid lode.

ISLE ROYALE (Houghton) — Milling
' tons of ore daily.

HANCOCK (Hancock) — Januar;
ductio lb. of copper.

OSCEOLA (Osceola) — Lack of n
North Kearsarge and February output was
low.

MOHAWK (Mohawk) — Shaft Xo. 1
tom.-d at 25th level. Xo. 4 at 24th, Xo. 5 at
20th and Xo. 6 at 15th.

FRANKLIN (Demmon) — Daily output
over 1100 tons. When 6 drills get to
ing. will hoist 1400 to 1600 tons per day.

AHMEEK (Ahmeek) — Shipping from
four shafts. No. 3 and Xo. 4 not yet fully
developed. Xot milling Allouez ore now

INDIANA (Lake Mine) — Encouraging
unidentified lode 25 ft. wide passed through
in northwest crosscut ; will be explored
later.

NORTH LAKE (Lake Mine* — Kncorre-
lated lode 8 ft. wide cut by northwest cross-
cut, having promising showing : after Butler
and Evergreen series are penetrated, new
lode will be explored.

BE\R LAKE POOL (Calumet) — Finish-
ed 6th diamond drill hole : starting 7th.
Exploring virgin territory west of forma-
tions formerly thought to be on Freda or
Western sandstone.

LAKE (Houghton) — February shipments
of ore from the Lake mine likely will be
6500 tons. In January, the tonnage was
6300. This is an increase of 25 To over the
output of a year ago. Increases are likely
to continue.

MAYFLOWER-OLD COLONY (Hough-
ton)— Shaft to explore the lode found by

Willi'

• ail la

.
I

'

pari i. 1 la

irt).
Mls-.ni 1(1
.li'lilii. Dlatricl
WASP ig up

again I'eral montl

II-ADA (Q
tig mill on

.

also .

-

-

ihoma

M. K. & T. (Grant..

-

Mo . pi

erty.

o be held

'1 mill. W. H. W.i'
and C. A. Blair, Carthaj

WACO MIX): roplin) — Dri

1 plant and will
12-in. Pomona pump
ground to 200 and It

good producer at 14 0 fi
drill

COAHUILA (Webb City)— Has sold Xo.

1 mill, which ha

of Duenweg, to Landreth Machine!
in per shift mill am

iducer of sheet-ground sec-
tion. Company to eontii ion of
Xo. 3 i

MOVTA V \
Lewis and Clark County

HELENA a) — Orebody

holding firm a

na) — Galena ore
struck in crosscut on 150 level from Looby
shaft

SILVER LEAD (Little Creek)— -Eighteen
inches of $700 silver ore at a depth of
250 feet.

COFFEY-BYRNES L. CO. (Helena) —
Hauling high-grade silver ore to Rheem
Spur for shipment to smeltery.

CRUSE DEVELOPING CO. (Helena)—
Permanent oreshoot uncovered at 640 level
east of shaft. Ore above and below drift.

Si 'MATCH GRAVEL CO. (Helena) — Mine
worked out to side line of placer location
on 500-ft. incline. Pumps pulled and
work stopped. Management hunting other
claims with view of continuing operations.

Mineral County

TARBOX (Saltese) — Plans being pre-
pared for mill of 300 tons to be built this
summer. Recent development on 800 level
shows body of milling zinc-lead ore.

INTERMOUNTAIN (I ■• Mountain) —
Shipping two carloads of '-rude or
concentrates per week. Shaft down 700

ENGINEERING AND .MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 10

• .mi*

hieing

>■ il.iy.

ductlon in

■

I'liismont sti
naoonda
■ >R (Butte) —
I from the
Mill heads aver-
■'< concent i

of '.'i Zinc

b and silver 15.-

mpleted to the

being cut on the

1900 •

. Bl'TTE (Butte) — Principal ton-
levels, and
Sev-
anl c mined First class

•< ore 8.8%
tatlon plant of 1000 tons dally
capacll .'.-.i.i.-.- ore and

Company's smelti i
• nt steadily Increasing output of
Januury production 2,674.140 lb.
from East Butte ores and Davis-Daly cus-
tom I

\i \ \n \
I -mrralda County
RED HILL FLORENCE (Ooldfleld) —
•ruck on 45" level In lS-in. vein re-
ported to assay exceedingly high In gold.

I v on ( .oniM

IN VALLEY MINES CO. (Thomp-
son)— The second furnace has been blown
In an.! '-OO tons of cop-

per or, a day.

M \ •■ (uunty

OPAB ORE PRODUCTION for

ounted I" 10,760 tons,

valued -rnpared to week end-

9 tons valued at Jl 87.646.

T'inopah Belmont, 2501

:>ah Mining. 35"" ; Tonopah Bx-

m Butler, 166 ; West End.

.-.78 ; Montana. 1 32 :

("ash Boy. 50 ; and miscellaneous 39 tons.

LIBERTY MINK (Tonopah) — Twenty

• of Tonopah. W. H Aubrey.

lent, announces discovery of

nth of 60 ft.

WHITE CAPS i Manhattan) — West drift

on flf- ft., now :i-'ii ft.

from ind quartzlte continue.

•l sili no

. cut. Rai

high-grade mill ore. An

.-ted during

In Whit. Morn-

•i favor of White

Caps.

V» liltr I'inr ( iiimlt

MINES Ci i (Kimberly)
— Exp> -ton mill, which has

is sin' • Jan. 1, to start
up again in March

r I \ \ I --I.I.

K mux County

IXESE CO. fKnox-
tal from I

; •

plan-
-

l-olk ( ,.unl>

ER AND CHEMI-

• SUl-

le k N'aah-

■■ rate.

TT

repai

phurl

REFINII

' north

pment
Walter
with offices at 527
Cooper Bldg

I Till
Beaver Counts
COPPER MOUNTAIN (Mllford) — Old
12 miles northeast of Mllford being
opened In several places.

in, it. Counts
TINTIC STANDARD (Eureka) — Two
I Feb 16, shlpp of ore..

G( iDIVA i Bui ■• ore opened on

w . from tunnel ti

■
EUREKA MINES (Eureka) — Raising
k ng from 700 levels, ap-
parently on

:\! (Eureka)— Main shaft down
ft and wlnae down LOO it Vboui 100
■iking in various parts of property.
LUCKY SHEPHi RD iTIntic .Ic.) — West
Tint v located Beveral years ago

pass into control of ln-
terests operating Tunic Delaware,
IMute County
DEER TRAIL i M.uysvalo)- New 100-
t - . tit completed anil ready fur operation.
Large tonnage of gold-sllver-leail ore_ de-
veloped Cyanlding and dotation to be
used Presenl length of tunnel 8200 ft.
Sallsburys, of Salt Lake, interested. Oper-
ation in charge of J. A. McCaakell.
Salt Lake County
EMMA COPPER (Alta) — Production
from Jan. l to Oct II, 1917. 7051 tons,
which returned $215,636 smelter net.
Summit County
PARK CITY SHIPMENTS for January
were 206 cars of ore — 113 over the Rio
Grande and 92 over the 1'ninn Pacific.
These cars aggregated 10.547 tons. The
shippers were Ontario Silver Mining Co.,
3533 tons; Judge Smelting and Mining
Co., 2791 : Silver King Coalition, 2417 ;
Silver King Consolidated. 936 ; Daly West,
633 ; Iowa Copper. 42 ; New Quincy,
45 ; California-Comstock, 35, and American
Flag. 117 tons.

PARK CITY KING (Park City)— Copper
staining showing for last 100 ft. in new
tunnel, which is in 350 feet.

NEW QUINCY (Park City) — During
1917, 409 ft. of development driven, joining
Daly-Judge New Quincy line. Survey to
be made to establish underground line.

Tooele County

DUGWAY SMELTER COMPANY (Salt
Lake) — Proposed to build 100-ton smelter
for Dugway district 55 miles from railroad
at Faust station. Dugway Bertha, at
which a strike has been reported, among
properties to furnish ore. A. L. Thomas,
Jr., president; Pierre Peugeot, construction
engineer, and Otto Stahlman, consulting
engineer.

Itah County

PACIFIC (American Fork) — Operating
mill and making shipments.

WHIRLWIND (American Fork) — Prop-
erty is in operation.

EARL-EAGLE (American Fork) — Crew
of men sent up for resumption of work.

MINERAL FLAT (American Fork) —
W,,rk being done by hand, as air line de-
stroyed. Raising started from tunnel at
point 2700 f from portal.

MINERAL HILL (American Fork)—
Raise in southwest up 190 ft. part of
ground close t., Ilmestone-quartzite contact.
Drifting along Assure Being continued.
Some mineralization showing.

WISCONSIN
Zinc-Lead District

WISCONSIN ZIM' CO, (Platteville)—
New 200-ton Copeland mill at Shullshurg
has been put int.. service.

H. H. & K (Platteville)— Drilling indi-
cate zine on on tin- William Kraemer land
adj. Blockhouse property to the

,-;tst.

MILWAUKEE-LINDEN ( Linden)— Nick
Tredlnlcl and others have taken an option
on this property, including the Gilman mine
at Linden.

M. K A. (Platteville)— H. C. George,

representing Eastern interests, has obtained
an option on the M & A. mine, a newly de-
roperty at Rev

BLOCKHOUSE (Platteville)— Mine de-
velopment and churn-drill holes have
I, looked out a quarter mile run for this rich
proilie 0f concentrati are

: bin.

BLEWETT 111.)— Recently

a up by drilling and will be opened

Burr Mining I'o will

supply mill equipment in exchange for

Land, known as the Bill Blewett

farm, embraces the famous old Buck and

aid to have been mined for lead by

the Indians. J H. Billlngsiey is manager.

( w \i>.\

British Columbia

CANADA COPPER CORP. LTD. (Green-

wood) -dipper production for January was
I 15,268 pounds

Manitoba

PENNIAC REEF (Star Lake) — Property
consists of five Claims lying west of Falcon
Lake ('lose, I down since 1915. Now under
option (o American capitalists. High-grade
gold and platinum ore was found in drift-
ing before operations were suspended.

Ontario

SILVER ORE SHIPMENTS over the T.
& N. O. Ry. during January from Cobalt
were: Aladdin Cobalt, 59.60 tons (2000
lb); Beaver, 39 .99 ; Buffalo, 363.97 ; Conla-
gas, 130.5; nonunion Reduction Co.,
291.65; Hudson Bay. 32.47; Kerr Lake
Mining Co., 89.89: La Rose, 119.18; McKin-
ley-Darragh. 42.11; O'Brien, 129.40; I'enn-
Canadlan, 3143; Right-of-way, 51.54;
Temiskaming. 66.52 ; Trethewey, 70.35 ;
Total, 1458.60 tons. From Kerr Lake;
Miller Lake-O'Brien. 26.10. Grand total.
1484.70 tons. From Porquois Jo., Alexo
mine, 812.85 tons of nickel ore.

COBALT SHIPMENTS during the week
ending Feb. 15 were; Buffalo, 241,895
lbs.; McKInley-Darragh, 107,893; Dominion
Reduction, 104,000 ; Penn-Canadlan, 62,909 ;
total, 506.697. The Nlpissing was the only
bullion shipper during the week. During
the week ended Feb. 22, Cobalt ship-
ments were. Buffalo, 240,965 lbs. ; Mc-
Kinley-Darragh, 86,592 ; Dominion Re-
duction. 82.000 ; O'Brien. 64,320 ; Kerr Lake,
59.408; total, 533,285 lbs. During the cor-
responding period the Mining Corporation
sent out one heavy shipment of bullion con-
sisting of 99 bars, 100,346,07 ounces, and
valued at $85,670.46.

WHELPDALE (Porcupine)— Shaft down
to 100 level and crosscuts being driven.

MINING CORPORATION OF CANADA
(Cobalt) — Took over Moira Lake fluorspar
mine, situated near Madoc.

GOLD RIDGE (Porcupine) — Crosscutting
on 100 ft. level to pick up veins from the
adjoining Whelpdale.

KENABEEK (Kenabeek) — Two veins
carrying silver have been cut at a depth of
136 ft. Sinking will be continued to 296" ft.

DOME LAKE (Porcupine) — Large ore-
body found at 500 level of No. 3 vein and
opened for over 110 ft. Ore from 400 level
is being milled.

ALEXO NICKEL (Porquois Jc.)— Dur-
ing the month of January a total of 21 cars
containing 1,625,700 lb. of nickel ore was
shipped from the property to the Mond
Nickel Co. at Coniston.

CASTLE (Gowganda) — On this property,
which is under option to the Trethewey.
of Cobalt, the work of erecting camp build-
ings is in progress. A mining plant has
arrived at Elk Lake and will be brought In
over the winter roads.

PETERSON LAKE (Cobalt)— Crosscut
into vein containing low-grade silver ore.
Plans completed for flotation plant to treat
tailings from Seneca Superior operations.
S. G. Foist is manager.

O'BRIEN (Cobalt)— A shaft has been
completed on the southern end of the prop-
erty adjoining the Nipissing boundary. A
station has been cut at the 300 level and
crosscutting started to connect with No. 6
shaft.

OPHIR (Cobalt) — Drift on 420 level
along main vein encouraging. Vein ranges
in width from three to five inches and in
places six inches containing calcite smalt ite
and nicolite. Galena and argentite ap-
pear now at heading.

CANADIAN KIRKLAND— (Kirkland

Lake) — Shaft on No. 2 vein is down 75 ft..
where the vein shows visible gold ore assays
from $3 to $12 per ton. On No. 1 vein'a
depth of 35 ft. has been reached with en-
couraging results.

PROVINCIAL (Cobalt)— Manager Red-
ington announces capacity of mill to be
enlarged to 50 tons per day and a flotation
equipment ordered, Sufficient tonnage
blocked out underground to keep mill in
operation two years.

Quebec

DOMINION MOLYBDENITE (Quyon)
Company Is asking tenders or bids for
sinking and timbering a 7 x 12 ft. shaft at
70 "incline in syenite rock from present
depth of 40 ft to 200 ft.

PERU.

CERRO DE PASCO (Cerro de Pasco) —
The new 4000-hp. hydro-electric installa-
tion at Pachachaca. near Oroya, is now
nearing completion, the pipe lines having
been laid and cement poured for the power
house.

March 9, 1918 ENGINEERING AND MINIM; JOURNAL

aiuii iniiiniiinnrniiiii iJiitLiiiiiiuitiiiiiiiitiitiiiiniiiiMiitiiiJiinii tiiibii lii i lm lii i il^ i lij i ll : i l, 1 1 tt i lji i: : 1 1 1 it niutiiiJiiJDiiitiHiiiiiii u i iminiiiiiin iiiixiu iiijiijiiiiiimi 11 1111 iiiiin tn i niiiuiii irun

The Market Report

if . .titrrruuniiiuiL

Rimiimi iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiininiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii mini itrnimmiutMimnnnnMnHMiinmnBinani mmm i niinranmniiuiiminiinnmiiiiuiiii iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiininiMiiiiiiiiiimimiiinnuiinn

bILVJ li AND STERLING EXCHANG1

Sterl-
ing
Ex-
change

Silver

Sterl-
ing
Ei-
chunge

Silver

Feb.
Mar

N < «
York.

Out-

Lon-
don,

IVll.v

Fob

New
York.
O'tili.

Lon-
don,
Pence

28

1
2

4 7530
4 7530
4 7530

85
85

42}
42J

4

5
6

4 7530
4 7525

4 7s:.

85
85
B5

421

42;
4.':

New York quotations arc as reported by Handy
it ll:innan and are in rents per troy ounoe of bar
•il\iT. 999 fine. London quotations are in penoe pel
;iiec of sterling silver, 92S fine.

DAILY PRICKS OF METALS IN NEW YORK

Copper

Tin

Lead

Zinc

Feb.
Mai

Electro-
lytic

Spot

N Y

St L

31 1

28
I
2
4
5
6

♦23!
*23J

•23}
•23}
•23}
•23}

t
t

t

t
t

t

7i
7!
71
7i
71
7i

7 20
#7 25

7 20
<ai7 25

7 20
in. 7 25

7 20
@7 25

7 20
@7 25

7 15
C*7 20

7 4.

@7 50
7!
71
7!
7}
71

* Price fixed by agreement between American
copper producers and the I S Government, accord-
ing to official statement for publication on Fridav,
September 21. 1917

t No market.

The above quotations (except as to copper, the
price for which has been fixed by agreement between
American copper producers and the U. S. Govern-
ment, wherein there is no free market) are our
appraisal of the average of the major markets based
Centrally on sales as made and reported by producers
and agencies, and represent to the best of our judg-
ment the prevailing values of the metals for the
deliveries constituting the major markets, reduced to
basis of New York, cash, except where St. Louis is
the normal basing point.

The quotations for electrolytic copper are for cakes,
ingots and wirebars.

We quote electrolytic cathodes at 0.05 to 0.10c.
below the price of wirebars, cakes and ingots.

Quotations for spelter are for ordinary Prime
Western brands. We quote New York price at 17 5c.
per 100 lb. above St. Louis.

Some current freight rates on metals per 100 lb
are: St. Louis-New York 17c ; St Louis-Chicago,
13c ; St. Louis-Pittsburgh, 13. 1 rents.

LONDON

Copper

Tin

Lead

Zinc

Feb.
Mar

Standard

Elec-
tro-
lytic

Spot

3 Mos.

Spot

Spot

3 Mos.

Spot

28
1

2
4

5
6

110

no

no
no
no

no

no

no
no
no

125
125

125
125
125

319

319

3185
319
319

316
316

3151
3I5J
316

29j
29 1

29J
291
291

54

54

54
54
54

The above table gives the closing quotations on
London Metal Exchange. All prices are in pounds
sterling per ton of 2,240 lb. For convenience in
comparison of London prices, in pounds sterling per
2,240 lb , with American prices in cents per pound
the following approximate ratios are given, reckoning
exchange at $4 75 1 5. £291 = 6.2576c.: £54 = 1 1.4545c:
£ 1 10 = 23.3333c ; £125 = 26 5151c : £260 = 55 1513c;
£280= 59 3937c : £300= 63 6362c Variations. £'
= 0.2121205c

Metal Markets

NEW YORK — Mar. 6

The markets this week were unchanged
and destitute of features of special interest.

Copper — The refineries are operating at
greatly reduced capacity, owing to con-
tinued failure to receive blister copper.

The financial disarrangements are put-
ting copper producers, especially the min-
ing companies, in a very awkward position.

With their blister copper twice the
time en route, and with the tardln

the I Govt rn nt, especially th<

Department. In making payment! <tti< ,i,
lay being 60 <ia ■■ more), product

obliged to Qnance anywhere
from four months' to six month
tlon, and this on the present basli •>( high

ports .it" the cessation of the

been confirmed In the company's New York

offices up to 3 o'clock on wednesdaj an. r
noon. As the company has received Its
regular cables, with tin mention of trouble.
the officials In New York are inclined to
doubl that operations have ceased, as
stated In the daily papers.

Copper Sheet* are quoted at 31}
lb., f.o.b mill, for hot rolled, and lc. higher
for cold rolled. Copper wire Is quoted at
26J to 26Jc. f.o.b. mill, carload lots.

Tin — The situation remains fundament-
ally unchanged, but there is an increasing
activity in Banka. However, this is in
futures, for there are no spot supplies of
Banka any more than there are of Straits.
Last Thursday. 95c, was bid for a five-ton
lot of Straits which was discovered This
bid was declined. However, it gives some
indication of what the market might be.

Lead — The spot situation In New York
is acute, there being no supplies here worth
mentioning and no ability on the part of
anybody to bring them here. Early in'the
week a few carloads were sold at 7Jc, but
later small quantities were offered at 7Jc.
With respect to the major market, pro-
ducers offered lead freely at "Jc. for ship-
ment, and today were offering at 7.171c
St. Louis. During the most of the week
the market was dull, but today there was
more inquiry. There were some small or-
ders from Japan in the market

Zinc — Sales, small in the aggregate, were
made from day to day at 7.50c. St. Louis.
On Mar. 5 there was a considerable inquiry
from galvanizers. which led some producers
to advance their asking prices, but they
failed to get the business.

Zinc Sheets — $15 per 100 lb., unchanged.

Other Metals

Aluminum — Much uncertainty ; no price
other than the Government price of 32c. per
lb. is quoted.

The President has approved an agree-
ment made by the War Industries Board
with the producers of aluminum, fixing a
maximum base price of 32c. per lb. at the
various American plants and their subsidi-
aries, subject to revision on June 1. 1918:
such price to cover lots of 50 tons and
over of ingot of a grade 98 to 99"~, . The
differentials now- in force for the sundry
grades, quantities and shapes will con-
tinue in force for new contracts. Deliver-
ies under pre-existing contracts on "indirect
government orders" at a base price in ex-
cess of 32c. per lb. shall be under such
contracts, but the purchasing government,
on proof of amount delivered, shall reci
a rebate amounting to the difference be-
tween the contract price and the base price
of 32c. per lb. The net weight of alumi-
num delivered to the governments, plus the
weight of the necessary and proper amount
of scrap, is to be used in figuring the
amount of the rebate.

Deliveries which have been made on
direct or indirect orders, subject to ad-
justments, shall be adjusted on the 3 2 -cent
basis. The conditions of the agreement
are: (1) — That the producers will not re-
duce the wages now being paid. (2) — That
thev will sell to the Allies, to the public,
and" to the Government at the same price.
(3) — That they will take the necessary-
measures, under the direction of the War
Industries Board, for the distribution of
the aluminum to prevent it from falling
into the hands of speculators. (4) — That
thev pledge themselves to exert every ef-
fort necessary to keep up the production
of aluminum so as to insure an adequate
supply as long as the war lasts.

Antimonv — This market was substan-
tially unchanged. We quote spot at MI'S,
133c. Futures, 12a@12gc. c if., in bond.

'»i th Wi tal of I

I
II, f,
The n

i i.ln.i II , • i i Jl Stl

N lekel pri mium

of Sc per lb t

Qui) t.-il>. r i \V.

quote Jl lH'n 125 San I

,.h, 1117.60, steady
sii"-r rket contlnui

I-ondor

421 since Feb 22 shlpm-

Londnn were aboul •

inquiry from San I

of China occasionally, bul new buslni

not In large volume.

Mexican dollars at New Tort Peb
(58: March 1, 68; March 2, 68; March i
fi8 : March 5, 68 : March 6, 68.

Platinum — Owing to the requisitioning • •<
supplies by the Qovt on Mar, 1.

' < bet a no markel sim-.. then and,
consequently, we cannot quota.

raUudlum — Strong at $140

Zinc and Lead Ore Markets

-Inplin. Mo.. Mar. i — Blende, per ton.
high, $66.90: basis 609! Zn, premium
62.50; medium to low. }•
age, $58.75: calamine 1"'; Zn, 140
average selling prices: Blende. $54.98; cala-
mine, $37.84; all zinc ores. $5:

Lead: High. $87.60; basis 80% Pb, $87 5"
til 86 : average selling price, all gradi
lead, $82.49 per ton.

Shipments the week: Blende. 7970: cala-
mine. 460; lead. 1911 tons. Value, all
ores the week. $613.32"

A stronger demand for zinc this
sent up lower grades $2.50 per ton. but
other changes in prio-s were slight. I.
shipments of lower grade blende and
mine dropped the average prices sharply

PUttevUIe, Wis., Mar. 2 — (By
graph) — Blende, per ton, basis 60'; Zn,
$61 base for premium grade down to $57
base for second grade. Lead ore.
80^ Pb. $85 per ton. Shipments reported
for thr- week are: 2188 tons of blende. 192
tons of galena and 848 tons of sulphur
ore. For the year to date the figures are
18.735 tons of blende. 723 tons of galena
and 4844 tons of sulphur ore. Shipment
during the week was 3451 tons of blende to
separating plants.

Manganese Ore — Quoted at $1.20
per unit for metallurgical ore of 48 o/o
grade and upward.

Molybdenum Ore — Demand was light a/id.
offerings being fairly free, quotations were
a little easier. We quote 'to o o grade at
$2. 10*5 2.20. 85 o o grade at $2.0S@2.15
and 80 o o grade at $1.80.

Pyrites — Spanish lump is quoted at 15Je
per unit, on basis of 10s. ocean freight,
buyer to pay express freight and war risk,
except that, depending on conditions, con-
cession of 29J f war risk may be allowed
Ocean rates remain at 35s. for Northern
and 42s. 6d. tol Southern ports. Cargo
tonnage is scarce ; only half the tonnage
required in January was secured and the
same condition ruled in February.

Tungsten Ore — Scheelite continues to be
quoted at $26. but this is only nominal, no
transactions being reported. Wolframite
was unchanged at 820 @ 24.

Iron Trade Review

PITTSBURGH — Mar. 6
While shipping conditions remain un-
satisfactory and the production of finished
steel has increased only to about two-thirds
of capacity, the situation and prospet
the steel industry are much less uncertain
than they were a month ago. The pros-
pect has become so much clearer that in
the event of physical conditions permitting
full op ration of the plants, there will not
be enough ordinary commercial demand to
absorb all the output that would be left
after satisfying the war requirements.

The experience of practically all mills
is that the requirement- of custom.-rs.
apart from the demand arising from war
orders, are decidedly light, and when, as is

1 NGINEERING ANP MINING JOURNAL

Vol. l(i.r>. No. 10

sici K OUOI Ml. IN-

STOCK QUOTATIONS— Continued

mill*
burgh

>mpu-

-

undry

en a i
g of

■

j. bj
■

than in I Ship-

t lim-

■ I fiitmdr.v.

fob.

• ight from burgh

Hlcel — T much inquiry.

arious

. .-i i..
I com-

H»r Iron Settlement — The bi-monthly

ei thai the

cted mills in
■

in the
iddling rate
gross
■ July ] lasl II ■

advanced to

'•nm.-nt pi

The mills have been

the Government

ativHy small propor-

- ipments.

I>rrnmin(inp<>r — Th*- market is much

full quoted
Producers are
I up in full to July 1.
■ <-ll-illlr — Car supplies continue

been Inci
k, but lasl

While this

for many weeks, the

tributary furnaces are

or even

loaded In P. & L. E.

offered in the market,

lipment, whieh

KO further afield, is but rarely

llnue at 16 for

for foundry, 72-hour selected.

and 17.30 for crushed, over 1-ln. size.

Administration has granted ad-

' price for i

Virginia cokes; also for one di

' '.undry coke make In Indiana

el

-I. pi

i .

I

Hi

IRR'

Big I ■ '

* \ Y

Butte Detroit

l.rome.

iron.

\rt' Sm
nppermlnes
\ov -Utah ,

■ '..n

■p

imonster

Mill

Mow.' Sound

Jerom. \ erde

Kerr Lake

Louisiana.

Magma

Mnlestlc

Marsh

McKlnley-Dar-Sa

Mllford

Mohican

Mother I. ode

N Y .v Bond

Nlplsslng Mines..

Nixon Nevada

Ohio Cop

Rawlev

ilea
Richmond

Rochester Mines. .
loaepb Lead.. .

Standard 8. L

Btewart

BBS

Tonopah

Tonopah Kx

Trlhulllon

Troy Arizona

ed Cop

i hum verde F.xt.
United Zinc

I Mines

f„

J IMI

in,:
:i

2 ml.

04

75

,,

il
t 25

32
12:

1 in,

1 nil

:-•:

4 62]

Hi

Hi
.401
.211

3.50

:n :
■_>ll

139 j

»08

. I Mil • '

Adventure

Uillltvk

Mcoinah

Buite-B.r
i 'nlutncl ■
1 tolumcl a Hecla
1 'cntennlal
Copper 1

to
Franklin

■■

\ ill. V

Michigan
Irta

st Marj

SAN FRAN.*

Alta V

Andes

Best A Belcher —

Caledonia

Challenge Con
Confidence

Con. Virginia

Gould A Curry
Ilale A Norcroaa...
c I't

Mexican

ital

Ophlr

Overman

Savage

Sierra Nevada. . .

Union Con

on

Belmont

Jim Butler

MaeNamara

Midway

Modi -tonopah. . .

tar

Rescue Bull
West 1 nd Con. . .

Atlanta

Booth

comb Frac

1 lalay

I 1 - , ■ , ■ M

Jumbo Extension .
Kewanas
Neva/la Hills
Nevada Packard
Hound Mniinlaln

Silver Pick

White Caps
Big Jim
United Eastern .

02
is
.02
05
11 I
.04
.24
01
01
00

II.
1.(1

.16

ill
01

II,

1.071

J 01

3 no

1,11

.13
.08
.10
.05
.08
.87

(14
.02
t 02
.14
.14
07
.05
25
.32
.05
.52
t.75

4 75

\rl/.

Superior
Trinity

r s Smelt'g, pf

I ! ill \|n'\

m

1 1 ih Metal

Winona

Wolverine

Wyandot.

80 1

10

0

29

us

•
74

'.1

1 1

i:

'

'•■

,:

."

72
54

.7
f

45;

10]

2

til

BOSTON CURB' Mar. 4

Mlnea ' orp

20

Bingham Mines. . . .

T.

i Els

.78

Boston A Mont, , . ,

.70

Butte A Lon'ti l>ev

11

eras

H

iet>Corbln.

J 01

Chlel Con

2A

10

I riiwii II,

.20

( Crystal ' 'op

.47

a Blue Bell.

2

opper

117

Houghton Copper. .

75

Intermountaln

1 70

J t'Hl 1 'MP. ( nlll

Is;

Mexican Metals

.46

Mines of America

H

Mojave Tungatei]

05

N:i! Zinc A Lead

.27

Nevada-Douglas

.95

New Baltic.

99

New Cornelia

16i

'

20

Mines

t 35

.10

Yukon Gold

50

SALT LAKE*

Bannack

t.26
2.50

:ardirt

Colorado Mining

08

Daly.

1.40

Daly-Judge

6 00

Empire copper

tl.10

Gold Chain

.08

- Jrand 1 tentral

55

Iron Blossom , .

.46

Lower Mammoth.

t 03

May Day

02

t 02

Prince • km

S3

Hie,, u ellington

17

Silver-Kit

2 65

silver King Con.

2.80

Sioux Con

.02

s,, Hecla

.70

Tlntlc Standard. . .

11.35

Uncle Sam

1.01
1 67

Walker Cop

V. llliert

.08

.05

TORONTO*

Adanac

Bailey

Beaver Con

Chambers P'erland.
Conlagas

Margraves

La Rose

Peterson Lake . .

Temtskaming

Wettlaufer-Lor.. . .
1 ia'. litBori

Dome Exten

Dome Lake

Holllnger

Mclntyre

NewTay .

Porcu. Crown

Teck-Hughes

Vlpond

weBt Dome

.09
1.05
.24
.19
3 25
06
.31
.09
.26
04
34
09
.25
5.00
1 37
.21
.18
50
.24
.11

. HI ■' SPRINC.SMar 5

: ■ ell

i 'i;.

1 loiter .lack I'm

Button i »n

n .

15

t .old Sovereign

021

» lolden i \ cle

1 711

< iranlte

III

Isabella

H7

Mary MoKtnnoy

in,

Portland

1 mi ■ |,| \l

IS

\ Indicator

:i.'.:

• Bid prices, t Closing

1 (IMIliN

1 el.

7

Alaska G 1
1 1 in net ( orp
i .mi A M ..let
' amp Bird.

1 1 1 'In

£11 11 s

•1 :t

II 13
(1 7
II s

lid

'I

3

6

9

1 spcran. ,i
Mexican Mines
Mill i 'orp ( 'an
\eelil, pfd

' iroi

Santa ( lerfdls.
Tomboy

0 8
5 12
0 15

it 0
(1 is
0 13

(l in

U
6

"
P.
P
(1
(i

Icea : ' luotatlons

MON I III A Wl it \<;i. PRICKS OF Mini s
New *i ..rk

m 702

'Mill

075

662

177
IH',1)

linn

on; mis

in 682 14 358
:17 742, 4J 7(12
36.410

36 963

■i in
In l in
Ins 43 lis
18 l 50 920
361 II 324

:)1 .316140.851

■ i i in i I roy, mi

London i" ice, tcrlins sib ei .0 925 line.

London

1918

1917

1(1 is

Feb

Mar
April

May.

\ n

Nov.

1 id-

11 l- i

28 7ss
., 9(1
16 i 10
15.380

, ii 3

■
23 500

137 695

1 ii

10 III Ml

122 191

1!

1 I" 1

1 111 (lllll
110 000

mi nun
i in nun

I is inn

147.158
112 (1110

1

11(1 401!
137 000
135 250
126 000
125 11110
125 000

1.' '

12.-1 1

Year

27 ISO

124 892

Lis 1(11

New York

London

1917

1918

1917

1 0 1 s

44.175
51 420
54.388
55.910
63 173
62 . 053
62.570
62.681
61.542
61.851
74.740
87 120

(a)

185.813
198.974
207 443
220.171
245 114
242,083

242 181

243 978

244 038
247,467
274 043
298 556

293 -".'7

311 .525

March

April

May

July

September

October

November . .

61.802

237.563

(a) No average computed.

New York

St. Louis

London

1917

1918

1917

mis

1917

1918

January
February....

March

April

May

June

July

August
September.,
October. . . .
November. .
December. .

7.626
8 636
9.199
•I Jss
in -Ii7
11.171
10 710
10 504
8.680
6.710
6.249
6.375

6.782
6 973

7 530

8 595
9.120
9.158

10 202
11.123
10 644
10 518

5 (ill

6 650
i; is7
6 312

6 684
6.899

30 500

:in .-.iiii

:«l 5110
30 500

30 f.no

,111 -lllll

:m ,-,nn
no 5fin

30 50(1

.III .Mil,
.'III .Mill
30.500

29 50
29.50

Y'ear

8.787

8.721

30.500

New York

St. Louis

London

Spelter

1917

1918

1917

1918

1917

1918

January
February....

March

April

May

June

July

AugUSt. , , .

September..
October. .
November .
December. .

9 619
10 045
1(1 30(1
9 459
9 362
9 371
8 643
8 360
8 136
7 983
7 847
7 685

7 836
7.814

9 449
9 875
III 13(1
9.289
9 192
9 201
8,473
8.190
7 966
7.813
7.672
7.510

7 661
7 639

is 329
47 000
47 000

54 632
54 null
54 000

54 (100
54 110(1
54 11(111
54 000

■", 1 IIIHI

54 000

54 000
54 000

Year

s ("11 II

8 813

52 413

New York and Rt. Loula quotatlona..cent8 per pound.
London . pounds sterling per long ton.

No. 2

Pig Iron.

Bessemert

Baslct

Foundry

Pgh.

1917

1918

1917

1918

1917 | 1918

January ..

(35 95

$37 25

sin 95

$33 95

530 95 $33 95

February..

36 37

37.25

30 95

33.95

30 95 33.95

37 37

33 49

35.91

April

42 23

38 90

40 06

46 94

42.84

43 . 60 .

54 . 22

50 05

50.14

July

57 45

53 80

53.95 .

51 17

50 37

53 95

September..

46 40

42 24

48.58

37 25

33 95

33 95..

November .

37.25

33 . 95

33.95 .

December.

37 25

33 95

33.95]

Year

143 57

$39 62

$40.831

t As reported by W. P. Snyder 4 Co.

March 9, 1918

ENGINEERING \\l> MINING J01 RNAL

491

Current Prices — Materials and Supplies

Kmmumnm i iiinniimiiiniiiiini miiiiiiiiii mill i nm iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiinii iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiinii iiiiiiiiiuiiuiniu inn i 1 1 1 1 1 ti ti 1 1 rintitu i hi i iititim rt inntirmnrHvn rm intm*w»m*nn*taMnf«i««nMMnnManmmnHiM«iimnnnnnniai»*i

IRON \M> STEEL

SHEETS— Quotations .<" In cem rrom

karchouse ii-" Ihe basi quotatione rroni mill:

■rk — ^

Large Mill Lots si Mai

Blue Annealed Pittsburgh Louie Chicago Francli 1818

i 6.00 . i .

■a 1 ' l 30

Bo M 1.35 3 82 5.55 'i 1"

Black

Bos IS i>" ,; 32

„.,. i 1.83 8.31 0 30

\ I 90 8 I ■' t'

N,, ..g , ... . mi a • ' 8 I •

uiised

bo LO 5.25 8.97 8 80 ' 10

So r 5.35 8.97 8 80 I ■

Ho i-i 5.35 0 97 'is,! 7.20

Bos is and 20 5.65 7. IT 7,io

Bos. 22 and 24 5 80 i 32 90 7.2o

So 16 5 95 .... 7.40 8 05 7 4"

So s 6.25 7.77 T 70 7.70

STEEL K All.s — The following quotations are per ton f.o.b.
Pittsburgh and Chicago for carload or larger lots For less than carload
lets 5c. per 100 lb. is charged extra:

, Pittsburgh > , Chicago* ,

Mar I One I One

1918 rear Ago mis Y.

Standard bessemer vails 60.00-65.00 38.00 60.00-654)0 :)8.00

SI lard openhearth rails.... 63.00-65.00 40.00 is:s.no li.yoo 10 oo

Lighl rails 8 to 10 lb '8.135 53.00 •■; i I . i: 00

Light rails 12 to 14 lb *3.09 53.00 '3.09 16.00

Eight rails. 25 to 46 lb *3.00 "3.00 44.00

•Government price per 100 lb. for rails rolled from billet1

TRACK SUPPLIES — The following prices are base per 100 lb.
fob. Pittsburgh for carload lots, together with the warehouse
prices at the places named :

, Pittsburgh ^ San

One Year Fran-

Mar. 1, 1918 Ago Chicago St. Louis Cisco
Standard railroad spikes. __ «„ „ ,-

Am. and larger $3.90 $3.40 S4 50 $3.30

Track bolts 4.90 5.00 5.50 Premium 7 45

Standard section angle bars 3.25 2.25—2.75 4.50 Premium 4.56

STRUCTURAL MATERIAL — The following are the base prices
fob. mill. Pittsburgh, together with the quotations per 100 lb.
from warehouses at the places named :

Mill —New York^ San

Pitts- Mar. 5, 1 Yr. St. Chi- Fran-
burgh 1918 Ago Louis eago cisco Dallas

Beams; 3 to 15 in 53.00 $4,195 $3.95 $4.27 $4.20 S4.75 $5.50

Channels. 3 to 15 in 3.00 4.195 3.95 4.27 175 4.20 5.50

Angles. 3 to 6 in.. \, in. thick 3.00 4 195 3V"5 4 -7 4 75 4 20 .).o0

Tees. 3 in. and larger 3.00 4.195 3 95 4.27 4.75 4.25 .>.o0

Plates 3.25 4.445 4.75-5 4.52 5.00 4.45 6.00

STEEL SHEET PILING — The following price is base per 100 lb.
f.o.b. Pittsburgh with a comparison of a month and a year ago:

Mar. 5. 1918 One Month Ago One Year Ago

$4.00 to $5.00 $4.00 to $5.00 $3.00

RIVETS — The following quotations are per 100 lb.:
STRUCTURAL

, Warehouse s

— New York — , San

Mill. Feb. 5. One Chi- St. Fran-

Pittsburgh 1918 Year Ago cago Louis Cisco Dallas
K in. and larger. $5.25 S7 00 $5.25 $5.50 $5.55 $6.65 S8X>0

CONE HEAD BOILER
*t in. and larger. 5.35 7.10 5.35 5 60 5 65 6 75 8.00

% and t* 5.50 7.25 5 50 5.75 5.80 6.90 8.1o

u and ft 5.85 7 00 5.85 6.10 6.15 7,25 8.o0

Lengths shorter than 1 in. take an extra of 50c. Lengths between
1 in. and 2 in. take an extra of 25c

WIRE ROPE — Discounts from list price on regular grades of bright
and galvanized are as follows:

New York
and St. Louis

Galvanized iron rigging List -

Galvanized ca-st steel rigging -Nl ' iA<r

Bright plow steel

Bright cast steel ' :

Bright iron and iron tiller •» '

HORSE AND MILE SHOES — Warehouse prices per 100 lb. in cities

named :

Mill Cin- Birm-

Pittsburgh cinnati Chicago St Louis Denver ins-ham

Straight ... $5.25 $6.30 $6.00 $6.00 S7.50 $t> .25

Assorted ... 5 40 6.30 6.00-6.50 6.25 7.75 6.o0

STRUCTURAL MATERIAL — The following are the base prices f.o.b.
mill. Pittsburgh, together with the quotations per 100 lb. from warehouses
at the places named:

Mill. New York San

Pitts- Mar. 1. lYr. Chi- Fran- St.

burgh 191S Ago cago Dallas Cisco Louis

Beams. 3 to 15 in $3.00 $4,195 $3.95 $4.20 $5.50 $4.75 $4.27

Channels 3 to 15 in 3.00 4.195 3.95 4.20 5.50 4 75 4 27

Angles. 3 to 6 in. '4 in. thick 3.00 4.195 3.95 4.20 5.50 4.75 4 27

Tees. 3 in. and larger 3.00 4.195 3.95 4.25 5.50 4 75 4.27

Plate- 3.25 4.445 5.00 4.45 6.00 5.00 4 52

II Mi IKIIN Wll -I I I I

Iron bar*
COAL BIT STEEL— V

-

111(11 I s | | | |

S.iliil .
Hollow

i hi

' ELD
Steel Iron

In. Black

, and M ii i 33 •;

I -
: .1

LAP WELD

2 44', 31

•:> .. to o it i

1 5 *

MUTT WELD EXTRA STRONG PLAIN END8
« i, and :!- 10 S tolii 88* 18*

15' 32

\ to 1 '.■ 19* 38

LAP WELD. EXTRA STRONG PLAIN ENDS

i" 30 '..■.' 14*

to 4 I ..' 33 . i to 4 '• 17".

to 6 ii'. 32 '.. •; i '■, to 6.

Note — National Tube Co. quotes on basing card Hated Apr 1
From warehouses at the places named the following discounts hold
for steel pipi

Black

New York Ch St Louis

% to 3 in butt welded 3t

3',. to ii in. lap welded 1- i.( 36.1*

, Galvanized \

Sew York Ch St. Louis
\ to 3 in. butt welded.

.;>.. to 6 in. butt welded List 22 1 *

Malleable fittings. Class B and C. from New York stock sell at list
price. Cast iron, standard sizes, 15 and

MISCELLANEOUS
FLOTATION OILS — Prices of oils for flotation, in cents per gallon.
in barrels:

,. Den ver ,

In Bbl. In Car
New York Chicago Lots load Lots

Pure steam-distilled pine oil $0.50 ■. $0 iO $0.30

Pure destructively iistillcd pine oil.. 48 4s .30 ....

Pine tar oil 36 .40 2 1';. .19

Crude turpentine .37 .52 44 .38

Hardwood creosote 19 ii • .... <34% .31

•F.o.b. Cadillac, Mich.

SODIUM CYANIDE — New York price is 37c. per lb.: Denver. 44c:
in Chicago, 45c; in St. Louis. 40c.

SODIUM SULPHIDE — In New York the price per pound is 4c to
414c for concentrated. 2 He. to 2Uc. for crystals. The Denver price for

quoted at 9c: the St. Louis price, 4c for concentrate
Chicago price is 4%c. Concentrated comes in 500-lb drums tin- crystals
in 440-lb. bbl.

ZINC DUST — New York price is 18c. per lb. in 1600-lb. barrel:
Chicago. 18c: in Denver. 13c f.o.b. Pueblo: in st Louie :.,.

ALUMINUM DUST — Chicago price is $1 per lb.

CALCIUM CARBIDE — Price f.o.b. cars at warehouse points east of
Mississippi River lexcept in Alabama Georgia and Florida i is $97 50 for
Cameo $102.50 for Union miners' carbide In territory between H
sippi River and the Rockies and in Alabama (Georgia and Florida, add $5:
west of Rockies add $10 to $15,

I.INOLEI M — In 50-sq.yd. rolls in carload lot- tl
square yard, for concentrating tables.

HOSE —

Pi re

50-Ft Lengths

Underwriters' 2% -in ' ■"'"

Common, 2 Vi -in 40 %

Air
First Grade 8econd Grade Third Grade

%-in. per ft $0.55

Steam — Discounts from list
F.rst grade.... "30* Second grade .... 30-5 r< Third grade. .40-10%

rubber belting — Tlie following discounts from list apply
to transmission rubber and duck belting.

Competition 509S Best gradi 20%

Standard .

LEATHER BELTING — Present discounts from list in the fol-
lowing cities are as follows for cut lengths :

Medium Grade Heavy Grade

New York .

St. Louis

Chicago

Birmingham

Denver

40c,

35-

45 %

40"

30 — II

40 — 5

40-

40^

40 r

BNG1 ^ND MINING J01 RNA1

Vol. LOS, No. U

there

-

1 60

1.20
BO

md uraphited for

litferent kinds in the cities

I

-

Fork

Chicago

«.-.;> on

I

60.00 to 80.00

: \ IE * '

:<njm — Fi

I

$40 to $.">0

• 0 Denver |28 per

Ktinnv hi-

• orders, the following pric

- Tork
ro

Yello
-

-Plain

i 6 In

i 00

d

i .'l
: l"

6 in.

by 8 Ft
*1.06 to 1.11

.85

1.15
.86

\-f- Pi i the following cities in

<rrel

urnal

e

i

St. Louis
6.1.

6 -I

Birmingham

i

TA

10

15

15

5

6

0

COTTON » »8I1 The following prices are in cents per pound :

1 1

-New York-

Chicago

to 12.00 16.00 14.00 to I
(o 9 /in 14.00 10.00 to

« his,. , loth;

id the jobbers' price per 1000 is

In Cbicaro they Mil at J30 to $33 per 1000
i WSeeD Oil,— These prices are per gallon:

-■. York

-

, Cleveland N

One
1918 Year Ago
*1.00
1.62 1 in

145.00

, Chicago

Mar. 7. One

1918 Year Ago

-

i 08

mini \m.

■und •

in ii LEAD ".fift-lb lots sell as follows

In

I'll- i \.

keg

keg .

Dry

:

In Oil

1 1 HO

Dry

In Oil

11 00

11.50

12 ".II

Mar. 1. 1918

Dry

and In Oil

10 75

11 MO

1 Yr. Ago

Dry
and In Oil

10.50

in 7.'.
I I "O

s ' r ~ named.

•rders the following from list:

, — Cleveland

on fair-sized

— Chicago s

Mar. 5, One
1918 Year Ago

3 mi
1.00

1.00 3.00

Semifinished nut* sell at tin- loll rants from list pr

Feb. .". mis one y,

'.''■J11'1 ' 50-

50-
Louj- 50—10?! ...

MVfRINK BOLTS— Warehouse discounts in the following

New Cli St.

York land Chicago I.

10—109! m-;
10 — 59i 30 — 5%

V. by • -nailer. . . .

i-eT no to 1 in. by 30 in

n \-lll K- .i.n

la deduct!

-1 .00 Cleveland. *'.' I -.,,,, -3.0(1

cast-iron washers the base price per 100 lb, Is ..-. follows:

15 00 Cleveland, .fi 50 I hi. ago 13 50

\ ii OS! l'E8 Pi Ice per pound !

,

IO

.... %t

Cincinnati

1 i . . . .20

irleans ...

2 I \
■::i*,

■ml 20

si I.,. sou

Denver 10

Dallas • .11 ■

i

n sm;iil lots at cities narnofl
~ 77 — -

$:.50

,

• i % '. '. ". 1
13

SOW 2;i«l

Gelatin-

.33 1 1

33 ' ,

I I

i I I ' "" -Pi I nag upon stock New V..rh'

itions not available owing to this fact in Chicago and SM
Loul g noted

Mexii i

Domestic light !6 Baumi '>'.

Chicago
7c.

si. Loui
7rt,c.
none

'i

practicall] no fuel oil in Chicago at present time
CONSTRUCTION VI ATER1 \ I ,S

ROOFING MATERIALS per ton f.o I. New Vork <

igo:

Less Thau
rload Lots Carload Lottl
.... $61.00 $62.00
15.00 16.50
89.00 30.50
60.00 62.00

PREPARED ROOFINGS — Standard grade rubbered surfacd
complete with nails and cement costs per square as follows in New
d Chii mo:

II i ii ih per square oi 100

T.ir pitch un 4001b. bbl.)

Asphalt pitch < in barrels!

Asphalt felt

, l-Ply , 2 -Ply ,

Id C.l. l.cl.

No. I grade $1.15 $1.40 $1.45 $1.60

No. 2 grade 1.10 1.25 1.40

Asbestos asphalt saturated felt i 14 lb. per square i
100 lb.

Slate-surfaced roofing (red and green) in rolls of 108 soft

per i"ll in carload lots and $2.10 for smaller quantities.
Shingles, red and green slate finish, cost $4.75 per square in carloads
Her quantities, in Philadclo>n ■

3-Plj .

c.l. l.cl.

$1.75 si.OO

1 ,50 1 .65

cOStS $.. .3 ■

per,

COStl

HOLLOW TILE—

1x12x12 8x12x12

oi SO .08

si Paul 058 .11

Cincinnati 0688 I 29

City 058 .112

Denver .11 .20

New Orleans .1156 .177 1

- in. 07 11

i I MBER — Price per M in carload lots:

i

$0.20 i
.162

.174
1575
.30

.10

Boston

i ;iti . . .
r . . . .
Kansas City. .

le

New Orleans
Paul

.

28 on

in. x 20 Ft. and Under ,

Fir Hemlock 3pruce
$52 50

34.00*

IS un

12 x 12-In
20 Ft . and Under

23.00

40 mi

-in no
■■: no

23.00
40.00

Y.P.
$60.00

23.00

36 on

'Kansas City — These quotations are for No. 1 common.

tin Rough, 10 In. v 16 Ft.
a t m 3 Undi
Fir

i .iti
er ....
Kansa

Seattle

New Oi

-i Paul ...

Y.P

-1 . .in

IE

44.25

J5.O0

Hemlock

$32.00

23.00

16.66

$32 00
50.00
32.00

39 66

Mn. T.

in Ii !
VI'
$50.00

52 50

23 no
35.00
81.00

Fir

-.... on

:;:i 6j

35.001

23 00

and G
16 Ft
Fir
550 on

j
.".3.00

PORTLAND CEMENT — These prices are for barrels in carload]
■icluding bags :

New York .
Jersey City
Boston . . . .
Chicago . . .
Pittsburgh
Cleveland
Denver . .

Mar. 5, 1018

LIME — Warehouse prices:

$2.25
2.16

> :',-.
2 21
2.31

:.44

:;.-.'ii

[ontb

\_.i

li .

Year Ago

-

SI. 72

2.16

1.60

2 77

192

3.81

1.86

2.31

1.81

! 4 1

1.94

3.20

Hydrated per Ton
Finished Common

Lump per 300-Lb Barrel
Finished Common

New York $16.50

Chicago

St. Louis

Dallas

Boston

Kansas Citv

St. Paul

Seattle

•Pi : L80-10. barrel.

Denver — There is one
*.l 25 per ton, paper bags,
lb., in bulk or barrel weights

Note — Refund of 10c . per bag, unmunting to $2 per ton.

S16.50

513.50

-■Ml'

SI .90

15.00

12.00

1 on

1 60

l.'i un

1 .50

in r.ii

17.00

1.65

16.50

14.50

2.75

J in

21.20

19.20

•:.oo'

1.90'

17.00

14.00

1.20*

1.10*

16.00

1 80«

-^Birmingham

200-lb.

barrels.

classification

of hydrated lime, quoted al

Lump lime

sells for

65c. per

bushe! "i.

Engineering and Mining Journal

March 16, 1918

Volume 105

Numbi i 1 1

SHIFTER MOVIXG TRACK ON DUMPS WHERE SPREADERS ARE USED

Steam-Shovel Mining on the Mesabi

Range — IF

By L. D. DAVENPORTf

The overburden removed from orebodies on the
Mesabi range is dumped on areas that show no
underlying ore material. Three general methods
are practiced in building these dumps, in each the
important considerations being length of haulage
and height of dump. Size and type of equ'pment

BARREN ground or ground where the underlying
ore is known to be available only by the under-
ground system of mining is commonly used in
Mesabi range operations for stripping dumps. For the
purposes of description, stripping dumps may be class-

•The second of a series of three articles describing present
practice of the larger mining companies in developing and operat-
ing open-pit mines on the Mesabi range. The first of these ap-
peared in the Mar. 2 issue of the •'Engineering and Mining
journal."

tChief engineer, Oliver Iron Mining Co., Hibbing. Minn.

'Upend on the yardage to be removed and the
number of shovels to be employed on the work.
Stripping equipment is afterward utilized in
ore-digging operations, with the exception that
the ore is shipped in specially built cars, which
differ from those used to handle the overburden.

ified, according to their position, the manner in which
they are started or the method of operating, as side-hill
dumps, trestle dumps, slush dumps, muskeg or lake
dumps and caved-ground dumps.

A hillside, where the dump track can be laid at a
level grade and the height of the dump will increase
rapidly as the track is thrown horizontally, is an ideal
arrangement. When a height of 40 ft. is reached, it is
good practice to carry the dump in two benches or

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. L05, No. ll

the
iditions,

iltS.

a hillside

ilar to thai shown

nnl timber with S- or 4-post

ater and varying in

e legs are from 8 to

l l in., braces "> to 5

re used for caps. Such

inly the empty ears.

ft high . '" built, but block-

• are used to raise the end of

the grade of the trestle. Fill-

.-. - : The train is pushed

with the ears ahead of the locomotive;
lumped "ii <»ne side, one at a time. The

-

31 ON MBSABI
STRIPPING DUMPS

em! • ^e pushed out on the trestle and the opera-

on the opposite side. Heavy dumping

ne side • tie will cause undue strain on the

When the trestle has been filled with dirt for its

entire length, the track is shifted to an outer edge

he dump and the cars are emptied from that, so

that the dump is widened. Usually the trestle is so

placed that the dump can be "fanned out" on both sides.

sufficient room is available, the trestle is made long

enough I -everal dumps to be started at intervals

along its length. It is good practice to keep the edge

he dump straight, as this facilitates the throwing

•he track. Frequently the track is jaeked up and

filled as the dump is widened out, which increases its

height as the width is increased. When the limiting

••.nee has been reached horizontally, it is common

practice to throw the track back, raise it up and make a

new level by working back over the part already filled.

Another method is to build a second trestle on the first

dump and to start a second deck in the same manner as

the first deck.

lush dump may be made by the use of a trestle,
tial enough to carry the loaded train, fitted with
an apron 6 to 8 ft. wide, on the dump side. A 3- to 4-
in. pipe line, ;>erforated with -in. holes at short

int> laid along the upper edge of the apron

against the ends of the ties, and water, flowing through
the openings in the pipe, washes the dumped material
off the apron and down the bank. At one dump on the
re of a lake, where the material handled was prin-
•-lly quicksand, a different arrangement was used:
Tr.: •■ dumped until the track was filled; the ac-

cumulated material was then washed down the bank
with lengths of 2-in. hose attached to a 4-in. pipe line
at 100-ft. intervals. This type of dump is used for fill-

ing lakes and swamps where the necessary amount of

is easih available. Considerable stripping can
isposed o( without moving the tracks, but the sys-
is not practicable in freezing weather.
Muskeg swamps make unsatisfactory dumping
grounds and are avoided whenever possible. Dumps on
such ground may settle suddenly in spots, leaving the
track hanging in the air, or may slide sideways, taking
tracks, train and all over the edge. When the dump
settles, the surface of the swamp often bulges up as
high as the top i>( the dump, so that tilling a dump
trestle across a muskeg swamp is nearly impossible, al-
though it has been done in a few cases; but by building
I tie along the edge of the swamp, the muskeg
can sometimes be forced ahead of the dumped material.
If such dumps are used intermittently, the danger of
Macks settling under a train is somewhat lessened.
The main difficulty with dumps that are fanned out
into ponds or lakes is the sudden settling along the edge.
The action of the water, agitated by the material being
dumped, undercuts the face of the dump until it sudden-
ly sloughs off or settles. Comparatively shallow water
will often cause this. I recall one place where a 40-ft.
dump was extended across a pond formed by water that
had collected behind another dump. The pond was less
than 5 ft. deep, but that was enough to cause a slough of
the dump so that the track settled suddenly, carrying a
locomotive and several cars over the edge.

At Carson Lake, near Hibbing, considerable stripping
yardage was dumped before all the water had been
pumped from the lake. Unusual difficulties were en-
countered, for, in addition to the water, there was a
layer of soft silt and liquid blue clay extending to a
depth of 70 ft. at the center of the lake basin. The
undercutting action of the water, added to the settling
and sliding of the mud, caused frequent serious delays.
The position of the dump was selected with a view of
making the lake basin safe for the subsequent mining of
the underlying ore by the caving method.

Caved Areas Over Workings Used as Dumps

Caved ground above underground mine workings is
sometimes used for dumps. The additional weight of
the dump does not greatly affect the weight on the
underground timber and filling the caves prevents sur-
face water from collecting and breaking through into
the lower workings. The expense of pumping water
from the caves, frequently necessary in older under-
ground mines, is eliminated by this method of filling the
sunken areas. Blasting underground rooms causes the
dump to settle, but information regarding the situation
of the room and the time of blasting is furnished the
dump foreman so that he may plan his work accordingly.
Dumps of this kind are usually started from a trestle.

The details of dumping operations vary with each
stripping job and will depend on the equipment used,
size of the job, type of dump, etc. Three methods in
common use are thus described :

First method: A side plow or "dozer" is used to
level off the dump to the height of the track for a width
of about 5 ft. The track is then jacked up, shifted over
3 or 4 ft., lined up and blocked in such a manner as
to carry the cars but not the locomotive. Dumping
is then started at the end nearest the pit, and a shoulder
is carried toward the further end of the dump, so that

.March Lfi. 1918

ENGINEERING AND MINIM. J01 I

the track has ballast and can support the weight oi
the locomotive as the shoulder is advanced. When the

limit of the dump 13 reached, all the material that can

ped is placed ..n I he en, I [< ,,■■: h and | h ■ remain-
ing track is tilled to the limit, working back to the he
ning ni' the dump. 'The "dozer" is then used again
Mul t he operat ion- are repeated.

Second method: A plow having a spread as wide as

:; ) ft. is used to level oil' the dump is iii. below the
track. The dump is then refilled and the spreader used
un :il the limit of spread has been reached. The last
plowing is made level with the track, which is then
.shifted over 12 to 15 It., lined and the operations are
repeated. This method is used in connection with 20-
cu.yd. cars and heavy equipment. An accompanying
illustration shows a track shifter which is used with this

t in i e can handli

Willi the third -I ■ foreman and i ach

shil :

Each dun p ed with a Bhantj 6 \ s ft. I

ti i ing t he du In addil ion th< L6x 16

It i, ol all

the dun

n hour. At night stripping dum]

e or gaso! powerful e lamps

id' the p irtab i ble.

Equipment a ed n I he

yardage to be moved, < lass of mati

ing ground and the lime hi; ompletion of tin-
work are some of the points to I,.

ind typi ol equipment. Tl ei mining

companies and stripping cont usually tran

A 19 X 26-IN. LOCOMOTIVTC PUSHING NINE BO-TON CARS OUT OF A PIT ON A 1.6$ GRADE

type of dump. As shown, the track has been raised,
but the shifting cable is hanging slack. The lower
boom is an A-frame fitted at the point with a steel cast-
ing in the form of a link, so that the frame may be
clamped to the left or to the right of the center line of
the machine, according to the pull to be taken. For ex-
ample: If the track is to be shifted to the left, as in
the illustration, the frame is swung to the left and
clamped and the shifting cable is fastened to the right-
hand rail.

Third method: The track is made safe for both cars
and locomotive and the first train out is dumped. The
dump crew then level off the dirt and line the track over
1 ft. or more, if possible, along that part of the dump
just filled. After the track is ballasted, the next train
is dumped further along and the next section of track
lined over as before, working toward the end of the
dump. With a high dump, several trains may be emp-
tiad before a sufficient shoulder is formed to allow the
track to be lined over. The crew levels the dirt and
throws the track between trains. With this method
there is always room to dump a train.

With the first and second methods, a dump crew- con-
sisting of a foreman and one or two men is required
on each dump and both shifts. A track crew is also
required, consisting of a foreman and 14 men working
day shift only. Under ordinary conditions a crew of

part of their equipment from one mine to another. All
parts of the stripping operation depend directly on the
steam shovel. The number and size of the shovels
at an operator's disposal determine the rest of the
equipment. As shown by a previous tabulation, the
tendency of operators is toward larger steam shovels
and stripping cars. There are several Model 300 shov-
els and one Model 261 of the drag-line type in use at
the present time on the Mesabi range. Most of the min-
ing companies do at least part of their own stripping
work, and in such cases the shovels, locomotives, etc.,
used for stripping are later used in removing the ore
by open-cut methods. The following list is a fair aver-
age of the equipment that is being used at the present
time by some of the larger mining companies in strip-
ping work and in removing ore:

Steam shovels used are of Marion or Bucyrus manu-
facture, Model 91 or 100, and equipped with 21- to 4-
cu.yd. dipper. With each shovel is required nine 6-ft.
track sections, 36 ties, two pair of rail clamps, two
large and two small jack-blocks, 50 ft. of 4-m. rubber
siphon-hose, 100 ft. of 2-in. canvas water-hose and 50
ft. of y-in. steam hose. In addition, two poles are pro-
vided for moving jack-blocks, also picks, shovels, pinch
bars, sledges, etc. Baldwin or American locomotives
having 19 x 26-in. steam cylinders supply the motive
power, and are equipped with 8*- to lOJ-in. cross-corn-

tNEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 11

lumping
or light-

110 links

h end and '-'">■

grab hook on

!i replacing cars

.in is at-

■ moving the movable

dropping the pin through

the end of the chain. A cast-

ome-
i'his hook allows the chaii con-

. [ng the

he draw

i.yd.. automatic air-dump cars.

Kilbourne & Jacobs Co. or the Western

. are in general use in the dis-

ton Brown hoist is used as a

ind carries chains of different lengths

•ripping cars on the track, handling

■ l\ MESABl STRIPPJ

ment will

- . I

10 : I

llu 1 2

tank

Pumping phtnt

- ■L»n*

Pmc Unr*

*
Bull

Barn

•■el booms, lifting and moving track, loading ties and
other supplies on flat cars and like work. Most mining
companies own several flat cars of the standard rail-
road type, but on small jobs they are sometimes hired,
and frequently smaller sizes of cars are built by the
ope: m parts of the old stripping c?rs. Flat

- are constantly used to carry ties and rails into
the pit or to the dump, and to transport repair parts,
tools and various supplies from one part of the operation
to another.

Dump plows vary from those built on the trucks of a
L stripping car, having a spread of 5 ft. and known
as a "dozer," to large dump spreaders which cut 18
to 24 in. below the dump track and distribute the dirt
for a width of 20 to 30 ft. A dump plow or spreader
varying between these two sizes is usually found on
each stripping job, although the larger type is coming
into more general use.

The consumption of coal varies with the kind of ma-
terial handled, length of haul to dumps, track gradient
and other operating conditions. Ordinarily a fair av-
erage is three tons per steam shovel and two and one-
half tons per locomotive per 10-hour shift; so that the
coal supply for the pit equipment under consideration
ild be about 35 tons per shift. It is desirable to
• at least two da; supply on hand, which, in

ould probably result in storage facili-
for 100 to 150 tons. Frequently n permanent

jtle, with storage bins or pockets, is so placed that
it will serve both stripping and ore trains. In such
cases coal is shipped to the mine in hopper-bottom ore
tars. Temporary coaling devices, used in stripping op-
erations, vary from plank slides on the side of a cut to
platforms of the types shown in Figs. 2 and •">. These
temporary devices are used when the coal is unloaded by
hand from gondolas.

Hot Salt Solution Prevents Freezing of the
Car Bottoms

A wooden or steel tank of 20,000 to 30,000 gal. capac-
ity should be placed at some convenient point near the
main line stripping track at sufficient elevation to supply
water to the shovels at all parts of the stripping and
to the locomotives. The salt tank is a rectangular
wooden box of 2000 to 2500 gal. capacity. Salt is
delivered to the tank in sacks and is added to the water
until a saturated solution is obtained. (A common
method is to add salt until the solution will float a

<**--

^''>vvr?Trrr^//tf////////////t">">"

FIGS 2 AND 3— DEVICES FOR COALING LOCOMOTIVES
WHERE COAL IS UNLOADED

potato.) Frequently the salt tank is placed near the
power or pumping plant, so that a small pipe from the
boiler supplies enough steam to keep the solution at
the boiling point. Otherwise a small vertical boiler is
installed. A hose is used to sprinkle the cars with the
hot solution in freezing weather.

Permanent coal trestles are usually built with 12 x 12
in. of sawed timber placed on a pile foundation or on
12 x 12 in. mud sills. Stringers are 9 x 16 in.; ties, 6 x
8 in. and 3 x 12 in. plank are used for cross and sway
braces. Dump trestles are usually built of round timber,
as before described. Where a dump track or stripping
track crosses a railroad main line, the railway company
usually requires that a standard steel bent be built at
the overhead crossing.

Installation of the pumping plant depends largely
on the source of the water supply. It is common prac-
tice to dam up a creek or ditch fed by the discharge

March L6, L918

ENGINEERING AND MINING J01 R

from an underground mine or to take water from one
of the ponds or swamps which are numerous on the
range. If tlic underlying orebody is not drained bj an
adjacent mine, it is often necessarj to nl a pump
shaft, usually outside of the stripping limits, and from
this drainage drifts are driven out under the pit, A
number oi the larger i nrst

opened up as underground

done lias facilitated the matter of drainage. When
water for the pit equipment is supplied from a shaft,

the pumping plant and power hOU I arc usually CO

bined and the shops built near by. A plant correspond-
ing to the pit equipment described would probablj a
sist of a frame building, brick nogged and covered with
corrugated sheet iron; two firebox boilers with clo
feed-water heater; injector and feed-water pumps; a
duplex pump for tire protection and possibly a small
generator for lighting purposes,

It is common practice to have the machine, black-
smith and carpenter shops under one roof. Where

the i rding to

n i ommendatione fui the du Pont Powdi i I o,

and ai • Kallow dn

hole den in which to

of the building A • oi the

thawer house is through a 3 In,

pip 'I he heater

is a small \

build ft. and I pl.i. ed lot

than in ft. from the thaw ii iHd-

ing covered with ship lap or di |
stalls and a hi rn.

Sand for 11 le on
a l-mes I and dried to prevent freezing I he

usual type of sand drier is ;i cylindrical stovi 2 ft. in
diameter and 5 ft. high. A f unnel-sha] ft.

in diameter is placed around the upper part of the
stove and rests on a cast-in, n ring at the bottom of the
lire box. The rii rforated with x I '-in. open-

TEN-TON LOCOMOTIVE CRANE MnVIM; ORE-LOADING TR.\i'K

steam power is used, the engine is frequently placed in
the machine shop and line shafting run through the
partitions to the other shops. The machine shop equip-
ment consists of one 30-in. engine lathe, one 30 x 30-in.
x 8-ft. planer, one radial drill with 5-ft. arm, one bolt
cutter (to cut to 3-in. diameter), one pipe-threading
machine (to cut up to 8-in. diameter), one oxy-acetylene
cutting and welding outfit, one 100-ton hydraulic wheel
press, one emery wheel, and one 48-in. grindstone.
The blacksmith shop equipment comprises two station-
ary forges, one 1100-lb. steam hammer and one blower.
The carpenter shop is modestly equipped, containing
one 16-in. jointer, one circular saw and one band saw.

A roundhouse for repairing shovels and locomotives
is customarily built of rough lumber covered with tar
paper. Shovels and locomotives working in ore are
usually repaired during the winter, and temporary
roundhouses or repair sheds are sometimes made in
sections so that they may be taken down ?.nd stored
when not in use. It is often convenient to have the of-
fice and warehouse combined and near the shops. Other
small buildings, such as oil house, tool sheds, and pipe
racks, are of such size and shape as best suit operating
requirements.

Powder magazines of heavy- sheet steel are furnished
by the powder company supplying the explosives. Sheet-
iron magazines for caps and fuses are usually built by

ings. Screened sand is shoveled into the top of the
hopper and when dry runs out through the perforations
at the bottom. The stove is placed in a shed 10 x 12 ft.
and situated near the coal dock. A bin for the dried
sand is built at one end of the shed, and the sand is
carried to the locomotives in pails. If a number of
locomotives are used, a small headframe and pocket are
sometimes built over the sand house. Sand is hoisted
from the drier to the pocket in small skip^s operated by
a hand windlass; the pocket is fitted with a spout of
3-in. pipe and the flow of sand regulated by a gate op-
erated from the locomotive by means of a 3-in. rod.

Map Measurements Determine Track Requirements

The track required for a stripping job is usually fig-
ured from measurements made on a map which shows
the stripping limits, dumping ground, proposed shop
tracks, and other operating details. For the type of
equipment in general use today, 80-lb. rail with ties
6 to 7 in. thick are the standard for stripping work.

In warm weather the shovels are supplied with water
by pipe lines placed through the pit. Considering the
three-shovel job, 3-in. mains with li-in. branches would
probably be used. Usually branch lines are laid in the
cuts behind the shovel and are extended by the pit crew
as needed. When the shovel is moved back, these lines
are broken and relaid in the new cut. Water is pumped

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol 105, No. 11

rried on

t water i i siphoned

h the 4-in. rubber siphon

.nt.
swinging 8-in.

inta made up of oils and
with water. One arm.
a ith an ell and 15 in. of
ded the 15-in. piece points
on the locomotive, is
that the 15-in. piece
ad of the pipe from the shovel
the pipe from the locomotive
• Water is forced from the loco-
through this pipe connection by a steam
ned length of the pipe arm is a little
than the maximum distance from the loading
\el. hut with the three joints in the
• equally convenient for shorter dis-
be satisfactory ami saves
• ■nsive 50-ft. length of siphon hose be-
hind the shovel.

?"•• ■'• continued.)

"Taking Over" by the Government*

We have had a number of ocular demonstrations of
the way in which the Government does work formerly
rivate initiative, and they are not of a sort to
encourage further experiments that may be needless,
ernment control of the coal industry can hardly be
called a glittering success. What improvement has been
ight by the Government operation of the railroads
has been mostly due to the fact that the Director General
is doing every day, in the way of pooling freight, etc.,
what the railway managers were strictly forbidden to
do. In shipbuilding itself, the Government has not
efficiency or economy. It is now uni-
admitted that the ship program was held up
at least two months by the squabbling and dilatori-
ness of Government officials. Labor troubles and
kes in shipyards have not disappeared :it a Govern-
mental touch. High cost and delay are nearly every-
where synonymous with Governmental enterprises.

only fair to private contractors for the Govern-
ment that explanations held valid for the latter should
at least be allowed to weigh something for the former.
The unusually severe winter, and the snarled-up rail-
way transportation, have been, for example, considered
.fficient excuse for the breakdown of the Fuel Admin-
ition. It is but just to inquire what was the effect
ditions upon the enormous and compli-
cated work at II Then there is the question
rily swelling cost. It was rightly
led as a good defense of the expensive army can-
tenments that they had to be built in a great hurry.
That always means large outlay. Contractors know
well that there is such a thing as the most economical
But when, under pressure, it
•e exceeded, the costs inevitably mount. This is
in private work, and it cannot be avoided in Govern-
ment work. So that the really impartial and scientific
in regard to the vast and apparently exo

expenditure at Hog Island would be— just as it was in
the matter oJ the cantonments and other work done
for the Government under rush orders — whether the
speed attained warranted the money spent This fun-
damental business question has not emerged clearly in
the Congressional investigation.

It is to be remembered that there are various forms
of Government "taking over." It may be entire, it may
be partial, it may be only nominal. The carrying of
the mails, for instance, has been completely taken over
by the Government. No individual citizen can engage
in it. though it has been powerfully contended that a
private corporation could do the work both better and
per than the Government. But most of the as-
sumptions of control of private business by the Govern-
ment since the war began have not gone beyond a gen-
eral direction. The efficient managers and the body of
skilled workers have been left in their places. Mr.
McAdoo, we know, has not interfei'ed with the staffs
of the railroads, and he has sought to associate with
himself the most competent railway men.

For the Government to have taken charge of the
railroads in the same way that it runs the Post Office,
would have been to precipitate a deeper chaos and a
darker night. And it is devoutly to be wished that the
extension of Government control of shipbuilding, should
it be undertaken at Hog Island or elsewhere, may not
go to foolish extremes of meddling and displacement.
If you cannot make a man an officer by sewing epau-
lettes on his coat, you certainly cannot make a man a
shipbuilder or builder of any kind by calling him a
Government inspector. And if any one lesson has been
taught by the experiments and exasperating delays and
confessed blunders of the last year, it is that as Gov-
ernment interference goes up, speed and economies
go down.

New Mining and Geological Map
of Colorado

An interesting blueprint map of Colorado, in colors,
has been placed upon the market by R. W. Chase.1 The
map was compiled from the State Geological Survey
Map of Colorado and the Hayden Geological Map. It
shows the distribution of the principal geological di-
visions, from the Archaean to the Tertiary, together with
the occurrence of the various metals, oil and gas. The
different formations are colored in vivid tints, and cross-
hatching has been omitted, making the map particularly
clear and free from superfluous detail. There is a
graphic representation of the geological epochs, together
with a statement of the principal minerals occurring in
each epoch. A brief summary is also given of the prin-
cipal occurrences of gold, silver, lead, copper, zinc, tung-
sten, molybdenum, carnotite-uranium, iron and man-
ganese, as well as the Colorado mineral production for
1916. A generalized section indicates the structural
relation between the major formations.

An Aluminum Factory at Bereg, Hungary, is being con-
structed to produce metal from alunite by a new process,
according to Echo des Mines. German papers, the source of
this information, state that the new works are being built
by a group of Hungarian industrial interests.

■Mining Engineer, Denver, Colo.

March if., 10 is

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Molybdenum Industry in Norway

Molybdenum mining in Norway has been super-
stimulated by tin war demand. Practically nil
the Norwegian <>ttt)>ul comes from mints in the
south) i n part o) tin peninsula. Elmore vacuum
process is used in must oj tht concentrators, but
several Minerals Separation plants are being
erected. The Norwegian concentrates un said
to carry only 75 to 80 ■ , of molybdenum sulphide.

Foil several years prior to the war Norway had
been recognized as one of the chief producers of
molybdenum. In those halcyon days the world's
annual output of molybdenum was approximately 200
tens, of which Norway produced about one-quarter.
During the year 1916 Norway is said to have exported
140 tons of molybdenite concentrates averaging about
7". , MoS,. Situated as Norway is, both politically and
geographically as regards the warring nations, it was
to be expected that her molybdenum supplies would be
in great demand.

Naturally it was not possible to impose the British-
controlled price of 105s. (about $25) per unit of MoS,
upon the Norwegian producing companies ; hence the
local price has risen to extraordinary figures, and arti-
ficial and perhaps dangerous conditions have thereby
been created in the Norwegian molybdenum mining in-
dustry today. One result of these conditions is that,
while before the war there were two or three mines
eking out a bare existence, today the two or three genu-
ine producers are paying fabulous dividends, while there
are dozens of other companies, owning anything from
the merest prospect to a partly developed outcrop, which
are hurriedly erecting large and expensive plants in the
attempt to reach the producing stage before the tide
of inflated prices turns.

Only One Mine Makes a 90% Product, Most Mines
Producing 75% Concentrates

Under the conditions imposed by the present ab-
normal state of affairs, it is almost impossible to write
an unbiased account of molybdenum mining in Norway.
On the other hand, these same conditions have produced
a more than usually interesting phase in the mining in-
dustry of a country so abnormally situated. In a paper'
entitled "Molybdenite and Its Occurrences," Sydney H.
Ball says : "No molybdenite mine should be opened un-
less 90% concentrates can be produced for from $800 to
$1000 per ton." If this axiom were strictly followed,
there would be practically no molybdenite produced in
Norway today. In the first place, there is no plant in
Norway producing 90% concentrates, and certainly no
mine produces a ton of 75% concentrates at a less cost
than $2500, with the present abnormal cost of labor,
materials, etc., in Norway. One small mine — the Haug-
holmen, near Dalen — produces a ton or two a year of
90 ff hand-picked ore, but no information is at hand to
show how much it costs.

In \ • i ■ hi when dealing w 1th

.MoS . i.e. LOO . and the ilue. [n

normal ti i quivalenl to £1(1 kr.

during t he war i 18 kr. II

de i r abl f o i pu r\

dium fixed rate, bo in i hie pa] d to

equal £1. Bj thi

to from 85 to 40 kr. per kg ! pure, the latter

price being readily obtainable for p

assaying over 80?i MoS.. Bui thi ei figure,

•Excerpts from a paper "Molybdenum in Norway" by Ernest
R. Woakes in Bull. 160. I. M. M

'"Rng. and Min. Journ.." Aug. 25, 1917.

MOLYBDENUM MINES AND PROSPECTS OF
Si lUTHE-RN Nl IRWAY

viz., 35 kr., soon became more or less the established
price for concentrates of over 70%, a penalty being
generally imposed at the rate of half a krone per unit
below 70%. At these rates, therefore, 75', molybde-
nite concentrate is worth 26,250 kr., equal to £1750
($8317), per metric ton. These figures are naturally
somewhat startling, but clearly indicate the artificiality
of the molybdenum situation in Norway today. Ex-
pressed in terms which will be more familiar, the values
named imply that an ore carrying 0.5% of MoS, is equal
in value to quartz carrying 2 oz. 15 dwt. gold per
metric ton.

The rise in value has been accompanied by a continual
rise in costs — skilled labor which before the war cost
6 kr. per shift of 10 hours now costs 12 kr. per shift of
eight hours. The price of food, stores and machinery
has increased at an even higher rate. Before the war
there were probably two or three mines that could pro-
duce a ton of concentrate at a cost of between £200 and
£300 ; today these cost figures must be doubled, and on
the newer mines quadrupled.

Present Production Obtained Entirely from
Southern Norway

Although molybdenite occurs in many parts of Nor-
way, practically the whole of the production is obtained
from mines in the southern part of the peninsula, where
the great mass of the country rock is granite or granite-
gneiss. Most of the orebodies occur in this rock, but
there are exceptions, notably the Gursli and Dalen
mines, which will be referred to in detail later on.
There may be said to be three fairly well-defined types
of molybdenum-ore deposits in Norway. These, of

[NEERINC AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 11

: able, even in
finite type occurs
• deposits in that n

rtant type is the

outcrop. The Kvina

pies of this type,

are decidedlj

rous Dalen mine

de, but here again the

rent from any other and

late,

is the most common, the most de-
pinion, the least likely to load to
at or workable orebodies. In the Knaben
Mimon. and its characteristics are
are in the granite, running
die! to the strike of the quartz veins of
. Dorth-northeast and dipping rather
assures sometimes have a cer-
n idth. which is filled in with more or
nite. Little free quartz is seen,
but at and near the surface the faces of the fissure
the filling matter are often highly mineralized with
A • a few feet below the surface, nothing
an ill-defined fissure or fracture, but the
otry rock is sometimes slightly mineralized for
rt distances along and on both sides of the fissure,
re are many examples of this class of mine in
. so it is unnecessary to name them. The
third type is the molybdenite-impregnated granite.
There are two or three promising occurrences of this
type in Norway, of which Knaben No. 2 mine and the
Undal mine are examples, while Gursli apparently has
a molybdenite-impregnated norite deposit. None of
these has yet reached the producing stage, but all should
shortly arrive at that condition, and may yet prove to
make the most successful mines.

Elmore Vacuum Concentration Used

Practically all the successful molybdenite concentra-
in Norway are Elmore vacuum concentrators. A
Swedish firm now controls the patent rights in Scandi-
navia and manufactures the plant. All the mills are
similar in design. The ore from the mines is first
crushed in Blake type rock breakers, then passed through
a ball mill, the favorite type of ball mill at present being
the Grondal, made by the firm of that name in Stock-
holm. After the requisite sizing and return of the over-
size to the Grondal, the ore passes on to the Elmore
units.

i and copper are the impurities which cause most
trouble; where these do not occur in undue proportion,
tod extraction is obtained and the concentrates run
from 75fc to 80rc MoS2. There is a good deal of talk
j.bout flotation concentration, both by mechanical and
compressed-air agitation. Two small units of the for-
mer type were seen in operation, and neither was doing
d work, but the conditions could not be said to be
rable. Several of the mines have small hydro-elec-
tric power plants of their own, with oil engines as auxil-
iaries. Others use oil engines entirely, and Gursli is
ected up to a public hydro-electric station.
The table gives the names of the molybdenum mines
and prospects at present operating in Norway, They
grouped according to the district in which they

c ccur, ami where possible the name of the owner or
operating company is given. A/S means "Aktieselskab"
or "share company." The groups are numbered in
roman figures, and on the map similar figures indicate
the approximate geographical situation of the group.
The mines in the table are also roughly classified by
means of the capital letters A, B, C and D. Class A
represents a producing mine with a concentrator; B
class, a producing mine without a concentrator; C class,
a mine that will probably be a producer, and which is
erecting a concentrator; D class are chiefly prospects,
or mines which are closed down or which produce only
negligible quantities of mineral.

Map
Refer-

Flekke-

I

Moi

11

D

III

Mandal

IV

V

\ I

VII

m [elands
and District)

N ' I Mint

kink n \m I
Kn iln ii No. 2. . . .

EO

< >1 N.'llllIIMIIi'l!

Baenkehei

M

Vi i I lompany

in < tunn-

CI 11 88

Soxnmen

1 18

Sanilt ji'i'n

■v Mandal .
i rureli

Gursli II

Sandsmark

1 ,.,1,1
Bykli

Haugholmen

Noraberg

Bei I iruber

Sinnaes

Syversvolden

Skjuld

i fjord.

Langvaten

I jaarsdalskampen

Smolen

Blaokwolla Development .1

< lorporal ion. Ltd C

A s ECvina < rruber, . .1

\ s i »i aehommen Gruber A

i, S Falok .1

Anglo-Scandinavian Min-
erals, I. ul C

N iris, ii, Stavanger C

A si; a Gruber. D

\ s Molybden D

llj.'lin D

\ s ( fursli Gruber A

T II Falok a- Blumental D

Krial iania Minekompani C

\ s Sandsmark ( [ruber C

A s [Jndalen Gruber A
Kobernuteus [nteresenskab D

A s 1 ill, ii i ;i iiber A

H.-it Tarjer Midbgarden . . Ii

I.,, tiiiiui Minekompani., B

Efriatiania Minekompani. . D

ECrisI iania M inekompani.. D

ECriatiania Minekompani.. D

Syversvolden (Iruber B

Sill & Gurholdl B

ECristiania B

A/SSkjoUlpvip Molybden. D
' A/S Vatterfjord Molybden

Gruber A

t«) D

(a) D

la) l>

,,, i available.

Mines of the Knaben District

The Knaben district is best reached by rail from the
port of Stavanger to Flekkef jord, thence by motor boat
to Oie, and by cart road to Knaben. It is a long day's
journey from Flekkefjord. The Knaben No. 1 mine is
the oldest in the district, and has been a continuous
producer on a considerable scale. The mine is owned
by a British company, which is now opening up and
equipping a new No. 2 Knaben mine.

The bearing of all the lodes in the district is approxi-
mately north-northeast, with a flat underlie to the east.
The No. 1 mine consists of an adit level and a 60-ft. and
an 80-ft. level below the adit. At and above the adit
level, in the main orebody, three lodes or branch lodes
are worked, and the rock between them was often mine-
ralized. Below the adit only the eastern or hanging-wall
lode shows any strength; little ore has been found at
or below the 80-ft. level. In the upper workings the
mineralization occurred over a width of 30 ft., with
some fine veins of solid mineral; masses of solid molyb-
denite have been found; one piece weighing over 4 cwt.
was presented to Sheffield University. The hanging wall
is gneissic granite, while the footwall is often porphy-
ritic. Outside the main orebody the fissure is badly de-
fined and erratic, and there is little impregnation of the
country rock with molybdenite. There remains a con-
siderable tonnage of arches and pillars to remove, and
several thousand tons of dumps and tailings to re-treat.
The plant consists of the usual crushing machinery and
one Elmore unit. The company owns a 150-hp. hydro-

.March 16. L918

ENGINEERING AND MINIM, J01 i

r.di

electric plant, with oil engine auxiliaries, Fne output
of the mine has nol been regular and has averaged Ave
tons of 75 to 90 concentrates per month. This plant
lias produced some high-grade concentrates, as high as
94' . but latterly the grade lias been lower.

The Kvina mine is situated on the same mineral belt

;.s the Knaben, and about a mile to the ninth. The lode
is very flat and worked entirely through adits. At the
surface there was a strong quart/, outcrop, but the lode
was never defined as at Knaben No. 1. The hanging
wall is granite, and the footwall appears to be entirely
broken up, and a large amount of segregation to have
taken place, so that masses of quartz and pegmatite are
found. The ore occurs at the contact of the quartz and
granite and also at the quartz and pegmatite contacts,
and there is a good deal of impregnation of the granite.
Masses of molybdenite-impregnated rock often occur in
the footwall, apparently far removed from any contact.
The concentrator is well designed and contains two El-
more units, a picking belt, and a Grondal mill; a feature
being that three-throw plunger pumps are used in place
of bucket elevators. The company operates its own hy-
dro-electric plant. The ore is low grade, probably about
0.3', or even less. At pre-war prices there could have
been but little profit; now, however, the company is
doing well, and produces from three to four tons of
TV concentrates per month.

Knaben No. 2 mine is situated about two miles south
of Knaben No. 1. A mass of molybdenite-impregnated
granitic gneiss is being developed. Crosscuts and open-
cuts show this mass to extend over a length of several
hundred feet, and in some places to over 100 ft. in
width. Its depth is not known. Well-mineralized joints
are found throughout the mass, which is expected to
mill about 0.5 cc MoS2. Crushing plant sufficient for
two Elmore units is being erected, and one of the latter
is already installed. The main-adit crosscut is being
connected with the concentrator by means of an aerial
ropeway about one-half mile long.

Important Development at Ornehommen Mine

The Ornehommen is an important Norwegian com-
pany started since the war. The plant and workings are
situated about a mile northwest of Knaben No. 2. The
company has erected an 80-hp. hydro-electric plant and
a large concentrator capable of holding four Elmore
units, two of which are erected; the mine and concen-
trator are connected by means of a short single-rope
aerial tramway. The mine consists of crosscuts and
adit levels driven on a narrow and erratic mineralized
fissure in granite, and has produced a ton or two of
concentrates since the starting of the concentrator in
July last. The company is believed to be on the lookout
for other properties in the district : it incurred a capital
expenditure of 1,100,000 kr. before producing.

Baenkehei is a small mine adjoining No. 2 Knaben on
the north, and is also working on a small mineralized
joint in the granite. Its plant consists of an oil engine
and one flotation unit, which started in July and has
produced a ton or two of low-grade concentrates.

LiUeknaben mine is owned by an English company,
and is situated immediately south of No. 1 Knaben. The
company is erecting a Minerals Separation flotation
plant. Little underground work has been done, but
there is a mineralized fissure showing on the surface.

I ted south of Knal i

and is being opi ned up aa a trial bj some of th< >
shan -I unit. The

Roma, Sand!

which so far have done little n
Gl

The Gursli mine is situ;.;
Moi, a station on the ran i Stavangei to Flek-

kefjord. The , ompanj I.

war, and a large output from anticipated,

Nearly 1,000,000 kr. has been expended m bringing it
to a producing stare. Tl ;■ occurs on tin' I

of a cliff on the shore Of a lake, and two parallel insures
have been crosscut ami driven on at two cm els.

The rock in which t1 cur is probably imrite,

and the molybdenite is not as pure as that usually found
in the Knaben district. Mica and copper pyrites occur
in sufficient quantities to interfere with the concentra-
tion. At present the mine does not show indications
that these mineralized fissures in the more basic rock
will prove more prolific as molybdenite bearers than
have the similar occurrences in granitic gneiss. Within
a short distance of the mill the company has begun work
en a molybdenite-impregnated norite mass, but it ap-
pears to be of low grade and to carry the interfering
minerals above referred to.

The concentrator contains a more ambitious crushing
plant than is usual at these mines, and has two Elmore
units erected, with space prepared for two more. The
company first erected a small flotation plant at Flek-
kefjord. Its experimental running, however, was said
not to have been satisfactory; at any rate, an Elmore
plant was chosen for the large plant at the mine. The
Gursli II is at present only a prospect; it has been on
the market for some time.

Siredalen and Mandal Districts

Siredalen is reached from Sirnes, a station on the
railway near Flekkefjord. The Orsdal mine from 1904
onward was worked for some years by the British
Molybdenum Co., Ltd., but after making a small pro-
duction was abandoned, and has recently been taken up
by a Norwegian company. The mine is interesting as
producing small quantities of wolfram. .The Sandsmark
is a new local company and little is known of its pros-
pects, though it is erecting a concentrator containing
two Elmore units.

The Bykle is an old mine in a very inaccessible part
of the country. The ore is low grade and impure, and
the mine is not at present in operation, though attempts
have recently been made to restart it.

The Undal mine is a new property in a new district,
and a Norwegian company of large capital has spent
large sums on its development and equipment. No un-
derground work has yet been done, but a number of
opencuts over a length of 700 miles have shown the
occurrence of three or more parallel joints or veins in
granite. At some points these joints are well mineral-
ized, and the intervening rock, over widths varying
from 5 to 20 ft., is strongly mineralized with dissemi-
nated molybdenite. A well-built and rather ambitious-
looking concentrator has been erected, containing a
powerful crushing plant with two Grondal mills and
four Elmore units. The motive power is a semi-Diesel

NEERING AJSfD MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105. No. 11

successful future
atment difficulties and

normal.

the port

[Veitsund and by motor

1 1 , Dalen mine is

tern end o( Lake Bandaks.

■ through magnificent

i the Hardanger Fjord,

works are situated. The

reducing at the end of 1916, and

i molybdenite than any

in a similar period. The mine is

the lake, and is connected

• r on the lake by an aerial ropeway.

Deposj in Siliceous slate

consists of a flat "hungry-
rein in a fine-grained siliceous slate. The
es in width from 3 ft. to a few inches,
- on the mountain side over a length of
It dips slightly to the west and does not ex-
lend into the mountain, but peters out to a mere stringer
The slate walls are clean; there
. nation of molybdenite into the slate. The
rtl vein is faulted by vertical faulting planes, and
in i two smaller and parallel veins are show-

In the neighborhood are other masses of barren
and a small copper mine has also been in opera-
The quartz vein would appear to be an apophysis
ranite which occurs about a mile off on the
• h side of the lake, and the whole occurrence seems
to indicate that the molybdenite in the granite is to be
attributed to the quartz constituent of that rock.

The Dalen concentrator contains two Elmore units,
;>nd the motive power is oil engines. Besides concen-
trates the mine produces clean hand-picked ore, includ-
ing cryst.il> of molybdenite. A special price is paid for
rhese crystals provided they attain a certain diameter.
It is stated that the perfect cleavage of the crystals en-
able to be separated of a mica-like form and that
these leaves are used for the intensifiers in wireless
telegraphy.

The Haugholmen and Bandaksli mines are situated
in the granite on the south side of the lake and produce
•nail amount of high-grade hand-picked ore. Berge
Gruber and Sinnaes and Noraberg are all prospects
under trial, the two former near Vraadal, and the latter
near Dalen.

If MEN, HAUGESUND AM) NORTHERN DISTRICTS

In the Drammen district several trials have been made
-mall highly mineralized fissures in granite. Some
fine specimens and a few hundredweight of clean hand-
led ore obtained, but so far there are no mines of
importance. The Syversvolden mine is being developed
. v
In the northern part of Norway on the island of Ost-
rnall mine called the Vattenfjord, equipped
h one Elmore unit, which makes a small, intermittent
tion. Molybdenite is said to occur at other
in the north at Smolen, Langvaten and Tjaars-
kampen; but the available information indicates
oduction from the northern districts is at
nificant.

Reviewing the above bald statement of facts as re-
ds the present state of the Norwegian molybdenum
industry, the question thai naturally arises is: What
effect will the artificial stimulant of the war have upon
the future of the molybdenum output? The answer, of
course, depends on what will be the after-war demand
and price for molybdenum. Provided the post-war price
not fall below 80s. (about $19) per unit of MoS„
the Norwegian output of molybdenum could be main-
tained at about 100 tons per annum, which figure would
represent a doubling of the pre-war production. It is
also probable that in the near future ferromolybdenum
will be manufactured in Norway, the conditions in that
country being particularly favorable for electro-metal-
lurgical operations.

Tungsten Manufacture at Widnes,
England

Owing to the curtailment in the supply of tungsten
following the declaration of war, the British govern-
ment sanctioned the erection at Widnes, in Lancashire,
of a works for the production of tungsten powder. This
plant was built through the cooperative action of a
number of makers of high-speed steels. In order to
secure an adequate supply of raw material, the High
Speed Steel Alloys, Ltd. (the company controlling the
works), purchased tungsten mines at Tavoy, in Burma,
where active development is in progress. The Oct. 26
issue of Engineering gives the following account of the
treatment methods used at Widnes:

The ore, wolframite, is received crushed to pass a 1-in.
ring. The ore is first sampled and assayed, and is then
raised to a series of bins on a higher floor, lots of ore
of different quality being kept separate. From these
bins it passes to grinding machines and thence to cal-
cining furnaces, magnetic separators, or fine-grinding
mills, according to its nature. Ores containing tin or
bismuth are subjected to magnetic separation, the tung-
sten mineral being slightly magnetic.

The finely ground ore is mixed with a calculated
quantity of sodium carbonate and the mixture heated
to about 1000° C. in hand-fired reverberatory furnaces
and subjected to constant rabbling. The ore mixture is
selected to yield a uniform furnace product, as far as is
practicable. The furnace charge is drawn off into slag
pots, and when cool is broken up by hammers and fed to
a jaw breaker, where it is reduced to about 1-in. cubes,
then finely ground and the sodium tungstate extracted
in steam-heated circular vats. The solution is passed
through filter presses, decomposed by hydrochloric acid,
the tungstic oxide being washed by decantation, passed
through centrifuges from which it is taken in the form
of a thick, yellow paste, and dried.

Scheelite, tin-tungsten slimes, tin residues mixed with
small quantities of tungsten ore, and other residues are
treated in a separate plant and the impure sodium tung-
state is purified before it is used in the main process.
The tungstic oxide is reduced (procedure not described)
and the metal ground to powder, washed, and dried.
Given adequate supplies of ore, the works are capable
of producing daily three tons of tungsten powder of
99°/, purity — a quality higher than that obtained in
the German product.

March L6, 1918

ENGINEERING SND MINING 101 RN \l.

The Branch-Raise Sub-Level Caving System

of the Ruth Mine

.1 system of caving thai combines in modified
forms the branch-raise system of the Inspiration
ami the stope-sill sub-level </< velopmeni of tin
lines. The self-caving characti r of the Ruth
orebody and capping is utilized and started by
simple horizontal undercutting and controlled by
drawing through a system o) raises to a nu
haulagt level that is driven in wasU bclon- th.

THE Ruth orebody of the Nevada Consolidated
Copper Co., so far as developed, is roughly oval in
plan, major and minor axes about 1600 ft. and 1200
ft. respectively, average thickness about 120 ft., and
with a general dip of about 15° to the northwest. Ac-
cording to generally accepted theory, the orehiuh

Orig&l&Z2

O D

O O

O □ G D O

O O D O O

O O C C □

C C C c □

C C C O D

c d c c r

CDDCC DOC

) Oi

ft

J:

r
rJr r

c r

VERTICAL SECTlOfi A -A

* i j a a a a
a a a a a a a

\\ d ■ ; J \ ii

&"5?

" " i
- '■
HORIZONTAL SECTION B - B

I X J J J

^?4

SECTION C-C

FIG. 1. SECTIONAL DIAGRAMS OP MINING METHul '

the result of a secondary enrichment of primary sul-
phides in porphyry leached in situ by meteoric waters
and reprecipitated below ground water level. Copper
occurs as chalcocite, chalcocite coating pyrite, and a lit-
tle chalcopyrite. The leached zone, or capping, covering
the ore varies in thickness from 110 to 540 ft., averag-
ing about 410 ft. The ore is blue gray in color, and the
capping, light yellow to brown.

Ore was first discovered in quantity on the levels from
the Ruth shaft, now caved. Further development was
by churn-drill holes, and the form and size of the ore-

* Abstract of a paper entitled "Branch-Raise System at the
Ruth mine, Nevada Consolidated Copper Co.." by Walter S. Larsh.
presented before the New York meeting of the American Institute
of Mining Engineers, February, 1918.

hotly were dl In illinj

in progn Intruded entii

w ithin sedi ntai es, limi

far aa the undi rgro ind

phj rj . the edimentariea near the contact, and the coun-
try u

soft, heavj . and 111 ; round All o)

ings have to be carefully and and con

i Ij i ased off and repaired,

The mine is at pi i ed bj two shafts, the Star

Pointer, the vertical main-working .-halt, and tin- [n
soil, an incline used fur i supplies. The two

shafts are about 2600 ft. apart at the surface, are con-
nected on the 500-ft. level, and a connection is now being
driven on the 600-ft. level. The 300-ft. level, which is
finished, and the 400-ft. level, which is nearly compli I
are accessible only from the Ingersoll shaft and con-
necting raises from the 500-ft. level.

The 300-ft. level was developed for the shrinkage
stope and pillar system, similar to that used successfully
at the Ray Consolidated Copper Co.'s mines. By this
method shrinkage stopes are carried up 10 to 15 ft.
wide in panels at 25-ft. centers and at right angle
a series of parallel hand-tramming drifts 25-ft. apart.
After the stopes are completed, the whole area is drawn,
the pillars between stopes cave and the capping is al-
lowed to settle. At the outset this method applied
to the Ruth orebody was fairly satisfactory, but after
a considerable area had been caved the weight became
so great that the tramming levels could not be main-
tained open for the passage of cars except at consider-
able expense.

Raises Remain Open Better Than Drifts

Branch raises were then driven to tap the tramming
drifts, as shown in Fig. 3, so that the ore could be run
directly to the motor-haulage level below. It was then
observed that these branch raises below the working
level stood up well, even when the level itself was heavy
and hard to hold. The next step was to do away with
the costly tramming level, and after some experimenting
with size of raises, position of square sets, fingers, etc..
the following system was evolved and is in use at
present:

On the 500-ft. level there were two parallel haulage-
ways about 200 ft. apart; a third was then driven mid-
way between. From these haulageways, branch raises
were driven, as shown in Fig. 1, so that the branches
intersect at a plane 50 ft. above the haulageways at 12i-
ft. intervals. The plane of a raise series is normal to
the haulageways, and the series are spaced at 25-ft.
centers. A square set is put in at the top of each of th"
branches, and from this square set twro short finger
raises are driven, as shown in Fig. 2. Control chute
gates are placed in the square sets at the bottom of the
finger raises. The tops of the finger raises are spaced
12*-ft. centers in the direction of the plane of the raise
series and alternately 14- and 11-ft. centers at righ'
angles to this plane, as shown in Figs. 1 and 2, the 14-
ft. spac'ng coming over the square sets and the 11-ft.

GINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 11

series.

a pony set

a i .nil drift Bet. The

artments, up to

with l \ 12 in., or 6 \ 12

round. They ar<

\\

\-

^J

SECTION

I'KT.UI.S OP TIMBERING AT FINGER RAISES

ft. 4 in. inside dimensions (chute 3x4 ft., manway 2x
3 ft., 4-in. divider;. The fingers are 3i x 3*-ft. square,
in the clear of 6 x 12-in. cribbing. Arc gates are used
in the pony sets, plank gates in the square sets, and a
grizzly, made of old rails, in the square set at the top
of each branch.

Orebody Undermined Over Area of Spaced Raises

The plane or slightly warped surface connecting the
of the fingers is considered the "draw" level, though
no level is maintained there. In mining, the tops of the
fingers in a raise series are connected by drifts, where
the ground will permit, as indicated by the broken line
in Section AA of Fig. 1; at every other branch the
drifts are connected by short crosscuts, leaving small pil-
lar- between drifts and crosscuts, which are then drilled
and blasted, thereby making a clean undercut or slice
at the "draw" level. In starting a new block, it is some-
times necessary to stope up for a short distance over the
first raise series, but after one or two series have been
:;-rcut the ground above the draw level caves readily,
and all that is then necessary is to undercut each suc-
ling raise series by running the crosscuts to the

already tunned and shooting the pillars to the cave,.
retreating from the outer limits of the orebody toward
the shaft. As there is a finger raise every 124 ft. the
undercutting can be started almost anywhere in a series.
It' the ground is too bad to permit undercutting by
drifts, as much of the work as possible is done from the
tops of each linger. It is never difficult to start a cave
in the Ruth. The men always work in virgin ground and
in small openings while driving the raises and in under-
cutting drifts and crosscuts. After the undercutting is
completed and the draw started, chute spouts and gates
are placed in the two remaining sides of the square set
not occupied by the finger raises, but no finger raises
are driven.

The critical part of the whole system is to draw the ore
properly alter it has been caved. Care must be taken
to pull the ore down evenly so as not to mix in the cap-
ping. The ore tonnage expectancy from each raise
series is calculated from the head of ore over the draw
level as predetermined by drill holes, raises, or other
workings, all data being charted. From the charts, a
working model showing the position of the capping over
each chute is made up. The amount to be drawn each
shift from each finger chute is determined daily by the
stope engineers from the charts, model and tons drawn
record, and the information is given to the foreman and
bosses. The angle of the contact between caved ore and
capping from raise series caved to completion to virgin
ground being undercut is maintained between 30 and 40
degrees.

The tons drawn from each raise are estimated by the
chute tappers and draw bosses. They report this to the
stope engineer. This estimate is checked against the
number of motor cars drawn from the main raises, and
the discrepancies are proportioned back to the fingers.
While this distribution is not absolute, it is not prac-
ticable actually to measure the amount drawn from each
finger. As the capacity of the motor cars is definitely
known, a good check is obtained for the production

£

v , ■:

Dh

o.

k~~

DH4

—

■ .>

30

\

1 a

1 a

7

.&

1

400"'

a

(

1

)>'<

;'i

n

j«

<,•<

<v

wv,

iyi

TV

nV, ' I

/

■

/

V

Y

^700

FIG. ?. DRILL-HOLE SECTION OF OREBODY AT RUTH

from each raise series; the errors compensate, and the
differences between "estimates" and actual car measure-
ments are not great, as with practice the chute tappers
becoming adapt in estimating (the cribbing in the raises,
which are all standard size, is of material assistance in
estimating the draw).

After the day's draw is corrected, it is plotted on the
charts. The model is then adjusted from the charts,
the remaining expectancy and the amount to be drawn

March 16, 1918

ENGINEERING AND MINING J01 RNAL

from each place are noted and tin- draw Bheeta made out
for the underground men. The charts and models
kepi up dailj and each shi El m its draw ni

The haulageways and main raises on and above the
600 ft. level are in ore, so that in drawing this oi
the next lower level the timber will be drawn in and
some trouble is expected. The mine is now being opened
up to establish the "draw" level at the bottom of the ore-
body except where the height of ore to be drawn will
exceed l-"> ft. The bottom of the orebody, as deter
mined by the churn-drill holes, was contoured and the
levels were laid out to give a maximum vertical interval
between draw and haulage levels of 80 ft. and a mini-
mum of 40 ft. As the raises are driven on a 50 vet
cal angle, the spacing of the haulage drifts is control
by the distance between the haulage level and the bot-
tom of the ore. The average cost of drifts is $25 and
raises $10 per ft., and allowing sufficient solid ground
over the drifts properly to protect them, the most eco-
nomical distance between draw and haulage levels is
60 feet.

In only one part of the mine has the drawing been
completed over an area large enough to use the results
as a basis of future expectations. In Block No. 1, over
the 500-ft. level, between raises Nos. 171 and 191, an
area drawn of 250 x 225 ft., the results obtained are
shown in the table.

ORE EXTRACTION FROM BLOCK NO. I

. — Expectancy — ■ • — Extraction — • Tom i

Tons Grade,?J Tons Grade, ', %

239,437 2 23 251,508 2 07 97.8

(a) The extraction in tons recovered represents the pn
drawn to tons of predetermined expectancy, and a 105% recovery Indicate

\i ure of 7 2% capping if it be assumed tliat 97 *' i
—Editor. j i trk-iJB <L~^?

Better results in extraction are obtained in drawing
over a fairly large area than in drawing a high narrow
orebody, as the ore has a much better chance to cave.
Drawing too rapidly causes chimneys of capping to run
down through the broken ore, which should be avoided.

The proposed development plan for the mine gives
an average height of ore of 97.5 ft. and an average dis-
tance between draw and haulage levels of 62 ft. A part
of the orebody which has a thickness of about 200 ft.
will be divided by the 600-ft. level into two drawing
levels; the rest of the mine will be developed by one
drawing level.

Refractory Properties of Silica

The refractory properties of silica is the subject of
a paper by H. Le Chatelier and B. Bogitch in Comptes
rend (translated in Journ. Soc. Chem. Ind.). The re-
puted melting point of kaolin (1700° C), according to
the authors, is the same as that of silica, but is really
the temperature at which the clay can just sustain a
load of about 1 gram per sq.cm. If the material is
loaded with 10 kg. per sq.cm., its melting point will be
400° C. lower. Silica, on the contrary, has a true melt-
ing point which is independent of the pressure, and
shows no appreciable softening. The pressure required
to crush an article made of silica decreases progressive-
ly with increased temperature, as shown by the follow-
ing results on a "Star" (U. S. A.) silica brick: 15° C,
170 kg. per sq.cm.; 520°, 158; 670°, 150; 800°, 139;
950°, 125; 1050°, 120; 1200°, 85; 1320°, 62; 1460°, 50;
1540°, 37; and 1600° C, 30 kg. per sq.cm. On extrap-

olal normal b

tlire ill

.lid Olllj
I"'!

i ed.
This median

i d le I ...
a In I

silica forms a e.,,,! i: .. . i k. 1 lie pores of w |

are penetrated by the moll without alle. ■

the strength of the I. nek. The fi
work l.\ th« llization - the

different solul ^rtz

crystallizing from the molten magma fij
and later as tridyi

The quality of silica bricks depends primarily on the
developn a satisfactory network by careful ■

trol of the proportion the

bricks when in use, the formation of the network, and
its eventual destruction. Several bricks which gave ex-
cellent results in use were found to contain 3-5% metal-
lic oxides corresponding to 8-14^ sulphates, the ratio of
the oxides to sulphates averaging 35: 100. This ratio
may be determined with fair rapidity and is character-
istic of satisfactory silica bricks. The temperature at
which the bricks should be burned depends on the pur-
pose for which they are to be used. For lining steel
furnaces, a burning temperature of 1700° C. is desir-
able. For the distillation of oil, on the contrary, a much
lower burning temperature will suffice, and the bricks
may contain twice the metallic oxides mentioned above.

The formation of the network is the most delicate
part of the manufacture of silica bricks. It requires a
prolonged heating at about 1450° C. for several days,
the rate of formation being most rapid when the
grains of quartz in the brick are extremely minute.
A sufficiency of larger grains must be present, however,
in order to prevent the formation of the minute fissures
which are produced when the material is composed
wholly of fine grains.

When the bricks in use are heated rapidly to the
temperature at which any unconverted quartz grains
are inverted, the expansion which accompanies this
change of form breaks the network and lessens the
strength of the bricks. Moreover, the pressure of the
brickwork in an arch opposes any lateral expansion and
produces spalling, which is one of the worst defects of
badly made silica bricks. In a well-burned brick, an ex-
pansion also occurs at the moment when larger grains
of quartz are inverted to cristobalite, but its effect is
less serious, as these grains are able to expand in all
directions, and it occurs sufficiently slowly for the net-
work to be reformed at the point where it has been
damaged. Nevertheless, this phenomenon notably re-
duces the strength of the bricks. The results of de-
terminations of the sulphate equivalent of the oxides,
true and apparent sp.gr., and the crushing strength
at 1600° C. after 60 re-heatings showed clearly that
good silica bricks, after heating for one hour at 1600° C,
have a crushing strength of at least 10 kg. per sq.cm.
A prolongation of the heating at this temperature re-
duces the crushing strength of well-fired bricks, but in-
creases that of underburned ones.

[NEERING AM' MINIM; JiUKNAL

Vol. 105, No. 11

■ oi Gold with Charcoal
( anide Solutions*

it ions by

Yuanmi

a. after exhaustive

.its were obtained

the wati • a down-

. in which local mulga

was a waste product.

charcoal was occluded

e red hot produced the best results.

if ash ami the clean

to be determined

at icn tests: all must pass

: M..M. standard). Experi-

rushed charcoal h I imes

iwer of dry-crushed charcoal, and

rticles have a greater efficiency than the

mesh product.

ed by means of a centrifu-
pump ii • Moore-Edmands precipitation units

equipped with filter frames of the vacuum type, spaced
aters; the agitation of cyanidi in, which

•ed to the units, and of the charcoal sludge, was
eftV ropellers attached to a spindle revolving in

the a of the precipitation unit at 190 r.p.m.

The units were charged with about 300 lb. of charcoal
dry weight). Before cake forming was started,
the pulp was thoroughly agitated. To prevent channel-
ing while the process was going on, the vacuum was
periodically shut off, the cakes were dropped, and the
sludge was thoroughly agitated.

The capacity of charcoal to precipitate gold soon de-
The process was therefore carried on in two
or more .nide solution drawn off from

the first unit was delivered by the vacuum pump to a
age tank, whence it flowed to the second precipita-
tion unit, and so on. When the charcoal in the first unit
r for rapid precipitation, the charcoal in
the second unit was -till little impaired. The flow of
solutions was then reversed, and the maximum precipi-
tating power from a given quantity of charcoal ob-
tained. The amount of gold precipitated per ton (2000
lb. ) of mulga charcoal averaged about 770 ounces.

When the precipitating power of the charge in the
units neared exhaustion, as indicated by assay, the plant
cleaned up. A charge lasted from 10 to 20 days,
according to the amount of gold in the solutions. Pre-
cipitation was not directly proportional to value of solu-
tions, but rich solutions more speedily exhausted the
•r to precipitate rapidly. To clean up, the vacuum
released and the cakes ware dropped and emulsified
the propellers. The sludge was run in^o a concrete
tank beneath the units and the moisture removed in a
clean-up press of the ordinary type. While damp
enough still to be adhesive, the precipitate was placed in
lumps in braziers constructed of strong wire screening,
aperture, and burned to an ash, a process which
took about a day and a half and was carried out in a
■.amber. There was practically no loss by
dusting or volatilization. The ash remaining to be

smelted amounted to about one-third of the weight of
charcoal fed into the units. There was no trouble in
smelting the ash with the usual fluxes, and the wear on
crucibles was much less than from zinc precipitate. The
smelted gold, without refining, was remarkably pure.

British Mineral Production

i mistical report for 1916 has just been issued
1>\ the British Home Office. The mineral and metal
output from mines and quarries is presented in the
following tables, which give the 1916 and 1915 pro-
duction:

MINI KM IMii U)l CTloV. I XI VI I) KINGDOM

M Ineral

Alum shale

Antimiin\ ore

pou

flint . etc
and shale

I ore

ad

i a

Iron ore
Iron pyril es

Lead ore

te
I mi, stone < othei than ch rtk)

Mangan re

\:ii ural gas
I ich ■! umber, etc
tie

Salt

Sam Iston

Slate

Soapston

Sulphatt ol strontia

I in ore (dri S9ed)

Tungsten ores

1 ' aniuin ore

Zinc ore

Metal

Aluminum

Antimony
I opp ' . ton

Gold (bar), oz

tron, tons

ons

Silver, oz. . ...

Sodium

ton ....

■ us

I"' I (elusive nl 112 tuns of micaceous iron ore, used for paint, and placed

I'll1 th hi ading "< Icher, Umber, etc " (6) Exclusive of 302 tons of micaceous

iron ore, used for paint, and placed under the heading "Ocher, Umber, etc."

feet, (d) Information not supplied. (e) Contained in antimony ore

i ml lead ore.

1015

1916

1 ong 1 "us

I'm" 1 ons

7,911

6,261

21

421

300

2,496

2.545

62,477

76,034

11.721

10.329

1.986

1.095

3,233,897

2,78h. 12 1

102,698

50,592

8.871.821

6,500.388

253,206,081

256,375,366

579

787

243

241

33.123

54,711

5,086

1,338

2,350,267

1,961,650

247,229

219,284

6,085,415

4,843,176

14,235,012 (o)

13,494.658(61

10,535

10,481

20,744

17,107

1,783

500

11.115,909

10,541.573

4,b40

5,140

87.0UII i,i

85,000 (c)

8,989

10,159

2,998.652

3,009,232

2,005,605

1,960,448

2.520,856

1,999,308

226,037

176,827

850

301

640

2.513

8,144

7.892

331

394

82

51

12,057

8.476

ED KINGDOM

ORES

1915

191,

(d)

(d)

4(«)

U)

234}

278

1,256

273

4,567,351

4,319,096

15,520

12,573

96,448

86,485

(./I

(d)

4,968

4.697

4,096

3,000

*£*' Paper by If. <;. Walton. Report of the De-

l 1916. UK

German Oil-Saving Rules

These methods of saving lubricating oils are posted
in the machine shops of Germany:

Use only closed oil cans, with spouts that will deliver
drops, or at most only a thin stream.

Use all lubricating apparatus strictly according to in-
structions and put the oil only where it will actually lubri-
cate. If a machinue has automatic droppers, shut off the
supply while machine is standing.

Do not use cylinder oil on shafting or elsewhere when
cheaper oil will answer.

Keep all rubbing surfaces in good condition. Rough sur-
faces and too tight boxes consume more oil. Worn and
leaky bearings waste oil.

Always use drip pans, and arrange to filter and cleanse
the oil so caught. It is as good as new.

Collect all greasy waste and wiping cloths, so that the
oil may be recovered. Never burn them.

Be careful about using lubricating oil for cooling a bear-
ing. Water will often do as well.

Be careful about using oil for cleaning and polishing.
Never clean the hands with oil. A greasy cloth will do
as well.

March 16, 1018 ENGINEERING AND WINING fOl R fAL

The Sloean

Bi rton Brali \

WE'\ I- made the motto of "Safet) I;

A son of a 1 1 1 1 i \ ersal phrase,
And miiic and shop are no longer cursl

\\ iih the carelessn the olden da

h isn't a warning we should forget,

But, i ill our menacin
Tin we need is finer yd :

We shout the slogan of "Country First!"

W E'RE all in service: the boys in line
"Out there somewhere" in a muddj trench;

The mucker down in the deepest mine.
The workman, toiling at lathe and bench;

The shaftman, riding the rattling ca|

The clerk, in letters and bills immersed —

Each has his part in the war we wage,

\nd each must think of his Country First.

SO we won't be judged by the dividends

That the mine ma}- pay, but the work we do,
And the part we take till the conflict ends,

And the fight for justice and truth is through.
Miner and manager, smelterman,

Whatever the task in which we're versed,
We'll do our bit if we only plan

And sweat and labor for Country First.

LET old-time enmities be forgot,

Let ancient standards be cast aside —
The test is whether we win or not

And whether the things we love abide.
For cash and profit are naught today;

We fight a foeman malign, accurst.
And selfish purposes fade away

Before this slogan of "Country First!"

MINING JOURNAL Vol. 105, No. 11

mimwiii in ' iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii!ii|u

I Steam-Shovel Operations on the Mesabi

,ni, I,. I, mini iiiiiiiiiimii iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimii iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiimiiiiiii iiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiie

MODEL 91 S SHOVEL LOADING ORE

. 91S SHOVEL LOADING BROKEN TACONITE AND ORE

.March 16, UMS

ENGINEERING AND MINING J01 EtNAL

4J

^T • % ■ - -"* v T • "til \M

**>,

fc c-

<- ^

■

A TRAIN OF 20-CU.YD. AUTOMATIC DUMPING STRIPPING CARS ON :!0-FT. DUMP

MODEL 91 SHOVEL LOADING ORE. NOTE CREST OF PIT IN BACKGROUND

ENGINEERING AND MIXINO JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 11

Mow Draper Brought Out the Platinum

Dthe United States
u ho were abroad had
a to why
sure thai she would
a fellow mining
rmined that he was going to
ould, because he was
required in America
■ • .•. as we all know— that
• obtaining much platinum from
■ putting it to a use to which we were
utenant Stines happened
with large banking interests in Petro-
! his undertaking, and
ahead and collect all the platinum

this platinum had to be collected in
11 as in competition with the German

there was mure or less difficulty and some
bed to that, but an amount was collected
: in Petrograd, worth about $2,100,000. To
the amount that I had chained to
wrist, let me say that when it was boxed and ready
it weighed 1965 pounds.
Well, when we had this platinum in Petrograd, the
que-' getting it over here. Lieutenant

ached the American Express Co., which had
recently appointed an agent in Russia, and suggested
that it undertake to deliver this platinum in America.
That was ;. little more than the agent wanted to under-
take on his >wn responsibility, so he telegraphed to
York and ^ot the reply that under no circum-
wonld it be touched at all. As I happened to be
-ulting engineer to some of the people
interested, when I drifted into Petrograd in a peaceful
frame of mind they informed me that I was going to
take it out. 1 won't repeat exactly what I said at first,
but in tl tid, "Well, I suppose I am, then," but I

add' will have to do exactly as I want and make

exactly the arrangements that I desire," because I knew
that full of German agents who would not

any means in accomplishing their ends.
Tha" The second factor was that,

where the Trans-Siberian R.R. passes through Man-
churia, there were certain tribes of Manchurian bandits
which, if they had known that this material was com-
uldn't have hesitated to hold up the
train, or to hold up all trains that came through, until
found the right one; and as at the time there was
anywhere, and no authority, these
; have been quite fearless. I didn't, how-
ever much about that, because I was sure that
nich might be sent from Petrograd re-
my departure would get to their destination
• after my train had passed; telegrams in Russia
mail, and the mail trains are slower
•:rian express. But anyway, I said, "Put
platinum in boxes that are so big that one man

couldn't pick up and run away with a box." It was
in nine boxes, each weighing, on an average, 215 pounds.

At first 1 said I wanted a private car on the Siberian
express so that no one could get in at all, and then

er thinking about it. I said, "No, that would draw
attention to myself. 1 don't want to draw attention at
all: I want to go along as if 1 didn't have anything of
special value." So, the embassy was asked to get three
adjoining con partments on the Siberian express, which
it did.

shipment of the platinum had been arranged
through the Department of Commerce, and it was un-
tood before I left that it would be placed at the
posal of the U. S. Government, either in part or all
of it, as the Government might elect. Consequently, it
was sealed in Petrograd with the embassy seals on the
outside of the boxes, and I was provided with a courier's
letter and some envelopes for delivery in Tokio. That
was necessary in order to avoid the inquisitive custom
officials who might want to know what was in the boxes
and might take samples of the platinum; and if they
had taken samples it is doubtful what would have been
left after they had got through. Having the boxes
sealed by the embassy, and with the courier's letter, I
was pretty sure that I could bluff them out.

The train leaves Petrograd at 8 o'clock in the evening,
and at about half past 6 we loaded the boxes on a dray
at the bank and went down through the Nevsky with
them, with the bank's porters to carry them on board
the train. When we got down to the station, which
was more or less congested, because there were big
crowds on the platform due to the fact that a train
carrying all classes of passengers leaves on the adjoin-
ing track for Archangel, there were soldiers, peasants
and every other class. We got the platinum on a truck
and carried it down the platform, but the porter of
the car at once said, "You can't take it in there." I re-
plied, "We have got to take this, it is embassy stuff."
He repeated that I couldn't have it in the car; but after
six years' experience I knew more or less what to do —
it is only a question of how much, that is all. I decided
how much he needed, and fortunately my guess was
right. Anyway, there was no more difficulty about put-
ting it in the car. It had been arranged that the cashier
of the bank should go along with me, and we two decided
that we wouldn't overdo our precautions and that we
wouldn't even keep the compartment doors closed all the
time, though of course we didn't both go away at the
same time. One of us went to the restaurant car first
and the other went when the first had finished.

Well, we left Petrograd all right and everything was
peaceful until we got to Vologda, which is a station
about 15 hours from Petrograd. There trouble with the
returning soldiers began. You see, the Russian idea
of freedom, especially the soldier's, is that any accom-
modations that anybody else has got he is quite free to
take. We were unfortunate when we came into Vologda
in that there was a troop train of demobilized soldiers,
a great many of whom were going to Siberia. They de-
cided that the express would be much better and very
much more comfortable to travel on than the freight

March L6, 1918

ENGINEERING AND MINIM; J01 I

:.ii

cars which they were using, and so they were going to
take it and pack everybodj out. Well, there was a

anient al" mt it. and 1 think that the Station master
didn't know lor a tew minutes whether he WEI i- • i i nyr

tn have a funeral next daj or what. Finally, all hut

Bboul 50 el' them were paeil'ied and gol Olil "I' the wa\ ;

ni these, about 25 or 30 climbed on tn the roofs nt' the
cars and the rest of them got on the platforms and in
the corridors. But they were more or less peaceful and.
a little way down the line, most of them pit off. Then.
as we went along further we passed troop trams two or
three times. Special trains are allotted to the soldiers,
and as even then there were SO many difficulties due In

their crowding on to the passenger trains, the schedule
was arranged in this way: Special trains for soldiers
were run ahead o{ the regular passenger trains and
the passenger trains never attempted to pass troop
trains, because the soldiers would all get oil" and pile on
to the passenger train if this were done.

Our express caught up to a troop train twin', and the
soldiers stopped us. as they were short of engines. It
would never do for the bourgeoisie to go ahead of sol-
diers, they argued, and so they would have to take our
engine and go ahead. I didn't care anything about that,
if they would only stay out of our train so that we could
remain. There was food in the dining car and we didn't
care particularly about a little lost time.

Such little difficulties aside, we didn't encounter any
trouble until we got to the frontier at Manchuria. There
the customs men were very insistent, and said that they
would have to see what was in my boxes. I showed
them my letter with the seals on it, which was written
both in English and in Russian, and succeeded in bluffing
them off. One of them stated that his superior officer
would demand from him a report, and I said I had em-
bassy documents and that if he would apply to the
embassy in Petrograd very likely they would tell him
what the documents were. Going across the rest of
the way to Vladivostok, I didn't find any difficulty. Now
that it is all over, I don't see why I worried about it.

My instructions were that when I reached Vladivostok
I would find shipping directions. When I reached Vladi-
vostok I didn't find anything, but I deposited all the
platinum in the bank and then began to wonder what I
should do. Then, however, I got a telegram from Petro-
grad saying that evidently the telegram to the New
York representatives hadn't been permitted to pass the
censor and that I must repeat it. So, I had to leave the
platinum in Vladivostok and go to Japan to telegraph
to New York for instructions. It took eleven days to
get a reply from New York to Yokohama. This, of
course, was due only to war conditions and because the
cables were overcrowded with work. However, I finally
got an answer, and my troubles began just when I
thought they were all over.

I had figured it all out that I could go back to Vladi-
vostok, get the platinum and take it over by a certain
steamer, reaching Y'okohama at a certain date, and from
there ship it by express. I got it all fixed up and started
for Vladivostok. When I got to Tsuruga, the Japanese
port from which the boats leave for Vladivostok, the
steamer of the Russian volunteer fleet was one day late
in coming in. It seems that it had had a characteristic
occurrence. One of the firemen had insulted a passen-

'I the thi had

i' pi imandi d him. a thins which in thi

forbidden, i la- fireman pi informed

offii er "i i: .,|„| tnen ,( reached

captain and ended in i of a row. When tin-

captain gol ha. k to \

ner ou1 unlesa this fireman v. urged. Well,

i hi ftremai pul the ca e up to t he Wot ncil,

and after debating the matter, the steamer meanwhile
lying at the duck, the Workn - decided

the liren an wa In OUldn'f haw

insulted the pas I

to blame, in thai they shouldn't have railed this fellow

dow n. Then, ii ler that there shouldn't I an

gain, the council decided thai it would ap
point a i sail on the slop in order to

the peace between the captain and the crew. Well, of
course, the . naturallj said that he wa

running the ship or he wasn't running the ship, and he
wouldn't put to sea m that way. All this had delayed
the boat, and when finally we got to Vladivostok we v
about a daj and a half late.

Well, I had three days to spare, and I thought things
were still all right. The boat should have sailed ag
on Saturday night, but owing to the delay had not had
time to load before Sunday noon, and therefore we made
arrangements with the bank to get the platinum out
on Sunday, which required the presence of the bank
employees on a holiday. In these days of freedom they
don't like to work. They never did, but they like it
less now. They finally agreed to be on hand and we got
the platinum down to the boat, which was to sail at
5 o'clock. The whistle was blown once and so I felt that
it was now all right, and I could say good-bye to Russia.
I waited, and when the second whistle didn't come, I
began to get uneasy because I had the platinum in my
stateroom with me; and when more time passed and
still the steamer didn't leave, I made inquiries of the
captain. "Well," he said, "the repairs aren't finished
yet." It seems that the steamer had two feed pumps in
the boiler room, but that one had been out of commis-
sion for three months and that the tovarishi, which is
the Russian for workmen and corresponds with the
word citizen as used in the French Revolution, hadn't
been able, or more likely willing, to repair it, and now
the other one had broken down and wouldn't take in
water. However, the captain said, "We are going at
8 o'clock," and so I waited till 8 o'clock, becoming more
and more uneasy because a great many people in Vladi-
vostok knew that this platinum had arrived or was
about to arrive. The telegrams to the consul with in-
structions to help us had leaked out from the telegraph
office.

When 8 o'clock came and we didn't leave, it was said,
"We are going at 10"; 10 o'clock came, and still no sign
of departure. So I looked for the captain, and, not
finding him, located the first officer, who said, "We are
going at 11 o'clock." At 11 o'clock we didn't go. I was
getting pretty nervous and pretty tired. I finally said
to the first officer, "Well, what are you going to do?"
He said, "I don't know, they haven't finished the repairs
yet. I think, though, we will go about 12 o'clock." I
then made up my mind that I was in for it and might
as well lie down anyway; so I locked up the port holes

i;m;i ;Nl> MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 11

. and my wo]
much because 1 -

iVhen I awoke we were
ain again.

■ will be up i" a

to do,"

to him, "What are

;; I, "The repairs are

.. tew minutes."
hour afterward, but
tiles, I guess, and
1 felt 0 ptain

sent out and was gone perhaps
but didn't say anything. A
. to look out through a port
aging around and 1 said.
do BOW?" He replied. "We are
eed pump don't work": and we got
■ • o'clock. 1 said to the captain,
g to do?" Be said, "The man-
ick tomorrow morning. I
.11 tell us what the plans are." That is typi-
There was nothing therefore to do but
•her night on board with the platinum.
The rning at 0 o'clock I hunted up the man-

ted that: "We have lost so much time
:>rht just a.s well wait and sail on schedule
- turd ay." That is also typical. Thus, there
•>g to do but to employ Chinese carts and
-. to again parade the streets of Vladivos-
tok to the bank, and wait until the next Saturday.

• irday we did a little better and got away all
right. oon as we were over in Japan I didn't

have to w< rry any more. I had made arrangements for
D the Japanese railways, in which to put
the platinum. As usual, the Japanese reporters were
on hand and wanted to know what the special car was
for. But I was very non-committal, and as I didn't
want to tell them anything, they looked upon me as a
ispicious character. When I arrived in Yokohama
and had delivered the platinum to the American Express
Company, the police began to investigate me and I dis-
covered that there had been a detective watching my
family for the last week. The Japanese are most effi-
cient and they published a very nice little piece in the
paper about me; it reads as follows:

-looking American, who poses as a Bos-
ton merchant, arived at Tsuruga from Vladivostok on
the morning of the 19th and came to Yokohama, the next
day. He is now registered at a hotel at Yamashita-cho.
aid in this connection that he has been staying in
i since the outbreak of the war, at which time he
went there from America on some important unknown
The police of Yokohama failed to draw any
information from the stranger, and are now keeping a
watch on his movements. The American is expected to
! • j of Chins -hortly."
That is about all there is to it. While the platinum
n Japan it was in the hands of the American Ex-
Company, and it was quite a simple matter for
come the rest of the way. But those little ex-
typically Russian they will
bear in mind, especially this idea, "We will sail
• Saturday; what's the use of hurrying?"

\hlv Rene Just Hauy Celebration

The 175th anniversary of the birth of Abbe Rene .lust
Haily, Founder o( the science of crystallography, was
celebrated on the evening of Feb. 28 at the American
Museum of Natural History, in New York. The meet-
ing was held under the auspices of the Museum, in coop-
eration with the New York Academy of Sciences, Sec-
tion E of the American Association for the Advance-
ment of Science, the New York Mineralogical Club and
other institutions. A paper on the life and work of
Abbe Hauy, written by the late Louis Pope Gratacap,
former curator of mineralogy at the Museum, was read
by the secretary of the celebration committee, Herbert
I'. Whitlock.

Abbe Hauy was born in 1743 in a small village in
France and was educated at the Abbey St. Just. It
was through his friendship with Dauberton, the min-
eralogist, that he became interested in the study of
crystals, which resulted in his discovery of the principle
upon which crystallography is based. He was admitted
to the Academy of Sciences, in Paris, in 1783.

George Frederick Kunz, president of the New York
Mineralogical Club, was the chairman of the celebra-
tion committee. Among those who spoke at the meet-
ing were Robert A. A. Johnston, of the Geological Sur-
vey of Canada; Volney Lewis, of the State University
of New Jersey, and Alexander N. Phillips, of Princeton
University. Letters were read from Henry S. Wash-
ington, of the Geophysical Laboratory, Washington, D.
C. ; Edward S. Dana, of Yale University, and Frank D.
Adams, of McGill University, Montreal.. Dr. Albert
Lacroix, Professor of Mineralogy at the Paris Mu-
seum of Natural History, who is now occupying the
chair of Abbe Hauy, was the honorary chairman of the
celebration committee.

An exhibition of books, portraits and other mem-
orabilia was shown in special cases in the Mineralogical
Hall of the Museum. A collection of books, prints and
photographs was assembled for the celebration in the
Stuart Gallery of the New York Public Library and
also at the New York State Library at Albany.

Norway's Raw-Material Department

A new department of the Norwegian government has
been established, called the Department of Industrial
Supply. It has a separate cabinet minister, and the
activities of the new department, according to the New
York Tribune, will comprise providing for and properly
distributing raw materials for Norwegian industries.
Special attention will be given to developing the natural
resources of the country; for example, utilizing native
ores of iron, copper and nickel, turning the ore into
metal and working the metal into merchantable con-
dition. This plant not only will enable the existing
industries to operate and furnish products for home
consumption, but will solve the problem of unemploy-
ment. A large staff of experts is employed in the new
department making careful, technical studies of the
natural resources of the country and the ways in which
these may be developed by native talent, so that the
country will require the least possible amount of im-
ported goods and may be in a position to meet the
abnormal industrial situation.

March L6, 1018

ENGINEERING AND MINING mi RNAL

Canadian Mining Institute Meeting

Til E 20th annual convenl ion of the I
Institute mel at the Windsor Hotel, Montreal, on
Mar. 6 to 8, and proved oih of the most successful
gatherings in the historj ol the organization, in view
of the importance of the subjects discussed. The tone
of the proi eedings throui ndicated thai the partici-

pants reali ed thai the country is facing a serious crisis
in industrial development owing to problems created
by the war. On the first day the report of the council
for 1917 showed that the affairs of the institute wi
in a satisfactory condition. The total membership at
the close <>( the year was 1118, as compared with 1066
on Pec. 31, 1916. The total number of members now
in military service is 125. Eleven members have been
killed. A large proportion of those with the colors
have won military decorations for distinguished serv-
ice. The treasurer reported a balance of $1990.

Little Change in Total Metal Output

Dr. John MeLeish, in presenting the preliminary
report on the mineral production of Canada during
1917, showing a total value of $192,982,837, as compared
with $177,201,534 in 1916, stated that the greater part
of this increase was due to increased values and did
not represent a growth in the volume of output. The
metallic production, in fact, was almost stationary. A
preliminary report was presented by T. W. Gibson on
the mineral production of Ontario, showing a total
value of $56,845,788, as compared with $55,002,918 in
1916. Though the value was greater, there was a de-
crease in tonnage. The falling off in gold production
from $10,339,259 to $8,698,831 was due to the scarcity
of labor and the high cost of materials. Theodore C.
Denis, superintendent of mines for Quebec, pointed out
the growing importance of the asbestos industry and
the urgent need of adopting a system of uniform grad-
ing in place of the present confusing classification.

President A. A. Cole's annual address dealt largely
with the industrial situation created by the war and
problems of reconstruction. He said that Canadians
had a great constructive task before them, and that
the appeal for preparedness was specially applicable to
the institute as representing the basic industry re-
sponsible for supplying raw materials. He gave figures
showing that in 1915 one-ninth of the total of 2,723,000
wage-earners of Canada were employed in mining and
dependent industries, and that, in the same year, of the
tonnage supplied to railways 37% was products of
mines. President Cole declared the first need to be
an inventory of natural resources, to find out wherein
the country was deficient, following which the known
resources should be developed and deficiencies remedied
as far as possible. The address dealt at some length
with the great expansion of the iron and steel and
other metallic industries. The president of the insti-
tute condemned the proposal to discontinue gold mining
during the war, pointing out that gold was needed to
liquidate any adverse trade balance and to provide a
gold reserve to maintain the national credit. He urged
that the Canadian Department of Mines should be
strengthened and placed under a Minister charged solely
with its work and giving it individed attention, and

that

ly in cooperation with tl d Commi

Department.

'i he bi
largely due to tic tination fostered

•o help prod i • their

it. Hi' depri cated as a rel rograde -tip th.
i on the part of .ome to combine all ■ in

a single BOCi of the branch to wh

they belonged, i war wo hed

by members, he mentioned particularly the training of

disabled soldi, i] occiipat ion .

suits I

An inti discussion followed th< president's

address, several speaker- pointing oui thai mining
neers did nol mong leaders in

public life to which their knowli I experience

entitled them. Dr. Goodwin, of Queen's University,
Kingston, suggested that the institute should take the
initiative in effecting a confederation of the various
technical societies. Dr. Balmer Neilly, of Cobalt, refer-
ring to the statement that 37', of the railway freight
carried was furnished by the mines, said that when an
increase of freight rates was proposed the grain
growers, lumbermen and others protested vigorously,
but the mining interests were silent. Dr. A. W. G.
Wilson, of Ottawa, said there were no engineers or men
of technical training in the government or in Parlia-
ment. Engineers had held aloof from their duties as
citizens, he declared. They did not organize, take part
in politics or combine to secure recognition. He urged
the organization of a central technical committee by
the institute in connection with other societies.

Government Supervision of Basic Industries Urged

A paper on "The Stimulation of the Mining Industry
After the War," was read by Dr. A. W. G. Wilson, who
covered a wide field, his most noteworthy suggestion be-
ing that it is desirable to consider some measure of
government control in connection with basic industries,
particularly those whose product must be diverted
to meet munition requirements. He favored legislation
to prevent exporting raw material that could be manu-
factured in the country, codification of mining laws,
legislation to prevent fraudulent advertising and wild-
catting, and measures to provide enlarged markets
abroad. Dr. Alfred Stansfield favored the creation of
a "Board of Energy" to control the distribution of elec-
tric power. Dr. Willet G. Miller, of Toronto, thought
there were altogether too many laws and regulations
interfering with individualism. John A. Dresser, of
Ottawa, considered that prospecting depended altogether
on whether conditions appealed to the individual pros-
pector, and did not think that much could be done to
encourage it. Dr. Porter, of McGill University, advo-
cated provincial legislation to restrict coal waste by
operators.

A resolution was moved by Dr. Goodwin and seconded
by R. H. Stewart "that in the opinion of the Canadian
Mining Institute the time has come for the organiza-
tion of the technical and industrial societies in such
a way as to enable them to take joint action in the

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 11

and that the subject

■ i the Council of the

and for such action as shall

■■ erred to."" The resolution

nounced by the president that

anniversary of the institute,

Hardman, ami the first

.mi. would be made life

■

the Imperial Munitions

per entitled "Some Prob-

of Industry" embodying a de

position for abolishing the present

tern and harmonizing the interests of

■ • , tlves the formation of national

rds representing buyers and manu-
rj on business on behalf of the industry
rvj,. place government or other orders.

■ the organization of district production
senting both employers and employed, act-
ing under government authority, to deal with the ques-
maintaining the output and with the conditions
of 1:

i . \ : Sudbury, followed with a paper

ng with the same question, entitled "The Whitley
treating of what is being done in England in
th» lemocratizing industry and bringing about

tion between labor and capital. It is recom-
mended in the report of what is known as the Whitley
mittee. a subcommittee of the recently created
Reconstruction Department, that an industrial council
be established in every organized trade, representing
both employers and work people, for the consideration
of matters affecting the trade from the view point of
all engaged in it. The scheme is approved both by
organization of employers and the Trade Union Con-
- and is likely to succeed. Mr. Corless urged that
the full application cf the principle of democracy to
industry would prove the most successful experiment
in increasing efficiency yet tried. There was nothing
unr in the demand that all the conditions of

the cooperation of labor and capital in industry should
meet with the approval of both parties,, he declared.

In the discussion which followed, Professor Dale, of
McGill University, said that the coming of industrial
democracy in Great Britain was due to the advance of
education. G. J. Mackay, of Toronto, urged that voca-
tional and technical training should be encouraged by
r al government grants. Dr. Goodwin said that the
urn from Europe of 300,000 soldiers who had had
a training in intelligent cooperation would be a power-
ful factor in the movement.

A resolution moved by President Cole was adopted

"he effect that as antagonism in the relations of

capital and labor is due to economic misunderstandings,

thelnstituteendorsed the general position set forward by

the paper of Mr. Corless on the necessity of educational

and instructed the secretary to forward copies

sociations so that joint action might be

taken in bringing the matter before the educational

es.

The principal feature of the evening session was an

ting illustrated lecture by W. A. Carlyle on the

o mines of Spain. A paper was read by F. H.

ton on "The Vocational Re-education of Soldiers

from the Mining Industry," which was well received.

At the morning session of the second day, a series
of papers dealing with fuel we're presented, the first
being an account by Edgar Stansfield, of Ottawa, of
tlw work carried on at the fuel-testing station at
Ottawa, from which important results in finding sub-
stitutes for anthracite were expected. Other papers
were: "Fuel Economics," 1). B. Dowding, Ottawa;
"Anthracite Situation in the United States," Eli T.
Conner, Scranton, Penn. ; "Waste in Coal Mining,"
\V. .1. Dick, Ottawa; and "Possible Contributions of the
Cottrell Process to the Fuel Problem," by Dr. J. G.
Davidson.

Discussion of the above papers occupied most of the
afternoon. G. G. S. Lindsey, of Toronto, stated that
he did not think the briquetting of lignites feasible.
The economic practicability of manufacturing them,
however, was warmly championed by Mr. Dick, Dr.
Adams, of McGill University; Dr. Porter and Dr. A. B.
HcCallum, chairman of the Commission of Industrial
and Scientific Research. Dr. Adams stated that the
government had spent $40,000 on a briquetting plant
at Estevan, Sask., where it had been demonstrated that
two tons of lignite would produce one ton of briquettes.
Several of the speakers favored the prohibition of the
importation of American anthracite and the more exten-
sive use of Canadian bituminous coal.

A paper on the Groch system of centrifugal flotation
by W. E. Simpson and Frederick Groch was read by
Mr. Simpson. R. C. Canby presented a paper entitled
"Comparison of Points in Flotation, the Moore Filter
and Cyaniding Cases," reviewing the judicial decisions
in American courts affecting the Minerals Separation
Co.'s claims. He contended that a study of these
cases show that equity was on the side of the Cobalt
mining companies in their resistance to the demands of
the Minerals . Separation company. Another paper
on flotation work at the Highland Valley Mines, in
British Columbia, was presented by Frederick Keffer.

In the evening an informal smoker was held, at which
Col. C. N. Monsarrat gave an illustrated lecture on the
Quebec bridge. W. T. Donnelly, of the U. S. Shipping
Protection Commission, described the unsinkable ship
invented by himself.

The most important feature of the proceedings on the
third day was a paper read by G. M. Colvocoresses on
the "Manufacture of Nickel-Copper-Alloy Steel" ("Nicu
Steel"). The process of its manufacture, he said, was
very simple, the treatment of the ore being based upon
the assumption that the Sudbury ores are primarily
iron ores rather than nickel-copper ores, and that the
ternary alloy formed by nature in these ores is a valu-
able one for conversion into economical use. The Nicu
steel is a modified natural alloy, the main objection to
natural alloys being removed by so mixing the ores as
to secure a practically uniform composition.

Other papers presented were one on "Secondary
Enrichment in Relation to the Water Level" by L. C.
Graton, and "Production and Uses of Stellite " by S. B.
Wright. In the afternoon a visit was made to the plant
of the Armstrong Whitworth company at Longueuil,
where electric steel furnaces were seen in operation.
The convention closed with the annual banquet in the
evening at the Winsdor Hotel.

March 16, L918 ENGINEERING A.NP MINING J01

BiHiraimuiiiiniimii nn nm i imuiiiiimiiiuiiiiiiiiuiii i iiiiuiiiimi mi ■uiiiuttitiiiiuttu umi minium iujuh i n m iiimiiiimi mimw „ „„„„„„.

Details of Practical

Mining

illllllili IIII1IIIII Illimillllllll Illlllllinillllll i Illlllllllllllll inn mi. muni, n, .mm uinini nm uuiiiti iniiiiiiiiiiiiiiMi.il> umiilimiiiuimm

Mechanical Efficiency of Gravel Pumps

The arrangement of a gravel-pumping plant at the

Heawood tin niino, in the Federated Mala\ States, is de
picted in the sketch printed herewith. Pipes supplying
monitors and wheel are not shewn. The plant consists
of two monitors and an 8-in. gravel pump, which is

driven with a long belt by a Pelton wheel. The material
is elevated into a two-compartment sluice box. The Pel-
ton wheel is above the sluice box, and the discharge
water is used for "cleaning up" (the boxes are
"streamed" down on separate days), and also to assist
in the sluicing when the two compartments are running
at the same time.

Pelton wheel — Size of wheel, 24 in. ; nozzle, controlled
by needle valve, maximum size, 1 i in.

Effective head — The gage pressure was 220 lb. per
sq.in.. the nozzle being 6 ft. 6 in. above the gage.

Effective head = 508 — 6 ft. 6 in. = 501.5 : say, 500 ft.

Quantity of water used — Measurements were taken
at a rectangular weir, 20 in. wide, at the discharge of

DOUBLE SLUICt BOX
?0OLON6\ ...A

WN6 OS TDtWt

2 -,--■, ffOfi$

GRAVEL PUMPING PLANT AT HEADWOOD TIN" MINE

the wheel. Depth of water flowing over weir =51 in.
Quantity of water (from tables) = 4.67 X 20 = 93.40
cu.ft. per min.

weight of water {lh. \ effectivt head (ft.)
33,000

Theoretical hp.

93.40 ■ 62.5 5(.«t

88.44

33,000

The gravel pump lifts the water and solids from two
2-in. monitors at 65-lb. pressure and also 20 cu.ft. per
min. of seepage water.

Monitors — Nozzles, 2-2 in. ; pressures, each 65 lb. per
sq.in.; effective head, 150 ft.; discharge, 2 X 120.9 =
241.8 cu.ft. per min.; seepage, 20 cu.ft. per min.; total
water raised, 261.8 cu.ft. per min.; yardage cut (by
monthly survey), 18000.0 cu.yd.

The ground treated is a soft clay soil containing about
50ff sand; 9.67 cu.ft. of water per min. are required to
break down 1 cu.yd. of ground per hour.

Gravel pump — Size, 8 in.; speed, 482 r.p.m. H =
height lifted in feet, 45.7 ft.; G = cu.yd. per hour
(solids), 25.0 cu.yd.; S = cu.ft. per min. (solids), 55 5
cu.ft.; W — cu.ft. per min. of water lifted (2-2 in.

Illimilllllllllllllllllllliimi

2 • 20), 261.8 ■ ii ft.; / thi itical hp. i Pelton wheel

98. in cu.ft. per nun. at BOO ft. (effective head
hp.

MS)
/ • 33,000

7 83,000

2.91S

Mechanical efficiency of gravel pump including long bell
drive (efficiency of Pelton wheel estimated at 76

•'7 "ii

M.I-;. "_: 36.40

0.2730 2"!

Derailing Switch for Mine Use

At one of the Mesabi range mines, where a drift
enters the mine workings from the side of a hill, a
safe and adequate derailing switch has been installed.
Loaded cars come out from the mine on a grade and
continue up a slope until the stockpile is reached. To
prevent cars breaking away from the train and run-
ning down the grade into the .main drift, it was neces-
sary to provide a spring switch that would remain open
at all tin.es except when the loads were going out and

-

•Excerpt from an article by
I. M. M.

T. R. A. Windeatt. in Bull 56,

DERAILING SWITCH FOP. MINE USE

the empty cars coming back, and so arranged that the
switch required attention only w7hen the train was enter-
ing the main drift. This was done in the following
manner and is shown in the sketch. The derail was
attached to the opposite side of the track by means of
a wire spring and also fastened r.o the switch rod. To
prevent locking the switch stand, which would hold the
derail permanently in place, a U-shaped plate, made of
I -in. sheet iron and provided with a strap and padlock,
was placed underneath the locking device of the switch
stand. By means of this U-plate, the bolt of the switch

[NEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 11

wn into ii
the brakeman of

I xtr; ck or Broken Drills

cting stuck or
impanying sketch.
a drill stuck
3teel collar and a
iver the offending

FiG.e

DEVICES TO EXTRACT STICK OR BROKEN DRILLS
1 — Extractor for stm k drills. Fig. 2 — Device for removing
its of broken drills.

drill steel and the wedge driven in, and a few blows
with a hammer on the bottom of the collar will generally
release the drill. Fig. 2 illustrates a device for remov-
ing broken pieces of steel from a drill hole, and consists
of a length of l-in. round iron to which is welded a
.-plit saucepan handle. The device is forced over the
end of the fragment in the hole and withdrawn.

Tightening Small-Pipe Connections

At a plant where it became necessary to make some ad-
ditional small connections to steel tanks, the tanks were

i TANK CONNECTIONS

apped and threaded for l-in. pipe connections, but no
flanges - were provided, so that some of the

odious leaked considerably. M. A. Sailer in
Power tolls of stopping the leaks by the use of two lock-
nuts and packing washers, as shown in the illustration.
The washers were made of fairly hard packing and
were flat <>n one side, while the other side was shaped
conform to the contour of the tank. The locknuts
were then pulled up tight on each side, making an en-
tirely sal isfactory joint.

WOrking Dimensions of 300-Ton
Revolving Shovel

The working dimensions of Bucyrus Model 225, 300-
ton revolving shovel, now being used by the Oliver Iron

WORH-INQ DtMENSIONS

Dumping Radius --- ;'"S47

Heiqht of Dump (Dipper Door open)— 61-

Levei Floor Radius- ----r 53'-

Centerto Center of Tracks 30-

Radius of Boom 77-

Heiqhf of Boom 75-

Digaing Radius at 6 Elevation — - 88

Height of Cut - — 7S-

Radius of Rear End : 52-

Pitch of Boom 45'

WORKING DIMENSIONS OF 300-TON SHOVEL

.Mining Co. and other concerns in removing the over-
burden from large orebodies on the Mesabi range of
Minnesota, are shown in the diagram printed herewith.

Light for the Drafting Room

It often occurs that a room not originally intended
for drafting purposes is used as such and it is also
frequently situated on the wrong side of a building,
causing annoyance and inconvenience on account of the
direct rays of the afternoon sun falling upon the draft-
ing table. This condition may be eliminated, without
sacrificing any of the light, by tacking or pasting a
single thickness of tracing paper over the offending
window. The paper diffuses the light without detracting
from its usefulness, and is easily and quickly applied.

Tailings from Zinc and Lead Concentrating Mills in

Southwestern Missouri- have been used extensively in road
building in that section. These materials are spread on
the road surface, where they are worked in by the traffic,
making a serviceable road for light haulage.

March 16, 1918

ENGINEERING AND MINING J01 I

Events and Economics of tin* War

llll I Ill Illilllllllllllll ililililliilililllllililll

i I hiiii

The arrival of Secretarj of War Baker in France, on
a tour of military inspection and conference, lias be<
announced. Major General Goethals, Edward R. Stetti-

nius and Major General March have been added to the
General Staff. Now war honors have been instituted
by the President, including a distinguished service
cross, a distinguished service medal, war service chev-
rons and wound chevrons. The coal priority Bection
of Fuel Administrator Garfield's "Monday closing"
order, issued on Jan. 17, was suspended on Mar. 5,
except in Pennsylvania. Maryland, West Virginia, Ohio
and eastern Kentucky ; a reduction of 30c. per ton in
the price of anthracite, effective from March 1 to Sept.
1, has been ordered. The Senate passed the War
Finance Corporation bill and adopted an amendment
to the Urgent Deficiency bill to permit the Govern-
ment to purchase outright all terminal facilities of the
North German Lloyd and Hamburg American steam-
ship lines in New York harbor. Senator La Follette
was censured by the Wisconsin Legislature for obstruct-
ing the war. Sympathy of the United States for
Russia was expressed by President Wilson in a message
to the Congress of Soviets in Moscow.

Abroad, John Redmond, leader of the Irish National-
ists, died during the week. The British armed mercan-
tile cruiser "Calgarian" was sunk, with a loss of 48
lives. It is reported that German troops have landed
in Finland; that the Russians are moving their capital
to Moscow; and that Rumania has signed a treaty of
peace. Naples was bombed by Teuton aviators. Am-
erican troops made three raids on the German lines in
the Lorraine sector.

Requa Summarizes Oil Situation

After a three days' conference with representatives
of the oil industry of the United States, Mark L. Requa,
director of the oil division of the Federal Fuel Adminis-
tration, announced that there was at the present time
no expectation that the Government would take over the
operation of the oil fields. Mr. Requa pointed out that
there was no shortage of petroleum for immediate needs,
but rather a lack of transportation facilities. He also
pointed out that there was no reason for cutting off the
supply of gasoline for pleasure vehicles, as gasoline
was simply a byproduct of crude oil.

A reference to "pooling" all interests in the oil in-
dustry to win the war was summarized in the statement
as follows :

"It is obvious that the oil facilities of the United
States must be used in such a way as to produce the
maximum benefit viewed from a national standpoint to
meet the existing crisis.

"It has been demonstrated recently that it is impos-
sible to take oil for any specific purpose without exert-
ing a detrimental influence on some other branch of
industry. The problem of what is least essential is an

e\i 1 1 and I am omewhal

of the opinion thai tl not

exist."

The prioritj Lisl
for the res on thai it was impossible I
portation shortage to supply all consumers. When
supply is sufficient the prioritj lisl automatical!

iperate. When a -t. Class iu.

scribed officiallj as "all other ," receives no oil

until all lower numbered classes are supplied.

According to Bguri given out by Mr. Requa, total

r nil in the United State- approximate 160,000,-

ooo blil., ;i- df Jan. 1 last. Last year's production ap-

cimateii 320,000, bbl., and there was a draft on

stock of about 20,000,000 barrels.

Baruch Heads War Industries Board

The reorganization of the War Industries Board, un-
der the chairmanship of Bernard M. Baruch, has been
announced by President Wilson. Mr. Baruch succeeds
Daniel Willard, who resigned several weeks ago, though
the latter is still chairman of the Advisory Commission
of the Council of National Defense. In a letter to Mr.
Baruch, the President outlines the functions of the
reorganized board as follows:

"(1) The creation of new facilities and the disclosing,
if necessary the opening up, of new or additional sources
of supply. (2) The conversion of existing facilities
where necessary to new uses. (3) The studious con-
servation of resources and facilities by scientific, com-
mercial and industrial economies. (4) Advice to the
several purchasing agencies of the Government with re-
gard to the prices to be paid. (5) The determination,
wherever necessary, of priorities of production and of
delivery and of the proportions of any given article to
be made immediately accessible to the several purchas-
ing agencies when the supply of that article is insuffi-
cient, either temporarily or permanently. (6) The mak-
ing of purchases for the Allies.

"The board should be constituted as at present, and
should retain, so far as necessary and so far as con-
sistent with the character and purposes of the reorgan-
ization, its present advisory agencies, but the ultimate
decision of all questions, except the determination of
prices, should rest always with the chairman, the other
members acting in a cooperative and advisory capacity.

"In the determination of priorities of production,
when it is not possible to have the full supply of any
article that is needed produced at once, the chairman
should be assisted, and so far as practicable guided, by
the present priorities organization or its equivalent.

"In the determination of priorities of delivery, when
they must be determined, he should be assisted when
necessary, in addition to the present advisory priorities
organization, by the advice and cooperation of a com-
mittee constituted for the purpose and consisting of

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 11

Administration, the

Administration, the

i radi Board, in order

irerj has been determined

stent, and concerted action

I

i - the chairman should

ol a committee consisting,

the members of the board in

-. ith the study of raw materials and of

of the labor member of the

lirman of the Federal Trade Commis-

an of the Tariff Commission, and the

■

onstantly and systematically

tracts, purchases, and deliveries, in

may have always before him a schematized

business in the several supply

\ eminent in all departments."

\la> lake ( ontrol of Lumber Industry

xrering the President to take control of
the lumber industry was reported favorably on .Mar. 1
tee on Military Affairs. Under
the measure, which was introduced on Jan. 8 by Senator
•nberlain, President Wilson may commandeer any
ng timber needed for the Army and Navy
itructing airplanes or for the Shipping Board —
any other department of the Government that
needs timber or its products. Furthermore, the bill re-
quires sawmill men to cut boards, etc., in sizes that
may be prescribed by Executive order, under pain of
fine and imprisonment for violation of the order. The
nificance of the measure is found in the serious situa-
tion regarding the production of war airplanes, which
••tarded by the difficulty in obtaining the right sort
and spruce. Trouble has also been encountered

in getting lumber required for ships. The labor situa-
tion in many lumber camps has greatly affected the pro-
duction of suitable timber.

I ood a Mighty Weapon

"The sharp bread knife is wellnigh as effective as
the bayonet to win the war," said Col. W. R. Grove, of
the U. S. Quartermaster General's office, in an address
at the annua! convention of the National Canners' As-
ation held recently in Boston.
"In a war where food is such a tremendous factor," he
continued, "the clean plate also becomes a bombshell for
the enemy. By the clean plate we mean the plate from
which every bit of food has been consumed. It is calcu-
lated that if each soldier could reduce by one eighty-
third the amount of food served him at each meal we
could feed almost a whole division with the savings —
which means another division in the trenches. The
d amount to $2,700,000 yearly. We are feed-
nt American army better than any other
ican army ever was fed."

e estimated that it would take 3375 tons

'he three daily rations for the army

1 men. He added some figures showing the

ta for one day as follows: One million five

hundred pounds of beef, equal to 3000 cattle; 1225,000
lb. of bacon, 750 tons of potatoes, 40,000 lb. of prunes,
L500 bottles of lemon extract, 2750 bags of salt, 275,000
cans of condensed and evaporated milk, 3000 cans of
coin, 2l,Oiiii tans of green peas, 2500 cans of stringless
beans, L800 cans of cabbage, 7500 cans of peaches, 3000
cans of pineapples, L000 cans of pumpkin, 2200 cans of
apricots. Kio cans of dam juice, 125 cans of lobsters,
225,000 cans of jam and preserves and 300 bottles of
catsup.

All Strikes Blocking War Work
Called Conspiracies

An Administration bill was passed on Mar. 6 by the
II "use, declaring that all strikes called to obstruct war
industries are conspiracies and subjecting the offender
to 30 years' imprisonment and fine. A move to prohibit
all war industries strikes made by Representative
Cannon, of Illinois, was defeated by labor forces, who
inserted a clause of their own specifically permitting
what they termed bona fide strikes "to raise wages or
better working conditions." This amendment was
approved.

German Possession of Russian Oil
Will Lengthen War

Petroleum men at the recent conference in New York
with Mark L. Requa, head of the oil division of the
U. S. Fuel Administration, gave their views regarding
the benefits to accrue to Germany from possession of
the Russian and Rumanian oil fields. They agreed that,
despite the difficulties of transportation and the high
cost of working the fields, Germany had been placed in
a much better position to continue the war. According
to trustworthy reports laid before the conference, Ger-
many's weakest spot in military activities for some time
had been in the military transport system, which the
reports said was threatened with complete collapse ow-
ing to lack of oil for motor trains. With new supplies
available, Germany would be quick to replenish stocks,
whatever the cost. None of the oil men was inclined
to minimize the gain to Germany of peace with Russia
and Rumania.

Coal Crisis Feared by Operators

The Railroad Administration has been asked for in-
creased transportation facilities by coal operators rep-
resented by the National Coal Association. The produc-
tion of coal in January and February, it is asserted,
was much less than in the corresponding months in
1916 and 1917 because of car shortage. This, together
with the traffic congestion, had resulted by Feb. 23 in a
loss in output of more than 31,000,000 tons of coal since
Jan. 1 and in most demoralizing labor conditions in
the mines.

"During this period," said the Association, "thousands
of open-top coal cars were lying idle on some railroads,
awaiting transportation to the mines. In the Philadel-
phia district alone there were between 3000 and 4000
opan-top empties on hand awaiting movement. This
condition was caused partly by extremely severe weather

March 16, 1918

ENGINEERING AND MINING J01 i

conditions and partly by urgent necessity for the trans-
portation hi grain, which required preferential i
iiu'iit of thousands of emptj box cars westward for
grain loading.

"It is impossible for the bituminous coal producers
to meet the country's requirement! of coal if cai
transport their product are not given them. For the
first two months of the year they have been producing
about •',;>'. of possible output. Unless this percent
is materially increased by an increased car supply, there
is no escaping the conclusion that the country will soon
again find itself in the grip of a fuel shortai

Wage Commission Makes Stud) of
Living Costs

The most extensive investigation into living costs
ever undertaken in this country has been made by the
Railroad Wage Commission in its search for informa-
tion on which to base recommendations for wage in-
creases. Reports from newspapers were gathered at
the commission's request by trained newspaper men,
who were instructed to visit families with incomes of
$2000 and less, and ascertain how much they were spendr
ing for food and clothes now as compared with 1915.
Itemized accounts were obtained as to what was done
with the money received by the wage-earners. "The
result was astonishing," Secretary Lane, chairman, said.
"We found some families saving money on incomes of
$800 a vear."

Elaborate charts of wages paid by railroads have
been made, showing that in the United States approxi-
mately lf, of all railroad workers receive about $30 a
month, the percentage increasing as wages advance until
9ic/t are paid from $61 to $65 a month. When wages
reach $150 a month the men in each division, as the
pay advances $5, total less than 1% of the entire num-
ber. For the first time in history an accurate census
of all railroad workers has been taken, showing that
1,980,000 men and women are employed in trans-
portation.

Save the Daylight Now Wasted

The committee on daylight saving of the U. S. Cham-
ber of Commerce recently opened its campaign to se-
cure the passage of the Calder bill with the presentment
to the members of Congress of a vast array of facts
and figures, which were intended to show the benefits
that lie in daylight saving.

By a saving of 190 hours out of a yearly average of
1320 a year requiring artificial illumination, as pro-
vided by the Calder bill, the committee claim there
could be saved 660,000 tons of coal used in electricity
for lighting and 144,000 used in gas for lighting. If the
various other schemes advanced by the committee are
adopted in imitation of the European system, a saving
may be effected in both gas and electric lighting of
1,019,000 tons of coal. This is between Apr. 1 and Nov.
1. If an all-the-year-round rule were adopted the saving
would total 1,061,000 tons. When the amount of coal
used in other ways for industrial purposes is counted
in, it is estimated that nearly 1,500,000 tons could be
saved.

The n tn note •

t hat daj light ag on i in- i rain

ing ■ up ni plants mal

war mati

"It will relieve the train of labor conditions at the
fatigue,'

in] lit ioi vill ed, particularly In Im

■ ntial, and n
riallj cut d al accid* i

Stal i i ii show that 1 1 have n

ly occurred in thi n when human • I

is at low ebb. The l<

portation and local traffic handling, by moving thi
noon rush forward into daylight, > on than

sufficient justification for the of the n •

One argument thai

I ric power c panies will be able to ii

efficiency and be able to opei

removal of the top of the "peak" load. The aver
load used by a Chicai pany is only the

"peak," it is stated, and the cost of maintaining the
surplus power necessary to carry the traffic during the
heaviest hours represents one-fourth of the co t of the
entire plant. Daylight would replace the "peak" load.
the report says.

( livilians Wanted for Ordnance Work

Men having a high-school education, some shop train-
ing and the natural ability to adapt themselves to new
work may qualify for a Government appointment in
which, under Government instructors, they will receive
the necessary training for the positions described below.
Those who have the required technical training will be
placed and advanced as quickly as their ability justii
The positions are the following: Inspectors and assist-
ant inspectors, field artillery ammunition steel; inspec-
tors, artillery ammunition, cartridge cases, assembling,
loading, forging, primers, detonators, shell and shrap-
nel machining; ballistic inspectors; metallurgical chem-
ists and assistants; inspectors, powder and explosives;
inspectors, cannon, forging operations; inspectors, gun
carriages and parts; inspectors, gun fire control instru-
ments; assistant inspectors, motor vehicles and artillery
wheels; engineers and assistant engineers, for tests of
ordnance materials; inspectors, ammunition packing
boxes; machinists, accustomed to work l-1000th inch.

These positions are under civil service regulations,
but applicants will not be required to report for ex-
amination at any place. Applicant will be rated in
accordance with education and general experience. No
applications will be accepted from persons already in
the Government service unless accompanied by the writ-
ten assent of the head of the concern by which the
applicant is employed. Papers will be rated promptly
and certification made with least possible delay. Fur-
ther information may be obtained from C. V. Meserole,
special representative of the Ordnance Dept, U. S. A.,
Room 800, 79 Wall St., New York.

Brigadier-General Littell. in charge of building canton-
ments, told the Senate military committee that the 16 can-
tonments cost 8143,000,000, with an average contractor's
fee of 2% to 37c. None was over 6<54 and maximum was

$250,000.

IGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL Vol. 105, No. 11

urn i iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiinii i i Itlllllll iiiiiiiiiini I iiiiiini nun i i ii mi

Industrial News from Washington

Bi Paw Wooton, Special Correspondent

Mineral Control Bill Drafted

i ibinet and mineral
vernmenl have been busy with

:<■ further for the national se-

se by encouraging the production, con-

the supply a:ul controlling the distribution of

• .1 minerals which formerly have

rted, or of which there is or may be

• - ipply." The measure is considered of
.nee that it has been laid before the Presi-
dent for him to judge for himself as to the advisability
of urging such legislation at this time.

The I bill was given much impetus by the

nth which it was received by the committee of

the American Institute of Mining Engineers. It is un-

derstood, however, that various changes are being pro-

• nan) M. Baruch, head of the raw materials
division of the War Industries Board, and others.
Rev >■ Foster, chairman of the Committee on
Mines and Mining, thinks that much time will elapse
before it is introduced, as he intends to Coordinate
the changes suggested before placing the bill on the

. ~e calendar. No effort will be made to have the bill
considered. Dr. Foster states, until those interested
have been given opportunity to appear at the hearings.

The bill carries an appropriation of $50,000,000,
to be available as a revolving fund. The bill will apply
to antimony, arsenic, chromium, graphite, magnesite,
manganese, mercury, molybdenum, platinum, pyrite,
tungsten, tin, sulphur and the alloys and chemicals
derived from them.

The proposed legislation follows the line of the bill
on food control. Among other things, it authorizes the
President "to enter into contracts for necessaries, for
periods not exceeding two years, to purchase, to store,
to provide storage facilities for and to sell necessaries
at reasonable prices to be fixed by the President." In
another section of the bill the President is authorized,
on ascertaining that emergency exists', to stimulate pro-
duction by guaranteeing prices to assure producers a
reasonable profit.

To insure full publicity for expenditures under the
bill, it provides that itemized statements covering all
disbursements are to be made public each month.

furnace has been built to experiment on roasting quick-
silver ores. Samples of California quicksilver ore have
been sent to Seattle for milling tests.

The work on the action of nitric acid on metal sul-
phides has been found to fall into two subdivisions. One
has to do with the primary action of nitric acid on
metal sulphides; the other with the reaction of various ]
oxides of nitrogen on sulphur gases which result when
metal sulphides are treated with the acid. Apparatus
for this study has been set up.

Quicksilver Research Work in Progress
at Berkeley, Calif.

Work al the Berkeley, Calif., station of the U. S.
Bureau of Mines is confined at present to an investiga-
tion of the metallurgy of quicksilver, to work on the
reaction of nitric acid on metal sulphides, and to ex-
periments to determine the clarifying power of certain
clays. A report is in preparation on fume and other
denser losses incidental to the treatment of quick-
er, and an effort is being made to eliminate sources
■ f error in assaying ores of the metal. A special muffle

State Distribution of War Minerals

The report made to Congress asking for $250,000 for
mineral investigations by the U. S. Bureau of Mines
shows the principal deposits of war minerals, by states,
as follows:

Alabama, graphite, pyrite; Arizona, manganese, tung-
sten, molybdenum; Arkansas, manganese; California,
pyrite, ehromite, mercury, magnesite, tungsten, manga-
nese, molybdenum, potash, strontium; Colorado, tungsten,
manganese, pyrite, molybdenum, sulphur; Georgia, pyrite,
manganese; Illinois, coal, brasses; Indiana, coal, brasses;
Louisiana, sulphur; Maine, pyrite; Maryland, ehromite;
Massachusetts, pyrite; Minnesota, manganese; Missouri,
pyrite; Montana, manganese, arsenic; Nebraska, potash;
Nevada, mercury, antimony, manganese, sulphur, tung-
sten; New Jersey, potash; New Mexico, manganese; New
York, pyrite, graphite; North Carolina, tin, mica; Ohio,
coal, brasses; Oklahoma, manganese; Oregon, ehromite;
Pennsylvania, ehromite, pyrite, graphite; South Carolina,
pyrite, ehromite, mercury, magnesite, tungsten, manga-
nese; Texas, graphite, mercury, sulphur, strontium; Utah,
sulphur, manganese, arsenic; Virginia, tin, pyrite, manga-
nese; Washington, magnesite; Wisconsin, pyrite; Wyoming,
ehromite, sulphur.

Tin Plate Export Further Restricted

Further restrictions have been placed upon the ex-
portation of tin plate and of terne plate. Export licenses
will be granted only for shipments to Canada, South and
Central American countries, including Mexico and the
West Indies, China and Japan, and then only when the
plate is to be used for the following purposes :

(1) To manufacture containers for edibles for consump-
tion by the people of nations at war with Germany or her
allies. (2) To manufacture oil cans, provided that the plate
has been ordered from the mill on or before Aug. 27, 1917.
In this case there shall be no distinction made between pur-
chases from manufacturers and purchases from others.
(3) When the plate is to be shipped to any of the above-
mentioned countries except Canada, it is to be used for
purposes which shall contribute directly to the successful
prosecution of the war. (4) When the plate is destined
for Canada it is to be used for purposes for which tin plate
or terne plate is now permitted to be used in the United
States.

No export licenses will be granted for tin, pig tin, metal-
lic tin, block tin, metallic tin pipe, except for such ship-
ments as pass through the United States from England, in
bond, for reexportation to other countries.

If satisfactory evidence is presented to the War Trade
Board that the goods will be used in such a way as to con-
tribute directly to the successful prosecution of the war,
licenses may be granted for phosphorized tin, white metal,
and other tin alloys, and empty tin containers.

Remember the Comfort Fund of the 27th Engineers.

March 16, 1918

ENGINEERING AND MINING J01 RNAL

621

Wc arc backing this boy
and the Government-

We are backing this boy and the Government. In par-
ticular, we are backing the mining regiment. Where do
you stand? The 27th Engineers, the mining regiment,
is made up of volunteers. When the call for recruits
was sent throughout the mining camps last November,
it had to be answered. If it had gone unnoticed, how
would the men of the industry stand in public esteem
today? You are held in higher regard this minute be-
cause mining men are to be represented by a special unit
at the front. The men in the regiment are asking for
nothing, but they most certainly have the strongest
claim for your regard. That many appreciate this is
proved by the readiness with which they have con-
tributed to the Comfort Fund for the men, the name of
which explains its purpose.

How is the money spent? Over $500 of it went some
time ago for athletic equipment, games, tobacco, etc.,
just for A Company. The same men were recently pro-
vided with some musical instruments to chase dull care
away, and with various other articles that were badly
needed. B Company will soon receive a similar out-
fit. And so the work will continue. This is but the
beginning. Wherever and whenever it is needed, the
money will be spent on the men or their dependents.
Don't you want to be in on this, or are you going to
leave it for the other fellow? Those whose contribu-
tions are listed here think the Fund is a good thing:

Engineering and Mining Journal $1000.00

New York Engineering Co 1000.00

A Friend, Nov. 23 5.00

H. H 5.00

D. E. Charlton 5.00

H. W. Hardinge 1000.00

Frank N. Spencer 5.00

W. L. Coursen 5.00

J. H. Polhemus 5.00

J. H. Janeway 10.00

Albert D. Beers 10.00

J. E. Hayes 10.00

J. A. Van Mater 25.00

L. Vogelstein & Co 100.00

"Cuprite" 10.00

R H. Bassett (Hanna Ore Mining Co.) • • 10.00

A Friend, Dec. 10 10.00

P. A. Mosman 10.00

American Zinc, Lead and Smelting Co 100.00

J. G. H 5.00

Daniel Guggenheim 100.00

A. H. H 6. 0U

Willard S. Morse 25.00

August Heckscher 100.00

Anaconda Copper Mining Co 1000.00

F. W. Bradley 100.00

Charles Le Vasseur 5.0(*

A Friend, Dec. 13 50.00

Freeland Jewett 10.00

Herman A. Wagner 5.0t>

Francis P. Sinn 10.00

R C. Gosrow 5.00

D. C. Jackling 100.00

■•V" ... 10.00

J. H. Brickenstein 5.00

E. E. Northrup 5.00

Donvci

A i- nana it i ,,.

a u

I v n

W " DO 00

6.00

, •

ninit

Hai r

.'"in 00
A Fri.

John Gilllo

J. N (; 00

...'..'.'...'.'.', 6o!oo

Sternfold

Clintim II 60o!oO

T. \\ 10.00

■uplon II. I 10 00

10.00

nlng HiO. 00

' 'o 250.00

i h Means io no

' '. W. Goodale 26 00

kett 50 no

K i: Foraker 25.00

Charles A. Chase 20.00

li mink- L'Engle 6.00

Calumet & Hecla Mining Co 2

11. i ; Ferguson ...

Jay E. Van Gundy 10.00

l M

Oscar Lachmund 10.00

W.. T 1 0.00

Inter 10.00

Quincy Mining Co 100.00

ii Co 2r>n.oo

William u. Fairbanks

i Curry

\v. R. Ingalls 50.00

II. A. Guess 25.00

J. Me. C :,.no

Engineers' Club of Northern Minnesota 85.00

B. B. i 50.00

26.00

Albert C Burragi 100.00

irrl II. Clark 26.00

P. Rutherford 5.00

Adolph J. Martinson 2.00

Frank R. Edwards 5.00

C H. Munro 100.00

E. E. McCarthy 25.00

J. L. Bruce 15.00

D. Ford MoCormick 10.00

Louis D. Huntoon 5.00

P. G. Spllsbury 10.00

C. T. Brown 10.00

M. C. M 3-00

James F. McCarthy 60.00

United States Smelting. Refining and Mining Co 250.00

L. O. K 10.00

Herman A. Prosser 26.00

J. E. Johnson. Jr 5.00

Total J9343.00

Friends have given enough books to make it possible
to send a case of 89 to B Company. The ladies of the
Women's Auxiliary of the New York Section of the
American Institute of Mining Engineers have volun-
teered to knit for the regiment. Why cannot the lad-
ies do likewise in all mining camps? Clubs can be or-
ganized by the live wires in the various communities
and their output sent to the Association of the 27th
Engineers, with headquarters in the Journal's office,
which will distribute it to the regiment, wherever it may
chance to be.

Back up the mining regiment! Boost the Comfort
Fund! Make your checks payable to W. R. Ingalls,
treasurer. In view of the considerable detail work in
the administration of this fund, acknowledgment of con-
tributions is made only through publication in the
Journal.

Gold Deposits in Inland Alaska were first found, accord-
ing to the U. S. Geological Survey, in the Yukon-Tanana re-
gion. The eai-liest of the pioneer prospectors crossed the
Chilkoot Pass in 1880 and began mining six years later.
The town of Circle is one of the oldest white settlements on
the Yukon. There are neither glaciers nor permanent snow
in this vicinity. Fertile valleys and grassy slopes make
possible the cultivation of many grains and vegetables dur-
ing the short but warm season. The Yukon-Tanana region
has produced gold to the value of $100,000 ,0

NEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 11

January, L918

ount of refined copper

ed with ti

•\\n by the official retains

..ml Don mmerce.

ever, nearly doubled

Great Britain received

than half the quantity

,ith of 1917.

tail, which have just become avail-

ttmam

1. 141.754

II.

1 1.4

2,200

1. (.36.802

Mnne

19.078.929

101,222

1.747

> as follows:

14,414,624

11.479,058

835.081

24,134

l.6'3,!84

1,503,070

241.10;;

131,629

The figures show a decided
lead from domestic ores, but
increase of exports of lead from
■ ue with respect to zinc.

decrease in exports of
a greater proportional
foreign ores. The same

Fluorite for Optical Purposes*

Fluorite. or fluorspar, is used largely in the manufac-
ture of steel, hydrofluoric acid and enamels. In addi-
tion, clear, colorless, or faintly colored specimens, such
ringly with the crude material, are suitable
the manufacture of certain types of lenses and
ms employed in optical instruments. Optical fluorite
of excellent quality has been found in southern Illinois,
and no doubt it also exists in other localities. Fluorite
bends light very slightly, disperses it faintly, and nor-
mally d. o double refraction. Owing to the re-
from light or polished surfaces,
ring through transparent
lucent su . errors are frequently intro-
duced which, for accurate computation and calculation,
must be neutralized, and this is accomplished by means
fluorite placed between the lenses of glass.
A more plentiful supply of optical fluorite should che;
and improve lens construction. For optical purr;-

rain a portion at least one-fourth inch

in diameter free from flaws and practically colorless.

by plane surfaces are better than irregu-

The demand for optical fluorite is limited, but will
if it can be produced in sufficient quantities at

al Surve\

a reasonable price. The proper material is most likely
to be found as cubic crystals occupying the walls of
small open \eins or beds, particularly where the cavities
are relatively numerous, indicating a slow crystalliza-
tion, and consequently more perfect crystals. The value
ot' optical fluorite is roughly $1 per pound, while large,
line specimens may bring $10 apiece. Some of the
dealers in this mineral are: Bausch & Lomb, Rochester,
N. Y.; Spencer I. ens Co., Buffalo, N. Y.; Bureau of
Standards, Washington, D. C, and Ward's Natural
Science Establishment, Rochester, New York.

Metal and Ore Imports Show Decrease
in January

Imports ot' metalliferous minerals during January
show a marked decrease when compared with the figures
January, 1917. There were nearly 10,000,000 lb.
less zinc in calamine and other ore brought into the
United States in January, 1918, than in January. 1917;
lead in ore shows a decrease of 4,000,000 lb.; copper
in ore a similar decrease, while pyrites imports were cut
in two. The detailed figures giving the imports for
January, and for the purpose of comparison those of
January, 1917, as taken from the early returns to the
Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce, follow:

t), lb

tin ci uintri s :>> foil" i« b:

.1 I riliirv,
1917'

14,549.559
1,613.000

Jfl iniiii \
1918"

4,712.100

\ i , 1 1 ■
1,038,666

or old .

tust ....
i i id, lb.:

(lead content)
Fron

rs and old.,

Copper. ll> :

intent)

i ei ippei content)

ttries, as follows:
i anada

8,527.999
11,434

4-1, 912

ii.KS.712
1,919,006

3.339,677

4,668,799

856,965

9,935,429
2,971,454

2.532,582
3,244.686
2,4 It. 060
3,548,638
979,665
49,530

40.200
5.340
2.775

8',, 770

78,948
2.127
4,556

5,357,480.

1.752
11.367,378

3.573.544
8,086,875

-.519,491

.\

78,400

2.46f

1,562

705

431
178

IS, Oil

l.ii/ .,4 '.4

32.654

None

2,194.898
1 5,576.688

852.545

16.721.11)9
5.215.476

6,421,103
2.787,500

1.736,979
3,163,371

<
Chile

i'- in

rj '-■-, long ions

tain countries, :i- full' i

Cuba

950,384

3.133.249

27.584

42.947

35.800
3,081
3,000

41,166

intries, as Follows:

hi

in
■ . tons
\i rfel, 11,

< ire (nickel content)

1 u

etc., lb

as follows:

38,607
2,559
1,61 1

5,102.399

130
12.572.727

3.140.709

menl ....
I lutcb Easl 1 ii. i 1 1 -

.' [ons 1

...
I'l.itii

tired
etc
tring ore, long tons

. i follows:
i.

3,976.381

3,675,224

280,597

5-21,338

23.560
389
745

258

i

ctured, lb

269
92.726

.Minor-Coinage Metals were purchased by the U. S. Mint
in the fiscal year 1917 to the amount of 34,452,619 troy
oz., at a cost of $762,919. The various metals so par-
ed were: Ingot copper, 29,625,988 troy oz. (about 1,686,-
000 lb. avoirdupois); boron copper, 8750; silicon copper,
1524; nickel, 3,571,167 (203,000 lb., avoirdupois); tin, 354,638
(20,000 lb., avoirdupois); zinc, 890,210 (50,000 lb., avoirdu-
pois); mutilated bronze and nickel coins, 343 troy ounces.

.March 16, L918 ENGINEERING AND MINING I JAL i I

gmiiiii iiiiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii uuuiuuiiiiuuuuiuuiiui

Editorials

51ii< 1 1 mniiimiimililliilii lUillliiiliiimi iiiiiimni miniuiiiiiiiiii n limn iiimimm Illlllllll || niiiNiiiiiiiiiiiinm i tinxiit iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiihiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimiimiiiiiii i in

Platinum in Russia and Colombia

LAST week we read in the Official Bulletin that sup
plies of platinum in the United states have been
commandeered by the Government, this action manifest-
ly reflecting a Tear that there will be difficulty in obtain-
ing all the platinum needed, considering that the sup-
plies may not be forthcoming from Russia and that the
main reliance must be on Colombia.

If the main supply must now be derived from Colom-
bia, the way to increase it is to let the price increase
so that the natives will be interested in getting more
of the metal. The natives of Colombia have no patriotic
feelings with respect to the United States; they cannot
be bullied by the War Industries Board; they do not care
if they be characterized as profiteers. In fact, they
will not be profiteers, but just simple folk who must
have a proper incentive to wash the more remote and
expensive alluvial deposits that yield platinum.

The premise that no more platinum will be obtain-
able from Russia this year is not sound. Efforts
should be made to obtain all the platinum from Colom-
bia that is possible, but at the same time very careful
attention should be given to the situation in Russia.

Normally, Russia produced over 90', and Colombia
about 5r, of the world's pre-war platinum. In 1917
the world's production was about one-third of the pre-
war annual production, and the respective outputs of
Russia and Colombia were about as 3 to 1. The
stimulus due to the recent high prices had increased the
annual pre-war output of Colombia from about 15,000
ounces to about 30,000 ounces.

We are reliably advised that Colombia cannot be
counted on to increase its output largely unless a very
high price be offered, for its platiniferous areas are
limited, and practically all production is on the one-
man-proposition scale by inefficient and lazy tropical
laborers. Russia, on the other hand, has large proved
platiniferous areas, and about 30 platinum dredges in
that country can probably be operated this summer if
immediate efforts be made to encourage production.
These dredges have a comparatively low operating cost
per ounce of platinum produced, and a price for plati-
num of about $100 per ounce would almost surely be
sufficient incentive to result in their being operated,
if delivery of their product were accepted, say, at Ekat-
erinburg, the platinum center in the Ural Mountains.

The laborers employed on dredges, being men of
superior intelligence, will probably be less infected with
Bolshevik ideas than the general run of Russian work-
men, and, not being numerous, they will not be so
difficult to keep at w-ork. In addition, the equivalent
of $100 per ounce paid in roubles (about Rs. 137 per
zolotnik, making 10 rs. equal to $1) would unquestion-
ably stimulate the production of platinum by thousands
of peasants in the Urals who will not have much to
do this summer. The pre-war price for platinum at
Ekaterinburg was about 10 rs. per zolotnik.

It is probable thai 60, to 100,000 ounces can be

produced in Russia in 1918 tep i>< taken soon,

but haste i- absolute!) • this

re uii ["he drei on in tin- i [rale begins about

Apr. 16, and as the dredgee will need to be overhauled
fore beginning operations, owners musl be approached
soon if dredging . to be done in 1918, It is probable
that the dredges will not be worked this summer, be
cause oi present and pn inability of owners

to market platinum, unless the operators can be
guaranteed a sale for their product at Ekaterinburg.
Of course, it is not certain that platinum can be brought
out of Russia, but it seems worth while to make the
effort, either through Archangel or via the Tra
Siberian Railroad.

There is another important aspect: Germany needs
platinum too, and purchase by the Allies would probablj
prevent her getting any considerable amount. Platinum
will surely be produced in Russia this year, and probably
in considerable quantity, even if the dredges that are
controlled by the Allies or interests friendly to us
do not work, but if Germany stimulates production, as
there is reason for anticipating her doing, she will
get considerable platinum if the Allies do not move
to prevent it. But it will be necessary to move soon.

Anaconda To Produce Fern (manganese

WITH the versatility that has become one of th3
characteristics of Anaconda, that enterprising
company is making plans for the manufacture of ferro-
manganese at Great Falls, utilizing manganese ore from
its own and other mines in Butte and electric power
from the Montana Power Co. The War Industries
Board appealed to Mr. Ryan to do what he could to
promote the production of ferromanganese in the United
States, and Mr. Ryan put his own staff on the job and
committed the company to backing them up. Incident-
ally, it appeared that the manufacture of ferromangan-
ese would probably be a profitable venture for the
company.

The present plans contemplate a production of about
30,000 tons of ferromanganese per annum. This is a
considerable output, considering that ferromanganese
is worth about $250 per ton, and that the domestic
production in 1917 was about 328,000 tons (the imports
being about 52,000). Production is expected to begin
within the next six months, it having been found prac-
ticable to utilize existing buildings and machinery, the
main parts of the new installation comprising only the
furnaces and the electrical transformers.

While the electro-thermic production of ferroman-
ganese is still a novelty, it is far beyond the experimen-
tal stage, inasmuch as electric furnaces are running
regularly for this purpose at Anniston, Ala. The
rhodochrosite ore of Butte has been smelted at Anniston
and has been found to be admirably suited for this
object.

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. II

Anaconda's at Great Falls

in promising to the countrj a

a much-needed alloy, but indus-

tiv. \w" fancy that it will

reaching importance, it will mark

smelting at Great Falls, where

electric ■ >wer development, and,

made, Anaconda will go into the

any other things unless we are very

La Mr. Baruch Be Saved from His
Friends

Ml;. BARUCH, who has just been appointed director
the War industries Hoard, may well appeal to
be saved from his friends, and also from his press
age: I .'.'.-■ Ralph Block, who contributed a ful-

some piece about him to the Tribune last week.

Mr. Baruch may have bought many things for the
ernment very advantageously indeed, but some
things he has not. However, nobody expects to obtain
perfect batting.

Nevertheless, Mr. Baruch may feel properly mortified
• the claim in his behalf that he persuaded the cop-
per producers to sell him 45,000,000 lb. of copper at
. when the market price was 35c, for Mr. Baruch
knows better than anybody else, first that the aforesaid
supply of copper resulted from the patriotic offer of
John D. Ryan, on behalf of the copper producers; and,
furthermore, that the major market for copper was not
35c. either at that time or at any other time; and,
finally, that the producers were willing then to sell the
Government copper at 25c. as an ordinary business
transaction.

Nor do we think that Mr. Baruch would claim that
months ago he saw scarcity in platinum looming up
ahead and induced two platinum merchants to bring
over 21,000 oz. from Russia. The true story of this
platinum importation is to be found in the Bulletin of
the Mining and Metallurgical Society of America for
January. lf>18. Mr. Block would have done better had
he consulted this, rather than listened so long to fairy
tales in Washington.

The Overman Bill

THE Overman bill giving the President full powers
to centralize control in any way he sees fit may well
be endorsed. It simply enables the President to redis-
tribute the functions of the executive agencies, to
transfer duties, powers, records, and personnel from
one executive agency to another, and to employ such
additional agencies as he may deem necessary.

Under the terms of this bill the President may even
create a general staff to plan our industrial strategy,
and as advisory' to that staff a commission on economic
policies. Such an economic commission is badly needed.
If our economical policies be wrong, we are doomed
to troubles. We ought to be sure that they are right.

When the President has such portentous matters of
statecraft to consider as the projected entry of Japan
into Siberia, the reply to Hertling's last speech, our
relations with Spain, etc., how can he be expected to

attend to all things in domestic affairs, even such details
as fixing the prices for copper and zinc?

We hope that with the new freedom that will come
to him with the passage of the Overman bill he will
create a general planning staff and an economic advisory
commission.

Nobody wants to interfere with any internal reorgani-
zation that the War Department, or any of the other
executive departments, sees fit to make. Let them im-
prove themselves in such ways as their experience
indicates, and let them function in such ways as their
authority extends. But the War Department should
recognize that its success or failure is correlated with
what the Navy, the Shipping Board, Food Administra-
tion, Railway Directorate, etc., are doing, and that unless
there be team-work there surely will be trouble. The
President cannot effect this correlation, for he has too
many other things to do. Therefore he should have
a general staff between himself and the departments,
boards, and commissions. And the general staff should
know that if it violates the laws of economics it will
create troubles more fundamental than anything else;
wherefore it should have the best economic advice.

Without a general staff, the creation of new boards
simply adds to the chaos. Suppose that somebody sees
clearly some important thing that should be done, sup-
pose that some department of our Allies wants it to be
done, as things are at present does anybody know hov.
to get it done? Not one time in a hundred.

Steam-Shovel Mining on the
Mesabi Range

IN THIS issue we present the second of three install-
ments of a paper dealing with the mining of iron ore
by the lowest-cost method existant, from the most pro-
ductive area of a region which has the greatest
resources in reserve in America, if not in the world — the
Giant or Mesabi range. This range of northern Min-
nesota hills is north and west of Duluth and roughly
parallels the western shore of Lake Superior for nearly
100 miles. The orebodies lie along the southern slope
in a series of truncated lenticular bedded deposits,
individually underlying considerable areas of glacial-
drift overburden, but having a relatively small thick-
ness. Textu rally the ores vary from a fine dust to
hard granular boulders consisting of soft hydrated
hematites and limonites, concentrated in troughs of
impervious strata as precipitates from solution. The
thickness of the overburden varies from 125 to 300 ft.,
and, according to the relative depth of the cover to the
ore, stripping and mining by steam shovels or under-
ground methods are used. In general, the ratio nec-
essary to warrant the stripping expense is two yards of
overburden to one yard or two tons of ore; and 150 ft.
is about the maximum depth that is stripped on the
Mesabi range.

In the first part of the article mention is made of the
practice of sinking external shafts for the purpose of
drainage. By so doing the reservoir of moisture held
in the impervious troughs underlying the Mesabi
deposits, which consist of layers of slate or "paint
rock" interbedded with the so-called "iron formation,"
is drained in advance of excavation, thereby greatly
facilitating operations. The iron formation is made up

March 10, 1018

ENGINEERING AND .MINIM, .mi i.

■ chert and ferric oxide, with various other iron
[g minerals disseminated throughout, and by the
aching action of descending waters was the orij
■zee of the concentrated workable deposits Geo
ilk this formation occurs in the Biwabik or upper
■ronian, a slate and quartzite forming the third
f the Alponkian of later pre-Cambrian Bedimentaries.
The Lake Superior region lies in a basin extending
k adjacent parts of Michigan, Wisconsin. Minnesota
rid Ontario, covering an area of 181,000 square miles,
f which 3800 square miles is productive of iron ore.
he altitude at the mines is about 1000 ft. above sea
ivel and the winter climate is severe, as will be att<
y the freezing of the ground to depths of eight feet,
'he Mesabi and other iron ranges of the region have
een enormously productive. They are of exceedingly
reat interest on account of the variety of mining
lethods that have been found adaptable in the low-
rade copper deposits of the West and the enormous
innages of iron ore in reserve for future generations.

rale subject to ai t aftei

in th rift, what if the ground does change

w ithin a short d Let tl em have that

.•lenient Of "spOl ill lil -I M

lations or invest nt ["he average miner i- a ■■

gambler, and it will be to hia gain today and to th<
company's tomorrow, according to the opera!

the natural laws i tion, and the COmpanj

the banker's adva

Ik- an American Propagandist

THE patriotic advertiser who puts hie patriot
into his copy is backing the Government and i

boj in the service. Many of our ad in tins

issue have taken the opportunity to show the mining
public where they stand. Many have used the cut that
appears in this column, and others have devoted
their entire space to the war. In one of his sped
President Wilson said we must match German efficiency
with American efficiency, and that should apply to

The Bonus System Applied to Mining

["N THE issue of Mar. 9th we presented a paper on the
L bonus system applied to mining. Ostensibly the
bject of any form of bonus is to create an incentive to
he workman to extend his efforts and thereby increase
ioth his employer's and his own earnings. The com-
iany's increment is expressed by the production of a
ob at a less cost than would have been incurred by the
lat day's wage system, and the amount of increase
aries directly with positive efforts of the workman
.nd inversely with the price paid to him. The attending
lifficulty seems to lie in the equity of mutual profits.

In the effort to attain the lowest costs possible, com-
lanies often resort to a cut in bonus rates, which fre-
(uently, with good work, increase to proportions out of
.11 bounds compared to the standard wage. Where,
lowever, such a cut-rate practice is anticipated by the
vorkman, the resulting decrease in effort-output is a
mtural consequence, and the purpose of the bonus
ystem is thereby at once defeated. Conversely, if a
rorkman knows that by deception he may be granted
in increase in price per unit of work, the cost to the
ompany becomes greater than it should be and the
vorkman receives a high price without making the
ixtra effort necessary to earn the bonus.

The solution in practice may be found expressed by
arious systems that are attended by more or less suc-
:ess. We are inclined to believe that in a mine the success
if any bonus system depends less upon the system it-
.elf than upon the personality and good judgment of
he executive staff. It is probable that the effort given
>y a workman increases more in proportion to his good
vill toward and personal esteem for the "old man"
han to the merits of any paper-perfected system,
iowever, all matters of this sort being equal, we believe
hat a whole price should be set for a whole job, and
>aid for at regular intervals according to the pro-
>ortion completed, withholding a percentage of the earn-
ngs subject to forfeiture in case of non-completion.
This system seems preferable to the method whereby
i workman is put on a job of indefinite duration and
>aid at a specified rate per unit of job completed, with

We arc backing thb boy
and the Government-

propaganda as much as to anything else. Our adver-
tisers talk to many thousands weekly through our pages,
and on every occasion each one has a splendid chance to
strike a blow against Kultur and to do his bit by foster-
ing patriotic sentiment.

But let us who are not affected by the draft not
deceive ourselves about doing our bit. How much does
a man do when he does his bit? Is it the least that will
get by? Or, if we have already done something, are
we to" let it go at that until the war is over? What are
the little things we have been called upon to do compared
to the sacrifice that many a man is making, whether
conscript or volunteer, who places himself completely
at the disposal of the country? Let us do all we can to
back up the boys at the front and the Government.

U. S. Metals Refining Co.'s Laboratory
at Chrome, N. J.

IN THE description by B. B. Hood of the new chemical
laboratory at the Chrome plant of the United States
Metals Refining Co., which appeared in the last issue,
there are two especially interesting features, which, as
far as we know, are novel. Mr. Hood says that all the
electrolytic copper determinations made in the labora-
tory are done by women. The woman chemist or as-
sayer is by no means new; one instantly recalls Mme.
Curie, the discoverer of radium, and Carrie J. Everson.
the pioneer in flotation. But this is the first case that
has come to our attention where a large smelting or
mining company has '- 'led a definite part of its techni-

KG AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. u

m an occasional

, the change is not startling,

rmination, 01 ema-

e plant where the work is

h worker has .>ul> few operations

ire is the type of balance table

hout the laboratory. It consists, ac-

. lo-ui. concrete slab, of vary-

ad on tiled piers. This construction

luce to negligible amounts all vibration thai

be disturbing. The puts apparently

through the Boor, but rest directly on it.

as i ffective as claimed, is superior

anything we have before seen.

The Journal Index

CONGESTION in our printing department has
cans -t unfortunate delay in the publication

the Index to VoL 104. but we aie promised that the
Index will be completed on March 15 and will be ready-
tor distribution with the issue of March 23.

BY THE WAY

In the life of a mining engineer, there's many a slip
twixt the desk and the trip.

A young mining engineer fresh from college was
spending his first summer in the mines of northern
Michigan. The first few weeks of his time were spent
mostly in the company of an old "Cousin Jack" mining
captain, from whom he gathered much that was not in-
cluded in the course taken at his Ahna Mater. While
walking through an old drift on one of the upper levels
one morning, a place where the timber was in remark-
ably good condition considering the length of time it
had been standing, he struck his head against the caps
several times before he woke up to the fact that it
would be well to watch the back and duck occasion-
ally. Wanting to air his increasing knowledge of min-
ing terms, he turned to the old-timer and said, "The
hanging is pretty low here, Captain." His companion
walked along a bit before he gave any sign of having
heard the remark ; he stopped, reached into his hip
pocket and drew forth a package of Peerless. Then
took a generous pinch, placed it in the side of his
mouth, rolled it around a little, settled it down in his
cheek, spat at a spike-head protruding from an old tie,
hit the mark, and said, "No, muh son; the 'anging's
alright, but the foot's kind o' 'igh."

boj who wanted to eat his pie and have it too, sh
laughs at all and always has the last, word. He
husband is named Commerce — he who always makes hi
own laws and of whom Emerson said: 'The philoi
opher and lover of man have much harm to say of tradi
but the historian will see that trade was the spirit (
liberty." She comes of great ancestry, this Queen, Suj
ply and Demand; her mother was the Law of GravS
tion; her father a stern old man called Survival of th
Fittest, born in the year 2. What care they for sue
as break their laws, be it legislatures, governments c
people? They put them all in the mill which grind
grinds slowly but awful fine. Here comes her elded
son Experience. He 'keeps a dear school,' said Franl
lin. Her youngest is a funny little fellow named Gumi
tion. Her daughter is the beautiful Liberty. They a
live in a Great Stone Castle called the Fundament*
Order of Things, their home, to which we are all ii
vited but few accept. In the gardens by the castle thei
grow a very rare variety of flowers called Economic
A few in your buttonhole will save you much troubl
but they are out of fashion, and in fact are rath(
disliked by many todav."

A correspondent of the Evening Sua offered the fol-
lowing, which each member of the Administration in
Washington ought to cut out, paste in his hat, and read
every day : "Sits enthroned the Law of Supply and De-
mand. Gentle in what she permits, firm in what she
punishes. Her rule never changes: 'Price regulation
creates a scarcity.' From the Corn Laws of England
to the Usury Law of New York and down to the little

Chile recently passed through a colossal petroleuili
swindle based on alleged petroleum discoveries in th
southern or Magellan territories of that republic. Aboil
two years ago the Compania Petroleo de Patagonia Coil
solidada was organized in Santiago with a share cap!
tal of 10,000,000 pesos, in 1,000,000 shares of 10 pescl
each, and has had "experts" engaged in boring for ol
at Lena Dura, about four kilometers from Punta Arena
in the Strait of Magellan. On Nov. 7 great excitemeij
was created on the Bolsas of Valparaiso and of Santiagj
A series of telegrams from the workings, following eacl
other in quick succession, gave notice in the names (I
one Sinclair, the "expert" in charge of the boring openj
tions, and Burr, the local manager, at Punta Arenal
that oil-impregnated sands were being perforated anl
that shortly afterward the pool had been tapped, tH
boring having reached a depth of 2010 ft. Oil was surd
ing upward, filling the well and preventing further pro)
ress; and this well was reported capable of producin
at least 5000 bbl. daily, or words to that effect. "It no1
develops that 44 boxes of crude petroleum were shippe
from Valparaiso," says the South Pacific Mail, and "th
is alleged to have been injected into the pipes of a pum
working in one of the drill holes, to convince investig;
tors that oil was actually being pumped." During tl
last two years the share barometer had been fluctua
ing between 50 centavos and 10 pesos and upward, a
cording to the strength of the odor of mineral oils exis
ing in the imagination of the parties principally inte
ested. With the receipt of the telegrams, "Pategoniai
began soaring upward and changing hands with unprec
dented rapidity. From 11 to 14 pesos was a journc
of a few hours only, a million or so of shares beirj
handled in a few days. At last the bubble burst. TI|
facts began to filter through the maze of exaggerate
reports and the two 'experts' in charge of the drillir
bolted into Argentina. They were arrested in Rio Ga|
legos and handed over to the Chilean authorities, chargi
with putting petroleum into the well instead of taking
out." Some of the Chilean officers of the company
Santiago and Punta Arenas have also been arrested.

March K>. mis

ENG1NEE RING AND MINING J01 R

• " IIIMIIII ■

mill III HIMt I

NEW PUBLICATIONS

mi • iiiiiiiii

> i IIIIIIIMM

he Geologj of the Moonta and Wallaroo Mining District.

By R. Lockhart Jack. Pp. 185, illus. Hull. 6, Geoli
cmI Survey of South Australia, Adelaide, South \<>
t ralia.

usi Accounting for oil Producers. Clarence <i. Smith.

Pp. 123. Hull. 158, r. s. Bureau of Mines, Washington.
ahor Laws of California. Compiled by John I'. Mil

liti. Commissioner. Pp. 268. Bureau of Labor Si

tii s. San Francisco, Calif.

ethnical Anahsis of Urns* and the Non-Ferrous Alloys.
By William" B. Price and Richard K. Meade. ■">'. x 7'^,

pp. 376, illus. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Now York.
The second edition of this useful little hook presents in a
mpact form a number of analytical methods applicable

■ the determination of all of the ordinary metals. In Part
I many examples of the analysis of alloys are given, in

Macular description of methods for analyzing manganese.
iromium. vanadium and titanium alloys of copper. Part
,' deals with the control and analysis of plating solutions.

re Mining .Methods; Descriptions of Methods of Support
in Extraction of Ore, Detailed Descriptions of Methods
of Development of Mines, of Stoping and Mining in
Narrow and Wide Veins and Bedded and Massive De-
posits. Including Stull and Square-Set Mining. Filling
and Caving Methods, Open-Cut Work and a Discussion
of Costs of Mining. By Walter R. Crane. 6x9. pp.
277, illus.; $3.50. John Wiley and Sons, New York.
The first edition of this book received a cordial reception,
id the present volume, revised and enlarged, will no doubt
itisfactorily fill an important need of students and min-
g men.

•on Ore Occurrences in Canada. Vol. I. By E. Lindeman,
M. E., and L. L. Bolton, B. A. Sc. Pp. 71, illus., with
maps. Canadian Department of Mines, Ottawa, Gov-
ernment Printing Bureau, 1917.
This publication possesses special interest at present
wing to the greatly increased demand for iron and stesl
•eated by war conditions. It embodies information on
anada's iron ore resources and contains descriptions of the
•incipal iron mines, to which has been added as a supple-
ent information concerning the Wrabana Mines in Xe.v-
>undland. The arrangement is geographical, the grouv-
g being by provinces and their subdivisions. In the in-
stigations particular attention was given to the magneto-
etric surveying and mapping of deposits of magnetite,
agnetometric and topographical maps accompany the re-
nt, which is prefaced by an introductory summary by A.
. A. Robinson, B. A. Sc.

he Principles of Iron Founding. By Richard Moldenke.
6x9. pp. 517, illus. McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York.
This book is of special interest to the metallurgist who
in charge of the control work of an iron foundry. It is
)t a hand-book, but one in which the fundamental prin-
ples of iron-making and the closely related industries are
i presented as to be of value to the foundryman in his
tily work. A brief historical review of the subject is fol-
wed by a review of the relation of the foundry to manu-
cturing enterprise and the organization of a foundry,
n outline of the metallurgy of iron and a discussion of
le properties of cast iron follow. Somewhat over one-
ilf of the book is given to the classification of Castings,
oundry Raw Materials, Technology of Combustion, Melt-
g Processes, Mixture Making and Testing Cast Iron. In
ie appendix the Standard Specifications for Gray Iron
jstings, the Methods for Sampling and Analysis of Pig
id Cast Iron, Standard Methods for Laboratory Sampling
id Analysis of Coke and Tentative Methods for Ultimate
nalysis of Refractory Materials ( American Society foi-
sting Materials) are given. The long experience of the
ithor and his keen appreciation of the need of carefu1.
ntrol in foundry practice make the book an important
Idition to the literature dealing with the subject covered.

i, i hemiali >
eal Anal

There are mat p eh< '

i ioni t lei are neci

d in
t he o n of plan) s. In "1

ber of i . i

and

\ mong the buI
limestone, iron ore, i pling of

ores; analysis of mai ■ i . lead Bl

graphic method of calculating blast furnace chargi

dry chemistry; examination and am

chemical and physical of portland

concrete; analysis of .lay, kaolin, buildini halt;

methods of testing Coal tai the examina-

tion of lubricating oils; fuel oils; ull

i analysis; water and gas analysis; photometry, i
metry ami fuel analysis.

The Principles • • l Economic Geology. By William Harvey
Emmons, Ph.D., 6 x 9, ] lus. McGraw-Hill Book

< ompany. New ">
The author states in thi a! the volu i

attempt to present to advanced students of geologj

briefly as practicable a perspective of the science of in.
liferous and non-metalliferous deposits. It includes a
series of lectures on economic geology which were offered
during the last 10 years at the universities of I hicago and
Minnesota. These have been expanded and descriptions of
certain mining districts have been added. The work does
not include a treatment of mineral fuels, an omission which
the author declares to be justified by the developmen'
the geologic branches in the universities. Coal depo
are treated at some length in the text-books of general
geology. Petroleum geology is treated in several texts on
oil which are no more comprehensive than is desirable m
a thorough course in economic geology.

The wise restriction of the field by Dr. Emmons ha
duced a book which has the advantages of compactness and
brevity, and his wide experience and thorough study make
the work an especially valuable treatise not only to the
student of economic geology but to the mining engineer as
well. It is a book which deals with elements or principles,
and sufficient exemplification has been given to make tham
clear. A thorough know-ledge of the chemical and physical
principles underlying economic geology has enabled the
author to systematize his presentation in a commendable
way.

The first chapter defines terms, and this is followed by
a chapter on the classification of ore deposits. These com-
prise compact statements of the essential points. Chap
III to X, inclusive, are presented according to an excel
plan. There is first a number of brief paragraphs which
give the facts concerning, Occurrence. Composition. Shape.
Size and Texture. The general features of the type of de-
posit are then described. A liberal bibliography concludes
the chapter.

Chapter XI describes Primary Oreshoots; Chap. XII, De-
formation of Ore Deposits; Chap. XIII. Faulting and Fold-
ing of the Deposits; Chap. XIV. Dynamic Metamorphism
of Ore Deposits; Chap. XV, Superfi"ial Alteration and En-
richment of the Deposits; Chap. XVI, Openings in Rocks:
Chap. XVII, Structural Features of Openings in Rocks an 1
of Epigenetic Dei hap. XVIII, Metasomatic Pro-

cesses; Chap. XIX. Mineral Associations in Veins and Wall-
rock Alteration; Chap. XX, Metallographic Provinces and
Metallogenic Epochs; Chap. XXI, Composition and Sou
of Ascending Thermal Metalliferous Waters.

The remaining chapters deal specifically with Iron. Cop-
per, Gold, Silver, Zinc and Lead. Miscellaneous Metallifer-
ous Deposits and Deposits of the Non-metals.

Dr. Emmons has produced a well-balanced book in a field
which presents a rich and varied scientific literature. While
there are other valuable works on the subject of economic-
geology, this volume may justly be said to add to rather
than to displace any one of them.

KNin.NKKKlNV, AND MIXING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 11

Personals

j !

t j

ii.. ..hi i

Societies

i Ibatrtl lo i hf x "-"> i-ti ><'ii

■
■

tatlng

iven i«»
m. but
j mak-

u i w. -...-A,, i . to Call-

i .. RpUaban * urloefrini ( •>- has
\.-u Vork from IS
I I way.

\\ J. RtBU,

the Imperial » >il Co .

ii * k.. i.m.-. .ii. formerly on the staff of

Camp Sevier,

Butte, has been ap-

■ of tin- department of

iconda

John I H.» ii* -hi* Mr B > M, \\ k Ihiihii

I pari nershlp for the pi
.

w Bank Bfdg.,

Utah.

\\ \. Tanner DAS I t .Mitfl-

■!" mechanical operations bj

CO \\ . \ .

« I ward, ol •'■■• Li Palls, will have charge

■tis.

M H«url Jeqaler, metallurgist of the

'■'■■ et Metallui g Iq le de Penary

i»r iagnstc Bollard, consulting

*. who are on a metallurgical tour

- -1 the Washoe smelt-

>nda Copper Mining Co on

<• m. Retabolt, consulting engineer ol the

■ Co., al • llobe, Ariz..

■ i professional visits to a pros-

i v and t" the New I tomii

h hile en route from i California to

where he is spending several

In the iron, mica ana graphite lu-lts.

Kmniirr ii. Sehlej has been fleeted

of t he How.' Sound Co., succ< ed-

' Grant B Schley.

mtrol and operates tru*

Copper Mining Co., In British

The following have '• • n elect d

ii M Hanna, Jr of M A.

eveland : Capt. William K.

-: iker & Bro ; Charles

1 rwlnd, White » '<<:tl < Y>. ; and

ii \ Brm»»ert, who has been com

S Steel Corporation since its

■

ntendent of the

- »uth ' Chicago, in oi del

nterests.

nt or the Miami Meta

he will have
of their operations In the p

-- ■ ■ A Bra erl will

ulting engii i for Freyn

He will
f with Prancta II. H;ml\
■ Ii. Tripp, In the Arm of Bi a
ft Tripp, to act in a consulting
merclal and
)
ert will
in Chicago, with offices In the
Ig. He will bi d

iperlntendi
U«or*c I-. Danforth, Jr.,
■% denl of steel p

i i La rimer,
tendent of the .Toilet works
of th*- Illinois Steel Co., will taki the place
■i by Mr Danfo

Obituarv

......Hi I.llll.li,

Heorj Krhoc, mining engineer, .J j • - < I al
He had

many parts of
la and M .| hj.r]

an mining companies

For man

■

• IIHII ' IIIHIKS

mal \ >-. unit ion nf Waste Material
Dealers will hold its annual meeting at the
Hotel Vstoi . New \ ork, on Mai 19 a id 20
The metal d vl Ion will hold us sess'on al
1 p in Mar 19. I-' W Reldenbach wi.l
ide
v ii. in — •■■ i.- 1 » ..i Mechanical Engi-
neers, Mew Fork Section, will hold a meet-
i I \\ 39th St., New
Dwlght |. Knni.ali will preside.
\.w Fork's Freight Handling Facilities"
the BUbjecl of discussion. The fol-
lowing executive committee has been ap-
pointed: John n Norrls, chairman, oiiki-
neer National Meter Co ; Wlllard C, BrTn-
i.tii. consulting engineer; W. Herman
Greul, Otis Elevator Co.; William \v.

"] inn Age" ; S. M. Marshall.

consulting engineer, and Edwin J. Prlndle.
Canadian Mining Institute elected the
following officers at IU Montreal co ivention
on Mar 6 B President, l>. B. Dowling,
Ottawa; vice presidents, J. A. Dresser,
Montreal; ii E G. Haultaln, Toronto, and
S Whiteside, Coleman, /Vita. ; coun-
cillors, Dr. Allied Stansfleld, Montreal; N.
i h.r. I laileybury. Ont. ; Reginald E

Hole. Toronto ; E. 1'. .MntheU'SOll. Toronto ;

s B Wright, I leloro, < »nt ; Jule ! Char-
bonnier, Blairmore, Alia.; W. P. Williams,
Bellerue, Alia, it. Jl Stewart. Vancouver,

B. C on, Victoria. B ('..

and W R Wilson. Pernle, B. <". At a
meeting of the iron and .steel men on Mar.
7. called to © nsider the organization of an
iron and steel seetion of the institute, thvre
was great difference of opinion as to
■ r it was desirable to organize as a
section Of the institute or form a separate
body Dr. Alfred Stansfleld, of McGill
University, presided. A motion of F. H.
MacDougall was finally adopted that the
society be formed under the auspices of the
institute and that provision be made for
launching out a< an independent organiza-
tion should it he deemed necessary at any
time. The following organizing committee
was appointed: Robert Ilobson, Hamilton;
i "ol Thomas Caotlev. Mark Workman. W.

C. Franz, Dr. Alfred stansfleld. W. J. Jann-
sen, H. ii. Jacquays, J. A. Irwin. C. F.
Bristol. Esmond Peek. G. H. Duggan, and
P. I.. MiUer. of Montreal; F. H. MacDou-
gall. Sydney. N. S. ; F. Crockard. New
Glasgow, N S ; .1. .1. Hartley, Kingston;
George W. Watts and William IngalK To-
ronto; .1 ■; .Morrow. F\ A. Sherman and
W M. Curry, Hamilton; Col. David Car-
negie. Ottawa; Capt. David Kyle. Sault Ste.
Marie; M. lieakins. Winnipeg ; W. F. Rob-
ertson. Vancouver; and George McKenzie.

Industrial News

Lewis Seiiriiig, vice president and gen-
eral manager of the Denver Engineering
Works Co., makers of mining and milling
machinery, has sold his half interest in the
company to the Hardinge Conical Mill
Co.. of New Vork. He expects to take a
few months' vacation before engaging in
further net nil les.

Redwood ManufHclurers Co., of San
Francisco, has just completed in record
time the building and laying of 'the five-
mile hydro-electric power line In Spearflsh
Valley, South Mai. ma. fur the Homestake
Mining Co. The country traversed was
difficult About 25,900 ft. of r.L'-in. Remco
continuous stave redwood pipe was laid
on previously prepared grades, in just two
and one week. one mile of the
line was laid In two 7 x 7J-ft. tunnels
ii solid rock. Working two crews
daily, a construction speed of 4'K> ft. gel-
day was mad.- through the tunnels.

Overstrom Manufacturing Co., San

co Calif., announces that the ex-

right, privilege and license to manu-

■ ' nd . • II, In the i Inited stati s and

Ion , the Overstrom concentrator

(Overstrom Universal concentrating table).

red i application for U. S. patent.

; 57, tiled Nov. JO, 1916. and
1 i in. i- arc motion of the table, riffles
parallel to the motion, lami-
nated spring supports, etc., have been
grani.-d to George A Scott, to begin at
ith a contract between

Gustave A m, Charles V. Craig

I Scott By the terms of this
i Hi" ent ii i bui in.'.-: , assets and
tions of the Overstrom Manufactur-
ing Co., as of Jan 1. 1918, are assigned to
and assumed by George A Scott, who will
continue the business under the name of
the ' >vi-rstrom Manufacturing Co., with
principal office at 607 First National Bank

nidi; . San Francisco. Calif. II is there
i.oe requested that all orders, remittance:
and Inquiries be sent to the latter ail. In
where collections of accounts may also I..
made.

Trade Catalogs

Graphite Mine «'ur Lubricants. Unite*
states Graphite Co., Saginaw. Mich. Bool
let. Pp. 16 ; 31 x 6 in. : illustrated.

"What the Krle Is Doing" is the title o

a new bulletin issued by the Ball lOngini
Co., Erie, I'enn. which shows the applica
no i of the Erie steam shovel to vartofl
lines of work, I'p. 10; Six 11 in.; illus,

t rated

"85', Magnesia" Anniversary AdvertS
Ing Portfolio, I ;• 1 7. Magnesia Association
of America, Pp. 82; 11 x 18 J In.; illus
trati d. An assemblage of all the n.lver
tlslng matter regarding this insulat'o*
which has been appearing continuous]
during i;H7 in many t. clinical papers. I
is a series of careful presentations of thi
nature and application of 85% magnesin
as an insulation for steam pipes ant
boilers. The educational value of thesi
advertisements in their sequence may bi
considered to entitle the book to a place it
the files of engineers, architects, and ex
tensive users of steam. If any inter, stei
nailer has not received tills portfolio, i
copy will be sent him upon his writing" I
the secretary of the Magnisia Aswiat'o
of America. 702 Bulletin Bldg., I'niiadel i
phia, Pennsylvania

■ mil, ii mil

New Patents

United States patent specification li tei
below may be obtained from "The Engi
peering and Mining Journal" at 25c. eac^ll
British patents are supplied at 40c. each

Aluminum, Treatment of Alumi^ofl
Compounds Howard Spence and Williar.|
Basil Dlewellyn, Manchester, Kngland. as i
signors to Peter Spence & Sons, Limit m
Manchester, Kngland. (U. S. No. 1,250,005 I
Feb. 19, 1918.)

Ammonia, Production of. by ElectrM
Discharge in Mixture of Hydrogen anl
Nitrogen. Alexander Classen, Aachei
Germany. (U. S. No. 1,256,875; Feb. 1!|
1918.)

C'unreintratlon — Separation of Magnetil
Iron Ore from its Associated Non-Magnetl |
or Feebly-Magnetic Minerals. Daniel IV:
Barringer, Wayne, Penn. (U. S. N<
1,256.972; Feb. 19, 1918.)

Quicksilver Ores — Continuous R'-tort foj
Treating. William H. Landers. New A!lj
maden, Calif., assignor of one-half to Pt
cific Foundry Co.. San Francisco. Call I
(U. S. No. 1.256,703; Feb. 19. 1918.)

DiNk Crusher — Kdgar B. Symons, Wit .
petka. 111., assignor to Svmons Brothel
Co., Winnetka, 111. (U. S. 1,256,843 ; Fel
19, 1918.)

Gold Washing Machine for Saving Fir
Gold. Edward Bagley. Vancouver, Brit's
Columbia, Canada. (U. S. No. 1,250.76
Feb. 19, 1918.)

Iron Sponge from Iron Ore, Productio
of. Alf Sinding-Larsen, Vestre Aker, nea
Christiania. Norway. (U. S. No. 1,256.!I3S
Feb. 19, 1918.)

Miner's Lamp, Acetylene. James Brocke
Collinsville, 111. (U. S. No. 1.256.770 ; Fe'
19. 1918.)

Miner'H Lamp, Means of Carrying Lu
Smith. Caretta, W. Va. (U. S. No. 1.257
037 ; Feb. 19. 1918.)

Nitrogen Compounds of Metals, Procet|l
of Producing. Mathias Sem, Christian!
Norway, assignor to Det Norske Akt'es'
skab for elektrokemisk Industri, Xonl
Industri-Hypotekbank. Christiania, No]
way. (U. S. No. 1.256,935; Feb. 19. 1918|

Ore Reduction by Action of High Tenskll
felectric) Flame. Sigurd Westberg al
Emil Edwin, Christiania, Norway. (U.
No. 1,256,623; Feb. 19. 1918.)

Zinc-Lead Pigment. A Method of Pr
ducing Zinc Lead Pigments from Oxidizi
Zinc and Lead Ores. James A. Singmast
and Frank G. Breyer. Palmerton, Penn.. a
signors to New Jersey Zinc Co., New Yor
N. Y. (U. S. No. 1,257,136, Feb. 19. 1918

Zinc, Process of Extracting from Its*Or.
in an Electric Resistance Furnace. Kdv
Andreas Johansson, TroIIhattan. Swede
assignor to Societe Anonyme Metallurgioi
Procedes De Laval. Brussels. Belglut
(U. S. No. 1.256.802; Feb. 19, 1918.)

March 16, 1918 ENGINEERING AND MINIM; J01 RNAL B29

1|1|(|m||1|imm m,, HilimMiiiiiiimiiMimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiMiniiMiiiiiiiiuiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiuiiMHiiiMiiiiniKiiMiiHiniiiiiiiniMMMiiunMiiimiinii inmiiiiiiiiiimimiiiiiii iiiiiiiiiiiiimiiiiiiHiiiiiiiiiinmiiiimimiiiiimiiiiiiiiuiii uiiiniiiiiiiii

Editorial Correspondence

jj,, iiiniiiuiiiiiiiiiiiiin iniiminm iiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiim i limn inn mi inn i i I nnniiniin i ininnnniiinii mini i i iiiiiiiMimiiiiininiiiii

s.\N FRANCISCO — Mar. ^

I'.ui tmerlean Petrol » and Transport

K dividend rate on common Btook ol a
E value of J60 has been raised from
Be to $1 86 per quarter, This is an In-
Kase on the annual rate on the par value
r„„, ;•, to ii", Dividends are payao'!
vtn- i" to Btockholdera ol record Mar 16
m,i «iii be paid approximatelj one-hall
n cash and one-half In Liberty Loan r.
finds Preferred dividend of 7% is pay-
Ale Apr. 1 to stock of record Mar. 15.

Onion Oil <•••• Meeting «i Oleum on Feb.
■ re-elected Lyman Stewart chairman ol
Be board of directors and W L Stewart,
(resident R .1 Keown was elected tr as-
ter' he was assistant treasurer for several
Bars E. W Clark was re-elected vice
Resident, John McPeak, secretary, and K.
5 Matthews, controller. Isaak Millnank
■as elected director to succeed John Gar-
hues who has led the minority share-
Elders against the Stewart Interests,
Eere was no contest.

Snow and Rain Storms in those sections
.if the state where the greatest damage
Semed imminent are reported, with heavj
Sreclpltation. In San Luis Obispo County,
■here cattle were dying for want of feed,
there was a rainfall of about seven inches
in one week In Santa Barbara County
the precipitation measured eleven inches.
\t Fresno about seven inches fell. At
Bishop. Invo County, the precipitation of
rain in the' first half of the week amounted
to nearly two inches. The mountains were
Visited by a good snowfall. In all the
southern "counties there was sufficient ram
and snow to guarantee water for both ir-
rigation and mining. The storm also ex-
tended over the entire northern half of the
state In Amador County the seasonal pre-
cipitation was 9.85 inches. This is much
les^ than the same period last year, but
still it is a guarantee of safety, as in other
parts of the state.

The (arson Hill Gold Mines. Inc.. is a
new organization which has optioned the
mines of the Calaveras Consolidated Syn-
dicate at Melones and Carson Hill and
also properties originally owned b> James
G Fair including the Morgan, which in
the early davs was one of the large pro-
ducers in the Carson Hill district. The
Union mine, also one of the famous proper-
ties owned bv Senator Fair, is included in
the deal The recent development in this
region, including properties in the Carson
Hill and Melones districts, has been con-
ducted by the Calaveras Consolidated un-
der the management of William J. Lormg.
The development of the Calaveras Consoli-
dated property has been encouraging from
the start, and the taking over of the other
properties mentioned means the extension
of the development methods to these prop-
erties in the belief that, combined the vari-
ous mines will constitute one of the best
producing gold mines in the Mother Lode
region of California.

Engels Copper Co. Production in 1917
showed 38% increase over "".Mines m
Plumas County produced 6, 16b, 48 7 ID. or
copper Gross earnings were *1.30i.l-J
and the profit balance, after deducting
operating costs and depreciation and mine
depletion, amounted to $31,. 458, or 189«
on the capital stock outstanding. There
are outstanding 1,840,000 shares of the
total authorized issue of 2.000.000 shares.
The outstanding stock was increased dur-
ing the veaj. The vital expenditures were:
New mill, tramway, air compressors, ma-
chine shop. $552,240; completion of Indian
Vallev R. R.. $179,000; total, J.31. 240
These improvements are complete, wmen
will enable the company to approximately
double the production in l\l8 Dividends
paid in 1917 amounted to $295,253. ou-
ters and directors elected on Feb. 25 are.
Henrv Engels. president ; F. Klamp. vice
president; E. E. Paxton. general manager;
O. G Traphagen, J. F. Humburg and I. J
Truman. Jr., directors ; L A. Bell, sec-
retary.

First Dav's Recruiting 139th Engineers
in Grass Valley resulted in an enlistment
of 10 men. Possibly the fact that the regi-
ment accepts men subject to draft may
acoount for this large number on the nrst
dav No doubt Nevada City will nearly
aqual that nMrrtber. and the total from the

i»„ dl li • icpected will n

\i the rate thi mini
going Into the Army there is likely to be ■
serious shortage • •! men foi the mini
in all district n « ill be neci sarj to
ploy more old men than have her
. mployed underground Thi

% « ill i luced and In man;

the oid.r men who have been Idle "i n ho
have been engaged In prospecting and de-
veloping ih, ii ow " • i.i i,n have ni
pace with the advance In methods, Bui
the old, r mi the most pan I

m ■ and readllj tall Into the habit ol

doing the thing thai should be dom The
reglmenl lias obtained a numb r
of men who would not have enlisted but
would have waited tor the drafl 1
true largely on account of the men having

families dependent upon them and their

tabllshed Hut sine,- they

acquired al skilled labor, there is a disposi-

can make use of the knowledge they have

lion tO gO to the front

Borate Deposlta In the Saratoga Beda

occupying Rats around Saratoga Springs,

San Bernardino County, are being investi-
gated by Hovt s Gale, of the U. S. Geo-
logical Survey. There are L'.r, men in the
party. The beds are situated in the north-
ern edge "t thi county at the southern ex-
tremity of Death Valley, the foot of
Funeral Range. The beds extend along
the north ami east flank of the Avawatz
Mountains for a distance of about six
and In some places arc about one mile in
width, covering over 5600 acres. The
wagon road from I laggatt to Death Valley
passes along the extreme west end of the
district ; the road from Hand burg to Sara-
toga Springs passes through the eastern
portion of the beds. The Tonopah and
Tidewater Rj i on the eastern edge of
the beds and is available at Dumont. about
"ii miles south of Zabriskie. The nearest
main line station is at Cruzero at the cross-
ing of the San Pedro. Los Angeles & Salt
Lake R.R The Tonopah and Tidewater
also crosses the Santa Ft Ry. at Ludlow.

BVTTE. MONT. — Mar. 7
Lectures <n Mine Rescue Work by C. A.
Mien, of the TJ. S. Bureau of Mines, and
engineer in charge of Rescue car No. 5,
stationed near the Leonard mine of the
Anaconda company, have been started and
will be delivered in a series, free to miners,
for the purpose of educating them in the
matter of caring for themselves and their
fellow workmen in case of injury requiring
immediate attention. The lectures are
being delivered bv physicians, engineers
and miners connected with the department,
and a diploma will be issued to those who
attend the full course of five lectures and
take part in the accompanying exercises.

Butte-I)etroit Co. is Operating the Ophir
mill and is now treating manganese ore
from three different properties. The mill
will not be up to capacity for several
weeks as improvements have to be made
and new equipment installed. The Ophir
mine has been unwatered to a depth of
500 ft. and mining is in progress. Man-
ganese ore is being hoisted and as soon
as flotation is installed silver-zinc ore will
be mined and treated. The Butte-Detroit
company has secured a license from the
Minerals Separation company for the use
of the process, and preparations are now
well under way for the treatment of tne
silver-zinc ore The Ophir mine is being
worked at a depth of 1000 ft., but it is not
intended at the present time to unwat.r
the shaft helow the 500 level, as all the
ore required for some time is available
between the surface and that level The
Ophir is rich in silver down to the 50»
level while around the 200 and 300 levels
there are valuable bodies of manganese.

Creation of the Office of Labor Commis-
sioner was announced by Anaconda on
Feb 22 and the appointment to the post ol
Thomas J. Chope. of Butte. It will be the
special mission of this new department to
establish a closer relationship between em-
plovers and employees, and to endeavor to
settle all differences of policy by right
rather than by might. Another purpose of
the new department will be to keep in
touch with the men and the condition of
the miner's environment, so that greater

i , m, s iii 00

on with Anaconda,

tin ii,,. Operation! al Losing

Mine umed, and the i

oduetlon "t «lnc
Two being woi ki d and around

_t.ii tor re bi Ing h

The i '''

propi rties of tl

i ■ ■.. i

thi old Bo ii": and and

ii . ,i the prop, ■

and worked it I'U >

. , nuii. any I • CUI • 'I
and ItUmi

,1 il.ni n I nil mg II I

..ni of ,••■1 ■ he machinery was I hoi

oughly overhauled and put In in

Hon W'hil, the property is still rich
In silver, zine production is important.

SALT LAKE CITY — Mar. 7

Control of the lii,l> Well mine, al Park
City, adjoining the Daly-Judge, has by Un-
vote of its stockholder; passed to the lat-
ter company, and ll Otto Hanke, president

of the I 'ah -Judge, has l» • n mad. pi I
,1, ni "1 II" Daly West also. This valu-
able ground, which of late years has not
been keeping up lb >rd ol produc-

tion, will be developed with renewed ac-

tivil . . and in, n mi is likeh

i. ■: nil Ann. nt; oilier things, the Daly V.

mm is Idli each year for everal months
owing to the lo.ation of its water supply,
which during the winter season frei
regularly The Daly-Judge has within the
last year brought Into opi ration an elec-
trolvi ie sine plant for the treatment of
concentrates from its own mill. This plant
has r sntly worked out some of the de-
tails ol ' I" proci use, a lid is produc-
ing a high-grade product. The Daly West
ores vary little fi tho of the Daly-
Judge, aiid the advantages of operation in
connection with its more active neighbor
can readily be appreciated.

SPOKANE. HASH. — Mar. .">
A 10-Ton Experimentation Plant for the

reduction of ores will be placed in opera-
tion in Spokane soon by M. C. Knowles and
associates of London. The plant will be
equipped to test ores for smelting, and con-
centration, in. Hiding dotation.

The Kirst Flotation t'nit in Oroville dis-
trict Stevens County, Wash., is under con-
struction at Nlghthawk by the Bender-
Metals and Milling Co., which will treat
custom ores in the district. Arrangements
have already been made for the ores ot
the Rich Bar and Caaba properties.

Reopening «' the Nortliport Smelter} by
the Day interests has given a decided im-
petus to mining operations in that dis-
trict The plant is now employing 400
nun and Its annual freight bill is close to

the $2.0 "' mark. Over 10, ' tons of

coal and 4". tons of coke are consumed

annuallv, ami ar 45.OO0 tons of lead

bullion wen eed. The plant .ha*

three furnaces, with a capacity of 400.000
tons of charge pel year. Tin- ores treated
come chiefly froi he Coaur d Alenes. in
Idaho, and "Republic, Washington.

\n I nusiiallv Difficult Piece of Engineer-
ing has just been completed by the Kio-
let Tramway Co.. of Spokane, in. the in-
stallation of a tram for the Laur.er Min-
ing Co.. in the Laurier district. So rugged
is the country that no towers could be
erected and not even a telephone line in-
stalled, a traction rope being used for the
latter purpose. The loading end of : the
2900 ft tram, which is operated by grav-
ity is 16 ft high.-r than the discharge end.
it has" telly capacity of . 80 tons. The
same company is now erecting a Plant for
the Vallev Magnesite company at ^ alle}.
Installation will begin as soon as weather
permits. Two trams were recently com-
pleted for the Elkora mines in the Jar-
bidge. district. Nevada, one being a half
mill in length and the other three-quar-
ters of a mile. Two miles of tramway for
the Engles Copper Mining Co. at Engles.
Calif., were placed in commission a few
days ago. The plant has a capacity of l-"0
tons in 24 hours.

PEERING AND MINING J0URNA1

\'.«!. L05, \<

11

HOl'GHTOM MUM —Mai ■

Mtar I* n..i Producing

-

that the

nlaln.-
im the

-:h ore
■ head

li has

l»ir Ko\«lr*<. Inereajted Productl

ifts and the

ted la gr.it i-

developments have

the real results

■ -: under-

ductlon

Tonnage ran increase

-

a head Tl

otlves is In

None

d in the old

• is deep enough

■is and thi

' ge Is sufl
hoisting a
mlng

K. .r-ar,;.- I- N..w Main Producer

d Three

ind I, No. 'J

. Kearsarge con-

!• ton-

.1 i me
i, hi o

lally. which

a das "

there

■ tWO V.

:iil tin- up n it needs,
man

The lew
IROXTON, MINN —Mar. H

n» Kane ManganlferoaH or.' i

it Iron-

i-
innge

i. HI in MO. — Mar. ;

■ k 1,1 llf.UI | Op. ,

D D

i
ipman,

Hi I'll II'. il Opel

-. ■ i,. have in

compans no1

the smelting end "i tin

Indira) •' Increaaed Development

iri i".m\ Tii.
I .mil /.in. C I n

Hi.- Hubbard m

hi i li i

... i (op

ii old K i i ii" I

■ of thesi mlnei

thi years, 0 L

I. nt ni

nj i'.n Id Sayro,

irlng i" pin drill rlgi

secured b> him al

kmu'g •!■

i ! i McBi ayer. ol
over an 800-
> hrough the Cha

and «ili begin

drllllni ipanies are ai

the 3 Lenfross Mm

i organized with $1 10,000

, and will iii'\ ■ lop big i racl 1 1 cenl Is

:,\ ,.i bj i lovernor Rent ross

i' \V Renfrow, Miami.

■ ikla .

I LIZA HI III Hl\. TIN S. — Mar. !l

Developments ol Manganese Deposits

within 26 miles ni this point comprise a
number of small opei itlo \ I' Mc-
Queen, of Butler, Johi lounty, shipped

In 1917 sum. 10 cars of log-washed man-
ganese ore. v li Reynolds Is putting up
a four-log washer at Valley Forge. Don-
.v Donnelly, of Mountain City, John-
son County, havi pleted and are oper-
ating a two , i in. River, two
miles west of Mountain City, and are open
iug a property in Taylors Valley, v.i ., near
the Tennessee line. The .1 Ferd Wright
Lumber Co. is operating a washer on the
Laurel, four or five miles easl of Mountain
City, and preparing in put in other plants,
.!->. .1 McQueen is operating a two-log
washer threi easl of Butler, while
Dr. C. S. (loss i completing a two-
log washer in the "Draught, six miles HI'
ih. Watauga River from Butler The
Maxw.u Manganese Co lias opened a
• in Shad] Valley, Johnson County.
from Which it washed wilh troughs and

shipped two ears of manganese. Geo. B.
"I Bristol, Va . is washing' in a
trough in Shady Valley and has shipped
four or five ears ni manganese. The Max-
well M:i. ha opened .i pi operl i

on Powder Branch, eight miles from Eliza-
bethton, and then washed a carload of
ore. which was shipped in Novem-
lleriry V Maxwell is prospecting a
ertj at Blue Springs and expects to
equip it later Meanwhile he contemplates
log washer at Hamilton, beginning
ruction n. -xt week W II. Kemler. of
City, im ., in mil several proper-
ties on Hap Creek, Carter County, Tenn.,

i two on Scioto, nut far from

Citj Tenn \ O Reynolds has

l.uilt and it ating a two-log washer al

i .inn and is shipping manga ne: e

while other parties are opening a propertj
i.ittle Dry Run, four miles

1

PHOENIX, \UIZ.— Mar. X
ii..- (.eneral I, mid Office at Washington

has given out an opil through Clav

Tallman, commissioner, thai ii would seem

thai th. failure t.. til. notice Of intention

in hold a mining claim on oi before Dec

! 7. iii no way all. -oil l In- possi SOI ■

inless Hi. said claim were relocated

- actual date ol
mportanl opinion, for

it will

DM Hearing <.riouiil in I he Clllno \ alio ,

In 1 1'- northi rn pai I of Va \ apai i lount y,

ceivei xamlnat Ion by

\ Vlli ii. mineral tei hnologl i ol

State Bun au of Mines Indi-

beer known in this

1905 ..I. i in..-, i, ,i

the Chino Vallej Oil ami Mining C il

Vlthough there is no
log record ..f this well, an affidavit mad

I Wiley stales thi amis ei.li-

i ..ii were

found As no ised below a

., i.. i Re-
a number of new ipanii havi

- i .1.,

■ iii-i manj indl-

have also taken uj nsidei able

ground Tie- Arizoni ami R

■ - -I .ii

- li - nl and

Arizona di i Rio ami the

,, .

tablished thi ntemplati til

Is The neai ■ . i field in which

urs in 1 1 , ologii al ei lei

' liiit" Vail, v is in tl,.- San
Juan field ..f Utah. Which lies jusl north of

rORONTO Mar. s

\ Reported Find uf Sliver near li"

ii.iti'.s Siding ah.Mii I -J miles south "i
Tlmagani lias created some Interest a'nong
mining im ii ami more than 50 claims have
In-. -n staked in tin- neighborhood Tin- dis-
covers vein is stated iii in about .r> in
wide, carrying high-grade liver ore, ii--.hi
siniw interferes with prospecting at pres-
ent, hut the locality is lllcelj to attract
many prospectors early in tin- spring.

Meeting ,il Mine Managers' Association

ol ' '..halt, recent i> hi Id, adopted a resolu
■i-'ii urging tie- Provincial Government to
pros el. Impros ed I ra nsport at ion to t he
' eiw ganda silver area The present rate
..t transportation t" Gowganda is *l per
LOO ii.. whi.il considerably handicaps the
product i ih-- district owing to tin-
stress uf war-time conditions, the mine
managers .1-- not ask tor the construction
-i a railway, but will he satisfied with
-i grade or macadamized road.

Molybdenum Property Near Kiikalirka
[■'nils, in th. Port Arl hur district, owned

bj Ottawa ami Montreal capitalists, is to
in- developed bj the Canadian government

Machinery required for Hi titration

of the mi- has been ordered. Tile ore will
i" . " icentrated at Port Arthur and shipped
east in a seml-reftned condition. li is

stated that a large amount uf ore is in
sight, which is valued at $fi« per tun at
the mine, and its development is expected
to build up a permanent mining industrs
in the neighborhood of Kakah.-ka Palis

Government Aid in I'eat Development in

York and Siineoe enmities, Ontario, was

stated by Hon. G. Howard Ferguson, pro-
vincial .Minister of Mines, to he receiving
serious consideration. The sum of (100,-

i lias been appropriated (or carrying on

an Investigation and the services of the
best specialist available in England have
been secured for investigating; new method;
of manufacturing peat fuel. The deputa-
tions were warned, however, that under the
most favorable circumstances peat fuel
could not be depended upon to any extent
tor m-.\t winter. The government offers
to provide th.- municipalities with 1,000,000
curds of wood which they can cut under
government supervision in Algonquin Park
to provide against fuel famine next sear.

Greater Agricultural Production may be

secured by increasing tile drainage sys-
tems. This subject formed i in- principal
topic of discussion at the 21st annual con-
vention of the Western Ontario Clay
Workers' Association, held at London lint.,
fel' 27 and 28. with an attendance of
about fill delegates. Practical addresses
mi this topic were delivered by Wm. Mi-
i 'ready, of Lyons, and A. A. Hallatt, of
Tilbury. It was pointed out that last year
two-thirds of the tile producers were un-
able to operate to capacity for lack of
labor and fuel, and a deputation was ap-
pointed to appeal to the Provincial Gov-
ernment to come to the relief of the in-
dustrj by securing them adequate sup-
plies of natural gas. coal and labor. The
following officers were elected: President.
I". S. Parker, London; first vice president.
James Holmes. Alvinston : second vice
president, Gilbert Armstrong Fletcher;
secretary treasurer, Alfred Wehlann, Cairo
The Temiskaming Mining Co., Ltd.. at
an adjourned shareholders' meeting', held
in Toronto, Jan. 24. continued the fight
between thi- Morgenstern interests and the
administration, whi.-h resulted in a decisive
\ictor\ for th.- latt.-r Sir Henry I'ellatt
held proxies which gave him control of
the meeting, and when tin- Morgenstern
parts introduced a series of resolutions
witli tin- object nl" ousting the present hoard
and changing the policy of the company,
they wen il, feated The hoard then se-
cured the adoption of resolutions favoring
the payment of dividends at the discretion
of the directors, hut providing that no
dividend should In declared before the an-
nual I ling. Keh. I. and approving of the

action taken by th.- company on the Hohn-
iiii.i property. Sir Henry I'ellatt an-
nounced that In- would not accept the

presidency of the company or a pin

thi board of directors, and placed his prox-
ies at tin- disposal of President Culver

UK) 1)1-: .l.\ XIF.RO — Feb. 15
lil.-.irie Smelling nl' Mailgnnese-lrnll Ore

n Brazil is being contemplated. A recenl
concession covering the proposed opera-
tions has been granted to a Brazilian syn-
dicate. ami the representative, Jonas Pom-

is now in the United Slates investi-
gating thods ami equipment The ques-

tion oi" electric smelting in Brazil was re-
cently Investigated by the government and

-i ii graph im the subject published.

Tin- hist plant site will probably be in the
state of Minas Geraes, in the vicinity of
the manganese deposits, where there is
abundant water power.

March 16, P.H8 ENGINEERING AND MINING J01 RNAL

llllllllllllll i IIIIIUl in i Willi Illlllllllllllll i nmm i hi imiiiiih mum minim i milllllllilllllllllll

The Mining News

limiMi ii liiiiniiittiiiuii iiiiMiitiimiiit iiMiiiiuimiiMi imiuii iiiii iiiiiiiiiiiiniii i immiiiiiiiimimiiiii iiiiiiiiiiimiiii Miiiiiiiniiii ii'ii iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiii iiiiiiiiiiiihiiiiii

\ i \it \ \i \
JefTemon < ountj

mai » \<; \si* \ u GRAPH \\\: co i Bli
ngham) ' n'gu nixed with an autho

of $200,000, \\ Uli headquarti is in
rmingham Ottlcer: an I K Boyette.
Widen! and treasurer; \V S L>oui
,-«•-!'" sident, ami C \ \ v anl . --■■ i ■ tar>

AKI/<>\ \

G reenlee County

.\i;i/.i'\ \ COPPER CO i uder prevail-
ditions, the preparation of accounts
r t)i-' year to Sept, 30, l 9 1 . . has been un
oulaMy delayed The directors expi i

. . the dividend to be recommended
the annual meeting, which "ill be held
Early in March as possible.

\ u\ iipni County
Til' TOP MINE (Crown King)— Undei
tion by an Arlzona-Pittsburg syndic
u- erection of a mill is proposed.
QON ARIZt iN.\ S <*< i I Humboldt) —
cpect to drill extensively and sink new
aft at Blue Bell mine this summer
SILVER MUSEUM (Crown Kins) — In
p Top district Being developed by a
.iff a to company 11 * > Howard is man-
:«*r

ARKANSAS

Baxter County
LONG SHOT ( Mountain Home) — DHv-
g prospect tuniifl on lead outcrop oil
•imhle Flat, in north part of county.

Boone County
PEN HARRISON (Zinc) — Opening up
id deposit Owners, J, W Baxter and

,-Mn :ia i es

Marion County
TEMPLE MINING CO. (Buffalo) — Op-
ating on Anna May zinc mine. Pre-
urlng to put now mill in operation.
SILVER HOLLOW (Rush) — Started up
is week after two months" shutdown due
freezing weather, Working on sulphide
Ibody. Shipping from Buffalo.

CALIFORNIA

Butte Count)

BUTTE CONSOLIDATED G. AND S.
i^brbestown) — G. H. Homer, president.
id H. C. Freeman, secretary, will open
Hoes in Oroville. Reported that this
mpany lias developed veins in the Hun-
r Hill claim carrying1 ore similar to that
the Gold Bank mine. In addition to the
unter Hill, holdings include Mammon
jeen. Fisher. Fisher East and West Ex-
nsions, Tolles, War Eagle. Butte and
nass. It is stated that well-defined veins
tve been disclosed in four of these claims

El Dorado County

KL DORADO MINE AND MINERALS
V ( Sacramento ) — New corporation, re-
tried to have optioned large lime deposits
Shingle Springs district. Capitalized for

DO by Robert H. Schwab. A B. War-

It. Emerson W. Read. George Peltier and
•sociates. Large amount of prospecting
id to have been done, showing high per-
ntage of lime at depths by diamond drill
300 ft. A steam shovel is grading for
ilroad spur at easier grade than the
ille branch of the S. P. R.R. Prop-
ty to be equipped with modern machinery.

TEDDY BEAR AND HOT SPUR
Tacerville) — Property situated seven
iles south of the Church-Union ; being
veloped by William W. Miller and John
Cover and associates of Seattle. Large
iderground hoist station being cut on
•driy Bear in the breast of the tunnel at
;e intersection of the vein at 135 ft below
e surface for installation of hoist and
imp to be used in sinking the incline on
e vein to a depth of 350 ft Greatest part
the machinery for an air compressor is
i the ground.

Mariposa County
RUTH p] El tCE ( Mariposa) — Develop-
ent progressing favorably : 35 men on
lyroll ; large proportion of the ore milled
high grade and the mill is running
eadily.

MOUNTAIN KING (Mountain King) —
ie 1400-ft shaft will be deepened 600 ft..

.in.! .

planned G i on

to be exl ract< d 1 1 om th '

apaclt s

M" n ■ vr i ; a i N es I
tion "t 100-hp i

■
lower working cost. Ifllei pmenl

management ite r»n

Mi < nil ii I, \

T WAWAII

i d3 I Fran

Cisco, a nd Charh H I5i asl . •>! Pai
Grov< M \ McC owner The

proper! y embrac< md I

equippi d ivll h b 10 ta mp ■ anld<

i by a tunni I I long,

which Is sa i«i i" ha \ e cut se> ■ ■
showinj Reported t hat equ 1 1

will be Improved The same men nave also

• star and ■ it eal Westei
are opening the Mount Petterson, which
will probablj t>- consolidated with thi
Ta na w ah

N ex a (I a County

ALLISON RANCH (Grass Valley)
Vigorous work progree Ing al
points from the 200 to th<' I Tin. level. The
new vein discovered a few weeks ago qn
the 200 ievel is developing satisfactorily,
and the main or* body is producing Steady
tonnage of payable on Unwaterlng ofth<
shaft is pro

i 'i i \.m pi- in i n. vada City) - -Repoi t< d
that this group of mines is producing the
largesl tonnage of good on since owner-
ship by the North Star Mines Co. Develop-
ment of new ground in the deep levels of
the Providence shaft has largely Incri
the ore-hearing area. The improved mill
is said to be making a closer extraction
and operating costs are lower,

EMPIRE (Grass Valley) — To build a re-
straining reservoir to impound mill tailings
and prevent their flowing Into Wolf Creek
Large concrete dam being constructed
across a canyon, and it is estimated that
sufficient capacity will be thus provided to

modate the waste for 25 years. The

60-stamp mill is running at capacity, and
new areas ^\ good ground are reported bel-
low the 4000-ft. level. The Pennsylvania
is also said to be producing well, the work
being carried on through the Empire shaft

Shasta County

EL DORADO (Tower House) — Bar
bullion shipped to the mint; result of
hand-mortaring. Property will be de-
veloped with a '--lump mill. Mine situ-
ated oi contacl ol and porphyry ;
large ledge of low-grade and some high-

grad

Siskij on County

CUB BEA R l Etna I ( lonsti uction of
mill temporarily suspended on account of

v storms. .1. J. I. ii-
manager of the Siskiyou S; nd
of the pri i|<. ■ ■ ■■ pot threi feet of snow
at the mine, which will furnish a large
supply of water In i be spi ing

i iRLEANS BAR DISTRICT rep

h el of short min
lack of snow and rain in the early part of
the year Put n there ha:

a heavy precipitation of snow and rain all
over the state, so that the prospects are
good for Orleans Par placer mines a
■ '■■ her districts in the stati

COLORADO
Boulder Counts

p< >t« >SI (Caribou) — Development work
has opened ade silver ore in this

old property Success here has inspired
considerable other work in district.

Clear Creek County
TEDDY BEAR I Lawson) — High-grade
silver-lead ore opened recently Property
■ iperated by less*

IMP ERIAL (Georgetown) — This East
Argentine property will be reopened and
capacity of mill increased.

BONANZA (Idaho .. t — Company

recently formed to this group on

■

■ ■

"■■h i \

\'e w 1 1

Ion In Pit!

del aide

■

■
throui

O ura j i '"mi »

WHEEL ■ IF I-' iKTUNE (Ouray)— To
be n open i d d along

with Revenue pn

PPM ETALLJC " >ura r) Ship

imed. « n. . .;,-h r-silver carrying

considerable gold.
W.WAK \

to acid
plant ni I hi cent ral Hi ii aippl region In-
tend to mine and sort to |
sulphur I it, 150 to 250 ton*

dallj Compai >rga nlzed,

[nteresl in smelters at Ouraj hai
to Thomas W ■ !rs n ford

t< "i ! tenver, who are making ne

gotiat Ion melting the ores from the

Rico district

Pueblo County

\< >RCRt ISS CHEM CO I Pueblo)— In-
stalling a chemical plant near Pueblo
Pari of installation to Includi appa
for burning 50 tons of Texas and Loul
brimstone daily to produce the required
sulphuric acid. The Kalberry Corporation
of New Vork, is in charge of the engineer-
ing construction.

Saguache County
paw pi ;y i Bonanza) « Ground being
broken at Shirley, a station on l». & R G.
i:p for foundations of mill Seven-mile
tramway being built to connect mine at
Bonanza.

•-;i ii Min url County
LEWIS (Telluride) — Mill operating full
time Flotation making good recovery-

SILVER BELL (Ophir I^oop) — Good
grade ad ore being shipped from

upper levels by less, i

TOMBOT (Telluride)^Fire on night of
Feb i (| completely destroy- d Cin<
hunk house, timbei ksmith and

machim shop Origin unknown. Damage
$4000, eM\ ered by Insura i

BLACK BEAR Tellui Ed< i -Winze to
be sunk to 200 ft below No. 5 or lowest
level, and then lateral workings

Largi to ige of lead-zinc ore
! r production of 1 50
daily

Summit County
GOVERNOR 'I nridge) — Mine re-

opem d bj • king winze from main

tunnel level

JUMBO (Bi eckenridge) — To b

orkings at time
when o ■ omercial ■

IRON MASK' > Bn ckenridge) — High-
ming gold o
in winze from main adit level. Pyrit
lead- - shipped.

AMERICAN METAP CO (Bu

First molybdenum concentrator

I Capacity, 250 ton- ;

to be i.v when weather

with crushing

- 5 -ft. tramway. Over

ft of di ' i ■■ ork shows ore,

and progressing at rate of 1000 ft. per
month ; 185 mi mployed.

Teller County
3S CCripple Creek) — This
■rfoot Hill property making shipments
of $40 gold

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 11

in m.
iiii under

.1 ol
ek) —

level
level

Cripple «'■

bond and

L.T.UI.-

level

1 4th

1!

ar-

2 I work-
Present

Mil mi. vn
l apper

•

ST HECLA (Calumet) —
• i ii" for February
mm. (Centennial) — Shipping
per day.

iLIDATED (Mass City)—
,H from i aally

r troubles

\i.TH' (Houghton) SI

. ide copper
tuned shaft sinking
■ I \x i Houghton)

.,!.- . width S ft
.1 rich copper : No. 8
hemic] I" reached soon.
'HIGAN (Houghton) — X"" has cop-
high as -t lb. per ton.
(o Winona mill Ore

FRANKLIN (Houghton)— No 2 shaft
3th level " ■ "II be made.

. •• 1200 tuns daily
t rade

SENECA (Houghton) — New vertical
• . ft .irill steel,
id from Pittsburgh, not
• ich of three Bhlrta.

vHMKKK (Ahmeek) — 112 tons of

milled in February In
Yield 19 l lb P -r ton.
per day
VKW ORCADIAN (Houghton) — Plans a
,lnft along the amygdaloid at 1751) ft.
■ inning toward
glomerate
PER RANGE (Palnesdale) -Com-
.1 additions and Improvements at Bal-
egrlndlng tailings : now chang-
old plant to conform to new. I sing
moid halls in Hardinge mills.
R LAKE POOL (Calumet)— Sixth
Islte conglomerate Mineral-
and I ">ut little copper
in No& 2 and 5 Results in No. 6 not an-

MAYFLOWER-OLD COLONY (Hough-

- .ift now down 2 1" ft and sinking

plant completed Shaft

iry, 2100 ft to hit lode, from

■id drill exploration data

FEDERAL SYNDICATE (Calumet)—

First hole at B0 ft. in

lid cut ledge any time;

mil-- from Keweenaw waterway, for-

irtage Lake canal.

WOLVERINE (Houghton)— No

m,, i Two now in

■ :ning later Also trying out under-
-> by compressed air.
Fills a car In 2J minutes Experlmenl

i-cate practicability of the shovel
ted

MINN BSOTA
Meaabl Kungr

OLIVER IRON M Lease

■ Iraham o Ine permanently re-

abandoned Jan, l

HI8801 Kl

J,, ,,ln, lii-lrlcl
■HRALTY ZINC (Douthat, Okla.) -
Webb City
outh of Baxter Springs, Kan.

i ikla i Preparing to
ear Qua
> Keni ed manager.

t (Miami Plans building

north of Plcher, where Ave
. good ore Julius Labsap
% r.anager.

TTE (Jopltn) — Preparing to
ilieat. formation sooth of

,1 neid hereti i ted

\ \\

iii.kh EM i NC (Quapaw, ( ikla I
Sinking shaft at old Hannibal st Joe mine
ind according to developments «ni tear
down old mill and rebuild Companj ha
160 acres under lease and sub-lease, lorn
of Marlow, Okla Is president
S'KSSEE (Joplln) — Has opened up
north .-haft of Klondike property and
making rich Sofl ground . tim-

bering necessi W F, Fox has resign d

superintend, my to go to war R ll Allen
is manager and pari ow ner

LITTLE MARTHA (Joplln) Lost

pressors hoists, boiler, blacksmith shop,
bouse, pump ami other
equipment in Bre on Mar 5 1 nknpwn
origin Mine go,,, i producer and plant to
be re&Qulppi d

KELTNER (Plcher, Okla.)— Building
mill easl of Plcher. where development in
one shaft no« to ore level is promising.
Pump shows ! " blend and 6' galei a
hafl being sunk riant to be well
equlppi Ing fines, having complete

sludge plant, with Dorr thickener and two
Ing machli
ST REGIS (Joplln)— Moved 600-ton
about 50 yd. to new shaft
at mine near Joplln. Believe saved sev-
eral hundred dollars over razing and re-
building New shaft showing well in ore.
nt strike also in shaft near Montreal
mine, at Mouthat. Okla. E. R. McClelland.
Kansas City, is president.

MONTANA

BARNES KING DEVELOPMENT CO.
(Kendall) — In January North Moccasin
i 1984 tons of ore. assaying $7.12
per ton. producing bullion valued at $14 -
839 Piegan-Gloster and Shannon in Lewis
and Clark County, treated 4572 tons of
ore. producing bullion valued at $70,607.
Gloster Bhlpped 1 196 tons, assaying $6.44.
and Shannon 3049 tons, assaying $15.73
per ton.

SUverbow County

BL'TTK AND ZENITH CITY (Butte) —
uspended operations as result of un-
ictory development work. Shaft was
sunk to 1500 level.

ANACONDA (Butte) — Lexington mine
resumed operations with crew of 250 men.
Mine is one of company's foremost zinc
producers. Between 250 and 300 tons a
day are expected to be produced.

NEVADA

Nye County
TONOPAH ORE PRODUCTION for week
ending Mar. 2, 1918, amounted to 10,581
tons, of an . stiinated value of $179,877.
Producers: Tonopah Belmont. 2400 tons;
T< pah Mining. 3800 tons, Tonopah Ex-
tension, 2012 tons; Jim Butler, 479 tons;
West End, 1295 tons; MacXamara, 540
tons; miscellaneous, 55 tons. The tonnage
and bullion production of the Tonopah
Extension for Januarv was: 8877 tons
milled: 862 2 oz gold; 87.320 oz. silver;
net profit. $13,459.

MANHATTAN' CONSOLIDATED (Man-
hattan)— Cutting station at 500 ft. point
in shaft.

UNION AMALGAMATED (Manhattan)
— Shaft lowered three rounds below the
level for sump One shift per day replacing
rails atic) pipe in the shaft; hut three shifts
are now at work in the shaft bottom.

WHITE CAPS EXTENSION (Manhat-

(an)^Llmestone now crosscut 27 ft. from
hanging wall. Block probably loo ft thick
and oxidized stringent appear. No ore ex-
pected until footwall of limestone is
reached.

week end

:

Shipped

Wagon

WHITE CAPS (Manhattan)— Develop-
ment of new section of east orebody. Con-
nection made to the second level. New ore
30 ft. between walls of good mill grade and
partially oxidized. To be mined by shrink-
age sy

Storey County

ALPHA AND EXCHEQUER (Gold Hill)
— Joint west crosscut advanced 10 ft.
through porphyry and quartz; total dis-
tance 1 in ft.

CALEDONIA (Gold Hill)— Work ol re-
pair iii shaft and main drifts and removing
pipe, track and other material from unused
portion)- of mine was begun.

MEXICAN (Virginia)— North lateral
drift on !300 extended 1 5 ft . face in poi
phyry and stringers of quartz. Mill
crushed 351 tons Union ore, average assay
value $29.93 per ton ; ox tons Union wedge
rock sampling (8 82 pel ton: 111 tons Ophir
ore sampling $11.19 per ton.

shale
R.

t I All

Juab County

TINTS SHIPMENTS lor
Feb. 22 amounted to 192 cars

[RON BLOSSOM (Silver City)— No 1
shaft approaching 2200 level objective
point, and some pumping necessary. Per-
manent water level probably below 2200 tt.

TINTIC STANDARD (Eureka) — Xew
blower of capacity 35.000 eu ft. of air p m
minute Installed on 1800 level,
two eats dally week ended Feb, 22.
road somewhat heavy from mud.

Suit Lake County
MICHIGAN-UTAH (Alta) — Output tor
1917 12,014 tons, as compared with 3319
tons in pur, and 6991 tons in 1916. Metal
content of ore in 1917 was 227 oz. gold.
IIS. 317 oz silver. 384.906 lb. copper and
1.865.379 lb, load.

Summit County

PARK CITY SHIPMENTS week ended
Feb 22 amounted to 4.818,080 lb. of ore'
and concentrates.

ONTARIO (Park City) — Shipping large
tonnage of second-class ore. Shipments
1 830,000 lh. week ended Feb. 22, heading
list of Park City shippers. Indications on.
1600 level promising.

Vintuh County

UTAH OIL SHALE (Salt Lake) — Com-
pany owning large acreage of oil
land in Uintah Basin organized. J.
Murdock is president and Jesse Knight
vice president.

VIRGINIA
Augusta County

CRIMOKA MANGANESE CORPORA-
TION (Crimora) — The larger mill, remod-i
eled with new-type disintegrator, McLanfl
han-Stone and Woodbury jigs, is being (
tuned up; capacity of 50 tons per day oil
washed ore expected to be reached. Sma l-i
er mill again operating with coal fuel;]
after shutdown last summer, it operated!
during last quarter of 1917 with wood fuel.
The 2-cu.yd. dragline excavator for the
larger mill is to be supplemented with I
increased tramming facilities and a steam
shovel to bring mining capacity up tel
1200 cu.yd. daily. W. L. Hogg, superin- 1
tendent.

CANADA

British Columbia
CONSOLIDATED M. & S. CO.
May erect a new concentration
Nelson ; hut no definite decision
immediately.

CANADA COPPER CORPORATION I
(Princeton) — Speeding advance of
ft. main haulage tunnel, which will
lie outcrop at 1000 ft. Present
over 3000 feet.

Ontario
DAVIDSON (Fort Matachewan)-
over by Otisse interests.

NEWRAY (Porcupine) — Work by
Crown Reserve and Dominion Reduction
companies on this property has beell
stopped.

TECK-HUGHES (Kirkland Lake) — lmr
ing January the mill ran 80% of possibl I
time, and treated 2177 tons, of an averag
value of $8.62 per ton.

CHAMBERS - FERLAND (Cobalt)-|
Drifting on body recently found advances
35 ft • and face still in ore-vein maintain
width of 4 to 5 in. and stated to have higl
silver content.

FISHER (Kirkland Lake) — Three vein
uncovered, showing good gold content
Shaft down 22 ft. Crosscutting to be don
at 50 and Hill ft. levels.

GUS FRANKER (Porcupine) — Thre
claims Bold bv L. G. Harris to Canadia
and New York interests, which are organ
izing a company known
Gold Mines. Property
Xorth Davidson.

VENEZUELA

MAGNESITE PRODUCTS CORP. (Net
York) — To begin operations soon on islan
of Margarita. Recently acquired contrt
from American company previously opei
ating Charles E. Doddridge is president.

AUSTRALIA

Tasmania

ELECTROLYTIC ZINC CO. I Risdon)-
Completed erection of its 10-ton plant nsa
Hobart. Expect daily capacity of 15 ton
H. W. Gepp is general manager,

New South Wales
BARRIER ROASTING CO. (Broke
Hill)— Erecting works for treatment
zinc concentrates prior to shipment
Electrolytic Zinc Go's works.

(Trail)-!
plant a
expected i

9 x 11

under
lengtl

-Take)

tb

the Beaumon
situated west

March 10. 11) IS

ENGINE ERING VND MINING JOl

ejiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniuiiiiiiiiiiiiuiliiiiiiimiillliiiiiliiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiLiiiiuiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii mi urn i iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiini i u 1 1 ii i mi in .> i . i in 1 1 iiiiiiiiiiiiiiimiiiimimiiiiiic

The Market Report

Rim iiiiiiiiiiiiiiMiiilillllllliiliiiliiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiillllllliiiiiiiinmini iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiuiiiiiiiiniiuiiii i mnnim i i n iimiii m m inn iiiiimiiiiiiiiii iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimiiiiiiimi imiiiinmiiiiiimmi

^

11 \ 1 K \Ml Ml Kl ING ] Mil W<.l

Lilvei

Mai

Sterl-
ing

Kx-

rhiilii'e

Mar

nig

1 \

oi k,

Cent-

Lon-
don,
l once

New
S

I

Lou

lloll.

7
8
9

4 752
4 7525
4 7525

85?

42!

11
12
13

4 7..'.
4 7525
4 7525

M

86
861

42>
43
43

N.-u York quotations are aa reported by Handy
ft Barman and an in oenta pei tros ounce of bar
silver. 999 fine. London quotations are in pence per
it. j ounce ol sterling silvi r, 925 fine.

DAILY PRICES OF METALS IN NEW YORK

Copper

Tin

1 -i,l

Zinc

Mai

lytic

Spot.

N. Y.

St L.

£t L.

7 15

7

*23S

t

71

@ 7 20
7 IS

(..7 2 )

7!

«

*23J

1

71

7!

7 15

q

231

t

'1

i«; 20

7 15

7 4S

II

•231

t

71

<a 7 17;

7 1)

("7 47;
7 41

12

*23j

t

71

@7 I7{

7 12;

<" 7 45
7 37',

13

* '3'.

t

71

(« 7 17;

(,: 7 4.1

• Pi ice fixed by agreement between American
popper producers and the V. S. Government, accord-
ing to official statement for publication on Friday,
September 21, 1917.

t No market.

The above quotations (except as to copper, the
pri< •■ for which has been fixed by agreement between
ran copper producers and the U. S. Govern-

An>.

knent , wherein there is no free market) are our
appraisal of the average of the major markets based
gen- rally on sales as made and reported by producers
and agencies, and represent to tne best of our judg-
ment the prevailing values of the metals for the
deliveries constituting the major markets, reduced to
basis of New York, cash, except where ^t. Louis is
the normal basing point.

The quotations for electrolytic copper are for cakes,
ingots and wirebars.

We quote electrolytic cathodes at 0.05 to 0.10c.
below the price of wirebars, cakes and ingots.

Quotations for spelter are for ordinary Prime
Western brands. We quote New York price at 17 5c
per 100 lb. above St. Louis.

Some current freight rates on metals per 100 lb.
are: St. Louis-New York 17c; St. Louia-Cbioago,
13c; St. Louis-Pittsburgh, 1?.1 cents.

LONDON

Copper

Tin

Lead

Zinc

Standard

Elec-
tro-
lytic

Spot

3 Mos.

Spot

Mar.

Spot

3 Mos.

Spot

7
8
9
II
12
13

no
no

iio

no

110

110

110

110
110
110

125
125

125
125
125

319

319

320
322
322

316
316

317
320
320

291

29;

29!
291
291

54

54

54
54
54

The above table gives the closing quotations on
London Metal Exchange. All prices are in pounds
sterling per ton of 2,240 lb. For convenience in
comparison of London prices, in pounds sterling per
2,240 lb. with American prices in cents per pound
the following approximate ratios are given, reckoning
exchange.!' $4.7515. i-29', = 6. 2576c; £54 = I 1.4545c.;

£110 = 23 3333c; £125 = 26 5151c .; £260 = 55. 1513c;
£280 = 59 3937c ; £300= 63 6362c Variations, £1

= 0.2121205c.

Metal Markets

HEW YORK — Mar. 13, 1918

Again the metal markets were devoid of
features of interest. With the fixed price
for copper, the absence of any supply of
Straits tin. and the deadly dullness in
spelter, there is not much to be said.

Copper — The refiners are limping along
at greatly reduced capacity owing to a
multiplicity of troubles. The present

monthb production Ih not more than two
third thi ftvei .i^> i ,,i<- In 1917.

Copper Sheet* ari quoted
lb , f.ob mill, tor hoi n Hi d, and li I
for I topper « Ire li quo!

null, carload la

Tin There Is --till no Buppl;
Without anj doubt,
bi pa Id If an] had Thi

chli i teal ure ol Intei est this week «

iptlon ol pi pi cal to the

i ■:.!■ i making it difficult to do bi

tin in that quarter; wherefori Chinese and

Banka tins for future delli In ibis

market

with Jan. 9, 1918, we .-.■used quoting the
spot market In Straits tin, for the reason

that there was t hi n a c pli te dli appeal

ance of supply and no longer anj m
Persons who are lnt< tin havi

ms. however, to name an average

price i"! January for statistical and settle-
mi nt purposes, with the undi
that such a declaration is necessarily ar-
bitrary We have obtained a go
information respecting the tran actio

i i.ers who still had supplies and were
able to furnish tin in lots of less than live
tons, and we obtained collateral evldenc
from transactions in classes of tin
than Straits. As a result of this Inquiry,
fur statistical purposes we adopt 86
the average spot price for snails tin In
New York in January, litis.

Lead— A moderate tonnage of bu

done at 71c New Fork, and from
7.20c. down to T.irio., St. Louis. Sii

Saturday, the St. Ty>uis market has ex-
hibit! d an easier tone.

Ziiu — In the early part of the week a
moderate volume of business was ,i i
7Ac. In the latter part there was more
business, but at reduced prices.

zinc sheet- — $15 per 100 lb., unchanged

Other Metals

Aluminum — Xo price other than the Gov-
ernment price of 32c. per lb. for lots of 5"
tons or more quoted. Sales and inquiries
are few. Practically no market since Gov-
ernment price was fixed.

Antimony — The market is easier, although
there were some large Government in-
quiries, otherwise, there was very little
demand. There is much antimony for sale,
wherefore the softness of the market. We
quote spot at 1.31c and futures, at 12c
c.i.f., in bond.

Bismuth — Metal of the highest purity for
pharmaceutical use is quoted at $3 35 per
lb. for wholesale lots — 500 lb. and over.
The market is quiet.

Cadmium — This metal is quoted at $1.40
(5)1.75 per lb., depending on the quantity.
Nickel — Steady at 50c. per lb., premium
of 5c. per lb. for electrolytic.

Quicksilver — Kasier at $115rS125. the
latter being the asking price of the pro-
ducers' agents There are said to be no
large stocks of the metal on hand, but the
market is rathsr unsettled out of fear of
Governmental interference. San Francisco
reports, by telegraph. $117.50.

Hah Chang Mining and Smelting Com-
pany. Ltd., a corporation of China, an-
nounces that the exclusive right to sell
antimony, tin. tungsten, zinc, lead and
other products of the Wah Chang Mining
and Smelting Company, Ltd.. in the United
States, has been given to the Wah Chang
Trading Corporation, a corporation of the
State of New York. It is expected that
this change will offer opportunities for
better service to its customers.

Gold. Silver and Platinum

Gold — The Federal Reserve Board re-
ported March 8. that in the four weeks
ending Feb. 15 exports of gold amounted
to $2,977,000. chiefly to Mexico. Vene-
zuela, and Central America. Imports were
$3,103,000, mainly from Canada. Mexico,
and Central and South America. Since
last Julv 13, net gold exports have been
$llfi 059.000, but thev have been dwindling

■ li II tlH lllldel I!

• I tin
n Unt-
il,t I-, lin-

IniHl
in, nt

■ nleil

i- lo regu

\gri 'i h "i

Wit h I nilni and Aii

cently were announci 'i

iv In the U s
on Ma t thin

sum, ."."."Il 648 170 wa In gold coin and

ii, subsldlan
silver

SOvei Owl mand from San

higher Tins demand is likely to continue
cording to the most
recent adA lei s. i et llm

it'-d : shipments laBl weel to London were
about •

an doltars at New york: Mar 7,
68 . Mar ! S8j Mar 9, 68] : Mar 1 1. 69

Mai 12, ' 9] . M;.l 13 ';'.'J.

Platinum — Quoted illy at $108, but

sales ari di i "i tavern-

mental release Thi nominal price m Lon-
don Is

Palladium Unchanged at $140

Zinc and Lead Ore Markets

.loplin. tin.. Vlur. ii Bit leli per ton.
high. (66 56 . ba 60 Zn premium.

medium to low, $60 ig 60

0 : calamim I"' .

Zn. $40@38 Average selling prices: Blende
$56.51 ; calamim
per ton.

Lead ; high. $91 1.". : basis 80$ Pb,
86; average selling price, all gradi ol
lead. $86.57 pei

Shipments the week: Blende, 8500; cala-
mine. 336; had. 17"2 tons. Value, all orei

the Week. $6 I

line smelting company reports 120 car-
loads of ore in transit. This company load-
ed out a trainioad of seventeen cars the
week. Other smelting companies have
been following this practice for several
weeks. Shipf ra report cars coming a lit-
tle more freely each week. Buying, how-
ever, lacks sufficient competition to make a
strong market

PlatteviUe, Wis., Mar. 9— (By Telegraph)
— Blende, basis ll"'. Zn. $01 base for
premium grade down to $57 bave fbl
second grade. Lead ore. basis *"' Pb
$85 per ton Shipments reported for the
week are 2153 tons blende. 200 ton-- g:il-
ena and 1126 tons of sulphur ore Fur the
year to date tl totals are: l'hsss ton-
blende. 923 I"' galena and V.'7<i tons of
sulphur ore. D iring the week 3185 tons
blende were A to separating plants-

Other Ores

Antimony Ore — There is said to be
buyers in the market at around $1 .7!
unit.

Manganese Ore Metallurgical ore is n l-
changed at $1.20«?1 3" per unit of li
grade and upward

Molybdenum Ore — Market demon
owing to principal buyers having with-
drawn, while there are considerable sup-
plies on the way. No sales were re]
and the offerings of sellers were so much
at sixes and sevens that no quotation;- can
be established.

P\ritei Spanish lump is quoted at

17c. per unit, on basis of 10s. ocean f
buver to pay express freight and war risk,
except that, depending on condition-
cession of 2'', of war risk may be allowed.
Ship tonnage promises to grow sea

Tungsten Ore — High-grade scheelite was
sold for spot delivery a- (24@24.50 pr
unit. Wolframite was unchanged at $20
'n 1 1 according to grad >.

INEERING AND MINING IOURNAJj

Vol. L05, No. 11

.1,1, K QUO * l K'NS

Iron T rade R<\ i< w

n i i - r.i i.i. i' Ma

i here
lulre-

l will

irket prices will

tons

i \ I . .

This would
for the in-

iver the rate In

in in the early

> clally licht. the

probably

\n import-

neots have been accumu-

oll and ship

nine

i in i„ possible t"

t shipments ol

by abilit]

than ability ■ In

of ingots

imulatlon ol

, the Con-
hy far the larg-
nd a further in-
■ Ion is thus pre-
With tl - in ip'-ration.

■
Ptgj Iron — Th.-r. Ii aerial

pip-iron production in the
i further incre;

nit of
■

ing the de-
rly all

^.f promp' > little con-

,i the set
• undry and

.lit from Vatll
^leel T'

■ ! sheet
lling to ,|iiotc. Shell-
fairly plentiful

■ bars,

Ferroalloys

l.rimiMncHiir.r — T Is very

ting under $250.

■ ip for

ved to

■

Coke

. ll-> lllr ( ok*

atingE

will prob-

o

rule : lAir-
1-iii..

A

S'lrkcl

Ki'iHi. Itl

steel

Mi'M Pi '

Mlaon I ip|

n .1 l end, tit
Nov Conaol

■ lotarl.. Mln

111

Kepubllcl AS..LUQ1.,
Republic I .vs.pl

'
renoeaseeC. *C .
1' s steel, com. . . .
i a Steel, pt

flali Cupper

Va. Iron C. * C. . .

BOSTON I \< II • M

25

, ctts

11

SO

32 '
7Q 1

31

100

79

■»:

■

109
66

V V Cl'RBt

nic Lodge.

Butte ANY
Butte Detn.it

Caledonia

("alumet A- Jerome.
Can Cop t'orpn
Carlisle

Tasbbov

("on Ariz 8m.

< "nil i i-;.

■I "!:Lh

Kmma Col

Flrai Vi-

i roldleld < '-on.

I Merger.

c ireenmonster..

[In

■I'ind

\ i-rdc

Kerr Lake

Louisiana

Magma

Majestic

Marsh

McKlnley-Dar-Sa

Mllfnnl

Mohican

Mother Lode

N ^ A Hond

Nlplaslne Mines..
N1\mii Nevada. . -
Ohio Cop
Rawley.
Rat) Hercules
Rtrhmotnl
Rochester Mines,
st Joseph Lead., .
SCaodara S i

Stewart

Bueceaa , ,

Tonopuh

Tooopah Ex

TrT.mlllon

Troy Arizona ....

t'nlted Cop

1' tilted Verde Ext .
United Zinc
UtlcaMi-

75 ,

'0|

04"

5.3o'
J. 50
37
29
.07
.50

tu

: 25

39!

:i2i

a 4.-,

i

I

:.56

34

in
i ;

J2

\rli Com.
Arnold

Rutte-Balakiava.,

I .llmoi'l ft \rll
I aluoifl A Hi. It

I

Copper Range

Dab v>, -

Faal liuitr

l r inklln

( iranby
Hedley

lotllan:,

[ale Roi i
Keweenaw

Lake

Mass

Mayflower

Michigan

Mohawk

n rw Orcadian

N.H hlrl.i

North bui

North Lake

nilbway

• lid i '"minion. . . .
.

Qulncy

si Mary's M. L. .
Simla I'e

Shannon

Shattuck-Arrz

Si. ntan

Superior

Superior ft Boat.. .

Trinity

Tuolumne
r s Smelting
D s smelt 'e. pi
. \
in

rial. Metal

Victoria

Winona

Wolverine

Wyandot

is

■<>

7H
i 10

I .
i :

■i
.1

77
8
12

15

■-'1
l|
6
3
5
6

2

i7:

15
26

i ;

72
53!

Hi
5

;?!

.15

4:

3

45:

45
111

2:

2'
if

29!

BOSTON' CURB" Mar. 12

Alaska Mines i "orp

12

Blngham Mines

t9!

Boaton Ely

.70

64

Butte A l.on'n Dev,

.14

i aiaveraa

1

i lalumetH 'orhlii, .

t 01

2

Cortei

.10

( rnwn Reserve

.18

Cryatal cop

.41

Eagle ft Blue Bell...

2

Gila < 'upper

<17

Houghton Copper. .

75

Intermountaln

: 70

Iron cap, Com

17.

Mexican Metals .

47

Mines of \n:>

11

Mojave Tungsten. .

.05

Nat Zlncft Lead

.27

Nevada-Douglas..

.95

New Baltic

.90

New Cornelia

16

Oneeo.

.20

Mini's

t.35

10

Yukon Gold

1

SALT LAKE-

SAN FRAN.*

......

Andes .
Best a Belcher.
i

r Con
. i lonfldem
Con. Virginia
Qonld ft Curry . . .
Hale A- r.
Jarket-cr pi
Mexican
Occidental
Opblr
Overman
Savage
sierra Mi
Union l 01

Belmont
Mm Bullet
MacNari

"Fiopah

West Ei

Atlanta

Comb, f

IVIIeld 1 i

Jmnbo i

Kewana.1-

1 1 Ills

Round 1 1
silver PP k
White Caps
Big Jim
United Eastern

03

jo
03
OS

'

29

HI
02
07
14

12

02
06

: oi

3.20
13

13

II
.04

: 02
: 02

14

"7

:.2s

in

04
t.75

Bannack

5 75

Cardin

i olorado Mining

M

1 40

rudge

8 00

1 lupin- 1 nppir

n

Gold Chain

OS

Orantl i vntral

35

Iron lllris-snm

45

Lower Mammoth.

: o:i

02

: o2

' Mil

52

Rico Wellington

II,

Silver-King i

King con. ,

2:25

-loir. Con

02

50

lard. .

$1 35

I nele Sam

I 01
1 SO

\\ alker Cop

\\ llbert

Oh

.05

TORONTO'

OS

Bailey

: 05

er 1 rm

.26

rland.

.09

:aa.

Hargravcs

111,

re.

31

Peterson Lak<

09

Temlskamlia:

26

\\ itllauler-I.or

04

1

34

IIP

Lake

llrilllnger

, llll

Mclntyre

1 38

Ni-wray

1

IS

Teck-Haghcs

SO

s Ipood

25

1 .mo.

siOt K OI'O'l V I H>\N « iHitlmu<4l
I ONDON

\|;isk;i I 1 I

Bui ma < m p
i nut & Motor
1 'amp i-irti

1 1 I Mm

I

Mi ti m hi Lnee.

Min 1 on
Neehl, i-fd

I TuvUlr

Ranta i icrfdls. .
Tomooj
prices, I Quotations

SPRlNC.SMar. 11

ion i 'on 1 93 .

11 .la.-k Pol

n , on "i ;

1 ioiii Sovereign,

Col. leu 1

• Iranlte
[aabella
Mar\ McKlnnej

111
06 1

United i;.>i.i \i

..1

14

5(1

in

1

7

0

11

0

s

n

I)

n

'1

s

12

n

17

0

III

n

IK

n

13

n

is

Hid prices, i ' losing

MONTHLY AVFRAGE PRICKS OF METALS

London

1016 | 19.17

1018 1916 j l»17

mis

Jan

i.i.

Mar

Vprtl

Maj

him

July.

Mlg

Sepi

1 lot

Nov

Dec

66 775

56 755

57 936

'.1 116

65 024
B2 ion

66 083
68 51S

67 855
71 604
76 786

77 585
7:1 S61
7:1 876

7 1 716
76 ''71
79 mil

85 1117
Hill 7 111

87 332

86 vn

ss 702
85 718

26 076

27 607
10 862
16 177

31 060
SO nun
u 108

32 6s4
32 361
34 199

;i, no

16 682
37 742

10 nn

36 963

37 940

111 1111

11 ns
50 920
II 324
II 5S4
43 052

II 356

42 702

year

66 66 1

31.316

40 851

New

I.ondou

York quotations cents per ounce troy, fine silver;
. peme jht ounce, sterling silver. 0.926 Sue.

New York

London

Electri

standard

Electrolytic

1917

1SUS

1917

1918

1917

1918

Jan.. . .

1 el.

Mar

Mull

Ma>
June
July
Aue

Sepi
Oct

Nov. . .
Dec

28.67S

31 76o
31 4M

27 035

28 7sh
."1 or.;?
26 620
.' . 180
26 073
23 500
23 6011
23 600

23 500

23 500

131 921
137 895

136 760
1 13 842
1 10 000
130 IHKl
us 109
122 301
117 6011

no 000

110 000

110 000

no 000
110.000

142 S95
I4S 100
151.000
147 158
142 000
142 000
140 409
137 000
135 250
125 000

125 000

126 min

126 I1IIO
125.000

Year

27 180

121 S'.I2

138.401

Tin

New York

London

1917

1918

1917

1918

44.175
51 420
54.38S
55 910
63 173
62 06.1
62.570
62.681
111 642
61 851
74 740
87.120

(0)

185 813
19S 974
207 443
220 171
245 114
242 0S3

242 181

243 978
344 038
247 467
274 943
298 556

293 227

February

311.525

April

•tuly

October

November ". . . .

Ax*, year. . .

61 802

1887 563

(a) No average computed.

New York

St. Louis 1 London

1917 | 1918

1917 1 1918 1917 1 1918

January
February...

March

April

Maj

June

July

Aueust

September

i ictober.

Y'iv.-iiiIiit

Oecember. .

7 62R

8 636

9 199

111 207
11 171
Hi 7111
10 594
8 680
6 710
6 249
1. 375

6 782

•'. '17:1

7 530

8 595

9 120
9 158

10 202
1 1 1 23
10 644
111 518
8 61 1
11 650
,, 187
,. 112

6 684

1, 899

30 600

;n ....
10 500
01 500
01 600
30 500
III 61 III
01 Mill
30 500
3d 500
10 .mi
30 6110

29 50

29 611

Year. .

8.787

8 72 1

:o '

New

York

St. Louis

London

1917

1918

1917

1918 | 1917

191s

January....

9 619

7 S3I1

9 449

7 661 48 329

54 000

February....

III 1146

7 814

'i B75

7 630 1, ill ill

64 Olio

March

111 300

10 130

17 000

\prll

9 169

9 2S9

61 632

9 362

9 192

'

9 371

9 201

,1 nun

Julj

s 043

54 mm

Aueust

8 360

8 ISO

September

B 136

7 966

• ictober

7.813

61 001)

November .

7 -.47

7 672

54 000

December

7 685

7 510

year

S 901

8 813

52 413

New Ynrk anfl St. Louis quotations. .cents t>cr pound.
London, pounds sterling per long ton.

Pie Iron,

Besse inert

BaslcJ

No -'
Foundry

1917

1918

1917

1918

1917 | 1918

January

February

March

April

M:i

June
Julj

Aueusi
September .
Oetober

".iivnil.i r
I lecember.

535 95

36.37
37 37
42 23
48 04
54 22
17 15
54 17
16 in
37 25
:7 25
37.25

S37 25

6 7 26

530 06
30 95
33 49
38 90
12 84
,., 08
0
50 ■:
12 24
33 06
33.95
33 95

533 95
33 . 95

(30 95
30 95
35 91
40 06
43.60
50.14
53 95
53 95
48.58
33.95
33.95
33 95

$33 95
33.95

Year

$40.83

I Asreported by w. P. Snyder ft Co

Engineering and Mining Journal

March 23, 191H

Volume 105

Numbi i i

FLOTATION PLANT OF UTAH LEASING COMPANY, TAILINGS ARE HXCAVATED WITH A MARION SHOVE

Utah Leasing Company's Flotation Plant

at Newhouse, Utah

By H. H. ADAMS*

The 700-ton flotation plant of the Utah Leasing
Co. at Newhouse, Utah, is reworking the tailings
dump of the South Utah Mines and Smelters.

EARLY in 1914 a lease wts secured by the Utah
Leasing Co. upon the tailings dump belonging to
the South Utah Mines and Smelters, at Newhouse,
Utah. The tailings were produced in milling ores ex-
tracted principally from the latter company's Cactus
claim. The ore is described in Butler's paper, "Geology
and Ore Deposits of the San Francisco and Adjacent
Mining Districts." The concentrator of the South Utah
Mines and Smelters, now fallen into disuse, consisted
of two units of a total capacity said to have been 800
tons daily. The ore after passing through jaw crushers
was reduced in successive stages by rolls until suit-
able fineness had been secured for jigging and table
and vanner treatment.

The dump is situated upon a gentle slope and occupies
a space about 1000 by 1800 ft., the long axis extending
due east and west. The estimated tonnage was placed
at 1,000,000. Of this amount approximately 100,000
tons consists of slimes, segregated from the sands. Flo-
tation tests were made upon thf> tailings, and the results
obtained indicated that good extraction could be made
by that method of treatment. Tests proved that much
better extraction could be made upon the sands, but
that a small amount of slime could be treated with the
latter without causing any detrimental effect. Careful,
sampling of the dump indicated that the copper content

Concentrates running 18' , cupper are produced
from th( tailings, which average 0.70% copper.
The tonnage available is estimated at 1,000,000.

would average 0.7(1', . The amount of oxidized mineral
in some parts of the sand deposit exceeds 0.10rc and in
parts of the slime deposit 0.30',. Best results were
obtained by agitating the pulp mechanically, and the
Minerals Separation type machine was decided upon. A
screen test of average sands and slimes follows :

TEST I.

SCREEN TEST

ON TAILINGS

IN DUMP AT

NEWHOUSE, UTAH

Sands

- Slimes

Mesh

% c

um ulative

%

Cumulative ';

+ ■»

0 5

+ 8

5 5

6

+ M.

30

36

+ 28.

29

65

+ 35

9

74

+ 48

7

81

-1- 65

5

86

1 25

+ 100.

5

91

2 00

3 25

+ 150.

4

95

6 50

9 75

+ 200.

2

97

3 50

13 25

—200.

4

101

86 25

99 50

•Superintendent. Utah Leasing Co.

Work upon a concentrator designed to handle 500
tons per day was started in July, 1915, and, after con-
siderable delay in securing material, it was completed
and put in operation on Nov. 3, 1915. The flow sheet as
originally planned is given in Fig. 1 and is very simple.

The new concentrator is situated at the northerly
edge and about 500 ft. from the center of the dump.
The main building is 55 x 112-ft. and of heaviest con-
struction throughout. The sides are boarded with 1-in.
material and covered "with building paper. The roof
is covered with heavy roofing paper. Sufficient heat

ENGINEERING A.ND MIN1NC JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 12

her by one targe
, ,11. Other build-
fully equipped assay office, a
and two warehouses for flota-

;>• constructed, the ore was

• :th a dn per operated by a

st, which 1>P- con-

motor. The ore was dumped upon

in. openings. The undersize

and thence to a lG-in.

QD DO IritrL1:

p

r

T

»

T

>

9

8

9

TO? KD>n

12

ORIGINAL, FLOW SHEET, UTAH LEASING CO.'S MILL

I cu vd. Marlon shovel; (2) 15-ton locomotive and cars: (3)
*rtzzly, 2 x 6-ln. openings; (4) hopper: (5) 20-ln. belt con-

r; (6) 18-ln. bucket elevator; (7) 18-ln. belt conveyor; (8)
«00-ton bin: (9) Challenge feeders; (10) 8 ft. x 48-ln. Hardlnge
pebble mill; (11) 4 x 16-ft Dorr duplex classifier; (12) 16-in.
bucket elevators: (13) and (14) 6-6 Minerals Separation flotation
machine: (15) 12-ln. bucket .levator; (16) 10 x 22-ft. Dorr thlck-
n bucket elevator; (18) 8 x 6-ft. Oliver Alter; (19)
belt cor I Gardner Rix compressor; (21) Doak

lum pump: f 22) Root." blower; (23) concentrates bin; (24)
Tail race.

bucket elevator discharging into a 600-ton ore bin. The
drag scraper, however, was unsatisfactory, and was re-
placed by a small steam shovel with a small engine and
cars. Ore is drawn from the bin through two Challenge
feeders, each of which serves an 8-ft. x 48-in. Hardinge
pebble mill, operating at 28i r.p.m., working in closed
circuit with two 4 x 16-ft. Dorr duplex classifiers.

The classifier overflow is elevated by two 16-in. bucket

elevators to a 24-in. 6-6 Minerals Separation combina-

. machine, of the overhead gear-driven type, belted

hp. motor. Agitators have a peripheral speed

ft. per min. The first six cells of this machine

produce a finished concentrate and the six final cells a
middling product, which is returned, without further
ding, to the head of the machine for retreatment,
the tailings going to waste. The concentrates pass to
a 12-in. bucket elevator and then to a 22 x 10-ft. Dorr
thickener; the underflow from this thickener passes to
another 12-in. bucket elevator and thence to an 8 x 6-ft.
Oliver filter. The overflow from the thickener, also the
filtrate, is returned to the circuit. The filtered concen-
trates are discharged upon a 12-in. belt conveyor and
thence into a concentrates bin. Concentrates are loaded
into wagons and hauled to the railroad, a distance of
1500 feet.

Additional Flotation Machine Installed
Upon starting the plant it was found that the two
Hardinge pebble mills did not have sufficient capacity
to break down 500 tons of ore per day to pass 65 mesh,
as anticipated, but on account of market conditions it
was deemed advisable to slight grinding for the sake of
tonnage. It was also found that the flotation machine
would not do as efficient work as contemplated, and in
the summer of 1916 a 24-in., 9-cell, standard Minerals
Separation machine was added. The tailings from the
12-cell machine pass directly to the 9-cell machine,
thus forming, to all intents and purposes, a single unit
of 21 cells. Practice was then modified to the extent
of making a finished concentrate from the 12 cells of
the first machine and a middling product from the nine
cells of the second machine.

In the spring of 1917, the daily output was increased
to 700 tons, by adding an 8-ft. x 30-in. Hardinge ball
mill. This machine is operated at 23i r.p.m. The feed
for it passes through two rotary feeders to a 20-in.
belt conveyor and thence to the mill, which works in
close circuit with a 6 x 20-ft. special Dorr duplex classi-
fier. The overflow from the classifier passes to a 16-in.
bucket elevator and thence to the head of the 12-cell
flotation machine. Additional settling capacity for con-
centrates was provided at the same time, consisting of
one 10 x 22-ft. and one 12 x 50-ft. Dorr thickener. At
the same time, the six Hebbard-type cells of the first
flotation machine were altered to the standard-type cells.
At the beginning of operations an acid circuit was
used, but without satisfactory results. A neutral cir-
cuit was tried later, and best results were obtained by
using an oil mixture consisting of 50% kerosene, 27%
crude turpentine and 23% soft wood creosote oil. This
reagent was used at the rate of 0.7 lb. per ton of ore.
Approximately 75% of the total amount of this oil mix-
ture was introduced into the circuit at the head of the
grinding machines. The reagent gave concentrates of
a very high grade, lot shipments running as high as
26.6% copper.

Best Results Obtained With Alkaline Circuit
Tests were made later in an alkaline circuit that
proved so favorable that a permanent change was made.
Crude soda ash is now introduced into the circuit at the
head of the grinding machines at the rate of 10 lb.
per ton of ore, along with an oil mixture consisting of
85% coal tar and 15% coal-tar creosote. Sufficient crude
turpentine is added at the flotation machine to promote
suitable frothing conditions. Crude soda ash is dissolved
in metal tanks of 100 gal. capacity, the solution flowing
by gravity into the feed boxes. Oil is fed to grinding

March 28, 1918

ENGINEERING AND MINING J01 i

r,37

machines at a rate of 0.7 lb. per ton of ore by three
small, chain-type, bucket elevators from a 50-gal. n
tank. Oil is first mixed and heated in a 100-gal. metal
tank and then drawn off into a smaller tank containing
the elevators above referred to. Buckets of 3, 5, and
10-c.c. capacity are readily attached to the chain, and
thus the amount of oil may be varied to suit conditions.
An electric heating coil is installed underneath each
drum. Crude turpentine is fed into cells Nos. 1 and 7
of the first machine and cell No. 1 of the second machine
by mechanical feeders of the revolving-disk I

Power Used Transmitted Sixty-five Miles

All machinery is electrically driven. Power is fur-
nished by the Beaver River Power Co. from its plant
in the Beaver Mountains, 65 miles southeast of New-
house. The current is delivered at the plant at 44,000

assL^

10 10 n

PRESENT FLOW SHEET, UTAH LEASING CO.'S MILL

(1) 1 cu.yd. Marion shovel; (2) 15-ton locomotive and cars; C3)
grizzly, 2 x 6-in. openings; (4) hopper; (5) 20-in. belt conveyor;
(6) 16-in. bucket convevor; (7) 18-in. belt conveyor; (8) 600-ton
bin; (9) Challenge feeders; (10) rotary feeder; (11) 18-in. belt
conveyor; (12) 18-in. cross convevor ; (13) 8 ft. x 48-in. Hardinge
pebble mill; (14) 4 x 16-ft Dorr classifier; (15) 8 ft. x 30-in.
Hardinge ball mill; (16) 6 x 20-ft. Dorr classifier; (17) 16-in.
bucket elevator; (18) and (19) 12-cell and 9-cell Minerals Sepa-
ration notation machines; (20) 12-in. bucket elevator ; (21) 10 x 22-
ft. Dorr thickener; (22) 12-in. bucket elevator; (23) 8x6 ft.
Oliver filter; (24) 12-in. belt convevor; (25) 12-in. bucket con-
veyor; (26) 10x22-ft. Dorr thickener; (27) 12 x 50-ft. Dorr
thickener; (28) Doak vacuum pump; (29) Gardner Rix compres-
sor; (30) concentrate bin; (31) tail race. Dotted flow lines show
possible and emergency' arrangements.

volts and stepped down to 2200 and 440 volts respec-
tively. Generally speaking, motors under 20 hp. capac-
ity operate at 440 volts and those above at 2200 volts.

Water for mill use is piped from Wah Wah Springs,
eight miles due west of Newhouse, across the Wah
Wah Valley and thence well up into the foothills of the
San Francisco Mountains to a concrete reservoir of
200,000 gal. capacity. The pipe line is constructed of
12-in. spiral-riveted pipe with bolted-joint connections.
The line, as laid, is in the form of an inverted siphon,
and a part of it is subjected to 200 lb. pressure per sq.in.

The pipe I buried underground for ■ depth oi two to
thn • nd at points where th uch alkali In

the soil deterioration > A Much trouble has

been expei enced In maintaining this line, and [(
frtquentlj n» i ary to dram it to mi An

nd of a ■ of about 700,000

gal. was |iiu\ hi, d foi ■ , water from the

rvoir, and co made with the main lead

ir to the mill. The line is patrolled
daily by b repair man, a small motor truck being pro-
vided for this

The com i oper, the dota-

tion tailings containing, on an average, 0.291 copper,
Precious metals contained in the concentrat
silver, 2.5 oz. per ton; gold, 0.0S oz. per ton. The mois-
ture in the filtered concentrates averages 21%, and dur-
ing the winter season runs as high as 26 ri . All <■
centrates are shipped to the International Smelter, at
Tooele, Utah.

The mill feed now consists of 75% sand and
slime. As stated, the slime is segregated from the sand,
and it is scraped up by team and loaded from traps into
dump-bottom wagons. Two teams scraping and two
teams hauling will deliver to the mill from 160 to 180
tons daily. Because of the arid climate, little interrup-
tion in delivering the ore to the mill is experienced. The
total rainfall seldom exceeds 10 in. per year.

Local Quartzite Used in Pebble Mills

At the beginning of operations, Danish flints were
used as the grinding medium in the pebble mills. The
use of these was later discontinued, as a quartzite picked
up on the desert near the plant gives practically as good
results and at greatly reduced cost.

Attempts have been made to sulphidize the oxidized
mineral in the ore, but without success, probably due
in a measure to the brief treatment period afforded the
pulp in the flotation machines. Experiments with a
laboratory machine in which the treatment period lasted
from 30 to 40 min. proved successful. The density of
the pulp in the mill circuit varies from 28% to 30%
solids. A screen test of feed, pebble, ball-mil] and classi-
fier discharge and flotation tailings is given herewith:

TABLE II. SCREEN TEST OF MILL HEADS, ETC.

Xos. 1

Nos

1

and 2

and

2

No. 3

Xo. 3

Flotation

Mesh

Feed

Mills

Classifiers

Mill

Classifier

Tails

+ 8....

+ 14....

13 18

2

1 . .

+ 28....

18 36

2 4

4 5

+ 35....

12 48

4 8

2

7 12

0.5 ...

05 ...

+ 48....

13 61

10 18

6

8

14 26

2 5 3

3.5 4

+ 65....

11 72

13 31

7

15

15 41

II 14

II 15

+ 80. .

4 76

7 38

10

25

7 48

10 24

7 22

+ 100...

4 80

14 52

21

46

9 57

II 35

11 33

+ 150.. . .

5 85

18 70

19

65

18 75

21 56

10 43

— 150..

15 100

30 100

35

100

25 100

44 100

57 100

', Solids

95

59 0

26

4

74 5

31 I

28

% Water.

5

41 0

73

6

25 5

68 9

72

The original plant was designed by O. B. Hofstrand,
of Salt Lake City, Utah, and the construction was car-
ried on under his immediate direction.

Bromine Production in 1917, according to R. W. Stone, of
the U. S. Geological Survey, amounted to 903,860 lb. Chief
production was from Michigan, Ohio and West Virginia.
There was a 24% increase in production over 1916. The
price of bulk bromine in 1913 was 25 to 35c; in January,
1917, it was $1.40 to $1.50 and it is now 60c. per lb. The
productive capacity of the existing plants is so large that
much more bromine can easily be made.

ENGIN lND MINI NT, JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 12

Smelting unci Ore-Sales Investigations

in Colorado

complete understanding, on the part of the miner, ol

•chasing in Colo- the somewhat complex methods of ore purchase. Mr.

I- \\-),;,, Whitaker in his report to the committee of investiga-

s ate tion ed numerous charts and smelting- schedules,

i princi- and reviewed at length the whole question of ore pur-

■ ad-smelt- chase. the desirability of certain types of ores, the

reasons why some ores are more expensive to smelt

than oihn . and why some are penalized with extra |i

itillhai smelter. charges or deductions. These matters are but faintly!

appreciated by the small mine operator, and excerpts
from Mr. Whitaker's report, which should clarify the

Till-: R. Whitaker to the Smelter and rr.ine operator's view of the smelter's real position, are

- Investigation Committee of the State presented herewith-
■ li has already been commented upon in ,. ,_ _

,. . U'l.lNC. METHODS A! THE MILLS AND SMELTERIES

■ pecially with to the general

returns which the lead smelters had received The several companies engaged in the purchase of '

r the five-yet r period under review. 1912-1916. custom ores in Colorado maintain their own sampling

In tl anying table arc given the tonnages of departments. The ores, as received, are sampled, and

- treated annually in the lead-smelting the results obtained form the basis on which the settle-

the - ether with the average charges ments are made. The methods of sampling used at the .

for the various metallurgical operations, various plants are in accord with well-regulated practice

It will he recalled that the report showed a total of throughout the country, and consist ( 1 ) of fractional

- Ions treated in these plants at an average selection by shovel or wheelbarrow sample, coning and

ting profit of $1.56 and, after allowing 61c. per quartering for sample, or (2) of automatic sampling.

•preciatior., interest, taxes, etc.. a net profit of Use is made of each of these methods separately or in

COLORADO ORl ' ("ED IN COLORADO LEAD-SMELTING PLANTS

-1912- —1913 1914 1915 —1916

409 672.361 647,003 ^tl34^ , . 600,900 .

Vvp !'■ ' We 1'erCent.of Ave PerCent.of Ave. PerCent.ol Ave. ler Cent, ol

Per Ton rotalValui Per Ton rotalValue Per Ton Total Value Per Ton TotalValue Per Ton Total Value

,26 33 100 00 $25.41 I 0 10 $24 02 100 00 $27 34 100 00 $31 65 100 00

17 62 66 92 16 87 66 39 16 19 67 40 18.76 68 62 20 59 65 10

$8 54 S3 i.l $7.83 32 60 3f8 58 31.38 $1 1 04 34.90

$4 03 15 31 $4 21 16.57 $4 40 18 32 $4 48 16 99 $4 68 14 80

4 90 115 . ■ 112 4 6b I 22 4 46 1 94 6 13

6 83 1.54 6 06 I 63 6 78 I 47 5 37 ■* 1 86 5 88

J7 12 27 04 $6 90 27 16 $7.15 29 76 $7 17 26 22 $8 48 26 81

I 59 6 04 1.64 6 45 0 68 2 84 I 41 5 In 2 56 8 09

, rii*l >l 56 Net profit on the turnover 3 72', p r annum

, r 61, „ Net profit figured on present cash value of works ... 27 0(1', p r annum
95

:>er ton in smelting Colorado ores during the five combination, as the circumstances permit, and depend- i

years. Tne net profit on the turnover of the period ing upon the material to be sampled.

estimated by the committee to be 3.72'r per annum ; The custom gold mills determine the mo:sture in the ,

figured on the present cash value of the smelting plants, ore by a moisture sample from the ore, in the process

it v. per annum. The several smelting com- of crushing and sampling, after being crushed to i-in.

panics protested against the use of the present cash size, from which 5 lb. is taken and dried. The usual

valuation of the plants as unfair, citing the expenditure practice of the smelting companies in determining the

; pital on experimental plants, the abandonment of moisture in the ore it to take samples from pits dug

old units for new methods of treatment, etc., all of in each end of the car or to sample the exposed faces

which do not appear in a current inventoiy. while unloading. From a portion of these samples,

The average content of the Colorado ores treated in moisture is determined.

the lead smelteries during the five-year period was: At each plant provision is made to accommodate the

Goli ■/.; silver, 12.34 oz.; copper, 0.61'^ ; lead, shipper's representative for the inspection of the sam-

: to reach a 12^ lead tenor — generally pling throughout the entire process, and he selects a

lized as necessary for good metallurgical work — duplicate for independent analysis. Assays of the pulps

nust be imported to assist in the smelting of each lot are usually made by the shipper and buyer

olorado ore. of the ore, and by a system of comparing results, as

Re- are made in the report for the agreed upon in the contract, the settlements are made.

i of the smelting schedules. Apparently Should the assays and analyses agree within splitting

ing against the smelting companies in limits, the average is taken. The customary splitting

rado — and elsewhere — has arisen from lack of a limits as usually agreed upon in the ore-buying con-

.March 23, 1918

ENGINEERING v\n MINING J01

tracts are as follows: Gold, 0.02 oz.; silvi
copper, 0.60^ : lead, 0.50 ; zinc, L' . iron, i

Boluble, 1 ' , ; sulphur. 1 per rent.

The buying and selling of ores and metallu
products, like any other industry, has but one object in
view, that is, to show a profit on the business done. It
is a commercial transaction in which each party uses the
knowledge he has in the protection of his interests,
custom mil] operators and smelters have always a i h
knowledge of the results of their operations, such as
cost of production, treatment, recovery, losses and the
price of the product, from which thej figure how much
will be made on each ore purchase. The producers and
sellers of the ores are possibly not so familiar with the
details of the treatment processes used, therefore a
clear explanation of the contract would be of great as-
sistance to them.

Since the reduction plants, such as mills and smel-
teries, are built solely for the business of ore treatment,
it is necessary for the companies when purchasing ores
to charge the producers with the total cost of treatment,
metal losses, refining, marketing, depreciation and in-
terest, in addition to their own profits. In determining
the ultimate profits on the business, the time between
the settlement for the ores of the producer and the real-
ization on the product is important. Where large stocks
of ores are carried at the plant and the amount of re-
fined or semi-refined product in transit is large, sudden
variations in the market price of the metals have a
decided effect on the increase or decrease of the profits.
In times of high metal prices, ore production is stimu-
lated and stocks are consequent^- increased. With a
low metal market the reverse is true. Also, except
under abnormal conditions, the market declines more
rapidly than it rises. Therefore, unless some provision
is made for the protection of the purchaser of ores
carrying metals which fluctuate in price, a loss is more
likely to occur than a gain.

The Advantage to Smelting Works of Definite
Ore Tonnages

Ores are purchased in the open market as offered at
the terms agreed upon, and usually without obligation
on the part of the producer as to quantity. Time con-
tracts are often made with producers when special in-
gredients are supplied or a definite tonnage of ore is
assured. With a treatment plant operating in or tribu-
tary to a substantial ore supply, it would be impossible
to settle for and treat the ores from the various mines
immediately on the date of receiving them. Therefore
it is necessary to settle on some agreed basis.

No metallurgical pi-ocess recovers all the metal values
from the ores. Therefore, the payment for the full
metal content at market prices cannot be expected. De-
ductions are made for treatment, losses, marketing, etc.,
and bonuses are paid where required, making necessary
some form of ore-selling contract. The existing ore
schedules are the result of a gradual evolution of the
ore-purchasing business, and in some form or other
take into account, by direct-treatment charges or metal
deductions, the items of principal importance to the
purchaser. Inasmuch as these schedules are drawn to
cover, in one contract, the business of paying for the
metals in the ore, the treatment, the losses in the treat-

ment, the reflnini

the bonuses and pen ; t,, the pur-

■ baser from . fluctuate

•llv the value -i

an ore to a plan'

necessary,

SlMPl I G<M D OB

Mill" ,i by

uui'' '•' ,:!: omparal

P
treatment, depending upo dich

max or may uol f„r

/lit and treat mi nt 01
proportion to th< | i,, tin-

assay.

Schedulas for the purchase of ores (., |„. treated in
centrating and separating plants are complex in I

they are Used to calculate the price to he paid for ■
containing several metals. These schedules usually start
with a base price for ore- of ntent at

a fixed market price and stated delivery Unit varia-
tions are ;.dded or deducted according to the grade of
the ore, and market variations are also allowed and
. are calculated from a stated quotation given
in the con' rat'. The gold and silver are usually paid
for at a certain price per ounce within specified limits.
There is usually no direct treatment charge made in the
purchase of these ores. The cost of treatment, metal
losses, etc., together with the profit, are made up from
deductions from the various metals contained.

Schedules for the purchase of dnc ores are made up
from a base price, at a given market for ores of a
specified grade. Unit and market variations are accord-
ing to grade and metal quotations. The deductions
made provide for the treatment, metal losses, etc., and
the profit to the smelter. For the operations of the
Colorado zinc plants, zinc ores containing gold and silver
are preferable, and a similar schedule to that used by
the separating plant would apply.

Lead-Smelting Schedules Cover Many Factors

Schedules for th? purchase of ore for the copper-lead
smelteries are complex, and must, in some form or other,
provide for the cost of labor, fuel, metal losses, market-
ing, refining, depreciation, profit, etc. In order to cover
these items the smelter usually pays for a percentage
of the actual contents of the ore at a price below the
market quotation. For gold ores, or gold in ores treated,
no payment is made for a gold content of 0.03 oz. or
lower, and in some cases of 0.05 oz. or lower per ton.
Also a price of $19 to $19.50 per oz. is paid for the
gold, as against actual value of $20.67 per oz. These
two deductions are intended to cover loss in smelting,
etc. For silver ores, or silver in ores treated, payment
for 95 % of the silver contents is usually made, and, in
cases, no payment is made if ore contains less than 1 or
2 oz. per ton. These deductions are intended to cover
smelting losses, marketing, etc. For copper in lead
ores or copper ores purchased for treatment in lead
smelteries, a deduction of from 1 to 1.5 units is made
(to determine dry copper content of the ore) from the
wet assay, and payment made for the balance at the
quotation, less 3 to 6c. per lb., depending on the grade

ENGINEERING AND MIXING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 12

i - purchased for treatment
ide by deducting
units and the balance
stem,
settlement is gener-
al the N a salt's price
Iting and Refining Co. on date of
When the sale price does not exceed si
he sales price. When it does
l lb. one-half of the exi

The prices paid
, in all ores and concentrates are based
" lb., le. up or down for
in the limitation.

paid per unit of dry lead in ore.
B per unit (see table in schedule).
Q= :i for lead. New York deli1-

Th«

/ /.
- 1 per 100 lb.

J under $4 per 100 lb.

; excess substitute i for * in the above formula.
These deductions are made to cover the losses, mar-
keting, refining, etc.. and the excess deduction as a pro-
tection for the purchaser against sudden market fluc-
tuati

5TOM .Mills Handle Ore of Only One District

The custom milling and separating industry in Colo-
rado is usually confined to a certain district, producing
the kind of ore desired, or in the preparation of complex
ores for the market. In most cases a part or all of the
output from these plants is shipped and sold to the
smelters. The custom-mills operators of Cripple Creek
are competitors of the smelters in the purchase of high-
grade siliceous ores up to the requirements of the latter
for that class of ore. The concentrating and separation
plants purchase ores of a complex nature and by sepa-
rating the various metals market them to the smelters
under more favorable conditions. The supply of this
class of ore is generally more than the requirements of
the smelters, therefore except in the case of special
analysis there is no competition in purchasing. The
financial results from operating a separating plant are
variable, depending upon the properties of the ore.
Ores containing equal quantities of like metals often
yield entirely different results on treatment. Outside
companies purchasing zinc ores and concentrates com-
pete with the Colorado zinc plants, and the prices paid
by the latter are usually governed by those offered by
the former. The situation of an ore-treatment plant is
determined by economic conditions. The success of a
method of treatment depends wholly upon the profit and
upon the scientific possibility. There are many
factors which enter into the essential requirements for
a successful treatment plant, such as suitable supply
and the metallurgical behavior of the ore. The condi-
tions governing the ore supply and operations of the
custom mills and separating plants are much simpler
than those of the smelteries.

The main requisites for a zinc smeltery are cheap ore

and cheap fuel. Where byproducts are made, marketing
lities are also important. The zinc smelteries in
the natural-gas fields have cheap fuel; the Missouri and
Oklahoma ores are higher in grade and cheaper to pro-
duce than the Colorado ores and are more desirable for
a zinc smeltery. Owing to the increased cost of opera-
tion in Colorado, only crude ores of special composition
are available, mainly impure complex zinc ores carrying
gold and silver. The losses in zinc smelting are high
and fuel consumption is heavy. The usual practice
figures a loss of 8 units of metallic contents and from
- to 3 tons of fuel per ton of ore smelted. Losses in
percentage would vary from 12*% on a 64% zinc ore
to 25 ".i a .'»2', ore. These losses are due to absorp-
tion by retorts ( which is not recoverable), impuritias,
burning of zinc, and the formation of non-recoverable
compounds. The deduction for freight would depend
upon the situation of the plant. Treatment charges will
vary from $16 to $22 per ton of ore.

The essential requirement for a lead smeltery is an
ore mixture to be so apportioned that a slag can be
formed from which the recovery of the metal is readily
made. The metallurgist may often have to sacrifice good
practice to obtain the greatest profit. Barren fluxes
not only cost money but also take up space and reduce
the capacity. When fluxes contain metals of value, they
may be, classed as a low-grade ore and treated accord-
ingly. These low-grade ores may be purchased under
special and variable rates, according to the requirements
of the plant. The slag formed from smelting an ore
or a combination of ores will contain appreciable
amounts of gold, silver, copper and lead, as well as the
other constituents, no matter whether all the original
ores contained these metals or not.

In smelting sulphide ores, coasting is necessary in
preparation for the blast furnace, thus involving an
extra expense of operation and an increased metal loss
due to volatilization. The quantity of fuel required
varies from 8 to 12%, depending upon the amount of
sulphur, the lead on the charge, and the temperature of
the formation of an easy-running slag.

Retreatment of Byproducts Increases Metal
Losses in Lead Smelting

The principal products from the blast furnace are
lag, flue dust and fumes, matte, speiss and bullion. All
of these products contain metals and, with the exception
of the slag, must be retreated for their recovery. When
the ores contain small amounts of copper, as in the case
of smelting lead-copper ores, retreatment is necessary
to bring the copper into a marketable form for further
concentration. Each stage of the treatment involves
the usual losses, so that the ultimate recovery is rela-
tively small.

The final recovery of lead from the ore in the aver-
age copper-lead furnace charge requires from li to 2
smeltings. For the recovery of the copper, in the form
of high-grade matte, 2* to 3 smeltings are required. In
cases where the amount of lead on the charge is small,
in the first operation, the recovery in bullion will be
about 65%; in byproducts to be retreated about 15%;
lost in the slag about 10%, and 10% will be volatilized.
Part of the latter may be recovered in baghouses, ac-
cording to the plant equipment.

March 23, 1918

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

541

For the efficient collecting of the metals in a lead
imeltery, the percentage of Kvul on the charge should be
pound 10',. in order to smelt locally to the best ad-
kntage the ores of the average lead content, such as

>roduced, it is necessary to obtain lead from another

krce to bring the charge to the economic requir* i
bring the five years' operation from 1912 to L916, the
korado smelteries produced approximate!] 111,000
ons of lead bullion, 5091 "' which was recovered from

Colorado ores.

Low-grade ores are frequently produced in the pros-
■cting for high-grade ores and also incidentally to the

(reduction of the latter. A sliding scale of treatment
ind purchase of these low-grade ores is justifiable in
trder to stimulate production. The loss to the smelter
n smelting the low-grade ores must be borne by the
ligh-grade ore in order to bring the average to a rea-
onably profitable basis. Should this not be done, the
■orations would be on a smaller scale, with proportion-
itely increased costs for both.

jOW Rates for Regular Tonnages of "Clean" Ores

In order to operate a smeltery successfully the mix-
;ures going to the furnaces cannot be varied from hour
o hour. Therefore the smelters desire large and regu-
ar shipments. In consideration for a guaranteed supply
>f a definite tonnage at a fixed rate, concessions are
nade, and these shipments are purchased under more
,'avorable terms than the small, irregular shipments.
V small shipment requires as much work for the assay-
ng and general charges as a large one, making the
;ost of handling proportionately higher.

In copper-lead smelting, zinc in the ore is detrimental.
t decreases the fluidity of the slag and lowers the spe-
cific gravity of the matte, thereby interfering with the
:ettling. Losses are also increased and furnace opera-
ions are hampered. All of the zinc in the ore is a
oss to the lead smelter, and the slag from Colorado
imelteries carries from 5 to 10 % zinc. Other ingredi-
;nts of the ore, such as alumina, manganese, lime and
nagnesia, act differently in the blast furnace and are
>enalized cr credited accordingly. Iron is a necessary
lux and has only that value to the lead smelter. It
joes into the slag and cannot be economically recovered.

Metallurgical Losses in Lead Smelting

The best slags will contain from 0.002 to 0.005 oz. of
rold and from 0.50 to 1 oz. of silver per ton ; from 0.20
o 0.30 So of copper, and from 1 to 1.50% of lead. In
he usual blast-furnace practice with 8 to 10% lead on
he charge, the slag made represents from 60% to 65%
if the charge, or one ton of slag for each ton of ore
melted. The matte fall is held at about 10%. The
natte will contain approximately: Gold, 0.05 oz. per
;on; silver, 40.0 oz. per ton; copper, 10%; lead, 15%;
j;inc, 10%; and iron, 40%, together with other ingredi-
ents, such as silica, alumina, etc. The second matte con-
ains 40% copper or better. The baghouse product will
contain something like 40% lead, 10% zinc, and such
>ther volatile metals as arsenic, antimony, cadmium, etc.

The losses incident to smelting are slag, volatilization,

find adverse operating factors having a mechanical

>rigin. Smelting operations often show a gain in gold

lue to the non-payment for gold when less than 0.02 to

0.06 <•/.. is contained In tl I ri< loi in si i

in the las and possibly thi I moi tunica!

loss, provided for bj paj Ins I

tent. The coppei a thi lag. The lead loi •

are In the Blag and In the flu in usual (

the following Bummai

Gold. o.O' ,).,,., | oz . pop.

per, 6 lb. ; lead, SO lb. per ton oi ore treated.

Deductions Necessari After Oee Is Smelted

in addition to the actual metallurgical a the

smelting opei il is necessary thai the schedule

provide for the refining and marketing of the metals
recovered. The cost of r< rid marketing of the

rold and silver is small and is charged to U bul-

lion. A representative bullion-refining charge is $25
per ton, which includi per lb. of

lead. A ntative refining charge on 40% copper

matte is $40 per ton, including freight, etc., or 5c. per
lb. of copper contained in the matte. The refining and
freight (barges for the copper in lead ores are not to be
compared with similar charges for the copper in an ore
when sold to a copper smelter, as the latter ships a prac-
tically pure product, paying no freight on impurities. A
lead smelter ships 40% copper matte, and the freight
for the same distance, other things being equal, would
be 2* times as great.

A comparison of the open schedules with the average
contract schedule, under which the bulk of the ore is
purchased, would not be favorable to the shipper, be-
cause a contract for a guaranteed tonnage of ore of a
desh-ed content at a specified rate would be given ad-
vantages over the open schedule, which represents small
and intermittent shipments. .

Purchase on the "Unit and Quotation" System

The method of payment for lead in ores used in Colo-
rado is the "unit and quotation" system. The payment
for the amount of lead in the ores is made on the basis
of the fire assay. This is figured by deducting 1.5 units
from the wet assay for lead. The use of the fire assay
for determining the lead in an ore is only approxima-
tion; the inaccuracy is increased by overheating and
the presence in the ore of other metals. It may be used
for the quick determination of the lead in slags where
the ratio of inaccuracy is known and can be readily
applied. The wet assay for lead is the most reliable
method used, and the results represent the lead content
of the ores. Since furnace practice shows a loss of 30
lb. of lead per ton, a deduction for loss of 1.5 units is
justifiable and should be made. This, however, does
not mean that such a deduction would give the fire-assay
results.

The fire assay for copper is seldom made, the wet
assay usually being the basis for settlement. Furnace
practice in treating copper ores in lead smelteries shows
an average loss of 5 to 6 lb. of copper per ton of ore
treated. The customary deduction of 1.5 units for less
is an arbitrary one and is governed by the quantity of
copper ores received by the smelter during a definite
period. Since copper is not contained in all ores re-
ceived by the lead smelters, slag absorption will cause
loss continuously, which must be provided for.

The non-payment for the metals below a certain limit

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105. No. 12

commercial pro-
\\ hen i* i smelted

• . tals to take care of
ption and other los
requirements is recovered. In
id, the lead is sometimes
per unit, but usually nothing
n ith sufficient
ing the lead on the charge high
requirements, all of the load in
ton would be recovered, according
tn ial reason for this
tent is below smelting re-
can be treated to advantage
■ ith a higher grade load ore. The limited
e load ores therefore controls the
low-grade lead ores. Those low-
■ >>t profitable to the smelter for their
•cut when considered by themselves, as they can
nly by recharging bullion into the fun:
ring up the load on the charge, thereby increasing

It is the custom of many public assayers to report to
the miner the value of an ore as the sum of the various
metals at their respective market quotations at the
time tin were made. This is decidedly misle;

ing. Account must be taken of such factors as freight,
treatment, refining, marketing- the product and profits
from treatment, in order to arrive at the ultimate return
which the miner may reasonably expect. In figuring the
value of an ore or a metallurgical product, the basis
used should be the price per standard unit of quantity

the refined metals at some principal market center at
the time the valuation is made. New York being the
center used, then the value of an ore to the miner is
the sum of the selling price of each metal at New York
times its unit of quantity, less the combined cost and
expense of treating the ore and marketing the products.

lting Companies Consider Physical Appraisal
of Plants as Unfair

The foregoing observations from Mr. Whitaker's re-
port deal with the general considerations in the pur-
chase and smelting of the ores. In a summary of the
smelting operations of Colorado, he placed a cash value
"J.OOO on the lead-smelting plants of the state.
The investigating committee sent a copy of Mr. Whita-
ker's report to the smelting companies and asked for
comment or criticism thereon. Their principal point of
criticism was concerning plant valuation. Extracts are
here presented of the letter received from L. G. Eakins,
general manager of the Colorado department of the
American Smelting and Refining Co.:

Without discussing the report at length, we wish to sug-
certain supplemental matters which should be con-
sidered in connection with Mr. Whitaker's figures as
affecting the question of the average operating profit on
Colorado ores during the period covered by the investiga-
tion. These are as follows:

In making his allowances for depreciation, Mr. Whit-
aker uses as a basis an estimate of the cash value of the
several lead and copper smelting plants, and we believe
gave him these figures as to our own plants. We would,
. call your attention to the fact that smelting com-
es are obliged to figure depreciation not upon the actual
I the plants upon a given date, but upon the
of these plants, which must include not only the origi-
nal cost, but also the large sums expended from year to

year in making replacements and improvements which are
-sary to bring tlio plants up to date. While these ex-
penditures may not in any way increase the actual cash
value of the plants, as they in the main merely replace old
methods of handling ores by new methods which are more
efficient ami economical, they must he considered as a part
of the cost of the plants, as they are not included in cur-
rent smelting costs and must in some form be charged
against profits. It is evident, therefore, that, in order to
avoid loss, the smelting companies must base depreciation
charges upon a valuation very much higher than the esti-
mated or actual cash value upon any particular date. For
this reason the allowance for depreciation which Mr.
Whitakt i' makes is very much less than the smelting com-
panies must make in figuring profits.

_'. The figures given in the report covering smelting costs
arc general averages based on the entire tonnage of local
and foreign ores. A very large proportion, however, of
the Colorado ores is of a refractory nature and requires
roasting, thus materially increasing the cost of treatment.
For this reason, the actual cost of treatment of the Colo-
rado ores is higher than the average figures upon which
Mr. Whitaker's report is based. While the actual amount
of this excess cannot be determined, it is certain that it
exists and that it is very considerable.

\ir. Whitaker calls attention to the fact that the out-
put of lead ores in Colorado is not sufficient to supply the
local plants and that it is therefore necessary to import
lead ores in order to obtain the necessary percentage. As
a matter of fact, only one of the Colorado plants of the
American Smelting and Refining Co. can operate upon local
lead; the others are obliged to use large quantities of lead
ores and concentrates imported from other states. With-
out this outside supply it would be quite impossible to
operate plants at Denver, Pueblo and Leadville, and the
mining industry of the state would be seriously crippled.
These outside lead ores are brought from mines at great
distances from Colorado. If they were smelted outside of
Colorado the Colorado miner would suffer; if they are
brought to Colorado the large difference in freight must
be paid by the smelting companies and not by the foreign
shipper. This expense, therefore, must be considered in
connection with the cost of treating Colorado ores and
with the charges and deductions to be made in determining
the profits realized therefrom.

Colorado Ores Inadequate as a Basis for Lead
Smelting on the Present Scale

The Ohio & Colorado Smelting and Refining Co.,
which operates the smeltery at Salida, Colo., replied to
the committee through General Manager Max Schott,
who took up especially the effect on the smelting cost
of importing rich lead ores to bring the average tenor
of the furnace charge up to 10% Pb. The physical
value of the plants is also discussed in his letter. He
said in part :

Regarding O. R. Whitaker's report, I make free to call!
attention to the following:

The cost of smelting is arrived at by taking the total
cost and applying as divisor the total ore smelted. This
would be an entirely proper method if it were not for the
fact that the Colorado ores smelted during 1912-1916 only
carried 6.76% wet lead. The outside ores carried 32.65%
wet lead. Mr. Whitaker, on page 140, properly states the
following: "For the efficient collecting of value of a lead
smeltery, the percentage of lead on charge should be
around 10%."

On an average, the amount of lime rock charged in Colo-
rado represents 20% of the total tonnage charged; there-
fore, in order to have 10% lead per ton of charge, the
average contents of lead in the ore must be 12%% Pb.
You will note from the report, that the actual average lead
contents for the entire period, 1912-1916, is equal to 11.67%
per ton of ore, or, in other words, the amount of lead
charged falls short of good metallurgical requirements to
the extent of 0.83% per ton of ore.

You will appreciate from these facts that the 6.76%
lead carried by the Colorado ores is insufficient to smelt
these ores and that in order to make possible an average
lead content of 11.67%, there was added from foreign ores
4.91% Pb per ton of Colorado ores treated. This addi-
tional lead must be shipped, refined and marketed. The
cost covering these three items would not be necessary if
Colorado ores carried the required amount of lead.

March 'J::. L918

ENGINEERING A\l> MINING JOUE

! Mr. Whitaker's method of arrh ing at thi
■I pping, marketing and refining, I
Amount of load added is equal to
u> 98.2 lb. of lead per tor of on

■r lb. $1.23, being additional cosi of freight, marl
mil refining.

At Salida about PO1 . of th(

from hits pro, lur. ',1 outside of the tate, Under normal
market conditions tins material cannot I i down at

Salida except at a heavy loss. Yet this loss nmsl be

ii red in or, In- to make opei at ion at Salida i
It must be borne in mind, in this connection, that I
rado plants are not lead snv > irdinary set

if this term, but that they are essentially engaged in tr<

rold and silver ores and using load and, to a 111:
octent, copper, as a collector for those precious
The lead is a necessary llux. Whenever the margin in the
ires furnishing the lead is insufficient to covi
reatment, plus marketing and refininj

tecessarily be added to the cost *>( treal it of the dry

pres. . . .

Much Capital Put Into Smelting Works Dis-
appears with Introduction of New Methods

Another feature of the report which should be con-
sidered in viewing the results obtained at the Colorado
jlants, is the item of "Physical Value of Plant." The report
loes not take cognizance of the fact that a great deal more
noney is invested in these plants than their present phj
■a! value. It is well to understand that in the nature of
:his smelting industry constant changes in installation and
lew construction are unavoidable. To illustrate: The
Salida plant started operations in 1902. At that time the
great part of the ore supply consisted of oxide ores. This
;ondition did not call for an elaborate system for roasting
>res. A few hand roasters took care of the amount of
natte which was made.

Within a few years conditions changed and the company
lad to invest $145,000 for a hand-roaster plant and build-
Jig. This plant consisted of 12 hand roasters. Eventually
;he product from these hand roasters proved a handicap to
;he operations because of its physical character, and besides
;his the cost of roasting by hand averaged $2.75 per ton
)f ore, making operations prohibitive. Some other system
)f roasting was essential to keep the plant going. The
iroblem was to produce a sinter, coarse and porous, and to
lo this at a reasonable cost. The company carried on ex-
«nsive investigations and experiments, resulting eventually
n the installation of three Godfrey roasters, one Wedge
•oaster, and four Dwight-Lloyd sintering machines.

The Salida plant did the pioneer work in connection with
;he Dwight-Lloyd sintering process. This process has now
>een adopted throughout the United States. The hand-
•oaster plant was of no further use and has been dis-
nantled, but this does not alter the fact that $145,000 was
nvested, which must be returned, plus interest, before
here can be any profit.

I do not wish to take up time and space with a detailed
ecital of the many other investments, installations and
hanges which were made and abandoned for similar rea-
ons. Altogether these investments, since replaced, repre-
ent at Salida many thousands of dollars, and the chances
ire that at the other plants in this state the situation in
■egard to this question of money invested versus physical
'alue corresponds more or less to the situation at Salida.
?he fact is that at Salida the earnings have so far not
.dmitted writing off anything for depreciation.

Discussing the recovery of byproducts by the smel-
ers, Mr. Whitaker states in his report that there are
wo smelting plants in Colorado equipped with bag-
louses for the recovery oi* the volatilized material from
he blast furnaces. That portion which is volatilized in
oasting the ore is not recovered at any Colorado plant.

In addition to the recovery of gold, silver and lead
rom the flue dust and baghouse product, arsenic and
admium are recovered at the Denver plant. The ar-
enic plant at Denver treats the flue dust and baghouse
roduct from other allied plants. The maximum out-
ut of the plant is 120 tons per month of arsenic tri-
xide. The cadmium plant at Denver treats the bag-
ouse product supplied from various smelting units of
lie American Smelting and Refining Co., many of which

a,v operatini ,,,„„, output

"' ,! pe nth. A I,, all quai I

of bismuth v ,u ,n,. plant.

I he production i the n till of

the concentral m and ai
treat. '.I. With t,

rences, :i with othi

m the original the

extra expi iuj,j

11111 ' r value

in the pun hase of thi

Gold on Creeks in the Copper River
Basin, Alaska

Alaska continues to be a good paying investment for
itput in 1917 having tx
Uian $41,000,000 ing to the U. S. Geological

Survey, although the proi

reduced, the interest in I placers is still I ■

Among the rich placer deposits are I Valdez

(reek, which have yielded gold valued at g i
Gold has been found in its bedrock source in the slate
area south of Valdez I reel and is present in
the stream-gravel deposits within that area. Most of
the placer gold from this district, however, has come
from an old gravel-filled channel or canyon once occu-
pied by Valdez Creek and from the stream gi.
that part of the present channel of the creek which lies
below the point where the old and new channels inter-
sect. The gold in the new channel is in large part a
reconcentration from the rich auriferous filling of the
old canyon. The old channel and the three or four creek
claims below it on the present stream constitute an
excellent example of the importance of reconcentration
in the production of rich gold placers.

Slate Creek is 75 miles east of Valdez Creek. It is
the site of an older camp than Valdez Creek, and with
its tributary, Miller Gulch, has been the greatest pro-
ducer of placer gold within the Copper River basin,
having yielded more than one and three-quarter million
dollars. Diorite intrusive rocks are present, and in
this respect the deposits resemble those of Valdez
Creek. It is believed, however, that the slate of Valdez
Creek is younger, although the diorite intrusives are
probably of the same or nearly the same age.

Valuing Mining Property

By A. L. H. Street*

In a suit involving the value of mining property, the
United States court for the District of Rhode Island
recently decided that the purchase price of a claim,
fixed in a contract for its sale permitting the buyer
to pay in installments and to abandon his purchase
without other liability than forfeiture of payments
made, does not indicate the real value of the property.
(Munro vs. Smith, 243 Federal Reporter, 654.) This
decision is based on the conclusion that as payments
are optional, and may be contingent upon uncertain
success in developing the mine, the seller naturally de-
mands a higher price, and the purchaser is willing to
pay more, than in an outright purchase for cash.

•Attorney at law, 829 Security Bldg., Minneapolis.

LING AND MINING JOURNAL

Methods of Valuing Oil Lands

i:v M. L. REQUA*

Vol. 105, No. 12

mi oil p

the probable life

. the
t value. By

its from
■ alifornia. production.
I a high d

tfcem

• oil property in any one of thi

. ( is
■ rs. particularly at .
•al properties
■al taxation is an important question.

value of the land, but that any excess equipment no
necessary for the production of oil from present wells
h as drilling tools, well casing, etc., should be give:
a present-condition value. In valuing the propertied
of the Independent Oil Producers' Agency, the com
mittee considered the following facts:

1. That from each propei-ty there will ultimately
produced a certain total quantity of oil.

2. That in the production of that oil a certain tota
amount of money will be expended.

3. That a certain total amount of money will be re
ceived from the oil.

4. That the total net receipts will be the total gros
receipts less the cost of development and production.

5. That the present value of the net receipts must b
such an amount that when invested by a purchaser

THIS p abstracted from the report of the

.lit committee of the Independent Oil
which the writer was chair-
The other members of the committee were M. V.
tine, and Thomas Cox, engineer.

1

1

— ki

20 25 50

Well Year

1. PROI' CURVES

ii volumetric content. This
il production of one well during its
ictlon of the new well by
•>un as the volumetric content,
well will produce to
rnple. on the Coallnga
v., 11 would pro-
pyls bbl.
follows :

I 152

5.738

..4.3805
..4.2730
5.738

It treats only of the valuation of the lands, wells and
piping, without going into details of equipment and
other feat .

ized early in the operation that the value

of oil lands was the value of oil to be extracted and

less the costs attendant thereon. Referring

'he costs in cents per barrel, it became

obvious that surface improvements, absolutely neces-

■ n the production of oil from wells then drilled,

had no separate and independent value aside from the

imlnlstration. Member Execu-
\ssociation, Consult-
um. Excerpt of a

■ etlng of the A. I. M. E.

0 10 SO 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 1 20
imtiol Production- Bbl per Day

PIG ■■!. THIS SHOWS BY DIRECT READING THE EST
.MATED PRODUCTION OF ONE WELL AND THE
\R OF ENDING AT THE 1 BBL. PER DAY
Illustration: New well with initial production of 50 bbl. p>
day first vear. read up to intersection of total production lin
thence t.. the left and read 104.000 bbl. Going back to the 50-bt
line and up to the intersection of the curve line, thence to U
left. 1946 will be the year ending the production at the l-bbl.-pe
day point. , .

A = Coalinga curve. C = Santa Maria curve.

B = Maricopa curve. D = Newlove and Hartnell curv

will be returned with 8% interest additional during tt
life of the property.

The initial procedure consisted in making a gener
reconnaissance of the entire district in which the pro]
erty was located and determining the lithological ar
structural conditions underlying the area. The dal
obtained from each individual tract comprised the lof

March 28, L918

KMIINKKRING AND MINING JOURNAL

646

'all the wells, with the history of each individual well
harever it was possible to obtain it ; also the total pro-
iction from the property and from each well whenever

ich data wore available. It was also necessary to make
complete inventory of all the surface equipment and
tiniate its present worth.

The next step consists in collecting enough production
,ta to construct a curve for each district, showing the
•dine of an ideal well from its inception to its ex-
mstion. This was accomplished by obtaining all avail-
ile. information regarding the total yearly production
r individual wells in each area and compiling it so that
6 average curve would be a compilation of the first
tufa production of all the wells, the second year would
■ a compilation of the second year's production of all

25 W

500 750 000 1250 1500 1750 2K0 2250 2500 2750 3000
Depth o-f Wells

FIG. 3. WELL SPACING

e wells, and so on through the past years to date,
lese data, computed on a percentage basis, showed a
nstantly lessening decrement and this decrement was
mputed for the succeeding years. The results of the
mpilation of the data in each field are shown graphic-
ly in Fig. 1.

In the Coalinga field the monthly production of 86 in-
vidual wells was obtainable over a period of seven
■ars. These data were arranged so that the resultant
rve shown on Fig. 1 was a compilation of the first
■ars, the second years, etc., of all the wells, according
the method previously stated.

As the Kern field is one of the oldest in the state and
arly production records were poorly kept, accurate
ita concerning its early history were not obtainable,
was found impossible to compile any data that would
bstantiate the results in Coalinga, but as the num-
ir of wells to be drilled w7as very small in comparison
ith the total productive area, and as the conditions re-
ading production approximate those in Coalinga field,
was decided to use the theoretical figures of the Coal-
ga curve in computing the production from new wells
this area.

In constructing a curve for new wells in the Maricopa
strict, the individual records of 29 wells were obtain-
'le, and these figures were used to construct a curve
the same method as was applied in Coalinga. In
e Midway district the yearly production records were

obtainable from 21 wells, and b curve was constructed
I nun these data. In two instances where flowing-well
conditions existed, special curves were developed from
records of wells in similar territory.

In the McKittrick field DO data were available that
could be used to const nut a curve tor an ideal well, and
as the general conditions compared favorably with the
Coalinga field, the Coalinga curve was used for this field.
In the Santa .Maria field the individual well production
was obtainable from every well which the Union Oil Co.
drilled, and as some of the wells have been producing for
10 or 11 years, excellent data were available. These were
divided into two types and two individual curves con-
structed. One curve, which was used in computing the
theoretical production from new wells on the Newlove
and Hartnell properties, was compiled from the data
on all the Union Oil Co. properties in the field. The
other curve was constructed for use on the remaining
properties and included the data on all the properties
except the Hartnell and the Newlove. This method was
pursued for the reason that the conditions regarding
production on the Hartnell and the Newlove properties
were dissimilar to those on the remaining properties in
the field. In the Lompoc field the present wells have
been widely spaced; therefore the decrease in produc-
tion per well per day has been more gradual than would
occur in an area of closer drilling. As these data, there-
fore, would not apply to a drilled-up condition, the
Santa Maria curve, which excluded the Newlove and
Hartnell production, was used, as the general conditions
are similar to those of the Santa Maria field.

In Orange County no individual well data were avail-
able over any appreciable period. As the conditions of
thick, saturated sands approximate those of Coalinga,
the same decline was used for all properties with the
exception of the Union Oil Co.'s Graham & Loftus lease,
where a curve developed from the production of all
wells drilled to date on that tract was used. In Ventura
County, no individual well data were obtainable, but
as the wells were drilled, in most cases, 20 years ago,
and the properties produced continuously over this
period, the decline in production from the entire area
eventually approximated that of one well, and the ideal
curve was deduced from this data. Comparing the dif-
ferent curves on a percentage basis, the maximum de-
viation of any one curve from the average is less than
10%- This is one of the most notable facts brought out
by this work.

Basis of Production Calculations

As an example of the use of these curves in the cal-
culation of the production from the undrilled areas,
suppose the new wells on a certain tract to have an as-
sumed initial production over the first year of 100 bbl.
per well per day, then the average production per well
per day for the second year will be 79.7 bbl., as is shown
in Fig. 1. The sum of all these figures, representing the
average production per well per day, multiplied by 365,
will give the total production from one well, and multi-
plied by the total number of wells will give the ultimate
production from the undrilled area. For figures above
or below 100 bbl., the total production will be in direct
proportion.

Fig. 2 is a graphic representation of these calcula-
tions. The assumed initial production for new wells

ENGINE VNP MIXING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 12

hart and the dia
•al production froni one
u in which the

i h a production

In computing

ach property, the following

areas, drilled and

al ultimate production from the
tructing a curve which si

per well per day and pro-

the tutu •

the total n ■■ rable i ontent from the

suming that all development is com-

iduction occurs in 1917.

nates of two and three

*

^ ?■*» zeoo eeoo sooo

rec+

:he

used for varying gravities. The lower line and the
succeeding lines for oils from 16° to 20° Be; for
2] to 24 . inclusive; 25° to 29°, inclusive, and 30°
and higher. The chart was used as follows:

From the logs of the wells in the immediate vicinit
the average depth of the new wells to be drilled in th
undrilled area was determined and the point seleete
on the diagonal line corresponding to the gravity of the j
oil to be obtained. Tracing this point horizontally to I
the left-hand margin, a figure is found which gives thel
spacing for this depth.

Drilling Time and Tool and Work Standards j

Fig. 4, curve A, shows the time of drilling wells with.i
a standard rig for varying depths. The data compiled']
lude the results from over 700 wells of various!
depths in the Coalinga, Kern and Midway fields. Thej
amount of casing used was established in uniformity]
with the practice on the properties considered. Fuel
oil, tools, drilling lines, derricks, rig irons, belts, en-J
gines and haulage are all figured to standards. This!
method insures uniformity and is free from the varia-l
tions which show on accounting records of the various!
companies. Curve B is constructed similarly for drill-
ing time with a rotary jig.

Fig. 5 shows the cost of various sizes of pipe from 2i
up to 8 in. in diameter and was constructed from actual
data. These may be used in valuing lines already laid!
and in determining the cost of new lines for future de-
velopment. They are compensated to include all neces-:
sary fittings.

To compute the total ultimate production from thel
drilled area, a curve was constructed showing the aveH

LtLLING TIME FOR DEPTHS AS
LISTED

ga, Midway and Kern fields.
and Midway fields.

in >■■■ 'he total estimated production per year

the entire life of the property.
In order to divide the area into drilled and undrilled
found necessary to construct a table
■ definite well spacing for the varying conditions
lepth, thickness of sands and gravity of the oil. The
the oil sands underlying each property is
urn! tor to be reckoned in the ultimate pro-

duction per acre, but as in the majority of areas con-
vey fields the sands are thickest in the
I thinnest in the deepest ones, this fact
lid be taken care of by judicious use of the chart,
the oil, as a general rule, varies
grades in the shallow wells to light,
n the deeper ones, this also is taken into
' ructed by collecting and tabu-
n all the fully drilled up conditions of the
3an Joaquin Valley oil fields.

distracted so that the

3000 ft. (228 to 014 m.)

leptl The varying depths are

■vn at tl.- t hf- chart and the spacing either

in nee between wells is shown

'.he left-hand margin. The four diagonal lines are

•

<

34

-

' .."

0

' V

7

-&;

%S

. - .-

hrx w

u

b?56/£i§y

/ 9i«y£g£&*

«<£

'^w

J&$

c

i5

a

4

WWmj*

W\

%"Am^-

0

- •/

\;yj^54M

N

in5

?dm

/&/

1540

?

BJ&P&l

8 1

i

fcift

-
1

' ?0 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 W 65 70 75 60 8b 90 95 100 105 l»
Cost in Cents per Foot

PIG. 5. COST OF OIL-FIELD PIPES LAID
Mn . prices do not include cartage. Valves not included
above 6 in.)

age production per well per day for the property dur
ing the past years, and this curve was projected foi
the future by applying the percentage decrement in pas
production to the future. In the case where actual dati
were available showing that certain idle wells coul<
be made to produce by redrilling or other repairs, Oj
where the past production curve showed an abnorma
decline, due undoubtedly to market conditions, it wa:
adjusted to offset this decrease. It was imperative tha
all properties be valued on a relative basis, and as th<
present value of each would vary according to the tirm
interval chosen for the drilling of new wells, it wa;
recognized that some standard period must be adoptei
during which each property should be completely de
veloped.

March 28, HH8

KNCINKKKlNi; AND .MIMNC .KM RNAL

It is obvious, other conditions being equal, thai if
ropertj "A" is completely drilled at once and its max-
mmi production obtained immediately, it will have a
inch greater value than property "P.." on which new
Bvelopment is deferred, and which is presumed to con-
nue its present production at the normal rate of de-
lino. The difference is due to the fact that the pres-
nt value of one year's net receipts is smaller the longer
B actual payment is deferred. In order to avoid these
iacrepancies and to treat all properties equitably, each
as been theoretically drilled up in the year ]!Hi>. The
Kixinium production, therefore, occurs in L917, and
oring the succeeding years declines according to the
rtablished decrease curves until such a time as it is
o longer profitable to produce oil from the property.

i'hod of Ascertaining Per Acre Production

In computing the total recoverable content from the

■drilled portion, the first step consisted in determin-

lg from the structural conditions the average depth of

le wells to be drilled, and by the use of the well-

Deptn Feet
WOO 1600

?8OO0

MOM

ieaooc

fcQOO

aooo

4000

SO 3C « 50 K X 90 90 100

Initial Production Bbl. per Well Day

;G. 6. PRESENT VALUE OF NET RECEIPTS PER WELL
OVER OPERATING COSTS WITH OIL AT 50c. PER
BARREL (MINIMUM PRODUCTION PER
WELL DAT, 20 BBL.)

lacing chart the number of new wells to be drilled. By
viding the ultimate production from the drilled area
.' the number of acres drilled, a figure is obtained
hich shows the total production per acre from this
irtion. The calculation of the future production from
le undrilled area is based upon the past performance of
ells in the immediate vicinity. Due consideration is
ven to lessened individual well production with com-
ete development of the tract and to the total ultimate
•oduction per acre from contiguous drilled tracts.
Fig. 6 was made for estimating and is based on the
aalinga curve volumetric production of a well to the

2-bbl. point o| decline, and it the amount that BUCh

quantify of oil will yield a1 the varying profits over the
operating per barrel with all interesl i hai

at s The avei I of drilling wells and equip-

ment is of all fields and is closelj approximate for esti-
mating purposes. For illu t ration, th< I of

future equipment per well when' new wells have to be
drilled, for a 2000-ft. I well ie $2400. This is

meant to include extra pipe line.-, proportion of elec-
tric equipment, etc. The drilling of such a well would
loselj .-> 1 8,200. Average upper line for both, $20,
600. It is necessary to reduce the upper curve amount
bj 0.926 to conform to the deferred ,x\ basis of the cal-
culation, which would be $19,076.

if the operating costs are estimated to be 28c, the
profits will be 2'2c. for 50c. oil. At this value a line run
horizontally to the 22c. line, then vertically to base,
will show GS bbl. This is the least initial production
that such new wells must have in order to repay the cost
and interest over the operating expense. Complete pro-
duction and cost data were obtained wherever possible
on properties that approximated fully drilled-up condi-
tions and were not forced to curtail production on ac-
count of market conditions. This information was used
as a guide to what might be expected from the sur-
rounding properties in the immediate area. By reason
of the inefficient system of accounting found to prevail
with most companies, it was impossible to obtain any
data of value relating to the costs of operating and de-
veloping on each individual property. If such data were
available it would have greatly facilitated the compila-
tion of future working costs. In computing the values
the following steps were taken :

1. To estimate the future working costs per year
from all data available.

2. To compute the net receipts per year, i.e., the dif-
ference between the gross receipts and the total yearly
expenditures.

3. To compute the present value of each year's net
receipts, allowing a specified interest of 8^ per annum,
and returning each year a proportionate part of the cap-
ital with 8fc interest, thus obtaining the present value
of the future production.

4. To add to this the salvage value of the excess
equipment, thus obtaining the total present value of the
entire property.

In making estimates for new expenditures and oper-
ating charges, standards w-ere adopted and applied to all
properties where conditions were similar. These stand-
ards were the result of careful investigation of present
working costs of all kinds. In the case of new wells,
drilling costs have been computed from all the past data
available and are consistent according to fields and
depths. The new equipment was also estimated accord-
ing to the requirements of the property, the value being
carefully computed from present-day prices as quoted
by supply houses. These estimated expenditures were
all charged and applied as of the year 1916, so that all
new wells and equipment would be placed in that year
for a maximum production in 1917.

In computing the annual cost of operation for the
future, each item of labor and material was considered
and charged according to the most economical method
of operating, with due consideration for the present
method in use on the property at the time of taking the

\\1> MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 12

.mi L500
msidered
ad for propei

- engines

. ed to continue this

•; the property,

es in the past were

•i installations, the

r method is the more

pts, and from this

il. The table

■ value was taken

int.

ll that can be given a present
an he removed
• the present time without interfer-
1'his includes drill tools,
k, casing on the rack, me-
[uipment, etc All other equipment, such as
lipe line, etc., is considered
tures for the future opera-
wells; thus the operation of these wells
will 1- without the addition of any new hi-

nt. The net cost of operation per barrel, there-
e determined solely from operating costs and,
■. ill he lower than if an investment charge
were : . The method adopted by the committee

in the computation of values of the agency properties is
• red to be far superior to any of the other meth-
for the following reasons:

1. The 1 development of the property as well
as that of the adjoining properties is considered.

2. The operating cost is computed from actual figures

led in the field, all necessary additions to plant be-
ing given full consideration.

'■',. In computing the present value of the actual net
receipts for each year, amounts that can be redeemed
with interest at 8<" c per annum are shown.

•1. This method more nearly approximates the actual
conditions that will exist in the future than any other
method yet presented; is regular in its application to
all properties and will give results that, when applied
to a property, will admit of a fair and conservative re-
turn on the investment.

1 Vferred Classification for Chemists

Owing to the disturbance in many essential indus-
on account of important men being drafted.
Government instructions have been issued relative tc
deferred classification of chemists. The letter and blank
forms B and C, shown herewith, are self-explanatory
It should be borne in mind that these applications foi
■ should be used only in cases where the em-
ployee is absolutely necessary for the practical operation
n( a plant or factory.

Form i'. is for chemists who are in the draft, and not
in the Army or Navy service.

FORM B

Six Real Savings

Far from being a handicap on business, war's de-
mands for real economy are enabling business concerns,
and particularly merchants, to turn unsuspected profits
risible savings of material and labor. "System"
gives these sources of economy profits :

Watching for needless words in telegrams and for
needless telegrams.

ting hours of work a half hour earlier to cut
n the light bill.
iting traveling men more carefully.

mers to cooperate in saving the time of
n "bunching" their telephone orders, and
in carrying home small packages.

ping the C. 0. D. privilege for purchases of less
than

waste in the wrapping and packing

of manufacturer.

Address

Full name of chemist (Age). . .

To be filled In by manufacturer, not the chemist.)
Information n chemist:

(Yes )
1. Is ho willing to receive deferred classification? (NJ y

rial No Liability No

Questionnaire classification- — Class. . . .Paragraph. . . .Date.
Title and address of local board

(Yes )
>\ fur reclassification been made? (No)

leal Result

". Length of time chemist has been with your company

I. l'roportion of total hours of the services of the chemist now'

..mi .ii production* of war materials

ton (above grade of high school)

i lerlen

Duration of employment

7. Nature of materials in the production* of which said chemist

is engaged

8. Relation of above materials to the war

9. Statement of the importance of the chemist to the above wai

work by the officer in charge of the department.

Signed by

•Under production is to be included research, development anc
control work necessary to manufacturing operation.

Form C is for chemists who are at present in the
Army or Navy service:

form c

Name of manufacturer

Address

Full name of soldier (Age)

1 'amp address

A: — (To be filled in by manufacturer, not by soldier.)
Information regarding soldier:

1. Is the soldier in the Regular Army, National Army or Reservt

Corps ?

2. If the soldier is in the Regular Army or National Army, does

he desire a discharge with reenlistment in the Reserve Corps
i inactive list) in order to reenter your employ?

3. If the soldier is in the Reserve Corps, does he desire to bt

placed upon the inactive list in order to reenter your employ'

4. Length of time soldier was with your company

5. Proportion of total hours the services of the soldier would

be spent on production* of war materials

B Education (above grade of high school)

7. Experience

Company Duration of employment

8. Nature of materials in the production* of which said soldiei

will be engaged

9. Relation of above materials to the war

10. Statement of the importance of the soldier to the above wai

work by the officer In charge of the department

I 'ate Signed

*Under production is to be included research, development anc
control work necessary to manufacturing operation.

It is not necessary to secure copies of blank forms E
and C. Simply make a typewritten copy of the forms
as shown. In copying the forms, sufficient space shoulc
be left under each question to accommodate the answer
so that a longer sheet should be used than shown ir
the copy. The answers should be filled in with type-
writer, using a different colored ribbon. The forms
when filled out should be addressed to "Chief of Chem-
ical Service Station, N. A., New Department of In-
terior Bldg., Washington, D. C."

Oil-Flotation Process and Apparatus has been patented
by D. F. Haley (Canada, 177,625, June 12, 1917), involving
the discharge at high velocity of a jet of pulp mixed with
oil downward into a body of water, thus causing aeration
and formation of a froth.

March 28, L918

ENGINEERING AND MINING Joi'KXAL

549

Malingering and Loafing

Bl ClIKSLA ('. SllKIU.OCK

Injuries resulting from or occurring during indus-

rial employment often induce conditions of mind or
whits of work in the workman that seriously affect his
•ight to ask compensation. Employers are often con-
fronted with a demand for compensation when they are

omiiuvil that, in all justice, it is not due; and in some
DStances they face a condition when compensation,
vhile apparently due, is not, as a matter of law, in order.
'hie!' among the evil tendencies sometimes produced by
in injury is malingering. A workman may be injured
slightly and magnify the hurt to its greatest proportions
a order to get compensation as long as possible. The
nalingerer is a cheater and a fraud. He knows that
ie is not hurt as badly as he would have his employer be-
ieve, but, for reasons of his own, misrepresents con-
litions. Medical men are confronted with malinger-
ng in all of its varying aspects and they are usually
skillful in detecting it.

Hysteria is another form of mental condition pro-
luced by injury which may seriously affect the right to
ompensation. It is the exact opposite of malingering,
n one sense. The injured workman steadfastly believes
ie is hurt badly and cannot return to work, when, as a
natter of fact, he is not nearly so incapacitated as he
magined. One court explained the difference between
i malingerer and a hysteric as follows: "The difference
>etween a malingerer and a hysteric is that the
nalingerer claims disability when he knows that he has
10 right to do so, and the victim of hysteria claims
Usability in the unshakable conviction that he is dis-
ibled. In the language of Dr. McClenahan, an excellent
mthority on the subject, 'His injury is just as real to
lim as though it actually existed.' "

In a Wisconsin case, a workman refused to return to
vork when the attending doctor reported that he had
•ecovered of his injury. The commisson said: "His
symptoms are all of a subjective nature, such as head-
iche, dizziness, deafness in one ear, impairment of sight
n one eye, numbness of one leg, and the loss of memory.
Repeated examinations and the application of suitable
ests show that his claims are unfounded, with the pos-
sible exception of the claim that he suffers from head-
tche, and, if he does have headache, there is no reason
or contending that it is attributable to his injury. The
ipplicant has made himself believe that he cannot work.
?rom an active life he has gone to the extreme limit of
ibsolute inactivity. It is little wonder that he feels
veak and that his limbs tremble and he feels dizzy when
ie attempts to work. These symptoms naturally follow
my physical exertion after such long-continued idleness,
rhere is every reason to believe that his headaches, if
such he has, are the direct result of his inactivity and
hat with his return to work will come his usual vigor
md health." The commission held that it was apparent
hat the applicant's condition was of a neurasthenic
haracter, and that, instead of being given compensa-
ion, the applicant should be encouraged to return to
lis regular work.

In a California case, a workman received a slight
>ruise on his leg. The Industrial Accident Board said :

•Box 253. Des Moines, Iowa

"Nevertheless, despite the affidavits and testimony of
reputable physicians, corroborated by other evidence
to the conduct and bi the applicant while under

observation, unknown to himself, the applicant has pre

tended to be seriously injured and to entertain great
fear lest his leg never recover its usefulness. Whether
or not this pretense of serious injury be feigned or the
result of a morbid dwelling of the mind upon his injury,
the conclusion is irresistible that his demand for further
compensation is without merit. In short, the case under
consideration belongs to that class (if malingering or
simulation which causes great concern to those who are
skeptical in regard to the merits of compensation as a
system for dealing with industrial injuries. Such cases
are to compensation what arson is to fire insurance and
fraud is to life insurance. They must be dealt with
sternly and uncompromisingly, else they will bring into
disrepute an institution which otherwise yields great
hope for dealing effectively with a serious social
burden."

Malingering may, as a rule, be easily detected, if the
employer really exerts any effort to get at the truth in
the case. The malingerer puts up a pose when in the
presence of the compensation authorities or the in-
surance adjusters, but when the coast is apparently
clear he relaxes and assumes his normal self. If he is
watched closely enough and in such a manner as not to
arouse suspicion, he can easily be caught in his deceit.
In neurasthenic or hysteria cases, however, reliance
must be made almost entirely upon medical testimony
and that of experts. It is properly a nervous condition
of the mind produced by the injury or aggravated by it,
and is not easily determined, therefore, by the lay mind
and should be left to the attention of the best medical
experts.

Compensation should, of course, be paid in every case
where it is justly due, but employers should be as alert
as the insurers and the commissions to head off
malingering before it reaches serious proportions. If a
certain class of workman find out that Tom Jones has
played sick, even though Tom Jones be off in another
state, and has received compensation with little effort,
then there will probably develop a situation in compen-
sation practice that will challenge the best minds in the
country to solve. Malingering should be nipped in the
bud, and prompt attention to that abuse will save em-
ployers and the commissions no end of time, trouble and
expense.

Western Manganese

The probable and possible tonnages of manganese ores
in Western mining districts have been estimated by the
U. S. Geological Survey and are given in the table that
follows :

Number of Approximate

Tons Tons Deposits Composition

District Probable Possible in Estimate Mn. Fe. SiO9

Philipsburg, Mont... 135,000 350,000 16 37-46 15-6 18

Shumla. Tex 10,000 100,000 2 15-40 2-5 3-16

Leadville, Colo 700,000 1,500,000 13 20-25 24-30 10-15

SUverCity, N. Mex. 500,000 1.000,000 2 16 35 6

Red Cliff, Colo 750,000 1,000,000 2 14 38 1-2

Pioche, Nev 550,000 1,000,000 2 12 34 13

In only a few of the ores from these districts does the
phosphorus exceed 0.1%, and many analyses show a
content as low as 0.002.

\M> MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 12

iiiuiiiiiiim ill iiiiiiiuiiiimnii iiiiiiumii.il, nun m iiiiiniin i imiiiiiiHiiiiiiiiniiii

Photographs from the Field

n i ii i iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiinit iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii iiiii

'ATION OLIDATED INTERSTATE-CALLAHAN MINING CO.

March 28, L918

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

551

5ILL FLOOR OF STOPE, CONSOLIDATED IXTERSTATE-CALLAHAN MINING CO.

AN UNDERGROUND HOIST— MAIN HOIST, NO. 4 LEVEL, CONSOLIDATED IXTERSTATE-CALLAHAN MINING CO.,

WALLACE, IDAHO

\M> MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 12

Methods for Determining Copper Minerals
in Partly Oxidized Ores*

Bl « HARLES 1 VAN l'.AUNEVELD and
EDMUND S. LEAVER

>pper
minerals
i im-
■ i the metal-
It for accomplishing
Us that have

ompared.

MILLING practice at the porphyry copper mines
- . Bstia in a transition stage because
changes following the introduction
of Hot everal problems that are re-

irnest attention from the operating companies
is the recovery of the copper minerals forming the com-
plex -he oxidation zone of the deposits.

This problem is under investigation at the Tucson
experiment station of the Federal Bureau of Mines. A
survey of the status of present laboratory practice
brought out the need of a correct and rapid method for
the selective determination of the quantity of copper in
lphide form, on the one hand, and of that in the
form of combined oxides, carbonates, silicat3S, and na-
r metallic copper, on the other hand, in partly oxi-
dized ores and in mill products from these ores. Such
a method is necessary for control determinations on flo-
tation mills treating sulphide ores and also on lixivia-
tion works using either acids or alkalines as the active
solvent for the copper in oxidized and silicate form,
•nvenience in this report such copper is termed
"oxidized copper." The methods in common use for
selective determination of copper minerals are the sul-
phuric acid method and the ammonia method. Both are
unsatisfactory.

PHiRic Acid Method

The sulphuric acid method, in which a 6% solution
of cold sulphuric acid is used to dissolve all the oxidized
copper, is unreliable for several reasons. A certain
amount of metallic iron (ranging from 0.1 to 0.5%)
is nearly always present in the sample, introduced by
rushing (mill) and pulverizing (labora-
This metallic iron precipitates more
or less metallic copper from the copper sulphate solution
formed by leaching with dilute sulphuric acid, thus
givir..- pondingly low oxidized copper returns.

e of error in the same direction is the
that dilute sulphuric acid dissolves only one-half
the copper present as cuprite (Cu.O). A serious source
of error in the opposite direction, making for high oxi-
dized fa the fact that chalcopyrite, bornite, and
cite are more or less soluble in dilute sulphuric
I • Hence, more or less copr-er in sul-
phide form is reported as oxidized copper. It sometimes

happens that the plus error due to solution of some of
the copper in sulphide form is largely compensated by
the minus error due to partial solution of cuprite and to
deposition of copper on metallic iron. The majority of
the ores tested by the writers show high oxidized and
low sulphide returns, and check samples show consider-
able variation.

The results of tests with chalcocite and chalcopyrite,
showing the solubility of the copper content in different
reagents, are presented in Table I.

['ABLE I RESULTS OF LEACHING CHALCOCITE AND

CHALCOPYRITE WITH 5% SOLUTIONS OF

nil ri kent i;J u;i \ rs

The mixtures were agitated two hours on a bottle-rolling machine. Five grams of
pure mineral were used for each of the mesh sizes indicated

Proportion of Copper Content Leached From-

Chalcocite with Solution

Ammonia
and
Sulphuric Ammonia
A^id, Carbonate,
Mesh Ter Cent. Per Cent

20 to 40 0.11 3.87

40 to t>5 0 28 7 50

65 to 100 0 36 14 10

lOOto 150 0 60 16 60

I50to200 0 82 17.10

200 to 2 07 22 70

Sulphur
Dioxide.
None
Nolle
None
None

None

None

Chalcopyrite

with Solution

Ammonia
and
Sulphuric Ammonia

Acid. Carbonate, Sulphull
PerCent. Per Cent. Dioxidcf

0 03
0 04
0 06
0 15
0 17
0 56

0 12
0 18
0 21
0 32
0 45
0 93

None
None
None
None

None
None

Ammonia Method
The ammonia method, in which a 5% solution of I
either ammonia or of ammonia and ammonium car-J
bonate is used to dissolve the oxidized copper, is even
more unreliable than the sulphuric acid method. The]
results in Table I show that both chalcopyrite and chal-
cocite when pulverized are decidedly soluble in solutions
of ammonia and ammonium carbonate, the finer thf
material is ground the greater is the degree of solu-j
bility. On the other hand, complete solution of the
oxidized copper is rarely attained. This defect is most
noticeable in ores having a siliceous gangue and in ores
carrying chrysocolla. The solvent gelatinizes the silicaj
and it appears that the formation of this gelatinous I
spongy mass prevents complete decomposition of som«
of the copper mineral, in addition to holding dissolvecj
copper during filtration.

Sodium Tartrate Method

While the investigation at the Tucson station was ill
progress, an improved method was developed by H. D ;
Hunt and R. V. Thurston, of the research laboratory
of the Miami Copper Co. This method was brought tc
the writers' attention after the completion of their owi
work on the sulphur dioxide method described in this
paper. A description of Hunt and Thurston's, whicl
may be called the sodium tartrate method, was pub
lished in the September, 1917, issue of the Coloradc
School of Mines Magazine.1 The procedure is essen
tially as follows:

Place 2 grams of pulp in a beaker, add 20 cc. of i
solution of caustic soda-sodium tartrate, and boil th<
mixture gently 5 to 10 min. with occasional shaking

>n Station. U. S. Bureau of Mines.
Director.

'Hunt, H. D., and Thurston, R. V.. The determination of oxi
dized copper in ores. Colorado School of Mines Mag.. Vol. 7
September, 1917. pp. 157-158.

March 23, 1918

KNGINKERING AND MINING JOURNAL

if the beaker. To the ho1 mixture add 25 cc, of a
olution of ammonium sulphate; beat for 10 niin.
■"ilter; \\;ish several times with a hot solution of ammoni-
im hydroxide and ammonium sulphate, and finish the
Hushing with hot water. Neutralize the filtrate with
lulphuric acid ami add 2 cc . of concentrated nitric acid,
t is now ready for electrolysis.

The first treatment with solution of caustic soda and
odium tartrate effects complete and rapid solution of
he azurite, malachite, and melaconite, and partial 30-
ution of the cuprite. The rest of the cuprite is dis-
olved later. The chrysocolla also goes into solution,
'are must be taken not to boil to dryness or to a small
•olume. The reagent must be of sufficient strength to
^dissolve the copper hydroxide first formed by the
iction of the solution on the oxidized copper minerals
n the sample. The ammonium sulphate solution has a
wo-fold function. It converts the excess sodium hy-
Irate into sodium sulphate and it forms ammonium
lydroxide which dissolves any remaining cuprite.

Solutions Required

The following stock solutions are required: Sodium
tydrate-sodium tartrate solution, consisting of 100
;rams of sodium hydrate and 50 grams of sodium tar-
rate dissolved in 1000 cc. of distilled water; ammonium
ulphate solution, consisting of 250 grams of ammonium
ulphate in 1000 cc. of distilled water; and ammonia-
mmonium sulphate solution for washing, prepared by
dding 100 cc. of ammonium hydroxide and 100 grams
f ammonium sulphate to 1000 cc. of distilled water.

Possible Sources of Error

In testing out this method, the writers found that it
•ives fairly satisfactory results on the low-grade por-
ihyry ores for which it was developed. The method is,
lowever, subject to two well-defined inaccuracies.

One of these arises from the fact that chalcocite is
ecidedly soluble in ammonia. Washing with hot solu-
ion of ammonia and ammonium sulphate unquestion-
bly dissolves more or less copper in the form of chal-
ocite from the mass on the filter paper. Several tests
:ere made of 2-gram samples containing 3 to 4%
f oxidized materia? and varying proportions of chalco-
ite. Mixtures containing 8, 16, and 24% copper
s chalcocite showed respectively 0.18, 0.33 and 0.45%
issolved in washing and erroneously reported as excess
xidized copper.

Another source of inaccuracy as regards ores con-
fining chrysocolla results from the difficulty of wash-
ng all the dissolved copper from the gelatinized spongy
lass on the filter paper. Mixtures containing 2£ to
% copper as chrysocolla showed losses ranging from
.05 to 0.1%; and mixtures containing 5 and 7h%
n this form, respectively, showed losses of 0.33 and
.42 rc. These errors tend to balance each other for
res containing both chalcocite and chrysocolla in small
mounts. In analyses of ores containing less than 5%
opper, the resultant error (see Table II) is not serious.

Sulphur Dioxide Method

The experiments with the sulphur dioxide method
'ere made with the following requirements in mind:

(1) The method must be applicable to a wide range of
res, and must be thoroughly reliable and rapid. (2)

Copper sulphides, especiallj tl I decom

posed chalcocite, musl nol be aff& ted bj the reagent
" "'■ :;- M< tallie iron musl nol affect determination,

The method evolved is based on a large m
experiment . the re nil of which show conclusively thai

m< i:" te malachite, as lla, and

bailie copper, when ftn< adily and

npletely soluble in sul] id< olution (i ulphu-

rousacid). Copper are not attacked, no mat-

ter how finely pulverized the miner.,! maj be nor how
long the time of contact. The two e ential feature
the method are: (a) fine pulverization in order to com-
pletely free the particles of copper minerals from the
gangue; (b) the powdered mineral must be kept in sus-
pension by shaking or rolling during the lixiviation or
solution period.

The procedure in the sulphur dioxide method is as
follows: Place 2 grams of pulp ground to a fineness of
100 to 150 mesh in a bottle, add 100 cc. of a 3%
solution of sulphur dioxide. Seal the bottle and agitate
by rolling one half to two hours. Filter; wash the resi-
due with sulphur-dioxide solution: add the washings to
the filtrate, which will contain in solution all oxides, car-
bonates, and silicates of copper and all metallic copper.
Add 5 to 10 cc. of nitric acid. Boil down to 20 cc. Di-
lute with distilled water to 150 cc. and determine the
copper by the electrolytic method in the usual way.

The residue from filtration contains the unaltered and
undissolved copper sulphide. In the experimental work
the copper present as sulphide was separately deter-
mined in order to check the determination of oxidized
copper. Ordinarily this step would not be necessary.
In analyses of the low-grade porphyry copper ores of
the Southwest, the sulphides may be readily decomposed
and all the copper dissolved by proceeding as follows:
To the residue add 5 cc. of sulphuric acid and 10 cc. of
nitric acid and boil until dense white fumes appear.
Add 5 cc. of nitric acid and dilute with distilled water
to 150 cc. Determine the copper by the electrolytic
method. This method of determining copper in the res-
idue is not suited for heavy sulphide ores containing in-
terfering bases, and for such ores standard methods
should be used.

Preparation of Solution

Although sulphur dioxide solution (sulphurous acid)
may be readily purchased, it is decidedly unstable;
hence the solution should be prepared in the laboratory
as needed. Small quantities are easily made by adding
moderately strong sulphuric acid to scrap copper tinned
on one side; the resulting sulphur dioxide gas is ab-
sorbed in water. For continuous work it is better to
purchase liquid sulphur dioxide in steei cylinders and
drums, which are obtainable in sizes ranging from 6-
lb. to 200-lb. capacity. In the first experiments at the
Tucson station the sulphur-dioxide gas was introduced
directly into the bottle containing the water and pulp.
Much loss of gas resulted and the procedure was other-
wise unsatisfactory.

Later a simple absorption apparatus was evolved. The
absorption tube, 43 inches long, and made of J-in. to 1-
in. glass tubing filled with broken hard-burned fireclay,
is set at an angle of 75 deg. between two glass bot-
tles of 3 to 5 gal. capacity, one bottle being placed about

STG AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 12

The up

■ ie up-

50 lb.)

on tower.

r the liquid sulphur

ed bj the reduc-

. - into the tower, where it

the upper bottle, con-

iii and

;. With little
sulphur dioxide may b
ters per hour. Th
sulphur dioxide may b d with

on \m> Time of Con

. rda strength of solution
• will be necessary in treating differ-
different localities. In general, a solu-
Si i should be used. With
reakei • lut >ns, is low St ) . will

Merely introducing the pulp into the
shaking the bottle for a few minutes, and let-
ting it stand, will not dissolve the copper; constant
■ ial. For a small number of te
achine will give satisfactory r
tical work where large numbers of samples
■ a mine laboratory, a bottle-rolling ma-
chine will ictory, nol only for this
purp< r all solutions requiring nonstant agita-
tion. The tin tact necessary to completelj dis-
•■• oxidized i ipper minerals was found to vary
half to two hours. Most of the ores and
produ mplete recovery in half an hour
and the n ■ ores invariably yielded in less
than two houi

ietermine the Btrength of the sulphur dioxide so-
lution, the following adaptation of a well-known reac-
tion is recommended: it is based on the fact that intro-
g either oncentrated sulphurous acid into

dine will result in the complete oxidation
of the sulphur dioxide:

an iodine solution by dissolving 16.8 grams
•■dine in distilled water, adding 8.4 grams
I shaking until the iodine is
compli ed. The more concentrated the po-

ition, the more readily will the iodine
ihition to proper strength by add-
ing enough distilled water to make a volume of 1 liter
the thiosulphate me'
termination is made as follows: To a meas-
dard iodine solution add slowly
i t volume of sulphur di-
ulate the volume of iodine solu-
• the mixture always contains a decided
exces :.e over the quantity required to oxidize

ng added. An ex< ulphur

• on to i I ear and to lose its dark-
If an <• ulphur dioxide is added the

deten tiled, and the test should be repeated

with fresh sulphur dioxide solution and larger quantity
of iodine solution. Thus, there is a direct ratio be-
tween the strength and quantity of sulphur dioxide so-
lution and the quantity of standard iodine solution. In

leral, for solutions containing 1 to •">', sulphur
dioxide 1 cc, and for weaker solutions 20 cc. of stand-
ard iodine solution should be used. The mixture is then
titrated bj the thiosulphate method to determine the
quantity of iodine remaining in it. The difference

tveen this quantity and the total quantity of iodine

represents the iodine used in oxidizing the sulphur

dioxide. The strenth of the sulphur dixoide solution

may then be calculated according to the formula:

SO. + H.O +21 = 2HI -f SO,

Comparison with Other Me hods

Comparative results obtained with the four methods
described on ores and mill products from the Morenci,

I mii i ii RESULTS WITH Tin: lull; METHODS COMPARED

Oxidized Copper (Oxide, Carl itenndSili b ■

By By Bj

Sulphur Sodium Sulphuric B\

Coppei Dioxide Tartrate Acid Ammonia

Coiii.ni Method, Method, Method, Method,

ample PorCent. PerCen! PerConl PerCenl Pei Cent

ill feed 1 31 0 35 0 33 0 41 0 36

i ill Blimes 0 43 0. 32 0 28 U 35 0 07

Miami complex oro 2 24 I 05 I 02 1 52 0 91

Morenci mill sands 0 64 0 09 0 07 0 23 0 09

mill slimes 0 52 0 20 0 18 0 26 0 04

Ray n ill sands 0 47 0 04 0 03 0 18 II 1 2

i: i i [ill limi 0 52 0 27 0 25 0 32 0 22

In iding 118 0 19 0 19 II sj 0 24

ill tailing 0.45 0 13 0 15 0 31 0 02

I h ,, i 2 49 0 95 0 94 118 I. 12

rm lis ' \i 'i ore. ... 1 26 0 42 0 42 I) 76 0 22

1 65 0 25 0 29 0 41 0 49

mill tailing 0 58 0 01 0 02 0 08 0 04

Con millheading.. 0 82 0 07 0 05 0 30 0 25

idal on n ill i tiling 0 33 0 02 0 03 (1 OR 0 "4

I tan copper mini 2 5) 0 24 0 26 0 57 0 50

id... 0 89 0 60 0 56 0 63 0 37

ipp i mill tailing. 0 63 0 07 0 06 Oil 0 09
ore (special test)

20 mesh .2 25 I 06 0 96 1.18 0.83 1., 0901

li 2 25 1 05 0 98 I 28 0,62 98

65 mesh 2 25 I 06 I 00 I 30 0.95 in 1. 10 1

-h 2 25 I 06 0 97 I 32 0.91 to 1.10'

150m. 2 25 I 07 0 92 I 32 0 92 1.. 1.061

200 mesh 2.25 I 06 I 02 1.34 0.88 to 1.09
i. ii.. ulphur dioxide method any metallic copper present would he

oxidized copper. In tin- other three methods, metallic ropp t would
i orted -i- - ulphide.

Globe, Ray. and Ajo districts in Arizona, from Chim.J
from Bingham, Utah, and from Ely, Nev., are presented
in Table If. The table shows that, compared with the:
sulphur dioxide method, the resuits for oxidized copper!
are high with the sulphuric acid method and low with
the ammonia method. The sodium-tartrate method
shows uniformly and slightly lower returns. The last':
sample in the table, designated "Miami ore, special
test." was crushed to 20-mesh size, special care being
taken to prevent overcrushing. Five portions were then
taken and crushed with the same care to the successive
sizes listed. The uniform results for oxidized copper by
the sulphur dixoide method are evident. The results
with the sodium-tartrate method, which was developed
on this class of ore, show more variations and are slighth
lower. Th° sulphuric acid method shows high returns,
which are progressively higher for the finer sizes. Re-
sults with the ammonia method are low and show con-1
siderable variation.

Conclusions

Sufficient work has been done with the sulphur diox-
ide method to substantiate the following claims:

1. Cuprite, melaconite, malachite, azurite, chryso-
colla, and metallic copper are dissolved rapidly and
completely.

March 28, 1918

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

2. Chalcocite and chalcopyrite are not affected.

.".. Metallic iron in ordinal*} quantities, even up to
I . dissolves rapidlj and has no effect on the de
tarn ination, provided (lure is a strong excess of SO ,

■1. There is no gelal nization of silica, and the po
sible loss of copper from this cause, no ed in analyses
by the other methods described, is eliminated.

5. The method is applicable alike to high grade and
HP-grade ores. The manipulation is simple and the
jpssible sources of error arc few. One chemist can
keep a 6-unit electrolytic outfit working to full capacity
.in porphyry ores.

6. Any metallic copper present would be reported with
the oxidized copper. If a separate determination of me-
tallic copper is considered necessary, this may be made
by amalgamation, the operation being preferably in
an amalgamated copper pan.

7. Crushing fine enough to liberate completely the
mineral particles is essential. Ores containing an ap-
preciable proportion of chrysocolla should always be
pulverized to 150 mesh.

War-Baby Mines

By F. F. Sharpless*

For several months a new group of prospects and
mines have been coming to town, war-baby mines they
might appropriately be called, pyrite, manganese,
molybdenum and reborn silver mines. The advice given
to vendors of mines by the Journal on former occa-
sions might be repeated with advantage to a large
number of gentlemen, now occupying rooms at our
hotels, who spend the day passing from office to of-
fice and the evening in looking up metal quotations and
wondering why their propositions are being turned
down without investigation and why 10-oz. silver ores
are not attractive with silver at 80 cents.

It is the same old story, inadequate mine reports
or no reports at all, with expectations based upon pres-
ent metal prices and past production costs. That the
Journal's quotations are real, not fictitious, is true; the
metals are needed and are bringing high prices, but
for many reasons capital is more wary than ever, de-
manding positive information as to what is offered
and a very wide margin of safety for investment. If
vendors would only spend a few hundred dollars in
securing intelligent reports upon their properties, there
would be less occasion for long sojourns at the hotels,
and fewer offices would be visited before interest in
the business was shown. Such reports would not only
tell the possible purchaser what was offered, but they
would show the vendor what profits might be expected
under existing conditions and would prevent him from
suggesting inordinate terms. They would also pre-
pare his mind for reasonable business if business were
at all possible.

It is human to regard a 10-oz. silver ore of greater
value today than it was in 1914, but analysis of pro-
duction costs shows the increased value of the metal
to be more apparent than real, and that the margin
of profit has not grown as rapidly as the selling price.
This is not equally true in the case of metals which

•Consulting Mining and Metallurgical Engineer, 52 Broadwav.
New York.

have hen Lofor comi abroad, and

production costs are an importanl factor also in the
value of the e me! al So I ar as mj experiei ■ ■

lack of interest m these new offerings is mainly due
i" tacit of information on the pari of the vendor, and
thai such vendors are doing comparatively little busi-
ness after they have il ion I <iue to their
demands, their inflated ideas re pecting then- holdings
and their expectation oi finding a large amount of
capital read] to finance war metal properties.

Just how far official sanction will go toward per-
mitting the financing of large metal-mining operations
is at present uncertain. It is very certain, however,
that unless the metal sought is one essential to war
activities, he.n- financing will be frowned upon. Again,
there are many organizations and individuals with
considerable surplus capital who are not now in a
position to be absolutely sure that more or less of this
surplus may not be absorbed in taxes, or, even know-
ing what must be paid in taxes, they will hesitate to
put into commercial use what might be invested in
Liberty Bonds. If, however, the vendor, having faith
in what he has to offer, seeks only aid for placing his
metal on the market, is willing to take his profit from
the property in question, and does not ask for it in
anticipation of its being realized, there is an excellent
chance of securing the relatively smaller amount of
capital that he absolutely requires.

Several of the manganese properties that have re-
cently been brought to the writer's attention might
now have been adding their small quota of that metal
to the general supply had the owners been willing to
accept the funds actually needed for development and
equipment, taking their chances with new associates,
rather than trying to capitalize future production. The
same is true of several pyritic deposits, requiring only
a small amount of money for prospecting and to start
them going in a modest way.

There was recently offered in New York an old silver
mine, or, rather, a group of old mines, respecting which
it was represented that many thousand ounces were
contained in dumps, fills and tailings that could, at 85c.
silver, be recovered at a handsome profit. The party
holding the option on the group proposed to form a
$2,000,000 corporation and to raise $500,000 cash capi-
tal for immediate purchase and equipment. Investiga-
tion showed that, so far as financial arrangements were
concerned, the business could be satisfactorily handled
with $100,000, provided, of course, that the silver was
present as claimed, reducing the risk to practically one-
fifth the amount the promoter called for, making it a
business that could easily have been handled by one or
two individuals, and altering it from a questionable
undertaking to one with practical and possible features.
This is simply given as an example of the reason why
war-baby mines are failing to get proper nourishment
and failing to develop into husky youngsters.

A summary of my advice to the vendors of such prop-
erties is: secure an intelligent report upon your prop-
erty, a report that you can guarantee as substantially
correct as to facts, and limit your search for funds to
an amount absolutely necessary to put the property into
the producing class. Your chances for success wTill then
be excellent.

\ ERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 12

I yell Mining and
I mpany, Ltd.

;. L917, it wa
terruption to the work
urred

work
3 to II per
the annual out-
Ore reservea are
eraging 0.5' i, cop-
i.l per ton for the
l : dry tons, averaging
■ ■., :. i , gold per ton

ell mine. The output of blister
a decline of 744 tons for the
ited. The cost per
derable increase: $6.42 per
Sept. 80, L917, as compared
the year ending Mar. 31, 1916.
from all sources amounted to $1,275,-
I'he ilotation plant, operated on day
of ore, averaging 2.:u ,
d produced 3902 tons of concentrates, assay-
. 0.61 oz. silver and 0.06 oz. gold.
or the year were 88.52% copper,
ver and .rold.

A : rerter plant was made ready for oper-

ore and flotation concentrates
••<1 by a leaching process at the Edwards
Kallarat. From five charges, an aver-
age r. 78 if the copper was obtained. Ex-
perimental work for the recovery of sulphur from
"inued. The Lake Margaret hydro-electric
■ plant was in continuous operation and an elec-
trically operated compressor was completed.

Quarterly Report of Ray Consolidated

copper production in concentrates for the quarter
ending with 1917 was 21,071,874 lb., as compared with
J lb. of the previous quarter. From ores sent
directly to the smelter there was produced 1,678,803 lb.
of copper, making a total production of 22,750,677 lb.,
mpared with 22,972,156 lb. for the previous
Ter.
During the quarter there was milled 893,800 dry
averaging 1.0' copper. This tonnage corresponds
daily average of 9715 tons, as compared with
tons for the previous quarter. The mill extrac-
tion for the quarter was 73.74'; of the total copper
contained in concentrating ores, as compared with
r the previous quarter. The underground
[>ment for the quarter v.. 154 ft., making

the t. ' .pment to date 640,009 ft. The milling

,t the quarter was 91.042c. per ton, as compared
with 88.46c. for the previous quarter. The average
■ r" ore milled for the quarter was $1.29
a, of which 5.10c. was the cost of coarse crush-
ing, leaving the net mining cost $1.24 per ton, as
compared with a net cost of $1.11 for the previous

1 amount set aside for the county, state

and Federal taxes during the quarter was $239,786.

ve has been created on the same basis

used in the three previous quarters. It will doubtless
lie subject to revision when the new Federal tax laws
have been further interpreted as referring to mining
companies. This revision of this reserve will be shown
in the annual report. The average cost per pound of
all net copper produced for the quarter was 13.836c,
Phis compares with a cost of 12.795c. for the previous
quarter, and included a charge of 12ic. per ton of ore
milled for the retirement of mine development expenses
and credit to operating costs of dividends from the
Ray & Gila Valley R.R., gold and silver produced and
all other miscellaneous income. The average carrying
price of copper for the quarter was 25.593c, as com-
pared with 15.906c. per lb. for the previous quarter.
The difference between the carrying price shown and
the Government-fixed price at which sales were actually
made during the quarter is accounted for by the fact
that unsold stock of copper carried forward from the
preceding quarter at 13*c was reduced. Net operating
profits and miscellanous income totaled $2,570,872, dis-
bursements to stockholders, $1,577,179, and surplus,
$993,693 for the quarter.

Quarterly Report of Chino Copper

Chino's copper production for the quarter ended Dec.
31, 1917, was 20,266,715 lb. The total amount of ore
treated for the three months was 934,000 tons, being
an average of 10,152 tons per day. This is 348 tons
less per day than for the third quarter. The average
copper content of the ore treated in the mill during
the fourth quarter was 1.64% copper, as against 1.61%
copper for the third quarter, 1.70% copper for the;
.second quarter, and 1.60% for the first quarter of 1917.
The recovery per ton of ore milled for the last quarter
of 1917 was 21.7 lb. gross, as against 22.66 lb. gross
for the third quarter, 23.99 lb. gross for the second
quarter and 22.58 lb. gross for the first quarter of
1917. There were produced 61,642 dry tons of con-
centrates averaging 16.44% copper, as against 75,121
dry tons of concentrates averaging 14.57% copper for
the third quarter of 1917.

The cost per pound of net copper produced for the
fourth quarter, after allowing for smelter deductions
and crediting all miscellaneous income, was 13.65c, as
against 12.14c for the third quarter, 9.65c for the
second quarter, and 10.12c for the first quarter of 1917.

The net profit and miscellaneous income totaled
$2,282,167; dividend disbursement, $1,739,960 and sur-
plus, $542,207 for the quarter. The earnings for the
last quarter of 1917 are based on 25.43c per pound
for copper, as against 17.14c per pound for the third
.quarter. This difference in price was due almost wholly
to variation in the quantity of unsold copper inventories
at 13ic. at the end of the respective quarters. During
the fourth quarter there was removed by the steam
shovels at Santa Rita a total of 1,342,193 cu.yd. of
material, or an average of 447,398 cu.yd. per month,
as against a total of 1,372,741 cu.yd. of material, or
an average of 457,580 cu.yd. per month, for the third
quarter of 1917. Of the total material removed for
the fourth quarter, 858,653 cu.yd. were stripping, the
remainder being equivalent to 933,491 tons of ore, of
an average grade of 1.612% copper, according to mine
samples and assaying.

March 23, l'.U8 ENlIINEKKlNl! AND MINING JOURNAL 557

mnnin Mii.,tuiiiiimiiiiiiiiimini inniiimiiiiiuiiiiiimiii i mil » mmui iiiiiiiiinii i mm mini mil iniimiiiii iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimi||

Correspondence and Discussion

in ii i i ii iiniiiiiiiililllliiliilillll i Ilimilllllltiilllll Ill i mi nun ininniiinin Illlllllliinil inililli mill Illllllll nniini niiiniiiiniininiiiiniiniiniiiiniiniiiniiniiiiii

The Wages Problem

In the Journal of Jan. 5 1 notice discussion of the
•tide by Justus F. Mozart on "The \V:i| lem."

ere in Mexico, during the time of variable-value paper
oney. we have had to deal actively with the problem
' "What constitutes wages." Mr. Mozart states that
;e workman must, or should, receive his normal sup-
y of food, shelter, and clothing that go to make up his
lily needs. And if the cost of these things varies
id becomes too much to be within the limits or reach
' the wages, there must be some readjustment, so that
>th ends may meet. It then becomes a matter of vital
terest to decide what latitude and what limit should be
lowed the daily needs of life.

During a long period of normal times the workman
idoubtedly accommodates his ideas of his daily needs

• the normal wages that he is receiving. The $2 a-day
an lives within his $2, and the $6 a-day man within
s $6. Times change, industry has a boom, the $2 man
;ts $4 wages, and the $6 man gets $10. Both of them
tend all their wages and accommodate their daily needs

• the new w^ages. The merchant puts up his prices ac-
irdingly, so as to absorb the increased money from
gher wages. Times change again and return to nor-
al conditions. Wages must come down again, but $2
id $6 do not suffice to cover the daily needs, according
i the ideas acquired during the time of high wages.

The facts regarding the employers' ideas must also
: noted: In normal times he was pleased with the
oderate profit that he was obtaining during the $2
id $6 wage period ; during the boom he obtained twice
.s customary profits. When times go back to normal
5 is no more satisfied with his former rate of profit
lan is his employee with his $2 wage. He tries to
icure a rate of profit that is not compatible with the
indition of the times.

The employer is one, and the workmen are many, so
ore voices are heard, and the general public inclines
■ take the view that the workmen are unreasonable,
o doubt the average wrorkman is illogical and unrea-
dable in his views; few workmen have any conception
: what proportion or part of the costs of production

formed by the wages paid. They usually consider
leir own wrages as the one important item of the costs ;
i when selling prices are high their wages should be

gh; but when selling prices go down they are not
"oad-minded enough to admit that their wages also
lould go down. The laboring man must bring himself
i take more rational views on these matters, and the
nployer also must do the same respecting his profits,
ntil public opinion forces both to change their atti-
ide, the conflicts between the two parties in interest
ust continue.

In the States, politics has a lot to do with the ar-
inging of wages; one cannot say "adjusting," because
i adjust means to bring into proper relation. So wages

are arranged, nol adjusted. Here in Mexico, wages
used to be adjusted, and have been during the revolu-
tionary period. As the revolution was a laboring man's
affair, we shall likely have more political influence ex-
erted on the wages problem than we used to have; but
during the turbulent times wages were really "ad-
justed." That is, it was recognized that if work were to
go on, the workman must have his daily needs in the
way of sustenance, regardless of the conditions of
money circulation or of commercial affairs.

The Mexican peso is not of stable value. When paper
money began to circulate the authorities decreed and
enforced that "pesos is pesos," when speaking of terms,
and a peso in paper money was to be accepted and to do
business just as the silver or gold peso used to do.
Silver debts could be paid with paper money, etc. In a
short time the paper peso would not buy the merchan-
dise that a silver peso used to, and after a while it be-
came so that it took fifteen, twenty, forty paper pesos to
purchase what was once bought with a silver peso.

Naturally, the employer wished to maintain the wages
paid, at as near a normal rating as he could, in terms
of real money-silver, so that when the revolution should
be over and normal times return, his business conditions
would also be normal. The average day's pay of a
peso and a half, in silver, in normal times, was ample to
cover the daily needs of the workman and his family, but
in paper money the equivalent sustenence cost twenty
to forty pesos, so that it was manifestly impossible to
pay him a peso and a half in paper money. There was
no silver or gold money available — the paper money was
all that was to be had. Nor was it feasible to calculate
the wages on silver basis, multiply by the rate of ex-
change for the day, and pay the resulting amount in
paper money. There w-ould have been never-ending
arguments and conflicts over what rate was fair to be
used that day. The average workman is not intelligent
enough to comprehend the necessity of the day's pay
varying daily; those intelligent enough are not suffi-
ciently broad-minded to accept such conditions and to
return to normal ratings of pay when conditions be-
come normal.

There was little or nothing of constitutional author-
ity ; just a changing lot of militars' rulers, most of them
putting out arbitrary decrees imposing conditions of
prices and wages. But in fact employer and employee
were left to their own devices. Each recognized the ab-
normal conditions and that each must make some con-
cessions for mutual benefit. But it was a clear-cut case
of where the employer recognized the theorem that if
business were to continue, the employee, according to
his category, must receive his due wages, which would
be enough to cover his daily needs.

Howr the adjustment was made was a variable matter,
and often arbitrary. The common way was that the
employer went out into the market and bought the
things necessary for the workman's daily needs, issued

■-S

PEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 12

d paid him wi

and with paper money.

eping in order to apportion

going on. That

a, as the work going

I in silver or gold money.

I money to Ins

nd bought paper money

bough! merchand

■ Of normal times

i do not say that through-

itions, this perfect ad-

i. but it was aimed at, and was

ild be under the strenuous cir-

the country. In my way

tituted paying the workman the

.ml in practice recognized the principle

iry that the workman re-

his daily needs

with reference to the day-pay man. But

many instances wherein employers were

::ust monthly salaries to conditions. Their

pped, "i- working on reduced scale,

be cut off. In many cases

his salaried employee, "Our busi-

rmit our continuing present expenses. I

■ • i onditions existing. If

nue with me, doing your present work

• ■ during these times, and will forget all

mt your salary, I will pay you a fair amount, equal

hall continue this ar-
• nt while present conditions exist. When con-
ime normal we shall return to normal sal-
Such a proposition also constitutes paying
due, or rather, recognizes that the em-
.ee must have his daily needs covered if business is

It might be p to have a wage and bonus system

lblished, wages to be those paid in dull times. No

bonus in dull times, but, with increase in business, a

ponding increase in wages, establishing the factor

n which to calculate the bonus. The bonus might

hould vary, but the wages would always

ain the same. The workman can reconcile himself

banging bonus, but it is against his religion to

ges. X.

'an. 16, 1918.

line to my design, in the latter part of 1012, and
during 1918 had live furnaces of this type in operatior
:it Caney and Dearing; the results being as stated ir
(he article referred to, that the gas consumption was
reduced to less than half and the roasting capacity
slightly increased. I personally know that the Caney
furnaces were ahead of any others, those referred to ir
your article having followed closely the pioneer wort
done at t 'alley. C. ALBERT WETTENGEL.

St Louis. Mo., Jan. 24, 1918.

Metallurgy of Zinc

I note in the article the "Metallurgy of Zinc," appear-
ing in the and Mining Journal of Jan. 12,
the following paragraph:

"The old, wa ilweger furnace is passing out

of use. During 1917 three furnaces of this type of the
Bartlesville Zinc Co. were changed into an adaptation of
lopp furnace. The results have been gratifying,
inasmuch .. option has been reduced to less

than one-half the former figure, and the roasting
capacity has been slightly increased."

11 your attention to the fact that credit

for this improvement is due the American Zinc, Lead

melting Co. That company changed at the Caney

plant two of the Zellweger furnaces to a modified Ropp

Fine-Grinding and Porous-Briquetting
of the Zinc Charge

The article in the Journal of Feb. 23, from the papa]
by Wbolsey McA. Johnson read before the Americai
Institute of Mining Engineers, is interesting, and is per
haps the first public notice of progress in the line o:
fine-grinding of zinc-retort charges and contact relaj
tions of mass. Creditable as the results are, they onbj
partially approach results obtained by me at one of the
largest middle-west smelteries over two years ago
where we briquetted tons of the more difficult flotation
slimes pulverized to over 100 mesh, and operated witl
the raw ores and all degrees of roasted ores with resi
dues that for weeks assayed about 1% zinc. The ravl
ores required a sulphur fixation agent. The briquettinji
was radically different from that described by Mr. John
son, and the retort charges ran up to about 125 lb. pe
charge, as I recall, for roasted ore, with 105 lb. for un1
roasted ore carrying the sulphur fixing agent. The re
ducing carbon of the charge amounted to from 15 tj
20', of the mass. The retorts used were the usual siz
holding less than 100 lb. of the loose mix where 45% o
admixed carbon was adequate.

Little interest was taken in the work at the time
which surprised me, and I was advised that while th
results were interesting real commercial advance wai
questioned, and the company on mature advice of it
experts made no move to adopt the results or equip
plant unit. The figures of Mr. Johnson are attractivt
and, made in connection with 75% or more carbon re1
ducing mix, show vividly. Why zinc smelters don'
briquet'even to the degree Mr. Johnson prescribes, and
much better if they desire, is a conundrum to me, an'
why they permit slagging of retorts and residues abov
\' , in zinc is merely an illustration of technical piqu
and corporation sluggishness. I am not at liberty t
further publish private data without permission, or
would aid the general cause; but it may be noted i
passing that proper briquetting so increases the hea
conductivity of the charge that the time of distillatio:
is reduced about 33% for a given sized retort as agains
loose charging; and, furthermore, the temperature o
the furnace can be at least 100° C. less. This directl
effects a saving in the fuel used in distillation whic
nits to fully 33%, and it enables a retort of per
haps 12 in. in diameter to be used for a 23-hr. distilla
tion time. Parker C. Choate.

Essex, Mass., Feb. 27, 1918.

Remember the Comfort Fund of the 27th Engineers.

March 23, L918 ENGINEERING AND MINIM, JOURNAL
inn i ii mini in 11 niiiuii iiiniiii iiimii n i nun iiiiinii m inn in iiiiinn niniiiii iiiniiniiiniiiiniiniiniiiiiniii mm i minuitiiii in

Details of Practical Minine

,n inn ininnnininni 11 i i n Ill mniiiiiilll i Illlllllllllll Illlllllllllllll Illllllllll i imillll Ilinilllllimilllillllllllll imiimimimiimiimiiiinnii mniimii i

Simplified ( a<nno; with Heavy
Mine ( Jars

In the Southeast Missouri lead district the prospect
f labor shortage lias been responsible for the intro-

uction of a number of labor-saving devices. One of
lie companies operating in the district has reduced the
mount of labor required underground for caging cars
rom four to two men per shift. All the ore is hoisted
1 cars by cages from one main level in a two-compart-
lent shaft. As shown in the accompanying sketch
here is a heavy down grade toward the shaft favor-

.<.,.<....„<«„, t^,,,,.,.,,

TO WO0KING FACES

Tracks'A&B

<*&46'" '—. __^

, SWITCH'-\ r

ftSf"'""" -ri.„,„„j,„.

.■3% Down*— _J A >B",

k Level >]

ELEVATION

STATION ARRANGEMENT FOR SIMPLIFIED CAGING

ible to the load. The cars are of the solid-box type,
vith bumpers at each end, have a capacity of 22 cu.ft.
ind are provided with roller bearings.

The cages are especially equipped to hold the cars
vithout hooks or gates. This is accomplished by means
if a "drop-track" arrangement on the cage deck. An
nternal section of the deck track drops about an inch
(rhen the cage is released from the chairs, thereby
orming a depression between each end of the deck
rack which prevents the car from moving. When the
age rests on the chairs the dropped track is raised,
'orming a continuous track along the cage deck over
vhich the car will travel.

When an empty car is landed at the shaft station the
hairs raise the car, which is then free to be moved off.
^ loaded car is run down grade toward the empty by
he cagers, who hold it back to a speed just sufficient to
mmp the empty off the cage and run on the loaded car
n its place. The loaded car is steadied by the cagers,
vho give the signal to hoist and release their hold as
oon as the chairs release the drop-track. The empty
neanwhile passes from the cage on a downward grade
oward the open spring switch of a return track. The
eturn track has an adverse gradient and a course
round one side of the shaft cut below the general level.
^.s soon as the empty car passes over the frog of the
eturn switch, it strikes the adverse grade, and a short

distance beyond the ear meets a spring bumper which
arrests its progress anil gives ii a slighl impulse in the
opposite direction down grade on the return track, by
the switch and around the shaft to a level gathering
track where the empty cars await to be coupled Into
trains and hauled back to the main haulage level by an
electric motor.

Air-Controlled Fire-Door at Copper
Queen Mine

A device for closing fire-doors simultaneously all over
a mine by opening an air valve anywhere on the system
from the surface to the stopes is described by Gerald
Sherman' in a paper read before the meeting of the

BotforrJ^
of Capt

Cap 8*8x4/0'

ELEVA TION

Weight which closes Door.

■W Chop out Post ib' 9 i

- Side Pulley ?Kd_,

'■>§ .» ' |T-

iff Thisi Cable to be I Ll '

'^ absolutely Level ">1 i^

41^.1. i! ^

1 , : ■» i ■■■ ^

\ 4 Side Pulley on
\ Bottom of Cap / ^j^'^g
''Wearing Platel

Cylinder

When installing have Bar leveiJM*
PL To Air Supply Main i .2x£"Bar '

PLAN

METHOD Or MOUNTING FIRE DOOR
FIG. I

sh and
plumb with Post

SV Metal Oasket
\A with £"No!e placed
It in Union^CoiigrofShaft <M

Open this Valve to > II, \
close all Doors / m J"

^"Wearing Plate '

Door.-'

'"Plan,, V
Heavy Paper''

l Line

X=jf"Disks, Brass
Y* 2Xup Leather

4x4x3
Iron Weigh?

WM

fZiizlU'L

'-•Stand. 2nPipeCap

I ' A-

■2"Cotd Drawn Brass Tube
>les 3#a.

Valve at Station Open this
Valve to close all Doors

3A

DETAIL OF LA TCH MECHANISM
F1&.3

ij Line to Door Cylinder

V Close this Valve to ■

To other Levels "°rkon Door only

^ Open this Valve
to close alt Doors

PIPE CONNECTIONS FOP OPERATING DOORS
Fie. 2

DETAILS OF FIRE DOOR AT COPPER QUEEN

American Institute of Mining Engineers in Febru-
ary, 1918.

A sketch of the doors is given in Fig. 1, and a dia-
gram of the piping system through which they are
operated is shown in Fig. 2. Fig. 3 gives details of the
operating mechanism. The doors are set in concrete,

Superintendent of Mining Dept., Copper Queen Consolidated
Mining Co.. Bisbee. Ariz.

1 ".Measures for Controlling Fires at the Copper Queen Mines,"
Bull. 133, Am. Inst. Min. Engr.

LND mining journal

Vol. 105, No. 12

tch; when the

The latch is

unter-

piping, with all

and with the compressed-air

ay station,

drained of air, the

the weight throws

Any door, of

[■ward. A small hole

in a .. ir to supply leakage

igh to prevent the fall
Bj this arrange-
rog with the piping or air
■illy ; if the latches
■Under pressure, instead of the re-
iki fail i: accident to the air line
i heat of a fire not quickly discovered.
that the doors cannot be made air-tight,
assary they can be easily and quickly caulked
r they are closed.

rhe Regular Long-Handled Shovel

By H. H. Wirtz*

The regular long-handled square and round-point

hen used with full length of handle in the

r position, possess the correct lift and hang, but

of the handles of regular long-handled

•••d underground in most metal mines are cut

off from 5 to 8 inches. This shortening of the handle

automatically places the shovelers closer to the blade,

"

■ INCORRECT BLADE TO FLOOR ANGLES
IT-HANDLED SHOVELS

n each end of the Illustration represent the
■ the standard ■•re and after shorten-

I at the center Illustrates the proper
r handle.

thereby increasing the angle of the shovel handle and
tilting the blade at the point. Such a position of the
shovel gives it a tendency to dig downward, as shown
in the illustration, making it harder to load, and when
mucking off the rough is fatiguing and exasperating;
even when shoveling off a board floor the point of the
blade will meet irregularities, causing shocks.

ng-handled No. 2 or No. 3 shovel with handle 6 in.
shorter than the regular, with a proportionately lower
lift of the blade, would not only be popular, but also
: increase the efficiency of the shoveler. One would
uncor. do more and better work with less ex-

penditure of energy. From considerable actual experi-
ence and observation with various types of shovels I am

firmly of the opinion that the adoption of such a shovel
for all-around underground purposes would result rela-
tively in the highest efficiency.

Marking Mine Survey Stations

There are various methods of marking underground
survey stations for future reference, namely, with tagsl
tacked directly to the wooden plug, or suspended by a
wire or string; numbering or lettering the face of the]
plug with paint or lamp marks and other well known)
methods. The following method has, however, been]
found to give satisfaction.

Since the survey stations or survey plugs are usually
sawed to approximately the required length and trim-]

NUMBER TAG

Y-r

DETAILS OF SLOTTED PLUG WITH TAG INSERTED

med before placing in the hole, it is a simple matter toj
make a single extra saw cut to receive a small metal'
tag previously numbered.

The plug is first trimmed and prepared for fitting into
its hole in the roof or floor of the mine, then the tag
is placed in its slot and the plug firmly driven home.
The wood will draw together or shrink enough to close
the slot and prevent the tag from falling out if the plug
is in the roof.

The metal tag may be easily withdrawn by the aid of
a knife or other sharp pointed instrument when identi-
fication becomes necessary and replaced when it has
served its purpose.

Triangulation System Installed at the
Paloma and Cabrillas Mines

In an article by W. W. Adams, appearing in the Jour-
nal of Jan. 19, the statement was made that the dif-
ference of the check base line, as actually measured
from the computed length, was 0.0008 inches. This
should have been 0.0008 meters.

■

Ore Concentrating Method, patented by A. Schwarz, of
Joplin, Mo., is described in Journ. Soc. Chem. Ind., Oct. 31,
1917, as follows: "A gas other than air is delivered through
the perforated false bottom of one compartment of a closed
vessel containing ore pulp and 'modifying agents.' The
rising bubbles containing metalliferous particles flow over
a partition into the adjacent compartment, which is pro-
vided with a liquid seal, where the solid material is pre-
cipitated by a liquid spray. The liberated gas above the
pulp mass is withdrawn and redelivered to the bottom
of the pulp compartment. Air is excluded from the system."

March 23, 1918 ENGINEERING AND MINIM. J01 RNAL

jimuiim unam n n lumminmun i i

nullum inn iiiiiuiuiiiii urn

Events and Economics of the War

..,....,

iiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiimmi i iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimmimiiiiiimiiiiiiii urn

Seizure of Dutch ships in American waters by the
■eminent was to have been made on Mar. 18, but
■on deferred; about 470,000 tons is involved.
The Calder daylight-saving bill and the Administra-
tes railroad bill were signed by the President. A new
me was created when Walter S. Gifford, director of
ie Council of National Defense, was made director of
ie Aii i.r;.tt Production Board; a special committee
ider H. Snowden Marshall, of New York, was ap-
)inted with a view to speeding up the aircraft pro-
iction program.

Abroad, the Russian Congress of Soviets at Moscow
itified the treaty of peace with Germany. Odessa was
•cupied by German troops, the Russian fleet there
raping to Sebastopol. The Turks reentered Erzerum,
, Asia Minor. Gains in Palestine were reported by
ie British. Various raids occurred on the Western
•ont, including one on Paris in which 100 were killed,
n attack by one or two Zeppelins on the northeast
iast of England accomplished nothing.

Must Maintain the Gold Reserve,
Says Redneld

"Our power to grant credits at home and abroad de-
jnds on maintaining our gold reserve, which is the
isis for those credits," said Secretary of Commerce
edfield in a recent issue of the Sun. "If that gold
>serve is greatly diminished there will be less credit
mailable at home. We shall not be able to look abroad,
5 before the war, for a supply of credit. We must fur-
ish it ourselves. I know of but four ways to protect
ie reserve, on which these credits depend. These are
■ans abroad, investments abroad, sales abroad or serv-
es abroad. Our ability to keep a supply of credits
lfficient for our domestic business depends upon these
)ur things.

"The enemies against which the American manufac-
irer must fight in protecting our domestic credits by
;lling goods abroad are chiefly domestic. Four are of
special importance. First I should put the failure to
pply science to industry. Germany did this more than
try one and prospered thereby. The use of science in
ldustry has greatly grown during the last three years.
; must grow more. Unless we are as competent to
pply science to trade as others we must not expect to
•ad them successfully. We shall not deserve to win in
ie future industrial field unless we apply knowledge to
ldustry as well as others.

"A second enemy is the lack of industrial training for
orkers. In German factories before the war men of
:ience led forces of trained workers. We have made

great start in this direction through the law provid-
ig Federal aid to vocational education, of which every
Me in the Union has now taken advantage. This act

ill, in my judgment, be found to be more helpful to
.merican industry in coming years than many things
lat have been more visible to the public eye. When

we have trained minds leading trained workers two
great steps forward will have been taken in American
industry.

"A third enemy is ignorance of costs. This has pre-
vailed to an appalling extent. It must go, and with it
must go the rule of thumb and all guesswork in industry
if we are to deserve the place we hope to gain and keep.
We cannot compete with men who know what every
process costs them if we have not like knowledge our-
selves.

"A fourth enemy — and a bad one — is waste. We have
thrown away fortunes in the wastes of industry. Take,
for a simple illustration, the whaling industry. This
is one of our oldest, carried on for over a century with
what we have been pleased to call great success. Now
we know that most of the values of the whale have been
wasted. Fine leather is now made from the whale's
skin, from the intestines, the stomach and from other
parts. Several tons of good meat are now taken from
each whale and find regular consumption. These and
similar things may soon come to be the chief products
of an industry which for decades has thrown them away.

"If we will waste we must expect to want. Waste in
one or another form has been and, though greatly re-
duced, still remains one of the great characteristics of
American industry and life. We have learned much
and are feeding nations from what we now save, but
there is much yet to learn.

"There are many fine examples in our industry of
science applied to business, of trained workers, of clear
knowledge, of watchful saving. An indirect good from
the war has been the lessons we have learned on these
subjects. On the extent to which we learn them and
apply them will chiefly depend the future of American
business. That future must be one in foreign fields,
for the output of our factories is too large for our
domestic markets continuously to take it all. Nor can
we maintain our domestic credits under the altered
conditions by sales in the domestic market alone."

To Centralize Railway Purchases

Partial centralization of the purchasing of between
$1,000,000,000 and $2,000,000,000 worth of railroad
supplies and equipment in 1918 under Government
supervision is involved in the plan for organizing the
Railroad Administration's division of finance and pur-
chases recently announced by Director General McAdoo.
John Skelton Williams, head of this division, has ap-
pointed a central advisory committee of three expert
railway purchasing agents, as well as regional purchas-
ing committees for the Eastern, Western and Southern
operating regions. Details of costs and contracts will
be reported to the Railroad Administration by the
regional bodies, to give all roads the advantage of effi-
cient methods that may have been developed. More
than a hundred million dollars will be saved by central-
ized purchasing, it is believed.

[NEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 12

n will !»■

the principal big quantity

. ;i effort will be made not

.;<• buying methods, but to

und supplies. Coal and other

individual linos to supply

.it under the supervision of the

New England, fuel is to be

and luni-

.Uy by the roads along their

i igh the central

•mot be bought in the territory

current operations will
r the time being," says Director Ge
•. "through the purchasing depart-
but all contracts for
ths or longer must be approved by
impletion." As fs
es will be centralized,
tral advisory purchasing committee, with
• Washington, is composed of Henry B.
lent of the Southern Ky.. in charge
,.t" pur ad chairman of the committee on materi-

the American Railway Association's
i national defense; Samuel l'orcher,
neral purchasing agent of the Penn-
sylvai: QCe 1918, and George »i. Veomans.

purch .nt of the New York. New Haven &

RJR. Bince 1015. The finance section of the
ry committee includes Franklin Q. Brown, of New
J. Wade, of St. Louis; and Frederick
W. - Richmond, Virginia.

Post-War Questions Considered Now
in Great Britain

ral Robert P. Skinner, in London, has
•ie Department of Commerce at Wash-
ington that the British Ministry of Reconstruction
mplete list of the various com-
mittees that have been set up, both
•: that ministry and within other ministries and
t the British government, to deal with
h will arise at the close of the war. These
comn. and committees, which have been ap-

d at different times since the war began, now
number 87 and fall into the following 15 groups:
pment; finance; raw material; coal and
r; intelligence; scientific and industrial research;
demobilization and disposal of stores; labor and employ-
ment: agriculture and forestry; public administration;
rig; education; aliens; legal; and miscellaneous.
the grouping of trade development are five
committees dealing with general aspects and nine deal-
ing with specific phases of the situation. Preparation
■een ma<! ery line of trade activity that

needed to build up the food supply of the
ngdom and extend foreign commerce. One
commission deals with the food and other resources
of the five self-governing dominions. Another is in
charge of a plan to develop the industrial resources of
India; a third has to .do with trade between England
study is given to carrying out
the conclusions reached at the Paris Trade Conference.

Mr. Skinner states, and to meeting the changed tradti
conditions of the world after the war.

Measures are being devised to prevent an effectivi
resumption of Germany's policy of peaceful penetration.
Staples not made in England before the war are here
after to lie manufactured there, and especial attentioi
is being given to the chemical and dye trades. In viev
Hi' the heavy consumption of England's coal supply^
effort is being exerted to establish a general policy o
conservation after the war. The problem of atmospheriJ
nitrogen fixation, which has been such a powers
element of Germany's military advantage, is amonij
the problems that the Ministry of Reconstruction il
working upon. Another problem under consideration
is the demobilization of the vast amount of laboif
diverted from its original occupations to war trades]

Building Ordnance Base in France
for U. S. Army

An ordnance base that will cost approximately $25.
o(Hi,(H)0 is under construction in France, and good progj
less in building is reported, according to an announce
ment of the War Department. In the base will o]
approximately 20 large storehouses, 12 shop buildings!
100 smaller shops and magazines and machine too)
equipment costing about $5,000,000.

The project includes a gun-repair plant equipped t
reline more than 800 guns a month; a carriage repai
plant of large capacity; a motion-vehicle repair planll
capable of overhauling more than 1200 vehicles pel
month; a small-arms repair plant with a capacity foj
repair of some 58,000 small arms and machine gunj
per month; a large shop for the repair of horse am
infantry equipment, and a reloading plant capable oj
reloading about 100,000 artillery cartridge cases pe
day. There will be, in addition, forges, carpenter shops]
and other auxiliary buildings.

Much of the construction material and equipmen
has arrived in France, and actual construction was bd
gun several weeks ago. Practically all of the essentid
materials have been contracted for, and priority order!
issued by the War Industries Boai-d have expedited del
liveries. It is estimated that for the maintenance oj
the ordnance base approximately 450 officers and 16.00J
men will be required. Some difficulty was experiences
in obtaining the initial units trained in manufactuij
ing industries.

Causes of Strikes Analyzed

Increased cost of living and failure of employei
in many cases to anticipate this influence have bee I
among the important contributory causes of recer
strikes, according to the report issued on Mar. 12 b!
the National Industrial Conference Board on strikes i
American industries in war time.

From Apr. 6 to Oct. 6, 1917, there were strikes !|
2521 establishments, the existence of which was del
nitely verified by the board. Each establishment w£
asked to report upon causes, but complete informatic
was received from only 1156. These plants showt
283,402 men idle and 6,285,519 days of production los

The conclusions of the board as to the causes of t?

March 28 1918

ENGINEERING AND .minim; J01 RNAL

■Settled condition of labor are thai the following in
lences were of primary importance: Increased cosl
living and failure of employers in many cases to
iticipate this influence; widespread discontent duo to
belief that undue profits had been made by employers
t of war business; increased independence of the
ffker, due in part to a labor shortage and in part
a fooling that the situation constituted labor's oppor-
nity for forcing union recognition or closed-shop
nditions; inequality between wages paid in plants
gaged on private work and Government or private
Hits engaged on war work; the unsettling influence
the "cost-plus-profit" feature of many war contracts;
8 Federal Administration's virtual indorsement of the
irht-hour work day.

The report concludes; "Indications of improvement in
e labor situation in recent months are apparent, but
needs only a cursory reading of the daily press to
e that the war industries of this country are still
•avily handicapped by labor disputes."

Ia\c You Filed Your Tax Return?

Twenty five thousand "four-minute men" are making
nation-wide campaign to impress on the public its
■ to file income-tax returns and pay the taxes
•omptly. Filing must be done before Apr. 1. The
•nalty for failure is a fine of not less than $20 nor
ore than $1000 and an additional assessment of 5n\

amount due. Tables are being produced comparing
e rate of the tax in the United States with that in
reat Britain. Here the married man with an income

$2500 pays $10. In Great Britain the man with an in-
me of $2500 pays a tax of $225, and $300 if his income

not earned but is from interest on bonds or the
<e. As the income increases the difference between
merican and British taxes become less, and finally
hen million-dollar incomes are reached the amount
lid in this country is greater than in Great Britain.

To Push Munitions Production

Plans of the War Department were announced re-
ntly by General Wheeler, acting Chief of Ordnance,
r dividing the country into 10 munition districts to
ing about decentralization and closer contact with
aoufacturers. Headquarters will be established in
city in each zone, from which a leading business man
is already been selected to be district chief of the
'oduction division of the Ordnance Department. The
ties and men selected are as follows :

Pittsburgh, Ralph M. Dravo, of Dravo Brothers, steel
instructors; Cleveland, Samuel Scovil, who resigned as
•esident of the Cleveland Illuminating Co. to head the
oduction division; Rochester, F. S. Noble, of the East-
an Kodak Co.; Boston, Levi H. Greenwood, of the Wake-
dd Rattan Co.; New Haven, Waldo C. Bryant, president
' the Bryant Electric Co. of Bridgeport, Conn.; Detroit,
red. J. Robinson, president of the Lowrie & Robinson
imber Co.; Cincinnati, Charles L. Harrison, of the Cin-
tmati Chamber of Commerce; Chicago, E. A. Russell, vice
•esident of the Otis Elevator Co.; New York, Samuel G.
Hen, chairman of the Lima Locomotive Works, 1107
roadway; Philadelphia, John C. Jones, of the Harrison
ifety Boiler Works.

Col. Guy E. Tripp, of New York, ex-chairman of the

'estinghouse company, and now chief of the produc-

on division of the Ordnance Department, worked out

ie details of the plan.

I axation <>t a Mining ( iompanj

i h Bureau of Internal Revi the follow ing

answer to i question n the tax&i ion oJ the

profits of a mining i ompany :

In 1900 a corporation was organized and toi
mining property then valued at 11,000,000. For this propel

ty tl <t ion i ued itocl to I uoo.ooo.

i esult of di velopment,

etc., the propertj 'eased in value until in L910, after an

iraisal, it was entered on the books at Si 0,000,000, and
the surplus was incr< ordingly. In 1917 ano

appraisal was had, and the value of the property was tl

"00,000. The balance sheet of the corporation
now shows capital stock of $1,000,000 and a surplus of $L'0.
000,000, of which .714,000,000 is represented by the ap-
preciation in value above described. May the apprai
value of the property be taken as the basis for computing
invested capital?

A. Xo. The excess-profits tax law expressly places the
computation of invested capital upon the basis of the cash
and other property actually put into the business plus the
earned surplus and undivided profits, and not upon that
of a present valuation or appraisal of its assets. Returns
in which the invested capital includes surplus or undivided
profits computed upon present values as determined by an
appraisal cannot be accepted.

United States Will Spend $400,000,000
on War Buildings

Approximately $400,000,000 is to be spent by the
Government in 1918 for construction work to put the
country on a war footing, that it may properly equip
the Army and Navy and build up a huge emergency
supply. Over $200,000,000 has already been spent in
building the 16 cantonments and in other work now
practically completed. The $400,000,000 will be spent
as follows :

Development of six distribution points or ports on the
Atlantic seaboard, with dockage and storage facilities,
$90,000,000; for 31 storage warehouses in the interior
manufacturing districts of the East and Middle West,
$100,000,000; for two Government-owned powder plants,
$100,000,000; for buildings for Signal Corps, $50,000,-
000 ; for other construction, including plants for manu-
facture of gases and ingredients entering into high
explosives, $60,000 000.

Air Service Needs Skilled Workers

Ten thousand machinists, mechanics, chauffeurs, and
other skilled workers are needed at once by the Avia-
tion Section, Signal Corps. This call is to fill an im-
mediate need and may be regarded as the precursor
of others as the service is being built up. Even at
that, the actual strength of the service today is over
100 times what it was on Apr. 1, 1916.

The dependence of the air service on the most highly
skilled men is being brought out more emphatically
with every week of development. Practically 98 men
out of every 100 must be skilled in some branch of
work. Men registered in the draft may be inducted
into this service by applying to their local draft board.
Men not registered may enlist at any recruiting office.
Further information may be had by applying to the
Air Division, Personal Department, Washington, D. C.

Remember the Comfort Fund of the 27th Engineers.

•ING AND MINING JOURNAL Vol. 105, No. 12

limillllllllll Illllllll i Illllimillllll Ill iiiiiiuiiiimi 111 ii'

Industrial News from Washington

i;v r.\ on, Special Correspondent

ii i i mm iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiuiiiinii i i iiiiiniiiiiiii ii iiiiiiiiiiiii;

Mineral Statistics I o Be Collected
More Frequently

,1 in war work

ruing various min-

. -ii-al Survey has agreed to col-

•it 1>- from producers, con-

i with the trade in the fol-

.nui minerals: Nickel, aluminum, graph

. chromite, quicksilver, flourspar, bromine,

Statistics of primary alumi-

llected weekly, while monthly figures will

I on the secondary metal. Statistics showing

icks and consumption of nickel are

monthly. Data with regard to the other

commodities mentioned are to be collected quarterly.

Mineral Board Is To Handle

Questionnaires

Questionnaires in the future will be submitted to the
Joint Board on Minerals and Their Derivatives to
avoid troubling producers unnecessarily with Govern-
ment inquiries. In this way, all duplication will be
avoided. It also will make possible the securing of
data for several Government agencies at the same time.

The volume of business passing through the office
of the board, which is the clearing house for all Gov-
ernment information pertaining to minerals, has ex-
ceeded estimates, and it has been necessary to assign
P, .1. Katz. of the Geological Survey's staff, to the
board. Mr. Katz will act as assistant to E. S. Bastin,
the secretary of the board. He will also continue in
charge of abrasives for the Survey.

Mexican Mineral Statistics

■:. silver, copper and lead produced in Mexico for the
ended Dec. 31, 1917, had an aggregate value
of $166,000,000 American currency, according to an esti-
mate made by the Department of Fomento and made
public by the Mexican News Bureau in Washington.
Exact figures are available for the 36-year period be-
tween 1877 and 1913, showing the production of the
metals mentioned to have been valued at slightly more
than $1.5' '. U. S. currency. From 1877 to 1913

the output of gold was 934,694 lb.; of silver, 113,769,533
lb.; of copper, 1,540,000,000 lb.; of lead, 3,464,008,249
pounds.

Other facts ascertained by the Minister of Fomento
are as follows : The largest gold production was in the
fiscal year of 1911-12, when it amounted to 80,113 lb.
It was lowest in 1885. In 1911-12, silver production
aggregated 5,500,000 lb., which is the record year of
the period under view. The low mark of silver pro-
duction was in 1877, when only 1,335,279 lb. was mined.

The fiscal year of 1911-12 also was the highwateri
mark of copper production. In that year, 132.000,000 lb I
was mined. The other extreme was in 1897-98, wherj
production totaled 24,857,795 lb. The peak of load!
production was in 1909-10, when it amounted to 275,-[
658,499 lb. In 1896-97, lead production amounted tcj
121,000,000 pounds.

For Greater Chromite Production

Activities of the California Chrome Co. to increase
the production of chromite on the Pacific Coast have
called forth much official commendation. The company
is about to begin an advertising campaign in several
hundred local newspapers, calling attention to the fad
that it will pay a minimum of $1.25 per unit for ore
which will run 38% chromic oxide. The price is guar-
anteed throughout the current year.

Officials have been advised from a highly authori-
tative source that a large increase in Cuban chromite
production may be expected. The chief factor limiting
production in Cuba is the difficulty of getting the ore
to the railroad. Mules are used, which renders trans-
portation slow and expensive.

I

Arguments Over Quality a Source
of Loss of Output

Squabbles over the grade of materials, when taken th<
country over, are resulting in a material loss of produc I
tion, reports to Washington show. This is particularly
so in the case of those things which cannot stancj
shipment to sampling works. In some cases these dif
ferences have caused the closing of mines.

The situation has led certain officials seriously t(.
consider the creation of machinery to enable an agent 01
the Government who would have the confidence oi
producer and buyer alike, to specify the grade of anj
material where differences of opinion between producers
and buyers warrant it. The situation has been renderec
acute under the present conditions, which have forcee
purchasers in many cases to combine to maintain i
single buyer in a mining district.

Greater Manganese Production
Is Forecast

After careful study of the manganese situation, offi
cials of the U. S. Shipping Board, War Trade Boarc
and War Industries Board believe that the domestif
production of low-grade manganese ore will be in
creased this year from 500,000 tons to 800,000 tons
and that the high-grade manganese ore production wil
be increased from 125,000 to 175,000 tons. The prac-
tical certainty of this will permit of a considerable
reduction to be made in the tonnage assigned to the
Brazilian manganese trade. Producers are being urged

larch 23, l'.US

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

a patriotic duty, to- increase their output t" the
rimum. Every pound of domestic manganese ore
duced saves thai much cargo space on the long trip
Brazil and back. One of the essentials in securing
maximum domestic development is held to be the
tdardization of prices. At present the producer is
rounded by a great deal of uncertainty as to the
Hint he is to receive for his product.

many comparatively mall one ol medium to low grade
that could be worked profitably if cheap transportation
were available."

Conflict in Freight Rates Removed

line cars and dump ears are entitled to freight

isification as mining machinery, which is allowed

>wer rate than the tariff provides for mining and

ip cars. A ruling to this effect has been made by

Interstate Commerce Commission in the ease of

United Verde Copper Co. vs. the Pennsylvania

.. The carriers collected the higher freight rate

mining and dump ears, but are instructed to refund

difference between that rate and the rate on min-

machinery. "The tariff contained conflicting items."

s the opinion, "and the shipper is entitled to the

er of conflicting rates."

■sting the Caron Process at Golden
Station of Bureau of Mines

'reatment of manganese-silver ores by the Caron
cess is progressing satisfactorily at the Golden sta-
1 of the U. S. Bureau of Mines. The work is be-

done jointly by the Bureau, the Netherlands gov-
ment and the Research Corporation, G. H. Clev-
er being in charge for the Bureau. The Golden sta-
1 was selected for this experimentation because of

large bodies of manganese-silver ores in Colorado,
some places the deposits are so laid down as to per-

mining by steam shovel. While the main object of

Caron process is to recover the silver by leaching
I precipitation, it also takes into account the saving
manganese as a byproduct.

Colville Reservation Promising in
Mineral Deposits

Extension of transportation facilities to the Colville

ian reservation in Washington would be followed by

:h more important mining activity than exists in

t region at present, according to J. T. Pardee, of

U. S. Geological Survey. "Silver is the principal

Jable constituent in most of the veins and shear

es," says Mr. Pardee. "As a rule, lead is associated

h the silver, and in some deposits it is of equal value.

c is almost as widely distributed and as abundant

lead. Copper is present in many deposits, but except

some of the larger shear zones and disseminated

osits it is of little value. Gold occurs sparingly

most of the lodes, but in few does it add materially

the value of the ores. Antimony and molybdenum

possibly important in exceptional localities. In

n of the evidences of mineralization exhibited in

mining districts, the possibilities of finding bonan-

are by no means lacking. The developments made

far have shown, in addition to a few rich orebodies,

Ingredients oi Fertilizers Licensed

Dealings in sulphuric and, phosphate rock ami acid
phosphate were placed under Government license on

Mar. 20; likewise sodium nitrate, ammonium sulphate,
cyanamid, calcium nitrate, potash salts, cement dust,
blast furnace dust, kelp ash. potassium nitrate, sulphur
and all fertilizers and fertilizer ingredients. The super-
vision of the control of the fertilizer industry is to be
in the hands of the Secretary of Agriculture.

Potash Made in Central America

Potassium nitrate is being manufactured in small
quantities in Guatemala, other Central American coun-
tries and in Mexico. The Department of Commerce is
advised that certain interests in Mexico City are pre-
pared to make small shipments by way of Vera Cruz.
It is known that the sources from which some of this
material is coming were examined by various interests
last summer. The opinion of those who conducted the
work is that every encouragement should be advanced to
secure a maximum output. Production is certain to be
small, but should be stimulated because of the need of
the mineral. Potash deposits in northern Chile are
again attracting attention, according to reports to
Washington. They were carefully examined a year ago
by New York financial interests and, though details
have not been made public, it is believed that potash in
considerable amounts occurs in certain places.

Next Draft To Be Classified Physically

Reclassification according to physical condition of the
men called in the next army draft is required in revised
instructions for Medical Advisory Boards which are be-
ing sent to local boards throughout the country. The
new regulations, recently made public, require that every
man summoned shall be placed in one of these classes:

(A) Acceptable for general military service; (B)
acceptable for general military service after being cured
of remediable defect; (C) acceptance for special or
limited military service in a specified capacity or occu-
pation; (D) rejected and exempted from any military
service.

It is the intention of the Provost Marshal General to
provide later for further investigation and classification
of the men acceptable for limited or special service, so
that a record may be made of the sort of work each man
can do without endangering his health. Under the new-
regulations many ailments and defects which previously
gained exemption for drafted men will result only in
their being listed in Group B. Such men, if they choose,
will have the privilege of obtaining the services of their
family physicians in the effort to remove the defect, but
if they have not taken this opportunity within a stated
time they will be called into service and sent to a can-
tonment base hospital, reconstruction hospital, or civic
hospital, as designated by the Surgeon General.

\N1> MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. |

.

Over the [op

Wo should say not. It was Private

. taking Pegasus out for a

tiding for Peggy in the mining

lion there at all for i

in Jinks of the horse marines,

:i corn and beans. At any

poem, the first

statu., thus:

nent of husky mini
mr own free will;
:11 tunnel through to Berlin
Bill.

prevents us from publishing it in toto.

. send a copy to any reader desiring it,

first semis us a contribution in real money

■ Fund. The list of contributors to the

regular weekly stride and stands as

'•ilng Journal

ring Co.. .

A Fnond. Nov II

H B

D r

H

J H. Polhemus

J H Janeway

Albert D. Beers

J E Hayes

J A. Van Hater

L Vogelstein 4 Co

R H Bassett (Hanna Ure Mining Co.)

A Friend. Dec :

P A Mo?man

American Zinc. Lead and Smelting Co

Daniel Guggenheim

A H H

August Heckscher

Anaconda Copper Mining Co

F W Bradley

Charles L« Vasseur

A Friend. Dec

Freeland Jewett

Herman A. Wagner

Francis P. Sinn . . .

R C. Gosrow

D. C Jackiing

J. H. Brlckensteln

E E Northnrp

Rogers. Mayer & Ball . .

?r Technical Staff. American Metal Co., Ltd

A Friend. Jan. 9

3 Coolldge

J V N Dorr

Pope Yeafman

:I Aldndge

Rohei-. I Ki-rr

Enrineers of Washoe Smeltery. Anaconda Copper Mining

Company

Harry C. Graham

Utah Copper. late'l, Rav Consolidated

and Chlno copper companies

A Friend. Jan 23

John <; ••

uer .'.'.'...'.'.'.'.'.I'.'.

C K. Llpman

Theodore Stemfeld

T Wolfson

William H. Hampton

W E. Merrill

J Parke Charming

Miami Copper Co

• ana

'■'." Goodale

; Beckett

raker

Charles A Cha

E Fleming L'Engl<-

& Hecla Mining Co

Jay . ■ •;

Franklin Osborn .

Oscar Lachmund .

W. T. Swoyer

. . .

a irbanks ... ....

..;;.;

...... .'.WW.

Ilnnesota

$1000.00

1000.00

S.00

5.00

5.00

1000.00

6.00

6.00

5.00

10.00

10.00

10.00

25.00

100.00

10.00

10.00

10.00

10.00

100.00

5.00

100.00

6.00

25.00

100.00

1000.00

100.00

5.0»

60.00

10.00

5.00

10.00

5.00

100.00

10.00

5.00

6.00

60.00

30.00

100.00

10.00

200.00

50.01.

50.00

6.00

5.00

205.00
25.00

1000.00

5.00

25.00

5.00

50.00

50.00

500.00

10.00

10.00

10.00

100.00

250.00

10.00

25.00

50.00

25.00

25.00

6.00

250.00

18.00

10.00

10.00

10.00

10.00

10.00

100.00

250.00

25.00

5.00

50.00

25.00

5.00

85.00

i •■ i ; Thaj er so>

i; ii Sales • 25i

I • Burrage 1001

ird 11. ("lark 26

P Rutherford 5

Idolph .1 Martinson 2i

Flunk R Edwards 6|

C, H. Uunro 100[

E. E. McCarthy 26|

161

D i-'oril McCormlck 10

I. (m is D. Huntoon ;.

P, <; Spllsbury in

• ' T Brown 1 o

M C M

James P. McCarthy 50i

1 States Smelting, Refining and Mining Co 2501

I. 0 K 101

Herman A. Prosser 2!,

J. E, Johnson. Jr B

\ W Hahn

I. I). Hudson in

Lane Pearl

\ 1 1 1 1 m i- K Adams. . . . - 101

I I. Wilcox

I : .1 Longyear Co i on

I'ii-k and Shovel Club, Mining Department, Case School

of Applied Science 11

i. s. Cates -,r.

Total $95141

"The 27th Engineers strikes near home," write ta
E. J. Longyear Co. in sending in their check. To ma^
engaged in the mining industry it strikes directly |
the home. We must stand by our own. For that pi.
pose the Association of the 27th Engineers was formii
Make your checks payable to W. R. Ingalls, treasury
In view of the considerable detail work in the admin,
tration of this Fund, acknowledgment of contributici
is made only through publication in the Journal.

Cowperthwaite on Safety First

According to State Safety News, Thomas Cowpetf<
waite, safety inspector of the Calumet & Arizona M;
ing Co. and its subsidiaries, spoke recently before tl
mining club of the Bisbee Y. M. C. A., giving man
suggestions on accident prevention, of which a ft
excerpts are as follows:

"A safety inspector needs all the power he can gJ
If he is general manager or superintendent, he cl
put any idea he may get into force without both']
ing to collect data for a long time. The next b<l
thing is to have all the biggest bosses on committe.1
In that way, things which are wrong can be remedil|
on the minute."

For instance, one afternoon Mr. Cowperthwai
found three dangerous places. The superintendent wJ
on the commission and ordered the carpenters to i
fix matters at once. Before the shift was over I
three holes were safe. Getting action that quick m'
have saved three men's lives or prevented bad acciden.
That kind of Safety First gets results.

Mine committees, in Mr. Cowperthwaite's scheri,
are made up of bosses. He is not willing to put minti
on the committee, for fear a boss might get "dow"
on some fellow who suggests a safety plan the bo
does not care for. And besides, if the bosses are t
safety committees the prevention of accidents becorri
part of their regular business. In 1916 only two bosa
had a clear record on accidents; in 1917 14 had. T*
first half of 1917, of course, was far safer than t*
second, but the whole year 1917 had not so many J*
cidents as 1916, partly because the men have not bei
rushed so much, but largely on account of the safe'
organization. Mr. Cowperthwaite further declared:

"Most accidents occur about 11 a.m. or 1 p.m. I

larch 23, 1918

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

r,c,7

ir boss will insist mi telling only one thing at a
ie, and having that done before he Rives away his
;t move. That means that the miner lias time to
•n until about 10 o'clock, when the shifter tells him
ut to do. He kills time, moving, lagging around,
en. when it's nearly time to shoot he has to rush
• fury to get ready. Unless the miner is cooler
I more farseeing than the shifter, he will be bound
pull a bonehead and knock a rock the wrong way,
;et his machine or do something else to get hurt,
makes things worse for the shifter to bawl him out.
'A man who is bossing ought to be an artist in
idling men. If he is crabbed or hot-headed it's al-
ii impossible for him to make good at anything but
awhider. A good shifter gets things done and de-
nds a fair day's work of a man, hut takes it for
mted that the fellow will either do it or leave. It's
>r taste for any boss to fire a man on account of
ie grudge. If he does people can tell that the boss*
Igment on other things is apt to be just as poor.
e good, old golden rule is about the best instruc-
n a shifter can get as to the way to get along. If
shifter likes to be bawled out himself, he should
it to the men under him; otherwise not.
'The safety record of each shift boss in the C. & A.
les is kept and checked up. A prize of $100 was
en last year for the best record, but that is not a
•manent policy. Anyway, a shifter hates to have

record beaten. The man who wins talks to his
n, knows how they do things and prevents many
>afe practices. He knows it if some fellow has been
Tying powder around in his pockets, mixed up with
m and caps, and dangerously near the flame of his
ner's lamp. One man whose record was very low
d that naturally another would have a clean record.
hy, he goes around crying for it.' That kind gets

And a fellow who rawhides his men loses out on
i amount produced as well, because he has to break
too many green hands. That makes more work for
: older men and increases their accident rate at the
ne time.

'New men naturally are hurt oftener than old. The
iiger point is about six months, when a new man
nks he knows far more about the job than his boss,
rried men have less long layoffs than single, and
eigners who cannot speak English give a large ac-
! ent rate. The C. & A. is at the present time employ
; 90ff Americans.

'Records are kept in all manner of ways. The num-
:r as well as the percentage is recorded in the safety
:a. A foreman will wilt into his seat when the safety
n remarks, 'You have had nine serious accidents
ring the last six months.'

'Of direct causes of accidents, those that the com-

ny could have prevented are about 2%. Careless-

5S of the man injured or of fellow-workmen and

de risks account for the rest. The company is per-

f:tly willing to pit its record against others.

'And, finally, a good boss lets the men in on his

•leme of work. He keeps one man on the same place

v a while and lays out the work for a week ahead.

en a man knows what to do and does not have to

1 f or make woodpiles around various places until or-

trs come. He can take time, be careful, get the job

ie in his own way and not be hurried at one time

to make up ini I'irced and joyless loafing. If bright
and inventive, he can use bis own shortcuts and In-
ventions, and is not provoked by anger and disgust in
bitter carelessness."

Production of Aluminum and Tin
from 1900 to 1917

The production of aluminum in the United States
grew from 7,150,000 lb. in 1900 to 18,000,000 lb. in
1917, according to figures tabulated by the National
City Bank of New York. The latter figure is an esti-
mate based upon an actual production in 1916 of 139,-
000,000 lb. Statistics showing the imports as well as
the pounds produced in each year of the 17-year period
are given in the following table:

PRODUCTION AND IMPORTS "I VLUMINI M IN" THE UNITED

STATES, 1900 1917
. Production tti) — Imports (6)

Slated
\ alue

('■riis Crude Mire.

Year founds Value Per Lb. Pounds Value Value

1900. 7.150.000 $1,920,000 26 9

1901. 7,150,000 2.238.000 31.3 365,000 $62,000 $4,000

1902. 7,300,000 2,285,000 31 3 558,000 128,000 7.000

1903. 7,500,000 2,285,000 30 5 687,000 197.000 3,000

1904. 8.600,000 2,477,000 28 8 363,000 100.000 4,000

1905. 11,347,000 3,246.000 28.6 639,000 153,000 6,000

1906. 14,910,000 4,262,000 28 6 614,000 123,000 9,000
1907 17,211.000 4.927,000 28 6 1,292,000 259,000 9,000
1908. 11.152.000 2.435,000 21 8 114.000 30,000 (..Dim

1909 34.210,000 6,575,000 19 2 2,036,000 308.000 6,000

1910 47.734.000 8.956.000 18 8 12,386.000 1,841,000 24.000

1911 46.125,000 8,084,000 17 5 6,241,000 946,000 32.000

1912 65,607,000 11,907.000 18 1 14,803,000 1.830.000 239,000

1913 72.379,000 13.845,000 19 1 26.958,000 4,315,000 740.000

1914 79,129,000 14,523,000 18 4 15,964,000 2,707,000 1,441.000

1915 99.806,000 17.986,000 18 0 13,765,000 2,346.000 653.000

1916 139,000,000 33,900.000 24 4 8,201,000 1,827.000 150.000

1917 (e). 180,000,000 45,882,000 26 2 1,904,000 559,000 43.000
(n) Geological Survey figures; (M Department of Commerce figures; (c)

Estimated.

The increase in production of aluminum in the United
States during this period was paralleled by a corre-
sponding increase in the world's production of the metal.
The latter rose from 7200 long tons in 1900 to 135,000
long tons in 1916. The world's production of tin is
also estimated by the National City Bank to have in-
creased from 77,200 long tons in 1900 to 117,500 long
tons in 1916. The figures by years follow:

ESTIMATED WORLD PRODUCTION OF ALUMINUM AND TIN
1900 TO 1916

Aluminum, Tin,

Year Long Tons Long Tons

1900 . --- 7.200 77,200

1901 7.400 84,700

1902 7.700 88,000
1903' 8.100 89.000

1904 9.200 92,400

1905 11.300 90.500

1906 14,300 96,700

1907 19,500 92,300

1908 18,300 104,100

1909 33.300 104.200

1910 49.100 103,500
19|| 49,600 1 09.600

1912 72.400 114,600

1913 78,100 119,000

1914 82,500 107,000
19.5' 91.100 121.800
1916 135,000 117.500

In the latest normal year, the world's supply of
aluminum came principally from seven countries be-
sides the United States. The figures for each country
in that year are as follows: United States, 65,000 long
tons; France, 20,000; Switzerland, 20,000; Norway,
16,000; Great Britain, 12,000; Canada, 8000; Italy,
7000; and Austria, 5000. Pre-war figures are given
for Switzerland. Great Britain and Italy.

The world's production of tin by principal countries
in the latest normal year was as follows: Malay Pen-
insula. 44,000 long tons; Bolivia, 21,000; Dutch East
Indies, 20,000; China, 8000; Siam, 7000; Africa, 5000;
Great Britain, 4500; and Australia, 4500 long tons.

ENGINEERING AND WINING JOURNAL Vol. 105, No. IS

„,„,, , iiiiiuiniiiiiiiii mmuuilllll mimiiiimii inn i ilium i iiiiiuimmimiiimimiiiiiiiiiimiiuimimimmmiiiiiiiiiii mi

Kditorials

mmiumiiiimmiiiiiu; iiiiiilii urn i i minium miiiimin iiiiiiiimiiimiimmimmiiiiimmmimi nj

11k Rise in Pri<

Thows thi of prices

L914, plotted from the
index numbers; and.
ng the \'. I labor. The

duced to the
r pound. Data respecting the
difficult to find. The only index
ill the United States, whereof we
..t of the New York State Labor Bureau,

more or less empirical; i. e., each authority has a diff.
ent method of computation. No one of them is quantil
live; i. e., no one of them takes into account the relatl
proportions of the several commodities that are p-
dined and consumed. Therefore these indices,
from being absolute, may differ materially from e;J
other. Thus will be noted the discrepancy betwtl
the Economist and Sauerbeck-Statist numbers
Great Britain. They may be properly regarded a
showing only approximately the general trend of prici
In this connection it mav be further remarked tit

_; OCS3t Z'-1 -Z'l: JTJ.1-.C *£s_'af'? POUND, AT. PITTSgUBOH

:

•1915

1916-
: METALS AND COMMODITIES AND WAGES OF LABOR

flrhich \i deduced from the reports from a large num-

factoriea of a large number of industries in

te. This is probably a pretty reliable index

in this part of the country. As

reflecting the status of common labor, we can think of

tter than the rates paid by the U. S. Steel

ration, which is a very large employer.

The index numbers for commodity prices are sup-

efled 'he wholesale, basic values. They are

since the early part of 1916 the average quotations
some of the major component commodities have tenc
to become higher than the prices for which the bulkf
the commodities have been sold, and this has contril-
ted to an exaggeration of the index numbers at cert;J
times, though there is, of course, no exaggeration of '<
rise in commodities over a long period on this accou ■
The index numbers for commodities exhibit relative
even trends when viewed over long periods. When ••

larch 23, 1918

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

569

|:ed into their components, however, the graphs
(orally .show great irregularities, which are magnified
I the cases of the high-priced commodities such as
iper and cotton. Peaks of the several commodities

, not always coincide, for the reason that any one
j be affected by conditions peculiar to itself.
'hus, among the metals, zinc was the first to attain
limax. which occurred about the middle of L915, an
ly date compared with any of the other major com-
lities. This climax coincided with preliminary peaks
dead and copper, but, while they were only prelimi-
ies and moderate, the peak in zinc was phenomenally
h and was the culmination of the movement in this
al. This was for the reason that there was an acute
rtage in zinc, owing to deficient smelting capacity,
I the price for the metal had to go to heights that
, dd induce adventurers to take the risk of providing
[/ plants. An extravagantly high price in these
:umstances does not indicate inflation so much as it
Is an addition to the capitalization of the industry.
.,he course of zinc throughout the war period has been
perfect reflection of the unimpeded operation of the
;' of supply and demand. The movement in this
irket has been absolutely true to form. First, be-
ise of shortage in supply, there is a rise to a high
iire. which stimulates new production. Then there
die natural decline, in which speculative operations,
[counting the inevitable effect of a surplus production,
iy an important part. As is generally the case, the
i;t anticipating of future conditions is premature,
i decline is overdone, and there follows a secondary
e. Then follows the secondary decline, which goes
a lower level than the first one. From this there is
•ebound in a tertiary advance, which is less violent
in the second. The market gradually loses its resili-
•y. The rebounds become more and more feeble,
lally, the accumulation of unsold stocks of metal
:omes burdensome, and the market settles down to
s dead level of the new economic conditions. Trading
:omes dull and uninteresting. There is no longer
iv opportunity for speculative operations. The indus-
i' awaits passively the development of some new
■tors that will start another major movement.
Let alone, the price course of every commodity con-
ins to this type. The statements that the law of
3ply and demand does not work under such conditions
this war has created, or that it does not work quickly
DUgh, are manifestly fallacious. What could have been
icker than its working in the case of zinc (which is
t an isolated case, for the records of antimony, tung-
;n, quicksilver, sulphuric acid, and many other corn-
cities are similar) ? In certain cases the records of
i commodities do not precisely reflect actual conditions.
ms, the graph for copper on the accompanying chart
too high, especially subsequent to the beginning of
16. This is for the reason -that the subtraction of
ge blocks in a few transactions in 1916 contracted the
lume of business in the major market to about one-
th the normal, and the frantic bidding for the dimin-
led supply elevated the price to figures far above
ase for which the bulk of the copper had been sold,
iking all due allowance for this, it is evident that the
ice for copper had probably attained its natural
lmination about the end of 1916; for the excessively
?h prices created by the very conditions above men-

tinned were operating to curtail ( "ii umption, while
at the same time production was being enormously
stimulated.

There is no doubt whatevei r< pectins the natural
culmination in the price for lead about the middle of
L917, Here again we had an unbalancing of the market,
similar to what had previouslj occurred in copper, by
reason of the ( !o\ -eminent taking out of the market
a large part of the supply by private agreement, com-
bined with the fear that it was going to take more than
it really did. There is a strong indication, moreover,
that the price for pig iron had culminated at about
the same time as lead. Since the middle of 1917 we
have seen an arbitrary disturbance of the conditions
in copper and iron by Governmental interference, which
has been followed in each case by diminished production.

The great, freely acting commodity — cotton — has con-
tinued to rise, and at the end of 1917 stood at the high-
est point. In comparing the prices for cotton and wheat
with those for the metals it should be borne in mind
that the metals are produced with regularity, independ-
ently of the weather, while the crops of foodstuffs and
clothing stuffs are seasonal. The peak in the price for
wheat just previous to the middle of 1917 was the
result of the foreign governments bidding against each
other in a narrow market. With the American Govern-
ment eliminating this competition and assuming the
role of sole buyer, the artificial bulge was smoothed
dow-n and the price was stabilized, but at a level higher
than had prevailed previous to the second quarter of
1917. The price for pig iron also was fixed at about the
same level as in the first quarter of 1917, but that for
copper was reduced to a lower figure than had ruled
since early in 1916.

It is to be regretted that there are not more data for
labor. The rate of wages paid by the U. S. Steel Corpo-
ration is typical of the record of any single industry.
The rate is maintained for a longer or shorter period,
and the changes are abrupt. Therefore the graph is
like a series of steps. Nevertheless, the general paral-
lelism between this graph and that for the price of pig
iron is very striking. Only in the middle of 1917 does
the space between the lines contract narrowly, and for
that there is a specific explanation, viz., the price for
pig iron at this time represented the sale of an unusually
small part of the production.

In the graph for wages in the State of New York
all industries are summarized, and this line therefore
exhibits naturally the characteristics of a series of
index numbers. Comparing this with Bradstreet's
index number, it is immediately manifest that both have
risen in substantially7 the same proportion, but in 1917
wages for a brief period lagged behind. There must
not be too close comparisons of these graphs, however,
for it is well known that a commodity index number
and the cost of living are two different things. The
committee of economists of the U. S. Treasury has
already pointed out that the wholesale prices for com-
modities have risen since 1914 at a materially higher
rate than retail prices, while even data of retail prices
do not exactly reflect the cost of living, for they do not
include rents, the use of public services, and other costs
that have notoriously risen but little, or even none at
all. There can hardly be any doubt that the average
rate of wages in the State of New York, which has

LND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 12

n*«!'. iboal •'■- f*»t h iht avtrogt of wholesale com-

I deal more in propor-
f living.

;ui Metal Imports Into the
United States

Aane published a chart
und kinds of minerals and metal
. States, which was so inaccurate,
and commission, that we have
od of a chart that is more nearly
..ult may still be found with our
at, the draftsman having neglected, for example, to

our tin importations are coming directly from Sing
pore, Banka, etc. In the main, this movement of ti
and similarly of antimony and tungsten, is in shi
going to Vancouver and San Francisco. From tho
ports the commodities are either carried overland
else are taken in ships steaming down the coast ai
passing through the Panama Canal. However, there
some tin, especially from Banka, and other Easte
products that are carried in ships traveling direct
from the Far East to the Panama Canal. From N<
Caledonia chromite comes to this country both via fcl
Panama Canal and via Cape of Good Hope, but t.|
only smelter who is obtaining nickel matte from th
quarter brings it into Pacific ports and thence overlar

IMI'fiRTS OK MINERALS AND METALS INTO THE UNITED STATES

-how the movement of iron ore from Chile to Baltimore,
and of manganese ore from India to the United States
and from Cuba to the United States.

With changes so kaleidoscopic as those of the pres-
ent, movements of ocean-borne traffic change radically
from year to year. Thus, imports of zinc ore into the
ed States from Australia and Spain ceased in 1917,
the reason that the rise in freight rates no longer
permitted them. A considerable tonnage of zinc ore
carried in 1017 from China to San Francisco, and
thence overland to the smelters, but that movement also
has ceased.

Ferromanganese is no longer brought from Europe
to the United States. On the contrary, Europe wants
..tain it from us. We still get some tin from Singa-
pore via British ports, but to a more and more extent

The considerable importation of copper, copper ma
etc., from South Africa comes directly to Atlantic po
Some products of the Far East, such as graphite
mica, come to New York, both via Suez and via
Cape of Good Hope.

The largest tonnage of imported minerals com I
into the United States consists of pyrites, mangai*
ore, and nitrate of soda. Among the metals, cop;t
tin and antimony stand in about the order mention*

The Journal Index

THE Index for Vol. 104, Part II, of the Engint-
ing and Mining Journal, will be mailed with «
issue. Any subscriber not receiving a copy of s;»
should notify the subscription department at once.

larch 23, 1918

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

571

he Proposed Mines Administration

*11K bill proposed by the War Minerals Committee,
which excited so much opposition in the West, has
i revised so as to exclude the major minerals and
ills, such as iron, copper, zinc, lead, etc., and is

written so as to include "all ores, minerals, inter-
iate metallurgical products, metals, alloys, and
deal compounds of antimony, arsenic, bismuth,
nine, chromium, corundum, emery, graphite, irridi-
magnesite, manganese, mercury, mica, molybdenum,
turn, platinum, potash, pyrites, sulphur, tin, tung-
. uranium, vanadium, and of other rare or unusual
tents the supply of which may, in the judgment of the
rident, be inadequate for war and industrial needs."
'e are opposed to the bill in its present form, or
my form that is going to authorize Governmental
rference with our industries. That it is necessary
■onfer upon the President, as commander-in-chief,

authority of this sort beyond what he possesses
ady, we cannot believe. The Government has al-
ly commandeered tin and platinum, and it can com-
ideer anything else it wants to. It is unnecessary
lay attention to any farrago about monopolization,
-ding, injurious speculations, manipulation, and
ate control affecting supply, distribution and move-
t.

he main purpose of the bill, we understand, is
ncrease the supplies of manganese ore, pyrites, and
w other minerals whereof we are temporarily short,
he supply of these minerals is already being in-
.sed immensely and rapidly under the influence of
i prices, which is freely admitted by the promoters
:he bill.

But," they say, "there are deposits of these minerals
; are too risky to interest private adventurers, or
;>sits that cannot be worked profitably except with
mrantee of high prices for a sufficiently long period."
ery well, then, let Congress create a United States
. ing corporation, with any capital that the promoters
::his legislation see fit to recommend, and let that
wration operate such mines. Let such a corpora-
. risk the public money, if it must be done, in a
alar business way.

Oh, no," answer the advocates; "we could never
i such legislation through Congress. You know, there
li strong aversion in the popular mind to the very
ne of corporation."

fe might argue that such aversion is stupid. We
i'ht argue further that if it were admitted that all
:)orations are bad it would also have to be admitted
It a large proportion of them are smart, and that

Government might well employ the corporation sys-
j on the theory of setting a thief to catch a thief,
t might further point out that Congress saw fit to"
ute the U. S. Emergency Fleet Corporation, the
1 S. Wheat Corporation, etc. Dismissing all that,
' suggest that if such legislation cannot be obtained,
t War Minerals Committee should ask Congress to
iropriate to it the sum of $5,000,000 (or such other
1 1 as it deems proper) with which to obtain man-
:ese ore and pyrites in any ways that it may see fit
Employ. This would be far better than leading the
■>le mining industry into the dangers that we think
l lurking in the proposed bill.

BY THE WAY

:

The Bureau of Labor statistics calculates that the
present army ration costs 33.25c. a day and the navy
ration 43.81c, compared with 27.99c. and 37.C5c, re-
spectively, in 1916.

The Fetrograd Dyen thus describes parliamentary
etiquette as practised by the Bolsheviki in a meeting
of the central Soviet: "The hall resounds with profane
expletives. The chairman, a trusted lieutenant of
Trotzky, replies to an attack by a critical member, who
makes an unsavory insinuation with regard to Bolshevist
policy. Somebody calls Trotzky a 'blackguard.' The
Bolshevists jump up from their seats, cut to the quick
by such an act of lese majesty ; they make for the offend-
er and threaten to lynch him. The air is heavy with
angry shouts, piercing whistles, and market-place
expletives. Trotzky leaps to the tribune and urges his
followers to further violence. The chairman, after vainly
endeavoring to be heard, at last leaves the chair,
abandoning the meeting to general pandemonium."

Mining engineers who have occasion to travel in Cen-
tral America may be interested to know that the U. S.
Commerce Reports heralds the fact that a new hotel is
being built in Tegucigalpa, the capital of Honduras, and
that among its "palatial fittings" special mention is
made of four porcelain bathtubs. We refuse to get ex-
cited over this. We are not desk lizards all the time,
and once in a while we have some of the palatial bath-
tubs exhibited to us by Don Jaime or Jose, the camarero,
when we arrive at the Gran Hotel de Chinchas or the
Meson Central, as the case may be. We have also ex-
perienced the exalted state of mind induced by circum-
stances like the following: You arrive at the hostelry,
arrange for mules, leave excess baggage and hit the
trail for the mountains. After a week or 10 days of
strenuous work, conducive to profuse perspiration, you
are returning by a slightly different route. About 3
p.m. you come to a dandy river and suggest to Harry
that a swim would be about all right. Harry says, "We
hardly have time for that, Bill. Just consider how much
better it will be to get into one of those dandy tubs
with a chunk of soap and then dress for dinner like
white men." "Sure thing," you say, reluctantly gazing
back. At the hotel you rush to your room, toss leggings,
spurs, khaki and B. V. D.s in a confused heap in the
corner and then race down the tiled hall to those pa-
latial tubs. A trickle of water enables you to work up
a good lather as a starter and then the pipes refuse to
yield another drop. After five or 10 minutes' expectant
hesitation, you clap your hands and yell for Jose, de-
manding water. "Ah, senor," he says apologetically,
"but thees is Thursday and the band she is playing by
the Plaza." "What's that got to do with it, que va?"
you retort angrily, as the soapsuds begin to dry and
cause discomfort. In innocent surprise Jose says, "But
did you not know that by the orders of the Senor Alcalde
all the water supply must be shut off on band nights so
there will be enough for the big fountain?"

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 12

als

W illu.m J.

II II

ntl'll-

ii merly
l now

ii l

made

I llc.il.l.

i u

- .. .

. with head-
I u l(ul< lirr. or
chief en-
• Duluth.

u's. is

nt « altealde, « one of

Mining
% entlon on

hiii the

llalmrr N.ill* . Ol

1.. i \ K>lirrn«alil. consulting mining

0

5 to M

Mi ■ i

ifornia

der of the

J. Irenarrt Beplocle

fully t" his

i ipleM It.

I . r ■ .

\\ II Iir manu-

i ii lllllman, h burgh,

Obituary

i i I'.. Mm:;,

iroville

■

Sutter

i • n> Id

1 1 the
pub-
trin

Jam*.- liniiiininrMi McGregor,

New

for five

Societies

tote i.f ( hemleal Engineers

in, X.
vill be at
* iorham.

niumlniitlni Engineering Society. New

Mai I I, in the I "H"l
ItUlg New York A

eel "i Light, Shade
Modern was pre-

\,„,r Usoclatlon of Engineers will

urth annual convention In Cnl-
•i'ii. growth "i the as-
,i necessary to amend the
■ , . r and .in actoi
ensuing year Ed-
mund T Perl in la the retiring president.
Colorado SclentlBe Sooletj held its 332nd
ting .hi Mar. 9, al the SI

■ ol 'I" occa-

i: Hilts, general manager ol

i ,-, i,i. 'ni \ ociatlon "t Chi-

i'i..' Construction

The lecture

ted bj lantern slides.

Montana Soeietj of Engl rs held its

monthl il the Stlverbow Court-

Mont . •>'! Mar 11. lnc
M for the annual meeting to be held
In Butte in April was announced, as well
as the following nanus of officers to be
. lected al thai mei I Foi president, Wil-
lis T Hums ; flrsl vice pn sident, Samuel
bri ident, Charles
\ I,, num. i. iry, Clinton H. Moore;

treasurer, Harry il Cochrane; trustee for
rani \ Unforth. Papers
read bj Samuel Barker, Jr., on tlie
mangam il Phillpsburg, Mont.

and by Wallace N Tanner, on the con-
Btructlon work of the Anaconda Copper
Mining Co In Anaconda and Great Falls
during the last year.

Institute ..i Metals held its annual gen-
eral meeting on Mar. 13-H In the rooms
nf the Chemical Society In London. At the
on Mar 13, the president, Sir
Beilby, inducted into the chair the
m designate, Prof. It. C. H. Car-
The following papers were sub-
mitted tn the meeting: "The Relationship
[ardness and Constitution in the
Rich Aluminium-Copper Alloys,"
by .1 N. ill Greenwood, Manchester; "Alu-
minum Bronze Die Cast ins." by H. Whit-
r, and H. Hix, Manchester;
■ in Grain Size," by G. H. Gulliver, Lon-
Lead-Tin-Antlmony Alleys," by Owen
W Ellis. London; and "An Investigation
on Unsound Castings of Admiralty Bronze
(88-10:2): lis Cans,- and the Remedy."
i II C. II Caip. nter, London, and
Miss c. P. Elam, London

Canadian Mining Institute— At the an-
nual banquet held at the Windsor Hotel,
real, mi Mar x. al the rinse of the an-
onventlon, the principal speaker was
null. Secretary of State
and Minister of Mines, who stated that it
not the intention of the government
to introduce any new mining act during
He present session. He believed the Hud-

0 ild i" of great value from
a mineralogical point of vX « rendering a
east hii ■ for exploration,

'. ■ II a • firmly convinced

ding should In- done to put the

onomic basis and

I ! 0, ions of ma-

lUbsidlary fuel.
y StOUghton, secretary of the Amer-

01 Mining Engineers, spoke
ii i. thi eng in- ei's of the
in war work. W. W.

Vaughan i" ni'" he Canadian So-
ciety of Civil Engineei gratulated the
■1 the formal ion of an iron and
I ' A Macdougall, president
Mining Society of Nova Scotia, spoke
. ion of that body with
the Institute.

American Association of Petroleum Geol-
ogists I in.; of petro-

li. Id in Oklahoma, Okla.,
en Feb. 15-16. The new society is an out-
growth of the Southwestern Association of
which has been in

il':- I Iver

Tlle follOW-

Ident, Alex-
andei ton, Tex. ; vice presi-

'i' I C. W n. w. Va, ;

iry-treasurer, W. E Wrather, Wich-
iliinr. Charles II Tay-
lor, Oklahoti : " es were made
i ' ii II, representing the
0 S. Fu.-i Adm Prof. James F.
and In-. I, C White. The papers

ssions

iriclud.-d tl The Dl iribution

■ r and Its Rela-

imulation of Oil and Gas,"

" I mi. "burgh, Penn. ;

"The Oil Fli i : L. De Gol-

yer. New York; , ,i Former

Shore 1. 1... inulation." by A.

W. McCoy, Haiti. Okla : "The Bend

Formation as a Oil in North-

W E. Wrather, Wichita

Falls, Te.(. ; "Contributions to the Stn
tigraphy of the Red Reds," by IV V
ii'llerii. Oklahoma, Okla Papers wei

read covering point-; of geologic inter.:

brought out by development in the vaiiot
fields in CUT as follows: The Cult Coas
bj Alexander Deussen, Houston, Tex
Kansas, by R L Moure, Lawrence, Kan
Kentucky, bj .1 w I'emberton, Tuls;
Okla.; Northwest Louisiana, by Mow]
Rates, Tulsa, Okla. The next meeting v\
be held in Houston. Texas.

Industrial News

American Zinc Products Co. has ai
nounced the removal of its general ai
sales offices from Warren, Ohio, to Greeif
castle, Indiana.

Easton Cur unci Construction Co., Fast.,
Penn., announces the opening of a hrani
office in Washington, I>. C, at 225 Kelloji
Bldg., 1-122 F Street, N. W

Walter A. Zelnleker Supply Co. has rj
cently secured the services of G. W. Bid-'
meir. previously with the supply depar
ments of the Missouri Pacific and Kansij
City Southern railway companies. M
Bichlmeir is in the Zelnicker machinery dj
partinent.

Ilufr Electrostatic Separator Co., owi
and manufacturer of the electrostati
process of ore concentration, has open.]
an office at 120 Broadway, New York, f(
consultation regarding ore-dressing pro
bins, especially the dry concentration
ores and the separation of valuable mi
erals from others which are commercial
detrimental.

Dingle-Clark Co. has been organize]
with offices in Engineers Bldg., Clevelai
Ohio. It will handle motors, transforme
controllers and turbo gears and will insta
electrical equipment for any size plaij
Howard Dingle and W. W. Clark were.
to Feb. 1, district manager and assists
manager, respectively, of the Crock!
Wheeler Co. in Cleveland.

William T. Price has resigned as man]
ger and chief engineer of the oil engi
department of the De L*a Vergne Machi
Co.. to become president of the P-R E
gine Co., of New York, and second v
president of the Rathbun-Jones Engine!
ing Co., of Toledo, Ohio, which will und.
take the sale and iiiaiiu acture respecttvi
of Price-Rathbun stationary and mari'
oil engines.

Kidgwaj laminc and Dynamo Co., Ri(
way, Penn., is building what is claimed
be the largest turboblower of its type
the world for the Canadian i 'upper Co.
is to supply air to six large Peirce-Smj
converters at the company's Copper C
works in Ontario. The eight-stage blow)
will be completed in about six weeks a]
is designed to deliver 52.000 cu.ft. of air
13-lb. pressure. It will be direct conned!
to a 2650-hp. synchronous motor runnij
at 1500 r.p.m.

New Patents

United States patent specifications listl
below may be obtained from "The En
neering and Mining Journal" at 25c. efl
British patents are supplied at 40c. i a

Aluminum, Process of Metal-Platl
William Joseph Travels, Buffalo, N.
(U. S. No. 1, 250, 1)54 ; Feb. 19, 1918.)

Concentration — Apparatus for Sav;
Gold and Other Precious Metals. Willi.
I) M. Howard. San Francisco. Cal
assignor to Harry De Courcy Richar
San Francisco. Calif. (U. S. No. 1,257,4!
Feb. 26. 1918.)

Copper — Treatment for Various P
poses. William Thompson Howard. Ba
more, Md.. assignor to Lucy Virginia He
ard, Baltimore Md. (U. S. No. 1,257,9
Feb. 26, 1918.)

Flotation — Ore Concentration Proct
Benjamin II Dosenbach, Butte. Mont.
S. No. 1,257,329; Feb. 20, 1918.)

Metallurgy — Process of Extract
Precious Metals from Ores Contain
Alkaline Earth Carbonates, etc. John
Km. hen and Donald B. Bradner, Tonop
New (U. S. No. 1,257,612; Feb. 26, 191

Sulphuric Acid. Concentrating. J<
W. Leitch. Huddersfieid, England. (U. •
No. 1,257,894; Feb. 26, 1918.)

Sulphuric Arid — Method of Cone
trating. John Walker Leitch. Huddersfi.
England. (U. S. No. 1,257,895; Feb. ■
1918.)

March 23, 1918 ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL 578

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Editorial Correspondence

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s\\ FRANCISCO— Mar. 16

;rvlM>il Oil Field Mapn are being pr« -

ad 1>\ tti' oil .iii.l ga.s department of the
i. Mining Bureau, under tin- direction
R I' McLaughlin, nil and gas super-
■ i in the last two years many import-
additions have been mad.' to various
,)S .ii' proved oil land, and the new m i [)
i prove useful. The maps will be iti the
•n of blue-line prints, and a remarkably
selling price will merely cover the cost
blueprinting. Maps of the Santa Maria
i have already been completed, and
\f be obtained at the San Francisco, Los
jeles and Santa Maria offices of the
te Mining Bureau. The map is on a
i. mi L'oon ft. to one inch and is made
wo sheets each 34 x 37 In. The price
i ach sheet is 50c. Tin* eastern sheet
i tides Cat Canyon and Los Alamos, while
western sheet includes the old Santa
ria field, Casmalia and L.ompoe. A map
:he Sargent field, in Santa Clara County,
a seaie of 2000 ft. to one inch, has been
ipleted and is on sale for 25c. The map
15 x 15 inches.

irftss Valley Mining District is at pres-

: reported prosperous despite the high
it of materials and labor. About L000
i are employed by the several mining
ipanies. The North Star and Empire
ipanies are the leading producers, dis-
lUting substantial dividends and employ-
approximately 100 men each. While
i?es are high, there is no lack of skilled
I3r. and transportation facilities are
d, there being direct railroad connec-
i with the main line of the Southern
iffic Railroad at Colfax. In addition to
;i. indications point to large production
i chrome from points tributary to Grass
ley and Nevada City during the com-
i summer. Most of the chrome deposits
i ii the higher elevations not easily ac-
isible on account of snow in the midwin-
Grass Valley district also produces
gsten, in the Union Hill mine. Recently
lave been a number of old proper-
optioned and reopened, with prospects
i being again placed in the producing

'he Trice of Crude Oil at the wells in
ifornia fields increased during the first
f of 1917 from 73c. to 98c. per bbl. The
t of production both for labor and ma-
al also increased during the year. The
te Mining Bureau holds that, contrary
common opinion, the business of produc-

oil has not in past years returned aver-

profits commensurate with the risk in-
ved. In view of unusual war condi-
is, the bureau states that a prophecy
to future prices would be hazardous
(raver, it claims it would be difficult to
■ance reasons why the prices should be
ected to fall. Reviewing the operations
the year, the outstanding features are
ive field development counted with an
rming decline in storage. The daily pro-
tion amounted to only 90% of the con-
rvption. The consumption during the
: year was the greatest on record, being
■ut 12,000 bbl per day greater than 1916.

that year the current production sup-
id less than 90% of consumption. Th^
reased consumption reflects the general
ivity of the Pacific Coast region. Un-

normal conditions, such increased eon-
iption would be welcome, but the prob-
i now confronting the oil industry is to
•ply the other dependent industries with
ver. There was a large addition to the
ved acreage of oil-producing land in
7 by the development of the Montebello
d, near Los Angeles, which now amount*
800 to 1000 acres. The original discov-

was made by the Spaniards, and since

n a number of companies large and

ill have entered the field. Several of the

Is are flowing at the rate of 1000 bbl.

day.

standard Oil Co. of California has issued
stement of operations and results in 1917
^wing net profits for the year, after de-
lations for depreciation, depletion and
Meral taxes, of $18,649,630. This is equiv-
1 nt to about $18.75 per share on out-
jnding capital stock at par. Net profits
I the year amount to about 16}% of
>>ital and surplus as of Dec. 31. 1917.
• rnings for the year, after deduction of

all operating and minor I Xpeni ■<■■ tv tt< •'
$30,377,078. From this there was rede
ovt r $3 620, 19 I foi d< preciat Ion and $2,-
276,883 for depletion and deducted Cor
extended Government Income and exess-
proflt taxes. During the year cai h dli I
dends were distributed at the rate of LO 91
per annum on the issued capital StOCl i!
thi company, amounting to (9,816.248. In
add 11 Ion a stock dividend of 88$' ! was
paid in April. 1917, amounting to $24,-
843,328. The inventories, reporting prin-
cipally oils in StOCk secured in aelual COSt,

amounted to $26,799,564. The company

drilled and completed 120 wells in the year
and added to its holdings by purchase and
lease 1 396 acres of developi d property,
which at time of purchase were producing

about 2000 bbl. per day and since Increased
to 3000 bbl. per day "Wildcatting" has re-
sulted in some failures and some successes.
A most notable and successful "wildcat-
ting" venture was in the Merced Hills
seven miles east of Los Angeles, now pro-
ducing 10,700 bbl. per day from seven fin-
ished wells. The increased plants at Rich-
mond, El Segundo and Bakersfield during
the year cost $3,276,221. The company
added to its sailing fleet the "John Ena,"
having carrying capacity of 105,000 cases;
the "La Merced," 38,000 cases, and several
smaller boats for towing and barging. The
steamship "Col. E. Drake" was tendered to
the Federal Government in May, 1917, and
is now in Government service. Regarding
production and salee, the report states that
the gross production from the company's'
wells in 1917 was 18,286,588 bbl. of crude
oil. as against 14,777.124 bbl. in 1916, a
gain of 3.509.464 bbl., or a daily average
gain of 9720 bbl.. equivalent to an increase
of 23.74%. Standard Oil Co. crude oil
stocks and equivalent as of Dec. 31, 1917,
were 15.101.696 bbl.; on Dec. 31, 1916. 22.-
753.178 bbl., or a total decrease in the
company's stocks of 7,651.4 82 bbl. The
total value of all sales of all products, both
foreign and domestic, for the year 1917
shows an increase of 42 45% over 1916.
The export business of the company for
1917 showed little change from that of
1916.

DENVER — Mar. 14

War Excess-Profits Tax is receiving seri-
ous attention by a committee appointed at

the conference meeting of Western mining
states to confer with the Treasury Depart-
ment at Washington. This committee,
which has been in Washington during the
last month, has prepared an amendment to
the present law. to take effect next year.
which will remedy some of its defects as
applied to the mining industry. Regula-
tions for the administration of the law this
year have been issued by the Department.

A Decision of Interest to Mining Men of

Colorado was made early this month by
Judge Perry, of the district court of Den-
ver, in which he held that an insurance
claim sustained by the State Industrial
Commision must be paid immediately and
cannot be stayed by the beginning of liti-
gation. The 5 per cent advance in the
rates for compensation insurance an-
nounced by old-line companies the first of
the year makes a difference of between 25
and 40 per cent in the rates demanded by
these carriers and the state fund.

Silver Producers of Colorado are inter-
ested in any movement toward fixing the
price of silver at a figure that will encour
age production and safeguard their inter-
ests. A committee representing Colorado
and other western interests has held sev-
eral conferences recently in Washington,
and has been joined by a representative
from Great Britain, who was sent to this
country to confer with proper Government
authorities regarding an international
agreement whereby the price of silver will
be fixed at a fieure which will encourage
production without disturbing the complex
financial relations existing between the
Allied countries.

The Mineral Land Leasing Kill, which
is of special interest to mining men of
Colorado and Wyoming, has received con-
siderable attention during the last month
by the House Public Lands Committee at
Washington. Members of the oil section
of the Colorado chapter of the American

h en Ii d '■-■• ai

irg Ins uch amem
t h. \\ q || h i -iMi, 1. 1 n bill a would i aft guard
i in Inter I oi western oil men Com

advised th< orgs niza tion thai

the i " pai tin. m of ' he [ntei nol dii

posed to permll the exemption of oil-shale
lands from the general piv ol tin

mineral lands leasing bill and that th<
partmenl n ill hold i hat t Itle to the* nd
cannot pass under pre: enl placer la ■■■■■
meet Ins oi r< prei ental Ives ol tfau oil ha

men oi Denv. i and the western slope has

been held In l >em er to com Ider I he i Itua ■
tion. and a represent!
to Washington i<> confer with the depa 1 1
menl and Bureau ol \i Inei , tor I he pui po ■■
of reaching;, if possible, an agreement
whereby the embargo on the development
of oil-shale lands could be raised. it Is
probable that oil and shale Interests will
com< to an agreement with the Department
of the interior, whereby no restrictive leg-
islation affecting legitimate operation will
be enacted, and. on the other band, every
encouragement will be extended by the Gov-
ernment to increase production or haste i
the development of the oil resources of the
country.

SALT LAKE CITY — Mar. 13
The Salt Lake, Filmore & Kenosh K.K.,

proposed, promises more rapid develop-
ment for the western end of the Tin tic
mining section, which at present is with. nit
outlet by rail. Four or live properties are
being worked in this section, and some d<
velopment has been done, although no dejsp
work has been attempted. The Deserel
Mountain is developing copper ore. Othei
properties are the Scotia, Eighty-eight
Lucky Shepherd, Tlntic Delaware, Utah
Zinc, etc., and ore is sent out from the
district from time to time. The railroad,
which has good backing, will start from
the Salt I,ake rout.' at Lynndyl, in the
central part of the state, going south for 50
in iles by way of 1 1 olden. Filmore and
Meadow. A 25-mile branch fpom Lynndyl.
also going northwest, will include the west
Tintic mining section. Articles of incorpo-
ration have been filed, with the capitaliza-
tion placed at $500,000, with shares of a
par value of $100, all of which have been
subscribed. G. \v i Iraig, connected with
the Salt Lake route at Provo, will he presi-
dent, F. D. Kimbal vice president, and Alva
Nelson treasurer, the two latter also of
Provo. W. S. McCormick. of this city, is
among the directors Work on the new
railroad is expected to start in May.

BUTTE, MONT. — Mar. 13

The Butte Metal Trades Council has re-
ported through the grievance committee a
satisfactory settlement of the controv*
over certain men employed by the Anaconda
and Butte and Superior companies, and the
report has been accepted. While this de-
cision has cleared the atmosphere from a
threatened strike for the time being, the
walk-out of the electricians at Great Falls,
which largely affects the Montana Power
Co., causes some anxiety in the Butte camp,
in view of the possibility of cutting off
power at the mines. It has also been
rumored that an effort will be made by the
Great Falls council to enlist the help of the
Butte metal trades in the demands of the
Great Falls men. The electricians' walk-
out occurred in sympathy with the striking
machinists, who demand an increase of
$2 25 a day, which has so far been denied
by the Great Falls Employers' Association.

Anaconda Company Experiments are being

conducted on a large scale at the Ophir
mill of the Butte-Detroit company, in
Butte, with a view to develop a satisfactory
method for concentrating the large masses
of pink manganese ore or rhodocrosite that
occur in the company's Ophir mine and in
many other mines of the Butte district.
Rhodocrosite contains from 20 to 30%
manganese. Under the direction of Carl
Trauerman, the company's metallurgist,
from 75 to 100 tons of pink manganese ore
are now being treated per day at the Ophir
mill, and a concentrate containing 36 <#
manganese and 10% silica has been ob-
tained from an ore asaying 23% manganese
and 4Q% silica, the ratio of concentration

[NEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 12

• of mll-
ii M»r II

I

I at Un-
to the

"111 IV-

the pro-

II Mi. » 1 > — M«r II

\nnual Kr|,..rt >.f 111.- Ilomr-titkr

unount-

.

was treated
.in average

Spearfish

6 i ; prop-

$7166 :
- }303.595. and
The mil •

reins Mine

1 'urine
.ent drifts
driven In ad-

l :

i ,.f prospecting drifts were

total broken ore m the

ir was 1,919,171

i ted "ut and

i ible ore sufficient

llol OH K'V. MICH.— Mar. 14

The Seneca Copper Corporation's shaft

. expectation of striking the Kear-

e attaining a depth oi

ould be it the rate <>f

month, so that the shaft Bhould

■ matlon by .Inly. 1919 In addi-

. striking 11 amygdaloid and

. omerate, the Seneca will

the Calumel conglomerate. But

would have i" be richer on

than it is on the Ahmeek to be

ill.- Kearsarge lode is ex-

. mi. on a good grade of eopper.

ik through barren ground In the

has many difficulties,

been a li I a j ear In

nd in sinking loo ft When

i , ached there w ill be no

i- a stamp mill, as the lode

will have t" i"' opened This can be accom-

i at first in the short laterals, as the

shaft strikes the corner of the 10 line. The

- will appear as sinking progresses

eral from North Ahmeek is

.o,r i fl Horn the Seneca line, but has

., grade of 19 lb eopper per ton W. J.

I'ren. superintendent, has a shaft-sinking

and skip-handling plan that promises to be

atlon when put into operation.

TORONTO — MAR. 11

i astern iirici-ii Colombia mining com-
panies are not experiencing any water
Shortage this year, an unusual condition,
and as a result preparations have been
made to resume milling at a number of
By the close of this month
virtually every plant near Slocan Lake will
be in operation.

Electrical Smelting of Srrap Steel to

make billets for shells is to be accomplished
by the power plant at the Cordova gold
mines, near I leloro. P. Kirkgaard, man-
has been In Washington arranging

for the project with the War Hoard, as tl
product Will be utilized for an Amerlci
Contract, now under way in Canada. Tl
electrical equipment will be made and d
signed by Frederick N Snyder, of Chicag
The Cordova deposit is low-grade gold, ai
production will not be resumed until aft
the war The electrical installation mi
also be used for making ferroalloys.

Water Discovery In Southern Alberta
credited to the Geological Survey of Cai
ada A large area of Southern Albert
lying between the South Saskatchewi
River and the International boundary, hi
b.en known as the "dry belt," as agrlcu
tural development has been handicappi
by lack of water A II er an inspection i
the area the Geological Survey officials d
elded that flowing water should tie aval
able in at least one million acres of th
district. Three test wells were sunk, f
two of which water was secured. Qt
well sunk to a depth of 500 ft. struck
(low of 40011 gallons per day, and in anotho
at a depth of 602 ft a tlow of HOoo galloi.
per day was obtained.

The Ontario Government recently
celved a delegation of operators from tl
Gowganda district in the matter of the ir
provement of the road from 101k Lake
Gowganda. a distance of 27 miles, a
gave assurance of government assistant
for the project. The work will be dot
this season, and a road suitable for aut
mobiles and motor trucks will be provldi
to take care of the increasing tratlle wea
ward from the terminus of the Eik Lai
branch of the Temiskaming & Xorthei
Ontario R.R. Plans for the extension
the railroad will be held in abeyance
least until after the war. The prospect
considerable activity in the district is tl|
occasion for the government's interest
the matter at this time. The only pr
ducing mine in the district is the 1 1'Brie
Miller Lake. The discovery of this pro
erty last fall promises to be most not
worthy. Ore was discovered at a depth
350 ft. The mine is owned by M.
O'Brien, of Renfrew. Ontario, is equipp<
with a mill, and uses water power fro
Gowganda Lake.

iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiii iiiiiiiiiiuiiiiiiiii inn urn i iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiilllllllllliiiuiiilMllliliiliiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiillllllllllliilliillllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllilliiliiiiiiiiiiliiin

The Mining News

i^ : ; 1 1 [ 1 1 : 1 1 n ] t i r i < 1 1 1 1 1 r : i i 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 : 1 1 1 1 1 j i r 1 1 1 1 1 1 ii 1 1 1 1 1 : 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 r i 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 : 1 1 r 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 r r 1 1 1 1 1 1 r 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 r 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 j m j 1 1 j r jj j 1 1 1 j f 1 1 1 1 1 j 1 1 1 1 ! 1 1 1 1 u r 1 1 i 1 1 1 1 F 1 1 r I n r 1 1 1 1 1 1 ; r ; rj r • I r f i j i m i [ 1 1 1 1 r 1 1 j 1 1 : : 1 1 ■ ;

\ I \ - K \

\l»*k* BaJpaaenta el « ,>iu..-r ore matte,

were
>pper content of

I J06.

VKI/HN X
( orhl.^ fount)
tvTTUCK AIUZ' bee)— Pro-

duction in I Copper,

gold,
ox

fl ■■■■■! < uunti

JPIRATION ipper pro-

i lb

\ avapal < enntj

-tki: (Jerome)— Struck a

■

PITTSBURO-JERi »ME (Jeroi

\ KK i\-\-

• adencc * uunii

pherd,
■

.) — In-
stalled wa

Marion fount)

— Lately taken
"arn-

( A M KO KM A
Alameda Count)
STANDARD MAGNESITE CO. (Liver-
more) — Operations resumed after tempo-
rary shutdown on account storms. Large
force workmen employed rebuilding roads
and several motor trucks hauling product
to railroad.

Amador County

CENTRAL EUREKA (Jackson)— Deep-
ening shaft 500 ft. from the 3450-ft. point.
New on shoots disclosed on 3400 level. Plan
to ke,-p 30 stamps dropping during deepen-
ing of shaft, drawing ore from 2500 and

"I ' • HTJREKA (Sutter Creek) — Shaft

down 2200 ft. and being deepened at rate

of 17 tn 20 ft. per week. Sinking to 3000-

ft point, when drifts and crosscuts are to

i ir under way, mostly

'"I and 2100 levels.

KEYSTONE (Sutter Creek)— East and

ed on 2100 level. East drift

'" develop i of important orebody

on upper levels ; west drift will

ting of slate formation,

which has yielded large amounts of good

or.- in neighboring mines.

Glenn County

ROUE DEPOSIT to be developed

ni Newville on north side

Heifer ''amp Creek. Owned by Oscar Mill-
sap and Vester Keller About 100 tons ore
ted in development. Property op-
\ Cldull. who will operate for
i on struct two miles
•I from in, and County road;

hipped by rail from Orland.

Inyo County

VALLEY TUNGSTEN CO.

) — Mill ( iic uon to start as

low melts. Plant to have two

Marry mills: combinei icity, 150 tons.

b- furnished bv Southern

Kern County

MARICOPA -STR AWN (Maricopa)— P.
mit for stock issue revoked by Commi
sioner of Corporations because oil comrar
failed to pay state taxes.

Los Angeles County

TUNNEL PETROLEUM CO. (Los A I
geles) — Permit to sell capita] stock at 5''
for cash ; 4 00,000 shares to be used in dri
ing for oil. One well started.

RED STAR PETROLEUM CO. (L
Angeles) — Permit to sell 4000 shares j
$100 per share for cash, to be used ti
drilling and equipment of wells and i I
stallation of pipe lines and tanks.

Placer County

CHROME DEPOSIT reported from A I
burn located on Christiansen place, in Lo
Star district. Ranch is owned by Ivan
Parker, who has made arrangements wi I
P. \X. McNear. of San Francisco, for d
velopment. Reported mill to be install*
Outcrop said to be 300 ft. wide; some hig
grade ore can be sorted and shipped.

San Bernardino County
TROXA CO. (Trona) — Now product!
2000 tons per month that assays 64
chloride of potassium and 15 '', anhydro
borax. The Solvay Co. is said to ha
spent laree sums on plant and now pr
ducing on basis of 86 to 88',; chloride
potassium. It is stated that the .Neva'
Chemical Co. expects to option 2500 acrt
which will warrant installation of plant.

Shasta Count)

FIRST XATIOXAL COPPER C
(Coram) — Reported that, resulting fro
operation of Balaklala mine, a dividend
$90,000 was paid Feb. 25. Mine ships »
tons of selected ore per day to the Mar
moth smeltery,

V. S. SMELTING, R & M. CO. (Mai
moth) — Smeltery copper production in Fe
ruarv. 1.370.000 lb.

March 23, 1918

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

575

BULLY HILL (Winthrop) — Shipping 100
ns good-grade copper ore to Mammoth

Installation ol notation plan
ntemplnted ('articular attention •■
the Anchor mine development through

slntf St;ir shaft

AFTERTHOUGHT (Ingot) — Prepara
,ns made to start mine; old crew b<
■ambled; the flotation plant will prob
iv be in operation nfrnln by time 01
Bed Roads still In poor condition, but
II improve with the drj weather
SHASTA kim; (Coram) — Copper mine
, tied by Thomas \V. Lawson Interests and
i by V S Smelting Co being de
loped on large scale In new lorrlton
th satisfactory results. In consequence,
irk temporarily discontinued on Sutro
oup near Kennett.

ARPS (Copper City) — After several
•eks Idleness operation resumed and Rood
ade ore hiin^r extracted from several
ints Shasta Belmont, adjoining, being
epared for more comprehensive di
■nt of ore said to run 791 copper Plans
6 under way for repairing railroad to
•roult.

Siskiyou County
HYDRAULIC MINING In Siskiyou and
inity counties is active, and recovery of
itinuni adding materially to profits at-
lding extraction of gold.
KLAMATH RIVER DREDGING CO
reka) — Operating near Walker; has pur-
lased additional territory and lengthened
rlod of activity. Dredge in operation
veral years and said to be earning good
ofits.

Tuolumne County
FIFTH WARD (Cherokee) — This and
lOle Sam properties, owned by Robert
irshall and optioned by J. W. Bates, be-
5 put in order for resumption of mining
operty developed by 200-ft. shaft on vein
d winze 40 ft. from the face. Vein
avily mineralized and said to carry tel-
rium and free gold ; assays show high
ade. Mine easily accessible and ore to
shipped by teams and motor trucks.

Yuba County

MAGONIGAL (Smartsville) — Work on
is copper property progressing rapidly.
0 tons ore extracted to be shipped to
ah smelteries. Marysvllle Transporta-
m Co. has contract for hauling ore in
>tor trucks to railroad at Marysville.
stance 30 miles and during the dry sea-
n roads fairly good.

COLORADO

Boulder County

BLACK PRINCE (Caribou) — Financed
-gely by small stockholders. Rich strike
oorted recently.

Lake County
FANNY RAWLINGS (Leadville)— Two
fh-grade shoots silver ore opened re-
ally. Low-grade ore also being de-
loped. Heavy snows have curtailed ship-
?nts.

P. O. S. (Leadville) — Shaft reopened and
uipped with steam hoisting plant. Work

reopening old workings under way. Ex-
ct to mine manganese and iron-silver
es from old workings.

CLIMAX MOLYBDENUM CO. (Climax)
Completed and put in operation first 250-
a unit of three planned. Crude ore

eraging 19!- MoS2 and concentrates. 85%
oSj. Controlled by American Metal Co.,
;d. J. H. White is manager.

San Miguel County
TELLURIDE CONCENTRATE SHIP-
ENTS in January were: Black Bear. 22
rs ; Smuggler-Union, 49 cars : Liberty
11. 17 cars; Tomboy, 52 cars; Carruthers
lase, 1 car; total, 141 cars.

Summit County

JUNE BUG (Breckenridge) —High -
ade silver ore being mined.
ROBINSON MINE (Frawley) — Lease
ken and work of reopening under way
tipments to begin soon.
WELLINGTON (Breckenridge) — Mine
d mill operating steadily. Shipments
layed by snow blockade.
WILSON MILL (Frawley) — Now oper-
ed as custom mill. Ores from this dis-
ct and Leadville treated.
PINGREY MINES CO. (Buffehr) — De-
lopment of ore said to average 1% M0O3
d mill site to be selected in spring. O.
King is manager.

MOLYBDENUM PRODUCTS CO. (Buf-
ir) — Completing 250-ton mill and aerial
wn. and expects to start production early
April. Ore blocked out said to average
i MoS-. W. J. McCarthy is manager.

MOLLY n (Breckenridge)— Taken ..\.i
by Denver companj Mew boardlni
bunk houses being, built) and ail drill ■
m. nt to be Ini tailed Ore li coppi 1 con
Mining Borne gold and Bilver, and lit
blanket Formation Borne bismuth
been shipped from this propertj

Teller (' t>

-si in i' 'ripple Creek) — Impoi tanl
strike good-grade ore recentlj on loth level

WILD HORSH (('ripple Creek)
. rated i>> United 1 told .Mines Co Ship-
ments begun.

ISA BELLA (Cripple Creek)- i"
.lump: of I... ami Empire shafts making
steady production.

GRANITE (Cripple Creek) — Bobtail vein
opened recently on 17r.11 level ; show

grade This vein is one of best III UPPl 1
levels of Portland workings.

AMERICAN EAGLE (Cripple Creek)—
Worked entirely on Bpl It-check system by
lesse.-s. Good ground yet available for
leas. owned by Stratton estate,

ROOSEVELT DRAINAGE TUNNEL
(Cripple Creek)— Two shifts at work Mam
heading toward Golden Cycle shaft and
drifting to Portland No. 2 and Cresson
shafts

IDAHO

Shoshone County

HECLA (Wallace)-T-Shaft down 2000 ft..
being 100 ft below the lowest level. Sta-
tion is about completed and shaft to be
sunk 200 ft. further at once.

REX CONSOLIDATED (Wallace) — Old
Rex absorbed bv Rex Consolidated MininE
Co. Under agreement to sink 700-ft. shaft
300 ft. and explore. Company has 300-ton
mill. Raymond Guyer is manager.

YUKON GOLD (Murray) — Installation
of second dredge to work the Prichard
Creek ground this season out of the ques-
tion, since no move has been made to re-
store the railroad washed out two months
ago for miles along Prichard Creek and
North Fork. A. D. Hughes is manager.

HYPOTHEEK (Kingston) — Mine opera
tions completely suspended account of de-
fective hoisting cable. New cable put on
last January. Strands began to break
almost immediately, and damage has now
reached a point to render operation unsafe.
New cable can be secured only after ap-
proval of war board. Red tape may delay-
arrival. New discovery on 1100 level.

SUNSET (WALLACE) —Owned by-
Senator W. A. Clark. Shaft sunk 1000 ft.
and levels at 200-ft. intervals have ex-
posed large bodies of low-grade zinc-lead
ore. On the 1000 level drift east opened
up best ore found, mostly lead. Now plan-
ning to start tunnel from Beaver Creek to
reach orebody 1000 ft. below bottom of
shaft. Portal to be within a mile of rail-
road.

MICHIGAN

Copper

OSCEOLA (Houghton) — Man shortage
alone interferes with product of Kearsarge
Old Osceola maintaining output.

LAKE SUPERIOR— Copper stocks ac-
cumulation of better than 12.000.000 lb. re-
fined copper on the docks waiting for open-
ing of navigation.

INDIANA (Houghton) — Suspension of
operations due to lack of funds. Present
plans do not contemplate reopening Indiana
until the end of the war.

FRANKLIN (Houghton) — Shaft No. 2
at the 18th level has opened shoot of cop-
per better than the average. No. 1 shaft
furnishes 1000 tons ore daily.

COPPER RANGE (Houghton) — Increased
capacity now available at Baltic stamp
mill. Steel balls replaced pebbles in re-
grinding mills, working satisfactorily on
amygdaloid rock.

CALUMET AND HECLA (Calumet) —
Pounds copper production in February :
Ahmeek. 2.029,893; Allouez. 643.426; C. &
H.. 6,137,485 ; Centennial. 204.568 ; Isle
Rovale. 1.148.129; La Salle. 136.877: Os-
ceola. 1.408.457: Superior. 146.070: White
Pine. 222.418. Total. 12.077.320. Com-
pletion of 10.000-kw. power house at Lake
Linden and completion of new office build-
ing is only construction contemplated this
year.

MINNESOTA

Mesabi Range

M A HANNA CO. (Mountain Iron) —
Exploration Work at the Hanna pit sus-
pended, and instead work to start imme-
diately on shaft of new Pilot mine, a Great
Northern Iron Ore property, east of Hanna.

SECTION THIRTY MININC- CO (Ely)
s. \ . ral buildlni From Swal-

low 1 1.. pi. in 1 .11 11 . 1 .. 1 Co sift at .vii.ioii
.1 mi ii.. \ . been movt d aero lot to no

■ .11

HELMER MINE (Buhl) Taken ovi

1 ii 1 • ... ad 1 lllffa Iron ' '0 n 1th

... propertlei th( (Ii
at To ho on the

een 1 1. aeon ami Helmet

■ a 1 .ii. .11 . and offlci
to be built Work <"> ha it (•> b<
diai.iv Duluth Diamond Drill Co ha
two drl ork on thi Oreal N01 ' hern

Frank Qli upi rlnti ndi

1, A RUE MINE (Tower) Taken over
bs Coats and Tweed Property on Arm-

' ■ Hay win cont Inui Ini Ina

Now at 196 K Two diamond drllli op
bj Cob ^- Mel ion:. 1.1 E ploratlon
li.i Iv The

1 lulul h ^- iron Range 1; 1: irvey-

ink line In From Hurras and

onstructlo i 1 1 !•; Wall-

bank is superintendent, and Is expected to
In 1918.
Kingston- MINING CO (Bveleth)—
Estimated thai 170.000 ions of ore will be
d from the Fault No. 2. the Jean, ami
the Rutland mines during coming

'I'll" e bodli ..1 n 1 he Fault pi

two being mined underground and the
third stripped; mine and pll east ol Adam:
openplt ; the Jean is back of electric light
plant and Rutland is west of Adams Ave
on North Hays St. The Pickands-Mathet
Co. is sales agent for this ore.

MONTANA

Deer I ...I-.- County

BLUE EYED NELLIE (Anaconda)—
Tunneling under supervision of A. W. Pat-
terson. of Spokane, to tap vein at depth
71111 ft. which 30 years ago was one of
famous silver-lead producers in state. Tun-
nel to prospect hill for other veins and a
number of ore-bearing stringers have been
cut by tunnel, now 800 ft. long.

Fergus County
BARNES KINO DEVELOPMENT CO.
(Kendall) — Annual meeting held Mar 6
Old board was re-elected, headed by C. W.
Goodale. of Butte.

Jefferson County

WILLARD GROUP (Beaver Dam) — Four
ft. of ore in 100-ft. shaft. Silver, lead and
zinc.

MOUNTAIN STATES CO. (Warm
Springs) — The 250-ft. shaft repaired 50 ft.
deep. Machinery arriving from Denver.

AMALGAMATED SILVER MINES
(Lump Gulch) — Shaft 250 ft. deep will con-
tinue to 300-ft. station.

Lewis and Clark County

LEE MOUNTAIN MINE (Rimini) — De-
veloping lower level with crew of 30 men.

ST. LOUIS CO. (Marysville)— Develop-
ment in Drumlummon mine begun in lower
tunnel.

CRUSE CON. (Helena)— New 80-hp.
boiler in place. Shaft to be sunk below
present depth of 150 feet.

BYRNES-COFFEE MINE (Helena) —
Under option to purchase by Capt. A. B
Woolvin. of Duluth, Minn.

BARNES-KING CO. (Marysville) — Dis-
covered rich free-gold ore in winze of
Gloster mine. Ore uncovered in west drift
of 650 level Shannon mine.

PLACER MINING (Helena)— City coun-
cil issued permit to Gilman Bullard and
associates to engage in placer mining on
city property abutting on South Main St
on conditions that lessees furnish bond of
$10,000 and that work be finished by July
31. City to receive 10% of gross revenue
derived from operations.

- "<
Silverbow County

BUTTE & SUPERIOR (Butte) — Febru-
ary output was 12.500,000 lb. of zinc anc
250.000 oz. of silver.

ANACONDA (Butte) — February copper
production from company's mines was 24.-
100.000 lb., or 884,000 lb. short of January
output, owing chiefly to fewer working-
days. On Sunday. Mar. 3. all copper mines
were closed for two shifts to allow smelters
at Anaconda and Great Falls to decrease
accumulated surplus ore. Work resumed
at Alice mine with a crew of 150 men.
Production to be 250 tons of zinc ore per
day until lower levels are tmwatered. when
output will be increased. Lexington re-
sumed operations with 200 men. New cop-
per rod and wire mill at Great Falls ex-
pected to be ready May 1. Mill to have
capacity of 200.000 lb. of copper rods and
85,000 lb. of copper wire per shift of eig-ht
hours.

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 12

1

- ■•.,.-• . • -

»v hlch

"Morning

6 ft..

water

nig.
t ■ 1 1 >

■ •>■. Ui ri-
ff fl 19 a (on.
ID— Work con-
ni rc-
s other materials

l level
footwa

h high

- In Jacket

13 ft : l" cars

[rig and timber-

i three

-grade

-ir\ repairs

■ ated :

•Virginia) — Oa

■ aging
I

hir in-

fL. making total In good

■ I as main tram-

north-

winze

'Virginia >— Total

value
impling

■

with low-
wall and high-
level.

I ion Mil

tons of wedge rock
samp ton.

M H Ml \ If (I
Qrmnt Counts

r.ock)

ins) — Shipments

. nr) — To
' ion until ■ of ln-

I and mill

.

burgi

'raining

mine equip
ur 1

v I \\ VHKK

BalUvan Count)

unmlt-
on roy-

ts in
• has
I

hange

NORTH C Mini IV \

i i nii.iin Counts

ROCHESTER - CAROLINA M. CO.

\ V ) i>i gantsed for purpose

, ,ip, i .ii lug everal mica

Counts and In the

. - E Bon t( ele

i .mixing the company.

I Ineoln Counts

CHIEF CONSOLIDATED (Eureka!—

p unusually large ton-

I Feb. 22. Sum. beginning

'...mi l.. dally average of

CRANBERRY rROM CO. (Johnson City,
ntly taken an option on a

"' ni ' ' I mcoliiton. A
tht property lias been
it Ion: are planned.

-ill 1 II II MiOTA

Lawrence Counts
FREMONT (Lead) — Concentration to

ore contem-
plated

BOMESTAKE (Lead)— Changes from
powi r being made at dif-
High-pressure air compres-
sor electrified and similar change under
way at i hoist New modern

change house being constructed at B. and

.aft.

DEADWOOD LEAD AND ZINC (Dead-
ton Portland Kilter added to
mill equipment and used In preliminary
i -in of "blue sulphide ores" before
cyanldatlon. Cake from filter after wash-
ing Is mixed with oxidized ores and treated
by cyanide. Good results obtained.

I TAII
Juab County

MAMMOTH (Mammoth) — Enlarging
shaft. Shipments. 11 cars week ended
Feb 22

TINTIC STANDARD (Eureka) — Report
filed with state board of equalization shows
a valuation of {35,259 and net proceeds of
$11 4. jus during HUT.

XORTH BECK (Eureka) — Shaft down
7"" ft.; when 1000 It reached crosscutting
undertaken. E. .1 Raddatz, of Tin-
lard, Interested
CHIEF CONSOLIDATED (Eureka) —
10-CU.ft. compresser added,
doubling pre1 "icity. Company drove

20.000 ft. of development workings in 1917.
or. \XD CENTRAL (Mammoth)— New
ly being developed by raising from
2000 level. Appears to be entirely new ore
channel between east and west veins. Feb-
ruary shipments. 60 c *

GLE & BLUE P.ELL (Eureka)— Feb-
ruary- shipments. B0 ears. Considerable de-
work accomplished. February
good month Mine could produce more.
Prospecting on 2"n level to be started soon.
ft. from shaft
UTAH MINE (Fish Springs)— Founda-
tions for new mill under way. To treat large
tonnagi rrade ore on dump accumu-

lated from eari operation. Only

high-grade on previously shipped, on ac-
of 90-mile wagon haul to railroad at
id, and shipping grade
usual: d upward in sil-

Pumps recently installed in mine.
Situated between Deep Creek and Dug-
way districts.

Salt Lake County
BINGHAM ES ' I'.ingham)— Divi-

dend No. 4 of 50c. per share declared pay-
or. 1.

OTAH CONSOLIDATED (Bingham) —

rly dividend ol ■' per share de-

d payable Mar.
VLT LIDATED (Alta) — Work-

■i two points.
available; delayed on account
hauling conditions.

1US-REXALL (Alta)— Ore being
drift from the No. 4 raise.
coppi ' Shipments good ;
handicapped by bad roads.

Summit County
JUDGE M & S CO (Park City)— Xew
ted nol to be near Xew Quincy
'.'it well within center of Daly-Judge.
rOWA COPPER (Park City)— Develop-
oring ore awaiting letter ship-
ping ' Shaft sinking to be re-
sumed and crosscut to i" driven on 200
:ott, superintendent.
UtIO SII. VEIL (Park City) — Ore-
body of co i value indi-
cated on 1700 level in sufficient develop-
ment to determine extent or whether con-
tinuation Of Ole On 1600 leyej

SILVER KING CONSOLIDATED (Par
City) — Quarterly dividend of loe. per shar

declared, payable Apr 1 and aiuoutlttn
to $70,000 and bringing total of dividend
to $1,567,705 Tunneling toward recentl
acquired Oalifornia-Oomstock, in Thaynt
Canyon. Including 1>. & M. and other hole
Ings.

Tooele County
POLE STAR COPPER (Cold Mill)-
Shipping-grade copper ore opened in shal
at J"" ft

WOODMAN MINING (Cold Hill)— Bod
of shipping-grade copper ore being deve
oped 50 ft below main tunnel. Shipment
being made from other places.

CANADA
British Columbia

CONS' .1.1" 'TED \1 \ S CO (Trail)-
Has declared a dividend of $261,936, to b
disbursed Apr. 2.

LARSON CLAIMS (Kalso)— Seattl
capitalists purchased 2 00 acres of mar
ganese ore claims from Andrew G. Larson
of Spokane, and A. J. Curie, of Kalsi
Three valuable deposits uncovered. Largj
orders for equipment have been placed.
Ontario

HOHENHAUER (Kirkland Lake)-
Temiskaming option has been abandoned.

CANADIAN KIRKLAND (Kirklan
Lake)— Shaft on Xo. 2 vein down 40 ft]
where vein is 7 ft. wide, with ore stated tl
average $21 per ton.

WALSH (Gowganda) — Property bein
operated by Crown Reserve under optiot
Shaft reached 100 level, where station i1
being cut.

ELY-SCOTT SYNDICATE (Gowganda
— Vein of barite averaging 8 ft. in widt
uncovered and reported to be of excel,
tional purity.

(-HAMHERS-FERLiAND (Cobalt)— 1|
drifting on one of the veins in proximity t
Nipissing boundary a pocket of high-giro!
ore about 4 in. wide has been encounter©!

TRETHEWEY (Cobalt) — Three Groc
flotation machines ordered ; will handle 15
tons per day. Impounded tailings amout
to 66,000 tons, estimated to contain 313 <|
000 oz. silver.

CROESUS (Munro Township) — Equii
ment of small mill readjusted and now i
full operation, treating about 40 tons pq
day. Recovery stated to average over $5
per ton.

TOUGH OAKES (Kirkland Lake)— Vei'
found in crosscutting on 350 level is state
to be good grade across a width of 6 ft!
with a streak carrying high-grade gol
content.

O'DONALD CLAIMS (Boston Creek)-
Lies between Boston Creek mine and Pa
tricia Syndicate property. Has been put
chased by Detroit interests, and develop
ment to be begun immediately.

WALDMAN (Cobalt) — At shaft No.
crosscutting on 100 level to connect No. I
shaft. Progress made. Oil ft. per day.
crosscutting also near Eastern boundar J
to pick up veins found on the Silver BaiJ
adjoining.

LAKE SHORE (Kirkland Lake)— X'
mill completed and being tuned up f
steady operations 60 tons per day to b.
treated in the meantime, but provision mad^
for adding to equipment required. Largl
tonnage broken in stopes.

PETERSON LAKE (Cobalt)— Undei
ground work temporarily suspended owin
to labor shortage. Some men employed o
construction of new mill expected to be il
operation by middle of June for slime an
jig tailings in Cart I«ike section.

MEXICO

Chihuahua
A S. & R. Co. (Chihuahua) — This eorr
pany is preparing to reopen its plants II
this state.

Sonora
GREEX CANANEA (Cananea) — Pi
tion in February was: Copper. 3,960,00
lb. ; silver. 115,570 oz. ; gold. 1058 oz.

CHILE

Antofafcastu
CHILE EXPLORATIOX CO. (Chuquica
mata) — Copper production in Januar\

8,358,274 lb.

PERU "

CERRO DE PASCO (Cerro de Pasco)-
Blister copper production in Februan
5,332,000 lb.

CHOSEN

ORIENTAL CON. M. CO. (Unsankinko
— Mill gold clean-up in February value
at $124,255

March 23, 1918 ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL 077

I iiiiiimuiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimiillliiiiuiiiiiuiiuiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiu IlllllWIIUlimi iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiinii uiiiiiiiiiiiiiii miiiiiiii iiinmi inn iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimii:<ii ni.niiiiiiiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiii.iijiiiiiiiiiiiiiiim^

The Market Report

nmnn iiiiiiinii in Mini iiMiiiiiiiiiMiiMiiMiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiuilliliiliuuuuuiiiiiiiiMiuiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiuiiiiiiiiliiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiinii'miiiiiiiii rniiii'iMiMiiiiiiiiiiiiiuuiuilillllliiiiiiliMUiliiillllllliilUillilllliiiiiillillliiiiiirB

Mi \ i K \\n STERLING i \< n UJG1

tag
Kx-

rlmlige

Mlver

Sterl-
ing
Ex-
change

Silver

IT,

\i m
\ ork,
Cents

Lon-

dODi

PeaoQ

N.'-v
York,
Cents

Lon-
don,
Pence

4

s

6

4.7525

4 7525
4.7525

86)
16

8bf

4)
43
43

IB
19
20

4 7^5
4 75 .5
4 75-5

87

871

881

431
431
431

New York quotations are as reported by Handy
Li) and are in rents per troy ounce of b:ir

vrr. 999 fine London quotations are in pe ■ pei

ol Btorling silver, 925 tine.

IAILV PRICES OF METALS

IN NEW YORK

Cupper

Tin

Load

Zinc

ir

lytio

Spot.

N. Y.

St. L.

SI L

@7j

7 05

7.35

4

•23'.

t

(.. 7 HI

(a 7 4ii

@7j

7 in

7 15

5

♦23}

t

(5 7 2il

(.. 7 40

(«71

7 05

7 35

b

*23!

t

(.7 7 10

(<1 7 40

7(

b 95

7 30

8

«23!

t

("71

(n7 05

(3 7 35

?;

b 95

7 20

9

*23J

1

0.7}

@7 05

(8 7 25

(a 7}

7

7.00

0

*23J

t

©7i

®71

•Price fixed by agreement between American
pper producers anil the U. S. Government, accord-
^ to official statement for publication on Friday,
ptember 21, 1917.
i Ko market.

The above quotations (except as to copper, the
ice fur which has been fixed by agreement between
nerican copper producers and the U. S. C!o*-ern-
'ri t, wherein there is no free market) are our
praisal of the average of the major markets based
oerally on sales as made and reported by producers
d agencies, and represent to the best of our judg-
'Dt the prevailing values of the metals for the
liveries constituting the major markets, reduced to
sis of New York, cash, except where St. Louis is
if normal basing point.

The quotations for electrolytic copper are for cakes,
wts and wirebars.

We quote electrolytic cathodes at 0.05 to 0. 10c.
low the price of wirebars, cakes and ingots.
Quotations for spelter are for ordinary Prime
sstern brands. We quote Ww York price at 17.5c.
r 1001b. above St. Louis.

Some current freight rates on metals per 100 lb.
e: St. Louis-Xew York 17c.; St. Louis-Chicago,
la,; St. Louis-Pittsburgh, l?.l cents.

LONDON

Copper

Tin

Lead

Zinc

Standard

Elec-

tro-
lytic

tar.

Spot

3 Mob.

Spot

3 Mos.

Spot

Spot

14

110

110

125

322

320

294

54

1)

110

110

125

320

319

29<j

54

lb

18

110

no

125

320

319

29'.

54

19

no

no

125

320

319

29!

54

20

no

no

125

29S

54

The above table gives the closing quotations on
mdon Metal Exchange. All prices arc in pounds
arling per ton of 2.240 lb. For convenience in
mparison of London prices, in pounds sterling per
240 lb , with American prices in cents per pound
e following approximate ratios are given, reckoning
change at $4 7515. £291 = 6.2576c; £54 = 11 4545c.:
110 = 23 3333e .; £125 = 26 5l5le: £260 = 55. 1513c;
!80= 59.3937e ; £300= 6.3 6362c Variations. £ I
0.2121205c.

Metal Markets

NEW YORK — Mar. 20. 1918

The only interesting features of this week

ere the exhibition of distinct weakness

zinc and some weakness, but more con-

ision, in lead Both copper and tin were

statu quo.

Copper — Supplies of crude copper are ar-
ling more freely at the refineries, and
her difficulties are being ameliorated.

ii lemand u erj largi Other-

b'Isi then ' riothlni to report

in .mi report of Hi pper n

week we Inadvertent

ineiii. through a pure Blip of the pen, In

s;i\ Ing i li.it "the pn sen! monthlj nroduc

nol i" 'i ' i nan i wo-1 hlrds i hi avei -

;ie.e I ; 1 1 > in 1917." We Should bAVI Bid

toui fifth

Copper SiieetH are quoted at Stlgc pel

II, r,.r hot rolled, and le higher

I topper wire is quoted at
E.o.b mill, carload lots.

Tin -The situation remains unchanged
in naming an arbitrary price for Straits
tin, for statistical purposes, tor the month
of February, the problem is much more
difficult i han It was for January, tn
;ir\ data respecting the transactions ol i--1
tier- were available, but In Februarj theii
supplies were pretty much exhausted,
About the onlj guide to the wholesale
market In February is the transactions in
lower grades "f tin, most of which were
in tin of '•>'■", grade. Such transactions,

on the basis of 10, lb. lots, seem to have

been done at an average of about 80e. per
lb. More or less evidence, such us bids for
Straits tin, occasional transactions in
Banka, etc.. indicates that the premium for
Straits tin might reasonably be consid-
ered to be at least 12c. per lb. above the
price for 99*^ grade as an average for the
month. For statistical purposes we adopt
92c. as the average spot price for Strait1-
tin in New York in February, 1918.

Lead — There were moderate transactions
and much confusion in this market. One
or more small producers seem to have
pressed metal for sale in St. Louis, accept-
ing prices materially lower than previous
quotations. Lead for shipment was of-
fered in Eastern markets at correspond-
ing declines. Advantage seems to have
been taken of the situation to start some-
thing like a bear raid, which was fostered
by a rumor that the Government is con-
templating fixing the price for lead at 7c.
Such a project would naturally scare
holders of lead into selling In fact, then
were no intimations from Washington to
lend color to such a story. On the con-
trary, the latest advices were directly to
the contrary. And. moreover, it was
.scarcely common-sense to give credence to
any such report coincident with the news
of the creation of a new price-fixing board,
which had not yet had time to sit at all.
There were some good inquiries in the
market, both from home and from abroad,
with others foreshadowed in the near fu-
ture, and there were no indications of anv
real impairment of the fundamental
strength in lead. Advices late on Wednes-
day disclosed a stiffening tendency in St.
Louis, with a probability that small pro-
ducers had disposed of all they cared to
sell there, or all they had to- sell. A strike
at the smelting works of the St. Joseph
Lead Co., on Mar. 16. which closed it down,
passed almost without notice in the market

Zinc — The market is dull and weak, with
small sales from day to day. Some spelter
was sold at 7$c. on Mar. 19, after which
numerous sellers who tried to get that price
found that some one else was taking the
business at lower prices. On Mar. 20 the
market was distinctly weaker.

Zinr Sheets — $15 pc-r 100 lb., unchanged.
Other Metals

Aluminum — Xo price other than the Gov-
ernment price of 32c. per lb. for lots of 50
tons or more quoted. The ingot market
is very uncertain.

Antimony — This market is again weak-
er, being under the shadow of the large
stocks that still exist. We quote 13c. for
spot and 12c. for futures, c.i f . in bond.

Bismuth — Metal of the highest purity for
pharmaceutical use is quoted at $3.35 per
lb. for wholesale lots — 500 lb. and over
The market is quiet.

Cadmium — This metal is quoted at $1.40
'.; 1.75 per lb., depending on the quantity.

Mckel — Steady at 50c. per lb., premium
of 5c. per lb. for electrolytic.

QuIekHllvrr i nsettli d at l I6fi I

Mar. 19 there we

ntat Ives
of the ' iovernment, :>t which put

■ ha> e bi en ie-i_-.ii lated at • i i :. How-

telegra pn, at 1114,
Gold. Silver and Platinum

Sliver — Siiier closes firm at an ad1 ed

the demand for thi

rl he prli Inlna teady a few

days at 43d., ha. i ■ ■ ip to-day to

i: |d !■'• -i.i i. . i hlpment from San Fran-

ii

Although reports from Washington are
to the effect that an agreement has been
reached between the Treasury and C<
sional leaders on the legislation about to
be introduced In Congress covering Gov-
ernment dealings In silver during the war,
opinion is expressed bj thosi In touch
win, the silver situation that there will
be considerable delay before the Govern-
ment can i e.d with Its plan of melting

down the Silver dollars now hoarded to the

extent oi mori than I ! ,000 In the

Treasury.

Advices from London indicate a diminu-
tion in the reserve stock of silver rupei
in India, and a heavy demand for silver
from that quarter is i Kp cted

Mexican dollars at New York: Mar. 14.
69J : Mar 15 69J : Mar 16, 69J ; Mar. 18.
70; Mar 19, 70 : Mar. 20. 718.

rial ilium — The last sales made ifi the
free market were $103 per oz.

Palladium — The market Is very strong,
with sales reported at $140 IS 150.

Zinc and Lead Ore Markets

Joplin. Mo.. Mar. 16 — Blende, per ton.
high. $66.25; basis 6n-; Zn. premium, $65
(560; medium to low. $55@45 ; average
basis, $55 : calamine, per ton, 40% Zn, $40
<o 35 ; average selling prices: Blende,
$55.29; calamine. $39.18: all zinc ore. $55
per ton.

Lead: high. $89.90; basis SO-;; Pb. $88
let' 86; average selling price, all grades of
lead, $85.62 per ton.

Shipments the week: Blende. 11.880;
calamine, 611: lead. 1360 tons. Value, all
ores the week. $797,230

Shippers were accorded improved trans-
portation service, and a considerable ton-
nage, long ago purchased, was moved this
week. It has no bearing on the purchases
of the week, which were light. Smelters
are following up the plan of shipping in
trainloads. all of them having cars mis-
laid this side of their destination. It i
roughly estimated that more than a mil-
lion dollars' worth of ore is "somewhere in
transit."

Platteville. Wis., Mar. 16 — (Bv tele-
granh) — Blende, basis 609! Zn, $60 base
for premium grade down to $56 for second
grade. Lead ore, basis 80r/r Pb. $85 per
ton. Shipments reported the week were
3148 tons blende. 94 tons galena, and 1422
tons sulphur ore. For the year to date the
totals are: 24.036 tons- blende. 1017 tore-
galena, and 7392 tons of sulphur ore. Dur-
ing the week 312 7 tons of blende was
snipped to separating plants

Other Ores

Antimony Ore — Little business reported.

Manganese Ore — The schedule of $1.20
for high-grade metallurgical ore is still in
force with most of the buyers, but some
ores, including Indian, have been sold at a
considerable premium. We quote $1
1.30 per unit for 48r, grade and upward.

Molybdenite — Situation unchanged, and
dealers are not making any quotations.

Pyrites — Spanish lump is quoted at 16c.
per unit, on basis of 10s. ocean freight,
buyer to pay excess freight and war risk,
except that, depending on conditions, con-
cession of 2^v of war risk may be allowed.
Market is very unsettled on account of the
impending action of the Shipping Board.
Washington proposes to limit the movement
of pyrites from abroad to 125.000 tons dur-
ing the ensuing six months ; shipments to
be limited to 40.000 tons the first month.

NG AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 12

v|, I, k <H ,'1 I I IONS

STOCK QUOTATIONS— Continued

. ll'W
I -M«r. 1*

ii>le ili.n

• will !„•

ed are

by w :isli.

I that

■tit to de-

troni Blabs

0 per gross

n In Pittsburgh,

mills thai roll

that advancing

■iild he no Inducement

,\ hich ha\

-jnt unoVr t) •

F fli
hut rather slowly, as
till light.

Pta li > i : •_ \ • - been

1 1 y in the

and with the

t the last f, ,rt-

still better

rnay come soon.

ron is likely to

nelt is greatly

fully sold uji to

I sold up to II
It it is 11

lire full con-
remains at

■

from Val-
g 95c

lemand for

•1 'in
mills are
"1 ma-
insider-
light rails. Hi,- ,1,-
"

■

Ferroalloys

• nuagiMM

i • ' ror

Coke
-n.rpii. — Shipments >.f Conni

peratlon of the

«1

- .•<

Mill

oil

' 11 I A<. -com.,
i h I * s .pt

A I

I s -

3leel, pf
t'tah i 'opner.
Vn iron i*i

\ i < flint

31

I

is

„.

8
II

ss
<l

78

loo

23 ;
79

S3 |

901
1091
78

66

li>'Sl«'\ t \t H • Mar W

\d venture _1.

i
Mcmmh
Allouci

Aril Com., etfs
Arnold
Honania

Ulu Ledge.

N Y
Butte i tetrolt

i

i ■aluniri t

Can ("op Corpn .

Carlisle

Cash boy

i '»n \r\r Sm
*'on ( 'nppprmlneg.
t "on \>v -t'tati
Kmma C01
First \:ii
I ioldfli Id i

: Merger

(.reenmonntrr
[Id

Jerome Verde
Ken Lake

Louisiana

MSKnu

Ma estlc

Marsh

McKlnley-Dar-Sa.

Mllfnrd .

Mohican

Mother 1

N V. 4 Hond

Nlpisslng Mines,

Nixon Nevada

p
Etawtey
Etaj UfTfules
Ulfhni'-n'l
Rochester Mines

sr joaepD i ead

Standard S. I..
BtflfW&rt
Success
Tonopah

Tonopah Ex

Trlhiinion ;

Troy Arizona
I'nlted Cop
United Verde Fxt
United Zinc

:

1 1

i

SO 1

.45

i'

.091
2A

A

->

to t

76

4

Mi

30'
.50

:37
31
.061

II

li*

.33
112)

si

l
(21

41

.56

85

15

A
25

1A
31 1
18

38*
2|

I RAN.1 Mar 19

Alta
Andes. .

Best A Belcher

Caledonia
Chaueng,

ron Vlr.

' lurry. .

Hale A- Norrross...

•PI

n

Occidental

Overman

-

• vada. . . .

Union Con

Utah Con

Jim Butll
MarXamara

Mont -Tonopah . .

North star

West End Con. . . .

Atlanta

Booth ....

I rac

Daisy

Florence

Jumbo Extension..

K ■ -a

Nevada Hills
Nevada Packard . .
Round Mountain.
Sllv.-r l-i
White Cane
Bit! Jin,
United Eastern .

02
18
02
06

: 03

29
.01

02

07
II
.Ji
OS

04

14

1.00

1 0I

r,l
II

10
05

08

77

11

04

t.02

: 02

1?.

14
.07
.04

:.2s

.35
.04

1.75

4.62

Butte-Balaklava.
Calumet a \ r i .-
Calumet a Heela.
I entennlal
Copper Range
il
laly

Franklin

, Iranb]

Hancock

Indiana

Isle Hoyale

Keweenaw

Lake

I alley

•f

Michigan
Mohawk

Milan
New ldrl i
North Butte

North Lake

Ollbway.

Old Dominion. . . .

Osceola

Qtilney

St. Mary's M. L. .

Santa I'e

Shannon

Shattuck-Arls

So. Lake

So Utah

Superior

Superior & Boat.

Trinity

Tuolumne

0 S Smelting. . .

D s Smelt's, P'

Utah Apex

Utah Con

Utah Metal

Victoria

Winona

Wolverine

Wyandot.

25
501

20

30

ii
ii

I

5

75

81

12

.15

.75

21

11

"■!
° i

»«!
u

2

62

11

16
15

us
11

t40|
59
71
51

3
It

1A

44

45!

2

10
21

f

J291

i"l,' SI'ltlNT.SMar. 19

4

BOSTON CURB- Mar. 19

Alaska Mines Corp.

.20

Blneh.im Mines.

»9!

Host on Ely

.83

Boston <t Mont. . . .

.62

Butte A Lon'n Dev.

.20

Calaveras

li

Calumct-Oorbln.. . .

» 01

duel Con

2

Cortez

10

Crown Reserve

.20

Crystal cop

.52

Eagle 4 Blue Bell..

2

cila Copper

S17

Houghton Copper.

75

Intermounialn

: 70

Iron cap. Com. . . .

19

Mexican Metals. . . .

.46

Mines of America .

1|

Molave Tungsten . .

06

Nat. Zinc A- Lead

.27

Nevada-Douglas

.85

New Baltic.

.90

New Cornelia

17

Oneeo

20

Pacific Mines

*35

.10

Yukon Gold

1

SALT LAKE" Mar. 18

Bannaek.
Cardin

Colorado Mining

Daly

Daly-Judge.

Empire Copper

Gold Chain
Grand Central

Iron Blossom

Lower Mammoth.. .
May Hay

Mobcow

Prince Con
RICO Wellington
Silver-King Coal'n.
Silver King Con.. . .
Sioux Con
So. Heela

Uncle Sam

Walker (.'op

Wllbert

Yankee

t-26
3.90
}08
1 50
X6.00
11.10
|08
t 35

37;

J. 03
.02!

t.02

53

15i

t2.67

1 95

04

64

11 .35

01

1 50

J 08

J. 05

TORONTO*

Mar. 18

Adanac.
Bailey

Beaver Con

Chambers Ferland.
Conlagas

Hargravea

La Rose

Peterson Lake. . . .
Temlskamlng ...

Wcttlaufer-Lor

Davidson
Dome Exten. .

Dome I -ake

Holllnger
Mclntyre
Newray

Porcu. Crown

Teck-Hughes

Vlpond

W' est Dome

.09
.041
26'.
.10
3 25
07
46
091
.261
05
.341
09 J
25
5.05
1.38
.19
.15
49
.221
.13!

H , 'on
Doctor Jack Pot

Elktoti

I I Paso

Gold Sovereign

Golden I
< .r.nilte
Isabella

Marj MeKlnnev
Portland
United Gold M

\ liulteator

LONDON

Alaska i;

I

37

03] Burma Corp

(14 Cam A Motor

. 12 Camp Bird

".' I I "M

I 61 1 speninia

:n Mexican Mims

0S| Mln i

06 Neehl, I'M

1 110 Orovllle

15 Santa CertMls
Tomboy

Bid i' i is t Closing prices t Quotations

ni ins e

4 6 :•
o 11 (
0 8 t
0 0 ;
0 10 (

5 12 (
0 16 I
0 11 (
0 19 ;
0 13 t
0 19 (

MONTHLY AVERAGE PRICES OF METALS

Sliver

New York

London

1916

l'J17

111 IS

1916

1917

I'll-

.Ian
Feb

Mar

April

May

June

.Inly. .

Aug

Sepi

Dec

56 . 775

56 7;.:-.
..7 835
-i ii .
7 1 269

.. , il- i
52 c'l"
r,t> ns.'i

MS .',!.,

ii7 s.r,r,

71 1,111

7:, 7.;:,

75 630
77 5S5
7:t vr. 1
73 875

7 1 717.

76 971
70 lllll

s:, Iii7

100 740
S7 332

85 wl

v-,

sv 7U-'
85 716

.'.'. iii;ii

.V, '17.'.
.'7 :V7

30 602

15 177

31 060

an hop

31 4!IS

32 5S4
32 381
34 192
86 4111

36 6X2

37 74J
36 41(1

36 '",;

17 'Mil

40 110

43 418
50 020

44 324

4:l 584
43 052

44.1.
I-' 7'

Year.. .

65 661

si 117

31 315

40 851

New York quotations cents per ounce troy, fine alive
London, pence per ounce, sterling silver. 0.925 fine.

New \ ,,rk

London

Copper

1 lei-trnh Mr

standard

Electrolytic

1917

191B

1917

nils

1917

Ml-

Jan

Feb. .
Mar. . .
April. .
May. .
June....

July
Aug. .
Sept. . .
Oct
Nov.
Dec.. .

28 673

:n 77.ii
:il 4M
27 986

Js 7ss

L'll '», ■_■
J', 620

2r, 380

25 073

_•:( .-,oo
■_>:i -.(in
23 500

29 -,iin
29 ;,iiii

131 '.CM
137 S95
136 750
133 842
1311 nun
130 000
12s 4(111
122 391
117 500
110 000
110 000
110 000

110 000
110.000

142 895
148 100

151

147 158
142 000
142 000
140 409
137 nun
135 27,(1
125 000
125 000
125.000

125 ill
125 "1

Year

.'7 isll

124 892

138.401

Tin

New York

London

1917

1918

1917

UllS

Januar
Februa
March
April .

44.175
51.420
54 . 388
55 910
63 173
62.053
62.570
62 . 681
61.542
61 s-,1
74.740
87.120

85.500
92.000

IS;, SI 3

198.974
207 443
220 171
245 114
242.083
242.181

243 978

244 038
247 467
274 943
298.556

293.2

311 5

May

June

July

August
Septem
Octobei
Novetn
Decemt

Av. y

ier

ear. . .

61.802

237 . 563

Lead

New York

St. Louis

London |

1917

1918

1917

1918

1917

191.

January
February....

March

April

7.626

8 636

9 199
9.288

10 207
11.171
10.710
10 594
8.680
6.710
6.249
6 375

6.782
6.973

7.530

8 595

9 120
9.158

10 202
11.123
10 644
10.518
S.611
6 650
6.187
6 312

6 684

., son

30 500
3il 500
30 500

30 5ii(i

29.51
29.51

June

July

August

September..
October.. . .
November. .
December. .

311 511(1
30 500
30 500
311 .511(1
30 500
30 .500
30 500

Year. .

8.787

8.721

30.500

New York

St. Louis

London

1917

1918

1917

1918

1917

191

January
February....

April

May

June

July

August
September..
October. .
November .
December.

9 619
10 045
10 300

g 159

0 31,2
9 371
8.643
8.360
8.136
7 9S3
7 S47
7 6S.5

7 836
7.814

9 449
9 875
10 130
9 289
9 192
9 201
8 473
8 190
7 966
7.813
7.672
7 510

7.661
7 639

48 329
47 000
47 000
54 632
54 000
54 000
54 000
54 000
54 nun
54 000
54 000
54 000

54 0
54 I

Year

8 901

8.813

52 413

New York and St. Louis quotations, .centa per pouo
London, pounds sterling per long ton.

Pig Iron.

Bessemert

Basic!

No 2
Foundry

Pgh.

1917

1918

1917 | 1918

1917

191

January....
February...
March
April

May

July .

August
September
October.
November
December. .

535 95

36 37
.17 37
42 23
46 94
54 22
57 . 45
54 17
46 40
37.25

37 25
37 25

S3" 25
37 25

S30 95
30 95
33 49
38 90
42 84
50 05
53 80
50 37
42 24
33 95
33 95
33 95

533 95
33.95

?<n 95
30 95
35 91
40 06
43 60
50.14
53 95
53 95
48 58
33 95
33 95
33 95

533

33

Year

143 .57

*39 62

(40 83

J As reported by W. P. Snyder ft Co.

Engineering and Mining Journal

March 30, 1918

m»i.' 105

Number 13

HEADQUARTERS OFFICE OF THE OLIVER [RON MINING CO., HIBBIXG. MINNESOTA

Steam-Shovel Mining on Mesabi Range — III

By L. D. DAVENPORTt

The track arrangement of an open-pit consists
of a series of switchbacks or of a spiral, and
grades seldom exceeed li%, although this is in-
creased toward the latter life of the pit. Ore
banks are drilled and blasted in advance of the
shovel, and progress has been made in the use

P IS customary to estimate each month the stripping
yardage removed. The field work is done by cross-
sectioning the excavation, usually at 20- or 40-ft.
jrvals. Lines of stakes are set and levels are taken
the sections, or the stadia method is employed. The
mer method takes more time in the field and requires
irger crew, but is more accurate when the cuts are
;gular. With the stadia method, points are taken
the breaks in the surface of the cuts at regular in-
t'als. The rodman chooses points along the cuts in
h a way that, when platted on the map, they form
:s of points across the cuts at about 40-ft. intervals.

Chird and last of a series of articles, earlier installments of
-n appeared in the •'Engineering and Mining Journal" Mar.
id Mar. 16. 1918.

!Wef Engineer, Oliver Iron Mining Co., Hibbing, Minn.

of air drills for this work. Hard and lumpy ore
is screened and crushed by mechanical means,
and hand sorting methods are general. Opera-
tors have folloived the lead of underground mines
in the installation of safety and sa7iitary devices,
and the men are systematically trained in first aid.

The notes are reduced with a stadia slide rule and
platted with a protractor on a map or stadia chart.
Corresponding points are connected with lines as shown
in Fig. 1, and the cross-sections are platted from the
chart. With both methods, the sections are usually
platted 1 in. -— 20 ft. horizontally and 1 in. = 10 ft.
vertically on 20-in. rolls cross-sectioned 10 x 10 to the
inch. Areas are determined with a planimeter. With
the stadia method, it is good practice to stake out
the pit twice a year and take a "final estimate" to
check the monthly work. Frequently so-called "oper-
ting maps" which show the various cuts, location of the
shovels and loading tracks are made each month. These
maps are made with the coordinate lines, drill holes,
property lines, stripping limits and other permanent
data inked in on the smooth side of tracing cloth. The

LND mining journal

Vol. 105, No. l:

hange

h side in
ierintend-

tripping job
ndent, one mining engineer
n men, a
iher"-hole men;
r winter work, ">0 to 60
two track foremen,
: men ; one pipeman and helper,
each shovel, which con-
■ '1 engineer, one craner, one fire-
man . 5 etimes only four pitmen are
e the track gang lift and loosen the
tamp the ties under the rails and clean
II from the cars. This work is done at odd
Hiently 1 • and 7 a.m. or p.m. when the
r, in the winter, during the noon
piires a crew consisting of

requires but one man. as the operator does his
(•ring. Coal dock, salt tank and sand house can U
intently be so placed that one man can look after the
all, with occasional help for screening sand, althoui
when a coaling device is used two men are required)
lie the coal. The pumping and power plants e:t
require one fireman. Labor required for the shops cJ
sists of a master mechanic, who also acts as shop fed
man; two mechanics, two helpers, two blacksmiths, i
pipeman and helper, one head carpenter, who also ;>
as surface boss; one carpenter and one "wood butch'
I for rough repair work). A mine clerk, who also a
as supply clerk, and two timekeepers constitute the oil
force. Two teamsters are usually employed at the b;

Pinal Track Alignment Spiral or Switchback1
There are two principal arrangements for the ultini
track layout, namely, a series of switchbacks and >
spiral track. For narrow pits, switchbacks are gener.f
the practice, while a spiral track arrangement is used
pits more nearly circular in outline. Aside from
shape of the pit, its size, the depth of ore and i
occurrence of "horses of taconite" are important facl^

\J 2 r An. ai" "ib^im.

JIm**

i KESAB] OPEX-PIT MINE

jineer, one fireman and one brakeman. On some

1 of providing each train with a

tioned at each shovel to "spot" or

Pb>' ' the right position for loading at the

hmen ai ned at the few

- that have to be thrown along the main

When ot ng removed a brake-

ed on each train.

op Help .ky

re makes necessary an

helpers, who oil the cars and

ng, while other repair work

■ recking crane usually

in determining the alignment of the final track sya
Often a combination of the spiral track and switchb
is used, but whatever arrangement is agreed upon,
fundamental idea is to secure the method that will d
the removal of the least possible tonnage of ore in t
benches. For any one season the final approach tr
are usually extended to the working level of the pit,
from this point on the tracks are put in according tol
operating plans for that season. It is usually "up tol
engineer" to see that the grade for the ultimate t
is not cut into during a busy season. In the larger
it is. often possible to arrange the tracks so that I
empty trains can be switched into loading positio
the shovels as loads are removed in opposite dire

[arch 30, 11)18

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

58 1

n good practice, main line tracks arc carefully graded
alienee! and do not exceed a I compensated grade.

lar tli lit ions a locomotive with a steam cyl-

a 19 \ 26 in. will haul 10 loaded cars, or an ore

of about 460. For the final clean-up of a

the grade is sometimes increased up to 3%. A
imon practice is to use "grade hoards" at each shovel,
hat the loading tracks are t'airh uniform in gradient.
iiunc cases grades as high as 6% have been used for
istances and two locomotives were required to
1 out one car of ore. The grade boards used in the
sabi district are made from 1x6 in. pine or fir and
ft. long. A small carpenter level such as retails for
ir 15c. is used with each board. The engineer sets a
•k spike at grade on the ore between the shovel track

the jack block. Before the shovel is moved up, the
crew places one end of the board on the spike and,
lg the level, sets another spike 10 ft. ahead. If the
vol is to cut at a grade, a block is nailed to the front

of the board for a down grade and to the rear

when cutting on an up grade, using proportionate
isurements to secure required grades, as, for in-
nce, 0.01 ft. for a 1% and 0.15 ft. for a 1.5% grade.
; pitmen, under the direction of the craner, soon be-
le expert in the use of this device, and shovels fre-
ntly work for two or three shifts with a variation
ally a few hundredths in gradient. With the proper

of the grade board, little hand grading is necessary
laying a track in the cut. A small amount of loose

is usually required for the difference in the height
:he ties.

s Banks Are Blasted After Being Jump-Drilled
n most open-pit mines, it is customary to blast the

banks ahead of the shovels. Top holes are used for
Is purpose, excepting where there is a rock capping
r the ore. In the latter case "gopher" holes are
lied. Top holes are "jumped" or churned by gangs
: drillers working in pairs. The drills are made of
ji. round or hexagonal steel and chisel pointed on
h ends. The heavy iron cross-handle or yoke used
.h these drills is shown in Fig. 2.
?he spacing of the holes depends on the hardness of
I ore, the height of the bank and the width of the
i to be taken. In average ore with banks from 15
i25 ft. high, the holes are usually spaced 20 to 24 ft.
;rt and about 20 ft. from the crest of the bank. It
desirable to have the holes bottomed a foot or two
iw the cut to be taken. That is, with a 15-ft. bank,
5- or 17-ft. hole will shake the ore to the full depth
the cut, so that there will be no "tight" ore remain-
i for the shovel to dig. It is not always possible to
up top-holes down as deep as they should be, be-
Ise 22 ft. is the limiting depth with hand jumping.
• average ground a 15-ft. top-hole, when finished,
uld be sprung or chambered with two to six sticks
60', dynamite, then loaded with black powder and
id. If several holes of this depth were to be blasted
'series, the charge would consist of one to one and

-half 25-lb. kegs of black powder. If the holes are
<be exploded separately, as is sometimes necessary
*?n the bank is high and the loading track is close
i to the toe, the charge should be slightly increased.
t)-holes are usually fired in series of not more than
i> at a time, using a blasting machine. In some cases,
;,ety regulations require that holes be fired separately.

,\ number of mining companie are a\ Ins machine
drills for top-holes, instead of driving them by jump-
drills. The use of air machines in large open-pits
necessitate either the building of a compressor plant.
and extending pipe line., through the pit or equipping
each shovel with a compound air pump. The lat-
ter arrangement d i awaj with the shifting of pipe

lines as the benche are worked hark, and elimim
anj trouble incident to the freezing of air lines. Fur-
thermore, an individual air pump is advantageous,
when the shovel is moved from ore to stripping, in that
it can furnish power to operate Jackhamer drills for
block-holing boulders, obviating the necessity of using
hand drills. A gang of jump-drillers will average 50 ft.
of hole per man per day in ore. With the D 113 lnger-

TO0 240 Z60 3» 360 400 440 460 SW 560 600 640 690

FIG. 1. MAP AND CROSS-SECTION OF ORE BANK

soll-Rand drill an average of 90 ft. per shift has been
made in the Mesabi district to date. This footage is
equivalent to 45 ft. per man per day, as two men are
required in the operation of the drill. However, good
jump-drillers are hard to find, and, where rock is en-
countered in the ore, hand jump-drilling is of little or
no advantage, whereas the machines drill the rock seams
readily. As already stated, 22 ft. is the limiting depth
for hand jump-drilling, but 28 ft. holes have been
drilled with the D 113 machine, and present operations
seem to indicate that holes as deep as 30 ft. will offer
no difficulties.

In many cases the exploration drill holes through
the open-pit orebedies were put down from 300 to 400
ft. apart. As the ore pits are developed it frequently
becomes necessary to secure more detailed information

LND MININc; .UH'UN'Al.

Vol. 105, No. 13

rj drilling. To supple-
the mines test pits are sunk
usually after the ship-
l ft. in cross-
and, when
this depth corresponds
its in llu' pit Analyses
. and the
ins. These test-pit cross-
unction with tin- operating maps
■ d analysis of various grad
r the guaranteed shipments of the
the mining companies put down
pits. Churn drill holes

. but the samples from

irate than the results from churn

aUj in sandy ore. Furthermore, test pits
• i titty to the color, structure and

H \ Crvjshi d Before Shipment

the open-pit mines on the Mesabi,

aterials are encountered in the

delay in steam-shovel work.

be mentioned "crushing ore." which

rtion ol hard chunks or lumps,

iSS-HANDLE DSED WITH JUMP
DRILLS

and "screening ore," which contains a large percentage
of broken taconite. The "crushing ore" is either block-
holed or sledged by hand to reduce it to the proper size
t iprr.ent. At the Biwabik mine, Biwabik, lump
ore is loaded into stripping cars and hauled to a No.
24 Alli-f halu ■ tory crusher, which reduces any

lump that will pass through a three-yard dipper.

Hand and Ml u. SORTING Methods Separate

Ore from Taconite

Screening ore in mat, is hand sorted, that is,

the broken taconite is picked out by hand and loaded

;ump cars and the fine material shipped as ore.

At tr 'hanna mine. Hibbing, screening ore is

loaded into -tripping cars and sent to a cylindrical,

• en, 5 ft. in diameter and 24 ft. long

and perforated wit The oversize from the

lent to the rock dump and the fines are shipped

At the Mace No. 2 mine, Hibbing, the

•■ and ore are dumped on a grizzly built

of three sets of 80-lb. rails spaced from 8 to 10 in.

ver the grizzly to stripping cars

an'i to ore cars.

tion showing the relative posi-

f benches that was maintained in sorting rock

Sraham mine, Mesabi, on the eastern

end of the range. The screening material was dumped

from the upper bench and most of the rock rolled t
the toe of the bank. Any rock remaining on the slop
was pulled down by men using potato diggers. Th
was then loaded into wheelbarrows and transferre
to rock ears on the third bench. The track on the uppt
bench was shifted over as the width of the ore pil
increased. When a sufficient tonnage of cleaned or
had thus been stockpiled, a steam shovel was used t
load the pile. It is advisable to install a crushing ol
st reening plant where a large tonnage of ore will r<
spond to the treatment furnished, as the accompam
ing delays to steam shovel and locomotive crews whe
ore chunks are being sledged or rock sorted out ar
i ) pensive.

Factors That Determine Tonnage Loaded by
Steam Shovel

The tonnage that can be loaded with a steam show]
depends on many factors, among which are: Size cj
the shovel, capacity of the dipper, skill of the engine*
and craner, height of the bank and length of the cul
structure of the ore, train service to shovel, amour]
ot rock or chunks in the ore, and weather condition
With the dippers in proportion to the size of the shovel'
a Model 91 will load more ore per shaft than a Mod-
60 shovel under the same conditions. One mining conl
pany equipped some of its Model 91 shovels with 4 cil
yd. dippers in place of the 2A cu.yd. dippers previous! I
used. The increased tonnage loaded was well over St
per cent.

The height of the bank affects the rate of loadinj
and with a high bank more ore can be loaded per "shovi
move" than with a low bank. Each move, usually si|
feet, requires from two to six minutes. It is oftej
possible to move the shovel between train loads an]
thus decrease the delay. Furthermore, when a shovel |
working in a 25- to 30-ft. bank, the pit crew has tirrl
to carry the ties and track section to the front er
of the shovel before it completes the cut from th;
portion, thus decreasing the time required for mc I
ing. With a low bank; the pit crew does not have tin
to do this work before the shovel stops loading.

There is considerable delay when a shovel has finish*
a cut and has to be moved back for a new cut. Aftt
a track has been laid in the excavation behind the shov
and the shovel has been moved back off the section
the old loading track must be broken, thrown over an
connected with the track just laid. At the other er
of the cut, after the shovel has been moved on to tr
sections again to begin a new cut, similar connectioi
must be made between the old and new loading track
This track work is usually the greatest cause of dela
in moving back, and the same track work is necessai
if the distance moved is 500 ft. or 2500 ft. Therefoi
the longer the shovel cut the less delay each season i
moving back the shovel.

Supply of Cars to Shovels Essential to Continuoi
Operation of Pit
Train service to the shovels depends on the numbt
of locomotives available, the length of the haul to tr
yards, track arrangements and the supply of empl
cars furnished by the railroad company. The supp)
of empties depends on the regularity of the ore-bot
schedule. When bad weather or other causes delay tl
ore boats, there is a congestion of loaded ore cars ;

March 80, L918

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

cks at the head of the i ake . and the pita are
orced to lie idle or work on a reduced scale until the
rrival of ore freighters relieves the situation.
The idea! track arrangement is one where the emptj
rain drops into a loading position at the side of the
hOVel as the loaded train pulls out in the opposite diree-

:on. Such a layout is a sort of ladder track, where the
mpty or return track from the ore yards branches into

number of loading tracks, one for each shovel. At
ue opposite end of the pit these tracks converge into

single track connected to the main load track out
f the pit. Obviously, this arrangement can be used
nly in the larger pits, and a more common layoul
as a passing track for each shovel. These passing
racks can frequently be used for several ruts, depending
n the width of the ore bench, the number of shovels
Derated and other local conditions. If conditions are
uch that a passing track is not feasible, a "lie by," or
ub-track, is sometimes built, just long enough to hold
n empty train while the loaded train passes by. The
undamental idea in any of these track arrangements
5 to keep the shovels supplied with empty cars with
tie least possible delay.

The structure of the ore has a direct bearing on
he rate of loading. Some ore banks after blasting are

Stvcfiple (jrama SP

msmmmmmmmmmm

•IG. 3. RELATION OP BENCHES IN oRE-SORTIN'', PLANT

horoughly broken into small fragments, and such ore
* easily and quickly loaded. In other banks, the ore
iay be tough and in blasting "break big," in which
ase the shovel has to spend considerable time in "claw-
ng" the bank in order to bring it down.

Safety Measures Adopted by All Operators

During the last few years considerable interest has
>een taken by7 the larger mining companies in safety
i-ork. Thousands of dollars have been spent and con-
iderable time and thought given toward making both
pen-pit and underground mining as safe as possible
or every man engaged therein. It is not within the
cope of this article to give even an outline of the rules
>r "safety regulations" which every foreman is re-
hired to know, understand and put into practice,
•"urthermore, each man is urged to consider himself

committee of safety, and by this coordination many
ules and devices have been improved and perfected.
•Sequent inspection trips are taken through all the
nine workings by the safety engineer and by committees
omposed of workmen. These committees are changed
rom time to time, and the recommendations offered
n their reports are usually adopted, or. if not, adequate
easons must be given.

Hundreds of men are trained each year in First Aid
rork by the safety engineer and by First Aid miners
rom the mine-rescue cars sent out by the Government
5ureau of Mines. Numerous lectures have been given
<y physicians, not only on First Aid, but on elementary
lersonal hygiene and sanitation as well. The general

interest aroused ha done much to eliminate accidi

caused bj personal c: . and tin' general knowl-

edge of I'ii i Ai.i possessed bj the men has many tii
prevented minor injuriea from developing seriously.

It has been the purpose of these articles to describe
the present prat tice i rig compai i

in developing and operating open-pit mines on the
\lesabi range. The papers make no preteil E to being
an exhaustive treatise on open-pit mining, bul are de-
signed to outline with some detail the various oper-
ations in steam-shovel mining, and, in general, to
swer the principal questions asked by the various min-
ing men who visited the district. The writer wishes
to take this opportunity to thank Mr. Fred R. Mott,
superintendent of the Oliver Iron Mining Co.'s Hull-
Rust mine, for his many helpful suggestions and de-
tailed explanations.

Conclusiveness of Department Findings
By A. L. H. Street*
The decision of the United States Supreme Court
lately handed down in the case of Kirk 7S. Olson, 38
Supreme Court ReporU r, 1 11. disposed of a controversy
over a land title, arising from conflicting homestead and
placer mining claims. The court holds that a finding
by the Land Department at Washington thai the tract
involved was valuable for placer mining, the finding
being made on one-sided proof submitted to the depart-
ment in support of a placer entry, was not so far final
and conclusive as to preclude reconsideration of the
question and reversal of the decision before issuance of
a patent. But both of two joint claimants of the placer
entry were entitled to notice of intention on the part of
the Land Department to reconsider the question as to
the~character of the land, and where one of them was
not so notified he was not precluded by the Land De-
partment's subsequent finding, that the land was non-
mineral in character, from showing in a suit by one
who acquired a patent to the tract under the homestead
laws, brought to quiet title, that the land was in fact
valuable for placer mining. Yet this failure to give
such notice does not affect the homestead patentee's
right to a decree quieting title, on it being proved, in
a suit to which the interested persons were made par-
ties, that the land was strictly agricultural, and there-
fore not subject to entry or acquisition under the placer
mining law.

Hongkong Metal Trade

Hongkong is stated by Consul General George E. An-
derson, in Commerce Reports, to be the distributing
point for practically all metals sold in China, Indo-
China, the Philippines, Formosa, the South Seas, Siberia
and other parts of the Far East. Of late it has also
been the distributing center for metal supplies im-
ported from Europe and the United States for Japan.
On the other hand, tin, antimony, wolframite and other
metals and minerals from China and the Far East find
much of their market through Hongkong. The great
feature of this trade for the last year has been the in-
creasing dependence upon the United States, both for
imports and exports.

•Attorney at Law, 829 Security Bldg.. Minneapolis, Minn.

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 13

Cement Gun in Mining Work — I

B\ GEORGE S. RICE

Chief mining ei " of Mines, rittsburgh, Penn.

The pap< r presents a partial history of the early

and cement grout in mines and

the introduction of the cement aim. Its use

in the experimental mim • scription of the

gun and its manner of operation and an account

Us obtained in recent tests of the (/unite.

THE use underground of hydraulic cement and
the scope of its uses increased almost as rapidly
as in surface construction. One of the early
underground applications was for the filling of the
cavities behind the linings of tunnels, this being
accomplished by pumping cement grout into the open
spaces. In France in later years the "cementation pro-
cess" of impregnating broken water-bearing ground
by forcing in cement under high pressure was sue-
fully employed, revolutionizing the method of shaft
sinking through water-bearing chalks and marls in the
north of France and Belgium. The employment of
concrete for making massive linings of shafts and tun-
nels in place of timber framing and brick arching
has been very extensive. The development of thinner,
reinforced lining came into use later. In 1906 I water-
proofed the air shaft of a mine in central Illinois by
placing a thin but reinforced concrete lining, rec-
tangular in section, inside a wood cribbing. The shaft
passed through water-bearing ground.

About 1907 one of the large colliery companies of
northern France, Mines de Bethune, began, in a new
colliery, the use of a light, reinforced-concrete lining
for all its cross-strata tunnels. When I visited this
colliery in 1908, two miles of this lining had been
constructed. It was only 5 or 6 in. thick, and the
mixture was lean. Moreover the reinforcement was so
very light that the cement work seemed to be hardly
more than self-supporting and probably bore little of
the weight of the encompassing strata. In other words,
it apparently served merely to protect the strata from
weathering.

The lining served its purpose satisfactorily, as I found
out when I again inspected it three years later (1911),
by which time more lining had been built. On the
other hand, timbered tunnels in the same formation had
given much trouble. This demonstration convinced me
that the important factor was to protect the strata
from the action of the air. The cost of the lining
in the Bethune mine was relatively low under the
conditions then prevailing in France, only $5 per lineal
yard, which figure would have to be doubled if an
estimate were to be made of the cost of such lining in
this country, even prior to the war. The general
method of lining seems an admirable one, although
the first cost was considerable, but, in the long run,
it should be economical because it eliminates the cost

the Coal Mining Institute of America at
its Pittsburgh. Penn., meeting. Dec. 6. 1917, and entitled "Weather-
proofing Mine Roof and Walls and Making Tight Stoppings with
Cement Gun." Reprinted from "Coal Age "

of timbering and of cleaning up of falls of roof i
separable from the maintenance of a roadway and it al:
serves as a protection for the men against injury fro
roof and rib falls.

Concluding that the protection of the natural ro
and ribs against weathering, a process for whii
oxidation is principally responsible, was probably tl
important factor in preventing subsequent falls,
studied the problem carefully in the hope of dete
mining what sort of inexpensive coating might
applied to a shale roof to prevent its coming in conta
with the air currents, with the hope of thereby savii
expensive work later on, and, furthermore, of lessenii:
accidents from falls.

In many mines, when the mine entries are fii;
driven, the top or bony coal roof seems admirable.
appears as if it would stand forever; but in a ye!-
or even less the weathering action begins, falls occ-
and timbering and retimbering follow. Finally you fiil
the roof has dropped until the entry is twice as hij'i
as it was originally, and more or less filled with tim-
ber. When this condition has to be met it involvesji
great annual expense for the maintenance of the roaij,
and should a fire start there is plenty of fuel to feed i.
Also the timbers provide places for the lodgment
the dangerous coal dust which floats in the air.
this manner timbering increases the explosion haza

In 1910, when I saw the cement gun exhibited
the convention of the National Association of Ceme|t
Users, held in New York, I thought that here was i
apparatus that would furnish the agency I sought ■
the placing of a more or less impervious coating i
the mine walls. I made reference to its availabil /
for that purpose in an address on concrete in mini?
(which appeared in the transactions of the 7th cc-
vention in 1911). After showing how much safer vs
a smooth, concrete lining as compared with timberii:,
I made the following statement, which appears to e
as true now as then:

"The apparatus for applying cement mortar by me;s
of compressed air, commonly known as the 'Cemit
Gun,' offers great possibilities for the lining of passai-
ways, etc., with cement. By protecting from weath'-
ing the roof and walls of a passageway with a tin
coating of cement, it is possible that the heavy expeie
of timbering in many cases may be avoided. The t
chine also offers possibilities of use in the fireproofig
of timber and board stoppings and in the erection f
firewalls in places difficult of access, since the matenl
can be pumped for a considerable distance."

For many years grout has been pumped into cavits
behind tunnel and shaft linings. However, G. L. Pr -
tiss, in a paper given at the meeting of the cenrt
users above referred to, on the "Use of Compres:d
Air in Handling Mortars and Concrete," stated tit
compressed air was first used for the transport g
agent in placing concrete and mortar in France, r
the repairing of tunnels on the Paris-Lyons-Medit-
ranean Ry., France. This was in 1906. The linings f

March 80, 1918

ENGINEERING AXU MINING -I'M RNAL

685

he tunnels were l«:iki n^ and the arches were thereby
lecoming weakened. The engineers attacked the prob-
■m by using a machine consisting of a charging hopper
onnected with a pressure tank, into which air wai
ni-ccd by a compressor at a pressure of 40 to 50 lb,
ier Bq.in. The tank was first charged with a grout
omposed of cement, sand and water, and alter the
re had boon put on the material was forced out
hrough a line of flexible hose to a discharge nozzle,
fhlch was applied to holes drilled through the arch
!' the tunnel. It is stated the results from an engi-
leering standpoint were satisfactory, but the machine
ave trouble, as it and the hose became clogged with
rrout, and the process was therefore tedious and ex-
tensive.

Various other attempts were made to use compressed
iir for blowing cement or concrete mixtures through
rlpes, and according to Mr. Prentiss, J. W. Buzzell and
V. H. Larkin, in 1909, undertook work in this country

as 1910, The method wi applying 'ucco

and cen

ing a frame building with and

femes were bj this means covered with stucco or
cement. H< tanced its use in the construction

of the General Cement Product Co.'s building ; thi
coating of structural steel, with and without the addi-
tion of reinforcing wire mesh; the fireprooflng of the
interior of wood-lined buildings; the building up of
ions of cement pipe from a wire-mesh skeleton; the
use for tree surgery; and the very important applica-
tion of lining the iron syphons in the water supply
system of New York. These syphons were 11 ft. 3 in.
in diameter, and the total length to be treated was
nearly 14,000 feet.

In that same 1910 meeting there was some talk of
using the cement gun in mines, but it was with the idea
of pumping concrete or cement into an excavation and
filling it solid. In this manner it was suggested that a

FIG. 1. THE MACHINE BEHIND THE OCX

FTG. 2. THE MAN BEHIND THE GUN

)f that nature. They found that they could force a
nixed concrete through a 4-in. pipe a distance of 400
ft. with a pressure of 40 to 50 lb. per sq.in., a higher
pressure than this not being found advantageous.

The predecessor of the cement gun appears to be
:he long-used spraying device employed for the paint-
ng and whitewashing of rough work, like railroad
freight cars. Here the paint or whitewash is ejected
from a nozzle by means of compressed air. Neverthe-
ess, this method, like those previously described, used
:he compressed air to transport the grouting, concrete,
)r whitewash in liquid mixture, whereas the cement gun
operates on a different principle; namely, to transport
:he cement and sand dry, wetting it only at the nozzle.
It is not, of course, possible to employ crushed stone
in the mixture, which must be composed of cement
»d sand only.

As the cement gun is a patented machine, I feel it is
necessary to explain that I have never had any financial
interest in it, and that I am concerned in it only as a
means of obtaining a certain practical result in the
mines.

Mr. Prentiss described in the paper, to which I have
lust referred, a variety of applications of compressed
a'r to the placing of cement mixtures, some as early

deposit of cement mortar might be placed which would
later serve as a pillar. Men not familiar with mining
thought that as concrete was so much stronger in com-
pression than coal, no coal pillars would be required,
if much smaller concrete pillars were substituted.
Manifestly with the ordinary roof or floor the concrete
blocks would be pushed into the roof or floor before
the full strength of the concrete was developed, or else
the roof spanning the excavated area would fail. So
far as known, this futile project was never tried.

After seeing the demonstration of the gun in the
exhibition of 1910, and the way the cement coating,
sometimes termed "gunite," would stick to steel and
stone, I concluded that here was a machine which offered
a means of applying a thin cement coating to the roof
and ribs of an entry or tunnel before weathering took
place.

When the experimental mine of the United States
Bureau of Mines, located near Bruceton, Penn., had
been fully developed for its purposes, a cement gun
was loaned in 1914 to the bureau by the Cement Gun
Co., for trial applications. The manufacturers at that
time, not having turned their attention to its mining
possibilities, could not be induced to lend the gun with-
out considerable negotiation. It was found, after ex-

KNcilNKKKlNi; AND MINIM! IOIRNA1.

Vol. 105, No. 13

d gained in handling the gun, that a
-ami covering, varying from a thin coating to
one several inches thick, as desired, could be placed
without difficulty on the coal ribs. It would even stick
to the "draw slate" or day band. Moreover, a thin
to a -in. coating could be made to stick to the roof
without the use of wire mesh.

It was also found to be of great advantage in making
pings practically air-tight. In October, 1914, when
the American Institute of Mining Engineers met at
Pittsburgh, an exhibit was given at the mine of the
use of the cement gun for those purposes. The cement-
sand lining has been extended in the mine entries from
time to time until now nearly 1000 lin.ft. of entry
has been thus lined, the roof coating being from i to
I in. thick and the rib covering from 1 to 2 in. thick.

These coatings have been found very successful in
the prevention of weathering on the sides and roof.
It is true that from time to time repairs have had
to be made on the roof coating, but this, in part at
least, seems to have been due to the effect of the violent
explosions produced in our experiments, of which over
three hundred have been conducted. After many of
these the coating would shell off the roof in patches,
particularly where a void had developed behind the
coating. These voids, or spaces, are caused by the
concrete shell pulling away from the main roof where
it is shaly, taking some scale with it. The concussion
or rush of the explosive blast later knocks off the
shell.

Gunite Withstood All Except Explosions

In offsets, where the work is protected from the
explosions, the coating has rarely come off. As a result
of these experiments it was thought that if the coating
was well put on, particularly when the roof was fresh
and sound, it would stick tight for a long period under
ordinary mine conditions. Since the conditions at the
experimental mine were abnormal, the failures in
patches of the roof cannot be considered to condemn
the system and there has been no trouble whatsoever
from the coating on the ribs and draw-slate. This is
most important, as those who have operated in the
Pittsburgh beds well know. Usually disintegration
which leads to falls in the roof comes about through
draw-slate over the coal softening, thereby widening
the roof span. Then the roof falls and the widening
and cutting back goes on, making the timbering more
and more expensive.

These tests at the experimental mine were brought
to the attention of leading mining men, and this caused
some of them to try experiments of their own. Trial
of the method was made slowly at first, but the repre-
sentatives of the bureau constantly urged further ex-
periments as the change seemed to promise increased
safety as a result of better lighting, the reduction of
falls and the danger of coal dust explosion propagation.
Now the development is proceeding more rapidly.

Fortunately the cement gun can be used for other
purposes than to prevent the weathering of the mine
roof. For example, it can be used in the fireproofing
of wooden stoppings, the sealing off tightly of fires,
something which much appealed to the metal mining
companies, operating large bodies of rich sulphide ores,
which are prone to spontaneous combustion in stopes.

The cement gun is also most useful wherever iron i
stool beams or posts are employed underground or
shafts, as it prevents the metal from rusting.

An excellent description of the cement gun was pr
sented by Carl Weber in a paper before the Westei
Society of Engineers on Mar. 9, 1914. It described tl
gun as it appeared in earlier stages of its developmei
A good description also appeared in Engim
(London) for June, 1910. These articles show tl
remarkably wide adaptability of the cement gun
other uses than those already mentioned, such as t
repairing of concrete walls in subways, the rehabilitate
of retaining walls, the lining of reservoirs, the repai
ing of street-car tunnels and the lining of coal bunkei

The cement gun (see outline drawing) consists
two hoppers, an upper and a lower one, the upp
one being the receiving hopper for the mixture
sand and cement. This mixture is made on the grou
and shoveled into the hopper in a dry state. The i
ceiver has a cone stopper in the top and one for t'
discharge of material from the bottom, thus the feedi;
material is "air locked" into the lower hopper which i

FIG. 3. SHOWING THE GUNITE PICKED DOW.V
The gunite adheres closely to the coal surface

under air pressure of from 20 to 50 lb. In the bottn
of this hopper there is a feeding wheel, which is turrl
mechanically. As it revolves, it delivers the right qu;-
tity of cement material opposite the outlet. Here 1e
pressure of the air in the lower hopper forces 1e
measured material out. As the dry mixture is ford
into the flexible hose, additional air is injected and t s
aids in carrying the material onward to the nozzle. Te
hose may be of considerable length — 50 or 100 ft. r
even more. At the end of the discharge tube there s
a nozzle where water is supplied at a pressure abit
20 lb. per sq.in. higher than the pressure of the v.
This is delivered in such a manner that it immediatv
mixes with the sand and cement. The nozzle is hand i
like a water hose and pointed approximately at rijt
angles to the wall or surface to be covered. The sad
is mixed with the cement in proportion of 3 to ,
but about 20 to 25 per cent, of the sand, after imping-:
on the wall, drops to the floor, so that the coating )t
oh is about 2J to 1. The surplus sand can be shoveJ
up and used again. It is surprisingly clean.

The wheel is turned by a worm which is driven y
a small air motor. The compressed air and the war
under pressure are usually furnished by the mine olat"

Man I. 30, 1918

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOl RNAL

if the mine is not equipped it would be necessarj
a portable compressor and als.> a pump with" a
,pl\ of water fur the operation of the cement gun.
\ cross section of the machine is shown in Pigs. I.
nul <'>. .1 and /■' are cone valves operated by control
and /». E is the air-supply valve. The air
.plv hose is connected at F. G is the supply cock

the air motor; //, an air pipe, controlled by
k A. The main air-supply pipe to the lower main
ipei is controlled by the cock K. L is discharge
ie of the machine and it is shown in Fig. 5 at M.

'-,

FIG. 5

FIG. 6

FIGS. 4, 5 AND 6. SECTIONAL. PLAN. SECTIONAL
ELEVATION AND DETAIL OF PINCHING LEVER

a coat is formed thick enough to hold the sand. Tl
the rebound lessens and the coat is built up until itn ■
desired thicknee ed. The tightness by

which the Band-cement coating is placed by tin method
of great value. A report was made by We tinghouse,
Chinch, Kerr & Co., testinj leers, which

quoted at length in the paper just referred to. It b(
testimony to the quality of and coating

produced by the cement gun. Their conclusions were:

In all of the tests made th( lit gun

were shown to be superior to good hand made product
the same kind. The degree 01 superiority varied between
« ide limits.

In tensile strength the gun work excelled hand work in
every case by amounts ranging from 20 to 260 per cent.

In compressive strength the excellence of the gun work
was even more marked, ranging from 20 to 720 per cent,
better than hand work.

In the matter of surface permeability the gun work ab-
sorbed from 7-10 down to 1-20 as much water per hour, per
unit of area as the similar hand-made surfaces.

As regards absorption of water, the hand-made mortars
took up from 1.4 to 5.3 times as much as the gun-made
mortars.

The percentage of voids of the pun-made product ranged
from 52 to 75 per cent, of that in the hand-made prod

The adhesion of the gun-applied mortars was on an
average of 27 per cent, better than that of the hand work.

I will not attempt to take up at length the many uses
other than those already cited for which the method
may be employed, except to quote from Mr. Weber's
paper that a large reinforced-concrete power house with
a chimney 150 ft. high was coated with a thin gunite
coating, the chimney receiving the same coating as that
used on the building, thus providing a uniform finish
for the entire structure. There was no difficulty experi-
enced in shooting up the sand-cement mixture through
the hose to the nozzle in working on the high chimney,
with the gun standing on the ground level.

The foregoing description refers to a specific machine.
There are other machines which are said to accomplish
similar results, one called the "Concrete Atomizer."
These machines use a different principle, forcing out
a wet or liquid mixture with steam or compressed an.
A concrete atomizer was employed, in 1914, on the
Delaware, Lackawanna, & Western R.R., in the repair
of honey-combed and cracked concrete piers, girders,
beams and slabs. No doubt there are other workable
machines, but I have only had experience with the
cement gun. It is presumable that there be a great
variety of forms which might meet the needs of the
mining industry, but the essential requirement for that
service is the delivery of the mixture under considerable
pressure through a nozzle with a flexible hose which
may be over 100 ft. long if desired.
(To be continued)

e tube is flexible and may be throttled by the pinch-

! action of a lever shown in the small detail drawing,

g. 6. N is the air motor and O, a worm, driving

'rough gear P, the feed wheel Q. R is the footstep

i the vertical shaft of the rotating wheel. It is to

1 noted that the discharge tube L is of rubber and

lj! hose is rubber lined, there being no metal exposed

I the sand blast except a little at the nozzle.

According to Mr. Weber, the sand-cement material

Ives the nozzle with a velocity of about 300 ft. per

;ond. In striking a hard surface the sand rebounds

■1 falls down, only the neat cement adhering until

Mining Operations in Alaska in December were handi-
capped seriously by the cold weather, reports to Washing-
ton show. At Fairbanks, the average temperature for De-
cember was 41° below zero, according to official determina-
tion. There were 15 nights when the minimum tempera-
ture was below 50°. There were five days during the month
when the maximum temperature was not above 40° below
zero. Recorded temperatures are available only for 15
years, but last December's record showed the lowest regis-
trations.

Remember the Comfort Fund of the 27th Engineers.

ENGINEERING AN1> MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105 No

,,

Preliminary Report on the Mineral Production

of Canada for 1917

THK preliminary report on the mineral production
the calendar year 1917, by John Mc
sh, chief of the division of Mineral Re-

and Statistics, has been issued by the Canadian
en! of Mines. Eugene Haanel. director. There
an increase in the total value of the mineral prod-
. hut the quantities of many important items
were considerably less in 1917 than L916, and over two-
thirds of the increase in value is to be attributed to
gypsum and cement, in which the quantities mark-
eted were less than in the previous year. The interrela-
tion of industry is shown by the effect of a diminished
coal ami coke output on the metallurgical production;
the falling off in production of copper and gold is in
part attributable to this cause. Lead and silver also
show much smaller output. As against these decreases,
there was an important increase in the production of
zinc, and increases also in the production of cobalt,
molybdenite, and nickel.

Till'. MINI KM PRODUCTION OF < iNADA IN 1917
I" R] VISION)

Metallic:

Quantity

(a) 774

ned in oxide, etc . II' 1.089,134

108.860,358

747,366

40,022

169,192

32,072,269

271,530

IDS

I [or export, tons

Molybdenite, lb.

84,470,970

Platinum, oi 49!

Silver 22,150,680

Zinc, lb 31.227.351

Metallic:

Ad inolite, tons

Areenic, white and arsenic in ore, tona

. I >na
Baryfc b, tona
Chromite, tons

tona
Corundum, tona

plete), tons

120

(6)

144,185

9,596

958

36,352

14,015,588

188

11,493

4,249

3,714

2,279

339,418

58,090

158

(6)

9,172

Graphite. I

( irindfltonee, tons

tona

, tons
Maneamse. tons
Mien. ton-
Mineral pigments: iron oxides, tons
Mineral uater

Natural gas. M. cu ft 26,465,686

. ,ii,i. bb) 205.332

Pyiitee, tons 403,243

Quart?, tona 205,851

138,909
Talc, tons 15,812

(o) Tons of 2,000 p. Figures not available

Copper

The production of copper in 1917 amounted to 108,-
860,358 lb., valued at §29,588,254, as against 117,150,-
028 lb., valued at $31,867,150, in 1916, a decrease of
7.08% in quantity and 7.15% in value. Though less
than the 1916 output, the 1917 production was greater
than any other previous record. The electrolytic cop-
per refinery' installed at Trail, B. C, began operations
about Nov. 1, 1916, with a capacity of 10 tons of re-
fined copper per day, which has been increased to 20
tons per day. Of the total 1917 production, 86,508,-
"158 lb. was contained in blister copper and in matte
produced in Canada, and 22,351,600 lb. estimated as
recovered from ores exported. In addition to the re-
coveries from domestic ores, there were also recovered
in British Columbia smelteries 5,033,630 lb. of copper

from imported ores. The production in Quebec fr
pyrite ores was 5,013,560 lb., valued at $1,362,
against 5,703,347 lb., valued at $1,551,424, in L9
These are the quantities reported as being paid f;
the actual metal contents were much higher.

The Ontario production is derived chiefly from
nickel-copper ores of the Sudbury district and of (
rllexo mine in Temiskaming, supplemented by a snl
recovery from the Cobalt district silver ores and i
shipments made from a few copper properties an i
development. The total production in L917 amounted)
42,796,213 lb., valued at $11,632,014, as against 44,9!
035 lb., valued at $12,240,094, in 1916.

The British Columbia production was 57,7 1 7,r>.*,r,
valued at $15,687,631, as against 63,642,550 lb„ val .
at $17,312,046, in 1916. The production included ,
720,413 lb. recovered in blister and matte and 16,997,!!
lb. estimated recovery from ores shipped to Unw
States smelters.

Gold

The total production of gold in placer and mill bul >i
and in smelter production in 1917 is estimated at 7-,
366 fine oz., valued at $15,449,426, as compared v.l
930,492 fine oz., valued at $19,234,976, in 1916,a decrui
of $3785,550, or 19.69 %. This has been the lovs
since 1912, when the new Porcupine field causet i
considerable increase in Canada's production of gd
1'he 1916 production was the largest since 1902, \\ •
the Yukon output began to decline. The maximum ] •
duction recorded was $27,908,153, in 1900, and the lv
est since that year was $8,382,780, in 1907. Of i
total production in 1917, $4,199,563, or 27.5%, was e
rived from placer and alluvial mining; $9,433,033 o
61.0%, in bullion and refined gold, and $1,816,827 o
11.5%, contained in matte, blister copper, residues i
ores exported.

The production in Nova Scotia was only $45,47! i
1917, about equal to that of 1913, which was the lovs
ever recorded, and showed a decrease of over 51
that of 1916. The decrease is mostly attributed toh
great increase in cost for labor and material. The 9
duction in Quebec is made partly from the pyrites e
of the Eastern Townships and partly from the ;i<
lead ores of Notre-Dame des Anges, Portneuf Coutj
Much of this gold is not paid for by the smelters.

The Ontario production of gold was $8,916,113, bn
about 58% of the total production for Canada, u
though it shows a decrease of 12% from that of H(
it was the second highest ever recorded. The proi<
tion from Manitoba, $9137, though small, points to t
possibility of this province becoming an important o
ducer. The gold was derived from the gold and co>e
ores of Herb and Schist lakes, in the new Pas min
division in northern Manitoba.

The production in British Columbia in 1917 was -
776,558, a decrease of nearly 39%, which was duo<
only to the high cost of supplies but also in pai t
labor troubles in that province and the closing <w
for several months of the Rossland mines, which n
tribute largely to the output of gold. The produ i<

art* 30, 1918

ENGINEERING AM) MINIMI JOURNAL

h the Yukon Territory amounted ti or

il over 16' . and included, in addition to
alluvial gold, :i small reeoverj from the gold and i
ores "i' Hie Whitehorse district and the gold silver
of the Mayo district. The exports of gold liul-
gold-bearing dust, nuggets, gold in - in

;, arc reported bj the Customs Departmenl as
929,051.

i i \n

mates of the production of load in 1917

ided the recoveries of considerable quantities of

from imported ores. The total production in 1917

aad in bullion credited to Canadian mines, together

the load estimated as recoverable from ores ex-

ivas 32, 072,269 lb., which, at the average price

in Montreal, 11.137c. per lb., would be worth

B9. The corresponding production in 1916 was

97,716 11'.. valued at $3,532,692. an average price

c. The decrease in quantity was 9,425,346 lb.,

. but on account of the higher price there was a

nt increase in total value.

he 1917 production included 30,077,230 lb. of lead

iiillion, of which a large part was electrolytically

and 1,995,039 lb. recoverable from ores exported.

lead bullion was produced chiefly at Trail, with

11 contributions from smelters at Kingston and Ga-

i, Ont. (.The total production of the smelters, in-

ing lead from imported ores, was 41,427,304 lb.)

lead ores exported were derived from Notre Dame

Anges, Que., the Surprise mine, Slocan, B. C, and

Silver King mine, at Mayo, Yukon.

he total mine shipments of lead ores and concen-

vas about 58.801 tons, containing 37,624,567 lb.

ead. as compared with shipments in 1916 of 84,516

. containing 54,124,628 lb. of lead. The exports of

in 1917 were: Lead contained in ore concentrates,

[ion, etc., 13,410,400 lb., valued at $925,056. Exports

1 916 were: Lead in ore, etc., 9,048,400 lb., valued at

;>,180, and pig lead 112,100 lb., valued at $7710.

Nickel.

he production of nickel in 1917 was, as usual, derived

the ores of the Sudbury district, supplemented by

recovery of a small quantity of metallic nickel,

i el oxide, and other nickel salts as byproducts in the

rtment of ores from the silver-cobalt-nickel ores of

alt district. The total production was 84,470,970

th, at 40c. per lb., $33,778,388, compared with

564 lb., valued at $29,035,497, or 35c. per lb.,

i 916. The total production of nickel-copper matte

the smeltery of the Canadian Copper Co. and Mond

l«l Co., in the Sudbury district, was 78,897 tons,

aining 83,773,319 lb. of nickel and 42,392,588 lb. of

er, the average percentage of the combined metals

natte being about 80 ; the ore smelted (part being

• iously roasted) was 1,453,661 tons, which, as usual,
"ided a small tonnage from the Alexo mine, in the

aining district. The production in 1916 was

1 1 tons of matte, derived from ' 1,521,689 tons of

"el-copper ores smelted, the matte containing 82,596,-

* lb. of nickel and 44,859,321 lb. of copper.

lie refinery under construction at Port Colborne,

• by the International Nickel Co. had not been com-

» :d at the close of the year. The British American

^el Corporation continued the development of its

1 1 propei tii ' icularly at the tfui ra and

work was begun on the fli
distant from the Murray mine, 11 ted thai i

ction work on the refinery will begin early in i'
Nickel was recovered as a byproduct in smelterii

old, and Welland, from t he silvei
nickel ores of the Cobalt di trie! Complete return have
net yet i • ived, but the total nickel content

nickel n\ide. nickel sulphate, and metallic nickel pro-
duced have i mated at about 697,000 lb.

vered in 1916 included 79,860 lb. of metallic
123,418 lb. of mckel oxide, and 232,460 lb
nickel sulphati , having a total reported value of $132,896
and containing 361,701 lb. of nickel metal. The expi
of nickel in ore matte or other form are reported by
the Customs Departmenl as 81,272,400 lb., valued at
$8,708,650.

The imports of nickel into the United States during
the eleven moi nded November, 1917, which in-

cluded small quantities from other sources as well as
from Canada, are recorded as 69,265,880 lb., contained
in ore, matte, or other form, valued at $8,869,824, or an
average of 12.81e. per lb. The exports of nickel and
nickel oxide, etc., during the same period were 21,430,-
306 lb., valued at $8,702,727, or an average of 40.61c.
per lb., of which about 66% were consigned to Great
Britain and 30$ to Italy and France. The values per
pound of these exports to different countries ranged
from 38.5 to 48.6c. per lb. The average value per
pound of exports in 1916 was 38.775c, the range being
from 37.13c. to 45.21c. The average export value in
1914 was 34.26 cents.

Silver.

The production in silver of 1917 was 22,150,680 oz.,
valued at $18,034,419, as against 25,459,741 oz., valued
at $16,717,121, in 1916, a decrease of 13.0% in quantity,
but an increase of 7.9% in value. The high value of the
production in 1917 was exceeded only in 1912 and 1913,
when the Cobalt camp was at the maximum of its out-
put. The production in Ontario amounted to 19,254,616
oz., valued at $15,676,531, or 87% of the total production
for Canada. In 1911, the year of its maximum produc-
tion, the percentage was 93.8. The production was from
the ores of Cobalt and adjoining silver camps, with the
exception of 80,863 oz., the output of the gold and copper
mines. Of the Cobalt district production, amounting
to 19,173,753 oz., 85.3%, or 16,363,605 oz., were recov-
ered in smelteries and reduction works in Canada, and
the balance, 14.7%, or 2,810,148 oz., was exported for
smelting. Of the bullion produced in Ontario, 9,929,326
oz., or 60.7 %, was recovered in the mills of Cobalt, and
6,434,279, or 39.3%, in southern Ontario smelteries.

The production in Quebec was 217,191 oz., valued at
$176,830, as against 98,610 oz., valued at $64,748, in
1916, and is derived from the pyritic ores of the Eastern
Townships and the zinc-lead ores of Notre-Dame des
Anges, Portneuf County. In British Columbia the
production was 2,580,521 oz., valued at $2,100,983, as
against 3,392,872 oz., valued at $2,227,794, in 1916,
showing a decrease in quantity of over 23 % and in value
of 5.7rc This production includes refined silver, silver
contained in smeltery products and estimated recoveries
from ores exported. The Yukon production amounted
to 90,772 oz., valued at $73,904, as against 360,101 oz.,

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No.

valued al 16, in 1916, and included silver derived

the placer operations, with also a certain amount

i from the gold and copper ores of Whitehorse

and the silver-lead ores shipped from Mayo. The ex

port- • r bullion and silver in ore, etc., as reported

by the Customs Department, were 21,718,784 oz., valued

^17,621,398, as against exports in 1916 of 25,279,859

. allied at •

/.IN

During the last two years there has been a recovery

ol refined zinc in Canada at the inc refinery erected by

the Con. M. & S. Co., at Trail. B. C. Prior to 1916 all

,»re mined in Canada was exported for smelting and

refining. The establishment of the Trail plant has re-
sulted in the mining and treatment of a much larger
tonnage of zinc ores and a part of the present production

11 being exported for treatment. The total recovery
da of refined zinc, together with the zinc con-
tained in ores exported (less --20' - allowed for smeltery
amounted in 1917 to 31,227,351 lb., which at the
average price o( spelter in New York 8.901c. per lb.,
would have a total value of $2,779,547. The correspond-
ing production in 1916 was 23,864,760 lb., valued at

11,623, "f an average of 12.804c. per pound.
Quebec in L917 is credited with 1,161,062 lb., and
British Columbia with 30,066,289 lb. In 1916 the Que-
lle production was 1,663,200 lb., and British Columbia
21.701,560 lb. The total zinc-ore shipments from mines
in 1917 were about 116,660 tons, containing, without
any deduction whatever, 61,920,149 lb. of zinc. The
total ore shipments in 1916 were 82,077 tons, containing

'8,0781b. of zinc.

Iron Ore

The total shipments of iron ores from Canadian mines
during 1917 were 215,242 short tons, valued at $758,261,
as compared with shipments of 275,176 tons, valued at
$715,107, in 1916. The 1917 shipments included 198,092
tons from mines in Ontario and 17,150 tons from mines
in Quebec, and of the latter amount a considerable ton-
nage was from old stockpiles. The ores comprised
197,602 tons of hematite and roasted hematite and sid-
erite, 12,664 tons of magnetite and 978 tons of
titaniferous ores.

The principal operating properties were the Helen
and Magpie mines of the Algoma Steel Corporation, all
of the ores mined being first roasted before shipment.
The Moose Mountain Co. continued development and
experimental work in concentration and briquetting, but
made only small shipments. In Quebec shipments of
iimenite were made from Ivry-on-the-Lake, in Terre-
bonne County, and of titaniferous ore from St. Urbain,
on the north shore of the St. Lawrence. Shipments of
magnetite were also made from stockpiles at the Bristol
mine, in Pontiac County, and a small tonnage from Iron-
sides, in Hull Township.

Mine operators reported 169,192 tons of ore exported
to the United States and 46,050 tons shipped to Cana-
dians furnaces. The Customs Department shows ex-
ports of iron ores 164,004 tons, valued at $660,673, and
imports amounting to 2,251,397 tons, valued at $5,124,-
889. The total quantity of iron ore charged to blast
furnaces in 1917 was 2,176,296 tons, of which 92,065
tons were of domestic origin and 2,084,231 tons im-

ported. The imported ore included 874,134 tot
Newfoundland ore and 1,210,097 tons of "Lake v
Shipments of iron ore from Wabana mines, Newfuv
land, in 1917. by the two Canadian companies operit
there, were 883,346 short tons, as against l,012,06Co:
in 1916, all of which went to Sydney and North Syie
in Cape Breton.

The blast furnace plants operated were the same-
the previous year, namely the Dominion Iron and ;
Co., at Sydney, N. S. ; the Nova Scotia Steel and
Co., at North Sydney; the Standard Iron Co
Deseronto, Out.; the Steel Company of Canad
Hamilton, Ont. ; the Canadian Furnace Co., at PorCi
borne, Ont., and the Algoma Steel Corporation, at I
Ste. Marie, Ont.

Pig iron was made in electric furnaces by the Cia
Cement Co., Ltd., Montreal; Frazer, Brace & Co.,4
Shawinigan Falls, Que.; British Forgings, Ltd.!
ronto, Ont.; Electro Foundries, Ltd., Orillia, Ont a
Turnbull Electro Metals, Ltd., St. Catharines, Ont.T
total production in electric furnaces of pig iron n
alloys and steel ingots and castings was in 1917 oc
99,000 short tons. The production of ferroallojj
Canada in 1917. chiefly ferrosilicon, but including
spiegeleisen, ferromolybdenum and ferrophosphor ,
with the exception of the spiegeleisen being mn
electric furnaces, reached a total of 40,329 tons, >hi
at $3,471,934, as against a total in 1916 of 28,62^0
valued at $1,777,615.

Asbestos and Chromiie
The production of asbestos continues to ine
under the stimulation of war demand. The produ |
been marketed at much higher prices, and the tota^a
show a substantial increase. Stocks on hand at tl •
of 1917 were slightly in excess of those reported :
end of 1916.

OUTPUT AND VALUE OF ASBESTOS 1916 AND 1917

-1916-

1917

( tatput, tons

Sola, tons
Value, tons

Average per ton

Crude ' Milled Crude

5,414 112,832 6,268

5,893 130,123 5,383

$1,867,064 $3,266,268 $2,748,071 $ I

$316 82 $25 10 $510 51

Exports of asbestos during the calender yeaili
were 93,932 tons, valued at $4,903,326, or an aver*
$52.20 per ton, and asbestos and waste, 52,08!' t<
valued at $430,956, or an average of $8.27 p< I
There was also an export of manufactures of a:e-
valued at $55,666. The exports in 1916 were 96,7' I
of asbestos, valued at $3,872,463, or an average of 4<j
per ton, and asbestos sand and waste, 33,564 tons, fi
at $241,272, or an average of $7.18 per ton; also ia
factures of asbestos valued at $4741.

The shipment of chromite ores and concentre
mine operators was 36,352 tons, valued at $490,0(. J
taining approximately 8626 tons, or an average oil
23. T, Cr.O, A part of these shipments was nd.
the customs mill at Lakeside, Black Lake, opera*
the Mutual Chemical Co., and the final shipment 1
the district of ores and concentrates was 23,32' si
tons, valued at $572,115, and containing approxi*
8465 tons of Cr203> or an average of 36%. Most'f
concentrates shipped averaged 50% Cr.O,, while 1
percentage of the ore shipments averaged abou3
The production was, as usual, obtained from the 1
Townships of Quebec, chiefly at Black Lake and

irch 30, 1918

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

591

th an important contribution from the new area

■ t Cyr, in the township of Cleveland, Richmond

The mine operators' shipments in 1916 were

..lis, valued at $311,460, and containing approxi

, lv 6759 tons, or an average of 12"). .V, Cr.O,. Of

ount 13,268 tons was sold to a customs concen

and the final shipments of ores and concentrates

the year was 15,249 tons, valued at $310,902.

exports of chromite as reported by the Customs

i. lit were 19,229 tons, valued at $342,528, as

12,633 inns, valued at $152,534, exported in 1916.

MOLYBDENl M

ilybdenum ore treated in 1917 at the concentrators
v International Molybdenum Co. at Renfrew, Ren-
Molybdenum Mines, at Mount St. Patrick, and the

- Department at Ottawa, totalled 692 tons. From

80 614 lb. of concentrates were produced, worth

501. The molybdenum contents of the concentrates

d from 52.9 to 93.5r, of MoS2. From the plants of

international Molybdenum Co. at Orillia and Tivani

Steel Co. at Belleville there was a production of

lb. of ferromolybdenum, valued at $348,775.

num is one of the metals to which, because of

for making high-speed tool steel, the war has

miuch importance. During 1917 there was an em-

ii > on shipments of molybdenum from Canada to the

n;d States. At the beginning of 1918, this was

and shipments may now be freely made under

lermit. Prices ruling in the United States have

ich higher than those paid by the Imperial Muni-

| Board.

e Province of Quebec possesses the largest indi-

d 1 producing mine of molybdenite in the Moss mine.

i islow Township, operated by the Dominion Molyb-

0. This company has a large concentrator, of a

of 150 tons of rock a day, using the Callow

3S for the separation. During 1917, extensive

drilling operations were carried on, which

oed out large reserves of ore.

Magnesite

1? shipments of magnesite, crude, calcined and dead

n 'd, reached 58,090 tons, representing a value of

2275. As compared with 1916, this is a propor-

H increase in value of 38.5 cc. This increase is to

extent due to the fact that two producing com-

- are now making dead-burned magnesite. For

pose, these companies are using the kilns of

it works in Montreal and in Hull, which were not

>e ting on the manufacture of cement during the year.

Pyrites
li customs records show exports of pyrites during
'1 as 279,646 tons, valued at $974,200. Apparently,
■e reports of copper pyrites from Quebec are not in-
n<l in this record. Exports of sulphuric acid during
re 18,955,100 lb., valued at $197,888, as against
U700 lb., valued at $74,527, in 1916. Imports of
"tone, cr crude sulphur, in 1917 were 82,445 tons,
il at $1,515,309, and 73,467 tons in 1916, valued at
J>,618. Imports of sulphuric acid in 1917 were 216
'•valued at $15,680, as against imports in 1916 of
0. ons, valued at $115,173.

Deepest Well in the World

The deepest well in the world, already 7868 ft. deep,
according to the U. s. Geological Survey, Is now tx

ing drilled on the Gofl Cam n li noi I I of

Clarksburg, in northern West Virginia. Until Jan. 24
the record for depth had been held by a boring at
Czuchow, in Silesia, which had reached a depth of 7849

ft., but on that daj Dr. I. ('. White, the state geologist

of West Virginia, announced thai the Hope Natural
(ias Co. had driven the bit to a depth of 7850 ft., one
good American foot in excess of the German record.
Moreover, t he drilling is -t ill in progre . and aa suf-
ficient length of cable and adequate power and tools
are at hand, the prospects are good for driving still
farther down into the crust of the earth.

C. E. Van Ostrand, of the Survey, found that at a
depth of 7000 feet in the well the temperature is
152" F., and that the rate of increase at this depth
is about 1° in 51 ft. of depth. This shows that the
outer crust of the earth in this region is relatively
cool, for in many other regions the temperature in-
creases much more rapidly with increase in depth.
Even at some places in the United States, according
to unconfirmed observations, the temperature increases
at the rate of 1° in a vertical distance as little as 25
ft., and that within a few hundred feet of the surface.
Nevertheless, Mr. Van Ostrand estimates that the tem-
perature of the rocks beneath the Goff well will be
found at the boiling point (212° F.) at a depth some-
where around 10,000 feet.

The Goff well is near the center of the great Ap-
palachian coal field basin or trough, and is being drilled
in search of deeper oil sands than have yet been reached
in this part of the basin. The sand upon which most
hope is based is the "Clinton" sand, a formation of
Silurian age, which is prolific of gas and oil across
central Ohio from Cleveland nearly to the Ohio River.
From its outcrop this formation dips gently to the
southeast beneath successively younger formations
nearly if not all the way to Clarksburg.

New Caledonian Mineral Exports

According to the report of the Chamber of Com-
merce of Noumea, New Caledonia, exports of nickel
ore in 1916 amounted to 30,579 metric tons; of chrome
ore, 74,116 metric tons, and of nicke! matte, 4935 me-
tric tons. Of the nickel ore, 29,129 metric tons
were shipped to England, 7807 to France, and the re-
mainder to Japan. The United States received 33,491
tons of the chrome ore, England 31,308, France 9301
and Japan the remainder. The nickel matte was
shipped as follows: United States, 3352 metric tons;
England, 800, and France, 783 metric tons. No exports
of cobalt are reported.

•member the Comfort Fund of the 27th Engineers.

Silver Mines at Kongsberg, Norway, produced 8072 kilos
of silver during the last fiscal year, according to a state-
ment dated Feb. 5, 1918, in Commerce Reports. One kilo
equals 32.15 troy oz. This amount is considerably below the
estimated output, which had been placed at 12,000 kilos.
Forty per cent, of the total output was obtained from the
Kongens and Samuels mines and 20% from the Gottes
Hilfe mine. It is estimated that 10,000 kilos of silver will
be produced during the coming fiscal year.

KNGINKKR1NG AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No.;

Hie Quarterly Report of Nevada

Consolidated
Production for the quarter ended Dec 81, 1917, was

58 lb., as compared with 20,217,673 lb. the
pic .iter. Total production for the year was

During the quarter 1,087,158 dry tons
Nevada Consolidated ore, averaging 1.4591 copper,
were milled, as compared with 1,014,081 dry tons,
averaging 1.4691 copper, for the previous quarter. Of
the tonnage milled, 7894 was supplied from the pits
and 2_> from the underground workings of the Ruth
mine. In addition to the above, 75,987 dry tons of the
Consolidated Coppermines Co. ore were milled during
the quarter. The cost of copper produced, including
Steptoe plant depreciation and all charges except ore
extinguishment and excess-profits tax, and after credit-
ing all miscellaneous earnings, was 12.73c. per lb.,
as compared with 11.78c. per lb. for the previous
quarter. Excluding the item of depreciation, the cost
was 11.91c, as compared with 10.93c. for the previous
quarter.

There was a deficit for the quarter of $177,291, after
distribution on Dec. 31 of $1 per share, amounting to
$1,999,457. There was set aside $183,844 for plant
and equipment depreciation and $65,217 for ore ex-
tinguishment, leaving a net debit to earned surplus for
the quarter of $426,353, but a credit to earned surplus
for the 12 months of $1,363,450, after payment of all
dividends, and a balance of $13,717,093 in earned sur-
plus at Dec. 31.

The operating expenses for the quarter include
$169,874, representing accrued county, state, state
bullion and Federal income taxes, or a total of $729,664
for the year. No reserve has been set up to cover the
accrued excess-profits tax, and the company is not yet
in a position to definitely determine what this amounts
to. The earnings for the quarter are based on the
prices actually received for copper delivered and the
sales contracts actually closed for future delivery, plus
all unsold copper carried at 13*c. per pound, which,
taken together, makes an average carrying price for
the quarter's production of 20.14c. per pound. This
price has resulted from the large quantity of copper
which at Dec. 31, 1917, was carried in the accounts
as unsold at the inventory figure of 13£c. While all
copper available for delivery from the refinery has
been sold and delivered, it must be understood that
as the company owns its smelter, and therefore delivers
its blister copper to the refinery at the Atlantic sea-
board, any time consumed in transit is entirely for the
mining company's accounts. Consequently, the unpre-
cedented transportation delays which have prevailed
have resulted in the company having a much larger
quantity of copper in transit than under normal condi-
tions, and thus deliveries of copper from the refinery
for the mining company's account were materially less
than the mine production.

for the year 1917 was 206,174,442 lb., as conm
with 1.96,762,68] lb. for 1916.

The total quantity of ore milled during the qir
was 3,426,800 tons, or a decrease of 13,100 tons asc
pared with the third quarter of the year. The av-i
grade of the ore was 1.25% copper, as compared v
copper for the third quarter of the yearj
the average extraction was 59.15%. The perce;i
of recovery was low, partly because of the him
operating conditions in the mills, due to variou i
provements under way, but principally because <
unusually large tonnage treated and the comparav
low copper content in the headings.

The average cost per pound of net copper pn I
from concentrates during the quarter, after nc
allowance for smelter deductions and crediting r'«
laneous income from Utah operations only, was 12BI
as compared with 10.860c. for the third quarter, M
for the second quarter and 10.843c. for the first q I
of 1917. This comparatively high cost for the :u
quarter was due partly to the necessarily large cai
made against operations for increased state andF
oral taxes, partly to the low grade of the on i
partly to the fact that no dividends were declail
the Bingham & Garfield Railway Co.; it havinsi
deemed advisable to accumulate a sufficient re
during the last quarter of the year to cover all pui
tax requirements of the railway company. Thecc
net profit for the quarter was $9,340,784; disir
ments to stockholders, $5,685,715, and net sipl
$3,655,069. The earnings for the fourth quarteiw
computed on a basis of 29.965c. per pound for op
as against a basis of 14.03c. for the third qi r;
27.977c. for the second and 26.173c. for the first qi I
The wide difference between the carrying pri
this quarter and the last is due almost entirely I
variation in the quantity of unsold copper onhii
at the beginning as compared to that at the <d
the quarter, as, according to the established cstc
all unsold copper is carried on inventory at 13.!. ]
pound. During the last quarter of the year coppeaa
were much larger than copper production. Th
suited in a substantial decrease in amount of m
copper on hand Dec. 31.

During the period there was removed a total o9
333 cu.yd. of capping, as compared with 1,283,107 u.;
for the previous quarter. This decrease of ■'!<
cu.yd. was due principally to the fact that the fa
shovels working in capping on some of the uppeie
were shut down part of the time on account of a ho
age of coal. The total amount of capping rue.
during the year was 4,271,868 cu.yd., being an s9{
of 1,076,967 cu.yd. per quarter.

Quarterly Report of Utah Copper

Utah's production for the quarter ending the fiscal
year 1917 was 50,802,793 lb., as compared with 54,762,-
544 lb. for the previous quarter. The gross production

Report of Hollinger Con. G. M,

The Hollinger Consolidated Gold Mining Co.. I
ports that for the year ended Dec. 31, 1917, 508, H
of ore and 6162 tons of concentrates yielded n
$4,216,938, a profit of $1,820,414, and dividends ao
ing to $738,000; expenditures for plant reached $(*,
The operating costs, which are given in consider; 1<
tail in the report are: Mining, $2,959; milling, I.
and general charges, $0,463; total, $4,439 P

irch 3<». I '.us

KNGINKKK1NG AND .MINING J01 KNAL

:,%\

mine development totaled: 644 ft. shafts, 12,974

rifts. 12,721 ft. crosscuts, 3367 ft. raises, 8024 ft.

oad drilling; total, 29,696 ft. The monthly ton-
milled ranged from 31,877 to 48,119; 7.r.o m
employed; 57.6 to 83.2f< of the ore was drawn
stopes and 42.4 to 15.8 from development,
the mill, 508,139 tons, average assay value $8.67
on. and 6162 tons old concentrates, assay value
'ii. were treated. Cross values were s 1.121. -

loss in tailings, $159,193, and net values reco\

Milling details are summarized in the fol-

- per day 1409

■lit. of possible time run 70.2

per 24 hours running time

p duty per 24 hours running time, Urns 15.4

ion precipitated per ton of ore, tons

per ton in tailings $0.31

dfl consumed per ton of ore, lb 0.448

■onsumod per ton of ore, lb 0.360

n-r ton of solution, lb 0.176

consumed per ton of ore, lb 2.257

■ per ton of ore, lb 0.331

ige value pregnant solution, per ton $4,038

e average number of men employed during the
1045. distributed as follows:

Miners

ration 29

•ipment 270

ction 394

Mechanics
k tion

693

56

General

Mill and refinery 108

Engineering staff .... 17

Clerical staff 11

Miscellaneous 41

177

enance 64

:ion 61

181

Total

Miners 693

Mechanics 181

General 171

1045

I both mine and mill, labor shortage reduced output,
rceserves are given in greater detail than is cus-
I y to find in the reports of mining companies.
r;> stimated tonnage in 39 veins is 4,494,510, average
5 and gross value (estimated) $40,231,435.
g the year a deficit of $269,590 was wiped out
ch surplus of $712,724 accumulated. In spite of
» difficulties and the increased cost of supplies, the
■ vas successful.

Anual Report of the Yellow Pine
Mining Company

' mines of the Yellow Pine Mining Co., situated

*>to Goodsprings. Clark County, Nevada, produced

17, 20,047 tons of crude ore, of which 464 tons

shipped and 19,582 tons were milled.

""■ shipments during the year were:

Per Per Net

Cent. Cent. Ounces Value

s of Ore Tons Lead Zinc Silver per Ton

S'.oncentrate 3,157 52.6 13.6 29.8 $80.11

Concentrate 12,904 5.15 32.0 3.18 23.72

nc limes 3,512 6.9 32.2 3.53 23.30

u' f nc ore 411 3.5 37.9 1.54 32.71

& lead ore 2.68 63.1 5.65 21.6 109.16

U' mixed ore 50.97 16.0 27.2 11.5 24.76

°tal 20,040

Rtl value, including miscellaneous receipts, $662,256.08
C total cost of operation was $247,477, or $12.35
r m shipped. Gross receipts were $33.05 per ton
'Id and the profit $20.7f per ton. Gross profit,

$414,778. The coal f pel ton mined wa

of timbering were (10.60 per ton. Development
work, totalling 8131 ft., averaged 812.08 per ft.

Additions to mine equipment during the year in-
clude the installation of a 825 cu.ft. air compressor,
with power plant, and new piping throughout the
mine. Four new drills and a small air hoist were also

purchased. New ore inns . . t 200 Ions capacity were

constructed, and a complete water system, with pump-
ing plant and ample storage tanks, was installed. The
companj also constructed two new bunk-h
commodate 36, and a four-room foreman's cottage.

During 1917, the mill operated 5502.5 hours, or a
total of 344 sixteen hour days, treating a total of 19,-
976 tons, or an average of 3.63 tons per hour. The
i per ton was $1.95. From a mill-head
averaging 14.8V lead. 29.1$ zinc and 7.55 oz. silver
per ton, there were produced 3157.9 tons of lead con-
centrate, averaging 52.0% lead, 13.6c zinc, and 29.8
oz. silver per ton; 12,904.9 tons of zinc concentrate
averaging 5.15% lead, 32.0% zinc, and 3.18 oz. silver
per ton, and 3512.7 tons of slime averaging 6.9%
lead, 32.2C zinc and 3.53 oz. silver per ton. Waste
sorted from the belt amounted to 393.6 tons. In the
past year the railroad handled a gross tonnage of 42,-
623.4 at an average cost of $0,493 per ton. Based on
actual tonnage shipped from Jean to the smelters, the
average cost was $1,048 per ton.

It is of interest to note that, owing to a difference
in ore market conditions, milling is to be discontinued
and all ore will be shipped in the crude state. A large
proportion of the product will be shipped to oxide
plants as a mixed lead-zinc ore. Sorting facilities will
be improved at the mine for this purpose. The mill-
ing plant will be kept intact for future needs. Esti-
mates of available tonnage have not been made, but
it is stated that sufficient tonnage for the ensuing year
is assured.

Alaska Gold Co.'s Quarterly Report

The quarterly production report issued by the
Alaska Gold Co., covering the operations for the
fourth quarter of 1917 has recently been distributed. A
summary for the quarter and for the year is given
in the following table:

Tons milled

'. alue per ton

Yield

Tailings

Extraction

Value recovered

< ip rating expenses less miseellaneous income

Total pront per ton $0.0707

r

Total

Qua

tor \ear 1917

532.699

2.240,346

1 066

$1 too

0 B608

0 8939

0 2050

0.2061

80 7C%

81 27%

$0 8608

0 8939

0 7901

0.7717

JO 1222

During the quainter the mine produced 5700 tons per
day; 410,629 tons were broken in the mine; 533,054
tons of ore were trammed to the oreways, leaving a
total of 991,420 tons of broken ore in the stopes. A
resurvey on Dec. 31 showed a total of 2,357,588 tons
of ore in the stopes. The low grade and small tonnage
of ore delivered to the mill during the fourth quar-
ter were due to the continued scarcity of miners, which
prevented new developments of any consequence and
limited tonnage for the mine to a point much below
transportation and milling capacity.

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 13

March 30, 1918

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOl RNAL

Medal Presentation of the Mining and
Metallurgical Society of America

THE .Modal Presentation dinner of the Mining and
Metallurgical Society of America took place on
Thursday evening. Mar. 21, 1918, at the Columbia
University Club, New York. More than 125 members
md guests assembled in tribute to Pope Yeatman, to
mom the society's gold medal for 1918 was presented,
waiter Renton Ingalls, president of the society, pre-
sided, and in making the presentation address com-
nented upon the significance of the gift of the annual
nedal by the society.

The more important facts concerning Mr. Yeatman's
ife are presented in the following brief resume:
3ope Yeatman was born in St. Louis on Aug. 3, 1861.
Ie received the degree of Engineer of Mines from
Vashington University, St. Louis, Mo., in 1883. From
.883 to 1895 he was engaged in mining in Mexico, Mis-
.ouri. New Mexico and Colorado. From 1895 to 1904
tfr. Yeatman was in South Africa. He was in charge

POPE YEATMAN*

f the opening and development of the Robinson Deep
line of the Consolidated Gold Fields of South Africa
rom 1895 to 1899. Later he was general manager of
le Simmer and Jack Proprietary Gold Mining Co., and
eneral manager and consulting engineer to the Rand-
Jntein Estates Gold Mining Co., and responsible for
ie organization, equipment and development of this
hole group of mines. Between 1906 and 1916 he was
msulting engineer to M. Guggenheim Sons and the
uggenheim Exploration Co. ; developed and equipped
ie Nevada Consolidated Copper mine, and developed
id managed the Steptoe Valley Smelting and Mining
o., the Chile Exploration Co. and the Braden Copper
o., of Chile. Of the Braden and Chuquicamata mines,
i Chile, Mr. Yeatman has been in charge from their
irliest stages.
Mr. Ingalls, preceding his address, laid special em-

phasis upon the fact thai the medal we pn ented to
''"!" N ■ ■•''' "•in for eminence a- an adn - ol

mines. Continuing, Mr, tngall aid :

' formal doi m • til oi i have

issarily to confine tl
They can not, or do not, put any coloring upon their ski
"hen woi I ie like thai of the painter wl
llI»es with pencil. It falls to me to paint the pi.
appreciating my own impel .,- ., painter, I

arranged with my colleagues to give the finishing toui
Some of us who are here tonight have known

man for more than 30 years. One was B i of

his. Others became acquainted with him wh( I to

visit Colorado in the '80s. Our glimpses of h

"st of us wii.i were getting our youthful tra
ing, he was flitting from place to place, and except when
we were caught in some eddy that detained some o
gether, our courses did not often intersect. Thi i the

time, in the '90s, when he disappeared from our sight. This
was when he joined the great hegira of A
to South Africa. He remained out there for 10 years. I
am obliged to skip that part of his career — I did not go to
South Africa. But some of our colleagues who did go
there, and were associated with him, will tell of his im-
portant work and his development while there. He retui
to the United States full grown. It was well for him :
well for our industry that he did come back just then. I
industry was in a transition stage, when big men, and
especially administrative men, were needed.

It was about 12 years ago that the copper mining in-
dustry was entering upon a fundamental change. It is
true that for a long time previously our operations had
been becoming bigger and bigger, our knowledge of engi-
neering had been improving, and mining had been in the
process of conversion into a recognized business, instead of
being the gamble of the lucky strike. If it had not been
for such real progress in the art, if it had not been for
the experience in real mining engineering, gained in South
Africa and elsewhere, Jackling and Requa and others might
have had the conception of digging low-grade ore at the
rate of 10,000 tons a day, of putting in $10,000,000 worth
of plant to start with, but investors bold enough to furnish
the money would have been hard to find.

Mr. Yeatman was naturally called to administer one of
the first of these great companies — the Navada Consoli-
dated. From the viewpoint of fully integrated concerns —
concerns equipped to do everything from the mining of the
ore to the smelting of the concentrate — it was the first.
Mr. Yeatman did not enter into this great enterprise at
its very beginning. The Nevada Northern Railway had
already been built, and plans to a more or less extent for
the mining, milling and metallurgical plant had been made,
but when I had the pleasure of going over the ground with
Mr. Yeatman in the summer of 1907 things were not very
far ahead. While he was not the creator of this as an
engineering and commercial project, he wras the organizer
who made it a going concern. What opportunity did an
engineer administrator ever have that was more brilliant
and what other case is there of such a splendid fulfilment
of promises? This was a task of the first order of magni-
tude— the administration of a raihvay 150 miles long, of
a mine with new problems that was called upon to produce
10,000 tons of ore per day, of a mill that had to treat that
immense tonnage of ore and a smeltery to convert the con-
centrates into copper, the whole development representing
an outlay of some $10,000,000 on the part of courageous
investors who had to risk all that money before they could
expect any returns. If the Nevada Consolidated had been
a failure, the development of all the subsequent porphyry
mines would have been under a cloud, and the count y might
have been deprived of their copper at a time when the metal
was greatly needed. But the Nevada Consolidated was not

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 13

>ur,.. h ulai success, and in being such

j the hopea of its stockholders, but also
i other enterprises of a similar kind.
to Mr. Yeatman's splendid adminis-
eper and bigger than what concerns
stod in this particular enterprise alone.
Consolidated was put in the way of run-
Mr. Yeatman's annual reports as consulting
lels of what such reports ought to be. In
time Mr. Yeatman exhibited the supreme qual-
I an administrator; that is to say, the creation of such
on that his own. services were not constantly
red and he could set himself free to undertake new
things. The new things were waiting for him in the shape
of the Braden and Chuquicamata mines, in Chile, two of
great copper mines in the world, one of them probably
the greatest Mr. Yeatman's task at Chuquicamata, in its
magnitude and its character, was even more stupendous
than was his great task in Nevada. We may look upon
Chuquicamata as the great triumph of modern mining and
illurgical engineering. For the treatment of a new
kind of ore in a remote and inaccessible part of the world
it was necessary to devise an entirely new metallurgical
process, a process that was no less revolutionary than the
action of electrolytic copper direct from the ore, which
previously was not a successful metallurgical process any-
where, although numerous metallurgists had tried to make
it so. In all of this work Mr. Yeatman would be the very
last one to minimize the extraordinary value of the services
of his colleagues, least of all those of Mr. Cappelen-Smith,
horn the new metallurgy was due; but Mr. Yeatman
himself was the coordinator of everything, the adminis-
trator, and because he was such he surrounded himself with
such able collaborators.

The test of any theory is the ability to prophesy and
ascertain that results are in conformity with the prophecy.
This is why we regard Chuquicamata as the great modern
triumph of mining and metallurgical engineering. With
the guidance of merely experimental work, its engineers
and administrators were able to say that certain things
were going to happen, and were able to say it with the con-
fidence that inspired the investment of many millions of
dollars; and the things did happen as they said they would.
.Mr. Yeatman's way of accomplishing these things calls
to my mind the words of John Ruskin, which express the
spirit that must have governed him throughout his career:
are not sent into this world to do anything into which
we cannot put our hearts. We have certain work to do for
our bread, and that is to be done strenuously; other work
to do for our delight, and that is to be done heartily; neither
is to be done by halves or shifts, but with a will; and what
is not worth this effort is not to be done at all."

In a few timely and felicitous words Mr. Ingalls then
presented the society's gift to Mr. Yeatman. Mr. Yeat-
man briefly and wittily replied. Major Mudd, a life
long friend and associate, told about Pope Yeatman's
early life. H. H. Webb, Thomas H. Leggett and Sid-
ney J. Jennings related South Africa incidents. Eugene
Meyer then briefly described the more recent work of
Pope Y'eatman and his connection with the war work
at Washington.

Telegrams were received and read from Herbert C.
Hoover, Robert H. Richards, James F. Kemp and John
Hays Hammond. Mr. Hammond's telegram follows:

As a mining engineer, the achievements of Pope Yeat-
man are known the world over. The high honor so deserv-
edly conferred upon him by the Mining and Metallurgical
Society this evening attests the esteem in which he is held
by his professional confreres. Such approbation is praise
indeed. Pope Yeatman is an honor to his profession. My
own appreciation of his professional ability is known by
the fact that for many years in Africa and subsequently
in this country he was one of my most trusted assistants.
It. is especially with reference to Pope Yeatman as a man
that I wish to record my esteem. I had known him in my
student days at Yale. Then as an older boy I had the op-
portunity to size him up. It was because of my implicit

confidence in his integrity, his sense of duty and his level-
headedness when he was a youth that I gave him his first
position in Africa. It was his opportunity, and he made
good. He has continued unfailingly to make good ever
since in the many responsible positions for which he has
been selected by keen judges of men. I am a great believer
in the mother's boy. Pope Y'eatman was a reverent and
devoted son and a kind and loyal friend to those who en-
joyed the privileges of his friendship. These are the chief
qualifications for real and abiding success in character, and
Pope Y'eatman possesses them in the highest degree. In
the new career to which he is patriotically dedicating his
splendid abilities, Pope Yeatman will again make good,
and while reflecting credit on his profession he will prove
an honor to his country.

, AWARD ED?

TORjfclSTINGUISlJ

POPE YEATMAN
Wa 1 Ti jpTl NT NO ^AMD|
HETALLU RCIC AI^S
fy SOCIETY

AM.

l-ERICA

Russian Mineral Production

No bismuth was produced in Russia in 1916, the Rus-
sian Bureau of Mines reported, according to R. C. Tred-
well, consul at Petrograd. The output of antimony was
so small that no statistics have been gathered. Of
molybdenum (MoS2), only 150 poods (5417 lb.) was
produced, all of which was used for domestic purposes.
The value could not be ascertained. About 2000 poods
(72,220 lb.) of tungsten, concentrated (60-65% W03),
was produced, the value of which is not given. The
total amount was used in Russia. Since 1914 all bis- j
muth, molybdenum, and tungsten have been used for
war purposes. In 1917, it is estimated that 6000 poods
(216~680 lb.) of tungsten ore (65% W03), 50 poods |
(1806 lb.) of bismuth ore (60% Bi), and 200 poods
(7220 lb.) of molybdenum (45% Mo) were produced.

Potash from Cement Dust

Potash is being extracted from cement dust at pres-
ent at two plants in the United States, one at River-
side, Calif., and the other in Maryland. The former
has been in operation for two years. The two are said
to produce an approximate total of 3000 tons of pure
potash a year. It is estimated by the Department of
Agriculture that 113 cement kilns in the United States
are wasting 87,000 tons of potash annually through
volatilization. The potash now being extracted at the
Maryland plant costs one-third the pre-war selling price
of 70c. a unit, it is asserted. Officials at the latter
plant are said to have stated that collection of the pot-
ash does not involve any change in methods of manu-
facturing cement. A plant now under construction in
the Middle West, it is estimated, will be able to handle
the dust from 2000 bbl. of cement daily.

Remember the Comfort Fund of the 27th Engineers.

BCarch 30, 1918

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

597

Thomas F. Noon

Thomas K. Noon, president of the Illinois Zinc Co.,
died at Phoenix, Ariz., on Mar. 2. lie had been in poor
health for some time. The immediate cause of his death
was pneumonia.

Mr. Noon was born in Peru, 111., in 1857, and was
■ucated in the public schools of that city. One of his
first employments was in the local postoffice. In 1880
Mr. Noon entered the employment of the Illinois Zinc
Co. as a clerk and bookkeeper, and during the remainder
jf his life was associated with that company. Although
not trained as a technical man, he acquired an ext<
knowledge of metallurgy and engineering through his
association with the works, which in the early days
ranked among the most complete and comprehensive of
;he zinc smelting works of the United States, its manu-
facturing branches comprising the production of spelter,

THOMAS F. NOON

heet zinc and sulphuric acid. Mr. Noon took pains to
dd technical knowledge to the sound business training
.nd keen mercantile sense which characterized him
hroughout his business career.

In 1898 Mr. Noon was elected general manager of
he Illinois Zinc Co.; a few years later he became vice
■resident as well as general manager, and in 1911 he was
lected president, still continuing to perform the duties
f general manager. He was an indefatigable worker,
nwilling ever to relax, and this no doubt was the cause
f the ill health that finally overtook him and led to his
ntimely death.

Personally Mr. Noon was a most attractive gentleman,
nd he was universally beloved, not only by his associates
nd competitors in business, but also by the men of the
'orks whereof he was head. The friendship that ex-
ited between himself and the men in his employ was a
ery real thing. This was always a matter of pride
3 Mr. Noon and a matter of consequence to his men,
'ho looked upon him as a true counsellor. He was of
ie best type of industrial leaders.

Ml' Noon partii ipated freelj In i lvl< affaii Ot
""■ '"••"1 of one oi the local bank and was a
member of man;, of the local orgai
survival by his wife and four child

Electric Hoisi Makers I.. < o-operate

1 ''"■ Electric B nufactun ociation has

offered the

Government in meeting the extraordli and for

their product. The War i Board hai requi

full information concerning the ability of the n
turers to handle the bush well as

what effeel prioritj orders and embargi nipmenta

have had upon the trade.

Electric hoists for shop use and for handling
rial have gone through various stages of development
during the last 15 years, and like all cla hop

machines, the association maintains, they cannot be
cessfully designed on the basis of theory alone. Ni
that it is thought that the experimental stage has been
passed and acceptable designs have been developed, it
seems wise to the manufacturers to coordinate the total
experience and to make available for the user all that
is best in electric hoist design and practice. With this
object in view, the manufacturers of the United States
organized the association, comprising the following
companies: the Brown Hoisting Machinery Co., Detroit
Hoist and Machine Co., Euclid Crane and Hoist Co., the
Franklin-Moore Co., Link Belt Co., Roeper Crane and
Hoist Works, Shepard Electric Crane and Hoist Co.,
Sprague Electric Works, and the Yale and Towne Mfg.
Co. The officers of the association are as follows : F. A.
Hatch, chairman, Shepard Electric Crane and Hoist
Co.; F. W. Hall, vice-chairman, Sprague Electric Works;
C. W. Beaver, secretary-treasurer, the Yale & Towne
Manufacturing Co.

The association holds monthly meetings. It will con-
sider uniform nomenclature pertaining to types and
parts of electric hoists, fix upon a standard by which
hoist motors shall be rated and promote standardization
of the hoists as far as possible. It will also collect and
disseminate information and statistics relative to the
industry and provide facilities and opportunities for
study and education in regard to its economics. Mem-
bership in the association is confined to those engaged in
the manufacture of monorail electric hoists.

Accidents in Canadian xMines

During the calendar year 1917, the number of men
employed in Canadian mines, quarries and concentrating
mills was 6311, as compared to 6601 for the preceding
year. These figures are on the basis of 300 days' work.
The work in the mines has been unusually active, not-
withstanding the rainy weather. Although a large
number of men new to conditions of the mines have
found employment, the total number of accidents has
been much less than last year. The number of fatalities
is notably less than that of the twelve preceding months,
being 4 against 18. The number of accidents reported
to the Canadian Bureau of Mines during 1917 was 172.
The proportion of fatalities per 1000 men per year of
300 days' work was 0.6.

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Hov* One Mining Company Pushed die

Vol. 105, No. 13

Second Liberty Loan

United States Governmenl
Second Liberty Loan of 1917

DffLCYKS OF THE ST. JOSEPH LEAD COMPANY:

rr.* United States Coveruaeut osXs ua to lend all «e can sparo
r savings to help win the ear, thus Insuring our hnppinosa and
rreeioe our children froo the danger of militarism and autocracy.

It is our patriotic duty to lend our savings to our Govorn-
■eot* *e love our country and our ovn happiness is wrapped up in its
success. Let us all taXe off our ooats and meet tho emergency— do all
:a our poeer to help.

Our young sen »ho have Joined tho colors are giving thoir
full tioe and risking their lives and health. We who stay behind can
io less than help to the utnost of our ability with our money.
Ho* such more they are giving than is njked of us ! Buying these bonds
is patriotism made easy. Four per cent interest is moro than most
savings banks pay. If you want your money a savings bank may require
you to give sixty days' notice. A bond of the United States Government
1* as good as money and can always be turned Into money quickly.

This is a wonderful opportunity and the St. Joseph Lead Com-
pany recoissends its employes to purchase theso bonds and will lend its
assistance so as to make It possible for them to acquire bonds of this
new Liberty Loan on the saao easy terms 83 were offered when the first
Liberty Bonds were sold. The plsn is as follows:

Each subscriber for a J100 Bond will be required to leavo
with the company %2 from his woekly pay, commencing with the week
ending November 17, 1917, and §2 each week thereafter for a period
of fifty weeks. This will complete the full $100 payment and on
November 17, 1918, the $100 Bond will be delivered to him, together
with $4 in cash, the amount of the full year's interest. If he
subscribes for a $50 Bond only $1 a week will be deducted and
so on in proportion whether his subscription be less or greater than

$100.

An employo subscribing to the Liberty Loan under the terms
of this plan need have no fear of forfeiture in case he should be unable
to complete his payments owing to sickness or misfortune of any kind or
by leaving the employ of the company, for in any such event the company,
upon written request, will release him from his obligation and return
to him the amount of money he has paid in with interest at the rate of

AX per annua. If, however, a subscriber leaving the employ of the com-
pany desires to continue his weekly payments he may do so, and he will
be treated exactly the same as if he had remained in tho company's
service.

SUBSCRIPTIONS.

Subscriptions to the New Liberty Loan on the weekly payment
plan can be delivered to any, office of the company. They will then be
forwarded to the head office at Bonne Terre, and each subscription
will te acknowledged by a personal letter signed by an officer of the
■-

The company will subscribe in its own name and pay for
sufficient of the bonds of the proper denominations to provide for all
the subscriptions of its employes but in order to do Ihis all sub-
scriptions mast be received before October 25, 1917.

A short and plain description of these 4% Liberty Bonds will
be found below.

ST. JOSEPH LEAD COMPANY,
Clinton H. Crane,

President.

SECOND LIBERTY LOAN OF 1917

VI BONDS

M.OW.WW.000 par value plus (optional with ihc Government) 509t o( ovcr-
mbacrrptioa.

:. DIE November 15, W2. Redeemable after November l\ 1927.
at par and interest
INTEREST at the rate of 1" per annum. | and November 15th of each year.

II be $50 and mul
r.MPT ai lo all taxes except estate and inheritance taxes, income surtaxes and
profits (axes impo ■ from the

principal amount of $5.*Wu or less of Ibcsc bond Cpl estate

■nds of any new issue that bears a higher rate than 1

tore October
I
meals can be rr, ■ ■ ■ unl of bonds.

may l>c made on
and , . 1017. m fulL AIIowr-ui above $1,000 to be made aftei

aubacrii

Form of Subscription on Woekly Payment Plmi

United States Government
Second Liberty Loan

\% Convertible Gold Bonds

ST. JOSEPH LEAD COMPANY.

Bonne Torre. Mo,

You bare advised me that you arc purchasing certain United States of America

1 Liberty Loan Bonds. I desire to become the owner of bonds lo the amount of

....Dollars, and hereby authorize you to deduct

(In -um of . - Dollars from my wa^s each

week upon the mutual agreement that when these deductions equal the amount of

..... _ Dollars (plus accrued interest at \% on said

total amount and less \% interest on the periodic payments), you will deliver to me

I Liberty Loan Bonds to the amount of . Dollars

par value, but in the event that I make payment in full for the bonds on or before
November 15, 1918, then I am to receive the full annual interest of \% on the amount of
the bonds subscribed and paid for, and to have no interest charged against me.

Dated

.1917.

i.Njmo ot En.,.L.»ec|

Accepted and confirmed by

ST. JOSEPH LEAD COMPANY.

The foregoing photographic reproduction of a circular
issued by the St. Joseph Lead Co,. Bonne Terre, Mo.,
illustrates the method by which that company has de-
veloped a plan for the sale of United States Liberty
Loan bonds to its employes, which might well be adopted
by other mining companies. The plan is exceedingly
simple and practicable. The employe signs an agree-
ment to purchase a stated amount in Liberty Bonds and
authorizes the company to deduct each week from his
wages a stated sum. This sum amounts to $2 per week
for each $100 bond. If the bond is completely paid for
within the year, the employe receives the bond, together
with $4, the first year's interest.

Economic Program in Great Britain

"Increasing government control in almost every direc-
tion," writes the London Economist, in its commercial
review of 1917, "characterizes the industrial history of
1917. The scarcity of man-power and need for the
maximum output in all trades connected with the war,
have made central organization necessary, while the
lack of some raw materials necessitated rationing
schemes. The diversion of labor and capital from pro-
duction has at last made itself felt, and there are signs
that the luxurious spending engendered by the artificial
prosperity of some industries will perforce be checked.

"Essential trades, however, can absorb any surplus
labor, and official regulations have probably done much
to diminish the waste of effort inherent in any competi-
tive system, in spite of the irritation among business
men caused by official interference and the mistakes due
to official ignorance. Manufacturers are now consider-
ing the uses to which their war-time plant can be turned
when peace returns."

March 80, 1918 I NGINEERING AND MINING JOl RNAL

|»»l """»'" mmm ,MI11111 ' m" ' """ "" I i "I"' ' i mm nun, MM ,„„ „„, „mll „„„ , , „,,,„„

| Details of Practical Mining

I •!• " m™"1" m i """"" mmmmmm i iiimininimiiiii mm iuii imi m , „ ,„ m ,„„„„„ ,

Nut and Gasket for Air-Host. ( louplings

By W. V. De Camp*
Every mine superintendent and foreman is probably
familiar with the difficulty of maintaining tight air con-
nections in machine air hose, and also with the too
common practice among miners of using a piece of fuse
for a gasket. The making of gaskets in this manner
every time a hose is connected results in loss of time;
but probably the greatest loss is due to the expansion
of the fuse gasket under pressure, with the resulting
cut-off of the air supply. It is not uncommon, when
gaskets made of fuse are used, to find the air passage

r — ' " "~ ' — !

HOSE COUPLING

-~^: •'... '■■■:■':■/_ .:;::■:::::".:..::.. Y//////////A ; .::. .;:: . ;;?'.

A = Pornon Machined on Regular Connection
B= Additional Fbrtion Machined
C= Over 5ize Leather Gasket

SECTION" SHOWING MACHINED COUPLING NUT, GASKET
AXD HOSE COUPLING

reduced to an opening about the diameter of a lead
pencil as a result of placing not only one gasket in the
connection but often two or even three.

Where the standard water-hammer drill hose con-
nection is in use, it is possible to practically eliminate
this difficulty by employing a leather gasket cut to fit.
However, a miner wrill use several new gaskets every
shift, and it becomes difficult to maintain a sufficient
supply. Even if the gasket is cut oversize, so that it
has to be jammed down into the thread, it is likely that
the miner will trim it down to size so that it fits loosely,
ind when the hose is disconnected it drops out.

All of this trouble can be obviated and a satisfactory
connection assured by adopting a properly designed fit-
ring. As shown in the illustration the part of the hose-
coupling nut marked A is the portion ordinarily ma-
chined out to take the shoulder of the hose coupling
Machining out an additional part B exactly Hn. wide
to the same depth as the portion marked A provides
room for a gasket J in. thick. The machined out part
■narked B reduces the number of threads on the coupling,
aut, but still leaves an ample number. In order to
nake a leather gasket stay in the nut when disconnected,
it is necessary to cut the outside diameter of the
jasket equal to the diameter of the machined part B;
md it becomes necessary to force the gasket marked C
'.nto place, which is often difficult; but once in place
t can be removed only by cutting. In this way, by put-
ring a gasket in each hose connection, when the hose
comes to the surface for repairs it is possible to keep
gaskets in place for an indefinite period.

Siphon To I nwater .1 Mine

I'.V .1. A. MacDonai

Under certain conditi
dipping at such a flat angle 1 workings do not

end more than 20 icallj below the mine

entrance, a simple siphon device may serve to keep the
mine clear of water. Such contrivances have been
at coal mines where local deformations of thi
cause water to accumulate in basins during the interval
between the driving of entries and rooms and the final
robbing of the pillars.

The accompanying sketch shows how a siphon may
be installed at a metal mine where the conditions of dip
and fall make the method feasible. It is best to use
ll-in. pipe as a minimum size, to avoid clogging. At
the lower end of the outlet pipe, which should extend
well below the level of the lowest point to be drained, a
common plug valve, A, should be provided. If rigged
with a device to operate it with a wire or cord from
the mine entrance, so much the better. In a cold climate
the outlet leg of the siphon should be put in a trench
and covered as a protection against freezing.

At the highest point of the siphon another plug valve,
B, is required, so arranged that the siphon may be
"primed" by filling it with water, ample provision being

SECTION* AND DETAILS OF SIPHON DRAINAGE

made for the escape of air as the water enters the sys-
tem. Almost any skillful mechanic can work out the
details according to local conditions and materials avail-
able. A good combination is to put an elbow connection
on each leg of the siphon and to connect them with short
nipples, a tee and a union. The priming valve is con-
nected with the tee by a short length of pipe. Another
valve, C, or a check valve above D, should be put on the
leg of the siphon inside the mine, at least six to nine
feet below the priming valve. At the lower end of the
intake a strainer, D, of some sort is advisable, to pre-
vent clogging of the system with mud or rubbish. If
there is much sediment in the water it may be conve-

*Mining engineer, Mayer, Ariz.

•Hermanville. P. E. Island.

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 13

nient to bination of rubber hose and wood Boat,

as indicated.

i and c and open valve B. Fill
pipes with water at tunnel above valve B until no more
air bubbles out and thou close valve /». Open valves A
and C and watch for results. If the joints are not per-
.y tight air will accumulate at />' and action will
finally cease. When once adjusted the system will take
£ until air or obstructions entering at D
the Bow. Clogging o( the strainer may be reme-
died by leaving valve t open, closing valve A and sud-
denly opening valve B. If this does not work, uncouple
the union and do the obvious thing.

Mine Car Dumping Device

:ie mine where heavy end-dump cars are used for
haulage there was a practice prevalent among the tram-
mers of rapidly running the cars down to the ore bins
in order to make use of the momentum in dumping.
The jar of sudden stopping tended to make the car
"buck," and thereby greatly reduced the personal effort
of the trammers while unloading. This sudden stop-

LEVER FOR END-DUMPING MIXE CARS

ping of the heavily loaded cars had a tendency to shear
the rivets, ruin axles, and otherwise needlessly damage
the cars. In order to cut down the cost of repairs, and
at the same time facilitate unloading for the men, the
dumping lever shown in the illustration was introduced.
Its construction is simple and but little detailed descrip-
tion is necessary. By its use a car is run down grade
gently to the orebins, the hook is fastened under the
car, the lever pulled downward, and the car dumped
with comparatively little effort. When not in use, the
end of the lever is suspended out of the way over a light
hanger. Any mine blacksmith can make this equip-
ment in less time than it will take him to repair one
badly damaged car.

and the result is an entirely superfluous resharpening
and retempering of the steel. Such complications add
to the expense of operating rock drills when this kind
of steel is used. There are various ways by which
hollow steel becomes plugged. The chief source of
trouble is the manner in which it is handled under-
ground. A trip through the mine will show a surpris-
ingly large number of drills lying around in the dirt.
This affords an excellent opportunity for material to
lodge in the hole, causing it to choke. Miners, for
convenience, will stand their drills in a row along the
wall, thereby facilitating the entrance of dirt in the
end standing on the ground. It would seem impossible
to prevent this evil unless suitable racks are provided.
A rack, consisting of two poles fastened together at
the top with a bolt and properly distanced at the base
by a board, has been designed, and by its use the number
of plugged drills may be materially reduced. The iron
pins on which the drills are supported are driven into
holes previously bored in the poles and can be made
of scrap material. The distance board at the base
has a large hole bored at each end, which permits the
board to slip down over the bottom pins of each pole.
The whole rack can be easily and cheaply built and may
be taken apart by removing the bolt and slipping off
the baseboard. This makes it a one-man job to move
from one place to another. Drills of different lengths
may be kept separate, and the bits and shanks can be
inspected without picking up each drill. This saves
time for the miner and facilitates the work of those
responsible for the distribution and care of drills.

Underground Drill Rack

The use of hollow steel in rock drilling has brought
with it many disadvantages, one of which is the ten-
dency of the water-hole to become plugged with sludge
and grit, says the South African Mining Review. When
this happens, it causes a delay to the miner, who usually
tries to clear the hole and use the drill if possible.
When he is not successful, which is often the case,
it means that the drill cannot be used until it has
been returned to the blacksmith shop, cleared and sent
down again. When a large number of drills are to be
sharpened, the fact that a drill is plugged, but not
dulled, will escape the notice of the man at the forge,

Fastening Paper or Tracing Cloth to
the Drafting Table

Fastening drawing paper or tracing cloth to a draft-
ing board or table seems a small detail and hardly
worthy of consideration, but the method shown in the
illustration will not only often benefit the appearance of

MF/THOD OF FASTENING DRAWINGS TO DRAFTING TABLE

a drawing, but will prevent the removal and replacement
of thumb tacks each time they are in the way of the
T-square, straight-edge or triangles. The paper or trac-
ing should be cut to a size that will permit a margin to
be folded over the edge of the drawing table, and the
thumb tacks can be placed in the end of the drawing
board or table, as shown in the sketch.

March 30, 1918 KNGINEERINC AND MINING rOURNAL

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Correspondence and Discussion

i i mil mil mil i i Illlllllll lUIIIIIIII i imimiii u i rniinii mum im i n „ , m „ml , m

Use of Powder in Opencut Blasting

I have read with considerable interest the article on
"Use of Powder in Opencut Blasting," by E. S. Jacob-
son in the Journal of Feb. 23. His experience and re-
sults are so widely at variance with those I obtained in
rock blasting in the United States that it is astonishing.
1 agree with Mr. Jacobson that the placing of holes is
of prime importance in any kind of blasting, but from
many years' experience in blasting all kinds of materials
with every known explosive all over this country I have
yet to see any such spacings as suggested by Mr. Jacob-
son. For instance, he states that vertical holes in rock
should be set back from the face a distance equal to two-
thirds of the depth of the hole and the distance between
holes should be the same as the depth. Mr. Jacobson
apparently refers to tripod drill holes, but it is rare
that holes 30 ft. deep are made with this class of drill,
owing to inconvenience of handling and dressing this
length steel.

We use in this country the churn or well drill for
drilling holes 30 ft. or more in depth. Usually, for rock,
drills with 5§ to 5|-in. bits are used. It is a common
thing with us to have holes 100 ft. deep and over, and
I know of many places where holes from 125 to 175
ft. deep are carried. According to Mr. Jacobson's
theory a 100 ft. -well hole should be set back from the
face 66 ft. and holes should be 100 ft. apart. A 175-
ft. hole would be 115 ft. back and 175 ft. between holes.
Such spacing is preposterous. It couldn't be done.

Mr. Jacobson again assumes that "springing" can be
done in all cases. This is not according to my experi-
ence, as the nature of the rock, direction of strata, etc.,
preclude this practice in most cases. In blasting well
drill holes, springing, even if possible, is rarely re-
sorted to.

In quarry work, which is the best example of opencut
blasting, it is necessary to distribute the explosive
along the bore hole in order to get proper fragmenta-
tion, so that placing all the explosive in the bottom,
while it may pull out the rock at grade, does not assure
a good breakage of the upper layers. I do not think that
a 30-ft. hole will break 15 ft. either side of itself in most
rocks or a 100-ft. hole 50 ft. each side. I have shot as
many as forty 100-ft. holes at one time, using 60% and
40 rc dynamite, and know that the fragmentation was
not anything out of ordinary. An average spacing for
100 ft. 5§-in. hole with us in limestone is about 18 ft.,
and 25 to 28 ft. back from the face. A 30-ft. hole would
be set about 15 ft. back and 12 ft. between holes. A
good spacing for holes 80 ft. in depth would be 17 ft.
apart and 25 ft. back. It is not considered good practice
to spring well drill holes at all in quarry work.

In certain quarries in this country we use what is
known as the snake hole method of drilling. By this
method holes are drilled horizontally at the bottom of a
face of rock from 25 to 30 ft. deep and sprung heavily.

Holes are spaced no! more than L0 ft. apart, and al
50 to 60 ft, is the maximum heigl tenl

with efficiency, it is n» i prim the holea In

limestone from four to six times m order to gel a
chamber large enough to hold from 200 to -!r,<) lb. of
powder. En trap rocks requenl and bee

sary. This method works well, bul
cannot space holes as indicated by Mr Jacobson,

According to Mr. Jacobson, he gets about 10 tons of
ne per pound of explo Lamite) used. I h

made a study of this subject for years, and 1 know from
data gathered all over this country that the average
breakage is about five tons of stone per pound of ex-
plosive. In many operatioi per pound is i
sidered satisfactory. I do not think that any definite
rule can be given for spacing holes. Everything de-
pends on the local conditions, the hardness, direction of
strata, thickness of ledges and purpose for which used.
In drilling well drill holes it is customary to drill three
to four feet below the quarry floor in order to assure a
clean pull to the grade desired and make access of shovel
easier. I do not think placing holes below grade reduces
the amount of block holing. Block holing, as we under-
stand it, is breaking up the huge pieces of stone, too
large to go through shovel dipper or crusher opening.
For this purpose, rotating hammer drills are largely
used for making holes and a low-grade dynamite for
blasting, the whole operation being known as secondary
treatment.

The results obtained by Mr. Jacobson are remarkable,
to say the least, and I conclude that the material being
worked and results obtained are exceptional.

S. R. Russell.

E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Co., Wilmington, Del.,
Feb. 26, 1918.

Storage of Coal

In a paper presented at the February meeting of the
A. I. M. E., C. M. Young gave the results of certain ex-
periments and observations upon the proper storage of
bituminous coal. He pointed out the limitations caused
by the heating of the coal when stored and contributed
the valuable suggestion that by the admixture of lump
with fine coal heating can be controlled. Mr. Young
showed that if air can be excluded from the coal or
reduced in amount there will be less heating. The
storage of coal under water was touched upon, but the
possibility of other methods for excluding air received
no mention. Pursuing the thought that the exclusion
of the oxygen of the air is the vital element in the
storage of coal, it occurs to me that a gas could be sub-
stituted for water and that by this means the difficulties
of storage under water might be eliminated. Two gases
suggest themselves, carbon dioxide and sulphurous acid
gas. Both of these gases are heavy enough to displace

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 13

carbon dioxide is the one which
st, both because it can be cheaply generated

d that it is loss objectionable than the

quantity of carbon dioxide required to till the
pace in coal is comparatively small. If we
rstitial space of -JO cu.ft. per ton of coal,
;11 require :'. lb. of carbon dioxide to till this volume,
eh weight of carbon dioxide could be generated from
7 lb. of limestone and 4 lb. of hydrochloric acid, and the
ou Id be nominal.
It is evident that it would be impracticable to use car-
v.de in the case of open heaps. To construct bins
inkers of the ordinary type that would be sufficient-
ly gas-tight to prevent a reasonable loss of gas would be
prohibitive in cost. Such being the case, a type of bin
arting from usual practice is suggested. A bin to

TUNN&

<■> IAL ST' >KAGE BIN

meet the requirements of the case should be exceedingly
simple in structural elements and low in cost. These
conditions could be met by the use of light side walls
inclined at a slope approximating the angle of repose
of piled coal. These side walls would be constructed of
steel mesh imbedded in from 1J to 2 inches of cement
applied by a cement gun, the thin walls to be supported
by light structural steel and this in turn supported by
reinforced concrete buttresses (or steel frames) which
would divide the bin into bays 20 ft. wide. The bin
would be placed upon the ground and a concrete floor
laid to cover the entire bottom.

To provide for the reclaiming of the coal, a tunnel
would be constructed under each bay. Openings
through the floor of the bin, provided with cast-iron
doors of gas-tight construction, would communicate
with the tunnel. In each tunnel a suspended trough
would be placed below the line of openings. The trough
would be sloped and provided with a reciprocating
mechanism to facilitate the delivery of the coal to a
collecting belt conveyor, which would be placed in the
center of and transverse to the length of the bay. The
belt conveyor would deliver to an elevator, which would
discharge into loading bins placed at such a height as to
secure convenient discharge into motor trucks or other
vehicles. The filling of the bin could be accomplished
from a bridge constructed along the center line of a
series of bays or by means of conveying appliances.

For the operation of the shaping troughs beneath
each bay, a car carrying an ordinary machine drill,
operated by compressed air, could be used. This car
would be shifted from bay to bay as required, and at-
tachment would be made to each shaking bar. A com-
pressed-air main would be required on each side of the
bin. Significant features of the bin are shown in the
sketch. Other methods for reclamation are also available.

To provide for the introduction of the gas a gas main
would be placed close to the center line of each bay
and a number of outlets at symmetrical points provided.
Connecting with the main would be a delivery pipe
which would extend from a central generating plant.

Assuming a width of bay of 20 ft. and a ground
length of 120 ft., the approximate storage capacity for
a height of 20 ft. would be 1000 tons. The ground area
required would be 3 sq.ft. per ton of storage capacity.
The cost of construction, roughly approximated and in-
cluding all features except the central bridge and the
gas system, would be $3400, or $3.40 per ton of storage.
For a pile 40 ft. high, 2 sq.ft. ground area per ton of
storage capacity, and a cost of $3.15 per ton of storage
capacity, are obtained.

If an annual depreciation of 10% and an interest
charge of 10% be assumed, the cost of storage per year
is estimated as follows for the 20 ft. pile:

Depreciation and interest $0.68

Interest 10% on coal at $5 per yr 0.50

Unloading and loading 0.30

Depreciation and interest on bridge 0.20

Land rental 10c. per sq.ft 0.30

Total $1.98

For a 40 ft. pile, the estimate is $1.58, including all
of the items given in the estimate of the 20 ft. pile.

In gassing the pile, the bin would first be partly filled
before the introduction of the gas. As the bin was
filled, the gas could be gradually introduced. After
completely filling, a top layer of fine coal would be
spread evenly over the whole surface so as to prevent
diffusion of the gas as much as possible. Over the top
a waterproof tarpaulin or roofing felt could be securely
placed. At intervals more gas could be forced into the
pile, so as to compensate for losses.

In the estimate I have not included the cost of the top
covering nor of the gas. The type of bin suggested
would prevent leakage, and diffusion at the top would be
greatly retarded. The top area of the bin for a 20 ft.-
pile would be 1.6 sq.ft. per ton of storage capacity and
for a 40 ft. pile, 0.5 sq.ft. The superior advantages of
the 40 ft. pile are obvious. The costs given are tenta-
tive only. I know of no example of the use of carbon
dioxide in the way described and believe the plan to be
feasible. There is an additional fact that makes the
use of carbon dioxide as a submergence agent especially
advantageous. Both oxygen and carbon dioxide are
adsorbed by carbon, but the latter is more readily ad-
sorbed and in greater relative quantity at a given tem-
perature than the former. It can therefore be inferred
that the carbon dioxide adsorbed by carbon would dis-
place any adsorbed oxygen. Without much doubt ad-
sorbed oxygen plays an important part in spontaneous
combustion. Whether coal would be as energetic in ad-
sorbing carbon dioxide as pure carbon must be experi-
mentally determined. G. J. Y.

New York, Mar. 9, 1918.

March 30, 1918 ENGINEERING A.ND MINIM. JOl RNAL

I11" «* WHOM mmimiiimn inn mi niiiniiniiniiininniiniinniininniiiiiii nun nun i i , mum mini „„„ , , , ninnnn ,,„

| The Assayer and Chemist

^ "" I'" ' i IIIIIIHIIHIIHIIIIII i ill Illllll mi inn iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiini iin inn nin 111 i nun mil i mini 11

Quantitative Analysis of Bismuth
in Lead Bullion

By Douglas \V. Jessup*

In the various methods of determining bismuth in
lead bullion, difficulties are met thai cause low as well
as variable results. In a well-known method the bul-
lion is dissolved in dilute nitric acid, nearly neutralized
■with NH.OH and a few drops of HC1 added to make
a preliminary precipitation of BiOCl. But the chlorides
of various metals such as Ag, Sb and Pb will precipitate
and utilize some HC1. Thus if there is insufficient
HC1 present, the bismuth will not be completely pre-
cipitated. If there is an excess of HC1, the solution
will be too acid, causing partial or no precipitation.
Other methods suggest the solution of the bullion in
HNOd, addition of H.SO, and filtering the solution from
the PbSO,. But the heavy amount of PbSO, retains the
bismuth, and it is difficult to separate the two.

In the final precipitation of bismuth as oxychloride,
there seems to be a point of chemical equilibrium that
is difficult to obtain. For example: Bismuth sulphide
is dissolved in HN03 and nearly neutralized with
NH.OH: if the bismuth is present in appreciable quan-
tity, it will precipitate as a hydrate of variable com-
position before the neutral point is reached, which will
change only partially to oxychloride with the addition
of HC1, thus giving doubtful results. With limited
amounts of bismuth, the neutralization point must be
carefully watched. An accurate indicator is therefore
required; otherwise with an excess of acid, no precipi-
tate of BiOCl may form.

Good Results Obtained by Method Detailed

The following procedure varies somewhat from other
methods and gives more constant results : Weigh five
grams of lead bullion shavings, or, preferably, filings,
into a No. 3 beaker or 8-oz. copper flask. Add 60
c.c. of dilute HN03 (four parts of water to one part
HNOJ and heat slowly until the bullion is in solution.
Remove, add 15 c.c. H,SO, and take to fumes. Then
heat directly over a blast lamp for a few minutes,
agitating the beaker with a rotary motion. The ap-
plication of the intense heat will keep the bismuth
sulphate in solution. Cool slightly, add about 40 c.c.
hot H,0, agitate and decant rapidly through a filter.
To the PbSO, in the beaker add 10 c.c. H:SO„ 40 c.c.
hot HO, agitate and decant. Again add 10 c.c. H„SO,
to the precipitate, take to dense fumes directly over
the blast lamp and treat as before, washing with H SO,
and hot H20. It is absolutely essential to filter the
solutions hot and rapidly to insure complete separation
of the bismuth from the lead sulphate. A sample of
more than five grams can be analyzed, but there is
greater difficulty in separating the bismuth from the
lead sulphate.

•United States Smeltine Co.. Midvale. Utah.

i in acidity of the filtrate will be t'"> ureal bj tin

time ami i ( be partly neutralized with Ml M||.

leaving about 10 c.c. II Si i Pa n a rapid

current of II S for 10 or 15 min. to precipitate the

ond group oi sulphides, filter and wash. Rinse 1 li<-
sulphides back into the beaker, add three gram
sodium sulphide, ibly the monosulphide, boil a

tew mm:!, to remove antimony and arsenic, filter
through the same til1 wash with ll<>. Repeal

the operation, boiling the remaining sulphides with two
grams of KCN for 15 min. to dissolve silver sulpl
and traces of antimony, if any; filter through the same
filter and wash. If there be but little antimony in the
bullion, boiling with sodium sulphide maj be omitted.
Only the sulphides of bismuth, lead and perhaps some
silver now remain.

Dissolve these sulphides in in c.c. dilute HNO, (one
to one), heat until the separated sulphur is clean, filter
and wash through the same paper. If the sulphides are
present in small amounts, they may be dissolved directly
on the filter paper. Take the nitrate solution to dryni
but do not bake or allow to spit; this will render it
unnecessary to add NH,OH to neutralize free acid. Add
three or four drops of HC1 and a few drops of H,0
to take the dried salts into solution, dilute to 500 c.c.
with warm HO and keep over night at a warm tem-
perature. Decant, heat slightly to dissolve any lead
chloride, filter through a weighed Gooch crucible and
dry at 100° C. Cool, weigh as BiOCl and multiply
by 0.8017 to obtain the theoretical value of bismuth.
A standard sample of known composition is analyzed
for bismuth in conjunction with the regular samples.
If any loss of bismuth occurs, a corresponding correc-
tion is made in the bullion determination.

Determination of Bismuth as Basic Carbonate

Bismuth may also be determined as basic carbonate
instead of oxychloride, provided no other metals are
present that will precipitate with it The solution con-
taining the bismuth nitrate is partly neutralized with
NH,OH (producing no precipitate I and a slight excess
of (NH,).C03 added. Heat, filter and wash through a
weighed Gooch crucible, ignite at a dull red heat. Cool
and weigh as Bi.03, multiply by the factor 0.8965 to
obtain the true bismuth weight. If a large quantity of
silver is present in the bullion, the solution of silver
by KCN may be incomplete; if so, an excess of HC1
is added to the dried bismuth nitrate, the AgCl filtered,
the solution taken to dryness and the above method
continued.

Bismuth in Slags

Weigh 20 grams of finely pulverized chilled slag
into a 500-c.c. beaker, add 150 c.c. hot HO and agitate.
While the slag is in suspension, add 30 c.c. HC1 and con-
tinue agitating until the slag is dissolved. Dilute to 500
c.c. with hot HO; if slag has gelatinized begin over
again. There may be some particles of slag that have

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 13

not . heat may be applied or the

ted with IK'l and taken
50.. It may be necessary to fuse the

us are added
• lution.

11 S is immediately passed through

Uag, the precipitated sulphides

in LO CC. dilute HNO, and fumed with

arate the lead. The solution is

ted with H;S. The determination is

d working on bullion.

bismuth in ores, decompose five grams
ith UNO. HC1, H SO. and take to fumes, heat
dire lamp and proceed as in the method

th in bullion.

Pipette tor Fuming Liquids

The pipette described by R. C. Cook in Chemist
October, 1917, is intended for use in han-
dling fuming liquids. It consists of a pipette (A) of the
. a filter tube (£), a large rubber band
-mall rubber band (D) , a strip of dental rubber
short length of flexible rubber tubing (F).
filter tube is not at hand a test tube may be drawn
out in the form shown or a broken 25 cc. or 50 cc. pipette
will make an admirable substitute. The diaphragm (E)
is made of two thicknesses of dental rubber held in
place by the small rubber band (D). (A) and (B) are

PirETTE FOR HANDLING LIQUIDS

rigidly fastened together by the large rubber band (C).
By attaching the rubber tubing as shown the apparatus
is complete.

Its manipulation is accomplished by working the dia-
phragm with the forefinger, meanwhile holding the de-
between the thumb and middle finger. Air is forced
out by pressure on the diaphragm, the liquid being
drawn up into the pipette upon release. Repetition of
this procedure enables one to wash the pipette out thor-
oughly each time before taking the sample. The pres-
sure applied to the diaphragm is made great enough to
-e the acid to rise above the thread line upon the
pipette. The liquid will be found to fall of its own
rd, and as it reaches the thread line the pipette is

sealed by placing the finger firmly upon the rubber tub-
ing at the top (F). The end of the pipette is wiped off
with tissue paper and the sample delivered by raising
the forefinger and pressing the diaphragm. With care-
ful use the rubber diaphragm will last for weeks, and
its replacement requires only a few minutes' time.

Device for Hastening Filtration

Rapid filtration is largely dependent upon keeping the
stem of the funnel filled with liquid. When it does not
till quickly, a combination of a No. 7 rubber stopper,
fitted with a short glass tube, with a Bailey crucible
holder for Gooch crucibles, may be used to hasten the
operation, according to R. R. Turner in the Chemist

WITH THIS DEVICE, FILTRATION MAY BE QUICKENED

Analyst for October, 1917. By holding this device firm-
ly against the inside of the funnel above the filter, and
blowing gently through the tube, a steady, regulated
pressure may be applied, which will generally accomplish
the result. The effect is the same as if gentle suction
were used without the considerable trouble of changing
to a suction flask. The arrangement fits in an ordinary
filter funnel without touching the filter, if the latter is
not larger than the 11 cm. size. The slight concavity
of the lower side serves not only to avoid contact with
the solution but also assists in securing a tight joint.

Purification of Mercury

A method of purifying mercury is described by H. B.
Dunnicliffe, in Chemical News (abstr. Journ. Soc. Client.)
Ind.) . The mercury is distilled slowly from an ordinary
glass retort supported with its neck vertically down-J
ward on a retort stand. Through the tubulure of the!
retort, the stem of a dropping funnel suitably bent and
a piece of glass tubing are passed, and packed in place
by means of asbestos. The neck of the retort passes
through a perforated glass cover into a glass beaker,
and a sheet of asbestos board is placed between the
retort neck and the Fletcher burner. Asbestos paper is
placed over the retort to prevent loss of heat. The
mercury is fed into the retort at about the same rate as
it distills (about an ounce in four minutes).

Ala nli SO, L918

ENGINE] I \\i> MINING JOl I

,u i

Events and Economics of the War

The long-expected offensive oJ the Germans on the
Western front began on the morning of Mar. 21 after a
few hoars' bombardment. The attack was concent
against the British on a 50-mile line from Croisil
La Fere. Upon the failure of their line near St.
puentin, the British fell back, though more and more
lowly, to a line west of Noyon, Roye and Peronne in the
south and resting on Arras in the north. The Go>
have suffered enormous losses. Violent artillery duels
are reported on the French and Italian fronts. As a
condition of peace, Germany has demanded that Rir
give up all munitions of war. The British bombarded
Ostend and sank two German destroyers and two torpedo
boats off Dunkirk.

In the United States, drastic restrictions in im-
ports were ordered by the War Trade Board, to take
effect on Apr. 15; 350,000 tons of shipping will thus be
saved, it is believed. Dutch ships in American waters
were seized on Mar. 20 by order of the President. A
bill providing for the seizure of any private property,
as a war measure, was offered by the War Department
The House passed the War Finance Corporation bill on
Mar. 21. An amendment to the Agricultural Appro-
priation bill, fixing $2.50 per bu. for the 1918 wheat
urop, was passed by the Senate. The U. S. destroyer
"Manley" collided with a British war-ship. Announce-
ment was made that the Third Liberty Loan issue will
be for $3,000,000,000 and will bear A\% interest.

Government Commandeers Platinum

The Council of National Defense announced on Mar.
1, 1918, that through Ordnance Requisition No. 510
from the Secretary of War, the Government has taken
)ver control of the production, refining, distribution
ind use of crude and refined platinum for the period
)f the war. The control will be exercised through the
:hemical division of the War Industries Board. The
livision on the same day sent out requests to the indus-
;ry for inventories of the existing stock of crude and
"efined platinum, and platinum-iridium alloys as of Mar.
L, 1918.

The letter stated that it was not the intention of the
irovernment to take over and handle directly the present
:tock of platinum, but to permit its shipment by the
>roducers or dealers subject to certain conditions. Upon
he fixing by the Secretary of WTar of a reasonable price
'or crude, refined, and alloyed platinum, notice will be
riven and blanks issued governing delivery and distri-
mtion. The letter included the following directions to
iroducers :

1. That producers, refiners and dealers in platinum eon-
inue to dispose of their product for Government purposes,
nd for that only as directed by the chemical division.

2. That producers, refiners and dealers in platinum who
re also consumers use platinum for Government purposes
nd for that only, as directed by the chemical division.

3. That all obligations arising out of transactions in the
reduction or delivery of crude, alloyed or refined platinum
eleased as above, including all claims for shortage, poor

1
Distribution

The i , will

platinum

int.

Proper blank
ment should be made will be furnisl ■

• t <>f pref-
for
shipment: First, military needs of the i
second, military needs of Allied governments; thii
tial commercial purposes.

The council issued a second statement on Mar. 2, to
the effect that requisition No. 510 does nol applj to or
interfere with the purchase by the consumer of any
manufactured article containing platinum. This ex-
planation was made that the public might clearly under-
stand the purpose of this Government action.

Plans Completed for Zone System of
Coal Distribution

In announcing completion of its zone system of
bituminous coal distribution on Mar. 21, the Fuel Ad-
ministration indicated that railroad embargoes would
be used to enforce operation of the plan. Roughly out-
lined, the zones are:

Mines in Missouri, Arkansas, Kansas, Oklahoma, and
Iowa will supply Nebraska, Texas east of the Pecos River,
and Louisiana west of the Mississippi.

Lake Michigan and Lake Superior coal docks will supply
the Dakotas, Minnesota, the upper peninsula of Michigan,
and Northern Iowa and Wisconsin.

Illinois will supply, from Apr. 1 to Sept. 30, Illinois, Wis-
consin, Minnesota, South Dakota, Iowa, Missouri, Arkan-
sas, Louisiana, Tennessee, Kentucky, Indiana and Michigan,
and from Oct. 1 to Mar. 31, Wisconsin, Iowa, Missouri,
Arkansas, Louisiana, Tennessee, Kentucky, Illinois, Indiana,
and Michigan.

Western Kentucky fields will supply Kentucky, Tennessee,
Mississippi, Arkansas, Louisiana, Texas, Illinois, Wisconsin,
and Indiana.

Virginia, Southeastern Kentucky, and Tennessee will
supply Kentucky, Indiana, Ohio, and the lower peninsula of
Michigan.

Indiana will supply Illinois, Kentucky, Wisconsin and
Michigan.

Tennessee, Georgia, Kentucky, and Virginia will supply
the Carolinas, Georgia, Tennessee, Alabama, Virginia, and
Florida.

Alabama will supply Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama,
Georgia, Florida, east Texas, Arkansas, and west Ten-
nessee.

Ohio will supply Ohio, Indiana, and Michigan.

West Virginia high volatile fields will ship to West Vir-
ginia, Ohio, Indiana, the lower peninsula of Michigan, Ken-
tucky and Virginia.

West Virginia low volatile fields will ship to District of
Columbia, North Carolina, Virginia, Kentucky, Ohio, West
Virginia, South Carolina, and Lake Erie ports for trans-
shipment only.

Pennsylvania, Maryland, and northern West Virginia will
ship to West Virginia, Maryland, District of Columbia,
Delaware, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, New \Tew

England, and. Lake Erie ports for trans-si inly,

except that Pennsylvania mines may ship as far west as
Wellington and Lorain, Ohio.

ENGINEERING AND MIXING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 13

o, New Mexico. Utah, Wash-
ill supply the Rocky Mountain and

I that the mines east of the
90 to Missouri Valley points to supply
tnd.

as into effect on Apr. I. Realizing

rtain industries will be unable to obtain coal

-. the mines upon which they have drawn in the

the Fuel and Railroad administrations issued the

following statement to such consumers:

l ration of the many interests and in-

. - who may be affected by this culling out of un-

> transportation is confidently hoped for. When

nsumer timls that he no longer lias the opportunity to

a! from a distant mine, according to his custom.
hoped that he will realize that his usinjr another sort
■ tial part of the scheme of conservation
in the interests of national defense.

When a coal producer finds that he no longer has a market
to which, in the past, regardless of the unnecessarily long
haul, he has Bent his coal, it is hoped he, too, will realize
that the resulting adjustment of his business is in the
national interest; that there will be more cars and loco-
motives and transportation energy to transport more coal
from his mines to the markets he can reach within his
zone; and that his business in consequence should be in-
sed rather than diminished.

Will Abrogate Private Oil Contracts
If Necessary

Mark L. Requa, director of the oil division of the
U. S. Fuel Administration, announced on Mar. 20 that
whenever the Government deemed it necessary private
contracts would be abrogated and producers ordered to
supply oil to indicated industries, regardless of whether
a given industry held a contract or not. The priority
list is to remain about the same. Class 1, however, was
amended to read "railroads and bunker fuel and oil re-
fineries using or making fuel oil."

At a conference with refinery men on the day fol-
lowing. Mr. Requa, when asked if the pooling of pipe
lines were contemplated, would only say that the situa-
tion was being considered from the standpoint of the
greatest efficiency in transporting and distributing oil
for war needs. It is estimated that coordination of pipe
lines would increase deliveries at tidewater by about
20,000 bbl. a day. The oil-burning ships to be built this
year are expected to require 90,000 bbl. a day, so that at
the end of the year, allowing for a small increase in
American production, and the normal supply from Mex-
ico, oil consumption in this country will run ahead of
production 73,000,000 bbl. a year, compared with 35,-
000,000 bbl. excess estimated by A. C. Bedford for 1917.

Conscientious Objectors Provided For

To enable conscientious objectors to war to serve the
country when called in the draft, the President declared
in an executive order issued on Mar. 21 that the fol-
lowing military service is non-combatant service:

1. Service in the Medical Corps wherever performed.

2. Any service in the Quartermaster Corps in the
United States may be treated as non-combatant. Also,
in rear of zone of operations, service in the following:
Stevedore companies, labor companies, remount depots,
veterinary hospitals, supply depots, bakery companies,
the subsistence service, the bathing service, the laundry

ice, the salvage service, the clothing renovating

service, the shoe-repair service, and transportation-re-
pair service and motor truck companies.

3. Any engineer service in the United States may
be treated as non-combatant service. Also, in rear of
zone of operations, service as follows: Railroad build-
ing, operation, and repair; road building and repair,
construction of rear-line fortifications, auxiliary de-
fences, etc. ; construction of docks, wharves, storehouses,
and of such cantonments as may be built by the corps
of engineers; topographical work, camouflage, map re-
production, supply-depot service, repair service, hy-
draulic service, and forestry service.

War Cabinet To Meet Weekly

The heads of the six recently created independent
war bureaus were called into council with the Presi-
dent on Mar. 20 for the first time. Becoming convinced
that there was something behind the frequent reports
that the work of these bureaus was not closely coor-
dinated, in many instances, says the Sun, the President
summoned the heads to the White House for a gen-
eral discussion and understanding. The conference
was attended by Director General of Railroads McAdoo,
Chairman Hurley of the Shipping Board, Chairman
Baruch of the War Industries Board, which is to be
given wider powers; Chairman McCormick of the War
Trade Board, Food Administrator Hoover and Fuel Ad-
ministrator Garfield.

As a result of this preliminary meeting, a permanent
"War Cabinet" is to be formed to meet each Wednes-
day at the White House. It will have as its member-
ship the men who attended the conference. Each of
them left the conference convinced that much good
would result from a common understanding of war prob-
lems. The rail and water transportation lines can be
brought closer together, and one will know the limita-
tions of the other in allocation of ships and freight
cars. The War Trade Board, the Food and Fuel ad-
ministrations and the War Industries Board that must
furnish the munitions where they are needed will know
the limitations and demands of other branches.

Price-Fixing Committee Appointed

Under the authority of the War Industries Board, a
price-fixing committee has been appointed whose duties
will be to pass upon prices for all basic raw materials
and to establish from time to time a price-fixing policy,
to be submitted to the President for approval. Any of
the executive departments having difficulty in the
handling of price-fixing matters will have the advice
and assistance of the committee when desired.

The object of the committee is twofold: First, it will
be a separate body, quasi judicial in nature, for the
purpose implied in its name, which it will serve through
being made up of men separated so completely from in-
dustrial interests that their motives and actions in the
determination of prices can be subject to no suspicior
of mercenary interest. Prices will not be made until
after costs have been passed upon by the Federal Trad
Commission. With costs as a basis, the committee wil
then consider problems of production and distribution!

March 30, 101S

ENGINEERING am> MINING , iNAl.

.,07

wore arriving at its decisions. Tin- second object to
be achieved by the committee is Bpeed. It will sit all the
time. The personnel of the committee is as follows:
Robert S. Brookings, of the War Industries Board,
■airman; Brig. Gen. Palmer E, Pierce, surveyor gen
pal of supplies for the War Department; Paymaster
lohn Hancock, of the bureau of supplies and accounts of
he Navy; Dr. H. A. Garfield, Fuel Administrator; F.
IV. Taussig, chairman of the U. S. Tariff Commission;
IV. ,1. Harris, chairman of the Federal Trade Commis-
sion; Hugh Frayne, of the War Industries Board; and
Bernard M. Baruch, ex officio. Another civilian mem-
ber of the committee will later be appointed.

McAdoo Restricts Railway Expansion

Director McAdoo's first act, after the signing of the
Railroad bill on Mar. 21 by the President, was to issue
in order restricting railroads' capital expenditun
extensions and betterments absolutely essential under
war conditions. A division of capital expenditures had
dready been created in the Railroad Administration by
Mr. McAdoo, under the supervision of Robert S. Lovett.

This division will scan all requests for the building
)f new terminals, extension of lines, purchase of loco-
notives, cars and other equipment, and all other enter-
prises requiring expenditure of capital. Engineers of
;he Railroad Administration will report on the physical
lecessity of proposed betterments before these are con-
sidered by higher officials. After being approved by Mr.
lovett and the Director General, proposals involving
kpital expenditures will go to the division of finance and
purchases, which is headed by John Skelton Williams,
for execution.

Coal Trade Wants Binding Contracts

The order of the U. S. Fuel Administration issued
>n Dec. 24, 1917, regulating the making of contracts by
jperators, producers and jobbers of coal and coke is
strongly disapproved of by the Wholesale Coal Trade
Association of New York. It is directed in the order
mentioned that no contract shall provide for the deliv-
ery or supply of coal or coke over a period longer than
me year; that every such contract shall provide that
;he same shall be forthwith cancelled upon receipt of an
jrder from the Fuel Administrator for such cancella-
tion, and that every contract shail provide that coal or
:oke deliverable thereunder shall be subject to requisi-
tion by the Administration.

The association maintains that the second and third
)f the provisions mentioned above make a contract in-
definite. It holds that a producer can give no assur-
ance to the consumer of the quantity of coal that he will
receive under such a contract. A resolution has been
irawn up, therefore, by the association that the Fuel
Administration be requested to modify the above-men-
tioned clauses so as to make it possible for the producer
md owner of coal to make binding contracts with con-
sumers and manufacturers, if necessary naming the es-
sential consumers and limiting the quantity of coal to
3e sold to non-essential consumers in such manner as
nay be found needful and proper after investigation
~>y the Fuel Administration.

Non-Essential Industries

Financial America, of Mar 11, publishe a list of non-
essential Industrie which, in our la t current
<lu. .-il |2,21S,000,I I o th( ' lala,

it addi $65 1,000,000 pom reducing our

ii duction of automobile 80 pei cen( Some of the
items in the lisl

Tobacco Ji"o.

I liquor 1 1 1,001

Furnitun 21

Silk goods

Milliner) and lai i i

Jewelry E I

instruments ...

Photographii apparatus , 75,

u ial io 60,000,000

Wool cai i rugs

Fur goods 1 1,000,000

Corset 41,000

Electric and other signs S9, ,000

Clocks and watches 25,000,000

Tobacco, artificial tials? To

say nothing of some of the others. Shades of our

rotors, no!

First Concrete Ship Launched

The steamship "Faith," the first ocean-going rein-
forced-concrete steamer built in America, was launched
at a port on the Pacific, on Mar. 14. Six weeks from
the day the concrete was poured into the forms, the boat
took the water. The vessel is 320 ft. long, 44.6 ft. beam
and 30 ft. deep and will carry 5000 tons of cargo. The
launching was from a broad meadow, with none of the
usual appurtenances except a spur track and a couple of
construction sheds. It is the contention of the builders
that concrete vessels can be built with no greater prepar-
ation, wherever land and water meet, and that material
always is at hand or near-by.

Advantages claimed for the vessel are that concrete
construction does not interfere with steel construction,
as plenty of concrete can be had; concrete vessels can
be built for the present cost of wooden vessels ; concrete
vessels of 7500 tons can be launched within 90 days
after work starts, w^hile the cost of the "plant" is "as
$25,000 to $500,000" compared with a steel shipyard.

The Future of Russia

"Grave as the situation has become in Russia," writes
the Economiste Francois, in discussing the fall in Rus-
sian bonds, "and strong as the probability is that the
crisis will be prolonged, it is none the less reasonable to
believe that a country so vast, and with such immense
resources, will get itself in shape again."

Will repudiation of its debt by the present Russian
government mean permanent repudiation? The Cote de
la Bourse, of Paris, answers that "the Bolsheviki can no
more suppress the law of credit than they can suppress
the laws of physics. A state cannot do without credit,
and it cannot obtain credit without being honest with
its creditors. No state can exist permanently on a basis
of bankruptcy, the Bolsheviki to the contrary notwith-
standing."

Remember the Comfort Fund of the 27th Engineers.

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 13

^^^na,,,, | miinnmi,! mimiiini nilimill iiiiimimiiimii iitmni II liuilimillllllll iiiiiiiiiiMiiiiiimiiiimiminii iiiiiiiiiiiiiiimnii i lumiuj

Industrial News from Washington j

By Paul Wooton, Special Correspondent

mmiiimniiiiiiiiiimiiimiiiiimuiiiiiiNiiiiii uuuuuuiKiiuuinmiiiiiiiiiuiitiiRiniiPitmiinnamiiiiiHiiiHiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiii iiiiiiiiiiiBiinuiniiiHiiiiRinnnmniRtnniiiHnti iiiiiMiiiiuimiiiitiuiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii^

Restricrion on Imports Effects Pyrites
and Graphite

In order "to enable this Government to eliminate less
imports, to the end that tonnage might be con
ad additional shipping be made available for

the transportation of troops and supplies to Europe,"
the War Trade Hoard has published its first list of re-
stricted imports. The minerals appearing on the list
stos, all acids, muriate of ammonia, all coal-tar
distillate- .except synthetic indigo), all salts of soda
ept nitrate of soda and cyanide of soda), cryolite
ept not to exceed 2000 long tons for the year 191S),
explosives (except fulminates and gunpowder), fluor-
spar, infusorial and diatomaceous earths, nickel, graph-
ite (no imports until July 1; thereafter not exceeding
5000 long tons for the remainder of 1918), pyrites
(not exceeding 125,000 long tons to Oct. 1), and zinc.
The restrictions in mineral imports followed precisely
the recommendations made by a committee composed
of C. K. Leith. J. E. Spurr and Pope Yeatman, repre-
senting the Shipping Board, the War Trade Board and
the War Industries Board.

Imports by rail from Mexico or Canada are not af-
fected by the restriction. The exceptions under which
licenses may be granted for the importation of articles
contained in the list issued Mar. 23, known as list No.
1, are as follows:

I I » When the articles mentioned are actually shipped
from abroad prior to Apr. 15, 1918.

1 1 1 When coming by rail from Mexico or Canada when
the goods in question "originated in those countries or in
others from which such goods are being licensed for import.

(3) When coming as a return cargo from European
points and then onlv (a) when coming from a convenient
port, (b) when loaded without delay, and (c) when the
importation from Europe is not specifically prohibited in
said list.

The action was not taken until all interests affected
had had an opportunity to be heard. The State and
Treasury departments also approved the recommenda-
tion. Pyrites and graphite are the only minerals on
the list the importation of which, in large quantities,
is affected. The imports of pyrites are restricted in
graduated amounts, so as to allow the supplies of Span-
ish ore to decrease from month to month, in order that
consumers in the United States may have time to change
their practice to a sulphur basis

The restriction in regard to graphite applies prin-
cipally to that from Ceylon. Very little has been com-
ing from Madagascar in recent months. The usual im-
ports from those sources aggregate 25,000 tons. At
present, large stocks of imported graphite are on hand.
Imports of graphite prior to Apr. 15, when the restricted
list goes into effect, plus the 5000 additional tons which
may be imported during the latter half of the year, will
aggregate 13,000 tons, or approximately 50% of the
usual imports of this material. Such supplies as may
-iBcessary to make up this reduction can be had from
domestic and Mexican sources, it is believed.

In view of the steps taken, it now is the duty of do-
mestic producers to improve their product, as is set
forth by Mr. Spurr as follows:

A great improvement in standardization of domestic
graphite as to size and purity must be made before the
Alabama product of flake graphite can win the confidence
of the makers of graphite crucibles. In the past, this
product has been so irregular, as shipped from the various
producers independently, that there is considerable preju-
dice among some manufacturers against using any of the
domestic supply, and all prefer to use as little as possible.
The average manufacturer hesitates to adopt more than
20% in his formula, as compared with 80% Ceylon graphite.
It seems clear that satisfactory crucibles could be made
entirely from domestic graphite, except possibly some of
small flakes, as this has actually been done, but it is en-
tirely a question with the producers whether they can
standardize their product as indicated.

The domestic producers now have their opportunity, and
if they carry out their intentions as to quantity and qual-
ity, it is likely that the overseas import will be eliminated
entirely, but if they fail to do so, it will be necessary again
to license imports. In this connection, it has been sug-
gested by some that the Alabama Graphite Association act
as the selling agent for the southern field and see to it that
nothing passes through its hands to manufacturer until
inspected, sampled and guaranteed as to grade and analysis.
Apparently this is a plan which might secure the desired
standardization.

The restriction in imports comes just in time to pre-
vent a number of Alabama mines from closing down.
Such imports as are permitted in the future will be
distributed by the Shipping Board. The embargo is
complete on dust or amorphous graphite, which comes
largely from Korea.

Housing Problem in War Industry

A great clamor has gone up from many communities
for Governmental financial assistance in meeting the
housing problem. In most cases, Federal inspectors re-
port, the communities themselves are not cooperating
fully in meeting the needs of the situation in centers
of war industry. This has led to the following official
statement :

If a community is benefiting through the fact that war
orders are being placed among its manufacturers, and indi-
rectly through the fact that a larger population is spend-
ing its earnings in that particular community, it is not
unreasonable to ask that the community itself, in this war
emergency, shall make an effort to help itself. There is
reason to believe that where a community is overloaded with
contracts, its chance for receiving additional Governmental
contracts is remote, as it naturally would be useless to offer
additional contracts to a community whose manufacturers
are already unable to find housing for their workers.

May Standardize Wire Rope

Standardization of sizes of wire rope is being con-
sidered by the commercial economy board of the Coun-
cil of National Defense. From such investigations as
have been made, it is believed that the manufacture of
several sizes of rope can be discontinued for the period
of the war. Before any action is taken, however, the
users of wire rope will be accorded ample opportunity tc
be heard and to offer any suggestions.

March 80, 11)18

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Remember the Comfort Fund

tobacco is a non-essential, says a writer in Finan-

m Ann ri,-<t. Apparently our friend's pipe is out. All
e needs is a match. For him temporarily tobacco may
e, as he says, a non-essential. Hut how aboul yourself
nd the men in the mining regiment? Consider this

uestion when you come to the end of a smokeless day.
ow clear and blue it is! How clear thai we must Keep
ie men of the regiment supplied with tobacco and
iher comforts and how blue they will be if we don't !
: you have not contributed to the Comfort Fund, you
lould do SO without further delay. You will get the
laximum pleasure out of your money. Try it and find
it. Contributors to date are as follows:

lgineorlng and Mining Journal.

sw York Engineering Co

Friend. Nov. 23

H

Charlton

Hardinge

N. Spencer

Coursen

Polhemus

E.
W.

•ank
. L.

H.

H. Janews

bert D Beers

E. Hayes

A. Van Mater

Vogelstein & Co

'uprite"

H. Bassett (Hanna Ore Mining Co.).
Friend, Dec. 10

A Mosman

nerican Zinc, Lead and Smelting Co. .

O. H

iniel Guggenheim

H H

illard S. Morse

igust Heckscher

laconda Copper Mining Co

W. Bradley

larles Le Vasseur

Friend. Dec. 13

■eeland Jewett

jrman A. Wagner

ancis P. Sinn

C. Gosrow

C. Jackling

H. Brickenstein

E. Xorthrup

'gers. Mayer & Ball

nver Technical Staff, American Metal Co., Ltd

Friend. Jan. 9

B. Coolidge

V. N. Dorr

pe Yeatman

H. Aldridge

E. Hart

bert I. Kerr

gineers of Washoe Smeltery, Anaconda Copper Mining

Company

ixry C. Graham

ah Copper. Nevada Consolidated, Hay Consolidated

uid Chino copper companies

Friend. Jan. 23 •

nn Gillie

N. Houser

K. Lipman

eodore Sternfeld

nton H. Crane

Wolf son

'illiam H. Hampton

E. Merriss

. Parke Channing

!ami Copper Co

I H. Means

: W. Goodale

! G. Beckett

I R. Foraker

'■ arles A. Chase

I Fleming L'Engle

lumet & Hecla Mining Co

G. Ferguson

V E. Van Gundy

jinklin Osborn

!:ar Lachmund

> T. Swoyer

lerest

■ incy Mining Co

: >eri. an Metal Co

I lliam H. Fairbanks

t E. Curry

* R. Ingalls

f A. Guess

IMc. C

Egineers' Club of Northern Minnesota

t H. Thayer

t H. Sales •

*>ert C. Burrage

Eward H. Clark

1 Rutherford

^olph J. Martinson

fink R Edwards

f H. Munro

I E. McCarthy

nooo.oo

6.00

5.00

5.00

1000.00

5.00

6.00

5.00

10.00

10.00

10.00

26.00

100.00

10.00

10.00

10.00

100.00

6.00

100.00

5.00

25.00

100.00

1000.00

100.00

5.0»

50.00

10.00

5.0«.

10.00

5.00

100.00

10.00

5.00

5.00

50.00

30.00

100.00

10.00

200.00

50.0s.

50.00

5.00

5.00

205.00
25.00

1000.00

5.00

25.00

5.00

50.00

50.00

500.00

10.00

10.00

10.00

100.00

250.00

10.00

25.00

50.00

25.00

25.00

5.00

250.00

18.00

10.00

10.00

10.00

10.00

10.00

100.00

250.00

25.00

5.00

50.00

25.00

5.00

85.00

50.00

25.00

100.00

25.00

5.00

2.00

5.00

100.00

25.00

i I. Bruci

LouIh I' i

i • i ;

i' i

M C M

James k \i. . iitl

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i Mining and Main .

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G C. Tom n end

Total

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Back up the 27th Engineers Little by little our
forces at the front are getting into action. Soon the
mining regiment will be in the thick of it. No mat
what you have given to other things, make it just a
little bit more. Make your check payable to W. R. In-
galls, treasurer. On account of the work involved in ad-
ministering the Comfort Fund, acknowledgment of con-
tributions is made only through publication in the
Journal.

Minerals Separation ( o.. Ltd , vs.
Butte & Superior

The suit of Minerals Separation Co. Ltd., against the
Butte & Superior Mining Co., on appeal from the U. S.
District Court of Montana was tried in the U. S. Circuit
Court of Appeals at San Francisco from Mar. 8 to 11 in-
clusive. The action is an appeal from the decision of
United States Judge George M. Bourquin, which holds
that Butte & Superior have infringed upon the oil-flota-
tion process owned by Minerals Separation, and that this
infringement has been going on for the last five years.
Butte & Superior contend that it is not using the frac-
tional-percentage patent system, but has added petro-
leum in excess of \' < to its process. The patent depends
on the use of a fractional part of 19, of oil, and Butte &
Superior is using more than this in its process, and thus
claims that it is not infringing upon the rights of the
patentee, and declines to pay the royalties demanded by
Minerals Separation. During the progress of the hear-
ing before Judges VY. W. Morrow and William H. Hunt
of the Court of Appeals, laboratory demonstrations
were made, using a miniature plant which had been ex-
hibited in the Supreme Court. Minerals Separation Co.
presented eight and Butte & Superior two demonstra-
tions. The Minerals Separation tests were: (li The
well-known miner's pan or batea, using water and
crushed ore. (2) The Everson process, in which the
ore in the demonstration was mixed with oil, employ-
ing the pan or batea. (3) The Kirby process, known
as oil flotation, taking the metal by the buoyancy of the
oil and skimming through operating devices. (4) The
patent in the suit at bar demonstrated for the purpose
of showing it to be an idea entirely different from \he
ideas shown in the three prior experiments. Mixed
Butte & Superior ore with water, added 0.1 f, oleic acid.

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 13

.-it palp and obtained the mineral air-bubble

Chen added S.696 oleic acid to show

thing oil destroyed the process ; again

the mass. and. instead of a mineral air-bubble
the recovery was in granules, not at the top ot
the mass but at the bottom, which is evidently a smk-
The Broken Hill process was demon-
that the process of the patent is due
frothing agent ; used phenol and obtained the re-
Suits of the patent. (6) Used kerosene, showing tha
it is not a frothing agent and therefore performs no
dee in the Butte & Superior mixture ot oils. (7)
d a mixture of kerosene and fuel oil and claimed
that no froth resulted from that mixture. (8) To show
the pure kerosene does not troth, used 25', of kero-
sene and claimed to get practically no result. The two
demonstrations presented by Butte & Superior were:
; i ,1 pine-tar oil and claimed that it is substantially
the same in effect as the mixture used by this company;
claimed that the use of 3.6f,' of pine-tar oil results in
the froth of the patent. (2) Presented a miniature mill
operation to show the process of the patent and demon-
ate the use of mixed oils as applied by Butte & Su-
perior. Hearing was concluded on Mar. 11 and de-
cision reserved.

1. Set the carburetor, or mixing valve, to give as lean
a mixture as will run the engine.

2. Pipe the exhaust gases out of the engine room.

3. Do not work or even stand near the end of the ex-
haust pipe when the engine is running.

4. Do not try to purify the exhaust by turning it
under water.

5. Unless the ventilation in the place where the en-
gine is used is ample and positive, pipe the exhaust
gases to some point where there is such ventilation, or
pipe them to the surface.— Technical Paper, No. 174, U.
S. Bureau of Mines.

Precautions in Using Gasoline Engines
and Handling Gasoline in Mines

In order to minimize the risk of fires, observe these
precautions:

1. Keep open lights away from all gasoline cans or
tanks, feed pipes, and engines.

only closed cans or tanks for carrying gasoline

into the mine.

3. Use only a closed can. like an oil can, for priming
with gasoline, and keep the can where it cannot be
knocked over.

4. Never store more than five gallons of gasoline or
as much more as is required for one day's work in the

mine.

5. Do not let oily waste or rags lie in the engine
room. Put them in a metal pail. Use sand to absorb
oil drippings.

6. Never use water to extinguish a gasoline fire. Al-
ways use a chemical fire extinguisher or smother the
fire with sand. Keep a supply- of sand in the engine
room and the storage room.

7. Use as little wood as possible for fittings in engine
room. Where possible cover wooden posts, etc., with as-
bestos board.

To minimize the danger of explosions:

1. Have the engine room and the storeroom well ven-
tilated.

2. Never let gasoline stand in open cans or tanks.

3. Do not pour gasoline from one container into an-
other near open lights.

4. Do not spill gasoline.

5. Do not use erasoline for cleaning in a closed room.

6. Unless all the openings of empty cans or barrels
are closed, always store them with the openings down
so that the vapors may escape.

To minimize the danger from the exhaust gases of a
gasoline engine:

Gun Division To Expand

Washington Correspondence

An increase of personnel from three officers and seven
civilians to 1500 officers and 10,000 civilians soon will
have been shown by the Gun Division of the War De-
partment's Bureau of Ordnance.

"The Gun Division," says a War Department memo-
randum, "has arranged for the production of many thou-
sand cannon and the erection and complete equipment
of 16 plants for their manufacture. These plants are
well under way, and a number are practically complete.
Forgings are already being produced, and the machin-
ing plants are in excellent state of progress. It was
necessary to build these plants from the ground up, as
no adequate facilities existed for this program, which
covers practically all calibers of guns.

"The total program of the division calls for an eij
penditure of approximately $2,000,000,000. Orders foi
nearly all of the entire program have been placed."

The major projects of the Gun Division are sumr
rized as follows:

Construction of smokeless powder plants in face
the necessity of doubling the present output. Th<
now under way.

Expenditure of approximately $40,000,000 for pla
facilities to manufacture artillery cannon, with an estimaj
that $300,000,000 will be spent for cannon alone within tw
years after the outbreak of war.

Negotiations in many cities of the country for the er«
tion of plants for. the extraction of toluol from the lllumi
nating gas being furnished these cities by private g»
companies. . - . . 1

Conservation of the supply of ammonium nitrate att
acids and construction at Government expense ot a plan
for the fixation of atmospheric nitrogen and its final c(
version into ammonium nitrate.

Construction, now undertaken, of a gas filling plant
cost approximately $1,500,000, and the construction of i
large shell filling plants, to cost in the aggregate $25,000,0

Substitute for Tin Containers

An appeal was recently made by Food Administra
Hoover that a limit be set to the use of tin plate and
foil in toilet articles and others where glass or pa]
cartons can be substituted for the tin containers. T
Journal has been advised by S. H. Fellows, of Lockpor
N. Y., that a company is now organizing with a pra
ticable and proved solution of this problem. It W
make a container of a substance the formula for whu
has been in process of perfection for the last eigl
years. The company is known as the Karamoid Man'
facturing Co., and is about to break ground for a f>
tory at Fort Madison, Iowa,

March 30, l'JIS

ENGINEERING AND MININC JOURNAL

till

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Editorials

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"0\

Third Liberty Loan

VER THERE" are our boys fighting for us. They
re fighting for the principles upon which this
country must stand or fall. Over here we must do our
part. We must build ships and munitions. We must
put up the money that our Government needs.

In our advertising section we print 1(3 pages gener-
ously contributed by our advertisers and devoted to
the Liberty Loan. We call the reader's attention to
these pages. There is much for thought in them.

The Third Liberty Loan poster tells its story. — One,
two, three! Now, all together! Let us make this loan
a success! The concerted effort of 100,000,000 people
cannot fail.

Whose War Is It?

THE most terrible misconception of this terrible
time is the belief of some people that this is a rich
man's war, a capitalistic war. The farming communi-
ties of Kansas are thoroughly permeated with the idea
that vicious profiteering has made the farming class a
burden-bearer, and they are brooding over this. The
doctrinaires, simpletons and hoodlums echo this from
their soap-boxes. The German propagandists cleverly-
foster it, for in so doing they know that they are ac-
complishing the German purpose better than by the
winning of many battles. Consider what they have suc-
ceeded in doing in Russia and what they almost did in
Italy.

Previous to the entrance of the United States into
the war, business was extremely prosperous. Disturb-
ance of this prosperity was the last thing that any
business man wanted. Whenever there was any intima-
tion that the United States might become involved in
the war, as when the "Lusitania" was sunk, the stock
market trembled. With the actual entry of the United
States into the war there began a decline in the prices
for securities that was deeply disturbing and distressing,
On top of this, our industries were saddled with an
appalling burden of taxation. "Is it not perfectly
manifest to the meanest understanding," asks Mr.
Kahn "that any business man fomenting our entrance
into the war for the purpose of gain must have been
entirely bereft of his senses and would have been a
fit subject for the appointment of a guardian to take
care of himself and his affairs?"

No, this is not a rich man's war as it is being fought
by us. Germany may be fighting a rich man's war,
but we are fighting for democracy, the very antithesis
of what Germany is fighting for; and democracy means
the interest of everybody. There is no such thing as
class in this conception. Any American citizen who
denies this, or broods over what he thinks is unfavorable
class treatment, or seeks to arouse class animosities,
repudiates the noble leadership of our President, than
whom no statesman has enunciated more clearly the

principles for which we arc fighting, The lunatics of
Russia and the poor fools who arc deluded by them
have fouled their own nest and have played the German
game. The talkers in this country who would like to do
likewise ought to be interned in places where they can
do no harm. They should be treated ae carriers of the
germs of insidious disease, endangering the public.

While we have let these focuses of infection circulate
without molestation, lest we be charged with interfering
with the right of free speech, we have been too mealy-
mouthed in talking to the workers who have listened
to them. W'e have relied too much upon the sound
admonitions of Samuel Gompers and William B. Wilson.
whose exhortations have been most patriotic and praise-
worthy, but, save when our President spoke angrily
to the shipbuilders, no one of the great leaders has
ventured to call a spade a spade. We have had too much
cajoling, too much talk about a new order of things
that is coming, too much about the prospective rule
of the ditch-diggers, and there has been too much evasion
of the incontestable fact that the root of most of the
economic troubles of the time is that all the workers are
not working as hard as they ought to. They have been
allowed to listen to socialists, whose vocation is talking,
not working, and they have not been taught adequately
that this is above everything else their war.

Lloyd-George voiced this in his very outspoken
speech to the Miners' Confederation on Mar. 21, when
he declared that it would be far better that the govern-
ment should go out of office than have its decisions
disobeyed, saying:

I have just had news that the Germans have attacked
us on a front of nearly 60- miles with overwhelming forces.
I am amazed that it should be considered debatable whether
the miners and engineers are going to make their contri-
bution to the defence of the country.

If the sanction of the community is going to decide
whether a law should be obeyed, f-en, believe me, you will
have a condition of things where the people who will suffer
most will not be the people at the top, who are generally
able to take care of themselves, but the poor devils at the
bottom. It has always been so in the history of the world.

It is better to talk plainly, and I am speaking with a
great deal of feeling because I have just heard of this
overwnelming attack brought about by the failure of the
Russian democracy to have its orders obeyed.

If the attack succeeds, the Germans might be at Calais,
and the only answer we can give is a vote of the Miners'
Confederation saying they are not prepared to fight. You
cannot give that answer.

Lenine and Trotzky played the German game by
nreathing "drop out of a capitalistic war," but as soon
as the Germans took possession of Russian lands they
told the laborers to get to work for the wages that
they, the Germans, fixed; and they added that there
would be no fooling about it.

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 18

V . al >md Metal Production

Tdeal to do with the yield
al products, but not much with the
I'ho latter are dependent mainly
supply and demand. Let us therefore
ned statistics of the mineral industry
tes in 1916 and L917:

IfODlTIES PRODUCED KKH I V

[tern L916 L917

74,414,802 1,500

Aluminum (pounds) ... 140,000.000 180,000,000

Ferromanganese (Ion* tons) 276.204 VS°'X™

SpMgeleiaen (long tons) .... 187,238 1*'-®°Z

Petroleum ( barrels) 300,767,158 341,800.000

■ ort tons) 680,018 685,436

I (short tons) 592,241 580,464

Cement (barrels) 91,521,198 93,654,000

Quicksilver (flasks) 29,932 36,351

Chromite {long tons) 17,000 18,000

• nic (short tons) 5,986 5,826

rt tons) 6,363,000 6,946,000

-hort tons) 154.974 315,000

Lime (short tons) 4,073,433 3,663,318

Graphite (short tons) "<,466 6,800

Gold (dollars) 92,590,300 84,456,600

PRICE-FIXED COMMODITIES

Item Unit 1916 1917

Anthracite (lonp tons) 67,376,364 77,133,305

Bituminous coal (short tons) . 502,519,682 544,142,000

Iron ore (long tons) 75,167,672 75,324,000

Pip iron (long tons) 39,032,792 38,185,982

Copper (pounds) 1,942,776,309 1,888,395,945

In the above tables, the figures for zinc, lead and
copper are our own ; those for pig iron, ferromanganese,
and spiegeleisen are from the Iron Age; the figures lor
aluminum are from the National City Bank; the others
are as reported by the U. S. Geological Survey. We find
a certain significance in the increased production of the
unmolested commodities and the decreased in those
whereof the price was fixed by the Government. Among
the latter, coal is the only one exhibiting an increase,
and in its case there is doubt as to whether the increase
was really of carbon or of slate contained in the coal.
It must be remarked that these figures, comparing the
products of entire years, include a certain period of 1917
when all products were free and output was large. The
•sties for iron and copper by quarters in 1917 show
a decrease in the second half of the year as compared
with the first half. The production of certain commodi-
ties during the whole year, for example zinc, decreased
owing to overproduction in the early part of the year,
but such was not the case with iron and copper, the sup-
plies of which were steadily inadequate.

2. Claims that there is any kind of gold or of platinum
that is not revealed by standard methods of assaying
and chemical analysis are silly.

New York and Philadelphia papers please copy.

Gold and Platinum in the Adirondacks

WE UNDERSTAND that some new schemes for
the mining of gold in the Adirondacks are being
promoted, with the addition that platinum is now to
be obtained, besides gold.

We have exposed this fallacy, and so has the Geo-
logical Survey of the Stat© of New York, so many times,
and with such emphasis, that there is scarcely anything
to be said to the gullible but to repeat ourselves:

1. We do not believe that there are any commercial
deposits of gold or platinum in the Adirondacks or
ent regions.

Gompers Tells Workers They Must
Speed Up

SAMUEL GOMPERS, president of the American Fed- I
eration of Labor, issued a statement on Mar. 21 in
which he called attention to the important part that ;
labor must play in winning the war. The war must be I
fought out in the mines, farms, shops, mills and ship-
yards of the country as well as on the battlefields, he
said, and the soldiers and sailors will be unable to win
unless they are supported by the producers.

"This is a time," he went on, "when all workers must
soberly face the grave importance of their daily work
and decide industrial matters with a conscience mindful
of the world relation of each fact.

"The worker is willing to sacrifice for an ideal, but
not for the selfish gain of another. Consideration be- \,
gets cooperation. These conditions are essential to
war production. Production is necessary to win the
war. Give workers a decent place to live, protect them
against conditions that take all of their wages for a;
bare existence, give them agencies whereby their griev-
ances can be adjusted and industrial justice assured,
make it plain that their labor counts in the winning of
a war of greater freedom, not for profiteering, and
workers can be confidently expected to do their part.

"This is a laborer's war. It must be won by labor,
and every stage in the fighting and the final victory
must count for humanity. That result can only justify
the awful sacrifice."

This is sound talk. Mr. Gompers states a platform
upon which all workers, whether they be general man-
agers or ditch-diggers, may stand. It is the platform
of the square deal, of common interest, and of common
sense.

Now listen to Henry B. Endicott, chairman of the
Massachusetts Committee of Public Safety, himself a
great employer of labor, in commenting on Charles M.
Schwab's recent statement that labor will soon dominate
industry:

"If Mr. Schwab meant by 'workmen' people who work
and use their brains and muscles, I agree with him. If
he meant what has been understood was his meaning,
that the laboring man, so-called, would dominate the
affairs of the world in the future, then I do not agree
with him, nor do I believe for a moment that that is
the intention and belief of the so-called labor element.

"What I believe is that there will have to be a full
recognition, both on the part of the employer and the
employee, as to their responsibilities. The employer
should realize his responsibility toward his employees,
meaning that he is responsible for the conditions under
which they work, and, in order to be responsible for
those conditions, he must enter into their daily lives,
and study their ambitions and their desires, and share
with them their sorrows and their success. If he will
enter into their daily lives, and become a part of them,
conditions under which he asks his employees to work
will be such that differences between employer and em-
ployee will be very greatly eliminated.

March 30, 1918

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

618

"On the other hand, labor must recognize Lta reaponsi
Sties. It must realize that in a great measure it is
[i to the employees to make the business either a sue
IBs or a failure.

"From my experience in dealing with labor it seems
> me that vrorkingmen have no desire as a class to
■ninate the Government. But, from their standpoint.
ley feel that all they honestly ask for is fair play
tid no favors."

This also is sound talk. It is just what Mr. Gompers
as been saying. Employers and employees can stand
(jrether on this platform, just as .Mr. Gompers and Mr.
ndicott do.

Price-Fixing by Congress

T WAS only a matter of time when Congress would
.take its hand in price-fixing, as in the last week it did
l the matter of wheat. Congress has acted in such
Hairs as Dr. Cook's claim to the discovery of the North
ole, as Garabed's pretensions respecting perpetual
lotion, etc., so why not fix for wheat the price that the
irmers would like to have, and for cotton what the
jtton growers think proper, and so on?
We are bound to uphold the Administration in its
pposition to any such legislation as is now pending in
ongress. It would make confusion worse confused.

Richard H. Vail has retired from the editorial staff
f the Journal after an association of 10 years, in order
> enter Governmental service as a civilian employee of
le Ordnance Department of the Army. Mr. Vail has
:cupied an important place on the Journal, having had
large of the executive work in getting out the paper,
hile as a technologist he devoted himself chiefly to
.etallurgical subjects. Previous to joining the staff he
ad been an efficient smelterman, and with us he be-
ime an accomplished editor. We feel a keen regret H
le departure of this old colleague, but we cannot fail
i applaud his spirit in going whither he felt that duty
tiled.

Hearings on the Mineral Control bill were begun on
[ar. 26 by the House Committee on Mines and Mining.
11 interests concerned were invited to be present.

iitiiimmimiitiiu <nu

ntlllHinttlin irlumritiiitiii

BY THE WAY

11 tllri imrir mi

IIMIIIIKIIIIK

A Bingham school teacher decided to teach her class
: young pupils "America," to be sung on Flag Day.
he class progressed favorably until they reached the
tie "I love thy rocks and rills," which they insisted
?on singing, "I love thy rocks and drills." To them

rill was something unknown, a drill a reality, and the
acher had great difficulty in inducing them to sing the
ne properly.

The stock market is the most unprejudiced observer
i the world, says the Evening Post. It is myriad minded
tad cosmopolitan. It reflects the combined knowledge'
ad opinion of a huge number of men. It does not give J
i ©pinion for its mere effect on somebody else's morale.

it does not try to reas ure. it does not instill pessira
in order to "wake the country up." The last thing it
wants is to deceive il elf The men in the ■ t < .. k market
are risking money on their opinions; tl men ami

the newspaper editors are not Bui Hie failing of lin-
stock market is that, though it sa *i • or No, one is
not always sure what it is talking about.

Nuoline, the substitute for gasoline, "invented" by
Dr. Louis Clement and that will tost from 2.5 to 8c.
per gal., was given a try-out in New York on Mar. 19
in the presence of the Assistant District Attorney and
Prof. Gies, of Columbia University, Dr. clement manu-
factured his nuoline on the spot in about three hours,
it is said, from the following ingredients: Naphtha
flakes, benzine, saccharine, sodium bicarbonate, potas-
sium chromate, alum, wood alcohol, oil of cedar, sul-
phuric acid, talcum powder and kerosene oil.

Nuoline thus made actually ran a Ford and a larger
touring car, though it failed to move a two-ton truck.
However, a statement was made by various expert
chemists that nuoline would cost much more than 8c.
per gal. ; also that Dr. Clement appeared to lack scien-
tific or technical knowledge of the subject. This state-
ment was signed by Prof. Charles S. Baskerville, Gus-
tave W. Thompson, chief chemist of the National Lead
Co. and president of the American Institute of Chem-
ical Engineers; Francis P. Smith, of Dow & Smith;
Professor Gies, Dr. Charles F. McKenna, and John C.
Olsen. The District Attorney figured in the case be-
cause Dr. Clement is charged with obtaining money
under false pretenses.

Keeping Down the Costs

"You've got the right idea, young man,

You're workin' 'ard to keep
Your costs down low," said Cap'n Dan —

"You're operatin' cheap;
But you will learn a thing or two
And find this 'ere is mighty true:

Your cheapest ore may cost the most;

So wait a bit before you boast.

"Bill Tonkin, at the Adeline,

Once said 'e didn't need
A powder man in all the mine;

A fine, soft job, indeed!
'Just 'elp yourselves to dynamite.'
They did — two dead the second night.

'E thought, as men 'ave thought before,'

To cut the costs of minin' ore.

"Another time 'e said, 'I fear

My costs are now immense;
That change 'ouse won't be touched this year:

Too bloody much expense.'
'E let 'em use the rotten dry
And watched the men get sick and die.

This, you'll take 'eed, was one way more

To cut the costs of minin' ore.

"And Tom Trezise, another one,

Said timber was so 'igh,
'Ed cut the laggin' down, m' son.

And some'ow they'd get by.
Worked fine until the mornin' when
They had to dig out fifteen men;

One way, as I 'ave said before

To cut the costs of minin' ore."

Charles Nicholls Webb.

NEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 13

the \.-... iiition
I

,! iii. era-

I the

-

h mining engi-

'•'

.lurp)i> mine at Rom-

i I Dafaareq I is 1. ft tor Mi »

Fbsent until late

I J i. ir ■.

Northern Mn-

K. tTUaaa -. iniii/ has been appointed
. bureau of the

Jaaaaa » < aiiiihun has taken over the
thf Sherman Mining Co..

ii i ...it Bain returning from China

: ship of the

<i ..f Mines, under Van II.

n p Bope, nt and genera]

Steel Co.,
: nt of the Pitts-

D ' Bard, consulting engineer of the

■ ation, . x:i
■ ly on Quadra Island.
roup.

irlea \\ Foote, mining engineer
Jr., has entered the

sign and is stationed

Milli.im Wallace M.-in. of New Yolk, lias

•. of Agriculture
lative regarding

I \\ I . .i> i.r.l. recently manager of the
mine, Ivirkland Lake, has
• ral manager of the
md-Porphyry property.

■ f H Gary, chairman of the

., has been

decor - nd ' 'rder of the

-jnperor of Japan

J. M. GoetehJas, vice president and di-

hemical Co., has re-

to the

V \\ Hawkes has been

elec'- aim.

» i i iiTimrdi. manager of the Pea-

r the last thr*--

irge of the
pan de -Minns, in Cuba.

I.amlrr* -■ ■■■ r ■ n elected vice

• ilield Steel and

w .I'Piili i ,,i. hlngs, who recently

elected chairman

of the board to succeed .1. c. Haben.

HalkHr> M.-II- ident and gen-

eral manav 3muggler Union Min-

. Telluridi ■ as in the

looking over the Anna
Beaver mine, near Picher, Oklahoma.

w. II » rigal Malm Wolf Co.. has

Ptain in the Engineer
■•■'. and. while awaiting
call to is investigating

opertiea in southwestern '

IF O. Hammond, for some time

■ ration
urjas, Ariz., has resigned to bi
United V

in a similar capacltv. His
will 1." Verde. Arizona.

Richard II. 'Nail has left the editorial
staff of the ring and Alining Jour-

nal" t

"part-
Mr Vail .I'.urnal"
part of which time he
was assistant editor. At the time of leav-
<rming the duties of man-

Ml-n Marra) Vonrr has returned to the
Rica and

Philadelphia, where he has connected with
' Marshall, president ol the Unerican
Manufacturing Co While en
San .lose to Puerto Limon. on
home, the passenger coach, in
which riding with his wife

and daught Bred upon by revolu-

. soldiers under General Gomez. Five
were killed and seVen wounded,
Ml: j hi familj escaped un-

harmed

,, >

Obituary

mi

iimmiiimiti ~

Frank L. i nderwood, formerly president
of the British Columbia Copper Co., died on
Mar. 17 m New York, aged 73 years.

i llsha J Steele, who retired In 1916 from
his position as vl ai of the Ameri-

nd on .Mar in at his home
in Torrington, Conn., at the age of 75.

Isaac Stephenson, former United States
Senator, who died at his home. Marinette.
Har 16, aged 88 years, had a con-
siderable Investment in mining and blast-
furnace properties The Stephenson mine
Mich., on one of his properties,
Is ik.u being operated by the Cleveland-
Cliffs Iron Co., Cleveland. Mr. Stevenson
Icholder in the Stephenson

charcoal It to., Marquette, Mich., with

slack at Wells. Mich, which he organized

i T. Stephenson, a son and

the only surviving child, now a lieutenant

in the Navy, is vice president of the Steph-

I Iron Co.

Societies

engineers' Club of Northern Minnesota

held its monthly meeting on Mar. 18 at
Chlsholm, Minn. Cooperation was the key-
note of the occasion.

Mute Geologists will meet in Washing-
ton Apr. 3 to confer with the United States
Geological Survey and Bureau of Mines
with the hope of establishing even closer
cooperation in work on war minerals.

American Society of Civil Kngineers met

on Mar. 20 in the Engineering Societies
Eldg.. New York. A paper by W. C. Ham-
matt, entitled "Determination of the Duty
of Water by Analytical Experiment," was
;ited.

Geological Society of London held its
annual meeting on Feb. 15 in London. The
chief event of the occasion was the presen-
tation of the Murchison medal to J. B.
Tyrrell, of Toronto, in "recognition of the
value of his many services to geological
In Mr. Tyrrell's absence, Sir
George Perley, High Commissioner for Can-
ada, received the medal for him from the
ety's president.

Society of Chemical Industry, New York
section, met on Mar. 14 in Rumford Hail,
50 East 41st St., New York. The program
of the evening included "Resolutions on the
of Thomas Tyrer." Mr. Tyrer was
honorary treasurer of the society for many
years. Cornelius F. Roland, of the National
Tube Co., Pittsburgh, Penn., presented a
paper on the "Manufacture of Welded and
Seamless Tubing." which was illustrated
with moving pictures. The usual informal
dinner preceded the meeting.

Mining and Metallurgical Society of
America will hold a special meeting on
Apr IS. at 8 p.m. at the Columbia Uni-

Club, 1 West 43rd St.. New York.
The meeting has been called for final action
on amendments to the constitution and by-
laws, copy of which was printed in bulletin
No. 115 and mailed to all members, and
for the purpose of discussing the proposed
bill '>n the creation of an Administra-

Mlnerals. The president has further
liairmen of the local sec-
tions i non meetings for discussion

bill. The meeting will be preceded
by an informal dinner, as usual.

\in.ri. mi Electrochemical Society Plans
fur the spring meeting are about com-
pleted, and provide for a tour through
ee and Alabama, with stops at the
■ chemical centers and wa-
opments situated in these
two sti long the towns to be visited

Johnson City, Kingsport, Knoxville,
I hattanooga, An-
niston, and Birmingham. A special train
About 1(10 members and
ready signified their inten-

tion to participate. The meeting is i
scheduled for the week of Apr. 28. 1U18.
All those interested can obtain further de-
tails from Charles F. Roth, chairman of the

eoitiitiiUee, r»u Kast 41st si . New York,

New Patents

United States patent specifications listed
below may be obtained from "The Engi-
neering and Mining Journal" at 25c. each.
British patents are supplied at 40c. each.

Alkali Metals, Process and Apparatus for
producing. 'Johannes Brode, Ludwigshafen-
on-the-Rhine. Germany, assignor to Ba-
dische Anilin and Soda Fabrik, Ludwigs-
hafen-on-the-Rhine, Germany. (U. S. No.
1,258,529; Mar. 5, 1918.)

Alloy. High-speed Cutting Tool. George
L. Kelley, Germantown, and Albert H.
Miller, Ambler, Penn., assignors to the
Midvale Steel Co., Philadelphia, Penn.
(U. S. No. 1,258,227; Mar. 5, 1918.)

Aluminum, Aluminous Composition and
Method of Preparing the Same. Otis
Hutchins, Niagara Falls, N. Y., assignor
to the Carborundum Co., Niagara Falls,
N. Y. (U. S. No. 1,257,356; Mar. 5, 1918.)

Aluminum, Production of. Georg Giu-
lini, Lazzago. near Como, Italv. ( L'. S.
No. 1,257,995; Mar. 5, 1918.)

Assay-Balance. Joseph H. Jacobs. Den-
ver, Colo. (U. S. No. 1,258,009 ; Mar. 5,
1918.)

Compressing: Air or Gases, Method of.
Herbert Alfred Humphrey, Westminster,
London, England, assignor to Humphrey
Gas Pump Co. (U. S. 1,257,607 ; Mar. 5,
1918.)

Drag Scraper and Excavator. Arthur

A. Charbondaux. Spokane, Wash. (U. S.
No. 1,258,090; Mar. 5, 1918.)

Flotation Separation of Mixed Sulphide
Ores. Charles Faul, St. Kilda, and Henry
Lavers, Surrey Hills, Victoria. Australia,
assignors, by Mesne assignments, to Min-
erals Separation North American Corpora-
tion. (U. S. No. 1,257,990. Mar. o, 1918.) I

Furnace, Electric. Henry Arnold Greaves
and Harry Etchells. Sheffield. England. (U.
S. No. 1,257 997; Mar. 5, 1918.)

Furnace Tilting. Harold Jennings

Kitchen, Luton, England. (U. S. No.
1,257,879; Mar. 5, 1918.)

Ingot. Mold. Emil Gathmann, Baltimore,
Md. (U. S. No. 1,258,209; Mar. 5, 1918.)

Magnesium, Production of, by Electroly-
sis. George O. Seward, Jersey City, N. J.,j
assignor to American Magnesium Corp.
(U. S. No. 1.258,261 ; Mar. 5, 1918.)

Phosphate, Process of Making a Mixed
Phosphatic and Nitrogenous Fertilizer.
Robert F. Gardiner, Clarendon. Va. (U. S
No. 1,258,106; Mar. 5, 1918.)

Steam-Shovel and the Like. ClareiiCt

B. Weston, Marion, Ohio, assignor to Ball
Engine Co., Erie, Penn. (U. S. No. 1,258,-
285; Mar. 5, 1918.)

Steam Shovels, Dipper for. William F
McMonegal. Hazleton. Penn. (U. S. No
1,258,585; Mar. 5, 1918.)

1/ MIIIIIIIMII Hill II I Mil I

Industrial News

mill iillillllllllllll

iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiillll

Oriver-Harris Co., Harrison, N. J.. hav<
recently issued an extensive bulletin on th<
subject of pure sheet nickel. Another bul-
letin on "Nichrome" wire mesh containers
for heat treating and acid cleaning, is ii I
the hands of the printers, and will be read}
for distribution within the course of a fev
days.

C. J. Wolfe has resigned as manager o 1
the New York office of the United Smeltint I
and Aluminum Co.. New Haven, Conn!
Benjamin S. Rosenberg, for a number o {
years connected with Eagle Smelting ant
Refining Works, Nassau Smelting and Re
fining Works, and Post van der Burg Co.
has been appointed to succeed Mr. Wolfe.

Trade Catalogs

Gyratory Crushers. Klevators, Revolvin:
Screens, Hoists. Complete Crushing Plant!
etc. Traylor Engineering and Manufactur
ine Co. Allentown, Penn Bulletin Q-*

Pp 34 : «'7 x 9i in Illustrated.

March 30, 1918 ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL 610

> iiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiii ilium iiiiiinii iimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiini mini i iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii iiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii inn iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiuiiiiiiiuiiiiiuiiiiuiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiii''

Editorial Correspondence

illiiilllliiiiiiillilllllllllllllllllllllllllllllillllllililiiiiiiiii iiiiini mi mi ;n. .i ii. i mum imiiiiiiimiimiiiiilliimiiiiiiiiiiiiii minium i immi

iMiiiiiimiiimmiiiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiimiiiiNiiiiiiiiiimiiniiiiiiiira

SAN FRANCISCO — M,ir. SI

six New Oil Wells Reported to the State
ling Bureau during the week ended

.' r. -. This brings the total number ol

i J wells reported for the tirst two month;

1918 to 1X4 in the week. 16 wells were

lotted for test of water shut-off. 16 for

opening or redrtlling and live for aban-

dunent

lorthern California Power Co., Consoli-

ed. on Feb. 27. reelected W. F. Detert

-ul. mu. A s. Carman vice president, and

Reese, Jr., second vice president. The

ner secretary and general agent. Edward

was elected general manager, and

H. Pearee, assistant secretary, was pro-

ed to secretary. J. M. Rogers was made

.stant secretary.

enerttl Petroleum of the i>' , tirst inort-
e issue will be redeemed June 1. 1918.
jrding to an announcement by Blythe
Witter, fiscal agents for the company,
outstanding issue amounts to $900,-
The original authorized issue was
00,000. Soon after beginning opera-
;s, the company retired $500,000. Elim-
ing the $900,000 bonds called for pay-
it. there is at present a total funded
t, including both pipe line bonds and
ired notes outstanding in the hands of
public, of $4,901,000.

regon. California and Eastern R}„
ch operates north of Klamath Falls,
gon. may be taken over by the Federal
ernment for the purpose of developing
potash fields at Silver Lake and to
ride transportation facilities for new
at country. This statement is reported
lave been given out at San Francisco
Robert E. Straharn. of Seattle, presi-
t of the railroad. The railroad project
originally intended to connect three
way systems at Bend, Crane and Med-
L About seven miles of right of way
e been secured, but onlv 20 miles of
lal operating track has been developed.
5 condition is said to be due to the re-
prohibitive cost of railway material
the high cost of labor. The potash
-lopment and wheat transportation are
inducements that will probalv result
onstruction and operation under control
he Federal Government.

System of National Defense Highways

ig tie Pacific Coast is the subject of* a
nt pamphlet issued bv Wisner Gillette
t, mining engineer of Bishop, Califor-

and secretary of the Inyo Good Road
), which has been merged into the Cali-
la National Defense Highway Assoeia-
• The system as shown bv the maps
Jded in the pamphlet contemplates three
ik lines extending from the California-
ico border to the British Columbia line

line starts at San Diego, going north
.os Angeles, and there branches into the
st trunk line • and El Camino Sierra

third line starts at Calexico, running
n and crossing the eastern trunk line.

extends through the center of Califor-
and into Oregon and Washington. The

amino Sierra also extends into Oregon

Washington, following the Sierra Ne-
i mountains in California and the Cas-
' ™°Vntains in Oregon and Washing-
d <§\s„ system has been embodied in
:t. 9053. introduced in the Congress bv
i E. Raker, of California.

edjral Law Regulating Explosives will
■'Enforced in California bv the aid of a
*ce advisory committee, which was or-
B > ~m the offlces of the Industrial Ac-

1 nt Commission on Feb. 26, 1918 The
S™1^ is composed as follows: John
*-. i-'ritt|n. U. S. explosive inspector for

. oFlIa' chairman ; John A. O'Connel, of

' ht?,t.e„.CounciI of Defense, vice chair-
,'; William J. French, of the National

, * ™°.uncl1' secretary and publicity
int. The other members are Jay W.
*'ens. National Board of Fire Under -
5nr?iH- M- Wolflin, chief mine inspector
"Lalifprnia; Robert I. Kerr, secretary
^ tornia Metal Producers' Association;
[a t 9.askl11' Hercules Powder Co.; Will-
» J. Gardener. Ocean Accident and Guar-
ai Corporation; Edwin Higgins, safety
*' efficiency manager, California Metal
n l n? • Association, and Chief of Police
£V. White, of San Francisco. David D. *,
"1. representative of U. S. Bureau of /

.Mines, described the methods of organiza-
tion followed In othei states and m B
besl cooperation • •! California organizations
to assist the Federal Government to com-
pletely control the sale and use of ex-
lilosives The following were appoint-
ed as an executive committee; John M
Griffin, ll. M Wolflin, u n Gasklll, Will-
iam .1 Gardener, .lav TO Stevens. The
powers of the Department of Justice and
il" Bureau of Mines were pledged to the
support of the committee Meetings will be
held "ii the second and fourth Tuesdays of
each month.

The State Railroad "Commission lias been
requested by .Mark L Requa, director oi the
oil division of the National Fuel Adminis-
tration, to postpone the hearing of the case
of J. W. Jameson against the Producers'
Transportation Co. What the purpose oi
the postponement may be has not been
made public. The action was brought to

pel the transportation company to

handle the product of the independent oper-
ators, who at present pay 4 5c. per bbl. to
get their oil to the refineries at Los Angeles
by rail. The Producers' Transportation Co
owns and operates a pipe line from the
Kern fields to Los Angeles and also to San
Francisco. There are several pipe lines
between the fields and these ports, and thev
are all owned by the large oil corporations.
The independent producers insist that thev
are being shut out from delivery of their
oil to the refineries. The Legislature five
years ago provided that pipe lines are com-
mon carriers, but the pipe lines still decline
to take oil for transportation. It is claimed
that they are buyers of oil and the oil they
buy is carried through their own pipe lines,
so that the producer gets his oil to the
market. Whether the market is at the re-
finery or in the field may be just the point
that the independent operator is quarreling
with the transportation companies about.
It may be said for the large oil companies
which are engaged in production, transpor-
tation, refining of oil and are also pur-
chasers in the field, that their pipe line
systems may not be equal to their require-
ments and all of the demands that might
be made upon them by independent pro-
ducers. It may also be said, on the other
hand, that the independent producer could
secure a more profitable market at the re-
fineries than in the field, if transportation
were available. It is not likely that Mr.
Requa has any intention of interfering with
the independent oil operator. But the pro-
motion of the best interests of oil industry
as a whole is of great importance just now.

Report of Golden Center Mine, at Grass
Valley, has just been issued by Superin-
tendent C. A. Brockington. covering several
years of recent operation. The ore now
being mined it is stated will not pay the
expense of operation and necessary devel-
opment at this time, so it will be necessary
to increase the development fund in order
to put the property on a paying basis. The
report shows that below the No. 3 level the
old orebody of the original working was
exhausted, and no payable ore has sine."
been shown on either side of the shaft.
except a small shoot between No. 5 and No.
7. Between No. 9 and No. 11 a small lens
of ore was encountered, but was not exten-
sive. A flow of water encountered at No.
9 level required a complete change of the
pumping system. The ore averaged only
$5.80 per ton, which was not sufficient to
cover cost of mining, milling and pumping.
Water was again encountered in No. 11
level ; three pumps were set. lifting about
400 gal. per min. This flow of water was
draining found to be the Massachusetts
Hill tunnel. In north drifts of No. 5 level
high-grade ore running as high as $40 per
ton was disclosed, but there was only a
small amount in it. There is a body of
ore in No. 8 level that runs about $8 per
ton. The cost of labor, including mining,
milling, pumping, and service expense, the
report states is $4.21 per ton. Materials.
power and other costs increase this amount
to more than $8 per ton. The shaft is
down 1860 ft. and the report suggests that
if money cannot be secured to deepen thj
shaft the drifts should be extended. The
single orebody that has been worked will
not pay for the development of the mine.
Golden Center mine was in the early days
of mining in Grass Valley district one of

large producers of the country. It was
pened about live years ago by Mr
Brocklngl ,rld for a time

Pro i rly good foi bringing the

"lil mine back into the productive cl
a good deal of attention was attracted to
the venture at the time of its reopening on
account of the situation of the property
within the town limits and near the center
of the town Residences, stores and shops
have grown up all around. But the unique
situation of mining property does not make
a. mine In addition to the requisite ore
bodies good management is essential.

SALT LAKE CITY— Mar. ii
Mine Safety Rules are being prepared for
the Mate Industrial Commission by It w
Watson, recently appoint. -d m.-pector of
metal mines. These rules may be used as
a tentative draft, and they will be con-
sidered by a committee consisting of mem-
bers oi the American Mining Congress and
oi all of Uie mining interests affected.

Semi-Montblv Paydays at Bingham Mines
are to be made the custom, following Uu
example of the Utah Copper Co.. instead of
the former 30-day periods, as heretofore.
The change will go into effect not later than
the first of April. It is planned to discon-
tinue all assignments of wages, as this prac-
tice entails considerable extra work for the
mining companies, and will not be neces-
sary under the new arrangement

Mines Dunips Are Assessable by fhe state
board of equalization, instead of by the
county assessors, according to an interpre-
tation placed on the law by D. B. Shields
Attorney General. In a letter to the state
board of equalization, the Attorney General
quotes the decision of the state supreme
court in the case of the Mammoth Mining
Co. against the commissioners of Juab
County as the basis for his opinion In
valuation, the proceeds from the dumps.
mills, and other apparatus for treatment
are assessable, and not the dumps them-
selves. It is probable that this opinion will
bring about a refund to the Utah Copper
Co. by Salt Lake County in the matter of
taxes paid by the company in 1917 on its
tailings. The tailings ponds were at first
assessed at $17,000,000 last year, and later
at $6,000,000, on which latter valuation the
company, under protest, paid taxes.

BCTTE, MONT. — Mar. 21

The Oil Industry in Montana, although
promising to assume considerable import-
ance within the next 10 years, is hampered
in the development of legitimate enterprises
at present by the activity of a large army
of fakers that have entered the field and
whose presence has given a black eye to
legitimate operations. So numerous have
these fakers become in Montana, and so
bold their activity, that State Auditor Po-
land, whose duty it is to license agents
who sell stock certificates, has issued a
warning to the investing public against
these oil-stock peddlers and has already
brought several of them to account. It is
hoped that he will succeed in eliminating
this illicit business altogether, and thereby
remove the cloud of mistrust that it has
thrown over the oil industry of Montana.

The Tuolumne Mining Co. has held its
annual meeting, and directors were elected
for 1918. W. P. John, of Milwaukee, was
elected a director and afterward appointed
to the position of first vice president The
other directors are local men. The report
of Manager Paul A. Gow showed that there
was shipped to the Washoe smeltery from
the Tuolumne mine in 1918 30.972 wet tons
of ore. or an average of 2581 tons per
month. The average grade was 2.431%
copper. 1.471 oz. of silver and 0.0072 oz.
gold per ton. This ore came from the 1200.
1400 and 2600 ft. levels. The Butte Main
Range produced 10.667 wet tons of ore.
averaging 1.972% copper. 9 422 oz. of silver
and 0.0078 oz. of gold per ton. The new
smeltery returns from the Tuolumne mine
in 1918 were $200,302.95. and from the
Main Range mine $106,702.50. The Tuo-
lumne company will take over the Butte
Main Range at a special meeting of the
company to be held Mar. 30, as a great
majority of the stockholders have already
sent in their proxies to be voted as favor-
able to the sale on a pre-agreed basis.

ENGINEERING AND WINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 13

rsr.. I

U hicll Is
U the

. able

-
\\ \\ are coming Into

miners

.: that

,.tit this scheme.

s The plan

i \pr I.

„ vl | Ml 111 Ml«>— M«r. SI

,,i Mlalai .."i BmelUna Co.

.149 9»0 Gross »alue "as - I .8 ';\;'\f '
0.817, pei oz . aver-

ITective plan
,,f thrift ami war-
To

, k is
-the
an urgent appi
thrift and wnr-savlngs stumps

• '" Uirltl-

I - ... m s • ... i W.'« new man-

. i ■ i No-

.;.,.,. . and hitter tight, has

port r'or more than

.... rating at

; amounted t.. $ I

.■ 1,-tau rutting
i. Mill! sal.,'

it the mine and

tint; l.y dia-

underUiken Milling

shift The report,

ding t ver all details,

bruary the

thi payroll.
treating ■ ' fay.

per ton

■ . - il,

- ■ ft with steady nnv

he 1600 Is be-
shoot In closing,
lows: -The outlook
the pmp. rty b

,,., the 1500 and 1600
. new orebodies)
than at any time
.hart'.-. il
.• longer and of better

Ti,r ttlll it - Idlers' \...««-

,,f Hon Vdav or l"

an l Idaho, whirl

to extend :
members of the niili-
■ i ..-,,,-- ,.i the
hi the present war,"
on -p, soldiers and
oek without
in lificatlon " This opinion
Tor an
' I
• ,.-k f.ir failure t.. pay a

men who
t., th.- wai from

aii shares in mining com-

Ing the

• • of any specific law
i Hiding* has cau: ed them
•mies arc volun-
held by men in the
. known, but thl
I
pany olllci
1
aw, which Mr

• ;,nies,.
ild r Ha llor

.... l-. of th.

if men in the

Ild sliiil.lif>

and fori l II otrole.

Th* « Bledanla Mining I • '","',4'

.i 1.17
• ti iking featui

& with

I
■

from

<lrv tons, which yielded

com-

1826.297: 1,068,699 oz. of

•

done trying to find new ore

exLnlion of the oldonbodtai
In this we were unsuccessful The amount
„f war tax we will have to payis unknown
hut it will be a large sum We intend to
continue the present dividend rate as long
as it is policy to do so .lust how soon this
r;lU. „in have to be discontinued, your
,luv, unable to say."

MICH. — Mar. 21

IIOI lillTON,
The Mann Consolidated Report for

•

oil
shows that better than 30< of the output
was mass or barrel copper. <>t this a large
went directly to the Quincy
rv The] pro, lu, lion of copper

amounted to 4,000,i lb., slightly less than

,,, 1916 The cost, exclusive of construc-
tion, was 19c. per lb. .Mass Consolidated s
eosts cannot be maintained under •--•■ pei
lb In HH8 except by some unforeseen
,y, i„ 1917, $80,000 was spent in
construction, mostly for employees houses.
Additional construction planned is a new
ousi foi B shaft, and the umber
is now on the ground. The new rockhouse
will be considerably larger than the one
now in use. It will be built to the rear ot
the present structure, and there need be no
suspension of operations at the mine dur-
ing construction. Delays due to rockhouse
breakages will be diminished. These were
due primarily to the unusual amount of
mass copp.r. While this copper is rich.
It is a great trouble maker in the rock-
house crusher. No other mine in the dis-
cepting possibly the Victoria, gets
as large a percentage of native copper as
the Mass mine.

.lOI'I.IN, MO. — Max. il
Kmoiak .MetaU Co. recently placed two
new mills in operation as the first Step
i. , ward expansion in this field. The com-
has three other mill sites where
plants are likely to be erected in the near
future One of the completed mills is in
the south part of Picher, near the St. Joe
mine and is known as the Premier. It has
:, capaeitj of 150-ton per shift and is elec-
trically equipped. Ore is being hoisted
from the 190- and 122-ft. levels. The first
day's operation recovered 35,000 lb. galena
and sphalerite. The other mill completed is
the Chicago, southeast of Douthat, Okla
The first two weeks' operations al this mill
lilted In a production of 289,000 lb. of
high-grade zinc-blende. The average yield
in concentrates made from the ore hoisted
was better than 10%. Operations were at

(He 1 lv ft l.-M-l The k'lllloak Metals I 'O.

i promising leas, two miles west
of Badger, Kan., northeast of Baxter
Springs, known as McBee mine, where the
.a ore and a mill is planned for
early erection. The company also has four
good drill holes on the Kllis land, north of
Blue Mound about one mile, and contem-
plate mill construction there during sum-
mer V M Gaines, of Joplin, formerly
superintendent of the Chicago mine at
Klondike, is manager of properties.

Zinc lire Producers Are Becoming I'er-
torbed ' '< • prices have

been steadily declining for some weeks,
and during veek were quoted at

.. $65, with the average settle-

il $51 per ton. only a

tonnage brings the top price. Not-
new developments in the
Oklahoma section of the field have resulted
in a steadily increa ing output The sheet-
ground mines are almost all down now
Prom Duenweg go including the

wviil, City-Carterville ramps, there are now
t.ont n dozen plants operating where
ere 80 a ill hough the out-

put [or thi district is larger than ever

( tklahoma produo evei w eri-

ously curtailment, and it is be-

lling of this character n ,n lake
place i that, under existing

per ton now is a poorer
return than S4ii per ton before the war, and
iiev in zinc mining at the

latter figure at that time. At a meeting o
operators of the tri-state Safety and Sard
tation Association recently. President O. F
Brlnton, of Baxter, Kan., called the atten
lion of operators to a brief prepared b:
W. R, lugalls in the interest of zinc smelt
,ms in which lie expressed a belief a lowe
grade spelter might safely be used by th
Government In the manufacture of wa
munitions, and some action upon this sug

gestioll will be taken at tills week's meet

ing. Temple Chapman, well known loca
operator, predicts that new developmen
will amount soon to an increased produc

I mil of at least 1 OOP tons per week, with

out anv apparent increase In demand; an.
in a signed article says: "We cannot go o
with business as usual, and it becomes Dot
our patriotic duty and good business to cal
together our representative mining men an.
discuss our war-time problems with a vle\
of making the best of war conditions."

TORONTO— :\lnr. '33
Labor Conditions ill the Northern On
Itirio mining camps are becoming muc
more favorable. Some of the Cobalt mine
have been largely reducing their workin
forces, and there has been a large influx c
men from other parts of the province. Man
have gone from Cobalt to Kirkland Lak
and Porcupine, and operators of outlyin
properties some distance from the railroa
are able to obtain plenty of labor.

Annual Report of the Trethewey show
a decrease of 2670 tons in ore reserve
as compared with 1 HI 6. Estimated amout
of silver In ore reserves was 264,044 02
compared with 361.482. being net decreas
of 27%. During the year 34,722 tons i
ore were milled, yielding 341.278 oz. N'
value of ore produced was $263,016. wil
operating profit of $114,934, out of whi<

a dividend of 350,( was paid. Presidei

S P.. Wickett stated that it was intend,
to erect a plant for the treatment of tai
ings, of which there were estimated to 1
about 66. nun tons, showing an average ,
4 7 oz. per ton. The cost of the pla
was estimated at $211,000.

Owing to the Critical Situation as r
gards the supple of natural gas in Esse
Kent and Lambton Counties, Ont., whic
combined with the coal shortage, has r
suited in much suffering in Windsor ai
other places, the Ontario government h
passed a remedial measure. A bill was l
troduced and rushed through three rea
ings. placing the entire control of the pr
duction, transmission and consumption
the natural gas of the province in t
hands of the Ontario Railway and Mun
ipal Board. The board has issued an (
der reserving for domestic consumption
the gas from wells in Kent County a
cutting off manufacturers and large CO
mereial users.

The Canadian and Ontario Governmei
will cooperate in extensive expenmen
work during the coming season to det
mine the possibilities of peat as a ft
which has been for some time receiving
attention of the Canadian Department
Mines Their investigations have sho
the existence of 140.000 acres of peat be
favorably situated in regard to settled <
tricts and transportation facilities, the a
tents of which are estimated approxnnat
at 120,000.000 tons, containing 25' ( ot m<
ture. The feasibility of producing fr
peat a usable domestic fuel having Di
demonstrated, the forthcoming experimen
work will principally he directed to
problem of cheap handling, and impro
ments in the methods of excavation, spre
ing, harvesting and transportation.

The Canadian <;<>verniiient is taking act
measures to place the railways in condit
to handle traffic efficiently by extensive
newals of rails, which were unquestipna
needed and additions of rolling stock,
order has been placed with the l>omin
Iron & Steel Co. of Sydney, N. b., tor 1
OOP tons of 80-lb. steel rails to be delive
by July 31, Some 500 miles of lighter r
manufactured in the United States for
Russian government have also been secui
The sn-lb steel will be used for the 11
lines of traffic, and in addition to supplj
the requirements of the government r
wavs, now including tile Canadian .sol
era', the rails will be furnished at
plus transportation, to the Canadian a
and Grand Trunk. The lighter rails
bi put down on branch lines and S
it nun in addition be necessary to
some 'or all of the heavy steel troi
Hudson Pay road, now 111 course 01
struction. and substitute light rails
government will also purchase about
ears and 150 locomotives to supply
stock deficiencies Numerous tender
been received, the prices set 11
great increase of cost, and before aci
anv of them inquiries are being li-
the details entering into cost, to
how far these increases are .uistihea.

March SO, 1918 ENGINEEK1M. AND MINING JOURNAL

• » n "I" iiiiiiiiiiiiiiinoiiiiiiniiiiiiii milium 11 iimttiminmi min mihiiiii

t>17

""""""" ' ' i i ' ll mi i, iiiMimiMummimmimmmmmi

The Mining News

'"" I""""" """" ' 'IIIIIIIIIIMI MMI MIMM IMMMIMIMIMIIMI I I , ,1,1,1,1,11, ||||||| ,„„

' I IMMIMMMIMIIMIIMMMIMI II llll IIIIH, 1 1< 1 1 >■ I ! 1 1 1 III III I

ItlllllltlKlllllllll,

\KI/(>\ \

Graham CoUDt]

IRON CAP (t-n ,- ll,]|, Vein cut by

aft mini level 52 ft »„|, ,,n,i nvei
'■per.

Yavapai County

HONSOLIDATEP ARIZONA (Hurn-
rwo orebodie.s In course ol di vel-
menl on 1200 level opening oul satls-
etonly.

Greenlee Count]
UUZONA COPPER CO (Clifton)— Pro-
onon of copper in February, 3.600,000 1b

ARKANSAS

Booof Count]

BEN HARRISON (Zinc) Operated by
\\ Baxter and associates Have a car-
liI ol hand-cobbed lend ore readv for
upnient

Merrill: V M & M. Co (Zinc)— Starting
istruction 100-ton concentrator at Houck
ne Machinery on ground for new 100-
i plant at Rhodes-Manchester Moth
pperties under control of McCurry Min-
is and Milling Co. W A McCurry is
1 leral manager.

Marion County
20WAN BARRENS DEEP (Yellville)—
1 ve drill at work now prospecting for deep

.YILLETT (Yellville)— Fortv-acre lease

ier operation by Liberty Lead and Zinc
Developed by tunnels. Body of car-

iate jack; 150-ton concentrator put into
uration last week.

">RY PROCESS MILL (Summit )— Mill
Inpleted to start up soon. Will do cus-
:i work- Will make separation of tar-
>,ate and blende ores and concentrates. T.

Ilollahon is general manager.

CALIFORNIA

Amador County
IUNKER HILL (Amador Citv) — Ex-

•sive development work planned.
IOUTH EUREKA (Sutter Creek)—
nps still in active operation and mine to

'kept clear of water.
•EXTRAL EUREKA (Sutter Creek) —

Iking in progress Conditions and indi-
10ns on the 3350 and 3425 levels good.
RGOXAUT (Jackson) — Reported addi-
lal 150 ft will be sunk in the shaft
■ 4, v.. ft. inclined depth or 414", \ er-
The additional depth to make pos-
e extraction of large quantity of ore
>w the present bottom. The ore to be

uted with 500-hp. electric hoist now on

1 station Is largest underground hoist

the Mother Lode. Mill in constant

ration on good-grade ore from the 3600

1900, 4000. and 4500 levels. Vein is

H to he regular, averaging 8 to 12 ft.
e. X S. Kelsey is manager.

Calaveras County
OOT HILL COPPERS INC. (Angels
ipl — Lease on the Quail Hill mine. New
and mining plant practically completed
perty to be actively operated

Eldorado County
ED WING (El Dorado) — Reported rich
We made in 3-ft. vein .Mine being- de-
iped by tunnel.

Kern County

IP-STATE OIL CO. (Sacramento) —
ipany purposes to drill for oil and ex-
s to begin w ork soon.

COLORADO
Clear Creek County
ONANZA (Idaho Springs) — Croup to
•worked by recently organized Denvei
Ipany

RGENT1NE & CREOLE (Georgetown)
-Berated by local pool. Properties on
(venworth .Mountain.

EDDY BEAR GROUP 1 Lawson)— Re-
t ied under bond and lease. Ore mil-
's high silver in gray copper.
Lake County

OY GROUP (Leadville)— Ground on
'terbury Hill to be extensiveh de-
Iped by heirs of Thomas F Walsh estate

Mineral Count]

QUINTET (Creedi 1 Worked undi 1
°} N ' ' olllne Lnee 8hool high-grade
I. ""i lease now paying
regular dividend

San I nun Count]

SUNNYSIDE (Eureka) New tramwaj
completed and transporting supplies and

material to mine Tablei lachlnerj

being Installed In 500-ton eoncentratoi

RED MOUNTAIN DISTRICT blockaded
|'> snow, preventing production, but de-
velopment work under way al Gei
Vanderbllt, Yankee Girl Koehler Tu
•' I'niil and other mines. Fluorspar Is
hauled from Barstow mine to 1 luray

San Miguel Count)

SHIPMENTS PROW TELLURIDE in
Februarj were: Smuggler-Union, 19 cars

Black Hear. 12 ; Liberty Bell, IT , T

boy, 52; Carruthers, 1; total, 1 4 1 cars all
concentrates. This is 19 oara more than ,,,
January, and 15 ears more than in Feb-
ruary, PUT.

CARBONERO (Ophir)— Recent develop-
ments permitted the shipment of two env-
oi crude ore worth $50 a ton

SILVER BELL (Ophir Loop)— High-
■■' "!■ gray copper ore and lead ore opened
in an upper level of mine by B W Purdv
and associates developing under lease

CARRUTHERS (Telluride)— Lease on
part of Smuggler-Union ground opening
steadily and making regular shipments of
bullion and concentrates.

CARBONERO (Ophir) — Upper levels
operated by lessees. Lower tunnel stopi
worked by company; machine drills used
Regular shipments of lead-silver ore.

LEWIS (Blue Lake)— Mill operating 24
hours per day on ore from development
Metallurgical results encouraging Flota-
tion results good. Rov Parker is null
superintendent.

TOMBOY (Savage Basin)— Fire recent-
ly destroyed the Cincinnati timber house.
»4 by ,0 ft, blacksmith shops, 34 by 36 ft
and machine shop, 10 bv 16 ft Loss esti-
mated at $4000. but fully covered by insur-
ance.

PRIMOS CHEMICAL CO. (Bear Creek)
—Compressor plant buildings and a small
cabin used as a residence burned to ground
recently The compressor building was 1"
by 70 ft. and contained valuable machinery
The loss is estimated at $7000. The ma-
chine shop saved Cause unknown.

.BLACK BEAR (Pandora) — Producing
150 tons of ore daily for treatment at
Smuggler-Union mills, and at the same
time reserves being increased. A 200-ft
winze started from the lowest level and
drifts will be driven both ways on the vein
from bottom. One of the largest block
the mine now 100 ft. high. 13<in ft lone
and has average width of 6 ft

Summit County

5TUBA DREDGE (Breckenridge I— -• .pel -
'turns temporarily stopped account burning
'■in transformers second time

MUTUAL CO-OPERATIVE MINING CO
iKokomo) — High-grade silver ore being
shipped This ore opened in mining pyritic
ore.

,. ' ,-\. l' 'Breckenridge)— Operated bj
I. .al Tiger Muting Co. Winze below main
tunnel level opened good-grade ore to depth
30 ft. Sinking under wav.

LIBERTY LEASING CO. i Bsecteenridge 1
— Milling plant at Monte Cristd iwjne re-
modeled, and now ready for operation
Work to begin soon.

.\UH WEST METAL MIXING CO
(Breckenridge) — Operating Iron Mask
mine under lease and option. Shipments
good-grade lead carbonate ore from winze
Workings below main tunnel temporarily
delayed by train blockade. Large shoot
iron sulphide ore also opened. Shaft to he
sunk to more fully develop property

Teller County
WILD HORSE (Cripple Creek)— Wild
Horse shaft section worked by leasing com-
pany. Ore good milling grade broken from

t" 1 nited Gold Miaesf Co

(.,|,;V , '7 UDATED (Crlppli

tire .In,,, p- ,,i Mchol .,,,.1 131
1 aso shaft i" ... , to Goldi n

mill. Saul to average »3 pel tun
CAROLINA (Cripple Creek) L,

1 ■" 1 link 1 hafl to 130 it on

'"'" " t, and develop,-, 1 orec hool 1 1

"">■• on Bp-called "high' vein Shipmi nl
made

fOREST QUEEN (Cripple Creek) Ore

;•'"":'* "' melting gradi on 8th 7 1 1 ,

le\ els opened to lengths ,,f 80 and 7:, ti

1 ton still
drawn fron . ,..,..,, goo

and 150 levels.

EL PASO EXTENSION (Cripple creek)
operating Index mine under lease
'""I'1 Shipmenl to tarl upon completion

' 1 switch to loading bins Drifting in

ore under waj from bottom of winze al
" level On 200 1 100 levels sub-
lessees working li ore In Pointer vein
ore containing graj copper and high silver
■ 'I -unusual in district

111 MID

Shoshone Count]

PINE CREEK DISTRICT railroad, which

was washed out for nearly two miles late

in 1S17, has been partly restored New
.. ntractors now o,, ground and road to bi
extended a mile above Beeler, over half the
length "i the proposed branch. Since wash-
out mmmg has he.-n suspended Active
mmer campaign at mines expected The
Douglas mine, under lease to the Anaconda
company, hem,,, shipping again last week

and shipments will soon follovi Iron, the

Nab.,, (Stewart companj 1. Constitution and
Hignland-Surpi ise

SIDNEY (Beeler)— Property on Pine

*,r?n n™akeT • under bond and lease for
5150,000. Joins Stewart company Con
siderable ore developed

SHERMAX I Burke) — Formerly known
as Lnion. ReomK crosscut 18 ft of ore
already proved 140 ft long Six feet is
shipping grade lead, balance of shoot good
milling ore containing zinc. Stopes being
opened. James F. Callahan is manager
Sherman joins Tamarack & Custer on
east and has both Tamarack and Custei
veins.

Mil UK. AN

Copper

COPPER RANGE (Painesdale) — Bonus
of 25c. additional for all employees daily
beginning Feb. 1. payable semi-nionthlv.

HANCOCK 1 Hancock)— February pro-
duction 320,000 lb refined copper, as com-
pared with 276,000 for January

NEW ARCADIAN ( Houghton)— Entered
lode for eight ft with good-grade ore on
1S50-D level.

CENTENNIAL— All levels 29th to 37th
inclusive out to northern boundary in good
grade ore; lowest drift on 38th: Xo. 2 shaft
serving this territory' down to loth level.

FEDERAL SYNDICATE (Calumet)—
tirst hole at Sec 56-34, which was
stopped by boulder at depth of 1 1 9 ft has
been reopened, boulder pushed out of way
and down 14" ft; progressing rapidly.

AHMEEK (Ahmeek) — Production to
.Mar. 16 . .inn puis, new record. Drift from
shaft Xo. 1. northernmost, on 15th level in
211111 ft. out of a distance to Seneca of 4111111
averaging 19 lb. per ton.

CALUMET & HECLA I Calumet)— Daily
tonnage about 10,500 from Calumet con-
glomerate and < isceola magvdaloid lodes -
te testing out machines for mechanical
shoveling

■ %}'\X'}' » . '""'"<" k 1 —Daily tonnage
1500 to 1800 from three shafts, best for
number ot shafts in district, 30-ft diameter
drum ot new Nordberg <l"ubte-eompound
hoisting engine, good for 10.000 ft

MAYFLOWER-OLD COLONY (Hough-
ton)— Shaft on lode discovered 21 years
ago and tested by many holes on each
propertj averaging high in grades but

broken and faulted, down 381 ft ; hoisting
ready and skips put on ; sinking

■

1 111 I. 'Ill

ttm-
as

.MltllS

: tons

I led

-

and

lll — .l Kl

jt.^liti District

J*.

ilellt

Invllle, Okla )— Start-
itly l<-
Baxter

rville. Okla.)—

null south

Porto Rico

xoRT.eC

in ore. E. W.
ll Puroell. Okla.. is president

\lll\ 1 \ N \

Lewis ud ' '"-1- ' •""">
THOMAS CRTJSE DEVELOPING

, from :

1
In drift from 250-ft sta-
■ • wide and assays well n
ready to

ship

Jefferson Countj

ECONOMY MINI-: (Mitchell Guloh)—

Mine developed to 300 level ready for

'.li.it-- N«« concentrator

r con.stniction.

KPFF roiNVGE MINK (Lump Gulch)

''tebut°near
intry rock, but near

which will I* recovered by crosscut

at 300 station. Silver ore.

BIlverboK Countj

BX-T", u AND ZINC (Butte) —

Announ.- -' ';myi*

m?ne In < eS contract for

manganese ore, one

.1 Corporation, other

PLOTUS (Butte)-

ted north

5 ,h. r'e mine. Silver and

mannnese ores said to occur. Property to

cale. John R.

:ent_

s |.\ \i> \
( lurk < ..unly

Dryconcei

Property now producing lead concentr

Id operated

.ins.
RED STREAK
du I Mans under

In adjoining Cop-
" long tunnel to de-

I depth is contem-
on Is manager

- (Goodsprlngs) — Producing copper-
pped to Los An-
opper ore

derable

>PT»r ore recently dls-

II. K. Rirtdalt is

manager.

, —Situated eight

mile Recently token

miles ,,,.,, ,,y

al manager
ive de-

r WIU use jigs and \\ lltley
■grade lead-silver

ble tonnage in mine and on
dumps. Pumping plant being '"ftj.1^'"
valley below, and a pipe line constructed
41 miles to mil

SNEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 18

"> «•»"'" " ,." v ho,i.;.ut.,i bed

..,.! . s ,,,-oving lateral

"", ,„iu- on -mps uuluate a con-
extent and surface ouK-iwt ( arc

siderable area. °g-™nflya incorporated.

"'S,a':, a \V Martin, .lames MC-

«£C iBHASCSOCLlTION

be several h""''";,. .,,,,., i m the near

I ih, =s':..:i',- »»-'--

1 ^'"'"i'lW making oxide.
,,iZ,,l lead-*incore usedjor r^wng o^

Crude Bine and ciudi ie.i< o '= . New

,„,. and shipped wl • ' 'fl t f

Crushing and ^"VSklng more profit by

?h»'n bv tornw practice of

new practice " ' ^ for zinc ores.

milling, owing tol. ;n'"^! ^ ™Ja Mar. 2.

. north extremity of workings.

Nye County

.,, ,NOPAH ORE PRODU^ON forweek

614; Montana. 155, tasn noy.

miscellaneous 36 tons.

UNION WIALGAMATED (Manhattan)
pre ritions for drifting being made east

■iT.d vest on 600 and orebody cut ast year

'bv Bath 2nd Earl shafts connection. Mill
,1 to start up within 30 days
WHITE CAPS MINING (Manhattan) —

S&MS^' InfVoof o?y40rstog

advancing west in mill-grade ore 50 ft
widft Sill floor 506 slope advancing west
30 ft wide Mill treating 115 tons per day.
MANHATTAN CON (Manhattan) —
p-io-v in shaft estimated at (5 gal. per
^ V developed recently after third round
Kbiack Morning Glory limestone. No. b
Cameron submerged. Water rose 130 ft
.. ... .mo pumping station level in iew

houj2. 'v.-,! ■ 'handling 120 ^ntteC*-
No 7 Knowles borrowed from White Caps
and wate, lowered 70 ft. in three days.
Flow but temporary

UTAH
Beaver County
UTAH LEASING (New-house)— Report
to board of equalization shows net pro-
ceeds of $52,791 during 1917 from Cactus
dump Total production from dump in gold,
silver ami copper. $439,155, and cost of
extraction, $386,373.

old workings. Water flowing in ami work
suspended. Expect to go several huiuli.d
reet further Possible <"?V\mtV'T, c
particular point will he left until Untie
drain tunnel reaches this section.

Piute County

MARYSVALE DISTRICT reports con-
sitoabie activity in the potash district and

additional linds of alllnlte

ITT MI FERTILIZER AND CHEMICAL
(Ma?vsvale)— Shipping up to 150 tons of
iluSte-beaVing rock dally to re, h, tlol
plant in New Jersey. Freight $13 pel ton.
Good prolit reported.

FLORENCE MINING AND MILLING
UVuirvsvale, -Treating 20 tons of alnme
daily at plant near Marysvale stall, n
Capacity shortly to he increased to 100
tons daily. M. F. Murray, manager.
sail Lake County

CARD IKE (Salt Lake)— Chief producer
of Big Cottonwood canyon reported to have
found second orebody in deeper develop-

'" GREAT SALT LAKE OIL AND GAS
(Salt Lake)— Filed articles of incorpora-
tion to do drilling near southern end of
Great Salt Lake. J. ft Ebert is president,
UT\H MINERAL PAINT (Ogden) —
Mine near Koosharen, in Sevier ( ounty
and manufacturing paint at plant in bajt
Lake Officers : J. A. Checketts. president:
W. E. Raybould, P. A. Kohn, directors.
Tooele County
COPPEROPOLIS (Gold Hill)-Shipment
of oonoer-silver ore made week ended Mar.
9f ^!es.sees driving tunnel to follow min-
eralized vein.

WOODMAN MINING (Gold Hill)— Car
of copper ore shipped from Frankie mine
week ended Mar. 9. Work resumed on Log
CaWn cliim where bismuth ore being
opened.

GARRISON MONSTER . (Gold Hill) —
Lessees opened unusually rich gold ore , by
diamond drilling. Vein several feet wide
Producing "oral lead-silver ore of good
grade. Bismuth also found.

.luub County

I Kill TLNTIC (Eureka) — Shipment of

ore expected when weather per-

bove and below main

tUlltiel level.

SOUTH STANDARD puj^-fcPlS!
2000 aires in eastern end of Tmtic ais-
To undertake development. e j.
liaddatz is inter

lie DELAWARE (Tintic Junction)

,t ore developed to permit

regular shipments in spring. Trucks to be

i I ire. lead-silver

TINTIC DRAIN TUNNEL (Eureka)—

Transformers ordered three months ago by

Utah Power and Light Co. delayed, and

holding back work on tunnel. Now in 3uu

feet.

TINTIC STANDARD (Eureka) — Drain-
ing road from mine to loading station on
D & R. G. R.R., and making general im-
provements. Extra truck — making four in
all — added to eliminate hauling by teams.
Shipments at present held down by bad
roads.

DRAGON CONSOLIDATED (Silver City)
—Winze down 700 ft below 1000 level of

ONTARIO

OTISEE (Fort Matachewan) — A force ol
men stnt in to erect camp buildings anc
machinery for exploration work.

KERR LAKE (Cobalt)— Production n
February amounted to 204.153 oz.. as com
pared with 204,611 oz. in January.

LA ROSE CONSOLIDATED (Coba.lt)-
Shaft of Violet mine 425 ft. deep Crosscu
at 410 level cut four veins, one 6 in. wide
with low silver content Discovery re
garded as important.

PORT ARTHUR COPPER (Mine Centre
— Shaft 7 x 11 ft down 135 ft. and driftin
in nroeress at 100 level. Equipment con
orisis 100 h„ boiler, hoist capable of onei
atioU down to 600 ft. and 6-drill comprfe
sor plant. _.„„ ,„ . ,.>

LA ROSE CONSOLIDATED (Cobalts-
Main La Rose dumps all milled, but IniMte
tonnage remaining adjacent to main shall
also considerable concentrating ore > at B
Princess and Lawson mines, but no accura
estimates possible.

PATRICIA (Boston Creek)— Work : begt
on foundation for Hardinge mill with ag
pacitv of 40 to 50 tons daily. Shaft near"
150-f't level. The average width of ve
between 25 and 30 in., with good grade
ore

ASSOCIATED GOLDFIELDS (La
Lake)-Main workings reached a depth
ft Shaft stated to be »n ore of conu

b^v^fao'V^wi^CreycuttinTto"
ur^ertlken" atL 5^ 500 level Work,
force to be increased to 150 men

ELLIOTT-KIRKLAND (Kirkland Lak
—Developments at 400 level show a c
crease of mineralization as conwared wi
the 200 level. A wide orebodv has ne
cut- some parts show good gold contei
nut a consistent occurrence _ of comm
cuVl ore not yet proved. Drifting cont.nu
in hope of higher-grade ore.

COPPER CREEK ALTA MINING (I
monton)— Company organized and ca
UiHzed at $200,000. for development of c.
iier mine in the Kamloops district. B.
Formeriy owned by Tenderfoot Mining (
which was unsuccessful for lack of sh
nine facilities. The Canadian Nortt
rnafn line now runs through property 0
Gould, of Edmonton, is president, ana
C. W. Field, vice president.

nearii
of ve
rade

(Lard
pth 5
omme

S1KXICO
Baja California

COMPAGNIE DU BOLEO (Santa
salia)— Copper produced in Febru.
1,576.400 lb.

March 30, 1918 ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL 619

niiiiniiiiilllllllUllimilllimiinilllllllUUlUllllllilillimiiiiiiimmiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii IIIUIIII niimi iiiiiiiiiiuiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiHiiiiiiniujniiiiiiiiiiiuiiiiii iiiiuuiiiiiiiiiiijuiDiiijiiiiiiiiiiiiiiinijijiiijiiiiiimLuumimuuimiiiiinijtiiiii

The Market Report

li iiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiimmii! iiiiiiiiiiiiiimiiiimmiin i minium mini miiiimmiiimm miiiimmimimiiiimii mum iimiiim iraiuiinilllllimn mimii iiiiiiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiir

SILVER WD BTER1 I\<; EXCH INGE

Bterl-
tng
Ei-

sa

\ ai

Mar

Sterl-
ing

Ki-
changc

Silver

Uai

York,
Cents

Lon-
don,

l ones

New
York,
Cents

Lon-
don,
Pence

21
22
23

4 7S10
4 7530

4 7. HI

69)

441
45

46

1 "
26
27

4 7. in
4 7 .HI
4 7 »*ll

»2J

92J

46

::;

New York quotations art' as reported by Handy
k Harman and are in cents per troy ounce ol bai
liver, 999 fine London quotations are in penoe per

m\ ounce of sterling silver, 925 6ne.

D\m PRICES OF METALS IN NEW YORK

Copper

Tin

I.,- „l

Zinc

l led 1 1 -

Mar

lytic

Spot

N. Y

St L.

St L.

7»

7 00

7.10

21

•23)

t

(1.71

in 7 in

c 7 1 ,

7 10

7 00

7 121

22

*23j

t

in? >S
7 1(1

(3 7 05

0.7 15
7 10

23

*2'1

t

a 7 i s

7 05

7 00

@7 i •
7 III

25

*23j

t

(..7 2 5
7.05

7 00

<g 7 1 5

7 00

•o

*23i

t

(i.7 2 5
7 05

7.00

(5 7 in
" 6.95

27

•23!

t

(i. 7 25

7 00

I,. 7 mi

* Price fixed by agreement between American
"IM" i producers and the T.\ S. Government, accordi-
ng to official statement for publication on Friday,
leptember 21, 1917.

T Nfl market.

The above quotations (except as to copper, the
-rice for which has been fixed by agreement between
American copper producers and the U. S. Govern-
uiit. wherein there is no free market) are our
ppraisal of the average of the major markets based
B&eraily on sales as made and reported by producers
nd agencies, and represent to the best of our judg-
tent t!n prevailing values of the metals for the
aUveries constituting the major markets, reduced to
asis of New York, cash, except where St. Louis is
lie normal basing point.

The quotations for electrolytic copper are for cakes,
igots and wirebars.

We quote electrolytic cathodes at 0.05 to 0_ 10^.
elow the price of wirebars. cakes and ingots.

Quotations for spelter are for ordinary Prime
Western brands. We quote New York price at 17.5c.
er 100 lb. above St. Louis.

Some current freight rates on metals per 100 lb.
re: St. Louis- New York 17c; St. Louis-Chicago,
3c; St. Louis-Pittsburgh, 13.1 cents.

Copper Sheets are Quoted at 81|c. pei
lib. f.o.b. mill, for hoi rolled, and Ic. higher
Mot cold rolled, Copper wire la quoted a1
1 26ic. f.o.b, mill, carload lots.

.

Tin- — There is no change tn I h<
Some business In metal of '■*'.*'. gradi

tVilS IVpO] ! , ,1 dOUC .l! v .'. il S , f.

Rlcard & Frelwald, of London, undei dat
of Feb. 28, L918 publish the follow Ine
tistlcs of the tin market Total stocks In
London and othei parts of United K I
dom, 2686 tons; landing and In transit,
564 tons , spot and landing- tin in the

United States, L97 tons; monthly deliveries
in Vmerica, exclusive <>f Pacific ports, 1850
tons.

Lead — Again there was considerable
confusion in this market, especially as to
New York There is no doubt about the
st L.mis market settling down to a ba
of 7c, there being a turnover oi consider-
able proporl Ions ai thai price. in New
York transactions were light and were re-
ported at prices ranging from 7.25c. down
to 7.15c. In the Latter part of the wees
there were offerings as low as 7.05c. in
some quarters deliveries by the railways
were reported being much more free, while
from other quarters there were well-au-
thenticated reports of spot and prompt
lead still realizing a premium. There were
some sizable inquiries for lead for export,
while, on the other hand, domestic in-
quiries were reported very light. The
smelting: plant of the St Joseph Lead Co
is still closed down owing W> the strike.

Zinc — Business in lots of 1"" to 200 tons
was done from day to day. more being re-
ported in the earlier part of the week than
in the later, which probably accounts foi
the relative firmness of the market in the
former period. Since Monday the market
declined and at the close spelter was freely
offered at 7c.

Zinc sheets — $15 per 100 lb., unchanged

LONDON

Copper Tin

Lead

Zinc

Standard

Elec-

tro-
lytic

ilar

Spot

3 Mos

Spot

3 Mos.

Spot

Spot

21

110

110

125

318

318

29}

54

22

110

no

125

318

318

29}

54

2)

25

110

no

125

316

316

29}

54

26

110

no

125

316

316

29}

54

27

no

no

125

316 1 316

29}

54

The above table gives the closing quotations on
ondon Metal Exchange. All prices are in pounds
«rling per ton of 2,240 lb. For convenience in
unparison of London prices, in pounds sterling per
240 lb., \ with American prices in cents per pound
ie following approximate ratios are given, reckoning
tchangea* $4.7515. £291 =6. 2576c ; £54 = I 1.4545c;
110 = 23 3333c; £ 125 = 26.5151c; £260 = 55.1513c;
280= 59.3937c; £300= 63.6362c Variations, £1
:0.2121205c

Metal Markets

NEW YORK — Mar. 27, 1918

Another week has passed without any
atures of special interest in the metal
arkets.

Copper — The difficulties of the refiners
re gradually diminishing. Supplies of
ister copper are being received more
eely.

Other Metals

Aluminum — No price other than the Gov-
ernment price of 32c. per lb. is quoted.
Some sales of small lots at slightly greater
prices than the Government ; no large quan-
tities handled; market is quiet.

Antimony — This market is again weaker.
We quote spot at 12i(§ 13c, with only small
business alone. We quote futures at 12c,
c.i.f.. in bond.

Bismuth — Metal of the highest purity foi
pharmaceutical use is quoted at $3.35 per
lb. for wholesale lots — 500 lb. and over.
The market is quiet.

Cadmium — This metal is quoted at $1.40
per lb.

Nickel — Steady at 50c. per lb., premium
of 5c per lb. for electrolytic

Quicksilver — There is much uncertainty
in this market, especially with respect to
Governmental action. Anyhow, the mar-
ket was decidedlv firmer this week, and we
quote $125.

Gold. Silver and Platinum

Gold — A decree issued Mar. 24 prohibits
t he exportation of gold in bars and of
Mexican and foreign gold coins. According
to the '"New York Tribune." it provides for
the exportation of gold and silver bullion
by special permit in each case. As to the
exportation of ore and concentrates contain-
ing gold and silver, the decree issued in
September is still in effect.

Silver pesos may be exported, by special
permit in each case, if gold to the same
value is imported in return. The decree
exempts gold in bars and national and
foreign gold coins front consular fees, and
it does not require consular invoices.

Silver — Owing to short supplies on Lon-
don market, there has been in the last
three weeks an advance of 3J d. per oz.

tn bai | to 16d The mar

with bu lied at

the hlghi r pi i< ■

Mexican Dollars at New YorV Mar. 21,

■ i
i . Mar 27, 74.

I'll* ( in ii in i..u..t . .1 ii inallj ai J10K

■ poi i ta I weel read, "Tin

■ market wei e $108 pei oz
There was a typographical error In this,
it being In1 ended to > Dt per oz

Palladium Thl markel till ' ronger,

and we quoti fl45@l 50

Zinc and Lead Ore Markets

Joplln, Mil, Mar. 23 Blende, per ton,

■ 6 1 60 Zn. premium.

D ■ 5ii ; m.-dium to low. $:,-■
calamine, per ton, 109! Zn, $35; average
selling pru ■ blende, $55.17; calamine,

P37.15 all oi ■ m i ton

Lead : hlg Pb

.- 85 ; elling price, all gradi

lead, $8 1.86 per ton.

Shipments thi ■■■ i i i- Blende,

cala mine, 'Tv. ; lead, i :<2l tons Valu

the week. $728,6 10

it was a week of rumors. That the
Car on dale t smelter closed w a ■■ confirmed.
That the UM1i.ii/. min<
firmed Thai the Golden Cod mines i
and thai the Eagl< Picher Lead Co. quit
night w orh are bo1 h • mphal Ically denied
i othei mines in Oklahoma reported

closed could not be reached, phone lines
l roving Inef'ectivi

PlatteviUe, Wis., Mar. 23 — (By telegraph)
—Blende, basis 60% Zn. $58 base for pn mi-
um grade down to $48 base

Lead ore, basis 80*% Pb, $85 per
ton. Shipments reported for the week
were: 2607 tons blende and 2268 tons
sulphur ore. For the year to date the totals
ions blende, 1017 tons galena
and 9660 tons .if sulphur ore. During the
week 3180 tons of blende was shipped to
S< pa rating: plant

Other Ores

Antimony On- — Small business was re-
ported done at about $1.75 per unit.

Chrome Ore — 1 Charles Hard}- r< porl
business in 40(@ i:: ' . done at $1.50 per
unit, delivered at Xew York, and says that
high-grade ore is offered at $1.50 <g
shipping point, but that very little r.u'.
ore is available.

Manganese Ore — Schedule price remains
at $1.20 per unit for 48% grade and up-
ward, but arrivals have fetched as high
as $1.35. New York. We quote the market
at $1.2001.35.

Molybdenite — -Small business was re-
ported at $1.85 for ore of 90$ grade, and
$1.80 for 85' It was hard to find
buyers for the lower grade.

Pyrites — Spanish lump is quoted at 17c.
per unit, on basis of 10s. ocean freight.
buyer to pay excess freight and war risk,
except that, depending on conditions, con-
cession of 2% of war risk may be allowed.
Importations are to continue as usual up
to April 15. After that date no licenses
for importations are likely to be issued
It is probable that the Government will
control the importations after the date
mentioned and will distribute the import-
ed pyrites to those most in need of it.

Tungsten Ore — There were rather large
transactions this week, and high-grade ore
was especially in demand. We quote
scheelite at $24@24.50, and wolframite at
4, according to grade, high-gradt
ore boing firm, while low-grade was a little
easier. The quotation of $19 represents
ore of 60% gra«u-.

lion Trade Review

PITTSBURGH — Mar. 26

Business men are following very closely
events in the German drive on the British
front, but are not allowing their inteicst
to interfere with business, which is v*t

I MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 13

with

•..<■!> 1

June

r ule
ibl>

lias

- iind partly

led pref-

.

l- im-rease in

.1 nearly

the

Pig-

- :ii ;i rati

ir. having

■ loll:- ill

and February.
. reported
1,797 !"ns
Produ
raa about

Tile
., tly to the absorp-
In l'.'iT

in oper-

amillist
In March and an av<

I Fi ruai Pig
nevertheless Fur-
~ in shipn
prompt iroi
pressing

■ i tins week,

and No. -

forge. $32.

t.. Pittsburgh in the

tx ing '.'5c.

to 1>.- conslderabli

in the form "i billets.

-. with scarcely any

•Tul f..r shell discard steel

1 prices are somewhat

■
■el limns, which remain:

l.ill.-ts. $51 ; slabs.

• ml Tin Plat.- Prices— The bi-

27- and 28-gage
tai '. and February to

in Xuvelli-
market pi

■ to the in

Tin plate

ng 1 7.7 S

Ferroalloys

,,,,, K HI HI \ MI'S--

• ' . I»l
pi . V

ine

' I n
iltvl
steel, I'l

Hum.- a Siiv

Chile Cop

i ,.!.. i uel * Ir.m
Crucible steel

i. pi

,1 M A s

ft S . pf

I "l-,., !

Oult stales steel

HomCSt I .

Inspiration i
International Nickel

Kill >ll

Lackawanna Steel

MCXll

Miami Copper
v-tt'i i cad, ."in
National Lead, pf
\"t-v < 'onsol

iMU.-irlii Mill
Ray ' <.:i
Iti'imblli't »
Republic I .vs. pi
Id

AC

I S St.. |, .■.in,

i g steel, i'l
Utah Coppei
Va. [ron i a ,

N •, CURB1

- <in.ni.nor — Shading of th»* regular

;ii».-(l out afraln,

$ 1 or $2 a ton Pro-

■

■

91
IS

1,7

*
■I

39

89

7'.

a? i

3-1 1
76

66

Mill

'?!

22 I
771
97

51

! 1
B8

I OS

78!
67

BOSTON BXCH." Mar. 26

1

. ctfH

Bli: Ledge
Butte A \ i

Butte DetroM

t Caledonia

i tolumet a Jerome.

i :,n i "op I orpn

« arllsli-

f 'jistil.oy

Con Mi* Sm

i oppermlnea

\<v -1 tan

I iiiiii:i < 'on

.:d ( lOp

( ioldteld ' Mii
II - hi Merger,
amonater.

Mil,

Howe Pound

. \ erde
Kerr Lake

.
Magma
Majestic
Marsh
McKI

Mil ford .

Mohican
MottuT i ode
\ v a Hond
\ipisstnL- Mines
n Nevada

Ohl p

Rawley

} id cui( -
Richmond
Rocheatcr Mines
si Joseph Lead
Standard S. L.
Stewart

i --

opah

opah v.\
rrlbulllon
trlzoi i

1 lilt.il ( 'op

United \ erdc I cl
riitt.ti zinc
Utica Mines

Adventure

Ahmeek

llsnmah

\riz < 'oni.

■
Butte-Balaklava,

Caliinui ft Mil

t 'alumel ft Flecla.

Centennial

i Copper Range. .

i dy
lust Butte
Franklin

Red lev

Helvetia

Indiana

isle Royale

Keweenaw

Lake

Mason Valley . ...

M asa

Ms i flower

M Ichlgan

Mohawk
New Orcadian

New [drla

\ North Butte . .

North Lake

otlbway,

Old Dominion. .

Osceola

OlllTirv .

St Mary's M. L.
Santa Fe
Seneca

■ Shannon
! Shattuck-Arlz. .

■ So. Lake
so. Utah

Superior

Mar. 26 Superior & Boat.

Trinity

Tuolumne

r S. Smelting.
U. S. Smelt'g, pf
Utah Ape*
Utah i 'on

Utah Metal

Victoria

Winona

Wolverine

Wyandot

50

i_'
20

•>•>

67
130

13
44

,

77.

8

12

.15

7,11

2H

1,'.

s
->:
l

51

.75

i ;
60

2

16

14

.70

1
391
55 .
70
{51

1

8

4.
If,

i :
ii

4!

3 1
.93
12|
45

•*

?!

?!

28
.90

BOSTON CURB' Mar. 26

■AV 1 l< V\ ■

Coke

< oBBellai ill. mtinue In-

lightly

■

• >r the

■

■ main :

03

.16

Beat t Belchi

02

06

i :ballcnge i 'on

.02

Confidence

lit

i Ion. \ Irglnla

31

. cun

01

Hale a- Norcro

Jacket-4 t PI

'17

Mexican

14

Uplilr

11

02

03

Blerra

Union Con.

•,••

■i, -

MacNamat

11

117

Mom

11

Went End i

77

.

: 02

12

13

Ill

• rd

Round Moui

silver Pic]

.114

t.75

Masks Mines Corp

• .'il

Bingham Mines.

!9!

Huston Ely

.82

Boston a- Mont

. 52

Butte* Lon'n Dev

.19

Calaveras

I!

Calumet-Corbln.. . .

t 01

Chlet con

2

( 'nrffz

in

Crown Reserve.

•n

( r\ slal ( lop

: 52

] agleA Blue Bell.

Gila Copper

:i"

Houghton ' 'upper. .

75

Intprmountain

! 70

Iron Cap, Com. . .

n:

Mexican Metals

4li

Mini's nl America

Ii ;

Mojave Tungsten.

.07

Nat 7lnc A- Lead.

_>n

Nevada-Douglas.

Ml

Sew Baltic

.90

New ( 'ornelia

161

Oneco.

20

Paeldc Mines

J. 35

Rex ( 'ons

{.10

Yukon ( lold

1

SALT LAKE' Mar. 25

Bannack

Cardiff

Colorado Mining. . .
Daly.

Paly-Judce

Empire Copper

Gold Chain

( ;r,mii < vntral

Iron Blossom

Lower Mammoth.. .
May Day

Moscow

Prince < Ion
Rico \\ I'lUnittim. .
Silver-King Coal'n
Silver Klim I on
Slnir. Con

So. Hecla

Tint i, standard. .
•in

■ op

Wilbert

Yankee

t.26

4.25
.06:
I :to
5 77.
I no

.OS

t.35

.42

t o:t
02;

t.02
.52
15

1 90

2 on

.04
.60

1 :<o

on;

i 52

.11

t.05

TORONTO*

Adanac.

Bailey

Beaver Con

hers Ferland..

Conlagas

Hargraves

l a Rose

Pel erson Lake

Temlskamins
Wei tlauter-Lor.. . .

i tai Lis, n

Dome Exten

I >ome lake

Bollinger
Mclntvre
Xewray

Porcu. Crown

Teck-Hugbes

Vlpond

West Dome

STO( : K OUOT ATI ONS— Don 1 1 n lied

COLO. SPRINGS M

i r. sson ( 'on
Doctor 'ark I'ot

ElktonCon

ii Paso

i lold Sovereign.

i lolden < \ cle

i Iranlte

Isabella

Mar] MoKlnney,

Portland

United Gold M. .

Vindicator.

• nil! prices, t c

ar. 26

i 43 :

031

"4:

12

t 02

I 57)

30

051

0 .:

' ■

15

:io

losing

LONDON
.i laska t:. E. . .
Burma Corp.. . .
i lam A Motor

i lamp Bird

El oro

Eaperansa

Mexican Mines
Mtn Corp. Can
\,,l.i. pfil
Orovllle

Santa ('..Tt'ills

I :,
O 11

ii 8

0 9

n .,

5 12

II 16
0 II
0 19
o 13

Tombo) 0 10

prlees. t Lasl Quotations

MONTHI > WKK AGE PRICES OF METALS

Sliver

Ian

Feb . . .

Mar
Mini
Mai.

June

.lllh

Vug
Sept. . . .

Oct

Nov.. ..
Dee . ..

Vear.

08
041
26 :
20
.1 05
H7
63
09
.26
05
341
09 5

24

5 III

1 36

is

. 16

.49

.20

.13

New York

1017

77, 630

77 585

7H 861

73 875

71 747,

76 071

79 010

85 107

1011 740

87 332
85 891
85 960

vl 117

ss.702
S5 7H,

London

1916

26 9611

26 07

27 .'.'I
:io 602
:(', 177

31 1160

30 ono
31.498

:i2 isi

82 361

34 192

36 410

in 682

■17 742

36 410

xo 963

:i7 940

id in;.--,

40 110

4:i lis

50 920

44 )124

43 .riN4

43 07,2

'<! .317, 40 85'

II tin
42 792

New York limitations cents per ounce troy. One Rllvaj
1 oniiiin. pence per ounce, sterling silver, 0.925 fine.

Jan.. .

Feb .

Mar..

M)ril

May.

June...

July..

Aus. .

isept..

Oct

Nov..
Dec

1 lectrolytlc

28 67.1

31 77,0

31 Is I

27 037,

28 7ss

29 062
26 620
27, 380
27, 073
23 7,00

; 100

23 7.00

23 7.00
23 7,00

.'7 ISO

Tin

1017

131 021
13 7 895
136.750

133 S42

13 hi

13 '

128 400
122.391
117.500
110 000
110.000
llll Illlll

110.000
110.000

January. . . .

February.. .

March •

April

May

June

July

August
September
October
November.
December .

Av. year.

124 892

Xew York

Elec troll tic

1917

142.895
148.100
151 OOO
147 15S.
142 000
142 000
1 10 4110
137 000
135.250
127, 000

125 000

126 000

125 (ion
125 (Kin

1917

44.175
51 .420
7,4 3ss
55.910
63 173
62 053
62 7,70
62 6S1
61.542
61 851
74 740
87.120

61.802

13S.401

London

1917

185 813

10S 974
"07 443
220 171
245.114
242 083
242 lsl
"43 97s
244 Ills
'47 467
•74 943
!98 7,7.6

293 227

3 1 1 as

.37.563

Lead

January....
February...

March

A prll . .
Maj

June

July

August

September.
October.. .
November.
1 teeember.

1917

7 626

5 636
9 199
9 289

'II 207

11 171

Ml 7M1

10 7,04

s 680

6 710
6 249
6.375

8 787

6.7H2
6 973

1917 1918

0 684
'. 899

7..V0

8 595
9.120

9 l.-.s
10.20?
1 1 1 23
10 644
10 7,1S

.8.611
6 650
6 1S7
6.312

721 30.5001

1917 I 1918

30 ! 29 '. 1

30 7,li(i 29 50

'0 7,110

'91 7,011

10 500

"II 7,0(1

in 500

'in 7,110

30 500

30 500

30 500

3(1 7,1111

Spelter

January

February...
March

April

May

June

July.
a ueusl .
September.
1 ictober
November
Decern tier.

Year..

1917

9 619

Ml 045

10 300

9 459

9 162

9 37!

8 643

s 360

R 136

7 983

7 K47

7 685

7 836
7 814

8.901 8. 81 3

1917

9 449
9 875

!0. 130
9 2S9
9 192

9 20!
s 473
8.190
7 966
7 813
7 672
7 7.10

7.661

7 639

1917

1918

is 329 7,4 nl"
47 OOO 7,4 bull
47 OOO
54 632
7,4 OOO
54 000
54 000
54 OOO;
,1 OOO
54 OOO
54 OOllj
54 OOO

52 413

yew York and St. Lools Quotations,. ceuts per pound
London, pounds sterling per long ton.

PI: Iron.
Pgh.

January....
i ebruarj
March.

*pnl

Mas

June
July
August .

September..
October.
November
December.

Vear J43 57

1917

.3.5.05

... .;

37 37
42 2.3
II 94
54 22
57 45
54 17
40 40
37.25
37.25
37.25

S37 25
37 25

Raslct

1917

*30 98

311 95
33 49
38 90
42 84
50 05
53 SO
50 37
42 24
33.95
33.95
33.95

S33.9."
33 96

$39.62 . *4n S3

No. 2
Foundry

1917 I 1918

S3, 1 95 $33.95
33.95

30 9

35 91
40 06
43 60
50 14
63 951
53 951

4^ 58

33 95
33 05

33 95

t As reported by W. r. i"nydcr & Co.

Engineering and Mining Journal

April 6, 1918

ume 105

Number 14

The Liberty Loan Message To The

Mining Industry

JOHN D. RYAN

T ~T 7~E MUST all realize that this country —
yy our country — is in the greatest of all
wars, and must win. If we put all our
strength, in men, production, and wealth, back
of the country in the early stages, we will win
tcith the least sacrifice and in the shortest time.
If we adopt half-way measures now, we will
lengthen the war and increase our sacrifice.

Our young men are offering the greatest gift
to the nation for its salvation — they are giving
themselves. We must put back of them every-
thing we have that will insure victory with the
smallest sacrifice on their part.

Every resource of the country must be placed
back of the Government; every effort must be
made to utilize to the best advantage whatever
Is needed to win the war.

The miners of the nation, owners and workers,
will meet the demand upon them and do their
share. Each in his own sphere will "do his bit."
The mines will produce as never before, for
never before has there been such a cause to
•rork for; the otvners will put their savings and
lhe workers theirs at the command of the coun-
try, receiving in exchange the pledge of the
WLtion for repayment.

That is what our Liberty Bonds are — the
oromise of our country to pay, backed by all
property, by every man's labor and by all our
wpes and expectations in the world.

JOHN D. RYAN,
President Anaconda Copper Mining Co.

DANIEL GUGGENHEIM

y^flTIZENS in time of peace, patriots in time
i , of war — what else can we be? Patriotism
means sacrifice, of body, of service, of wealth.
In making our sacrifice — we whose lot it is to re-
main at home — we must not fail, as we value our
country, our honor, the respect of our fellows and
our posterity. Our sons and our brothers — the
youth and young manhood of all our families —
have gone forth, cheerfully offering their future
and themselves in this war for the security of
our common country. But they, for all their
bravery and sacrifice, cannot win the war alone.
To us, their comrades in the rear, they shall not
look in vain for the support they need. It is our
part to put the weapons in their hands, and all
the costly engines and implements of war; to feed
and clothe their bodies, and to justify their faith.
As society is organized, except by the loyal per-
formance of our daily tasks, each in his own
occupation, in keeping industries alive and in-
creasing their output, our only means of giving
the aid required of us is with our money, freely
placed at the disposal of our Government.

Napoleon declared that three things are essen-
tial to success in war — money, money, money.
The British Premier has said that the decisive
factor in the present war will be the last hundred
million pounds. That the might of this nation
should be baffled, and our cause be defeated, for
lack of money is unthinkable. Only two ways are
open to the Government of obtaining the money
so indispensably required: by taxes or by bor-

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 14

s

tit em-

• g( t b)i

In lend-

Ives.

■ '■ bV
th, greatest
of o hundred

38 of the
. our task is to finance our Allies
ot doubt the
onts US. The fate of Russia
//, r ■'. feat ioas 'In int oitable
aek <>f money, and of • and

." would I
DANIEL GUGGENHEIM,
\merican Smelting and Refining Co.

/T IS perfectly easy to use a lot of words in
expressing the reasons why we should invest
in tin Third Liberty Loan, but when you skim
■ three gripping facts
a in.
Fit I '• Government, which is the formu-
. m < 'is ti ■ to carry

on ' to a victorious t onclusion.

Se^ ■' Tli bonds are as safe an investment

as human ingenuity can devise, and they pay as

high s compatible with such safety.

Third U'< havt thi money or can get the

ng to invest in these bonds. There

that a"
!

We

M

Y jr ri: VRE in this war to establish the right
1/1/ of peoples, ourselves included, to live
from any autocratic domination.
Long before the war the Germans of Prussia had
enslaved 'our million Poles and three million
Frenchmen, while in Austria-Hungary twenty-
two millions of Germans and Hungarians had
enslaved four million Latins and twenty-four
million Slavs. If the Germans win the war they
will make the whole world work for them.
Americans do not propose to have that. We do

WALTER RENTON IXGALLS

not propose to pay enormous taxes all our lives.
W< propose to win the war ourselves, along with
our Allies.

To win the war ive have got to put up our

money. We shall be putting up our money when

, be to the Third Liberty Loan. We are

, to subscribe to it out of our savings in

th, past, for we have put them into houses, farms.

etc. We have now got to be frugal and save out

of the earnings to come. Everybody should sub-

; 'I,, Third Liberty Loan all that he can

• during the next six months.

we say everybody, we mean it literally.^

ng everybody we mean miners and

smelters all over the country. Let every man

from funeral manager down to nipper subscribe

for every cent he can save out of his earnings,

and let him see to it that he makes his earnings

big by working long and hard, and let him fun

{ do, en his living expenses to the

bone. There is a lot of buncombe about the high

Ing. Although costs have gone up, they

so much os many people think: but

thee is no ' the cost of high

living. It will be better to save nine than to

tor th, Kaiser later on. Em\

will cheerfully advance money on account or

ing to so is purpose.

WALTER RENTON INGALLS,
President Mining and Metallurgical
So, I ica.

April 6, L918

i:\t;i \i-:i:kin<; and mininc; journal

628

Cement Gun in

Mining Work

II

By GEORGE S. RICE
Chlel ii in: engineer, Bureau of Mines, Pittsburgh

Reviewing and detailing results of the use of the
cement nun in the Leonard mine at Butte,
Mont., in the mines of the Philadelphia &
Reading Coal and Iron Co., the Consolidation
Coal Co. and the H. C. Frick Coke Co. Figures on
the labor and matt rial cost of cement-gun work.

FOLLOWING the first tests made in 1914 of cement
coating with the gun at the experimental mine, I
and my able assistant, the late L. M. Jones, began a
ampaign among mine operators to urge the trial of the
lethod in mining operations. We advocated the ap-
lication of a coating to the roof and sides to prevent
•eathering and also to render ventilating and fire
:oppings air-tight. In regard to the latter, it fre-
uently happens that while the stopping itself is tight
le ground surrounding it is permeable. Often the
ir passes freely through the coal strata around the
(id of the stopping. This is largely prevented by the
se of a closely adhering cement coating such as can be
ut on by the cement gun, not only adjacent to the
:opping but for a number of feet back along the sides
f the opening.

The matter progressed rather slowly for a time, but
ithin the past year much testing has been done, and
have brief statements from a number of concerns
hich show the present widespread application. Among
;her things, the cement gun has been used for fire-
roofing shafts which had wood linings, wire mesh being
aced over the wood, such fireproofing or other alter-
itive being required in Illinois.

In the fall of 1916, the writer, in visiting the Leonard
ine of the Anaconda group at Butte, Mont., was struck
ith the difficulty in keeping the extensive fire areas
:aled off. These fires were fed by timber and rich
ilphide ores. I suggested to the superintendent who
tcompanied me the important advantages that might
crue from the use of the cement gun for the repeated
ating of the stoppings. These had to be renewed
om time to time because the heat would crack them,
suggested also that the cement gun could be used
advantage to seal the cracks in the adjacent broken
•ound. The patching work had been done by hand
id was very laborious and difficult on account of the
!at. The cement-gun method was tried and found to
■ of such an advantage that now nine guns have been
irchased by the Anaconda company and, according
an article in the Mining and Scientific Press of July,
'17, the work is accomplished in one-fifth of the time
quired by hand work. The article states:

The finished work shows that the mixture of sand and
ment has been shot into every crack and fold of the rock
'til it can hardly be distinguished from the rock itself,
some instances, on account of fumes, it was necessary
•r the nozzle-man to wear a compressed-air hood . . .
In preparing the ground for these bulkheads, no other
>rk than picking out the loose rock on the bottom, sides,

•Paper read before the Coal Mining Institute of America at its
tsburgh, Penn.. meeting, Dec. 6, 1917, and entitled "Weather-
iionnt; Mine Roof and Walls and Making Tight Stoppings With
Gun." Reprinted from "Coal Age "

and back was done. The loose rock in the bottom extended
from 16 I" - I in. below the track level.

In some eases there were large loose boulders in the back
which it was not feasible to remove, Thej were held in
place by stulls, and cement WB bol ill the crevices between
them. When this had set, the stulls were removed and the
bulkheads built from the floor up to meet them.

In some cases, after the completion of these emergency-
bulkheads, cement was shot on the entire back and sides of
the drift on either side of the bulkhead for a distance of Hi
to 18 ft. in length. This sealed all seams that were likely
to bypass fumes around the bulkhead. Heavy blows will
not cause this coating to sliver off nor to show any line of
cleavage. The only result is a powdering of the cement
directly under the hammer-head. Immediately above the
passageway in these bulkheads, pipes were cemented in to
allow of passing air, water, and electric wire through the
bulkhead.

It is learned, through the courtesy of W. J. Richards,
president, and Charles Enzian, mining engineer, that
the Philadelphia & Reading Coal and Iron Co. now has
eight guns distributed through the mines of that com-
pany. It is stated that

The use of the machines so far has been confined to lining
tunnels, pointing and facing retaining walls and gob stop-
pings, iining reservoirs, etc. We hope to try fireproofing
shafts, etc., as labor becomes available for such work.

Douglas Bunting, chief engineer of the Lehigh &
Wilkes-Barre Coal Co., states that his company has
used the gun for lining a gangway driven in top fireclay,
also for coating a short tunnel in fireclay rock and
for covering the underside of Hy-Rib used in connection
with steel timbering. As yet, the experience has been
too recent to determine how serviceable the gunite
will be.

John G. Smyth, chief engineer of the Consolidation
Coal Co., says that his company has used the cement
gun in coating headings at its mine No. 155, Van
Lear, Ky., and at mine No. 125 at Somerset, Penn. In
the latter mine there was a rock slope driven across
the measures. It was first expected to use massive con-
crete arching to line these slopes, but later it was
thought that if the action of the atmosphere could be
kept away from the strata it might stand. In the
main slope 675 lin.ft. were gunited, and in the
manway slope, 300 lin.ft. Similar treatment was given
to 1786 lin.ft. of air course driven through the coal
bed, where 12 to 30 in. of slate of uncertain character
were taken down. This work was begun in May, 1917,
and continued at intervals to September, 1917.

Mr. Smyth states:

From our experience with gunite underground the serious
question is the action of the gunite under atmospheric
changes during winter and summer, and of course the job
in question has not been in place long enough to pass any
judgment on this feature. It may be found necessary to use
a reinforcing wire mesh in the gunite to take care of the
expansion and contraction. On account of the irregular
nature of the side walls and roof the application of rein-
forcing will be tedious and the increase in labor cost will be
quite an item.

The work in question was done in a very thorough, work-
manlike manner. The conditions were such that we feel
that this job will settle the question in our minds as to the
permanency and value of gunite in underground work, par-
ticularly to protect the roof and side walls from disinte-
gration.

The Consolidation Coal Co.'s first work of this char-
acter was done in November, 1916, in the coating of

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 14

DRAWS LTH AND TILE BLOCK .UNITED

Th. drawslate in the United States Experimental Mine had

,„.,l,,.r,.,l hlw.i; over the coal. To support the roof tile blocks

•■a on the top of the coal and the blocks and drawslate

shown so as to prevent further deterioration of the

3rm»

the roof and ribs of mine No. 155 at Van Lear, Ky.
ted by Mr. Collier, of the Cement Gun Co., that,
"the thin coating: put on stood through the first year,
then dropped off in patches, but the roof had not come
down, while in the parallel entry without treatment
the roof had slacked off to the amount of many car-
loads." He added that though some repairing of the
patches in the cemented entry would need to be done,
this would cost less by far than what was needed to
repair the other entry.

The Clearfield Bituminous Coal Corporation, accord-
ing to J. William Welter, chief engineer, purchased a
cement gun, but have only just begun to use it. It
is interesting to state the condition; namely, that the
purpose was to place a coating on the exposed surface
of a fire-clay roof. Mr. Welter writes:

As is characteristic of fire clay, this material slacks when
the air comes in contact with it. . . . It was necessary
for us to make considerable preparation, such as removing
all loose particles from the roof . . .

The Rock Island Coal Mining Co. employed a cement
gun in their No. 10 mine, Hartshorne, Okla. It is
understood that 350 lin.ft. of entry was covered as an
experiment, and that it has withstood the heavy slacking
of the past summer.

.■.n offset to some of the promising results, one
of the earlier tests, which followed the testing at the
experimental mine, has recently been reported as un-
favorable, although at first it looked as if it would be
a success. This test was made by the H. C. Frick Coke
Co. in 1914. The then chief engineer, J. P. K. Miller,
wrote the author on Jan. 15, 1915, as follows:

The cement gun has been used at two points near the
shaft bottom and the superintendent is well pleased with
the character of the work it is doing, which consists of
coating the roof, after it has been properly treated. The
work is being done with a view of preventing any further
falling of roof. We intended at one time to arch the roof,
but hope that now it will not be necessary.

Thomas W. Dawson, writing Dec. 1, 1917, says:

The results [of the cement gun] were not satisfactory,
but, in our opinion, this was due to the fact that in a number
of places the covering of the cement applied was very thin;
the whole covering being of variable thickness.

FIG. 6. RAIL BEAMS COVERED BY GUNITE
In this section of the United States Experimental Mine a heavy
fall took place before the roof was gunited. Rail beams were put
in to carrv the burden, roof and beams being covered with gunite
for protection against further weathering. In the rear Is a
massive concrete stopping.

Mr. Dawson quotes from a report from Mr. S. Mack,
the mine superintendent, that:

For about two years it [the gunite] looked as if it was
going to be very satisfactory. Shortly after that it began
to crack off in small pieces, and I find that there are a num-
ber of places where it has spalled off where before it
looked solid. It seems that the spalling starts where the
cement is thin and then extends to the thicker parts.

Of course this work is all experimental, but I believe that
if all the roof that is loose is taken down and the space
thoroughly washed and a coat not less than %-in. thick
applied it will last for quite a long time, but it must be
done right.

Mr. Dawson reported that the mine foreman advised
that:

After an interval of about one year it began to show
signs of failure by some cracks appearing. He did not
know whether these cracks were due to movement in the
roof or sides or due to the slacking of the rock and coal
but when this covering was tested it sounded hollow
showing that the bond between the cement and the rock
and coal had been broken so that it would seem that the
failure was due to the slacking of the rock and coal behinc
the cement covering.

In spite of this unfavorable evidence, I do not fee
that this testimony should be regarded as condemnini
such a coating. I do not know fully the conditions o
this particular test, for instance whether the ribs wer
also covered. If they were not, then with the usua
tendency of the coal of the Pittsburgh district to spa!
off and crack so that air is admitted, weathering migh
continue upward and over the cement coating. Th
test was a difficult one, as it is understood the entrie
were wide. One must also weigh the first cost plu
the cost of annual repairs against the annual cost o
timbering and cleaning up falls over a number of year:

Undoubtedly if a roof is of a nature that it ca
be "brushed" so that its cross-section will be in th
form of an arch it will assist in making the coatin
self-supporting, and as a final resort a light wire mes
resting in a shallow groove in either rib at the sprint
ing line of the arch and a heavier coating about 2 ii
thick could be employed. This would make the coatin
self-supporting and it would not then have to be he!
up by the roof to which it is caused to adhere. Tr
rib coating does not need reinforcement, so the fin

April 6, 1!MS

KNCINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

ist should not be great. In the long run it is believed
ia( this additional cost would be justified, and certainly
ich work would be much cheaper than massive concrete
ning or brick arching.

The Consolidation Coal Co. of Iowa, the Valley Camp
oal Co. of Pittsburgh, Penn., the Cambria Steel Co.
f Johnstown, Penn., the Cameron Coal Co. of Marion,
1.. the New River Co. of MacDonald, W. Va., and
«ny other companies, are all experimenting with the
se of the gun in underground work. Therefore in the
jar future there will be available a large amount of
iformation on the success or failure of weatherproofing
>of by cement coating.

Cost of Cement-Sand Coating

The cost of applying the cement-sand coating varies
idely with conditions. It has been rather difficult to
>t figures. Some of the companies do not care to dis-
ose them and others have not kept them in precise
lape. In the first work done at the experimental
ine the figures were as follows:

For coating 378 ft. of entry averaging 5.9 ft. in
;ight and 9.15 ft. wide, the cement averaging about

in. in thickness on the ribs and i in. thick on the

of, the costs were as follows:

Labor and Repairs:

bor $138 86

pervision 23 04

■aning and repairing gun 10 74 $172.64

Material :

ment 280 sacks, or 70 bbl., at $ 1 . 1 0 per bbl 77 00

■ ad 42 tons at 89c. per ton 37 38 114.38

Total • $287.02

The cost per lineal foot of entry averaged 76c, and
le cost per square yard of surface averaged 32c. This
;b took ten days and the speed was 4.7 lin.ft. per
iur, or 11 J sq.yd. per working hour. In a subsequent
;b the total cost per lineal foot of entry was 93c.
id the average cost per square yard was 40c.

Tested by the explosions in the experimental mine
te coating on the ribs remained intact, but the roof
eating shelled off from time to time. It did not always
narate from the shaly material of the roof, for the
to occasionally came down together. In these places
td in other parts of the mine we attempted to get

a stronger job bj drilling holes in the roof as keys
for the cement. At the same time we put in reinforcing
wires. Also where the POOi was naturally very weak
some rails were put in t< I be total cost of

repairing 6600 sq.ft. of roof and sides, including the
railing reinforcement, was $617.95, or 85c. per sq.yd.
The cost of applying the gunite averaged alone 42c.
per square yard.

In a certain Western mine the cost of the coating
put on by the cement gun is given as follows: Labor,
$21.50; and material, $17.80 for a total of 190 sq.yd.,
or 20.6c. per sq.yd. This cost is very low and the
figures cover apparently only the application, the coating
being * in. thick.

One of the companies in Pennsylvania reports that
the actual cost was $3 per lineal foot of heading. The
section of heading averaged 22 sq.ft., making the cost
about 13.6c. per sq.ft., or $1.22 per sq.yd., of gunite
deposited. This cost is based on cement at about $2.20
per bbl. and sand at $2 per ton at the site. The thick-
ness was about 1 in., no reinforcement being used, but
it was most carefully done and the estimate includes
all costs.

At a mine in the Connellsville district, the cost of
cementing 5929 sq.ft., which was accomplished in 12
days, was as follows per day:

One demonstrator $2 86

One nozzle man 285

One machine tender 2.15

Two laborers at $2. 15 4 30

One-half time teamster at $2.00 1 . 00

Total $13.16

The total labor cost was $154.02.

Material :

325 sacks cement $ 1 25 12

600 bu. sand 36 00

50 ft. mining machine hose 17 50

Total $178 62

Grand total $332 64

The cost per square foot was therefore 6.38c, or per
square yard 57c. It will be observed that these figures
vary widely, but it is thought that under average condi-
tions, with men fully trained in the use of the cement
gun, the work can be done for at least 50c per sq.yd.
on the basis of wages prevailing prior to 1917.

It may be pointed out that the gunite not only protects

FIG. 7. SHOWING THE EFFECT OF GUNITING
r.he coal face as shown on the left, like all natural faces, is
Pi/ided with ledges on which coal dust can accumulate. On the
"° ?™e right is the gunited coal, without ledges, with the in-
si .ted wire covered and so protected from injury. Note also
»■ the gunite aids to lighten the heading.

FIG. 8. GUNITE SURROUNDS THIS STOPPING
In this instance the roof and the floor near a massive con-
crete stopping has' been carefully gunited. This prevents the air
from leaking through the rib or the roof to the area beyond. In
case of a mine fire this is a most valuable feature and assures a
more rapid extinction of the conflagration.

ENGINEERING AN1> MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 14

.'.hering. but also assists in

ways bj reason of its

ns the hazard of coal-dust

enumerable nrojec-

on tin- coal ribs which

i dost may collect in danger-

■atively little dust can collect on

a cement-coated heading and what does

readily washed down without damage to

be.

ire:

■■ an a cement-sand coating can be
pplied to the weak roofs of entries and
. mines.

i the above means the ribs and a
weak roof in coal mines promise to be satisfactorily
weatherp roofed.

Steel timbers in entries and shafts can be protected
rusting and wood timbers fireproofed.
he method is of the greatest advantage in fire-
proofing wood overcasts and stoppings and in making
them air-tight By facing gob stoppings with this mate-
rial they can be made tight.

5 Fire stoppings can be made gas-tight and are
quickly built and repaired.

The last four purposes alone justify the employment
of the cement gun method, regardless of what machine
i with the accomplishment.

( ''<>rado Smelting Schedules

In the report of the Smelter and Ore-Sales Investi-
mmittee of the State of Colorado were in-
cluded some of the new smelting and ore-purchasing
.le.s that were placed in effect in Colorado in 1917.
Following are schedules adopted Sept. 1, 1917, for lead
md concentrates, and also for dry and copper ores
and concentrates at the Globe plant of the American
Smelting and Refining Co.:

lb for Lead Ores and Concentrates

Rate • Globe Plant, Denver. Lots to Contain

' arload. Subject to Change
Without Notice.

IE FOR LEAD ORES

per oz. if 0.05 oz. or over per ton.

>rk quotation, date of assay,
ipon $4 as defined below. Use wet
1.5 units.

one unit off wet) 6c. off New
g copper
up.

i

Neutral Schedule

. . .40c. per
13c. per

'elusive 45c. per

17c. per

^c. per

n. W. C. =
Flat Scle
• elusive 40c. per

. . 47e. per-

unit

unit
unit
unit
unit
unit
unit
unit
unit
unit
unit

$5.00 W. C.
4.00 W. C.
3.00 W. C.
2.00 W. C.
2.00 W. C.
1.00 W. C.
0.50 W. C.
0.00 W. C.

coo w. c.
0.00 w. c.
0.00 w. c.

Working charge.

unit; $7.50 W. C.

unit; 6.60 W. r

unit; 5.00 W. C.

unit; 4.50 W. C.

Over 25 to 30% lead, inclusive 49c. per unit; 3.50 W. C.

Over 30 to 35% lead, inclusive 51c. per unit; 2.50 W. C.

Over 35 to 40% lead, inclusive 52c. per unit; 1.00 W. C.

Over 40 to 45% lead, inclusive 52c. per unit; 0.00 W. C.

t >\ er 4.r> to 50% lead, inclusive 53c. per unit; 0.00 W. C.

Over 50 to 55% lead, inclusive 54c. per unit; 0.00 W. C.

Over 55% lead 55c. per unit; 0.00 W. C.

Neutral Schedule to be used when it figures better for
shipper.

SCHEDULE FOR LEAD CONCENTRATES

Gold: $19 per oz. if 0.05 oz. to 1.5 oz. per ton; $19.50 if
over 1.5 oz.

Silver and Copper: As in lead ores.

Lead: Prices based upon $4.

Silica: Limit 12%; 10c. up.

Zinc: Limit 10%; 50c. up.

From 5 to 10% lead, inclusive 40c. per unit; $2.75 W. C.

Over 10 to 15% lead, inclusive 43c. per unit; 2.00 W. C.

Over 15 to 20% lead, inclusive 45c. per unit ; 1.50 W. C.

Over 20 to 25% lead, inclusive 47c. per unit; 1.25 W. C.

Over 25 to 30% lead, inclusive 49c. per unit; 1.25 W. C.

On concentrates assaying over 30% lead, apply Neutral
Schedule or Flat Schedule, whichever figures better for
shipper; gold $19 per oz. up to 1.5 oz.; $19.50 if over 1.5 oz.
per ton.

Lead Quotation

Prices paid per unit for lead in all ores and concentrates
are based on a quotation of $4 per 100 lb., and lc. up or
down for each change of 5c. in quotation. The quotation
used as a basis of settlement shall be figured as follows
from New York sales price of the American Smelting and
Refining Co. on date of assay: When the sales price does
not exceed $4 per 100 lb., take 90% of sales price; when it
does exceed $4, add to $3.60 per 100 lb. three-fourths of th(
excess of New York sales price above $4.

Schedule for Dry and Copper Ores and
Concentrates

Rates, F. O. B. Cars, Globe Plant, Denver. Lots to Contaii

Not Less Than One Carload. Subject to Change

Without Notice.

ALL CLASSES OF ORE

Gold: $19 per oz. if 0.05 oz. to 1.5 oz. per ton; $19.50 pe
oz. if over 1.5 oz. per ton.

Silver: 95% of the New York quotation, date of assay
when ore assays 10 oz. or over per ton. When ore assay
1 oz. to 10 oz. per ton, deduct % oz. from assay, and pa;
for remainder at 95% of New York quotation.

Copper: For dry copper (1 unit off wet) to 5% dry, 6(
off New York quotation for casting copper; over 5% to l09
dry, 5c. off quotation; over 10% dry, 4c. off quotation.

Zinc: Limit 10%; 50c. up.

Treatment
Gross Value per Ton Charge per To

$14 and under $4.5

Over $14 to $20 4.5

Over $20 to $25 5.0

Over $25 to $30 5.5

Over $30 to $35 6.0

Over $35 to $40 6.5

Over $40 to $45 7.0

Over $45 to $50 7.5

Over $50 8.6

Pay 25c. per unit flat for lead if 5% dry or over. Us
wet determination, less 1.5 units.

Apply to lead ores Neutral Schedule or Flat Schedule (
Sept. 1, 1917, if either figures better for shipper than abo\
schedule.

Apply to dry ores $6 treatment charge, neutral basis, 10
up or down, when this figures for shipper better than Fli
Schedule.

DRY CONCENTRATES

Gold, Silver and Copper: As above.

Silica (insoluble matter) : 12% limit; 10c. up.

Zinc: 8'; limit: 30c. up.

Treatment
Gross Value per Ton Chaise per Tc

Up to $20 $2.':

Over $20 to $35 3.(

Over $35 to $80 3.!

Over $80 4.(

The maximum treatment charge upon concentra:
eluding silica penalty but not zinc penalty, shall not exce<
the fiat treatment chai-ge upon crude ores of the same grad

April ti. 1918

ENGINEERING AND .MINIM, JOURNAL

627

A Dietary for Miners

in s. II i:i:<m kiMKi;

Discussion of tfu methods of feeding employees at
mining camps. Economy in the purchase of food
and ■ in preparation and purchasing

nnu tided. Calculations showing food require-
ments of miners and calories needed, and tables
presenting a balanced ration, in accordance with
best dietetic theory, and conforming to actuai
experience in mining camps. Preparation of lunch
buckets, weights and pre-war costs, and timely
suggestions for war economies and conservation.

' TNIVERSAL attention is now fixed on the con-
servation of food, and it is an opportune time to
V_^ discuss the question of food supply and dietaries,
'he purpose of the writer is to point out the methods
f remedying some of the existing wastes and to show
he possibilities for a better balancing of the food
ation.

There have been published many articles upon camp
ietaries, but, unfortunately, the subject tias not been
reated in either a scientific or a practical way, al-
hough it seems to be generally recognized that there is

great wastage of food at camps. This is easily ac-
ounted for when one considers that "running a board-
dg house" is often left to some miner and his good wife,
o an inexperienced clerk in the employ of the com-
any, or to a friend of the management desirous of mak-
lg a stipend, and that these persons seldom have the
pportunity or the capital, and never the experience,
3 purchase cheaply or wisely. Then it is an unwritten
iw that when the company operates the boarding
ouse it must make no profit; if its operation is a loss,
lat is all right and part of the game. This condition
s wrong and a reflection on efficiency. The boarding
epartment deserves just as wise management, tact and
iplomacy, and just as much firmness and fairness, as
ny other department, and it should show an equitable
rofit, just as any other well-managed department of a
line should. If it cannot charge the employees the usual
ical price for board, feed them better and yet make

fair profit, there has been unwise purchasing, the
amp cooks have been wasteful, or the management is
ad; for it should be recognized in the beginning that
ie bane of an ordinary boarding house — bad accounts
nd an uncertain number of boarders — is eliminated in
ie camp, since the board is usually deducted from the
ay due and the number of employees is constant.

he Company's Responsibility for the Food Served

Concerning the duty of the company to look after the
sard, that is easily determined. First, there is the
>ciologial side, a desire to cooperate with the men and
> be helpful to them; then there is the practical side,
lat labor is the most expensive machine operated and
lould be properly housed, taken care of, and fed, in
"der to attain maximum results.

The first requisite for a boarding house is good cooks,
id to secure them one must pay high wages; usually

is in the matter of cooks that the cheap boarding

house endeavors first to economize. Experience demon-
strates that one cannot get economy, service and nutri-
tious food without paying the cook fair wages, $60 or
more per month in normal times. One does not require
a chef, but does want a hard worker, with a good head
and normal balance. The next, and one of the principal
economies that can be effected, is in the purchasing,
and here the mine should have a decided advantage over
the private boarding house, because it can purchase
in bulk directly from the wholesale houses, thus getting
the advantage of careful selection, better prices and
cheaper delivery for large shipments.

Buyer Should Study Market Conditions

The person in charge of the purchases should exam-
ine samples before buying and should be familiar with
certain fundamental economic facts ; such as that gal-
lon cans are much cheaper and more easily handled per
pound of weight than smaller cans; that prunes and
similar things run according to the number in a pound,
and that 50 to 60 prunes to a pound are cheapest for a
camp — it is not the number, it is the pits that count.
The buyer should open the different brands of canned
goods and select the brand containing the most solids
and presenting a wholesome appearance. It will usu-
ally be to advantage to select a medium-priced article.
Do not buy the cheapest, for the freight is as much on
poor as on good food, and the poorest grades contain the
most waste. One cannot get a wide choice at the re-
tailer's, and must take what is available ; usually a
poorer or a better article than is desired.

Forequarters of meat at 12c. cost more per pound
than hindquarters at 18c, because of bone and waste,
but best results are obtained by buying sides and mix-
ing choice and poor cuts. If laying in winter stores
buy potatoes and roots late, so as to take advantage of
the more mature stock of the season's crop. Order
the winter butter from a creamery* early, so as to get the
benefit of summer prices. Purchase eggs from a ranch,
if possible, and put some down for the winter, while
they are fresh. Instructions as to the preservation
of eggs may be obtained from state and Federal sources.

In making a study of the dietary of the miner, it has
been observed that mining camps are using from four
to seven pounds of food per man per day, and no one
appears to know or care why they are doing it other
than the reason frequently given — to keep the miner
satisfied. When it was the smaller amount 4t was be-
cause stronger and more concentrated food was served,
usually without regard to the real need of the miner.
It was further recognized that mining is among the
more arduous occupations, and that the demands of the
human system, among miners, expressed in calories, are
high, in fact approximating 5000 calories per day per
man; hence a generous dietary is necessary and a judi-
cious selection of foods vital.

The dietary proposed is not a compromise, but is
reached by making a study of actual conditions and then
analyzing them from a dietary standpoint, to see
whether proper balance is observed and the necessary
ingredients are provided. For this purpose the pub-

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 14

lished tables1 of food values in calories have been con-
sulted. It will be recognized, however, that for prac-
tical purposes the weights should be in food as pur-
chased, and they are so calculated. After making such
adjustments as seemed necessary, the cost of the pro-
posed ration was worked out on a pre-war cost basis,
and found to conform with good practice.

Stjpw Iks Should Be Bought at Wholesale
Buying in quantity at a wholesale house, adding the
freight charges for 300 miles of railroad and 40 miles
of wagon haul, the net cost of the proposed ration on
the Pacific Coast in 1915 was 47c. per man per day; its
proper preparation and serving added 22c. more, and
the total cost per man is therefore estimated at $20.70
per month. To this should be added a fixed charge for
superintendence, accounting, taxes, interest, insurance
and repairs, amounting to $4, and making a total cost
of $24.70 per man per month. If the food is purchased
locally, 25 rc additional should be added, making the
total" cost $28.20 per month, a fair margin below
the $30 usually charged. Of course, there is no such
margin at present, and it would be difficult now to ap-
proximate this ration at $30, even though purchasing
at wholesale. Any margin, however, may be credited to
the commissary department as profit, or can be used for
the betterment of the men, in furnishing board at a re-
duced figure or in providing dainties.

By taking the weight of each food of the proposed
ration given in Table I, multiplying by the number of

TABLE I. PROPOSED DAILY RATION

Giving Average Ounces of Balanced Ration Consumed per Man per Day ;
Weights in Food as Purchased

Oz. as
Purchased

Meat3 .• • 1 5 00

Proportions: Beef, 2; Ham, 1; Bacon, I; Fish,
0.2; Pork, 1.2; Corned beef, 0.5

such things as hominy, olives, sauerkraut, mincemeal
tapioca, pearl barley, cocoanut, crackers, pickles, ex
tracts, baking powder, spices, ginger, yeast, nepper, sal'
oil, vinegar, lye, soap, etc., as desired. A general men
covering the three meals is given in Table II, and a
ternative dishes are suggested which may be served i
rotation on different days of the week. Judgment i
needed in the proper rotation of different foods c
similar character and more success has been attaim
by insisting on such rotation than by any other mean
Frequent changes render all food more palatable, ar>
this is especially true in preparing bucket lunches.

TABLE II. MENU FOR A MINER OF AVERAGE WEIGHT

Energy Requirement in Calories: Sleeping, 640: Sitting 384; Moderate Ex
ISO; Light Exercise, 640; Severe Exercise, 2.880; Total, 5,024.

Eggs

2 50

Lard and cooking fats 9" nS

Butter— liberal ? 00

Cheese

Milk — condensed
Vegetables:

R, MUU

1 60
4 00

2.50

Potatoes".'. ,6 0°,

L30
0 50

Peas

Corn

Tomatoes. . . . _n

Onions, parsnips, carrots ' ■ /u

Stringbeans ° >"

Coffee ' °0

Sugar ]l°

Syrup 2 00

Chocolate ° • J»

Jelly

0 50
Flour. If-?"

Oatmeal H£

Rice

0 30

Commeal ..'.'.'...'.'.'. 0 30

Cornstarch " ^

Macaroni and spaghetti ' ■ uu

Fruits:

Evaporated apples, peaches, apricots

Canned blackberries and peaches — pie
Canned peaches, pears, pineapples — table

Prunes

Raisins and currants

Tea

Coffee

4.00

0.13
1 14

Measure
Meal Served

Breakfast :

Oatmeal M cups

Prunes (or apple sauce) . 1 service

Meat — bacon (ham, steak, or fish).. . 3-4 large pes.

Eggs , I

Hot cakes (or French toast) i

Bread (muffins or corn bread) 2

Butter Av. I } sqs.

Syrup 2J tbsp.

Coffee

Milk :

Sugar for coffee and fruit

Av. Weight
Oz. of

Food as Protein
Purchased Calories

Total.

Dinner:
Soup bean, (pea, corn or vegetable).... J-1 cup

Meat pie (hash or beef stew) I serving

Macaroni (or spaghetti) 1 serving

Succotash (or baked beans) 1 serving

Potatoes 2

Bread 2

Butter I square

Cheese ' piece

Fruit (or pie) 1 serving

Cake — alternate days I piece

Coffee or tea

Milk for coffee

Sugar for coffee

Total.

Supper:
Soup pea, (corn, vegetable or bean) ... 5- 1 cup

Roast beef (pork or mutton) 2 slices

Potatoes boiled (or mashed or salad) 1 serving
Onions (turnips, parsnips or carrots). 1

Macaroni (or spaghetti) 1 serving

Peas (tomatoes, beans or corn) 1 serving

Cheese 1 piece

Bread 2 large

Butter I square

Pudding (or pie) ' serving

Cake— alternate days 1 serving

Tea or coffee

Sugar for tea

Milk for tea

• I 30

1 50
3,00

2 50

3 60
2 60

1 25

2 00
1.14
0.93
0.80

2.85
7 CO
0.50
2.00
7.20
2 00
I 00

0 80
4 10

1 50

6.25
0 25

2 85
5 00
5 50
4 00

0 50

1 00

0 80

2 60

1 00
5.80
1.50

0 15
0 25

25
3

64
25
28
28
2

22
40

8
37
16
21

2
26

5
12

22

138

II

.7

8
15
26
28

2

22
12

T"l:

Calor

I,!

5
J
I
7
9
0
0
0
0
0

" 0
2

~18

•5
10
10
>l
il
H
10
10

)(!
J I

iO

' >i

12

Total.
Total for day

5 071b. 672

66

1st

Total ounces 81 26

days and then by the number of men and dividing the
product by sixteen ounces, the weight of food necessary
for the men on this balanced diet is readily obtained.
By recording the amounts of food prepared for a given
period, say a week or a month, and comparing with the
amount calculated from the table, it can be determined
whether the food is being conserved and the diet prop-
erly balanced. The table thus serves a double purpose.
To the foods given in the table there must be added

"Feeding the

'Bull. 28, Office Exper. Sta., U. S. Dept. Agri.
Family" — Mary S. Rose.

Where several foods are given the ones in parentheses are to be "ibstiled
on following days. The weights and calories in this table are averages So He
group. '

In figuring the daily menus, it is well to remem;i
that a meal composed principally of carbohydrates leaf
the stomach too quickly; hence it is unwise to feed u
men entirely on hot cakes and prunes (rich in caio-
hydrates) for breakfast and expect to get any work at
of them after 10 o'clock, because their fuel will h«
become exhausted. It has been tried. As bad a fd'
is to serve one of those greasy breakfasts that are D
unknown in mining camps, and expect to get goode
sults — the stomach will be working too hard, "(n-
centrated foods should be served with something wlcl
will serve to dilute them."

Buckets

Providing appetizing bucket lunches is a most n
portant detail. Buckets are the bete noir of the <
ing camp, and they should be carefully prepared a I
sufficient variety of meats provided and used in rota »

April 6, 1918 ENGINEERING AND

as to tempt the appetite and prevent monotony. The
lowing is a well-balanced lunch:

Ouoou Calorlei

M »ndwieln tmm,

tntim-a Ill 750

,, I, 250

I 4 330

1.6 100

15

23.7 1.440

I'o serve this ration in rotation will require in
per man per day: Eggs, 1.62; sardines, 1.12;
-my fish, 1.68; ham, 0.78; beef, 0.96; jelly, 1.50;
ir. H.70; olives, 0.4; cheese, 0.4; lard, 0.16; butter,
.6. It is well to occasionally chop pickles and olives
d spread with the meats. Each bucket should be
mbered to correspond with a number on a list in the
ihen, which should show individual preferences in
?ard to tea, coffee, milk and sugar.
The probable number of buckets to be served must

determined for each camp, and the food necessary
r them should be calculated and inserted in the gen-
;il order, but this should replace a like amount of
nilar food, for it is clear that if a man takes a lunch

will not consume one meal at the table. The China-
?n usually distinguish between tea, coffee, sugar and
Ik in the individual buckets by tying different colored
rings on the buckets. In these days, war bread and
»r cake may replace the wheat bread, and eggs,
h, cheese, bean pulp and meat cakes from scraps may

used for filling. Much can be done with a proper
3nd and seasoning of these scraps — here again study
d analysis, based on results, must lend a hand.
This is essentially a cold-climate ration ; in a hot coun-
f, more rice, hominy, barley, rye, etc., should be in-
rted and a smaller quantity of beans, oatmeal, fats
d meats used. That is, more proteins are needed in a
Id climate than in a warm one, and the foods should

selected accordingly. The ration is lower in meat
d flour than some other rations are, but it contains
ire of the things that are appetizing and that will at
e same time make a pleasing variety. It gives a meal
at will satisfy the man's taste and muscle and yet
me within his means.
These menus presuppose non-war conditions, the use

condensed milk, the normal price of eggs, and sub-
itution, where necessary, because of inability to get
esh beef, of ham, bacon and corned meat. As they
ntain the staples of a well-balanced diet, which must

maintained as closely as possible to ensure continued
alth, they are subject today, under war conditions,

minor changes only. Codfish balls, corn cake and
ickwheat cakes for breakfast, baked beans and brown
ead for dinner and salmon for supper may be substi-
ted on meatless and wheatless days.

Restrictions Imposed by War Conditions

War demands require that the allowance of sugar
reduced to I lb. per person per week. This means
at on the proposed sugar ration the amount used in
erything must be just one-half of that stated. Each
in must use one spoonful where formerly he used
o. Use fresh fruit in the place of puddings ; or baked
pies and prunes, with honey and syrup in place of
gar. When cake is required, it should be of the war-
ke or nut-bread variety. This will save 0.2 oz. flour
d 0.8 oz. sugar on each helping. If gingerbread is

MINING JOURNAL

629

made, one-half of the flour should be replaced by some
substitute.

The butter in the menu is also twice the quantity
necessary to use in war times; its place in cooking
should be taken by a good substitute, and each man
should be educated to do his bit by taking only half his
usual helping. On the table, gravies prepared from
drippings or recovered fats, peanut butter, jellies or
nut pastes may be used as a substitute. In the kitchen,
drippings will usually be found sufficient to replace
much of the butter and lard, but, if not, vegetable oils
can be mixed with the animal fats and the same ob-
ject attained; lard can be almost entirely replaced by
substitutes. Replace part of the flour required with
rye meal, graham flour and corn meal.

Wastes and Left-Overs

It is always good practice to use left-overs at noon,
and no camp can be said to be successfully run that has
many real left-overs. Therefore, watch your garbage
can. This should always apply, but especially now in
these war days. There should be practically no waste.
Such left-overs as can be used for food should be daintily
prepared in the many forms of entrees in vogue. The
grease should all be collected in suitable traps and ves-
sels, should be tried out when there is a sufficient ac-
cumulation and then utilized in making soft soap. If
there is too great an accumulation it may be used as a
lubricant, on the timber skids, wood chutes or else-
where.

Young pigs will, of course, be purchased to care for
the parings and other left-overs which cannot be other-
wise utilized. Such meat is easily raised and is clear
gain, and it will help through the winter season when
other meat is scarce.

As service is the sauce that garnishes a meal, this
must be well looked after. Everything should be clean
and neat, the meals promptly served and dirty dishes
quickly and quietly removed. Sloppy service will upset
a camp as quickly as it will a hotel. The men all take
their cue from these things. Let cleanliness and order
begin in the boarding house, and it will follow all
through the plant. If there is any complaint, it should
be made privately to the person in charge, and not to
the cook or waiters. Prompt investigation and adjust-
ment should follow.

Importance of Adequate Storage Facilities

As food is useless unless properly stored and taken
care of, good storehouses should be built that are im-
pervious to heat or cold, well ventilated, vermin proof
and, if possible, fireproof. Concrete is the only thing
that will fulfill all these conditions, but even a wooden
building can be made to meet most of them, by making
all the walls double and filling with sawdust or other con-
venient filling. Double doors to enter, with a vestibule
between, and thorough screening to keep out the flies
are necessary.

Shelves should be arranged for the lighter goods, bins
built for potatoes and such things, and the bulky cases
stored in orderly, accessible rows with the labels
turned outward. Salt meats should be hung up imme-
diately after delivery. The kitchen is fortunately lo-
cated where it is situated against a hill, for then a dug-
out can be constructed to serve for the storage of meats,

KNulXEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 1

;• perishable goods and for the daily allowance.
Whore this cannot be done, the same result may be at-
tained by building such a storage place next to the
kitchen, putting double walls ami double roof and filling
these with dirt a foot thick. Even in buildings well
. ued. there should be a meat safe, with By-screens
on all sides, and with an abundance of sharp honks on
which to hang the meat. A good cook cuts his meat up
a week ahead and labels the portion for service at a
I date and meal.
The management of the mine commissary should not
be any more difficult than the management of any other
department of the mine if the subject is approached in
an intelligent manner and sufficient thought and atten-
tion are given to it.

Accidents at Metal Mines, 1916*

The returns received from the operators of metal
mines for the year 1916 concerning accidents and men
employed are gratifying in that they show the lowest
fatality rate during the six-year period in which the
Bureau of Mines has been collecting satisfies of ac-
cidents at metal mines, and the largest number of
men employed during the same period. As compared
with 1015, there were 936 more operators reporting
in 1916, and an increase of 52,567 employees over the
previous year, or 34.6%. The number of days'
work done during 1916 was about 15,200,000 in excess
of the previous year. The increase in the employees
in the different groups is as follows: Copper mines,
30' ( ; gold and miscellaneous metal mines, 33%; iron
mines, 36 V ; lead and zinc mines of the Mississippi
Valley, 59 [,_ ; and the non-metal mines, 27 rc, as com-

the enactment of compensation laws and the estahli|
ment of better inspection service have resulted in rn
ing companies keeping better records, thus mak;i
more complete data available. It is believed that |j
reported non-fatal-injury rate at metal mines is si
lower than actually exists in this industry. This st:
ment is borne out by certain data covering a period)
three years compiled from the reports of represeu
tive companies at whose mines systematic records i
being kept and a large amount of safety work is bejj
done. A table (rearranged from the original) indie;;;
the more important metal-mining states in the on
of the number of workers reported by operating cJ
panies, the state having the greatest number of wc!<
ers reported being placed first.

Sufficiency of Assessment Work

By A. L. H. Street*

Interpreting the provisions of the act of Congress e
quiring $100 worth of labor to be performed)
improvements of that value to be made each year o )
mining claim until issue of a patent, the South Dalti
supreme court held lately, in the case of McKirahana
Gold King Mining Co., 165 Northwestern Reporter,
a suit to quit title to a group of six unpatented mil i|
claims, that evidence of the cost of labor, material, 'C.
may be shown as tending to establish the good f.tl
of the person making the expenditure, but that it is o
conclusive upon the question of the value oi the n
provement made at such expense. Plaintiff insisted a
the proof showed that the work performed by defentn
in 1914 did not amount to more than $77.11 per cla

FATALITIES AND INJURIES IN METAL MINES— 1916

i,'.r

No. Average No. No. Under* f

of . No. of Employees . No. Killed Injured ground

Acii\i (in of per per to Emp <

Operators Under the Days 1.000 1,000 Surface i

Reporting ground Surface Total Worked Employed Employed Workers Op

76 23.712 10,349 34,061 300 3.76 273 33 2-1 4

Arizona ... 445 15,534 5.887 21,421 303 3.17 342 65 3-1

Montana ... 328 15,086 4,405 19,491 297 3 85 274 18 3 5-1

Minnesota 63 8,666 10.486 19,152 254 2 19 192 77 I— I i

iri 159 10.596 3,738 14,334 273 2 44 209 64 3-1

California 840 7,879 5,416 13,295 283 3 16 282 14 I 33-1

ido 738 9,008 1,112 10,120 320 6 23 143 97 9-1

Uasli 428 5,258 2,935 8,193 213 3 54 80 19 5-3

406 5,222 2,731 7,953 274 3 77 182 45 5-3

Utah 223 4,690 2,694 7,384 318 3.25 306 34 2-1

Alabama.. 22 4,614 2,746 7,363 294 3 67 273 51 1 66-1

Idaho 510 4,469 1,614 6,083 261 2 47 150 42 3-1

Tennessee . 25 1.671 2,165 3,836 259 2 87 181 44 II 33

37 2,200 1,462 3,662 286 4 37 358 00 1 6-1

Wisconsin 51 2,417 1,157 3,574 262 4.76 307.78 2-1

27 1,044 1.875 2,919 258 1.03 95 53 1-18

South Dakota 65 1,650 841 2,491 315 2 41 296 67 2-1

NewJersej 7 1,529 502 2,031 307 3 94 207 29 3-1

pared with returns for 1915. In addition to the men the figures being based on wages paid employees, >sv

employed at mines, the metallurgical works (not in- of material, etc. The court, however, said: "But )i

eluding iron and steel) reported 80,201 men in 1916, is not the correct method of computing the value oiu

as compared with 49,891 in 1915. sessment work on a mining claim. The true test ii-h

There were 697 fatalities reported for 1916, making actual value of the improvement to the mine."

the rate 3.41 per 1000 employees, as compared with On another phase of the suit, the court decided U

4.19 in 1911. There were reported 48,237 non-fatal one owning several adjoining mining claims might]

injuries in 1916, as compared with 35,295 in the pre- $100 worth of assessment work on any one

vious year, the non-fatal injury rate per 1000 em- hold that claim, and forfeit the others, or he migh d

ployed being 235.66, as compared with 232.02. Al- enough work on one claim to hold two. designate .li

though the fatality rate has decreased since 1911, there particular claims intended to be held,, and forfeit^

has been an increase in the non-fatal-injury rates, not others,

that metal mining is becoming more hazardous, but

•Attorney at Law, 829 Security Bldg.. Minneapolis, Min

3. Bureau of Mines. Remember the Comfort Fund of the 27th Engine?

>ril 6. 1018

ENGINEERING AND MINIM, .mi RNAL

683

Depreciation and Obsolescence

MIK latest regulations of the Treasury Depart
merit make a more consistent sel of rulings re-
garding depreciation and obsolescence than have
ed heretofore with regard to such deductions on
ne tax returns. In some ca are merelj a

: pi prior regulations, but to some extent
a change in the requh-ements of prior regulations.
M general spirit of the regulations as set forth in
le 127 seems to be that all expenses incidental and
-sary to the creation or production of the gross
properly chargeable against the same, are
itihle from the gross income, but that the expenses
be deducted from the income of the year to which
relate, and the expenses of one year cannot be
to reduce the income of a subsequent year. The
lations as now stated seem intended to reach a fair
minat'on in each ca.se. It does not seem to be
uch a matter of taking advantage of, or being bound
eehnicalities in the wording used, as it is of pre-
ng a fair statement of depreciation which will
rd with the general principles there stated. The
wing points are particularly to be noted:
>ecial provision is made in Articles 127 and 128 that
•lv charges which can be deducted are those appli-
' to the current year; that charges of a prior year
ot be deducted from the income of this year, but
it would be permissible to make amended returns
uch prior years and claim refund of taxes overpaid.

Depreciation Defined

le distinction is made between the ordinary repairs

h do not add to the value of the property nor appre-
ily prolong its life, and which are properly chargeable
ixpenses, and the repairs, additions and betterments
I h are chargeable against depreciation. This seems
i tantially the same distinction which we, as account-

. have been in the habit of making; viz., that there
i Id be charged to expenses the ordinary current
I nditures for repairs and minor replacements, in-
ung replacements of any parts of machines which
Continually wearing out and must frequently be re-
■?d. Depreciation is intended to spread, equitably
l the life of the equipment, its original cost, and
the cost of such renewals and replacements as
ronly required at extended intervals and which, if
;ged directly into expenses when made, would re-
i in one period bearing more and another period bear-
i ess than its fair share of the cost.

ie distinction is made between the amount deduc-

I as depreciation, representing the loss occurring
ang the year from wear and tear due to the use to
'In the property is put (Article 159), and the loss
u to voluntary removal or demolition of buildings,

?ping of old machinery, etc. (Article 155). Per-
:1 the most important feature to note in Article 155,

II again in Article 162, is that when equipment is
■ aped, etc., the amount to be charged off will be the
i rence between the original cost, less salvage, and
1 amount of depreciation previously charged off or

"rom a pamphlet issued by Loomis. Suffern & Fernald, Public
"- mtants. New York.

irliidi should have been charged off in prim yew
It would, therefore, be not bo much the question of what
amount had actual!; been charged off in previou

what amount should have i.eon so charged off.

i omim i vi ion oi ,\\ i bagi i n iii mi ion Rati

This would not necessarily mean that, merelj bee <
depreciation had been charged from yeai to eai on

all plant and equipment at perhaps a Hat 5', rati-, such
rate contemplated that all machinery and equipment
would have a 20-year life, Part of the plant might have
a 10-year life and pari a .'50-year life. Pending the de-
termination of the exact depreciation rate which should
be charged in view of the varying life of the property,
it would .ieem proper to consider that the 5% rate has
been sufficient to average the rates on the entire plant.
If, therefore, machinery which would fairly be consid-
ered to have a 10-year life was scrapped after five years'
service it 'would be reasonable to assume that the depre-
ciation reserves already provided would, so far as this
equipment was concerned, represent 50$ of the cost of
such equipment. This would mean charging one-half of
such cost against the depreciation reserve, and the bal-
ance would represent the loss to be charged off for the
year in which the equipment was scrapped.

As to the equipment now scrapped which had per-
haps been in service for some years before deprecia-
tion was charged, a somewhat different question would
arise. Under the regulations, Article 155, the deduc-
tible loss would only be "so much of the original cost,
less salvage, as would have remained unextinguished
had a reasonable allowance been charged off for de-
preciation during each year prior to its destruction."
This would clearly indicate that, for a machine having a
normal 10-year life which had been in use seven years
and is now scrapped, we could only deduct as a loss the
30 fr which would remain if depreciation had been pro-
rated over the entire life of the property.

If depreciation had only been charged during five of
the prior seven years, there would be no question that,
strictly speaking, one should onby make a proper charge
against the depreciation reserves of the depreciation
for the five years during which such reserves had been
set up — 50% of the cost would be charged against the
depreciation reserve already set up, and the remaining
20% would become a charge against surplus, to repre-
sent the amount which should have been set up as a
depreciation reserve during the first two years of the
life of the machine during which such reserves were
not in fact created. There are cases, however, where
it might be difficult or unfair to apply this rule strictly.
Perhaps the failure to set up depreciation reserves
earlier had been because all renewals and replacements
made during those years had been charged directly
against operations, and a review of the facts may in-
dicate that the charges thus made were substantially
in amount of depreciation chargeable against such years.

Another case would be where the early use of
the equipment had been during the construction period
and as an incident to construction, while the depre-
ciation of such equipment — as, for example, a power

KMUNKKKlNc; AND MlNlNti JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. |

plant during the const nut ion period — should, strict-
ly speaking, have been shown as a part of the con-
struction cost If the accounts had not been so handled,
it would seem unnecessary at this late date to attempt
to reopen them. One would probably be justified in
charging against the depreciation reserves to date the
entire amount which should have been written off on
such plant equipment. If the depreciation rates now
being used were not sufficient to care for the deprecia-
tion of the entire plant and equipment during its prob-
able useful life, it would probably be proper to refigure
the rate, provided, of course, that this was not merely a
method of concealing a failure to make provision for
depreciation during earlier years, with the result of
throwing an unfair burden on the present. It is un-
necessary to say that if existing reserves are not suffi-
cient to cover fairly the depreciation which has actually
been suffered by the plant and equipment in the past,
the necessary reserves should be created irrespective
of any consideration of tax requirements and regu-
lations. Any reserve now created to provide for de-
preciation reserves which should have been set up dur-
ing prior years would not, of course, be properly charge-
able against the current year's income, but would only
form the basis for amended returns for such prior
years, provided they cover the period during which the
income tax or the corporation tax was in effect.

One difficulty to be faced is that, where the prior
records are not in the best of condition, it may not
be possible to make the necessary review and readjust-
ment of plant accounts in the time which remains be-
fore the tax returns must be filed. In such cases ap-
parently all that can be done is to make a conscientious
effort to arrive at the fair amount which in accordance
with the spirit of these regulations would be charge-
able against 1917 income. The question of general re-
adjustment of the accounts should then be taken up,
and the records placed on a consistent and proper basis,
submitting amended returns for prior years if need be,
but in any event having them so stated that they will
form a clear basis for future deductions for deprecia-
tion and losses.

It may, of course, prove necessary and desirable to
revise the depreciation rate from time to time according
to the best information obtainable. In Article 165
provision is made for a reduction in the rate applicable
to future years in case the life of the property has been
underestimated or the rate of deterioration overesti-
mated. It would only be fair to assume that, converse-
ly, a readjustment of rates should be made when and
if it is found that the rate of deterioration has been
underestimated. The readjustment of such rates would
naturally presuppose that the rates originally fixed had
been determined upon in good faith as being a fair
measure of the depreciation of the property, and that
the readjustment later made was due to later obtaining
a more definite knowledge of the actual life of the prop-
erty and the rates required.

Provision is made in Article 170 for depreciation of
plant and equipment on the basis of its useful life in
connection with oil and gas properties. This same pro-
vision is not stated with regard to mining properties
or timber lands, but would seem naturally applicable in
any case where the probable life of a mine or other prop-

erty was less than that of the plant and equipmentDn
sidered by itself. This provision would, of co'st
have no importance where there is reason to be-\
that the mine has a longer life than that of the m
and equipment, in which case the natural life oltr
plant and equipment would be the basis of depn

The regulations all assume that depreciation wi 1
on a time basis, that is, that the depreciation shou 1
spread in equal annual amounts over the life oitl
property. In many cases, however, it is much fair
charge depreciation on the basis of the tonnage haili
rather than on the years of life. Although no provic
is made in the regulations for using such methr <
depreciation, it would seem to be entirely in aor
with their spirit to use this basis in those cases vei
it was manifestly the fairest and most equitable na^
ure of depreciation which could be arrived at.

The new regulations do not provide for chargin e
penditures for replacements (except incidental re]ir
etc.) against operations, but plan that the origin; ii
vestment in plant or equipment which is dismantl. <
abandoned should be written off, either as a clrj
against depreciation reserves previously set up or.s
loss, and that the new expenditures should be addl I
capital account.

The whole spirit of the present regulations seems 1 1
to allow as a deduction from income all costs incidto I
producing such income, including a fair allowance uk
will cover the cost of the plant and equipment,
equitably prorated over its probable useful life. Y:
essential point seems to be that these charges sh;
determined in a fair and businesslike way. The to
important difference between what is admitted idi
the income tax and what is good business and accm
ing procedure is that from a business standpoint t
often desirable to create reserves sufficient to m
probable future contingencies, whereas the incom t;
regulations do not admit of such charges except hi
and as such contingencies actually occur.

The annual depreciation charge is to be based c d
preciation figured on the probable useful life. If h>
obsolescence occurs, and the equipment is dismantll
abandoned, the obsolescence charge can only be 1
when the obsolescence occurs. An annual charge tor
vide for meeting a contingency which may occur i t:
future is not admitted under the income tax regulaou

Every effort should be made to meet the spii- j
these regulations, and to charge against each ;ar
income only what is fairly chargeable as "incidents ar
necessary to the creation or production of the n
income" of that year. A fair and proper statemet i
accounts is not made unless the fair charges fo el
preciation are allowed. The depreciation charges iai
on account books should be in accord with those sw
on the income tax return, because otherwise int™
nable confusion will arise. There will be cases, hoW'
where it is to be recommended that reserves be cut
on the books to provide for contingencies, such 1 1
obsolescence or abandonment of plant and equip*
through improvements in the art, through buildinj 1
coming unserviceable because of changes in surrou Ii
conditions, or for other reasons difficult to foS'
While the reserves thus set up for such contingic
may not properly be deductible as such on the ii''

pril 6, 1918

K.\t;i\KKi;iN<; and minim; journal

633

returns, and such deductions may be made only
n the contingencies occur, there are many cases
re the accounts cannot be conservatively and prop-
stated without having such reserves created upon
books.

i some cases it might be desirable to state these as
plus reserves for contingencies" or other similar
{nation, so as to indicate that while a distinction
ade in the accounts between the free surplus avail-
for dividends and the surplus which should be re-
ed against contingencies, the accounts will, however,
j this to be a surplus which is at present used and
loyed in the business, and as such should be con-
red as invested capital under the Excess Profits
Law.

>me confusion seems to have been created by the
nt to which the regulations have from time to time
rred to depreciation reserves as being a "fund."
department never seems entirely to have abandoned
idea, but have modified its original contention re-
ling it. The statements made in Article 161 seem
l an accounting standpoint merely to have the effect
Kjuiring that depreciation must be entered upon the
s and that dividends should not be declared to the
;nt of impairing the capital unless provision is made
i lie books showing reduction in capital invested,
any consideration of depreciation or other factors
lved In questions of taxation, it is important to
■;mber that Treasury decisions are, after all, merely
upts <.n the part of the Treasury Department to
• 7orth the meaning and intent of the law. In most
. 3 the decisions are given with some particular con-
i m in mind, and it is hardly possible that the word-
i used in any decision should be considered applicable
' .ery possible case which may arise. Treasury deci-
15 are subject to amendment and reversal in the
j re as they have been in the past, both by the
? rtment itself, and by the courts. The law itself is
: must control, and the feeling of today is that the
ling and intention of the law, rather than its exact
ling, should receive primary consideraion. Reliance
3 Id not be placed on some technicalities of wording
i he law or regulations, but the accounts should be
and properly stated, in a consistent manner from
e to year, in accord with the spirit of the law, so
irrespective of technicalities of wording, they will
s furnish a basis which honestly and fairly reflects
I ncome for the year.

disposal of Exhaust Gases From
Gasoline Engines in Mines

lless the necessary amount of air, ranging from 400
s 50 cu.ft. per minute per rated engine horsepower,
l issing the engine, the disposal of the exhaust gas
ernes of great importance. In many metal mines,
5):ially small mines and prospects, ventilation is not
i' i much consideration. In most metal mines de-
fence is placed solely on natural ventilation. It is
o lecessary to explain that such ventilation is uncer-

i Changes in the direction of the wind, or in atmos-
h ic conditions, may quickly reverse the direction in
'fh the air is traveling. Frequently the air current
! Jble or there is no movement of air whatever.

refore, in planning for the disposal of the ex-
haust gases from gasoline engines in mines safety may
generally be guaranteed only by carrying the exhaust
to the surface 1 !'. however, an airway in some part of
the mine where men are never required to travel car-
ries a strong return current, it might be safe to dis-
charge the exhaust therein. Croat care should be ob-
served in keeping the exhaust pipe line in repair. If
that part of the mine in which the engine is working
is ventilated by an exhaust fan, it would be safe to
carry the engine exhaust into the return air duct
through which the fan draws the air. The gasoline en-
gine is a constant menace to the health of the men
in the mine unless one of these methods is followed.

To turn the exhaust into the sump or into running
water is useless, as carbon monoxide is practically in-
soluble in water. It will bubble up through water with-
out being changed in any way except that the smoke
and the odor of accompanying gases may be removed,
the poisonous quality of the gas remaining unchanged.
Thus the possible warning of the presence of carbon
monoxide by the odor of accompanying gases will be
removed if the exhaust is turned under water.

Even if a sufficient volume of air is passing the en-
gine, the exhaust pipe should be placed so that the engi-
neer will not be exposed to the undiluted exhaust gases.
As the exhaust leaves the pipe it may contain carbon
monoxide enough to render unconscious any one breath-
ing a few breaths of it. In one case reported to the
Bureau of Mines a man was overcome in this manner
while working directly in front of the exhaust pipe of
a gasoline locomotive which was idling. The amount of
air passing through the entry was several times the
amount required to properly dilute the greatest amount
of carbon monoxide that the engine could produce, but
near the exhaust pipe the gases had not become diluted
enough to be safe. — Technical Paper 174, U. S. Bureau
of Mines-

War Minerals Discussed at Luncheon

Washington Correspondence

With Van H. Manning, director of the U. S. Bureau
of Mines, as host, a group of mining men met at lunch-
eon on Mar. 23 and discussed matters pertaining to the
encouragement of production, conservation of supply
and control of the distribution of certain ores, metals
and minerals which formerly have been imported and
of which there is an inadequate supply. The follow-
ing organizations were represented: The War Indus-
tries Board, War Trade Board, War Minerals Commit-
tee, Shipping Board, Food Administration, Bureau of
Mines, Geological Survey, American Institute of Min-
ing Engineers, American Mining Congress and the
House Committee on Mines and Mining. The luncheon
was served in Mr. Manning's office. Those present
were: Franklin K. Lane, Secretary of the Interior; C.
B. Henderson, junior Senator from Nevada; M. D.
Foster, chairman of the House Committee on Mines
and Mining; Bernard M. Baruch, E. F. Gay, C. W.
Goodale, A. G. White, C. K. Leith, Sidney J. Jennings,
H. C. Hoover, E. C. Bradley, George Otis Smith, James
F. Callbreath, Sidney Mudd, Jr., Bradley Stoughton,
and Vance McCormick.

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No.

Chrome Production and Distribution

K\ SAMUEL II. DOLBEAR*

ncentration of low-grade chromite ores is ab-
solutely necessary if domestic production is to be
increased. The miner must also be assured of

making a profit and the broker must be elimi-
nated; the latter is responsible for many things
that discourage production. Government aid in
building roads will help to sole, the problem.

ONE of the problems confronting America is that
of increasing domestic supplies of chrome ore.
In 1916 the output in the United States,
chiefly from California and Oregon, was 47,035 tons.
While official figures are not yet available, it is believed
that the 1917 output was about 41,000 tons. The neces-
sity for increasing the local supply does not lie alone
in the fact that the production fails to meet existing
needs. The country's yearly requirements are in excess
of 150,000 tons. Two-thirds of this amount must, there-
fore, be brought from the distant mines of Rhodesia and
New Caledonia. Consequently, every effort must be
made to release the ships engaged in this trade, that
they may be employed elsewhere.

Prospects for Increasing Production

In spite of the fact that prices for chrome ore
doubled in the last year, a decrease of 6000 tons in pro-
duction resulted. Had the price remained stationary,
production would undoubtedly have dropped heavily.
This is due to the exhaustion of most known deposits
which were close to rail, the higher prices making pos-
sible operations at remote points. As the price in-
creased, the distance of operating mines from rail in-
creased correspondingly, the miners finally reaching the
most inaccessible mountain areas, requiring that the ore
be transported in part on pack animals. In Oregon and
California it may properly be considered axiomatic that,
wherever there are roads, chrome deposits of a fair
grade and size may be operated profitably.

It appears, therefore, that nothing would be gained
by increasing the present price. On the other hand, if
the price continues to increase materially, it may cause
a decrease in the use of chrome ore and some of its
products. The case of firebrick is a representative one.
A point in cost is being reached where operators of
metallurgical furnaces may conclude to substitute the
less efficient magnesite brick, even at the cost of more
frequent shut-downs and consequently lessened pro-
duction. National efficiency cannot be promoted by any
such condition as this.

It has been suggested that a source of supply may
be found in Cuba or perhaps Central or South America.
While these countries are nearer than Rhodesia and New
Caledonia, ships would nevertheless be required for
transportation, and they can hardly be spared. This is
also true of Alaskan deposits. The necessity of moving
the salmon pack prevented shipments from these at
times during last year.

ultinfr Mining Engineer, Merchants National Bank Bldg.,
San Francisco. Calif.

To increase domestic output, the miner must btis
sured thai, as far as it is reasonable, he will ma>
profit on his operation. It is particularly essenti; t
prevent a repetition of the errors already mad' i
many cases. Much effort has been wasted and nc
money lost in building roads and providing equipi
on small deposits which did not justify the exptd
ture. I have in mind one instance where over $51
is said to have been spent, with a yield so far of
than 500 tons of ore.

Remote Deposits Can Be Made Available
with Government Roads

The suggestion has been made that the Governun
construct roads into districts where the potential i|
ply is sufficient. I will not attempt to discuss this iy
gestion here in its economic phases, but I do nol
tate to say that it would increase production. 1 i
are, however, operators in the field who build ndt
even at great expense, if there is a sufficient amoui (■
ore at the end of the road to justify the investrn
In one case, in a remote district equipped with neit
trails nor roads, 1500 to 2000 tons of ore has been sti
mated. A road to reach this place would be experv.
but would probably be justified if the tonnage er
twice as large. If the Government were to payfo
half of .the cost, the tonnage visible at present vui
be made available.

In every district where chrome ore is produced, ni
is rejected because it is of too low grade to ship
some places large masses of basic rocks are interspee
with grains of chromite which could be recovered it
proper concentrating facilities. Concentration of <
grade ores is the only way to increase productk i
this country substantially. On the Pacific Coast a W
ber of plants have been erected for this purpose,!!'
it is unfortunate that most of them are "junk-cons u
tion" built, and operated by men unfamiliar
modern concentration practice. The resultant yie
of course, disappointing.

Monuments of this kind litter all the mining
of the West and are tolerated by a community o a
count of the short era of prosperity that precedes iei
completion. No such sentiment should be permitt'
an industry so essential at this time, and steps sl-ult
be taken to see that chrome-concentrating planbai'
built by men who know their business. When the o
ernment plan for giving financial aid to war e;ei
prises is in .operation, chrome-concentrating e;e>
prises, properly directed, should receive support.
Restriction of Use of Chromite May Be Nek

It is not possible for the United States to pr<U
as much chrome ore as the country's industries reui
It may be necessary, therefore, to restrict its use
ready ferrochrome may be used only in the man
ture of products made for Government use and
to Government control. It may be necessary, fo i
stance, to find substitutes for sodium bichromate. 8
in tanning

At least 75% of the misery which chrome mie
have suffered has been due to brokers. I refer pa if

\pi] 6, \\n*

KNCINKKKINt; AND MINING JOURNAL

686

lv to the irresponsible type, which is prevalent, who
e ravaged the chrome fields, interfering with the
auctions of the consuming purchaser, and mulcting
minor of his payments for ore. In some districts
ditions have been so bad that miners were obliged
defend their ore with firearms and have finally re-
■<1 to move it to rail until it has been paid for in
The machinations <<( the brokers of this ilk

! ingenious. They bid a slightly higher price
n market, and, having secured a written option,

>ng the consumers, trading for an advantage,
ire all the time in the knowledge that, in their lack
■esponsibility, they cannot be compelled to take de-
ry if unsuccessful in securing a larger price.

Discrepancy in Quotations Due to Brokers
lany cases are of record in which the miner, lacking
siness sense," has surrendered his bill of lading
lout securing his pay. This sort of thing has hap-
ed so often, that, like the gold-brick bunko, it seems
■edible that it should continue. It does neverthe-
Much of the apparent discrepancy in quotations
ing the last two years has been due to the activity
these traders. Brokers in California perform no
'ul function, and I strongly advocate the prohibition
brokerage and speculative transactions,
i Great Britain chrome ore may be purchased and

only upon license issued by the Minister of Mu-
ons. This precedent is a good one, if licenses are
ed only to those who establish that they are either
ers or consumers. If necessary, there may be pro-
id some central bureau where the producer may be
ight in immediate contact with the consumer,
i the operation of the law of supply and demand
•e is evidently no necessity of fixing a minimum
e, unless a market at a minimum price for a stated
od also be guaranteed. In these days of uncer-
ty, there is a feeling of hesitancy which has a re-
ling effect upon chrome production. A chrome
i'ator would hesitate to make any large investment

were going to require two or three years to redeem

There is a sentiment generally that chrome invest-
i ts should be written off within a year.

appreciate that this opens up a broad field for dis-
: ion, and is receiving serious thought in other in-

ries than this. It is evidently a problem to be de-
1 d by each individual according to his own light.

11 not attempt to go into it here. Inasmuch as most
i me properties are operated by lessors, it might also
m order to fix the rate of royalties, if the price of
"ore is also to be determined.

Railway Facilities Must Be Improved

here should be no delay as at present in securing
[ pment when the ore is ready to load. Not only
'dd preference be shown in furnishing cars, but they
' ild be carried to destination promptly. At this time,

ay require four months to move a carload of chrome
'from a California main-line point to Baltimore or

sburgh. A part of the supply so urgently required
: herefore, always in transit, and industrial needs
! correspondingly increased. Settlements for ore are
Silly made on railroad weights, and these are fre-
l'itly difficult to secure promptly, in some cases re-

■ng more than two weeks. The small operator

whose entire capital, plus ins obligations to local n
i hanl . maj be tied up in th< il, is thereby de

layed in continuing effective work. More than i
have the local merchants, or other creditors, becoming
impatient at the delay, attached the proceeds, disheart-
ening the miner, and making it impossible to secure

labor Or material to continue.

The miner, or shipper, should be required to load cars
promptly, when delivered, without awaiting his demur-
rage limits, and should load to maximum overload ca-
pacity where possible. The reluctance to do this is
owing to the facts that weighing facilities do not often
exist at the point of shipment and that the shipper
fears to overload, lest the overload be discharged and
stored at his expense at the weighing point. After the
manner of things now-a-days, this may be Ogden,
Council Bluffs, or El Paso. By making certain that
cars are weighed at the nearest scale, a part of this
difficulty may be averted.

Sampling and Settlement Should Be Standardized

Terms of payment and methods of sampling and
analysis should be standardized. This latter would
avoid the friction which invariably results if the
analysis of the car sample is less than that of the hand-
picked specimen so often selected as representing the
entire deposit.

Chemists charge from $4 to $10 to determine chromic
oxide and silica. Many prospectors cannot afford this
charge. Purchasers are not generally willing to analyze
samples from unknown sources or unknown prospectors,
unless they have first secured an option to purchase the
ore. Even then, the samples as well as the options are
of doubtful value and have to be retaken. On the other
hand, a prospector finding float or a small cropping has
no inclination to develop his find unless he knows that
the samples he has secured indicate ore. This he can-
not determine without analyses. It is suggested that
this function might be performed by the Bureau of
Mines, to assist not only chrome prospectors but also
those seeking manganese or other war-time ores.

Suggestions as to the Remedy

To remedy present troubles, I suggest:

1. Place all chrome operations under Government
control through license and inspection.

2. Provide, without charge, engineering advice to
chrome miners.

3. Provide financial assistance to chrome concen-
trating enterprises, and require that construction and
operation be supervised by engineers approved by the
War Industries Board.

4. Prohibit brokerage and speculative transactions
in chrome ore and license sale and purchase.

5. Furnish cars promptly, with preferential move-
ment when loaded.

If we can accomplish these five things, we can ex-
pect to increase our production substantially.

Production of Tungsten in Portugal in the last three years
is given by the Portuguese Department of Mines as follows:
1915, 860.7 tons; 1916, 1308.5 tons; 1917, 1457.7 tons. Ex-
ports of this ore to the United States during the three years
were: 1915, 83.19 tons; 1916, 94.45 tons; 1917, 106.21 tons.
The usual run of ore is 65 per cent.

KN\;1NKKK1N\; AND MIXING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. }

French Quarries Inspected by U. S. Engineer

By ROBERT K. TOMLIN, Jr.*

"XT TITH up-to-date mechanical equipment installed
V \ "> those French quarries which will be worked
» * ultimately by American forces to supply crushed
rock tor military road building and track ballast, it is
hoped that substantial increases in the present output
per man per day may be made. Under the present
methods of operation by the French, the average daily
output per man is from 1 to 14 metric tons. In order
to get first-hand information regarding French quarry
lives in the territory which our troops will occupy,
the manager of roads, American Expeditionary Force,
delegated two of his officers to make an inspection trip.
The engineers, one formerly in the quarry business
on the Pacific Coast, the other a former representa-
tive of a large machinery manufacturing company,
have completed their mission, which involved a 900-
mile automobile journey, and have told me in a general
way the results of their observations.

Almost the first thing an engineer learns in France
is that mechanical equipment of any kind, except in
the plants now working on munitions and other war
material, is about as difficult to get as white bread,
or telephone service which has even the semblance
of efficiency. And so, while one can make all sorts of
estimates of quarry output with mechanical plant, the
first real big job is to land the machinery and the
men to operate it safely on this side of the Atlantic.
Then the output will very largely take care of itself.

•Riprinted from "Engineering News-Record."

With regard to the French quarries, however, Iir
told that with a few exceptions hand labor has beeri.h
chief reliance ever since the war began. No .
quarries are being worked by American forces at
writing, and until some definite arrangement is ri|
with the French for the taking over of quarrie i
certain territory by our men, little can be said or.h
subject.

The labor used in the French quarries which it
visited by the two engineers of the road depart
of our Army is to a large extent African, alth.?
some French workers are used. Sometimes an Ingeiol
Rand compressor and jackhamer drills were in evidic
but for the most part the drilling is done by Inv
I was told that the rate of drilling was from
1* meters per man daily. The rock is a soft limes n
with layers of clay intervening. The quarries as au
are worked in low faces, and drill holes are comnni
about 8 ft. deep. After being broken out by explos/e
the rock is fed into small jaw crushers, or else recci
in size by hand tools. The rock is screened in incut
grizzlies with i-in. spacing, and for breaking the vy
chunks one of the prevailing implements is a f1
hammer on the end of what is described as a "baby
cane." Such mechanical crushers as were obsive
were run with any kind of power available — some'ae
steam, sometimes gasoline, sometimes electricity. ;

Most of the loading into cars is hand work, ad
radical difference between these wartime quarries*

French official picture

IX THE FRENCH METHOD OF QUARRY OPERATION HAND LABOR HAS BEEN USED TO A LARGE EXTENT

Vpril 6, 1918

ENGINEERING AND MINIM. .)()! KNAL

kind an American engineer is accustomed to is the
.ih. of storage bins. This lack of bins was noted
oughnut their trip by the two American engineer
cers. All rock storage of the smaller quarries is
■\er in stockpiles on the ground or in the cars tin an
,'es. Two reasons are advanced for this practice.

the lirst place, lumber in France is pretty much
a luxury these days, and in the second, a group of
r»ge bins might tempt an enemy airman to a test
his markmanship with high-explosive bombs. As a

means of increasing output in any qua hi< h

American forces may operate, ll is th ' to

dispeBM with hand loading nl cars to as urea* an extent

as possible. Much of tin- crushed rock, 1 learn, is

transported by m. an: .■! tin' French -'.stem of canals

mi boatloads of 250 metric tons each.

There is one French quarry of large aize where trap-
rock is procured and where cm here and mechanical

devices of various kinds are more in evidence than at
the smaller limestone quarries. This big quarry is in

FYench official picture

AT THIS QUARRY MECHANICAL, PLANT IS MORE IN EVIDENCE — NOTE LOADING OP ORE FROM CHUTES

French official picture

DELIVERING QUARRY OUTPUT TO CRUSHERS — NOTE GaBLED SHAPE OF MOTOR-TRUCK BOTTOM IN
! FOREGROUND— DUMPING BODIES ON TRUCKS VERY UNUSUAL

DI

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No.

the form of a large "gloryhole" which is worked in
ties each 25 ft. high: The stone, however, is

red in ears on gravity planes to the tunnel level.
i„<;, ,iiHr drawn through chutes. The output

of this quarry is 600 tons a day with a force of about
Steam-driven air compressors, tripod drills.
and mechanical chain haulage through a
long tunnel are features of these works. The storage,
however, is principally on the ground or in the small

den quarry cars, of which there are about 1500.
This is the biggest of the French quarries, and trap
rock is shipped from it by rail to points as far distant

50 miles.
From my conversation with the engineers who in-
spected the French quarries, I infer that our chief task
in procuring crushed rock for road construction and
maintenance will be to revise the operating system now
in force with a view to securing greater output with
fewer men. This will mean the installation of up-to-
date machinery, the provision of elevated storage capac-
ity, and the speeding up of car loading.

present and may go higher. There is a necess
prospecting on a large scale in order to enlarge hi
platinum-producing areas. It is also necessary ton
vestigate the platiniferous olivine rocks which occu
extensive areas. The presence of platinum in the c-li
rocks of the northern Urals has been proved byb
investigations made in the last quarter of the precem;
century, but the low tenor of platinum in the rockii
question, in conjunction with the low prices of platiir.
then ruling, from $4.90 to $7.84 per oz. troy, made t
rocks unprofitable. Now, at the price $97.00 per.z
their exploitation can be attempted, and there are hie
for good results. Only by new discoveries of pti
niferous beds in alluvial deposits and by working h
deposits in basic rocks can the production of platiir
in Russia be increased.

Platinum Mining in Russia

By I. I. Rogovin*

In spite of the large increase in the production of
platinum during the last year, the output of this metal
shows a considerable decrease in comparison with the
productions of the years before the war. The production
of platinum in the Ural region for the last six years
is shown in the accompanying table:

PRODUCTION "I PLATINUM IN THE ORA] REGION

Vc:ir TrnyOz. V.Mr TmyOz.

185.292 8 1914 . 157.867 2

1911
1912
1913.

177.396 8 1915
157.920 0 1916

113,176.0
106,859 0

The continual decrease of the platinum production can
be explained only as due to the effect of the war. The
marked diminution of production during the last two
years is only partly due to the mobilization at the
beginning of the war, when many small producers,
miners and tnbutors, "starateli," had been called out.
As will be shown, the large platinum companies, pro-
ducing about 80% of the entire platinum product of
Russia (Ural region), have reduced their production.
The platinum production of several important com-
panies for 1913 and 1915 is given in the accompanying
table.

PLATINUM PRODUCTION BY COMPANIES

1913 1915

Troy Ounces Troy Ounces
The platinum mines of Prince Dcmidoff, San

Doiato (the Niine Tag.lsk works) . 42.475 20 26.320. 00

Count 1'. I' S.huvaloff's mining company, ltd 3,684.80 2Z.9U0.4U

Compagnie Anonyms Industrielle du Platme (a

large Fr..nch company) 33.952 8U i>,/<u.uu

The above companies are working their platinum
mines by dredges, and consequently the lack of workers
is of little importance to them. In addition, for the
last two years the miners who were working in the
gold and platinum mines were exempt from mobiliza-
tion. The real cause of the fall of platinum production
in Russia is due to the exhaustion of the mines. Such
being the fact, it is unlikely that after the war there
will be an increase in the platinum production of Russia.
Prices therefore will remain as high as they are at

Safeguards for British Industry

. In discussing Germany's control over her indu;r
and commerce, a writer in the Cape An/its (Sith
Africa) predicts that it will survive the war. He ij
furthermore:

"The merchants and manufacturers of Great Bri in

left to their own devices and jealous of each other, f;leu

[before the war] to create a sufficient demand forrr

proved technical education and scientific research. S<

long as they could still make money, they did not wr

unduly about the cracks which were becoming evbin

in the walls of the commercial and industrial edo

As a consequence, when war broke out we had re

few dye or chemical factories to assist in the maniat

ture of high explosive; the demands of the army j

navy for field glasses of high power could not be sis

fled, because we had almost ceased to make optical m

and had allowed its production to become a Gena

specialty; there was an appalling shortage of elect e<

apparatus for the same reason ; and there were at a

a dozen other industries, vital from the standpoii o

the war, which had shrunk to the narrowest dimen a

or were actually extinct. Assuredly there must, inr

case, be such special measures as may prove t< b

necessary to safeguard, even after the period of ro:

struction, the vital industries which have beenr

created, or newly started, during the war."

•Consulting engineer, Petrograd, Mojaiskaia ; 9.

Electric Smelting at Porjus, Sweei

According to a report on the Swedish pig-iro i
dustry from the British Minister at Stockholm, the le
tricity generated at Porjus is used for working the a
railway from the iron mines to the sea, and the (if
nator of the new smelting works at Porjus contr t-
for all the surplus current, thus obtaining the
ages of the cheapest electric power in Sweden, ancd
a well-equipped electric mineral railway to haul his o
ucts to an ice-free seaport. Three furnaces have e-
erected, with a weekly capacity of 150, 70 and 65 o
respectively; the most up-to-date electric appliances a
been introduced, and it is calculated that the worki.v
produce from 7000 to 10,000 tons of pig iron a 1
With extensions that are in course of construction, t
estimated that the output in 1918 will be increased y
further 10,000 tons.

aril 6, 1918

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

689

Application of Federal Income Tax Laws

To Mine Taxation

An important report upon the application o)
nvisions of the Income Ta.r Laxos to m\
oration and price-fixing in relation to the min-
ral industry has been made by a committee of
, \ w York Section of the American Institute
( Mining Engineers. The committee consists of
. Parke Channing (chairman), C. F. Kelley and
nhn V. N. Dorr. Through the courtesy of Mr. J.
'. Johnson, Jr.. chairman of the New York Sec-
ion, ire are enabled to excerpt this report and
' to our readers that portion dealing with
he application of provisions of the Income Tax
to mine valuation and taxation. — Editor.

IS a truism to say that mining occupies a unique
osition in industrial effort, in that the object sought
) be accomplished is the destruction of the corpus of
property constituting the basis of the operation,
-ervation of resources and additions thereto are
illy ends toward the attainment of which successful
ness enterprise is directed. In the mining industry
reverse is true, and a mine is most successfully and
omically managed that is exhausted as rapidly as
known and available tonnage will justify capital in-
ment in adequate plant facilities to produce the
imum economic output without disturbing market
litions. No mining operation realizes a profit until
i operation has discharged the liability of return-
to the participants in the venture the capital in-
ed therein.

has not been the general practice to distinguish,
he declaration of dividends, between net profit and
proportionate amount of current earnings which
ly constitute a return of capital. The result is that
. it having become imperative to draw the distinc-
. some confusion has arisen, and speculation and con-
ersy exist as to the correct method to be pursued in
ving at a satisfactory basis for making the dis-
tion.

Depletion
aragraphs 7 and 8 of Section 5 (a) and Paragraph
' Section 12 (a), of Title I, Act of September 8,
>, authorize individuals and corporations to deduct
a gross income "a reasonable allowance for exhaus-
. wear and tear of property, and . . . (6) in
case of mines, a reasonable allowance for depletion
eof; not to exceed the market value in the mine of
product thereof which has been mined and sold
ng the year for which the return and computation
made, provided that when the sum of annual allow-
!S for depletion equals the capital originally in-
ed, or in the case of purchase prior to Mar. 1, 1913,
fair market value as of that date of the mineral 'in
e,' no further allowance on this account shall be
e."

tie foregoing provision of the law is clear, explicit,
in the judgment of the committee, is as fair and

equitable as any legislative provision which could be
adopted, particularly in its application to mining prop-
erty acquired prior to Mar. 1, 1918. There has been
some discussion as to the desirability <>f enacting more
ilk' legislation. Such discussion has inevitably
aroused controversy a- to the particular provisions
which should be incorporated in such legislation.

Inasmuch as the valuation of mines and mining prop-
erty, while capable of being directed in a general man-
ner, cannot be made the subject of any inflexible rule,
the judgment of the committee is that no arbitrary stat-
utory provisions would meet adequately the numerous
questions that might involve the correct valuation of
particular mines, and, on account of the different fac-
tors that enter into practically every mining venture,
it is the definite recommendation or the committee that
no change in this particular legislation should be urged.
The provision of the statute that "a reasonable allow-
ance shall be made for depletion" is all that the mine
owners should ask, and is as much as the Government
should allow.

In applying the foregoing legislation to each indi-
vidual case, it becomes necessary for each taxpayer to
justify the method employed with reference to his par-
ticular property, general guidance being furnished by
rules which have been published by the Treasury De-
partment as instructions1 to collectors of internal rev-
enue, under date of Feb. 7, 1917, covering the subject
of depreciation and depletion.

Summarized, the status of depletion may be said to
be as follows: (1) The law permits "a reasonable allow-
ance for depletion." (2) Distinction is made, in valua-
tion for depletion purposes, between property which was
acquired prior to and that which has been acquired sub-
sequent to Mar. 1, 1913. Mines acquired prior to Mar.
1, 1913, may be depleted to the extent of the reasonable
value as of that date; those acquired subsequent to the
above date, at the actual cost thereof.

Valuation of Mines Acquired Prior to Mar. 1, 1913.

The most important matter in connection with the
subject of depletion is the method of valuation of the
mine, as such valuation fixes the total allowance and is
the essence of the entire matter. An analysis of the
rules prescribed by the Treasury Department discloses
the following:

1. The amount of invested capital which may be extin-
guished is "fair market value as of Mar. 1, 1913."

2. Value must not be based upon assumed salable value
of output under current operative conditions less cost of
production, for the reason that such value "would permit
earning capacity of property."

3. Neither must the value determination as of Mar. 1,
1913, be speculative.

4. The value determined must be "the salable value en
bloc as of the entire deposit of minerals contained in the
property owned, exclusive of the improvements and develop-
ment work."

5. The salable value en bloc is defined as "the price at
which the natural deposits or mineral property as an en-
tirety could have been disposed of for cash or its equiva-
lent."

VPublished in part in Eng-. and Min. Journal of Feb. 9, 1918.
p. 301.

0-40

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. {

where the quantity of mineral deposit in the
mine cannot be estimated with any degree oi certainty,
it wUl be necessary to use "the best information avail-
able"; the result of the determination arrived at in this

manner cannot he subsequently charged,

It is to be regretted that the foregoing provisions are
Be in their negative provisions while lacking in ex-
plicit direct ion as to the method to be pursued in reach-
ing the desired result. At first sight, there is a distinct
anomaly presented in directing that the valuation of a
mine must be arrived at by discarding the only pos-
sible factors that can be used, to wit, an assumed salable
value of output, minus the estimated cost of production.
There is likewise an impossible limitation in prohibit-
ing speculative valuation where speculative value is an
inherent attribute of the subject of valuation.

A differentiation between the earning capacity of the
property and salable value en block, while one that re-
quires analysis to make reasonably clear, does, the com-
mittee believes, exist, and the effort should be made to
reconcile an apparent contradiction in the foregoing
regulation, without discarding those principles of mine
valuation which are usually regarded as fundamental.
It is true that operators have been embarrassed by the
necessity of endeavoring, by interpretation and some-
what forced reconciliation with basic principles, to de-
cide upon a method of valuation. This condition, the
committee believes, is indefensible, for, while there are
always present elements of speculation, due not only to
the inherent character of ore deposits, but also to the
uncertainty of future market conditions and prices
(.with the exception of gold), there are, nevertheless,
certain principles which have become established as
classic practice in mine valuation.

Factors in Mine Valuation

In Hoover's treatise on the principles of mining, page

1, it is stated:

The valuation of a metal mine of the order under dis-
cussion depends upon

(A) The profit that may be won from ore exposed.

(B) The prospective profit to be derived from extension

of the ore beyond exposure.

(C) The effect of a higher or lower price of metal (except

in gold mines).

(D) The efficiency of the management during realization.

For the purpose of discussion, he classifies on page
3 the factors which arise in connection with the subject,
as follows:

(A) Determination of average metal contents of the ore.

(B) Determination of quantities of ore.

(C) Prospective value.

(D) Recoverable percentage of gross value.

(E) Price of metals.

(F) Cost of production.

(G) Redemption of re-amortization of capital and interest.
I H ) Value of mines without ore in sight.

(I) General conduct of examination and reports.

In Chapter 5 of the same work there is a discussion of
the principles of redemption and re-amortization of
capital and interest too long to be discussed here, but, by
the application of the tables calculated and published
therein, the present worth of a mine of known earning
capacity, with developed tonnage, can be ascertained.

Finlay, in his authoritative work on the cost of min-
ing, lays down as basic factors of mine valuation the
following :

(A) Average market prices.

(B) Average costs.

(C) Life of mine.

From the foregoing, it will be observed that, whe
literal interpretation of the Treasury regulation.^
parently forbids a determination of value reached iai
cordance with the usually accepted practice, such aoi
struction would establish a condition under which vjj
tion would be impossible. Proceeding upon the tht
that such a result could not possibly have been coi
plated by the revenue authorities, an effort has at
made to reconcile the regulations with the establ
practice.

Regulations Do Not Forbid Scientific Valuat*

Keeping in mind the inhibitions before stated, oitr
one hand, and the result which it is specifically decrr
must be reached, on the other, the committee is ford i
the conclusion that if it is possible to attain the rnr
in a defensible method, it may be done. There is >t
ing in the regulations forbidding the use of any sen
tific means of ascertaining the salable value en bl: o
the deposit of minerals. It is the committee's opio:
therefore, that the real intent of the regulations ie
pressed in the idea of establishing the "price at \
the property could be disposed of for cash or its eqiw
lent." In other words, having arrived at potential in
ing value by taking tonnage, metal content, probab n
covery, cost of extraction, average price of metals ai
life of the mine at a definite output where delimiteui
bodies permit and according to the best obtainablerec
logical and engineering data in the case of fissure 'in:
lenticular and other deposits incapable of being :cu
rately outlined, one is in a position, by using Hooves o
equivalent factors, to determine with more or less :cu
racy the present worth of the mineral deposit.

Ratio of Return Is Speculative

As the rate of return is, of necessity, speculative
in the most definite mining ventures, no conser
engineer would care to advise a client to become aatti
chaser at a figure represented by the result of the ori
going calculations, based upon an ordinary intere r
turn. Therefore, an amount less than the earning al'i
of the mine, representing, as far as possible, a:on
sideration of all underlying factors and involvir
no small measure, the personal equation of the appr a
at which amount the appraiser could and wool
scientiously advise a client to become the purchar i
the property, is the amount of invested capital
under the regulations, represents the en bloc value ii
may be written off as depletion by making a propedn
tribution thereof against units of production.

If, as the committee contends, the foregoing intip ■■■■
tation of the law and the regulations adopted b t
department is correct, the committee believes the-rt
eral principle would be acceptable to the minin
dustry, as a whole, and, likewise, that there wotl
little difficulty in inducing the department to adopi
concrete regulations as might receive the endorse
of the recognized professional organization and
would, without ambiguity, enable operators to carr ii
effect the principles of valuation thus established.

Attention is invited specifically to the provisic*
the regulations excluding improvements and del'
ment work from consideration in arriving at a fair a
ation. Upon what theory' the department proceed

pril 6, 1918

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

641

dint; is not clear, as lioth items must of necessity be
n Into consideration in determining the value of a
Bra) deposit or, conversely, no mineral deposit can
> any value without development work, which makes
OBSible to mine the deposit, and improvements, in
shape of plant equipment and transportation fa-
in, which make it possible to conduct the opera-
of mining and reducing the ores and recovering
efrom the metal value.

lie language used in the regulation is "salable value
iloc .... exclusive of the improvement and de-
pment work." To assume that one could find a pur-
er who would fail to take note of the fact that a
isit was wholly without improvements, i.e., the nec-
ry equipment to enable him to mine the property, or
•lopment work necessary to permit production, or
a seller exists who would be willing to sell without
ing a value on his improvements or the development
k done, would be taxing the imagination beyond the
ts of possibility.

is fundamental that, in any estimate of value, the
unt of money required for improvements and de-
pment work must be considered and provision made
efor, at least to the point of operation. The amount
■nded in preliminary development work may be ear-
in suspense as a deferred operating charge, or
ged to capital required to put the business upon an
ating basis. Plant and equipment expenditures
t likewise be amortized to break down value at least
ng the life of the property. It follows that it is
e impossible to estimate value en bloc without con-
ring these factors.

epreciation, which technically means the deteriora-
due to use, and charges for which should be car-
to the credit of a replacement reserve, cannot take
! of any of the foregoing accounts without a strained
itruction of the term. Therefore, it follows that
i development and equipment charges must be con-
red in arriving at en bloc value. How the accounts
jar on the books is not material — against the ex-
tion of the estimated tonnage charge must be made
eturn the capital expended on these accounts intact,
I he end of the life of the enterprise ; and therefore
a recommended that the attention of the Treasury
1 artment be called to this matter, in the effort to se-
i! a more definite expression of the sense of the de-
I ment in this respect.

Excess Profits Tax

itle II of the Act of Congress approved Oct. 3, 1917,
1 s with the subject of war excess profits. The theory
) he law is that during what is designated as the pre-
period, 1911, 1912 and 1913, corporations and per-
il engaged in business were making a normal return
I apital invested ; that, because of the tremendous in-
1 se in the volume of business, in certain channels of
re, due to the conduct of the war, there resulted an
I aordinary rise in prices, the profits of corporations
individuals engaged in such affected trades or busi-
* es were vastly increased, and, as a means of now de-
r'ing in part the increase of our Governmental ex-
'tses, a considerable portion of the enhanced or excess
"its, as the same are designated, should be paid in
a to the Federal Government. This theory of taxation

is so fair and just as to commend Itself to the great ma-
jority of taxpayers. Unfortunately, great doubt exists
as to the extent that this theory h.v found recognition
in the law as actually passed. Tiie criticism of the law,

in this respect, is based on the arbitrary, and from a
logical standpoint, the wholly unwarranted, restrictions
placed on the limit of return allowed during the pre-
war period and the definition of invested capital which
forms the basis for calculating the tax. These provi-
sions of the law are as follows:

Section 201 — That in addition to the taxes under existing
law and under this act, there shall be levied, assessed, col-
lected and paid for each taxable year upon the income of
every corporation, partnership or individual a tax (herein-
after in this title referred to as the tax) equal to the fol-
lowing percentages of the net income: 20% of the amount
of net income in excess of the deduction (determined as
hereinafter provided) and not in excess of 15% of the in-
vested capital for the taxable year; 25% of the amount of
the net income in excess of 15% and not in excess of 20%
of such capital; 35% of the amount of the net income in
excess of 20 and not in excess of 25% of such capital;
45% of the amount of the net income in excess of 25 and
not in excess of 33% of such capital; and 60% of the amount
of the net income in excess of 33% of such capital.

For the purpose of this title, every corporation or part-
nership not exempt under the provisions of this section
shall be deemed to be engaged in business, and all the trades
and businesses in which it is engaged shall be treated as a
single trade or business, and all its income from whatever
source derived shall be deemed to be received from such
trade or business.

This title shall apply to all trades or businesses of what-
ever description, whether continuously carried on or not,
except (a) in the case of officers and employees under the
United States, or any state, territory, or the District of
Columbia, or any local subdivision thereof, the compensa-
tion or fees received by them as such officers or employees;
(b) corporations exempt from tax under the provisions of
section 11 of Title I of such act of Sept. 8, 1916, as amended
by this act, and partnerships and individuals carrying on or
doing the same business, or coming within the same descrip-
tion; and (c) incomes derived from the business of life,
health and accident insurance combined in one policy issued
on the weekly premium payment plan.

It will be observed that the basis of the tax is, in each
case, a designated percentage of the amount in excess
of the deduction by which the net income exceeds a
specific return upon invested capital. The important
elements to consider are, first, the deduction and, second,
what constitutes invested capital.

Amount of Deduction Allowed

Section 203 provides that for the purpose of this title
(i.e., war excess profits), deduction shall be as follows:

(A) In the case of a domestic corporation, the sum of
(1) an amount equal to the same percentage of the in-
vested capital for the taxable year which the average
amount of the net annual income of the trade or business
during the pre-war period was of the invested capital for
the pre-war period (but not less than 7 or more than 9%
of the invested capital for the taxable year), and (2)
$3,000.

(B) In the case of a domestic partnership or of a citizen
or resident of the United States, the sum of (1) an amount
equal to the same percentage of the invested capital for
the taxable year which the average amount of the annual
net income of the trade or business during the pre-war
period was of the invested capital for the pre-war period
(but not less than 7 or more than 9% of the invested capital
for the taxable year) and (2) $6,000.

(C) In the case of a foreign corporation or partnership
or of a non-resident alien individual, an amount ascertained
in the same manner as provided in subdivisions (A) and
(B) without any exemption of $3,000 or $6,000.

(D) If the Secretary of the Treasury is unable satisfac-
torily to determine the average amoumt of the annual net
income of the trade or business during the pre-war period,
the deduction shall be determined in the same manner as
provided in Section 205.

ENGINEERING AND MIXIXC JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. i

ar what the actual returns may have been
during the pro-war period, the law arbitrarily limits the
return, which may now be considered as normal, to not

ban 7 nor more than 9' of the capital invested.

Mining, \ Business of Extreme Hazard
iggested in the beginning of this report, the com-
mits not care to enter into a general discussion
■ the merits of the legislation. In connection with
the mining industry, however, it does desire to call at-
tention to two matters of particular importance:

First: Mining is a business of extreme hazard, in
which, only in exceptional cases, can definite return be
prognosticated with accuracy. As Hoover well puts it,
in speaking of the difficulty of the mining engineering
profession: "The question of capital and profit dogs his
even- footstep, for all mines are ephemeral, the life of
any given mine is short" ; and, therefore, it is submitted
that the industry could, with propriety, and that out of a
sense of responsibility to those who have invested cap-
ital in it, urge upon Congress that recognition be given
to the uncertainty of the business, by the allowance of a
larger return, as a basis for pre-war earnings, than
may be necessary in the case of industries or pursuits
which rest upon a more enduring foundation and whose
present effort to meet the country's necessities is not
making so rapidly toward complete exhaustion.

Second : A very important branch of the mining busi-
ness is the production of gold. This branch of the
business, under existing conditions, finds itself in a par-
ticularly difficult position. The price of the metal has
not been and, of course, cannot, without upsetting all
established ratios of value and disturbing international
exchange, be changed. On the contrary, its value, ex-
pressed in terms of ability to purchase with a given
quantity every essential for its production, has de-
creased very materially. If there be any semblance of
harmony between the expressed theory of the excess
profits tax and the legislative enactments in pursuance
of such theory, a recognition of its inapplicability to
gold mining should be insisted upon.

Invested Capital

Section 207 of the act defines invested capital as the

average invested capital for the year averaged monthly.

The section is summarized in the following:

Invested capital does not include stocks, bonds (other
than those of the United States) or other assets the income
from which is not subject to the income tax, nor does it
mean money or other property borrowed. In the case of a
corporation or partner, invested capital includes: Actual
cash paid in; the actual cash value of tangible property
paid in other than cash for stock or shares in the corpora-
tion or partnership (but in case such tangible property was
paid in prior to Jan. 1, 1914, the actual cash value of such
property as of Jan. 1, 1914); paid in or earned surplus and
undivided profits used in the business, exclusive of undivided
profits earned during the taxable year. The actual cash
value of patent and copyrights paid in for stock or shares
shall be included as invested capital, not to exceed the par
value of such stock or shares at time of such payment. The
good-will, trademarks, the franchise of a corporation or
partnership or other intangible property shall be included
as invested capital if bona fide payment therefor was made
in cash or tangible property (value of such not to exceed
actual cash value at the time of such payment) . The
good-will, trademarks, etc., purchased prior to Mar. 3, 1917,
for and with interests or shares in a corporation or partner-
ship, in an amount not to exceed, on Mar. 3, 1917, 20% of
the total interests or shares in the partnership or corpora-
tion, shall be included as invested capital at a value not to
exceed the actual cash value at the time of such purchase,

ami. in case of issue of stock therefor, not to exceerfl
par value of such stock. A somewhat similar ruli]
given for an individual, but is not included here. The I
invested capital for a foreign corporation or a noil
alien, includes that proportion of the entire "invest
ital" as defined in Section L'07 which the net incoi
sources within the United States bears to the entii
income.

Confining discussion to the definitions as apph

corporations, it is not contended that, as to thisia

ticular feature of the law, there is anything that i

herent to the mining business that makes the legisl it

discriminatory as against it; but it is urged wit i

earnestness that, if that interpretation of the defirii

which may be said to be most generally entertde

is adopted, the mining industry furnishes innumeibi

instances that demonstrate the inequity of the laves

furnishes an abundance of reasons for its early ijt.

or modification. Some of the striking instances < it

inequitable application to the mining industry >er

enumerated in an excellent memorandum on the V .

Excess Profits Tax provisions of the revenue act.ik

on behalf of the Utah Copper, Nevada Consolktt:

Chino Copper, Ray Consolidated, Chili Explonici

Braden Copper and Kennecott Copper companies, >ui

lished in the Engineering and Mining Journal i fch

issue of Dec. 15, 1917, to which reference is made >r

complete discussion of the matter.

Elements of Invested Capital Summarized

Summarized, the general elements of invested catu
under the law, are: First, actual cash paid in; soei
actual cash value of tangible property paid in I
than cash for stock or shares in such corporate i
partnership at the time of such payment (but iicas
such tangible property was paid in prior to Jan. 1.
the actual cash value of such property as of Jan. 1 .
but in no case to exceed the par value of the or n
stock or shares specifically issued therefor) ; third
in or earned surplus and undivided profits used o I
ployed in the business, exclusive of undivided ]

earned during the taxable year Tl e

low additional provisions having to do with the a
of patents, intangibles, etc.

The various interpretations to which this definit i
susceptible may be illustrated in the statementtli;
follows :

2 3 4 5

Paid in car-
surplus d i!
divided >r
used i ■

undivided
earned d w
taxable \ r.

In the above analysis, 1 and 2 are perfectly «•
3 is a limitation on 2 so far as property ao i
prior to Jan. 1, 1914, is concerned; 4 is in turn fii
tation on 3 so far as property acquired prior to Jn
1914, is concerned.

Property Acquired for Stock Subsequent I
Jan. 1, 1914

Regarding the punctuation of the sentence ai
placing of the second bracket of the parenthetical m
the limitation of maximum value of the property
par value of the stock does not apply to proper
quired for stock subsequent to Jan. 1, 1914. Why c

1

2

3

4

Actual 1

Actual cash 1

If acquir- ]

ed prior f but

to Jan. 1, |

in no |
case I +

cash 1 +

value tang- 1 but

paid

ible proper- |

to ex- |

in j

ty paid in 1

1914, ac- [

ceed I

for stock or

tual cash f

par f

shares at the

value as

value 1

time of such

of Jan. 1,

of

stock J

payment ,

1914 J

ril 6, 1018

KNCIXKI ■.kim; AND MINING JOURNAL

648

u'tii'ii should be made is nol clear, and 11 maj be,
probably is, the result of improper punctuation.

I lawyers are inclined to disregard the second
;ot of the parenthesis ami construe the limitation of
mum value to the par value of the stock to prop
acquired for shares, either [trior or subsequent to

1. 1914. An interesting situation is presented
the third element of invested capital is considered
imeetion with the first two, "paid in or earned sur-
:iiul undivided profits used or employed in the busi-
Several different situations result from the uni-
ty contained in the definition in this respect:
ist : [f property originally acquired, either for
or stock, was equal in value to the cash or stock
just as soon as the property increased in value
was a realizable asset which should go to surplus
nit, and it should be added to 1 and 2, as above
>ered, to obtain invested capital.
SOSd: If earnings resulted from operations, part
tiich are reinvested in the business, it follows that
al has been increased to the extent that surplus is
iplied. If it be assumed that the property paid in
hares was worth the par value of the stock issued
for, the limitation that invested capital cannot
he aggregate) exceed the par value should not, in
m, be applied to invested capital under the fore-
r situation. If surplus has been earned and rein-
d, it must, of necessity, be added without limitation
le par value of the stock paid for the property,
a construction, if adopted, would remedy the chief
tion that has been made to the law in this respect.
i the other hand, the limitation of par value applies,
hird element that constitutes invested capital, paid
earned surplus, might as well not have been writ-
nto the law, because it can only have application to
• cases where watered stock was issued for property
;cess of the value of the property, and where, by
accumulation of reinvested surplus, there has been
i to the cash value of the property as originally pur-
>d the amount of reinvested surplus. The limita-
i in such case would be that the reinvested surplus

I I be considered only to the point where the incre-
to the property had brought it up to the par value

« stock, and beyond that point it would have to be
garded. Thus, by legislative sanction, would a
ium be placed upon the practice of issuing watered
, to the great disadvantage of the conservatively
lalized business.

Confusion the Result of Differences in
Interpretation

is beyond the limits of this report to enter into an
tment as to which interpretation is correct. Law-
' disagree with one another. The legislators respon-
^ for the curiosity disagree with one another and
1 the lawyers. The Treasury Department, in con-
u perplexity, has sent a call for the advisory com-
iion to attempt the impossible task of telling the
"iue officers what was meant by the legislators, who
:they did not mean what some of the legislators
I hey thought was meant.

ie advisory council has established a legal advisory
'■X to tell the advisory council that they cannot make
" aw mean what the advisory council wants to tell
l( Treasury Department it should mean. Accountants

have become nervou arrj Ing away from ma

of figures shattered mentalitiei ; corporation executives
have turned in bewilderment from lawyer to account

ants and from accountants to statistician-, i e of

whom can furnish an.\ intelligent interpretation. COUH

Bel or advice, and have finall) given up in despair, wait-
ing to see what happen It rettable reflection
upon American efficiency that such important legislation
should lie fraught with so much uncertainty. Thai this
particular provision should receive definite interpn
tion and, better, should be amended by prompt legis-
lation, is beyond question the opinion of all who have
had occasion to consider it.

Exploration of Spanish Potash Deposits

E. Mackay Heriot, discussing developments in the
Spanish potash fields, in the London Mining Journal of
Dec. 15, 1917, considers that the known data concern-
ing the deposits, while not complete, leave little doubt
that the discoveries are of commercial importance and
that this fact has been overlooked in England. He re-
ports the following interests as holding concessions in
the Spanish field: German Potash Syndicate, the Po-
dina company, Sociedad General de Industria y Com-
ercio, the Franco-Beige Syndicate and an American syn-
dicate. The work of investigation includes many deep
boreholes, the deepest being 880 m. (about 2885 ft.)
The Spanish government has issued a decree to the ef-

SALT FORMATION NEAR SURIA, SPAIN

feet that certain potash areas are reserved for the state
and cannot be claimed by private enterprise.

The Spanish potash area is in the Province of Barce-
lona and near the villages of Suria and Cardona. As in
the Alsatian field, these Spanish salts oc.cur in the
Oligocene period of the Tertiary formation. The Oligo-
cene occurrences near Suria and Cardona form the larg-
est in Cataluna, and occupy a considerable part of the
provinces of Barcelona and Lerida.

Tectonically, the Suria formation appears similar to
the Hanover type in Germany. The Southern Harz and
Stassf urt potash fields, however, were not so dislocated ;
both are in the Permian. The first exploratory work at
Suria consisted in three boreholes put down from the
surface. A shaft was also sunk into the rock salt. From
the bottom of this shaft a vertical hole was bored, and
another horizontal one from a crosscut. As this was
really the first find, a sketch of it is shown. Salt was
cut at 68 m., where the crosscut was put in. It will be
noticed from the plan that the potash layers are ir-
regular. Year rings can be observed, as in the German
older rock salt. The inclination of the stratification is
70°; however, from other local observations, it would

644

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No.,4

seem that the genera] dip is not more than 48" ; there-
fore the above must be an exception. Carnallite is found
in both the horizontal ami vertical boreholes in the shaft;
4 m. is given as the total width of carnallite in the
>cut. and in the horizontal hole 14.90 m., in different
layers, of course; and L2 m. of sylvinite. This latter is
a mixture of rock salt and sylvin. In the vertical hole
there was a total of 22 m. of carnallite.

Of the three other boreholes put down, the first
reached 60 m., and cut potash salts at 38 m. depth;

::,: W» UMS7BMI

VOUN6 /IOCHSAL.T

TSl $*LT CLAY

X POTASH SALTS

aaw ROCK SALT
;-. ANHYDRITE

P^puUML*STOHE

SOUTHERN HARZ TYPE OP POTASSIUM DEPOSIT

the two others gave no certain results. After this,
three more holes were put down in the Rumanie con-
cession. One cut rock salt at 50 m. depth, and was
suspended at 170 m. in salt. Another cut carnallite in
small layers at 130 m. and was stopped at 270 m. in
white rock salt.

As a result of the investigations, Cesar Rubio and
Augustin Marin, in their excellent report to the Spanish

Explonation :

PR = Potassium Salts
wim Rooksalt

P = Potassium Salts

R= Rocksalt

S= Siluinrte
SC= Salt Cloy

nine boreholes. Hole No. 1 : In the Saladita n u
depth, 370 m.; cut a layer of potash salts mixedvi
rock salts. Hole No. 2: Near Suria, in the Ru i
mine; also cut potash salts. Hole No. 3: In the a
dita mine; reached 40 m. and cut the potash layer, li
No. 4: In the same mine; was 590 m. deep, and ci t
same potash salts. Hole No. 5 did not cut the pot;h
payable quantities, although it was 651 m. deep. £
No. 6: In the Sagazan mine; cut the potash at i
siderable depth, the hole reaching the limestone 1 8
m. Hole No. 7 was similarly fortunate and achii
depth of 870 m. Holes Nos. 8 and 9 cut the n-m,
potash layer at about the same depth ; both were I
Sagazan mine. From the investigation work deiii
it appears that the layer of salt follows, to a consid'alu
extent, surface curves.

On general lines one may take the local geol;i
formations as given below, but, of course, the strati ;
tions vary much in the different holes : (a) Marls.ar
stones and limestones, 250 m.; (b) marls, with?;
sum and anhydrite, containing salt, 175 m.; (cm
clays and anhydrite, also rock salt, 100 m. ; (d)u ;
of potash salts mixed with rock salt; (e) grayn
salt with year rings, 200 m.; (/) anhydrite, 3 m. (,
limestone with marine fossils.

For comparison the profile of a borehole put don i
Wittelsbach, in Alsace, to 1119 m. is given: Fm
to 358 m., gravel and marl; 358 to 512 m., salt la
three beds, rock salt«and anhydrite; at 475 m.,5 i
of potash salts. Then came various beds of rockalt
anhydrite and dolomite; then 100 m. of greenislgn
marl schist. There seems in Alsace to be mark, a
sence of carnallite and chloride of magnesia. The p .
ish potash contains much carnallite. Thus, in rilit
it appears that the Spanish potash occurrences an
similar to the Southern Harz type, although this iti
is of Permian origin. One of numerous boriii;
by Mr. Heriot in the Southern Harz passed throuji tl
following formations: Sandstone and clay, youmr'i
salt, salt clay, anhydrite, potash salts, old rock sal «
year rings, anhydrite, limestone. In both this ail tl
Spanish occurrences salt clay and anhydrite cov' t
potash salts; then come the older rock salts wit
rings, anhydrite and limestone.

IPR.

|s

BORE HOLE FROM SHAFT AT SURIA

government in March, 1914, said: "The tonnage dis-
covered is not today sufficient to influence the market,
nor even to satisfy the needs of Spanish agriculture."
The same geologists have now given later news from
the Spanish potash fields in their report dated Sep-
tember, 1917:

The Franco-Beige Syndicate has sunk, near Suria,

The Price of Shameful Peace

More than a billion dollars of American agrici i
exports were sold to the European nations a w
with Germany during 1917. Had this nation lai
tained peace at the price of obedience to the Gui
war-zone decree, this European market would h
been closed and this billion dollars' worth of a/in
tural produces would, most of them, have rottl
farms and in warehouses, or been used in unprcte
ways, with consequent stagnation and ruin to the jH
can farmers.

Interest as well as duty urges the American in
to give financial support to his Government in thi v

Buy Liberty Bonds.

The Gold Output of the Transvaal for the mons
September and October, 1917, according to the Tr:s'
Chamber of Mines, was respectively 738,231 and 1
fine ounces.

ril G, 1918 ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL 646

I ■ ; , 1 1 u imuiii ii i inn 11 1 1 1 ii 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ii ' ^ 1 1 1 11 1 1 in 1 1 j 1 1 1 1 1 1 ii 1 1 1 1 ■ 1 1 1 ii l liiliillilllllillllliilillliilllllli i minim iiiiiiiiiiiiniii inn urn iiiii mi i iiiimiiiiimu

Correspondence and Discussion

H umiim i mm iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiliiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiini inn i iiimimimii iiiiimiiinmii in iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimimiiii hi n iiimimin ntlllllll

Aiding Machines and Comparative
>sts of Cyanidation and Flotation

e article on "Metallurgy of Gold and Silver," by
ert A. Megraw, in your issue of Jan. 12, 1918, has
read with interest. While I consider it an excellent
-. in keeping with the high standards of the author,
ertlu'less beg to take issue with two of the state-
s made. The first one is to be found in the fifth
,'raph of the article, which reads as follows:

i patented types of rapid cyaniding machines, several
lien have appeared on the market during the last four
e years, have been uniformly unsuccessful. They were
ly offered by persons who attempted to set aside the
principles of chemistry involved in dissolving metals
anide solution, and they were not able to oppose them.

seems to me that the author speaks in too general
v. If he had said that almost all the patented types
ipid cyaniding systems have been unsuccessful, I
i have had to admit that this statement was correct.
I cannot admit that all of the patented types of
I cyaniding machines have been uniformly unsuc-
ul. There has been a patented machine in the
:et for about three years which had proved its
t in practical use — the Koering metal-recovery
i. This machine is not offered by "persons who
npted to set aside the basic principles of chemistry
ved in dissolving metals in cyanide solution." The
ltor of the Koering metal-recovery drum does not
i that he found new chemical principles, but that
is drum the cyaniding of gold and silver ores is
itly intensified and simplified; intensified because the
ition, instead of being in open tanks, is done in a
i d vessel, so no gases can escape, and done also under
i sure, created partly by the non-escaping gases and
y by admitting into the drum either compressed air
earn. There is no doubt that a solution heated and
r pressure is more effective than one applied in open
is and used to leach the values in the sands or slimes
ercolation. The Koering drum also simplifies the
>>ss of cyanidation. Agitation, filtration and wash-
lire effected in one compact unit, and without the
n'fication of the pulp, as sands and slimes in this
siine are treated together.

' e second statement that I would take issue with is
e same article on p. 104, paragraph 3, which reads :

e flotation cost, producing concentrates, was 74c. per
'while the cost of cyaniding was $1.62 per ton. Since
dotation concentrate is not a finished product and the
i m from cyanidation is, the comparison on this basis

>t altogether fair, so the smelter charge, including
<ht and losses, of 83c. was included with the flotation
•' which brings the total up to $1.57 per ton, as com-
' 1 with the cyaniding cost of $1.62 per ton. The same
( ery was obtained both by flotation and by cyaniding,
1 as can be seen from these figures, the costs are pretty

y the same.

the first place, the smelter charge, including
i ht and losses of 83c, is decidedly too low. Take for
"iple ore averaging $10 per ton, and let the extrac-
°by cyanidation be 95%. Assume that, by flotation,

the recovery is also 95%. Mr. Megraw states that the
bullion from cyanidation is a finished product while the
flotation concentrate is not. The recovery by cyanida-
tion therefore is equal to 95%, or $9.50. The flotation
concentrates have to be shipped to the smelter, and the
smelter pays 95% of the values, or, in this particular
case, 95% of $9.50, equal to $9.02, a loss of 48c. The
treatment charges are $5 per ton. For a ratio of con-
centration of 10 to 1, this represents 50c. per ton, and
with the 48c. mentioned above, amounts to 98c. Adding
this to 74c, the flotation cost given in the paper by
Robert E. Dye, makes a total of $1.72, as compared with
the cyaniding cost of $1.62. The flotation royalty, the
cost for haulage, the freight and other incidentals such
as the penalty for base elements have not been in-
cluded. It is not to be overlooked that in concentration
by flotation not only are the gold and silver concen-
trated, but also the base elements, for which the smelter
exacts a penalty. Comparing the total costs of cyani-
dation and flotation, the author of the article will have
to admit that in some instances, and especially in
isolated plants where a custom smelter is not available,
cyanidation is much cheaper. M. Markus.

Salt Lake City, Feb. 14, 1918.

Determining Copper Minerals in Ores

I would like to offer the following discussion of the
paper by Messrs. Van Barneveld and Leaver on their
method of determining "oxide" copper in ores. It
seems to me that there is an uncertainty as to some of
the conclusions in their description, although, of course,
this may be cleared up by unpublished data.

It is, I think, true that the sulphuric acid method of
determining oxide copper is not satisfactory7, as has
been pointed out elsewhere.1 There are three reasons
given for this in the present paper, first the presence
of metallic iron, second the fact that dilute sulphuric
acid dissolves only half the copper from cuprous oxide,
and third that chalcopyrite, bornite and chalcocite are
more or less soluble in dilute sulphuric acid.

I agree with the first two reasons, but not with the
last, as a general statement. It is, so far as my ex-
perience goes, a fact that the minerals spoken of are
not at all soluble in dilute sulphuric acid, except under
oxidizing conditions, and then only to the extent that
they are oxidized. It is, of course, obvious that shaking
in a bottle-rolling machine would be a much more severe
condition in this respect than the usual procedure for
determining "acid-soluble" copper. In other words, I
think probably the maximum amount of copper dis-
solved under these conditions (2.07% from chalcocite)
was due to oxidation of the sulphides and solution by
the acid of the oxides formed, rather than by any
solubility of the sulphides themselves. This would be
borne out by the fact, as shown in the table in the

]C G Maier ; "Sulphur and Copper Oxide Determination ;"
Journal, Feb. 23, 1918.

EXCIXEEKIXC AXD MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105? No. 4

le, that increased fineness, giving increased surface
for oxidation, resulted in larger amounts of soluble
per.

milar teats made here on sulphides as Dearly pure as
obtainable do not show any appreciable solubility,
except from oxides already present. 1 do not think the
ordinary procedure for determining acid-soluble copper
will dissolve any copper from copper sulphides.

On p. 553 of the article referred to are given the
requirements for a method for determining oxide cop-
per. The solvent (SO,) must, of course, dissolve all
"oxidized" minerals. Sulphur dioxide will dissolve, and
hold in solution, when present in excess, copper from
cuprite, melaconite, malachite, and azurite. I think it
is doubtful, however, that complete solution of copper
as metallic copper, or copper from certain silicates, can
be effected by SO.. It is stated to be necessary to have
all minerals very finely ground, and it is, of course, im-
possible to do this with metallic copper.

It is also a fact that SO., precipitates copper from
sulphate solutions under conditions closely similar to
the procedure described. There are also certain
varieties of copper silicates which resist the action of
quite strong, hot sulphuric acid, and these, in the
absence of direct evidence to the contrary', would hardly
be expected to yield up their copper to so weak a solvent
as SO:.

There is, however, another factor, due to reactions
which have apparently been overlooked by the authors,
which in my opinion render the method unreliable in
proportion to the metallic iron present. This is, as the
authors state, always present in sufficient amount to
make trouble for a method which is affected by it. The
authors state that metallic iron in ordinary quantities,
even up to 3fc, dissolves rapidly. This is true, but
it is not true that it has no effect on the determination
provided a strong excess of SO., is present; the con-
trary is the fact. It is easy to show that metallic iron
in the presence of SO, will cause the precipitation of
copper as sulphide from solution. If one places a small
amount of iron wire in a solution of copper sulphate
and pass in SO,, copper is at once precipitated in the
cold as sulphide, due probably to the fact that a part
of the iron at least dissolves as iron thiosulphate. If
one takes a small amount of cuprous or cupric oxide
or other copper compounds soluable in SO. solutions, and
treats with SO, in the presence of metallic iron, it is
easily seen that a very considerable part of the copper
remains undissolved as sulphide of copper, which, as
the authors state, is not acted on by SO,.

This reaction of copper, SO, and metallic iron to pro-
duce copper sulphide is not generally known, but the
above simple tests serve to show that it takes place
under a number of conditions, and so far as I can see,
therefore, there is no escape from the conclusion that
the proposed method will be inaccurate, more or less,
proportionately to the metallic iron present. Since
the latter, in a number of cases, may be nearly equal to
the oxide copper present, the error introduced in this
way will, I think, be too great to render the method of
even approximate value, and it seems probable that this
is the main reason for the low results given in the table
as compared with the sulphuric acid method, provided
the latter was done by the usual standard method.

Xew York, Mar. 26, 1918. G. D. Van Arsdale.

A Metals and Minerals Administrao

The statement in your editorial entitled "A M
and Minerals Administration" in the Journal of I;
2, that "the phenomenally high prices for antio
failed to stimulate, in this country, any largepi
duction of that metal, which without any doubt .
have to bring from China, as in the past," shoul i
go unchallenged, in view of the facts. There are a
antimony mines in Nevada and elsewhere tha s
capable of supplying the needs of the United Stas .
all times, provided the price of the metal is on a a!
basis, instead of being 35 or 40c. one month and ov
to 10 or 15c. the next, due to an influx of fcjjj
material, coming chiefly from China and Japan.

The cost of producing the metal from ores i t.'
United States, so far as the developement of iti
and extraction of ore are concerned, with deliver i
distant smelteries, is equivalent to about 20c. n< pi
lb. for the recovered metal content. The amount ■ o:
available at any one mine is scarcely enough to wsrai
smelting at the mine, but in a region where thei B
a number of these mines a smeltery would be u
fled, provided there were some assurance that the>n<
of the metal would not slump overnight and lea\ ti
investors without means of recovering their nne
We cannot expect to compete with the cheap ah
available in China and Japan, however good our in
may be. Though many have a larger metallic
than is usual in the Orient, we are at a decide i
advantage unless we have something more thai
tection to the extent of lie. per lb.

Unless the government will encourage the prodt
of the metal by assuring a living price, the ant
mines must remain unproductive indefinitely.

The Government should be interested in crtn
conditions which will assure an adequate supr
this and other metals required. It cannot 1
strongly urged that such protection be given I
ducer as will make it an incentive for him to el <
his property. John T. Rd

Lovelock, Nev., Mar. 7, 1918.

Electrification of All Railroads U|
as Conservation Measure

E. W. Rice, Jr., has struck the keynote, as stateon
434 of the Mar. 2 issue of the Journal, under the e
ing "Electrification of All Railroads Urged." 1 B
long been a dream of mine, but the railroads have e
dared attempt it until the last few years, whe
wonderful performance and economy of such roai i
been revealed. When the war is over, may wi
to see a double-track transcontinental electric r
There are millions of horsepower in our river ;
waterfalls, and where there is no water there is co :
oil, making a front line defence of electric pow
many years to come.

Modern Railroads? Yes, in part. But som <
we will wake up. We cannot sleep and waste fc*
Scrap the ox and cart, and let us ride and do bun
according to the age in which we live.

L. Earle BROVt

Battle Mountain, Nev., Mar. 8, 1918'.

il 6, 1918

ENc;i.\KKi;iN<; and minim; joi RNAL

647

Events and Economics of the War

noi«tiiNii»iiiNniiiiH»iii»u»»iii!iniiii ; i i intinmi in < iiiiiiuu n I i i i n,

th tin- Allies' line unbroken, the German drive
ami' came practically to a halt on the tenth day,
loint of furthest advance being 11 miles from
us; the British hold on Arras was unshaken;
:il Foch, of the French staff, has taken command
e Allied forces; part of the British front was
over by the French early in the struggle; no
ar-ftttack on a large scale has yet been under-
lay the Allies. Bombardment of Paris by a long-
i gun from a point thought to be 75 miles away
'i the German lines has been a sensational though
;ible feature of the offensive. In the East, Odessa
vtaken by the Russians. Essalt, 35 miles north-
if Jerusalem, was occupied by the British.
the United States, "daylight saving" went into
on Mar. 31 at 2 a. m., when all clocks were
1 ahead an hour. The time for making income
jxcess profits tax returns expired on Apr. 1 at
ight, having been extended 24 hours. House-
rs, public utilities and industries engaged in war
were urged by the Fuel Administrator to order
now for the coming year; coal operators, it was
inced, who clean their coal, may charge 20c. more
on. Chairmen of railway directorates were cut
y Director General McAdoo from official connec-
with road operation during the war. A survey
e packing industry was ordered by President Wil-
n recommendation by Food Administrator Hoover,
of more than 100 I. W. W. leaders opened in
tgo on Apr. 1 before Judge Landis. The shipping
with Japan was closed, the latter allowing this
ry 150,000 tons of ships, on the basis of two tons
ites for one ton of dead weight shipping capacity.

rd Liberty Loan for Three Billions

ree billion dollars, with all over-subscriptions, will
e amount of the Third Liberty Loan, to open Apr.
1 the rate of interest will be 41%, according to a
nent of Secretary McAdoo, issued on Mar. 26.
s of the third loan will not be convertible into any
e loan, although those of the first loan, bearing
interest, and of the second, bearing 4%, may be
rted into the new bonds. The new bonds will be
long term, probably between 20 and 30 years.

en of Analytical Ability Wanted
by Ordnance Office

n are wanted for the requirements section of the
ol bureau of the Ordnance Office. This section is
red with the responsibility of estimating quanti-
and delivery dates for all purchases of ordnance
rial, amounting to hundreds of millions of dollars
1 nnum. Applicants must be capable of analyzing a
1 ty of facts in relation to the needs for such mate-
and presenting sound conclusions as to the pur-

chases that should be made. They should, in general,
be college graduates, and ordinarily should be men who
ranked in college, from a scholastic standpoint, in the
upper 2p% of their classes. This restriction is neces-
sary, owing to the fact that the work requires close and
logical analysis to an unusual degree. Men who have
been effective in narrow lines of work, simply through
perseverance, and personal rather than mental quali-
fications, are not, ordinarily, adapted to the purposes.

Unusually keen and versatile men are necessary. As
a further qualification, the men should have had experi-
ence in preparing estimates or reports on which their
reputation has rested, and on the basis of which sub-
stantial money expenditures have been made. The re-
quirements section of the control bureau is in charge
of Lieut. Col. M. C Rorty, office of the Chief of Ord-
nance, Washington. D. C.

How to Join the Army Engineers

The best results in any organization are obtained
only when the energies of all the men in it are con-
centrated along the lines for which they are best suited
by natural ability, education and training. It is more
important to have the right man in the right place in
the Army, where lives of men are at stake, then it is in
any business enterprise. The First Replacement Regi-
ment of Engineers was organized at Washington Bar-
racks, D. C, on Dec. 14, 1917, with the express idea of
accomplishing this end. Its specific purpose is to keep
all engineering units of the Army at full enlistment
strength during the period of the war. This regiment
has not only the responsibility of finding men to fill up
depleted ranks, but it must also fit them to step into
the work of trained, efficient and disciplined soldiers.

The preliminary work of the recruit is first a thor-
ough training in military drill, for the engineer soldier
must be prepared to lay down his shovel and take up
his rifle at any time. Infantry drills gradually give way
to engineer work and more specific technical training.
The engineer soldiers must know how to tie all the
important kinds of knots and lashings, to build spar
and truss bridges, to construct revetments, dig trenches,
place entanglements, construct machine-gun emplace-
ments, build pontoon bridges and construct roads. They
must also know the methods of demolition, sapping and
mining. Specialized training in lithography, zinco-
graphy, surveying, mapping, photography, carpentry,
blacksmithing, electricity and machinery are also given
to those qualified for further training in any of these
branches.

The Replacement Regiment will be called upon to
furnish men for the following organizations:

Camouflage regiments, crane operating and maintenance
regiments, depot detachments, electrical and mechanical
regiments, forestry (saw mill) battalions, forestry (auxil-
iary road, camp and bridge) battalions, gas and flame serv-
ice, general construction battalions, mining regiments,
quarry regiments, sapper regiments, searchlight regiments,

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 4

supply and shop battalions, surveying, ranging ami map re
production regiments, ami water supply companies.

Engineers are called upon to perform such a wide
range oi work that practically every man with any tech-
nical training or mechanical ability can find a place in
this organization. Every male citizen in the United
States who is physically fit, and between the ages of 18
and 21, and 31 and 40, is eligible to join the regiment
by voluntary enlistment.

To be assured of assignment to this regiment, the ap-
plicant for enlistment should write to the Commanding
Officer, 1st Replacement Regiment Engineers, Room 107,
Headquarters Bldg., Post of Washington Barracks, D.
C, for an application blank. If the blank shows the
man to be eligible, an enlistment card is filled out and
sent to the recruiting officer nearest to the applicant's
place of residence, with instructions to enlist the man
for service in this regiment. Transportation and meals
will be furnished by the recruiting officer, and the man
will be instructed to report at the post for duty.

It is important that the applicant comply with these
instructions closely, as otherwise it may be found im-
possible to effect a transfer after enlistment.

Steel Prices Same, but Wages Rise

Prices on ore, coke, steel and steel products, recom-
mended previously by the price-fixing committee of the
War Industries Board, subject to revision on Apr. 1,
were ordered by President Wilson on Mar. 26 to be con-
tinued in effect until July 1. From Apr. 1 to July 1, how-
ever, the maximum price of basic pig iron was ordered
reduced from $33 to §32 per gross ton, and of scrap steel
from $30 to $29 per gross ton. It is provided that new
contracts calling for delivery of these products on or
after July 1 are not to specify a price except with the
understanding that it is subject to revision by any
authorized Government agency.

The announcement was made after approval by the
President of a recommendation made to him by the
price-fixing committee, and all manufacturers and pro-
ducers are expected to observe the maximum prices.
Elbert H. Gary, chairman of the board of the United
States Steel Corporation, said that the majority of steel
producers will be able to realize a fair profit in the
average on the basis of the new schedule.

It has been announced by the Steel Corporation that
a wage increase amounting to $45,000,000 per year
would go into effect on Apr. 15. Approximately 200,000
men will be affected by the 15% increase, of whom
the greater number are day laborers at manufacturing
plants. Employees of the railroad, coal mining and
shipbuilding companies are not to be included in the
increase. The wages and salaries of other workers than
day laborers are to be equitably adjusted, except in
cases where advances have recently been made.

Since Jan. 1, 1916, the corporation has raised wages
six times, for an aggregate advance of 80% in respect
to unskilled labor and more than 70% averaged among
all employees. As the increases have been made one
upon the other, the progressive increases in the 27
months amount to a considerably higher percentage
than these. Day laborers are now getting $3.69 for a
10-hour day in comparison with approximately $2 early
in 1916.

Americanizing Our Alien Populate

Ways and means of putting into operation thim
tional plan of Americanization projected by theD
partment of the Interior were discussed by Seer
Lane at a conference in Washington on Apr. 3. 1
this had been invited the state governors, chairm.
the state defense councils and several hundred ilu
trial leaders. "English the language of the Ub
States" is the slogan adopted under this plan of Ae
icanizing the millions of foreign birth in this coin

Americanization is to be dealt with as a war me u
for counteracting the anti-American propaganda aai.
aliens, a large proportion of which is being carrii t
insidiously within industrial plants. The entire ili.
was submitted to the industrial men present and cur
other features also involving the human side of indttr

The war aspects of Americanization have impris
themselves upon the Government very forcibly ;i
the United States entered the conflict. It has >e>-
found that 1,275,000 aliens were registered unde th
selective-draft law. Many of these have been acote
for military service, but on account of inability to tea
English and because illiterate, cannot understand nil
tary orders in English and therefore make trainir e:
ceedingly difficult in the cantonments.

Fires in grain elevators alone have increased '0'
since the United States entered the war, while fin
explosions, wilful damaging of machinery, hamp-in
the production of war materials and other acts imp
the Government's activities have frequently been tic*
to aliens. Their ignorance of English makes therm
prey for German propagandists and plotters, wh |
stirring up industrial difficulties and misunderstand
in various sections of the country. The departmei i
observed how many otherwise friendly aliens havi
made tools of the enemy.

The department's investigations, through the b"e;
of education, show that 5,000,000 persons of fi
birth do not speak the English language; while 3,01
males of military age, that is from 18 to 45 year
unnaturalized and owe no obligations of loyalt.^ai
support to the United States. As head of the
ment under whose supervision come the inten
fairs of the country, the Secretary of the Inter r
taking steps to safeguard national unity and fit!
to insure a unified people back of the fighting line

Advance in Railway Wages Expeu

Wages increases for 1,939,399 railroad emple
amounting to $350,000,000 per year, will soon be ;
mended by the Railway Wage Commission, it is;a
Approval of Director General McAdoo is expected. 1
recommendation is based chiefly on the increases
of living. The increase will probably be in the o
of a flat raise, giving $180 more each year to
worker earning $360 to $3000. Last year, 1,9: ,(
men received less than $1000 per annum; 51% reiv
less than $75 per month and 36% worked seven (,v
week. The proposed increase of $350,000,000 is*,
of the $945,000,000 guaranteed by the Governnut
annual net income. It is said that this recognit"
the equal rights of capital and labor is viewed as s
toward social reorganization after the war.

ril 6, 1918

ENGINEERING AND MINING J01 RNAL

649

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Industrial News from Washington

By Paul Wooton, Special Coreespondent

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ir Industries Board Frowns Upon
Kon-Essential ( Construction

oritj assistance will be denied by the War Indus-
Board, and other obstacles placed in the way of
rection of industrial plants which cannot be util-
in the prosecution of the war. The board has
i up a formal resolution to this effect, reading in
U follows:

new undertakings not essential to and not contributing
directly or indirectly toward winning the war, which
a the utilization of labor, material and capital re-
I in the production, supply or distribution of direct or
ct war reeds, will be discouraged, notwithstanding
:;y be of local importance and of a character which
I iii normal times meet with every encouragement,
ice is hereby given that this board will withhold from
projects priority assistance, without which new con-
ion of the character mentioned will frequently be
impracticable. All parties interested in such under-
rs should be fully apprised of the difficulties and
i to which they will be subjected, and will embark upon
at their peril.

Jeedless Ocean Traffic Abolished

th regard to the restriction of imports, the U. S.
ling Board has given out the following comment:
lthough the list of embargoes on imports from
eas is supposed to be the least important of the
coming series, the public will be affected first and
in a hundred little ways. The primary purpose
e order is to save shipping space. About 1,500.-
ona are cut off provisionally. Incidental to this
g, is the barring, for the time being at least,
any commodities.

he Shipping Board uncovered some interesting sit-
ins during the investigations preliminary to the
'ig of the list by the War Trade Board. At a time

there was a serious food shortage in Italy, ships

ily were bringing to the United States the equiva-

|of 50,000 bushels of wheat which Italy had im-

id from the United States. The recent embargo

I huts off such imports absolutely.

still more striking example was furnished by
ntina. Although the United States raises 60^c
I the corn in the world, and Argentina raises no
' than Illinois, the United States is actually im-
nig large quantities of Argentine corn. The
j nt of shipping tied up by this unnecessary traffic
'1 suffice to transport 2,000,000 bushels a year to
B rmy in France."

Leith Committee Active

l busy a spot as can be found in Washington is that
'ied by the offices of what is coming to be known

I arly as the Leith committee. This committee,

I I is representative of the War Trade Board, the
l')ing Board and the War Industries Board, is
*'d by Prof. C. K. Leith. The other members are

Spurr and Pope Yeatman. The committee is en-

deavoring to stimulate domestii production of the war

minerals.

To accomplish this, it is converging such aid as can
be extended by Government agencies. With the Direc-
tor General of Railroads, the matter of priorities is
being discussed. That of securing exemption from
military service of men highly skilled in the produc-
tion of war minerals has been taken up with the War
Department. Numerous problems relating to labor are
being considered with representatives of the Depart-
ment of Labor. Companies engaged in opening new de-
posits are having a hard time as a result of the excess-
profits regulations. This matter has been taken up
with the Commissioner of Internal Revenue. These ex-
amples give an idea of the committee's work, in addi-
tion to that involved in deciding on the extent of im-
port restrictions.

To Limit Iron Ore Imports

Importation of iron ore probably will be restricted
in the near future. Supplies coming from Sweden and
from Spain are expected to be cut off entirely. While
no ore has moved from Chile in some months, it is prob-
able that imports from that country will be definitely
eliminated. It is presumed that the Cuban imports will
be allowed to continue

Water Power Legislation Urged

Resolutions were adopted by the U. S. Chamber
of Commerce on Mar. 27 calling on Congress to make
provision for utilizing the millions of water horsepower
now going to waste in the United States. The recom-
mendations presented were as follows :

That Federal legislation encouraging the development of
water power should at once be enacted; that authority to
grant permits should be vested in an administrative depart-
ment; that the permit period should be at least 50 years,
any shorter period being at the applicant's option; that tolls
should attach only to use of public lands or benefits derived
from head-water improvements; that permittees should be
entitled to acquire the right to use public lands forming
only a small and incidental part of the development; that
recapture should be exercised only upon payment of fair
and just compensation; that if recapture is not exercised
the investment of the permittee should be adequately pro-
tected; that rates and service should be regulated by state
commissions where the service is intrastate, with Federal
regulation only where several states are directly concerned
and do not agree, or when there is no state commission;
that if any jurisdiction to regulate the issuance of securities
is exercised, it should be solely by the state, and that no
preference should be granted as between applicants amount-
ing to a subsidy from the Government, creating unequal
competition.

No Federal Action on Quicksilver

No Federal action having a bearing on quicksilver
prices is advisable at this time. This conclusion was
reached after a conference on the quicksilver situation
at the War Industries Board last week. Pope Yeatman,
who presided, stated that he is very much pleased with
the effective work being done by quicksilver producers.

ENGINEERING AND MINTNG JOURNAL

Vol. inn. No. i

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>ril 6, 1018

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL ,;:,,

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Editorials

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The Proposed Mines Control

HE bill for a mines control, which has been
•oughly referred to as the proposed mines dictator-
has been introduced in Congress, and last week
were hearings before the Committee on Mines
Mining of the House. In its present form the
is materially different from what was originally
mplated, iron, copper, lead, and zinc having been
ed from it.s terms, but unless the bill be further
ded there will be found ample guise of authority
ome "administrator" to step in and undertake to
'ate our copper, zinc and lead mines and metallurgi-
orks upon the representation that their ores pro-
antimony, arsenic, bismuth, sulphur, or something
is byproducts.

e bill that is drawn follows the model of the Lever
under which the Food and Fuel Administrations
created, ignoring the radical difference in condi-
that exist in the mineral industry. There are
sions for licensing operations, provisions against
ling, provisions for fixing prices, provisions for
sitioning mines, plants, etc. In brief, the bill is
regulatory (if the President sees fit to act accord-

0 its provisions) of a large part of the mining-
try, and, as we have previously pointed out, many
•tant branches of the production of the major
s may be brought under its terms. In addition
:o, there is an appropriation of $50,000,000 with

to stimulate production of any necessaries that
;emed essential.

ipped of its verbiage and its regulatory pro-
5, which may easily be caused to become mis-
sus, the purpose of this bill is fully described in
le: "To provide further for the national security
efense by encouraging the production, conserving
jpply and controlling the distribution of those
metals, and minerals which have formerly been
Y imported, or of which there is or may be an
luate supply." Even more specifically it is to
se the production and control the use of manga-
re, chrome ore, graphite and pyrites.
' are not convinced that there is so serious an
ency in these minerals as is represented by some
i boards in Washington, but, taking it for granted
here be, every loyal citizen is bound to support
;lrPose in principle. If it be necessary to appro-

$50,000,000 for the purpose, let that be done
By, but let it be done in the way that will best
Wish the purpose, and divest the bill of pro-
! that are more likely to blight the industry than
mote it.

1 production of all the minerals whereof we are
'and whereof there is any chance for development,
present being pushed feverishly under the natural
^Js of high prices. The main thought in the
h bill is manifestly that we must speed up still

i*. and that to do this persons who are unwilling

to become adventurers, lest the markets will not hold,
must be guaranteed against loss of capital out].-,...
Therefore it is proposed that the Government shall
guarantee minimum prices lor a period -not exceeding
two years." In other words, the Government is to be-
come an underwriter of business enterprises. There
is obscurity regarding intentions in this particular.
Sec. 11 reads: "That whenever the President shall find
that an emergency exists, requiring stimulation of the
production of necessaries, and that it is essential that
the producers of necessaries shall have the benefits of
the guaranty provided for in this section, he is author-
lzed • • • to fix . . . what, under specified
conditions, are reasonable guaranteed prices, in order
to assure such producers a reasonable profit.
Thereupon, the Government of the United States hereby
guarantees every producer of these specified necessaries
that ... he shall receive for any necessaries pro-
duced in reliance upon this guarantee within the period,
not exceeding two years . . . a price not less than
the guaranteed price. ... In such regulations the
President shall prescribe the terms and conditions upon
which any producer shall be entitled to the benefits of
such guaranty."

Up to this point the language of this section leaves
us in doubt whether the Government is going to under-
write not only new enterprises but also those that are
already being prosecuted; or whether it is going to
take care only of those that are undertaken "in reliance
upon this guarantee"; or does the concluding sentence
that we have quoted mean that a special and perhaps
different guaranty is to be made in each case? But
the opening sentences of the section imply a general
guaranty, and we find a specific interpretation to that
effect when, further on, it is provided that "when
the importation ... of any of these necessaries
. . . is likely materially to enhance the liabilities
of the United States under guaranties of prices there-
for made pursuant to this section," an equalizing duty
may be imposed.

In other words, the Government ii going to be asked
to give an unlimited "put" for two years to domestic
producers, including those who have already gone into
business for the sake of profit, taking their chances,
but is going to prevent consumers from getting any
cheaper foreign supplies. The intention of the bill
being thus clearly established, the confusion of any
other thought should be cleared away, for if anybody
gets the idea that the guaranty is to be limited to those
who enter upon production in reliance upon it, there
will be a suspension of all projects while this bill js
being debated, which would be exactly contrary to the
main purpose of the bill. Yet why should those ad-
venturers w^ho have been inspired to embark in new
enterprises by the stimulus of high prices and the oppor-
tunity to realize a profit be now given any guaranty?
The fact is that there is nothing novel in the situa-

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 4

tion that exists today, nothing that Americana have

not previously mastered on their own initiative. In
1915 WB were called upon to expand our production of
tungsten, sulphuric acid, zinc and other things, and
we did it in phenomenally short time. In eight months
of 1916 we increased our sine smelting capacity by
At the end of 1916 we had 13 times the number
of zinc smelting retorts that we had at the end of 1914.
Smelters risked millions in new plants without any
guaranty against collapse in the market. Titanic feats
in speeding up were recorded. The U. S. Steel Cor-
poration, working night and day, produced spelter
within four months and completed the colossal Donora
plant in nine months, although 18 months wnuld have
been a reasonable pre-war estimate for such an under-
taking. So it was with sulphuric acid works, tung-
sten mines and everything else, and who would deny
that we could not do such things again and would not
do them in this supreme national crisis if we had es-
caped the blight of Governmental regulation?

But if it be true that private capital will no longer
be venturesome, if it be true that because of arbitrary
Governmental actions in one direction, perhaps forced
by circumstances, people will not take chances in
another, and the Government must, therefore, do some-
thing unusual, then let the Government proceed in a
businesslike way, just as the individual would. If
private capital will not speed up the production of
manganese and chrome ores fast enough, being unwill-
ing to take the risks, let the Government organize its
own mining corporation to do so and invest its money
without frightening the rest of the industry with mina-
tory and regulatory measures. Let such a corporation
enter into contracts with private individuals, if neces-
sary, which would give them the guarantees they need.
Let such a corporation be granted the right of requi-
sition upon idle mines or works that can be made to
produce but do not, although it is incredible that any
such exist. If there be any objection to the corpora-
tion organization, let the power to do these things be
conferred upon the Secretary of the Interior, who has
organized agencies already. The mining industry has
full confidence in the Sacretary of the Interior and his
agencies, but it may well fear the chance of being
thrown into the hands of another commission headed,
perhaps, by a professor.

As to other provisions in the pending bill, we do
not think of any that may be desirable for the sake of
the public welfare that are not already being exer-
cised, or may be. The Bureau of Mines already has
full power to make studies for the elimination of wastes
and the improvement of methods. There are no mate-
rial evils of profiteering that need to be eradicated. The
Government can step in and commandeer supplies when-
ever it sees fit, as it has done already (and perhaps
not very wisely) in the cases of tin and platinum. If
it be necessary to enter upon what is practically ration-
ing in the event of deficient supplies, that can be done
best through the medium of producers' and consumers
committees, as has been done with copper. As to the
use of material, e.g. whether smelters should use
spiegeleisen instead of ferromanganese, or magnesite
brick instead of chrome brick, the law of supply and
demand will tell them what to do more unerringly than
will any board. A mines control is not needed to at-

tend to these things. Other bureaus are already is
ing with them, and the injection of a new one is ie
to make confusion worse confused. The main feair.
of the pending bill ire its financing and price-lit
authorities. Its price-fixing contemplates m ir
rather than maxima, but the power that is askl
complete. Any meddling with prices is dangerou.*

The purpose of the bill is commendable, but:h
purpose will be defeated if there is going to be a im
administration like the coal administration. We ii
that our industry will give the best answer for st
if it be let alone. But there is one guaranty than
help it, viz., a guaranty that the Government wi z
attempt to dictate prices. With ferromangane;
$250 per ton, people will go into the business anctai
their chances on natural market conditions, but:h<
may not if they think that at any time some Gear
mental agency will arbitrarily reduce the price to lli
because some producers are temporarily making vh
some clerks in the Federal Trade Commission den
be too great profits. Let the industry have s:h
guaranty and then let it alone; but if it be thijc
by those who have studied the situation that G<er
mental assistance will speed things up, then le'tl
assistance be given through the Secretary o tl
Interior, with simple instructions in effect to g tl
stuff in such ways as he sees fit. But that we iiou
have a mines administration primed to make s:h
mess of things as the coal administration, r'av
forfend !

Our Deficient Minerals

THE United States is blessed with mineral resin
that are more bountiful and more variegate) th
those of any other country, but there are a fe\ tli
we do not have, or do not have in sufficient qu it
or else have only in deposits of much less fa\n
character than those which exist abroad. The i
need of conserving shipping has focussed attiti
upon this subject. The important minerals th
in this category are antimony ore, chrome ore, gnr
manganese ore, platinum, potash, pyrites, tin o a
vanadium ore.

Antimony ore does not exist in any promisi? i
posits in this country. The fact that several
have been able to do no more than conduct fi
operations, and, even so, have been obliged t '
mainly on imported ore, and the further fact lai
price for the metal more than five times the >r
in 1915-16 failed to induce any material incn
the domestic production, are the best evidence I
we do not possess this ore. We derive our sujb
the metal chiefly from China.

Chrome ore occurs in Maryland-Pennsylvania n<>
California, in both of which regions deposits hai I
worked commercially, but in late years it ha I
cheaper for us to obtain our supplies from Rl'd
and New Caledonia.

Graphite and manganese ores are other cases < i
erals existing here, but in kinds and quantities iw
to foreign occurrences. Apparently we posse:
siderable deposits of manganese ore — sufficient :l
temporary requirements — but they are of relativy
grade in manganese, of high tenor in silica ;d

,ril C. 19 IS

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

■

jle of enrichment by mechanical concentration.

jver, with the ingenuity that distinguishes Amerl-

mtallurgists and the enterprise that characteriies

rican capital, it was quickly ascertained that some

lese ores can be profitably smelted in electric fur-

> and two plants are already being put up to pro-

ferromanganese in that way. These two plants

■Meted to produce about (50,000 tons per annum.

idering that the total manufacture of ferroman-

<e in 1917 was about 328,000 tons, the prompt

cement of nearly one-fifth ot what was derived

imported ore, with the prospect that the electric

ing of low-grade ore will rapidly increase so long

he price for ferromanganese holds around the

•nt level of $250 per ton, is a cause for congratula-

Moreover, we may add that promising experiments

the hydrometallurgical concentration of low-grade

ire well advanced.

•liilarly, the high price of graphite has greatly
ilated the production of that mineral in the United
;s, improved methods of concentration being ap-
to hitherto neglected deposits of the mineral,
itinum, potash, tin ore and vanadium ore do not
in the United States in important deposits, so
is is known. Diligent search for them has been
s during many years. As far back as 30 years ago
us efforts were made to commercialize the occur-
;s of tin that had been discovered in numerous
■s, but they were fruitless. There is no reason
ppose that the most reckless expenditure of money
le present time would succeed in producing a tithe
he American requirement of tin, which we are
ed to import from Bolivia, Malaya, Banka and
a. We cannot produce potash, nor have we been
to get it, except in small quantities, since the Ger-
supply was shut off in 1914. For platinum we
bound to rely upon Russia and Colombia,
le position of pyrites is peculiar and complex. It
st a scarce mineral, but it is wanted in special
is and at particular places. We have heretofore
'rted a large tonnage of this mineral from Spain,
ts mineral has been of a desirable kind and easily
ered at Atlantic ports where especially wanted,
nong the minerals that we have enumerated as
? scarce in the United States, minerals that hereto-
have been imported, pyrites, chrome ore and man-
se ore are the only large-tonnage affairs. Tin ore,
ind antimony are very important, but their ton-
is not a matter of great moment, and anyhow they
■ largely in Dutch and Japanese ships that are
d to come hither on business of their own countries.
i respect to the other minerals, we cannot become
xcited as some of our friends. The manganese
ition is uncomfortable, to be sure, but steps to
iorate it are already well advanced and promise
a effective before any Governmental agency would
finished debating about the subject,
ill less can we become hysterical about the matter
ulphuric acid and the exclusion of the Spanish
*s. In the first place, we are skeptical respecting
Government estimates of sulphuric acid require-
s. The enormity of this figure is in itself a ground
suspicion, and we find further ground in that the
rnment is well known to have greatly overestimated
eeds of other things, even of money, while in not

a f<w cases the fully accredited purchasing ai
admit that even yet they do not know what is needed

But accepting II rnmental figures for sulphuric

acid, we possess the greatest sulphur nunc of the
world, we have large stocks of brimstone, we have large
supplies of blende — another BOUrce of acid that is not
being fully utilized — and if necessity drove us to il
we could, no doubt, employ some of our cupriferous
pyrites. It looks to us as if the hysterics over sulphuric
acid are based on the theory of preserving our stocks
of raw material intact, regardless of the theory thai
the accumulation of such stocks is simply to have them
available in a critical period.

Chrome ore also presents a complex problem, although
in its case the tonnage involved is much less than that
of pyrites. High-grade chrome ore is required for the
manufacture of bichromates (used in tanning) and in
the manufacture of ferrochrome (used in chromium
steel). A lower grade of chrome ore finds an extensive
use in the manufacture of chrome brick, a refractory
material. Although magnesite brick is less desirable
than chrome brick, it may be substituted for the latter.

The old deposits of chrome ore in Maryland and Penn-
sylvania afforded the basis of the chemical industry that
grew up in Baltimore, but many years ago these mines
ceased to be profitable, and, except for small and spas-
modic supplies from California, our industries came to
rely upon foreign sources. The California occurrences
were generally of small pockets, more or less remote
from railway lines, but the main obstacle to the develop-
ment of the industry there was the cost of transporta-
tion, which, even from railway points, was more than
the ore could stand. The rapid rise in the value of
this ore during the last year or two changed that con-
dition and induced a noteworthy increase in output; but
then developed a new adverse condition; namely, the
demand finally exceeded the capacity of the more ac-
cessible deposits, and to obtain ore from the more re-
mote ones it was necessary to consider building railway
and highway extensions involving capital outlays over
which private capital hesitated.

There is manifestly going to be a shortage of ship-
ping for a long time to come, and the carrying of
unnecessary material will wisely be forbidden, but this
does not mean the forbidding of imports of all material.
If we can dispense with imports by stimulating domestic
production in a rational and economic way, that will
be well and good. But if in order to save the use of
one ship we have got to put into railways, mining
and metallurgical plants, etc., the labor and material
that would build two or three ships, and perhaps do
it in less time, we should stupidly defeat our purpose.
Left to themselves the markets will automatically make
these adjustments, and will make them more surely and
more swiftly than can be done by any regulatory actions
by the Government, which in the aggregate are far
more likely to be hampering than to be helpful.

Accidents in Metal Mines

THE Bureau of Mines report on metal-mining ac-
cidents, recently issued, shows a gratifying de-
crease in fatalities. The apparent increase in number
of accidents is explained by the fact that mine records
are now more carefully kept, and accidents are reported

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. I

that were formerly ignored, under the mistaken idea
that this would give the company a better standing.
The modern idea of having professional attendance

even trivial injuries is a pood policy and results
in a betterment of conditions for both employees and

any. The improvement of the physical and mental
welfare of the employees is profitable to the share-
holders <.>( a corporation. This was clearly demon-
strated in the papers and discussions on the health of
employees and on labor turnover at the New York meet-
ing of the American Institute of Mining Fngineers.

ful statistics were presented proving that the ex-
pense of the professional attendance and care was

y repaid by the results, not merely in the greater
contentment of the employees, but also in actual profit
* n the investment arising from the greater efficiency
of labor.

The prevention of accidents and promotion of the
physical welfare of labor are matters that deserve
alike the close attention of employers and employees,
and that will prove a good investment for both.

Hubert Howe Bancroft

JN A SMALL village close to San Francisco, Hubert
Howe Bancroft, historian, recently passed away.
Few in this generation know of Bancroft, the historian,
or of Bancroft's "History of Western America." He
belonged to an epoch which included the rush of the
pioneers to the West and the development of that part
of our country. Apart from the great cut rent of events
—in an eddy, as it were — he viewed the amazing
occurrences of the age and conceived the ambition to
record them. In pursuance of a logical plan, Bancroft
collected every scrap of manuscript and printed informa-
tion that he could, and, in fact, gathered a library, at
present in the University of California, from which he
proposed to sift and winnow the essential events of his-
tory. By persistent efforts he won the power to write.
Starting the great work, he speedily found it beyond
the effort of a single individual and gathered many
writers to his assistance. The historian sent his as-
sistants to interview the important men and women of
the time. A company was established to finance the
undertaking and the history was finally published.

Bancroft's History is not only a comprehensive rec-
ord and a story, but it remains as a monument to the
sustained efforts and ambition of a man who may justly
be considered famous. We are interested in his His-
tory, for Bancroft recognized that the discovery of min-
eral wealth was one of the principal factors in attracting
the emigrants who penetrated the new country. The
essential facts of the discovery and opening up of the
early mining districts of the West are t' be found in
his work. To Bancroft belongs the credit of writing
the first part of the mining history of the United States.

As Marathon, Chalons, Tours, Valmy, bulked an
hundredfold, surge and resurge across the plains of
Picardy, dribbles through the maze of official dispatch
and journalistic cable news that once more has fate
decreed that American engineers should be among the
first American troops to fight shoulder to shoulder with
our French and British allies in defense of the frontier

<<( civilization. Details are lacking. We only know 1a1
our wounded are being taken to Paris. Bi e
against the shock, wo await the lists, in reverence bee
for those that fell, with grateful pride in those ia
yet live to fight on to victory.

0II1IIIIIHHIIIIII imiiiiitiiiiiiiiii inn 11111 11111 1 iiiiimtmimiiiiiiiiumimiimiiiMii h

BY THE WAY

I

•I1111H111111 11111111U11111111111111111MI1111111111 mmimui Hmimimimimiimiimimii luiiiitm

On the western front gangs of Chinese, Egypt n
Kaffirs and Kurds are employed to sort out the b;Ji'
field waste and load it on railroad cars. Mess tr
picked up on the battlefield are cleaned with post
handles resoldered, and the cups recoatedi. E>BTI
workmen decide whether shoes of the British armjai
worth repairing. If not, the tops are cut off and iu.
into laces, while the bottoms are burned to supply e;
for various purposes. On an average 30,000 pail 1
shoes are received each week, of which 25,000 are en
back repaired. Packing cases, which may have 01
tained heavy guns from Pittsburgh or hobnailed ioe
from Boston, are made into portable barracks, sm
floors, slats, smaller packing cases or tent pegs.

Oklahoma is not really happy, says a contemp<
unless she is dealing with things, no matter how it
monplace they may be, even if they are as coircon
place as zinc, in the superlative. Attention has reciti;
been turned to Tennessee as a zinc state, and >i
people think that the prospects there are as brig a
they once were in Missouri. The zinc boom h;im
risen to extreme heights, in the latter state, sai t
the level of a natural and normal industry, whic,
this time, is returning profits only to those who 0
hard for them. Oklahoma now claims to be the prnr
zinc state of the Union, and this is the langua;'.i
which the claim is made by The Oklahoman:
Caruso is to tenors, what Geraldine is to so;at
pinpinettes, what Ty Cobb is to the other sons <
and what Amy Lowell is to the new poetic movemit-
well, that's the zinc eminence of Oklahoma."

The Boston Post says that the German pact wit ti
Bolsheviki threatens the interests of John M. Lon 't.
and the late Frederick Ayer, of Boston, former oie
of the archipelago of Spitzbergen — a group of islais
30,000 square miles off the coast of Greenland, coia
ing bituminous coal of high quality, now clairm
Germany. The property recently passed from on>
ship of the two Boston men to Norwegian intt
but a block of stock in the company formed to e)l
the property, viz., Arctic Coal Co., was retained bjjai
of the former owners. Mr. Longyear states that ir.9
Prince Henry of Prussia, and Count Zeppelin mle
thorough survey of the islands, and since then Get a
has coveted them. He states: "The late Mr. Aye a
myself sold out some time since, when the war
possession of them troublesome, and you migh *
dangerous. At Longyear City, the mining settl"
which is the only habitation on the islands, therev'1
40,000 tons of coal turned out last year."

iril 6, 1918

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

C55

To the Ninety and Nine

Igineers, mathematicians, scientists, attention! At

liar and a half a hundred, how many cigarettes can

buy for $10,000? The answer will be given in our

a] statistical number. Again if the mining regi-

mimbers 1500 men and each man smokes hut five of

cigarettes per day, how long will the smokes

Answer — about three months. Having carefully

ited these tacts, get this:

tar tour months' campaign, almost $10,000 has been
'United to the Comfort Fund for the regiment by
than one per cent, of Journal readers. Thus the
int raised in four months is hardly enough to sup-
i scant "tobacco ration" to the regiment for three
hs.

i date, the Association of the 27th Engineers has
it $1036 out of the fund on athletic equipment, musi-
iistruments, tobacco, etc., for A and B companies.
e are still four companies to be similarly equipped,
r that will come the main job of keeping the entire
ment "comfortable" while at the front and of help-
he men's families on this side if need arises,
tere has also been spent $708 on wool for socks
sweaters which the ladies of the Women's Auxiliary
te A. I. M. E. and others are busily knitting,
view, then, of the fact that the Comfort Fund
ting spent faster than the money is coming in and
the balance on hand is entirely inadequate to
: the demands that will be made upon it, the ninety
nine per cent, of our readers who have not con-
iited are earnestly asked to do so. No matter how
i! or small, make it something, simply as a matter
iprit de corps. Back up the regiment, your regi-
>:, the 27th Engineers.

lose who have contributed so far to the fund are
allows :

eering and Mining Journal .

York Engineering Co

iend, Kov. 23

Charlton

V. Hardinge.'

1 5 N. Spencer

.. Coursen

Polhemus

Janeway

U D. Beers

Hayes

Van Mater

>gelstein & Co

ite"

Bassett (Hanna Ore Mining Co.).

end, Dec. 10

Mosman

I ican Zinc, Lead and Smelting Co. .
H.

i 1 Guggenheim

H

'■ rd S. Morse

I st Heckscher

I >nda Copper Mining Co.

Bradley

' es Le Vasseur

iend, Dec. 13

ind Jewett

- an A. Wagner

''is P. Sinn

Gosrow

.Tackling

Brickenstein

. Northrup

' -s, Mayer & Ball

- ?r Technical Staff, American Metal Co., Ltd

iend, Jan. 9

■ Coolidge

N. Dorr

1 Yeatman

■ Aldridge

Hart

» 1 L Kerr

3 leers of Washoe Smeltery. Anaconda Copper Mining

1 npany

f ' C. Graham

. 9?pper' Neva<Ja- Consolidated, Ray Consolidated
! 1 Chino copper companies

51000.00

1000.00

5.00

5.00

5.00

1000.00

5.00

5.00

5.00

10.00

10.00

10.00

25.00

100.00

10.00

10.00

10.00

10.00

100.00

5.00

100.00

5.00

25.00

100.00

1000.00

100.00

5.0?

60.00

10.00

5.0b

10.00

5.00

100.00

10.00

5.00

5.00

50.00

30.00

100.00

10.00

200.00

50.01.

50.00

5.00

5.00

205.00
25.00

1000.00

\ Friend. Jan 18 6.00

John Oilila 26. Ou

.1 N. 1 1. .user 5 00

i • k i .ipman I i

: . . i. i nfeld

"lino. n II i'i.ii..- 600.00

T W Mil Ml) Ill III)

William H, llnmpton

w B. Men lai 10 00

i Parke Channlns 10

Minim CODpei CO 260.00

.i. ii. Meant I

<'. \V c;..,»lale

I" <: Hi'. Ivlt

F. R. Km r

Charles A Chase

10. Fl.ming L/Bnele '• 00

Calumi-t & Hecla Mining Co

i. i ; Ferguson

Jav B, Van Gundy

"ranklln Oshorn 10.00

1 car Lachmund 10.00

W. T. Swoy.r 10 DO

nterest 10.00

Quincy Mining Co 100.00

American Mi-tul Co 260.00

William H. Fairbanks

D. E. Curry 5.00

W. R. lngalls 50.00

H. A. Guess 25.00

J. Mc i ' 5.00

Engineers' Club of Northern Minnesota 85 00

a. a. Tnayer 50.00

R. H. Sales • 26.00

Albert C. Burrage 100 00

Edward H. Clark 26.00

P. Rutherford 5.00

Adolph J. Martinson 2.00

Frank R. Edwards 5.00

C. H. Munro 100.00

E. E. McCarthy 25.00

J. L Bruce 15.00

D. Ford McCormick lo.o.i

Louis D. Iluntoon ■■""

P. G. Spilsbury 10.00

C. T. Brown 10.00

M. C. M 3.00

James F. McCarthy 50.00

United States Smelting, Refining and Mining Co 250.00

L O. K 10 00

Herman A Prosser 25 00

J. E. Johnson, Jr 5.00

A. W. Hahn 5.00

L. D. Hudson 10.00

Lane Pearl 5.00

Arthur K. Adams 10.00

L. L Wilcox 5.00

E. .1. Longyear Co 100.00

Pick and Shovel Club, Mining Department, Case School

of Applied Science 11.00

L. S. Cates 25.00

J. M. Piatt 25.00

A. L. Walker 5 nn

C. G. Rothschild 10.00

' lenei al Engineering Co 25.00

N. O. Lawton 10 On

F. R. Weekes 1'

S. F. Shaw 10.00

Iowa Gold Mining and Milling Co 50.00

L. L. Middelkamp 15 00

G. C. Townsend 10.00

H. S. Monroe 10.00

Jesse Scobey 1" ""

J. H. McCormick I""1

William Young Westervelt no ""

B. Britton Gottsberger ' 0

Oscar Lachmund (second contribution) 10. "0

L R. Budrow 10.00

Total $9834.00

Make your checks payable to W. R. lngalls, treas-
urer of the Association. Because of the work involved
in administering the Comfort Fund, contributions are
acknowledged only by publication in the Journal.

War for Humanity

War, in a good cause, is not the greatest evil which
a nation can suffer. War is an ugly thing, but not the
ugliest of things; the decayed and degraded state of
moral and patriotic feeling which thinks nothing worth
a war is worse. When a people are used as mere human
instruments for firing cannon or thrusting bayonets,
in the service for the selfish purposes of a master,
such war degrades a people. A war to protect other
human beings against tyrannical injustice, a war to
give victory to their own ideas of right and good, and
which is their own war, carried on for an honest pur-
pose by their free choice, is often the means of their
regeneration. A man who has nothing which he is
willing to fight for, nothing which he cares more about

ENGINEERING AND MINING .JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 1.

than he <ioes about his personal safety, is a miserable
■.ire. who has no chance of being free, unless made
and kept so by the exertions o( better men than him-
As long as justice and injustice have not ter-
minated their ever-renewing fight for ascendency in
the affairs of mankind, human beings must be willing,
when need is, to do battle for the one against the other. —
John Stuart Mill.

This was written a half century and more ago, but
it might have been written yesterday, it applies so well
to today's conditions. The truth is the same, yester-
day, today, and tomorrow.

March Mining Dividends

Dividends paid in March, 1018, by 34 United States
mining and metallurgical companies making public re-
ports amount to $27,205,270, as compared with $36,484,-
228 paid by 45 companies in March, 1917. Holding
companies paid $413,433, as compared with $943,433 in
1917. Canadian. Mexican and South American mining

Cnited States Mining and Metallurgical

Situal ion I '• i Share rotal

i - Mez $1 50 $914,970

I - Mez I 75 875,000

Vifonaul Cona., >: Calif. 05 10.000

Iruona Copper v 42 638,356

■ ,:.. I- . [da .03 78,150

Calumet * Arizona, c 2 00 1.284,924

Calm- Mich 10 00 1,000,000

Chin... . N Mez. I 50 I. (04,970

Sm.,< Ariz .05 83,150

Copper Rawer, c . Mich 1 50 591,598

■..I Colo - 10 122.000

1 Mm & Sm.,pfd . I - I 75 209,757

Colo 03 45,000

Bomestake, g .... S. D 50 125,580

Internet. Nickel I S.-Can. 1 00 1,673,384

Iron Cap., c Iril 25 36,203

Kennecoit. c 100 2.786,679

l,c Iris 50 120.000

Nevada Con . e Ne\ I 00 1.999.457

North Star, g Calif. 20 50.000

Old Dominion, c Aria. I 00 297.071

Oroville Drrdg., g .. .12 82.385

Gold M 2 M . I tah .01 4.000

Phclpa Dodge ... 1 S.-Mex. 8 00 3,600,000

(join. v. c Mil h 2 50 275,000

Ray Con , «• \n/ I 00 1,577,179

St. Joseph Lead .... Mo. 50 704.733

Union I n. g.f Mev 05 10,000

United Eastern, g . .05 68.150

United Verde, c. ... Irii 7 00 2,100.000

. Utah 50 150,000

i Utah 2.50 4,061,225

Weal End, g Mei 10 178.849

Yellow Pine, U .. No 06 60,000

Yukon Gold, g Alas 02; 87,500

Canadian, Mexican ami South American

Companies Situation Per SI Total

So Am. 1 25 1,009,474

Hedley, g B. ( 30 36.000

Onl 25 150,000

Lucky TigerJ ... Mez 05 35.767

I : Oro, v - Mez. .96 174,960

Min. Corpn. of Can., s Ont. 25 400,012

Holding Companies Situation Per Share Total

Ezi I Co.... Mez. $0. 12 $90,000

C S. 120,000

Yukon Alaska Trust... . 1.00 203,433

companies paid $1,806,213 in March, 1918, and $2,416,-
887 in March, 1917.

Total dividends in the first three months of the year
were as follows, the 1917 figures being given in paren-
theses: United States mining and metallurgical com-
panies. $47,226,283 ($62,756,962) ; holding companies,
$743,433 ($2,283,433) ; Canadian, Mexican, Central and
South American companies, $4,627,775 ($6,243,086).

will buy a motor ambulance, or a motor car for a
chine-gun battalion.

Two $1000 bonds will buy a motor truck; three
bonds will buy rifles for a field artillery battery.,
supply horses for a field signal battalion.

Four $1000 bonds will buy a tractor; five $1000 b
will buy one Liberty truck, or seven Lewis niacin
guns, or equip a rifle company with rifles.

Six $1000 bonds will buy a Liberty motor;
$1000 bonds one training plane; nine $1000 bonds ni
observation balloon.

Ten thousand dollars of bonds will fully equip tl»
hospital wards of 50 beds each, with all linen, cloth j
and other necessaries, or buy six large wholesale st il
izing outfits, or six motor ambulances.

What Your Liberty Bond Will Do

A $1000 bond will buy six cases of operating in-
struments for a base hospital, or furnish pistols for a
rifle company, or one motor kitchen.

One thousand five hundred dollars of Liberty Bonds

Mineral Control Bill Discussed Bet
House Committee

Volumes of argument and statistics have been re
sented to the House Committee on Mines and Mi n.
in support of a proposed bill "to provide further c
the national security and defense by encouraging h>
production, conserving the supply and controlling li
distribution of those ores, metals and minerals wich
formerly have been largely imported, or of which tert
is or may be an inadequate supply." A few vets
have been raised against the bill. All Governrmt.
agencies are in favor of the measure, includi
Secretary of the Interior, despite the fact thattlv
powers conferred by the bill are not vested in hir i
many think they should be.

Bernard M. Baruch, chairman of the War Indusit
Board, is one of the principal exponents of the ra-
ure. He expressed the opinion to the committee is
with the exception of tin, all the minerals eovti
by the bill can be produced in more or less amen;
from internal resources, depending on the amoui o
money and the assistance which can be given b.\th'
Government. Mr. Baruch especially urged the re;
tion in the bill of the provision for the contr« o
prices. Price-fixing power, he said, is absolute!
sary to prevent manipulation and hoarding. Hi d"
clared that a guaranty of price for a reasonabh
would stimulate production of the needed metal
satisfactorily than would the advancing of moii'
Baruch predicted that results would be immediate Hi
the bill is passed and that many new industries xi
be developed to the point where they will h
permanent.

Much less sanguine was Dr. William H. Nicho.
the General Chemical Co., who fears that il
practicable to attempt to meet the domestic
for some minerals from our own deposits. Hit'
how his company had examined a great many
of pyrites, but found no large or important bod -
the East. While Dr. Nichols agreed with Mr. B
in the main, he said that the post-war period >
be considered, when the manufacturer here will
to compete with the world and must not be put n
position of paying for certain supplies unduly ii
prices created by war necessity. He declared t t
has been a source of wonder to American ch<u
where the Germans are getting their sulphuric
It is Dr. Nichols' opinion that Germany has hi

ril 6, 1918

ENGINEERING AND MIN1NC JOURNAL

657

le whatever in seeuring platinum. There seems
ve been a friendly understanding with Russia in
regard throughout the entire struggle, he said.
I mineral industry has met the war-time test in
larkable way, said George Otis Smith, director of
'. S. Geological Survey, when he appeared before
OBimittee. Since the war began, he pointed out,
ountry's production of zinc and aluminum has
eel; copper production lias increased 50',, lead,

iron. -'•>', ; coal, 25',, in excess of 1914, In the

mentioned, the increase has been 10,000,000 tons,
id. To express it in tonnage of ore, the increase

be several times 10,000,000 tons. The increase
e annual production of magnesite from 10,000
innually before the war to :U0,000 tons last year.
he mining of more high-grade manganese now in
k than was mined before the war in a year, were
ng examples cited by Dr. Smith.
dfig the records of last year and expressing the
etion in terms of consumption, Dr. Smith ar-

at the following: In the case of antimony, we
ced from domestic ores about 10 ', of what we
1; therefore antimony may be represented by 10.
irly. arsenic may be represented by 60, bromine
10, chromium by 37, abrasives (corundum and

) by 90, graphite by 25, magnesite by 99, man-
? by 23, molybdenum by 100, mercury by 120,
um by 13, pyrite by 33, potash by 10, sulphur by
in by 1.5, tungsten by 65, vanadium by 100, and

iy 38.

ier pointing out that, in mining, infant industries

illy are orphan industries, Dr. Smith declared

I here are enough natural hazards and that the

not to obviate these but to protect the industry

;t man-made hazards arising from the war situa-

i His argument for one of the provisions of the

as that it is a matter of national concern that

pply should not be monopolized by one consumer
i several consumers and that steps must be taken

I vent one man from getting more than his pro-
ttiale share of an article of which there is only a
i i supply.

^ R. Ingalls, editor of the Engineering and Mining
nl, told the committee that certain of the min-
i-named in the bill occur in this country under

II onditions that it is extremely doubtful whether
'ng at all can be done to increase their produc-
i laterially. Mr. Ingalls called attention to the
t lat the original draft of the bill included copper
'<■ e other major metals, but that their elimination
n he list of minerals in the bill does not prevent
-iTence with the great industries engaged in the
|cng of the major metals. Through the powers
e over the minor minerals, he expressed the fear
t ie attempt would be made to exert a measure
t'trol over the major metals. Ores of copper, he
n 'equently are ores of arsenic. Ores of zinc largely

ss of sulphur. That there may be no doubt as
1 intention of the law, Mr. Ingalls urged that the
?'ge of the measure be made sufficiently specific
f ude the major metals. In addition, he advised
I ie bill should be confined to those minerals in
ic a crisis exists. The bill should be changed, he
% so that no one would have the right to inter-

ith a mining business being conducted efficiently

by private owners." A more practical plan, Mr. In

>ralls said, would be to create n United States Mining
Corporation, with all the capital stock owned l>\ the
United States, and with siillicient capital to acCOm
plish the purpose desired. Another way to handle the
matter suggested by Mr. Ingalls would be the ap-
propriation of $50,000,000, to be placed at the di
posal of the Secretary of the Interior with simple in-
structions to go out and get the minerals needed.

Franklin K. Lane, Secretary of the Interior, urged
the passage of the bill at the earliest moment. Eve]
ton of manganese developed in the United States, he
declared, is equivalent to the saving of five tons of
shipping. "If England and France hold fast," said
the Secretary, "then it means that they must stand
there waiting until we come. We must save every pos
sible ton of shipping." Mr. Lane stated that the bill
was prepared in his office and that both President Wil-
son and himself had gone over it.

Prof. C. K. Leith, chairman of the Committee on
Mineral Imports and Exports, presented voluminous
data showing the possibilities of domestic development
and the steps being taken to reduce mineral imports.
Pope Yeatman is a strong advocate of the bill, and
pointed out many reasons why it should pass.

Mexico Embargoes Gold and Silver

The American Ambassador at Mexico City has tele-
graphed the following decree of Mar. 22, says Commerce
Reports, concerning the exportation of gold and silver,
which modifies the decree on the same subject of Sept.
27, 1917:

Article 1. The exportation of silver bars and of bars of
gold and silver mixed may be made only with the special
permission of the Secretary of the Treasury and Public
Credit in each ease.

Art. 2. For the exportation of ores and concentrates
containing gold and silver the provisions of the decree of
Sept. 27, J 91 7, shall continue in effect.

Art. 3. The absolute prohibition of the exportation of
gold bars of domestic production and of domestic and
foreign gold coins and domestic silver coin continues in
effect.

Art. 4. Subject to arrangements to be made in each case
with the Treasury Department, the exportation of silver
coin (pesos fuevtes) may be permitted on condition that
gold bullion equivalent in commercial value to the coin is
imported at the same time for coinage at the mint.

Art. 5. The monetary commission, with the approval of
the Treasury Department, shall obtain the gold and silver
bars it may con&ider proper for storage or coinage at the
mint.

Art. 6". The importation of domestic or foreign gold in
bars or coin is exempt from the payment of consular fees
and consular invoice charges.

Another telegram from the American Ambassador,
dated Mar. 21, states that, according to an announce-
ment appearing in the press, the Treasury Department
has given instructions to all customs houses and tax-col-
lecting officials in Mexico not to receive paper currency
of the United States in payment of duties or taxes. A
similar order directing that American paper, or silver,
or bills of exchange on the United States should not be
accepted in payment of federal duties and taxes was
issued in September, 1917.

Zinc Tax in Mexico has been reduced to 194 of the value
of the metal, reports to Washington state. This applies
alike to bars and to concentrates. A duty of 3% of the
value of other metals exported is retained.

-

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, N0..4

Tin at 1 [ongkong in 1CM7

In the fact that the high exchange value of

silver reduced the return for such exports in Hong-
kong currency to a very low figure comparatively at

times, the export of tin from Hongkong in 1917 formed
.1 record in the trade in some respects, according to Con-
sul General Anderson, at Hongkong. The total exports

placed at 10.500 long tons, of which China and
Japan took about 1500 tons, Europe about -000 tons,
and the United States the remainder. The declared ex-
ports of tin from Hongkong to the United States
amounted to 14,817,969 lb., valued at $8,707,668 Hong-
kong currency, or $6,670,074 gold, as compared with a
value of $1,262,737 gold in 1916. $983,885 in 1915, $769,-

in 1914, and $1,632,212 in 1913. The increase in
value over 1916 was thus about 450 per cent.

The year 1917 started with a stock of -about 3600 tons,

liout three times the normal stock in hand, with a
slow market, due to the higher range of exchange and
with doubtful prospects for the year. It closed with a
stock of about 1500 tons, or little more than normal, in
hand, and with a heavy movement in prospect, ship-
ments of the metal in the last few weeks of 1917 being
among the heaviest of the year.

The year was one of great fluctuations in the trade.
Local prices ranged as high as $120 local currency, or
$69.60 gold, in June and as low as $93 local currency, or
$60.45 gold, per picul (133\ lb.) in October. Tin was in-
voiced out of the port in December, 1917, at $104 local
currency per picul. In December, 1916, it was quoted
at $107 local currency per picul, while a year previous
it was quoted at $98 local currency per picul. At the
close of 1917, exchange tin at 60c. gold per lb. in New
York brought only about 80c. local currency per lb., or
$106 local currency per picul. Two years ago the same
price in gold would have meant $232 local currency per
picul in Hongkong, or the same price in local currency
would have meant only 32c. gold per lb. in New York,
which was actually about the case. Present high
prices in the United States and Europe mean little to
producers in Hongkong. The return to Hongkong smelt-
ers and refiners during 1917 did not average much, if
any, above normal. Prices ranged very high in gold,
but not in the currency of production, and the volume
of the trade w:as remarkably large for the return se-
cured in Hongkong.

The demand in the United States was particularly
strong, at times indicating that almost any price would
be paid for the metal. The price, however, was de-
termined largely by quotations for tin from the Straits
Settlements, where the fixed exchange value of the silver
dollar operates to the disadvantage of Hongkong and
Chinese tin producers when exchange passes above the
value of the Straits dollar. During 1917, particularly,
the advantage of the Straits tin producers on account
of exchange has been very material, since at times the
same price for Straits and Hongkong tin in gold in the
United States netted the Straits producer nearly half
again as much in silver dollars, or the currency of pro-
duction. However, up to the beginning of 1918, the de-
mand was strong enough to take about all the tin avail-
able, and, unless exchange operates too strongly in its
disfavor, the Hongkong market may look for a good
trade for 1918.

New Rules tor Marking Expres
Shipments

The Express Traffic Association has called attiti
to new marking requirements applying to ill e:n
traffic covered by tariffs issued subject to offici. 1
press classification No. 25. Many of these rules pi
particularly to the shipments of a number 0 t
Journal's readers and advertisers, and are the
given, as follows:

(a) Each package, bundle or loose piece in a shim
must be plainly, legibly and durably marked, showii r
name of only one consignee, and of only one station .a
or city and state to which destined.

(b) Shipments wrapped in paper, or packed in boxes, >at
barrels, corrugated paper or fibreboard containers ml
marked with pen, brush, stencil, waterproof crayon, r
label securely attached with glue or equally good ad si
Such shipments must not be accepted when marker*
with tag.

(c) Castings, machine parts, shafting, pipe, rodsbf
and other metal articles:

1. When boxed, barreled, crated or trussed, mv.
marked in compliance with paragraph "(b)".

2. When not boxed, barreled, crated or trussed, anc h'
is sufficient smooth surface for the purpose, the aim
must be plainly marked on the article with durable 41
Such shipments must not be accepted unless marl 1
thoroughly dry.

3. When not boxed, barreled, crated or trussed, oiarh
not possible to mark as provided in preceding parara;
shipments must be marked with not less than two wsdi
leather, metal, cloth, rope stock or sulphite fibretagoa
tags. Rope stock or sulphite fibretag-board tags mu t<
not less than 14 point, 5094 rope, have reinforced met e:
lets, and must be attached by wire not less than 23?ai
or strong tarred cord. Tags must be attached wherev pc
sible to unexposed parts of the article, in order th£ th
may not become detached in handling.

4. Rods, shafting, bars, pipe, automobile spring I
other articles of like character marked with tags < pi
vided in paragraph "3" must have the tags securelyvir
to the article, and in addition, a concealed tag beari? t
same address must be bound to the article with
covering, the latter securely wired at each end.

5. When metal articles are shipped in sacks, the ;<h
must be shown on tag conforming to the specific
paragraph "3," attached either by wire or strong co , »
an additional tag bearing the same address must be e lo;
in the sack.

(d) Trunks, suit cases or valises must be marked wl I
strong tag and have an address label pasted on thj it
in addition thereto before forwarding. Shipper-
place a duplicate address inside of these articles ir tl
purpose of identification.

(e) Automobile tires, when not boxed or crated, mu ■
two marks, both to be attached to the inner surface f
package, bale or tire, and to consist (1) of a stro:
securely attached, and (2) another tag bearing th' sa
address, securely bound by burlap or cloth, or an M
label pasted on the inner surface.

(i) Lot shipments. Except when in carloads, each p:k:
or article in a lot shipment must be marked in com it
with these requirements.

(j) Shipments not marked in accordance with the foC"
requirements, or as noted under individual items f
classification, must be refused.

These rules were issued on Mar. 1 and will <
effective on May 1, 1918. The notice is entitled 'i-
plement No. 5 to Official Express Classification N -
and was issued by F. G. Airy, 61 Broadway, N. '■
ing for the various companies concerned.

The Mining Index

Pressure on available space, and white-paper n
tions, compel the omission of the Mining Inde:f
this issue. The index will appear in our isie
April 13.

i-ii 6, v.n*

ENGINEERING AM Ml MM. jol'KNAl,

■■■ ■■

Personals

,. % mi contributed to tin* AttNuclutlun
lltli I iifcintMTt*?
lirltf tin (iottMbrrirrr was i" New York

; the last w

rgc li. Ilohlrrrr is a first lieutenant
Ordnance I 'eparttnent
i, Tj rr.-M. of Toronto, ha:- pone to
for .i 1- « " irks
Stilt w has returned from Mexico and
Ling various points in Xc\ada
, ■•!«•> IV«*I1n has moved his San Kran-
ilBCtf lo 1213 Hohart »!«!«., 5S2 Mar-

I. Rapermttn, president of the Kansas
i * 'onsolulaU'd M ines < '>> . is
►: the property of that compan.v ,u
., Nevada

, rt I . Criui-lun, Hoy II. Klllotl and
r ll. t.nuit have moved their office."
to 1 : 13 llobarl \<U\v
. el
i , Met*, superintendent "1" the Ke-
rn Coahuila, Mexico, for the
•an Smelting; and Kenning Co . is now
g his headquarters at Monclova, Coa-

- R. v mi Hlne, president of the
■sity of Wisconsin, addressed the
i H-' Kotarj i Muh a ad the Cham-
men -■ al Butte, Mont., at a
Mar 1 1 at the Sih erbow Club.
.. it Heberleln has resigned as presi-
:.i de M inerales y Metales,
Minera de Pefioles and Com-
Sdinera de Paloma y Cabrillas, Mexi-
iaries of the American Metal
.1.
I irrt A. Slej it. assistant to the Sec-
. of the Interior, in charge of Alaskan
, has boon commissioned a captain
ion service K. 0. Bradley will
the Alaskan work which was
d by Mr. Meyer

-lr- W. Merrill, of the I*. S. Food
Lion, has been appointed chair-
committee which will act in an
capacity to William Wallace
who was recently ma tie assistant to
rotary of Agriculture.

■ - A. Campbell, president of the
: -town Sheet and Tube Co.. and L,. E.

dent of the Inland Steel Co..
appointed to the general corn-
he American Iron and Steel In-
which lias been enlarged.
.. Water bury, professor of engineer-
the University of Arizona, has left
li for Charleston, W. Va., where he

■ connected with the construction of

osive plant. In this work he

►ciated with Milo s. Ketchum,

Mf engineering at the University of

Obituary

' -. I. Harrington, a charter member of

lerican Electrochemical Society, died

at his home in Yonkers, Xew

lira Penglase, captain of the Cleve-
J lilts Iron Co 's mines at Jackson.

or the last 13 years, died recently at

ne in Negaunee, Michigan.
' 'j IS. Warren, blast furnace super-
Itnt for the Inland Steel Co., at In-
'■' Harbor. III., died recently at his

following an attack of pneumonia.

R'd Caldwell, who was associated with

lood, O'Brien. Requa and Mills

J development of the Comstock, died

Mnut Creek, Calif., on Mar. 22, aged

I l>. Adam*, superintendent of the
Ms mine of the Mineral Point Zinc Co..
V Diggings. Wis., was shot and killed
■r 19 at the mine by a discharged
l>ee. Mr. Adams was 28 vears of
' <1 had been in the company's em-
1912

'" '" minim mil immiin iiiiiiiniiiiiimiiiiini lint

Societies

iiiuunn ii

,' aSa Sect!°n, American Institute of

Engineers, held a special meeting

"■ 6 at the Silverbow Club. Butte.

" to welcome Sidney J. Jennings, C.

^pdale and Bradley Stoughton. who

I'll over in Butte on a visit.

Hneerg' Club of Philadelphia met on

A Daper entitled "A Xew Method

• ■I Separating iti on

Dd li; l)i H m Chimoi I

ild to bi del i . :

or ■ ■ mi i L< gnt llj ol

■ " < |.(1. ,11 !

t in lu hi. i material will lloal and
Lha heavli i ■ I thai

i he iii.i hod can be uaed ■ ici

i .

Canadian Bootetj .■ f run Knglneers.

The h ial held .>i Ti ironto on

M .ir ii ,i I..I ! D w .is princlpall) o

with the critical fuel a number

of papi with varlou i i ts of

i in quest inn in ited b expert

Among the more important wen tho • bj
i. P Haanel, of the Fuel I >i> Is on ol the
rtmenl ol Mini urging the di

1 1 resources \\ .1 I tick, ol tht

Canadian Com f i

'...ring the enlargement <>i the area bup-
pl i.ii by the \\ estern coal mines . John
Blizzard, ol i he Fuel i "-. i ilon, on tlie utlll-
oi peal -i 1 1 Chall lea, superin-
tendent ol the Dominion water power
branch, i ieps rl nenl of the [ntei loi a mi .

M Robert hi i he Soul net n Canada

Powei Co., on the possibll II j of lesi ening
fuel consumption bj thi substil m Ion ol
electric power Sir William Hearst, pre-
mier, and Albert Qrlgg, deputy mjnii

lands and forests for Ontario, told what

h is being 'i ■ bj the provincial gi

in. nt to relieve i ne sll ual Ion \ banquel
and conceii concluded the proceedings

American Electrochemical Society will

tour several prospective electrochemical
centers in the South iii connection with its

spring milling on Apr, 28 Maj 5 Per-
mission lias i n granted by the Directoi

General of Railroads to use a special train,
which will leave Washington, It C, Sun-
day night, Apr 28, on ih, Southern Rail-
way, arriving Kingsport, Tenn., Monday
morning. The day will be spent in Kiogs-
port, which is on ihi' ''.uoiiiia. Clinchfield
and c'liio Railways The annual business
meeting of the society "ill !»■ held in the
evening. Tuesday Apr 30, will ii spenl at
Knowille. Tenn; Wednesday, May i. at
Chattanooga. Tenn : May 2. at Sheffield.
Ala., where a steamboat trip to Muscle
Sl.oals has been arranged, including a bar-
becue lunch. Friday. May 3. will be spent
at Birmingham A session will be held on
Friday night before leaving Birmingham.
The special train leaving Birmingham Fri-
day night is due back in Washington Sun-
day morning. May 5. Among the many
plants that will be visited are the follow-
ing: Federal Dye Stuff and Chemical Co.,
at Kingsport : American Zinc. Lead and
Smelting Co.. at Mascot. Tenn. ; Southern
Ferroalloys Co.. Semet Solvay Co.. Wilson
Co.. and Kalbtleisch Chemical Co. in Chat-
tanooga and vicinity ; Tennessee Coal. Iron
and Ry. Co.'s plant at Bessemer. Ala- ;
Woodward Iron Co.'s steel plant at Ensley,
and Southern Manganese Corporation at
Anniston Amendments to the society's
constitution have been submitted to mem-
bers with the object of providing for the
election of a number of honorary members,
not to exceed 10 at any time.

Industrial News

Asbestos Protected Metal Co., of Pitts-
burgh. Penn., has appointed Herbert Long-
staff to be manager of its St. Louis office,
situated in Boatman's Bank Bldg.

Frank H, Seely, Jr., is successor to
the Pennsylvania Supply and Equipment
Co.. 421 Widener Bldg.. Philadelhipa. The
change is one in firm name only and be-
came effective Apr. 1. 1918.

American Society of Civil Kngineers met
in Xew York on Apr. 30. George W. Fuller
gave an informal talk on "Emergency Con-
struction Work Due to War Conditions. '
referring to the building of cantonments.

MacUovern & Co., 1lt Liberty St.. New
York, dealers in second-hand equipment,
announce the opening of branch offices at
Pittsburgh. Penn.. and St. Louis. Mo. The
office in Pittsburgh is at 498 Union Arcade,
and is under the direction of L. H. Tippins
and W. L. Sprengle. The St. Louis office
is at 315 North 12th St.. and is in the
charge of R. S. Fisher, district manager.

Pittsburgh Testing I-aboratory. Pitts-
burgh. Penn.. has turned over its building
and equipment at Seventh and Bedford
Aves . Pittsburgh, to the U. S. Government
for the duration of the war. From. Apr. 1
until about June 15 its offices will be in the
B. F. Jones Law Building. Fourth Ave.
and Ross St. After that date the offices
and laboratories will be at 612-620 Grant
St., which buildings are being remodeled
and fully equipped for special needs.

Natl, unit tModatlon ol Purchasing

Ik'-ih'- I i i i fa

I 'an, I. it ill,', ,11

.1. I, 1
cataloi

111
in hi Id .,i iii. II..I. i La :

I ibperal bj all Inti

'.\ I.' i,.i ndli i nan ol the i

[| hwakn

na

Trade Catalogs

rnargi'i-s ; long-stroke open-
heart h cnai gei revoh ing crane I ■ |
' i.ii gers : traveling and Bi i

blank and hi I" i manipulators. A. p
list of m . rs ni w -S-W < ha rumg and n
ulating equipment Ie given.

New Patents

United States patent specifications listed
below may be obtained fr "The Engi-
neering and Mining Journal" at 25c each
British patents are supplied at 40c ea.'h

Briquet. Ellsworth \' A. Zwoyer, Penh

Amboy, X. J., and Rolland A Zwoyer.
Portsmouth. K I., assignors to the /.
Fuel Co. <U. S. Xo. I .:.' r, S.S4H Mar. '!2
1918.)

Calcium ('..unamiil Process of Making
George E. Cox. Niagara Falls. X. Y.. as-
signor to American t'vanamid Co. Xew
York. X. Y. (U. S. No 1,258,747; Mar. 12,
1918.)

Cokeoven Foundation. Arthur Roberts.
Evanston. III. (U. S. Xo. 1,259,133; Mar
12, 1918.)

Copper Alloys Containing strontium.
Composition of. Francis C. Frary. Niag-
ara Falls. XT. Y.. and Sterling X. Temple.
St. Paul. Minn. (U. S. Xo. 1.258,886; Mar
12. 1918.)

Drill sharpener. Theodore H. Proske
and Alexander L. Proske, Denver Colo. (U.
S Xo. 1.259.045: Mar. 12, 1918.)

Drill Sharpener. Jesse Ditson. Littleton.
Colo., assignor to the J. Geo. Leyner Engi-
neering Works Co.. Littleton, Colo. (U. S.
Xos. 1,258,998; 1,258.999; Mar. 12, 1918.)

Filter. Charles W. Merrill. Berkeley.
Calif. (U. S. 1.259,032; Mar. 12, 1918.)

Flotation — Process of and Apparatus for
Concentrating Ores. John Michael Cailow
Salt Lake City. Utah, assignor to Metals
Recovery Co.. Augusta. Me. (U. S. Xo.
1.258.869 ; Mar. 12, 1918.)

Hoist. Malcolm B. Mover, Montevideo,
Minn. (U. S. Xo. 1.258.698'. Mar. 12. 1918.',

Hoisting Ducket Mechanism. James
Smith Miller. Unitv Station. Penn. (LT. S.
No. 1,259,035; Mar. 12. 1918.)

Ore Treatment. Process of Treating
Ores to Produce Lead Chloride and Chlor-
ine Gas. John L. Malm, Denver. Colo.
(U. S. 1,258,80": Mar 12, 1918.)

Pyrometers, Support For. George Davey,
Brooklyn, X. V (U. S. Xo. 1.253.3:2:
Mar. 12. 1918.)

Rotary .Mills Mi tal-Extractor for. Mil-
ton F Williams. St. Louis. Sin. assignor to
Williams Patent Crusher and Pulverizer
Co.. St. Louis. Mo. (U. S. Xo. 1,255
Mar. 12, 1918.)

Smelting Copper and Like Ores. Thomas
Willard Cavers, CopperhlH, Tenn. (U. S.
Xo. 1,259.467; Mar. 12. 1918.)

Smelting Process of Extracting Metals
from Ores, Fumes, etc.. Containing Zinc
and Iron. Charles C. Xitchie, Depuc, 111.,
assignor to the New Jersey Zinc Co., New
Y'ork, X. Y (U. S. No. 1.25S.934; Mar. 12,
1918.)

o60

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL Vol. 105, No.

aminiimiim iiiuiiiiiu iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimiiiiiii iiiiiiiiiiiimiiimiiimiiiiiiiiimiimii iiiiiillin tiiiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiuiiniiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiim ininn m

Editorial Correspondence

mmmmmmmmiiimiiimimiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiin iiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniinmiii n i nil I i mn i i mm n i mmmimimmillllllllllllim u limiiiinii <m

»\\ r RAN CISCO — Mar. :;

\i„r Vr« OU Weill were started In Cali-
fornia Belds In the week ended Mar. 9.
making a total of 146 sine Jan. 1,
of these new wells are m the Mid-
way, two In Belrldge, one In Ooallnga. one
in Montebello, one In Cat Canyon Tlirre
Us reported tor water shut
de< penlng or redrUUng and two
for abandonment The average ol new
wells started since tin- beginning ol
year Is 14.6 per week. But the average ;>i
the first six weeks was approximately is
wells while the last four weeks it declined
to less than thirteen. Difficulty In obtain-
ing material and the extreme Inclemeucv
the weather are chiefly responsible for
dine.

Control of MUiw»> on Lands by Govern-
ment receivers is to be placed by action ol
the Federal couit in Los Angeles, affecting
the Standard. Associated. Union and 1 nit.d
oil companies and the Midway Gas Co. in
these actions the Government is seeking
only control of the lands as protection pend-
ing adjudication of the patent rights ol Ine
Similar actions are expected
Involving other lands in like situation ra-
ting the patents to the lands The new
, rs are In line with the policy of the
Department of Justice and the Navy m the
Honolulu Consolidate! case Lands held bj
the Honolulu company under mineral loca-
tlon act are said to be valued at >-""'"!:."' n
and are situated in Kern County, near .att
and Maricopa. The present suits for ap-
pointment of receivers involve arias ag-
gregating 2160 acres, having a total valu-
ation of approximated $25, The

merits of the patent claims in these and
other similar suits will he decided in thi
. ral Land Office. The receivers appoint-
ed to serve pending the decisions of the
land office will have no control over the
operation or the management of the com-
panies. Their duties are merely the hold-
ing of the title of the lands intact until it
shall be ultimately decided whether they
are in fact the property of the Government
or of the companies operating them.

Chrome Mining in Siskiyou Count] is as-
suming a commercial position and gradu-
ally taking first place in the minerals pro-
duction of the county. Chrome ore is mined
in the vicinity of Yreka. Scott Valley
Hamburg. Gazelle. Gottville, Little Hum-
bug Callahans. The deposits are in close

.ciation with the gold and copper-bear-
ing ores, extending from the Callanan dis-
trict, near the Trinity County line, north-
west to Klamath River, a distance of about

miles. Since June, 1917. the shipments
from the Yreka station have totaled ahou-.
six carloads, and so'; of the product came
from a point a few miles southwest of
vreka. the remainder coming from Scou
Vallev About seven carloads are on van
ous dumps at present waiting for bi
roads for wagon and motor truck hauling.
Shipments from Klamath River district will
not be made until the roads improve and
rail transportation can be assured. I he
quality of chromite In Siskiyou County is
generally good grade, ranging from .15 to
hromite was mined in the county

early as the 50's. but in I ex-

112, there had !,■ en no commercial

duction until the demand created by war
ins gave assurance that the

lid be mined at profit. In the earlier

deposits were usually in the

surface formation, hut recent development

has shown that depth 01 from the

surface has improved the quality and m-

tount.
Bl I I I . MONT— Mar. 26

Electricians fiave Notice of strike tor
\pr 1, unless their demands for an in-

of wages from $7 to $8 a day are
plied with.
The Labor Agitator-, under pretense of
a St. Patrick's day parade, endeavored to
stir up trouble. The parade had been
planned to include the radical labor organ-
izations, but it was stopped by the authori-

Some three hours after, a small
guard of soldiers was left to presi
in the vicinity of the places where mini
and radicals congregate. One man called
a patrolling soldier a scab of (Jncli Sam
and hurled many vile epithets at him. The

.sold',- Bred a signal shot In the air for

assist. inee and at the same lime charged
the crowd with his havon.t. In a short
time a detachment of the nth O. S, lnfan-
trv was on the scene and 66 men. under
draft age, but who had not registered,
were placed under arrest and held without
ball for the Federal authorities. The I.
\V W still insist they will call the men
Oui of the mines on Apr. 1.

The Butte Copper CiaT Mining Co. prop-
erty has passed Into the hands of New
\ capitalists. The property is located
northeast of the Columbia Gardens and is
in the immediate neighborhood of some
producing properties. A thorough examina-
tion of the property was made, extending
over several days The New York directors
elected at the annual meeting are C H.
irge George Martens and Morton YVeb-
The two other directors are R. M.
Green, who was formerly manager ol the
property and is now assistant manager, and
L P Sanders, of this city. Mr. Webber
has become manager. The mine has been
developed to a depth of 300 ft., and it has
been decided to continue shaft sinking to a
depth of 500 ft. after which crosscuts will
be driven. The new management is figur-
ing on a leaching plant The Butte Copper
Czar has a capital stock of $300,000.

The Kast Butte, according to present in-
dications, is likely to excel any previous
month in its history in copper production.
Oil flotation is treating the 1'. coPPe' tal"
tags, from which a recovery of 16 lb. per
ton is being made. Flotation is also ap-
plied to a large amount of low-grade cop-
per ore from th- mine. At the old Dutton
property ore as high as 15% copper has
been produced, and present operations show
an average of 11'.. This grade of ore has
been hoisted for some time and is adding
consideral.lv to the earnings of the Ea=t
Butte company. The ore on the 1500 level
of the Pittsmont is said to be running
around 5<% copper. There is a prospect
that in the next few months another shatt
may be sunk, and this will do away with
the' long underground tram. The mineral-
ized dike uncovered recently is not being
worked yet.

The So-Called Non-Partisan League, with
the assistance of radical agitators, is mak-
ing strenuous efforts to crowd more taxes
on to the mining companies, and with this
object in view a state tax conference was
held a few days ago in Lewistown. When
the promotors of the movement opened
their conference, they found themselves
confronted with representatives of every
large producing company in this district.
\fter some of the agitators had racde
statements regarding the taxes paid by
the mining companies. L. O. Evans, cluet
counsel for Anaconda company, secured the
floor and gave an exhaustive statement
as to the taxes paid by the mining com-
pany and showed that already the assess-
ment was much greater than on any other
kind of property, although the nature of
the property assessed was vastly different.
Mr Evans produced figures to show that
the Anaconda company in 1917 paid out
$82,081,826.90. During the last six years
the Anaconda company put back into cir-
culation in the stat, t30M73.271.07. Theie
were paid out in dividends during the same
period the sum of $73,703,125, or an aver-
age of slightly over $12,250,000 a year.
The Anaconda paid in taxes in the state
last year $56,606,317. while the_ total prop-
erty assessed in the state was $582,286,5^J,
making the Anaconda company's assess-
ment about one-tenth of all the property u.
the state. Last Mar. Mr. Evans pointed
out, the legislature passed a law calling for
a special corporation net profit tax of 1%
upon all busimss transacted by corpora-
tions, which reailv was a tax on the min-
ing interests, and through this tax there
was collected from all corporations tha
sum of $776. 352. 88. The state license tax
paid by the Anaconda company amounted
to $428,376.43.

WALLACE, IDAHO — Mar. 28
In the Case of the Star Mining Co. vs.
the Federal Mining and Smelting Co. a de-
cision was rendi red by Judge F. S. Deit-
rich. of the U. S. Court for the district of
Idaho, in favor of the Federal company.

in which the plaintiff alleged tlut n
Federal, In operation of the Morning n
had removed ore from the Morning
and Mary K. fraction claims and ask,
order restraining the Federal and e n
ing an accounting for ore extracted
the trial the Federal company con I.
that ore had been removed from be
the surface boundaries of the Star gi
bul contended that In doing so the
pany was acting within the law ie I
extralateral rights. The case was Irl
litis city last October, and both
represented by an array of expert I
nesses as well as practical prospeotortvi
had located or were familiar will
ground in controversy. The dei li It
Judge lleitrich turned on the quest t
priority of location rather than upon
nical theories of geological structui
vanced by the opposing expert wlti
The Federal contended that the <n
on the Grouse claim, joining the E\l
Star on the south and originally in ca
with it. In concluding Judge Deltrlch I
"Considering separately the Gi
flict, the locators of the Evening SI
doubtless knew of the existence o 1
location or attempted location o: t
Grouse at the time they mad. theli
tion. Of record it appears to ha\
priority when the patent proceedings
taken, and in such proceedings it is
lest that priority was claimed. Mr
here nor in the record is there any it
mation of a reason why the owners
Evening Star failed to adverse, mils
be that they conceded priority t
Grouse. If in those years when tn I
dence was more accessible thej d
believe that the Grouse held the pa
right, it is for them to furnish an ex.i'
tion why they failed to assert thilr <
for men do not abandon their nm
without a reason. The natural and ■
unavoidable inference is that tie
the Grouse's priority, and. giving t
able weight to r.uch an inference, I :i
clined to find such priority. In ordt t
the question decided may be clear
fined, especially in the event of a I
of an appellate court, it is proper
that if under the circumstances no th-
ence can be drawn from the failure r
owners of the Evening Star to a <•■
mv finding must be the other way.
Some of the testimony on each I
highly improbable, and I am untie
sav that it preponderates for the c • I
ant. Other questions touching de I
location must be ruled against tl
tiff " The case will be appealed by t
and will probably eventually reach 0
preme Court of the United States.

IMBUING, MINN.— Mar. 26
The Concrete Smokestaok at th >
sissippi mine is being built by a ne c
under the supervision of T. M. Bars
Milwaukee. All work done on this
stack during the winter is being ti
The stack is to be 100 ft. high an i
expected to be built at the rate of
day.

The (ireat Northern Railway PM
handle 2(1.000.000 tons of ore tin'
docks at Allouez this year. Pi
railroad hauled huge trains of 1-.'
cars, taking 15 to 16 hours for I
Now it is planned to have onlj J . ■"
cars in a train and make thi
9 hr. 30 min. It will take more ci*:
men to do the work, but it is hopecn
long run to haul considerabl
It is expected that since the oo\
is in control of shipping, it will ci
deer steamers and so have enougl.
able boats to handle the ore doi

Mining Companies in the No
district. Minn., have been busy thu
preparing for the summer actiut
Crosbv, York and Pearson mines n a
stockpiling as well as doing otherm
sary underground work; the Lai.
Hawkins have done much develin
and Butler Bros, at the Mace NO.
rison. North Harrison, Patrick anas
although they have not been so act «
pect, nevertheless, to get out cons m
ore. Difficulty in getting labor Is e
as it was hard to get su>hcient I I
necessary development work aur-
winter.

.pril ti. 1918

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

661

-on Ore Shipments of Hill, H s feared
not exceed last year's record of 4 1.-
,iii tons from the Minnesota ranges,

IS. It iS 1I'1M)I It (I |l

* inn. Inches deeper than the 1" yei r
Duluth. and at the Soo II is
,, Inches deeper The labor problem
controlling factm v i r< uH
,,• reduced operations ,ii the blast fur-
^ during il"' continued lorn; cold p<
in Deci mber and January , the Ion
s of ore on La' • Rrle docks is much
• r than usual at this turn- ol thi

ilors of largo eastern plains as-
the> h:i \ ■ still sutlleienl ore -iiipli.-
land tn last over a considerable p.-riod
llllli.r Prlrc for 1 run Ore Is hoped foi
[■dependent produeers ol the Lake Su-
it district to counteract the liv
of operating Last year underground

;,.rs worked on a close in
"..tils anil on the basis "| pies -ai costs
nducted ai a loss n
is on the Mesahi range tin
round mines. II was shown that the
of bessemer and non-t'-essi mcr
laid down at Lake HIrie ports was
I per ton last year, while the average
eed was $4.93. leaving a mar-
It of 1 7c The net ostimal I
H |n 1918, based on 1917 ore prices,
■laced at lie The Mesabi open-pits

how e\ , r, how I lie n Oi

The total ■ at -alo Ml li

porta was. placed it |i B3 per ton. win:.
the a\eragv price received was $l.7'». leg'
ing a mi profit ol B6 per ton I
for I hi s ..a tin basis of 1917 ore prlci
are estimated ai B6c i"-i ton

TOBONTO — Mar. 88.

The Provincial Legislature assembly on
i broughl forth tht statement from
Hon Q Howard Ferguson, M Inli ti
Mines for Ontario, that the Ontario govern
iiient had made Btrong repreeentatla
the British American Nickel Corporation

against the establishment of their prO|

nlekil-retiniiig plant ni Quebec Province
The corporation has been looking
eation iii i he neighborhood "i Hull Qu<
Mi Ferguson further explained that tin
corpoi atlon ipp ared d< Irou to ei
tin' refinery In Ontario if favorabh

could be obtained, and he was hope-
ful thai this result could be brougnt

M STRALIA — Kei.. ;n
The Bendlgo Amalgamated, Vlcl
for the seven months ended Decembi

shows a loss of $182,537. The company
crushed 81,180 tons of ore, with a roco>
ery of 18,9563 oz. gold, or $4.40 per ton,

and |li g .hi from conoi nl

Ti nun. i gold amounted to 169 I :

60 prospecting drift gi ind ■

couple ..f goo.l discoveries. It Is report i
would rapidly re-establish the financial
i the oompan)

Til' Barrier South. Ltd.'l HloK.ii Mill

South iiimon w ith all nt hi i

rler pro dei abh i -

ductlon in output for the I imber h

1918 due to t hi g< n. i al labor

Btrlke, « iii.li in the ! Broken Hill

i
totaled .i with l.i. -

138 tons during t be pn ■■. Th

mill treated 89,390 tons ..f an averai
say value <.r iii. lead. I :i '■ , zlm
7 l oz Bllver per ton ; yielded l 1 ,2 1
concentrates assaying 67.5Vi lead, T r.
nd 22.7 oz. silver . 89 8 1 1 tons zinc
tailings assay ing 1 ', lead

i ..z silver pel ton ,;- iuartz

tailings and ii slimes assaying

ll. l". lead, i:'T'. zinc and x ../. silver
per ton. The lead i e. I Ion ol I hi

I baling with the
whole current production "i BlTmec The
tonnage ai».\<- mentioned was treated for
a j e l.i of i r.Tt; i ntratee ai

62.17! lead, 7.7'. zinc and 45.6 07.. silver
per toi

IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIUIIIIIIIIIIIIIIMIIMIIIIIMIMIIMIMII till Mil Illllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll Illlllllllllllllllllll Ill I tlllllllllt Illll Illl Mil Mil I millMIIMIIMIIMIIIIIIIMIIMIMIIIIIMtv:

The Mining News

.lilllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllMIIMIIMII IIUIMIIIIIMIIIIIMIIIIIIIIIIIIMI Illllllllll I I Illl II I Illll Illlllllllll Illlllllllllllllllllll IMIIMIMIIMIIMIIIIMIIIIIMIIIIIII nil mini ||||if

AKIZON A

Maricopa County

OWLEY COPPER MINKS CO. (Gila
j\ — Making improvements and adding
mill.

Mohave County
ATMAX DISTRICT reports gold
kes.

ERBAT (Chloride) — Have taken 10-
on Elkhart property. Controlled
Bank of Campbell. Campbell. X V

.ACKBERRY SILVER MIXING CO.
ickberry) — Contemplate erection of mill
r, settlement of power question. Lead-
e and silver ore.

Pima County

ABABI MINING CO. (Cahabi via
•son) — Report renewal of activities b>
company.

HRKE R (Patagonia) — Shipping 1"
s of concentrate per day to smeltery.

LUX MINE (Patagonia) — Taken under
j and '.ease by Bisbee interests. Ground
Ken recentlv for new mill and equip-
at ordered. Jack McGregor, Thos. Straf-
1 and Fred. Kollburg are directors.

Yavapai County

1 ANNIE MINING CO. (Walker) — Boiler
nt and compressed air equipment in-
iied preparatory to sinking 500-ft. shaft.

1IG PINE CONS. (Poland via Prescott)
Announce immediate resumption of opera-
is and repair of fire damage to mill. C.
Running is manager.

EROME VERDE (Jerome) — Work tem-
arily abandoned on account of heavy
v from northwest drift on 1050 level
m Columbia shaft.

ARKANSAS.

Boone County

ILOR1A MIXING (Zinc) — Completed
-'otiations for the five-acre Love and
lemath lease on Miller tract, adjoining.
1 have leased an additional five acres
m the Almy estate. Operating 60-ton
icentrator and making heavy production.
>rking on zinc silicate.

Marion County

1 ■ C. SHEPHERD (Rush) — Closed lease
Deener tract, in Batesville manganese
4. and to build washing plant this spring

.''WAN BARREN'S DEEP (Yellville)
struck lean run of sphalerite at 175 ft
nrst churn drill hole. Plan extensive
■"ng campaign on 4000 acres.

J. & C. MINING CO. (Buffalo)— Air com-
pressor and drills to he purchased and mine

developed by tunnels and crosscuts Erec-
tion of 7".-t..n plant nearing compietion. C.

H. Holman in charge, lire zme carbonate.

Searcy County
CONSOLIDATED ZINC 1 .Marshall) —
Consolidation of Howard. Ohuchill and
Wallace zinc properties lately effected.
New concern known as Consolidated Zinc
Mines Co. Two concentrators on group.
Xew oil engines to he installed to replace
steam. Motor trucks to be purchased to
haul ore.

CALIFORNIA
Butte County

WESTERX 1 'RE CO. (Oroville)— Ma-
chinery for chrome-concentration plant ar-
riving and work started at Lime Saddle.
n.-ai Oroville. Process of concentration
adopted for treatment of low-grade ore.

Mono County

MASONIC MIXES assx. (Masonic)—
Reported that H. C. Decker and associates
have optioned or leased the 1 lolconda and
Mayday claims, and a block of ground on
the Chemung claim. 1 Irders are being
placed for equipment, and work will he
started about May 1. when the ground is
.■leared of snow.

Nevada County

RED LEI "IE 1 Washington) — Rock slide
destroyed timbers and other material and
carried them into gulch.

COLUMBIA (Washington) — Twenty
stamps dropping and 25 men employed at
this property. near 1 irmonde. E. C.
Klinker is manager.

Shasta County

AFTERTHt (TJGHT (Ingot) — Flotation
plant producing 150 tons a day working
three shifts.

BULLY HILL (Winthrop) — Reported
that Walter Arnstein and associates are
concluding negotiations for purchase of this
propei-ty. Has been under option and in
course of development for one year.

MAMMOTH (Kennett) — Main orebody
explored below the main working by
Friday-Lowden tunnel. Large amount of
new ground brought within productive zone
and extensive lateral work to be started :
high-grade zinc ore being extracted from
Mammoth and treated at the electrolytic
plant ; also 200 tons of copper ore received
daily from the Shasta King property. Boil-
ermakers' strike ended pending arbitra-
tion.

Trinity County

ESTABROOK GOLD DREDGING CO

(Trinity Center) — Company has erected a

large sawmill and is rushing the work on
Xo. 2 dredge, now in course of construc-
tion.

I in. In it. n. County

PACIFIC COAST GOLD MINES COR-
PORATION (Quartz)— Stamp and One

grinding mill to have an annual capacity
of 180,000 tons t.. be built within six
months C. H. Fry in charge W. J. Lor-
ing. 1018 ('rocker Bldg.. San Francisco, is
president and general manager

COLORADO

Ouray County

OURAY CUSTOM MILLING CO. (Iron-
ton) — Table and flotation concentrating
machinery being installed in neyv plant.
Expect mill to be in operation in 60 days

INDIANA (Ironton) — Leased recently by
New Orleans interests. Developing copper
silver ore. Ore to be shipped in summer
to new mill at Ironton. Electric power
plant and air drills to he installed.

Summit County

GOVERNOR (Breckenridge) — Winze
down 4» ft Sinking to cut oreshoot opened
in old workings at depth of 80 ft.

BRECKENRIDGE DISTRICT resumed
dredging late in March. Five dredges to
operate this year, and large output ex-
pected.

WELLINGTON (Breckenridge) — Regu-
lar shipments of zinc concentrates made
Estimated, two-years' supply ore for mill

developed.

Ill' IN MASK (Breckenridge) — Continues
to open up good-grade lead carbonate ore
assaying well in silver. Car shortage
hampers shipments

ROYAL TIGER (Breckenridge) — Operat-
ing old I. X. L. mine. Development work
below main tunnel level has opened lead-
silver and bismouth ore.

Teller County

ISABELLA (Cripple Creek) — Fifteen
sets of lessees working.

-MARY MCKIXXEY (Cripple Creek)—
Smith lease on Howard shaft sold to Vic-
tory Cold Alining Co.

KOMAT LEASING CO. (Cripple Creek)
— Work resumed on Victor mine, belong-
ing to Smith-Moffat Mines Co.. of I •-

UNITED GOLD MIXES CO. (Cripple
Creek) — February shipments totaled about
$40,000 gross bullion value. Trail mine.
operated by lessees, was chief producer.

ROOSEVELT TUNNEL (Cripple Creek)
— Main heading advanced 112 ft.. Cresson
drift. 86 ft., and Portland crosscut, 93 ft.
in February Water flow March 1 was
3575 gal. per minute.

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 1;

(Hal
soini galena

III \no

Kl irlW ( OIII1M

M 1 N B
s - nntaining

! Property belongs
I Smelting Co,

Bonner Counts

lotion of mm.' and
istruction to begin In SO

n|i„. hour Count)
SUNSHINE (Wallace) — Meeting of

ICK tO

irbing Mora.

n and other ad

Conso

lude the Portland and

nent by deep tunnel start-

I; and within a mile

of til

mis \ i SOT \
Mfviiiii Range
MESAB1 RANGE CONTRACTS TO BE

mini boarding
be built at Coleraine. Thi ■
iffs Iron Mining Co will erect 22
al Kenny. Th.- Piokands
o will erect 16 houses at Kee-
The Webb Co. will erect seven mod-
ern dwellings and a boarding house at the
Location.
BRAY MINE (Nashwauk) — All houses
in the Bray location, with the exci ptlon of
th. superintendent's, will be moved to al-
low stripping to extend to the pre nl

The Bray property was
. a up last rear after being idh several

• as. and will ship a large tonnage this
yea r

BENNETT MINE (Keewatin)— Butler
Bros have resumed stripping. The 3611-
ton Bucvrus 7 vd shovel on.- of the three
largest In the world, is operating. The con-
tract for loading the ore has been let to A.
Guthrie & Co.. Inc The underground work-
ings produced a large amount of ore dur-
ing the winter.

WISCONSIN STEEL CO. ( Nashv. aulk) —
Operating the Hawkins at Nashwaulk and
th- \g-iew at Hibbing; have started to re-
move the overburden on new property cm-
prising six forties between Nashwaulk and
Keewatin adjoining the Bray mine to be
operated as an open-pit and is expected to
be In the shipping class before the end
Of the season.

MISSOURI
.l,.|ilin District

CHOCTAW CHIEF (Hockerville, Okla.)

— Construction of new mill started.

BLl'K JENNIE (Hockerville. Okla) —

Sold to W. F Cooper, of Holdenville, Okla.

ICIATED L & Z. (Quapaw. Okla.) —

Building new mill near Quapaw Two mill

sites drilled out.

ONTARIO SMELTING CO. (Quapaw.
Okla ) — Expect to start smelting lead ores
early in April. J. C. Jones, of Joplin. is
president.

THEAST MISSOURI (Plcher. Okla.)

Sinking two shafts and expect to i

mill north of Eagle-Pieher tract John
Cole. Miami. Okla . is vice president.

PICHER-OKLAHOMA (Picher. Ok
Bought mill and to erect on lease south
Golden Rod mine. Drilling has si
good ore. Robt. P. MeReynolds. Pierce
City. Mo., is president

MONTANA

Beaverhead County
BANNACK M & M. CO. 'Bain

New plant in course of construction I apa-
city 9000 tons per annum. To pu:

• amp mill and Wilder tables. C w
Stallings is in charge.

TON AND MONTANA (v
— ririft on Bark vein progressing
torily Face 400 ft from point where fault
was cut. Drift from Park crosscut to Elk-
horn vein now in 600 ft. Ground well
mineralized and expect to cut vein soon
Railroad grading 80'; completed. To begin
laying rails in 30 days, and expect comple-
tion in July.

I ir;os County
BUTTE COPPER AND ZINC (Butte) —
Hoisting daily 300 tons of manganese ore
and shipping" east. In addition to the
manganese the company is hoisting 200
tons of zinc ore daily.

March 1 1 began turning out eemenl In ad-
dition to gypsum Uhhii 160 men to be
employed, with payroll of $20,000 a month
BARNES KING DEVELOPMENT CO
.ill February operations as to
North Moccasin mined 1 7 r. ."» tons, saving
16.64 per ton Bullion produced, $1
Plgan-Gloster and Shannon (Lewis and
Clark County) treated S828 ions: bullion
12 : shipped from Gloster
1504 toi

168 tons assaying - 1 3 68 r i 0

Becaui - naive repair work li

pany's nulls. February tonnage was un-
usually l""

l . ■« i- and Clark County
INOMY MINE (East Helena) — r.inld-
■ ntrator. Construction re-
ii. of lumber.
PORPHYRY DIKE (Rimini)— Mill to be
finished at once Free milling gold ore ;
electric power.

silverhow County
BUTTE-DETROIT (Butte) — Ophir null.
started. Is threatened with shut-
Gulch storm sewer used for
carrying away tailings now clogged by de-
luis .imiiiig with the spring thaw.

r.i TTE COPPER CZAR (Butte) Prop-
erty In eastern section of Butte district to
be extensively developed by sinking shaft
Leaching plant to treat ores ('has 11
George, of New York, is president. L. P.
Sanders, of Butte, has been elected one of
the local directors.

NEVADA

Nye County

TONOPAH ORE PRODUCTION for the
week ended March 16 amounted to 10,669
tons evaluated at $181,373. Producers
were: Tonopah Belmont. 2323 tons; Tono-
pah Mining, 39H0 ; Tonopah Extension,
1993: Jim Butler. 555: West End. 947:
MacNamara. 533 ; Montana. 363 : Cash Boy.
55.

Storey County

ANDES (Virginia) — Work begun pre-
paratory to installing a hoist and erecting
surface buildings.

SIERRA NEVADA (Virginia) — Sampled
vein on 2500 level. Installed additional
blower at 1000-ft. point in shaft.

OPHIR (Virginia)— Driving, spiling and
timbering in caved ground on 2000 level;
to be used as the main tramway to the
Union shaft

CALEDONIA (Gold Hill)— Completed
repairs in shaft and removing air pipe,
track and other materials from the unused
drifts.

ALPH & EXCHEQUER (Virginia)— On
200 level joint west crosscut started at the
end of north drift advanced 10 ft. through
quartz and porphyry. Total distance 130
feet.

UNION CON. (Virginia) — Milled 425
tons, average assay $24.18 per ton. Shipped
two cars bullion to Selby. Greatest activ-
ity in week was on 2 400 level; 62 tons ex-
tracted assayed $17.68 per ton, eight tons
sampling $32 66. 20 tons sampling $15.02
MEXICAN i Virginia) — General repairs
in shaft. Extended east crosscut on 2300
level 4 ft. making total length 4f.x tt
face in porphyry and quartz. At a point
412 ft in. cut low-grade quartz for 5 ft
running south 14 ft. Mill crushed 4 25 tons
of Union ore and 158 tons of Con. Virginia
ore.

COMSTOCK PUMPING ASSOCIATION
(Virginia) — On 1600 level repairing main
south drift from Union shaft leading to
north lateral of Sutro tunnel. Drift used
to turn drainage water and is one of main
outlets for Northend mines. Repaired air-
way on 2500 level

CON VIRGINIA (Virginia) — Milled 159
tons assaying $15.39 per ton. On 2000 level
extracted 50 tons sampling $19.90; 100 tons
sampling $21.17. 16 tons sampling $13.92.
On 27(10 level northeast drift started at a
point 214 ft in west crosscut from the 2500
winze, was advanced 8 ft. ; total dis-
73 ft : fare in porphyry, clay and
quartz, with fair assays

JACKET iGold Hill) — Making necessary
repairs for station on 300 level and first
north drift advanced 12 ft Surface tunnel
sinking and timbering advanced 3 ft Draw-
ing 139 cars fair-grade ore from No
chute Mill working on new equipment
and making necessary repairs to buildings,
etc ; old cyanide plant in operation

TEXAS

Brewster County

longing to Terllngua companj and
pul hi operation after overhauling
60 din Company . quipped with two

ton furnaces, having capacity of 100
of quicksilver per month. New furni
smell low '.'.i ad ore from Mai

ertv and :',■_'.< tons on dump

output to be 250 to 300 Masks i>.-i
\V B Phillips is consulting engini
M Dancy is president.

UTAH

Juab County

TINTIC SHIPMENTS week ended
16 amounted to 136 cars. Bad roa
back shipments. Eighteen shippers,
Dragon Consolidated, Chief Conso)
and Eagle ,*i Blue Bell, leading in
named.

CHIEF CONSOLIDATED (Eurel
Company's manganese holdings lea
N .1 Praia- and C. E. Huish. Hand
ing to keep made of ore high. Foiet
lessees shipped 25 cars.

EUREKA LILY (Eureka) — Drifli.
sumed on 1 100 level. Object to cutirr
zone Work held hack by ga r and
similar to deeper levels of Tintic Stanirci
I nil ting suspended recently and mil
mineralized Pssure followed.

Suit Lnke County
WOODLAWN COPPER (Salt Lali-

Tunnel in 537 ft., and face mineral*!

with iron. W. J. Lawrence, manage
PRINCE OF WALES (Alta)— Drl

done on ore for 28 ft. Width of ore on

one to two feet. Tunnel recently blcei

by snowslide.

ALTA CONSOLIDATED (Alta)—'
feet of high-grade lead-silver-copperwi
reported in winze from Copper Prince ir-
nel.

Summit County

PARK CITY SHIPMENTS week del
March 16 amounted to 4.320,107 lh li
eluded, besides usual ore and concent te?
480 067 lb. spelter by Daly-Judge,
shippers.

Tooele County

LAUREL (Salt Lake) — Group In Dfur
district taken over bv J. H. Cook Cie
interested. A. K. Tiernan and J. P. N I
Same men will do work on Metallicui
group also, not far from Laurel.

THREE FORKS MILLING CO. (Han- „,»»«„. MINING CO (T.rlingua) —

no^hw;MtllT-^^tow^,co,npl^d.^ l£tf$S. JS8»SU?SrA be-

WASHINGTON

Stevens County
NORTHWEST MAGNESITE CO. I
welah) — Machinery ordered for gri:li
plant in connection with production ofc
romagnesite.

CANADA

British Columbia
GRANBY CONSOLIDATED (Nann
— Preparations started to install a J
plant, including docks and coking I
and boats to convey the product to -Vo:

Ontario
DOME MINES (Porcupine) — Main M
1300 ft. deep.

SILVERADO (Gowganda) — Sha
depth 40 ft. Surface veins show silv.
AIRGOID (Cobalt) — Explorations ?i
conducted by the Three Stars Mining
T. C. 177 (Gowganda) — Shaft dow 2>
ft. and crosscutting veins showin
surface.

PITTSBURG-LORRAIN (South Lo it
— Experimental Groch oil flotation pkt
be installed.

TEMISKAMING (Cobalt) — Geol*
survey being made by A. R. Whitmai M
is running at reduced capacity.

AMKERITE (Porcupine) — A 2-
vein with gold content stated at $2 I
ton struck at 275 ft. level.

DAVIDSON (Porcupine) — Mill in m
tion. Electric power transmitted n
South Porcupine. Capacity of 60 toi r
day.

TECK HUGHES (Kirkland Lake) K
ran 88.7'; of possible running time in*
ruary, and treated 2374 tons of ore.m
heads averaging $7.27 per ton.

WALDMAN (Cobalt) — Mining Coo.
tion of Canada, crosscutting on 1
level to discover veins in the conglot r.
formation.

PREMIER LANGMUIR (Porcup I
Sinking resumed at this barite l>r< '
Shaft down 60 ft. and station bein c
Owing to delays in delivery of equi if
mill not yet in operation.

BURMA

YAMETHEN DISTRICT — The dls'
of wolframite and molybdenite

ported from Kangoon.

(£6, 1918 ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

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The Market Report

,iiiimiiiiiiiiiiii!iii!iiiiiMiiniiiiiiiiiMinii!!iiiii!iiii iiiiiiiimiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiinimiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii in iiiimimii niiiiiiiiii mini iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiHiiiiiiiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiii is

M R \\l> STERLING EXCli VNGE

Mri

me
Ex-

LtOgC

7530
7530
7530

Silver

Km
\ ork,
Cents

Lon-
don,

45|

Apr.

Sterl-
ing
Ex-
change

4 7530
4 7530
4 7530

Sihcr

Ni-w
York,

t "f!lt ^

Lon-
don,
Pence

921

92, 451

92, 45j

| York quotations are as reported by Handy
[ nsn and are m cents per troy ounce of bar
* 199 fine- London quotations are in pence per
v nee of sterling silver, 925 fine.

I Y PRICES OF METALS IN NEW YORK

N>pper Tin

| lectro-

l>23)
I '23|
)«23»
I -231

•23)
• '231

Spot

Lead

I Zinc

N Y

7
87]

7

@7J

7
@7i

7

7

7

St L

6 90
(3)7.00

6 90
@7 00

6.90
@7 00

6 90

6 90

St L.

6.95
@7 00

6 92{
@6 97}

6 92J
@6 97!

6 87)
@6.92§

6 82J
@6 87J

6.825
©6.87}

i» fixed by agreement between American
producers and the U. S. Government, accord-
official statement for publication on Friday,
lb* 21, 1917.
■ market.

above quotations (except as to copper, the
it which has been fixed by agreement between
•an copper producers and the U. S. Govern-
wherein there is no free market) are our
i&l of the average of the major markets based
lly on sales as made and reported by producers
encies, and represent to tne best of our judg-
the prevailing values of the metals for the
les constituting the major markets, reduced to
f New Y'ork, cash, except where St. Louis is
mal basing point.

quotations for electrolytic copper are for cakes,
tnd wirebars.

quote electrolytic cathodes at 0 05 to 0.10c.
;he price of wirebars, cakes and ingots,
ations for spelter are for ordinary Prime
a brands. We quote New York price at 17.5c.
lib. above St. Louis.

e current freight rates on metals per 100 lb.
It Louis-New York 17c; St. Louis-Chicago,
;t. Louis-Pittsburgh, 13.1 cents.

LONDON

Copper Tin

Lead

Zinc

Standard

Elec-
tro-
lytic

Spot

3 Mos.

Spot

Spot

3 Mos.

Spot

no

110
110

no

no
no

125

125
125

316

316
316

316

316
316

29}

29}
29}

54

'54
54

above table gives the closing quotations on

n Metal Exchange All prices are in pounds

£ per ton of 2,240 lb. For convenience in

j rison of London prices, in pounds sterling per

• lb., with American prices in cents per pound

I lowing approximate ratios are given, reckoning

«eat $4 7515. £29; =6 2576c; £54 = 1 1.4545c:

= 233333c; £125 = 26 5151c; £260 = 55. 1513c:

593937c; £300= 63 6362c Variations, £ I

21205c.

Metal Markets

NEW YORK — Apr. 3, 1918

interesting features of the metal
E Hs this week were the further sof t-
: in lead and the pronounced weakness

iper — Conditions at the refineries show
J ?r improvement in so far as arrivals

:w material are concerned, but the
: ity of labor is continually trouble-

some. The greatest trouble of all I
rise in the refining eosl to an extravagant
figure, while the long-time contracts with
the nilning companies remain uncha
This situation is being discussed In Wash-
ington tOiia\

Refiners recelvi
with respect to contract for the delivery
of copper after June l at the price of
23Jc., which runs until then, but i
arc unwilling to entertain any overtures
of this kind, considering it more Ilkel
the price of copper will I" meed than

that it will be reduced

Copper Sheets are quoted at 111}.- per
lb. for hot rolled, and lc. higher for cold
rolled. Copper wire is quoted at 26 Jc
f.o.b. mill, carload lots.

Tin — There is no change in the situa-
tion.

Lead — Deliveries by the railways being
more free, consumers are g. tting all the
lead they need, and have become conspicu-
ous by their absence in the market. The
largest producers are well sold out. but
some of the smaller producers, being de-
sirous to sell and offering lead freely in
a dull market, the latter became distinctly
soft. Some round lots were so'd on the
basis of 7c. New Y'ork. while in the St.
Louis market lead was freely offered at
6.90c. '

Zinc — This market became very weak on
free offerings from all quarters, which did
not result in any large transactions. The
general feeling is that the market must
go lower yet. that it is approaching a crisis
which means the survival of the fittest :
in other words, the permanent closing of
the least economical plants. The curtail-
ment of production has already been large
and widespread.

Zinc Sheets — $15 per inn lb.; unchanged.

Monthly Average Correction — The

monthly average price for March was in-
correctly reported to a few of our cor-
respondents. St. Louis lead should be
changed to 7.091. St. Louis zinc to 7.286.
New York zinc to 7.461.

Other Metals

Aluminum — The market is unsettled and
practically at a standstill. The price
quoted is the Government price of 32c. per
lb. Small lots have been sold at higher
prices.

Antimony — Dull and weaker. We quote
12Jc. for spot, while futures are purely
nominal at 113c. c.i.f., in bond. Importa-
tions are reported to be showing a very
heavy falling off.

Bismuth — Metal of the highest purity for
pharmaceutical use is quoted at $3.50 per
lb. for wholesale lots — 500 lb. and over.
The Government has requisitioned a large
part of the available metal, and there is
consequently not much in the market for
manufacturers of pharmaceutical products.
Higher prices are to be expected.

Cadmium — This metal is quoted at $1.40
per pound.

Nickel — By an agreement between rep-
resentatives of the International Nickel Co..
Bernard M. Baruch and the council of Na-
tional Defense a price was fixed of 40c
per lb. for the highest grades nickel and
38c per lb. for the lowest grade.

Quicksilver — Unchanged at $125.

Gold, Silver and Platinum

Silver — The market has ruled steady,
and quiet during the Easter holidays with
unchanged quotations for New York and
London official price. The China demand
has slackened, but brisk buying for India
and London continues.

In our issue of March 16. the prices of
silver at New York for March 7 and 8 were
indistinctly printed. As a matter of record,
we repeat them as folows :

March 7. 85Jc. ; March 8, 851c.

Mexican Dollars at New York: Mar. 28,
74 ; Mar. 29. 74 : Mar. 30 74 ; Apr. 1, 74 ;
Apr. 2. 74 : Apr. 3. 74.

I'lutii $108 for re-
iin.. I Ingol The War Industries Board hat
made a price of $106 for the platlnun

tern in crude metal coming from out i.i.

Palladium \ ■

Zinc and Lead Ore Markets

Joplin. Mo.. Mar. ::m l r ton,

high, $62 i a , i /.". premium,

iO ; mi -11111111 to low, ■ i . I j aver-

age basis, $50 . i» r ton, in- -

Zn, $40@35. Avei ling prices

blende, $51.06; calamine, $36.20; all ores,
$50.1 I per ton.

high, $86 SO . bai la 8091 ''"■ *8B
average selling price, all grades of
lead, $85.65 per ton

Shipments the week: Blende, 10 90
calamine, 676; lead, 1683 tons. Value all
ores the wi • I. (69 I I !0

The premium I for zinc is now

and has been for several months a strange
fantasy. One smelting company has avi r-
aged $7.60 |>--r ton and at times has paid
$10 per ton higher for premium or-
other buyers purchasing the same grade
of ore. This company has persisted li
this In the purchase of one or two lots,
ranging from five to ten carloads, and it
has thereby as persistently misrepresented
the true market situation. For instance,
this week, more premium ore sold at $55 fa
50 than at the high figure. And this has
been true week after week.

Platteville. Mi*.. Mar. 30 — (Bv tele-
graph)— Blende, basis 60'; Zn. $53 base
for premium grade down to $4 5 base for
second grade. Lead ore, basis 80 M lead,
$85 per ton. Shipments reported for the
week were 3504 tons blende. 177 tons ga-
lena and 1231 tons of sulphur ore. For
the year to date the totals are 30.147 tons
blende. 1194 tons galena and 10.891 tons
of sulphur ore. During the week 3579
tons blende was shipped' to separating
plants.

Other Ores

Antimony Ore — No business reported.

Chrome Ore — Uncertain and difficult to
quote. Charles Hardy reports a bid of
$1.60 for 46?; chrome and under 6'; silica,
f.o.b.. California shipping point, without
being able to get the ore.

Manganese Ore — The March schedule of
$1.20 for metallurgical ore, 48%, has been
continued for April.

Molybdenum Ore

Market is lifeless.

-No business reported.

Pyrites — Spanish lump quoted at 17c
per unit, on basis of 9s. ocean freight, buyer
to pay war risk, less 2 ';, and excess freight.
Orders are taken only on condition that the
Government grants a license for the im-
portation.

Tungsten Ore — Considerable business
was done, both for spot and forward de-
livery. Scheelite is quoted at $24.50. and
wolframite at $19@24, according to grade.

lion Trade Review

PITTSBURGH — Apr. 3

The iron and steel price-fixing of a week
ago, for the second quarter of the year,
did not create a ripple in business circles.
While there had been some doubt as to the
authenticity of early rumors, they proved
correct, price changes being confined to a
reduction of $1 a ton on basic iron, whic.-i
carried bessemer down with it. and a re-
duction of $1 a ton on all grades of scrap
for which prices had previously been fixed
The reductions in basic iron and scrap
represented in part a concession to de-
tached steel works buying pig iron, which
claimed that finished steel prices were too
low in relation to raw materials, while the
establishing of a spread of $1 between basic
and foundry grades represented a desire to
insure a supply of foundry iron, as at pre-
cisely equal prices merchant furnaces would
be somewhat disposed to make basic iron
in preference to foundry-

664

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105 No l.

There has been no lncre»ee In buying ■>
• the prloe-taln*, an.i the view
Irmed thai buyers were not wait Inn
en the price announcemenl The eontln-
tent thai haa maintained that frequenl
wttlng tends t., disturb the i
, ■■■M unable to make out a aatlstac-
.. to th< w ir Industries Board
which feels thai fundamental existing cir-
cumstances necessltati unsettled

which cannol b removed l>> prtoi
for long periods Commercial con
sumers of Iron and steel are unable to
tool, • and as it is established

that they have on mill books order ana
contracts for more than 12.000.000 tons
..f finished steel products, large additional
_ .a ttiis tune .-ann. u be • \i" eteo
iltogether uncertain how much of the
business on books is sound. Even the
business thai is in the form of actual
Iflcatlons Is no! sound, tor a oonsld-
e proportion of the tonnage recorded
gpeclfled months ago when conditions
«iili consumers were markedly different
mil it cannot l»- known that the consumers
really want at this time the particular
rorms of steel then specified The mitlnok
is that In future the demand tor steel will
confined chiefly to war material, direct
Indirect, and In the long rim Hie de-
mand is hardly likely to equal the ca-
pacity, unless war requirements materially

The freight-car buying program ot the
Railroad Administration contemplates the
purchase of 50.000 box oars. 26,000 gon-
dolas and 26.000 hoppers, or rather B
smaller number than was originally con-
templated. Not as much effort is t.i be
made to speed up work at car shops as
was expected, the Washington authorities
being anxious to avoid disturbance to othi
and important war industries As the car
shops practically worked off their old or-
ders the new business will not cause lnucn
change in conditions either at ear shops
or at steel mills. The shell-steel buying
program has been Increased, now contem-
plating 'i 000, I tons for the Government

and 600 I tons for the Governments Al-
lies all for second half, against 2.500,000
tons originally estimated. Steel require-
ments for shipbuilding are expected to In-
crease rather rapidly, being at the mo-
ment unexpectedly light, and plate mills
are being asked to devote 75'; of then-
output to Government requirements of all
sorts It is a question whether as much
steel as this can actually be employed
The 159! wage advance announced by
the steel Corporation to become effective
\pr IS will naturally be followed by the
independent interests. There were two 1"'

ances In 1917 and three 109! advances
in 1916. The percentages are averagi
rather than precise, common labor usually
getting a little more than skilled label
The ail advances make a net total of m, ,
From 1899 to 1913 inclusive there were
eight general advances in the iron and

teel industry of the central west, with two
reductions, obtaining for but short periods

Pic Iron — The reduction of $1 a ton in

basic iron, ordered by the War Industries
Board to apply on deliveries Apr I to June
JO inclusive, makes the maximum price
permissible $31', while it brings bessemer
tlown from 136.30 to $35. 20. as bessemer
is taken at 1"'; above basic. Foundry re-
• 633 and malleable at $33.50, the
latter being apparently an oversight, as
it should stand in relation to basic. W
P Snyder & Co report average prices in
sales made in March at $36.30 for besse-
mer and $33 for basic. After the reduc-
tion there was some business undertaken,
but it was held for final closing until Apr
1 so that it did not get into the computa-
tions for March. The foundry iron aver-
for March may be taken at $33.

Ferroalloys

I .rr,,M.aiik'ane«e — The market shows ir-
regularities, and as often as not when

there is an attractive order one or n

producers shade $:;r>'i a trifle. .Manganese
or.- imports in January were 12,947 ton
19 tons in December and 629,-
■■iiis in the calendar year.

Coke

ConnellHvllle — Car supplies were poor
last week and shipments probably did noi
exceed 250.000 tons, against about 334,000
tons in each of the three preceding weeks
and an average of 267,000 tons weekly
in the eariler weeks of the year
tions show no improvement this week, and
a decrease in pig iron production may fol-
low next week.

STOCK QUOTATIONS

STOCK QUOTATIONS Conn,,,,..

s > 1 MM t Mir

Maaka Gold M
Alaska Juneau
\m Sm A Kef ,,-om
Mil Sin A RV . pf
tin Sin See . pf . V
Mil 8100

Mi! Bine, i'f

1 1

Mill
lletlilelielll Sleet

Bethlehem Steel, pf
iiutie a. Superior
Butte i too .1 Zinc

i 'erro >te l'aaco.

i ihtlc I top

I ihlno

, !ol0 I uel A lr, ,ii

Cruelble Steel,

Crucible Bteel, pi

Hume Mines

Federal m 4 3
Federal M A B . pf
I ireaf \ ■
, ireene Cat

Gulf Stales Sleet

Homeatake

Inspiration COO

International Nickel
Kenneoott.

I-ackawannn steel
Mexican Petrol
Miami Conner
Nat'l Lead, com . .
National Lead, pf .

N'ev I 'ousel
Ontario Mln

It.ii' con

Itepubllcl AS..com.
Kcplll.lU' I A S ,pf
Sloss-Sheffleld
Tennessee C. A C
fj S Steel, eom . . . .
0 S. Steel, pf

t'tah Copper

Vn Iron l' * I'

N. Y. CT/RB1

HUSTON I XCII • Vpr 2

. ctfs

Apr. 2|

Big Ledge.
Rtltte A N, V
nunc Detroit
Caledonia
Calumet A Jerome,
i an Cop < 'orpn

Carlisle

Cashboy

Con. Ariz, am

Con. Coppermlnes
i '.in N'ev -t'tah
Emma Con

First Nat Cop

CoMMeld Con

Goldtleld Mercer. .
Oreenmonster. ...

Hecla Mln

Howe Sound

Jerome Verde

Kerr Lake

Louisiana

Magma

Majestic

M arsh

McKlnlcy-Dar-Sa

Mllford

Mohican

Mother I.ode . . . .

N Y, A Hond

N'lplsslng Mines.

Nixon Nevada

Ohio Cop

Uawley

Ray Hercules

Richmond

Rochester Mines

St Joseph Lead

standard s. L.

Stewart

Success

Tonopah

Tonopah Ex

Trlhulllon

Troy Arizona

United Cop

United Verde Kxt

United Zinc

I'tlca Mines

tu

J 25

Adventure

Abllieck

Aluoniatl

A llouex

Arlr Com

Arnold

Bonanza

Rutto-Ualaklava

1 'aluniel A Aril

Calumet A Reola,

centennial

CopiMT Halm.'
Dal) \\ M
Davto-Dau

Fast Butte

Franklin

I Iranhy

Hancock

Bedun

Helvetia

Indiana
isle Royale

Keweenaw

Lake

La Salle

MaHon V alley . . .

Mass

Mayflower

Michigan

Mohawk

New Arcadian , .
New Idrla
North Untie

North Lake

Ollhwav

Old lioinlnlnn.

Osceola

Qulncy

St. Mary's M. L.

Santa Fe

Seneca

Shannon

Shattuck-Arlz

So. Lake

Bo. Utah

Superior

Superior A Bost.

Trinity

Tuolumne

U. S. Smelting
V. S Smelfg. pf

Utah Apex

Utah Con

Utah Metal

Victoria

Winona

Wolverine

Wyandot

I
7S
2.1
150

!-■:
.as

211
2.'.
«7
186
13
44

i :

ooi

2

is

h;
62
7.'.
411
54
70
51
.90

81
41

15
II

in

ii

3!
.95
421
45

2

91

2

?!

28
.60

nut* SPRINGS

i •(-< liaon ( 'on

Doctor Jack Put

ESIkton <"on.

ii Paso

i .old Sovereign,

» .olden < !j > !<■

Granite

Isabella

Murv McKlnney

I'ortltuitl

United GoldM...

Vindicator

* Bid prices, t

BOSTON CURD* Apr. 2

SAN FRAN*

Alta

Andes

Beat & Belcher

Caledonia

f hallengr* f'on

f onfldence

Con. Virgin!;.
Gould & furry ....
Hale A N or cross .
Jacket-C r. Pt
Mexican. .

Occidental

Ophlr

Overman

Savage . ......

Sierra Nevada

Union Con

Utah Con

Belmont

.Mm Butler

MacNamara

Midway

Mont.-Tonopnii

North Star

Rescue Eula

West End Con... .

Atlanta

Bootn

i mi b. Frac

i >' eld Daisy

Florence

Jumbo Extension .

Kewanas

Nevada Hills
Nevada Packard

Round Mountain.
Sliver Pick
White Caps
Big Jim. .
United K astern . . .

Alaska Mines Corp
Bingham Mines.

Boston Ely

Boston A Mont. .
Butte A Eon'n Dev
f alaveras
Calumet-Corbln..

Chief Con

f ortez

frown Reserve

f rvstal fop

Eagle* Blue Bell..

Gila Copper

Houghton Copper.
Intermountaln .
Iron Cap, Com
Mexican Metals .
Mini's of America.
Moiave Tungsten
Nat. Zinc A Lead..
Nevada-Douglas. .
New Baltic

New Cornelia

Oneco

Pacific Mines

Rex Cons

Yukon Gold

.15

19}

1A

.53

.19

,„!•

.10

.20

.35

2

117

.75

.05

17!

.46

H

.07

.20

.75

90

16!

20

t 35

10

1

SALT LAKE*

Apr. 1

T75
4.50

Bannack

Cardiff

Colorado Mining.

Daly

Daly-Judge

Kmplre Copper

Gold Chain

Grand Central

Iron Blossom

Lower Mammoth.

May Day

Moscow

Prince Con
Rico Wellington
Silver-King Coal'n
Silver King con

Slou:c Con

So. Hecla
Tintlc Standard.

Uncle Sam

Walker Cop

Wllnert

Yankee

t 26

4.10

06

1 1 30

5.50

1 1 . 00

1.08

t 35

31

t 03

02'

t 112

.60

I.',

1.921

2 .05

.04

65

1 1 30

t on:

1.55

.06

1 05

TORONTO*

Apr.

IIS

Bailey

.04

.26

Chambers Ferland.

.09

foniagas

3 05

Hargraves

.61

Peterson Lake

.09

Temlskarnlng

.26

04

.34

Dome Exten

.09

.23

5.10

1.35

.23

Porcu. Crown

. 16

■leek-Hughes

.49

.21

West Dome

13

Apr '-' LONDON

■1 43) Alaska G. K. . 1

1)31 1 Burma Corp

.04 | Cain A MotOl

. 12 I I Camp lllrd

1 02 | F.lOro

i 59 I Eaperania

32 Mexican Mtuei

.051 Mill Corp ' .ui

05| Nechl. pfd

90 Orovllle

. 15 Santa 1 lert'dl*

.29 I Tomboy,
Closing prices, t Last Quoin

MONTHLY AVKKACiK PRICKS 111 Ml I

New York

Loni]

1915

1917

1 9 1 H

1916

llll

Jan

56 775

75 030

88.7(12

211 1111(1

16

let.

77 686

85 718

26 1175

67 935

73 861

MS (182

27 5117

\prll
May

1,1 115

7.1 875

30 662

■

7 1 269

74 745

35 177

37 II

June

65 024

76 '.171

31 mill

39 1)

.lllll

62 M4I1

711 lllll

30 000

40 1

66 ns.'l

S5 1117

.11 41IS

111 l

Sep!

UK 515

100 74(1

32 584

511 11

\m

71 1104

85.881

34 19

13 .

I

75 . 765

86 960

36 110

11 i

Year..

65 661

SI 117

11 11

in i

New York quotations cents tier ounce
London, pence per ounce.aterllnKsllver.il 9256

i t.pper

Jan.
Feb

Mar
April
May.
.Tune-
July. .
Aue .
Sept..
Oct....
Nov..
Dec. .

New York

Electrolytic

1917 1918

28 673

31 750

ill 4sl

27 035

28 7HK

29 11(12
26 620
25 380
25 1173
23 50(1
23 50(1
23 500

11117

131 1121

137 S95

1 36 750

133 B42

130 (1(1(1

130 i»«i

128 409

122 391

117 500

llll nun

I in 000

llll (Kill

110 0(111 I i.' II
llll nun lis mi
110 lion 161 a
147 II
142 IK
142 (»
140 4'
137 IK
135 2
125 n
125 II
125 II

Year 27 ISO 124 892

New York

January . .
February. .

March

April
Mill

June

July

August

Sep*embcr

Octoher

November

December

Av year

86.500

92 11(10

(a)

138 1

i

19 1;

198 'i
•ii,

220 I

245 1

12

212 1

243 II

211 I

217 -I
271
!9X

:-

287

(ii) No av

rage computed

New York

St. Louis

111

Lead

I1H7

1918

1917

1918

7 626

6.782

7 530

6 684

S.636

6.973

s 505

6.898 3U "

9 199

7.201

9 120

7.091

April

9 2X8

9 158

10 207

in 2(12

11 171

11 123

HI 710

10.644

10 594
8.680

10 518

S.611

.in

6 710

6 1,511

6 249

6.187

Decemlier. .

6.375

6.312

Veu,-

8 787

8 721

New York

St. Louis

1 ,1

Spelter

I'll 7

1918

1917

1918

9 619

7 836

9 449

7.661

1

10 045

7.814

9 . 875

10 300

7.461

ill 13(1

7 286 -iv

April

9 459

9 289

9 362

9.192

9 371

9.201

July

8 643

8 473

8 36(1

8 190

September..

8 130
7 983

7 Drill
7 813

November .

7 847

7.672

December

7 685

7 510

year.,

s run

8.813

New York and St. Louis quotations, .cent, er
London, pounds sterling per long ton.

Pig Iron.

Bi siemert

Haslet

"7

Pgh.

1917

1918

l'H7

J33 9."
33 95

38 •■'■••

S35 . 95

$37 25

S3(l 95

:9

February

36 37

37 37

37 25
37 25

30 95
33 49

April. .

42 23

38 90

46 94

42.84

54 22

SO 05

July

57 45

53.80

54 17

September

46 40

33 95

October

37 25

November

37 25

December

37 25

5" ear

< l 1 57

J39 62

J

; Ao reported by W. P Snyder A Co.

Engineering and Mining Journal

April 13, WIS

105

Number I.S

i inmiiii i

; L VERTICAL KILNS
AT ALLEN QUARRY
i:\i; VALLEY. WASH..
AMERICAN MINERAL
iDUCTION CO

^ "WkS

FIG 2 ROTARY KILNS

AT THE FINCH QUARRY

AT CHEWELAH, WASH .

NORTHWEST MAGNE-

SITE CO

FIG 3 VIEW IS ALLEN QUARRY

Magnesite Deposits of Washington

By R. W. STONE"

Production of magnesite in Washington began in

1916. when 715 tons was shipped. By the end of

1917, the deposits of the state, situated in Stevens
County, had yielded 100,000 tons, which figure

rHE effect of the war on some branches of the
mineral industry in the United States is well
illustrated by the development of magnesite de-
sits in the State of Washington. The occurrence of
ese has long been known, but their development was
mmercially impracticable because of the high cost of
King the ore to a railroad and shipping across the
ntinent to the principal consumers, and because of
e low cost at which European magnesite could be
ported. In 1916, when the steel industry was running
ort of refractory material by the stopping of imports
Wignesite from Austria-Hungary, and prices on the

birecto-60'0^^' Survey Published with the permission of

■will probably be doubled in the present year. The
rapid development is due to the demand caused
by cessation of supplies from Austria-Hungary.
Modern industrial uses varied and important.

Atlantic Coast were high enough to pay for trans-
continental shipment, development of the Washington
deposits was undertaken. The output started with 715
tons, shipped in December, 1916.

In 1917, Washington produced nearly 100,000 tons of
magnesite, a respectable showing for a new industry.
It is estimated that if present demand continues and
there is no interference by strikes, railroad embargoes,
car shortage, or other causes, the output in 1918 will be
over 200,000 tons of crude magnesite. Most of this will
be calcined before shipment, which will reduce the
weight about one-half.

The Washington magnesite deposits are situated
about 60 miles north of Spokane and 5 to 12 miles west

■

ENGINEERING AND MIXING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 1;

ol the Great Northern R.R. The shipping points are
Chewelah and Valley, in Stevens County. The geo-
graphic relation of the deposits to the railroad is shown
in F'g. 5. The distance of the quarries from the rail-
road retarded development in the past. l>ut now that the
new Spokane. Valley and Northern U.K. is in operation
over part of its route at least, shipping conditions are
easier.

The first magnesite quarried was hauled from the
mountains on sleds. In the spring of HUT the un-
improved roads were deep in mud. and transportation
was a serious proposition. The shortest haul was seven
miles over a rough road, which became worse with the
heavy traffic. Throughout 1917, ore was hauled to the
railroad and supplies to the camps by teams and auto
trucks. At the height of production as many as 75 con-
veyances were so employed, and nearly 500 men were
engaged in the industry, including quarrymen, drivers,
mill men, and construction gangs, not including those
on the new railroad.

Delivery to the railroad was greatly facilitated early
in 1918 by the completion of a five-mile aerial tramway
from the Finch quarry of the Northwest Magnesite Co.
to the kilns at Chewelah, and the operation of a broad-
gage railroad from the Allen quarry of the American
Mineral Production Co. to Valley. This railroad is be-
ing extended up Deer Creek, and when completed will
make it possible for the product of the Red Marble and
Double Eagle quarries to be shipped with ease.

Northwest Magnesite Co. Largest Producer

In the following description, the quarries are noted
in order of their geographic situation from north to
-outh:

The Finch quarry is situated five miles on an air
line southwest of Chewelah and north of Browns Lake.
It was operated by R. S. Talbot, of Spokane, until May
1. 1917, when it was acquired by the Northwest Mag-
nesite Co., R. S. Talbot, president. This property was
the largest producer in 1917. The quarry floor is about
200 ft. long as developed at present, and the working
face is about 40 ft. high. The workings appear as yet
only as a scar on the face of a hill 300 ft. high on which
magnesite outcrops from base to top. The illustration
in Fig. 4 is a view along the face of this deposit. The
rock is drilled by compressed-air drills, shot down, and
trammed to bunkers in steel mine cars.

During 1917 the lump rock was hauled to Chewelah
by wagon and auto truck, but now that the aerial tram
is in operation, the rock is broken in a large jaw crusher
at the quarry. The crushed rock delivered at the plant
in buckets is ground in Fuller-Lehigh pulverizers be-
fore calcining. At the works, which are one mile south
of Chewelah, there are three rotary kilns, 105 ft. long
and 81 ft. in diameter, fired with powdered coal. These
are shown in Fig. 2. A corrugated iron warehouse
about 160 ft. long, with concrete floor and foundation,
has been built beside the railroad for storage and
shipment of the calcined magnesite. The men at the
Finch quarry occupy a large bunkhouse 190 ft. long,
which is divided into 33 rooms for two men each, and
equipped with flush toilets and shower baths.

The Allen and Moss quarries of the American Mineral
Production Co. are west of Browns Lake, one-half and
three-quarters of a mile, respectively, south of the Finch

operations, and about seven miles northwest of Vail,
the office and shipping point of tins company. The t i
quarries are about 1000 ft. apart and near the oppose
ends of a magnesite lense about one quarter mile lor.
The thickness of the lense varies, but is about 200
at tin' Moss quarry, which is so situated that a wo -
ing face about 75 ft. high can be developed. The m;-
nesite beds, together with the overlying quartzite ;U
underlying shale and slate, dip at high angles. A t>
grained, green igneous rock, possibly diabase, outcns
at a few places close under the magnesite. A gene^
view of the Allen property as it appeared late n
September, 1917, is shown in Fig. 3. Besides shippiir
trude magnesite, the Allen and Moss quarries are si
plying ore to four vertical stack kilns (Fig. 1) on e
bank above Browns Lake and about 900 ft. east of e
Allen quarry. These kilns originally were oil-burni'.
but were converted to wood-burning in August, 19/,
a shortage of fuel oil and an abundance of wd
at the kilns being responsible for the change.

American Mineral Production Co. Ranks Secch

The second largest magnesite producer in the Ste\
County field in 1917 was the American Mineral Pi-
duction Co., and most of its output came from the Aln
and Moss quarries. Delivery of the output to the rl-
r«ad at Valley cost $2.50 per ton in 1917, and was vy
difficult at times, on acount of the condition of the rcl
The new railroad built directly to these quarries in le
fall of 1917 will make it easy to produce a much lar.-r
quantity of magnesite in 1918.

The Woodbury quarry of the American Mineral I
duction Co. is one and one-half miles southwest of v
Allen plant and six miles from Valley. It was one of i«
first to be developed, and is equipped with two verti 1
stack kilns. After a few months of experimenting .id
production, work was discontinued at this quarry, ■
account of the better quality of the magnesite in ic
company's other properties.

Magnesite Formerly Sold as Marble

Ten miles by road west of Valley is the KeystM
quarry of the Northwest Magnesite Co. This m
formerly worked by the United States Marble >.
which from 1898 to 1903 sawed, polished and M
dressed stone to the value of $100,000. The so-cani
marble thus sold was magnesite, and it was from >■
quarry that R. S. Talbot, of Spokane, made the M
shipments of Washington magnesite as such in Decn
ber. 1916. The deposit is high on the mountains t
and consists of beds pitching at an angle of 45c b
the mountain. The magnesite outcrops in large lece.-
for 300 or 400 yards along the upper slope of a ri< e
It is safe to say that there is 1,000,000 tons of ng
nesite in sight and probably much more. The mate
site partly replaces a lense of dolomite, and bedso
dolomite are interspersed with it. Quartzite lies alv<
the deposit and shale below. Igneous intrusives o<J
in the shale. The Keystone quarry has not been ill
ized since early in 1917, because the Finch qua >
owned by the same company, is much nearer the H
road. The new railroad from Valley to Deer Cie
passes within one and one-half miles of the Keysn
quarry, and will make possible the operation of
property when needed.

Vpril IS, 191S

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

'he Double Eagle quarry of the Vallej Magnesite
is nexl "ii the smith. This deposit waa discovered
(developed by Prof. F. M. Handy, of the State Col-
., at Pullman, Wash., who was in large measure
truniental in opening up the Stevens County depos-
The property of this company is on the north

■ of Deer Creek near the top of a hi^h ridge ami
at 800 ft. higher than the terminus of the rail-
d on the creek bottom three-quarters of a mile
iy. The deposit has been opened at two points sev-
1 hundred yards apart. The magnesite beds dip at
angle of about 50 and show many variations from
! to coarse grained, mottled and banded, with coarse
.•k magnesite crystals common on bedding planes and
its.

V bank of vertical-stack kilns was built below the
irry in the summer of 1917, and shipments of both
de and calcined magnesite were made by wagon and

0 truck in the second half of the year. Supplies for
camp and shipments of ore had to be hauled 12 miles

■r a rough road at a cost of $4.50 per ton. The
irer development of the property, like that of the
i Marble quarry of the American Mineral Production
on the opposite side of the valley, has been dependent
the completion of the railroad.

The southernmost magnesite deposit, not shown on the
ompanying map. is known as the Red Marble. Years
) attempts were made to develop a marble quarry at
s place, the magnesite being mistaken for marble,
:. so far as knowTn, shipments were not made. This
>osit, which was acquired by the American Mineral
oduction Co., extends along the top of a ridge on the
ith side of and about 900 ft. above Deer Creek. Its

1 color is a striking characteristic of the magnesite
this property. In spite of the color, the magnesite

1 5 a low iron content. The rock varies from fine to
irsely crystalline, and some of it can be distinguished
mi dolomite only by chemical tests. This deposit is
nut one-quarter mile long and from 200 to 300 ft.
I ck, consisting of beds dipping at about 45° and ex-
iding to unknown depth. The country rock is slate,
list, and quartzite, intruded by a dark green igneous

k like diabase. The magnesite wholly or partly re-
i.ces an original dolomite lense. If 50 r-r of the de-
<it is commercial magnesite, it is reasonable to esti-

te 2,000.000 tons within 50 ft. of the surface.

:rial Tramway Will Connect Red Marble Quarry
with Railroad

Development of the Red Marble quarry has been re-
ded by its situation. It is 12 miles west of Valley
a poor road. In the last mile there is an ascent of
) ft., which is a stiff grade for a team with a heavy
gon, and which has been ascended by only a few auto
icks. An aerial tram one mile long from the Red
'rble quarry to the end of the new railroad on Deer
eek, and a long, high quarry face, will make possible
?rge production in 1918. This company has built a
o-story brick office building and chemical laboratory
Valley, and purposes building its principal kilns at

■ same place.

Several miles south of the Red Marble quarry and 18
les west of Springdale a deposit was developed by
^United States Magnesite Co., of Spokane, in the
ring of 1917, and some ore was shipped. Work was

ontinued, however, in August, 1!»17, di re

poi tod. t" tin' low grade of tin- rock.

'I'lic Stevens Count] magnesite deposits arc in moun-
tainous country, when ind hillwash con
ceals most oi tin' bedrock, and as the outcrop ■">■ « i i
continuous and 'in- depth of tin' deposits is unknown.
estimates oi the quantitj of commercial magnesiti
available may vary widely, It is Bafe to jay that tl
are several million tons of magnesite in the district,

w t r*\ ...

** - -

> -j-,-z^ ■■- tuts; - *:\-,.

ill -H -*L^.

FIG. 4. PORTION OF FIXOH QUARRY'. SEVEN MILES WEST
OF CHEWEI.AH. WASH. NORTHWEST MAGNESITE CO

and exploratory drilling may confirm the impression
that the deposits extend to a considerable depth. Unlike
California magnesite, which is white and microcrystal-
iine, the Washington magnesite is fine to coarsely
crystalline, and white, gray, and red in color. A visual
examination is not enough to determine the quality of
the ore, for, as shown by chemists employed at the
quarries, two pieces of the rock that look almost identi-
cal may differ 20rc in lime content and 10cr in silica.
Washington magnesite discloses, on analysis, more
silica and less iron than Canadian or Austro-Hungarian
magnesite. Canadian magnesite differs particularly
from the others in being very high in lime. Washing-
ton magnesite commonly carries from 42 to 45cc mag-
nesium oxide and from 1 to 2% ferric oxide. It is sold
crude under specifications fixing a limit of not more
than 3cc silica or more than 2% lime. In 1917, the
crude magnesite sold at Valley and Chewelah, Wash..

ENGINEERING A.ND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. i:

for • per ton f.o.b., and the calcined magne-

• per ton.

All of the Washington magnesite deposits thus far

developed are so situated thai thej can i>e worked by

open quarries, and they are so regular and free from

inclusions that there is comparatively little waste rock

to handle. The output in I!1 17. when all the properties

were m the development stage, was over 95,000 tons

rude rock. Nearlj 65,000 tons was shipped crude;

the remainder was burned, making over 15,000 tons of

calcined magnesite.

The demand for magnesite in the eastern states was

id throughout 1917, and most of the Washington

output was shipped to Chicago and to eastern points,

fk; .-. map showing situation ov magnesite de-
posits NOW BEING WORKED IN STEVENS COUNTY,
WASHINGTON

paying a freight rate of $10 or more per ton. A
freight embargo on railroads east of Chicago hin-
dered the shipment of Washington magnesite during
the last winter, but it is believed this is only temporary
and that when the embargo is lifted the industry will
'now apace.

Washington Magnesite Good Material for
Refractory Brick

Magnesite from Washington is used in large part
for making refractory brick for the lining of steel and
copper furnaces, and will always be in demand for this
purpose. Magnesite is used also for making composi-
tion flooring, in fire-resistant paint, in the sulphite proc-
ess of wood-pulp paper manufacture, as a heat insu-
lator or covering for steam pipes and boilers, and in
magnesia cement. Magnesia cement flooring is now
used instead of wood or other material for the decks of
ships, and for the floors of hospitals, railroad cars,
office buildings, kitchens and other places where easy
cleaning is required. Magnesia cement has also been
employed in the war for making gun emplacements, its
advantage for this use being that it sets quickly and
has some resilience.

Remember the Comfort Fund of the 27th Engineers.

Production of Pitj Iron in 1917

A total of .".S.('il7.:'.(.»7 gross tons of pig iron \
produced in the United States in 11)17, according o
statistical bulletin No. 1 (1918), issued on Mar. IS-
the American Iron and Steel Institute. This cci
pares with 39,434,797 tons in 1916 and 29,916,218 I
in 1915. The production by states in 1917 was as ,
lows: Pennsylvania, L5.539.728; Ohio, 8,518,608;
linois, 8,483,096; Alabama, 2,95:5,705; Indiana
Michigan, 2,657,503; New Jersey and New ^ i
2.417,527; Wisconsin and Minnesota, 738,541; \\ ;
Virginia, Kentucky, Georgia and Mississippi, 561,9
Virginia, 520,311; Missouri, Iowa, Colorado, Washi
ton and California, 453,742; Maryland, 422,212; T
nessee, 369,951, and Massachusetts and Connectid,
10,527 gross tons. The greatest increase in product I
over 1916 was in Massachusetts and Connecticut, \vh .
it was 84.07',. Virginia gained 30.12f, ; Indiana jJ
Michigan, 19.62% ; Alabama, 6.91$ ; Tennessee, 4.M
Missouri, Iowa, Colorado, Washington, California, Via
Virginia, Kentucky, Georgia, New York and New J
sey, grouped as above, made small increases. Prou
tion decreased compared with 1916 in these stab:
Maryland, 15.80r, ; Illinois, 11.20%; Wisconsin 1
Minnesota, 8.97%; Pennsylvania, 5.86^ ; Ohio, O.Of

Production of pig iron by grades in 1917 was is
follows: Basic, 17,671,662 gross tons (0.07', decree
from 1916) ; bessemer and low phosphorus, 13,714,52
(decrease 4.91 %); foundry and ferrosilicon, 5,328, >S
(decrease 4.06',); malleable, 1,015,579 <i
10.21%); forge, 345,707 (decrease 0.76 %) ; spiegei-
sen, 193,291 (decrease 0.37%) ; ferromanganese, 286.K
(increase 29f, ) ; all other, 92,168 (increase 3.28')

In 1917, a total of 11,676,513 gross tons of pig i>r
was made for sale in the following grades: Bessn
2,406,742; basic, 2,614,875; forge, 128,061; founrj
5,186,498; malleable, 1,014,025; all other, 326,312. i
total pig-iron production (38,647,397) was cast or e
livered as follows: Molten condition, 23,193,439; sit
cast, 6,238,567; machine cast, 7,649,684; chill est
1,532,575; direct castings, 33,132 tons. Basic pig in
manufactured in 1917 was cast or delivered by fold-
ing methods: Sand cast, machine cast, chill cast, c.
3,975,062; molten condition, 13,696,600; total 17.(171 j
tons. Bessemer and low-phosphorus pig iron maddi
1917 was cast or delivered by following methods: Fu
cast, machine cast, chill cast, etc., 4,227,782; moei:
condition, 9,486,950; total, 13,714,732 tons. A ta
of 376,525 tons of cold and hot and warm blast cl r-
coal pig iron was made in 1917, as follows: Col
5219; hot and warm blast, 371,306 tons. Total inches
a small tonnage made with charcoal and coke.

In the above figures all pig iron and ferroalloys P
included, whether made in blast or electric fui
Low-phosphorus pig iron (under 0.04', phosphor
is included in bessemer pig iron. Pig iron contain:
0.04 to 0.1 rr phosphorus is classified as bessemer. Nel.
all the charcoal iron is classed as foundry pig i"1
which latter also includes ferrosilicon. Pig iron i
tabling 7% or more silicon is classified as ferrosili'i
Under "all other grades" are included white l
mottled iron, direct castings and miscellaneous fe<
alloys. When not separately stated, ferromanga 8
and spiegeleisen are included in "all other."

pi'l

18. L918

ENGINEERING AND MINING J01 RNAL

GG9

Theory and Practice of Ball-Milling

By PIERRE R. MINKS

''h>- ball-mill has heroine an important fine-
nulling appliance in iresti in on -dressing estab-
iskments. Tin theory <<t its action, tin nature
if the product under varying conditions, tin
lower requirements, fin special field tor ball-
nill crushing, ami tin operating features of / •

' dischargi mills are prest nted by tin wi iU r
n a manner that should proin especially valuable

, mi1! designt r, i nginet r ami operator.

">HESE notes are based on observations made while
on a recent trip through the West for the pur-
pose of studying the practical operation of the
mill. While there are several types of ball-mill on
market, particular attention will here be given to

no

90

EM

01

■JO

860
o

JJL

/k

a

rFEpENT TONNAGES

Ay/i\

1 — ' / II

fi/tx

\ //

$

£

/

JT

/,

°y

&

3

'

y//^

_-

^

y

-^

-

550

•«

!»

3 4 i> 6 10 14 20 28 55 48 65 100 160 200
Mesh-(Tyler Stondaid;

I RELATION BETWEEN TOXXAHE AXU XIESH-SIZE

diaphragm type, as the open-trunnion type, espe-
y the conical mill, has been thoroughly discussed in
Transactions. There is a prevailing impression that
ball-mill is a recent development; however, ball-
s were used extensively in Montana and other west-
states for crushing ores for concentration as far
; as 1898. Its present prominence is due in part to
recent successful application by one of the large
»er companies. Without any reference to dry grind-
the first successful ball-mill for wet crushing, which
ill in operation, was built 10 years ago.' This mill,
'gned by Erminio Ferraris for crushing Sardinian
1 for concentration, is of more than passing interest,
mbodies the peripheral discharge with grates, large
:ed-steel balls, and the prinr-'pal features of the
em ball-mill. The results approach present-day
-tice, the chief differences being that the mechanical
itruction has been improved in tht modern types.

. GMWpt 0f a pal:ler Presented at the February meeting of the

S?"io Ferraris: -The Mechanical Preparation of Ores in
"iia. Trans., A I. M. E . Vol. 39. p. 88.

The action of the balls and the principles of crushing
have been studied by several investigators.1 Their con-
i lusions are confirmed bj results obtained by the writer
in experimenting with a small machine built at the Allis-
Chalmers factory, and serve t" explain the reasons for
-nme of the results obtained in practice. A ball-mill

may be revolved so last that the balls will cling to the
shell during the entire revolution, while ,,t slower speeds
they will be carried up onlj a short distance and roll
back. On the other hand, at the critical speed, they
will cascade. At the critical speed the balls ascending
on the layer next to the shell start from rest and cling
to the shell without revolving or rolling, which has often
been ascribed to them. These balls are held at rest bj
centrifugal force until they reach a [joint the location
of which is dependent on the speed of rotation. Beyond
this point, gravity overcomes centrifugal force, and
the balls fall with increasing velocity in a parabolic-
curve which is the resultant of the above two forces,
the force of the impact being expended in crushing the
material. The several layers of balls lying on top of
those next to the shell follow a similar cycle except that,
due to relative difference in the two forces, their paths

too

90
,80

jC
U>

I 70

|

e> 50
u

i_

0)
CL

>

iso

I

^20

i/ .

/

f

-

./

,.-/

<0

/,•

y

/
y

'}

u

'

6 8 10 14 20 28 35 48 65 i00 150 200
Mesh - ( Tyler Standard )

DELATION BETWEEN KIND F HA I.I. CHARGE
AND MESH -.SIZE

become more nearly vertical. The outer layers, spread-
ing more than the inner layers, increase the area in the
zone of the falling balls. Within the circuit thus formed
is a neutral axis or a sluggishly rotating kidney-shaped
mass in which little actual work is performed.

The material being crushed is thoroughly distributed
throughout the mass by filling the interstices between
the balls, and follows in the same circuit. It is, there-
fore, evident that the material is crushed mainly by

-'Hermann Fischer: "Der Arbeitsvorgang in Kugelmiihlen. inbe-
sendre in Rohrmiihlen." "Zeitschrift des Vereines deutscner In-
genieure <1"G4). Vol. 48. p. 437. Walford R. Dow ling: "The Use
of Scoop Discharges in Tube Mills." 'The Journal of the Chemical
Metalluraical p.nr! Mining Societv of South Africa" (1915). Vol. 15,
p 214.

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 1(15. No's

trUring balls as the whole mass falls.
. little grinding by attrition due to the

ept at the point where the shell

tea it to the rotative speed

- hell. The argument has often been advanced

.'. cannot be produced by impact alone

that tine grinding is done entirely by attrition or

rul ing balls. It is only necessary to break

up . t-k on an anvil with a hammer

to prove that tines are unavoidably produced by impact.

en analyses of the discharges from tube-mills in

-cd circuits lead to the conclusion that

i

*OUKS "ft TON TO GRINl

- :

- 0 )

RELATION BETWEEN POWER AND MESH-SIZE

in many instances an ore fragment may pass through
the mill six I I times before it is crushed to the

desired fineness. Quoting directly from the article by
Hermann Fischer referred to:

The grinding action, therefore, depends upon the height
of the drop of the balls, that is. the height of the curve ver-
tex above the ooint where the ball strikes, the speed of the
shell, the weight and number of balls. The speed of the
drum must be so determine 1 that the curves can develop
themselves properlv. The weight of the balls and the
height of drop are interrelated, and their product must be
sufficient to break the ore according to its size and hardness.
Hard materials require heavier balls or greater height of
drop than soft ones, and steel balls in small diameter cylin-
ders will do the same work as flint pebbles in large diam-
eter cylinders.

The free fall of the balls is dependent upon the vol-
ume of ball load. With a charge equal to or greater
than half the volume of the mill, the free fall of the
balls is decreased, the charge is held together, and the
size of the inactive kidney-shaped mass is increased.
When the charge is about one-third of the volume of
the mill, the size of the kidney-shaped mass is reduced
and the balls fall from their maximum free height.
Operating results bear out the above facts in that the
greatest number of tons crushed to a certain mesh per
kilowatt-hour are obtained with ball charges equal to
approximately one-third the volume of the mill.

Conditions Determining Fineness of Crushing

There is a general impression that the grate acts as
a screen or sizer. This is true to a limited extent, but
it is not of primary importance. The fineness of product
delivered by a ball-mill, the size of feed, ball charge, and
speed remaining constant, depend upon the tonnage
fed, the density of the pulp (water to solids ratio), size
of balls, and, when operating in closed circuit, on the
efficiency of the external classifying apparatus. The
screen analyses plotted in Fig. 1 show the effect of
varying tonnages, other factors remaining constant.
They are from actual results with a 6 x 4-ft. mill. The
experience of operators at two Western plants verifies
the statement that an assorted charge, containing a cer-
tain percentage of omall balls, is desirabie for a fine

product. The screen analyses plotted in Fk
difference in product when the initial charge ii
only 5-in, and 2-in. balls, and when the same chai
tained a larger percentage of 4, :'> and 2-in. ball.'
some respects, these results do not agree with h
would be expected.

The peripheral-discharge mill differs from a trunc
discharge mill in the character of its product.
mall amount of moisture will give a line prod
a large amount a coarse product. As the dischaie
entirely at the periphery, and does not depend u|
classifying action to overflow the finished proil
greater the amount of water added the quicker
will pass through the mill and the coarser the projc
In mills provided with means for raising the discirj
or pulp level from the periphery to some intermtfi
height between the periphery and the trunnion, thtin
ness and the amount of oversize can be controlled \tm
certain limits. No figures are available showing m
differences, but from practical results in the fid
appears that a wide variation can be obtained
means. The grate should retain some oversize, b: i
action can be carried to extremes, especially wh<
product is desired, as the consequent diminished
ity is not compensated by the reduction of oversiz
;.ll cases when a fine product is desired, it is ;:
to run the mill in closed circuit with an efficiei i
ternal classifier. The principal function of tl

KX

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i

VARIATION IN PRODUCT AND

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GRATE OPENINGS

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3 4 6 8 10 14 20 33 35 48 65 100 150 J00
Mesh-( Tyler Standard)

FIG I VARIATIONS IN" ADJUSTMENT OF BALU-Wi

is to retain the ball charge in the mill, while permti
a peripheral discharge. The efficiency of the clasfi'
when a ball-mill is run in closed circuit, directly a*
both tonnage and fineness.

Capacity of ball-mills depends upon the folH
factors: fineness of grinding, weight or volume ob
charge, hardness of material, size of grate opem
and size of balls, other factors remaining constant. 1
most important limiting factors for capacity have*
the size of the feed opening in the trunnion, the t\e
trunnion liner, and the type of feeder. As prevJ
stated, tonnage and fineness are interrelated, an t
capacity of a ball-mill should be figured on the f c
ing basis when sufficiently reliable fieures have*

trii L3, L918

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

•ted: The kw.-hrs required to crush a ton of
ml to n certain mesh should be arrived a1

average operating conditions. A ball-mill lias a
in definite maximum power rating, depending upon
all load. Multiplying the kw.-hrs. per ton by the
required to be crushed per hour, the product will
iStn< the power required, and the mill nearest to
power rating should be selected. Fig. 3 is a pre-
,ar\ power curve based on the recommended maxi-

ball charge, together with all available data at
An approximately correct curve would require

more power records.
crating a mill at less than its maximum capacity

given ball charge will result in excessive wear on
{ and balls and produce a liner product than neces-

To crush a ton of ore of a certain hardness and
0 I given fineness represents a definite amount of
; heme the capacity of a mill depends upon (ai
ardness, and (b) the ratio of reduction, the latter
ing capacity far more than the former. It is use-

—

-

s40
J35

*30
S25

iO JO 50 40 50 60
Wure Oicuped b/ Boll Ctorqe,fcrfart-

"0 100 200 500 400

Total Tons Crushed per 24 Hours

S \SD 6. POWER REQlTfKEMEXTS OF BALL-MILLS

I o expect a larger capacity from a mill operated
i balls of a size too small to crush the ore, or when
I alls are of a composition that will not withstand
;hock of impact and shatter themselves to frag-
U. Hard ores, when fed directly from a crusher,
Ke a proper percentage of 5-in. steel balls to do
i ive work. A 4-in. steel ball is often sufficient for
i of the softer porphyry ores. Smaller steel balls

>e used for regrinding work, but the charge should
»in a percentage of 2-in. steel balls when working

rd ores. For regrinding soft ores, cast iron or
) >sition balls may be used where cost is an important

s ere a fine product is desired together with a mini-
amount of oversize, the grate opening should not
mnished. Smaller grate openings will reduce the

lat of oversize, but the decreased tonnage is not

'■nsated. In such cases it is advisable to depend
external classifier and operate the mill in closed

tt; the grate bars should be set with at least i-in.

;ig. Where a coarse product is desired, for ex-

I for concentrating table work, the grate may be
is a sizer and an open-circuit scheme adopted. Fig.

II ws a typical example of the variation as to both
>?e and product that can be obtained with different
' openings.

en the mill is operated in closed circuit the effi-
of the classifier directly affects the capacity, and
mportant that the classifier be of proper size and
*ly operated. In one case observed, a classifier of
tfhanical drag type was set with the wrong slope ;

I'proximaieiv doubled the i
of the mill. I la | , • ,,,

order to make an iration, musl be operated

with proper coi ij pulp in the clai one,

the slope and length of the and i lane mu
and the speed >i the < I be uited to the material.

Elements Imi Bali Mu i. Powi

Power depend- principally upon the weigh! of ball
> harge, an approximate figure bi l to L0 hp. per ton.

Moreover, the power per ton of balls will varj at
ing to the percentage of volume the ball chi
in the mill. An approximate curve from data at hand
is given in Fig. 5, from which it will be seen that the
power required per ton of balls is least when the mill
is loaded half full and thai the curve rises very rapidly
as the ball load is reduced. A charge greater than half
lull causes a balancing effect until, when the mill is full,
the power required is practically only that necessary to
take care of friction alter starting. When the volume
of ball charge is reduced, within certain limits, the
power consumption per unit of ball charge is increased,
because the center of gravity of the charge is further
from the axis of the mill; but as the mass of balls is
more active and circulates more freely, the crushing
efficiency is increased proportionately to the increase in
power consumption per ton of ball load.

There are a number of ball-mill installations for fine
crushing in the West. Most of these are arranged in
two or more stages where a product finer than 100-mesh
is desired, and there seems to be little difference of
opinion as to the advantage of such an arrangement.
Where coarses products are desired, say through 48-
mesh, both single-reduction and stage-crushing installa-
tions are found. Stage crushing seems to have higher
efficiency, but when first cost and simplicity are con-
sidered, the single-reduction installation seems to be
more desirable, especially for small plants.

The curves (Fig. 6) plotted from recent tests show
the power required per ton of material crushed under
varying capacities. It can be seen that the power rises
rapidly at the expense of capacity when a fine product
is desired, and when compared with an average power
curve it would make a saving to run a large, tonnage
through several stages. The phrase "single reduction"
as applied to ordinary ball-mill practice is misleading,
because in the most common application of the ball-mill,
lunning in closed circuit for preparing feed for flota-
tion, a great deal of the material is returned from once
to six or seven times before it is finally reduced. The
most efficient installations in practice are undoubtedly
those which have a large return circuit and in which the
mill is crowded, making a small reduction at each pass
through the mill, but handling a large tonnage at the
same time.

Special Fields for Ball-Mill Crushing

The ball-mill is not to be recommended for all and
sundry problems in the milling field. It is not suitable
for concentration work where the ore contains a large
amount of coarse mineral easily pulverized. Where
crushing to 12-mesh and finer is necessary to release the
mineral, the ball-mill makes a suitable product when
properly operated, and is as good as any other regrind-
ing machine. The installation of concentrating tables

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No

within tin- mill circuit, as practiced at Stoddard, Ariz.,
is a notable advance in this class of work. The special

field of the ball-mill, however, is for products 20-mesh
and finer.

The use of ball-mills for reducing crusher product to
below 200-mesh in two stages, as practiced at the

United Eastern, Tom Reed, ami Montana mines, in

ona, is a distinct advance in line crushing. The

simplicity, small floor space and large capacity of these

installations are especially notable. While there is not
such economy in power nor so small a number of re-
pairs as compared with a stamp-batter} and tube-mill
plant of the same capacity, the operating troubles and
attendance are much reduced. The curves in Figs. 7
and 8 show typical screen analyses of ball-mill products,
to k'ive a better indication of the class of work that
may lie expected.

Ball-Mill Feeding

The most desirable method of feeding coarse material
is the arrangement installed at the Tom Reed mill. The
crusher product is fed direct from a bin to an apron
feeder, the speed of which is controlled by a Reeves vari-

to the restricted area of the feed trunnion, which lit
the quantity of coarse material that can be fed thrif
it. A few simple calculations will show the veli ■
necessary to pass a given quantity feed through 1
trunnion. It can also be shown mathematically thai 1
average spiral in the trunnion liner does not adv t
the feed rapidly enough; therefore, instead of aici
it retards the feeding. These results are confirme
practice. A smooth liner, tapering from the fel
into the mill, does not retard the flow of the feed, an i
therefore, more efficient than the spiral. Experin i
with small models, as well as experiments in the I
corroborate these conclusions. A short trunnion i'
large diameter is essential for feeding a large ton»i
to a ball-mill.

The engineering department of the Allis-Chale
Manufacturing Co. has recently conducted some ex-i
ments with feeders modeled after the various typ
use, on a scale of 1 in. per foot. The feeders were I
ated at constant speed conformable with present j
tice, the material delivered in a given time lii
weighed. The following conclusions were dr
"The intake of a single-scoop feeder has far grit

90

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- ^C#EfN ANALYSES

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10 14 ZO IS 35 46 65 100 150 200
Mesh-(Tyler Standord)

FIG

SCREEN ANALYSIS OP PRODUCTS FROM OPEN-
CIRCUIT BALL- .MILLS

able-speed transmission device. This insures absolute
control and allows quick changes. When a ball-mill hav-
ing proper crushing load is rotated at the critical speed,
the balls strike at a point on the periphery about 45°
below horizontal. An experienced operator is able to
judge by the sound whether a mill is crushing at maxi-
mum efficiency, or is being over- or under-fed. Exces-
sive rattling denotes under-feeding; a sound of impact
at a point 30"' below the horizontal indicates overload-
ing; while under proper conditions the impact will be
heard at a point 45° below the horizontal.

When a ball-mill fitted with a diaphragm is over-fed,
the mill fills up to a certain level, then stops crushing
and discharges any additional feed back through the
feed trunnion. Once over-fed, it takes from 30 min.
to two hours to free itself. Ball-mills, therefore, should
be provided with a central opening in the diaphragm con-
necting with the discharge trunnion, to prevent over-
feeding and the delays incidental thereto. The great-
est difficulty in feeding most ball-mills, when running on
large tonnages and coarse feed, say, J to 3 in., is due

^"""^

CLOSED CIRCUIT BALL- MILLS

rr

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0 1

4 Z
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CI

lor

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v..

5 100 150 ?00
ord)

FIG. 8. SCREEN ANALYSIS OF PRODUCTS FROM CLjl
CIRCUIT BALL-MILLS

capacity than the throat or trunnion of the mil ■
there is no good reason for using a double- or ipl
scoop feeder, the capacity of the feeder not bein c
trolled by the quantity it will pick up, but by the u.-
tity that it can discharge through the throat or n
nion." These experiments further demonstrate! I
the capacity of a spiral feeder is in direct proprt'
to the length of the path of the spiral. In other I
a spiral feeder embodies all the principles of the E <
sand pump, in which the long path of the spill
creases the pressure which forces the feed in
trunnion opening.

The ratio of moisture to solids is important i I
mill work. From actual operation it has been obr
that fine grinding is best done when water consti.
33 tc 40% of the pulp, or the water-to-solids M<
1:2 or 1:1*. Where a minimum of fine mater 1
sired, 50% and upward of water is desirable.

Ball consumption varies with the fineness of thp
uct, hardness of the ore, quality of ball, and wh<h'
mill is run in closed or open circuit. The ball consuP

Iril IS, l'.us

ENGINEERING AND MINING J01 i:\AL

67Ii

nils delivering a coarse product, all passing 8-
;iiul containing 10 to 20' , below 200-mesh, the
•ing run in open circuit, is about ! U>. per ton for
bulla ami l Hi. for cast composition balls. The
ire ball consumption for mills in closed circuit has
plotted in Fig. 9 for steel balls and for cast com-
ma balls. Enough data are not available to plot

- for hard and soft ores, and individual figures
aiy considerably from the average of the curves,

are given merely as a guide as to what may be

tad and also to show the increased consumption

Iner grinding. It should be noted that the curves

i are merely to guide as to what may be ex-

1 and also to show the increased consumption with

{grinding. It should be noted, too, that the curves

i to products practically all of which are finer than

leahes indicated, up to 65-mesh. Points on the

- representing finer products are for mills gen-
regrinding 10- to 20-mesh feed; hence corre-

ing amounts must be added to give the total ball
motion for reducing from crusher size to 100-
1 and finer.

Average Consumption of Liners

arage consumption of shell liners, for both chrome
laanganese steel, is ', lb. per ton of ore crushed,
i onsumption of lining seems to be fairly constant

dless of the hardness of the ore, fineness of prod-

i

BALL CONSUMPTION rOR PRODUCT!,
ALL THROUGH GIVCN MESH

V

P

X

4\

i%=

1 \i-

^

-

^

i ^

ks-

KIH

2 3 4.

Pounas per Tcri

STEEL BALL CONSUMPTION

t ir other conditions. The greatest wear on the
i is probably caused by the impact of the balls and
leir slippage on the shell during the period of
ration. If the mill is running below capacity
ear will increase. There are numerous types of
I on the market, and improvements are constantly
made, but the greatest improvement made re-
(' is the general increase in weight and thickness,
proportion of scrap has been high, and the con-
: tion stated above may be reasonably expected to be
lished with heavier and thicker liners. Regard-
Si he shape of liner, there is considerable difference
inion. The smooth liner is probably as efficient
v of the others if run at slightly higher speed.
I -iron liners have not been found satisfactory when
«with balls of 5- and 4-in. diameter, as they have
* iably failed by cracking and breaking, but with
' of 2-in. diameter and smaller they are sufficiently
l!>le. It is possible that a heavy hard-iron liner
t. d and set in cement mortar might be successful,

but I his has not yet boon tried so far ns Lfl known.
i hr loosening ol linen maj be avoided by using
deeply countersunk bolts of large diameter with double
nuts. When the liners are Arsl put in plan-, alter run-
ning the mill for several hours the bolts should be gone

over again and the nuts tightened with a short WTCm h
and hammer. Later, after the feed is on, they should
be gone over once more. Leakage around bolt holes
is caused entirely by loosening of the bolts due to lacs
of tightening or a worn-out lining. If candle-wicking
is used as packing around a bolt, between the shell and
the washer, and the nut is kept tight, no leakage will
occur until the liners are worn out.

Urgent Call for Artillery Officers
\\\ Res V. Myers

At this time an unusual opportunity is offered young
men to gain rapid promotion to the rank of commis-
sioned officers in the artillery arm of the service. The
vacancies to be filled are as follows: Commissioned
officers in the batteries, reconnaissance officers in the
battalion and regimental details, staff officers with
battalion, regimental and higher organizations, spe-
cialists in telegraphy, radio telegraphy, telephony,
photography, mapping, etc., aerial observers to make
reconnaissance and direct artillery fire from aeroplanes
and balloons.

All officers assigned to the above branches must have
training in the artillery service, with the artillery units
in camp and in either the special schools in artillery
fire or in aviation. This call is especially directed to
young men with the following qualifications:

A working knowledge of algebra, geometry and plane
trigonometry; a working knowledge of surveying and
other lines of engineering is quite desirable, but not
essential; map making and reading is essential for
nearly all artillery officers. This would not be a require-
ment for an applicant, but he should show some ca-
pacity for acquiring such ability. The applicant should
have a voice with sufficient volume to enable him
to make himself heard clearly up to 75 yards; experi-
ence in handling men in a supervising capacity would
be much to his advantage; a working knowledge of the
Morse code would be given considerable weight: a
knowledge of the practical operation and adjustment
of the gas or internal combustion motor would be
valuable. The usual army standard as to physical fit-
ness would govern in the acceptance of applicants; the
restrictions governing the classification of men for the
selective draft would have to be removed by the proper
authorities.

Any one desiring to enlist should inventory his
qualifications as outlined above. He should then write
an artillery officer whose name and location he knows,
and express his desire for a preliminary examination.
Such examination may enable the examining officer to
advise the applicant to enlist immediately, with the
expectation of securing promotion. Upon enlisting, he
will be given the training of the soldier and promoted
as rapidly as his progress warrants. If he secures a
commission, his training in camp will be supplemented
with special training at a school for such officers.

•Major. 114th Kield Artillery. National Guard.

ENGINEERING \\l> MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No.

Potash in the Pintados Salar, Tarapaca, Chil<

By UOYT s. GALE.*

' a\ estic potash has stimulated
not only in the United States but also in
■ . Repot ts di rich potash de-
nts in close relation to the Chilean nitrate
Is hare b< lent. The present paper

ascription of a deposit of prob-
able importance that occurs in the Chilian nitrate
area. It is followed by a paper by Roger C.
Wells, in which the methods for the extraction
in potash, with results achieved, are described.

Ol I ASIONAL accounts of the occurrence of
potash in deposits in Chile have been published.
but as many of these have been in the nature of
prospectuses, the es of value and of workability

of the deposits contained therein have nol always been
■ t' the most convincing sort. It is, however, well known
that potash does occur in rather unusually large pro-
portions in some of the nitrate and other salt deposits
of Chile, and much consideration has been given to
the possibility of making a commercial recovery of
the potash from such sources.

"■ •_

a W/\

FIG 1 RELATION OP THE SALARS AND TUB NITRATE
FIELDS TO THE COAST RANGES AND THE PAMPAS

In the early spring of 1916 I made a careful investi-
gation of the saline deposits in the Pintados Salar. The
following account pertains mainly to the general
features of the deposit and to such factors as have a
most obvious bearing on the possible utilization of thej
material. There are many interesting features in the
geological and geochemical record that deserve further
discussion, which it is hoped will be brought out later

•Geologist, U. S. GeoloKi'-al Survey. Washington, D C

Onlj a small part of the detail of the data obti i
can be recorded lure. The analytical work and I
liminary technologic investigations on proces
treatment of the salts were conducted by Dr. I;.,
('. Wells, by whom some of the main results are disci
in a paper that follows.

The Pintados Salar is situated in the pamp
Tamarugal, about 50 miles southeast of the nitrate
of Iquiuue, from which it is conveniently reache I
way of the nitrate railroad. The Lagunas brain
the Nitrate Railways Co., Ltd., passes directly thru
the southwestern margin of the Pintados Salar, bet
the stations Gallinazos and Pintados, the latter- I
60.57 miles by railroad measurement from [qi
Gallinazos is at the extreme western edge of the
pampa, and lies, according to the railroad eleva'ir
3235 ft. above sea level, the Pintados station, fuh
out on the pampa, being 3204 ft. The Salar, n
between these places, is but slightly below these I
and its surface is thus approximately o200 II
general situation of the Salar and the position o
principal settlements in the vicinity are indical
Fig. 1, which also shows the distribution of the ri
cipal nitrate fields in the same vicinity. These la
are taken chiefly from the official survey maps of
the details with respect to the Pintados Sal.
added.

Relation of the Pintados Salar to the Pamv

To any one familiar with the geography of irt
em Chile, even in a most general way, the retii
of the Pintados Salar to the pampa, or interior d *
like plateau, will be readily understood from the-
The west coast of Chile, as, in fact, of most of
America, is a precipitous mountain wall, rising i
everywhere directly at or near the water's edge. B'Oi
this wall is an irregular belt of mountain ranges, h
may be designated the coast ranges, from the sim ir
in position and geologic structure to the coast iOB
of our own Pacific Coast. These mountains i
the block-faulted type, and include basin-like vie'
many of which have no external drainage outlet. Ea
of the coast ranges is the interior plateau or
along the west side of which ths nitrate nek
situated.

This pampa is a broad, plateau-like area of low ;1
which extends from north to south throughoi
northern part of Chile, and is bounded by the
ranges on one side and the high Andes M<>i>
on the other. It is crossed by some of the t
drainage lines from the Andes, which cut throui
coast ranges to the sea, but in places the pan>a
divided into basin-like areas bounded by the mg'
slopes of broad alluvial detrital fans that has'
distributed from the flanks of the Andes.

Much of the surface drainage in the country 8
such an intermittent character, and the water ij
•of so small a total amount, that it merely distin
itself on the pampa, and, sinking, is lost in the «
ground flow or through evaporation. The soluble
derived from the decomposition of the rock me

ril 13, 1018

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

un weathering, and collected l>y the drainage
g, are accumulated in the undrained depressions

i area, which, as they ordinarily form dry

its of saline crusts, arc commonly known as

s. These salares usually consist chiefly of com-

.ilt, but include borax and other constituents.

,ng to the little rainfall in the region, the basins

lich the salares are found have not lately been

1 to a height at which they will overflow to any

arable extent; otherwise, the soluble constituents

have drained away. The salts left by the evapora-

occasional or periodic surface flows, or from the

re of ground waters toward the bottom of the

. naturally accumulate, chiefly in the lowest de-

ina Wherever such deposits have been flooded

tallow depth and the surface salts redissolved, the

iinl sediment have settled, so that, as the salts

crystallize, the surface has assumed essentially

er level.

such salt deposits are exposed to the dry air

le hot sun. and the surface crust is commonly

itact with ground moisture at shallow depth,

ng and recrystallization of the crust, which are

ntly taking place, tend to break up the level

e of the salts as first deposited. Thus, the more

e salar crusts commonly assume intensely rugged

es, though maintaining approximately water level

: eral elevation. These features are to be observed

my deposits of the salar type in both North and

' America, as well as in other parts of the world.

cos Salar une of the Larger Saline Deposits

Pintados Salar is one of the larger deposits of

pe in northern Chile. It is situated in a low

i of the pampa, or desert. As one approaches

i the railroad, it has somewhat the appearance

t uge field turned up by a plow. Irregular blocks

ssive salt crust lie, apparently loose, all over

rface, and the whole has a dirty earthen color.

h the dirty blocks are broken into, the salts are

t or only slightly stained, for the most part, and

- granular crystalline texture, like finely crystalline

e me or marble.

rpite of the dirty appearance, usually not more

i small percentage of the crust in the main Salar

i luble in water, as shown by the many samples

t eve been taken and analyzed. This crust is very

aid the individual blocks are compact or massive.

I ird crust forms the central or lowest part of

ilar surface, while toward the edges of the deposit

uracter of the crust varies in the several different

■)f surface. To the east, the salt-crusted ground

■at first almost imperceptibly, over a low. flat

iv I slope that originates at the far eastern edge

pampa, 18 or 20 miles due east of Pintados

,; ■ This is a slope of detritus spread mainly from

the larger stream channels that may be seen

'■■ I into the pariipa at the base of the Andes foot-

•

B ground near the Salar is heavily charged with
1 salts, but these seem to be mainly sodium
)re mixed with so much sediment that little signifi-
P s to potash is attached to this part of the deposit.
a , layers in this part of the margin have been
n<:o contain borate minerals, which were formerly

worked. An alluvial slope similar to that from the
east occupies the pampa to the north, and the mai

of the Salar an- marked DJ sand dune and low all-
crusted ground, mixed with much -and and BB1
material.

Near the center of the main Salar a . liannel-like area
.liters from the north, the surface of which is covered
with a soft crumbling deDO ii Ol mixed salts. Thi:

bu rface is quite distinct from the hard alt crust, and

differs markedly fr it in chemical composition. The

nam Salar skirts closely the foot of the Pintados hills
on the southwest, where the hard Salar crust extc
almost to the foot of the hills. The Blopes of detritus
that have been spread over the surface of the pampa
thus seem to have determined the position of the basin
in which the Salar salts accumulated.

There is distinct evidence that occasional storms have
spread their waters over the surface of this area, the
channels and deposits left by such floods being clearly
visible. Ground water in these alluvial slopes indicates
that there is undoubtedly a continuous How into the
pampa, originating mainly from the mountains and
trending toward the low parts of the basins.

The hard, rugged, weathered crust is the richer
potash-bearing portion of the Salar. This is the area
that is shaded black in the general map, Fig. 1, and
shown in more detail in the second plan. The boundary
of this hard potash-bearing salt crust is not everywhere
distinct or even recognizable in the field except by the
chemical tests. The line of demarcation between the
hard crust and the soft crumbling surface in the north-
central part of the deposit is very distinct, but the
limit shown in the western part of the area mapped as
potash-rich is based on chemical distinctions entirely.

Chilean Desert

In the long narrow arm of the deposit that extends
toward the northeast the hard Salar crust is bounded
by a broken-crusted surface, more or less thickly cov-
ered with a kind of brush which also gr»ws to a certain
extent within the Salar. It is known as soronal.
Contrary to the prevailing notions concerning the
Chilean desert, there are many groves of good-sized
trees about the Salar. These are practically the same
as the mesquite of our western United States, and are
known in Chile as algarroba and tamaruga, two some-
what differing varieties of the same species. All of
this vegetation depends for its growth on the presence
of ground water at shallow depth in the vicinity of the
Salar. The fact that ground water near or even directly
under the salt crust is comparatively fresh is also
generally credited as strange, since a dense brine might
be expected in proximity to so much salt.

Structure op the Salar Crust

The hard Salar crust is a fairly definite layer, the
blocks of which may usually be pried loose with a
bar. Underlying this is a loose granular deposit, ex-
tending to a depth of several feet. The underlying
deposit was examined in many places and found to be
made up largely of glauberite, a double sulphate of
sodium and calcium, represented by the formulf
Na,SO,.CaSO, although in places this under layer is
supposed to consist. partly, or largely, of gypsum. The
granular deposit is usually moist, and ground water is

676

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No

generally encountered by digging to shallow depth.

The thickness of the surface hard salts crust varies,
rding to recorded measurements, from about S to
25 in., with an average of about one foot or a little
more. This measurement is not a definite figure, as it
hail to be made from an assumed mean surface in a
very irregular crust. The bottom of the crust is. how-
ever, a much more definite plane. The character of
the Salar crust is illustrated by Fig. 2.

Composition of tiik crust

The composition o( the Salar crust has been deter-
mined by sampling and analysis, which was conducted,
for the greater part of the area, in a careful and
systematic manner. A few examples of these analyses
will serve to represent the character and variation of
the chemical composition of the hard Salar crust. The
other types of crust will not be discussed at this time.
Each of these samples was obtained by crushing, and
averaging approximately a quarter of a ton of the whole
crust taken from a specified unit of area on the Salar.
All of the samples used for analysis in estimating
the tonnage of potash constituents in the Salar were
of this character. Typical analyses are given in Table 1.

TABLE I VN U.YSESOF II iRD SALAR CRUST FROM Till PINTADOS

DEPl >-i I
Chemical I (eterminat

.-;,„„. 124 174 l«o 190 192

Per Cent Pel Cent Per Cent Per Cent Pi I

K 3 8 6 7 3 1 4 9 2 8

25 2 28 8 31 9 32 I 35 3

2 4 0 9 0 5 0 4

u. 10 0 7 0 1 0 2

r-i 45 7 41 4 40 6 45 8 47 I

7 5 17 I 19 4 12 3 13 I
|| ,', 9 8 2 4 0.7 0 8 13

,1,1,. 2 0 19 0 8 3. 1 trace

99 4 99 I 99.6 99 6
Calculated Salta

14 9 II 3 10 9 6 3
II 0

5 9 17 2 6 8 14 4

64 3 68 2 66 9 75 5 77 6

8 0 3 1 17 15
2 3 3 5 0 5 10
2 0

H ,, 9 8 2 1 0 7 0 8 13

2 0 19 0 8 3 1 tram

■ '■ 4 99 9 99 1 99 6 99 6

It will be noted that sample No. 124 is of somewhat
different character from the rest. This was from the
hard crust near the edge of the Salar. That is, the
site was only about 100 yd. from a thickly vegetated
border. Its composition shows a transition to that of
the soft granular crust referred to before. Although
this crust was exceedingly rugged on the surface, it
was not of the same hard and massively crystalline
character in the mass as that found in the main central
part of the Salar. It crushed readily to a soft sugary
texture. The sample when pounded fine was snowy
white.

The four other samples may be taken as typical of
the central hard Salar crust of the deposit. No. 174
also came from a point not far from the edge of the
Salar, but there the crust was hard and massive
throughout. No. 186 was from the center of the hard
Salar crust in the same general vicinity as those al-
ready described, this being in the Salar about opposite
Alta de la Luna. Sample 190 came from a site near
the railroad northwest of Mosquitoes station. Here
the crust is exceedingly hard and unusually thick, and
of dirty appearance. Ground water in this part of
the Salar is exceptionally deep.

No. 192 is from the center of the broader 301
part of the Salar. This part of the crust is ruggt
fairly uniform in character, with a thickness of i
21 in. The sample was evidently very clean salt
crushed to a white dry mixture. This has the v
potash content of the several samples discussedv
but is quite typical of much of the Salar crust
portion sampled included a layer about nine inchesh
composed at the bottom of pure white compact grn
salt. Experience has shown that this lower whi
layer is generally nearly pure sodium chloridt i
taining very litlle potash.

Discussion of Saline Constituents

The hard Salar crust is therefore largely :d
chloride, the remainder being mainly sodium and I
sium sulphates. Examination under the microBol
samples like No. 190 has served to identify the d
chloride as present in excess in the mixture. No.l
(KC1) could be found, although this should be m

Harp/&>/cCr

Moist granular Under-lcyer
(Olauber/te)

PHI. 'I.

'. %• Ground Wcrfer

STRUCTURE OF THIO CRUST AND UNDEF1
DEPOSITS O.N THE PINTADOS SALAR

recognized if present by its index of refraction ■
is lower than that of the halite or sodium doi
The only potash-bearing mineral recognized w |
erite (aphthitalite of Dana), which is composeto
sulphates of sodium and potassium represented (
formula (K.Na),SO,. This, according to a thffl
composition given, might carry potash as
12.5',, equivalent to 78.6% potassium sulpha
pure specimen.

The analyses show that the potassium conter o
Salar crust varies considerably from place t p
Calculations of the tonnage of Salar crust we;
by considering the deposit as divided into ai
ing to the percentage of potash in the samples it;;

TABLE II. SUBDIVISIONS IN THE WESTERN HAL1-
PINTADOS SALAR

Areas and Tonnage of tin- Salar Crust

Unit Weigh!

per Squa n Metei

,i Surface,

\- n-s

Kilograms

1.800
1.580

1,1,30
890

200
250
200
500

I ;si imated
d..>s Weight,
Short Tons
1,650.000
1,760.000
1,450.000
1,980.000

I
Sulpha '

Thus separate estimates were made for the «j
richer and poorer crust, considered from th |
standpoint.

Fig. 3 represents, on a somewhat larger 8 1'
the first map, the outline of the rugged sallp
the Salar. This is the principal potash-bea H
tion of the deposit. The total area thus cli
about 20 square miles, or approximately 12,H
Some of the individual units estimated in this
given in Table II.

pril 13, 1918

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

M figures given in the table do not include anj
iment for the northeast corner of the deposit, sonic
he samples from which gave higher potash deter
it ions than the samples from any oilier pari of
Salar. Likewise the total of the figures given
■ with is not a total estimate for the whole deposit,
the estimates quoted will serve to show the potash
...sit ion of different parts of the main Salar crust.

Ownership ok thk Deposit

mtrol of the deposit is divided among several groups
aimants. The majority of the claims are now held
■r an organization controlled by Chilean interests.
Ih have from time to time sought foreign financial
technical assistance for the exploitation of tin-
sit. From a practical point of view, k must be ad-

'*»

-°-%>o

-^*.

...ANDY PLA1N~-
MORE OR LESS
D WITH SALTS

podium
sikilphate
^-Yforte

A LOW DESfRT
AREA MOSTLY SANDY

ALLUVIUM AND
WIND BLOWN DUST

C-/Tilciaroba

Cumiralla

■frees.)

DETAILED FIELD MAP OF THK PTXTADOS SALAR

) ed that the Salar crust is at best but a low-grade
I sh material, and that the question of feasibility
I immercial separation of potash salts is one that can-
< be determined by any simple process of reasoning,
1 can be approached only through systematic investi-
lon.

any suggestions have been offered for the accom-
I iment of the separation of potash from a crude
i ;ure of this type. A considerable amount of
I ratory work has already been done on this problem.
' lably the next logical step is to carry out experi-
1 tal runs on raw material brought to this country,
■ re such work can be handled more expeditiously

i it can be in the Chilean pampa. At present, of
the shipping problem is a serious obstacle to any
^ plan.

ie question of drilling in this region with a view to
Covering if possible the source of the potash found
nhe surface deposits has been frequently broached,
iulation of this sort is naturally interesting. In the
"ent case, however, the geological record saor.is un-

. n:ili\ cleat and ati factory In the explanation that
it affords concerning the nature ami origin of 'he ,i.
posit on the surface, and tin- record afford little bi
for assuming th< nee "i timilar or related de

posits at depth. One cannot, of com e, tate that no
deposit-, of value .an in- found bj drilling in the Chilean
pampa, or anywl nut there is no particulai

reason fm' supposing thai such depo ii- would he found
below the surface.

other salares exist in South America that have baen
reported, on what appears to he substantial evidence, to
contain potash salts of unusual richness. Anal- ■
quoted in several old scientific essays give (lew- that
may some day he worth following up. If extraction
of the potash from the salts of the Pintados Salar is ever
commercially successful, undoubtedly investigation of
other salares will follow.

Ferromanganese Plant at Anaconda
Will Save Ships

In a recent letter to Secretary Lane relative to the
manufacture of ferromanganese from the low-grade
manganese ores at Butte by the Anaconda Copper
Mining Co., John D. Ryan says in part:

"In ordinary times these ores would have no value,
and to transport them in the raw state and manufacture
the ferromanganese in the East, even under war on-
ditions, is impracticable on account of the car shortage
and difficulties of transportation. To manufacture these
low-grade ores into an 80 ' ', ferromanganese product
within a very short distance of where they are pro-
duced, by the use of hydro electric power that is avail-
able, without taking it from any other use, seems to
me in itself a matter of much interest in these times ;
but the greatest accomplishment in doing this will be
the release of the equivalent of ships of 5000 tons each
now used in bringing manganese from Brazil. These
ships can, even under war conditions, providing none of
them is lost, carry 300,000 tons of food and material
annually from our Atlantic ports to Europe.

"The Anaconda Copper Mining Co. will equip and
operate the plant, the installation of which can be
accomplished quickly, by the use of buildings which it
has available, and which are equipped with cranes.
tracks, and facilities that would take a long time to
provide if they had to be constructed specially. We
think it can be put in operation in about four and
a half months.

"The power is available from the Holter develop-
ment, completed within a month by the Montana Power
Co., as a reserve and in advance of its market require-
ments. This plant is capable of furnishing 40,000 kw.,
24 hours daily, the year round. The ferromanganese
plant will be constructed in Great Falls in the buildings
and yards of the present smeltery of the Anaconda
company there, and the ores will, as 1 said, be pro-
duced from the Butte mines.

"The offer to ei-ect and equip this plant and go into
the ferromanganese business was made by the com-
pany to the War Industries Board and received very
prompt and satisfactory attention; every encourage-
ment was promised, and every help obtained to bring
about early completion and operation.

-

ENGINEERING AND .MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No.

Extraction of Potassium Salts from the

Pintados Salar

By ROGER C. WELLS.

ii for deposits o) potassium salts has
snded bu the U. S. Geological Survey to
■ ,n countries. Not less important than loca-
- -■' . m '//«</ of working such deposits when
they han been discovered. The trait wait of
salint found in Chile and carrying low-

grade potassium salts is described. The process
sts iii the i*s< ■'! limited quantities o) water
tu dissolvt the potassium salts without at the
ssolving excessive quantities nf asso-
ciated salines. The article coordinates with thepre-
ceding paper on Chilian potash hii Hoyt S. Gale.

THE salts forming the crust of the Salar de Pin-
tados. Tarapaca, Chile, which is described by Hoyt
- Gale in a preceding paper, have been shown by
many analyses to carry from a trace up to about 7.0', of
potassium, K. in a form easily soluble in water. From
the proportion of sulphate. SO,, it is inferred that
the potassium mineral generally present is glaserite,
K, Na). SO,. Thenardite. Na SO, is probably present
with the excess of halite, NaCl. The presence
of small percentages of calcium and magnesium in the
salts, however, suggests that some of the double sul-
pha'- lcium, magnesium, sodium, and potassium
may be present embedded in the much greater mass of
the salts first mentioned.

Salts Occur in Association with Numerous
Other Minerals
Gale found excellent crystals of glauberite in one
locality, and according to van't Hoff and Chiaraviglio
the minerals that may be expected to accompany glau-
berite. besides halite, are reichardtite, MgSO,7H 0,
schoenite, M gK ( SO,),.6H.O, bloedite, MgK\(SO,).4HO,
thenardite and glaserite. For practical purposes, how-
ever, the salts may be considered to be chiefly sodium
and potassium sulphate and chloride. Table I gives
the results of some analyses made on typical samples
of the crust of the Salar.

TAB] 'I ANALYSES OF THE CRUST, PINTADOS SALAR, TARAPACA,

rim I

16 52 "<•> 57 60 160

pe, PcrC< ni Peri ent PerG m Pi

0 8 19 2 0 tra« 3 0

07 24 98 I' 08

0 5 0 9 2 4 0 4

11 7 ' ° ° I

51 67 58 28 49 50

31 9 28 8 25 2 35 3 32 I 32 2

41 4 45 7 47 I 45 8 41 3

17 I 7 5 Ii I 17-3

The economical extraction of potassium salts c
this relatively low-grade material is a problem in cln
cal engineering, but any process must obviouslj |
mi a knowledge of the behavior of the various
involved at different concentrations and tempera!
Fuel, water, and labor could probably all be obti
if desired, at rates comparable with those quoti
the nitrate oficinas. In fact it has been propos
treat the Salar salts by the process used in extra i
sodium nitrate from caliche, but several object in
applying that process directly to the Salar s
be noted in the following discussion. The procen
suggested may or may not be commercially succe.f
but the results show how the salts behave under dui
conditions and furnish a basis for studying the pro
from a technical standpoint.

Rapid Extraction of Potassium Possible

Experiments actually performed on the crust ( t
Salar show that a large proportion of the potaiii
can be extracted by a rapid treatment of the cul
material with water at ordinary temperature, tl
is by an amount of water insufficient to dissob
the sodium chloride, and a concentration of the :>t
sium thereby effected. The last column in Tab
gives the percentage composition of the salts ob i
in this way by extracting 10 grams of samp
for 15 min. with 10.3 c.c. of water at about 2
filtering with suction, and washing once with to
of water. The filtrate contained 52.6 \'c of the
taken.

TABLE 11 RESULTS OF EXTRACTING THE SALAH SAI TS
LIMITED AMOUNT OF COLD WAT] R

Salat PerC'i in Pi' »

Suits of Eik-Ii Co ii

IVr C'oni-titui-iit •"**

On! ' '■'■ ' ■" '' '' '

0 35 8 9

0 17 28 0

4 9 78 7

(2 I 52 8

45 8 50 4

70 4

99 I

99 9

99 4

99 6

99 6

95 8

Tie parts of the Salar carry considerably more in-
•,le matter — largely calcium sulphate — water and
calcium, and less potassium than the samples of Table
I, but the present discussion will be limited to the richer
potassium-bearing salts which form the central hard
portion of the deposit.

■ .i

Mg

K
Na
i I
SO.

12 3

It will be observed that the percentage of pot^
in the cold water extract is only as high as thatn
best samples of the Salar crust. In another exp. i'
in which the extraction was allowed to prood
three days at room temperature the potassium airU
to 8.0 fc of the total salts extracted. Theref e.

I Mill; III PERCENTAGE COMPOSITION O
SATURATED WITH NaCl, Na,SO. A.M. GI.AS LRU
PERCENTAGE COMPOSITION OF DISSOIAEO sALI

Solution Suit.- Soli!

25° 83°

PerOnt Per Out Pr-i '

II i i 66 7 64 4

K; 3 1 9 3 6 0

v., 10 3 30 9 9 0

14 7 44 2 16 5

5 2 15 6 4 1

100 0

100 0

i no o

i

•Phypioa! Chen- Geological Survey, Washington, D C

though the process suggested would suffice
tively simple apparatus to convert the lo
material into a better grade, there is a defini'
beyond which no further concentration is possil'
out introducing another factor. In the next exp'»
the extraction was made at a higher temperatu

\\\ 13, 1918

ENGINEERING A s- D MINIM, .lot RNAL

reticully. the quantity of water u ild be

re than thai required to dissolve the glaserite,

I ie maj obtain an idea of the necessar) quantity

,t b> reference I" the data of van'1 Hofl for

id 83 (\, shown in Tabic 111.

1 25 i In' quantity of water required for each 100

1 if material taken should be about 21 times the

of potassium, and at is'.", about 11 times:

the quantit.N required at the boiling point

solution would be about seven times the por-

,■ of potassium. 'This is barely enough water

. thick slurry of the mixture.

Mi i hods OF TREATMEN i

,1 on the above reasoning, 100 grams of sample

d to pass a 35-mesh sieve, were mixed with

i of hot water in a flask, and stirred lor lo min. by

, ig the tlask (by means of a tube passing into a

jjvhjch served as a handle) in boiling brine at

". The mix was then thrown on a centrifuge,

i il, and washed twice with a "displacement wash"

cc, of hot water each time. The total volume

extract was 37.2 cc. The proportion of potas-

xtracted, of all the potassium in the sample, was
The proportion of potassium, K, in the total
i attracted was IS. 3',. An analysis of the salts
i ted, shown in the third column of Table [V,
; follows: K. 18.3r, , Na, 24.3',, SO,, 12.2%, CI,
I , respectively. This whole hot-water extract
: simply be evaporated to dryness and shipped as a

potassium salt.

extract described, however, deposited about 30r^
i dissolved salts on cooling to room temperature

aporating somewhat. The deposit was a mixture

is analyzing as follows: K, 23.5',, Xa, 19.4, CI,

. SO,, 22.2 rf respectively. This composition was

ited by difference, knowing the composition of the
;al solution and the remaining mother liquor. The
i.ngements effected by the treatment with hot

are shown in Table IV.

IV. RESULTS OF EXTRACTING THE SALAR SALTS WITH

HOT

WATER

Percentage

Composil ion

of First

Per Cent

! '. 1 1 . ntagi

Crop c>!

of Each

Composil I >n

Crystals Com

Salts

■ ituent

of Salts

Salts Left in

[Extracted

Extracted

Extract Mother Liquor

5 II

63 5

18 3

23 4 16 1

32 2

13 1

24 I

19 4 26 4

41 3

18 9

45 2

35 0 49 5

17 !

12 3

12 2

22 2 8.U

95 8

100 0

100 0

i tendencies are strikingly brought out by the

is shown in Table IV. (1) The potassium is

|y concentrated in the hot-water extract, and (2)

dphate is largely removed from that solution by

llization on cooling and evaporating. A number

ssible variations at once suggest themselves at

'oint, and the choice of procedure will largely de-

on whether a single pure salt is an essential re-

nent or not. The first crop of crystals and the

'i' liquor might be given further treatment

>tely, looking toward the preparation of pure

l;ium sulphate or chloride respectively.

technical extraction of the Salar salts by hot
i a continuous process would probably be most
nt, in fact necessary. The apparatus necessary
produce the conditions of the experiments de-

ibed would b i iple, i bination o

continuous rotarj mixer, designed to operate aX e

temperature near the boiling point of the solution,

and a continuous vacuum filtei of the revolving-drum

i > pe.

Othi b Mi i hode in Extraction

A few word- maj be devoted to othei propoeak thai
have boon made foi h One

gesl ion is to extra* I i he alt by a cy< Ki | i ing,

at least in part, the final mother liquor to extract a
fresh portion of the original salts. Tin process is
analogous to that used in extracting -odium nitrate
from caliche. It has been found, however, thai the

hot extract of the Salar salts does not deposit a pure
potassium salt on cooling. This is illustrated by the

first crop of crystals in Table IV ■.■n>\ was > irmed

by several other experiments. Sodium nitrate is ob-
tained successfully by this process, on account of its
greater solubility and because the caliche is far richer
in it than the Salar salts are in potassium salts.

The yield of potassium chloride and sulphate per
cycle would be less than for sodium nitrate. Also, the
residue after boiling would have to be washed or drained
thoroughly of its liquor in order to obtain an efficient
extraction. Lastly, the size of lump that could be
treated efficiently remains to be determined. In the
nitrate process fairly large lumps of caliche are used,
and the liquor permeates them, dissolving the sodium
nitrate; this might not occur with the potassium salts.
The nitrate process seems, therefore, to be inapplicable
to the Salar salts without modification.

There is one modification, however, that might well
be tried. It is well known that potassium nitrate can
be made from sodium nitrate and potassium chloride.
The mother liquor of Table IV might be treated with
sodium nitrate to yield potassium nitrate, or, what
would probably amount to the same thing, the Salar
salts and caliche might be treated together by the usual
nitrate process so as to produce a mother liquor rich
enough in potassium to yield that salt finally by simple
crystallization. The whole problem in this case is
whether the gain in potash would warrant the reduction
in the efficiency of the nitrate extraction. The chances
are that as a process this procedure would be no better
than the direct extraction of the Salar salts by hot
water, but it might save equipment, inasmuch as the
nitrate plants are already available at no great distance
from the Salar.

Transvaal Gold Output — 1917

The Transvaal gold mines in 1917 produced in the
aggregate 9,022,212 oz. of gold. The monthly produc-
tion is given by the South African Mining Journal in
the following table:

1

January

782.634

July

757.839

February

721.321

~r

756.658

March

787,094

September

738.231

April

742.778

l )< tober

751.290

May

779.385

\ ovembei

722.839

June

759.724

December

722.419

Increasing Use of Sulphur at numerous points throughout
the country is indicated in the applications being made by
various carrier* for permission to increase their rates on
this commodity.

-

r

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL Vol. 105, Nojlj

iiuiiuiiiiiuiniiuu imiiiimiiiii i i mum mminimmi i ilium ilium mum iiiiimiiiiiililimiiimiimm iiimiimiiiiiiiiiiimi 11111111111111111*

Photographs from the Field

„„ ,ni 1 1 ,„> 1 mi 1 minium inn 1 1 mm" minimum iiiimimiimiiiiiii iiiimii nmimiimmiiii minium imiiiiinii

HEADFRAME AND SHAFTHOUSE— ARIZONA HERCJJLES COPPER C(

PPER C< »., RAY, ARIZONA

\ il 13. 1918

ENGINEERING AND MINING J01 RNAL

liKl

NORDBERG ELECTRIC Hoist AND TRAVELING CRANE— ARIZONA HERCI !.i:s COPPER CO

" I

.'GENERAL VIEW OP SURFACE PLANT CONSTRUCTION— ARIZONA 1 1 Ki:< TI.KS copper CO.

i;N, LING AND MINING J01 RNAL

Vol. 105, N

American Smelting and Refining Co.

The earnings <>t' the American Smelting and Refining

iui its subsidiary companies for the fiscal year
ended Dec. 31, L917, after deducting general expenses
($1, - corporate taxes 58349,970.73) and

fixed charges ($1,234,248 aggregated $25,0

/ less than the preceding year.
■ rate taxes were $2,864,005.44 m excess of the year
L916 From these earnings $4,954,482.39 was further
deducted For depreciation and depletion. $600,000 for
life insurance and pension funds, and $985,830.95 for
miscellaneous charges, leaving $18,495,625.10 as total
earnings applicable to dividends.

The company's income was derived as follows: Net
earnings of smelting and refining plants and dependent
industries. $24,125,684.68; net earnings from mining
properties, $4,069,242.80; interest, rents, dividends re-
ceived, commissi..,,-, etc., $3,407,688 13; total gross in-
come. $31,602,615.91. Of this amount $18,757,899.51
was earned in the first half year, when copper, lead and
silver were at their highest point. The serious decline
in these prices, together with that of zinc, due partly to
Governmental action, reduced the earnings to $12,844,-
716. !0 in the second half. In the face of fixed receipts,
smelting and refining costs have steadily mounted, sup-
plies and building materials, for example, having in-
creased from 50 to 150<7 in cost. The shortage of labor
is the greatest difficulty to be met, however.

Of the $18,495,625.10 applicable to dividends, the
amount declared on preferred stock for the year
1917 totaled $4,712,665.75, leaving $13,782,959.35 ap-
plicable to dividends on common stock, which is equal
to 22' rc on outstanding common stock. Regular quar-
terly dividends at 6% per annum, and an extra Red
Cross dividend of 1%, were declared on the common
stock, the total being $4,269,860. The balance of $9,513,-
099 35 together with the surplus on Dec. 31, 1916,
brought the total surplus to $32,955,394.40. Of this
amount, $6,000,000 was appropriated for enlargement
and extension during 1918, leaving a surplus of $26,955,-
394.40 at the end of 1917.

During 1917. $6,605,690.88 was spent for enlargement
and extension principally upon the copper smelteries at
Garfield. El Paso and Hayden and copper refineries at
Baltimore, Perth Amboy and Taci The smelting

and refining capacity of the company has thus been
Drought to 1,150,000,000 lb. of electrolytic copper per
annum, and production is actually at a rate of 1,000,000,-
000 lb. per annum. A zinc plant at Henryetta. Okla.,
was also placed in operation. Great difficulties have
surrounded all construction work. Much must be spent
at the Mexican properties during 1918 on labor-saving
devices, etc., as changed conditions there compel reduc-
tions in operating costs.

Metal stocks of the company on hand were valued at
$36,339,499.57, an increase of $8,861,849.42. Metals car-
ried for toll customers decreased from $77,776,414.66
to $43,987,303.14, due to the large refined stock on hand
Dec. 31. 1916, which was distributed to trade during
year. Materials and supplies on hand were over $3,000,-
000 greater in value than a year ago, due to increased
cost. These factors necessitate large cash resources to
carry on this increased business at present inflated

values. Bad weather and freight congestion towjj
end of 1917 cut into the company's cash resoui*
locking up material in transit and hinderingpj

operal ion.

The following statistics relate to plant operati

Lng 1916 and 1917.

Ol'l KMIXi: STATISTICS Wll.lillW SMI I PING AN
REFINING CO

. ,, p), ■ . Iudin| Vli in o

I oi ii » i ■■ hi. I HLlarici . exi luding Mexico

per H-li."i
Ton- charge smelted
Tone bullion refined

TOIUJ <'"':il usnl

Ton- coke ust'il
, | ! i , i fuel oil used
Cubic tilt eae u
Tons "" mined
, o, in oduced

Metal Production:

Silver, ■■/

Platinuni and palladium, <>/

Lead, tona

Copper, lh

Hist select copper, H>

Spelter, lh ....

\m.,1. lb

I'm, II,

Sulphuric acid, lb
Vracnii .Hi

» topper sulphate, lb

Byproduel metals, Hi

t opper and brass manuf 8 ■ ' uota, lb.

I d iiml l"l -',1,1, II,

\iin,,i, i lon.lnl i ;il II idgCS Bold

Sheel lead, pipe1, i '< . sold, lh
Mixed metals -old. lb

The company continued to spend large su I
safety devices and on perfecting its safety oia
lion. It spent over $100,000 on welfare work, t
ried insurance on 6062 employees, face value of ol
totaling $5,037,500. Pensions were granted t.
beneficiaries during 1917.

I'M,,

21.071

$17,047,944 J

$2 70

4.789,474

1)77.460

724.595

454,468

1.107.285

2.130.460,128 3,0

244.807

140,961

2,662,01 1

71.868,451

868

279.144

789.418.000 8

47,807.547

1.224, 128

4.522.1)00

25,842,000

9.090.000

1 l,04i,. nun

5.671.827

31.597.489

417.898

15.338.000

2I.7I1.HI

2.831.617

Requa Addresses Petroleum Com

"This war cannot be won without an amply si p
petroleum products," said Mark L. Requa, dirttc
the Oil Division of the U. S. Fuel Adminu ;
at the Petroleum Congress held in Chicago on In
"We must have, if we are to succeed, not only 1
but gasoline, kerosene, and lubricants as well; fl
there is no known substitute. It is not posjl
single out any one product and say that it is tl
important for the winning of the war."

Mr. Requa pointed out that the United St
produced 4,250,000,000 bbl. of oil since the first i
drilled in 1859. The production was 330,000."0
in 1917, and, at the average rate of increase, 4600
bbl. per annum will be required by 1927.
further:

"We are beginning to realize that our ro
are not limitless. It is the consensus of opinn
the Appalachian, Lima (Indiana), and Illino
can add little in the way of increased products,
ing but three great known fields to meet ouif
requirements— the Mid-Continent, Gulf, and Cafi
"In viewing the petroleum industry from the |
mental standpoint, it necessarily means the vw
of national welfare, in contradistinction to n '
gain; it means the wise husbanding of our il
resources, so that they may last the greatest <>
length of time, in contradistinction to produ-ii
greatest quantity in the least time and conv«:i
into money.

"With the exhaustion of our oil, or its adn
price, we have, of course, the alternative of p d

1 13, L918

ENGINEERING AND MINING JO! RNAL

,u Bhale. Thai there are enormous areas of such
in the United States is well known ami
and others who have taken the pains to investi-
These shales will undoubted^ in time be mined
but we must remember that to produce a quantity
equal to our present production we shall have
■ a dail> tonnage of shale in excess of the Inn-
coal new mined daily. 'The magnitude of such
ertaking is obvious. It will not be the growth
ly, but of years. And it is entirely likely that
el' plentiful supplies of nil. which may be
! to the United States by water cheap oil from
ami Central America- it will be many years
these shales are utilized.

iiess is not 'as usual' and will not be so lung
war lasts. Each month during the war the
• demands of the Government will become more
iv insistent, the duty of the citizen to supply
lemands more and more clearly defined.
n.il distribution of petroleum products is neces-
supply national needs, zonal distribution will
bmplished. If pooling of tank cars and ships
ore efficiently meet national demands, those
s will be pooled. If well-drilling supplies must
hated in order to produce the greatest quantity
i to meet the increasing demands for oil, well-
supplies will be allocated. If licensing of job-
d others is necessary, they will be licensed. If
ti'oleuni industry or any part of it is so unwise
ngage in profiteering, ways and means will be
r:o correct that condition. In short, whatever
i onal needs may be, everything that is necessary
I done to meet those requirements,
emment control does not necessarily signify
i to an industry. It may be entirely necessary
1st the industry controlled in performing its
I functions, which because of war's dislocating
are impossible of performance in the normal
Ve face a condition of shortage today in many
basic products. Whether it be actual shortage
I of transportation, the result is the same ; there
'Enough to go around and satisfy all demands.
nufacturer of oil well supplies finds it difficult,
i mpossible, to secure raw material to meet his
i turing needs ; the owner of tank cars is unable
f e satisfactory deliveries of cars ordered months
I ' refiner of oil is harassed because of inability to
liis plant with the materials necessary to permit
■ros and efficient operation.

i le-handed, or even united by trade associations,
I vidua! stands but little chance in competition
uernmental departments possessing all the power
I ity orders and commandeering. Unless there
I Governmental department charged with sympa-
l upervision, it is quite conceivable that in the
mpetition for priority the unrepresented inter-
1'are badly.

not want you to misunderstand my meaning
delude that because certain possibilities are dis-
tortion will follow. We must endeavor to con-
d discuss every phase and angle of the ques-
M to anticipate the needs of the time; we must
••e in finding solution for the problems as they
Rented; and if the industry cannot effect the
" the function of the Oil Division is to step in

nnd help keepin in mind impli Pu

ental t ha! maj be ummi d up in the tatemenl i hat
normal channels of Made should so far as possible gro
undisturbed, thai detail operation of bu hould

be left in the hands ol these men who have made n

what it is. and that the function i.i the Oil Dn i
is tn assist with Governmental aid In making

■ obvious changes which the indu try cannot ac-
complish alone and that when accomplished permit iimn
etleetive discharj i tl bligationa and the perform-
ance of the patriotic duty owed to the nation."

Great Britain's Manganese Resources

Mangam e requirements od the United Kingdom
normally could be supplied from sources within the
British Umpire, the Statist claims. These were little
over 100,000 tons before the war. but have tripled
then and are stead ih nig. About 500,000 tons

were brought from Brazil alone in the first half of 1917,
and about 750,000 tons from other sources, principally
Burmah. Brazil's prosperity arising from the war, the
Statist points out, is due to that country's foresight in
developing her manganese deposits. As a resull of
Brazil's preparedness to meet the sudden abnormal de-
mand for these ores, an adequate supply of shipping was
placed at her disposal, which has enabled her greatly to
extend her trade, particularly her export trade, in
other ways as well.

There are small deposits of manganese ores in Car-
narvonshire, Wales, and in Cornwall and Devonshire.
British India produced about 600,000 tons before the
war, of which about one-third was shipped to Great
Britain. Russia, a source of supply before the war, was
cut off when hostilities began. In addition to these im-
ports, Great Britain has been accustomed to import
ferruginous manganese ores from Spain. It is es-
timated that the deposits in India alone, if properly de-
veloped, would more than meet Great Britain's normal
demand.

There are deposits of manganese ores in Queensland.
New South Wales, Victoria, South Australia and West
Australia, but they are either worked to a small extent
or are not worked at all. Russian manganese was im-
ported to supply even Australian needs before the war.
Deposits exist in New Zealand, as well. They likewise
occur in Canada. Nova Scotia annually produced a
small quantity before the war for several years. Exten-
sive low-grade deposits exist in Newfoundland. South
Africa possesses bodies of manganese ore which have
never been worked on a scale sufficient to determine
their value. Egypt has large manganese deposits that
are comparatively poor in manganese but rich in iron.
These could be worked to advantage at a period like the
present.

Madagascar Exported the Following Minerals in 1916,
according to a supplement to Commerce Reports, dated
Mar. 4, 1918: Corundum, 1532 metric tons; Graphite, 26
209 metric tons; other minerals not specified, 20,663 met-
ric tons. In 1915, the corundum exported amounted to 334
tons, and graphite, 12,189 metric tons. The actual produc-
tion of graphite in 1916 was 25,480 metric tons, a good in-
crease over 1915, when 15,000 metric tons were produced.
It is estimated that the output for 1917 will total more
than 30,000 tons. The number of graphite claims at the
end of 1916 was 2371, compared with 1509 at the end of 1915.

-

ENG1NKKKING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, N l

MHHHIIUMIIIMIIHn.milltll>llllllllllll Illllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll Illllllllll I Illlllllllllllll IIIIIIMIIIII Illllllll Mil Illllllllll || mImm MINIMUM Ill!llll||||||| H|,

Mining and Metallurgical Machinery !

Illimilllllllllllllllllllllllllllimillllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll MMMMIIMMMMMMI Illllll Illllllllllll > I I I I Illllllll I ||l||| <| Illlllll] I Ill III! Mllllllllll M

A (hart for the Determination of Pipe
Diameters, Flow and Loss of 1 lead*

The flow oi water through a given pipe will decrease
in time because of surface conditions within the
pipe Decreased tlow and greater loss of head results

u

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20

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-50

-60

-70
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Copyright, 1917, by
W.F.Sotiophors+

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-03

-eo

-30
-50

-100

-200

-300

-500

-1000

CHART Kul: THE DETERMINATION OF DIAMETER
VELOCITY AND LOSS OF HEAD IN PIPES

from an im rease in internal pijje friction, which is
brought about in varying degree through corrosion, rust-
ing and scaling, effects varying in amount according to
the quantity and nature of impurities in the water and
to the length of time the pipe has been in use.

In order to compute the diameter of a pipe of a size
sufficient to take care of such losses under average

•F W Sehaphorst, mechanical engineer, New York.

normal conditions in terms of velocity of flow ando
in head that will arise in time from an incnsi
pipe friction, the given formula has been derived

0.5yt.«

l „, ,-.

Where

I. Th.' loss of head in ft per I i ft. nf i »ii >« • lend.

V The m i..in> i,i Row in i'i per Bee.

]> The actual diameter of pipe In feel

From this formula the accompanying chart h< i

plotted whereby the relations between actual dim

of pipe in inches, velocity of flow in ft. per sec. :d

loss of head in ft. per 1000 ft. may be obtaii i

straight line XY drawn through any two of t? 1

.4, B or C in the chart at points represented by n

data will be solved on the third line at the poin'oi

tersection of the extension of the line XY upon :.

"Chaingrip" Pipe Vise

A simple, portable vise, which can be moved frn
place and mounted at another in a short time, h.
placed on the market by the Gerolo Manufictura
Old Colony Building, Chicago. It may be t'istie
any horizontal or vertical support, whether r(
square or Hat, and without the use of bolts, jjj

"CHAINGRIP" PIPE VISE IN POSITION ON SQl R
TIMBER

any size pipe or conduit within its limits, by tl |
push of a lever, and no previous adjustment is n<2>
The base support of the pipe vise, forms an l
V, at the sides of which are lugs that can bp I
case the vise is to be permanently bolted in one »
Hence it will conform to a round, square or flat i
A clamp support on the opposite side of the on

■fl 18, MUS

KNt;iNKKRIN(i AND .MINIM, JOURNAL

686

of the equipment. It is a bell section shape, hav-
boss at the top, through which a threaded support
e-bolt passes free. A heavj nut rests on the top
g boss, and engages the threaded eye-bolt and
s the tension of the chain passing through the
i the eye-bolt. The base of the clamp support
■red out in a manner similar to the vise base,
ch a way that it tits the same shaped sur-
A heavy wrought-iron chain is riveted on one
f the vise base and passes around the supporting
11. through the eye of the eye-bolt in the clamp

t. and thence to the other side of the vise base, a
eing held securely in position in a socket. Tight-

of the eye-bolt nut tightens the supporting chain
ilds the vise rigidly in position.

"Chaingrip" vise locks a pipe or conduit firmly

a a double set of steel pipe jaws pn one side and
■ \ close-linked steel chain on the other. The k»ck-

Economical Air-Compressor Drive

An unusually economical type of air-compressor drive
at the plant of the Klannery Zinc Co., of Sarcoxie,
Mo., with a Sullivan angle-compound, class WJ-3, air
compressor, direct connected to a four-cycle Diesel oil
engine, is described by R. D. Willets1 in Mine and
Quarry. The dimensions of the compressor are low-
pressure cylinder 20 in., high-pressure cylinder 12-in.
diameter by 11-in. stroke. The common speed of the
compressor and engine is 175 r.p.m. The engine is a
single cylinder, size -1 x 150, 160 hp. machine of an im-
proved type, manufactured by the National Transit
Pump and Machine Co., of Oil City, Penn. Air is com-
pressed to 100 Hi., and at the above speed the compressor
has a displacement of 890 CU.ft. per minute.

The Diesel engine is operated on fuel oil, which is in
this case crude oil from which the lighter products, such

RECT-COXXECTED AXGLE-COMPOUXD AIR COMPRESSOR AND DIESEL ENGINE IN SOUTHWEST MISSOURI

! otion is secured by moving the handle toward the
;> The handle fulcrums on a steel pin. which pro-
■ ' through two bosses, one on either side of the
ii of the vise. Directly beneath this fulcrum point,
' mdle takes the shape of a cam, which in turn op-
i : against a movable horizontal bar. To one end of
t'ar is riveted the steel gripping chain, which passes
0 d the pipe or conduit and locks in a steel socket.
Kther end, or fulcrum point, of the bar is supported

threaded bolt, the enlarged head of which rests
10 a boss on the base of the vise. Rotation of the
aof the bolt raises or lowers the fulcrum point of
v >r, and forms an adjustment of pressure exerted

1 other end of the bar on the gripping chain when
e mdle of the vise is in a locked position.

as gasoline, benzine, and kerosene, have been removed.
At this property, oil having a specific gravity of 24°
Baume is used, but the engines have operated success-
fully on oil running from 16 : to 36 : Baume. At the
present time fuel oil cost is $1 per barrel of 42 gal. at
the refinery. The fuel consumption of this type of oil
engine is one-half pound of oil per hp. per hour. The
engine consumes approximately 2 bbl. per 8-hr. shift, as-
suming full-load operation throughout the period. On
this basis the cost of fuel for operating the compressor
is practically I.e. per hp., an exceedingly low rate for fuel.
The accompanying illustration shows this compressor
installed and running on its foundation before the pow-
er house was constructed over it.

1Joplln, Mo.

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL Vol. 105, ,

iiiiiiiiiininiiiiiiliiiilii iiimiiiini .-k. m' inn, n

Events and Kconomics of the War

!'! iiiiiiiiiiiiiimiiraiiiiiimmii i muiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiii mi urn niitiiinmiiimi mimmn miiiiiimiiiiii n

By inl< Forts to widen their salient during tin

week, the Germans advanced closer t<> Amiens, though
suffering heavy losses; blows against both French and
British gained comparatively little ground; at various
points the German line was forced back, though the
Allies have attempted no counter stroke: American
troops in France m>t yet brigaded are to be absorbed
in the Allies' units. Air raids were made on the German
Treves and Cologne. Cession of its
territory to the Turks under the Brest-Litovsk treaty
will not be recognized by the Caucasus, it is reported.

The Third Liberty Loan campaign began on Apr. 6
on the anniversary of America's entry into the war.
In a speech at Baltimore on this day President Wilson
declared that ••force to the utmost" will be used against.
Germany. From Washington it was intimated that
about 1,500.000 men will be drafted during the next
12 months. A plan to put the resources and industries
he country on a sound war basis was announced by
the reorganized War Industries Board. E. R. Stettinius
and Frederick Keppel were appointed second and third
assistant secretaries of war. respectively. House con-
ferees on the Agricultural Appropriation bill rejected
the amendment establishing $2.50 per bu. as the price
for wheat. All woolen mills in the country were ordered
to hold their looms at the Government's service until
July 1.

Mature in

Third Liberty Loan Will
Ten Years

The third issue of Liberty Loan bonds will mature
in 10 years, on Sept. 15, 1928, and will bear interest
from May 9 next, payable semi-annually on Sept. 15'
and Mar. 15. The amount is $3,000,000,000 and over-
subscriptions. Payment in full may be made with
the application on or before May 4. it was announced
1 v the Treasury, but bonds will not be delivered before
May 9 on any subscription for an amount exceeding
?10,000. Under the instalment plan, after the initial
payment of 5(/« on ubscription, instalments of 20,
35, and 40', would be due respectively on May 28,
July 18, and Aug. 15. Full payment may be completed
upon subscriptions for any amount on May 9 or any
subsequent instalment date.

Payment of any instalment, including the first one
of 5%, or payment in full, may be made in Treasury
certificates of indebtedness except those maturing Apr.
22 and June 25. Qualified depositary banks and trust
i ompanies may make payment by credit upon the sub-
scriptions of themselves and their customers, but only
to the extent that they cannot make payment in Treas-
ury certificates of indebtedness. The third loan cam-
paign will last for four weeks. It started on Apr. 6
and will end May 4. Banks will be given five days
after the campaign's close to tabulate and report sub-
scriptions. The bill authorizing the issue of the new
bonds was signed by the President on Apr. 4.

National Labor Program Outli

Creation of a National War Labor Board
period of the war. to meet in Washington i
th i convenient place, was recommended to Hi-
lary of Labor on Mar. 29 by the War Labor
i ipc hoard that was recent 1\ appointed to aid
ing a national labor program. The functii
powers of the proposed board are to be as fol

To settle by mediation all controversies e.\
I mployers and workers effecting the eonductlj
war, except where there is, by agreement in-
law, a means of settlement which has not been
to provide the machinery for securing such n
by appointment of local committees to sit w
controversies arise; to summon the parties to ie
troversies before the national board in case e
committees fail.

In case the national board fails to effect conli;
its members are to select an umpire by unanimfl
Failing such choice, the name of the umpire
drawn by lot from a list of 10 suitable and disiiei
persons to be nominated for the purpose by ti I
dent of the United States.

The action of the national board may be inik
respect to controversies within its jurisdiction!
Secretary of Labor or by either side in a cor-c
or its duly authorized representative. Th< 1
after summary consideration, may refuse furtlr
ing if the case is not of such character or imir
to justify it.

The board and the umpire, when mediatin; ;
lie governed by certain principles, the foreo
which is that there shall be no strikes or lock-its
ing the war. The right of workers to organi/
bargain collectively through representatives i n
be denied or interfered with in any manneib*
employers. The rights of employers so to grou I
selves and bargain collectively is likewise n<
interfered with by the workers. The latter Eft
to !>e discharged for membership in trade una
for legitimate trade-union activities. Worker- u
to coerce, or attempt to coerce, others into i<
their unions or their employers into bargain g
them.

Further principles that must govern the ; i
board and umpire are that union standards as I J
etc., are to be maintained where the union shojib
exists; the continuance of the open shop wire
already exists is not to be considered a gi!
health and safety regulations already establi
not to be relaxed. If women are employed i
work, they must receive equal pay for equal v I
must not be given too heavy tasks.

The basic eight-hour day is to be recognizi
existing law requires it. In other cases the qui

'The hoard, who.se appointment whs announced in thi
of Mar 2. was the War Labor Conference Board fti
National War Labor Board, as stated.

(i 13, 1918

ENGINEERING ANl» MINING JOURNAL

CH7

' labor is to bo settled with due regard t<> G<n
Ig] necessities and welfare of the workers. Maxi

oduction is fo be maintained in war industries

ithods of employers or workers that tend to

i! uch production are to be discouraged. A per-

■ list of skilled and other workers available in

parts of the country is to be kept on tile by

artment of Labor, to make possible the rapid

I itive distribution of labor. Such information

furnished by State and Federal Employment

r . by the labor unions, and by managers and

l('S of industrial establishments. Local customs

iges, labor standards, etc., are to be regarded,
rht of all workers to a living wage is declared,
inimum rates, when established, are to be sulfi-

maintain the worker and his family in health
rsonable comfort.

allowances to their prici . unless they al o obtain per

mission. All coal prepared m conformitj with Hi.
quirements of the Administration will be designated
by cards placed in the care, and by notations on the
invoices for the coal.

fay Cancel Contracts for Coal

e U. S. Fuel Administration is considering
undations that all contracts for the delivery of
i producers be cancelled as of Apr. 1. Through-
winter, the Administration allowed all coal
i s to stand, although it had the authority to
i te the agreements. This was despite the fact
ith practically the entire output on contract,
difficult during the winter to secure "free" coal
I eral distribution.

\s felt that the Administration should allow the

. s to continue, pending the organization of a

1> Federal plan of distribution, which has now

iveloped and which became effective Apr. 1.

umall percentage of contracts now remains in

jr a small part of the country's coal output.

E these will be automatically cancelled by the

nns placed on coal by the new zone system of

tion of bituminous coal. Such cancellation will

le entire coal output of the country* directly

■ le control of the Fuel Administration.

• regulations already issued, all new contracts

(rery must be made at prices prescribed by the

nent. Many of those in force up to Apr. 1

ade at a time when prices were abnormally

fhe cancellation of these will bring the whole

duction into the market at Government prices

lier Government control and regulation of dis-

i. It would eliminate all high-priced coal.

improvement in the quality of bituminous
xpected to result from an order issued on Mar.
se Administration, under which operators, for
ing impurities from their product, will be per-
o add 20c. a ton to the Government price for
the mines. The object in this is to stimulate
on and to insure a better quality of coal to
rs dependent upon such mines,
ffer is effective from Apr. 1 to July 31, 1918.
nut will be extended beyond Aug. 1 in all in-
in which it appears proper to take such action.
rs holding permits will be required to make
reports to the Administration, and the allow-
each will be based upon the expense shown to be
in eliminating impurities from the product,
dealers will not be permitted to add these

Year's War Expense Below Estimate

Nine billion dollars is the approximate cost to the
United States of one year of war. .More than half
of this has gone in loans to Allies, and will be repaid
eventually. More than a third has been spent for the
Army and military establishment, one-tenth for the
Navy, and one fifteenth for shipbuilding. Just one-
sixth of this big war cost has been raised by taxation
and other ordinary sources of revenue. The balance
has come from sale of Liberty bonds and certificates
of indebtedness.

These expenditures are less than Great Britain's and
are only about two-thirds of the estimates made by
officials less than a year ago. Slow progress of the ship-
building program and the retarding of the outpouring
of war supplies are regarded by officials as the chief
reasons why expenses did not equal estimates. Gov-
ernment expenses now are running about a billion dol-
lars a month, with somewhat less than half going to
our Allies, who spend the greater part of their loans
for war supplies in this country.

Webb Bill Soon To Become Law

The conference report on the Webb Bill for the pro
motion of export trade has been presented to both
houses of Congress. Only minor changes were made
by the conferees, and it is expected that the bill will
be signed by the President within a few days.

Some of the minor amendments presented in the re-
port have the effect of excluding from the compre-
hensive definition given of "export trade" the selling of
goods, wares and merchandise for resale, as well as
for consumption, within the United States or any terri-
tory thereof. Other amendments have the purpose of
making the language of the bill clear where it accu-
rate'y defines the things which an association formed
under its provisions cannot do and be protected by the
said provisions.

Want Drafted Coal Miners Returned

With the Fuel Administration canvassing the increas-
ing and new requirements of the country for coal, the
need for more mine-workers in the anthracite region
becomes increasingly apparent. It is said there is now
a loss of 24,000 men in the regions, due to the draft
and other causes, from the normal mine workers' army
of 177,000 men in 1915. Operators are signing hun-
dreds of affidavits for employees in the draft, asking
for deferred classification on the ground that the men
are skilled laborers. Boards of trade are preparing
to exert their influence to have the Fuel Administra-
tion intervene with the War Department to have men
ilready drafted returned to their places at the mines,
as the British government found it necessary to do.

It is felt that these absent men, if returned, could aid

KNGINKKRING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, N

the nation more effectively by mining the coal so essen-
tial for war needs than by work in any other branch of
the national service. If the supply of anthracite is to
he increased, which is verj necessary, every citizen
should support the proposition that the mine labor force
in Pennsylvania's anthracite region should be main-
tained and, so far as possible, be increased to meet the
constantly growing demand.

Employment Zones Dcmarked

Division of the country into 13 employment districts
to facilitate the transfer of labor of all kinds from dis-
tricts where a surplus obtains to those where a short-
age exists was announced recently by the U. S. Employ-
ment Service. Homogeneity of industries and employ-
ment problems governed the division. The districts and
the states included in them follow:

1. Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, and
Rhode Island.

2. New York, Connecticut, and New Jersey.

3. Pennsylvania and Delaware.

4. Ohio and West Virginia.

5. Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, and South
Carolina.

6. Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, and Louisiana.
?. Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin, and Iowa.

8. Kentucky, Tennessee, Missouri, and Arkansas.

9. Minnesota, North Dakota, South Dakota, and Montana.

10. Nebraska, Kansas, Oklahoma, Colorado, and Wyoming.

11. Texas and New Mexico.

12. Arizona, Utah, Nevada, and California.

13. Washington, Oregon, and Idaho.

Americanization Conference Meets

A determined fight was made by many of the dele-
gates to the Americanization Conference, which opened
in Washington on Apr. 3, to put an end to the practice
of permitting the use of any other language than Eng-
lish in elementary schools. Resolutions were adopted
fcr carrying out which Congress will be asked to pass
legislation. The resolutions read:

1. The adoption of the policy that the Federal Govern-
ment should cooperate with states and through the states
with the local communities in carrying on an extensive,
intensive, and immediate program of Americanization
through education, especially for non-English-speaking
foreign-born adults.

2. That the industries employing large numbers of non-
English-speaking foreign-born persons should cooperate
with local communities, state, and Federal governments in
carrying out this proposition.

3. That adequate appropriations should be provided by
the Congress to be expended through appropriate Govern-
mental agencies for the foregoing purpose.

4. That in all schools where elementary subjects are
taught they should be taught in the English language only.

Supplemental resolutions recommended that all aliens
in the United States who were qualified to do so should
take out naturalization papers by July 15, and that
all newspapers printed in the German language should
be subjected to the strictest censorship.

Canadian Steel Industry Grows

The Canadian iron and steel industry has been stimu-
lated by the entry of the United States into the war,
according to a consular report from Halifax. Exporta-
tion of steel to Canada was largely curtailed except
where absolutely necessary. In spite of the shortage
of important supplies, scarcity of labor, and delays in

transportation, the production of steel ingots an c
castings in the Dominion in 1917 approximated IB
tons. The greatest annual production previous (
was 1,428,219 tons in 1916. A total of 40,329)
ferroalloys was produced in 1917.

The production of pig iron was also heavy, tj
mate being 1,200,000 tons, as compared with 15
tons in 1916. The use of the electric furnace 1
rapidly extended, about 45,000 tons of steel havij
produced by this method in 1917, as compar
19.000 tons in 1916.

Kxcess Profits Tax Reviewers Nn

A board of 14 reviewers has been appointecb;
Internal Revenue Commissioner to examine.'
profits tax returns. The following men wil s
T. S. Adams, economist, of Yale University, chr
J. E. Sterrett, accountant, New York ; Stuart W. r,
of the National Council of Cotton Manufacturei i
lotte, N. C; E. T. Meredith, agricultural p>L
Des Moines, Iowa; William N. Davis, engineeiu
expert, Bartlesville, Okla. ; Thomas E. Lyons, te
of Wisconsin State Tax Commission, Madison, 'i
C. Allen, state geologist, Lansing, Mich.; Ralph\i
geologist and petroleum engineer, Los Angeles C
John Marks, lawyer and sugar planter, Napooi
La. ; A. P. Ramstedt, mining, smelting, and ei
expert, Wallace, Idaho; George M. Cornwall, lub<
pert and editor of the Timberman, Portland, 0'. ;
H. Nau, accountant, Cleveland, Ohio; H. H. Bon(M
chusetts income tax deputy, Boston, Mass. ; L. '.
deputy commissioner of internal revenue. A nv
these reviewers served as advisers in constraun
regulations for the administration of the exce; I
tax law.

Four advisory members have also been tpi
who will be called in for conference on importit
tions : These advisers are Cordell Hull, memb' c
Ways and Means Committee, House of Repr
Wallace D. Simmons, president Simmons Hardu
St. Louis, Mo.; Henry Walters, chairman of theVi
Coast Line and the Louisville & Nashville Railw
more. Md., and John Burke, Treaurer of th 1
States.

Agents Unnecessary To Get Lt
from War Trade Board

The following announcement was issued to 4
and importers by the War Trade Board on 1;
1918:

It has come to the attention of the War Tl
that various individuals, firms and corporations V
advertising their services to be rendered in tl
of securing export and import licenses. The \'
Board suggests that it is not necessary for e
importers to consult such agencies. The variou '
of the War Trade Board will supply all the irM
desired on receipt of requests therefor. The Boal
to place as little inconvenience and expense upon n
and exporters as possible, and, therefore, tin
is made in order that they may not be put to tl '
of employing such agencies to obtain licenses, u<-
so desire.

Remember the Comfort Fund of the 27th Erin

i 13, 1918

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAJ

i',x;i

lllllliliiimmiiiiiMiiiiiii mi i iiimiiiiiii t iiiiiiiiiii ii iiiiiiiiiiiiiini M ■ 1 1 - 1 1 ■ : 1 1 ■, i i ii iiiiiiiiiini iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiHiiiiiiiimiiliiiiiiniiiililiiiiliillimiillllimiiiiiiiiniiiii

Industrial News from Washington

By Paul Wooton, Special Correspondent

iiiiniiiiiiiii I iiniiiiiiiiiiii mi iiiiiii "mm niiiiiiiiiiiiiiii mi mil iiiiiiu

leral-Control Bill Before House

al of tin- objections to the original draft of the
i -Control bill hav< been met in the measure as
ujrreed upon by the House Committee on Mines
(ling. The most important change was to specify
: powers granted are to be exercised through the
y of the Interior. Additions were made to the
ninerals covered and the measure was made to
I that control may not be extended to any mineral
icifically mentioned. Mr. Hoover's suggestion
1 3 vision be made for converting into the Treas-
r profit that violators may make was adopted.
iDropriation for administering the bill was cut
,000.000 to $500,000. A sentence was added pro-
hat "nothing in this act shall be construed to
r.e entering into contracts under this act after
inination of the war."

minerals covered by the bill as introduced are:

in, arsenic, ball clay, bismuth, bromine, cerium,

hromium, cobalt, corundum, emery, fluorspar,

I icon, fullers earth, graphite, grinding pebbles,

i kaolin, magnesite, manganese, mercury, mica,

i 'num, osmium, sea salt, platinum, palladium,

i ay, potassium, pyrites, radium, sulphur, thorium,

: niuni, tungsten, uranium, vanadium, zirconium,

)er rare or unusual elements the supply of which

the judgment of the President, but inadequate

»■ and industrial needs.

\i numerous changes were made in the wording
t riginal draft, no material changes were embodied
"ill, which has been formally introduced by Rep-
I ive Foster, chairman of the committee.

minerals Administration Favored
by Hoover

' ' ship saved by curtailing mineral imports is
' 'nt to the immediate construction of a ship,
i itly with this thought uppermost in his mind,
Hoover, the Food Administrator, urged the
I of a mineral administration bill when he ap-
I before the Committee on Mines and Mining at
1 ing which was concluded last week. Mr. Hoover
e-d the opinion that stimulation of production

■ srals now largely imported cannot take place
i enough to meet the nation's demands unless
■iient aid is extended.

" the bill follows the general lines of the Food
1 bill, Mr. Hoover was able to give the com-
e some valuable suggestions as to the weak points
general plan. He urged a provision calling for

I fine as a penalty for profiteering. A heavy
I' he said, is likely to act as restraint to legiti-

■ ade. The revocation of a license, thereby caus-

II offender to close up his business entirely, even
" limited period, is too drastic, Mr. Hoover said.
!'?ested that the bill should provide punishment

for those who attempt to limit tran portation, pro

duction or manufacture. It is Mr. Hoover's idea that

violators of such laws as those governing the Food
Administration should be forced to turn into the Treas-
ury whatever their iniquities have profited them in
money.

In reply to questions from members of the committee,
Philip N. Moore expressed the opinion that there is no
danger of production being stimulated by the bill to the
point of overproduction, with consequent loss to the
Government. Mr. Moore believes the bill should cover
the entire mineral industry.

Adverse action toward the bill probably would have
been taken by the Board of Directors of the A. I. M. E.,
had it not been for the personal arguments for the
measure presented by Van H. Manning, director of
the U. S. Bureau of Mines. This was revealed by
Bradley Stoughton, secretary of the Institute, when he
testified before the committee. In view of the reasons
advanced by Mr. Manning, the Board of Directors,
many of whom are executives of important mining
operations, voted 14 to 2 in favor of the proposed
legislation.

America Leads in War Savings

For their respective first three months the American
war-savings campaign is running ahead of the English
campaign. America is pouring its savings into the
Treasury at the rate of about $2,000,000 a day — over
$75,000,000 up to date. The direct comparison is: Eng-
land: first month, $5,172,000; second month, $2,719,-
000; third month, $3,402,000; total, $11,293,000. Am-
erica: first month, $10,236,451; second month, $24,559,-
722; third month, $41,148,244; total, $75,944,417.

The $75,944,417 already put at the service of the
Government by the buyers of war-savings securities has
transferred to the National Treasury command of the
labor and materials to build a fleet of about one hundred
5000-ton ships.

Imports Not Absolutely Prohibited

Importers of minerals and other commodities on the

list of restricted imports see some encouragement in

the following announcement from the War Trade Board:

The importation from Europe of most of the commodities
on the restricted list is not absolutely prohibited, but will
be permitted under certain circumstances, such circum-
stances being generally that the goods may be shipped if
it will not interfere with the speedy operation of vessels
carrying troops and supplies from the United States for
the European battle fronts. For license to make such im-
portations, new applications must be made and the appli-
cants must show in such applications the facts under which
it is claimed that shipment can be made without delay to
vessels. These applications will be especially considered
and applications granted where it appears that no delay
will occur.

Remember the Comfort Fund of the 27th Engineers.

P?0

I'M, INHERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vcl. 105, N

The Expedition of the Ten Thousand

I'tii thousand iron men mobilized to fight the forces
ot' gloom- — almost one division! Ten times that are
needed. Over $10,000 has been contributed to the Corn-
tort Fund for the mining regiment of 1500 men, but
what is that among so many? Figure it out for your-
self, if you think otherwise.

You are appointed recruiting officer. How many
iron men can you supply? Get them for the Twenty-
seventh. There is a loyalty issue involved in this — the
loyalty of mining men to the mining regiment. After
all is said and done, the fact remains that under the
flag today there is a mining regiment recruited from
the mining camps. Your brother, your friend, perhaps,
at any rate your fellow worker, is in that regiment.
Men instinctively take sides in any issue and back up
their own. It is the most natural feeling on earth that
we — that you — should want to do something for the
men of the 27th Engineers, who represent our industry
or profession in the service. We mining men of
America stand back of every man with the colors, but
our particular pride is and should be the mining regi-
ment. Have you this organization spirit? If you have
not, the Comfort Fund may lose your money, but you
are the greater loser.

Those who have contributed to the fund so far are:

Engineering and Mining Journal

New York Engineering Co

A Friend. Nov. -3

TT II

D. E. Charlton

H. W. Hardinge

Frank N. Spencer

W. L. Coursen

J. H. Polhemus

J. H. Janeway

Albert D. Beers

J. E. Hayes

J. A. Van Mater

L. Vogelstein & Co

"Cuprite"

R H. Bassett (Hanna Ore Mining Co.)

A Friend. Dec. 10

P. A. Mosman

American Zinc. Lead and Smelting Co

J. G. H

Daniel Guggenheim

A. H. H

Willard S Morse

August Heckscher

Anaconda Copper Mining Co

F. W. Bradley

Charles Le Vasseur

A Friend. Dec. 13

Freeland Jewett

Herman A. Wagner

Francis P. Sinn

R C. Gnsrow

D. C. Jackling

"V"

J. H. Brickenstein

E. E. N'orthrup

Rogers. Mayer & Ball • • • ■ • • • • ■

Denver Technical Staff, American ..ietal Co., Ltd

A Friend. Jan. 9

E. B. Coolidge

J. V. N. Dorr

Pope Yeatman

W. H. Aldridge

C. E. Hart

E'nefneers of Washoe Smeltery, Anaconda Copper Mining
Company

Harry C. Graham • • ••• • • •• ,;•-• •■!

Utah Copper. Nevada Consolidated, Ray Consolidated
and Chino copper companies

A Friend. Jan 23

John Gillie

J. N. Houser

C. K. Li pman

Theodore Sternfeld

^linton H. Crane

T. Wolf son

William H. Hampton

W. E. Merriss

J. Parke Channing

Miami Copper Co

• J. H. Means

C. W. Goodale

P. G. Beckett

F R Foraker

Charles A. Chase

E. Fleming T.'Engle

Calumet & Hecla Mining Co

$1000.00

luuu.oO

6.00

5.00

5.00

1000 00

6.i'0

5 00

B.OO

10 00

10.00

in. 00

25 00

100.00

in 00

10-00

10.00

io.oo
loo.oo

5 00

100.00

5.00

25.00

100.00

1000.00

100.00

5.of>

50 00

10.00

5. 01,

10.00

5.00

100 00

10 00

5.00

5.i'0

50.00

30.00

ioo.oo
io.oo

200.00

50.0',

50 oo

5.00

5.00

205.00
25.00

1000 00

5.00

25 0u

5.00

50.00

50.00

500.00

10.00

10.00

10.00

100.00

250.00

10 00

25.00

50.00

25.00

25.00

5.00

250.00

1 IV Ferguson

ay K Van Gundy

franklin Osborn

i ear l..u'himind

W. T. Swoyer .

nterest

Qulncy Mining Co n

American Meial Co

William II. Fairbanks

I >. m. Curry

W. R. Ingalls

H. A. Uuess

J. .\U. C

Englneei s' Club of Northei n Minnesota

r». &. 'l nuyer

R. 11. Sales •

/Mb rt C. Burrago

Edward H. Clark

P Rutherford

A''olph J. Martinson .

Frank R. Edwards

C. 11. Munro

E. E. McCarthy

J. L. Bruce

D. Ford McCormlck

Louis IV Huntoon

P. G. Spilsbury

C. T. Brown ,

M. C. M <

James F. McCarthy

United States Smelting, Retlning and Mining Co

L O. K

Herman A. Prosser

J. E. Johnson. Jr

A. W. Hahn

L. D. Hud ;on

Lane Pearl

Arthur K. Adams

L. L. Wilcox

E. J. Lo-igyear Co

Pick and Shovel Club. Mining Department, Case School

of Applied Science

L. S. Cates

J. M. Piatt

A. L. Walker

C G Roth child

Ceneial Engineering Co

N. O. Lawton

F. R. Weekes

S F. Shaw

Iowa Gold Mining and Milling Co

L. L. Middelkamp

G. C. Townsend

II. S. Monroe

Jesse Scobey

,T. H. McCornvok

William Young Westervelt

B. Britton Gottsberg r

Oscar Lachmund (second contribution) ,

L. R. Budrow

Horace V. Winchell

W. J. Pentland

Pome Mines Co

Butte Copper aid Zi~e Co

Eagle & Blue Bell Mining Co

William A. Nicholls

Robert S. Lewis

Farl R. Pembroke

Fast Butte Copp r Mining Co

Job H. Winwood

Fred Hellmann J

Total "

Make your checks payable to W. R. Ingalis, e
of the Association. Because of the work inj
administering the Comfort Fund, contribute
acknowledged only by publication in the Joun.

Mineral Imports Committee Di
Minerals Administration

Responsibility for increasing the domestic p>d
of necessary minerals had best be placed in le
of the War Industries Board, in the opinic
Committee on Mineral Imports and Exports,
was expressed by J. E Spurr, for the commie-
letter to Senator Henderson, of Nevada, the li
of the Senate Committee on Mines and Mi n
anticipation of the fact that the Senate comnt
have some very decided opinions as to th> I
administration bill, the Committee on Miner? I
and Exports apparently is taking early oppou
impress its own views upon that body.

The bill was drafted by the War Minerals Cn
the letter points out, only after it had "urged h
ter upon the attention of the Government i"

r 13, 1918

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

691

I thou t commensurate results." The committee
Me to the conclusion that the existing Govern-
i.chinery is not adequate to afford executive con-
ilhe mineral situation and that a war adminis-
I)f minerals is necessary. The bill as drafted,
L, did not meet public approval, concerning which
inittee on Mineral Imports and Exports says:
|i the mining public was sounded as to its atti-
i the question of a metals administrator, it was

I mt the industry was very much opposed to it.
iling was accentuated by popular criticism of

?l Administration, which arose at about that
was pointed out that this bill would put under
:>rol of the metals administrator the gold, silver,
ilead, zinc, iron and other industries which were
i along very well as they were, and that legisla-
i regard to them could do very little good and
t i a vast amount of harm if the mineral adminis-
rar dictator, should not be an absolutely ideal
1 1."

purr's letter recounts that the bill was held in
i s as a result of opposition on the part of the in-
| and that curtailment of imports and exports
i War Minerals Committee to revise the bill by
c g the major metals and confining its provis-

II control to certain specified minor metals. The
i tee on Mineral Imports and Exports says :

i ;ad of a limited list of mineral commodities men-
j n the bill, any further control and organization
;>}overnment should embody the possibility of in-
: all the mineral commodities.
) next question is the amount of control which
1 nd the further functions which it is necessary
1 Government to create and grant. The required

y for regulating domestic production is fully
■ in the bill. In the hands of the ideal executor
i less will work out most satisfactorily. As there
l?s some question, however, as to the ideal per-

. the question arises whether it is not possible
f'ase existing authority and functions up to the

e limit without going the entire length of the
ra. Apparently some closer study should be made
: ing Government functions to see whether some

? powers, thus to be given to a new official, do
i'ady exist, scattered through different branches

Government, and whether they could not be

if it were manifestly advisable. The purchas-

I eaus of the War and Navy departments and the

ing organization of the War Industries Board
ntly have it within their power, if they are
; that it is essential, to contract at a fixed price
.eminent purchase of commodities over as long

i as will be desired. Purchases of platinum al-
I ave been made by the Government, and it would

erfectly feasible, for example, for the Govern-

o contract for a certain amount of chromite
:? a period of two years.

ough its close contact with the industries, the

dustries Board could provide, perhaps, for even
' financial operations by arranging with the dif-
1 industries to purchase commodities, for which
-'ernment is contacting, at a fixed price.

incial assistance is opening up. Operation of

apparently is contemplated in the bill for a war
corporation, which is being pushed by Secre-

tary McAdoo ami which apparently has a good chance
of going Into effect sunn, in short, it is a question ai
to whether the existing functions of tin- Governmi
working in harmony, cat omplish most of the

objects aimed at in the bill."

Chronolo^v of Mining for Month
of March, W18

Mar. 1. — Government took over control of production,
refining, distribution and use of crude and refined
platinum for the period of the war.

Mar. 1. — Committee on Military Affairs reported fa-
vorably on the Chamberlain bill, introduced in the Sen-
ate on January 8, for control of the lumber industry.

Mar. 4 — Price of aluminum fixed by the Government
at 32c. per lb.

Mar. 5. — Plant of Little Martha property, in Joplin,
Mo., destroyed by fire.

Mar. 8. — The trial on appeal of the Minerals Separa-
tion Co., Ltd., vs. the Butte & Superior Mining Co. was
opened at the United States Circuit Court of Appeals at
San Francisco.

Mar. 23 — List No. 1 of restricted imports issued by
War Trade Board. Articles named include asbestos,
graphite, pyrites and zinc, cryolite and nickel.

Mar. 23. — A decision was rendered in the cast of the
Federal Mining and Smelting Co. vs. the Star Mining
Co. in favor of the Federal Company by Judge F. S.
Deitrich of the U. S. Court for the District of Idaho.
• Mar. 29. — War Labor Conference Board submits na-
tional labor program to Secretary of Labor William B.
Wilson.

Mar. 31. — At 2 a. m. all clocks in the United States
were set forward one hour, as provided by the Daylight
Saving law.

Sweden's Iron Trade in 1917

The exports of iron ore from Sweden in 1917, ac-
cording to the Consul General at Stockholm, showed an
increase over the previous year of 135,184 tons, the
total aggregating 5,702,808 tons. Various kinds of iron
were exported, to the amount of 495,701 tons, a de-
crease of 77,366 tons from the total for 1916. Im-
ports of iron fell by 201,879 tons to 102,006 tons. The
general results of the iron-trade year were good,
though profits were considerably reduced.

Of pig iron, the 1917 production was 837,184 tons,
an increase over 1916 of 88,088 tons. Bessemer ingots
were produced to the amount of 78,130 tons, an in-
crease of 1118 tons, while martin ingots amounted to
497,332 tons, a decrease of 36,568 tons. On Dec. 21,
104 blast furnaces were in operation, an increase of
nine, as compared with the same period in 1916; 147
Lancashire furnaces, a gain of three; 10 bessemer fur-
naces, as compared with seven, and 59 smelting fur-
naces, an increase of seven over 1916.

Petroleum Output from the Comodoro Rivadavia fields,
in Argentina, has increased steadily since 1911, as shown
by the following figures of production taken from Commerce
Reports: In 1911, 1920 metWc tons; in 1912, 6850 tons: in
1913, 19.050 tons: in 1914, 40,530 tons; in 1915, 75,900 tons;
and in 1916, 116,000 tons.

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105,1,,

%

Shall the Civilization of the Ages

vanish before
the D e vili^ation of the H xxti ?
One hundred miffron freemen answer

^

■•

:;. L918
■ ii

ENGINEERING A.ND MINING JOURNAL

Editorials

uiiiiiii'iiiiiimiiiiiiimmiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiii nmniiiiiimiimimmmiiiiii ill limn iiiiiiiiiiini! uniiiiiiiiimiii iminnmiti nmiimniimunilll minus

osition of the Smelting Industry

st report of the American Smelting ami
>.. Daniel Guggenheim, its president, is
(poken when he says the following:

i always been the policy of the company to make

• cent raets for ore and bullion, at a tixed price

\ nir and refining, which has permitted continuous

. if our works, and plans could always he made

nd without risk for enlargement or of mak-

, ditures to reduce costs. While the charge in such

was tixed, the company had a certain interest in

\ cries. Under economic laws, if costs of oper-

1, it would be on account of generally increased

e interest of the company in the metal recov-

rjld equal the increased cost of smelting and refining.

ny is now suffering from the entire lack of

■ law. ami is operating under the direction of Gov-
rtl commissions, whereby the value of the metal
I of the company is fixed. But the cost of labor
i lies is not fixed; in fact, owing to the various Gov-

Jl contracts for shipbuilding and other construction
magnitude, which have been made on the basis of
I a commission, the contractors have no interest in
fabor costs at a point where a profit can be made,
act, their own interests are in favor of as high a
Ian be in any way justified.

tse two Governmental actions, first, by reducing the

i our product, and, second, by constantly increasing

) this great corporation, producing what is abso-

:essary to the Government in carrying on the war,

i' its ability to pay a fair return to its stockholders

f jeopardized. While it may be said that the pre-

[ fits were excessive, had it not been for such profits,

1 any would not have been able to enlarge its works

i ease its output, all of which has been of vital

to the Government. These enlargements have

E'Cted at a cost of fully $15,000,000, all of which

t taken out of the earnings of the company, and

ged capacity will doubtless be entirely useless after

e demand ceases.

?asual reader will be mystified by this when he

the accounts of the company and observes the

:f its large earnings in 1917, but the expert will

ind that Mr. Guggenheim had in mind not the

i)f 1917, but the situation existing today.

now that the entire smelting and refining in-

I.S today in a desperate condition, especially the

l. Both branches have been in the past based

'-time contracts, (10, 20 and 25 years), con-

ely as it was thought, but this is now proving

eir undoing. For, while tolls remain fixed, costs

sen enormously, even 100 r'c in some cases. To

|tht of the refiners the Government has been

1 contributory, in its competition with them for

iearby contractors operating on the cost plus 10 r0

e calling away their men or forcing them to meet

dess offers that the cost plus 10*7 system per-

The Government further cripples the refiners by

!he price for copper and precluding any chance

' recouping themselves. The smelters are more

■ n the same fix.

were not for collateral interests, the custom
'■? and refining industry would today be bank-

rupt Vi io important is this industry that let it be
, tiei ked and bol h Europe and ^.merii a w ill i eai e to gel
copper. The smelters and refiners have made repr< »en1
ations in Washington, bul how t<> relieve them of u
predicament it is not easy to see. An advance in the
price for copper will help, in that it will offset in-
creased costs in the cases of those who refine their own
bullion, or those mining companies that have assented
to increases in the refining tolls, but those smelters anil
refiners who are on a straight toll basis will not be
helped, for any advance in copper price will accrue to
their clients, not to them. Governmental abrogation of
contracts is something that we do not like to think
about. Even if such a thing were ordered, it would
simply mean passing the increased cost on to the mines,
which would be contributory to curtailment of their
production. The real alternatives seem to be the award-
ing of a Governmental bonus to the smelters and refin-
ers or the Government itself taking over the works and
standing the loss in operation. The Government can-
not disclaim responsibility for the situation.

Labor Must Do Its Bit

THERE should be both inspiration and admonition
in the recent declaration of General Pershing
regarding the achievements of our engineer units in
France. The General is reported to have expressed
great satisfaction that the men in the engineers' corps,
many of whom had a short time previously been fight-
ing at home for higher wages and shorter hours, had,
since their enlistment, not given the question of wages
or hours a thought, but were unreservedly supporting
the men in the trenches. Praise from Sir Hubert is
praise, indeed. We know that the engineers deserve it.

The stress and exigencies of war early convinced or-
ganized labor in Great Britain that many privileges and
prerogatives won only after years of effort must be
suspended in order that indispensable military supplies
might be produced. The British anions yielded, rightly
placing the national interest first, and that there should
be no possibility of employers trying to make war-
time practice and regulations carry over after the
restoration of peace, Parliament enacted legislation
restoring, when peace shall come, all rights abrogated
at the government's request; and, furthermore, an
official bureau was created to collect and record all data
bearing on the subject, that full justice might be ac-
corded the workers. Indications point to the approach
of conditions in the United States that may compel
recourse to measures as to hours of labor and working
conditions similar to those necessary in Britain.

The one clear call from every section of the country
has been to speed up. Criticism from press and plat-
form has found its base on the failure of departments,
bureaus, boards, works, shipyards and myriad industrial

694

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, N

establishments to get things done. The military Blacker
has boon jacket] up: Maryland and New Jersey have
put a penalty on idleness; but the industrial slacker
and the profiteer operate — or fail to — unchecked and
uncontrolled. A concomitant of the increasing needs
of Army and Navy has been a disposition — among
manufacturers, jobbers and labor alike — to overreach
and diddle for excess profit, privilege and advantage
and to let the war go hang if it interfered with "busi-
ness as usual."

As there is no business so vitally important as min-
ing to the production of military supplies, it is in-
cumbent upon every man connected with our industry
forthwith to do his bit. If labor can, with the eight-
hour day, meet the country's need, well and good; but
that need must and shall be met, no matter what the
hours or working conditions.

It will probably be expedient to pattern our practice
after the British agreement, in order that, while all
sacrifices necessary to victory are made willingly and
with good grace, no injustice ensue under the guise
of patriotism.

The directors and responsible officers of many of
our most essential industries would do well to bear in
mind that much of the prevailing industrial discontent
is inspired by the general belief that contractors and
manufacturers are profiting inordinately from the ex-
traordinary urgency created by war conditions, and as
speedily as may be, so arrange their affairs as to be
able conclusively to demonstrate that with a temporary
lengthening of hours — if that must come — there will
develop no grasping for super-normal profits.

Finally, all overtime earnings should be figured by
labor as velvet — and put into Liberty Bonds.

-

Cut Out the Waste

IN THESE times we are all urged to cut out waste-
fulness and to concentrate on things of vital im-
portance to the winning of the war — food, munitions,
transportation. Little else matters. The energies of
the nation must be centered on the production of the
prime essentials. People who are doing other things
are verging dangerously close to the state of the slacker ;
those who are buying products they do not actually
need are not only using money that should be invested
in thrift stamps or war bonds, but are employing labor
that is badly needed in the essential industries, and thus
in an indirect way thoughtlessly handicapping our sol-
diers. If the cumulative effect of the failure to con-
centrate on the serious duties of war preparation could
be translated into terms of the lives of a specific number
of soldiers — due to our delay in getting "over there" in
force — people generally would be horrified at the results
of their thoughtless delay of necessaries.

Some of the delays began a good while ago— the
I, W. W. (or shall we say, Bolshevik) strike in the
copper districts last year, the strikes in the shipyards,
and, long before that, the lack of preparation of our
Government in the "He-kept-us-out-of-war" days. The
exact cost in lives of these delays one shrinks from at-
tempting to measure at this time. Our slowness in get-
ting started in the war has permitted many things to
happen, and only historians may be able to say what

these delays have meant — both in lives and tre
by extending the period of the war.

What is past is past; but what of the prest
the future? Shall we be more thoughtful and irre
cient in the future? Our delays through shippij
gestion are another form of indirect "slacking
Hoover recently sounded the alarm that a foo c
seriously affecting our Allies necessitated the n
provision of cars. The country generally is ha l\
awakened to the importance of sacrificing non-ue
activities to provide for this year's crops so £*tt
able to feed ourselves, our Allies and the neutib
pendent upon us for foodstuffs. Food, ships an»
tions — everything that does not contribute to thr
duction should be curtailed to the lowest limit <I
ble with healthful conditions at home.

The people are frequently urged to give up the a-
age of luxury industries, both by local and e
authorities. In many localities serious-minded er
are undertaking by act and precept to increase ie
ing of food and other essentials. But what of te i
ernment? Has it cut its non-essentials or even jo
them to a reasonable point? Is it not continuir r
of its non-essential activities right in Wasm
where they are so short of office space, of clsks
stenographers? Are not many Government em
at present engaged on prosaic peace-time repos
senting the merits of civic centers or preparin ti
on abstruse scientific subjects which have nolin
do with winning this war? Eight months a:ei
declared war, the Government Printing Office s
1200-page volume of this character, involving I
of much white paper and the most expensive I
typesetting for over 1100 pages, while imporn
ports on war minerals and other timely subj I
held up by congestion in the Public Printer's dep. ti

Visitors to the Capital tell of bureaus that a c
work on the "business-as-usual" basis, instead 'i
tailing their work to immediate necessities andJi
over the remainder of their facilities to the wii ii
the war — the one big job ahead of democracy na
Washington set an example to the country an<n
its own waste.

The Zinc Industry

THE zinc industry of the United States is is
proaching a crisis which will end only \tl
survival of the fittest. Enormously overbuilt};
stimulus of the high prices of 1915-16, it U
staggering during the last six months under
accumulation of unsold stocks, and the mant
become severely depressed. If the general ad n
prices since the middle of 1914 is representecb;
index of 1.85, the present price of 62c. for >r
spelter corresponds with a pre-war price of atn
We remember how badly hurt the smelters us>
with spelter below 4 A cents.

Many smelters have hung on lately, consider g
their product would be needed in warfare, but.K
ing called upon, they are now yielding to the «
and are not only closing their plants, but also r<
mantling them in many cases. This movement ii
such movements, is likely to go too far. The B
danger is that the industry will become undy

•il 13, 1918

ENGINEERING AND MINIM; JOURNAL

695

ized and will not be in a position to respond
y to a renewed demand thai may arise in an
|sncy.

Our Economic Policy

|i economic policy is based on the theory that
Jillation must be avoided at all costs. As a first
pve enter upon a program of price-fixing. Price-
. checks production, and another artificial measure
ties necessary This is called eliminating the Hern-
ials. Then the blight upon business spreads. The
jl conclusion is the happy state of the natives of
i outh Sea Island who lived by doing each other's
Eng.

|; the natural law cannot be balked any more than
t can be made to run up hill. It will sweep away
hole price-fixing policy, whether the Administra-
ivants it or not.

ie Pennsylvania Railroad in 1917.

'.E progress of the war is widening our apprecia-

on of the importance of certain fundamentals of
- ife, the production of raw basal-products, the
lfacture of them into necessities and their trans-
■:ion to consuming and shipping centers. In par-
i r, transportation commands attention. The annual
)t of a great railroad system is illuminating and
ptant to engineers. In 1917 the public service of
I ennsylvania R.R. was equivalent to 48,749,320,471
niles in freight moved and 5,828,039,051 passenger
1 in passenger traffic. The freight traffic was over
' greater than the combined annual ton-mileage

e the war of all the railroads of the United King-
rif Great Britian and Ireland and the Republic of

e. The previous high records of 1916 were greatly
;ded.

\i net income for 1917 was $39,281,585, which,
1 provision for sinking and other reserve funds,
psented 7.4 c( on the capital stock of the company.

let income was $12,994,919 less than in 1916, in
i of the increased public service. This was due to

ised cost of labor and supplies. Out of every dollar

ansportation revenue, 85c. was required to pay
(ting expenses and taxes, a proportion exceeding
.previous year.

average force of 250,000 is employed, and it was
< sary to hire and distribute over this system
i 00 new employees during the year. The property
Ument at the close of the year totalled $1,722,-

14, and the return on this investment, after pay-
e of operating expenses and taxes, was 4.5%. Over
0 ,000 troops were transported, and unprecedented
«: converged upon the system, which serves the
*st centers of population and industry east of the
Hssippi River and the chief sources of coal, coke
I and steel.

' e condition of the equipment owned by the company
; e end of the year showed 86.72 cc of all locomotives,
>•'% of the passenger cars and 93.5% of the freight
■' in service. The average cost of operating a loco-
Hre 100 miles was $41.55, as compared with $28.38
"irevious year. The greatest increase in cost was
1 ael, which jumped from $9.60 per 100 miles in
& to $18.15 in 1917. Repairs and depreciation in-

creased $3.29, lubricants 7c. and engine house expense

7(>e. per 1(10 iinlcs. With fuel the total increase was

$12.67. The equipment available for the service- of

the public at the cl<>: e nl the year was:

Total locomotives, 7C00.

Total passenger cars, 7707.

Total freight cars, 277,038.

Total tank cars, I i]

This is equivalent to:
Total tractive power, 284,150,778 pounds.
Total seating capacity, 318,402 pi rsons.
Total carrying capacity, L3,891,038 tons.
Total carrying capacity, 11,990 barrels.

The entire system burned during the year 17,557,309
tons of coal, an increase as compared with 1916 of
;, 360,800 tons.

Arbitrate!

THERE is a lesson for labor in the war. Germany
refused to arbitrate. She struck. And her appeal
to force — to might instead of right — has drenched the
earth in blood and put so huge a burden on generations
yet unborn that imagination quails and falters before
mere contemplation of it.

This is no time to adjudicate the merits of open shop
vs. closed shop. Justice to labor will be done — is being
done — in most trades and avocations in full measure.
No question can arise that will not be more fairly set-
tled through arbitration, negotiation and agreement
than through appeal to the strike or the lock-out.

Our men "Over There" — flesh of our flesh — in first
line trench, are offering their all, while, safe at home,
many are quibbling over details of working conditions
and pay for service necessary to make effective the pres-
ence of our soldiers at the front.

No man or body of men, in the present temper of
America, need hesitate to rest the equity and justice of
any issue with those departments of the Government
charged with the responsibility of deciding it.

One question — only one — overshadows all: We must
win the war. Nothing else matters.

Preliminary Report on the Mineral
Production of Canada for 1917

In our issue of March 30, p. 590, we inadvertently
included two paragraphs on molybdenum, the first of
which should have been credited to the Ontario Bureau
of Mines and the second to the Quebec Bureau of Mines.
The record of molybdenum ore treated in 1917 applies
only to the Province of Ontario. The paragraph on
magnesite that follows should have been credited to
the Quebec Bureau of Mines and applies to the Province
of Quebec.

Accidents in Canadian Mines

In our issue of March 30, p. 597, we erroneously as-
sumed that the report of accidents applied to Canada
as a whole instead of the Province of Quebec. The
report which appeared should be corrected to read
"Accidents in Quebec Mines."

Current Prices of Mining Supplies will be published
in the Milling Number, Apr. 20, 1918.

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No.

BY THE WAY

iMtmtmtiiiimtmii

Mexican petroleum pumps smoothly on, despite revolu-
. it'ter revolution, remarks the S '"'• This is partially
all of its properties are in the district eon-
trolled by Manuel Pelae . better known as "King"
Pelaez. The "King" has protection to sell, and smee
it is high-grade protection, of a kind thai protects,
the oil companies of the Tampico and Panuco districts
buy it from him. They chip in to make up a purse of
something h "' a month for him. But not a

single oil well has been tired since he sold the protection
to them, so well has he the district under control.

"Huh, teolt >go! What value ees one priest i

mine? I'm- sit mad re. /»< I'd! Paso!" replied!

Gallejro, knocking wood and then gesticulating
"but thees Americano he ees not Catolico. Of relio
those crazy Americanos have many kinds. For it,
think thees one ees espiritlsta. One theologist ofh;
kind he can talk with those dead miners that wo
many years ago. Por supttesto, they tell heem wheie-
the reech ore; he keep hees mouth shut about
miners; he say to Don Jorge to work thees placi
that place. Clam, pues, one teologo can make o
money than one ordinary engineer from mines."

One has to talk with Daniel C. Jackling only a few
minutes to realize that he is a big man, says the Boston
Bureau. He is big enough to acknowledge an
error of judgment. He makes no attempt to side-step
the Alaska Cold failure nor by involved explanation to
tell why early anticipations were not realized. He
recently remarked to a friend: "Alaska Gold is my
imbecile child. We nursed and tended it as faithfully
as we did our successful prophyry copper mines, but
this child just didn't have the stuff. I regret beyond
•words that any of my friends may have lost money
by following me in this enterprise. Perhaps they have
made enough in the porphyries to compensate fully for
Alaska Gold. I certainly hope so."

When the credit man makes a mistake, it is good
night. But when a plumber makes a mistake, he charges
twice for it; when the lawyer makes a mistake, it's just
what he wanted, because he has a chance to try the
case again; when the carpenter makes a mistake, it's
just what he expected, because the chances are 10 to 1
he never learned his trade ; when a doctor makes a mis-
take, he buries it; when a judge makes a mistake, it be-
comes the law of the land; when a preacher makes a
mistake, nobody knows the difference; and when an
electrician makes a mistake, he blames it on the induc-
tion, the meaning of which nobody knows. The fore-
going is from the Pittsburgh Credit Bulletin. To it
we add that when the mining engineer makes a mistake,
it all depends upon whether he may be relied upon
not to make the same mistake twice. If he can be relied
upon, he is likely to be a more valuable r*an. However,
mistake-making mining engineers are not popular.

Many a mining engineer acquires local fame in a
mining district, yet remains in blissful ignorance of the
fact. The owners of an old mine in Cuba engaged an
expert to study the workings and plan future operations.
A Gallego miner of the extreme squarehead type chanced
to find the card of the engineer, and, being unable to
read the small-type inscription "Mining Engineer and
Geologist," sought the assistance of one slightly more
educated than himself. The next day, the squarehead
boasted loudly among his fellows of the unparalled
scientific ability of "Meester Schwab, Ingeniero de
Minas y Teologo." A quarrelsome Andaluz snorted,

The Engineers*

(Tune: "Son of a Qamboller")

Who is the man who views the mines and promptly iri

them down '.'
Who is the one that thinks this is the short cut to term
Who is it gives the bum advice to the innocent financrt
The knowledge-feigning, theory-straining mining en^?

Who steals our gold and silver, and copper, zinc and M
Who takes the joy all out of life and strikes our high a\

dead?
Who never wrote a schedule that to anyone else was >'.a
The sulphur-belching, miner-welching smelter engimr.

Who is the man designs*our pumps with judgment sk

and care ?
Who is the man that builds 'em and who keeps thn

repair ?
Who has to shut them down because the valve seat d

appear?
The bearing-wearing, gearing-tearing mechanical enjie

Who buys his juice for half a cent and wants to or

a dime ?
Who when we've signed the contract can't deliver h<: I

time?
Who thinks a loss of twenty-six per cent, is nothing tee
The volt-inducing, load-reducing electrical engineer

Who is it takes a transit out to find a sewer to tap?
Who then with care extreme locates the junction on theia
Who is it goes to dig it up and finds it nowhere nea
The mud-bespattered, torn-and-tattered civil engineei

Who thinks without his products we would all be

lurch ?
Who has a heathen idol which he designates Researc '
Who tints the cheeks, perfumes the air, and mak

landscape drear?
The stink-evolving, grass-dissolving chemical engin. '.

Who is the man who'll draw a plan for everythii

desire ?
From a transatlantic liner to a hairpin made of w.re
With "ifs" and "ands," "howe'ers" and "buts" who ia

his meaning clear?
The work-disdaining, fee-retaining consulting engine .

Who builds a road for fifty years that disappears ht*
Who changes his identity, so no one's left to sue?
Who covers all the traveled roads with filthy, oily El
The bump-providing, rough-on-riding highway engin r

Who takes the pleasure out of life and makes exti

hell?
Who'll fire a real good-looking one because she i

spell ?
Who substitutes a dictaphone for coral-tinted ear?
The penny-chasing, dollar-wasting efficiency enginee

ANONYM'

•Sung at a meeting of the Engineering Society of Bufl ■•
sent by a correspondent.

vil is, 1918 ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL 697

I m mi iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiMiiiiiiiniii iiiimiii riitint tin ilium i iiiiiiiiui i i iiiuiiiuiiiii mil iimimmi i u iiniui mil Uliuuiumn

The Mining: Index

n miiiiimii niiiiiiiiii iiiiiiimiiiimiiiimmimiiiii i inn iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimi u iiiiiiiiiiiiiiini inn imimiimiimimiiimili iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimiimiimimiiiiiiiii

,!, , ilcm re) a to the cui tun

and metallui g\ published in all of tl
,,. world w • will i in i" ii ii ops of, anj ai tlcli

the original language for the pi uoted «i» i no

oted the cosl I unknown tna much as the pa pi

COPPER

- ANALYSIS \ Mew Method of Determining Co

1. 1, mi., i Chem., Mel md Mm Soc. of So. Air.. Nov.,

—ANALYSIS— Sulphur and Copper Oxide Determlm

(Eng. and Min. Journ., Feb. 23, 1918; Ii pp.) 20c.
— \Rl/.< in \ Vjo Copper Mine Courtenay De Kalb, (Min.
i Press, Jan 26 and Feb. 2, 1918 ; 8J pp., illus.) I",'

i |\ \ Gold, Silver, Copper. Lead and Zlne In Ari-
i 1916 V C Heikes (Mineral Resources of the I'. S. L916,
1, 1917 ; 37 pp.)
■BRITISH COLUMBIA -Notes on the Copper Deposits of
interior of British Columbia John I). Calloway.
Min. Inst . Jan., 1918 ; 6 pp.)
— CALIFORNIA — Further Remarks on the cues of El
nia I. C C.raton and 1>. H. McLaughlin. (Econ. Geol,

18 pp.)
p^CALIFORNIA AND OREGON — Cold. Silver, Copper,
nid Zinc 1 1 1 California and Oregon in 1916. Chas. C. Vale,
•al Resources of the Li. S., 1916 — Part 1. Dec. 3, 1 1» 1 7 . 53 pp.)
—CANADA — Production of Copper. Cold. Lead. Nickel, Sil-
fcDfl and Other Metals in Canada During the Year 1916.
of Mines. Mines Branch; 1917, 76 pp.)
-CENTRAL STATES — Silver, Copper. Lead and Zinc in
utial States in 1916. J. P. Dunlop and B. S. Butler. (Min-
es of U. S„ 1916 — Part 1. Oct. 27. 1917; 105 pp. )
— COLORADO — Gold, Silver, Copper. Lead and Zinc in
,!.i in 1910. Chas. \V. Henderson. (Mineral Resources of
s. 1916 — Part I. Feb. 5, 1918; 58 pp.)
I '— FLOTATION OF CHALCOPYRITE in Chalcopyrite-Pyr-
s of Southern Oregon. Will H. Coghill. (U. S. Bureau
Jan., 1918 ; 13 pp., illus.)
—LABORATORY — U. S. Metals Refining Co.'s New Labora-
t Chrome. X J. B. B. Hood. (Eng. and Min. Journ., Mar.
19 ; 3 pp., illus.) 20c.
.— LEACHING — Copper-Leaching at Ajo. Courtenay De

(Min. and Sci. Press, Feb. 9, 1918; 7J pp., illus.) 20c.
— METAI LURGY — Progress in the Metallurgy of Copper.
H. Carpenter. (Proc. Journ. Royal Soc. of Arts, Jan. 4. 11
K U'18 : Sr. pp.) Three Cantor lectures.
1— NEVADA — Mining in Ely District in 1917. Will C. Hig-
(Sa't Lake Min. Rev., Jan. 15. 1918 ; 13 pp., illus.) 40c.
<l — ORE CARS — Steam-Shovel Ore Cars at New Cornelia,
riz. (Eng. and Min. Journ., Mar. 2, 1918 ; 1J pp., illus.) 20c.
* i — RUSSIA — Bogomolovskv Copper Mines. Russia. N. T.
' likoff. (Min. and Sci. Press, Jan. 19, 1918; 3 pp., illus.) 20c.
' ' — UTAH — Gold. Silver. Copper, Lead and Zinc in Utah in
V. C. Heikes. (Mineral Resources of the U. S., 1916 — Part
24, 1918 ; 35 pp.)
'" — I'TAH — Zinc CarVionate and Related Copper Carbonate
it Ophir, Utah. G. F. Loughlin. (Bull. 690-A, U. S. Geol.
i Dec 21. 1917 ; 14 pp., illus.)

GOLD AND SILVER CYANIDING

1 8— CONCENTRATES — Cyaniding Concentrates vs. Smelting.
Drucker. (Eng. and Min. Journ.. Mar. 9, 1918 ; 3 p., illus.)

19 — DECANT ATION — Continuous Decantation at Yuanml
I Mines, Limited. V. T Edquist. (Journ. W. Aust. Chamber
nes, Nov. 30, 1917; 6 pp., illus.)

— REVIEW of Cyaniding in 1917. Malcolm H. Carpenter.
I Lake Min. Rev., Jan. 15, 1918 ; 2-3 p.) 40c.

GOLD AND SILVER — GENERAL

' ^ — ALASKA — Lode Mining in the Fairbanks District. Alaska.
Mertie, Jr. (Bull. 662-H, U. S. Geol. Surv., 1917; 22 pp.

- — ALASKA — Mining Industry in the Territory of Alaska
-ig the Year 1916. Sumner S. Smith. (Bull. 153, U. S. Bureau

nes. 1917 ; 89 pp.. illus.)
'3— ALASKA JUNEAU. Editorial. (Min. and Sci. Press,
■'■>■ 1918; 2J pp.) 20c.

1 4— AMALGAMATION AND ROASTING Practice in Gold
1 Colony. Paul T. Bruhl. (Eng. and Min. Journ., Feb. 23,
2} pp.) 20c.

; 5— ARIZONA — Gold, Silver, Copper. Lead and Zinc in Ari-
1 in 1316. V. C. Heikes. (Mineral Resources of the U. S.

-Part I, Dec. 21, 1917; 37 pp.)

6— CALIFORNIA AND OREGON — Gold, Silver, Copper.
'■ and Zinc in California and Oregon in 1916. Chas. G. Yale.
1 ?ral Resources of the U. S., 1916 — Part I, Dec. 3. 1917; 53

89 I ! ' \\.\ A I >.\— Prod i told. Load

Sll\ er, '/■ i , ,. i . ir 1916.

pp i

8948 — CENTRAL STAT1

. m i :■ i St.,' P. 1 p and B. s, Bui Ii i i Min-
eral] 'ii S., 1916— Part I, Oi

894! I Lead and Zinc ill

i Colorado In 1916 i !ha W 1 1> <>•■- llneral R<

s , i i . I i i pp.)

8960 Ml i.X'l'.w \ Distrii I Joun-
ty, Montana .1 T. Pardi • (B G, U. S. I feol. Sui

7 pp . IHUS.)

8961 NE\ \ i ' \ • iold Silvei Coppei i ■ ad and Zinc In
Nevada In 1916. V. C. ,,i 0, S. 1910
— Pai i i lan 19, 1918; 1 1 pp i

IRON OHIO DEPOSITS, MINIM.. Ill

8952 — BRAZIL I • ■ tflnerai di Fei B !■'. de Souza-

i lantas I Rev. de Met., Nov.-l iec . 1917 ; 8j pp i

3958 IRISH [RON-ORE DEPOSITS. (Th 1st, Feb. 16,

L91S i , pp.)

895 i \i \< ;.\ i ITITE i i he 1 itanifi i

of the Northeastern Minnesota to the Duluth Gabbro. T. M
Brodderlck. < Boon. Geol., Dec, 1917 ; :; I pp., illus.)

8965 MANCHURIA Coal and Iron Deposits, C. F. Wang
i Tr Rei . Feb 14, 1918; 2 pp ) 20i

8956 MANGANIFEROUS [RON ORES. E. C. Harder.
666-EE, I S Geol Surv., 1917; 13 pp.)

8957— STEAM-SHOVEL MINING on the Mesabi
Davenport. (Eng and Min Journ., .Mar. 2 and [6, 1918;
illus. : to be conl Enued I 20c.

8958— UNITED STATES— Iron ore. Pig Iron and Steel in 1916
Ernest F. Hun-hard. i. Mineral Resources of the (J. S., 1916 —
Part I, Feb. 13. 1918; 58 pp., illus.)

(Bull.

L. D.
9 PP..

IKON AND STEE1

-METALLURGY.

8959 — ANALYSIS — Determination of Manganese in Steel in the
Presence of Chromium and Vanadium l>y Electrometric Titration.
G. L. Kelley, M. c Spencer, C. B, [llingworth and T Cray. (Journ.
Ind. and Eng. Chem.. Jan. 1, 1918; 43 pp.) 60c

8960 — BLAST-FURNACE DUST— Recovery of Potash from
Blast-Furnace Dust. R. A. Berry and D. N. McArthur. (Journ.
Soc. Chem. Ind.. Jan. 15, 1918 ; 4 3 pp.)

8961 — COKE — The Byproduct Coke Industry in 1917. C. J.
Ramsburg. I Iron Age. Jan 3, 1918; 1 p.) Lists of completed
plants and those under construction.

8962 — ELECTRIC Fl'RN'ACR in the Development of the Nor-
wegian Iron Industry. Haakon Styri. (Advance, copy. Am. Elec-
trochem. Soc. Oct.. 1917; 11 pp.)

8963 — ELECTRIC PIG IRON in War Times. Robert Turnbull.
(Advance copy. Am. Electrochem. Soc.. Oct., 1917; 5 pp.)

8964 — FERROALLOYS — Spiegeleisen in Place of Ferroman-
ganese — Experience of Some American Steelmakers. E. F. Cone.
(Iron Age. Jan. 3. 1918 ; 2 pp.)

8965 — FUEL — Powdered Fuel in Steam and Steel Plants. (Iron
Age. Mar. 7. 1918; If pp.) From a paper presented to the CJ>»ve-
land Eng. Soc. Sept. 18. by Henry G. Barnhurst. 20c.

8966 — PROGRESS — Iron and Steel Technology — 1917. Robert
J. Anderson. (Iron Tr. Rev., Jan. 10, 1918: 43 pp., illus.) 20c

8967 — SCRAP-STEEL — Pig-iron from Scrap-Steel. (Min. and
Sci. Press, Dec. 29, 1917 ; 2J pp.. illus.) 20c,

8968— SOUTH AFRICA— Iron and Steel in the Union of South
Africa. G. H. Stanley. (So. Afr. Journ. of Ind.. Dec, 1917;
25 pp.)

8969 — TIN PLATE — The Manufacture of Tin Plate. C. F. Pop-
pleton. (Iron Age, Jan. 3. 1918; 7J pp.. illus.) Data or equip-
ment of a modern plant, and its application in an actual layout.

8976— UNITED STATES — Iron Ore. Pig Iron and Steel in 1916.
Ernest F. Burchard. (Mineral Resources of U. S., 1916 — Part I.
Feb. 13, 1918; 58 pp., illus.)

LEAD AND ZINC

8971 — ARIZONA — Gold. Silver. Copper, Lead and Zinc in Ari-
zona in 1916. V. C. Heikes. i Mineral Resources of the U. S.,
1916 — Part I, Dec. 21, 1917; 37 pp.)

8972 — BRITISH COLUMBIA — Gneissic Galena Ore from the
Slocan District, B. C. W. L. I'glow. (Econ. Geol. Dec, 1917;
20 pp.. illus.)

8973— CALIFORNIA AND OREGON'— Gold, Silver. Copper,
Lead and Zinc in California and Oregon in 1916. Chas. G. Y'ale
(Mineral Resources of the U. S.. 1916 — Part I, Dec. 3, 1917;
53 pp.)

8974 — CANADA — Production of Copper. Gold. Lead. Nickel.
Silver. Zinc and Other Metals in Canada During the Year 1916
(Can. Dept. of Mines. Mines Branch. 1917; 76 pp.)

8975 — CENTRAL STATES — Silver, Copper. Lead and Zinc in
the Central States in 1916. J. P. Dunlop and B. S. Butler.
(Mineral Resources of U. S.. 1916 — Part I. Oct. 27. 1917; 105 pp.)

8976 — COLORADO — Gold. Silver, Copper. Lead and Zinc in
Colorado in 1916. Chas. W. Henderson. (Mineral Resources of
the U. S„ 1916 — Part I. Feb. 5, 1918; 58 pp.)

8977 — GALVANIZING — Zincing, Commonly Known as Hot
Galvanizing. C. V. Henderson. (Met. Ind., Jan.. 1918: 2 pp..
illus.)

698

ENGINKKRlNt; AND MINING JOURNAL

. . iahc— Mining Dtetrlots of Northern Idaho. B.K

-
■\ \np Missouri -Mining Districts ... Joplin

,. „ ,., ,, H Mln Jour,.

NUV ■:. 1918; L0| pp., Ulua.) Second and third

LURGY— Salt In the Metallurgy ol Lead Oliver

E Williams, Marvin J l dy and G .1 Holl

M E ! Jan. 1918 ; n pp ) Discussion of article prevloui ■

lexed. ,_

. ■ MONTANA— Duidtlebw cMlnlng Dtstrlct. Granite Ca,

.i t. Pardee. (Bull 660-O, U. S Geol Surv., 19" .

- 8S— NEVADA— Gold, Silver, Coppei I ■ >•! and Zinc in

.i, jn ,.,,,-, N (Mineral Resources of U. S..

-Part l. Jan. 19, 1918 I <» PP >
• - -NEVAPA-Ore D Ug Yellow Pine Mining Di|-

Kevada. Pred A Hale, Jr. (Bull., A.I.M.E., i-.k. i i».

■ 14— PIGMENTS— Arts Chlmlques; Piewnts Blancs Env-
- nans Lea Travaux de Pell ture. A. Llvache. (Bull ^oc
d'Encour Nov.-Dec, 1917; 71 pp.)

. >c i7T\H Park Cits Pro»per«d in I'.'i: Jerome b. Ire-

-..,.,. Rev., Jan 15, IMS; 21 pp., Illus.) 40c.
}6— UTAH— TtoUc Pacts and Figures Jerome B. Ireland.

Lake Min. Rev., Jan. 15, 1918; S) pp., illus.) 40c.
17— UTAH— Zinc Carbonate and Related ^ Copper Carbonate
Ore* at Ophlr, Utah. G. P. Loughlln. (Bull. 690-A. U. S.
Geol. Sun.. Dec 24, 1917 : 14 pp., QlUB.)

. . i hi i. METALS

8988— ALUMINUM— Estimation of Manganese in Aluminum
Allovs and IPu't J. E Clennell. (Eng. and Mm. Journ.. Mar.
2. 191S; 4 pp.) 20a

<.,s._\i;sKNIC. Bismuth. Selenium and Tellurium in
' Joseph R. Umpleby. (Mineral Resources of the U. S.,
1916— Fart I. Feb. 2. 1918; 4 pp.) ,_,„_, ,

8990— BISMUTH. Arsenic. Bimuth. Selenium and Tellurium in
Joseph B Umpleby. (Mineral Resources of the U. S..
-Part I. Feb. 2. 1918; 1 pp.)
8991— CANADA— Production of Copper Gold. Lead . Nicl-el.
Silver IJinc and Other Metals in Canada. During the \ear 1916.
(Can Dept. of Mines. Mines Branch. 1917. 76 pp.)

8992— MANG VNESE— Home Mines Yield Much Manganese Ore.
(Iron'Tr Rev.. Jan 17. 1918; 1 1 pp.) 20c.

■ l— MANGANESE In West Africa. Stanley H. Ford. (Mm.
Ma?'. Dec., 1917; 3 pp.. illus.)

8994— MANGANESE— Possibilities for Manganese Ore on Cer-
tain Undeveloped Tracts In Shenandoah Valley, Virginia. DP.
Hewett G W Stose, P. J Katz and H. D. Miser. (Bull. 6bO-J.
U. S. GeoL Surv. 1918; 26 pp., illus.)

8995— MANGANESE DEPOSITS of the Caddo Gap and Do
Queen Quadrangles. Arkansas Hugh D Miser. (Bull. 660-c,
U S Geol. Surv., Sept. 12. 1917; 64 pp.. illus.)

8996— MANGANIPEROUS IRON ORES. E. C. Harder, i all
666-EE. U. S. Geol. Surv. 19 1 7 ; 13 pp.)

7— MOLYBDENITE DEPOSITS of Quyon District Quebec.
M i: Wilson. (Can. Mm. Journ. Mar. 1. 1918; 2 pp., illus.)

8998— MOLYBDENUM in Norway. Ernest R. Woakes. (Bull.
16c' I M M . Jan. 1". 1918 : 12 PP-)

0999 PLATINUM— How Prap-r Brought Out the Plati-um.

(Eng and Min Journ.. Mar. 16,1918; 25 pp.) 20c. An account
by I! W Draper at a session of the Mini-g and Metallurgy
Society of America, published in its Bull. 116. Jan. 31, 1918, -uc.
9000— PLATINUM— Som< Sub titutes for Platinum Ware Roy
Franklin Heath (Met and Chem. Eng. Dec. 1. 1917, 1 p) 40<^

qnni STRONTIUM — Its Occurrence, Industrial Application a-d

the Manufacture , of its Salts. Richard K. Meade. (Mineral
Footenotes. Feb. 1918; 11 pp.. illus.)

OOO'— THORIUM MINERALS in 1916. Waldemar T Scha'ler
(Mineral Resources of U. S.. 1916— Part II. Sept. 13. 1917; 15 pp.)
9003— TIN— Cassiterite in San Piego County. California. Walde-
mar T. Schaller. (Bull. 620-P, U. S. Geol. Surv., Jan. 15. 1918;
4 pn.. illus.)

ja TIN East Pool Dressing Practice. (Min. Mag-
Dec. 1917; 13 p., illus.)

9004— TIN in 1916. Adolph Knopf. (Mineral Resources of
the 0 S. 1916— Part I. Feb. 6, L918; 6 pp.)

9004a— TIN— Syphoning Gravel. J. Jervis Garrard. (Bull.
159 I MM. Dec. 13, 1917; 1" PP., illus.)

9005— TIN— Taylor Concentrator for Tin Slime. J. Waring
Partington. (Min. Mag.. Deo.. 1917; 7J PP., Ulus.)

9006— TITANIUM— Development of the Metallurgy of Titanium
Augusta J. Rossi. (Met. and Chem. Eng., Feb. 1, 1918, 23

9007 .TUNGSTEN Deposit Near Fairbanks. Alaska. Alan M.

Bateman. (Econ. Geol.. Mar.. 1918; 4 pp.) 40c.

9008— TUNGSTEN— Lode Mining in the Fairbanks District,
Ala ka. J B Mertle. Jr. (Bull. 662-H. U. S. Geol. Surv., 1917;
22pp., illus.)

I— TUNGSTEN — Origin of Wolfram and a Pi- lmnjiry Ill-
ation aVto Its Pers fence at Depth in the Tavoy District
Wmp" Jones. (Lecture d»liv red under auspices of Gov. Min.
Advisory Board. Sept, 1917; 1- pp.)

9010— ZIRCONIUM and Rare-Earth M'n^al^ Waldemar T
Schaller. (Mineral Resources of U. S., 1916— Part II, Dec. u.
1917; 10 pp.)

XOXMKTAI.LIC MINERALS

9011— ABRASIVE MATERIALS in 1916 Frank J. Katz
(Mineral Resources of U. S.. 1916— Part II, Sept 15, 1917,

9012— ASBESTOS— Report on Certain Minerals Used in the
Arts and Industries. Percy A. Wagner. (So. Afr. Journ. of
Ind.. Nov., 1917 ; 20 pp)

9013 isr.l'ST.'S INDUSTRY. Jacob A. Jacobs. (Can. li
journ. Mar. i. 1918; 11 pp.)

9014 — ASPHALT— Related Bitumens and Bituminous Roi |
1918 John 1> Northrop (Mineral Resources of U. S.. 1!
Part ll. Sept 22. 1917 ; 19 pp.)

. -BARYTES and Barium Products in 1916. James M. II
(Mineral Resources of U. S„ 1916— Part II. Sept. 20, ion

9016 BAUXITE Products. James M. Hill. (Min
Press Feb. 23, P.'IS ; 1J pp.) Abstract from Mrfs. Rec, «
27. 1917.

9017 — CANADA — Production of Cement, Lime. Clay ProtB
Stone and other Structural .Materials In Canada During li
(Can I lept Of Mines. 1917 ; 61 pp.)

'mis |i| \MONDS Alluvial Diamond Diggins: Wasted Bra
M urn. it Prances. (So Afr. Min. Journ., Dec. 1 and 8, 1911
pp.) 80c

•mu i- r.\ I 'SIM l'RODUCTS — Their Preparation and Use!
W. Stone (Tech. Paper 155, U. S. Bureau of Mines. 191 |
pp., illus )

9020- LITHIUM MINERALS in 1916. Waldemar T. Scl It
(Mineral Resources of U. S., 1916— Part II, July 9, J
11 pp.)

9021 — MAGNESITE INDUSTRY of Quebec. Howells Freci*
(Can Min. Journ., Mar. 1. 1918; I) pp.)

9022 — MICA, MONAZITE and LITHIUM Minerals. Wal<m
T. Schaller. (Bull. 666-X, U S. Geol. Surv.. 1917; 6 pp.).

9023 — PHOSPHATE ROCK In 1916. Ralph W. Stone.
eral Resources of the U. S., 1916 — Part II, Aug 13, 1917; Pip

9024 — POTASH — Bibliography on the Extraetion of Pal
from Complex Mineral Silicates, Such as Feldspar. Leucit,»
Claucnnite (Creensand Marl). E. C. Buck. (Met. and '«
Eng.. Jan. 1 and 15, 1918; 10J pp.) 80c.

9025 — POTASH — Notes on the Greensand Deposits of the u
em United States. Geo. H. Ashley. Methods of Ann
of Greensand. Wm. B. Hicks and Reginald K. Bailey.
660-B. U. S Geol. Surv., Aug. 28, 1917; 32 pp. illus)

9026 — POTASH — Recovery of Potash From Greensand.
Charlton. (Journ. Ind. and Eng. Chem.. Jan. 1. 1918; 2 1/3JB

9027 — SLATE in 1916. G. F. Loughlin. (Mineral Resourj <
U. S.. 1916 — Part II, Aug. Ik 1917; 12 pp.)

9028 — SP/LPHLTR — Some Andean Sulphur Deposits. Benmi
LeRoy Miller and Jos. T. Singewald, Jr. (Bull. Pan Amer. I to:
Jan., 1918; 15 pp., illus.) 40c.

PETROLEUM AND NATURAL GAS

9029 — BRITISH OIL INDUSTRY, a New. (Chem. Tr. JUll
Feb. 23, 1918 ; li pp.) 40c.

9030 — LATIN AMERICA— Glances at Petroleum Pevelofltr
in Latin America. Wm. A. Reid. (Bull. Pan Amer. Union lat
1918 ; 17 pp.. illus.) 40c.

9031 — OIP-SHALE POSSIBILITIES. with Some H or
David T. Day. (Salt Lake Min. Rev.. Mar. 15, 1918; 2 pi
illus.) 20c,

9032 — OIL SHALES — Phosphatic Oil Shales Near DeliM
Dillon, Beaverhead County, Montana. C. F. Bowen. (Bull
U. S. Geol. Surv., Jan. 12, 1918 ; 6 pp., illus.)

9033 — OIL-WELL DRILLING. W. C. Bochert. (PalWI
Quart.. Feb., 1918; 12i pp., illus.) 20c.

9034 — OKLAHOMA — Age of the Oil in Southern Okl oi
Fields. Sidney Powers. (Advance copy. Trans. A.I.M E
191S ; 12 pp.. illus.)

9035 — OKLAHOMA — Structure of the Northern Part , II
Bristow Quadrangle. Creek County. Oklahoma, with refein
to Petroleum and Natural Gas. A. E. Fath. (Bull 661-B.J.
Geol. Surv., July 26. 1917; 31 pp.. illus.)

0036 — TEXAS — Corsicana Oil and Gas Field. Texas. O
Charlton Matson and Oliver Baker Hopkins. (Bull. 661-F.
Geo] Surv., Aug. 30, 1917; 42 pp.. illus.)

9037 — -UTAH — Oil and Special Hydro-Carbons. A. V. 1
(Salt Lake Min. Rev.. Jan. 15. 1918; 2 pp., illus.) 40c.

9038 — WATER SURFACES in the Oil Fields. Marcel R )a
(Bull. 133, A.I.M.E., Jan., 1918; 7 pp., illus)

ECONOMIC GEOLOGY — GENERAL

9039 — CANADA — Mineral Springs of Canada. Part
Radioactivity of Some Canadian Mineral Springs. John s
and R. T. Elworthy. (Bull. 16, Can. Dept. of Mines, 19
pp., illus.)

9040 — MINEAGRAPHY — Notes on the Technique of
agraphy. W. L. Whitehead. (Econ. Geol., Dec. 1917: ■
ills.)

9041 — ORE DEPOSITS — Pressure in the Formation of 0
posits. Stephen Taber. (Min. and Sci. Press, Jan. 26, 1
pp., illus.) 20c.

9042 — ORE DEPOSITS — The Evolution of Or* Deposit
Igneous Magmas. W. H. Goodchild. (Min. Mag., Feb., 1
pp.) Continuation of article previously indexed. 40c.

9043 — PENNSYLVANIA — Helderberg Limestone of
Pennsylvania. John B. Reeside, Jr. (U. S. Geol. Surv., 1
1917 ; 41 pp., illus.)

9044 — WESTERN AUSTRALIA — Palaeontoloi-eal Co
tions to the Geology of Western Australia, Series VI. Nos
XII. F. Chapman and R. Etheridge, Jr. '
Geol. Surv., 1917 ; 94 pp., illus.)

(Bull.

West

S

MINING LAW

9045 — RUSSIA — Mining Laws in Russia

. .. • t. -r r -iniO. 1.1 ...^ ^

Horace v.
(Min. and Sci. Press. Jan. 5, 1918; 1 3 PP) 20c.

9046— SIAMESE MINING LAWS. (Min. Mag.. .Ian., !»■!
PP)

MINI N G — G E NEKAL

9047— ALASKA— Mining Industry in the Territory of 1?
During the Year 1916. Sumner S. Smith. (Bull. 1".
Bureau of Mines, 1917; 89 pp., illus.)

9048— BLASTING— Use of Powder in Opencut Blasting
Jacobson. (Eng. and Min. Journ., Feb. 23, 1918, I PP'

yril 13, 1018

ENGINEERING AND MINIMI JOl'UNAL

699

|l_BONUS SYSTEM Applied to Mining w \ Di •.imp.

& ami Mm Journ . Mar 9 1918 ; 11

.. i BORK-HOI.K EXPLORATION C ii Hitchcock (Can.

■ lourn , Jan 15, 1918 ; J p.)

[ BRITISH rnl.i M i: I \ -Sumimi -\ Review ol Mining In

„ Columbia Purine 191" E Jacobs. (Hull Can. Mm
Jan . 1918 ; B pp I

I CANADA Mineral Production oi Canada During the

pii, John MeLeish (Preliminary Report. Can. Dept. of
, Feiv 20. 1918; L9 pp )

■ t CHILE — Mining Conditions In Chile. Fritz Mella (Mln.

Press, Mar :' 1918 ; 1 p.) 20c

.,4 iiKil.l. STEEL Sharpening and Distributing Drill

Howisoi Crouch. (Mill. an. I Scl. Pro . Feb I '; 1918!
r Must 20c

.,5 EXPLiOSIVES Regulations of the IT. s Explosives A<'t.

B, and Mln. Journ., Feb. 23, 1918; 2\ pp.) 20c.
.,i; ITALY — Le Developpemenl des Industries Minlero et

■ hirgique en Italle (Genie Civil, Nov. 17. 1917: 23 pp., illus.)
.,; NORTHWEST — Mining In the Northwest HYnnels A.

(Min. and Scl Press. Jan. 19, 1918; 1J pp.) 20c

eg ONTARIO — Mineral Production of Ontario in 1917. Pre-

• irv Report. (Bull. 33, Ont Bureau of Mines, 1918; 8 pp.)
J—POLAND'S MINERAL RESOURCES. Arthur E. Gur-
(Mln. Journ., Feb 23. 1918; 2 pp., illus.)
<0 QUEBEC — Mineral Production in the Province of Que-

■ Hiring 1917, Preliminary Statement. (Dept. of Colonization.

i Fisheries, Mines Branch, 1918; 7 pp.)

■ 1 — ROADS for Mines. Geo. R. Fansett. (Bull. 72, Univ.
f riz.. 1917-18 : 13 pp.)

. 2 — SAFETY — Calumet .<• Arizona Safety Rules. (Min. and

s, Feb It:. 1918 ; 3 pp.)
;3 — SHAFT LINING — ll-lining a 20-Ft Diameter Shaft.
Tristram (Iron and Coal Tr. Rev., Jan. 25. 1918 ; 1 p..
ID 20c.
;4 — SHIFT BOSS — Qualifications and Duties nf a Shift Boss,
and Min Journ.. Feb. 23. 1918; 13 pp ) Address delivered
h P. Hodgson to mine foremen and department heads
i 'upper Queen mines. I'Uc.
SHIPPING — How to Ship Ore. Fred G. Tyrrel. (Min.
jiSci. Press. Jan. 12, 1918; 1} pp.) Discussion.

56 — TIMBERING — Notas Robre el Empleo del "Square S t"
I i Explotacion de las Minas. Luis C. Espinosa. (Boletm
.I ro. Oct.. 1917; 14 pp.. illus.)
J7 — UTAH — In the Alta-Cot'o-'woods Jerom» B. Ireland.

Lake Min. Rev., Jan. 15. 1918; 3J pp., illus.) 40c.
SS — UTAH — Mining in the Deep Creek Region. Louis G.

■ falenberg. (Salt Lake Min. Rev.. Jan. 15. 1918; 1J pp.) 40c.
fil — WASHINGTON — Mines of Washington in 1917. Ren

I Lice. (Salt Lake Min. Rev., Jan. 15. 1918; 2J pp. illus.) 40c.

FLOTATION

70 — CHALCOPYRITE — Flotation of Chalcopyrite in Calcopy-
I Pyrrhotite Ores of Southern Oregon. Will H. Coghill. (U.
; ureau of Mines, Jan.. 1918; 13 pp., illus.)

71 — PROGRESS IN 1917 — Flotation Process in 1917. Oliver
riialston. (Salt Lake Min. Rev., Jan. 15, 1918; 13 pp.) 40c

METALLURGY — GENERAL

i"2 — ACCIDENTS at Metallurgical Works in the United
5 es During the Year 1916. Albert H. Fay. (U. S. Bureau
I lines. 1918 ; 18 pp.)

'73 — BRASS — Dezinkification of Brass Pip^. Edward B. Story.
( t and Chem. Eng.. Dec. 1, 1917 ; 2} pp.. illus.) 40c.

74 — BRASS — Melting Brass in the Induction Furr-ace. G. H.
Cner. (Journ. Am. Inst, of Met., Dec. 1917; 19 pp.. illus.)

'75 — BRASS; — Resistance Type Furnace for Melting Brass.
|P\ Baily. (Advance copy. Am. Electrochem. Soc. Oct., 1917;
> p., illus.)

'76 — BRONZES — The Use of Bronzes in Railroad Turntables
Movable Bridges. O. S. Selby. (Journ. Am. Inst, of Met.,
' . 1917 ; 11 pp.)

)77 — CRUCIBLES — Notes on the Crucible Situation. A. V.
1 ininger. (Journ. Am. Inst, of Met.. Dec. 1917; 19 pp.)

078 — FLUXES — Note on the Question of Fluxes. E. A. Froh-
n. (Journ. Am. Inst, of Met., Dec, 1917; 4 pp.)

179 — HARDNESS — Notes on Testing Hardness of Metals. J.
1 Craggs. (Journ. Soc. Chem. Ind., Feb. 15, 1918; 5 pp., illus)

080— HIGH TEMPERATURES — Automatic Control and

isurement of High Temperatures. Richard P. Brown. (Journ.
I. and Eng. Chem., Feb., 1918; 3 pp.) 60c.

081 — ITALY — Le Developpement des Industries Miniere et
tallurgique en Italie. (Genie Civil, Nov. 17, 1917 ; 23 pp.,
- I

082 — REFRACTORIES — Unusual Conditions as to Refracto-
- ; Production of Fire-Brick Reduced on Account of Coal Short-
— Prices of Magnesia Brick Reduced — Some Effects of the

i Iron Age, Mar. 7. 1918; 1J pp.) 20c.
'183— REFRACTORY MATERIALS — Furnace for Testing Re-
ctory Materials Under Load at High Temperatures. Robert
Montgomery. (Met. and Chem. Eng., Jan. 1, 1918 ; 2 pp.,
is.) 40c.

SAMPLING AND ASSAYING

1084 — ALUMINUM — Estimation of Manganese in Aluminum
oys and Dust. J. E. Clennell. (Eng. and Min. Journ., Mar.
1918; 4 pp.) 20c.

1085— BRASS OR BRONZE — The Analyses of Brass or Bronze
a Babbitt. E. W. Hagmaier. (Journ. Am. Inst, of Met., Dec,
H; 11 pp.)

1086 — CUPELS — Bone-Ash Cupels. Frederic P. Dewey. (Ad-
nce copy. Trans. A.I.M.E., Feb., 1918; 29 pp.)

i \ ia .i; vi . >i:\ i' :- Metal Refining Co.'b New Lai
torj it < iro i . N J B i ■ m i (ICm and Mln. Joui n .

9088 POTASH SA L.TS Some '

bra ka Potash Sail d I I \ n Mel '0 Ind

and Bing Chi m . Feb 1918 ; I ; pp I 60i

9089 PREi 'I PIT VTH >NS on
Precipitation! Qoo 1 1 Bro( hei (Joui n Ind and Bine, ' !hi m
I-, i, L918; 1 p.) I •

0 SILICA Dosage du SUIclum dan Ii Ferro-SIIIeluma

Paul Mlcolardol and .ban Koenig (Rev, de Met, Ho\ I
L917; -> pp >

'i SULPHUR Improved Method ol Sulphur Analysis.

F G ii'' ■!• I id :. 1918 ; U pp ) "•

I 1 I.I.N

(SEE ALSO PETROLEUM AND NATURAL G
9092 BRIQUETTING of ^.nthraclti Coal W P, Prey. (Bull.

188, A I M i: . Jan . 1918; 7 pp . Illu I

I ;; CANADA— Fuels of Canada B B" Haahel (Can

Engl Jan. 81, 1918; SI pp i

9094 COAL Re i it- Full Utilization. Chester G

Gilbert and Joseph E. Pogue. (Bull. 1»-. (I. S. Nat. Museum,
1918 ; 27 pp )

9095 — COAL RESOURCES- Review of thi Coal Sltuatlo

World Geo S Rice (Bull 188, \ I m i: Jan., 1918; 10J i

9096 — COKE — The Byproducl Coke Industry In T'l7 C J
Ramsburg (Iron Age, Jan. ;i. 1918; i p) Lists of compi''"i
plants and those under < struction.

9097 — LIGNITES — Carbonizing and Briquctting of Llgn'l
Economic Possibilities. W. J. Dick. (Bull. Canada Com. of Con-
servation, 1917 ; J I pp.)

9098— PULVERIZED COAL and It Future. II. G. Barnhi I I
Part XII of a series of articles on Methods of More Efficient v
Utilizing Our Fuel Resources (Gen Elec. Rev., Feb.. 1 i

3i pp.) From paper read at a n ting ot the Engrs. Sac of

Northwestern Penn. and the Erie Section of the Amor. Soc.
Machan. Engrs. Nov. 13, 1917. 40c.

9099 SAMPLING COAL — Directions for Sampling Coal for
Shipment or Delivery. Geo. S. Pope. (U. S. Bureau of Mines,
1917; 15 pp., illus.)

MINING AND METALLURGICAL MM II is IKY

9100 — ELECTRICAL MACHINERY — Some Developments in
the Electrical Industry During 1917. John Liston. (Gen. i
Rev.. Jan., 1918; 49 pp., illus.) Deals with locomotives, hoists
etc. 40c.

9101 — GASOLINE ENGINES — Suggestions for the Safe Opera-
tion of Gasoline Engines in Mines. R. H. Kudlich and Edw.n
Higgins. (Tech. Paper 174. U. S. Bureau of Mines, 1917 ; 19
pp., illus.)

INDUSTRIAL CHEMISTRY

9102 — ELECTRO-CHEMICAL INDUSTRIES; Prospects and
Possibilities of Their Establishment in South Africa. H. BoMe
and C. D. van der Merwe. (So. Afr. Journ. of Ind.. Nov., 1917. ;
28 J pp.)

91n "a— FERTILIZER INDUSTRY and Its Power Requirements.
J. E. Mellett. (Gen. Elec Rev, Feb., 1918; 14} pp., illus.)

9103 — NITROGEN — Etat Actuel de l'Utilisation Industriel'e de
l'Azote Atmospherique. L. Pierron. (Rev. Chim. Ind., Dec, 1917;
6 pp )

9104 — POTASH — Bibliography on the Extraction of Potash
from Complex Mineral Silicates. Such as Feldspar, Leucite and
Glauconite (Greersand Marl). E. C. Buck. (Met. and Chem.
Eng.. Jan. 1 and 15. 1918 ; 10J pp.) 80c.

9104a — POTASH — Direct Heat Treatment of Cement Mill Dust
to Increase Its Water-Soluble Potash Content. Alber R. Merz.
(Journ. Ind. and Eng. Chem.. Feb., 1918: 3J pp.. illus.) 60c.

9105 — POTASH — Effect of Coal Ash on the Liberat:on a-d
Nature of Cement Mill Potash. N. S. Potter, Jr., and R. D.
Cheesman. (Journ. Ind. and Eng. Chem . Feb.. 1918 ; 2 pp., il-
lus.) 60c.

9106 — POTASH — Extraction of Potash and Other Constituents
from Sea Water Bittern. Joel H. Hildebrande. (Journ. Ind.
and Eng. Chem.. Feb., 1918; 10 pp.. illus.) 60c

9107 — POTASH — A Neglected Chemical Reaction and an Avail-
able Source of Potash. E. A. Ashcroft. : also discussion. (Bull.
159 and 160. I. M. M.. Dec. 1917. and Jan.. 1918; 43 pp., illus.)

9108 — POTASH — Recovery of Potash from Blast-Furnace Dust.
R. A. Berry and D. N. McArthur. (Journ. Soc. Chem. Ind., Jan.
15. 1918 ; 43 pp.)

MISCELLANEOUS

9109 — HEALTH — Mosquito Control at Messina. W. R. Green-
ing. (So. Afr. Min. Journ.. Nov. 17. 1917; lj pp.)

9110 — LABOR — Cost of Industrial Health Supervision; Records
from 47 Metal-Working Plants, 300.000 Employees and 2,000,000
Cases. Reginald Trautschold. (Ind. Management, Jan., 1918;
6J pp., illus.) 10c.

9111 — LABOR — Industrial Housing. H. Walter Forster. (Proc.
Engrs. Soc. W. Penn.. Dec, 1917 ; 33 pp.)

9112 — METRIC SYSTEM— Shall Great Britain and America
Adopt the Metric System? Walter Renton Ingalls. (Bull. 159.
I. M. M., Dec. 13. 1917; 10 pp.) Further contributed remarks.

9113 — PERUVIAN PROSPERITY. Wm. A. Reid. (Bull. Pan.
Amer. Union. Dec. 1917; 161 pp.. illus.)

9114 — POWER — Production of Electricity by Steam Power.
Alex Dow. (Advance copy. Am. Electrochem. Soc, Oct., 1917 ;
18 pp.)

9115 — RUSSIA. — Extracts from the Diary of a Bolshevik
Smelterman. J. P. Hutchins. (Eng and Min. Journ., Mar. 9, 1918;
2 pp.) 20c

9116 — TAX — War Excess-Profit Tax. Philip Wiseman. Min
and Sci. Press. Dec. 29, 1917; 3 pp.) 20c

9117 — WEIR MEASUREMENT — V-Notch Weir Measurement
D. Robert Yarnell and G. A. Binz. (Min. and Sci Press Mar 2,
1918 ; 4 pp.. illus.) 20c.

1 NUlNHEKlNi; AND MlNlNii .HH KNA1.

Vol. 105, No. l!

Personals

H ... \eu < out rilnilcd to III,' X^surialioll
Of !' I nt nicer-'.'

PhlUliM i>- Dolman Isl with the

ma.
v> klloi • I . I'r , II 1st for

mi; Company.
<....!-... ii Sodnn Is with the Air Nitrate

\\ . X. w '
j.iiiii-- P. i.h-mii has opened an office In

l alifornia

'. \ miii- is superintendent of the
.u New Llskeard, On-
•

\ ii i leteher has entered the employ
W R. Gr and is at Oruro,

Alexander i i , ii.i is with the National

1 ' IIS IV-

m m M.iiii.- i lores is in charge of the
ras manganese mine, m Brazil, of
Inc.

Eocene Laws became manage) of thi
thport Smelting and Refining Co.,
Northport, Wash . on Apr. l.

ir,..i- -i Btrachan is superintendent of
itors, Cananea Consolidated Cop-
per Co.. Cananea. Sonora, Mexico

ii. St. .1. Somerset, Jr.. is plant super-
ndent at tin1 I Hill Associated

ters, Port Plrie, South Australia

Robert \v. Handles is employ*
diessing engineer with the Anaconda Cop-
\ laconda, -Montana.

II. I.. Christensen has resigned as su-
perintendent of the Alaska Juneau mill

wiU he in San Francisco until Apr. 18.

.1. Murray Riddel] is with the Wickwire

., iron River, Mich., having re-

chief engineer of the Florence

■ s iron compain.

K. II. Stewart has . tered Into partner-
ship with v. (;. Larson and Arthur Lakes.
Spokane, as consulting mining engineers,
with offices in Vancouver and Spokane.

\\ -. Ulan, for many years chief chem-
ist of the Laurel Hill plant of the General
Chemical Co., has been transferred to New-
York J. B. Harnett is the new chemist in
charge at the lahoratory.

I>. C. Jackling, was elected a director
of the Nova Scotia Steel and Coal Co.,
New Glasgow, X. S., at the annual meeting
of shareholders Robert M. MacGregor was

■ mted to the hoard to succeed his father,
the late James I» MacGregor.

A. F. Brfarham, late general manager of
the Jaegers Pontein diamond mines. South
Africa, has been appointed general man-
"f the Hull:- ' ■ i-olidated Hold

Miii-s. Ltd., ai Porcupine, Ont. The former
general manager. I'. A. Kohliins, will he
managing director.

E. E. Barker, formerly mine superin-
tendent for the Chile Exploration Co. at
Chuquicamata, recently re-

signed his position with that company to
become superintendent of mines for the
i erro de Pasco Copper Corporation, at
i .rro de Pasco, Peru.

Evander B. Schley, recently elected
president of the Howe Sound Co., has heen
appointed a director of the American Smelt-
ing and Refining Co. W. E. Merles, secre-
tary of Tiie latter company, was also elected
a director Frank W. IlilN was elected to
the American Smelters Securities board.

Charlea it. Henderson, l\ S Senator
from Nevada, has been made chairman of
the Senate Committee on .Mines and Mining.
He takes the place of Senator Walsh, of
Montana, who becomes of the

Pension Committee. Senator Walsh reta

nttee on Mini

and .Mining-
John A. Traylor has resigned his position
in manager of the Traylor En-
gineering and Manufacturing Co. hut is
ning the general Western agency of
the • m Co., Inc. He will de

lis time to his mining interests. Hi
beam, ill remain in the Newhouse

Bldg., Salt La

Prof. i;imer I". Kohler, of the chemistry
department of Hai i rsity, will be

at the American University ex-
periment station of the r s, Bureau of
■ thi directoi in charge

of research problems. Pi I Kol lej

will le- carried on by
Prof, Forrfs J. Moore, of the Massachusetts
■ logy, and by Dr. a. Al-
bert Mill, of the Harvard chemical depart-
ment.

\\ i . < uproii. Assistant chief em
Copper .Muling i ■■ hi been promoted to
he mechanical superintendent of the plant.
Grorge lr., ,ni. formerly chief draftsman
^>( tlu- Washoe works, is now ,i : tant
i the Qreal Kails Reduc-
or Works and is succeeded at Ihe Washoe
works i.\ \\ . e. Meals, formerly construct-
ing superintendeni \\. Jurdon has been pro-
moted iii mi draftsman to be superintend-
ent "f construction, succeeding Mr Meals.
William M. Burton has been awarded the

• Willai.l Glbbs gold medal bj He

Chicago ol i he American chemical

Soclel * in i s ^ •. i,.. ,.,,i,.|, ,i the employ
oi He Standard i ill Co of . ihio as cheml i
in i v.,' i,. « enl to Hie Standard I ill Co
of Indiana, where he has been successively
it, assistant superintendent ami gen-
era] superintendent of the company's re-

i I Whit ing. 1ml :, ml imii i. \ Ice
president "\ the company, in charge of all
manufacturing activities. In 1913 In Bur-
ton brought "in a practical pressure iiii

>\ ■nine high boiling point

products "f pen, ileum into those of low

hulling point, thereby largely increasing the
supply of gasoline and other naphtha prod-
ucts.

Obituary

Bernard P. McEnaney, owner and oper-
ator of the McEnan. y Cold Mines, at Por-
cupine. Out., was found dead on Apr. 4 in
his apartments in Toronto.

Major lirnesi Holland, a prospector of
Norther itario, has been killed in ac-
tion He went to the front three years
age with the Borden battery of artillery
ami rose to the rank of major.

('apt. Ira J. Penberthy, mining engineer
on the staff of the Calumet & Hecla Mining
Co. until his enlistment last June in the
1st Michigan battalion of the 107th Engi-
neers, died in France on Mar. 29 from in-
juries received in a motor accident. His is
tie first death in the battalion since its
formation at the Michigan College of Mines
last summer. The battalion sailed for
France on Feb. 1.

George J. Jackson, president of the Con-
duit ami Cable Co.. died suddenly on Apr.
8 at his home in New York, aged 57 years.
He was secretary and treasurer of the
National Brass and Copper Tube Co.. and
secretary of the National Conduit and Ca-
ble Co. of London, and was also connected
with various other companies. Mr. Jack-
son was deputy grand master of Masons
of Xew York State, and a member of the
Metropolitan, New York Yacht, Sleepy Hol-
low Country, Republican, and Automobile
clubs.

iiiiiiiiiiiitiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii i.

Societies

chemists' Cluh, New York. A portrait of
the late Herman Frasch was given to the
club on Mar. 3 by Mrs. Frasch. The pres-
entation took place at a luncheon at the
club tendered by the hoard of trustees to
Mis. Frasch and a party of her friends.

National Chamber ol' .Mines of the State
ot Xuevo Leon, Mexico, was recently or-
ganized in Monterrey, N. L. The following
hoard of directors was appointed: Presi-
dent, Faustino Roel ; vice president. Vin-
cente Ferrara ; secretary, Santiago Zam-
brano; assistant secretary, Jose Treviiio
treasurer, Antero Valdez G6mez;
;assistant treasurer. AjUonio Rodriguez;
P T Anderson, Julio Monreal. R6mulo Lar-
ralde, Gusebio Cueva, Luis Guimbarda.

American Society of -Mechanical Engi-
neers— Xew York Section and metropolitan
student branches met on the afternoon and
evening of Apr. 9, 19 18. in New York. Ad-
dresses on the salient features of how eiigi-
tielping win tin- war were made by
Whiting Maker, formerly editor-in-
chief of {'Engineering News-Record"; F.
I; Low. editor of "Power"; C. T. Main,
president of the so. sty; C. R. Mann, di-
rector ■ Foundation; M. H. Avram,
G. A. Orrok, and others.

I lah Section, American Institute of Min-
ing Engineers, met in Salt Lake City on Apr.
I Vl'li'.-' s were made by visiting officials
of the institute, who discussed institute pol-
icies, plans and activities, and public min-
Kairs, including important war ser-
\ lee. A paper by V S. Hood and J. A.
Norden. entitled "engineering Problems En-
!■■(! 1 Hiring the Recent Mine Fire at
the Utah Apex Mine at Bingham. Utah,"
was presented Officers of the section were
elected for the ensuing year.

Society of Chemical Industry, New ui

Ion, hehl a .joint meeting with i
> oi I; section of Ihe American I ']

." ",'iel v in. I Ihe \lllerie:ili Fleet I'm '

s... - 1 . - 1 > in Itumford Hall. .Ml Fasl I

Xew Vol k, Apr 12 The follow mi; ,,,,
were presented; "Planning a Resell
Laboratory for an l,i,luslr\ ," by I ir i >;
Kenneth Mees. of the Fastman Kodl
Mi dropbilic < 'olloi.ls ami Their lit,
nd T< chnologiciil I mportti nee," |,V

Marl in I 1 Fischer, of the I'niv. I

Cincinnati The Xew England section I

hi en .hscoiil limed and its nienibei
transferred to the Xew York section,

American Association of Engineers id

Ihe Commiltcc mi Engineering Cooper.,
v. ill hold 1 heir joint annual ineel mi; .,, ,,

City Club, Chicago. :uf> Plymouth c. x
on May 14. Invitations have been I
tended lo all technical societies to send I
Or more delegates. It is prnpos. d to eel
a plan whereby all national engines!
societies may coordinate (heir offorts.fi
fictually The annual eleelioii of Offlfl
and regular national business of the aM
elation will also take place The hilln.

ccrporating the American Academy of|

gineers, which has passed the Seliale ,
iS Inf.. re the House will he iliseie ,|
Members of the association in Clcv.-I il
Ohio, made application to the natiZ
hoard of directors for a charier lo for „
Cleveland chapter. T. J. Brennan is col
man and C M Shafer secretary. The i
York chapter met at the McAlpin I lot, M
Apr in The meeting was aildressi ■
Garrett P. Serviss, whose topic was!
"Glory of the Engineer."

Tulsa Section, American Institute of :n
ing Engineers, held ils organization ., ,
ing ai Tulsa. ( ikla . on Feb 25. miv.'
which by-lews were ado|ited and the fol<H>
ing officers elected: Chairman \:i
H.gg-em, Tulsa, ukla. ; vice chairman.B
exander Deussen. Houston, Tex., Arjr
C. Terrill, Lawrence, Kans. ; Charletfl
Taylor, Oklahoma City; secretary treasiT
Jr.mes H. Gardner, Tulsa; junior u
chairman. M. M. Valerius, Tulsa. Chn$
to the limited attendance and the fact a
outlying districts were not represent,
was decided that the officers named il -
and who formed a majority of the execive
committee, should appoint the r.nia' n
members of the committee for the r.
the present fiscal year, having in vie a
distribution in accordance with geograpbal
situation as well as diversity of industfea

.mi n,

New Patents

* ■ I ■ Illlllllllll llllllllllllllllllllllll.llllllllllllllMIIIIIIIIIIIIIMIttL

United States patent specifications 1 en
below may be obtained from "The jgl-
neering and Mining Journal" at 25c. .1
British patents are supplied at 4iic. • h

Aluminum Soldering Flux. John Vil n;
Bear and Jeremiah Franklin Thomas, if-
ton Forge, Va., (U. S. No. 1.259.590; ir
19, 1918.)

Borax Process of Treating Borax ten.
Henry Blumenberg, Los Angeles. Cai.,<8-
signor, by mesne assignments, to Clhnl
1 Hinman, Los Angeles, Cal. (U. S. 10
1,259,717; 1,256,718; 1,259,719; Mai
1918.)

Classifier. Alfred L Blomfield. D
Colo., assignor to the Dorr Co. (U. S. '0.
1.260,135; Mar. 19. 1918.)

Cyanide, Process of Making. Williai H
Wright. Indianapolis, Ind. (U. S.
259,702 ; .Mar. 19, 1918. >

Drill Rotary Drilling Apparatus I
E. Greve, Pittsburgh, Penn., assic
Oil Supply Co.. Pittsburgh, Penn. I
No. 1.259.852; 1,259,853; 1.259.854;
8E5 ; Mar. 19. 1918.)

Potash, Process of Recovering Potaa II
Salts. Frank K. Cameron. Sal!
I tali, assignor to Alaska Products Co
York. N. Y. (U. S. No. 1,259.486; «
19, 1918.)

Tin — Art of Detinniiig Tin-Scrap urn
I. ike Material. — Otto K. Zwingen
Tompkinsville, N. Y. (U S. No. 1,260
Mar. 19, 1918.)

Titanium Alloy, Alloy of Iron. Tltal
and Silicon, and Process for Produi
Napoleon O Petinot, New York, N I
signor to United States .Vllovs Corp.
(IS No. 1,260,037; Mar. 19, 1918.)

Vanadium, Method of Recovering \
From Byproducts and Ores.
Boericke. Merion, Penn. (U. S. X". I
595; Mar l:i, 1918.)

Zin< — Treatment of Zinc-Bearing Ma
Containing Iron — Involving Leaching: o h
Zinc and Recovery by electrolysis.
G. Betts, Asheville. N. C. (U. S- >-'c '•
259,594; Mar. 19. 1918.)

Iril 13, 1918 ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL 701

anuuiiiiiiiiiiuiiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiin i urn inn luiiituuiium ibi n i mi imi inmumMuiuaami i nm , m mmmmumm „„,,.

Editorial Correspondence

""' mimimmiimmimimimiiiiiiiiiiiii imimiimimii limn i mil mil mnill i limiiiimiramittlllll m „in m.i„mi„i, m triiiinMitinrmriiTri miiniiiiiiin

SAN I'HAMISCII — V|>1. .1

I m Consolidated, the leading producer
Ni Mih. ml Comstoek mines, paid
It.) In dividends in the Hrsi quarter of
(jivhleh may bi attributed largely to
.n engineering methods applied lo the
ring and de\ elopmenl of thi low i I
ft and careful linannal conduct til' cmn-

E iff alls. Tins. ili\ id. ml have been
it el' monthly earnings, and represent
itt layment on the capiial stork. The
t 0.000 of the total dividends was pay-
I pril 1. Unwaterlng ami development
. from the Con. Virginia on tin- smith
Sierra Nevada on the north, in-
Mrthe Ophir and Mexican. The water

■ at the 2900 level and development is
tress on the 2700 and exploration on
.'0. At the Union, the ore is mined

from the 2400 and 2500 levels, at
r >n. Virginia important orebodies are
Ir opened on the 2000 level and work is

ling to the 2100 and on to Ihe 2700

- i. inducing from the 2000 level and
i Nevada is prospecting and develop-
in the 2500 level The engineer-
i epartment is under superintendent
Wan Symmes and the financial depart -
•nmder Manager H. L. Slosson, Jr. The
*> . 3 dividends from the Union were
T within eight months from lowering

water to the 2900 level. It is be-
I that within the present year every

■ in the Northend lode from the Con.
rtia to the Sierra Nevada will be pro-

regularly. Production would be
Ml hastened by a second upcast shaft
r. ifter the unwatering of the Combina-
n The Comstock lode is again In the
: active mines not onlv at the Xorth-
1 Jt at the Southend, and the Middle
n are expected soon to be coming into
i wn.
I Drilling Operations in California fields,

iwn by r.ports to the State Mining
ii u. declined in the first quarter of 1918
upared with the same period in 1917.

Jan. 1 to Mar. 23. or 12 weeks of the

I t year. 166 new wells were started,
erage of 12.8 per week. During the

t period of 1H17 the total of new wells

II was 270. an average of 22.5, or a
I ' of 104 wells. The bureau report
J no comment except that the falling

new work probably indicates the ef-

I f shortage in casing. There is no

this is largely the cause. But it is

• irobable that the unsettled condition

■ relation of the Government to the

s of oil lands has as much to do

! the decline in new work. In the

I: of deepening or redrilling of wells.

' has been no marked decline. The

i r in the first 12 weeks of 1918 totaled

■' s against 178 in the same period of

1 This work is largely in the nature

intaining production, which proceeds

iless of legal disputes between the

ors and the Government. Production

: en steadily falling below the market-

■ mands, and the evil cannot be cured
. tier means than speeding urc of new

S, which the Government can mate-
aid by speeding up the settlement of
pules with operators. It is likely that
m the lands were improperly, if not
ly, acquired. If that is true, it is
Oessary to wait until the war is over
ive the fact. The recent appointment
eeivers for some of the companies
ed with improper holdings is expected
• some relief. But the holder of oil
held in dispute is not keen to proceed
the starting of new walls which may
<en away from him after he has them
-'d and producing.

DENVER — Apl. 3

iber for Mining Purposes, according to

recently passed by the Senate, mav be

1 corporations organized in one s'tate

»nducting mining operations in an-

Ihe bill purposes that it shall be

1 for the Secretary of the Interior to

permits to companies incorporated

either the Federal law or under the

o.i a state of territory other than the

," WiJ"ch the Privilege is requested.

iea that all such corporations shall

nave complied with the laws of that

so as to entitle them to do business

'overnmental Department of Mine- has
advocated by Western mining men,

Who lake the PO ii that the mining In-

uld not be subject to the rulings

and decisions of a siili-dcpurt in. nt 01

group of sub-departments of the Federal

I fot • i urn. in. I. nt should be undei I hi

i h • e.mi 1..1 ,.i .1 ,i. p. ii mi. ni imes. the

executivi head of which should be a membei
of the Cabinet An effort I bi Ing made to

i hi: proposal to the attentli i in,

President, members of Congress who an

Intl 1 ■ : led 111 111. « ell, 11 . ,,|' Ule 111 i 1 1 I I. C In

dustry, and the countrj and all ol I
dividual and organizations that mav be
influential In furthering such a movem
Federal Cooperation In Mining is favored

by Colorado mine operators pro\ i.led
act iv ii lei are limited to the pi od u I Ion of
such metals and minerals as molybdenum,
tungsten, manganese, chromium, pyrites
potash, and nitrates, the supply of which is
known to be Inadequate for the nation's
n.cd Mining men favor the encouragement
of tin- production of these minerals, by sub-
sidy or in any other way. However, mine
operators do not favor Government control
or operation Of mines producing gold, sil-
ver, copper, lead, zinc, or any other metal
or mineral, unless a shortage should deve op
therein. It is believed that the production
and supply of copper, lead, and zinc
ample to meet current demands, that there
is no reason to anticipate any marki .1
changes in these conditions for several year
to com., and that there exists neither oc-
casion nor justification for Government con-
trol or operation of mines producing these
metals.

Excess-Profits Tax is giving Colorado
mine operators considerable concern, as it
is feared that many companies have already
invested the profits from their 1917 business
and will find it difficult to pav this tax ex-
cept from the profits of 1918.' Payment in
a lump sum of large amounts will cripple
many enterprises. This is true of all pro-
gressive business, but applies with special
force to the mining industry. Mining men
are much interested in H. R. 10.526 by Mr
McFadden. providing for the payment of the
excess-profits tax in four bimonthly install-
ments, the first being made payable June
15th. It is estimated that the war excess-
profits tax. which under the law is pavahle
June 1. will call for between three and five
billion dollars. It appears that large busi-
ness interests cannot depend upon their
banking connections to finance them in the
payment of this tax. and business organiza-
tions which have not alreadv set aside the
amount of the tax may find difficulty in
meeting its payment. In view of the 'fact
that the law is ex post facto in its opera-
tion, and the bill did not become a law
until Oct. 3. it is urged that the Govern-
ment should extend the time of pavment
Mining men think that the Treasurv Depart-
ment should issue additional bonds' if neces-
sary in order to grant relief in meeting this
extraordinary tax.

SALT LAKE CITY — Apl. 4

Conkling Mining Co. vs. Silver King

Coalition of Park City, asking judgment
for damages for the extraction of ores from
adjoining ground, a three-quarter interest
in which was owned by the Conkling. has
been awarded the plaintiff by the U S
district court. In the decision, the method
according to which the net value of the
ore is to be computed is defined by the
court, and plaintiff and defendant are
directed to make computations following; "the
method specified. Figures submitted by the
plaintiff place the award at $548,000. The
defendant's figures, not yet presented, are
expected to be lower.

The Alta and Big Cottonwood District-
are preparing as usual, at this season, earlv
shipments when the roads clear up and the
more favorable shipping season begins. At
Alta this year transportation facilities will
be added to within a month or six weeks
by the operation of the new narrow gage
line of the little Cottonwood railroad com-
pany running from Wasatch to Tanner's
Flat. The company has two light Shay
engines suitable for work over the light
rails, and 40 six-ton cars. It is planned to
make two or three trips dailv. with trains
consisting of 10 to 15 cars and carrying 60
to 100 tons per trip. Ores from the Michi-
gan-Utah, sent down thus far over this com-
pany's aerial tram, will be taken on at
Tanner's Flat. Extended a little further.

the mad would reach the ore. bins o
south ii.. -la. Si ii>. and \\ ai atcfa M Ii

The Poster, ,,r nines Dictator, Bill, which
e Pi di m to take o

i ■ bit pro

auction, ii.. bi i i i„ fore the

i "ii- mm. e The i.iii ha no

■'"'" no thai ides i

lali mine: and plant! tor Go

' : been takei

i tab. < :ha p

cloa touch with th.
matti i ol mini ral dictator! hip, i o
'"i'' thai in..... in. m ., I,,, ai i Ii to

what the mining interests rec
abli Held.
The Bureau of Mines Transfer from
Department «.i the Interior to the Wai I ii -

partment, as provided In an ami m n( to

the ' iv< ini.-in inn offered by Senatoi Hoi i

Smith, ..t ' leorgia. a fi w dayi ago h i I

stronglj | Chapterofthe

American Mining Congress, and the follow-

J»S ' ^v-l"> was sent to I tall Senators and

Rl pre ■ ntatives in Congress: r,ii. :
is some preponderating reai on not ki
to us we .u. strongly opposed to removal
Bureau of .Mines from tnterioi Department

I'l to convert the bureau into a separate

i .linnet department We believe efficiency
..t bureau could not be increased by transfer
to any other existing department"

The Kelly Bill, Introduced in Congress by

Representative Kelly. of Pennsylvania
January 16, and referred to the Committ..-
on Interstate and Foreign Commerce, au-
thorizes the President to requisition and take
over any or all coal, oil, copper, iron, and
timber lands m contiguous areas of not less
than inn acres each, and all rivers and
streams from which power is or mav be
developed, with or without plants " and
equipment, and also provides that no com-
pensation shall be paid for the value of anv
resources in the land, and further that
•organizations of the persons employed in
such undertakings shall not only be
recognized but encouraged. and such
organizations shall have an equal voice
in the management, operation and control
ol such undertakings" The Utah Chap-
ter has issued a circular letter regard-
ing this bill, which states that "ordinarily
this sort of propaganda is too wild to
command serious attention, but in view of
the fact that the advocates of the measure
have recently appeared in its support before
the House committee, it seems advisable to
register opposition, and the Chapter has
written to Utah Senators and Representa-
tives m opposition to the bill, and suggests
to mining men that, if convenient and agree-
able, they do likewise. The opinion is ex-
pressed that parts of the bill are worthy of
the I \\ \\ . when working at its greatest
efficiency, and that all possible efforts should
be used to discourage the spread of such
dangerous doctrine. The Utah Chapter is
also occupied in clearing up the situation
regarding war-excess profits tax. the leasing
bill, and the price of silver.

BUTTE, MONT. — Apl. 5

Growing Activity in Pbilipsburg Granite
County is enjoying a state of prosperity
the district has not known since the days
when its mines were numbered among the
principal silver producers of the world
This is largely due to the demand for
manganese and to the fact that silver is
bringing higher prices now than for manv
years. Between 700 and 800 men are now-
employed in the manganese mines. These
properties are producing large quantities 'of
manganese to help meet the great demand
by American steel producers. Some of this
ore goes to Birmingham. Ala., some to
Chicago, a great deal to Pittsburgh and
other steel manufacturing centers. New-
mines are being developed and the district
bids fair to assume as great importance as
a manganese producer as it once had as a
silver producer.

In the Elm Orlu Suit the San Francisco

court has affirmed the decision of the lower
court, which also found that the ores taken
out by the Butte & Superior, in violation of
the plaintiff's rights, justified an award of
damages, plus interest, in the total sum of
$177,707. The actual amount and the value

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No.

,oted la .1 matter awaiting
ment b« tween the tw 0

o the Butte 8 Sup rlor
■ik the Rainbow lode,
about one si\th .,
length of tli>- lode developed within the

ii company's claims
parts "f which, above present wi

profitable ore has been or Is now
while that part of the Ram-
ie decreed to the Elm Orlu is
.ultiutt.il l>v the Bun. .v Superior to in-
., valuable block, Its loss Is m

ii or its production Impaired
it present or tor an Indetermlnaf ly
long period. The orebody In 1600 ft of the
lode remains In the possession of the Butte
company and appears to fully
i this prediction Thi re is still pend-
ing .i settlement of the Elm Orlu company's
that it i- entitled t.> a further exten-
stward on the ■ i 'velop d in

the Black Rock by virtue of us apex rights
through what t known as the Pyle Strain!.

i the plalntlfl claims, is an easterly

ext< ndmg branch of the Rainbow lode. To
extent t'n- may aff ct further por-
• f the Rainbow lorte lying within the
Black Rook claim can be determined only
by future developments and decisions At
all events, the outcome will leave unaff ct d
large and valuable parts of the del
orebodles lvi-g entir, ly east of the east
end of the Elm orlu and therefore under no
olved in any apex
rights the Elm Orlu company may assi rt
Butte, hopes that the recent and still pend-
ing decisions will in no way aff. ct the
future activity of the Butte & Superior com-
pany, which has contributed so largely to
the prosperity of the community and which
it would therefore like to see continued for
many years.

\ ICTOKIA. B. C. — Apl. 2
BUs Now Before the British Columbia
Legislature, if made law. will limit the
working day in coal and metal mines to
. ight hours. It also is reported that a
similar measure is to be introduced for
tv employees, inside and out. The
Hon WB Sloan, minister of mines,
is responsible for the first measures.
He argues that the surface men in
coal mines have long struggled for the
shorter day. to which th y are entitled,
belief is that, with this grievance re-
moved, much industrial trouble will be

avoided The metal miners, it is main-
tained, have a right to th,' eight-hour day.
Their complaint of discrimination compared
in coal miners has much » >t Justification
Thi- proposed law "ill sm1 those of tins
class employ d underground an eight-hour
.Li \ ft, mu surface to surfaoe while the day

oi those working on the surface, while of
the same duration, will start when they
pick up their tools This adjustment or
the mi n's troubles, it is thought, will obviate
th.- possibility of a repetition of the dis-

a trolls strike which occurred last yi ai' in

connection with the Crow's Nest Pasi Coal
Co.'s co i lie luck-out that took place

at Rossland later on, and thi strike that
do id down the Immense plant of the
Consolidated Mining and Smelting Co. Ltd.
of Canada for a mo nli or more. These
cessations of mining activities cost British
Columbia heavily in mineral output in 1917.

Ql'KBKC — Apl. S

Skilled Preference <>n Asbestos Shipments

has been assun d by tin action of the Im-
perial government In entering into an ar-
rangement with the producers whereby their
d< in. in. is are to receive first consideration.
Anything not required for this objective
may be disposed of by the producers in the
open market llupcrt Turner, of Turner
Bros. Ltd.. Kochdale, England, has h.-.-n ap-
pointed representative for the Imperial
epvi i mm nt. wi'h offices at Montreal. T.
H. Crabtroe and James Dickenson have been
appointed imperial inspectors for all ship-
ments and all such shipments must conform
to fixed standards of inspection. Incidental-
ly, it may be remarked that this is the first
organized effort to obtain some basis for the
ccntrol of shipments. The brisk demand
for asbestos has resulted in bringing four
new operators Into the field. The Berlin
Asbestos Co., and the Regent Asbestos Co.
at Robertson Station, are reopening their
properties, which have been idle since 1911.
The new plant of the Bennett-Martin Asbes-
tos Co. being erected at Coleraine is rapidly
advancing and will be operating early in the
season. The Windsor Asbestos Co.. at
Coleraine, is expected to begin operations
this month. A fire burned the crushing and
elevator plant of th" Quebec Asbestos Cor-
poration at East Broughton. which is caus-
ing a suspension of operations for four or
five months. E. J. Wilson, who has been
manager of the Jacob's Asbestos Co., at

Tli.tl'oid Mines, lias retired to take upn
suiting work in New York, lb- is suOOdJ
bj Norman 1: Ki-h. r. of Cobalt I bit.

The New Gold Discover) at Kurt Ma;li
ewan Is still commanding considerabljQ
tentlon. Only one large deal of imporie
has h.-en made, which i\as for the Css
properties, on which $111,0111) was paid i
total purchase price of $250,000 for a)f
interest. Machinery has been install. ,,|..n
this spring sutllcient work will be <lo 1
see wnether or not the extravagant in
limits regarding values on this prort
were justified, The reported deal foil
Davidson claims has not gone through

An Ample Supply of Flotation oil
been s, cur, »! for mine operators at a gi.tl
reduced price as the r< suit of an imp,
discovery made by the Forest Proia
laboratory of the Forestry branch otl
Canadian government service. In vi< <
the shortage of pine oil from Southerns!
for oil notation purposes, the Foutt
branch was instructed to see \vhethei>»
oil could be produced from the less rcslnt
pines of Canada, After eight mont •
work it was found that not only couloi
oil be produced from red pine stump: Y
that a much cheaper substitute was 01I1
able iii a er. o ote oil thrown off as ,H
product in wood distillation. Tests of in
oils in the ore-dressing station of the I
branch at Ottawa have proved that h
are suitable for oil notation.

TORONTO, — Apr. 4
Government Grants Permission to '0

the claims recently staked near Mlleceft
on the T. & N. O. Ry. This sections
the Timigami forest reserve, and wor w
have to be subject to the inspection 1
forest rangers, it was staked lo yeai
but at that time the department won 1
give pa»n.ission to work the .lain
good deal of contusion has been cauil 1
the fact that, ci account of this act 1
the government, persons who staked u
then still have the prior right, prij'
they have kept their mining lien
newed. Owing to this fact, the statuof
number of claims is still uncertain. Tl
geological condition? are favorable,
similar to Cobalt. The formation B
conglomerate, diabase and Keewatii
account of the government refusin; p-
mission to work, the country has nevi
prospected, and offers excellent possillti
for discoveries of importance.

illUlllllllllllllllHIII!

The Mining News

siirmiimi

ARIZONA

Cochise County

LEADVILLE MINE (Courtland) — Oper-
ated by Ii a

SHATTUCK (Bisbee) — Lead-silver ore
mill expected to be in commission this
Spring.

WOLVERINE AND ARIZONA (Bisbee)
— -Hoisted in February 1200 tons of ore, of
which 90 tons came from the old oxide
stop.: workings in the Higgins tunnel. Marc
Bailey is superintendent.

Graham County

ARIZONA COMMERCIAL (Glob-) — De-
ment ea^t of Budget fault delayed by
hi avy flow of water. Pumping plant in-
stalled and gradually draining ground.

GLOBE DOMINION (Globe) — Plan to in-

a pumping plant large enough to

handle at least five times the present flow

of water in the mine and add to this if

necessary.

Marieopu County

ABE LINCOLN COPPER CO. (Wicken-
burg) — Gallows frame, skip dumping equip-
iip. hoist and a five-drill com-
pressor installation complet. d and shaft
down 300 ft. Charles Xathorst is manager.

Uohave County
TOM REED GOLD MIXES CO. (Oat-
man) — Favorable developments reported
laid Eagle orebody.
•;..LIi ROAD MIXES CO. (Goldroad) —
Reported construction of new mill con-
ated at east end shaft on the Billy
an.

Pima County
XEW CORNELIA (Ajo) — Three steam

els at work on ore.
BLUE EAGLE MINE (Tuscon)— Re-
ported recently purchased by E. A. Shaw,

of New York. Development to begin under
management of John Glasson.

Pinal County

MAGMA CHIEF (Superior) — Watson
tunnel advanced 1660 ft. Two shifts work-
ing.

POTTS CAXYOX M. CO. (Superior)—
New enterprise. Hoi t to be purchased and
shaft sunk. J. L. Holland is interested.

RAY HERCULES (Ray) — This company
will build its own spur line to connect the
1500-ton concentrator to the Ray & Gila
Valley Railroad. Ore reserves reported at
9,500.000 tons, averaging 1.77%. copper, of
which an 80','t mill extraction is expected.

Santa Cruz
BLACK GIAXT MIXES CO. (Parker) —
Hoist and three-drill compressor installed.
Yavapai County

ARIZONA BIXGHAMTON (Stoddard) —
Milling 5000 tons and driving 700 ft. in
development per month. Ore reserves con-
tinually increasing.

KAY COPPER CO. (Canon) — Purchased
by interests connected with United Eastern.
Large crew put to work. Surface and
plant improvements to be made. G. W.
Long is Interested.

GADSEN (Jerome) — Shaft at depth of
865 ft. Occasional flecks of chalcopyrite
as well as a fair amount of pyrite appear-
ing Expect to sink another loo ft. and to
drift considerably latterally. Property
adjoins U. V. X.. and the Calumet and
Arizona have an option on about 7<e.' of
the capital stock.

CALUMET AND JEROME i.t.-rome) —
South crosscut 1300 ft. from shaft station
on 600 lev.) and advancing rapidly through
schist showing 'sulphides of iron and
some chalcopyrite and ciialcocite in small

quantities. North No. 6 crossci
advanced 130 ft. in sheared 3chi .- i
evidence of mineralization and in I
flow of water.

ARKANSAS
Boone County

TAR KILN (Zinc) — Leased by Mu
Mining Co.. of Oklahoma, intend to orh
mill and start active mining operatn.1-
once.

Marion County

ONWATA (Podd City) — Leased bfl
Rogers, who intends to erect mi [
summer.

BEATY (Dodd Cityi— Has beentat
over by Oklahoma company, whli
build new mill.

W 1 1. LETT (Yellville) — Purchasei 0
to move ore from mine to dt pot
place. Mine operated by Liberty Z5
Lead Co.

COWAN BARREN (Yellville)- •
strike of rubv jack in drill hole fl
to 185 ft. thick and cuttings aven
show a mill recovery of 12 per cent'U
ides.

CALIFORNIA
Amador County

OLD EUREKA (Sutter Crei
crew engaged in cutting station
level and building on- chutes ai J
Sinking to continue to the 3200-ft I

ARGOXAUT (Sutter Creek) -
month's cleanup of the 60-stamp '
ported to be about $85,000. N. S I-
manager.

Kern County

YELLOW ASTER (Randsbut
constructed mill in operation, and
tory extraction reported. Opemi
ground and reclaiming caved sectlo

|1 13, 1!MS

kxgineerim; AND MINING J01 RNAL

Itllll,- (1111111%

"ERX < 'Ki ■ c ukland)— Instal-

f plnnt I" lo Rti-ton p, r daj im
chr.nn. ores in ,,i nw, .v.iii-

Nevada Coantj

50X UAXCI1 (Class Valley). Con.

d -i'|H'i ifil ,ni i>iir:iKiiiir. c i

■ ItlUg I'llgllli ,1

TuN DISTRICT reports the

,- :il. i ni; the Smith

Shorn :■ null' In-low Hi,' tou n of
ton.
Sun Iteniiirillno County

IK MIMN'i; en (San Fr.an-

ili'il in Silver Lake ininlnK ilis-

mbi-acinK l .'i claims prcvtou i\

Lower tunnel is to he reopened

I'M I'll. , Itaxter)— Devolop-
per-gold properties in progress,
il fe. I of I'hurn drilling, lie-
Manager Leltzow has stated
mage has been expos. .1.
ligh as 7' copper and carrying
silvei

Siskiyou Counts

VMP MIXES -Are reported

ting, including the Gn y Eagle,

M.liilaied, George Crumpton,

I Ian: on Heeson, Scluiler-1 'ark

ill placer mines.

IAXS (Etna Mills) — Installa-

, tiuipmenl Hearing completion.

in epilation in April.

mnage ..|" ore exposed Property

g.wned by Seattle and Grants Pass

Tuolumne County
OAK (Soulsbyville) — Repi
or, shunt recently disclosed.
1 i been large producer, but re-
was reduced to give more
\v , xploration.
X NOCK ( .Ta mestow n ) — De-
.,--,- discovered several v ars
w. II sunk near the end line of
ow being mined by W. E.
issociates. Large tonnage has
... ted.

Yuhn County

CITY HYDRAULIC (Brandv

dam contemplat-d on north

a River near Bullard Bar. in Yuba

impounding tailing from this

ity proii.-rty. R p,.r|. d at

it contract mad.- with William

hauling 20.000 tons of cement

ille for the construction. Work

ler supervision of George E

managi r and Sierra Cou-itv

First unit will stand 40 ft. high

, the river a distance of 300 ft

in use by company will be filled'

i lis s ason. so that the new

in demand as soon as com-

ihe site for the new dam will

raising the structure to a total

t 1»0 ft. as may be required.

COLORADO
Boulder County

X1TE (Magnolia) — Developed bv
i- 'obson and associates. Crosscut

t Poorman vein, and the west
aanced 40 feet. Additional mining
o t probably will be required in near

PHE (Boulder)— Developed

T it'd und r hond and lease by I N

M. Ncwmoyer, and L. K. Ouiler.

ut tunnel extended, and 120 ft

erform, d in last three months.

■ at ferhente ore opened assaying

11 st:c oxide.

TEX PRODUCTS MINING CO.

— Xew company. $2,500,000 capi-

io acquire the Lucky 2 mines

pperty to s-cure an independ-

'■>' for the Tungsten Products

utactunng tungsten alloys. The

-mpany plans to develop Lucky 2

which is well equipped with elec-

|> riven machinery. W. P. Bleecker

, AISANCE (Crisman)— This with

enterprise, both gold and silver

..to be developed and operated bv

M „inc9,rporated La Plaisanee Mining

„lg Co-: capital. $50,000. Incor-

£. mPrar,t' Alfred Daw=on. and

i „' Th? lJroPerty equip]) d with

. Jig and compressor plants. Re-

u( lopment opened some high-gi-ade

1) MINING AND MILLING CO.
Br".»w company; capital $25,000.
Lif operate properties on Left
In- „„j PJa.n t0 Purchase mining
i >' ■?"?,. dr,v,? tunnel to open the
■ 1 d-pth of 400 ft. Veins several
, raitaining low-grade milling ore
loses pockets of high-grade copper

PJ i ti rig from 6 t.. 10 i oppor.

Some Bhlppin

■> '"'. i' I Bl ,.l. i,l,. i-|; Is

lleur ( i ..I. ( .mill %

t\\ ■ i SISTERS (Lai on) Property se-
cured imii. i leasi and bond bj T •
bridge and i plnn to drivi

'i tunni i from the Jo Ri j noldi p

ei iv to the Two Sli tors vein, and at,

through Hi,. . onnectlon.

i RAD MINES i Empire) - Production

' this in., I I,. I, :,,i | |

Prlii Chi Milling plant ,,i

tens cap; 00 fl tramv, ay,

buildings finished Crew of to men -
ployed to star! In milling plant, ■ li
i bwer used, w Ith Indl i idual motoi di h i
LITTLE GIANT (Lawson) Mill ,-oiu-

Pjeti .1 and peral lor Equlpi

eludes ball mill, com nti atlng tabl s and
dotal Ion 1 1 i-.-ii . \ 1 1 act Ion being made

.1 enough low grade block, d oul to
Keep Hi, mill In opi i ni Ion two yean i :■
• ie\. lopmenl on tin SI rami n opi m d

iot two to tin, ,- t. ■ t n ,,i, and
150 fl long, at a depth oi 600 fi Flotatl
concentrate from the mill valued at $50
Per ton, 11. I-:. Minier is manager

Garfield County
MOUNT BLAINE OIL SHALE PROD-
UCTS CO in,- Beque) -To erect oil-shale
distillation plant of 100 tons capaen

Gunnison Connta

DOCTOR (Almont) — Hauling ore from
mine '" railroad is temporarily discon-
tinued on account of spring break-up of
road in Taylor canyon i iood ore
supply developed, and hauling to be re-
sumed as soon as possible.

Mnnlrose County
RARE METALS TESTING PLANT and
sampling works to he built, it is stated
at Montrose. San Juan mining region
adjacent is producer of uranium, vana-
dium and tungsten orfs. fluorspar etc . as
veil as many common minerals and metals
Plant will give outlet for sale of rare metal
ores, as well as testing for radium in
uranium ores.

Ouray County

ROSE (Ouray) — Shipments being made.

WAX AUK A COurav) — Lessees shipping
heavy iron sulphide ore assaying well in
gold and silver to Salida smeltery.

BEAVER & BELFAST (Ironton)— Les-
sees making production of good-grade lead
ore assaying several ounces silver.

WEDGE (Ouray)— Old stopes being
worked over, and considerable tonnage 50-
oz silver ore being recovered.

CUMBERLAND (Ouray)— Regular ship-
ments being made from this mine in
Sneffles district. Adjoins new property of
Tomboy on Sidney flats.

BARSTOW (Ironton)— Regular produc-
tion of fluorspar being made. Difficulty of
sled transportation from mine to Ouray,
d'stance of 12 miles, limits production.

MOUNTAIN TOP (Ouray)— New ball
mill recently installed. Capacity of plant
increased. Tramway to Governor Ba=in
completed, making transportation to Ourav
possible all year. Car of ore recently
shipped assayed 350 oz. silver.

OURAY CONSOLIDATED MINING &
REDUCTION CO. (•' uray)— Will operate
Hammond or Treasury tunnel at Red Moun-
tain m conjunction with other mines at
Ironton. and custom milling plant now
being completed at Ironton. Colonel Craw-
ford, president.

SILVER POINT MIXES CO. (Ouray) —
Recently incorporated to work old mme
under lease and bond. Capitalization. $50.-
000. President. A. E. Bundson, of Denver
Property in Bear Creek section. Develop-
ment work under way with promising re-
sults. Property an old silver producer.

San Juan County

MINNEHAHA (Gladstone) — Taken over
and to be developed and operated bv the
newly organized Minnehaha Mining' and
Milling Co. George Bibb is local manager.

CONGRESS (Red Mountain)— Developed
in 1917 under lease by Alvin Kramer and
associates, and considerable pavable ore is
reported opened.

LACK A WA X XA ( Silverton) — Developed
in 1917 by the D. L. & w. Mining and Re-
duction Co.. of which H. M. Kingsley is pres-
ident. Recently installed new mining ma-
chinery, including air compressor and new
wire-rope tramway. Has taken lease on the
Contention mill recently equipped for flota-
tion. Mill to be remodeled to treat Lacka-
wanna ore. Recent development has opened
8-ft. vein of milling ore at a depth of 700
ft. Sampling indicates payable grades of
gold, silver, copper and lead, and suggests

tad
tpi din ii i . 1 1 mated

'i, .11 "111 i. nil III i

Nan Hlgnel i iv

, BLACK BE \i: (Ti in,, Idi i

i
treatment
PJ RINO MILL .•'', i m i,i. i — urn

■■:,, ,

• i available New Hunt

, u n

propi rtj Much ,. , , .

SlMlllllil < tj

Ml ILYB1 'i:\r.\i PRi n iUCTS CO
1 Irui ii i n ml and

i I
JUNE BUG (1

Shoot Iron-silver • ■■

'"■ sllvi r |,,n toi I Brol ■ n ore

PINGR3IC COMPANY (Buffehrs)- -

denum-
i irivlng
' tunnels with encouraging re-
sults. J i ..... jrn.

ling n a, i i

niK plant in spin |

Teller Count]

CRIPPLE CREEK PRODUCTION In
March was 67,467 tons; groi - vain... $i..
044.052; :i -. n- per ton, SI

INDEX (Crlppli Creek)— New hoisting

equipment instal ed an i opi ral

by lessees and sub-lessees.

BONANZA (Cripple Creek)— Operated
by Granite Gold Mining Co. Making i,
lar shipments.

CAROLINE (Cripple Creek)— Lessees
i<ink and Casson, on blocks 3. 7 and
making regular shipments.

',' ^NTE id- Creek) Rich strike

made 1-,-eenth ,,n -f( level by u 1,-1.

from Big Toad Mining Co.. operatl
erty under lease.

rr?lTR4L GOI'D MINING CO. (Cripple

Creek)— Property being operated under
lease by Pete Peterson. 0 in, rough

fequaw Mountain tunnel. Shipment of 4-oz
ore made njcently.

KEENER TUNNEL (Cripple Creek)—

Trial shipments have given satisfactory re-
turns, and entire dump will be shipped to
Golden Cycle mill. Railroad spur being
built to dump.

MODOC CONSOLIDATED (Cripple
Creek) — Production not now large until
new hoisting plant installed at Frankenburg
«,?ft- DaiI>' Production will then be made.
All stopes worked on shrinkage system.

IDAHO

.Shoshone County
FLYXN GROUP (Mullan)— Twenty pat-
ented claims adjoining Morning Mine have
been purchased by Edward Ehrenberg and
associates.

REX CONSOLIDATED (Wallace)— Ab-
sorption of old Rex Mining comnany com-
P V$.A *n extension of 700-ft. shaft down
to 1000 ft. to begin next month, this work
to be followed by extensive exploration of
ground from new level. In meantime the
upper workings and mill have been leased
to N. C. Sheridan, superintendent of the
Rex, who has about 12 men at work.

KENTUCKY

Crittenden Count>
FEDERAL SPAR CO. (Hopkinsville) —
Incorporated with capital of $150,000. Ac-
tive operations mining fluorspar are to start
soon. T. J. McReynolds and T. J. Wall are
incorporators.

Livingston County
SUWANEE IRON CO. (Grand Rivers) —
Capital $500,000. Planning to construct or
purchase iron furnaces and manufacture
iron, charcoal and wood byproducts. J. M
Overton, of Nashville, is president.

MICHIGAN

Copper

MAYFLOWER (Houghton)— Sinking pro-
ceeding rapidly.

QUIXCY (Hancock) — Daily output of
ore, 4500 tons from three shafts.

MOHAWK (Houghton)— Has over 30
miles of drifts opened in profitable ground.

NORTH LAKE (Lake Mine)— Xew lode
identified in southeast : opened for 20 feet.

"WOLVERINE (Kearsarge) — Production
for February 403 736 lb., as compared with
350.957 for January.

XEW BALTIC (Houghton)— In sinking
shaft below 275 ft level has run into ore.

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, Ncl

output

■

\ (Deraraon)- At 18th li yel
finding In
. than In the ground

drill Is possibly too Cai

"i I— North Keai
I • torage ba

i cars N

Drifting

. sunt on the :>''th.

shaft showed true width
m 5 m wide
h copper, but HtUe copper

Fool » ill sot ii times
_■ ;u Calui i and < »s<

.iml here ; shaft down l
CALUMET .v.- HECLA (Houghton)

. considerable loss through
the continuance of the fire which has been
burling steadily for two weeks in the son
i Fighting Bre

tly task and not yet und.T control, al-
though two steam Bhovels and 60 men have

idily. Storage
lined over loo. 000 tons.

Iron

CLEVBLAND-CIJFPS CO (Marquettei
— j, Vrnold Construction

Co to rebuild refining house destroyed h>
supposed incendiary Bre a month

has let contra. 5 for sa

splitting1 mill for its furnace and chemical
plant at Kipling. Delta County.

MISSOIKI
Jo[tlin District
LITTLE MARTHA CORPORATION

(Joplin) — Remodel ing shaft and power
equipment. To purchase 500-ft. gas-driven
compressor, hoist and building lumber. H.
B. Wolcott in charge.

MONTANA

Lewis and (lark County
HELENA MINE i Helena) — Shipped 50
carloads silver-lead ore.

ROCK ROSE MINK (Helena) — New lead
with north-south strike cut in west cross-
cut from main shaft.

LEE MOUNTAIN MINE (Rimini) —
Sinking from lower tunnel closed lead
carrying gold, silver, copper, lead and zinc.
THOMAS CRUSE DEVELOPING CO
(Helena) — New- air hoist in place on 640
east level. Sinking on gold, silver-lead ore.
CRUSE CONSOLIDATED (Helena)—
New 100-hp. boiler added to surface plant.
Shaft to be deepened from present 185-ft.
depth with Jackhamer drills.

BELLBOY MINK (Marysville) — Rich
strike reported Owned by Dr. O. M. Lan-
strum and associates, of Helena, and oper-
ated by leasers since last August. vein
from 7 to 10 ft. wide, and contains galena,
gold and silver.

TUOLUMNE MINING CO. (Butte) —
Shipped in 1917 to smeltery 30.97:: tons of
ore averaging 2 437c copper. 147 oz silver
and 0 0072 oz. gold per ton. Shipped from
Mam Range property, in eastern section of
district. 10.967 tons of ore averaging 1 9,
copper 9 42 oz silver and 0.0078 oz. gold
per ton Edward Hickey is president

SUvernow County

BUTTE AND SUPERIOR (Butte)— Pro-
duction in March was 15,000,000 lb. zinc
and 285.000 oz. silver, compared with 12,-
b zinc and 250,000 oz. silver in
February.

VNACONDA (Butte) — Hoisting lfi.000
tons of ore dailv from its various mines
and employing over 13. 000 men. It is be-
lleved that the company will soon he pro-
ducing copper at a rate equal to the early
part of 1

NORTH BUTTE (Butte) — Working at
full capacity and production expected to be
around the average previous to the fire in
the Granite Mountain shaft Company push-
ing development in eastern part of district.
Shaft sinking at the Sarsfield.

NEVADA
Mineral County
WEDGE CON COPPER CO. (Reno) —
Development started.

Nye Connty
TONOPAH ORE PRODUCTION' for the
week ended March 23 amounted to 9931

tons, of gross milling value J16S
diners were: Tonopah Belmont, 2261

,,h Mining, 3450 . I onop ih Extension,
; West End, 101.1;
. ■; ; Montana. 205 North
Slai

\ VNHATTAN CONSOLIDATED (Man-
hattan)- South crosscut on started
toward downward extension of east ore-
body,

WHITE CAPS i Manhattan) — No 508
crosscut advanced 1 1 I ft week ended

Considerable water coming In at face

Indications improving.

ONION AMALGAMATED (Manhattan)
— Drift 604 continuing along footwall of
limestone Drift 622 driving 300 tt west
from Earl shaft. Swansor. orebody well
develop, d and will bi mined i rom (>Oo
i when mill is put in commlsslo

Stores Counts

CON VIRGINIA (Virginia) — Sent to
Mexican mill 63 i.72 per 1

,-,.„,„ Work continui d n 2100

aml 27 ing porphyry, clay and

quartz.

UNION CON. (Virginia) — Extracted at
Mexican mill In the week 313 tons oi
average value (31 20. and 169 tons from
the dump, ol average $17.44. shipped five
bars Million to Selby. Ore mined from
2 mo .tied trom 57.63 to

I S3 in per t""

SOUTH DAKOTA
Custer County
SPOKANE LEAD AND SILVER (Cus-
ter)— \M machinery for 1 00-ton concentra-
tor being Installed. New plant to be in
operation early this .summer.

Lawrence County

CUSTER PEAK (Roubaix) — Main shaft
being enlarged from two to three compart-
ments Som.- additions to be made to mine
and mill equipment before resuming con-
central Ion.

DEADWOOD LEAD AND ZINC (Dead-
wood)- Net! ten-stamp concentrator build-
. . . . t ,1 . ted and machinery installation
continues. Plant expects to be placed in
commission in May

Pennington County.

DAKOTA CONTINENTAL (Hill City) —
Diamond drilling to be started from lower
level within short time.

BLUE LEAD (Hill City)— Old workings
being r. timbered for continued operations.
Car shipped from dumps returned over 6%
copper.

LITHI \ MINKS (Keystone) — Rheinbold
and Standard Essence again loading cars
for shipment to New Jersey. Difficulty with
transportation east of Chicago has pre-
vented marketing since November This
however, has been adjusted and regular
output to follow.

TENNESSEE
Kbea County

DAYTON COAL. IRON & R. R. CO
(Davton)— Capital $5.00(1.000. old plant of
the Dayton Coal & Iron Co. Company
owns large coal and ore lands on the
Tennessee?Georgia line and plans re-equip-
ping some of its mines and plants and
starting developments m a large scale.

Summit County

P\RK CITY shipments in February were
7^50 tons of ore and concentrates as com-
pared with 10.547 tons in January, ship-
ments in the later month having been held

mciiLB 11, u'^ ■»—« *■■::.

down by weather conditions.

Juab County

MAY DAY (Eureka)— Several blocks of
ground given over to lessees. Work on 700
and 1000 levels on company account to be
continued.

[RON KINO (Eureka) — Shaft has
depth of 600 ft— 225 ft. below tunnel level.
Shaft being sunk at rate of about 100 ft.
monthly.

EUREKA BULLION (Eureka) — Shaft at
depth of 800 ft. has reached limestone
mineralized with iron. To be continued to
between the 800 and 900 levels. John
Bestelmeyer is manager.

ZUMA (Eureka) — New equipment on
Kround soon to be installed. Includes elec-
tric hoist. Winze from 500 level down 12a
ft drifting started ; showing encouraging.
Ore also being followed at another point
near main working shaft.

FT MI ZINC (Tintic Junction) — Second
shipment from this West Tintic property
hauled to loading station. Orebody stated
to have been opened far enough to promise
shipments once or twice a month, with
small working force operating.

MONTANA-BINOH \M (Ringhnit.
mrnt of 10c a shai r delinquent ll
1, \ led. to bring in about $2
meet liabilities and provide funds ■
provements of Koituna mill, includi
creased capacity and belt'
ing winking fund of about $
11 nd 111 development. IVvi lopml •
done on Montana-Bingham tinin. 1
South drift m the mineralized gn
Mayflower vein, about 12110 it l,..|,
tuna workings. C. G. Ballantyne 1
and general manager.

\\ \siiim'TO\

1' I Oreille County

LEAD & ZINC CO (Mctallne)— J
equipment offi red at public sa li 1
made by the Union Iron Works, of SI
Equipment includes notation and oil-
c, ntrnting machinery.

METALINE ORIOLE MIX IN
1 Metallne) — Contemplating immi dla
lion of 50-ton mill to tr< at a le -
1 -gold ore. Frederick N. Davis |
dent and manager.

CANADA
British Columbia

CANADA COPPER CORPOE
(Princeton) — The contract for co
of II miles of railroad
Copper Mountains property 1
have been let by the Kettle Vail
road. Company is building a 3000-1

Ontario

KIRKLAND PORPHYRY (lrl
Lake) — Operations resumed.

WJ?ST DOME (Porcupine) — In 11
mill 1000 tons of ore in the Dot
mill.

PROVINCIAL (Cobalt) — Ins!
flotation plant with a capacit>
per day.

DOME EXTENSION (Porci
decided not to carry out diamond-". II
gramme.

KERR LAKE (Cobalt) — Febl
duction was valued at $175,784. pr.t
which was $122,640.

CASEY COBALT (Cobalt)— a
drilling. New mill built and
concentrates to start.

WHITE RESERVE (Maple
A 27-in. vein of cobalt and nicco
ing silver found on the 140 1< vel.

ELLIOTT-KIRKLAND (Kill
— Oreshoot found at 425 level pi
for 100 ft. and maintains consistei
LAKE SHORE (Kirkland Lake
ing 60 tons per day in new mill. H d
two weeks averaged $23 per ton.

TEMISKAMING (Cobalt)— <M
examination being made to detail
there is any ground left for furtlr
pecting.

NEWRAy (Porcupine) — Ara I
effected for development by the
Strike made at the 400-ft. level .
ened to 30 ft. and stated to avi
per ton.

ANCHORITE (Porcupine) — VM
cut at 270 ft and shows width of"
ft., with fair grade of ore. Sh:>
tinued to 500 ft. level.

APEX (Porcupine) — Directors I
cided to exercise option on Bil
Two out of four diamond drill ho
good grade of ore at depth.

DAVIDSON (Porcupine)— Srn.
stamp mill now* in operation. Wl.»
for the purpose of sampling the 11
the 200 ft. level.

BURNSIDE (Kirkland Lake)— )J
down 90 ft. and No. 2 shal
level. Ore found at present di "
pay streak one foot wide stab
$127 per ton.

WRIGHT-HARGRAVES (Kirklid
—No. 3 shaft passed 300-ft. le
sunk lower. Trouble caused bj
ing on 300 level, but vein mail
and grade.

PATRICIA (Boston Creek)— U
mill with daily capacity of 60 W
velopment continues satisfactor
shaft is down 140 ft. and consider It
ing done.

NIPISSING (Cobalt)— In

mined ore of an estimated value o
and shipped bullion from
customs ore of an estimated
$197,252. A large amount of
held in expectation of increased :

LA ROSE CONS. (Cobalt)— Ch f
in plan of operations on viol. 1
Result of work at the 410 level
diabase was not encouraging.
low silver content. Point of oper
changed to the diabase above 001"-

IS, L918 ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

lilllllliiiiiiiiiiililllilllllllllliuilllllllliuilllllllliuillllllllllllillllllllllllllllllll Illimilllllllllllllll I lilt! I Itll III I III ■ Itt 1HI I HttMllHlIM ■ IIIlllHlintl IllUttl miiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiHLn.iiiiimiimiiiii'niiiiiiiiillllillllliiiiiiiiiiiiii^

The Market Report

giiiiiii iiiiillllllitliiiiiiiiniiiii i iiiii iiiiiiiiiiiiii iiiiiiniiii i iiiiiiii iiiiiiiiin iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiini urn iiiiiiiiiiiinii inn iiiiiiimmimmiimimmiimmiimMiiiiiiiiiiiii ininmiii 5

li wn STICKLING I Veil \ ;i;i

S 1 1 \ , ' I

Lon-
don,

A;, l

SIitI-

4 7530
4 7530

Silvi

\. ■
York
Cent*

911

Lon-

r. n. !■

■45*

45j
45?

totations an d reported by Handy
in, in ,-l m - pci troj ounce ol bat
London quol Ationa are m pence pel

rlina Bilvi r, 92

•\\

is .'I Ml r.\LS IN Nl fl V'ORK

Tin
Bpoi

I.,-

nl i Zinc

\ J

SI I.

SI L

6 82)

t

6 95

6 90

6 B2j

t

6 90

6 85

(.i i. 8 i
., 82J

t

6 90

61

6 85

6 80

t

(g 6 "II

6 82!

i,i 6 82J

6 77;

t

,.■ 6 "ii

6 82J l,/ o 8i

6i

6 80 (, 77;

t

(a 6 90

(o 6 82i (ii 6.82J

. fixed by agreement between American

ind the r. S Government, accortl-

nient for publication on Friday,

. I 'J 1 7.

| vc quotations (except as to copper, the

Qiixch has been fixed by agreement between

n opprr producers and the V. S. Govern-

' rein there is no free market) arc our

'rage of the major markets based

as made and reported by producers

represent to the best of our judg-

nir values of the metals for the

ing the major markets, reduced to

i York, cash, except where St. Louis is

ni . point.

ir electrolytic copper are for cakes,
» *irebars.

•lytic cathodes at 005 to 0.10c.
nirebars, cakes and ingots,
spelter are for ordinary Prime
We quote New York price at 17.5c.
■ St. Louis.

ight rates on metals per 100 lb
v York 17c; St. Louis-Chicago,
I nis-Pittsbnrch, 13.1 cents

LONDON

Copper

Tin

Lead

Zinc

wdard

Elec-
tro-
lytic

Spot

3 Mos.

Spot

t

3 Mos.

Spot

1
)

)
)
1

110

no

no
no
no

125

125

125
125
125

316

316

318

320
322

316

316

318
320
322

29J

294

29!
29!
29J

54

54

54
54
54

ililc gives the closing quotations on
metal Exchange. All prices are in pounds
€ r ton of 2,240 lb. For convenience in
lr i of London prices, in pounds sterling per
J' *ith American prices in cents per pound
"■ Mt approximate ratios are given, reckoning
S475I5 £29', =6.2576c.;£54 = ll. 4545c:
" 1333c.: £125 = 26 5151c : £260 = 55. 1513c ;
,.>'37c; £300= 63 6362c Variations. £1
L 15c.

Metal Markets

EW YORK — Apr. 1(1. 191*
f r weakness in lead and zinc and
a stringency in the situation in tin
1 chief features in the metal mar-
1 week.

?' — The output of the refineries is
|y creasing, and the demands of con-
r ire being met pretty well. How-
re is much discontent in the in-

dustry, y on the pari of the i> o-

is rind

i i en so fiiii- ■

i ,. i .
their i" i idui I lor Thesi have

. . d a special c i it i - •

their Interi The • led rolyl ie ■

are Involved in the predicament

renin fixed tolls and COStS th doubled!

The Insatiable d

.ml the un-
willingness of ii portion of th'
work more than one-third of thi til
things thai gel on tie nervei oi thi
managers in the counting rooms the coi
tinned tardiness of tli

■' n incia I embarra

tn. tit s The Governmenl i said

copper producers something like $16, 1,000.

Copper Sheets are quoted al 3 U< o
ii. for inn rolled, and Ic. higher for cold

mil. ii i topper w Ire Is q i ,i al

f.o.b. mill, carload lots.

Tin- — The situation we, l.!\ 1

There is no spot tin and no markel to
quote. It is even impossible to buy Straits
tin or Banks tin for shipment. Some
Chinese tin comes In, and then/ is sharp
bidding for it ai rising prices. A sharp ad
vance in price In London was cabled to
day. 'Phis reflected reduction of stool
England to almui 2000 tons, compared with

i ' tons that the authorities figured

keeping there. Bxpor! licenses are conse-
quently now held up. Tin- plain truth of
the tin situation is that the world's produc-
tion has failed to increase materially, and a
disagreeably large quantity of tin has been
sunk.

I. end — The large producers, being well
sold up, continued out of the market. Con-
sumers, being well supplied, obtaining
stocks that had previously been locked tin
in railway cars, also continued out of the
market. Some of the smaller producers,
being desirous of selling lead and not easily
finding buyers, offered the market down
with the hope of inducing buying. They
.were not very successful, their sales being
relatively small, but. on the other hand,
there was no exhibition of pressure any-
where, and the general atmosphere of the
market was that as soon as any real buying
interest became evident there would be a
rally. A steadying influence has been the
strike at Herculaneum, which is still in
force, and has cut off pig-lead production
by the St. Joseph Lead Co. for the last
four weeks.

Zinc — Business in lots of 100 and 200
tons was reported every day. at further
concessions in price. At the close the
market was on a basis of fi.SOc. Opinions
as to the immediate future differ. Some
think that the price will go still lower,
while others are disposed to hold aloof
for a while and observe. Nobody is look-
ing for an advance. Conditions must first
compel a curtailment of mine production,
as even at present prices smelters are able
to buy ore. on terms permitting the selling
of spelter at a profit. The Miami district
of Oklahoma has a bearing upon this sub-
ject. On the other hand, it is reported
that the present prices give Butte & Su-
perior no profit.

Other Metals

Aluminum — The market is unsettled and
practically at a standstill. The price
quoted is the Government price of 32c pet-
lb. Small lots have been sold at higher
prices.

Antimony — LTnchanged at 12Jc. for spot,
while futures are nominal at life, c.i.f..
in bond. Antimony can be had in 10-ton
lots at 123c but probably no very large
quantity could be bought at that price.
With the decreasing arrivals, stocks are
being absorbed, and therefore, the tech-
nical position of the market is improving.
The Chinese producers are not selling, say-
ing that present prices are below their cost
of production.

Bismuth — Metal of the highest purity for
pharmaceutical use is quoted at $3.50 per
lb. for wholesale lots — 500 lb. and over.

On dm in m — This metal is quoted at $1.40
PT pound.

N i, !■• I I I ■ P-

1 al Nit

B

i , dxei

■

- the lov. ■ i n

rice Apr. 2.

Qulck»llver \\ ■

|i i
' n purls, by teh-

Gold. Silver and Platinum

Silver

i., ;.i. Shlpmi i,i i ■
i. were

nl i 600,1

'iii, general i toci >1 iy In the D S.

on April l totaled 6 t '0,181,526 : of this

I 'i was Iliun.

in stan, ird llvei dollars, and
1 , i , " in 'Hi, 1 1 \ silver.
Mexican Dollars al .Ww v,,,' Vpi I
74 : Apr 6, 71 ; Apr 6, 73J Api
Apr. 9, 7.".: ; Apr 10,

An Administration Bill, In the

Senate <>u Apr. 9, by Se ator Plttman, as
an emergency war i teas ure, pri

reduction to bullion t. 150,000, i Bl.'ver

iii, liars now in the T." isury and thi

of the bullion or the pi d from iis sa,

to pay i rade balances . , ■ rep

ver at $1 per oz [f ena i ling to

the New York Tribune of '.pr 10
ure would virtually fix a standard price
for silver at $1 per oz. This bill also Is
intended to stimulate silver production and
to use the Treasury's reserve -*n, i ol
silver to settle this country's commercial
trade balances in the Orient and els, vher<

Platinum — We quote refined ingo' ur.
changed at $108, but this price is more
or less nominal. Then iderabie un-

certainty respecting the Governmenl prie*'
of $105 per oz., which was decided upon Oy
the Chemical Section of the War Indus-
tries Board, no proclamation to this ef-
fect being deemed necessary. This Sec-
tion was authorized by the Secretary of
"War to take possession of platinum for
which "just compensation is to be
tained and paid by the L'nited Sti
Refiners have in certain cases, we under-
stand, been directed to bill out platinum
at $105. On the other hand, importers
of crude platinum are required by the War

Trade Board to enter into an agree nl

with it. according to the terms of which
"the price to be paid for the platinum
shall be not more than $105 per oz. on the
basis of the platinum content."

Palladium — Very strong at $150 per oz.

Zinc and Lead Ore Markets

.Joplin, Mo., Apr. 6 — Blende, per ton
high $57.60; basis 60% Zn. premium,
$55fi 5n ; medium to low. $47 50@ 4u : aver-
age basis. $47.50; calamine, per ton, 4"'
Zn, $35117 30. Average selling prices:
Blende, $50.50 ; calamine, $36.42 ; all ores.
$49.89 per ton.

Lead: high, $86.75; basis 80% Pb. $8:,;
average selling price, all grades of lead,
$84.80 per ton.

Shipments the week: Blende. 80S4: cala-
mine, 442: lead. 1612 tons. Value, all ores
the week. $562,170

The company that was paving the fancy
price of $6 to $10 over any other company
for premium blende, dropped price quota-
tions this week to within $5 on n ,e ' ,t
and within $2.50 per ton on all other tun-
chases eompa •• d with ither buyers.
Rumors of mills -'osir.g down are regular.
but few are variried, while the Billharz
mills that closed two weeks ago are to be
restarted Monday.

Plattsville. Wis., Apr. 6 — (By telegraph)
— Blende, basis 60$ Zn. $50 base for pre-
mium grade down to $45 base for second
grade. Lead ore. basis 80% lead. $86 pc
ton. Shipments reported for the wees
3407 tons blende. 267 tons galena and 8S-'
tons sulphur ore. For the year the totals
are 33.554 tons blende, 1461 tons galena
and 11.783 tons sulphur ore. During the
week 3183 tons of blende were shipped to
separating plants.

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

< hn

on — Charles Hardy n

running from 10 to

. being Oll'l'.l III

! In the l
While the sob dule

prompt de-
J1V,., remlum. We quote the

Molybdenum or.- Verj dull.

are all out
, t, |a quoted hei

but tins is

It i^ expected that full Government regula.-
th pyrites situatio i will

i „, market

•rt
ir„n Ore — Shipments fi

i ,,,• February.

• .,'. 1 su

against thi
x , nlng Is expected on

,, of the cold winter, and little

hlpp d from the head ol in • LaKes

this month Last year' g»>

affirmed for this year, to Include

wild ,m'""Jl.

thl. .-, as for Mesabi non-bessemei

at l

Tung-ten O"

th, -

woli

SO' to 7" . p

in im-

puritl i lots. etc.

I son Trade Review

PITTSBURGH — Apr. 9

There has been a further increase
tran i -: > :l" b™ ,'

the iron Industry, and shipments

and production have been merging ail
along the line. Connellsville coke ship-
ments have also been Incieaslng, but are
still not entirely adequate. One setback
occurred week before last, with poor car
in the r gion. and In due course
this was reflected In deci ased furnace
operations, half a dozen Valley furnac s
being banked from last Saturday until to-
day there bi r heavy receipts of
coke this morning. Pig-tron production Va
the eoti"trv at large is row within 10 .
of capacity, which may be estimated at
4S ,, „s a year. Production in
March was at the averaee rate of fully
tons a year, wh-le late in .lann
, v [n February the rate had
been down to'ahout 25 000.000 tons Ship-
ments of nia-iron from furnaces are full!
™ping pane with Increased production.
The steel works are still short of pig-iron
when with normal relations ob'a'ru g
the increased production should give them
nearly a full supply.

pi. ,r„„_ Despite the fairly heavy pro-
duction of pig iron in the last Ave or six
,,,,.„, production bei-<r now nearlyat
capacity th- market Bhortaee is as great
as .ver Evid ,.y of con-

sumers to take iron has ir-er ased concur-
rentlv with improving conditions as to its
manufacture. Basic is in heaviest demand,
"enuence as to grades being Basic

Vol. 105. Noi;,

STOI K Ol'OTVTIONS

Mill h <>l 111 \ I IONS Continue!

\ \ I \, II >

. .,.1,1 M

\ iuncau

\ni stu ,| K.I .roll.

pi

\i,i s... sec , pi., v

Mil /.111,.

Inc. i>i

"in

\\ hi
Bethlehem steel
Bethlehem st...|. pf
Hun,, a superior

a Zinc.
.

Chile i op
China

, ',.!,' I ur! .. I

Dome Mines

i M ,v s

ilM ftR..pt
Great Nor., i

t .r.'.ii.' < 'an
i;nii states Steel
rTomcel ike

|| Nickel

Kennecol t

teel
i Petrol
Miami t topper

i l ead. pf
N'.v i i, us, .I
10 Mill

on
RopubUcl 4S..com.,

vs.pt

lit Id

Penncssee C. ft C .

r s Bte 1. rem. . . .

I teel, pt

rtiLh i 'upper.... .. ■

v ., iron ' & C. ■ .

81 1
271

li

vi

7«

18

31 ;

■
I

.'.7

III .

79
971

it:

90

lii'i:
79 i
07

BOSTON KXCH.' Apr. 9
1

II
25
50

19

■J".
671

i :i,
13
M

. ,-l Is

N. v I'l'RRt

Apr. 9

..I

H

41 |

the

llntlc .'• N V.
Butte Detroit
, laierlonla

, 'alumel & Jerome
i ■;,,, , top corpn
Carlisle

Cashboy

c,,n vrlz s„i
Con. Coppermlncs
c,,i N'ev -rtah ,
Emma < Ion
First v"al ' ,,l<
i lold ii M Con.
Goldfleld Merger.

, ireenmonBter

Heels Mln

Howe Sound

lerome * erde. . , .

Ken* i ake

Loi Islana

Magma

Majestic

Marsh

MrKlnley-Dar-Ba.

TMIIforel

Mohican

Mother I.ode

N Y. ft Ttond

Niplsslnc Mines. . .

M\„n Nevada

Ohio cop

Ravvlev . .

Ray Hercules

Itlclimnn'!

Korhester Mines.. .

St. Joseph Lead.. . '■'. ,

Standard s. L.

Stewart

Success

Tonopali

Tonnpah T'x I p

Trllitllllon . vt.

Troy Arizona *•♦ .

1 nlled Cop I 5ft

United Verde Ext. 37

United zinc I.

Utlca v Ines t 08

ii
1H

61

tA

.211

t'i

.341

t.04 I

H

4!
1 1 i

.75
15. 10
t 50
J37
J. 23
.06
.36
t'i
.25
35 '
tl2
SI

til

$21

t.-sft

.37
15,

vd venture
ticnmati

i mold

i ■ .klava.

v V . I

( 'Slllim-I A 1 I. i !;l

Centennial

Range

!
' ' ■ I \ ...

Rast Uuttc

I I ■:■■■ ,> 1.

Fod.ov

P IVOtl i

imii ma

i I i ■ ile

n

1 :il'-

I a "*n1le

Mason Valley

■ ■■■ v er,

>Mil'l'-"HI

yew ' <■!• I'llrin . .
viw fdrln
yorth Rntte

North l.akc

. i ihwaj

• Mil nmnlnlon. , . .

i '-.'■ ■!:(

Qulncy — -
st Mary's M« L. .
Panta Fe

Srtir ;l

Rhnnnon ,

Rhattuek-Arla

So f<ake

Po Utah

Pnpprlor

su-vrior A Boat.. .

Trinity

"i uolumne . .

r p -^ melting. , , .
U. s Pmelt'B, pf,
Utah Apex
Utah Con

Utah Metal

Victoria

Winona

Wolverine

Wyandot

colo. spRi^ns

\pr !l
■1 431

' 1

, , ,v 1 ,, ,\

Masks G l

i inotoi Jaok Pot.

Iliirina » hi I'

14

i , .v Motor. . .

H

1 1 ",s i

'J

i lold soven 1 D

i na

1 6Q

1 1 . T,,

D

1 S'-T:,,,

■i

30

Mexican Mlnrs

I

,,,

Mln, t'orp full

1(1

. i ir i oKinnoy

P ,

■> cchl, pill

10

05

w

1 till •■•! C.Old M

. 5

°anta Cert'dls.. .

\ indicator.

28

Tomboy

• 'lid p-l~"S. t

'loal'l ' orl ■ s ll.,i, tfl

5

75
8

i a

15

t 60

.,.. ■

l

5
3"
141

51

21

60

n

15
141

.62

.75
40!
54
70
50

.75

II

15

.li'

}4i

I

.95

40 i

441

2

9

2

2

1

28

.75

MONTHLY AVERAGE PRICES OF ME*

v,\v ' .ii'k

1

silver

1010

1017

1918

11)10

mi

,,, r: ,

75 . o:>o

88.702

26 . 910

36. (

i

77 6S6

B5 718

"i '175

37.1

57 935

7 1 R61

SS IIS'.'

i

36. '

V prll

' I

,,l IIS

7'1 B7S

■'■■ '

71 ' 1

7 1 746

'17 '

,',-, n'l

71 '171

31 if.ll

10 I

C|

7 1

III imp

in

,;■•, nv'l

s , III?

;i l"

It

Ropl

,'.s RIB

100 740

32 684

.11 '

•'.7 sr,r.

s7 332

32 361

11

71 ''.HI

s-, H91

34 19S

It

Dec

75 705

85 960

36 410

1 :

V ,"ir

65 W

«i 417

31 315

40.1

Now York O'lit illms cents per mince troy,
London, pence per ounce. sliTllni! silver, 0.926 n

New York

1 n II, lull

( '(.pp.T

Electrolytic

Standard

Elei

1017

101,8

1017

1918

mi

Feb. "31.760
Mar 31.48'
Apill '7 935
May "8.788
June 'o so?
July. . "0 620
Am . , "5 380
Sept °5 073
, Id "3 500
Nov. . 23 500
Dec 23 500

23 500
23 500
•_>:i 600

31 .02'
'■'7 BP.1
136 750
133 S4"
130 OOP
130 000
128 Hi"
122 301
117 500
110 OOP
1 HI IHIO
110 1100

110 000
110 000
110 000

142.8
M8. 1

| .1 i
1 17
' 12 1
142 0
i in
|'I7 •
135.2
125 '
I25 I
125 t

Year

27 180

124 892

138

BOSTON CURB* Apr. 9

Alaska Mines Corp
TMnehfim Mines.
Boston Ely
Boston * Mont,
Butte* T.niin DOT

Calaveras

Cnlumet-Corbin., .
Chlet Con

CortPZ

Crown Reserve —
< 'ryatal ' 'on. . .
Faciei Blue Bell..
Gila Copper
FT ouch ton copper
Intermountaln
Iron can. Com...
Mexican Metals
N'incs of (Vmeriea
Mojave Tuntrston.
I Nat '/tnr «v l,«-ad. .

N'evada-nouglaa. .

New Baltic

»w Cornelia. . .
Onero

01 1 I iinero

12i ! Purine Mines

31 1 1 Rex Cons. .

:I Yukon Gold.

.15
t9J
.94
.53
.20
U

,02
.05
.20
.32
2
t!7
75
.05
171
.46

11

.07

.20

.S3

.90

I 16

.20

t.35

.11

I .95

NVw

vnrk

Tin

1917

1018

191

44.175
51 420
51 3S.8
55,910
03,173

r,' 063
82 170
62 . 681
fil 542

fil ^51
74 740
87.120

85.500

92 nun
«0

1 wfi

'117

"'11 1
17, 1
1' 1

.,• I

"1 1

■>74 '.
298

Pehruary

M;,,,'ll

April

May

.tune

July

,* lie IS!

Pentcnher

01 o(p

237..'

(a) No averaee computed.

Lead

New "v'ork

The

alleable, bespemer. fou-dry. foiK?.
marktt remains quotable at the &Jvern-
ment maximum limit;: Be»semer S3S.20
basic $3» : fou-tlrv. S33 : malleable $33 50
foTO »S2 f*b. furnace, fr.iirht from
,, pitfl urgb being
nme talk about prices on
g uncertain, with the re-
ive Apr. 1, making basic $32 in-
stead of $33.

IVrroniaiitance- Following the 1
mendatlon ot the authorities that the u •
Of 70% f.-r-omo- „.rag-d as

■',-,\ l-nn-r or»-s can 1, u '1 I' making
all the producers are

r,ow qu

,ting the sam- base p>-ice. $.':." '
Uvered ft Is report. b tori this

chang. some «'i'' had bmu-hl p27S ln-
rt4d of the old price of $250. Th. 1
difTerentlaL for var'",1,°;s %'Fl

Is usuallv taken at $3.1^6. in

ppieeel ," JTl„aCis

to m having formerly been 18

to 22%. the new base price being $70.

ConneUsvHle - More ears have been put
into the trade » th5e2,„°,r , n ,

weell« moving faster, bolh

: :,.,i empty resulting In better pmp-

arly equal to renulreme-'t^.

duct ovens are onerating sub-'tantiaiiv
full now and sometimes have a surplus
for sale to furnaces normally dep<-ndi-g on
beehive coke from the Connellsville region.

SAM FRAN.*

AUa

Andes

Bern « Belcher...

Caledonia

f'hallence 1 'on
. lonfldence

(',,11 V Imlnia . .
Gould A Curry. . .
Hale * Noreroes..
Jacket-Cr. Pt. .

Mexican

1 ,,., iilrntal

ttplilr

Overman

Savage

Sierr-i Nevada. . .

Onion con

Utah < on

Apr. 9

7>3
.18

02

.05

ii'

04

.32

01

.02

06

13

t fiO 1

.12

.01 I

03

14

"7

: 01

SALT LAKE*

Apr. 1

Bnnnack

Carriirt

Colorado Mining. .

Dalv

l\ilv-.!udee

Fmplre Copper

Cold Chal"

Grand cnitrnl

Iron nlotw-tiii

1 ower Mammoth..

^tay Oay

^lo^cow

Prince Con
in-,, Wellington,
Pllver-Ktni; Coal'n
SilviT I- lull Con. .

Sloil : Con

So. Hecla

Ttntlc standard . .

Uncle Sam

Walker Cop .

Wllbert

Yankee.

Bi In onl 3.01)

Jim Butler

MacNamara

Midway

onopan •
North star

Reflcue I.ula

v, eai End < on.

Atlanta

Booth

< ,,iut, Frac

!>■ field Daisy

Florence

Jumbo F.xtenslon..
Kewanas

devad . "ilia .
Nevada Packard
Round Mountain..
Silver Pick
White (ana

HI- Jim

United Eastern.

61

lo

117

12

.05

.07

80

1 1

05

t 02

t 02

.12

.13

05

.03

21

33

03

48

t 75

4.35

t.26

4.10

.06

tl 30

5 50

tl 00

t.PS

J. 35

.31

: 03
021

j 112
00

16

1.925

2.05

04

65

tl -30

t 00|

1 55

06

t-05

January

February...
March. -
A prll
May

.Illlle - ..

■ IlllV .

V ill',, St

September.
October. . .
November.
December.

1917

7.«?6

s fi3e,

0 100
9.2S8
i() 2117
11 17'
•0 7'0
10 504
s 680

e 7> .'

fi 249

li . 375

6.782
fi 073
7.201

1917

7 . 530

8 596
9.120

9 158
to 202
11 123
1 0 , 044
10.51S

8.611
6.650
6.187
6.31"

» 721

I9'S 11

,, 684 "

7 mil '"

30 1

3D 'I

Spelter

January

February..-

March. .

/ nrll

May

June

July

t> ir-ust
September.
1 tctoher.
November
December.

Year

New
T9TT

0 6'9

■11 045
10 3PO

0 4-.0
9 362
0 371
., 643
H 860
s 136
7 983
7 H47
7 686

8 01"

7 836
7. 814

7.461

311 <

"ill

1017

0 440
11 \77,
0.130
9 219
9 102
0 201
s -173
8 190
7 906
7 H13
7 "72
7 510

s 813

7 861
7 539
7 288

51 !

TORONTO*

Adanac

Bailey

Heaver Con

i hainiMTs Ferland.

ConlaRaa

iiai -1:1' ea

1 :i I [OBC

Peterson Lake. . . .
Teinlskamlng

\\ , tilaulcr-Lor —

l^av lclson

Pome Exten

Pome Lake

Hnlllnger

Mclntvre

Ncwray

Porcu. Crown . . .

Teck-HiiBher.

vlpnnd

ffe^t Dome

Apr. 1

.08
.041
.26
09
3 05
.061
.61
.09
.26
.04
.34)
.09!
.23
5 10
1 35
23|
161
.49
.31
.131

New York and St. I.o'ls Q-intatlon»,.cent .«
London, pounds sterllnc per lonE ton.

Pic Iron,

P.r-SSTnert

I'.MSl't

Pgh.

1917

litis

1017

mix

$33 9f"
33.95

January

February
March.

A pril

May

June

July
Auclisl, . .

September.

Ortnher

November

December.

135.95

36 37
27 37
43 23
46 94
7.1 22
67 45
51 17
40 40

37 25
37 25
37 25

»37.25
37.25
37.25

S30 85

30 95
33 49

31 90
42 M
50 05
53 SO
50 37
42 24
33 95
33 95
33 95

Year

*43 57

$39.62

J

t A • reported by W. P. Snyder A Cc.

Engineering and Mining Journal

April 20, 1918

\me 105

Numbei i<>

mniiimnfiiminn

MACQUISTEN TUBES AT THE MORNING NO. 1 MILL

Flotation in the Coeur d'Alenes

By CLAUDE T. RICE

he treatment of the silver-lead and lead-zinc
■es in the Coeur d'Alene district Ms followed
~e customary lines of ore-dressing practice,
ith the advent of the. flotation process, use was
ode of this method for the treatment of the
•me, which could not be satisfactorily handled
I the appliances ordinarily available. Step by

step the peculiar difficulties attendant upon the
use of a new process ivere overcome, and a prac-
tice peculiar to this locality was developed. The
flotation of galena and blende and the separation
of blende from galena have been successfully ac-
complished in the treatment of the slime and finer
portions of the mill pulp. Details of the method.

ROTATION is now an integral part of the milling

'Practice of the Cceur d'Alenes. This is true in the

- district, whether the ore is predominantly sphaler-

galer.a, or is one in which both sulphides are im-

"it; it does not matter whether sulphides occur

mnated in fine grains or in large-sized crystalline

f -gates in the gangue (quartzite). Flotation, how-

e Plays a relatively small part in the average flow

e of the district, for the practice at present is to

'Main as much of the valuable mineral as possible

ravity concentration, after which the tails are

'ted in frothing machines. At most of the mills

! the finest slimes are first sent to tables or van-

! before treatment by flotation, although the re-

covery by flotation of the galena in most ores of the dis-
• trict is high, especially if little siderite is present.

This supplementary application of the flotation proc-
ess is due mainly to three causes: First, the uncer-
tainty which now prevails in respect to the flotation pat-
ents; second, the lack of confidence which many of the
millmen have in flotation, owing to the erratic results
obtained in the district, which preclude sole reliance
upon flotation; third, the instinctive realization of the
importance of catching the valuable minerals as early
in the milling process as possible. The last is by far
the most important reason that more reliance is not
placed at the present time upon flotation in milling
Coeur d'Alene ores.

i

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No.

z
-

y.

E-

73

--

V

o

pril 20, 1918

ENGINEERING AND .MINIM, JOURNAL

709

i'iir d'Alriif nulling practice is therefore still in a

sitory stage in respecl to notation, and the rela

importance ol that method in the milling of the

i of the districl depends mainly upon four factors:

alties that may he demanded for the use of the

the priies prevailing for silver, lead and zinc

the war. the progress which may be made in oli-

lower zinc in the lead "float" and lower lead in

"float," especially alter differential flotation,

Anally, the advances that may be mad,' in the hy-

illurgy of lead and zinc But whatever process

■ nally used in the treatment of the ores, it is rea-

hly certain that the greater part of the galena will

btained by gravity concentration, since much of the

coarse and fully 80', of it can be saved on jigs

tables, the only exception to this condition being

n fine-grained ores.

ie saving of blende by gravity methods is not as

I as that of galena. There is often siderite in the

BS at the Morning mine, to prevent the recovery of

ti blende in marketable form by simple gravity meth-

But even in the case of the finer-grained ores

i ity methods will continue to play an important part

i te mill treatment.

he flotation process will during the next few years

ease considerably in importance in the milling meth-

the district; for flotation, because of its so-called

active action" upon the silver minerals and on ac-

it of its greater efficiency in the treatment of slimes,

■<ts. even now, and will do more in the future in the

rtment of Cceur d'Alene ores when it is better under-

t d. Already many of the companies that are treating

i in which the valuable mineral occurs in coarse-

i ned aggregates are beginning to realize that by

ij- grinding of more of their table middlings and the

rtment of the resulting slime in flotation machines

can make not only higher recoveries but also win

i eater profit from their ores.

ith an increase in the zinc content in the ore, flota-

inc.'-eases in importance in the milling scheme, since

i such ores it becomes difficult to treat at a profit by

"ity methods when the metals are at ordinary prices.

Selkctive Action of Flotation for Silver

i the Cceur d'Alenes much is said about the "selec-
action" of flotation for silver. This is because the
"■rtion of silver to lead in the flotation froth is high
mpared with other concentrates. But this is not so
B h because of selective action shown for silver min-
'i s as it is that the flotation froth catches slime much
er than does a table or vanner. In spite of the
■r in the Bunker Hill & Sullivan ores appearing to
to a considerable extent, associated with the iron
^rals, in the case of the ores from Burke, Mullan
i Nine Mile mines the silver is associated with the
na, and little if any of it with the pyrite, blende,
Prhotite or siderite. In some of the ores, notably-
Gold Hunter, a little chalcocite occurs that carries
: ;r, but in spite of this the principal silver carrier is
li galena. The silver occurs in the galena as an in-
ed mineral — probably argentite. This seems to be
'n by the fact that the proportion of silver to lead
siuch higher in the coarse concentrates from the jigs
"|i in those coming from the tables, while in the flota-

n , oncent rate thi pi oporl ion ii generally i ven highei

t ban in the coar n enl rate A i he dotal ion froth

will catch much finei n al than will tables and van

ners, t in- in:. M inei al ig hi i n t h< dotal ion

machines, and as a c sequence the dotation concen

tratea arc enriched, and the table and vannei concen
trates impoverished, in silver ai compared to thi
lead content,

\\ ith ailvei al presi nl pi ii e . the im i t rac

tion of silver obtained by dotatiot portant and

justifie the u i ol it" pi ici in treating Cceur d'Alene
ore-. Fine-grinding of table middlings will also in-
crease in importance throughout the district. In this
field and in the treatment of the zim lead ore-, flotation,
following gravity. Mat ion of the pulp, will be-

t he established pra< i it e

Flotation May Becomi of Primary Importance

In the event of a notable decline in lead and zinc
prices, the future of several of the Ccaur d'Alene proper-
ties will depend upon the successful application of the
flotation process. This is especially true of properties
producing ores in which the valuable minerals occur
finely disseminated. For example, flotation has in-
creased the recovery of the Gold Hunter mill 20', as
compared to what it was with gravity concentration.
Flotation has made it possible to profitably treat the
fine-grained lead-zinc ore that now forms the bulk of
the Morning mine's output. It was the great diffi-
culty of treating the fine-grained lead-zinc ores from the
last-mentioned property that caused flotation to be first
tried in the district.

First Use of Flotation in the Cceur d'Alenes

Flotation in the Creur d'Alenes began with the adop-
tion of the Macquisten tube for separating blende from
siderite in the granular table feed at the Morning mill.
This was the first commercially successful flotation
plant in the United States, although froth flotation had
at that time been practiced in Australia for a number
of years in the treatment of lead-zinc and copper ores.
The Macquisten tube had been used several years earlier
in a small way in Nevada, and it was the description of
that installation in the Journal of Oct, 26, 1907, under
the title of "Concentration Upside Down," which first
caused the officers of the Federal company to think of
using the Macquisten tube. At that time the Mac-
quisten tube was of such a crude design mechanically
that its efficiency in operation was such as to preclude
the possibility of using it successfully on a commercial
scale. At the Morning mill, where it was introduced in
1910, the Macquisten tube was developed into a suc-
cessful appliance.

But the device will treat efficiently only a granular
feed, and upon sizes smaller than 150-mesh it is not
satisfactory, even when the sulphide particles are granu-
lar. Thus, while the adoption of the Macquisten tube
made it possible for the Federal company to separate
the greater part of its granular blende from the sider-
ite in the middlings (obtained from the tables in the
gravity treatment of the ore), much blende was still
being lost, and it was the necessity of finding some
method of satisfactorily treating this part of the ore
that led the company to investigate froth flotation, and

710

ENGINEERING AND MIXING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No.

finalb caused other companies in the district to appreci-
ate its possibilities in the treatment of the slimes from
the lead ores.

Between 191] and 1918, the Federal company tried
out several froth-flotation methods upon the Morning
mill slimes. The Potter-Delprat process, or one almost
identical with it. under the name of the Wyman proc-
u.i- first tried, but it did not succeed, because of
the large acid consumption caused by the siderite
gangue. The method was linalb discarded, and the
company then experimented with the froth-flotation
process. In the experiments encouraging results were ob-
tained, but the work was finally stopped. Early in
1914, at the invitation of H. A. Guess, T. M. Owen, who
was one of the earl}' workers in differential flo-
tation, and had had experience with flotation in
Australia, visited the Morning mill and conducted ex-
periments upon the Morning ore. He showed that the
slime portions could be treated by differential flotation
and that the lead and zinc concentrates recovered were
of marketable grade. In April, 1914, the application of
differential flotation was undertaken by Mr. Guess.

granular feed that is likely to get into a dotation]
chine. Some time later double-spitz Janney mach
were added at the Hercules mill to handle the grail
slime, and about a year ago the Janney pyramid
chines were installed at the Interstate-Callahan i
near the head of Nine Mile canyon.

Since 1014 a number of flotation machines have >
evolved in the district itself. At the Hercules rrl
machine was devised with a series of small air-lifts i
lead off from a central header over the top of the- ■
a Callow box without the pneumatic bottom. Att
end of this roughing cell is a small indepere
"cleaner" cell equipped with a Callow pan to prcu
the froth. Along this "cleaner" cell runs a lt|
ludinal traveling belt having scrapers for skimmin
the top of the froth as fast as it rises. This may
avoids the inconveniences that result from the U
ing of the cloth on Callow pneumatic machines, i
it also does away with the interference in the oper i
of the plant that occurs in a small installation win
machine has to be shut down to change bottoms. [
"pipe" machine has the»disadvantage that the act

Invention of the Callow Cell

At the time the mill at the National mine near by was
being built, and Callow pneumatic cells were being in-
stalled. J. M. Callow had found that excellent results
could be obtained on that ore by using flotation, and
so had devised his pneumatic cell for the work. The
simplicity of the Callow cell appealed to Guess when
he visited the National mill, and, after testing out the
cell in a series of experiments in which it proved -suit-
able for differential flotation, he installed Callow cells
in both the Morning and the Greenhill-Cleveland mills.

The success of the Callow machine at the Morning,
the Greenhill-Cleveland and the National mills caused
the millmen at most of the nearby lead mines to con-
sider the installation of flotation plants. By the fall
of 1914 many of the lead mills of the district were using
flotation for the treatment of the slime portion of their
pulp. Naturally they installed Callow cells.

Introduction of the Janney Machine

Later, when it was found that the Callow cell not
only would not give quite as high a grade of concen-
trate on some of the ores as would mechanical agita-
tion appliances, other machines began to be intro-
duced, and prominent among these was the Janney. The
first of the Janney machines was installed at the Frisco
mill by H. A. Guess, and soon afterward others were
put in at the Greenhill-Cleveland and at the Morning
mills, properties of the Federal company. These were
all single-spitz Janney machines equipped with lifter
pipes, but instead of scrapping these machines, as was
done at several other places because the lifter pipes
would not elevate anything except slime from the bot-
tom of the cells, the Federal company remodeled its
Janney machines along the lines suggested by Mr.
Guess at the Federal mill at Flat River, Mo., took out
the lifters and connected the spitz-boxes with the im-
peller chambers by 6-in. pipes. The pipes lead from
the bottom of the spitz-box of each cell to a point di-
rectly under the impeller shaft of that compartment, at
which point there is sufficient suction to draw any

BUNKER HILL & SULLIVAN FLOTATION- MACHI D

ment of the air going to one of the pipes throw t
whole set out and requires the readjustment o t
other pipes. The work of the cell, as a conseqm
depends upon having a conscientious and intel?e
millman.

Callow Cells at Tailing Mills

At one of the Crerar-Hewitt tailing mills a Callo I
2 ft. wide by 16 ft. long, with flat bottom and tl
modifications, is being used. At the Tamaracln
air-lift columns have been added to a spitz for
lector, and a machine of promise has been ew>
At the Bunker Hill & Sullivan mill the Bunke; b
machine is used. This machine consists of a spi' c
lecting chamber with li-in. centrifugal pumps conic
to it and used to circulate the pulp through tha<
into which the spitz or V-box is divided. The jn
are constructed with special bushings so as to mini
the wear on the shafts. The upkeep on this flot
machine is consequently not so large as might an
be thought. The machine has the advantage that 1
a less violent and a more closely controllable actioitl
have some of the others. The other distinguti
feature of the Bunker Hill machine is the use iiei

,ril 20, 1!HS

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

711

■I if a traveling belt carrying scrapers thai drag the
th up an inclined lip in discharging it. This

ts m the production of :i clean concentrate with
irlose attention on the part of the attendant. The
mine has also a positive regulati if the water

and an air-lift discharge of the tailings, so that
i, is not the trouble that is common with the spigot
r] of discharge.

c K. & K. machine lias been tried at the Morning
ii , but is mi longer used, as it has not been found
i fer any advantage over the modified .lanney cells

which the mill is equipped for handling the granu-

art "i the flotation feed. In one of the tailing

owned by Crerar & Hewitt there is in use a ma-
the K. & K. type so arranged as to circulate the

positively through the live cells into which the ma-
is divided. This machine is equipped with scrap-
rtu remove the froth from the collecting chamber.

Zeigleb Flotation Machine
'e Zeigler machine remains to be mentioned.

As

attracting attention outside of the Cceur d'Alene
and is looked upon favorably in the district it-

ami passes through opening G into chamber A of the
nexl compartment, where i h<- cycle is repeated. Al
the baffle board is an opening // through which the
excess air in the froth escapes, so thai onlj troth con«
centrates rise in the collectinj r. Tailings pa

through the discharge device /. Fig 2 al the end <>i the

machine, tin- water level in the agital chambei being

regulated positively by raising or lowering the end of

the gooseneck overflow which Swings on the nipple J.

I'lie greater part of the tailing di through the

bottom spigol K of the regulating pipe, but this open-
ing is adjusted so that a slighl Overflow ascends through
the gooseneck. The discharge and feed ends can be re-
versed if desired, as the pulp moves equally well in
either direction through the machine.

Air pressure of from four to five pounds per square
inch raises the pulp through the air-i'ift boxes,
and one horsepower is an ample allowance for supplying
the air for a five-cell machine (30 to 50 cu.ft. of air is
required per minute for a five-cell machine). The agi-
tators or sprayers rotate at about 175 r.p.m. The
five-cell machine has a capacity on most flotation pulps
of from 75 to 100 tons per 24 hours. It requires from

<3

L. D/scha .

S>e> ice ^

- Rabbit Post
I" for End Plank

['^_^

f

Plan
FIG. 1. PLAN AND SECTIONAL V

alH will describe it in greater detail than the others.

' Zeigler machine is a device resembling the

K. type. The impellers do not rotate in the body

3 pulp itself. An air lift is used to raise the pulp

I lischarge it as a spray up into the impeller cham-

*rn which it is beaten into an exceedingly fine froth.

'V-box collecting chamber is larger than in the

■ K. The Zeigler machine is divided into five cells,

'irgh which the pulp successively travels. In detail

I 'tion of the machine is as follows : The pulp enters

flgb the feed opening, Fig. 1, near the bottom of

P Electing chamber A of the first cell. An air lift B

a the pulp into the chamber D, in which rotates

Pdle wheel E, the axle of which serves as the axle

'r >e impellers of the other cells and is carried at the

Pin drip collars that drain back into the two end

0 mg chambers and prevent leakage. The impeller

a rotates so as to discharge the aerated pulp into

>jj3er .4 behind the baffle board F. There the froth

ts and Passes over the discharge lip, while the

" lf the pulp that does not float drops to the bottom

Section X-X
IEW OF ZEIGLER FLOTATION BIACHINE

five to six horsepower to operate the machine. The only
part that is likely to give trouble is the impeller shaft,
and that rotates at a comparatively low speed. Several
of the machines have been working more than a year
without showing any pronounced weakness in design or
construction.

The Zeigler machine can be operated either as a deep-
er a shallow-froth machine. On slimes a froth bed eight
inches deep is used as a maximum, while on granular
pulps a froth bed as shallow as two inches is carried.
The froth resembles that obtained on pneumatic ma-
chines. By changing the speed of the agitator shaft
so as to get a quieter- and slower-discharging froth, the
Zeigler machine can be made to serve as a "cleaner"; by
running it faster and making the action more violent, it
becomes a high-capacity "rougher." By operating the
machine quietly, lead concentrates as high in grade as
those obtained by the use of specially designed "cleaner"
cells were won from an ore that, owing to the char-
acter of the gangue, under other conditions failed to
yield a clean concentrate.

712

ENGINEERING ANI> MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No.G

In the Coeur d* Alone*, ores of the same general char-

r often react differently with the same flotation
at but most of the lead ores Rive good results with

jl N S. pine oil. This is the only oil used at the
Bunker Hill & Sullivan, the Hecla. and the Tamarack
mills. \t the Hercules it is also the only oil. with the
eptioil of a small amount of hardwood creosote that
dded at the "cleaner" cells of the .lanneys which take
the reground tailings from the tallies (treating original
feed and reground middlings). It is also the only oil
that is used at the National null to float the copper

, 3'x3'Opening

y

Leave Top open
: twrr Syphon

Adjust hole in Plug so
there is a smal/ Overflow
Draw Plua to remove Coarse
Material

FIG.

PI LP DISCHARGE END OF ZEIGLER FLOTATION
MACHINE

minerals Occurring as chalcocite, ehalcopyrite and na-
tive copper.

No. 5 pine oil is used with other flotation agents in
lifting the zinc mineral at the Interstate-Callahan and
the Success mills. In one of the Crerar-Hewitt tailing
plants it is used to float the lead and froth the pine-tar
oil later used in lifting the zinc. On the other hand,
the lead ore at the Gold Hunter mine will not float
well with any of the several Southern pine oils, and tests
have shown that hardwood creosotes (Cleveland-Cliffs
No. 2 and oils of like nature) give much better results.

The next oil in importance in the district is a pine-
tar oil of which a typical brand in use is No. 350 Pensa-
cola. This oil is used at the Interstate-Callahan, the

Success, and, to a certain extent, at the Morning i
as well as at one of the Crerar-Hewitt tailing ii]
It is mixed with No. 5 pine oil and acts as the
lector in raising the zinc. In some of the mills i
tar is added in small amount either to No. 5 ph
or to No. 2 Cleveland-Cliffs, with the purpose o :
creasing the flotability of the galena, but great i
has to be exercised in its use, or too much blem
gangue rises along with the galena. Where a co;-|
oil is used, it is one that is produced by the Sp<s
gasworks. No. 8 G. N. S. oil is used at the Mo i
mill rather than Pensacola 350, as it appears to lil'l
blende somewhat better than Pensacola. When
Morning No. 2 mill was being operated, Pensacold
400 in small amount was used instead of No. 350 mi
ever it was inconvenient to obtain No. 8 G. N. S. i
tar collector oils such as Nos. 8, 350 and 400 areu
only at the mills where zinc is being floated, andl
of them is used to lift lead.

Chemicals Used

The chemicals used in connection with froth flolt
in the Coeur d'Alene mills are copper sulphates
phuric acid, sodium sulphide and lime, and these.lv
the exception of the lime, which is employed at the!
cules mill to settle the lead concentrates from floifc
in the Dorr thickener that feeds the Oliver filter, i
used almost entirely at the mills where zinc is aj
lifted. Copper sulphate is at present in use only : i
Interstate-Callahan mill. It is expected that coppes
phate will be used at the Crerar-Hewitt tailing L
to bring up the blende with a minimum proportin
gangue. Until recently copper sulphate was also uMi
at the Hercules mill for the purpose of obtaing
cleaner galena froth from the Janney machines (M
ing reground middlings). Sulphuric acid is empkrd
the Morning and Success mills, the object being tjjl
vent siderite, white mica and other gangue miM
from being lifted with the zinc. Sodium sulj h e
used at the Crerar-Hewitt and the Hayes tailingn
for sulphidizing the feed when oxidized minera i
present. Lime is used at the Hercules in settliri I
flotation concentrates in the Dorr thickener, ^1
other mills nothing is used at present to break dov i
flotation froth other than high-pressure water sprjf
No. 5 pine oil in small quantities.

Fine-Crushing Increasing in the District

Flotation was first used in the lead mills of th C
trict to secure the galena that escaped from the v*n<
and fine tables. This it has accomplished so welt)
many of the mills have discarded their vanner; t
with the exception of the Bunker Hill & Sullivairc
those that continue to use vanners are planning 1 1
card them in the near future. At the Bunker M
Sullivan mill the mill pulp is closely classifiec f
granular material is treated upon tables and vai<
while the very fine slime pulp goes to flotation unit

At the other mills of the district there has la
steady increase in the amount of feed that hat!"
sent to the flotation machines. There is a well-mi
tendency to regrind the table middlings and to se ;
resulting product to the flotation units. For a n
Hardinge conical mills usurped the fine-grinding fid

2(1. lit IS

ENGINEERING AND minim; JOURNAL

7i:t

listrict, as the first tube mills put m were equipped

I smooth liners ami did not operate satisfactorily.

i' Hardinge mills, El Oro liners were used, and so a

•actory crushing effect was obtained. The neces

m|' using rough liners in the hall- and tube-mills is

i uited. and hall-mills are being used more and

. in the district. Either white-iron or manganoid

are used, according to the hardness of the ore

is being fed to the mills, and the crushing is done

:■ with ordinary white iron balls, manganoid halls.

Miles. Adamant blocks have been tried at the

I ing mill with fairly satisfactory results, both in
■ [ardinge mills ami in the tube-mill (now equipped
• ribbed manganese liners, the conical lining once

I I it having been taken out). Eucalyptus wood has
•tried as a lining in a ball-mill in one of the mills

and diluted bj the r< turn middling to •"■ '" i before >">

ing tut he dotal ion i i'IIs.

The standard si/e for the Dorr thickenei ..i thi
M, miles mill is 30 fl in diametei bj 6 to hi ft deep.
One of the Dorr thickeners, however, is 7n ft. in diam
eter. At the same mill some of the smaller Dorrs have
been erected three high, one above tin other, and at the
Gold Hunter two Dorr tin have been placed one

above the other. At the Morning mill an innovation in
Dorr construction has been made by building a Dorr

thickener 50 ft. in dia ter directlj upon the ground

as a foundation, making the leveled-off ground the bot-
tom of the thickener. No trouble has been experienced
from seepage, and a considerable saving was made in
the first cost of the tank. In the 60-ft. Dorr at the
Hercules mill, instead of scrapers a revolving screw is

CHALMERS & WILLIAMS BALL-MILLS AT THE HERCULES MILL. WALLACE, IDAHO

? district at the earnest solicitation of a dealer
handled that wood, but it wore out in six days.
T ball- and tube-mills range in size from five to
?! feet in diameter and from four to ten feet in
Hi. One of the mills at the Hunter is 14 ft. long,
'dabbles are used. The cylindrical mills are of Power
'd lining Machinery, Chalmers & Williams and Marcy
The pebble or ball-mills, whether cylindrical or
0 'I, grind in closed circuit with the tables and drag
a*fiers. The overflow from the drag classifiers,
t< being tabled, goes to Callow cones or Dorr thick-
e where the pulp is settled and sent to the flotation
a< nes at a dilution of 4 to 1. At the Bunker Hill &
Jl an the pul" is drawn off from the Dorrs at 1 to 1

used to feed the thickened pulp to the center, and this
is carried by a small motor that travels on an inclined
track supported by the top of the tank. The tank, which
is built on a concrete bottom, was put up by erecting a
form for carrying the metal lath reinforcement and
the use of a cement gun to build the sides. This "gun-
ite" thickening tank has been in use now for several
months, and has rendered excellent service.

Where Flotation Agent Is Added

The oil is added to the pulp either at the centrifugal
pump which takes the thickener pulp from the Dorrs
or at the pachuca that is used at most of the plants.
It is generally added at the pachuca and occasionally at

711

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No.

r-
<

M -

i- -

-
-
C
-

pril 20, 1918

ENGINEERING A.ND MINIM; JOURNAL

i points Where the pulp goes to Janney machini
, itioii of the notation agenl is effected in the special
i with which each unit is equipped. At two of the

s in the district a froth is taken off at the pachuca.
, me mill in the district, the Gold Hunter, where Cal

■ machines are used, the dotation agent is added di-
, ly to the "rougher" cells through the return from the

aiier" cells, .lust as good extraction has thus been

k lined as where the dotation agent was added to

i teed in the pachuca. At the Bunker Hill & Sullivan

Oil is added to the pulp at the centrifugal pump

| takes the pulp from the thickeners to the flotation

hint's, ami the admixture is completed in larger

ker Hill or Zeigler machines, while at the same time

grade froth is obtained. From the "rougher"

ling machines the pulp then goes to (allow cells for

roughing-off of a concentrate, which is later cleaned
in eight-cell Bunker Hill & Sullivan cleaner.

Number of Flotation Machines in Use

f the several different machines favored in the dis-

r . the ("allow cells are used principally for handling

slimes, while Janney machines are installed when

much granular material in the flotation feed.

re are nine ("allow machines at the National, half of

h are at present shut down, as only half of the mill

ring run; 18 at the Morning, 12 at the Gold Hunter,

t at the Hercules, eight at the Bunker Hill & Sul-

!. L8 at Morning No. 2, eight at the Greenhill-Cleve-

, four at the Sweeney, and one each at the Hecla

the Hayes tailings mills at Pine Creek. At the

s there are 30 Janney cells, at the Morning No. 1.

. at the Ray-Jefferson six, at the Greenhill-Cleve-

i four, and at the Interstate-Callahan 16 cells. The

'i other machine that is used in more than one mill

B ie Zeigler, three of which are used at the Success

■ one at the Bunker Hill & Sullivan mill, one at the
i es tailing mill and two at the Silverado mill (now
I -d down).

Details of Callow Cell

o eight-cell Callow machine, 10 ft. long by 2 ft.
■. will treat from 50 to 75 tons of slime in 24 hours
r ordinary conditions, and requires from 150 to 175
■ of free air per minute per cell. The air is sup-
either Connellsville or Root blowers of small
and at pressures ranging from six to nine pounds
square inch. At the machines, an air pressure of
it 21 lb. per sq.in. at the head-end and 3A lb. at the
P targe end is found efficient.

The Janney Machine
ie Janney machines require between six and seven
epower per cell under ordinary conditions of pulp
load, and 400 tons of feed can be treated in a seven-
rougher of the modified single-spitz form, such as is
at the Morning mill. A froth thickness of about
inch is carried on the "rougher" cells of the Janney
;; lines and about eight inches upon the "cleaner"

ie froth carried on the Callow cells varies with the

In treating blende, a froth about 12 in. deep is

; in treating lead ores, the depth of froth used

's with the different ores, according to the readiness

1 which they can be cleaned. For example, at the

">"ules mill a froth of only about four or five inches

in thickness is carried, while at the Gold Hunter mill the
Froth is from 10 to 12 i n. leep and at the Mornini
to il in. Whenever siderit iderite and blende o

iu the ore, a deep froth iiui-l be Carried in order to ob-
tain a clean galena froth,
The usual practice is to regulate tin- water level on the

(allow machines by mean- of a floating pan that inn
I nils a needle valve in the discharge, but more and
more of the mills are adopting positive control of this

important feature in the operation of the cells.

At a few of the mills Wir opped into the pulp

by feedini . but usually, as the oils used are ea

Slowing, such as No. .", pine "il and No. L! Cleveland
Cliffs creosote, a can with a Btop-COCk at its bottom

drips the oil into the pulp.

Cleaning the Flotation Concentrate

The practice in the district is to lift a rough concen-
trate upon the first machines and then to send the float
from two "rougher" machines to a "cleaner," the
"rougher" machines making a tailing while the bottom
discharge from the "cleaner" machines is returned to
the "roughers" for retreatment. The lead tailings go
from 0.5 to 0.7'. lead where the fire assay is used and
1 to 1.2$ lead at the mills where wet assays are made.
The flotation feed varies in the different plants, but it
ranges between 4 and 6% lead. The concentrates made
on the Callow machines range between 40 and 45',
lead and carry from 5 to 6'c zinc. There is usually only
\' , zinc in the mill feed. In the mills where there is
much zinc in the ore, it is difficult to get galena con-
centrates from flotation that carry less than from 11
to 12', zinc, and often the zinc is higher. Whenever
there is much zinc or siderite in the ore, the froth is
drawn off from the Callows only along the last two feet
of their sides. This gives the froth a better chance
to stratify itself in the cell, and so causes a cleaner
galena to come off.

Seldom is anything done to break down the froth be-
tween the "roughers" and "cleaners" other than to spray
it with high-pressure water, but at a few of the mills
No. 5 pine oil in small quantity is dripped in to acceler-
ate the operation. In the "cleaners" the dilution is
about seven to one, although this varies in the different
mills. The principle followed in cleaning seems to be to
lift the concentrate in a cleaner pulp, so as to get less
entanglement of the gangue particles in the froth as
well as less of the finer blende or galena (depending
upon the making of a galena or a blende concentrate) .
At some of the mills the froth concentrates are sent to
gravity tables to be cleaned as best they can, but
little is usually accomplished by this tabling, owing to
the fine-grained character of the feed.

The cleaning practice of the district seems crude to
me. At the mills treating ore low in zinc, it is easy to
keep within the zinc penalty, but at those where there
is much zinc in the lead ore, where differential flotation
is practiced, or where much lead or siderite occurs with
the zinc, there is room remaining for improvement. The
blende that rises in the lead froth and the galena and
siderite particles that rise in the blende froth are usu-
ally extremely minute in size, and it would seem as
though lower than 12',- of either could be obtained by
breaking down the froth completely before lifting it
again.

II

TIC

ENGINEERING AND MINING MHKNAL

Vol. 105, No.

The froth concentrates are settled to a consistency of
from 50 to 609k moisture in either tallow tanks or
■• thickeners, in most cases in Dorr thickeners, and
then filtered. Considerable trouble is experienced with
d pulp in the ores, both at the Tallow cells and especi-
ally at the Dorr thickeners, where the wood pulp causes
trouble by stopping the spigots. At several of the mills
this trouble is avoided, and the possibility of coarse
sands reaching the Dotation plant prevented, by sending
the pulp through guard screens thai range in size from
20 to 40 mesh. But this wise practice is not as gen-
erally followed in the district as it should be. Another
method of avoiding the wood-pulp trouble at the Dorr
thickeners is to use a large spigot and discharge in-
termittently by the automatic opening and closing of
the valve, as is done at the Bunker Hill ..v. Sullivan mill.
When coal tar is added to the oil in order to lift the
lead, some trouble is experienced in breaking the froth
down at the Dorrs, but usually the froth will dissipate
of its own accord as soon as it has reached a thickness of
a foot or more. At the Gold Hunter mill a special de-
vice had to tie put in to scrape the froth off the Don-
handling the froth concentrates. At the Hercules mill,
slacked lime is added to the thickener feed to break
down the froth.

Filtering the Flotation < oncentrates

The Oliver filter is extensively used. Almost all the
Olivers are six by eight-foot machines. At the National
and the Morning mills Kelly filters are used, but these
require the attention of one man when they are running,
and are not therefore economical in small installations
where only 15 to 30 tons of concentrates are filtered
in 24 hours. A vacuum of 22 in. is used on the Olivers,
and a cake with from 8 to 11'. moisture obtained.
Some trouble has been experienced in keeping the heavy
lead concentrates from choking up the pulp hopper when
the filter has had to lie shut down for any reason, but
this has been overcome in several ingenious ways. One
lie best of the methods has been developed at the
Hercules mill. At this plant the agitator shaft is
belted independently from the rest of the machine, and
speeded up to 86 r.p.m. The agitator blades splash the
concentrate pulp, which is carried low in the pulp hop-
per, up against the filter cloth.

The American Filter

Recently a new filter, the American, has been in-
troduced into the district. This filter is used at the
Hayes tailing mill near Pine Creek and is being sub-
jected to a severe test, as the froth produced in the
experimental work at that mill is difficult to filter. The
filter consists of a series of vertical filter disks four
feet in diameter, carried on a horizontal shaft. Each
disk is divided into eight pie-shaped filter plates. The
filter segments consist of a filter cloth loosely stretched
over a pipe frame, a wire screen being used for keeping
the two canvas filter surfaces apart while suction is on
and the cake is being formed and dried. Each of the
filter frames connects through a pipe with the control
valve carried at the end of the shaft. As the shaft
rotates, the frame is put under vacuum, thus forming
the cake while submerged in the pulp hopper. The suc-
tion remains on, drying the cake as it emerges and until
the scrapers for removing the cake are reached, when a

pressure of a few pounds per inch is blown into
frame and the canvas bellied out against the sera
which knock the cake off, letting it drop into the i
hopper, which is under the overhang of the disks oil
discharge side. A cake is formed on both sides ol
filter leaves. The disks are placed at 12-in. ceii
along the horizontal shaft, and as many of then
mounted on the shaft as is necessary to give thei
chine the capacity desired. At the Hayes mill thei
chine has three disks.

Conclusion

There are two great flotation possibilities ahe;
the district, the tailings piles at the Sweeney i
Hunker Hill & Sullivan mills and the tailings that;
been impounded just above Pine Creek and have
mulated during the last 15 years. The problem of \t
ing the tailings is being attacked in an experinn
mill, which is now treating from 30 or 40 ton;]
day, be the Hayes company, composed of some ol
larger operators of th^ district. As yet the e>t
ments are confined to floating the lead, and that 1m
ticularly difficult, as there is much wood pulp, sej
and flocculent matter in the feed. In addition i
tailing material has undergone oxidation. The <
pulp is so fine that it is almost impossible to screi
out of the feed going to the flotation machines, and I
it comes in contact with the oils it appears to at<
them and causes much other trouble. It is thought
when the wood-pulp difficulties are solved, the re
the problem will be comparatively easy. There is an
tonnage of imponded tailings, and their content
timated to be 3rc in lead and zinc.

It is difficult to say just what is the actual cct
flotation in the Coeur d'Alenes, but it costs betwei
and 20c. per ton of feed when floating one miners a
about 25c. per ton of feed when floating two mir
differentially. This statement applies only to the .i
ening, floating and filtering, and does not incluc 1
cost of fine-grinding.

Every American's Duty

It is the duty of all to work, economize, am It
money to the Government.

Hundreds of thousands of our msn have been »1
to arms and taken away from the productive for s
the country. Hundreds of thousands of othersn;
been diverted from producing things used in pe e
producing things used in war. In the face o tl
lessened productive force and production, a gret p
unusual drain upon our resources is made by our ri
and Navy and our Allies.

Work and speed up production to make up f<
lessened production ; economize in consumption to -s-
as much as possible the drain upon our resources i
your money to your Government to prosecute th 1
successfully and make our soldiers powerful, efft:
and victorious.

Every American can do an individual service ■
country by working, saving, and buying Liberty >

A Liberty Bond will pay you interest on the fu» "«
America. Defeat will make you pay compound intei-t
the future of Germany

pril 20, litis

ENGINEERING AND MINIM, JOURNAL

717

Flotation in Arizona

i:v kidoi.i-' » ; ,\ 1 1 1

llu flotation treatment of copper ores of tin dis-
■s grown to large proportions,
'improvements of <i mechanical natun an steadily
>eing made, but the broadening of the field of
dotation to inclndi the treatment of mixed and
txidized ores is only slowly talcing place. Tin
irticlc that follows is a review of tin rec<

opments in flotation practice in Arizona.
'I covers mechanical improvements, tin treatnu ni

xidized ores and leaching-flotation practice.

t INCE the Inspiration company in 1915 adopted a
•iflow sheet for its copper concentrator in which flo-
•. tat ion forms the backbone of the treatment and in
separation of the copper minerals according to
■ r specific gravity plays only a secondary part, other
{ tona copper producers have followed in its steps. At
ii a small company, the Stoddard Mining Co., erected

till, with the assistance of H. Kenyon Burch, of
>Imi, Inspiration and Verde-Extension fame. Later

Miami Copper Co. remodeled several of its sections
il g similar lines, and the Phelps Dodge Corporation
• onsidering the application of the Inspiration sys-
e in its Bisbee concentrator, now under design.

When Flotation Becomes Vexation

i the Inspiration flow sheet, tables were retained

the retreatment of the granular portion of the

lotion tailings. Since then some optimists have gone

ar as to recommend the omission of these tables

ature installations, arguing that still finer grinding

>1 he ore would make them unnecessary. On the other

1, there are some heretics among the conservative

designers who are not converted from the opinion

i; flotation should be auxiliary to the time-honored

H.'ity concentration, and I am inclined to think that,

npite of all the advantages pointed out in favor of the

» system and the eminent success of the plants using

t lany a mill superintendent who operates one of these

ii ern plants has weak moments, especially when

I gs go wrong, when he loses copper in the tailings,
nputs gangue into the concentrates, and when he

!: into the clever treatises that have been written
nthe theory of flotation and does not find anything
c elp him out. In such moments of weakness he often
■vies he had means of removing a goodly fraction of
8 copper from the ore before turning it over to the
Vitifully simple, although, in spite of all that has been
ten about it, at times mysterious flotation process.

Flotation Equipment

urning to the subject of flotation equipment, what
n= largely determined the choice, of a flotation machine

II he past, and is determining it now, is the attitude,
whose who have to make the decision in the matter,
'card the all-important question of flotation royalties.

letallurgist. Inspiration Consolidated Copper Co. ; Miami.
-* f>na

li they arc of the opinion thai thi question of alleged
infringement of the basic patent of .Minerals Separation
will ultimately be d& ided in favor of the defi
ants, they will probablj install one of the mac)
the pneumatic type thai docs not utilize mechanical
agitation; that is, they will select an e in which

the subdivision of the injected air is accomplished by
Mowing it through a porous medium. The best-known
representative of this type is the ('allow machine.

and this is largely on account of the publicity which
it has received in the infringement suit of Minerals
Separation against the Miami Copper Co. The larger
copper mills apparently look favorably upon the In-
spiration flotation machine, as appears to be proved
by the installation of these machines or of machines of
their general type in the plants of Ray-Consolidated,
i In no. Miami and Utah Copper companies. The flota-
tion machine designed by David Cole and characterized
by the tubular shape of the air-injecting apparatus
is in use at the plant of the Cananea Consolidated Cop-
per ( ompany.

Jannev Machine Popular With Companies
Contesting M. S, Claims

Companies which are contesting the basic patent
rights of Minerals Separation have been reported to
be using to a certain extent the Jannev, a beater type
machine, and, I understand, successfully. The installa-
tion of this machine in other plants is perhaps handi-
capped by the uncertainty that is attached by many to
the outcome of the Hyde patent case in which this ma-
chine is involved.

In the other camp of the flotation controversy, con-
siderable effort has been made to improve the machine
construction. The Standard Minerals Separation ma-
chine is now designed to be operated with a low-pulp
level. In the same type of machine the rate of pulp
circulation has been materially increased. As the pulp
circulates faster than it discharges from the machine,
openings are provided now which permit the excess of
the pulp to flow back to the preceding compartments.

The Hebbard type of flotation machine, being installed
by Minerals Separation, has, so far, not attained the
success in Arizona which it has in Australia. An
Australian engineer, trained under Hebbard, is en-
deavoring to repeat in this country the Australian suc-
cess of these machines.

Cascade Flotation Machines

Minerals Separation is also attaching much im-
portance to the type of flotation machine which utilizes
air bubbles that are drawn into the pulp wherever it
drops to a lower level. Machines of this character are
generally designated as "cascade" machines, and have
been used and ai-e being used in Arizona and elsewhere
in America for the recovery of "float" that gets away
from the regular flotation machines. Their principal
merits are that they require no power, little supervis-
ion and are subject to a negligible amount of wear.
A device of this kind was used in the operation of the

7 IS

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No.

Inspiration test mill. A larger one was installed at
the plant oi the Arizona Copper Co. and has boon de-
scribed by Arthur Crowfoot'. Nearly every one that
rates flotation machines has contrived some scheme

of this kind for his plant. Very likely, however, the
engineers of Minerals Separation were the first in-
ventors, having been early in the field. In Australia.
the success o\ this scheme (a design of which is known
as the Seale-Sellshear flotation machine) is reported
to rival even that of the Hebbard type. As far as its
application to the prevailing types of Arizona copper
ores is concerned, I am inclined to be skeptical regard-
ing its prospects of replacing types now in successful
operation for the primary treatment of the ore, although
its usefulness as a scavenger cannot be doubted. Con-
ditions with ores that float easily are more favorable
for the application of the machine as a primary con-
centrator, and there may be a field for it in preferential
flotation.

Among the machines that are admittedly utilizing
the principles granted in the patent to Minerals Separa-
tion, the Rork and K. & K. flotation machines,
originated by employees of the Phelps Dodge Corpora-
tion and in operation at various plants of that concern,
appear to have been measureably successful.

Treatment of Oxidized Ores by Flotation

The flotation process, since its introduction into
Arizona, has been successful and has been adopted in
a number of plants. Not only ores of copper are treated
now by flotation, but also many others, such as rare-
metal ores like those of molybdenum. Nevertheless, it
must be admitted that not all of the sanguine hopes
placed in the process have been realized, at least not at
present. I am referring especially to the expectation,
which had been entertained even by many of our most
conservative metallurgists, that the flotation process
would find as wide an application for the treatment of
oxidized ores as it has found for sulphide ores.

It is true that it has been applied commercially to
the treatment of a sulphidized lead carbonate ore by
the Shattuck-Arizona Copper Co. at Bisbee. The Salt
Lake Station of the Bureau of Mines deserves the
credit for working out this problem and for detailing
one of its student metallurgists, Glen L. Allen, to
assist in applying the results obtained by small-scale
tests, made under 0. C. Ralston's direction, to a com-
mercial scale. Mr. Allen is now mill superintendent
of the Shattuck-Arizona Co.

It is also a fact that the Magma Copper Co. has used,
and I suppose is still using, hydrogen sulphide gas
for the purpose of producing a coating of copper sul-
phide on the oxidized copper minerals which they are
recovering. J. M. Callow2 has published figures in-
dicating that the process is a commercial success.

Nevertheless, the process has not found as wide-
spread application as it would have if more ores had
been discovered that are suitable for this treatment.
I am not well informed regarding the flotation treat-
ment of lead carbonates, but from whatever experiments
I have made, and from what I have seen otherwise re-
garding the application of the process to the treatment
of oxidized copper ores, I would be inclined not to recom-

'Eng. and Mill. Journ.. Apr. 14. 1917, i> 665.
Trans. A. I. M E., Vol. 56 (HUfi) p. 88.

mend its general application except under unusual
ditions. In making this statement I am not refer
to the addition of certain sulphur compounds to
mill pulp, a procedure that has been found deck
beneficial in several cases, as I ascribe this influ
rather to an action on the mill water than on
mineral contents of the gangue.

Effect of Lime in Mill Solutions

Flotation operators are familiar with the effec
lime contents of the mill solution on the flotation re.M
and some may be equally familiar with the fact th
can be counterbalanced either by converting the i
contained in such water into a sulphur compoun
by adding a soluble sulphur compound of a ce
kind; for example, sodium sulphide or even cal
sulphide. I assume that this or a similar actio
many cases explains the beneficial effect of the addi
of sulphur compounds.

Where experiments with the "filming" process a
not promised success for large-scale operation, t
"leaching-flotation" process has often been tried
consists, as hardly needs mentioning, of adding i
cient sulphuric acid (perhaps acids of other kinds i
be substituted in certain cases) to the ore pulp, wit
object of dissolving the copper contents, as far as I
are soluble in the acid. After solution has been )i
pleted, precipitation is accomplished by some or
the different methods available for the purpose f
instance, the introduction of a soluble sulphide t
passage of the pulp through a drum filled with r
shot (Miami-Chino method), or the addition of lie
divided iron. Flotation to recover the copper sul
precipitate or the cement copper, as the case ma 1
follows the precipitation treatment.

One Disadvantage in "Leach-Flotation"

Rickard and Ralston, by the way, in their vaht
book on flotation, credit me with being the patent'
the leaching-flotation process, so far as it is cone*
with the precipitation on iron. As a matter of factm
a modification that appeared useful to me is cor
by my patent, No. 1,217,437. Many investigator.'- n
only in Arizona but elsewhere, are trying to ad.t
process of this kind to special ores. It seems the s
of simplicity and requires little additional equit e
in plants where flotation is already in use. It is, o
ever, not without its drawbacks. Perhaps the priiip
one is that, after the copper is precipitated, the sen
tion of the concentrates from the pulp still reni
to be done. The flotation process may serve w.
accomplishing this, but it is not as simple as it i k
be. The introduction of the leaching and the pr:i
tating agent into the ore pulp causes a materiaboi
tamination of the mill water, and, although the aditi
of foreign substances does not always interfere.
has been beneficial in certain cases, I believe th;.
a rule, contaminations of any kind are objectionae

The very simplicity of a leaching and flotation e
ment entails another disadvantage. The mann
which the leaching agent is added to the pulp is no-<
ducive to the best extraction by leaching. Mit
leaching practice, at least as far as copper is coned'
realizes more and more, if I interpret things ri it
that the movement of the leaching solution an t

. .ril 20, 1918

ENGINEERING and minim. JOURNAL

719

■ houlil be in opposite directions (counter-current)

itain the best extraction. It is undoubtedly true,

is been pointed out repeatedly 1>> a past master

e art. that the solution "i' the metal is a relatively

ile individual stop m the operation of a com-

lial leaching process. Still, this must nol !»• taken

•an that with the leaching agent in widest use for

■r-leaching purposes, namely sulphuric acid, the

if extraction obtained is not influenced mate-

r by the mode of its application. I know that it i-

rhe ores and tailings which 1 have tried to leach.

jxplanation is probably that what we have to deal

are not clearly defined copper carbonates, but

i complex minerals. Furthermore, the copper

ites that predominate over the carbonates in the

eof certain Arizona copper mines, as, for instance

aspiration, are much more difficult to dissolve than

ary carbonates. For these reasons more than one

ma copper metallurgist has, in spite of the allur-

. importunities that flotation offers for the treat-

of oxidized ores, decided to concentrate his efforts

aching.

ng, in connection with flotation, is admitted!]

tvithout difficulties of its own. When it is carried

lifter flotation, the treatment of the tailings slime

•nts the biggest problem. The decantation proc-

fippears to be the only solution. Apparently the

at ion of the fact that it must be done at an ex-

Ax low cost, and with pulps that do not settle as

might be wished, has so far prevented men

v .1. V. N. Dorr, who have' done pioneer work in

>ling decantation methods to precious-metal ores,

x applying their experience to the treatment of cop-

:nres. On the reverse procedure, of leaching first

■.floating afterward, R. C. Canby, I believe, at one

n conducted some experiments for the Miami Copper

and Frederick Laist, at Anaconda, has developed

ithod of this character with so much success on a

n scale that it is. I understand, being considered or

tried out for the purpose of treating the ore

•( the Potrerillos orebody of the Andes Copper Co.

Advance in Flotation Methods
. advance in flotation methods is represented by
it treatment of granular material, as practiced at

ration. Table middlings are, without regrinding,
■eed by flotation machines. While it is generally
)i dered that ores, to be suitable for flotation in

tor or porous blanket machines, should contain a
win amount of slime, the treatment of de-slimed
r< is foreshadowed in certain Minerals Separation

its.' I have, however, not heard that a practical
P! cation of the principle has been made elsewhere.
I de-slimed table tailings are treated in this manner
I spiration in an experimental way.

Shorten the War

e sooner the irresistible might of this great Re-
1 c is organized and put into full action the sooner
Invar will end. Every dollar invested in Government
ecities works to shorten the war to save the lives
1 merican soldiers and sailors.

iy Liberty Bonds.

' r>. Ricketts
H. Higgin.^. U S. Pat. Xos. 1.236.933 and 1.236.934.

A ( on\ (-111111! Sochi I 1 1 dei

Bo in Dei Mar

In Rotation work an acid or neutral pulp must
time be rendered alkaline to obtain the best results,

and it has been found by expt in some

easesi that 'I tions induced by Soda in tin- Solid

form (powder) are more efficacious 'ban an aquei
solution. As the soda should be added regularly, a aim
pie feeder that any mill mechanic can make may inter-
est those who may now be adding the chemical by hand
Two wood pulleys 8 in. in diametei are mounted in a
box and revolve at LO to 20 r.p.m. On the pulleys is

SODA FEEDER

stretched what is known to the trade as a ladder chain,
light and inexpensive. In the bottom of the box is a
half-inch hole directly under the chain. Over this hole
is tacked a strip of wood with a conical hole .4. The
chain scrapes on the wood and keeps the hole open.
This precaution is necessary because when soda is ex-
posed to air it absorbs moisture and will not run. A
simple bucket elevator might be used for the purpose,
but the bucket would fill up and so be inoperative. The
feeder illustrated works well. It is necessary occasion-
ally to stir the soda in the box. Against each pulley is
an iron scraper to clear the groove on the pulleys so the
chain will ride properly.

Correction for Feed Troubles with
Janney Flotation Machines

At some mills using the Janney flotation machine,
where there is much material of a granular nature in
the feed, trouble from choking of the spitz boxes by
failure of the lifter pipes to suck up the heavier particles
along with the slime has been overcome by putting air-
lift pipes into the lifters to act as boosters. A simpler
remedy consists of conducting the pulp from the spitz
to the impeller chamber through a 6-in. pipe leading
from the bottom of the spitz and connecting with the
impeller chamber directly under the impeller shaft,
where there is a strong suction.

•Metallurgical engineer Sandon. B. C.

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No.

Flotation at Belmont Surf Inlet Mines

By A. H. JONES*

■ prolonged teats to determine the proper
flow sheet for the neie mill at the Surf Inlet Mines
of the Tonopah Belmont Development Co., a proe-
ms adopted involving gravity concentra-
tion followed bit regrinding and flotation. The
Jones-Belmont flotation veil teas developed by Mr.
- in the course of this work, and it is said
that the device has given general satisfaction.

THE oil flotation process has called forth much
discussion in regard to surface tension, critical
contact area, electro-magnetic influence, chemical
affinity, etc., and many of these matters will still be in
controversy alter the process has been superseded by

( MO 6 GYRATORY CRUSHER

j

BELT CONVEYOR

1
MERRICK SCALES

I
2, CYLINDRICAL ORE BINS

I, ROLL FEEDERS

i

?. 6'x5' ALLIS CHALMERS BALL HILLS

I
a, 6-MESH TROMMEL SCREENS

i_

1

UNDERSIZE

I
A DUPLEX BO-MESH
CALLOW SCREENS

UNDERSIZE

QM>0 DOUBLE DECK
Wilt LEY TABLES

=4

SxlA' TIIA

CONCENTRATES

3, 5x16' TUBE MILLS

3. DUPLEX DORR CLASSIFIERS

i

OVERFLOW

i

V

TA/UNGS

\

6, J-S ROUGHER CELLS

I, PRIMARY FLOTATION CELL

CONCENTRATES

FINAL TAILINGS

MIDDLINGS

\
ELEVATOR

i

DIRTY CONCENTRATES
I, J-B CLEANER CELL

CONCENTRATES

, ^

/, 3Q'xl2'DORR

\ ~1

UNDERFLOW

I, 11-6 xB' OLIVER FILTER^,

i

CONCENTRATES OILY &ATER

2* CENTRIFUGAL PUMP

FLOW SHEET AT BELMONT SURF INLET 300-TON MILL

something else. A thorough comprehension of all such
detail, however, is not necessary to the operator, and
I will confine myself to the subjects of the preliminary
testing of the ore, the designing of a proper concen-
trating plant, methods and costs of operation, and the

•Superintendent of mills, Tonopah Belmont Development Co.,
Tonopah. Nevada.

economical saving to be effected by the use of the fti
tion process.

It is only in rare instances that the total recor
attainable by gravity concentration cannot be incre*
by the use of oil flotation, either preceding or folw
ing the gravity concentration; and equally raretr
the cases where the extraction by oil flotation caic
be improved by the use of gravity concentratioi a
some stage in the milling process. Practical labora>r
work, therefore, resolves itself into an effort to doi
mine the highest economic recovery that can be it
tained by gravity concentration, oil concentration, n
a combination of both.

First, tests should be made on the ore by meanc
gravity concentration with stage crushing, to diai
mine what recovery cafl be obtained by this met*
Second, the ore should be ground very fine and tre
by flotation, to ascertain the highest extraction >l
tainable and the oils most suited for the purpose. Tin
many tests should be made to determine the ns
economical recovery that can be made with a comb;
tion of both methods. In arriving at a decision a 1
the best process to be used, the points to be consid-e
are fineness of grinding required, ratio of concern
tion, costs of operation, installation, etc. In man
such a comparison the fact should be borne in mind I
it costs more to dewater and filter oil concentrates 'a
gravity concentrates. The cost of installation will rail
be a deciding factor, because where the tonnage tl
treated is large the difference in the cost of plantsli
signed for any of the processes considered could hall
be great enough to warrant a cheaper installation ve
a more expensive one would insure a higher recover

In order to make this article entirely practical, i)i
an operator's point of view, I will briefly discuss r
laboratory experiments made on the ore from th? e
mont Surf Inlet Mines, Surf Inlet, B. C, and the deg
and construction of the mill erected at that propert

Gravity Concentration Alone Unsatisfactoi

The Surf Inlet ore is a hard white quartz, carrr
gold as the important metal, with a small amour <
silver and copper, with iron and copper sulphide. Ma
lurgical work on this ore was started in 1915, and \
various tests made in connection therewith arel
scribed as follows:

1. Gravity concentration in all its phases: Trur
covery obtained by gravity concentration was not s i
factory. The extraction could have been increase! t
cyaniding the tailings, but unless the concentration I
thorough enough to remove practically all of the cox
content, the consumption of cyanide was excessive.
process was therefore rejected, because in actual I
work unavoidable irregularities in table operation \«
make the results erratic.

2. Amalgamation and gravity concentration: Is
economic increase in recovery was obtained by ami?
mation.

3. Roasting, leaching with acid, followed by cyail;
tion. The ore was roasted (sulphuric acid bl
made as a byproduct from the roaster gases), lea<<

ril 20, 1918

KNClNKKUINt; AM) MINING JOl RNAL

721

I sulphuric acid to recover the copper content, and

residue treated by cyanide to recover the gold and

I\ This treatment gave a satisfactory recovery, but

, 'ejected on account of its complexity and because

8 excessive cost of roasting at the remote site of

reposed plant. v

Oil notation: Flotation alone gave satisfactory

series and high-grade concentrates, but the per-

ire of recovery obtained from numerous tests made

K" identical working conditions was somewhat

ric.

f Flotation followed by gravity concentration with
etage grinding: The gravity concentrates made

BIGHT .T-B FLOTATION MACHINES ARE USED

| the flotation residue were too low in grade to be

liied.

1 Gravity concentration at 20-mesh followed by re-

n ting to 70 rr minus 200-mesh and floating: Through

ii process was effected a satisfactory recovery, and

b stent results were obtained from a grea.t number

f sts.

'Gravity concentration at 20-mesh, regrinding to
) minus 200-mesh and floating, followed by a second
p ty concentration : This second concentration
i( ed no economic increase in recovery over that ob-
l d by process No. 6, as the product was too low
N: to be handled

i Selection of oils and other reagents : Final fixa-
o of the flow sheet, in accordance with process No.
. as followed by an exhaustive study of oils and

!' reagents. This investigation resulted in the de-
Hi to use 1] lb. of coal-tar mixture per ton of
treated, this mixture being composed of 65fc coal
"30ff hardwood creosote, and 5% steam-distilled
;! oil. It was also found that the use of approxi-
la,ly i lb. of sodium sulphide per ton of ore treated
'°i increase the recovery about one per cent.

'veral long series of tests were then made, under
Kitions as nearly as possible like those to be ex-
e,,d in mill work, to determine whether or not the
e-ts indicated by the preliminary tests would be

changed under actual working conditions. The residue
from gravit] concentration was reground for flotation

in a small tube-mill, with oils and sodium sulphide added.
The middlings from the cleaning of the dotation con-
centrates were added to pulp u nl m the following test,
and the percentage of oily water that theoivt n ■ally should
be returned in mill operation was used over again in
the succeeding test. These tests howed a remarkably
constant extraction and indicated that return of the
middlings made no appreciable increase in the value of
the final tailings.

A great deal of experimental work was performed in
an attempt u> discover an economical method of recover-
ing the bullion from the concentrates. Satisfactory re-
sults were obtained by subjecting the latter to a dead
roast (making sulphuric acid as a byproduct from the
roaster gases), leaching the roasted concentrates with
sulphuric acid to extract the copper, and then treating
the residue with cyanide to recover the gold and silver.
Conditions, however, did not warrant the erection of
this plant.

New Flotation Machine Designed for the Plant

As this Surf Inlet plant was to be the Tonopah Bel-
mont Development C'o.'s first installation of the flota-
tion process, I made a tour of inspection of various flota-

MILL OP TONOPAH BELMONT DEVELOPMENT CO.,
SURF INLET MINES. BRITISH COLUMBIA

AT

tion plants in Colorado, Utah, Nevada, and Arizona,
from which I returned not entirely satisfied with the
performance of any flotation appliance that I had seen.
While each machine had some good points, it also had
points of disadvantage. After careful consideration
of all these appliances, it was decided to undertake the
development of a machine that would eliminate as many
as possible of the disadvantageous features and in-
corporate the advantageous characteristics of all the
other machines. This endeavor resulted in the inven-
tion of a machine that was later patented under the
name of the Jones-Belmont flotation cell. The per-
formance of this cell at the Surf Inlet mill has been
gratifying, as it gives a perfect circulation of the pulp

ENGINEERING AND MINING .HU'RNAl.

Vol. 105, No. II

FLOTATION SECTION

SURF INLET MILL

BELMONT CANADIAN MINES L'T'D.

500-Ton Section

FLOTATION' AND TUBE-MILL SECTION OP THE SURF INLET MILL

■ril 20, 1018

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

723

Li free delivery of the froth, with a very low power
rimption, and requires practically no attention. At
, resent time the Tonopah Belmont Development Co

iking further installations of this machine in its
fan mill at Shawmut, Calif., and in it- 800 ton Bel

Wagner mill at Telluride, Colorado.

6 flow sheet finally adopted for the Belmont Surf
] mill is shown herewith. In accordance with this
\Uieet, the mill was completed and operation started

■pt. 2, 1917.

Small Force Required for Operation
re entire mill operating force consists of two men
ich 8-hour shift. One operator looks after two
.ills and nine tables. The other operator, who also
t n the capacity of shift foreman, takes care of three
! mills, eight flotation machines, one Dorr thickener,
i )ne Oliver filter. These men assist each other in
) ig after adverse conditions that may arise in any
! of the mill. Of course, this operating force is
nented by the usual indirect day force of repair
? electrician, assayer, carpenter, blacksmith, etc.,
ti great deal of this labor is divided between the
r and the mill.

'e following figures show the recoveries made by
I ty concentration and flotation during actual opera-
I Head value gold, 0.6 oz. ; gravity concentrates
>1 5.36 oz. ; recovery by gravity, 47.8ff ; oil concen-
as gold, 8.2 oz. ; recovery by flotation, 44.4^ ; com-
r. recovery 92.2 % ; insoluble 14 fr. The consumption
ii ost of supplies are detailed in the following table :

I SUMPTION AND COST OF SUPIUES AT sl'KF INLET MILL

Quantity Cost

per Ton per Ton

$0.0006

>t >n Pine oil 0 01 eal. 007

Coal tar 0 185 gaL 05 J

sote 0 105 gal. 028

*0U 3 75 1b. 36

ii ball-mills .085

- ills (not vet determined) . . .

5 5 Ih. 12S

Is sulphide 15 lb. 005

'e ore treated is extremely hard, as shown by the
t consumption of steel balls and flint pebbles, which
a s the grinding cost unduly high, as compared with
i }f an average ore, not only in consumption of wear-
parts but in cost of power and general mainte-
» ;.

mination of Ores and Ore-Dressing
Products

e superficial examination of ores and ore-dressing
icts requires only a few pieces of simple apparatus.
o umps of ore a coddington lense and either one or
>t of the brass plates shown in the figure (B & C)
convenient. The brass plate B is used for the de-
t nation of the size of the valuable mineral particles
iped on the surface of the ore. Plate C can be used
''ne same purpose, but is more useful for measuring
itize of crushed particles of ore. A specific gravity
*l ce, a magnet and a small blow-pipe outfit for de-
r ning minerals are accessories frequently required.
: making the examination, the different minerals are
r; identified, and next the size, shape and distribu-
0 cf the valuable minerals are determined. The as-
xtion of the different valuable minerals is studied
'• ita.il. The nature of the mineralization, whether
>aive, banded, fracture-plane, lamellar or dissemi-
a 1, is noted. Determination of size and structure of

the mineral aggregate is of importance. The identifica-
tion and distribution of the different gangue minerals fa
nexl noted. This is repeated upon a sufficient number
of selected specimens of the on- so that an average of
the ore can he made. Where ore minerals are intimately
associated, several surfaces an- carefully polished and
the mineral distribution is studied under a low-power
microscope. Obscure mineral-- an- etched.

Ore-dressing products invariably consist of broken
particles of gangue and valuable mineral. With a given
sample it is usuall] necessary to size the material and
examine each size, although in the case of classified
products already sized this max not be required. Dip
samples taken by means of a small spatula are spread
upon a glass plate and examined with a lense or, if they
are coarse, with the unaided eye. A needle can be used
to separate the different grains, middlings and clean

APPARATUS T'SED ix EXAMINATION OF ORES

gangue particles. By weighing each portion, the pro-
portion to the whole can be determined. Separation by
means of the needle is tedious and can be avoided by us-
ing the grating shown in A. In using the grating, a
larger portion is taken and spread, by tapping the glass
plate, in a uniform layer. The grating is laid upon the
bed of grains. Several squares are examined, with a
lense if necessary, and the number of different grains
is noted. This is repeated upon several portions and
an average struck which will give the approximate
proportion of each differentiated product.

The method is effective for grains down to a milli-
meter in size. For finer grains, a microscope with an
eyepiece grating is more suitable. The particles are
examined by reflected light. In the absence of an eye-
piece grating, a card ruled in 1 mm. or 2 mm. squares
can be used. The grains are evenly spread and the
ruled squares are usually visible. As in the previous
case, the proportion is determined by counting the
number of different grains in several squares and aver-
aging the counts. The method is not as laborious as it
sounds, and it is surprising how much valuable in-
formation of an approximate quantitative nature can
be secured. A cheap dissecting microscope equipped
with two coddington lenses, 19 and 33 mm. focal length,
will answer for all physical examinations of this kind
except when material' finer than 80- or 100-mesh is to be
examined. The work of jigs and tables can be readily
checked up by an examination of the kind described.
Chemical analysis of ore-dressing products can be
avoided in a large measure by the method described.

ENGINEERING AM' MIMNG JOURNAL Vol. 105, No. II

Handling Flotation Concentrates at Utah

Leasing Co.'s Plant

Bl 11. 11. ADAMS*

proper handling a shipping product eontnininp It

• th( details of the notation process, the ;v' moisture may be obtained without recourse

solution of which required considerabh metallur- mechanical filtering.

gical skill, loos the d, watering and drying of flota- M tlu' concentrator of the Utah Leasing Co., in so

oncentrates. Cr.nl, devices were supplanted western Utah, where an ore containing only 14 ll<

. ( of recognized worth, and a prar- copper to the ton is being treated by flotation, a l<

finally that satisfactorily w Plant as shown in the flow sheet below has been I

complished the purpose. Th< article describes vided- An analysis of a recent lot sample of con]

the installation and operation of a plant of this trates is as follows:

kind as applied to the treatment of cuperiferous analysis oi concentrates, Utah leasing co
tailings of low grade and limited quantity. c ., ''Ts'oo

Iron 24 40

Sulphur ... * 28 55

Insoluble 23 60

IN PR El AR1NC flotation concentrates for filtering, '•■''"•. 2 «»
Alumina I 10

the first essential is a suitable settling device. The _. .

... . , , . • I he screen analysis oi a lot sample assaying 19. i'

Dorr tank is superior to anvthing so tar devised for . . , ., . ,. , ,f.

. .. , .. , , , copper is given in the following table:
this purpose, especiallj where the concentrated product

is of low specific gravity and contains considerable in- SCREEN analysis of flotation conci ntkati

Per < I ill Per ( nil

soluble matter. In the case of ores the metallic content Mesh Product Copper

of which is in the form of galena or other mineral of + so 4 19. u

._ .. . . .., . 1 . +101' * 20.90

high specific gravity, complete settlement may be ob- f 150 4 2170

tained in tanks of square or rectangular shape, and by ! 2011 is 17 w

•Superintendent, Utah Leasing Co., Newhouse, Utah It will be observed from the table that 68r, oi

Flo-ration Froth Pulp

._ Thickened Pulp
... Filter Product

CONCENTRATE
BIN

COMPRESSOR

CENTRIFUGAL
PUMP

^HICKENED

PULP
ELEVATOR

FROTH
ELEVATOR

10"x22"D0RR
THICKENER

CONCENTRATE SETTLING AND FILTRATION SYSTEM AT UTAH LEASING CO.'S MILL

pril 20, L918

ENGINEERING AND MINIM. JOl RNAL

725

antrated product is minus 200-mesh, with a larger
•entage of insoluable matter accompanying the tines
i is shown to follow the plus 200-mesh product
i the one exception of the plus 65-mesh material, of
L'h there is only 2%. The entire difficulty of

idling this concentrate, as concerns settling, thicken-
and filtering, varies with the per cent of minus

i mesh insoluble material that it contains.

Arrangemi \t of Equipment

rem the flow sheet it will be noted that two 22x10
tDorr tanks, installed in the mill building, and one
i 12 ft. Dorr tank, placed outside, have been pro-
d tor thickening the concentrates. This equipment
irely sufficient, at times, to give complete settlement,
lading upon the character of the reagents used,
arrangement of settling tanks is such that con-
rates from the flotation machine may readily be
i rted from one to another, and the discharge
n the three tanks is delivered to one bucket elevator
i thence to an 8x6 ft. Oliver continuous filter. The
rkening tanks are provided with baffles around the
I phery extending from two to three feet below over-
l and from one to three feet above. The froth be-
ces so heavy on the tanks indoors that it interferes
n proper settlement, and it then becomes necessary
I emove it with shovels. At times the froth will sub-
n ge in a heavy mass to a depth of five feet, with about
: o 18 in. usually above the surface. It is necessary
nse a spray at all times on the froth as it is dis-
I -ged into the loading well of the thickener. In the
I : outside, the froth breaks down readily from the
I on of the elements.

| ket Elevators Not Fully Efficient With Thick-
ened Flotation Concentrates

peration has developed that the bucket elevator is

the most satisfactory appliance for elevating thick-
B 1 flotation concentrates. Thickeners will discharge a
iiluct of such low moisture content that a bucket ele-

ir will not handle it, and dilution with fresh water
I ecessary. At the same time it is self-evident that
i nse pulp will filter more satisfactorily than a thin one.
r s, complying with one condition interferes with
il other. It is evident that settling tanks should be so
pled that their product will discharge into the filter
:a; by gravity, even at increased cost of installation.

i the operation of this plant the addition of un-
>lked lime to the pulp as it enters the filter tank is

ntial. It not only increases the capacity of the fil-
'•{ but is also of beneficial effect in reducing the mois-
tt! in the cake. The amount of lime required varies

ely and depends on the temperature of pulp, the

tsity, and the percentage of insoluble material.

Heating the Pulp

eating the pulp in the filter tank during the winter
*;on by the introduction of live steam adds to the ca-
P=ty of the filter and lowers the moisture content of
rl cake to a slight extent. A temperature ranging
fin 95 to 100° F. has been found most satisfactory.
Aariation of 10° from the figures mentioned has been
I(id completely to nullify any good results. It has
°urred to me that a satisfactory way to warm this
P1 ) would be to set up a Callow cone and provide it with

extending from the d
half-waj up the inside; the thickened product from the
tanks to be discharged into the cone, and bj the u e of
steam a warm pulp might be discharged continuously
into the filter tank. Such an arrangement, however.
would require more head room than is available in mo I

plants.

Operation of Pn

In the actual operation of the filter, the obsei
tions that follow have been noted. A small hard wire,
15 or 16 gage, gives better service than a K) or 12 gage
wire for winding on cloth; it permits the scraper to
ride closer to the cloth and thus to leave the outer sur-
face of the cloth in better condition for the "blow." In
handling a concentrate that is difficult to filter on ac-
count of the insoluble minus 200-mesh material, the besl
results can be obtained by setting the "blow" to begin
approximately at the point of contact between the drum
and the scraper. This will prevent any moisture re-
maining in the section of the filter from being forced
back into the cake.

Use of Steam Advantageous

The application of steam for "blowing" the cloth is
satisfactory and a pressure of 25 lb. is ample. The
steam may be introduced at the same time as the air.
The use of stearm in connection with washing covers is
of great aid. It is employed in connection with the
"blow" as well as for heating the wash water in the
filter tank. Soaps and washing powders for this pur-
pose involve merely a waste of money. A quick wash,
while the drum is turning, with a 10 c'f solution of
hydrochloric acid is satisfactory. This should be fol-
lowed by an application of clear water, after which the
cloth will generally be found in good condition. A wire
scrubbing brush of medium stiffness is superior to a
fibre brush.

In winding wire on new covers an instance is recalled
where the drum was operated at the usual speed, re-
quiring the greater part of two days for winding. Pro-
vision should have been made for operating this at a
greater speed. A drum 8 ft. in diameter may be oper-
ated safely at one revolution per 50 to 55 sec. In
applying a new cover, after draining the filter tank, the
chain driving agitator shaft should be taken off the
sprockets in order to prevent tag-ends of wire from
winding around the agitator shaft.

Filter Speed Must Be Determined by Trial

The proper speed at which the filter should be oper-
ated can be determined only by a trial. Where the pulp
is granular and with a low insoluble content, an 8-ft.
drum can be operated at a rate of one revolution in from
three to four minutes. With a pulp that is plastic and
high in insoluble material, the proper speed will be one
revolution in from 10 to 12 minutes. This has been
found essential in order that the action of the vacuum
on the cake may be prolonged. The vacuum should be
maintained at the highest possible point at all times.

The discharge from the thickening tanks should be
at least 60 cc solids to insure good results from the filter.
A certain classification takes place in a filter tank itself
after pulp has been discharged into it, with the result
that the colloidal material remains at or near the sur-

ras

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 1

and is subject to the first action of the vacuum, ami
the cloth blinds rapidly, necessitating frequent shut-
downs for "blowing" and scrubbing.

Hydrochloric Solution Serviceable in Removing
Deposition prom Valves

The continued use o( lime in the thickened pulp deliv-
ered to a filter will cause more or less deposition in the
valves, valve connections and the piping. This tan be re-
moved by a 15 to -i> solution of hydrochloric acid. A
method for applying the solution is shown in the ac-
companying illustration and is recommended by the
Oliver executives. The air and vacuum lines are first
disconnected and the valve is removed; a rubber plug
with pipe and funnel attachment is inserted in the up-
permost port leading- to the vacuum pipes, and the solu-
tion is poured into the funnel until it rises through the
vacuum pipes and shows on the canvas. The solution
should not be allowed to stand in the pipes longer than
one minute. The plug should then be removed and the
.aid solution drained out into a bucket and the drum
turned until the next section shows at the top. The
operation is repeated until all the pipes have been

Rubber Plug fitting
Ports in Valve Sear'

S-1.* i eiibov

\x4

Nipple

DEVICE USED FOR DNTRODUCING ACID INTO SECTIONS
OF A DRUM FILTER

cleared. Usually about two treatments are required to
clear the pipes. In laying out a filter installation,
provision should be made for draining the filter tank
into a bin so placed that the material can be shoveled
into an elevator or other appliance and returned later
to the filter tank. Filter tanks should always be drained
when the drum and agitator stick because of sudden
shut-downs and other troubles. As a matter of precau-
tion, the manhole cover should be removed so that care-
ful inspection can be made. A loose agitator on the
-haft is a serious matter. At the time of installing the
filter plant, the agitator was carefully keyed on the
shaft and --in. holes were drilled through the shaft and
each hub. Taper pins were then securely driven into
these holes to prevent any possibility of the agitator
becoming loose on the shaft.

Drying treatment of the filtered concentrate was con-
templated at this plant, the Lowden dryer being con-
sidered, as well as other types. The reason for this was
found in the fact that the moisture content of the fil-
tered concentrate has never been considered satisfac-

tory. It was decided that the limited life of operatii
would not justify the expenditure necessary to insi]
such a plant.

Of the various drying schemes, following filter %
which have been worked out, few have merit. Thel
scheme of drying the concentrate on steam coils is*
pensive and unsatisfactory; wide variation in temps
ture causes pipe trouble, even when double strength s
terial is used. The handling of the concentrate w]
in this process of final drying is expensive, and, <;
in small plants, requires continuous attendance. Sn
operators carry the drying process so far as to necis
tate the sacking of the concentrated product in ordet
prevent a loss from dusting. An instance is recallec
a plant that produced a quantity of table concent .1
which was filtered along with flotation concentrate I
the product in turn dried on steam coils until it beer
necessary to sack it. Another instance is recalleic
a table concentrate of goed-grade galena being de
to a point that necessitated sacking to prevent exces\
losses from dusting, and this notwithstanding that!
haul to the railroad was short and the distance to!
smelter was less than 200 miles.

Operating Costs

The accompanying table gives the cost of operac
the filter plant for the year 1917, and other data din
concerned with the operations:

COST OF FILTRATION AND HANDLING OF FLOTATION
CONCENTRATE

Operating labor

Repairs to filter

Repairs to air compressor. ...

Repairs to vacuum pump

Repairs to thickeners

Constructing lime crusher

Crushing lime

Oils, waste and grease

Repair parts for vacuum pump..
Repair parts for air compressor..

Miscellaneous supplies

Covers for filter

Wire and tacks

Lime

Power

Amount

$408 00

24 90

22 70

18 40

171 30

176 40

56 85

119 70

6 25

30 60

29 60

144 00

63 60

1.959 40

1.080 00 $4,311 70

Per Ton

$0 056
003
003
003
022
023
.005
016
000
004
004
027
008
275
149

Hauling concentrate $4,325 10

Reclaiming concentrate 419 85

Storing concentrate 31 80

Conveyor repairs 21 90

$0 600

060

003

4,798 65 002

Totals $9,110 35

Wet concentrate, pounds 14,417.010

Dry concentrate, pounds 1 1,227,740

Moisture, pounds 3, 189,270

Per cent, of moisture 22 12

Cost of filtering, per ton of ore milled 0347c.

The item of the cost of "reclaiming concentrate"
ers the expense of handling the overflow from th'
22-ft. tanks, before the 50-ft. tank was installed
plete settlement could not be secured in these tanks
it became necessary to run the overflow into ponds
side, where the product was allowed to settle and dr;
sufficiently for shipment. The item of cost of "stc
concentrate" covers the expense of stacking concen
on the platform at the railroad track for a short P'
in July and August, when an embargo was placed 01
shipments to the smelter.

The filter plant as constructed was designed by '
Hofstrand.*

Sulphur wasted as SO-- in roasting Sudbury ores is si
mated by the Royal Ontario Nickel Commission at nole
than 300,000 tons annually, which would produce 1 ,00 04
tons of sulphuric acid.

•Metallurgical engineer, Salt Lake City. Utah.

iril 20, 1918

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOl RNAL

727

Milling Practice and Operating Costs In

The Joplin District*

Bj II. W. KITSON

standard milling practice has bun evolved

the Joplin district, consisting of coarse crush-
(i in jaw breakers and rolls, followed by rough-
>g and cleaning of coarse concentrates in Cooley
iis. The finer particles are roughly classified.
>r table concentration, and a few plants are in-
cing regrinding and flotation to tin minus
mm. product. The Netta 1500-foN mill is treat-
g 100 tons per day by flotation, frothing first

a "rougher" and then a "cleaner" unit. A

yO-ton mill can be built for $60,000 and the mine

■ped to the productive stage for $40,000.

he average mining and milling operating cost

$1,295 per ton, of which milling is 25', . and
i which the addition of royalty, depletion and
preciation charges makes the total cost $1,536
sr ton of ore, or a total average cost per ton for
mcent rates at Joplin mines, $64.40; at Webb
ity, $65.30; and at the Oklahoma mines, $54.80.

kM"ILLING problems, as solved in the Joplin dis-
I trict for the hundreds of mills in operation
JLand in course of construction, have led to a
<; lardization of flow sheets and mechanical equip-
fe , exhibiting at the various mills about the same de
n of uniformity in practice as described of mining
I ods. This has been made possible by the similarity
i ructure, texture and composition of ores in all

" ntinued from Mar
sc outheast Missouri-

2. 1918:
-III."

"The Mining Districts of Joplin

mines producing zinc-lead sulphides. Kosin blend,
rosin jack and both white jack and yellow blend are the
chief varieties of sphalerite, while black jack is ex-
tremely rare in occurrence. Galena is a byproduct of
concentration, and small amounts of marcasite, chal-
copyrite and cadmium are present as impurities.

Joplin Ores Have High Ratio of Concentration

The gangue is composed mainly of jasperoid flint and
chert, with variations locally in the relative quantities
of limestone, shale, dolomite, calcite and clay. Gold
and silver are practically absent, and although a few
rare metals have been recognized, no attempt to recover
them on a commercial scale has as yet been made.
Cadmium, which is present in small quantities only,
enters mostly into the lead concentrates, and the rarer
metals are neutral in the process of concentration.

The only variations in ores from different parts of
the district that are of importance in milling are those
due to differences in grade and relative proportions ot
lead to zinc. In rare instances some zinc ores, as at
the Montreal mine, are sufficiently high to smelt with-
out other concentration than ore sorting at the mine;
but the zinc ores of the Joplin district in general have
a high ratio of concentration and yield high-grade con-
centrates of both zinc and lead. Differences due to
grade, however, affect the flow sheet in degree rather
than in kind, and although flotation is being applied
as a supplementary process at some of the larger plants
treating higher-grade ores, with resulting higher mill
extractions, it has not as yet been generally adopted.
Preliminary crushing, sizing, jigging and table con-

EAGLE-PICHER LEAD CO.'S 1500-TON' NETTA MILL; 100-TON" FLOTATION" UNIT IN" FOREOROT"N'D

3

ENGINEERING AND .MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No.

FLOTATION STAND TANKS AKINS ZHStWPbS TAILS

HOPPER 600 TONS CAPACITY

Z, 16' BLAKE CRUSHERS

J

^, 4B*rol.ls
z, 24 ■"elevators

J. -i'*6"-$' TROMMELS

■y

a, s'xS'ljmm TROMMELS

-f

sprrz

r i

-«s

\

+65

1-2-3-4

. : , J W 1

* If mm.

*

30OT0N BIN

I
£ g CfZ.1. COPLEY ROUGHER JIQ

■4, 36' ROLLS
ELEVATOR

m vh

1. 7 CELL CLEANER JIG ■ '

1 }

ISTflt/TOI 2HPHUTCH 3-4-5-6-7 TAILS
PbS CONC. SMITTEM HUTCHES
ZnS.CONC.

2. 2Q'x24'SAND TANKS

7^¥

+65 MESH

• \

ELEVATOR

♦

HENRY SCREEN

,1 1

+ I

TAIL ELEVATOR ELEVATOR
V Y

1
-65 MESH

\ q

i,3d'DORRTMKS

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FEW CLEAR IM

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;.Atsurhnor pond

SLIMERS

CLASSIFIER

1
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+65 MESH

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CLASSIFIER

> rz»* /^o

FbSTREE

5-6 HUTCH + CHATS

(>

4'-6'-i"TRQMMEL

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36'CHAT ROLLS

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TAILS
TO DUMP '•

M«.5 TO DUMP

5 CELL CHAT JIQ

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I-2AHD3HUTCHFS 4- AM) 5 HUTCH TAILS

| SMITTEM

LEVATOR * rfjis'rf'

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4'*6'-Bmm. TROMMEL X

+l$mm -Igmrn.

ELEVATOR

I
DUMP

.r

■*■ Smm.
36 HIGH SPEED ROLLS

-Zmm_l<

TO SAND TANKS

f

1.7 CELL SAND JIQ

1 *

liZHUTCH 20PHUTCH 3-4S6-A/ID7 TAILS
PbS. COHC* SMITTEM HUTHES
ZnS.CONC.

i TO CLEANER ELEVATOR

J/6 ELEVATOR

ALLEN CONES

F

■65 MESH + 65 MESH ELEVATOR

3'x6'-ljmm. TROMMEL
-/4 mm i-lkmm.y

' i \r

£ 5««V CLASSIFIERS t

TOZn5AND SAND MIDDLING

w 2,2S'D0RR ,
< THICKENERS M

CJ

7P /"frf ELEVATOR^

&ARBUTHNOT ROUGHER TABLES

f f^l y

ZnS AND PbS ZnS TO ZnS AW SAID TAILS
CONCBIHS HIDDLIN6 I

73/Z ELEVATOR

L —

TO ZnS AND PbS MIDDLING

*

FLOTATION ELEVATOR PLANT No.l

I
6 CELL FLOTATION ROUGHER

1

FROTH

TAILS
ELEVATORmWHP

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? CMZ FLOTATION CLEANER
If

ZnSCONC

I
DRYERS

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BINS

6, ARBUTHNOT ROUGHER TABLES

V ^ ^ ^

ZnSAWPbS. ZnS AND SAND ZnS. CONC TAILS
MIDDUNO MIDDLING TO BINS

MIDDUNG ELEVATOR

-*, SPIGOT CLASSIFIER
4, ARBUTHNOT ROUGHER TABLES

V~~ y" y y

PbS AND ZnS. ZnS AND SAND ZnS.CONC. TAILS

a MIDDLING TO BINS

'-7^ *

PbS. ELEVATOR

Z, SPIGOT CLASSIFIER
2. ARBUTHNOT SLIME TABLES

I I ^T y^ y

PbS. CONC. PbSANDZnS. ZnSCONC ZnS.AmSAHO TAILS

< ^ Wfll'/W MIDDUNO y

* — — . — -J ELEVATOR

E, EO'x Z4' SAND TANKS -gmm. PRODUCT

OVERFLOW ELEVATOR

I, SO' DORR THICKENER

ELEVATOR -j

9 CELL FLOTATION ROUGHER

FROTH

I
7 CELL FLOTATION CLEANER

Zns.coNc T;/L5

DRYING, BINS
STORAGE BINS

TAILS
ELEVATOR

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-65MESH
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NO. 3 ALLEN CONE

NO. LAND NO. ZAUEN CONES
-65 MESH +65 MESH

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ELEVATOR

I
DISTRIBUTOR

+65 MESH

/«"> 6'HARDIN6E BALL HILL

i >/, JAMES AND 6 BUTCHART ROUGHER TABLES

^ ^r 1 y

ZnS AND SAND PRODUCT

V
ELEVATOR

TAILS

H

ELEVATOR

I
DUMP

ZnS CONC. NONE

■'IG. 1 FLOW SHEET OF THE EAOLE-PICHER LEAD CO.'S 1500-TOX MILL

pni

50, L918

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

729

i rat urn methods, where flotation is used, conform in

■ ral to the prevailing practice of the district.

elose inspection of coarse and line concentrates
I ,vs that the sphalerite is hard and well crystallized,
, crushes along cleavage planes into similar smaller
laments. Galena and chalcopyrite similarly retain

I r crystalline form when reduced by crushing, and
: casite becomes roughly spherical. Excellent data

eplin ores and concentrates analyses have been pre-
| ed in a recent paper1 by W. G. Waring. Accord-

II to Waring the chert and jasperoid flint makes up
8 than 90', of the crude ore in the sheet-ground
as and splits up into concoidal chips and llakes that

,i especially adapted to jig work, facilitating a rapid

■ clean separation of sulphides.

he grade of sheet-ground ores is low. At present

yielding 2rr combined recoverable sulphides are

|l> to the line of demarkation between ore and waste;

j as shown in Table II, the average recovery' in

dr head frame are buill together at one Integral unit
Under such conditions, the mill capacit I usually
limited by the hoisting capacity from one single or
one two-compartmeni shaft, which In turn is governed
bj the size of buckets used, At a few of the newer
and larger properties holding land in fee, two or more

shafts have been made tributary to a central mill,

and the ore is hauled in trains by locomotives from the
outlying shafts to the foot of an incline hoistway
leading to the mill bins.

Mills Work THREE EIGHT-HOUR Shifts

The average capacity of mill units is from 200 to 500
tons per day of three eight-hour shifts, as shown in
Table II, although some mills in the district have capa-
cities ranging from 1000 to as high as 2000 tons per
day. The capacity of mill bins at the smaller plants
is usually slight, though some of the larger units havt
500-ton bins. Bin capacity is largely a matter of height

SURFACE HAULAGE AT THE EAGLE-PICHER LEAD CO.'S BINGHAM MILL. PICHER. OKLA.

liouri mills is under 4C,C, but in the Oklahoma and
^sas sections the grades are prevailingly higher, and

imber of mills are treating ores from which are
^e recoveries of 5, 10 and 15% combined sulphides,
R. a probable average of 8%. The proportion of lead
3 inc in the sheet-ground ores is prevailing low,
san be seen in Table II, compared with the relative
runts in ores of Oklahoma mines, which in rare
n ences, as at the Laclede mine, consist of almost pure
ana in large cubes, with small quantities of marcasite
" little or no zinc.

i account of the custom of leasing in small tracts,
Previously described, a mill is required for each
Hi, and mill buildings, ore bins and hoisting derricks

he Zinc Ores of the Joplin District : Their Composition and
" icter. Bull. 129. A. I. M. E. ; and in abstract Emj. and
" Journ, Feb. 9. 1918

of derrick, as the buckets are dumped directly over
grizzlies into the hoppers, and provision is seldom
made for lateral distribution. Grizzlies are custom-
arily heavy rails or bars spaced from four to five inches
apart. The oversize is broken up by spalling, and a
small percentage of waste is sorted at the grizzlies and
trammed to the dump in cars.

Ore Reduced in Blake Crushers and Rolls

The crushing, jig and table practice in general is
so similar at all the mills of the district that a de-
scription of any one might with small changes in detail
apply to all. Flotation, however, has lately found a
field in some of the larger plants, and the results are
being watched with unusual interest by millmen in all
parts of the district. The 1500-ton Eagle-Picher Lead
Co.'s Netta mill, at Picher, Okla., is of recent con-

KNGINKKKINU AND .MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No.

struction, and as it typifies the most advanced prac-
in the district, a description of it. up to the point
flotation treatment, with exceptions noted, will well
indicate the milling practice oi the district.

The stages of the process may be divided into coarse
crashing, coarse concentration, tines or table concen-
tration, and regrinding and dotation treatment of the
tines made in coarse crushing. Referring to the flow
sheet in Fig. 1. preliminary coarse crushing is effected
entirely with jaw crushers of the Blake type, which re-
ceive a minus grizzly-size product, reducing it to minus
two inch, a \ ording to variations in practice, the ore
from the bins may be fed to the crusher either entirely
over a slide, or by sluicing over a shaking screen per-
forated either with -- or l-in. holes. Secondary crush-
ing is effected in either open or closed rolls of local
standard pattern, and the product from the crushers
reduced to minus |- or -in. size. This reduction is
accomplished in a closed circuit with a 1- or '-in.
perforated trommel and two sets of rolls. The primary

minus 66-mesh products, the latter going directly i
set of sand tanks.

The product from the first four hutches of
"rougher" jigs — "smittem" as it is locally callec-
elevated to the "cleaner" jig, and the tailings are i
charged at the ends. The tailings then pass over
outer circumference of a 1.5- to 2-mm. dewatci
trommel and thence to the dump elevator, the undei
flowing to settling tanks. The "chats" — sjj
products of the last two cells and the bed pro<<
from the last three cells of the "rougher" jig i
joined by the plus 65-mesh spitzkasten product alt
boot of an elevator and discharged into a ' -in. troni
The oversize from this trommel is reduced in a i
set of rolls called "chat" rolls, and returned in C3
circuit to the .'-in. trommel, the undersize from vi
feeds to a 5-cell "chat" jig.

At the Netta, the hutch product of the first i
cells of the "chat" jig j©ins the product from then
four cells of the "rougher" jig, at the boot of an ele.t

ATHLETIC I'l.AXT AT DUENWR8, MO CAPACITY. 750 TONS IN 20 HOURS

set or sets receives the product from the crusher direct-
ly at the discharge, and the |- or l-in. product joins
the undersize from the shaking screen at the boot of
a belt-bucket elevator which discharges the wet pulp
into the trommel. The oversize then goes to the sec-
ondary set or sets of rolls, and the product is returned
to the trommel at the elevator boot.

Concentration in "Rougher" and "Cleaner" Jigs

At most mills, mixed jig and table feed is produced
at the trommel, and the entire undersize passes to one
or two "rougher" Cooley jigs of the Harz fixed-sieve
separate plunger-compartment type having five or six
cells per unit. The first four hutch products from the
"rougher" jigs will vary in grade from 10 to 25%
zinc, and, together with the bed products of the first
two or three cells, is sent to a 6- to 7-cell "cleaner" set
of Cooley jigs having reduced grate areas, for further
concentration. At the Netta, the minus ii-in. undersize
from the trommel is passed to a second trommel sizing
to 1.5 mm. The oversize only goes to the "rougher"
jigs, and the 1.5-ram, undersize goes to a spitzkasten,
where the pulp is roughly classified into plus 65- and

serving the 7-cell "cleaner" jig. The tailings s I
end of the "chat" jig discharge on a 1.5-mn <
watering screen, and the oversize goes to the Ji
elevator. The "sludge," or undersize from the de\ I
ing screen, flows to a set of three 38-ft. Dorr thicl
tanks. The fourth and fifth hutch "smittem" fro t
"chat" jig is elevated to a 2-mm. trommel, the id'
size going to a 7-cell sand jig and the oversize
in. high-speed rolls and thence back in closed ec
with the 2-mm. trommel elevator.

The hutch product from the first cell of thefl
jig yields galena concentrates, the second cell u'
product, "smittem," goes to the "cleaner" jig eleit
the third-, fourth-, fifth-, sixth- and seventh u
products yield zinc concentrates, and the end discii
is elevated to Allen cones.

The Allen cones overflow a minus 65-mesh "slaj
that flows to the Dorr thickener tanks, and th<p
65-mesh product is elevated to a 1.5-mm. tron
The oversize from this trommel is elevated to a (B
set of sand tanks, and the undersize flows to a 6-»'
classifier serving six Arbuthnot "rougher" table

The retreatment of "chats" by regrinding isW

)ril 20, 1918

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

7:: I

>■ the practice of the district, but the use of "< hat"
is uncommon, ami most of the mills return the re-
nd "chats" to the "rougher"-jig feed. This, as
red out in a recent and comprehensive paper bj
Wright,1 is a serious mistake, as the feed to the
cher" jig is considerably less in grade than the

i hed "chats," which with a 1.5 to 3', zinc ore will

i tin from 4', to 8'< zinc.

ts from "Cleaner" and "Smittem" from "Chat"
Jigs Reground in High-Speed Rolls

e "cleaner" jig is to be found in all mills of the
sict retreating the hutch product from the first few
1 of one or two "rougher" jigs. At the Netta, the

inclusive, yield .-im concentrates, and the end di
charge produces tail.-, which are elevated and screened

ill the 2-mm. trommel, ami reground i" the hitfh peed
rolls, along with the screened oversize from the "chat"
jig "smittem."

The Netta flow sheet has now been followed to the
completion of coarse concentration, and both finished
zinc and lead coarse concentrates have been made from
the "cleaner" jig and sand jig. The roughly classified
minus 65-mesh pulp from the spitzkasten has been sent
to the first set of sand tanks, and a minus »>.r>-rnesh
"sludge" from the Allen cones and a minus 1.5-mm. tail-
ings from the dewatering screens have been col-
lected in Dorr thickeners. Also six classified products

MAP OF THE OKLAHOMA-KAXSAS SECTION OP THE JOPLIX DISTRICT

•fier," as shown, receives the first four hutch prod-
■ if the "rougher," the first three hutch products of
| chat" jig, and the second-hutch "smittem" of
,e >nd jig. Four products are made by the "cleaner"
The first hutch yields galena concentrates, the
Xl& hutch produces "smittem," which is returned
1 <> "cleaner" feed; the third to the seventh hutches,

i -Dressing Practice in the Joplin District" Bull. 130. A.

of the minus 1.5-mm. sand-jig tails have been sent to
Arbuthnot tables, and a minus 2-mm. plus 1.5-mm.
tail product from the sand jig has been sent to the
second set of sand tanks.

The table treatment of fines or "sludge" at the Netta
begins at this point. The first set of sand tanks over-
flow or minus 65-mesh "sludge" flows to the three 38-ft.
Dorr thickener tanks, from which the clear-water
overflow goes to the pond and the thickened pulp to two

ENGlNKKKlNi; AN1> MINIMI JOl'KNAl.

Vol. 105, No. I

Arbuthnot slime tables. The plus 65-mesh product
from the sand tanks is elevated to a 1.5-mm. flat screen,
a local product, known as the Henry, from which the

oversize is elevated to the second set of sand tanks,
and the undersize is elevated to an Akins classifier.
The minus 65-mesh product from the classifier flows to
two L'S-t't. Dorr thickening tanks, from which the
thickened slimes flow to dotation plant No. 1 elevator.
The plus 65-mesh product from the Akins classifier is
further classified and distributed to eight Arbuthnot
roughing tables.

The six Arbuthnot roughing tables treating the classi-
fied product from the sand-jig tails produce a finished
zinc concentrate, a zinc-lead middling, a zinc-sand mid-
dling, ami a tails product which is elevated to the second
set of sand tanks. The zinc-sand middling is elevated
to a tour-spigot classifier, and the products are dis-
tributed to four Arbuthnot roughing tables, which pro-
duce finished zinc concentrates, a zinc-sand middling
that is returned in circuit to the four-spigot classifier,
and a zinc-lead middling that is elevated to a two-spigot
classifier along with the zinc-lead middlings from the six
"rougher" tables. Table tails are elevated to the second
set of sand tanks. The two-spigot classifier serves two
Arbuthnot slime tables, which make finished zinc con-
centrates and finished lead concentrates. The tails are
similarly elevated to the second set of sand tanks, and
zinc-lead and zinc-sand middlings are returned in circuit
respectively to the two-spigot and four-spigot classifiers.

TABLE 1 ESTIMATED COST "1 500-TON MINE AND MILL

EQtTPMENT IN JOPLIN DISTRICT

Churn drill holes, | $1 50

1 pro -hafts, each 250 ft. de.-p . . 16,000

Mining equipment, compressors, hoists, etc 15.000

Millcompl.- 60.000

Mine development 10.000

Engineering and incidentals 9.000

Total, exclusive of pumping, premium on lea*r, etc $100,000

The plus and minus classified products from the
first two sand tanks were followed respectively to a set
of eight Arbuthnot roughing tables and a pair of
Arbuthnot slime tables. The "rougher" tables make a
finished zinc concentrate, a zinc-lead middling, that is
elevated to the two-spigot classifier, and zinc-sand
middlings which are elevated to the four-spigot classi-
fier serving the four roughing tables treating the
"sludge" from the sand-jig tails. The tailings from
the set of eight roughing tables are elevated to the
second set of sand tanks. The two Arbuthnot slime
tables treating the thickened slime from the 38-ft.
Dorr tanks make lead-free tails which go to the
28-ft. Dorr thickeners, and zinc-lead middlings that
are combined with the zinc-lead middlings from the
roughing tables.

The practice at most mills of the district is to table
the "sludge" from the various jig-tail screens, dewatered
in sloped bottom rectangular settling tanks and classi-
fied in hydraulic V-boxes arranged in series with con-
necting launders. The introduction of Dorr thicken-
ers and Akins and other classifiers is comparatively
recent, and screening is mostly effected in trommels.

Thickened Slimes Go to Flotation Plant No. 1

The final stage of the process at the Netta is the
treatment of the thickened slimes from the two 28-ft
Dorr tanks by flotation in plant No. 1, and the roughing
on tables, regrinding and frothing of the product con-
tained in the second set of sand tanks.

At dotation plant No. 1, Minerals Separation froti
units are used, treating the pulp first in a I
"rougher," the tails going straight to the dump.i
the froth to a two-cell "cleaner." The tails froml
"cleaner" are returned directly in circuit to]
"rougher" unit, and the frothed zinc concentrate.'!
dried and placed in bins.

The second set of sand tanks have received the!
1.5-mm. product from the Henry screen, the plus,
mm. screened oversize from the cone-classified sanj
tails and the tails from all the roughing and ,-r
tables, excepting the pair of slimers between the 3

TABLE II. COST, GRADE \ M > PONNAGE DATA OK JOPL1N DISH!
.Missouri

e

a

c

0

U

3
O
-

a
o
U

u

ti at

e aS

*3 ti

a
§

a «,

x —

/. a

"o *o

Ik

= Q

~ i
3 a

3 °

08

.sfe

at

»«

3 ~

■3 »

.3 9

h! )

&<

z z

y. v.

Zinc

Lead

5 SC

p. w

.*0 -I

30

.loplin

150

5 0

61.0

$1 46

$83.20.

190

Joplin

1,100

22 0

6 6

62 0

1 30

15

Joplin

250

5 0

61 0

1 45

60 502

40

Joplin

14 1

250

6 0

57 0

1.50

50 00)

40

.loplin

100

12 0

63 0

2 24

50 002

40

Joplin

150

6 0

59 0

1 68

53 504

40 .loplin

350

9 0

i 0

60 0

1 37

72 372

30

Joplin

700

10 0

3 0

60 0

1 12

63 001

20

Joplin

150

4 0

55 0

1 40

60 002

40

Joplin

300

15 0

63 0

1 50

40

Joplin

800

8 0

2 0

61 0

1 14

88 321

40

Joplin

300

9 0

1 0

60 0

1.38

70 94)

Kansas

40

Webb City

350

3.0

0 75

60 0

1 10

60 001

70

Webb City

650

15 0

5 00

60 0

1 32

75 671

40

Webb Citv

300

9 0

1 75

62 5

1 34

65 503

200

W.-bb City

10 3

3.000

50 0

25 00

58 3

1 15

65 002

40

Carterville

800

8 0

2 0

61 0

1 14

88 321

70

Webb City

600

18 0

1.0

60 4

1 34

62 002

215

Duenweg

300

7 0

1.0

60 5

1 36

60

Webb City

300

7 0

2 0

60 0

1 12

63 001

Webb City

200

4.0

58 0

60 0 !

27

Carterville

250

7 0

3 0

57 0

1 10

1)0 o ;

60

Prosperity

1.000

13 0

5.0

60 0

1.37

/ 1> in:

40

Webb Citv

300

1.50

75 2 IB.

40

42C

6 5

1 5

57 5

1 27

68 002

50

Webb City-

300

7.0

15

60 0

0 98

-,., "ii

30

Prosperity

350

4 5

15

60 0

1 37

7J II

125

Oronogo

700

23 0

8 0

58 0

1 59

59 72*

110

Wentworth

250

25 0

38 0

20 OUO

310 Went worth

300

12 5

1.5

60 01

6

Granby

150

4 0

52 0

34 43:

250

Aurora

12 2

300

15 0

45 0

1 15

23 005

60

\Y islio

150

3 0

60 0

60 002

26.800

Granby

600

15 0

55 0

1 12

2

50

Galena

100

5 0

56 0

1.75

20 Galena

65

2.0

58 0

2 00

SO 00)

40 Galena

400

5 0

3 0

51.0

1 50

60 002

320 Galena

6 1

200

10 0

61 0

1 40

5

57

Galena

1 1

300

5 0

1 0

59 0

1 50

42 002

Oklahoma

20 Tar River

2 1

500

62 5

2 55

160

Tar River

6 3

1.250

70 0

15 0

61 8

1 78

ill Ui

140

Douthat

9 3

1.000

40 0

15 0

62 5

2 40

38 005

180

Picher

2 1

700

40 0

20 0

60 0

2 00

30 0C8

60

Tar River

3 1

200

10 0

2 0

59 0

1 40

10

1 00 Tar River

5 1

225

5 0

2 0

60 0

1 81

55 01' 1

200

Douthat

10 3

700

50 0

61 5

1.75

28 0C7

40 Commerce

6 2

300

14 0

8 0

56 0

1 40

34 0C7

124

Picher

2 1

200

6 0

58 0

1 75

)

60

Picher

2 1

200

15 0

10 0

55 8

1 50

33 507

40

Baxter

2 1

30

3 0

3 0

40 0

2 40

50 00

tanks. This material is therefore all minus 2 mm. fl
overflow from these sand tanks passes to a 50-ft. o
thickener and the sands are elevated to two Allen cie
A minus 65-mesh overflow goes to the Dorr thick ie
and the plus 65-mesh "sludge" is elevated and di.-'i'
uted to one James and six Butchart roughing tabl .
Two products only are made on these tables, a n
sand head product, and tailings which are sent Ml
dump. The zinc-sand heads are elevated to a l
Allen cone, and the plus 65-mesh spigot product i I
ground in a Hardinge ball-mill. The reground mal'i
is discharged in closed circuit with the third Allen I
The minus 65-mesh cone overflow joins the thicln>
slime from the 50-ft. Dorr thickener and feeds a 0
M. S. flotation "rougher." The "rougher" tails :
the dump, and the froth is cleaned in a 7-cell fro h

,.ril 20, 1918

ENGINEERING AND Ml MING JOl KNAL

788

j making finished zinc concentrates and tails that
returned to the "rougher" as in Plant No. 1. The

iiicil capacity of both flotation plants is about LOO

iof "sludge" per day, and the flotation extraction is

. making the total mill extraction 7o oi

Jr. At the Bingham mill, operated bj the Eagle-

r Lead Co. on an adjoining tract, the flotation
hhad not at the time of this visit been made lead

as at the Netta. and the dotation concentrates were

led to reduce the lead content to under 0.3 per cent.

Frothing Agent a Hardwood Creosote

I :h lead and zinc sulphides in Joplin ores are easily

id, and a hardwood creosote is the frothing agent

The main problem lies in the proper degree of

i ing and regrinding necessary to free the sul-

! a from the gangue. The average extraction ob-

il in Joplin mills is estimated at 60 to 65', , with-

: he use of flotation. Much of the finer material

i is run to waste in mills not using flotation would

ailable under a proper system of classifying, and

iny mills a small amount of regrinding might be

:ist rated to be economically practicable. The

e will undoubtedly witness many additions of the

. on process to the standard practice of the Joplin

.t.

and in surface view oi the dl tricl presented in pre

vn his installments. Sample taken of some of these tail-
ings or "chat" pile- in the sheet ground district ure
said to average 0.75', zinc, although at the more
modern mills 0.55H zinc and 0.1' lead is representa-
tive. The "chats" offer a hard regrinding problem, and

it is doubtful if a contained value of less than 1',

zinc would make regrinding profitable. The greatest
losses undoubtedly occur in the "sludge" tails.

The water for milling purposes is supplied from mine
drainage, and the amount of water necessary to purnp at
most properties is about equal to mill requirements. In
the newer orebodies opening up in the Oklahoma fields.
the water pumped varies at different mines, depend-
ing largely upon the relative depth of the different
"runs," or ore horizons. This condition, however, is
equalized by the distribution of water from those
properties pumping amounts in excess of their mill re-
quirements, to those properties having an insufficient
supply.

Standard 500-Ton Mills Cost $60,000.

A standard 500-ton mill can be built and equipped
ready for operation in under four months' time, and,
together with power plant, offices and shops, will cost
approximately $60,000. An estimate of complete

THE ANNA BEA-VER AND LACLEDE MILLS IN THE OKLAHOMA SECTION

E >erimentation with coal-tar, pine and other oils
i lixtures has been conducted with varying degrees
s cess; and the cleaning of sulphides with acid varies
tl different ores. As the process develops in its
P ability to the Joplin flow sheets, changes from the
ant method of treatment may be expected. By the
5s it system of roughing and cleaning, high-grade
R itrates are obtained ; and on account of the ore-

V ; system that prevails in the district, the grade
I concentrates, jig, table or flotation, is of prime
P tance, and the degree of extraction a secondary
iseration. In this connection it would seem that
ie the base market price of zinc concentrates is
B $60 per ton, it is to the millman's advantage to
i grades of 60 rr zinc or over, since the base value
t lit is less than the bonus of $1 per unit for all
Kver60f,: which for all base prices is constant;
t ith the market basic price over $60 per ton, the
Sits for bonus zinc per unit become proportionately
s lan the base price per unit offered for a 60',
1 and a higher price per unit for the excess over
U zinc would be obtained by throwing this excess,

V cticable, into additional tonnage of cencentrates.
'' disposal of mill tailings in the Joplin district is
w d by piling in mounds in stages by the use of
p high belt-bucket elevators and launders, locally

e "dummy" elevators, as shown in the illustrations

capital investment for such a plant is given in Table I.

The Empire District Electric Co. supplied power at
an average cost, in the fall of 1917, of lie. per kilowatt
hour. Most of the larger plants, however, find it good
policy to maintain auxiliary power plants to insure
themselves against the frequent break-downs that have
occurred in the last two years at the power companies'
plants. Kansas coal can be obtained at a cost varying
from $3 to $7 per ton, and Oklahoma fuel oil, and
natural gas piped into the district, are suitable for use
either under boilers or in internal-combustion engines.
Fuel oil costs about $2 per bbl. of 42 gal., and gas for
use under boilers 12ic. and engine gas 25c. per 1000
ft. The gas supply has not been satisfactory, however,
on account of the occurrence of frequent and sudden
drops in pressure. The Empire District Electric Co. has
an hydroelectric plant below the point of confluence of
Spring River and Shoal Creek near the Kansas border,
and another in Taney County, Mo., on the White River,
with an auxiliary three-turbine coal-steam electric
generating plant near the Kansas dam site. The. com-
bined capacity of these plants is 45,000 kilowatts, or
sufficient to supply power for a production of 12,000
tons of concentrates per week, although, on account of
poor equipment and consequent break-drowns, only
about 8000 tons per week is averaged.

Operating costs for mining and milling, as reported

rs4

ENGINEERING AND MINING .JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 1

by 12 Joplin-camp properties, won' from $1.12 to $2.24
per ton of ore, averaging $1.46 per ton. The range

of costs from IS Webb City properties was from $0.98
to $1.50 per ton, with an average of $1.27 per ton.
In Oklahoma the costs are somewhat higher, on account
of higher wages and supplies, and ranged from $1.40 to
"> per ton, with an average of $1.S9 per ton. Labor
roughly constitutes 50', of the total cost, supplies SO1 I .
power 15',, and general expense 5',. Of the total
mining and milling costs, milling amounts to about
To the operating costs, royalty, depletion and
depreciation changes must be added accordingly.

Average Opervting Costs

The reports of 32 properties compiled by the Metals
Committee of the Southwest Mine Safety and Sani-
tation Association showed an average operating cost ot
$1,295 per ton of ore mined. Royalty, depletion and
depreciation added, brought the total cost to $1,536 per
ton. Royalties vary considerably in different parts
of the district, as already stated, but probably average
of the selling price of concentrates. Depletion
charges in Joplin may be specified at $4 per ton of
concentrates, in Webb City at $3 per ton, and in Okla-
homa at $6 per ton. Depreciation of plant and equip-
ment may be figured in all camps at $4 per ton.
Operating costs for mining and milling are given in
Table II. The cost of concentrates for operation alone
averages at Joplin mines $48.91 per ton, at Webb City
mines $50.80 and in Oklahoma mines $37.87. Adding
the charges for royalty, depletion and depreciation, the
average cost of concentrates ; as given in the table, is :
Joplin mines, $64.40 per ton; Webb City Mines, $65.30,
and Oklahoma mines, $54.80. These costs will vary
somewhat with the price of concentrates, on account
of the sliding scale of wages and the rise in cost of
supplies that is usually coincident, but with the October,
1917, price of concentrates, $75 per ton, a ready com-
parison of relative profit per ton of concentrates can be
obtained for each section of the district.

Joplin Practice Efficient
Notwithstanding the tendency toward criticisms of
the mining and milling methods that characterize the
Joplin district, it is noteworthy that in the matter of
low costs Joplin practice leaves little to be desired. At
the St. Louis meeting of the American Institute of
Mining Engineers in October, 1917, pamphlets contain-
ing concise and interesting cost data were distributed,
and some of that cost data I present herein with
acknowledgment to Luther V. Rice, of Robert W. Hunt
& Co., for the data in Table I, and to the War Minerals
Committee, which collected the data given in Table II.
More segregated costs of both mining and milling, to-
gether with much valuable technical data on ores and
metallurgical results and conclusions, are given in the
papers to which reference has been made in footnotes
and to which I make acknowledgment for many figures
and facts embodied in this general description of the
district.

Callow-Cell Pneumatic-Bottom Pan

The sketch shows the type of individual cast-i
1 nit torn pan used in the Coeur d'Alenes for each eel!
the Callow pneumatic frothing machines. This
was originated at the Gold Hunter mill, and is used tr
at present. It is made by the Union Iron Works,
Spokane, Wash. The pan is rectangular in sectii
opening and has relatively shallow sides. It has
extended rim and is bored to receive the bolts that fat|
the open cover-plate frame. The canvas is cut i
punched to match and is held in place over the pan
the cover plate. Generally no outside reinfoni
screen is used to keep the canvas from bulging v.
the air pressure from within, as was formerly the pi
tice; instead, the use of three or four layers of car
is sufficient. As soon as the top canvas becomes choli
it is removed and a new erne substituted at the bott<

War Risk Insurance amounting to more than $12,000,000,-
000 has been writte.i on the lives of American soldiers, sail-
ors and nurses. Up to Mar. 7, 1,392,324 applications had
been received at the Bureau of War Risk Insurance. The
average amount applied for is $8,085. The maximum per-
mitted is $10,000 and the minimum is $1000.

DETAILS OF PNEUMATIC BOTTOM PANS FOR CALl.rt
FLOTATION CELLS

the second canvas thereby coming to the top. Seir;
of these unit pans fit on the bottom of the Callow e
tank, and each is held in place by an air-pipe film
which connects through the tank bottom to a n pi1
screwed into the bottom of each pan, gaskets being *e
to make a tight joint. At some of the mills these u
are made of wood. Instead of having the air-*1
opening near the bottom, it is centrally placed.

For some reason the Gold Hunter mill had troub i
getting an even air flow through the canvas mats uei
individual pans were used, and a A-in. iron bar
bolted to the cover below the canvas to divide thui
ward air current. In some of the pans the reinfoMi
rib of the cover plate is across instead of along the a
Generally a bolt is sufficient in every hole to securtl
canvas mat tightly, but it is well to have the holes l«'
around the rim and cover close together so that Id
tional bolts can be used if necessary. Ears are e
erally bolted to the shorter sides of the cover plat
aid in lifting when canvases have to be changed,
the Bunker Hill & Sullivan mill, canvas matsa
calked into grooves in the rim of the pans with P

cpril 20, 1918

ENGINEERING \\l> MINIM, JOl RNAL

7155

Troubles in Flotation

\'a nll\ IK i IIAI.S Ki\

Oik 0/ iln nio.it interesting subjects in tin
Implication oj fin flotation process is Unit which
relates In operating troubles. Tin need for on
txhaitstiri research o] Iln chemical and physical
factors ini'olred in flotation should In apparent
U) all icho carefully read 'In articlt that follows:

I TO ONE knows milling troubles better than does

y the flotation man. When two flotation men meet,

I 1 they don't talk much about the success each is

; ng, but inquire rather anxiously about the troubles

have appeared and how they have been dealt with

9 strange that there have been so few papers on

subject. Jackson A. Pierce' is about the only mill-

who has frankly written about his tribulations and

essed his ignorance of why he finally succeeded. It

me that some of the rest of us gained courage to

< him.

he history of many flotation mills gives the same

i. of perplexing difficulties, especially at the begin-

i : of operations, and there have been instances where

■ \done by flotation machines has been so unprofitable

the process was finally abandoned in spite of the

l) uraging indications given in the laboratory with

nil test machines. The process of flotation is so

disturbed that any hostile plotter who happens

o e versed in its vagaries can completely upset the

on of a flotation mill. Even without any hostile

o piracy, everything may be going well when suddenly

n froth will change in appearance, "mineral" will

j to be floated and the froth may die entirely.

Up to Operator to Correct Disturbances

is always "up to the operator" to restore normal
pation quickly, for the pulp is constantly passing
h ugh the flotation machines and money is being
a ily lost. This may occur several times in every
■4 ours, and much valuable pulp may escape into the
ace. The machine operators generally run first
o he oil-feeder, to see if it is giving the regular
mint of flotation oil. Then they will try adding a
I more of the oil to see if they have been under-
lie pulp. That failing, they will cut down the
ied, and if they are still unsuccessful they will
f'ably add some rather expensive oil not normally
If this still brings no results, and if the dis-
U' ng influence has not already passed, they try
ofng over the mechanical parts of the machine and
uimg on more or less air or speeding up the agitators.
1> idea is to change everything that can be thought
trusting that the unknown disturbing factor will be
ed. Many times these passing troubles are adjusted
:>ut any one knowing their real cause. If the trouble
e,sts so that operation is either seriously handi-
al2d or even prevented, the work is either dropped
nlely or the disturbing influence definitely ascertained
n' eliminated.

•tallurgist. Hooker Electrochemical Co., Niagara Falls. .V V
Un. and Sci. Press." Sept. 16. 1916.

i havi already mentioned the difficulties of Jackson
.\. Pierce, whosi mill at Idaho Colo,, g

indications of nevei being a success. It wat impossible
to get any metallurgical froth foi a long time Then
the inMii.li' disappeared, and satisfactory results ensued
I do not Know all Dm conditione that surrounded his
case, inn l do know that the mill had been remodeled

from an old cyanide mill. It is a well-known fact thai
cyanides are deleterious to flotation under ordinary
conditions, so that his first period of unsuccessful oper-
ation may have been during the time that all traces
ii cyanide were being Hushed out of the system.

( opper Salts Remedi Trouble at Mascot

One of the best-known examples of troubles success-
fully mastered is that at Mascot. Tenn., where a
sphalerite of exceptional purity is being concentrated
from a disseminated ore. When this plant was started,
it was impossible to duplicate the work done in the
laboratory, and an immense amount of work on the
plant was of no avail until the conditions of laboratory
testing and plant operation were compared. The test-
ing in a bronze machine gave excellent results, while
operation in a wood and iron one was discouraging. A
plate of copper, hung in the spitzkasten of the plant
machines, solved the difficulty and led to the further
discovery that a small amount of a solution of copper
sulphate added to the pulp accomplished the same end.
The manner in which this trouble was mastered does
great credit to the staff at the mill. Just why a pure
sphalerite requires modification by reaction with copper
sulphate or other soluble salts of copper is not easy
to explain, but the point is that the successful con-
ditions of operation were found.

One of the most common troubles in a flotation plant
is over-oiling. As already mentioned, one of the first
things the usual operator will do when he is trying
to right a trouble in operation is to try adding more
oil. This usually results in a somewhat poorer grade
of concentrate, because the excess of oil often makes
a tougher froth, so that more gangue is carried into
the concentrate. Too much oil fed all at once will
usually kill the froth, due to the well-known "raw-oil"
effect. After stirring the excess oil into the pulp, the
froth comes back. If the froth is tough, less agitation
may be wanted.

"Over-Electrolyte" Another Source of Grief
Closely allied to this trouble is that coming from
"over-electrolyte." Presence of an excess of almost
any electrolyte usually causes poor "selection." In
strong brines, a lower grade concentrate is obtained
than in pure water. If it were not for this, it is
probable that the water in the Great Salt Lake might
now be in use for flotation work. Likewise, an excess
of sulphuric acid in plants using it is likely to cause
trouble. The remedy for troubles of this kind is to
prevent the entrance of excess electrolyte into the pulp
wherever possible. Reducing the amount of oil used will
sometimes improve conditions. At an experimental flo-
tation mill belonging to the Ohio Copper Co. mine water

ENGlNKKKlNi; AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No.

containing considerable amounts of dissolved material
was used, ami caused endless trouble. Only about 10rn
extract ion of the copper seemed possible. Iron and cop-
per sulphates were present in the water. After trying
every addition agent mentioned in the tests, experiment-;
with various chemicals available in the local analytical
laboratory proved that a small amount of potassium
cyanide rectified most of the trouble. Immediately the
extraction increased to 65', , in spite of bad conditions
of fluctuating feed, dilutions of pulp, etc.

This result is all the more curious considering the
fact that copper sulphate and cyanides had opposite
effects in the cases mentioned before. In this case, it
is almost certain that the cyanide could not exist long
in the solution, but that it would immediately combine
with the compounds already present to form complexes
like ferrocyanides, cuprocyanides, etc., whose effects
on notation are not known to be so deleterious. Dr.
Gahl informs me that a small amount of cyanide im-
proves the flotation at the Inspiration mill. E. J.
Atckison has also informed me of similar results in
treating the silver ore at the Amparo mines, in Mexico,
finding, however, that a slight increase in the amount
of cyanide used is objectionable. This latter observa-
tion is important in that it suggests a possible critical
amount of each electrolyte. In general, the best thing
that can be done is to remove the excess of undesirable
electrolyte. For example, before the pulp enters the
flotation machines lime could be added to remove iron
sulphates from the solution.

Oil and Organic Agents

Lubricating oil, dripping into the mill pulp from
bearings, often creates trouble, causing either dirty
froth or sometimes an apparent over-oil effect. Hence,
it is well to look after the oil cups and arrange catches
to prevent any dripping oil getting into the pulp. The
Minerals Separation machines often drip oil into the
pulp, and should be so constructed that lubricating oil
cannot run down the shafts of the impellers.

Organic agents are often effective in their action on
flotation. If the water in the mill feed comes from a
swamp, it contains tannin extracts and other materials
which prevent good flotation. Many of these things
cause a copious foam, but it is white and does not
carry "mineral." If roots gets into the mill feed their
plant juices will be crushed out of them and usually
cause similar trouble. This happens at the plants of
the Midvale Minerals Co., at Midvale, Utah, and at
the Prince Consolidated Mining Co., at Pioche, Nev,
Such plants and weeds should be screened out.

Tobacco juice, glue and similar substances cause like
troubles, and if a mill becomes contaminated with them
it is sometimes necessary to drain out all the pulp and
scrub the inside of the flotation machines. One tale is
told of an apparently well-built wooden machine, con-
structed by a ship's carpenter, in which no one could
obtain successful flotation. It was found that the joints
of the machine were filled with glue, which had to be
removed before normal flotation could be obtained.

In another case which came to my personal ex-
perience a batch of ore was being crushed in a pebble-
mill for use in small laboratory tests. The outlet of the
mill was plugged with a "gunny" sack to prevent the
pulp from splashing out during the grinding. The

sack fell into the mill and was ground up withj
ore. This ore would not float, although subseqi
crushing of another batch in the same mill gave mati
that caused no trouble. The effects of moat orgi
materials are hard to counteract, and the best ti
that can be done is to eliminate them at their sourc<

Variauility in Flotation Agents

Variable oil shipments have often been blamed:'
trouble, and there is no doubt that there are <s
where the manufacturers have been unable to dupls
their previous shipments and yet have not informec,
purchasers. In many cases trouble has started:
moment a new shipment of oil was introduced into
mill. However, most of the larger dealers in flot;i
oils have now taken steps to remedy this difficulty,
other cases, variation of the oil has been causa
deliberate attempts to adulterate an expensive oil i
cheaper products.

I have also heard of cases where trouble arose j
allowing barrels of oil to stand open in the warm?
for some time before being used. The freshly opi
barrels had been tested before acceptance and fi
satisfactory, but before the supply was exhausted
last portions of the oil left in the barrel's were fi
of almost no flotative value. Supposedly the valvl
constituents of the oil were the most volatile parts i
these evaporated, leaving a worthless residue. So la
factors can cause trouble that the oil is usually bin
if no other explanation is at hand.

Change in Water Supply Affects Process

Water supply is another thing which can changa
cause trouble in flotation. If the mineral saltsi
solved in the water are different at different tim,
is probable that the best oils for different condio
will have to be kept on hand and used as needed
fact, it often happens that the preliminary test o
on an ore will be done in a distant laboratory and/i
different water than that which is to be used iit
mill. On that account, some particular type of oiln
be chosen which later proves unsatisfactory. Thi:w
the case when the National Mill at Mullen, Idaho, il
to work well with turpentine, which had been c»s
as the best oil in the laboratory. In line with ie
experiences is the fact observed at Mascot, Tenn.a
Miami, Ariz., that after a hard rain flotation was o<
It was not easy to see how the rain water had a che i(
composition which would be prejudicial. An exju
tion was wanting for some time, until it was ui
that the fine sediment carried into the mill wat
the unusual surface run-off was the real cause c t
trouble, and that after settling out the sedimer t
water was as good as ever for flotation work. ie
clay-like materials sometimes exist in the ore «
and have been called the "primary slimes" at la
and Inspiration to distinguish them from the "soi
ary slimes" formed during the grinding of thio
At Inspiration, Dr. Gahl found that their effect 01
be remedied by introducing a proper proportr
granular matter or iron filings when the preser'
a large proportion of primary slimes endangered su e

Grinding is closely related to the subject. One 8
which caused ball-mills to be chosen in the desii
the Inspiration mill was the fact that finely divide ii

pril 20, 1918

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOT RNAL

7:57

1 been found to be beneficial in the presence of the
nary slime. There is no doubt that there is often
liderable difference in the flotation work upon pulp

B in ball-mills as compared with that upon pulp
•1 pebble-mills.

ilos are told of the change from one to the other

iods of grinding, with resulting improvements in
1 flotation.

lere are so many things involved in the change
I it is difficult to explain just how the supposed im-

aments were effected. There is doubt as to the
I', suitable size of one particle for flotation, but
1 ipinion is fairly unanimous that sized material does

give good results, and a mixture of all sizes is
I mentioned before the fact that a definite ratio

granular" to "colloidal" material seems to be neces-
1 , and too much of either results in unsatisfactory
I tion.

Miscellaneous Troubles

mgh froth, which is hard to break down, has also
led difficulties. Stories of mill floors flooded with
I h leathery froth are common. At the Butte and
I rior mill there is a housing over the concentrate
High up on the windows of this housing I once
I marks showing the level attained on one occasion
1 tough froth. Many a millman has had to wade into

1 knee-deep or more. Tough froth is often due to
xmich oil, but more often to the wrong mixture of
1 Some mixtures of oils can be obtained that form
|i so tough that it will support a penny.

the Minerals Separation-Miami suit one story was
)lof a froth so tough that it supported a shovel laid
n:. I have noticed several ores in which the addi-
c of coal-creosote to a pulp already oiled with pine
ilormed a very tough froth. The remedy for such
li is, of course, to change the oil mixture or its
if od of application. Sometimes these tough froths
a en to be the best metallurgically, and then special
ru-breakers have to be devised. The most success-
ulme usually have jets of water impinging sharply
it the froth launders or other containers.

1 ment, or the soluble portions thereof, is also known

> ive caused trouble just after newly made concrete
ra allowed to come in contact with the mill pulp —
ceding to Clayton, of the Missouri School of Mines.

actuating feed, both as to percentage of mineral
r<nt and the density of the pulp, causes poor extrac-

0 more often than anything else that I know of. At
nt ime not enough froth will overflow from a flotation
iaine (adjusted for average conditions), and the
to minute too much froth will be overflowing. Ma-
his designed to take fluctuating feed are being

ed, but up to the present I know of no better way
f icreasing the extraction and bettering the grade
f oncentrate than by providing a constant feed.
'ft this has been done, a minimum of attention will
e squired. At the Inspiration mill changes of pulp
e»ty are prevented by a floating hydrometer placed

1 e tube-mill discharge and actuating the inlet valve
a lie water line. Thickeners usually make satis-
K ry devices for providing a constant feed.

'tering and shipping difficulties are encountered
1 the installation of new plants. Some plants try

> e small concentrate settling bins without filtering

appliances; as b consequence much flotation concen-
trate is lost, and such we1 material ie shipped thai the

smelter exacts a penalty. The usual procedure is to
improve the settling and thickening capacity and to
install a filter.

Every flotation machine has a certain capacity for
each type of material, at which it will give satisfactory
results, and usually it has a much lower capacity foi
sand than for slime. As R. C. Canby has so ably ex-
pressed it, one can easily conceive of passing a hundred
tons of granulated lead through certain machines, but
to conceive of passing the same weight of feathers
through the same machines is difficult. Hence, an in-
crease in the proportion of fine material in the pulp
feeding a machine may overload it and cause poor work.

The foregoing are some of the most obvious troubles
that are experienced in flotation, and I have no doubt
that a discussion of this paper would bring forth similar
perplexities. Some mills are afflicted only to a mild
degree with the troubles described, so that their opera-
tors are not familiar with them unless discussion of
this kind brings the subject to their attention.

Groch Centrifugal Flotation Machine*

In addition to the Callow pneumatic installations at
Cobalt, Ont., there are several Groch centrifugal flota-
tion machines at various mills in the district. This
machine is the invention of Frank Groch, of the Grod-
wards Co., Cobalt, and may briefly be described as fol-
lows: It consists of a V-shaped box divided into com-
partments, in each of which operates a specially de-
signed impeller having the combined functions of
atomizing the oil, agitating the pulp centrifugally, and
sucking the air into the mass during the agitation.
The impeller is a vertical hollow shaft, with a contri-
vance at its lower extremity resembling a duplex cen-
trifugal pump, or a turbine divided horizontally by a
disk. The full-sized machine in operation has six im-
pellers, and on the fine slime from Cobalt silver ore
has a capacity of 25 tons per day. With fine sand the
capacity will be much larger.

In action the pulp enters the first compartment of the
V-box at the bottom, is sucked up by the lower portion
of the duplex centrifugal impeller, and discharged in
such a manner as to cause a tendency for the impeller
to be thrust upward, its weight thus being reduced
on its bearing and lessening the power consumption.
The oil and air enter the pulp through the impeller, by
passing down the hollow shaft and being discharged
at the periphery of the impeller, thus being brought
into contact with the sulphides of the pulp under con-
ditions for successful flotation. The rest of the opera-
tion is similar to that of any other flotation machine.
The oiled sulphides rise to the surface, and flow over
the lips of the V-box, while the pulp, thus impoverished,
settles and slides down the inclined planes into the first
compartments, to be sucked up into the impeller of com-
partment No. 2, and the operation completed.

The following mills have Groch machine installation:
Coniagas, Trethewey, McKinley-Darragh, Northern
Customs Concentrator, Beaver, Miller Independence, and
the Metals Chemical Company, Welland.

•Twenty-sixth Annual Report of the Ontario Bureau of Mines.
1917.

ENGINEERING AND MIN1NC ,lol UNAl.

Vol. 105, No. 1

Flotation in Relation to Gangue Minerals

B"V JAMES M. McCLAVE*

Tht ■ < of gangue minerals »;""' the •"•''"'-

isfvl flotation at sulphide minerals has at-
tracted UttU attention hitherto. That it is im-
portant and worthy of scientific study is shown
by the nrlil and laboratory experience thai form
the substance of tin article presented herewith.

RBCEN r investigations to determine the solubility
of oils and their peculiar behavior when mixed
with water led to a scries of tests of oiled water
on gangues. The oiled-water solutions were prepared by
mixing pine oils and coal-tar creosotes with water, using
of the oil mixture to 2000 lb. of water. The oiled
water was allowed to stand 24 hours and then filtered
through filter paper. The filtrate in many cases was
almost as clear as distilled water. The filtered oiled
water was used to secure comparative data with oil
mixes introduced directly into the pulp.

Details of Treatment

Two ores similar in character and composition were
taken. No. 1 had been tested with pine oil and creosote
without pre%'ious mixing and filtering. No. 2 was treated
with the oiled-water mixture. The results were so radi-
cally different that I concluded that the difference was
due to the oiled-water mixture. After a careful in-
vestigation it was found that the oiled water was not
the cause of the difference. The gangues were analyzed.
No. 1 sample proved to be a quartz-porphyry and sam-
ple No. 2 white quartz with schist and limestone. The
flotation tests on No. 1 sample were satisfactory with
almost any kind of pine oil or oiled-water mixtures.
The tests on No. 2 sample were anything but satisfac-
tory. This naturally led to the conclusion that the
limestone had something to do with the poor results.
Acid was used to neutralize the limestone, but this did
not improve matters.

In former treatment table-dressing had been used on
both ores. Small table tests were made on 60- to 100-
mesh size with a view of making high-grade concen-
trates and clean tailings, and in order to secure these
products it was necessary to discard the middlings. The
table concentrate from No. 1 was mixed with the table
tailing of No. 2 and the table concentrates from
No. 2 was mixed with the tailing of No. 1. Interesting
tests were made on the "double-crossed" ores. No. 1
sample with No. 2 gangue showed practically the same
discouraging results with the various oil mixtures that
were manifested in the first tests. Sample No. 2, with
the well-behaved gangue, gave practically the same re-
sults that were shown in test No. 1 before the gangues
had been changed.

Field experience on a number of ore-dressing prob-
lems has convinced me that it is important to make a
special study of the gangue materials before designing
a flotation plant. The following examples of mill prac-
tice will give a general idea of the importance of oils
in relation to gangues.

•Metallurgical engineer, 922-18tb si. Denver, Colo

In testing a complex ore to determine the best co-
lunation of oils, it was found that a combination of crl
petroleum coal tar creosote and steam-distilled pine,
gave the best results. The assay of the ore was as :
lows: Gold, otto oz.; silver, 5.0 oz.; lead, 7',; zl
20', ; iron. 16.4S ; insolubles, 23.5%. In a short tu
.ittcr the above tests were completed, another ore u
received at the laboratory from a different mining a
trict. The second sample was similar in appearance
had the same general structure. The second sanli
analyzed gold, 0.02 oz.; silver, 8.4 oz.; lead, (*>',; z.c
18.6'r ; iron, 19.3', ; insolubles, 24.4%. The oil
that gave the best results on the first ore were triet I
the second sample, with poor results. The oil comb a
tion worked out for the first ore which produced s;]
clean concentrate and tailing products gave a dirty m
centrate on the second sample. Finally, a combinaji
of coal tar and hardwood creosotes gave a clean con>r
trate and tailing. The question naturally arises
such a marked difference in the frothing properties
the two ores.

The gangues had been analyzed only for insoluhi
and, carrying the investigation further, it was foil
that the first sample contained 7% of lime and b
second sample 0.5 ' < lime. The difference in the '.n
contents of the ores undoubtedly produced the gl
difference in frothing conditions, as was proved If
by removing the lime in the first sample and adm
this lime to the second sample ; it was found that tho
combinations had to be reversed.

Changes Caused by Variation in Ore

In testing a heavy sulphide ore containing 7% (I
and 20% silica, an oil mixture was found that ga
clean froth concentrate and a high recovery. A li
was designed to treat the ore directly by flotation c
account of the ore requiring reduction to 50-r:s
in order to liberate the valuable particles. The li
operated successfully for two years, making a 1
recovery by direct flotation. With depth, the I
changed, the sulphide crystals became larger and tfc
concentration was introduced, followed by regrin r
and the treatment of the tailings by flotation.

The same oil mixture was used that gave such >(
results before. This mixture proved a failure,
froth was siliceous and tailings contained both «
and iron sulphides. Other oil mixtures were hastily r
pared and tried out, with little encouragement. In o
ing over the remodeled mill, it was found that there?)
a back-wash on the tables that was cut out as vs
material and was not returned to the flotation de.r
ment. This product was diverted to the flotation n
chines, and every one connected with the mill reci/i
an agreeable surprise, as the old oil mixture worked*
fectly and the flotation department gave no f u h<
trouble. But why? The table back-wash was ana z<
and found to contain a small percentage of metals"
a high percentage of lime. In this case the lime wat!
missing factor.

In another case flotation tests on a silver-lead ore U
cated clean products and high recovery with pin o

ml 20, L918

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOI RNAL

789

i mill products showed some improvement by using
ivvood creosote. The mining company acquired the
; ning property across the gulch. The ore in this
was of the same general character, and SO close
i the resemblance in looks and value that the super-
t dent thought he was taking no chances, and sent
1 iins of ore from the new mine to the mill. As .soon

e ore reached the flotation department, it was evi-
; that there was something wrong. Many quick

res were made with oils, but without any improve-
; in the froth.

e mill was closed down and the ore sent to the
)atory for a thorough investigation. The analysis
ced a small amount of manganese present in the
r of rhodochrocite. A mixture of pine oil and crude
tleum made a positive metal-bearing froth. In

practice, kerosene w^as used instead of the crude
tleum. Comparative tests were run on ores from
t properties. Samples from the old property treated
tthe oil mixture used on ore from the new property
>i not produce a mineral froth. Later tests and
ktigations proved conclusively that the manganese
ural was the cause of the flotation troubles.

Necessity for Careful Sampling

Tits were made on a zinc-lead-copper ore that proved

i about the simplest flotation problem that ever
n into the laboratory, as almost any kind of a pine
I Duld give a good froth. The mill was overhauled
ici flotation unit installed after the tables to treat
e iddlings and tailings. When the flotation machines
I started, it was expected that froth would readily
r but no froth appeared. Then followed a series

pid oil changes, but still no froth. The manager
c le desperate and cleaned house by discharging the
I ; mill crew, and even this drastic measure did not
In make a froth.

1; mill was closed down and I came in for his share
ase on account of the complete failure. The labora-
r vork was reviewed and fresh samples were brought

r tests. The new samples were similar to those
« ^n the first tests, but no oil combination would pro-
ica clean metal froth. The old samples were un-
r ed, and comparative tests were made, showing a
id difference in frothing conditions. To the eye the
ewere identical, and assays showed similar metal
lis. Microscopic examinations of the ore showed a
inie containing epidote. The engineer who sampled
e line was interviewed, and he soon cleared up the
liy. All samples were cut down at the property

sail pulps except ore from the new vein, which had
I -ecently opened up by a crosscut tunnel. The large
I es were left at the president's office, and these had
■e presented for the flotation tests.
I iters and experimenters have featured the use of
is id reagents and their relation to minerals and have
id ttle to say about their troubles with gangue min-
I and it is the object of this article to encourage
bis to give their experience along this line.

Selective Flotation in Australia

B^ Gin C i: kll*

Preferential flotation of Lad anil zinc at Broken Hill.

Australia, is being watched with considerable interest

in this country. The successful operation of the Iliad
ford SO process among the heavy producers tl
attracted comment in many quarters. Several of the

large milling companies at Broken Hill have used the
process for over a year, and the Australian rights were
purchased in 1917 by a combination of four of the
heaviest producers, namely, Amalgamated Zinc, Broken
Hill South, Sulphide Corporation, and Zinc Corporation
In addition to these, the Broken Hill Proprietary, Ltd.,
under the auspices of which the process was evolved by
the inventor, Leslie Bradford, has been treating large
tonnages at the new Bradford mill for a considerable
time.

The 65th half-yearly report of the last-named com-
pany for the six months ended Nov. 30, 1917, discloses
the fact that the company's operations are improving and
expanding. Its lead and zinc interests continue heavy.
The new Bradford S02 selective flotation mill presents
a feature of interest to American flotation operators.
Slimes to the extent of 50,248 tons were handled by the
process during the six-month period, yielding 5592 tons
lead concentrates of 61.6$ Pb and 83.2 oz. Ag and 13,-
407 tons of zinc concentrates. Since the re-flotation
section of the mill was started, the average grade of
the zinc concentrates produced has been 49.54% Zn,
4.34 Pb, and 14.47 oz. Ag per ton. This zinc product
of the Bradford SO, process is the highest grade of zinc
concentrates produced on the Barrier lode.

It is my understanding that the treatment, on Broken
Hill Proprietary ores, emulsifies by the use of nitre cake
instead of oil. The selective agent is SO, gas in acidu-
lated solution. Both the galena and the blende become
thoroughly wetted in the process and sink, the galena
then coming to the surface, while the blende is kept in the
wetted condition by the continued action of the gas, to
which it is more susceptible than galena. Pyrites come
up with the galena, separation between iron and zinc
being fully as well-defined as between the lead and zinc.
The Broken Hill crude ores on which the process is used
run approximately 15% Pb, 15% Zn, and 14 oz. silver.

Several refractory lead, zinc, and copper ores from
the United States, Canada and Mexico have been sent
over to the Broken Hill mill for testing by selective
flotation, and preliminary reports recently returned in-
dicate the success of the Bradford SO= treatment on
them. The Bradford selective-flotation processes are
patented in all the principal countries of the world. I
am Mr. Bradford's representative in America, and re-
cently returned to New York from Australia.

Seen million buttons are to be given to subscribers of
I berty Loan Bonds of the third issue, whether of a $50
n<ir a $10,000 one. The buttons, which have a border
b liant red, and a blue field with a liberty bell, and the
"Third Liberty Loan" in white, are now ready for
''"y when subscriptions are made.

Liberty and Labor

The hope of labor lies in the opportunities for free-
dom; military domination, supervision, checks, bondage,
lie in Prussian rule.

It is not through a German regime but through
democracy that labor is to receive adequate recogni-
tion and its realization of its rightful place in the
world.

•Metallurgical engineer. 29 Broadway. New York.

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL Vol. 105, No. 1)

in mi mm i i iiimiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiitiiiiiiiiiiiii miimimiimiim iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiuiiiitiiiiii minium I iiiiiiiliillilllliiiilllllllllliiiiiiiiiiiiiiinii

Prominent Mill Superintendents

\l.l:i:ilT E. WIGGIN
Anaconda Coppi r Mining Co.

M-.THIK CRl >\VKOOT
Arizona Copper Co.

J. T. SHIMMINT
Butte & Superior Mining Co.

.pril 20, L918

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOl RNAL

741

Differential Flotation of Lead and Zinc

i:i \\. I.. ZEIGLEB

flu separation of blende and galena is still an
important metallurgical problem. Separation bit
liffi rential flotation is being practiced in tin
nUling plants of tin- Coenr d'Alenes, Idaho, and
■ fair degree of success has been attained. The
taper offers a review of the methods practiced.

ITEARLY all flotation oils, when used in small

J quantity, show a marked tendency to float

ll galena in preference to sphalerite and pyrite.

is especially true when the so-called "frothing"

il are used. The greater part of the clean galena

in the Cceur d'Alene district float easily, with a

recovery, by the use of steam-distilled pine oil

ood cresote, which are good frothing agents but

Hectors, while, with possibly one exception, th>;

ite ores require a "collector" to obtain a good

ion. Much work has been done in this district

■pa rate the galena and blende in the mill slimes by

tion, and at present this is being accomplished in

al mills and tailings plants.

Pneumatic Cell Successfully Used

te general method used at present is to float the
la first from the thickened mill slimes in pneumatic

i

la/ling Discharge
LONGITUDINAL SECTION OF PXLTMATIC CELL

the use of a small auantity of a frothing oil.

ailing from the lead cells is then sent to zinc cells,

the sphalerite is floated from the gangue by using

stable quantity of a "collector" oil and reagents.

this method, the type of flotation machine employed

ibly has as much to do with the success of the

ss as have the differential properties of the oils

The pneumatic cell is particularly adapted to

irk, as the agitation is by no means violent and

irbe readily adjusted to meet different conditions

I mply supplying more or less air under the air

Mechanical agitation will invariably tend to

P the finer particles of sphalerite with the galena,

n(is froth produced in this manner is much more

SI*tent and difficult to break down than that made by

Pneumatic cell, there is little mechanical separation

f e two sulphides in the froth bed.

wrintendent, Success Mill, Sunset, Idaho.

When using wood i ti oi pine oil, blende forma a

more friable froth than galena; hence, in a deep bed,
the froth breaks down, permitting mo I oi the zim to
go bach into the pulp, whili ater part of the

lead remains in suspension, as illustrated in Fig, I.
This condition is obtained when using a small quantity
of air in the pneumatic cell and is further adjustable
by placing boards ovei the top or .side rails on the
overflow edges to hinder the flow of the froth, thus
giving the zinc in the froth a chance to drop back into
t he pulp.

Predominance ok Metals Governs Concentrates

The greatest disadvantage is that there is no sharp
end-point between the How of the lead and zinc froths,
and it depends to a large extent upon the skill of the
operator. However, where conditions are regular, bet-
ter results are obtained than one would naturally ex-
pect. The amount of zinc that is contained in the lead
concentrate and the amount of lead that is left in the
zinc concentrate depend greatly upon the percentages of
the two minerals in the feed. That is, if the galena pre-
dominates in the feed, it is easier to make a high-grade
lead concentrate which will carry a small percentage of
zinc than it is to obtain a zinc concentrate that will
carry a small percentage of lead, and the lower the
proportion of lead is to that of zinc, the more difficult
it is to obtain a clean lead concentrate and a high ex-
traction of galena.

Several combinations of "roughers" and "cleaners'*
may be used, according to the values and characteristics
of the ore, the extreme case being a "rougher" and
"cleaner" for both the lead and zinc concentrate and
tailings. After the lead is taken off, there is no ob-
jection to using mechanical agitation for extracting
the zinc, and it is sometimes used on the tailing from
the zinc cells to obtain a better extraction.

The general mill practice is to carry out ordinary
concentration as far as possible, and to remove both a
lead and zinc concentrate as coarse as can be separated,
depending upon the characteristics of the ore. The
greater part of the lead, and in some cases of the zinc,
are removed in this manner, and flotation is used only
for material that is too fine or which cannot be
separated on tables and vanners.

Initial Preparation of Pulp
The initial preparation of the pulp plays an important
part in differential flotation. Probably the most diffi-
cult separation to make is when both sands and slimes
of the diflferent minerals are present. This is due to
the fact that the finer the mineral particles are, the
less oil and agitation it requires to float them; hence,
it is hard to differentiate between the fine particles of
sphalerite and the coarse grains of galena. The ideal
condition is when all the galena is slime and all the
sphalerite is in the granular form. This condition could
never be attained in practice, but it can be approached
by subjecting the feed to hydraulic classification, and
especially on most ores where the lead slimes badly
and the zinc does not. The curve shown in Fig. 2
illustrates this clearly and was clotted from screen-

ENGINEERING AND MINI NT, JiU KNAL

Vol. 105, No 1

vs of a pulp hydraulieally classified in the mill

Ordinarily this pulp is tabled, making both a galena

and blende concentrate, while the tailings are thickened

and sent to the flotation unit. Differential flotation may

be used on this feed with the following results:

T.il'[

D 1 n ,t,

1> K Differential Boutioo

By thickening and treating the table tailings by
flotation, the following results are obtained:

Per Cent

Lead

Zinc

7b 0

1 i

T> 4

i 0

2 9

la 4

| 'i

4.' 1

1 t>

■1 *

il |

2 4

Lead eoDeentrate

Tailing

Lead Zinc

50 0 10 0

8 0 40 0

0 2 0 9

Plotted on Fig. 3 are curves of the screen-size assays.
As there is a quantity of a low-grade magnetic mar-

wo

^^_j- ;•'■ ■■--^-

/T « . .' »

- -■ * . -. •

C60
D

V

^

tj£t

wet

1 ■ 4

j-!

j^

a.

20

f\

\

1 .

1

20

40 so eo

Percent

cnotritDoilW ""'onJOO

on 250

Throijg:i> 250

PIG -' SCREEN ANALYSIS— VALVE CURVES OF PULP
PREPARED BY HYDRAULIC CLASSIFICATION

matite in this ore which does not yield to notation,
tabling followed by flotation proves the most economical,
and better results are obtained than in following flota-
tion with tables.

Use of Chemicals

A light coal-tar distillate made soluble in a strong
caustic soda solution will cause the lead to float almost
entirely free from zinc, and requires a combination of
mechanical and air agitation. This may be carried on
until no more lead floats and the remaining froth is
white in appearance. Adding copper sulphate and No.
350 pine oil will then raise the zinc, with a good ex-
traction and a clean concentrate. A very small amount
of eucalyptus oil dissolved in a relatively large quan-
tity of wood alcohol will also give good results, but
when sufficient quantity is added to get a good extrac-
tion of the lead the colloidal zinc tends to raise, there
being no definite dividing line. Both common salt and
sodium carbonate tend to differentiate between galena
and blende, and have been used experimentally, but the
number of ores to which they are applicable is limited.

After both minerals are floated as a combined con-
centrate, the Horwood process seems to be the only solu-
tion for their separation, although potassium perman-
ganate, potassium dichromate and other chemicals have
been used experimentally. Even if successful, their
cost would be prohibitive.

Unfortunately the zinc blende in the ores of the O
d'Alene district is not high grade, and carries combi
iron ranging from 5 to 20', . Under the present mai
conditions, it is better to take the penalty on zinc
the lead concentrate than to sacrifice the extractior
the lead. The low price paid for zinc slimes let
the margin of profit so narrow that expensive treatn
is out of the question.

Horwood Process

T. J. Hoover, who was among the earliest writers
flotation, said in 1912, regarding the separation
sulphides:'

Up to the present, these methods have not with c
plete success solved the problem of the separation of
sulphides from each other. The Horwood process is a
in this direction, but little has been heard of it recei
and on economic grounds it is doubtful if in the pre!
form the idea is commercially feasible.

The sulphides of the base metal have the quality ol
and gas adhesion in varying magnitudes, as can be e«.
demonstrated, but the range of this variability is m
smaller than between gangue and sulphides. No one c
say, however, that even this minute variability does i
have in it the basis of a commercial separation. Horvi
accomplishes the result by going to the expense of a
liminary slight roast. . . . Some oils cause a better fi.

,

50

A = Toble Zinc Tailing

"B = Toble Lead Tailing

C = Flotation Zinc Tailing

D = Flotation Lead Tailing

-E= Flotation Zinc Tailing

(Floated after Tabling)

F= Flotation Lead Tailing

[(Floated after Tabling)

Average Table
Tail Zinc

30^

'•Average
-Flotation Tail Zinc

^Average Table
Tail Leod

'Average Flotqti
' :aa

10

50 40 50 60

Percentage

aieO-WioO 'on 150 C>n200 on 250 Through 250

Mesh

FIG. 3. COMPARATIVE VALUE CURVES OP TABLE ■»
FLOTATION TAILING

ing of the blende than of the galena; some temperature ai
better for the frothing of certain sulphides than of o
. . . The above factors and others, which are avail
for working in conjunction, conceivably contain the I
of a revolutionary process for solving the longsta
problem of separating completely and commercially 4
sulphides of copper, zinc and lead. I am inclined to il
however, that the solution of this vexed problem lies \th
the realm of the chemical industry.

Evidently, if we may expect as much of an ad'ii

in the next six years as there has been in thea-

sulphides will be separated from one another a

pletely as they now are from their gangue.

Mineral Production of British South Africa in th I

quarter of 1917, as reported by the vice consul at •
nesburg, was as follows: Gold, 2,197,773 oz.; coal, I
025 tons; tin, 510; copper, 8053; asbestos, 1450 I
silver in gold bullion, 224,113 oz.; corundum 1094 0
Transvaal's share of this output was: Gold, 2,197,7' <
coal, 1,717,710 tons; tin, 503; copper, 3926; asbestc
tons; silver in gold bullion, 224,113 oz.; corundum, 109 I

'"Concentrating Ores by Flotation," by Theodore J.
July 4, 1912.

.pril 'JO, I -Jl 8

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Flotation vs. Cyanidation

(.. II. <i,|.;\ i;v,,|.;i;

Tin applicability of tin flotation proiiss to the
treatment of gold and silver ores is determined
by the extraction, the cost and the practicability
of disposing of the flotation concent rate, as com-
pared with the extraction and cost by some other
suitable method. This paper presents a compari-
son of flotation and cyanidation and shows that
■ijaiiii'at'on often /in* advantage in net return.

flOON after it was discovered that certain gold and
li silver ores could be treated by flotation, many as-
< sumed that flotation would bring about the same
-olution in the treatment of precious-metal ores that
t ad brought in the metallurgy of the base metals —
) , copper and lead. The more optimistic predicted
t it would displace the cyanide process, and, in many
. S, amalgamation, while even the more conservative
ve prepared to admit a considerable field for flotation
rhe treatment of gold and silver ores.

Station Not Invariably the Preferred Practice
is now common knowledge that flotation has not
uimplished all that was expected of it in the treatment
Precious-metal ores, and this has been the more diffi-
I to understand in the light of the economic results
.' ined in the treatment of zinc, copper and lead ores.

0 lparison of the state of the art at the time that
intion was successfully introduced, in respect to the
rtment of low-grade base-metal ores having a light
?;?ue (concentrating ores), and low-grade gold and

1 >r ores having a light gangue and no interfering
)i; metals (cyaniding ores), will clearly show that a
iict analogy between the two problems cannot be made.

lotation was first applied commercially in a large way
»;he treatment of zinc ores, and even before its
'cplete development it achieved considerable favor on
icunt of the high losses by other methods of concen-
on. The application of the process to the treatment
'topper ores was less rapid, but once it was clearly
konstrated that the extraction made upon low-grade
'centrating ores could be considerably increased, its
ftiral adoption followed. Similarly with lead ores, its
ability for the treatment of certain products which
oi not be handled by water concentration quickly led
»ts use in this field. In the case of the three ores
Ked, there was & distinct need for such a process, as
Mosses by all methods of concentration formerly in

;«ere, in most cases, excessive. In short, the proces-
fe 'or the mechanical concentration of base-metal ores
foi imperfect, extractions from 50 c'c to 70 cc only be-
n realized. Moreover, the product obtained by flotation
*l similar to that which had previously been obtained

Irater concentration, so that, aside from difficulties

l'h arose through the extreme subdivision of the con-
nate, no special methods were required for its treat-
K t other than the smelting processes previously used
:«the recovery of the zinc, copper or lead from the
:°entrate of older methods of concentration.

etallurgieal engineer, Golden, Colo.

Briefly, then, in the case of th< the extrac-

tion was increased bj Rotation al a reasonable cost, and
from the concentrate the metal could be obtained by the
same methods thai were previously used. On the other
hand, the cyanide process which had been developed for
the treatment of siliceous gold and silver ores was giving
extractions of from 90 to 99'i and, in addition, the
precious metals were produced in the form of bullion,
which could be readily disposed of.

The possibility of treating precious-metal ores by flota-
tion was not seriously considered until the process had
been firmly established, but when it was adopted its
development was rapid.

Application of the Process to Concentration of
the Precious Metals

There at once arose the problem of realizing upon the
concentrates. Local treatment or shipment to a smelter
were possibilities, but in some cases the former could
not be accomplished, and in any event, either procedure
was at a distinct disadvantage as compared with the
direct production of bullion. Thus flotation, in the case
of the precious metals, has had to compete with a highly
developed existent process with little or no opportunity
for improvement in extraction, and with the distinct
disadvantage that it produces a crude product (concen-
trate), and not bullion.

Many years ago metallurgy was defined as the art of
making money from ores, and although there have been
radical changes in metallurgical practice, the definition
still holds. It is a truism that intelligent operators are
endeavoring to make the highest net recovery from their
ores. This does not necessarily mean the selection of
the process showing the highest extraction, for there are
other factors entering into the problem. Net recovery
in the case of gold and silver ores may be defined as the
total value of the gold and silver contained in the ore
minus the losses of gold and silver occurring during
treatment, the cost of treatment, the cost of marketing
(either bullion or concentrate), and royalty, if a royalty
has to be paid upon the process used; it being assumed
that all items of expense or loss are included under some
one or other of these heads.

Metal Losses Occurring in Flotation
and Cyanidation

The losses which may occur in the cyanide process
are through undissolved and dissolved gold and silver
contained in the tailings discharged from the plant plus
whatever other loses may occur during treatment, such,
for example, as wasted solution, loss of precipitate in
handling, etc. Theoretical extraction is the amount of
gold and silver indicated by the product of the difference
between the assay of the original ore and the assay of the
tailing and the tonnage treated, while actual extraction is
represented by the value of the bullion produced.
Formerly, the discrepancy between theoretical and
actual extraction was large. At present, such discrepan-
cies in well-operated plants are small, and in some cases
the actual recovery' is more than the theoretical extrac-
tion. This is explained, where the ore is weighed, care-

:u

KNClNKKKlNt; AND MINIMI JOl'KNAL

Vol. 105, No. 1

fully sampled and proper deductions made for moisture,
by the fact that the tire assay for gold and silver is not,
as has been popularly supposed, a perfect operation. In
other words, losses occurring in the tire assay may more
than compensate for plant losses other than those repre-
sented in the tailings discharged from the mill. A gain
in extraction is more likely to occur with the silver than
with the gold, on account of the higher correction for
the former in the tire assay as ordinarily done.

In flotation, it has not been so clearly demonstrated,
in the case of gold and silver ores, that theoretical and
actual extraction will agree closely. Flotation has the
advantage that a lower-grade product is produced and,
therefore, there is less chance for loss if carefully
handled. On the other hand, if the concentrate is
shipped to an outside plant for treatment, there is the
added danger of loss during transit, and errors in
moisture determinations, as well as loss through the
failure of the buyer to make corrected assays upon the
product purchased. Furthermore, if the concentrate is
treated locally, there is the tailing loss, plus whatever
other losses there may be inherent to the process used.
On the whole, I consider it safe to assume that the differ-
ence between theoretical and actual extraction would be
about the same with both processes, with possibly a
greater chance for discrepancies to arise with flotation
than with cyanidation.

Comparison of Cost of Treatment

In considering the cost of treatment by the two proc-
esses, the first item is the relative cost of plant, since
amortization and interest charges upon the cost of plant,
although frequently omitted, form an important item in
ore-treatment costs. Fine-grinding is required for satis-
factory flotation of gold and silver ores ; this on account
of the necessity of freeing the gold and silver or minerals
containing these metals from the gangue, as well as on
account of the high specific gravity of the two metals.

Consideration of the phenomena of flotation clearly
indicates that metallic gold and silver must be finely
subdivided in order to float, particularly so in the case of
gold. In the case of any given ore, my experience, which
has been confirmed by the observation of others, has
demonstrated that fine-grinding is required to the
same extent for flotation as for cyanidation, and in some
cases even finer grinding is required for flotation. This
being the case, it is apparent that the cost of the grinding
plant necessary for flotation would be at least as great
as that for cyanidation, so that the two processes would
be on a parity in respect to this item. From this point
on, the cost of equipment for cyanidation would be much
greater than that for flotation. It will be observed that,
in this respect, flotation has an advantage over cyanida-
tion. However, if local treatment of the concentrate is
practiced, the additional cost of such a plant may tend
to equalize the total plant cost.

On the other hand, if the concentrate is shipped to an
outside plant for treatment, an advantage may be real-
ized, but generally through sacrifice in net recovery. In
the case of a new property where it is desired to obtain
quick results, or in a case where adequate capital is not
available for plant construction, flotation would have
an advantage, provided there was not too great a dis-
crepancy in net recovery. As previously pointed out,
the cost of grinding may be taken as the same for both

processes. The cost of dotation would be less in ns
cases than the cost of cyanide treatment, and paii
ularly so at present, with the high costs of all mill a
plies. However, it should be remembered that cyi
dation produces bullion, whereas flotation produce
concentrate.

Concentrates Not Always Easily Marketed

Freight, treatment charges, and losses upon the hi
wet concentrate form a very considerable item. 1
drying of the concentrate has not proved an easy pi
lem, particularly in the case of small mines in local
where fuel is high, so that the operator is at times
in the dilemma of choosing between expensive dryim
paying freight upon water. I have also heard ni
complaints of the difficulty of disposing of the com
trate. This is perhaps more aggravated under pn
abnormal conditions than it would be under ordii
circumstances. In a number of cases which have con
my attention, flotation, though apparently possess i
decided advantage over cyanidation, was found by
test of more extended operation to be less efficaoi
than the last-named process.

Thus far I have considered ores upon which it/
assumed that approximately the same extraction cou
obtained by the two processes. As a matter of fact, is
are a number of ores in this country being treate I
cyanidation which are giving better extractions .
could be obtained by flotation. Such cases, I think, n
be at once dismissed from the discussion, as flotatio
order to compete with cyanidation, must at least gr
good an extraction as the older process. Again, 1e
are cases of ores or tailings which are not readily ae
able to cyanidation and upon which flotation will i
very good extractions. A case in point is the tail
resulting from the amalgamation of Mother a
(California) gold ores. Much of the tailing is todc
grade for profitable treatment, but in certain cas
contains sufficient gold. Most of this tailing giu
very poor extraction by cyanidation, for reasons vi<
have never been entirely made clear. In the ca:
one mine which used flotation, good extractions e
obtained, but it was reported that the power consn
tion was excessive. It would appear that this da
vantage could be overcome.

In cases of ores containing base metals or othc i
terfering elements, flotation might precede cyanid i<
for the recovery of these valuable products, as w
to eliminate their effect upon cyanidation. Indee
case of such ores, it frequently would happen thati
gold and silver would be removed with the conceira
containing the base metals, in which case cyanid i'
would be superfluous. In the case of ores which ge
good extraction by cyanidation, but where the t;ii
still contains sufficient gold and silver to rende i
further treatment desirable, flotation would see
present promising possibilities. A well-known coirai
in the Cobalt (Canada) district has been investig
the use of the process at its plant upon a large sea f
some time. All the tailing from the cyanide pM
passed through flotation machines. Flotation hre
weak cyanide solutions under certain conditions is*
sible, and J. M. Tippett has patented a combiri
process of cyanidation and flotation which, uporn
Cripple Creek ores, gives a high extraction by cy*ic

.pril 20, 1918

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

745

i and n high-grade concentrate containing a large

init ion of the gold not recoverable by simple cyan)
j on. In continuous operation there is some question
I irding the effect of organic materia] resulting from
I oils used in the cyanide solution, upon dissolution

precipitation, but, on the whole, the process would
ni to merit further investigation.

Trkatment of Flotation Concentrate

he advantage of local treatment of flotation concen-

re does not permit of satisfactory generalization. The

antrate from no two ores appears to be the same.

uestionably the recovery of silver from this material

cuts a more troublesome problem than the recovery

old. In certain cases the concentrate can be treated

, tl\ by cyanidation. In the case of gold, where this

s ot possible, an oxidizing roast generally renders it

liable to cyanidation. With silver, an oxidizing roast

I it of the question, for although it breaks up the orig-

i combination in which the silver occurs, it renders

i h of the silver insoluble through combinations formed

: ng roasting. This is a subject upon which much

(t is being thrown by investigations recently made

|JT my direction. At Cobalt it is thought that the

I tion concentrate resulting from the treatment of

i r ores of the district can be satisfactorily treated

>\:he Holt-Dern process. The ordinary chloridizing

ot prior to cyanidation, while to a degree effective,

1 3t looked upon by most metallurgists with favor, on

cunt of the possibility of volatilization losses.

Present Status of Flotation

lis brief review, while by no means complete, will

mate the present position of flotation in some of the

i prominent precious-metal mining districts of the

ed States and Canada. The process is not in use in

h Porcupine district (Canada), and it is generally

oeded that at present it would not be possible for it

0 impete with the cyanide method for the treatment
fhe gold ores of the district, which, it may be re-
u.bered, are particularly well adapted to cyanidation.

the Cobalt (Canada) district, flotation is finding

isive application to the treatment of rather refrac-

low-grade silver ores. In two cases, a combination

f ravity concentration and cyanidation has been dis-

•li'd by a combination of gravity concentration and

lotion. Both of these plants, at the time of my visit to

listrict last summer, were installing equipment for

p treatment of the concentrate by the Holt-Dern

V 5ss. Two plants are still using a combination of

pity concentration and cyanidation and two plants

erly using water concentration have added flotation

'fc:s for the treatment of certain of their products.

fl plant employing cyanidation has added a flotation

'<'■ for treating cyanide tailings. Flotation has a dis-

1 field of usefulness in this district, and has made a
*t showing here than elsewhere.

^lgamation Tailings of Mother Lode Show Good
Flotation Recoveries

has been demonstrated that good recoveries can be

1 from the amalgamation tailings of the Mother

1 (California) mines, which are not amenable to

nidation. In the Grass Valley district, where the

ngamation tailings are amenable to cyanidation,

flotation haa not displaced the older process, although at
one time it was thought thai this mighl come about

No llotation plants are in Operation at Tonopah (Ne-
vada) for the treatment ol the silver-gold ores of the
district, which are now universally treated by cyanida-
tion. it is generally thought by metallurgists most
familiar with these ores that Rotation cannot compete
with cyanidation. One well-known company in the
Goldfield (Nevada) district, after large cale experi-
mentation, converted the cyanide section of its combina-
tion cyanide and gravity concentration plant into a
flotation plant, the plan being to treat the flotation con-
centrate in the existent roasting and cyanide plant used
for treating the other concentrates. As this was a gold
ore, this method of treating the concentrates, with the
exception of difficulties arising on account of the finely
divided nature of the material, was satisfactory. Soon
after starting the plant, the results by flotation became
unsatisfactory, and it was found necessary to return to
cyanidation of the ore, with the exception of the part
high in copper, which was not amenable to cyanide
treatment, and which fortunately could be satisfactorily
treated by flotation.

The treatment of the low-grade ores of the Cripple
Creek disrict by flotation has been investigated on a
large scale under the most favorable auspices. One well-
known company operating in the district converted the
cyanide part of its combination cyanide and gravity
concentration plant over to flotation, and after operation
for a number of months abandoned flotation and went
back to cyanidation, on account of the higher net re-
covery made possible by the older process. Another
company is at the present time operating a combination
gravity concentration and flotation plant, but compari-
son of its results with those of the other company are
not available.

Preliminary Experimental Work

There are a number of points which I should like to
make clear in connection with the preliminary experi-
mental work which is necessary- for ascertaining whether
an ore is suitable for treatment by flotation, for through
proper cognizance of these and an accurate analysis of
the experimental results disappointment in the operation
of the process may be avoided.

It is perhaps superfluous to call attention to the neces-
sity of performing experiments upon representative
samples of ore, but it has frequently come to my atten-
tion, in connection with preliminary experimental work
with a number of processes, that conclusions have been
reached as a result of work done upon a few supposed
representative samples only to discover later that there
existed in the mine ore of a character not represented by
the samples. The ore from different parts of a mine
may vary greatly, although this may not be apparent
on casual inspection, and there may be slight physical
and chemical differences which have an important influ-
ence upon the operation of a delicately balanced process
such as flotation. A sufficiently large number of samples
from various parts of the orebody should be experi-
mented upon to guard against this danger.

Drying of an ore which is to be milled wet often
has an important effect upon extraction through changes
in the colloidal portion of the ore. Even drying in the
air, which may occur during the period intervening be-

ENGINEERING AND .MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No.

tween the time that the sample is taken ami the test>

are made, may have an important effect. For this

- n. I prefer to have the samples, as soon as taken.

ad in tin cans. In making tests by notation.
there are generally at least three products: concentrate,
middling ami tailing. It has been genera] practice to

bat extraction is represented bj the content of
the concentrate plus the middling, while the grade of the
concentrate to be expected is represented by the grade
of the concentrate obtained in the test. This presupposes
that it will he possible to bring the grade of the middling
up to that i<( the concentrate, without anj additional
tailing loss. This appears to be possible with many
base-metal ores, hut it has been demonstrated that with
precious-metal ores it cannot always be accomplished,
so that, instead of producing in actual operation, as
expected, a high-grade concentrate and a low tailing, it
is necessary to make a low-grade concentrate in order
to obtain a low tailing. Mere size of the test is no guar-
antee that this point will not be overlooked, as it is
customary, even when of a number of tons' capacity, to
operate testing plants only on the day shift and to make
a complete clean-up at the end of each shift.

New Kraut Flotation Machine

The new Kraut flotation machine (patent applied for)
made by the Southwestern Engineering Co., of Los
Angeles, Calif., is an improvement on the K. & K. flota-
tion machine which has been on the market for about a
year. The principle or means of operation employed
in this latest type is identical with that in use in the
K. & K. machine. Again, the rotor consists essentially
of a hollow cylinder, the surface of which is provided
with longitudinal riffles and air spaces between, through
which air is introduced into the pulp from the atmos-
phere by the reduction in static pressure caused by the
velocity or motion of a relatively thin layer of pulp
adhering to and following the surface of the rotating
cylinder. The air is entrapped between the riffles and
a thin film of pulp drawn over it, causing the forma-
tion of bubbles to which the mineral particles adhere.

The essential feature which distinguishes this new
machine from the older type is that it dispenses with
the spitzkasten in front. Intead there is a bubble-col-
lecting chamber on top and a series of adjustable skim-
mers, as shown in the illustration. By means of these
skimmers, the bubbles carrying the mineral particles are
removed from the rotating pulp almost as fast as they
are made, and accumulated in the collecting chamber
until there is a sufficient quantity to fill it to the top,
when they are made to overflow over a discharge lip
into a concentrates launder.

The pulp entering at the bottom at one end of the
machine is rotated continually by the rotor, moving in
a helical path toward the tail end of the machine, where
it is finally discharged at the top, after leaving its min-
eral contents behind.

The makers claim that the advantage of the machine,
as compared with previous types of K. & K. machines,
consists in its increased efficiency, combined with re-
duced floor space, which is about one-half that of the
older type, and in the fact that no head room is lost, but
is rather gained, the tailings discharge being 18 in.
above the feed intake. This makes it possible, when de-

sired, to pass the tailings from one machine to am
for retieatment on the same floor level.

In operation, one of the distinguishing featurt
this machine, as compared with others, is that the
no pulp level, but instead a more or less mixed /m
mineral-carrying bubbles and pulp at the point of
tact with the skimmers. Regulation of a pulp lev

CROSS SECTIONAL VIEW OP NEW KRAUT FLOTA!'
MACHINE— PATENT APPLIED FOB

any kind of adjustment for this object is therefoi
necessary.

A simple device at the tail end of the machine Is
lates the tailings discharge automatically, so tl
always equals the feed intake in volume. Anoth< i
justment makes it possible to control the amott
pulp maintained in the machine at one time. TH
tire machine will be built of steel and cast iron ar i
be placed on the market soon by the makers.

Germany Furnishes the Proof

The imperative necessity of America's particiw
has been justified and proved by every develop
since the entrance of the United States into thflj
Every German success and every German failunh;
shown how necessary to America's welfare and e:
how necessary to the safety and peace of the o
the defeat of Germany is. Every foot of groun C-
many has been forced to give up, every foot o»
she has seized, have demonstrated the absolute ne>s»
of defeating that sinister, intolerable thing calle l
manism.

It is better to wear a Liberty Bond button on yoi
than the print of the Kaiser's heel on your neck.

»rfl 20, 1918 ENGINEERING AND .MINIM; JOI'KNAI, 747

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Appliances Used in Flotation Plants I

I

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AMERICAN DISK TYPE OF SLIME FILTER IN USE AT KELLOGG, IDAHO

AMERICAN DISK TYPE OF FILTER USED FOR DEWATERING THICKENED FLOTATION CONCENTRATES

ENGINEERING AND MINI Mi JOURNAL

Vol. 106, No. ;

IANNK'. "STRAIGHT MECHANICAL" FLOTATION MACHIN

JANNEY "MECHANICAL AIR" FLOTATION MACHINES

\pril 20, 1918

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

RUTH FLOTATION .MACHINE — 6 CELL TYPE

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

MMaMMMMIWMUIllllllllimilllllll Illlllll Ill 1 M 1 1 1 L I L t L I [ I L 1 1 1 1 lb 1 1 1 1 II U L L Illllll Illllllll Illllll

Vol. 105, No.16

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Milline Plants in the Coeur d'Alenes

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..

HECLA Alll.l-. GEM, II1AH0

CORNING NO 1 MILL, MULLAN, IDAHO

ipril 20, 1918

ENGINE ERING AND MINING JOl RNAL

HERCULES -MILL, BURKK, IDAHO

GREENHILL-CLEVELAND AND MORNING NO. 2 MILL, MACE. IDAHO

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. In

I he Ruth Flotation Machine
K\ Joseph P. Ruth, Jr.

The Ruth flotation machine is of the compartment

and impeller type. The impeller is similar in principle
to the inclosed runner of the centrifugal pump. The
lower part of the impeller lifts the pulp through .m
axial opening and discharges it through openings in
the periphery. The upper part of the impeller con-
nects through three passages with a hollow shaft,
through which air is drawn down and discharged
through openings in the periphery of the impeller,
each opening being midway between neighboring pulp-

im

FIG 1 RUTH FLOTATION MACHINE— SECTIONAL VIEW

discharge openings. The air discharge openings are
provided with small hoods that assist in the free dis-
charge of the air into the pulp. The discharged pulp
mixed with air rises in a cylindrical chamber and over-
flows into the spitzkasten compartment. This com-
partment is V-shaped and connects by a lower passage
with the inlet opening of the impeller. A curved de-
flecting plate is placed at the back of the impeller
compartment and throws a steady surface stream of
pulp toward the spitzkasten compartment and the dis-
charge lip.

The discharge of the froth is assisted by a froth
paddle. There are no pipes or valves between neigh-
boring compartments. The pulp level in the machine
is maintained by large openings between the compart-
ments and a discharge opening on the last compart-
ment. This discharge opening can be raised or lowered
and the height of the pulp in the machine varied. The
openings between compartments are in the side walls
of the impeller chamber and are provided with gates,

all of which on a given machine are controlled b;i
single lever. By means of these gates the rate of tj
between compartments can be readily controlled, i*
valve or plug is used on the upper end of the impei
shaft for the regulation of the air.

The Ruth machine has a number of advantai-
among which may be stated: Absence of pipes and (
avoidance of choked-up passages; a pulp level thati
maintained automatically without the use of flos
valves or other mechanism ; a low power consumpt.i

Fie; ^ rjIPELiLiER OF RUTH FLOTATK >X MACHK3

(an impeller 13 in. diameter and operating at 270 r. ir
uses less than one horsepower) ; the machine cat b
shut down with the average mill feed for any lert
of time without draining and can then be started v I
out difficulty; thorough distribution of the air in h
pulp and a positive circulation of the pulp at all tins
air bubbles and mineral particles are raised togeie
toward the surface and swept continuously toward h
discharge lip; air regulation on each cell.

There are eight large machines in operation, n
experimental machines of a convenient type have t
constructed.

•Manager. The Ruth Co Denver, Colorado.

Plumbago shipped from Ceylon in 1916 was 668,216 iff
valued at $7,298,128, as compared with 436,351 cwt., va e
at $2,569,434, in 1915, according to Commerce Rep>
Three-fourths of the total exports went to the Uie
States, about 187c to the United Kingdom and possess"
and nearly all of the remainder to Russia. France is "
to get her supplies from Madagascar.

Lpril 20, 1918

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Events and Economics of the War

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1 the third week of the German offensive, the at-
uus shifted to the northern front from Armen

aa to La Bassee; after taking the former place by

attack, the Germans advanced along the River Lya

[erville; Bailleul was stormed and with it was taken

i of Messines Ridge. American troops are reported
Mave reached the British front. The justice of

ni'h claims to Alsace Lorraine was admitted a year

by Emperor Charles of Austria, the French Gov-
inent has revealed, when the Austrian ruler secretly

rested peace. Bolo "Pasha" was executed at Vin-
| les on April 17. Conscription for Ireland, pro-

d by Lloyd George in presenting the man-
k er bill, was adopted by Parliament, which refused
iii- until home rule was established. Spanish ports

• reported under blockade by German submarines.
\ urko-German offensive has begun against the Brit-

in Palestine. Daylight saving became effective in

ula on Apr. 14.

i the United States, one-man control of the air
>irram was demanded by the Senate Committee on
tftary Affairs. The War Industries Board has an-
uiced those industries that will receive preference in

and coke. The President signed the Webb Export
\pr. 11 and placed the principal coastwise steam-
1 lines under the control of the Director General of
broads. A general investigation into freight rates on
Koleum and its products was ordered by the Inter-
I'ommerce Commission. Senator Stone, of Mis-
<oi, died on Apr. 14. The U. S. S. "Cyclops" was re-
wed missing. Charles M. Schwab was appointed
lector General of the Emergency Fleet Corporation.

What the Railways Have Done

fred H. Smith, Regional Director of Eastern Rail-
ks, speaking before the Rotary Club on the subject
if Transportation," called attention to the fact that
:h operating revenue of the railroads in the United

s m 1917 amounted to $415,716,868 more than in
19 , that the expenses had increased by $476,463,154,
hi that taxes had amounted to more than $60,000,000.

>ur railroads have 264,000 miles of main line and
1)00 miles of track, which is 37% of all the railroads
n ie world," said Mr. Smith. "Their main line would

le the earth at the equator more than 10 times.
1 is about seven times greater than all the railroad
' of Germany. They own 2,500,000 freight cars,
'5)0 passenger cars, and 64,000 locomotives. There
f1 1,800,000 employees, who, counting two dependents
W, sustain directly 5,400,000 people, not counting
'■Sated supply industries; 20 billions is invested.

his stupendous machine during 1917 carried the

relent of 400,000,000,000 tons of freight one mile,
I h means 4000 tons hauled a mile per capita.

'he Eastern Region includes 206 companies, several
'f iem very large systems. It comprises about 80,000
ni' of main line, with nearly 1,000,000 employees.

Although our Eastern lines have only about one-fourth
of the country's mileage, thej handle about one-half the

total tonnage.

During l '» 1 7. with the same plant as iii L915, bei
financial conditions virtually stopped expansion, the

railroads carried L20,000,000,000 ton-miles mon ight.
The increased freight service rendered was upward of
l.v, greater than the preceding year, due to intensified
effort by the railroad army and some measure of better
public cooperation. Instead of 'breaking down,' the
railroads distinctly have 'speeded-up.' "

With such a splendid record of speeding up by the
railways, what was the reason for the freight conges-
tion last winter? Mr. Smith does not explain this, but
we quote from another railway official as follow-:

(a) Vessel shortage for transatlantic trade; (b) extra-
ordinary increase in freight traffic (Governmental and com-
mercial) and in passenger, mail and express traffic; (c)
necessity of handling in most expeditious manner the move-
ment of troops and materials for cantonments; (d) concen-
tration within eastern territory of industries supplying di-
rectly or indirectly Government needs; (e) necessity for
military purposes of handling traffic through ports in this
territory; (f) elimination of water transportation; (g)
shortage, inexperience and consequent inefficiency of labor;
(h) shortage of motive power and equipment due to mili-
tary reasons; (i) Government priority and preference or-
ders last summer and fall; (j) delays to passenger trains
while loading mail into insufficient car-space, under "space
plan" of pay.

To meet this situation the carriers, with the coopera-
tion of the Government and shippers, have:

(a) Increased carload and trainload; (b) decreased the
number of locomotives under repair, reduced the number
of cars necessary for lake and tidewater coal, provided for
joint use by all carriers of open-top cars, and secured the
use of motive power belonging to western and southern
railroads; (c) created (under direction of Director General
McAdoo) an administration which practically operates east-
ern lines as a unit, which controls export traffic so as to re-
duce congestion at the Atlantic seaboard, prevents the
movement of traffic through congested gateways, trans-
fers the power or traffic from one road to another and
generally obtains a closer cooperation in all operating de-
tails among different roads.

Requa Meets Wire-Rope Men

Representatives of wire-rope manufacturers conferred
on Apr. 9 with Mark L. Requa, head of the oil division
of the U. S. Fuel Administration. At the meeting,
which was held in New York, it was decided that a
reneral speeding up of production in the domestic wire-
rope industry would be necessary if the new oil and
gas wells now in course of development for naval and
other war purposes were to be properly equipped.

The wire-rope representatives told Mr. Requa that
the scarcity in wire rope at this time was due to the
abnormally large contracts placed by the Government
for the Navy and Army. The conference developed the
fact that between 20,000 and 25,000 tons of wire rope
would be required to equip the projected enlargements
in oil and gas oroduction in the United States. This

[NEERING ami MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 10.".. No. lfc

tonnage the manufacturers present promised to furnish.

Mr. Requa had a word of warning to say to the

ropemakers against profiteering. "1 find," ho said, "that

there has been considerable profiteering in wire rope.

by the manufacturers, but by jobbers. This

profiteering has amounted to as high as .".00 . That

ctice we will stop wherever found. The provisions

of the Lever law under which the Fuel Administration

is working will be applied to correct this abuse."

( oal and Coke Preference List Issued

The priorities division of the War Industries Board
has adopted what is known as preference list No. 1 for
the guidance of all Governmental agencies in the sup-
ply and distribution, by rail or water, of coal and coke.
The board has not undertaken to classify any industry
as non-essential or at this time to limit the quantity of
fuel which any particular industry or plant shall receive.
The following plants, etc., are included among those
classed as preferred:

Plants engaged exclusively in manufacturing chemicals;
coke plants; domestic consumers; plants making electrical
equipment, electrodes, explosives, ferroalloys, lire brick, or
: iron and steel blast furnaces and foundries; plants
Ing machine tools; mines; plants making mining tools
equipment exclusively; oil refineries (mineral and veg-
etable) ; plants making oil-well equipment exclusively; roll-
ing mills; manufacturers of tin plate; plants producing rope
(hemp) exclusively; and manufacturers of wire rope and
rope wire.

Automobile plants are not in the list.

Studying the "Cost-Plus" Contract

On account of the "cost-plus" contracts made during
the present war. Attorney General Gregory is giving
special consideration to problems likely to arise in con-
nection therewith. The Supreme Court has denounced
profiteering, or the padding of costs in suits resulting
from contracts analogous to the "cost-plus" agreements.
It is believed that these decisions place the burden of
proof on the "cost-plus" contractor whose contract is
annulled on account of fraudulent padding.

In a recent case, Crocker vs. United States (240 U. S.,
74), the Supreme Court held that no recovery could
be had upon a Government contract tainted with fraud
and rescinded by the proper officer of the Government
on that ground.

The contractor may obtain a reasonable price for
goods actually delivered and accepted by the Govern-
ment, but he has the burden of proving what is a fair
price. If prices be named in a contract annulled for
fraud, such prices are not taken as an admission by
the Government and cannot be used by the contractor in
establishing his claim. He must prove his case without
assistance from the terms of his vitiated contract.

The Supreme Court has denounced the procursement
of Government contracts by agents employed on a con-
tingent fee basis, declaring that there is no difference
in principle between agreements to procure favors from
legislative bodies and agreements to procure them in
the shape of contracts from executive officers; that the
"no-contract-no-fee" arrangement suggests an attempt
to use sinister and corrupt means. "The law meets
the suggestion of evil, and strikes down the contract
from its inception."

Kaiser Bill's Long-Range Gun

Various descriptions have appeared in the daily ]
pers, since Hindenburg started his latest drive, of I
monster gun, otherwise known as the supergun, hand
by supermen, of course, that is bombarding Paris fr
the vicinity of Laon, so it is said, 75 miles aw
According to one Paris newspaper, the gun is of 22 <|
calibre and uses 200-lb. shells, about 50 cm. in leng
carrying about 20 lb. of explosive. Inside, the shell;
said to be divided into two longitudinal compartmen
one over the other, the separating diaphragm be|
pierced with three holes, which permits two success
explosions with a short interval between. A lo;
pointed nosecap made of sheet iron is used to reduce
resistance of the wind. The writer is thought to h'
examined an unexploded shell.

A dispatch from the Hague to the Times says ti
Prof. Fritz Rausenberger, manager of the Krupp woi
who built the 42-cm. mortar, is the designer of the it
gun and assisted personally at firing the first shots>i
Paris. According to the Lokal Anzeiger, of Berlin, i
gun looks more like an enormous gray crane than a a
gun and can throw a shell 80 miles. Firing at a shm-
distance on Paris the shell took 183 seconds to reacht
mark. A dispatch from Washington says that the U
is one of the battle cruiser Hindenburg's 16-in. battl
which has been rebuilt for smaller projectiles, by shr k
ing the muzzle, the chamber remaining as cast. \
any rate one such gun is reported to have burst)!
Mar. 25, and Paris is still there.

Pershing Gets Steel in France

Testimony of Chairman Hurley of the U. S. Si
ping Board and J. Leonard Replogle, director of .'*
supplies for the War Industries Board, given ber
the Senate Commerce Committee in executive sesFT
was made public recently and disclosed that Gen*a
Pershing has obtained 750,000 tons of steel prod*
from the French and British goverments to r«
urgent needs in France, with an agreement to rero
the tonnage in plates, projectiles and other forms fW
the United States. American mills now are worln:
to capacity, the witnesses said, to meet the demand o
the allied countries and the requirements of the Urei
States.

Mr. Replogle told the committee he did not bev
it practicable for the Government to arrange to i
steel to fabricating plants as far West as Omaha, lb
when the fabricated material must be shipped bac t
the East to be used in ship construction. Other tl
mony had indicated a belief that this would be i «
ticable.

May Generate Power at Coal Mins

Steps have been taken by U. S. Fuel Administiti
Garfield that may lead to the establishment of ce r.
generating plants at mines centers, from which eler
power may be distributed to communities with
radius of 150 miles. Transmission of power over if
tension wires to industrial plants at a distance vU
eliminate coal haulage to a corresponding extent

in I 20. 1918

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Binary survey has been authorized bj Dr, Garfield,
also announced that tin- project will probably be
niced by the Government. Coal too poor to haul
1 thus lie consumed at the mines.

Achievements of Shipping Hoard

comprehensive analysis of the entire shipbuilding
m was made by Edward N. Hurley, chairman
he U. S. Shipping Hoard, in a speech delivered
re the National Marine League of the U. S. A. on
26. Hitherto unpublished data were given by Mr.
ey as to the number of new shipyards and ways,
u and building, and the tonnage and types of ves-
;1 under construction and planned. The following
ttt facts were stated by Mr. Hurley:
■'here were .''.7 steel shipyards in America at the
r of our entrance into war. We have established
1 iditional steel and wood yards, while 18 other yards
been expanded. We are building in the new and
tided steel yards 235 new steel ship ways, or 26
than at present exist in all of the steel ship-
C9 of England. The total amount of our steel con-
tain on Mar. 1 was 8,205,708 deadweight tons,
, ' up of 5,160,300 deadweight tons under contract
the Emergency Fleet Corporation, and 3,045,408
weight tons of requisition vessels. Of this 2,-
i68 deadweight tons, or approximately 28'
a been completed. Of the steel ships under con-
and under requisition, 655,456 deadweight tons,
r pproximately 8f, , were actually completed and
i arvice on Mar. 1 of this year. This amount of
ing tonnage exceeds our total output in 1916, in-
lung steel, wooden and sailing vessels, by approxl-
ly 50 per cent.

Te have had to build up a tremendous administra-
iv organization. We have had to negotiate for neu-
l tonnage. We have had to requisition and provide
:>ithe operation of the entire existing American
I hant marine. With the expenditure of a little less
$8, 000,000 we have succeeded in placing in our

■ service and in the service of the Allies 112 first-
la German and Austrian vessels, representing a
si -ing capacity of nearly 800,000 deadweight tons.

\t the outset, the 37 old steel yards began increas-
aj their capacity, until they now have 195 ways, as
ist 162 eight months ago. We then made provision
0! additional new steel yards, some of which have
e< given financial assistance by the Emergency Fleet
o oration. Thirty additional new steel shipyards are
H being erected, with a total of 203 shipbuilding
rai. Thus we now have in the aggregate 67 steel
h':ards either wholly or partly engaged in Fleet

■ o oration work. These yards will have a total of

-teel building ways. Of these, 35 yards, with 258
"a,, are on the Atlantic and Gulf Coast; 19 yards,

66 ways, are on the Pacific, while 13 yards, with
•4 ays, are on the Great Lakes.

Ve found 24 old wooden shipyards, with 73 ship
v"a . We now have 81, with 332 ways completed or
e;ing completion. These ways should turn out about

i.OOO deadweight tons of wooden ships annually,
he 332, added to our 398 steel building ways, will
3\ us a total of 730, an increase of 495 and 521 more
e'is than Sir Eric Geddes in his recent speech stated
-rand has at the present time.

"We have established a large training school at New
port New as well as a department for training elei
welders. We havi ited a volunteer force of 250

000 highly skilled mechanics, who have agreed to hold
themselves in readiness for our call, These men an

being held in reserve, remaining in their present em-
ployment until such time as in 1 he development of our
\ards the demand arises for their sen ,,

"In 1916 there were less than 15,000 men employed in

all the shipyards of tl untry, and on March 2, 1918,

we had increased this number to 236,000, of which
170,589 were working on actual ship construction and
the remainder in yard construction and other branches
of the industry. Thousands of others are employed in
taking out the timbers for our wooden construction
and at the scores of inland steel plants which are
fabricating the parts for steel vessels."

Britain Plans Post-War Trade

The British Empire's plans for the trade war that
most people believe will follow the present armed con-
flict are gradually taking definite form. A feature of
its preparations is the creation of the Overseas Trade
Department, under which 16 trade commissioners will
operate in the various countries of the empire, and a
number of commercial attaches will work in foreign
countries. The House of Commons recently made an
appropriation of $10,000 for preliminary expenses of
the department. This department, which has been
quietly reconstructing the whole government com-
mercial business throughout the world, is in charge of
Sir A. D. Steel-Maitland, a social and constitutional
reform advocate of Birmingham.

The new organization is controlled by a joint com-
mittee of the Foreign Office, which corresponds to the
American State Department, and the Board of Trade,
which has much the same functions as the American
Department of Commerce. The reason for joint control
by these particular departments is that in foreign
countries trade questions and political issues are often
interwoven. The commercial attaches will supervise
and link up the work of a reformed consular service
and supply important reports embodying trade and
financial surveys of the countries in which they are.

Chemists in National Army

Practically all of the chemists in the National Army
have now been transferred from camp to the laboratories
of the Government or the industries, says Journ. hid.
and Eng. Chem., where their highest service to the
country can be rendered. The chemical service sec-
tion of the National Army has reached France and is
now in its research laboratory, a remodeled factory
building which has been placed at its disposal by the
French government.

"Peace once restored," the Economiste Francaise be-
lieves, "people in the countries overstrained by war
must gird up their loins in earnest, work earlier and
longer than they used to do, and thereby eventually pro-
duce new wealth in greater quantity than before the
war."

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 16

■HlUWIimimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiilliiil Iltll 1 1 < m 1 1 1 ; 1 1 n 1 1 1 u i ; >i int 1 1 in Mil i ii 1 1 leu mi i in 1 1 iij nni i ill l iij i tin i mm in 1 1 > ii i rn 1 1 ill 1 1 in 1 1 in i mi j i >n 1 1 mi 1 1 1 m i 1 1 m 1 1 1 1 1 n i l m 1 1 m h 1 1 1 . : i l i m 1 1 1 1 u 1 1 p i h j j

Industrial News from Washington 1

r.i I'aii Wooton, Special Correspondent

JMMIMMI1M— >— Mllll IIWUIIIIIilll. - i Hi Illllllllllll Illllllllllllllll Illllllimilllll Ilillll | || | | ||| Illlllillll Illllllll I III»IIIIIIIIIH|I

Importation of Chromite Restricted
I o Sa> e Shipping

Authorities in Washington are restricting importa-
tion of chromite from all countries other than those
in North. Smith and Central America and the West
Indies for the purpose of gaining additional shipping
for the supreme military effort now being made.

There are considerable stocks of New Caledonian ore
on hand and in transit. Besides, new sources of the
mineral have recently been opened in Cuba and Brazil.
Brazil is counted upon to produce 25,000 tons of ore
in 191S. A large tonnage is expected from one mine
in Cuba, which already has been partly developed and
v ill be put in operation at once.

Estimates differ as to the amount of ore which can
be produced in California and Washington, our prin-
cipal domestic sources, but every effort will be made
by the Government to stimulate and encourage this
production. In addition to this, however, much would
depend upon the attitude of the chrome industry and
upon the methods used by producers and consumers
alike. It appears that the chrome industry in Cali-
fornia is not organized and that an immense amount of
annoyance has been caused by middlemen, who do not
represent responsible concerns and who operate between
the producer and the consumer in such a way as to
discourage the former in many cases.

In an attempt to correct this evil, the Electro-
Metallurgical Co.. the chief purchaser of chrome ores,
has inserted an advertisement in many local California
papers, quoting minimum ore prices on a basis of $1.25
per unit for 3SC, ore. Organized action by the Pacific
Coast chrome industry would doubtless be effective in
this and other matters. The War Industries Board
and other departments in Washington, it is understood
will cooperate in stimulating production. This co-
operation must also be extended by the Railroad Ad-
ministration, and the discouraging effect of railroad
embargoes must be removed, if the shipping program
is to be carried out. Several plants are being built
on the Pacific Coast to manufacture ferrochrome, and
their chief difficulty has been in obtaining electrodes.
It is to be hoped that this lack will soon be overcome.

Concentration of low-grade ores must be gone into
if expected requirements are to be met. With the in-
creased prices for chromium, it is possible that the old
Pennsylvania-Maryland chrome district may be able
to produce some ores which can be concentrated to a
workable product.

On the part of the consumers, great economies can
be effected in the use of chromite, and some are already
being carried into effect. For example, about 40,000
tons of ore have been used annually for refractory
linings in copper and steel furnaces, but it has been
ascertained recently, beyond any doubt, that 90% of
this chromite can be replaced by magnesite, of which
we have abundant supplies in Canada and Washington.

As a mailer of fact, these economies in the substituti
oi magnesite for chromite linings have already be
widely adopted. Manufacturers are urged to practil
this economy largely and carefully. The U. S. Burei
«\' Mines estimates that the maximum allotment of V.
ooo to 15,000 tons to i refractory purposes for 19.
will lie ample, and from information obtained fn
manufacturers it would seem that this estimate is libeil
and can be diminished.

Manufacturers of ferrochrome may be obliged to J
lower-grade ores than those to which they have bei
accustomed. This appears to be perfectly feasible fn
a metallurgical standpoint, and it will simply bei
matter of adjustment of practice. Steel makers a
get along with a lower grade of ferrochrome if it I
comes necessary.

War Industries Board Announces Pla-

A central directing agency has been created witl
the War Industries Board. This is the principal featie
of the board's reorganization, which has just been J
nounced. "The general purpose of the plan," says I
statement, "is to prevent confusion and conflict in orcl--
ing and delivering supplies and to secure unificat I
of the Government's policy in dealing with industnl
problems." The directing agency is to be known as e
requirements division, through which the policies of £
chairman are to be carried out.

This division will keep the chairman advised ot i
tracts, purchases and deliveries, to enable him to anal c
the progress of business in the several branches of
Government. It will also receive from the purchas
departments of the Government at Washington and!
the Allied governments advance statements as to tl r
needs for raw materials and finished products.

While the War Industries Board emphasizes the is
that it will "let alone what is being done successfi I
and will interfere as little as possible with the presit
normal processes of purchase and delivery in the
eral departments," it is stated that the requirenn ■
division will handle statements that will include "
only commodities in which a present or threatened shit-
age exists, but also those in which the supply is amp.'

The announcement reads in part as follows:

Speaking generally, the requirements of both the Am >-
can Government and the Allies can be met satisfactol.v
if orders and deliveries are given systematic allocation c-
cording to the relative urgency of the needs of the var 8
departments demanding them. Shortage in material: if
very frequently found on analysis to be not actual, Jt
rather the result of badly planned distribution.

Special commodity sections, following the exishy
plan, are to take charge of particular problems of .'P
ply. Each of these sections will be charged with i<
responsibility of collecting information as to the ]"
duction of the particular commodity for which i'if
held responsible, from the several departments of I
Government, from the manufacturers and producers 11

ipril 20, 1918

KNCINKKRINC AND MINING JOURNAL

757

li committees representing them, and especially from
I war-service committees created under the Buper

on of tln> U. s. Chamber of Commerce, and from
; other reliable sources, This information must cover

liable supplies, now sources of supply and methods

■crease production.

lonsiderable speculation has been excited by the foi-
ling statement: "It is the purpose of the chairman

he War Industries Hoard to make each of the ■•

i heads the sole Government agency for dealing with

industry for which his section is responsible."

Opposition to Silver-Purchase Bill
Is Forecast

ew Senators have made a careful study of Senator
Itman's bill providing, among other things, for the
chase of silver at the fixed price of $1 per oz. Any
lalation which delves into the silver question is suffi-
it cause for considerable reserve on the part of law-
yers. It is certain, however, that the bill will face
i'»rmined opposition. Some of this will be based on
I argument that it is still another measure granting
.■reaching powers to the executive division of the
I ernment. Senator Pittman's bill, which has been
<;rred to the Committee on Banking and Currency,
; iven in its entirety as follows:

t it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives
f he United States of America in Congress assembled,
' t the Secretary of the Treasury is hereby authorized
n time to time to melt or break up and to sell as
ion not in excess of 250,000,000 standard silver dollars
< or hereafter held in the Treasury of the United States,
i silver certificates which may be outstanding against
standard silver dollars so melted or broken up shall
retired at the rate of $1 face amount of such certificates
oeach standard silver dollar so melted and broken up.
lis of such bullion shall be made at such prices and
Ji such terms as shall be established from time to
by the Secretary of the Treasury.

■ction 2. That upon every such sale of bullion from
u to time the Secretary of the Treasury shall imme-
i jly direct the Director of the Mint to purchase an
runt of silver equal to 371.25 grains of pure silver in
eect of every standard silver dollar so melted or broken
! and sold as bullion. Such purchases shall be made
i ccordance with the then existing regulations of the
i : and at the fixed price of $1 per oz. of silver 1000 fine,
e ered at the option of the Director of the Mint at New
Be, Philadelphia, Denver, or San Francisco. Such silver
o urchased may be resold for any of the purposes herein-
Ir specified in section three of this act, under rules
r regulations to be established by the Secretary of the
i sury, and any excess of such silver so purchased over
r above the requirements for such purposes, shall be

0 :d into standard silver dollars or held for the purpose

1 uch coinage. The net amount of silver so purchased,
• making allowance for all resales, shall not exceed

t ny one time the amount needed to coin an aggregate

it ber of standard silver dollars equal 'to the aggregate

itber of standard silver dollars theretofore melted or

ren up and sold as bullion under the provisions of this

I but such purchases of silver shall continue until the

'« amount of silver so purchased, after making allowance

all resales, shall be sufficient to coin therefrom an

- egate number of standard silver dollars equal to the

legate number of standard silver dollars theretofore

P elted or broken up and sold as bullion.

ction 3. That sales of silver bullion under authority of

act may be made for the purpose of conserving the

ing stock of gold in the United States, of facilitating

&• settlement in silver of trade balances adverse to the

->ed States, of providing silver for subsidiary coinage

g for commercial use, and of assisting foreign govern-

toa at war with the enemies of the United States. The

"lation of any silver to the Director of the Mint for sub-

f ry coinage shall, for the purposes of this act, be re-

^ed as a sale or resale.

ction 4. That the Secretary of the Treasury is author-

ed, from any moneys in the Treasury nol ,: ap

i ropriated, to reimburse the Treasure] of the United 81
[or the difference between the nominal or face value of all
standard silver dollars so melted or broken up and the

value of the silver bullion, at if I per OZ. Of BilVI I 1000 line,

resulting from tin- melting or breaking up of such standard
silver dollars.

Section 5. That in ordei t.. prevent contraction of the <ur-
rency, the Federal reserve hanks may !"■ either permitted or
required by the Federal Reserve Board, .it the request of
the Secretary of the Treasury, to issue Federal n

hank notes in any del linations (including denominations

of $1 and $2) authorized bj the Federal Reserve Board, in
an aggregate amount not exceeding the amount of standard
silver dollars melted or broken up and sold as bullion 111
authority of this act, upon deposit as provided by law with
the Treasurer of the United States as security therefor, of
United States certificates of indebtedness, or of United
States one-year gold notes. The Secretary of the Treasury
may, at his option, extend the time of payment of any
maturing United States certificates of indebtedness deposited
as security for such Federal reserve bank notes for any
period not exceeding one year at any one extension and
may, at his option, pay such certificates of indebtedness
prior to maturity, whether or not so extended. The deposit
of United States certificates of indebtedness by Federal re-
serve banks as security for Federal reserve bank notes under
authority of this act shall be deemed to constitute an
agreement on the part of the Federal reserve bank mak-
ing such deposit that the Secretary of the Treasury may
so extend the time of payment of such certificates of in-
debtedness beyond the original maturity date or beyond
any maturity date to which such certificates of indebted-
ness may have been extended, and that the Secretary of
the Treasury may pay such certificates in advance of matu-
rity, whether or not so extended.

Section 6. That as and when standard silver dollars shall
be coined out of bullion purchased under authority of this
act the Federal reserve banks shall be required by the
Federal Reserve Board to retire Federal reserve bank notes
in an amount equal to the amount of standard silver dollars
so coined, and the Secretary of the Treasury shall pay off
and cancel any United States certificates of indebtedness
deposited as security for Federal reserve bank notes so
retired.

Section 7. That the tax on any Federal reserve bank
notes issued under authority of this act, secured by the
deposit of United States certificates of indebtedness or
United States one-year gold notes, shall be so adjusted that
the net return on such certificates of indebtedness, or such
one-year gold notes, calculated on the face value thereof,
shall be equal to the net return on United States 2CC bonds,
used to secure Federal reserve bank notes, after deducting
the amount of the tax upon such Federal reserve bank notes
so secured.

Section 8. That nothing in this act shall be construed as
repealing or restricting the right of Federal reserve banks
to issue Federal reserve bank notes under authority of the
Federal reserve act, and except as herein provided, Federal
reserve bank notes issued under authority of this act, shall
be subject to all existing provisions of law relating to Fed-
eral reserve bank notes.

Senators Will Consider Mineral Bill

Hearings will be undertaken in the near future by
the Senate Committee on Mines and Mining on the Min-
eral-Control bill. The committee held an executive ses-
sion last week, at which the personal views of the mem-
bers were set forth. Apparently a majority favors a
measure such as that already introduced in the House
by Representative Foster, the chairman of the House
Committee on Mines and Mining. There are many ob-
jections, however, to this bill as introduced, and it seems
probable that the Senate committee will insist on
numerous changes.

The U. S. Bureau of Mines is busy drafting plans for
the division of the appropriation that is to be granted
for investigatory work in the war minerals. Some diffi-
culty is being experienced in securing the necessary
technical assistance.

ENGINEERING AND MINIMI .KH'RNAI.

Vol. 105, No. 16

One Remedj for Flotation 1 rouble

Why get agitated over loss than one per rent, of oil?
Think about this instead: Less than one per cent, of
:■.:'. readers have contributed to the Comfort Fund
lie 27th Engineers. Have yon. yourself, given the
regiment a thought? Give your money, too. It's your

regiment, whether you are in null or mine. On it
should centre your interest in the troops abroad. The
mining regiment is our mining world in miniature.
Skilled and finely equipped tor mining operations, it is
also trained to fight and in first-aid and rescue work.

and it is taking ;«>»)' place at the front. Show it your

loyality by boosting the Comfort Fund. You, of eourse,

are loyal, but let your money do the talking. Think
about the troubles of the men in the regiment and see
how quickly you forget your own.

The list of contributors to the Comfort Funds is as
follows :

(engineering and Mining Journal $1001). 00

New York Engineering Co 1000.00

\ Friend, Nov 23 5.00

H. H 5.00

D. E Charlton 5.00

H. W. Harding* ltiOO.OO

Frank N. Spencer 5.00

W. L ( 'oursen 5.00

J. H. Polhemus 5.00

J. H. Janewav 10.00

Albert D. Beers 10.00

J. E. Hayes 10.00

J. A. Van Mater 25.00

L. Vogelstein ft Co 100.00

■Cuprite" 10.00

R H Bassett (Hanna Ore Mining Co.) 10.00

A Friend. Dec 10 10.00

P. A. Mosman 10.00

American Zinc. Lead and Smelting Co 100.00

J. G. H 5.00

Daniel Guggenheim 100.00

A. H. H 5.00

Willard S Morse 25.00

August Heckscher 100.00

Anaconda Copper Mining Co 1000.00

F. W. Bradley 100.00

Charles Le Vasseur 5.0e

A Friend. Dec. 13 50.00

Freeland Jewett 10.00

Herman A. Wagner 5.0t.

Francis P. Sinn 1000

R, C. Gosrow 5.00

D. C. Jackling 100 00

•\— 10.00

J. H. Brickenstein 5.00

E. E. Xorthrup 5.00

Rogers. Mayer & Ball 50.00

Denver Technical Staff. American Metal Co., Ltd 30.00

A Friend. Jan. 9 100.00

E. B. Coolidge 10.00

J. V. N. Dorr 200.00

Pope Yeatman 50. Ot.

W. H AMridge 50 00

C. E. Hart 5.00

Robert I. Kerr 5.00

Engineers of Washoe Smeltery. Anaconda Copper Mining

Company 205.00

Harry C. Graham 25.00

Utah Copper. Nevada Consolidated, Ray Consolidated

and Chino copper companies 1000 00

A Friend. Jan 23 5.00

John Gillie 25.00

J. N. Houser 5.00

C. K. Lipman 50.00

Theodore Sternfeld 50.00

"Mnton H. Crane 500.00

T. Wolfson 10.00

William H. Hampton 10.00

W. E. Merriss 10.00

J. Parke Channing 100.00

Miami Copper Co 250.00

J. H. Means 10.00

C. W. Goodale 25.00

P. G. Beckett 50.00

F. R. Foraker 25.00

Charles A. Chase 25.00

E. Fleming L'Engle 5.00

Calumet & Hecla Mining Co 250.00

i. G. Ferguson 1800

ay E Van Gundy 1000

'ranklin Oshorn 10.00

)scar Lachmund 1 0.00

W. T. Swoyer 10.00

nterest 10.00

Quincy Mining Co 1 00.00

American Metal Co 250.00

William H. Fairbanks 25.00

D. E. Curry 5.00

W. R. Ingalls 50.00

H. A Guess 2o.00

J. Mc. C 5.00

Engineers' Club of Northern Minnesota 85.00

B B Thayer 50.00

R. 11 Sale*

Mi" n I ' Burrage

Edward n ''lark

i' Rutherford

Adolph J. Martinson

Prank R Edwards

' H Munro

E K McCarthj

.1 i. Bruce

i > Ford Mel lormlck

LiOUis 1 1 Hum "i m

i ■ < ;. Spllsbury

C. T Brown

M C M

Fames F McCai tnj

United states Smelting, Refining and Mining Co

I. O K

Herman a Prosser

.[ k Johnson, Jr

\ W llahn

I. [>. Hudson

I -ant- I 'earl

Arthur K Adams

i. i. w >\

E. .i i iongyear Co

Pick ami Shovel Club Mining Department, Case School

of Applied Science

1.. S. rates*

.1 M. rial!

\ I.. Walker

C G Rothschild

Geneial Engineering i '■■

x. ii. Lawton

R R. Weekes

Shaw

Gold Mining and Milling l"o

Middelkamp

Townsend

.Monroe

Scobey

Mil lormick

William Fbung Westervelt

B. Britton Gottsberger

Oscar Lachmund (second contribution)

L-. R. Budrow

Horace V. Winchell

W. J. Pentland

Home Mines Co

Butte Copper and Zinc Co

Eagle & Blue Bell Mining Co

William A. Nicholls

Robert S. Lewis

Karl R. Pembroke

East Butte Copper Mining Co

Job H. Winwood

Fred flellmann

B. Elkan

.ludd Stewart

R. M. Raymond

J. Allen McKay

C. E. Hart (second contribution)

C. J. Trauerman

Thomas H. Garnett

Robert E. Dye

Ixiuis Ross

Willis B. Parsons

S P

Iowa
I. L

■ ; C.

II s

JeSSe
.1 H

25. r

100. (

15.1

5.(

2.1

6.1

1 00.1

26.1

16.1

10.1

6.1

10.1

Ii*

3

260
10

25
5
6.

in
:.

10.

5.

too

11.

26

,5
a
pi
to

in

r,u

15

1(1

u
II
II

51

Mi

l't

i<T

5(1

vi

6(T

1 10
101

ii|
K

i "i

,v

I "I

M
1

1 '

Total H0.46

Make your checks payable to W. R. Ingalls, treasvJ
of the Association. Because of the work involved''!
administering the Comfort Fund, contributions r
acknowledged only by publication in the Journal.

Minerals Separation Limited

At a meeting of the stockholders of the Mineik
Separation, Ltd., in London, on Dec. 22, 1917, repi
in the Mining Journal, the total income for the
just ended was stated to have been $213,497, which *
a gain of $31,768 over the previous year. The coso;
management, traveling, staff, examination of pn
ties and metallurgical expenditure in England n
abroad amounted to $34,963, as compared with $34 2
in the previous year. Patent renewal and fees amou e
to $6467, as against $11,722 in 1915. Under the Nt
American patents, a balance of $138,336 was carrie t
the appropriation account. The first item on the c
side of this account, $239,176, is the balance of the Flf
and loss account, less income tax, as at Dec. 31, 11
The second credit item, $474,727, represents the r>f
on the sale of the North American patents to the I
eral Separation American Syndicate (1913), less*
income tax.

On Dec. 18, 1917, an interim dividend for the u
rent year of $2.30 per share, or 50^, payable les i>

Vpril 20, 1918

ENGINEERING AND MINIM, JOURNAL

759

ie tax "ii June 15, 1918, was declared The stock
lers thus received the cash dividend and ths
ration in 1916 and 1017 of trust certificates in the
lerals Separatum North American Corporation as
lrns upon this investment.

'he first item on the debit side of the appropriation

Hint represents the distribution to the sharehold-

of 250,00(1 Voting Trust certificates in Minerals

aration North American Corporation. The second

1 on the debit side of the account is the distribution

2.000 Voting Trust certificates among the directors,

ecordance with a resolution of shareholders passed at

extraordinary general meeting held on Mar. 14, 1917.

next item represents bonus to two members of

metallurgical staff in recognition of their services

he company since its incorporation. The balance of

12,863 has been carried to the balance-sheet.

l Pecember, 1916, the Minerals Separation North

erican Corporation was formed with a capital of

000 shares of no nominal, or face, value, for the
ipose of acquiring all the undertaking and business of
lerals Separation Syndicate (1913), Ltd. The con-
ration for this sale was the allotment to the 1913

, licate of the whole of the 500,000 shares of the

th American Corporation. Voting Trust certificates
resenting these shares were issued to the sharehold-
of the 1913 syndicate. Minerals Separation, Ltd., as
i ers of 32,616 "A" shares of £1 each and 250,000 "B"
res of 10s. each in the 1913 syndicate, received 315,-
[ Voting Trust certificates of the American Corpo-
»Dn. Of these 315,232 Voting Trust certificates, 250,-

were immediately distributed among the sharehold-
rof Minerals Separation, Ltd. The management of
) American corporation's business is in the hands of
I Ballot, Dr. Gregory, and one of the partners of
tsrs. Lazard Freres, of New York.

he chairman, at the London meeting of stockholders,
i fly reviewed significant features in the companies'
i ness, mentioning in particular the enlargement of
business, which consisted in the development of
I patents by the London staff of experts by which
r that could not be treated a year ago can now be
lessfully handled. Since the war material assist-
' in producing metals essential for war purposes has
I rendered by Minerals Separation processes. It is
k cted that several plants will be established in Wales,
'Ire mines are being reopened for the purpose of in-
i" sing the output of war materials. Steps have been
f n in Norway to demonstrate the suitability of the
r esses for the treatment of molybdenite ores, and
n plant has been erected. French mining interests in
fn are considering the utilization of the processes.
Ilia presents increasing possibilities. Licenses were
if -d before the war to the Caucasus Copper Co., in

ria. A small unit is being operated by a French
"ng company in Sardinia. In Bolivia a plant has

1 forwarded to the Corocoro United Copper Mines,
t and is expected to be in operation early in 1918.

vstalline graphite to the amount of 6800 tons was pro-
Pl in the United States during 1917, according to an esti-
* made by H. G. Ferguson, of the U. S. Geological Sur-
K Of this amount, nearly 4000 tons was flake suitable for
"ble use. The 1916 production was 5466 tons. Railroad
JTgoes against shipments into territory north of the
0 nac hindered graphite operations in Alabama.

rhe Minerals Administration Bill

As a member of the W.>r Minerals < ommittee I havi
been keenly interested in your editorials on the Min
erals Administration lull now before Congress. In pre-
paring the bill last autumn, our committee realized the
difficulties over which you are concerned, and then, ai
recently, every effort was made to eliminate as fai
possible all features of which objectionable use might
be made. Price-fixing, for example, is distasteful to
many, but in the light of the Food Administrate
experience it seems inadvisable to omit these and other
powers, probably seldom to be used, but whose exist-
ence is essential in handling recalcitrants. As far as
the minerals named are concerned, the essential fea-
tures are still retained, and I hope that the bill now
before the House is such as, under the circumstaii'
you will be able heartily to endorse.

As you know, the condition with which we are con-
fronted is that Governmental control of the funda-
mentals of industry is to be upon us, to remain until
the end of the war, whether we will or no. To us of
the mineral industry, the prime question is whether
this control over us is to be divided among various de-
partments and committees having little knowledge of the
conditions and needs of our industry, or is to be unified
under a single Minerals Administration of large min-
ing and metallurgical executive experience.

The details of the bill will doubtless be modified by
both House and Senate, but the essentials, it is hoped,
can be successfully carried through both houses of Con-
gress. The great need is the granting of sufficient
power and resources to some man eminent in the min-
eral industry, situated in Washington and assisted by
an able body of mining men. Second only to the prime
duty of all of us to help win the war, this Mineral Ad-
ministration's principal duty would be the direction of
inevitable Governmental interference during the war
toward the fostering, rather than the suppression, of
our industry. Our committee, in its original draft of
the bill, endeavored to gain this protection for all the
mineral industries, but the principal metal industries,
such as those of iron, steel, copper, lead and zinc, have
not as yet been sufficiently aroused to the ever-increas-
ing disadvantages under which they will be compelled
to work while the war continues. Their indifference,
and in some cases opposition, where support is essen-
tial, has necessitated limiting the bill now before Con-
gress to the minor minerals.

In the case of such minerals as pyrite, manganese,
chromite, etc., the necessity for immediate fostering
is so obvious to the producers, that (granting we can
get our profession aroused to enthusiastic support)
there is excellent chance that this modified bill can be
passed in some practical form. This done and a satis-
factory Minerals Administrator appointed, it is hoped
that the principal industries will come to realize the ad-
vantages that this administration may be made to have
for them and see to it that they are included in the pro-
tection thus afforded before too great damage is done.

The war has already compelled drastic steps in Gov-
ernmental control over such essentials of industry as
labor, transportation and supplies (particularly im-
ports), and practically complete Governmental control
will be upon us at no very distant date if the war ex-
perience of our Allies is any guide. In the labor situa-

ENGINEERING AND MIXING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. II

tion. we already have millions o( men being drawn into
military service, while ether millions are being employed
by "cost plus 10 per cent" and "rush regardless of cost"
Governmental contracts, which have absolute command

of the labor market as against normal industries.

Again, the Government's recent large-scale labor-hous-
ing undertaking will shift labor centers of gravitj away
from industries failing to receive proper consideration.
The embargo on transportation, both of our supplies
and our products, is requiring evermore careful atten-
tion and supervision. Imports either already are or
soon will he limited to the barest necessities, and the
mineral industry must be prepared in advance either to
furnish its own needs or to see to it that its indispen-
sable imports are maintained.

The power back of these forces is indicated by tin-
size of the loans the Government is being obliged to call
for. With billions of dollars being raised every few
months for expenses wholly abnormal and solely for the
destructive purposes of war, is it not futile to expect
that ordinary conditions will prevail in the mineral or
any other industry? Even the largest and most highly-
organized of our mineral industries cannot of them-
selves expect to meet these forces properly. Patriotism
and self-interest will have to combine to unite large and
small in shaping themselves to these war compulsions
and to seeing to it that there is an adequate Mineral
Administration in Washington, with which they can
coordinate and through which they can, as far as pos-
sible, turn these compulsions to constructive rather than
destructive action on our industry.

William Young Westervelt,
Chairman War Minerals Committee.

New York, Apr. 10, 1918.

Major Things To Be Thought About

Germany is. to all intent, mistress of Central Europe
and the Balkans, of Turkey and of Russia. As I write
these lines (in December, 1917,) the last part of the
German scheme is in preparation. All the disposable
forces of Pan-Germany are concentrating on the West-
ern front. If such a state of affairs is possible when
the Entente has an abundance of admirable troops and
boundless resources, it is because, as Mr. Lloyd George
declared in his speech of Nov. 12, with his wonted and
most salutary frankness, after more than three years
of war the Entente has no strategic plan. What is the
cause of this unfortunate condition? That is what
it is most important to ascertain first of all, for the
Allies cannot think seriously of winning a decisive
victory unless the problem of the strategy which is
an indispensable necessity of their position is stated in
such terms that it can readily be solved. But it has not
yet been so stated. To be sure, Mr. Lloyd George dwelt
upon the extreme gravity of the situation, but, despite
the fact that he is certainly the most keen-sighted of the
leaders of the Entente in Europe, he did not point out
definitely the positive remedies capable of putting an
end to a state of affairs which is intolerable because
it is infinitely dangerous.

The reason for this absence of concrete suggestions
on Mr. Lloyd George's part is that, notwithstanding his
great natural intelligence, he too is subject to that pro-
found failure of insight in respect to the conduct of the

war which has befallen men of the Entente without
ception This failure, which is wholly independent
their will, is due mainly to the fact that the pres
leaders o( the Entente, having one and all been fin
convinced that the war would never take place, had
trained themselves intellectually to carry it on w'
it should break out. — Andre Cheradame in the Atlai
Mm, thhj. Mar., 1918.

A very favorable impression has been created
the report of the British War Cabinet for 1917. '"
War Cabinet, according to its own account of itse
says the Westminster Gazette, "is not a war cabi:
as the public understands the term, but a commi
perpetually engaged in settling questions of overlapp
and conflicting departments, of interviewing and bti
intervfewed by other ministers." — New York Sun, J
22, 1918.

President Wilson, recognizing the need for gr&l
coordination of war machinery, intends to give n:
of his time to personal supervision of manufactu
and transportation phases of administration. Hithi
he has devoted himself very largely to the diploir
side of the war, and his conferences have been conf<
to Cabinet meetings. When he wanted to take upl
shipping problem, he talked with Chairman Hut)
when he wanted to discuss some phase of the rail t
administration, he called Mr. McAdoo. There l!i
been few, if any, conferences in which active hii
of the war-making agencies conferred with the P s
dent at one time.

The President's conference with McAdoo, Hue;
Hoover, Garfield and Vance McCormick was the bril
ning of a series of such conferences with the a<i
war heads. The President intends to do much ofi
correlating himself, letting members of the unof i
Cabinet connect their programs and straighten >i
their overlapping functions in his presence. It i.'E
pected a more efficient war machine will be worket I
at these conferences — Boston Ne^vs Bureau, Mar 2
1918.

"Unless business men are taken into the counci (
the Administration without further delay, this w;
going to be lost. In this war, businesss men haviw
had their part. On the contrary, there is the 1«
aggregation of office boys at Washington that I a1
ever seen.

"The people do not trust the business men. vt
since the insurance investigation this distrust has &
increasing. That is why the appointment of a cev
professor to handle the coal problem was more pie h
to the people than the appointment of an expertar
prominent coal operator would have been."- — W;d
Catchings, chairman of the war committee of t
Chamber of Commerce of the United States, Ma: 2
1918.

Stand by Our Fighting Men

From hundreds of thousands of American farn,
answer to the call of their country and in obecm
to the law of their country, American boys have o
and today are fighting side by side with hundrei
thousands of American boys from the cities and '*
of the country, confronting danger and death.

Buy Liberty Bonds.

oril 20, 1!»18

ENGINEERING AND MINIM; JOURNAL

7<;i

Foreign Trade in Lead and Zinc
■ad imports in January, February and the first two
ths of 1918 are reported by the Department of Com-

•e as follows :

i :, Feb
( 'nut. nt-. Lb • '..iit.ii'- I l>

i^nnd Counli

Jarniar) .
i i i,i. nt», I.I'

■

852.545
|,$42

ib

2.194,898

Bur Bullion and Bullion

5.086
15,571.602

15,576.688

Bars Etc

N

;

2.605.634

3.674

2.597.768

300

1.205.828
1,155.439

.' 161 .'(.7
7.208,437

2.058.373
2,497,792

. it ..

5.086
22,780.039

15.576,688

N

2.605.634

1.1.74

2.5«7.768

300

7.208.437

1,350.514

1.128.745
40

> 470'gg

22.785.125
8.100

i ,|(B

(,(.74

3.726.513

340

5.215.47b

7.694.775

e gross weight of lead ore imported in January
10,823 long tons, and in February it was 6,798 long

e actual tonnage of zinc ore imported in January
February amounted to 6604 and 10,742 long tons,

ictively. The countries of origin and the metal

■ nts were as follows:

January, February, Jan.-Feb .

itriea Contents, Lb Contents, Lb Contents, Lb

1.038,666 1. 012. 000 2,130,666

2.297.316 2,297,316

3,673,434 6.239,977 9,913.411

4.712.100 9.629.293 14.341.393
i in Blocks. Pigs. Etc.:

I tin 678 2.730 3.408

22,630 22.630

8.530 8.530

is 2,671 2,671

816 740 1.556

h 32.654 6.141 38,795

I ports of zinc dust in February amounted to 646
om Costa Rica. None was received in January.
1 ports of lead and zinc were as follows:

January, February. Jan.-Feb .

Contents. Lb. Contents. Lb Contents. Lb
I -iirs. etc , produced from

9.012.126 10,436,237 19.448,363
6 »ars, etc., produced from

n on 6,210.713 10.200,170 16.410.883

lo., produced from domestic

19,078.929 5.320,616 24,399.545

I. c, produced from foreign

8.331,747 1.421,741 9.753,488

pete 1.767.262 1.130,287 2.897.549

>2cial Liberty Loan Committee for
the Mining Industry

-rrroup of special Liberty Loan committees has been
Pnted in New York covering the business and pro-
s-'nal activity of the city. This group is known as
e Rainbow Division" and is composed of representa-
ft'itizens, forming compact working units to reach
* firm and individual in their lines to sell Liberty
I; to themselves and thus demonstrate the patriot-
ic their respective groups. Charles Hayden is chair-
si if the special committee for the mining industry,
iaV. B. Thompson vice chairman. Following are the
M'ers of the committee:

Srwood Aldrich, Ray Consolidated Copper Co.; W.
•Istwick, International Nickel Co.; Arthur V. Davis,
tainum Co. of America; E. P. Earle, Nipissing Mines
I 5. Elkan, Beer, Sondheimer & Co. ; Daniel Guggen-
11 American Smelting and Refining Co.; Charles
a>m, Chino Copper Co.; William Crawford Hirsch.

"Dailj Metal Reporter"; i G. rlopkii E) Hercules
Copper Co.; Walter R. rngall . 'Engineering and Mining
Journal"; D. C. Jackling, Butte & Superior Mining I
Arthur C. James, PheTp Dodge I orporation; Sidnej J
Jennings, United States Smelting, Refining and Mining
Co.; Eli Joseph, Jos. Joseph & Bros. Co.; Adolph Lewi-
sohn. Miami Copper Co.; Henry Lissberger, Eagle
Smelting and Refining Co.; C. M. Loeb, American Metal
Co.; Paul Loewenthal, Loewenthal Co.; X. B. MacKelvie,
American Zinc, Lead and Smelting Co.; Chas. M. Mai
Xeill. I tali Copper Co.; W. H. Nichols, Nichols Copper
Co.; Edgar Palmer, New Jersey Zinc Co.; P. Y. Robert-
son. U. S. Metals Refining Co.; John I). Ryan, Anaconda
Copper Mining Co.; Emanuel Salomon, A. Salomon, Inc.;
ImIw. A. Stone, Stone Bros.; W. B. Thompson, Inspira-
tion Consolidated Copper Co. E. S. H. Prendergast is
bond adviser of the committee, J. .1. Rockwell, publicity
manager, and Philip Boyer. secretary. Headquarters
of the committee are at 25 Broad St., Room 811.

Potash Leasing Regulations Issued

Franklin K. Lane, Secretary' of the Interior, has ap-
proved working instructions and regulations under the
potash leasing act of Oct. 2, 1917, a matter which has
been given the most careful consideration, in view of the
importance attached to this pioneer work in the develop-
ment of a great national asset.

The act is liberal in its terms, authorizing the ex-
ploration for and disposition of potash deposits gener-
ally in the public lands of the United States, under a
system that provides for a preliminary permit to the
holder for the exclusive privilege of searching for de-
posits of potash for a period of not exceeding two years.
The acreage embraced within one permit is limited to
2560 acres, and the Secretary, upon a satisfactory show-
ing that valuable deposits of potash have been found
within the permit, is authorized to issue a patent to not
exceed one-fourth of the amount covered by the permit,
the remaining lands in the permit being subject to lease
either by the permittee or others, after advertisement,
competitive bidding, or such other methods as the Secre-
tary may by general regulations adopt.

To the end, therefore, that the liberal purposes of the
act may find the fullest scope of operation, the instruc-
tions and regulations now approved are broad in out-
line, simple in form, yet so directly addressed to the
matter in hand that it is believed all applicants under
the law will find little difficulty in presenting their
claims for consideration by the department. Requests
for copies of these instructions should be addressed to
the Commissioner of the General Land Office, Wash-
ington, D. C.

The Money Comes Back

The cycle of money invested in Liberty Bonds is
short and complete. The people lend the money to the
Government, the Government lends some to our Allies,
and our Government and our Allies straightway spend
the money, or the greater portion of it, among the
people of the United States in the way of wages before
the next bond installment is due.

Buy Libertv Bonds.

762

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL Vol. 105, No. 16

uiiiiiiiiiiuiiiuimiiiiiiiiiiuiiiiiiiiiiiiuiiiiiiiiuiiuiiiiuiiiiiiiiiiiitiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii iiimiimiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiuiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiimimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii

Editorials

iiiiiiiiimmiiiiiiiiiitiiiiiiiiitiiittiimiimiiitmiiniitmiiiimiiiim iimiiiiiimiiriimiiiiiimiiitiiiiiiiiiiiimiiimiiiiiiiiii i mi iiiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii iiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiini

1 he Mines-Control Bill

THE mines-control bill was formally introduced in
the House of Representatives by Dr. Foster, on Apr.
6, ;is H. R. 11,259. As actually introduced, the bill has
been altered in several important particulars from that
which was before the Committee on Mines and Mining
in the preliminary hearings.

Section 1 has been amended with the manifest inten-
tion of limiting the authority of the bill to the sub-
stances specifically mentioned, excluding the major
metals- -iron, copper, lead and zinc — and the chief
precious metals — gold and silver; but the language of
this section is not yet precise enough to exclude the
extension of the act to many important copper, zinc and
lead mines by administrative construction if the ad-
ministrators desire to do so. This section should be
further amended by the addition of the sentence:
"Nothing in this act shall be construed as authorizing
Governmental control of the production of the sub-
stances named herein when they are produced as by-
products of ores of metals not specified herein; or in
works wherein they are produced only as subsidiary
products." We understand this to be the intention of
Dr. Foster's committee, but so far they have failed to
express it clearly.

Section 2 now provides specifically for the adminis-
tration of the act by the President through the Secre-
tary of the Interior. If we have got to have the act, it
is better to have it this way than to let the industry
be thrown upon the mercy of some unknown "dictator."

Section 14 has been changed so as to provide for a
straight and unmistakable guarantee of minimum
prices. This eliminates some of the danger of the bill
defeating its own purpose, to which we called attention
in our article in the Journal of Apr. 6, but perhaps not
all of it.

While freely admitting these improvements, our con-
viction is unshaken that this bill is not only unnecessary
but also is likely to be mischievous. The word is being
quietly passed around that the bill should be accepted,
lest something worse be imposed upon the industry.
This argument, which is advanced by the Washington
exponents of the bill, is like saying, "We know that what
we are proposing is bad, but you would better let us
make you only a little sick than very sick." It might
be supposed that there is some great pressure that it is
desirable to head off or divert; that there are some cry-
ing evils that it is necessary to correct. There is noth-
thing of the kind. The agitation is rather a cooked-
up affair, we think, and the intimations that the indus-
try' would better submit to a little regulation than to a
lot of it come from agents provocateurs, so to speak.

Mr. De Wolf and Mr. Hotchkiss were delightfully
frank about this in their testimony before the House
committee. The War Minerals Committee became in-
terested in increasing the production of pyrites and ran

up against the problem of getting capital for the
ploitation of deposits that private citizens would i
put their money into. They tried the Shipping Boa:
the War Industries Board and every other activity
Washington that had any relation to the mining ind
try, and could not find any one that would, or coi:
supply Governmental money for such a purp<
Finally, the only thing that they could come to was ti
there must be some administrator for sulphur and
rites. Consultation about this with other departmet
in Washington elicited the advice that an administm
for pyrites would soon be followed by administrators
other minerals. "So it was impelled upon us that l
whole mineral industry . . . needed and absolul
must have some such organization. . . . So we a
down and prepared this bill." (Hotchkiss). The logii
rather weird.

The bill that was originally drafted included all rt
erals. In reply to an inquiry why some were su <
quently excluded, Mr. De Wolf explained that "a >i
tain amount of opposition from the mining industry a
been expressed, and the directors of the American i
stitute of Mining Engineers, whose judgment cai e
a good deal of weight, were unable to approve of h
bill in its original form, because they thought the o e
minerals did not require this sort of administratio"

Much was made of a subsequent endorsement of h
modified bill by the board of directors of the A. I. IV I
According to Mr. Stoughton, the secretary, "prob)l
adverse action would have been taken but for the u
that Mr. Manning appeared before our board." 'h
endorsement finally obtained was an action of the b.r
alone and not an endorsement by or committal of thoi
ganization of 6600 members, the constitution of:h
Institute conferring no authority upon the direc))
to speak for the membership in such a matter. Incim1.
ally there seems to be considerable mortification arm
the directors who voted in favor of this endorsemei b
their board.

As for the Committee of Mines and Mining ojth
House of Representatives, they were pretty wel be
fogged respecting the state of the mining industrjtb
manner of its conduction, the emergencies and fa or
that the several witnesses talked about, and, mo o
all, respecting the effect of the bill on which they e
going to vote. Some of the witnesses did not play'a
with the committee. Thus Mr. Baruch coolly teslil
"Here is the Anaconda company, which says, 'We a
this low-grade manganese, and it would take an iie
ment of $1,500,000. . . . If we can sell ferroa
ganese and make ourselves whole, ... we '«
immediately get into operation.' ... I rather ii
they will do it anyhow, because Mr. Ryan is that;i
of a man." Mr. Baruch did not tell the committe* 1
the Anaconda company was already engaged oni
struction for this purpose. Other witnesses rei'r
to the matter of arsenic, whereof the United State «

Vpril 20, 1918

KNCINKKKINC AND MINING JOURNAL

768

resented as furnishing only <',(>■, of its requirements.

I committee failed to draw out thai the other 40'
h's from Canada and Mexico, which supply US be-
st' they are able to do so competitively and require
shipping for the purpose.

"he promoters vf this hill are patriotic and zealous,
we do not think that the men who are engaged in
Industries are in anywise inferior in their patriot-
, and we may lie forgiven if we judge them to be
•e experienced in their work. We are skeptical re-
ding all Washington estimates. The overestimate
he Treasury last year in the matter of financial re-
rements tended to destroy confidence. Coming nearer
lome. the overestimate of lead requirements by the
r Industries Board last spring, which played mis-
>f with our lead industry, causes us to pray to be
alone.

ut if the War Minerals Committee thinks that more
Iganese, chrome, pyrites and graphite are going to be
jired than natural market conditions will induce, and
idditional supplies can be obtained only from de-
ts that private capital will not undertake, by all
ns let the Government do it; but strip off the cam-
lage and let it be done by straight subsidy or direct
iture. Mr. Hotchkiss had this in mind when he told
i Foster's committee of a tin property in Virginia
i said that "The only way in which it can be oper-

II is for the Government to take it over and operate
nd turn the money over to the court" (there being

i 1 claimants) . This has the merit of honesty. It
ivhat the Government ought to do if it thinks it
i get any tin there. It may be that a great tin mine
' be developed there, but private capital, which has
ii solicited off and on during the last 25 years, has
i had the nerve to try it. We should be really curious
see that judgment tested by the Government.

owever, we do not imagine that the Government is
tig to do any prospecting and developing on its own
nunt. The idea will be rather to introduce regulatory
i sures for going concerns and to satisfy the official
( re to boss the men who have created successful busi-
i; organizations. Besides the irritation of this, there
ne danger, and a very real one, that in monkeying
1 1 the machinery they will put it out of order. It is
h efore to be prayed that the pending bill can be limi-
e to the minerals specially named, which constitute
i a minor part of the industry and can stand infer-
ence without the major part of the industry being
i out of joint. We wish, however, that there were
I of the careless talk about profiteering. We have
(observed any desire for profiteering in the mining
istry; we discern nothing but a desire to live and
I roduce. The passage of a bill to guarantee minimum
'fss will do more to promote profits than anything
I conceived by business men since the days of the
I etan Syndicate in copper.

Copper Production

I /"E HAVE improved our system of reporting month-
ly the crude-copper production, it being necessary
0 'timate only the output of the group of smelters on
"Atlantic seaboard and a part of the Lake Superior
)r uction, both of which are small and neither being
'Uect to any great variation from month to month. Be-

II

cause of certain changes in method, our figures, bei
uing with January, 1918, should nol be compared too
closely with the corre ponding figures for l'.»l7.

Notwithstanding the increased completeness of
reports, the present monthly figures will be n
too high; i. e., their aggregate will exceed the figure
reported by the same companies for the whole year, and
this will be for the following reasons:

1. The probability that some companies report blister

copper instead of fine cupper contents thereof.

2. Non-allowance for loss in smelting in the case of
the porphyry mines that report concentrate and non-
allowing for loss in refining in other cases.

3. Duplication of imported copper, which is included
to some extent in the figures reported by American
smelters and is also included in the statement of copper
imported.

On these accounts the monthly figures will regularly
be too high, perhaps as much as 5 per cent. Being com-
puted from month to month on the same basis, however,
they will be properly comparable, and will be reliably
informing, with the understanding that they involve a
regular "plus" error.

The production of crude copper in the United States
in January was 165,431,568 pounds. In February it was
160,011,364 pounds.

The Silver Bill

THE silver bill that was introduced in Congress last
week is nothing like any of the free-coinage meas-
ures of a quarter of a century ago. Its purpose is to
release the hoard of silver in the Treasury with which
to settle trade balances in the Orient. On the other hand,
the Government proposes to enter into a contract with
the silver producers to replace this silver at $1 per
ounce. This is the main idea, but the bill is extremely
complicated, and we do not yet venture to discuss fully
the working of the scheme.

Presumably the Government will not sell silver to the
East unless it can get at least $1 per ounce for it. If the
East can buy silver in London or elsewhere for less, un-
doubtedly it will do so. All cheap silver will therefore
have to be cleaned up before the Treasury can sell. When
it has sold any it must replace it by taking silver from
the producers at $1 per oz. It does not give them an un-
limited put.

Suppose the Treasury succeeded in selling 75,000,000
oz. to the East (and to domestic consumers), it would
then take about a year's output from our producers. But
how about the silver produced by American refiners from
foreign sources? In the meamvhile, the price for silver
in London might decline. Our producers would then be
in a position of simply filling an order for silver pre-
viously sold for forward delivery on excellent terms.
But suppose the Treasury sold only 15,000,000 oz. ; the
producers in two months would be back upon the open
market.

These are not arguments for or against the bill. They
are simply to point out that it does not necessarily "fix"
the price for silver, but rather gives the producers an
opportunity to make some forward sales at a specified
price. On the other hand, the Government does not
stand to lose anything, except temporarily the seign-
iorage with which it gave itself credit. However, this

764

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105. No. 16

IB purely ■ bookkeeping matter. Really, it would make a
good bargain if it could dispose of all of its silver at $l
per oz. and stay sold. but. of course, Congress would
never consent to that.

The business will be fairly simple if the Treasury suc-
ceeds in Belling all of its silver, or a large part of it ;
but if its sales should prove to be small and irregular,
there may he complications. As to this, everything de-
pends manifestly upon the quantity that the Orient is
willing to take at $1 per oz. or more. It has been the
understanding all along that it stood ready to absorb a
good deal, but, of course, it is in a position to drive a
bargain. We foresee a good many perplexities in the
project. However, we do not see that it violates any
principles of sound banking and economics.

The Milling Number

THE current issue, our annual Milling Number, is
given over principally to articles dealing with the
flotation process. The present condition of flotation,
enmeshed as it is in a tangle ol litigation, has made it
especially difficult to secure suitable material. However
that may be, some degree of success has attended our
efforts, and we are able to present a number of inter-
esting and important articles.

Reviewing the subject as presented in this number, a
few generalizations may be made. The first is that
flotation is finding its position in relation to other meth-
ods of ore dressing. For the treatment of sulphide ores,
when finely divided or in the condition of slime, flota-
tion has been so successfully applied as to warrant the
belief that the slime problem has been solved. As a
primary process, flotation has not attained the success
that many of its enthusiastic supporters predicted, but
as a supplementary process, to be applied after jigging
and tabling, accompanied by regrinding, satisfactory
results have been obtained, and the process has estab-
lished itself in lead, zinc and copper ore-dressing plants.
Some success has attended the application of selec-
tive flotation and sulphidizing, sufficient to warrant us
in the belief that it is in these two branches that much
future development is to be expected.

The variety of new mechanical appliances, such as
flotation machines, and the application of thickening
and filtration appliances (first applied in the cyanide
process), illustrate the development of mechanical
equipment that inevitably follows close upon the intro-
duction of a new method of ore treatment.

More prominently there stands out the uncertainty of
knowledge concerning the fundamental physical and
chemical factors that control flotation. Our science has
not kept pace with the practical application of the proc-
ess. In spite of the many excellent articles and books
on the subject, we are still groping around for a sub-
stantial hold upon the intricacies and subtleties of the
subject. We know that mineral particles have to be
finely divided, that slimed particles are more readily
saved than the coarser ones, but do we definitely know
how coarse we can crush and still secure a high;
extraction?

There is much uncertainty about the selection of suit-
able flotation agents, but progress in removing this un-
certainty is being made. Manufacturers are standard-

izing their products and millmen are making greater u>
of laboratory testing. The field is broad and by >
means exhausted.

We know that there must be intimate contact betwei
flotation agent and ore pulp. Millmen have developl
agitation and mixing appliances and have experimentl
with the introduction of the flotation agent in crushi;
and grinding machines until they have succeeded i
securing a sufficiently intimate incorporation of 1?
flotation agent with the pulp. But do we know what i-
gree of admixture is necessary, to what extent must 1e
flotation agents be broken up; in how many cases ie
we overdoing agitation, or, in other words, wastia
power in unnecessary mixing?

Air must be minutely subdivided and disseminac
throughout the pulp. How definite is our knowledge!
the subject of the emulsification of air under the ct
ditions that are present in the flotation cell?

Curiously enough, we may have the flotation agi
and the air bubbles quite thoroughly incorporated in I
pulp; nevertheless, when the mixture reaches the frci
separation compartment, the froth fails to form. Wi
are the precise physical conditions that must be secu*
for the formation of the froth? Must an electrolyte)
present? Must the cell be grounded in order to equai
static charges; must we have conditions favorable >
the flocculation of oiled sulphide particles; does tn
perature play an important part; must certain chemi 1
be present or absent? We consider that this is onio
the most important divisions of the subject.

Skimming off the flotation concentrate and the e
watering, filtration and drying of the concentrate r
mechanical steps that have been thoroughly worked u
and in which there is only moderate opportunity fort
provement.

Ralston, Bancroft, Van Arsdale, Anderson, Taggr
Hildebrand and others have proposed various theo i
but we seem to be no nearer to a theory that meets 1 1
general acceptance and that will serve for the dev< |
ment of a flotation practice along scientific lines. Wii
the amount of available knowledge on the subjec
large, we feel that there is need for coordination ancu
ditional research that will be more specific and dire e
toward determining the limitations of the fundameti
principles controlling the process. Obviously this i
for the millman, but rather for the thoroughly traie
physical chemist.

Industrial Dislocations

THE Wholesale Coal Trade Association of New )i
has issued a circular which comprises the folio 1
remarks :

The practical coal man is convinced that certain a
posals with respect to the distribution of coal cars*
result in a serious curtailment of the output of coal"
the effect will be that next winter the country wi
faced with a coal famine compared to which that olla
year will fade into insignificance.

The Radroad Administration is attempting to make o
tracts with coal operators for coal for railroad purpos-
a price less than that fixed by the Fuel Administric
offering as an inducement 100% car supply.

Car supply is the governing factor in the quanti
coal produced and the cost of production, as the ove e
charges, when distributed over a production reduc

iril 20, I I -

I NGINEERING AND MINING JOURN \l

i- 2591 of normal, are tremendou . as compared to

pro, lu, t ion
other phase of the matter is that such discrimination
c suppl> has its direct effect upon the labor situation,
ng unrest and dissatisfaction among the miners at
..tions so discriminated against.

is no secret that the Railway Administration and
'uel Administration arc quarreling oxer this matter,
what will you have? When you undertake to
ate an industry, such things arc just what arc
expected.

e copper strikes of last summer, the coal shortage
-t winter, the present troubles in the smelting and
ng industry, the mining and shipping of dirty

i -these and kindred economic troubles are not
s that "just happened." Rather are they symp-

i of the economic disease whereof the perms were
srately introduced about a year ago. The United
s is industrially and financially too strong for
:o be economic suicide, but we have made ourselves

tiently sick to reduce our efficiency. Instead of

us a 100', punch into the war, we are doing

thing less. The pity of it is that the whole thing

camouflaged and so ill-understood by the people

rge that they will never know that we did not

the war all that we might have done.

r were the delay in our shipbuilding program, the

I in our rifle and artillery manufacture, the re-
,■ revealed fiasco of our aeroplane program, the

I sification of the railway congestion last winter,

. lislocation of labor supply, the injection of an

,-erated housing problem, mysterious events that

happened." They were the natural results of

e Mingling of incompetent planners and inefficient

inistrative officers.

BY THE WAY

nut of the Gulf Sulphur < o The erroi occurred In
own "tlice. .-mil arose through th< on ol photo

graphs.

laniiJiMUMMiii

making of the National War Bonds, which Eng-
n now keeps continuously on sale, Sir Felix Schuster
nrked at the recent annual meeting of the Union
| that "this method of continuous borrowing en-

"he least disturbance of the money market, and is,
a glad to think — our figures in the bank show it —
gy successful."

' Danish as she is spoke" by some American shifters
ten fluent, if not always according to Hoyle. In
'ithwestern camp employing Mexican labor, an ad-
5 tion to a delinquent mucker was overheard as fol-
"Usted necesita trabajar poco mas. Si Usted no
a jar poco mas. Poco tiempo usted no trabajar mas."
rUhat day an extra car was sent to the mill.

' the Journal of Mar. 9, on page 466, were printed
)r engravings showing occurrences of brimstone in
u srson County, Texas, in connection with which the
Tan read "Workings of Gulf Sulphur Co., Culberson
01 ty, Texas, where deposits of 90 c/c sulphur occur."
u ittention has been drawn to the error in this state-
's. Upon investigation we find that the photographs
lced sulphur deposits in Culberson County, Texas, but

Platinum has been commandeered b) the Govern
meiit. The campaign begun a! Kansas < litj a year ago
is ended, Bays Journ. I ml. ami Eng. Chem. The metal
can now hold up its head with justifiable pride, bet
of its functional metamorphosis from vainglorious
adornment of the nouveau ricfti to the more appropriate
role of catalyst in acid manufacture. What about that
scrap platinum, odds and ends, lying about your labora-
tories? Every little bit helps.

President A. A. Cole, of the Canadian Mining Insti-
tute, in his annual address at the recent Montreal con-
vention, drew attention to the low estimation in which
mining and chemical engineers were held by the public
as compared with members of the other professions. An
illustration of this point was found in a recent advertise-
ment issued by the Civil Service Commission of Canada,
calling for candidates qualified to fill the following posi-
tions :

1. A legal officer to be appointed to one of the depart-
ments at an initial salary of $3300 per annum. Candi-
dates must be at least 28 years of age, must have had a
few years' practical experience in law and must possess
a good general education.

2. A chemist for the fuel-testing division of the mines
branch of the Department of Mines, initial salary $1600
per annum. Candidates must have a thorough training in
chemistry and physics and hold a degree from a recognized
university, should have proved their ability to take out
original research, and have had subsequent experience in
practical chemistry. They must be thoroughly familiar with
the methods of gas analysis where great accuracy is re-
quired, and must be capable of testing the methods and
calibrating the apparatus used in their work.

The qualifications necessary in the chemist are such
as would entitle him to a Ph.D. degree. This lack of
appreciation of the value of technical standing and ex-
perience is further emphasized by the fact that the
only officer of the mines branch with a salary higher
than that at which the legal officer mentioned would
start is the director. Where does the fault lie?

The Scout Engineer

You can talk about the traveling men who roam,
Of the sailor boys who never have a home;

But the scouting engineer has no chance to pound his ear
As he travels round this little ball of loam.

"It's a scouting proposition," they will say;
"And you're due to leave for Timbuctoo today."

And in this itinerary they include old Tipperary;
Which leaves no time for you to hit the hay.

While you're wrestling with a rowboat on the waves of

Bristol Bay,
You must listen to the bull-con of some wild promoter's lay,
As he tells you of the copper, gold and silver lying bare —
A million dollar mountain sticking straight up in the air.

Or you're headed for a real mine in the heat of Morelos,
Over ranges of the tropics where no white man willing goes;
When your greasers all desert you and your shoes begin to
hurt you,
Then a point o' two Au is all it shows.

But there is a fascination to this branch of the profession,
Which keeps you straining onward while you leave the
miles behind,
And you feel that you're rewarded when with words and
phrases guarded
You report in that at last you've made the find.

Anonymous.

Too

ENGINEERING AND MININC. JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. I1

NEW PUBLICATIONS

IIMU i ti i. mill ill.

Geolog] of Massachusetts anil Rhode Island. By B. K.

son. Pp. 289, illus. Bull. 597. U. S. Geological

Survey, Washington.

The Geology and Or,- Deposits of Ely, Nevada. By Arthur

Spencer. Pp. 189, Ulus. U. S. Geological Survey.

\\ a, D. C.

Anthracite and Bituminous Coal, Report of the Federal
Trade Commission on. Pp. 120. Federal Trade Com-
mission. Washington.

The Journal of the Iron and Steel Institute, Vol. XCV, No. 1.

Edited by George C. Lloyd. Secretary. 5\b x S'4, pp.

472, Ulus. Iron and Steel Institute, London.
The Clays of the Piedmont Province. Virginia. By H.

Ries and R. E. Somers. Pp. 86, Ulus. Bull. XIII,

Virginia Geological Survey, Charlottesville, Va.

Road Material Surveys in 1915. By L. Reinecke. Pp. 190,
illus. Memoir 99, Canada Department of Mines, Geo-
logical Survey Branch, Ottawa, Canada.

Technology of Salt Making in the United States. By W. C.
Phalen. Pp. 149, illus. Bull. 148, U. S. Bureau of
Mines, Washington, D. C.

The Journal of the Iron and Steel Institute, Volume XCVI.
Edited by George C. Lloyd. Pp. 509, illus. Iron and
Steel Institute, London, England.
Cannel Coal in the United States. By George H. Ashley.
Pp. 127, illus. Bull. 659, U. S. Geological Survey,
Washington, D. C.
An Aneroid Calorimeter for Specific and Latent Heats. Ey
Nathan S. Osborne. Pp. 25, illus. Sci. Paper No. 301,
U. S. Bureau of Standards, Washington.
\bstracts of Current Decisions on Mines and Mining. Re-
ported from January to April, 1917. By J. W. Thomp-
son. Pp. 79. Bull. 152, U. S. Bureau of Mines, Wash-
ington.
Bibliography of North American Geology for 1916. By
John M. Nickles. Pp. 172. Bull. 665, U. S. Geological
Survey, Washington, D. C.
Mining Industry in Idaho for the Year 1917, Nineteenth
Annual Report. By Robert -N. Bell. Pp. 131, illus.
Idaho Bureau of Mines, Boise, Idaho.
Summary Report of the Mines Branch of the Department of
Mines for the Year 1916. Pp. 183, illus. Canada De-
partment of Mines, Ottawa, Canada.
Seventh Annual Report by the Director of the Bureau of
Mines to the Secretary of the Interior for the Year
Ended June 30. 1917. Pp. 106. U. S. Bureau of Mines,
Washington, D. C.
Blast-Furnace Breakouts, Explosions and Slips, and Meth-
ods of Prevention. By F. H. Wilcox. Pp. 280, illus.
Bull. 130, U. S. Bureau of Mines, Washington.
Thirtieth Annual Report of the Bureau of Mines, Mining
and Mine Inspection of the State of Missouri, for the
Year 1916. Pp. 135. Missouri Bureau of Mines, Jef-
ferson City, Missouri.
Annual Report, 1915, with Accompanying Papers. Iowa
Geological Survey, Vol. XXVI. George F. Kay and
James H. Lees. 7% x 10. Pp. 556, illus. Iowa Geo-
logical Survey, Des Moines, Iowa.
Illinois Geological Survey; Biennial Report for 1913 and
1014. Administrative Report and Economic and Geo-
logical Papers. 7 x 10, pp. 161, illus. Bull. 30, Illinois
Geological Survey, Urbana, Illinois.
Geology of the Moonta and Wallaroo Mining District. By
R.'Lockhart Jack. Pp. 135, illus. Bull. 6, Geological
Survey of South Australia, Department of Mines, Ade-
laide, Australia.
Geology of the Navajo Country, a Reconnaissance of Parts
of Arizona, New Mexico and Utah. By Herbert E.
Gregory. Pp. 161, illus. U. S. Geological Survey,
Washington, D. C.

The Geology and Ore Deposits of Kalgoorlie, East Cool
die Goldfleld, Part 111. By F. R. Feldtmann. Pp.,
illus. Bull. 69, Western Australia Geological Sur;
Perth. West Australia.

Magnesite Deposits of Grenville District, Argenteuil C
ty. Quebec. By M. E. Wilson. Memoir 98, Canadaj
partment of Mines. Geological Survey Branch, Ott,
Canada.

The Geologv and Ore Deposits of Meekatharra, Murclii
Goldfield. By E. deC. Clarke. Pp. 342, illus. Bull:
Western Australia Geological Survey, Perth, West i
tralia.

An Exploration of the Tazin and Taltson Rivers, N"

West Territories. By Charles Camsell. Pp. 124,
Memoir 84, Canada Department of Mines, Geolo.
Survey Branch, Ottawa, Canada.

Geology and Mineral Resources of the Cooktown Dis-
Tinfields, North Queensland. 1911. By E. Cecil Si
Smith. Pp. 211, illus. Pub. No. 250, Queensland
logical Survey, Brisbane, Australia.

Illinois Geological Survey; Biennial Report for 1911
1912 Administrative Report and Economic and i
logical Papers. 7 x 10, pp. 160, illus. Bull. 23, 111
Geological Survey, Urbana, Illinois.

Iron Ore Occurrences in Canada. Vol. II. Descrip:
of Iron Ore Occurrences. Compiled by L. Lindi
and L. L. Bo!ton; introduction by A. H. A. Robi.
Pp. 222. Canada Department of Mines, Ottawa, CaJ
Occupational Hazards at Blast-Furnace Plants and Acci
Prevention, Based on Records of Accidents at
Furnaces in Pennsylvania in 1915. By Frederic
Willcox. Pp. 155, illus. Bull. 140, U. S. Buret
Mines, Washington, D. C.
The Essentials of Descriptive Geometry. By F. G. Hia
6x9, pp. 218, illus.; $1.80. John Wiley and Sons,*
York.
A good presentation of the subject for the student, I
neer and draftsman. There is an appendix on m
models of piping from paper and cardboard that con
useful suggestions for the blast furnace constructor.
A Laboratory Manual of General Chenvstry. By Wi
J. Hale, 5x7%, pp. 474, illus.; $1.50. MacMillai*
New York.
This is a student's manual which lays more stress I
usual on the resemblance that the various metals j
given group have for each other, without waiting f<
study of qualitative analysis to bring out this point. I
book is conveniently interleaved for notes.
Metallurgical Calculations. By Joseph W. Richards
pp. 675; $5. McGraw-Hill Book Co., New
Part I, Introduction, Chemical and Thermal Prin
Problems in Combustion, and Radiation and Cond t
of Heat. Part II, Application to the Metallur;
Iron and Steel. Part III, Applications to Other fl
(Non-Ferrous Metals).
This well-known and useful book requires no int d
tion. It serves the demands of quantitative metallurg
Quin's Metal Handbook and Statistics, 1918. Comoi 1
L. H. Quin. 6% x 4Vi, PP- 237; 3s. 6d. Metal li
mation Bureau, London, England.
This is a valuable little reference book o' statistic c
ering prices, production, exports and imports of the \ I
metals and ores. In the foreword, the compiler ref-a
the effect of the war on the collection of statistic
states that he has given as complete details as ci
gathered.

The Petroleum and Natural Gas Register: A Directs
the Petroleum and Natural Gas Industries in the n
States, Canada and Mexico. 8V2 x 12, pp. 548,11
$12. Oil Trade Journal, New York.
Trade directories serve an important purpose a
extensively used. This directory includes produce,
finers, compounders, marketers and jobbers of pet-l'
and its products, casinghead gasoline manufacture,
pipe lines, natural-gas producers and distributors, e
gists, manufacturers of and dealers in equipment si
membership lists of oil and gas associations.

iril 20, 1918

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

■

i ...ii.Mi i

Personals

IsHOolntlon

I .«• you contributed to the

ill I lie III. -or- .

i « i riip IK"1'' »f Hit'

. ..lytic Zinc i '" . Til! mania
,,l sloanr lins li on appointed manager

. on i :nlil Mini's, l.lil . in i
Ontario

. w lie, Inventor of the \\ lie eleo-
lurnnce. lias moved from Pittsburgh

irk
; | Morrison has resigned ns manager
Shore Mines, l.l.l . at Kirkland

Itn Loll, president of the Molntyn

i »nt . is in British

Investigating properties.

hit. Ili'l.orloiii ami Otto SuHHinan have

amlned the holdings t*f the

Metals i !o.. l.l.l . at Baxter,

in. i»r>. ■ into, has Loon retained

, HcKlnley-Darragh Mines. Cobalt,

>!. for new mining properties

i it Forbes, who is on construction

uminuiYi plants in (lie south of
■ for the French government, is soon

Toronto

> iv. Ledyard, who was recently ap-
nd manager of the Kirkland Porphyry
i ty at Kirkland Lake, Ont., has
i. ,d his resignation.

v B, Cas&on, <»f Carson, Xev.. will as-
r the management of the Sha«ta Bei-
■ Mlning Co.. at Redding, Calif. Mr
si is president of the company.

CD. Kaoding. general manager of the

't Mines. Ltd., Porcupine. Ont.. has re-

I 'orcupine from Nevada, where

-. has charge of the Bluestonc mine.

on County.

it. Wright, superintendent of the ex-
t nt station of the U. S. Bureau of
.u Mo cow. Idaho, is making tests-
flotation on lead-zinc ores of
• eur d'Alenes.

i clas A. Mutch, manager of the Hud-
:i> mine in Cobalt. Ont.. has been
toil genera] manager also of the
lake Mining and Milling Co.. Ltd.,
roupine, Ontario.

i . i huphI. manager of the Engineer-

anagement Corporation. 165 Broad-

\. w Y'ork. has sailed for Venezuela.

gone several weeks, in connection

mination work.

IbM 11. McKay, formerly in charge

1 Harriman oil and railroad interests

Icico, is engaged at Caracas. Venezuela,

« he has extensive oil and mining m-

Mr McKay is in Xew York for

- ay.

E ard I*. Seullon. formerly superin-

nt t of the Hill Annex mine at Calumet.

if for the Interstate Iron Co.. lias

! tie position of superintendent of

Verde Extension Mining Co.

. Arizona.

II. Dick, who lias been mining engineer

'■ Canadian Commission on Conserva-

it eight years, lias resigned to become

er for Coal Sellers, Ltd., of

ltd consulting engineer for sev-

rn colliery companies.

i:r. Eddingfield, of the U. S Bureau

is on the Mesabi range, where

' continuing the investigations begun

-!• Finlay. of Xew York, as lo whether

I Ue-owned mines are operated in ac-

I ee with the best methods.

Bi Sargeson, mill construction expert.

I turned from Quebec province, where
>c:ed in superintending the erec-

,r: a large mining iilant. and has gone
'Kland Lake to superintend the erec-
'f a mill at the Kirkland Porphyry

L. \\ illiamson, formerly connected
£ Gaston mine in Nevada County,
has succeeded William Harvev as

.tendent of the Allison Ranch
Grass Valley. Calif., which is
'1 by the Grass Vallev Con-

-il Alines Company.

IV Mortenson is president of the
r, lron_an<l Steel Works. Klamath
Ure- The company was formerly
as the Grant's Pass Iron and Steel

.and was situated at Grant's Pass.

K- VI. Hall is general manager and

ritzpatrick secretary treasurer.

C. Bergen, assistant editor of

lurgical and Chemical Engineering."

signed his position to go into manu-

*

i ■■
,\ i i.i !... hi i i !hi n

I I \ ^ ,o ,,

sup. Tint. n. I. in ol he Mc-

Klninv Stei I Co., I

i.'.'ii;. O. Hollenbuuglt, w ho
!i i i. .. lea i , tub,
OW with ii
Wharton Steel I '.. . a( Wharton, In t to
I ty .

II. l.isioi Bain
ant director of t he U s. Bureau ol Mines,
■ .1 his duties Mr. Bain Is not
the orga nlzal ion t - .. irolunti ■ r,

I. nt is filling tl

i , which ha '"
ii Manning pti i

George U Danforth, -i i been ap-

oi thi south works of th Steel

iv, succeeding Herman \. Brassert, re

sie.ii.'. I Mr I ianforl h hai b< en « II h t he

i >p-im\ sine, i ! a nd is ti loked upon as

an authority on the manufacture ol op
heart h made many imp

mm hi in openhearth furm
and practice.

Rudolf flahl has resigned as metallurgist
in charge of the concentrate f the In-
spiration Consolidated Copper Co, Arizona.
and w ill be i i. ii . II. Buggies,
formerly liis assistant at Inspiration, but
lately mill superlntendenl of the Con-
solidated Arizona Smelting Co., at Hum-
boldt. Ariz. Dr. Gahl will take up con-
sulting work and will be in the Globe-
Mianii district for some time to come.

Obituary

Frederick Ayer, who was identified with
various mining and timber operations in
northern Michigan, died recently in Wash-
ington, aged '.n; years. At the outbreak of
tin war, Mr. Ayer. together with .1 M
Longyear, disposed of coal and mineral
interests in Spitzbergen to Norwegian
capitalists.

.lohn McMartin, vice president of the
Hollinger Consolidated Gold Mines. Ltd..
at Cobalt. Ont.. died on Apr. 13 at his
home in Montreal. Mr. McMartin was
born in Charlottenburg, Ont. At the time
of his death, he was member of the Domin-
ion Parliament from Flengarry County. Ont.
He was also a member of the Rocky Moun-
tain and Catholic clubs. Xew York, and
of the American Universities and Corn-
wall clubs, in London.

Societies

American Institute of .Mining Engineers,

Utah Section, elected the following officers
for 1918 at the meeting on Apr. I in Salt
Lake City: William Wraith, chairman;
( Veil Fitch, vice chairman ; F. G. Moses,
secretary ; E. R. Zalinski and Ernest Gay-
ford, executive committee.

Engineers' Club. Xew Y'ork. met jointly
with the Xew York Electrical Society on
Apr. 18, in the Engineering Societies Bldg.,
Xew 'fork. Major O. O. Ellis, assisted by-
Major E. B. Garey, addressed those pi
on "Using the -Motion Picture to Train the
Officers and Enlisted Men of the Army."
Hudson Maxim spoke on "High Explosives
in Modern Wart

American Institute of Mining Engineers,
Columbia Section, met on Apr. S in Spokane,
Wash, to welcome < ' W. Goodale, vice
president of the national organization, and
Bradley Stoughton. secretary- Mr. Goodale
spoke on the work the Institute is doing
in reference to the relation of capital and
labor after the war .Mr Stoughton told
of the war services of the members of the
Institute. The section took under consid-
eration a resolution proposing a change
in the society's title to the "American
Institute of Mining and Metallurgy."

American Institute of .Mining Engineers,

Xew York Section, will hold its April meet-
ing at the Machinery Club, 30 Church St..
on Apr. 23 at 8 p.m. The meeting will be
preceded by a dinner at 6.45 p.m. The
report of the committee on mine taxation
will be discussed. It is expected that Dr.
L. D. Rickelts. past president, will be
present and will show moving pictures of
the Ajo copper mine, in Arizona. Mem-
bers who wish to attend the dinner are

i
'

h
ot watci " i 'oi John .1 Ci

ii... ,i

i o 1 1 i

an. I .1 .1, 'I'll, .loin, I-', it/. ,,, dal

b\ the Jol in dal board

e n tat I v. . . i

Industrial News

0. I. Miller, I.

oi Hi. Scottdali v
ai .1 Manufactui ing I 'o . has resigned to

enter th nt i .1 Mr- M ill. i

will specialize in mm. i qulpi I and

I i ii.. nam. ot <• i.
1 o . s. ottdali . Pennsj iva

s. h. si, iii Co., Inc., 29 Broadwaj Net*
ii ters ami e> porters, ari Inti i
In shipping manganei ■ on

zi! to this ... intl ..1:- shipping zn

a muni oi e, monazite Band and othi i un
usual minerals They are particularly de-
sirous of knowing the requirements ol
rs in the United St.-. ti

machinery T....I and Snpplj Industries
of th country will hold a war conv.
in Cli veland, t Ihio I he week of May

13. Representatives ol th< four na

itions, nam ly, the American Supplj
and Machinery Manufacture! ' v Delation
onal Supply and Machinery Dealers'
Association, the Southern Supply and Ma-
chinery Dealers' Association and the Xa-
Pipe and Supplies Association, will
meet jointly with the Idea of laying out
a pian of keeping the munitions program
going at full speed. They will be assisted
in this by Government officlala

Trade Catalogs

How to save Coal, Bailey Meter Co, 141
Milk St. Boston, Mass Bulletin No 11
Pp. 20; 8 x 10} in Illustrated. A de-
scription of the Bailey boiler meter and of
the uses to which it may be put in a boiler
plant Other types of Bailee meters are
mentioned briefly.

Steam Tables for Condenser Work.
Wheeler Condenser and Engineering Co..
Carteret. X J.. Pp. 32; 71 x 4\ in. IIIus-
A handbook of steam tallies, with
pressures b< low atmo phere expressed in
inches of mercury referred to a 30-in. bar-
ometer; also including a discussion of the
the mercury column, the errors in
such measurements and correction constants.

New Patents

I'nit..! States patent specifications listed
below may be obtained from "The Engi-
neering and Mining Journal" at 25c. each.
British patents are supplied at 40c. each.

A-boi.,-. Process ol Asbestos Treat-
ment and Product Tin Harry Wil-
liams Charlton, Xew Y'ork. X". Y'. (U. S
Xo. 1,256,296; Feb. i:, 1918.)

Classifier and Separator. Charles Allen,

E! Paso. Tex. (U. S Xo 1.259.709; Mar
19. 1918.)

Dynamite. Process of Bonding Kieselguhr

Powder and Product Thereof. Charles S.
Kinnison. Birmingham. Mich. (U. S Xo.
1.259.525 ; Mar. 19, 1918.)

Alining Sulphur. Process of. Anthony F.
Lucas and Godfrey M s Tait, Washington.
D C. ; said Tait assignor to said Lucas.
(U. S. Nos. 1.259. 53i;: 1.259.537 Mar 19.
1918).

Potash. Process of Replacing Alkali
Metals in Alkali Metal Carrying Rocks and
Product Thereof. Harry Williams Charl-
ton. Xew Y'ork. X Y".. assignor to Kaolin
Products Corporation. (U. S. Xo. 1.256.-
295 ; Feb. 12, 1918.)

Potash Extraction from Feldspar. Ed-
ward L Anderson, Pittsburgh. Penn. (U.
S. No. 1.253.560: Jan. 15. 1918 I

ENGINEERING A.ND MINING JOURNAL Vol. 105, N*. ]

i luiiuutiiumiiimiiiiiii iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiimi urn iiiiiiiiiiiHinmiuiuiiiii i n nnimmfflimm i

Editorial Correspondence

i i mi 111 uii 1 111 ni t inn iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii i ilium iiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiini n iiiinii imiiiiuiiMiiii ii i iniimi ,

» \ V IlilMI-UI-

\pril

i., .iii Mining in tlir Mother Lode i.

ire equal to

■Ms of Mia-
mi the uncertainty of
labor have combined to discourage the out-
sums in development beyond
Immediate requirements Minim

that do not need the development

.... their enterprises

Idently of the opinion that it will

n the end to reduce production

their mines alive without hope

sent profit oilier companies

onlj a small margin
■ of mining and mill-
iter afford i" let the on
unworked than to pa] out the profits
ration in excessive rusts for
ipment. The gold will not gel
awaj nor the mines be destroyed il

of water and well repaired; and this

will cost less ultimately than to operate

small that the margin will

all be spent in taxes and in insurance.

Prom north to south along the Mother

the following mines are opera!

m Amador County: Plymouth.

int. Bunker Hill. Treasure. Keystone.

oh! Eureka, Central Eureka, Kennedy, Ar-

The idle mines along the Mother

in Amador County are Original

Amador, South Eureka. Oneida, Zel

Hardenberg In Calaveras County the ac.

tive producers are the I'tiea. Gold Cliff.

es and Calaveras Consolidated In

Tuolumne County ihe mines operating are

chiefly doing development work and are the

Dutch-App. Eagle Shawmut Black Oak and

•.field Tunnel

The Ci>»t of Reopening the Old Kureka

mine on the Mother I^ide in Amador
Countv. covering a period of al>out in
months from May, 1916, to September.
1917. totaled 1218,183 according to a
• ut recently issued In addition, 111
acres of adjoining ground was purchased.
The amount estimated by Manager T Wai-
ter B'-am to be necessary for the purchase.
reopening and development was Jl.nOO.DOO.
quickly oversubscribed and

provided approximately (500, for re-

^ and development The purchase
price of the adjoining land may he prop-
erly chargeable to development, as the ac-
quisition of new ground was necessary if
not actually essential to the conduct of the
ice development plans There is a
balance of $271,606 available for develup-
ming Ota! the purchase of the
property used only about one-half of the

5 1 subscribed. The mine, which

riglnally owned by Alvinza Hayward
and later bv Hettv Green, had been idle
Until March. 191S. for ?," years. Tlv Hay-
ward and Green interests never got below
•000 fl vertical depth The shaft
being deepened to 8000 ft The la

mg was not confined to unwatering
rdinary repairs, but included the ex-
id removal of a large tnTfhage
of mud and silt that had accumulated in
orkings The items of expenditures
follows: Construction and equip-
735; tools and equipment. $:!7Sfi :
pumping and shaft repairs. 8117.657; gen-
eral operating charge. J1H.I1S: taxes.
11771: mine development. $3849 ; purchase
111 acres ground, HO. 211 Total. $228.-
Ordinarily the item of development.
properly chargeable to de-
velopment account to begin with th<
enlng of the shaft But it is

ition from the nature of the ground
that the development work done during the
.ing period was a part of the reopen-
ing work However, the amount expended
in the work up to September. 1917, is well
within the amount estimated by Mr Beam,
and the time of completion well within the
and that despite numerous de-
lavs in transportation. The development
so far has given satisfactory results, and
the deepening the shaft is believed to be
whollv warranted, not merely as explora-
for new orehodies. but as part of a
development campaign to prove the persist-
ence of known orebodies. The company
formed at the beginning of the enterprise
is known as the Consolidated Amador, hut
the name Old Eureka has persisted, as did
the name Hetty Green mine for a long
time, although both these names were

merely local appellations Among the
owners who were tin original subscribers
\\ i Corej John D Ryan, Thomas
Ambrose Monell, John B Parish.

•• Ml LAKE CIT1 — Apr. Ill

Labor Agitation it t I lull Copper hai
been instigated by 0 hundred or SO machin-
ists at the Arthur and Magna mills out
of a total of 3600 employee: These few
tenslbly agitating th* question of
unionism, seeking to advance their cause
by alleging discrimination against the
union on the part of the company The
company has an open shop and employs
both union and non-union labor Indiscrlm
Inately, and in the words of an official of
impany, according to the ability of
the individual "to do the work we want
\ report of the Federal investi-
gator in the matter — signed also by rep-
resentatives of the state industrial commis-
sion— recommends that the men accept the
word of the company that there will be
no discrimination, and that the men re-
main on the job as a patriotic duty. At
a meeting held on the evening of March
29, however. the disaffected employees
voted to go on strike This move will not
of course materially affect the operation
of the plants, as the number concerned is
small In comparison with the total number
of employees. As is well known, the com-
pany has in recent years many times in-
creased the wages of its men. who are
working under most favorable conditions

WALLACE, IDAHO — April 10

The labor shortage has become a serious
problem throughout the district, and the
outlook is anything but promising. The
chief difficulty is in obtaining miners, al-
though the shortage also applies to com-
mon labor. It is feared that the effect will
soon result in a curtailment of output from
the mines ; in fact, the output of some is
now below normal ; notably the Morning,
which has not been able to secure the
maximum force since the resumption of
operations in February There is compara-
tively little work on new properties, which.
however, is not attributable to labor short-
age, though that is the reason to some
extent. The suspension in this line of min-
ing has been caused by the high cost of
supplies and wages, and also to a patri-
otic feeling among strictly development
companies that all efforts should be di-
rected to lines that contribute to direct
production only, in support of the war.

Selective Flotation Kxperiments by the
Bureau of Mines in connection with the
State University at Moscow, on Coeur
d'Alene-district lead-zinc ores have been
encouraging C A Wright, superintendent
of the experimental station, slates that
there is a wide difference between the ores
from the different mines, some responding
readily to the process while in other cases
the ores have proved quite refractory in
yielding a clean product Steady progress
is being made, however, and he confidently
expects to solve the problem and make a
practically perfect separation of lead and
zinc through flotation. The work of the
station is being watched with much in-
terest by operators in this district

JOPLIN. MO. — Apl. 12

Large Companies Are Supplanting Small

ones in this field. A few years ago the
only single large output was that of the
American Zinc, Lead and Smelting Co with
its Carterville sheet-ground mines Now
the Eagle-Pitcher Lead Co.. with seven
mills in operation, is the largest producer
in the field The Skeleton Lead and Zinc
Co also has seven mills operating in Okla-
homa and is the second largest producer.
The Admiralty Zinc, the Golden Rod M.
& S.. the Bethel-Domando-Croesus. the Com-
merce Mining and Royalty, the Acme, the
Ramage. the Vinegar Hill, the Montreal,
the Hettig. and several other companies are
yielding a higher production than did the
companies of the district a few years ago.
The American Metal Co. is only now get-
ting its operations well under way. and is
known as the Chanute Spelter Co Almost

any of these companies, it is believed
continue operation t-\m when prii
so low thai smaller concerns havi to
and ii is considered that this a
hi inging about a n enl Irelj new
in i he .lop! iii district Whether n
tuallj be betti r for the distrlol
lematlc ; for one thing, it is thought thai
absence of labor trouble here
largely due to the fact that ma
nunc' owners were, earlier In tin
ence, underground laborers, and thus r
been better abb- to appreciate am
needs and rights ..i their men.

Steadily Dropping Zinc Ore I'm .■-

worrying producers considerably \\

the last few weeks the two leading, o
lots' associations In this Held, the Tn-:
which meets weekly at I'icher. l»kla

tie- Southwesl Missouri, which met
Weld. City, have issued urgent In!
to members of congress to visit
and \ lew conditions champ Clark,
Kerns, and Senators Stone Heed
have been among those invited.
Congressman Perl Pecker, of Joplln
the last meeting tin- Southwesl
assoeia tion decided to try to pel
retary McAdoo to visit the dl

far Congressman Decker is th i *

who has come, and he holds out I
m|" A meeting of operators and i
ness men was held in Joplin la
which it was decided to send a col
of 1 r, to Washington: but it is nol bt
that much could be accomplished
operators incline to the opinioi
simply a matter of overproduction of D
ler at this time Later a great. . di
from galvanizers ma> help the sitni.
they think, but in the meantime
the smaller mining companies are
to suffer, and this is going to be partic i
noticeable in the Oklahoma sec
field, where royalties are high and -
have been some unjust itied promotior
is significant that despite the fact, i
virtually the entire sheet-ground d r
around Webb City is idle, the output I
district as a whole is still greater tin
was four or five years ago Most ppeH
believe there wiil be little bettermi
prices until a marked decline in prod ti
takes place.

TORONTO — Apl. 10

Activity In Shown nt Wesl Slilnintl'i
gold camp, where op. -rations havi
for some time under way at the
which is successfully developing
vein. At five other mines in the in e
ate neighborhood development is aba
start Large quantities of macl
being brought in by way of Kasbbfl
tion. on the Canadian Northern Ral
point about SO miles northwest of St
and about 30 teams are engaged In I
porting it to the mines

New Regulation Regarding Idles
Canada has just been passed by th
ion Parliament thai may have
effect on the supply of labor for the
In the gold camps particularly the in u
of Hie labor is foreign, and a large I I*
tion of it alien enemies Difficulty
perienced in keeping these men ■<<
as thev have more money than the m
had before. On account of th.
they cannot send it out of the eountr ■<
through fear of its being seized
put it in the banks As a consi
majoritv of them are walking I
and with this feeling of wealth often >n
a disinclination to work The ■
tions declare that "all persons domti "
Canada, in the absence of reaso
to the contrary, shall engage in iisei
cuptions." The regulations declar.
thev are not intended to affect am
of labor men to strike on account of '
differences with employers, but are a <,
lo prevent persons capable of usetti
from remaining in idleness at a timi
the country needs all human energ i
sible. Violation of the regulations I I "
liability to a fine not exceeding $I«"
default of the fine, imprisonment I
ceeding six months. Any Institut i
farm owned bv a municipality or p
shall for the purposes of the law he
a common jail.

ipril 20, 1918 ENGINEERING AND MININd JOURNAL 769

iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiuuuuiuuillumuniumillilliuiUlllHliniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii mini; i nmiinmi i u nui mum mmmi iiiiiimn i i mmimimimimmimimmimmmiiiliiiiiiiiimiiiimimmimiiiL'

The Mining News

liiiiiiiliiilliilliiiifflniliiimiiinimiiiiimmi limit i mini iiiimm inn urn iniini i inn iiiiini iiiiiiiiiiiiinii i i iilllimillll mmimimimmimmimiiniiiiinmmmmmmiinim

ARIZONA
Ooohlse County

IATTUCK i Hisli ee)- -rrciductioii In
013,593 lb. copper, 66,878 ll>. lead,
silver and nn 98 02. gold.

Gila County

SHOP'S k'Nnl.l. (Pay-son) — Recently

irated. Incorporators are .lohn Mc-

E. B. Simanton, Mrs. E. B.

on. and William Brown, all of

Graham County
SPIRATION (Miami) — Production in
h s. 750. 000 lb. copper.

Greenlee County

IIZONA COPPKR (Clifton) — Giving

ial instruction to 200 employees at con

rator and smeltery in seven different

i j — five in Clifton and two in Morenci.

Classes are composed of Americans.

1 of Americans and Mexicans and two

1 t-ly of non-English-speaking Mexicans.

sea ar<- held three times daily to ac-

tiodate different shifts and are to be

mued until Apr. 23. S. C. Dickinson,

.11 :y engineer of the Arizona State

I au of Mines. Tucson, is instructor.

Maricopa County

>BRITA VERDE COPPER (Wicken-
1 — Leased block of ground on Little
; t and sinking to proceed.

Mohave County

ILD ORE MINING AND MILLING
< man)- — Transportation over new road
0 ill delayed on account of storms.

iCRACKEN SILVER MINES (Yucca)

- is designed new mill which will be

islied with dry concentrators ; oil en-

to furnish power.
IM REED (Oatman) — Annual meeting
held at Kingman, April 29. A shaft
'nised to surface from new orebody
'i tramline installed to mill.

CITED EASTERN (Oatman) — Develop-
'its on new eighth level progressing
a factorily. Orebody said to be dis-
Nng excellent ore.

Pima County
IIZONA COPPER AND MINING
i< 'RATION. (Tucson) — Shaft nearly
do 1 to 500 level. Plan to crosscut at
li vel.

Pinal County

"XKER HILL MINING (Ray)— Er-
msly reported permanently closed.

ill reports arc that property has been

• to Pittsburgh interests, who plan to
»i development directly.

Santa Cruz County

:D PRINCE COPPER (Nogales)— Re-

' y incorporated. Incorporators — H D.

« . Baltimore. Md. ; N. J. Purcell. Hills-

' Va.. and W. R. Moore. Kansas City

1 juri.

Yavapai County

<ACK CANYON DISTRICT reports
'!' n on tungsten deposits bv Dr. C. B.
' "rman, of Pittsburgh.
I.I.SIDE COPPER CREEK (Pres-

• ~To, °Pen new wagon road to auto

in May. Mine reported under option
rl,a conditioned on the road being

ROME VERDE COPPER (Jerome) —
ft for week ending March 12. shows
' 'fress of 356 ft. of diamond drilling
1 ft. of underground workings.
» mtendent, J. P. Harper.
<ORM CLOUD MINE (Prescott) —
• en Syndicate recently ordered the tin-
^mg of mine, idle for ten years.
'P TOP CON. (Prescott)— Reported to
glider option to Kansas City syndicate
1 ->nted by A. Decamp, of Humboldt.

Yuma County

i lSr?E"^RIZONA CONSOLIDATED
, ™ CO. (Parker)— Water level
.' ed at 640 ft. in Eagle's Nest shaft.
n n 1 ,lng continued with three shifts
" level, where station is to be cut and
"! driven to contact

AllliWS \s

Stone County

KILGi IRE M [NING ( Parma)- 1 ill en-
gine and 600 ft. of pipe to be purchased
Ike ECilgore is in charge,

< M.II'-OKMA

Glenn County
TWIN ROCK (Newvllle) — This chrome
property and the Salt .Sprint.' claim have
been teased to G. D. and O. D Avery by
Conklin & Williams. The two will in-
worked conjunctively and both said to con-
tain high-grade chrome deposits, nn will
be hauled by motor trucks to the Southern
Pacific at t irland for rail shipment,

Inyo County
BUNKER 1111. 1. (Big Pine) — Producing

lead-silver ore steadily since last .Tune
when taken over l>y the Base Metals Co
Located on east side of Inyo Range. < ire
is jigged and hauled by motor trucks to
Zurich, about 44 miles. Delivery from
mines to trucks is by gravity tram 2900 ft.
long.

CERRO GORDO (Keeler)— Large yield
of zinc and silver-lead ores continues.
Aerial tramway operating at capacity and
handling some local custom ore. Recent
developments at greater depth continue
encouraging.

DARWIN DEVELOPMENT (Darwin)—
Reported to be opening large amount of
new grounds adjoining main workings.
Mill operating successfully on complex ores.
Some properties being deepened were
former producers at shallow depths.

Madera County

MINARETS (Mammoth) — Situated in
the northeast edge of county and reported
optioned by International Smelting Co. Is
more accessible from Mammoth than from
west side of the Sierra. WTill be necessary
before actual development to build road to
connect with the trail across Mammoth
pass to Red's Meadows.

Nevada County
ALLISON RANCH (Grass Valley) — Now
operated by Grass Valley Consolidated
Mines Co. Crosscutting started at the 700
level to intersect old Harterey ledge, which
outcrops in the Allison for a length of
3400 ft. Development on a large scale is
planned. W. L. Williamson is superin-
tendent.

Placer County

BIG OAK (Colfax) — D. A. Russell and
Lee Gray have purchased one-half interest
owned by the Valentine estate. The other
one-half is owned by Mrs. Rose Wen y. of
Colfax. Property was idle for 3" years'.
Now being worked, and good returns from
cyanidation reported by Hathaway and
Martin, of Nevada City, working under
lease.

Shasta County

U. S. SMELTING (Kennett)— Copper
production from smeltei y in March was
1,620.000 pounds.

Siskiyou County

BLUE LEDGE (Yreka) — Reported that
large production of copper this year is
planned by a British-Canadian syndicate.
Stated that the property produced about
8,000,000 lb. copper last year. Concentra-
ting equipment said to be contemplated.
Property in course of development for
several years, but lack of ore reduction and
transportation facilities retarded develop-
ment.

MERCURY MINING CO. (Yreka) — Com-
pany recently purchased the mineral
springs, two hotels and mines at Cinnabar,
30 miles west of Hilt, a station on the
Southern Pacific in the northern part of
the county. Purpose developing on large
scale. Also stated that company has
optioned Morgan Brothers' property, on
Empire Creek, and the Herzog property.

Yuba County

GREEN LEAD (Smartsville) — Lease
taken on property owned by Thomas
Mooney and situated on Empire ranch.
Will be operated by the present operators
of the copper property on McGonnigal
ranch.

COLORADO

Nn 11 .fun 11 i iniiity

11 \.M LET 1 Ho ai d illi I— Di velopmi nl

1 -hi bl< ' • nit:- M ill over-

ha ni, ,1 and 1 - 1 leled, a nd has rei urn* d

opera tion

PEERLESS SAN JUAN (Maggie Gulch)
Developed bj the Caladonlan Mining and

Milling Co. under the m&nagemenl of D
W. Fleming The mill i>« ine overhauled and
remodeled,

SU N N YS I 11 E (Eureka)- -Production
started in one unit of 500-ton mill Ore
transported to mill by three-mile tramway.
Equipment Marcej mills. Dorr classifiers
ball-mills, table ami notation concentrators
Ore is crushed at head end of tramway.

San Miguel County

ALTA (Telluride) Developing in Alta
ami St. Louis workings. Expect large ton-
nage to be developed by time mill is com-
pleted. Equipment to unhide crushers,
ball-mills, tables and flotation.

LEWIS (Telluride) — Milling discontinued
and developing only in two main headings.

MOLYBDENUM ORE in western San
Miguel County. 25 miles west of Norwood,
found recently, Some high-grade ore and
large quantity of milling grade. Remote-
ness of deposit makes treatment at mine
necessary Another deposit of molybdenum
ore opened near Ophir. This is of good
grade, hut not so large as that at Norwood.

Summit County

CHAMBERLAIN ORE SAMPLING en

(Breckenridge) — Local plant to be closed
and dismantled. In operation 1 ti years, and
loss will be felt by small producers.

FRENCH GULCH DREDGINC, CO
(Breckenridge) — Dredge now operating in
channel fill ft, deep and ",(>(i ft. wide. Ex-
ceptionally good cleanups made. Some
nuggets of considerable size.

LIBERTY LEASING CO, (Brecken-
ridge)— Mill overhauled, and now in opera-
tion. Blanket deposit exposed on hillside
with little or no overburden. Lead and
zinc sulphide ore.

MOLLY B (Breckenridge) — Operated by
recently organized Denver Company.
Tunnelling to cut blanket deposit. Com-
pressor house completed, and machinery to
he installed at once. Power line finished.

POWDER RIVER DREDGING CO.
(Breckenridge) — New transformers in-
stalled since recent fire, and new dredge,
completed a short time ago by Yuba Con-
struction Co., operating successfully.

Teller County

CRIPPLE CREEK PRODUCTION for
.March 92.470 tons; gross value. $875,880.

CAMP BIRD (Cripple Creek) — Operating
Rose Nicol mine under lease and has cut
Dexter vein on 800 level Shows 4-ft. shoot
of $30 per ton ore. Production to begin
soon. Roosevelt tunnel has cut what is be-
lieved to be Hidden Treasure vein of Port-
land system at depth of 2000 ft. in Rose
Nicol ground. Vein to be developed from
tunnel level. Orehouse to be built at mine,
and aerial tramway from railroad at
Eclipse station.

ELKTON (Cripple Creek) — Developing
on 1100 level. Drifting north on Raven
vein.

MARY MCKINNEY (Cripple Creek) —
Lease on five blocks, including Howard
shaft and adjacent territory, sold recently
by former lessee. Elmer Smith, to Victory
Gold Mining Co. Same company operating
Prince Albert group on Beacon Hill. E. P.
Arthur is general manager.

MILLASIER LEASING CO. (Cripple
Creek) — Shaft 1425 ft. deep. Station cut
at 1400 level, and development to be
started.

ORPHA MAY (Cripple Creek) — Lessees
on this Stratton estate mine made initial
shipment from new shoot opened recently
on 1000 level. Ore is six to eight ft. wide.

PORTLAND (Cripple Creek) — Old treat-
ment plant at Colorado City to be
abandoned. Hereafter all ores to be treated

ENGINEERING AND MIXING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No.

ints.

■

ma-

oved from

igh-
■ rested at '5 el ■

• ma> be
usi aa
1 • st Ing plant and axperl-
minerals.
.1 by 1 }o>
for latter purpose for some time
*> — Air III
il from 1:1 P.i o mine. Lessees
.... nt
w r 11 mint: iCripp: < >p r-

.! by United ■ : > > 1 il
■
ft level .1 saying well In gold, with streak

erlte,

ID Mm

Bhoshoac County

(Murray)— Property under
li ita Explo ■ ir< i"

.1 10 miles to railroad at I
Large body of clean lead ped.

Two carloads shipped and third ready.

"REEK (Wallac > — Shipped 40-ton
lead and
• silver per unit of lead. Now loading
■ gray copper ore "t 1 3

r ion In combined silvi r and
to ship two carlo
thly. Oreshoot proved 100 ft., with ore
■ a^t and west fa Ore occurs in in-

na and gray copper
for a width of 12 fi

FI.YXN GROUP (Mullan) — Group

r ly secured under

i by Ed Ehrenberg. Privilegi obt

of driving from Star workings and

ration started. Vein parallel to star

and expect to cut In 600 or 700 ft. at

depth from surface of 1500 ft Promising

ground on summit between Mullan and

yon Creek and within proved ore helt.

Bonded for $500,000 for 2 J years from

July 1.

REX CONSOLIDATED (Wallace)—
Al. sorption of old R-x company accom-
plished and deed to all property ri corded.
Old company receives equal number of
shares In new company. Consolidal d has
shares, and management an-
nounces that

further exploration of Rex and for acquisi-
tion of nov property. Plan now to extend
Red Monarch tunnel, which starts on op-
posite side of divide, to point under Rex
shaft and raise to connection. Nt cessary
to drive 2300 ft., and would Rain 208 ft in
depth of shaft now at depth of 700 ft

REX LEASE (Wallace) — Upper work-
• Rex mine under lease to x C
dan. superintendent of company. Re-
cently struck body of clean shipping ore
said to have a grade of »>"'. les I
or better. Also a considerable body of
high-grade zinc ore alongside, which can
be min d separately. Promising body of
lead-carbonate ore developed on Xo. 1 level.

RICHMOND (Adair) — Preparing to re-
sume shipments. .Much development work
accomplished during winter with satisfac-
tory results. Mine connected with railroad
at Adair by aerial tram. Ore contains
copper and gold.

ST. LAWRENCE (Saltese, Mont.) —
Crosscutting during winter to cut orebody
at additional depth of 150 ft. Expect vein
by May. Shipping to be resumed in few
w»eks. hauling six miles to Saltese. Prop-
controlled by Pittsburgh interests.
Copper-gold ore from same vein as 1:
mond.

SUCCESS 'Wallace) — contemplating a,
one-half-mile monorail tramway from mill
to railroad Teams now used. Drifted on
new oreshoot on 1500 level over 100 ft.
and average width lfi ft. In place 2." ft
wide. Same oreshoot now cut on 1600
level and on 14 00 The ore averages 5
lead and 15'", zinc.

B VN8A8
•Inplin District

LAWTON MINING CO. (Lawton) — Mill
purchased by J. J. McLellan and Ray Mun-
son. who will move to Douthat, Okla., and
convert into tailing mill.

PLATTER BROS. (Joplin. Mo) — Into
rich cave formation at new property near
Treece, Kansas.

KENTUCKY

Pike County

VtRGINIA-ELKHORN BYPRODUCTS
COAL CO. (Praise) — Recently incorporated
with capital of $300 000. at Huntington. W.
Va. Plans to develop c
Kentucky-Virginia line, and erection of

ton plant will require a 250-volt
D •' motor, boilers, 250 \"it coal cutters
and other equipment, Including cars, 11. T
Lambert, of Huntington, Is chief engineer.

.1 K SlatOn Is president

mii 1111. -.n
Copper

CHEROKEE I 1 Annual t-

Ing held and plans for reopening properly

. d. but no action to be taken until
conditions become more propitious Shaft
Is down 150 ft. and drifts of 670 ft have
been made The limited tonnage taken oul
show, d hlgh-grad ippei

w \ ' NDi IT (Ho 1 1 'ontlnues to

In small way. Shipments to

Winona mill show better than 1', grade Of

ore

MINNESOTA

\1> abl c;a:i£e

BENNETT MINE (Keewatln) — Con-
is let by Plckands Mather Co., tor
Ction Of 1" entirely modern cottages
Contract for boarding house and do/nut irj
Much work expected at mine this summer.

FATAL MINE (Eveleth) — Oliver Iron
Mining Co. have started to deepen the old
No. 4 shaft.

LA RUE MINE (Nashwauk)— M. A.
Ilanna Co announces that a large amount
of stripping and development work will be
e this summer in addition to getting out
In order to take care of the addi-
tional work, two more engines and a Steam
shovel will be added to the equipment, This
mine employ, d 300 men last summer.

MYERS MINE (Chlsholm) — Oliver Iron
"Mining Co. hoisted last skip of ore and dis-
mantling of property begun. Estimated
mine has produced 1. too. 000 tons of high-
grade ore.

TIOGA MINE (Chisholm)— Shenango

trnace Co. gave orders to vacate to
squatters who live on this property, which
is soon to be caved.

Vermillion Kange

LA RUE MINE (Tower) — Work on
Armstrong Bay temporarily suspended
awaiting arrival of machinery. Estimated
two months before reop iiing.

MISSOURI

Joplin District

BADGER MINING & DEV. (Joplin) —
I uifted into tine ore north of old Hub-
bard nunc near Badger. Preparing to
erect mill. Drilling on other tracts.

D. C. & E. (Webb_ City) — Made final
clearing. Mill is for sale.

NEVADA

Nye County

T( i.NOPAH ORE PRODUCTION for the
week ended March 30 amounted to 10.792
tons, of a gross milling value estimated at
(183,464. Producers were: Tonopah Bel-
mont. 1956 tons: Tonopah Mining. 4050:
Tonopah Extension. 3407 ; Jim Butler. 365 ;
West End, 843 ; MacXamara. 607 ; Mon-
tana. 305: Cash Boy. 160: Halifax, 46 ;
Kescue. 53 tons.

MANHATTAN CON. (Manhattan)— Wa-
ter flow reduced 50%. Crosscut on 500 ad-
vanced 50 ft. from station in shale and
quartzite.

UNION AMALGAMATED (Manhattan)

! 'rift 614 north along limestone footwall
advanced 22 ft. through broken ground.
Iirift 622 extended 22 ft. without change
of ground. The 350 level preparations com-
pleted for resumption of mining and drift
354 advanced 8 ft. in development of
Swanson orebody.

WHITE CAPS EXTENSION (Manhat-
tan)— Southeast drift in 400 level advanced
along limestone footwall a total distance of
52 ft. and a distance from the shaft of 324
fe. t.

WHITE CAPS (Manhattan) — Raise 504
in east orebody reported entirely in milling
ore for whole distance. 82 ft. above 500
bvel. Crosscut 503 west is in 430 ft.
Last five feet in limestone helt. Distance to
west orebody 50 to 60 ft. Report states
47.5 tons broken in stoping per man
underground and 9.2 tons per man em-
ployed Last bi-weekly clean-up of precipi-
from cyanidation was 326 lb., pro-
ducing ?12 .000 in gold. Present clean-up
665 lb. dry weight.

OKLAHOMA

.loplin District

KEXTEX (Miami) — Xew mill near Qua-
paw near completion. Recent developments
show lead-zinc deposits.

LENORA (Douthat) — Sunk shaft in
limestone to below third ore level at over
200 ft. Heavy water to fight, and company
has providl d for three pumps. Moving
mill from Webb City.

SANTE FE (Oklahoma City)— New.,1
completed, but will not be started untlE
ler is sufficiently under contn
1 . ond ieS .1 ,n 200 I't. Min,
I lockerville and east of Plchi 1
Skelly, of Tulsa, is principal owner,

UTAH

Juab County

in 'l.i' CHAIN (Mammoth)— Febut
shipments, 26 cars, January, I]
Prst tin ee « eeks March, 1 1 cm
,00 to

IRON KING (Eureka)— Shaft dowiH

It to be continued until reach.
firing conditions favorable to
tie peel ing

Piute County

1 ' : :u TRAIL (Marysvale) — Ni
mill for treatment of complex gold
ci pper "ics given successful try-out

FLORENCE MINING & MIL
(Marysvale) — Stated t" be

< 1 • 1 1 mill at mine, for trea I

alunite

MINERAL PRODUCTS (Mai
Mill destroyed by fire m ' >• ti
n built and treating 200 ton
daily.

Suit Lake County

CARDIFF (Salt Lake)— New ore or.
from winz, at 250-ft. depth, from
level, thought by management I
tension of old body. Twelve-foot fai
ing shipping ore and four feet n
lower grade.

COLUMBUS - REXALL ' (Alta) — hn
rr.ents resumed with spring open
leads.

EMMA CONSOLIDATED (All

being put into condition for shipn

transportation of ores to begin soon
proximately 200 tons of silver-le ,
showing some manganese act
Three shifts working in winze an,]
cut on diamond drill hole No. 13
dicated good body of ere. Cross-en'
started at 400 level, from which
drilling to be undertaken.

MICHIGAN-UTAH (Alta)— Tie
ing repaired after damage from 1
snow, and regular shipments to be resnt-

MONETAIRE (Alta) — Supreme con 1
versing judgment of trial court, gl inl
of this company to carry on I
from 1200 level of Columbus-Re
It ge being granted through ex
relit of eminent domain to include
property.

VIRGINIA

Frederick County

MINERAL RIDGE MANGANESE ' '
(Strasburg) — Recently chartered, witl
tal of $250,000. Has acquired irer
rights on 700 acres. 200 tons of high
ore averaging 47 to 49'/, iln 1 to
Fe and 3.5 to 4.5% SiOs. Product
washed ore at completed plant
of one car per day, and increasing ti
immediate expectation. W B. S ft
Nazareth. Penn., is president, and
Shaffer, of Star Tannery, Va., is B
manager.

CANADA

Manitoba

HOLLINGER (Porcupine)— Pro
approximately $500,000 per month 1

LULEO CLAIMS ( Rice Lake)— -
stamp battery, boilers and other eQU
on way. This is to be first mill
Lake camp.

McINTYRE (Porcupine) — Signed 't
for controlling interest in the Newray)
Company is also investigating a pr '•)
in British Columbia.

Ontario
CANADIAN KIRKLAND (Kirkland i
— New vein 10 to 15 ft. wide and we] 0
eralized discovered lying between tl t
main veins. Camp buildings to accim'
date large force completed.

DICKSON CREEK (Cobalt 1- Ol
property between Haileyberry and \
Liskeard a 2-ft. vein has been follow!
depth of 160 ft. on a slight incline

MEXICO

Sonora
GREENE CANANEA (Canal
duction in March 1,480,000 lb. CO]
400 oz. silver and 1225 nz. gold. Lab
general conditions reported much imi *
and continued operations seem assu 1

CHOSEN

ORIENTAL CONSOLIDATED '
kinko) — March cleanup. $128,700.

April 20, 1918 KN(i I XKKKI N<; AM) .MINING JOURNAL 771
iiiiiiiiniii t imiiiiiiiiiuii inn i minium > iiiiimu mini mum in mini i inn i mi mi n immimi mm lummimmmmmimmimimmi imiuuimiiiiiniiuiiuni

The Market Report

i iiiiii iniimi mmmnmnmm iiimminii i i mi i nmmm immmmi ilium u inn i iiiimmimm mi iiimimmimmmmimmmmimi mil

>ll \i:il AM) .STERLING EXCHANGE

Storl
hie
Ex-

4 75-tO
4 7540
4 7540

Mlvel

New
i ork
t Jents

Lon-
don,
1 enco

46!

4i>:

46J

Apr

15
16

17

Sterl-
ing
Ex-
change

4 7550
4 7550
4 7550

Silver

," York quotations are as reported by Handy
tan ;tinl are in cents per troy ounce of bar
999 finp, London quotations are in pence per
>| sterling ^il\ er, 925 fine.

U J PRICES OF METALS IN NEW YORK

Copper

Tin

Lead

Zinc

lytic

Spot

N. Y.

St. L.

St L.

6.80

6.75

6.775

•23!

t

G a 85

@6.85

@6 82}

6 7S

6.75

6.75

»23i

t

(ii 6 85

@6 85

(5-6 80

6 70

6.70

6 75

*23J

t

(.i i. 80

«i 6 75

(56 80

6 70

6 63

6 75

»23i

t

(S'6.80 («'6 70

(516.80

6 70 6 60

6 70

*23J

t

(a 6 80 1 (n 6 70
6 70 6.60

@6.75

*231

t

(« 6 80 ! (a) 6 70

6.70

Price fixed by agreement between American
producers and the U. S. Government, accord-
official statement for publication on Friday,
r 21, 1917.
No market.

ne above quotations (except as to copper, the

for which has been fixed by agreement between

i copper producers and the U. S. Govern-

u herein there is no free market) are our

I of the average of the major markets based

g rally on sales as made and reported by producers

ctciea, and represent to the best of our judg-

■\r the prevailing values of the metals for the

constituting the major markets, reduced to

of New York, cash, except where St. Louis is

H lormal basing point.

le quotation* for electrolytic copoer are for cakes,
u 3 and wirebars.

e quote electrolytic cathodes at 0.05 to 0.10c.
wv the price of wirebars, cakes and ingots.

lotations for spelter are for ordinary Prime

H ern brands. We quote New York price at 17.5c.

00 lh. above St, Louis.

■ current freight rates on metals per 100 lb.

■ St. Louis-Xew York 17c; St. Loins-Chicago,

St. Louis-Pittsburgh, 13.1 cents.

LONDON

Copper

Tin

Lead

Zinc

Standard

Elec-
tro-
lytic

Spot

3 Mos.

Spot

Spot

3 Mos.

Spot

110

no

iio
no
no

110
110

no
no
no

125

125

125
125
125

322
322

322
322
327

322
322

322
322

327

29J
29J

29!
29|
29*

54

54

54
54
54

e above table gives the closing quotations on
W on Metal Exchange. All prices are in pounds
«• ag per ton of 2,240 lb. For convenience in
1 ^Z8011 °^ London prices, in pounds sterling per
I ,!D-».wlth American prices in cents per pound
" illowing approximate ratios arc given, reckoning
f ngea' $4 7515 i 29', =6. 2576c: £54 = 1 1.4545c;
n 2A3,333c'; £125 = 26.5151.- ; £260 = 55 1513c;
- 12I20537C' £300= 63 6362c. Variations. £1

Metal Markets

NEW YORK — Apr. 17, 1918

e weakening- tendency in lead and zinc
» nued to be exhibited. With respect
» Wer and tin there is nothing special
0 Port.

PDer— - Production of the refineries is
li J increasing, but they are still be-
vi j ln their deliveries on contracts
domestic consumers.

topper sheets ire quoted ai 31&c per
lb. for hoi rolled, a id Ic high r toi cold
rolled Copper wire is quoted nt
in I- mill, carload l"ts.

Tin — The situation remains unchanged
Tin- sale of a spot lot of Chinese tin at
89c. is Indicative of valui

Lead — The American Smelting and Re
fining Co reduced iis price to 7c "h Apr
11. but this was more nominal than any-
thing else, the actual market being air ad.
lower than that, The leading produ
continue in a well-sold condition, but the
rmaller produce] i> ,n e upnlies of li a I
that they waul lo sell .mil l-ui pri es in
order to attract buyers Tin- latter have
not been numerous, owing, no doubt to
their obtaining supplies from lead on rail-
way cars, previously boueht. Howe er,
the time will come, of course, when they
will have used up such supplies and wi'l
re-enter the market It was encouraging
to find this week that inquiries were in-
creasing. Transactions amounted to l'""ii
tons or more. The smelting; works of the
St Joseph Lead Co. are still closed by the
strike.

Zim — miring another week the m-r'-et
continued to sag from day to day on mod-
erate transactions The general feeVng i-i
the trad" is pessimistic. However, the--- i =
reason to be^eve that unsold stocks in the
hands of sme'tors. and the situat:on gen-
erally, are neither so had as is commonly
believed. The stocks have increased since
Jan. 1, but not much. The most disturbing
feature of the recent market has b°en the
absence of buyers, which is easily explained
bv the conjecture that they have been
obtaining then* supplies from previous pur-
chases delated in transit. This may keen
them out of the market for a little whi'e
longer. On the other h^nd it is to be
oosPrVorl that the curt»i1m,OTit of nro-iii -
tion has not yet become really effective
nor will it until about the end of the
month. Wh^e some plants were closed
during the first ouarter, there were two
new plants, the tail-end of the new con-
struction in 1917 that came into operation.
Other plants whereof closing- was an-
nounced in March had to continue opera-
tions in order to work off stocks of o**^.
and will not really cease production un-
til this month.

Zine Sheet — Unchanged at $ 1 5 per 100
lb., less usual trade discounts.

Other Metals

Aluminum — The nnce quoted is the Gov-
ernment pric- of 3"c p r lb. but there is
no market; the situation is unsettled; few
export orders.

Antimony — Unchanged at 12?c. for snot,
while we ouote fut'ee ; nominally at llifc,
c.i.f , in bond. A fa'r volume of business
was done, there being a good demand for
consumption, but the aceumu'a + ion of
stocks has not yet been absorbed. The
spot market commands the maior atten-
tion, the fo-ei«n producers he'ug umn-
terested in offering metal for future de-
livery at present prices.

Bismuth — M' tal of the lve'vst poeity for
pharmaceutical use is q«n*ed at S3 50 per
lb. for wholesale lots — 500 lb. and over.

Cadmium — This metal is quoted at $1.40
per pound.

Nickel — By an agreement between rep-
resentatives of the International Nickel Co.,
Bernard M. Baruch and the council of Na-
tional Defence, a price was fixed at 40c.
per lb. for the highest grades nickel and
38c. per lb. for. the lowest grade. Un-
changed since Apr. 2.

Quicksilver — Quiet but steady at $120(R>
122. San Francisco reports, by telegraph,
$115. Mexican quicksilver is said to be
available in New York at $118@120.

The War Industries Board, in confer-
ence with the producers of quicksilver, ar-
ranged by agreement with th°m for sunnly
of the Government requirements at $105
per flask for deliveries at San Francisco
or at the Mare Island Navy Yard, for
the output of mines in California, Oregon
a"d Nevada. Texas producers are to he
paid the same price for deliveries at Mara-

thon, Ti x i 'oi deliveriei at New Vm I,

or Bl I 15i : I li.i l i I., I,.- add- .1

tlvi i' produci i a i - to Buppl y the

- '■•< ■ i i nun-ill ii Mm, . in- hi pi -, rata

Gold. Silver and Platinum

Silver I Inder He Impulse ol I he i itro

ductlon nun lb.- s mil. of ill - Silver Bill

authorizing i e t arj oi the 1 1 a urj

'■• in i-i el.- I'm- . xport in the i hape of

bullion 250, I i ta idard silvi r dollars,

and tin- i- pm chase oi bullion ii Si p •?■
oz., the pr ce of bar silver ha: mi; a n

ii l.'i.id I 1 ',.1 a id I i X- w V.nk to

- - - official figure. Th • lull i pending i i
' lo igress and not yet a law.

Mi lean Dollars at New York; Apr ii

75; Apr. I;:. 75; Apr. 1:1, 75; Apr. 15. ;-
Apr. Hi. 77 ; Apr. 17. 77.

Platln We quote refined ingot at

$108, unchanged s transactions in

platinum sponge were reported at $105.

Tl ommon undei i ind ng is that 1 1 -

1 foi ernmenl pri I $1 05 p up'-- s rn'y to

the platinum content of crude material.
Palladium — Unchangi d at $150.

Zinc and Lead Ore Markets

Joplin, Mo., Apr. 13 -Blende, per ton
high. $57.21 ; basis i;n-, /a. premium, $55r,;
50; medium to low, $42.50® 37.50 ; averi-e
basis, $46.25; calamine, per ton, 4 0'.; Zn,
$25. Average selling pricej: Blende,
$46 63, calamine, $33.47; all ores, $45.87
per ton.

Lead, high. $86.40; basis so - , Pb, $85
@84; average selling price, all grades of
lead. $84.16 per ton.

Shipments the week: Blende. 10,920.
calamine. 669. lead. 1727 tons. Value, a I
ores the week. $677

Ores that sold last week on $45 ba-ix
so'd tb's w ek on $4 2 50 basis and some
or-s sold as low as $37.50 basis. Abet
two lots of premium ore brought the S55
bas:s miotat:^n w:th the bulk of premium
ore selling $50 basis.

P'atteville, AVis., Anr. 1 :{ — (Bv te'eg-anh )
— Ti'ende, bisis 6O9J Zn. $50 base f r
premium grad ■ down to $45 base for ?e -
ell grade. Le->d ore. basis 80',; leal.
$S2 p"r ton Sh'pments remrt d for the
week are 29S7 to"s iii-Mile. 40x tons p-alena
and 979 tons of --•I'lib-ir o-e. For the v°-"-
the totals are 136 5J1 tons blende. i8"9
to*is ga!ena. a-id 1° 762 tons sulpbnr ere
P'T-ii" tbe we^k 3315 tons of blende were
shipped to separating plants.

Other Ores

Antimony Ore — Business was reported
done at $1 75 p r u-it, c if.. New York.

Chrome Or" — Chafes Hardv reports that
California or" is offered at $1.40 @ 1.60 p°r
unit, f.o.b.. shinning points, this being for
ore running 45r; chromic oxide.

Iron Or° — Sin~e only enough ore will be
brought down the Lakes to carry the fur-
naces, no effort is to be made for early
opening of navigation, and the vessels will
not bn-^k the ice. A meeting will be held
next Tuesday, at which reports of furnace
requirements may be presented. The whole
ore movement is to be subservient to t^e
railroad capac'tv. and as the railroads are
taking ore from Lake Frie docks, with an
ample accumulation there, no occasion
arises for stimulating Lake shipments.

Manganese Ore — The schedule remains
at $1.20 for 48^ metallurgical or", but any
good grade that can be delivered promntly
co-Tmands a premium. We quote $1.20 w
1.30.

Molybdenum Ore — The price for molyb-
denite remains nominally at $1.80 per lb.
for 90 c& material. The interference of the
War Trade Bna-d is thought lik»ly to
cr- ate new' difficulties. It is considered
improbable that the domestic market will
absorb the increasing production at such
high prices as have prevailed recently.

Pyrites — Spanish lump is not quotable;
no reports have been issued from Govern-
ment sources up to time of going to press.
Situation unchanged from last week's re-
port.

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 106, No. 1G

iuu»«irii or. . slnetss Is

rordlng to Krade

Iron Trade Review

STOCK Ol'OT VTIONS

MIX K Ol >■' * ' IONS fonlloued

S *, I \l II t

v . old M

ii i 1 -ill tu-ll — Ipr.

ii.

.auction in March was .d

gross

at about tl rat* '"

rate thus far this month has

v the sami

sting capacity In both pig

uid ingots, production since Mir

greater than the

mary and February

lion at full eapacltj hinges

f ;i better movement of

l has
avei -
Pro-
on there
ta 1 1"'
Iroada, pending the oornpletlon. during
the next few months, of byproduct capac-
ity in the Central West equal to about
weekly. Labor short-
beginning to be fell .It
tnit Is hardly a serious factor thus
The familiar puxxle in the trade,
is all the steel going-?" is present

i Supply Repl
..f shewing that the shipbuilding
-veil taken care of,
ting steel shipments at
about ns a month

« as plates, hut that

tar

"Where
Director
the put

igram

cites figures

the rate

of which (;"

only in Ol

inished rolled-steel output Shell-steel

shipments are only 100, ) to 125.000 ions

a month. There are no steel shipments
for ear building, as the ear Orders have

not been let All reports are thai there
any new construction, tor peai i
s. and in general the consumption
to be low, yet the plain
fact is that steel is scarce, with appar-
io stocks anywh.re. and buyers ol
small lots have difficulty in placing their
irders The outlook has been that steel
would eventually become relatively plenti-
ful as production Increased, hut something
of that sort ought to be observable by this
time, and it is not .

The cotton-tie price has been set at Jl.su
per bundle (45 lb 1. against »2 10 last sea-
son The price is 54« of the Govern-
ment price for 1"" lb of hoops which aie
«3 50 the proportion being a shade lower
'han has obtained in the past, on an aver-

Pig Iron— The Carnegie Steel Co. is oper-
ating 49 of Its 59 blast furnaces, the beat
showing for several months, all idle fur-
naces being out of Wast, then- being none
hanked The company remains short ot
pig iron and is producing ingots at 8» ,_,
of capacity The National Tube Co. is
operating 10 to 11 stacks and Is anxious
to get the last stark also in blast.
v any merchant furnaces are
nanked! but a Lumber arc running slow.
Coke shipments in th< past fortnight have
been a shade better than previously, but
supplies are still not altogether adequate
While merchant furnace shipments are
much heavier than formerly the iron is
eagerlv taken Furnaces fell far behin I
in contract deliveries during the winter
Xt present little attention is being paid to
terms of contracts, furnaces trying simply
to work in harmony with customers and
Iron where it will conduce to the best
operation Very little is being done in the
market consumers hem'.' covered Tne
market remains quotable at the set pnces
Bessemer. IJ5.20 ; basic. 1 32: No 2 foun-
?S3: malleable. $33 50 : forge. 132.
fob furnace, freight from Valleys to
Pittsburgh being 95c

st(.,l — Some of the large steel producers
would buy ingots or billets if obtainable.
but there are scarcely any offerings. Be
r-main: Billets. 147.60; small bil-
(51 ; slabs $50: sheet bars. $51
$57 Shell-steel" discards are -
limited way. at these prices

Alaska Juneau

I Re! .com

\ni Sin t Rei . l>I
Km Sn, Sec . [if , \
\m /.llir
V Til /llir. pt

Batopllas vim

lleltil. to ni Steel, l>t

iiuiie <t Superior,
p A Zinc
i >rro dc r
Chile Cop

fhlno

I Iron
Crucible Steal
Crui Ible Steel, pt
Dome miih-s
Federal M A s
Federal M. AS \<t
i treat Nor., or* cm
f.reene fanatics
laiir sialic steel
Homcatake
Inspiration I 'mi
[Illeniatliinal Nli'kt'l

Kennecott

1 .ackawanna Steel
Mexican Petrol

Miami I 'upper
Xat'I I. rail, cull
National Lead, pt
\",-v ( 'onsol
i Milarlo Mln
Ray Con

Hepubllcl AS. .com..
Republic i A s .pt

Sloas-Shi'ltteld
Tennessee!' A < \
r s Steel, com. . . .
3tcet.pt

Utah Copper

Va Iron I' A I'

N V il'Hllt

vpr l«

1 ;

i :

7?
HII.

VI

ie

"!:

711
98
19

Ferroalloys

ii

37

sa :
88

s
•I

,1
to

76

17.

18
321

51
28 '

105

i*:

9
24|

80
871

.-•I

i7:
oi ;

1091

7s;

,,i

\pr 16

roa.i.
offered in a
or a shade

Bis l-Klcr

llutti' A N Y

Blltle Detroit
Caledonia
Calumet A Jerome.
Can. Cop lorpn
Carlisle

Cashboy

Con. Art7. Srn
Con Coppernitnes
Con. N'ev.-TTtah
Kmma Con

First Nat Cop
C.oldlleld I 'on
f.oldOeld Merger.

rireenmonster

Hecla Mln

Howe Sound

Jerome Verde

Kerr Lalo'

Louisiana

Magma

Majeatle

Mareh . .

McKlnley-Dar-Sa

Mllford . S'i

Mohican *•**

Mother Lode ■'■'

N V A Hond , t!21

4 2
'. :
II

t2

09

1H

5|

tA

.211

li

03?

til

H

■. 26

*50

35

.24

.06

.41

BOSTON I KCH " \pr 16
Id venture *

Mmi.-cK

I !.

Mlouri

V ■ : Ml . I'tfS

Arnold

i

Niittf-BaliiUiiva
<■ "liimi'T A Alii

< uiiiin.i a Hecla.

( Vnli'iuilii.

» topper Radcc
Dalj w « -si .

Davis Dab

last Hun*-
Franklin

< ;r:inli\

Mancocr.
Hedley
Helvetia
Indiana
Isle Royale

Ki ireenaw

Lake
La Salle
Mimnn Valle]
Mass
Miivflnwrr.

Michigan

Mohawk

New Arcadian

New Idrla
North Huiii-
North I.ako ...

OJIbwaj

i Mil 1 >>. million
Osceola

Qutnry

Si Mary's M. L.
Santa Fc
Seneca

Shannon

ShntMirk-ArU

So Lake

So rjtali

Superior

Superior A- Boat.

Trinity

Tuolumne

D S. SinrltlnK.
U. S. Smelt 'k. pf
Ttah Apex

Utah Con

Utah Metal

Victoria

Winona

Wolverine

W ya ndot

Xlplsslnff Mines.
Nixon Nevada .

Ohio Cop

Rawley .
Ray Hercules
Richmond
Rochester Mines
St. Joseph Lead..
Standard S. L..

Stewart

Success

Tonopah

Tonopah Ex

Tribulllon

Troy Arizona

United Cop

United Verde Ext.
United Zinc
Utlca Mines

8.45

I.

H
:2|

41

t.56

.37

15.
h

21 i

081
2J

: 3il

1.18

:a

137

1

t.08

60
131

20

.'ii
25
67

i ■

ta

■ii

■I

76
71
12
16

: .io

■J2
1
Sj

I

"•
1 .

•* 1

611

II

15

13)

t.62

76

in

53

70

150

.85

9

1:

15

121

4:

o«
8)

.99
37!
«1

2

10
21
21
l!

274
.70

1 11111 SPR1NC.S Mir Ifi
111 t 'nu I 661

1 loctor Jaok Pol OS

1 ikton cm 04|

El Piuin

Gold Sovi o'ti-ii
1 iolden 1 > ill'

Cranio-

[sabella

Man MoKlnnes
Portland
1 nlted QoldM
\ Indicator
• Bid prices

Alaska Mines Corp

15

Blneham Mines,

19!

Boston Ely

90

Boston & Mont

,S1

Butte A- Lon'n Dev.

.20

Calaveras

1|

Calumet-Corbln.. .

: 01

chief Con

21

Corter. .........

Crown Reserve

.20

Crvstal Cop

.34

Kaele&Blue Bell.. .

2

Oila Copper

tl7

Houehton Copper. .

Intermountaln

.05

Iron Cap, Com

17!

Mexican Metals . . .

.40

Mines of America. .

1)

Mojave Tuncsten .

07

Nat Zinc A Lead.. .

.20

Nevada-Oouelas. .

.75

New Baltic

.90

16

20

Pacific Mines

t.35

Rex Cons

Yukon Gold

1

1.1

30

11.'.
11, 1
■11
16
J5

1 ll\llll\

Mat:

\l:iskil I I If .

Burma Corp.

'

1 am A Motor

f tulip Bird

0 8

lluru

1 Bperania

Moxlcan M Inn

i

Mln I nrp fall

0

N'i'.lil. phi

Orovllle

0 Is

Santa fori'dta.

a 1

lolllllol

0 17

I i loslnc prices t Lilsi Quol

BOSTON CURB* Apr. 16

SALT LAKE*

SAN FRAN.'

Apr. 16

fVmmiHnitanci.e-The Nhvv OOlller

•Cyclops. '• with a cargo ot several thou-
ms of Brazilian mantra i.--". ';re-^Va(f
last heard from Mar 4. in the West Indies,
and If probably lost. K.-rr.miaiigani-se re-
mains quotable at $251 for 70%, with 16 ,
spiegreleisen $70.

< DmneHrrfllc < oke— In the last two weeks
shipments have been between
and 375.000 tons a week, hut this week
mav not show up as well There is nearly
. noueh coke now. but on account of ir-
regular working, quality is not alv.
to standard, an'l UOD per ton

of pig iron is rather high Shipments are
.onfined almo

Alta

Andes

Beat & Belcher

Caledonia

Challenge Con

Confidence

Con. Vlrclnla
Gould & fun-y
Hale A Norcross
Jacket-fr Pt

Mexican

Occidental

Ophlr

Overman

Savage ....

Sierra Nevada..

Union Con

Utah Con

Belmont

Jim Butler

MacNamara

Midway

Mont.-Tonopah

North Star

Rescue Eula

West End Con. . .

Atlanta

Booth

comii t rac

D"neld Daisy

Florence. .

jumho Extension..

Kewanaa

Nevada Hills

Nevada Packard

Round Mountain.

Silver Pick

White Caps

Blc Jim

United Eastern

03
17
03
05
02
04
42
01
02
06
15
t 60
15
01

: 03
11

96
01
3 00
iv.i
.10
07
10
05
07
.77
10
05

:o2
: 02

12
12

01
.03
24
31
04
43
t.75
4.25

Bannack

f ardirt

Colorado Mlnlne
Daly

Daly-Judge

Empire f opper

Cold Chain
i Irand i intral

Iron Blossom

Lower Mammoth.
May Day

Moscow

Prince Con

Hi,-,. Wellington
Sllver-KlnR Coal'n
silver King Con.

Slourc Con

So. Hecla
Tintlc Standard .
Uncle Sam
Walker Cop

Wllbert

Yankee

MONTMI V AVF.RAGE PRICKS OF Ml I U -

Niw York London

Silver

1916

1917

mis 1916

11117 1 II

... ...

76 680

88 7il'J 26 1)60

36 i,v2 4 I

H ell . . . ,

77 585

85 7H', 26 'I7.r,

37 .1.' 4

73 Slil

88 082 27 .Vi7

16 l in i

Vliril

Mm

ill 11.',

73 S75

III .,1,2

16 063

71 209

74 7t.1

35 177

17 940

,, i OS i

71, ''71

31 mill

lillv

1.2 'Mil

79 mo

30 mm

III llll

66 083

V. 1117

31 198

13 41v

Sept

58 S16

inn 740

32 ",S4

,,, ■. J

i;7 856

S7 382

32 361

44 321

7 1 1,111

85 vil

34 192

43 ,W4

Dm

75 765

86 960

3i', nu

\ 001

66 661

81 417

31 316

10 151

ew York quotations cents per ounce troy, nnesn
don. pence per ounce, sterling silver. 0 926 D

London, pence per

Copper

Jan.

l-'eli

Mar

April

May

June .

July.

Aug..

Sept . .

Oct....

Nov.
Dec

Apr. 16

t.26

3.60

.061

1.30

5.50

tl.00

.07

.48

.38!

•. 03

01!

t 02

.54

.16

1 80

2 021
031
65

tl 30

: ooj

1 55
101
.02

TORONTO-

Adanac. . ..

Bailey

Beaver Con

Chambers Ferland.

Conlauaa

Hargraves

La Rose.

PeOTson Lake

Temlskamlng

Wettlaufcr-I.or

Dai Idson

Dome Exten

riome Lake

Bollinger

Molntvre

| Newray

Porcu. Crown

Terk-Hughes

\'lpotid

I West Dome

23 500
28 500

23 5011

New York ,
i lectrolytlc
11117

28 678
31 750

31 4K1
27 935

25 7HR
'162

26 620
2', 3SII
26 073
23 500
23 .500
23 500

27 180

London

i lectrol:

1917

131 921
187 895
136 750

133 H42
130 000

13(1 nun
128 409
122 391
117.500
110 000
110 000
110 000

124 892

mi nun
11 n nun

142 895
148 100

11(1 (MHII 151 000
147 158
142 000
142 000
140 409
137 000
1 35 250
125 000
125 000
125 000

125 1)

126 m

January -
February. . .
March
April . . . .
Mav

June

July

August

September .

October

November.

December.

Av. year

1917

44 175
51 420

54 388

55 910
63 173
62 1153
1,2 .',7(1
62 681
61.542
61 851
74 740
87.120

61 802

86 500

92 mill
(a)

LIS 401
Loin

1917

II

1!IK 9?4'311 I

2(17 44 1 IIP

120 11

245 (14

212 181

243.978]

247 467
274 943
298.556

237 563

(a) No average computed.

Lead

January ...
February..
March. .

April

May

June

July

August —
September.
October.. .
November.
December.

Year

New York

1917

7 626

8 636

9 199
'i 288

10 207
11.171
10 710
10.594
8 680
(', 71(1
6.249
6.375

1918

6 782
6 973
7.201

8.787

St. Louis

1917

7 530
s ,vi-
9.120
9.158

111 2112
11.123
III (',44
10 518

8 (ill

6 650
6.187
6.312

8 721

1918

Lo
1917

6 684 10

• ; 899 30 500 -

1191 3d Win .

30 500

30 500

30 506

30 500

311 500

30 500

30 500
30 500

30 606

Spelter

January

February....

March

April

May

June

July

August

September.

October. . . .
November .
December

Year.

New
1917

York
1918

9 619

10 04.r,
1(1 300
9 459
9 362
9.371
8 643
s 31,0
8 ]"
7 983
7 K17
7 685

8 901

7 . S36

7 814

7 . 461

St. Louis

1917

9 449

9 875
0 130
9.289
9 192
9.201
8 473
8.190
7 966
7 813
7.672
7 510

8 813

1918

30 500

London

1917 I «

7.661 48 ,."

: ,. in 47 if

7 286 47 CO'

54 BM

54 OOfl

54 000

M 000

54 000

54 000

.-,4 000

54 000

54 000

52 413

Apr. 16

.08!
04!
.26

on:

2 95

.071
.53
1)9
261
05
34)

io:

.22
5.10
1 35
.18
.13
49
.18
.121

New Y'ork and St. Louis quotations.. rents per P «
London . pounds sterling per long ton.

Pie Iron.
Pgh.

January....

February

March.

April

May

June

July .

.\UgU8l .

September
October
November
December.

Year

1917

$35 . 95

36 37

37 37
42 23
46 94
54 22
57 45
54 17
46 40
37 25
37 25
37 25

»37 25
37 25
37 25

J43 57

1917

$30 95
30 95
33 49
38 90
42 84
50 05
53 B0
50 37
42 24
33 95
33 95
33 95

$33 9:
33 95
33 95

$39 62
J As reported f. u P Snyder* Co.

No
Found
1917

51(1 tl

30 95
35 91
40 06
43 50

50 14
53 95
53 r'5
48 58
33 95
33 95
33 95

340.8.1

\pril 20, 1918

engineering; and .minim; JOURNAL

77:?

Current Prices — Materials and Supplies

IRON AND STEEL

• HF.F.TS — Quotations are in cents per i>ouril i
'house ;iK<> the n.isc quotations from mill:

Large Mill Lots. St. S:
ue Annealed Pittsburgh Louis Chicago Fran

m 4.25 5.52 3.45 (i

IS t.:iii 5.57 :>..">() ii

ii 1.35 ."i.02 3.55 6

L8 and 20. - 1.80 6.32 8.35 0

u 24 . . t.8fi 6.37 6.30 i>.

2ti 1.90 0.42 8.35 7

5.00 6.52 6.45 7

limited

10 5.23 li.!)7 6.80

5.35 8.97 8.80 7.

11 ."..:!."> 8.97 8.80 7.

18 and 20. - . . 5.(55 7.17 7.10 7.

33 and 24. . . . 5.80 7.:!-: 7.25 7.

■.'•! 3.95 .... 7.40 8.

s 6.35 7.77 7.70 8.

various cities Irnm

in

is.o

Oil
06
10

90

95

(III
10

Apr. 1 6
I IMS

5.45
5.50

5.55

ii.-::.
ii.:iu
i. 1 1
r>.4."i

6.70
8.80

8.80

7.10
7.25
7.40
7.70

York-^
One

yr \ "
6.00
8 05
6.10

ii :iii

a SB

6.40
6.50

7.1(1
7.15
7.20

7,. ',11
7.70
7.95
8 25

TKKI. RA1LS-

t burgh anil Chi.'
100 Ih.

per gross ton f.o.b.
For less than earload

-Chicago-

-Th-' following quotations are
igo for earload or larger lots.
s charged extra:

, Pittsburgh ,

Apr. 15 One Apr. 15

I ois Year Ago 1918

Si lard bcssemer rails. 65 38.00 65

Si lard openhearth rails 87 40 no U7

l rails 8 to Hi Hi . ,*3. 135il00 lb.) 58.00 •3.135 1 100 lb. )
I. trails. 12 lo 14 lb...*3.09 1 10(1 lb.) 57.00 'S.OO (100 1b.)
Lit rails. 25 to 45 lb. .. •3.00 iiooib.) 53.00 '3.110 1 100 lb.)
Government price per loo lb.

One
Year Ago
38.00
Hi Oil
53.00
54.00
52.00

'RACK SITPI.IKS — The following prices are base per 100 lb.
•' Pittsburgh for carload lots, together with the warehouse
pus at the places named:

, Pittsburgh , San

One Year Fran-

Apr. 15,1918 Ago Chicago St. Louis Cisco
m lard railroad spikes,

in and larger S3. 9(1 J3.65 $4.50 $5.30 $8.35

, bolts 4.90 5.00 5.50 Premium 7.46

si lard section angle bars 3.25 2.35 4.50 Premium 4 90

TEVCTl'RAI, MATERIAL — The following are the base prices
ti mill, Pittsburgh, together with the quotations per 100 lb
'r i warehouses at the places named :

Mill. ^New York— N San

Pitts. Apr. 15. 1 Yr. St. Chi- Fran
burgh 1918 Ago Louis cago eisco Dallas

IW is. 3 to 15 in $3.00 $4,195 $3.95 $4.27 $4.20 $4.90 $5.50

C; nels. .1 to 15 in 3.00 4.195 3.95 4.27 4.75 4.90 5 50

I to 6 in. % in. thick 3.00 4.195 3.95 4.27 4.75 4.90 5.50

6 3 ii . anil larger 3.00 4.195 3.95 4.27 4.75 4.90 5.50

3.25 4.445 4.75-5 4 52 5.00 5 25 6.00

TEEI. SHEET PILING — The following price is base per 100 lb.
ti Pittsburgh, with a comparison of a month and a year ago:
Apr. 15. 191s One Month Ago One Year Ago

S3. 10 $3.10 $3.10

1VETS — The following quotations are per 100 lb :

STRUCTURAL

Warehouse ^

. — New York — , San

Mill Apr. 15. One Chi St. Fran
Pittsburgh 1918 Year Ago cago Louis eisco Dallas
i i. and larger. $5.25 $6,095 S5.25 $5.50 $5.55 $6.90 88 00

CONE HEAD BOILER
.. i. and larger. 5.35 H.195 5.35 5.60 5.65 7.00 8.00

\. ...... 5.50 6.345 5.50 5.75 5.80 7.15 8.15

ad ft 5.85 6.695 5.85 8.10 6.15 7.50 8.60

engths shorter than 1 in. take an extra of 50c. Lengths between
1 and 2 in. take an extra of 25c

IRE ROPE — Discounts from list price on regular grades of bright
»n ralvanized are as follows:

New York
and St. Louis

.i.ized iron rigging List + 20%

led east steel rigging Net List

w it plow steel 30 ■ ,

w it cast steel 1 7 % 9!

M it iron and iron tiller .> •'■

0RSE AND MULE SHOES — Warehouse prices per 100 lb. in cities
i» d:

Birm-
Denver ingham
$7.50 $6.25

7.75 8.50

Mill Cin-

Pittsburgh cinnati Chicago

111 • . . $5.25 $6.50 $6.50

' t«! ... 5.40 6.50 7.00

St. Louis

$6.25

6.40

AR IRON AM) STEEL — Per pound to large buyers

lurgh :

" bars 3.5c.

Steel bars

at mill.
2.9c.

■ML BIT STEEL — Warehouse price per pound is as follows:
^York Cincinnati Birmingham St. Louis Denver Chicago

''12 $0.18% $0.10 $0.16 $0.17 $0.12

Solid

Hollow

dki i.i. stkki.- -Ware] imi

Sevk Yuri, si 1..HH- Birmingham

16 II. 15c.

24c.

PIPE — The following discounts are for carload lots f.o.b. Pittsburgh.
baaing card of Nov. 6 1 1' 1 7 fur steel pipe and for iron pipe:

Inches

\. i, and %

BUTT WKLli
Steel

Black Galvanized

■% to 3.

'", to 6.

II'.

IS'

.1 ■.

44'

Inches
to 1 ', .

BDTT WELD

•\ ', and %. . 40%
15',

\ to !'•; 49%

17%
37*6 91

LAP WELD

31*49! 2 2691

34 i.. ', 2 14 to 4 289!

I "... to i> 28%

EXTRA STRONG PLAIN ENDS
■:•; 149! :i, i» I ': 339!

I ion

Black Galvanized

.13'; 17',

32 Vi %
36*4 '.

12 95
15 9!

i :. ■ .

is-.

LAP WELD EXTRA STRONG PLAIN ENDS

2 129!

3 Vi to 4 45 9J

4*4 to 6 44';

14';

17'',

30*4 95 2 27-;

33V. 95 2*4 to 4. . ''

32 14 '; 1 ■.. to 6 28' !

Note — National Tube Co. quotes on basing card dated Apr. 1
From warehouses at the places named the following discounts hold
Inr steel pipe:

Black -

% to 3 in. butt welded.
3*4 to 6 in. lap welded.

New York

38',
. 18 %

New York Chicago St. Louis

to 3 in. butt welded 229! 27.8'; 25.1%

3*4 10 6 in. butt welded List 18.8'; 22.1%

Malleable fittings. Class B and C. from New York stock sell at list

price. Cast iron, standard sizes. 15 and 5%.

Chicago

42.8 9'.

38 8 1 -

-Galvanized-

Chicago
27.8';
18.8%

St. Louis

10 1 1,
36.1 ■;

MISCELLANEOUS

FLOTATION OILS — Prices of oils for flotation, in cents per gallon,
in barrels:

/ Denver .,

In Bbl. In Car-
Chicago Lots load Lots
$0.45 $0.30 $0.27
.43 .30 ....
.30 .24 Vi .19
.46 .44 .38
.34 Vi 31

New York

Pure steam-distilled pine oil $0.51 ' _.

Pure destructively distilled pine oil. . .48

Pine tar oil .36

Crude turpentine .38

Hardwood eresote .19 ^ '

•Fob. Cadillac. Mich.

SODIl'M CYANIDE — New York price is 37c. per lb.: Denver. 44c:
in Chicago. 50c; in St. Louis. 40c.

SODIl'M SULPHIDE — In New York the price jier pound is 4c. to
4V4C. for concentrated. 21ic. to 2 Vie. for crystals. The Denver price for
crystals is quoted at 9e. ; the St. Louis price. 5c. for concentrated; the
Chicago price is 3 V. e. Concentrated comes in 500-lb. drums, the crystals
in 440-lb, bbl.

ZINC DUST — New York price is 18c. per lb. in 1600-lb. barrel;
Chicago. 18c: in Denver, 13c f.o.b. Pueblo; in St. Loins 3bc.

ALUMINUM DUST — Chicago price is $1 per lb.; St. Louis. $1. 25.

CALCIUM CARBIDE: — Price f.o.b. cars at war. house points east of
Mississippi River lexcept in Alabama. Georgia and Florida) is $97.50 for
Cameo. $102.50 for Union miners' carbide. In territory between Missis-
sippi River and the Rockies and in Alabama, Georgia and Florida, add $5;
west of Rockies, add $10 to $15.

LINOLECM — No orders being taken, owing to shortage of manufacturing
materials.

HOSE —

Fire

50-Ft. Lengths

Underwriters' 3 % -in 75c. per ft.

Common. 2*4 -in 40 cj

Air
First Grade Second Grade Third Grade

:'t -in. per it $0.55 $0.30 $0.35

Steam — Discounts from list
First grade.... 30% Second grade .... 30-5 % Thud grade. .40-10%

RUBBER BELTING — The following discounts from list apply
to transmission rubber and duck belting :

Competition 50% Best grade 20 %

Standard 35 %

LEATHER BELTING — Present discounts from list in the fol-
lowing cities are as follows for cut lengths:

Medium Grade Heavy Grade

New York 40% 35%

St Louis 40 — 5% 30%

Chi. -,.go 30—10 95 40 — 5 %

Birmingham 35% 40%

Denver 35% 30%

RAWHIDE LACING — 40%.

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No.

\ ROPE For than J-in. the price is 1 to

amounting to less than 600 ft there

The number of feet per pound for the

S ft ; l-ln., 6 ; 5 -in. . 4 j ; 1 -in.. 3J ;

In. ; lj-ln.

ft. 4

m Following is price per pound

-

K

New Orleans

S:in Kr

Seattle

.'.I

!• \t kin i. pouna

tor .ow-prcssure steam .

U'Vl

- sheet

|0 80
I 80
I 00

.00

I 10

I II I

l so

go
.50

1.10
TO

I IK I BRII u Quotations on the different kinds in the cities
i :ire as t b works:

Pittsburgh

10.00

55.00 60.00 -

........ 126 00-135.00

- 150 mi 1 o

isertion

and graphited, lor valve

and l-lb balls

:

: er 1 No

per net ton
er net Ion.

I 55.00

ruagnesite brii K
per net ton

■ chrome bn< k.

6

IK s

90.00
70.00

- i

fire bri.-k
■.er per loon
st Louis — High trade. S">5 to $6" si Louis
Birmingham — Fire clay, S'.'5 to (30; Denvei

The -.•olid iniality is $4

W0 to S50.
S'::i. per loon

RAILWA1 TIBS — For fair size orders, the following

oe b 7 In x 9 in

Mai by 8 Ft. 6 In.

"i ork .... Yellow Pine SI ::o

St. Louis No 1 Uhue Oak 95

White Oak — Pi : 97

..White Onk — Creosoted L.30

San Francisco. . Douglas Fir — Green L.36

San Fran. isco. Douglas Fir — Creosoted 11

prices per
6 In i 8 In
by 8 Ft.
$1.1 1
.71
82
1.15
96
1.62

GREASES — Prices are as follows
pound for barrel lots:
Cincin
nati

' 7

-._.. 8

7

1 '..

Gear i':

■ irnal

in the following cities

in

□ SI Louis

5 ', 6.1

ii i'. 1

6 i;.4

1 3.6

-ii...
3K

Birming-
ham

7 e.
7K
7' .
:!

7' .
:i

Denver
10
15
15

5

ii

Pitts-
burerh

5 %

7K

8%

:!■,.

7V4

COTTON WASTE — The following prices are in cents per pound:

Apr 15

White 11 on to

Colored mixed

1918

13 on
- 50 lo 12.00

5 ear Ag

13 nn
10.00

Cleveland Chicago

12 50 I ! 00

14.00 in. on to L2.00

\\ HI si. CLOTHS— Jobbi rs'

Cleveland

■

price per n is as follows.

13 "i x i:s', i:i', x'.'n'..
- i.VOO - . nn

33 00

35 nn

I l\-i:ED OIL — These prices are per gallon:

Raw [>er barrel.

5-gal. cans . . . .

" Nominal.

, New York. ,

Apr. 1 ."j. One

1918 Y
$1.55* -
1.65 I 09

, Cleveland , , Chicago ,

Apr. 15. One Apr. 16. One
1918 Year Ago 11118 Year Ago
"1 65 -I 05 si lio $0.98
1 80 Lie 1.75 1 08

WHITI. \M) RKIi LEAD in 500-lb lots sell as follows
cents per pound :

t Red s . White

Apr. 1.-.. nils I Year Ago Apr 15.1918

Drv
Dry In Oil Dry In Oil and In Oil
ind .Vi-lb. kegs 11.50 linn 10.50 lino in.-,0

Sn,,'5,kes I17~' l1-23 |l17' H-23 10.75

"" P. k.-_- 11.25 11 50 11 00 11 50 11.00

1- to ..lb. . uis 13 . 1 3 00 12 50 12 50

1 Yr. Ago

Dry
and In Oil

in 50
in 76

11 no

1 2 .'.(I

13.00

sits — From warehouse at the places named, on fair-sized
orders, the following amount is deducted from list:

, New York , , Cleveland , , Chicago

Apr. 15. One Apr 16, One Apr. IB. One

l»18 Tear Ago nil 8 Tear Ago nil 8 Year Ago

Hot pressed square. . .SI. 00 S0.50 SI. 40 S2 »>0 $1.05 $.1 00

Hot pressed he agon. 1 f)0 10 1.20 2.60 85 .1 00

punched Bquare. 1 on .50 To 3.00 I no 2 50

Cold punched hexagon 1.00 .50 .75 3.00 LOO 3.00

finished nuts sell at the following discounts from list price:

Feb r, 1918 one Year Ago

New York 40%

"d tS0% r>0— 10%

50—10%

-St. Louis 50— 1 1 1 .

MACHINE BOLTS — Warehouse discounts in the following .-ities:

New Cleve St.

York land Chicago Louis

■ 4 in. and smaller 309; 40-109! Hi — lo-; 40%

: and longer up to 1 in. by 30 in.l . 10-5' 30 — 59!

WASHERS — From wan the places named the following

amount is deducted from I1-1 p

New York. .$1.00 Cleveland. . S3. on Chicago. .93.00 St. Louis. .(3.00

For cast-iron washers the base price per 100 lb. is as follows:
New York. .95.00 Cleveland $3.50 I 13.50 SI Louie *':.75

1 SPLOSIVES — Pine per pound 111 small lots at cities named:
Low Freezing , Gelatin : v

N'« Fork . . s,, ■•, . mi .ii 1 .

;■■ •, so 1:1 \

1 ii" tnnati *,, 1 B -,

Cit} SO '.'(!', ,33 V 1 .'. ' ,

s. « Orleans ■-..', 30 ',

!-.'■ !i« :;i\ 1

is . 38 ,:.

SI Paul "11 .-.'ii', ,:i.'i',

SI I ..11- "11 " I "!l ,.; 1 j

Denver (8 ■..', .12', ; 1 1/

Dallas 81 .;"', 98 ,jk

Los Angeles .32 .28 36

San Fmiie.s.o ... .IT1, * .28 >._. • .:io ',•, • .40K»

tl'cr ke Carload price.

It I'.l. OIL — Price variable, depending upon stock. New I
quotations not available owing to this fact, In Chicago am;
Louis the following prices are quoted:

Chicago 91. 1 1

Mexican heav; 12-14 Baume 7c. 7

Domestic light, 22-26 Baume 5 91 n,

Note— There is practically no fuel nil in Chicago at present tiij.

CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS

MATERIALS — Prices per ton f.o.b. New Yori

ROOFING

Chicago:

Carload Lots

Tai tell ill lb per square of 100 so. ft, I till 1111

i xsTar pitch (in 100 lb 1.1.1.) 20.00

Asphalt pitch 1 111 barrels) 30.00

Asphalt felt 70.00

Carload

$t!2)

:i .
7:,

PREPARED ROOFINGS — Standard grade rubbered sua
complete with nails and cement costs per square as follows 111
rorli and Chicago:

, 1-Ply ^ , 2-Ply < / 8-P1J

c.l. I.d. c.l lei c.l.

No. 1 grade SI .30 $1.55 $1,110 $1.75 $1.90

No. 2 grade 1.15 1.30 1.4.. 1.60 1.75

Asbestos asphalt-saturated felt il4 lb. per square) ensts 95.340
100 lb.

Slate-surfaced roofing (red and green) in rolls of 108 sq.ft. I
SI .95 per roll in carload lots and $2. 20 for smaller quantitu

Shingles, red and green slate finish cost $5. 25 per square Ira
loads. 15.50 in smaller quantities, in Philadelphia

HOLLOW TII.E —

4x12x12 8x12x12 12x *

Boston S0.08 SO. 15 SO >

St. Paul 0 b 11

Kansas City 068 .1286

Denver 11 .30

Seattle 07 11

Atlanta 10 .111

Los Angeles 0638 .1071

New Orleans .12 .15

LUMBER — Price per M in carload lots:

12x12 .

, 8 x 8-in. x 20 Ft. and Under N 20 Ft. and 1

Y.P. Fir Hemlock Spruce Y.P.

Boston $52.50 $52.50 .... $40.00 $110.00 !/.<

Cincinnati ... 36.00 .... 00. Oil .... 41

Kansas City. . . 37.25 38.00 .... .... 411.75 .I1

Seattle 24.50 24.50 24.50 24.50 24.50

New Orleans.. 30.00 .... .... .... ....

St. Paul 55.00 43.00 43.011 H

Denver :18.()0 ... ::4.0il

Atlanta 25 00 .... .... .... 30.00

San Francisco 26.00 26.00 26.00 ....

1-In. Rough. 10 In. x lfi Ft. 2In. T. ai G

and Under 1 11 In \

Y.P. Fir Hemlock Y I'

Boston $45.00 .... .... $50,110 H

Cincinnati 42.00 .... 38.00 41.00

Kansas City 4B.75 53.00 53.00 54.50

Seattle 24.50 24.50 24 50 34.50

New Orleans 38.00 .... .... 34.00

St. Paul 41)110 39.0(1 0100

Denver 35.00 32.00 32.00 ....

Atlanta 36 00 .... .... 40.0(1

San Francisco 26.00 26.00 26.00 ....

PORTLAND CEMENT — These prices are for barrels in caia
lots, including bags:

Apr. 15. 11118 One Month Ago One v..

New York $2.55 $2.25 *2.

Jersey City 2.50 2.16 2-1

Boston 2.87 2.. '17 2.'

(In. ago 2.36 2.21 2.

Pittsburgh 2.71 2.81 2-

Cleveland 2.84 2.44 2.

Denver 3.20 3.20

LIMF. — Warehouse prices:

Hydrated per Ton Lump per 300-Lb. rl

Finished Common Finished Conoi.

New York $10.50 $13. 50 $2.35

Kansas City 21.20 10.20 2. (lot

Chicago 15.00 L2.00 1.10

St. Loins 14.00 .... .... '

Boston 1 7 50 15.00 2.95

Dallas 16.50 ....

San Fran. isCO 17.00 .... ....

St Paul 17.00 14.00 1.35*

New Orleans 17.00 ....

Atlanta 15.50

Los Angeles 22.00 ....

Seattle 10.00 .... W

Denver 25.001 paper) ... ....

•Per 1801b. barrel. t200-lb. barrels.

Not.. — Refund of 10c. per bag. amounting to $2 per ton.

Engineering and Mining Journal

April 27, 1918

i time 105

Number 17

A1N OPENCUT, THREE KIDS CLAIM. SHOWING 25-FT. CENTRAL VIEW. THREE KIPS CLAIM. MANGANESE
BREAST OF MANGANESE ORE ASSOCIATION, CLARK COUNTY, NEVADA

ilanganese Deposits of Clark County, Nevada

• By FRED A. HALE, Jr.

The Las Vegas manganese field, in Clark County,
Nevada, contains promising deposits of Jf0c<
manganese ore that is loiv in phosphorus and
iron. In spite of the inaccessibility of the

f|INCE the beginning of the war, with the conse-

I quent increased demand for manganese ores, pros-
^ pectors of the Southwest have instituted a keen
■ eh for these ores, with the result that many promis-
ii outcrops have been discovered. The most important

hese lie in a belt roughly delineated by the course of
B Colorado River, forming the boundary between Ari-

t on the south, and Nevada and California on the

h. Deposits have been found on both sides of the

>rado, extending as far north as the Virgin River
ii southward into San Bernardino and Riverside coun-
in California, a distance of about 150 miles.

wing to the inaccessibility of many of the deposits,
81 the extreme rugged nature of the country, develop-

t has been somewhat slow, and production from the
" ly discovered zone has so far been small. With the
Option of small shipments from various points in Ari-

i and California, the only production of importance
i< been derived from the district near Las Vegas, in

l'k County, Nev., and known locally as the Las Vegas
11 ganese field. However, development here has dis-.
»< id ore beds of some magnitude, and' the district
Ps promise of becoming one of the most important
•> cea of manganese ore in the United States.

lie new district is situated in the southern extremity

oodsprings, Nevada.

claims, one property is already shipping 150 tons
daily at a fair profit, which will be increased
with the advent of the railroad. Ore being ship-
in il is tajcen from /iits In/ quarrying methods.

of the Muddy Mountains, about five miles west of the
Colorado River and 16 miles east of Las Vegas, Nev.
The south end of this range is composed largely of in-
trusives and volcanic tufa, the main intrusive, forming
the bulk of the range, being rhyolite, occasionally cut by
large dykes of basic gabbro. There is much evidence of
comparatively recent volcanic action, evidently respon-
sible for the tufa, and basic lava flows are frequent.
Some highly altered sedimentaries were also noted, in-
cluding quartzite and marbleized limestone. The foot-
hills of the range, in which all of the known ore deposits
occur, are composed largely of consolidated gravels of
Pleistocene age, with frequent large masses of impure
gypsite and some serpentine in vicinity of intrusives.

The largest producer in the district is the Three Kids
claim, which was the original discovery made early in
1917 by Bob Edwards, a local prospector. Soon after
the discovery, the property was leased to Messrs. Gil-
lice, McCoy and Connors, who later formed the Man-
ganese Association, which is now operating it. During
the first three months of 1918, the property produced
approximately 5000 tons of ore, and is now shipping
j 50 tons daily, with expectation of 300 tons daily in the
near future.

On the Three Kids claim, the ore occurs as a large
lenticular mass which outcropped near the base of the

. re

ENGINEERING AND MINING .UH'KNAL

Vol. 105, No. 17

acenl to a broad flat wash. An opencut
ut 200 ft. in length has exposed a face of ore averag-
ing - 5 ft in thickness, with the footwall not yet
definitely determined. Churn-drill holes at regular in-
tervals indicate a thickness of over 40 ft. in the vicinity
pencut The lateral extent of the deposit is not
definitely known, but apparently it covers an area at
square, and outcroppings on the hillside
above and in the wash to the west indicate that it may
be of far greater extent. However, it is not expected
that the thickness o( 40 ft. will obtain throughout, as
churn-drill holes indicate a decreased thickness toward
the extremities.

The deposit is distinctly stratified, the ore beds strik-
ing N 50 W. and dipping about 15 northeasterly. A
series of step-faults striking nearly north and south
have displaced the beds to some extent, but in no case
more than a few feet, the west block, in each in-
stance, being down-thrown. On the west extremity of

EDGE OF ORE LENS, LOW.NEY MANGANESE ASSOCIA-
TION- CLARK COUNTY, XF.V : HANGING WALT, IS
GYPSITE AND FOOTWALL RHYOLITE

the exposure is a large dyke of gabbro, apparently about
150 ft. thick, and striking northerly. The material over-
lying the ore bed, or the overburden, consists of gravels
and detritus, more or less consolidated and varying in
thickness from three to 15 ft. Interspersed between
the strata of the ore bed are occasional layers of granu-
lar quartzose material, from a few inches to two feet
in thickness. The rock underlying the bed has not been
exposed, but churn-drill holes indicate that it is the
rhyolite of which the range is largely composed.

Ore .Mainly Psilomelane and Pyrolusite

The ore is a soft black material, of unusually low spe-
cific gravity and of a porous oolitic structure. Appar-
ently it is composed largely of psilomelane and pyrolu-
site, although parts of the deposit may be classified as
wad. The ore is fairly uniform in texture, but under
the microscope shows granules of botryoidal and con-
centric structure, embedded in a matrix of soft powdery
ore. The average content of the first 31 carloads de-
rived from the Three Kids opencut, and which may be
considered as typical of the deposit, is as follows:
Mn, 41'-; SiO:, 11',; P, 0.03%; Fe, V, ; moisture,
11.62 per cent.

Quarrying methods are used for mining this depos
the ore being broken by means of churn-drill holes ai
black powder. The ore is very friable and has a te
dency to break in large blocks, which are subsequent
broken up with hand axes. The finer material, whi
frequently contains some of the granular silica,
"forked" or shoveled into cars with heavy forks havi
1 - in- openings which allow the fine silica to pass throu:
the tines, this material being rejected. The ore
Hoisted over an inclined tramway into bins of 500 toi
capacity, and is hauled to Las Vegas in motor trucks

Rhyolite Footwall on Lowney Property

Ac ross the wash from the Three Kids property, a
about 1500 ft. distant, is the Lowney property, n<,
being operated by the Lowney Manganese Associate
The geologic conditions on this claim are similar
those of the Three Kids deposit, except that the a
strata have been tilted much more, so that they (
about 45° northeasterly, striking about N 40° W. T;
outcrop on this property was small, consisting of onl\
few inches of ore, apparently an extremity of the or
inal lens. The deposit has been explored by an opt
cut, which, however, disclosed the lens at a depth I
only 20 ft., at which point it is about 4 ft. in thickne-'
Adjacent to the cut, a shaft, now 60 ft. deep, shows 1;
lens to be 8 ft. in width at this depth, which width \t
lens apparently maintains throughout a 50-ft. drift \
the bottom of the shaft. Underlying the lens is
smooth rhyolite wall, apparently similar to the footvl
of the Three Kids deposit. On the hanging-wall ;
tween the lens and the overlying gravel beds is -i 1
stratum of impure gypsite in contact with the ore. lit
ore is exactly similar to that described above, and van*
in manganese content from 38 to 48%. To date, t
shipments have been made from this property, bu £
considerable tonnage has been extracted, and shipme >
will begin in the near future.

Westerly from the Lowney property, extending al
the foothills at approximately the same horizon, nunr-
ous outcroppings of manganese ore were noted for a *3-
lance of about three miles. These outcrops are all unu
location and are being developed to some extent, le
more favorable locations being the Las Vegas, Surp «
and Mistake claims. About two miles east of the The
Kids property a promising outcrop has been located ri-
der the name of the Hard Scramble and is undergug
development. All of these outcrops present geohic
features similar to the deposits described, and wle
it is evident that many of them will not prove to bo!
importance, it is also to be expected that developrrnt
will disclose other lenses of sufficient magnitude tc>e
operated profitably.

Origin of Deposits in Doubt

At this date, owing to the meager development offl'
manganese ore deposits of this district, their genu
is somewhat problematical. It seems beyond ques)i'
that the manganese oxide ores are of sediment
origin, having been laid down prior to the Pleisto>n<
strata overlying the ore beds. It is not unlikely '
the original source of the manganese lies in the galr*
intrusives found in the vicinity, and that the ore t
originally a replacement in sedimentary rocks, bit
deposited as a manganese silicate, or a mixture of r n

April

1918

ENCINKKRINi; ami MINING JOURNAL

777

mese carbonate and silicate, which was subsequently
tered to the oxide forms. In this case, the ore lenses
mid be residual deposits, from which many of the orig-
al elements have been leached, but it must also be con-
lered that the oxide ores may have migrated a con-
ierable distance from the original deposit, which ap-
ars probable. To date, no manganese silicates or car-
nates have been discovered, but it is expected that
velopment will disclose important tacts as to the gene-
i of the deposits.

In view of the extent of the new district and the large
:e of the deposits so far explored, compared to other
own deposits in the United States, it would appear
it the future promises an important manganese-ore
lustry for southern Nevada. At present, physical
nditions are somewhat disadvantageous, the district
ng 16 miles from rail, but it is probable that a rail-
id will be constructed in the near future. Fortunately,
I; topography of the intervening country is such that
I s can be done at reasonable expense.
From a practical standpoint, the ores of the district
l! suitable for smelting purposes, on account of their
phosphorus and iron content, while certain physica1
i iracteristics make them especially desirable for blast-
Inace practice. Under present market conditions,
> manganese ore will bring $25 per long ton, f.o.b.
h Vegas. Mining costs do not exceed $2 per ton, and
i dage to Las Vegas by motor truck costs $5.50 per ton,
sthat, with proper allowances for moisture, etc., the
: rgin of profit is approximately $15 per long ton,
vich will be materially increased when better working
I ditions are obtained.

Alaskan Chromite Deposits

deposits of chromite, known in Alaska for a number
o ears, became of economic interest only in 1917, when
ii relatively high price of the ore recalled them to the
iimtion of mining men, with the result that ore is
cimercially mined at one property,
hromite deposits of present economic interest, ac-
ting to the United States Geological Survey, are at
tl southwest end of Kenai Peninsula, in two areas, one
'% the north shore of Port Chatham and the other at
Mountain, about 16 miles to the northeast. Both
■'■osits occur in bodies of altered peridotite, and, so
fi as known, these are the only bodies of peridotite in
' vicinity, but exploration farther from the coast, in

* mountains, may reveal others. Peridotite of the

* e kind also occurs in large and small masses at sev-
M other places in the area between Yukon and Tanana
1-1 rs, and at Livengood, in that area, there is a deposit
Chromite, but the ore in the interior of Alaska could
n(be mined profitably except when high prices prevail.

he chromite of southwestern Kenai Peninsula occurs
■n ^s-shaped bodies that range in thickness from a few
n es to 20 ft., and that lie in attitudes ranging from
"Kzontal to vertical. None of the lenses appear to be
11 e than 150 ft. long, and most of them measure con-
;"rably less. The ore is not of uniform grade. Some
B averages 50', chromic oxide, and some is a mixture
rf hromite and peridotite, the leanest part of which
n; yield only 5 to 10r, chromic oxide. All gradations
,e'een these extremes are found.

The deposit now being mined is on a spit at the south-
east end of a peninsula known as Claim Point, which
projects southeastward into Port Chatham. This penin-
sula measures about 4000 ft. from east to west, and
about 2200 ft. from north to south, and is joined to the
mainland by a neck of land about 200 It. wide. The
rod- ■!' Claim Point is entirely peridotite. which crops
out also on the mainland to the north and continues
southward into Port Chatham for an unknown distance.
The known area of peridotite here covers about three-
fifths of a square mile. The orebody is nearly covered
by water at high tide, so that mining must be done be-
tween low and half tide. The deposit is a vertical lens,
having a length of about 100 ft. and a maximum width
of 20 ft. Approximately 800 tons of ore containing
from 46 to 49r- chromic oxide was mined in !'»17, and
as much more remains in sight above half tide. Ulti-
mately it will he necessary to work from a shaft or
cofferdam and hoist ore to the surface, so that the cost
of mining will be increased.

Probably the upper half of the deposit has been re-
moved by erosion. If so, and if the deposit becomes
thinner downward for 50 ft. and the ore has a specific
gravity of 3.9, only 4000 or at most 5000 tons remains
below the level of half tide.

Several other lenses of high-grade ore, none more
than three feet thick, occur in this vicinity, as well as a
number of bodies of low-grade ore ranging in thickness
from 5 to 20 ft. and varying in their content of chrorri
oxide from 5 to 15%. At one point on the north sfd
of Claim Point, near the crest of the peninsula, there ar^
four lodes that stand nearly vertical, and the owners ar >
considering the feasibility of driving a tunnel from ;
lower point on the hillside to crosscut them. These four
bodies should ptoduce, when concentrated, about 3000
tons of 50r, ore, but it is likely that the tunnel contem-
plated might also reveal other deposits. There should
be available at Claim Point at least 15,000 tons of chrom-
ite ore of a grade containing 50fr of chromic oxide after
concentration.

Freight from Port Chatham to Seattle is $3.50 a ton,
and from Seattle to an Eastern smeltery is about $12 a
ton, to which must be added the cost of lighterage to the
steamship anchorage in Port Chatham or lighterage to
the wharf at Port Graham.

The body of peridotite at Red Mountain is
larger than the deposit at Claim Point, but is less ac-
cessible, and the grade of the ore there is not so well
known. The peridotite covers about three square miles
and contains many stringers and lenses of chromite ore,
both high and low grade. The largest deposit observed
was a lenticular body of high-grade ore not more than
75 ft. long, that had a maximum thickness of eight feet
at the center and contained probably not over 1000 tons.
At this place there are many other smaller deposits and
perhaps some as large or larger, all of which should
yield at least as much chrome ore and possibly several
times as much as the body at Claim Point. On the other
hand, these ores occur at an elevation of about 3000 ft.
and at a minimum distance of sjx miles from tidewater,
from which much of the route lies through a precipitous
p.nd densely vegetated country. In winter the ore might
be sledded out to tidewater, but in summer it would
have to be carried by a tram.

ENGINEERING AM' MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 17

Manganese Washing Plant of the
Eureka ( lompany, Arkansas

By Tom Shiras

The concentration or washing of manganese ore.
which occurs in small nodules or grains disseminated

through the residual clay beds left by the decomposed
lair lime, in the Batesville, Ark., field, is being ac-
onsiderable attention. Estimates by a number
agineers place the fine disseminated ore at one-half
the available supply. A large tonnage of this class
re is now lying on the old mine dumps, not having
l>een utilized, on account of the lack of washing ma-
chinery. At no place are these deposits more than 1J
miles from water supply.

The Eureka Manganese and Mining Co. is working
exclusively on low-grade ore, and in 1917 installed the
first modern washer in the field. The property consists

this bin, the ore passes over grizzly bars set 3f in
apart. The undersize passes to a log washer below
the grizzly.

The washing plant is equipped with a McLanahan
Stone two-log washer. The logs of this washer are 3(
ft. long, and each has 84 lugs, or heavy cast-iron paddle
attached by heavy lagscrews. The effect is to mak<
each log a revolving spiral conveyor. The logs are in
clined at a pitch of one inch rise per foot of length
which gives the wash water a backward flow sufficien
to carry off the mud and sand thin agitated and held ii
suspension, while the heavier manganese settles to th"
bottom of the conveyor and is discharged at the uppe
end into what is termed the slush trough. The gros;
weight of these logs and lugs is five tons, and they hav
a speed of 20 revolutions per minute.

From the log-box discharge, the washed ore passes t
a 16-mesh revolving screen, 8 ft. long and 40 in. in diam
eter, and is sprayed with water under heavy pressur

WASHING PLANT OF*ETTREKA MANGANESEAND MINING CO. MANGANESE nRR IN ORE YARD AT CUSHMAN. ARKAN'S,'

of a 343-acre lease situated six miles northeast of the
shipping point. Cushman, near Polk Bayou, a swift-
flowing mountain stream which affords a superabund-
ance of water for washing purposes.

The deposit is mined as an opencut. The cut is 200
ft. wide and 30 ft. deep and has penetrated the orebody
for a distance of 50 ft. There are two levels, the upper
being 15 ft. higher than the lower. The equipment con-
- of 300 ft. of track, including surface track to the
waste dump, and five self-dumping mine cars. Not in-
cluding the shallow mantle removed in stripping, the
average mine recovery has been one ton of market-
able manganese to 5 cu.yd. of manganese-bearing clay.
Ground is broken mostly by pick and shovel, the use of
explosives being necessary only to a limited extent.
Owing to the scarcity of labor, a steam shovel is to be
installed. This will double or treble the output of the
mine and maintain the operation of the washing plant at
full capacity. A heavy-timber-constructed tramway
starts from the lower level of the mine and has a gentle
grade for a distance of 80 ft., but rises to a point 40 ft.
above a revolving screen at the head of the washing
plant. The screened product is discharged on a belt
c< nveyor which delivers to a bin.

The tipple is installed above the washing plant and
ihe clay ore is dumped into the 30-cu.yd. bin. From

•Mountain Home, Arkansas

by l'-in. perforated pipes, inside and outside the tron
mel. This gives the undersize a further cleaning i
sand and clay.

From the screen the undersize passes to a 30-in. be
where it is conveyed 60 ft. to a double i-in. mesh scree
set at an angle of 45° over a 120-ton storage bin. .
this screen the product is automatically separated in
what are classified as coarse and fine grades.

The water supply is at Polk Bayou, at a point 451
ft. from the plant. The water is delivered by a Wort
ington-Duplex pump, through a 4-in. pipe, to a reserv
of 70,000-gal. capacity situated on a hill at an elevati<
50 ft. higher than the plant and 210 ft. above the sour
of supply. A 65-hp. boiler serves the pumping plai
The washing plant normally requires 200 gal. of wat
per minute.

From May 1, 1917, to the first week in April, 191
the Eureka Manganese and Mining Co. marketed 23
tons of manganese ore. A close record of producti
from May 1, 1917, to Jan. 1, 1918, showed that 86'
tons of crude ore were mined and washed, which yield
1771 tons of washed ore averaging 42*% mangane:
Besides the mine producing at present, there are t"
other orebodies on the property easily made accessil
to the mill by the installation of tramways, which t
company thinks will insure ore for at least three yea
operations at a rate of output even greater than is P<
sible at present.

April 27. 1918

KXCINKKKINC; AND MININC .KH'KNAL

77!)

The Manganese Deposits of South
Wallingford, Vermont

By Robert \V. Jones*

The interesting deposit of manganese ores at South
Wallingford, Vt., has frequently been brought ta the
ttention of geologists and engineers, although in later
ears there has been no serious attempt to make a
roduction of these ores. The deposit has been opened
short distance east of South Wallingford, along the
est face of Green Mountain and apparently at the
intact of the limestone (marble) and the quartzite.
reen Mountain consists almost entirely of a dark
luish quartzite, carrying in irregular parallel beds
rather heavy percentage of finely divided pyrite.
lternating with the pyrite deposits are small local
lartzite beds carrying a high percentage of mica
id feldspar grains. A heavy glacial deposit obscures
le geology of the beds, and through lack of available
iderground work it is difficult to state the exact
■lationship of the various ores.

The region has undergone heavy metamorphism.
arbles, graphitic schists, mica schists, and quartzite
•e exposed with somewhat uncertain evidences of
cal metamorphism. Chemical decomposition of the
"eceding rocks has occurred in local areas to such an
:tent as to obscure the bedding.

The original property was opened about 1820 for
,e production of limonite, the ore being smelted
cally and the finished product taken to Troy, N. Y.
fter rather extensive operations, production ceased
itil about 1887, when further exploratory work was
idertaken, with a considerable production of both
on and manganese minerals. About 1903 the prop-
ty was again opened, but ceased to operate after
short period of activity. The present owners are
idertaking exploratory work through the opening of
veral new adits so directed as to cut the ore at
'parently a higher level. Several hundred feet of
osscutting has been accomplished. The original
irkings at a lower level are rather extensive, there
ing about 2000 ft. of drifts, raises, etc. These
irkings have caved badly, and would require con-
lerable time and money to again place in condition.
From the most westerly opening, the material exposed
iderground occurs in the following order: a white
iceous kaolin with small stringers of magnesian
icates and rather heavy beds of an almost pure
artz sand; a siliceous kaolin heavily stained with
iionite to such an extent as to produce a good grade
ocher, when washed; decomposed mica schist;
lonite more or less decomposed into a soft sandy
iterial, although carrying pockets and stringers of
?h-grade material ; umber alternating with ocher and
'frying undecomposed manganese minerals.
While this property is of considerable interest as
■possible producer of manganese, it is also of great
merest in respect to the various products of rock
^integration. The presence of a heavy flow of water
• ailable for milling purposes gives possibilities to the
?ion for the production of white clay of apparently
U'h grade.

Mining: engineer and geologist; IT Magnolia Terrace. Albanv.
w York.

A sample of clay taken from the present workings
was passed wet through a set of screens up to and
including 200-mesh. The finer material was then passed
through a modified Schultze elutriation apparatus with
a flow of 200 c.c. per minute. The material not passing
the 200-mesh consisted of 15.04', of the total and wa
made up of clear quartz fragments more or less
cemented by a siliceous bund. Cone 1 of the Schultze
apparatus returned 10.08', of the total with the same
composition as the preceding excepting a trace of
kaolin ite. Cones 2 and 3, with a total of 34.52%, gave
IV, and 65'r, respectively, in kaolinite. The overflow,
consisting of the remainder of the sample, carried 85' I
kaolinite. The above determinations of kaolinite are
by grains or fragments. The only other constituent
found was quartz in finely divided grains.

An analysis of the crude material gave the chem-
ically combined water as 5.48',, with silica, 67.20',
and alumina, 27.28', . \Vhile the combined water was
low, the analysis indicated the presence of from 65
to 70% kaolinite. There were no iron minerals present.
The disintegrated mica schist of course carried the iron
minerals with a heavier percentage and showed little
kaolinite except in the overflow. This carried less than
40'<r kaolinite, according to the chemical analysis.
With the ocher, about 25% of the sample was found
in the overflow. Of this, 80% consisted of kaolinite
with a heavy coating of limonite. A selected man-
ganese ore analyzed close to the limit of the pure
material and low in objectionable materials.

Water is abundant, in fact so abundant as perhaps
to cause some annoyance in mining. The property is
so situated as to be able to take advantage of a natural
fall in washing. Rail transportation is available with
a haul of less than a mile.

Manganese Prospects in Eastern Cuba

While several hundred manganese mining claims
have been filed during the last year at the mining
bureau of the province of Oriente, Cuba, writes Con-
sul H. M. Wolcott from Santiago, in only a small num-
ber has it been demonstrated that they may be oper-
ated at a profit, even with the present abnormally
high prices paid for the ore. The lack of proper trans-
portation facilities and of good roads is the great draw-
back to the development of the industry here. With
three exceptions, the mines have to haul their ore to
the railroad in ox carts and mule carts, or by pack
mules, for a distance of three to 15 miles, and at a cost
of $3.50 to $10 a ton.

As most of the ores are of low grade and practically
none come up to the standard of 48 % manganese, it
is difficult to operate at a profit under existing condi-
tions. The roads that are available during the few
months of the dry season become practically impas-
sable in the season of abundant rainfall, which usually
occurs from April to November. Some of the Ameri-
can mine operators are now introducing motor trucks
and tractors for transportation of the ore, and it is
hoped that by this means some of the present diffi-
culties may be overcome.

The manganese mines or claims of the province may
be divided into nine groups — Cristo, Ponupo, San
Nicolas, Palmarito, Los Negros, Santa Rita, Guisa,

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOI'RNAL

Vol. 105, No. 17

, and Smith Toast the most important of
which are the Ponupo and Cristo.

The Ponupo group produces at present about 5000
- of ore a month. It is chiefly low grade, averag-
ing from 38 to 40 manganese, ami is rather low in
silica and iron. As this group is near the line of the
:. the ore is mined and shipped at a profit under
I resent prices.

The Cristo grroup consist-- of several small claims,
which at present produce approximately 4000 tons of
ore monthly. The ore runs slightly higher in manga-
nese and about the same in silica and iron as the Ponupo
but it requires washing.

The Palmarito and Los Negros groups produce each
about 1000 tons month!:'. The ore from them is high
grade and very It w in silica and iron. Considerable
modern machinery h:'s recently been installed at the
Nicolas mines, and it is expected that several thou-
sand tons monthly will soon be produced from this
group.

The remaining four groups have a combined monthly
production at present estimated at 1000 tons, making
the total for the province approximately 12,000 tons
monthly, all of which is exported to the United States
through the ports of Santiago and Nipe.

The declared exports of manganese ore from the
Province of Oriente in 1917 were valued at $567,849,
of which a large proportion was shipped through the
port of Santiago dc Cuba, and the remainder from
Antilla (Nipe).

Manganese (Mni. 28.28',: tungstic acid (W0
2 1 ; iron (Fe), 3.25', ; insoluble residue, 4.1', . Tl
tungsten could not be concentrated by panning.

The second samples were sent in from a localil
some distance from Tonopah. One of these sanipK
resembled the Sodaville ore in its association wit
calcite, while the two others submitted consisted <
massive psilomelane. The following partial analyse
show relative amounts cf manganese and tungsten:

ANALYSES OF NEVADA MANGANER1 \\1> rUNGSTEN OREfl

Manganese [nsoluhle Residue Tun

Pereenl Peroeal Pereenl

Pyrolusitc and Calcite 13 3 116 10

Psilomelane 39 2 2 0 3 05

P ilomi lane 43 2 10 6 i I

It is noticeable that in all of these samples the tuni

sten could not be concentrated by the usual gravit

methods. Specimens were polished and etched fc

microscopic determination, but no further light w:

thrown on the possible form in which the tungste

occurs.

The Occurrence of Tungsten in
Manganese Ore

By Walter S. Palmer*

About two years ago, during the high price of tung-
sten, samples of manganese containing tungsten ore were
submitted to me. The samples came from near Mina,
New The manganese minerals present were psilomelane
and pyrolusite associated with quartz of the variety
called common opal. In testing the samples, it was
noted that the tungsten could not be concentrated, in
fact no distinct concentrates could be produced ; the last
material left in the pan often gave poorer qualitative
tests for tungsten than the original sample. The man-
ganese minerals and the quartz in the samples were
about equally divided. No quantitative determinations
for tungsten were made.

During the course of investigations now being con-
ducted on manganese, ores showing somewhat similar
association have been received from widely different
parts of Nevada. I cannot find in the literature on
tungsten any reference to similar occurrences. The
nearest reference to such I find in Bull. No. 652 of the
U. S. Geological Survey, where on p. 28 mention is made
of the association of tungsten with manganese as
wolframite coated with manganese dioxide.

The first of the recent samples came from Sodaville,
New The specimen differed considerably from that
received from Mina. It contained large crystals of
calcite, easily observed on a fresh surface, through which
was scattered the manganese mineral. A partial
analysis of this specimen gave the following results:

Copper Amalgam as Cement

The following method of preparing Vienna met
cement (a copper amalgam) was reprinted fro
Giesserei Zeitung by Journ. Ind. and Eng. Chem in i
January issue:

A strip of zinc is placed in a solution of coppi
sulphate and the powdery copper which is precipitatt
is put into a mortar and kneaded with mercuroi
nitrate, mercury and water into a plastic paste; thn
parts copper are used to seven parts mercury. Whs
metals are to be cemented with this amalgam, whi<
is brought into the market in small cylinders, the par
are polished and heated up. The amalgam is heat<
also to 80 or 90° C. and the parts are pressed togetht
The amalgam itself can be hammered, rolled and p:
under a die; it takes a good polish. Placed in boilii
water, it softens sufficiently to use it as a materi
for taking casts. It is rolled into a thin strip, whi<
is applied to the heated object. The replica obtained
afterward backed with type metal.

Your Fifty-Dollar Liberty Bond

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"first-aid" packets. It will furnish adhesive plaster at
surgical gauze enough to benefit thousands of wound
soldiers. Every purchaser of a Liberty Loan boi
performs a distinct individual service to his country ai
to our boys fighting in France.

South Lake Mining Co. —Between May, 1916, and De
31, 1917, 68,388 tons of rock were sent to the mill a
754,433 lb. of refined copper, 11.03 per ton, were produce
Expenses for 1917 were $218,113.42 and income was $12^
037.11, leaving an excess of current liabilities of $97,076..:

•Professor of metallurgy, University 'if Nevada, Reno, Nevada.

You must buy or pay — buy a Liberty Hond or pay G<
many.

April 27, 1918

K.\<;iNEERING AND MINING .JOURNAL

781

The Kentucky Oil Fields

By W. N. THAYER"

Of the eleven formations in the Paleozoic group,
the Corniferous is the most important as an oil
producer. Some of the other formations show
oil-bearing sands; deposits of asphaltum are
present in the Conglomerate Measures, and the
Black Shale formation produces gas. Kentucky
oils are of a paraffin base and are marketed in
two grades. Topographical auditions have re-
tarded the field work essential to proper explora-
tion, although considerable drilling has been- done.

rHE recent decline of some of the older oil fields,
:oincident with an increased demand for petro-
leum products, has given considerable stimulus
the search for new producing districts. Among
ose recently exploited are areas in Wyoming and Ken-

the interior low plateaus and the Mississippi embi
ment section of the Gulf Coastal Plain. It has. in con-
sequence, a varietj of topographic features. East of

a Mne drawn from the western edge of Greenup County
on the Ohio River to the western edge of Wayne County
on the Tennessee border the surface features are
those of the maturely dissected Cumberland-Allegheny
plateaus. The topography is rough and mountainous,
the hills rise to altitudes approaching 2000 ft. and the
generally even sky line, as observed from any of the
elevations, is unmistakable evidence of a former pene-
plain. An area of 500 square miles may have a total
n lief of 1000 or 1200 ft., and in places the local relief
is from 600 to 800 ft. per mile. Where stratigraphic
conditions are favorable, the local relief may be ex-
pressed in part by almost perpendicular cliffs. A heavy
growth of dense timber subdues the relief and tends
to make the topography less rough than it appears to be.

MAP OF KENTUCKY SHOWING PRODUCING OIL FIELDS AND OUTCROPS OF COAL MEASURES

I ky, and opinion is prevalent among well-informed
'"sons that these states must supply a large part of

I needed increase in oil production. The Wyoming
Ids have already received considerable publicity, but
'ntucky, with its less spectacular production, has
sieved small recognition as a possible oil producer.
Is present oil production of Kentucky is limited to a
1 ' counties, as shown by the accompanying map, but
a as which may be classed as potential oil fields are
'Uributed over the eastern, southern, and western
Pts of the state, and the more or less concentric man-

II of distribution is controlled by certain major struc-
t al features.

Kentucky embraces parts of three physiographic di-
v ons, namely: the Cumberland-Allegheny plateaus,

-onsulting geologist, Cincinnati. Ohio.

West of the line, the surface contour is entirely dif-
ferent. The topography is not as rugged, and, al-
though carved from an uplifted peneplain, the evidence
of former base-leveled conditions is less apparent. The
highest hills reach elevations of 800 or 900 ft., and the
maximum local relief seldom exceeds 300 ft. per mile.
In the Mississippi embayment section, between the Ten-
nessee and Mississippi rivers, the topography is still
more gentle, and, in places, quite featureless.

The stratigraphy of Kentucky is simple, but a multi-
plicity of formation names, some of them synonyms
while others have been borrowed by drillers from ad-
joining states and erroneously applied, is likely to
cause confusion when one tries to correlate oil-well data.
The names used in this paper are chiefly those adopted
by the Kentucky Geological Survey and are shown in

ENGINEERING A.ND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 17

the ion table accompanying the general)

stratigraphic column for the state. All of the rocks
taring at the surface, excepting the small igneous
dikes of Elliott County, are of sedimentary origin. In

the Mississippi embayment section they are of Creta-
is and later age, In the remainder of the state they

in luiled in the Paleozoic group and embrace all the
OS from the Trenton to the coal measures.

Characteristics of Kentucki Formation

The Trenton rocks ate limestones and dolomites
almost exclusively. They have a vertical thickness of
about GOO ft.' and outcrop in a roughly circular area
around Lexington on the eroded top of the Jessamine
Dome. Above the Trenton limestone and up to the
Chester, the strata outcrop in a concentric manner
around the Jessamine Dome. The Hudson consists
chiefly of limestones and shales, with an occasional
sandstone member. In the central part of the state,
where the formation has its greatest development, the
thickness is about 600 feet.

The Clinton, consisting of a series of dolomitie and
chertv limestones, shales, and a thin band of iron ore,
underlies a large area and is about 50 ft. thick, but drill
records indicate an increase in thickness toward the
southeastern part of the state.

The Niagara consists of limestones and shales vary-
ing in thickness from 15 to 100 ft. The shale phase
has its greatest development along the western edge of
the Cumberland-Allegheny plateaus and further east
grades into heavy limestones.

The Corniferous is a magnesian limestone which
varies in thickness from a few inches to more than 50
ft. Where the limestone outcrops it follows the con-
centric lines of the other formations around the Jessa-
mine Dome, but under cover it is wanting in several
parts of the state or indistinguishable from the under-
lying Niagara limestones. The absence in places of the
Corniferous formation and its irregular thickness may
be accounted for by assuming an erosion unconformity
between it and the overlying formation, an assumption
for which there is considerable basis. The formation is
resistant to weathering, and its outcrop is marked in
places by prominent bluffs.

The Black Shale is a bituminous formation, generally
black, from which it derives its designation, but in
places white or brown. The thickness varies from 20
to more than 600 ft., being greatest in the extreme
eastern part of the state. On account of its color the
shale is a prominent key bed, and easily recognized by
the driller.

The Waverly group includes all the formations from
the top of the Black Shale to the base of the St. Louis
limestones, and generally consists of a series of sand-
stones and sandy shales, but in places is represented by
dark limestones and calcareous shales. The thickness
varies between 300 and 500 ft., and the outcrops are
distributed over a larger area than any of the other
formations.

The St. Louis group consists almost exclusively of
limestones and is of variable thickness, but shows a
progressive increase toward the southwest. In some of
the eastern counties the beds are less than 20 ft. thick,

'Bull. Xo. 1 of Kentucky Geological Survey. ■'The Oil ami Gas
■>{ Kentucky." by .1 I

whereas in Breckenridge County they are more th
,'in ft. The formation is nearly always found in pla,
and. next to the Black Shale, is probably the most eas
recognizable horizon to the driller.

The Chester group consists of a series of limestone.
shales ;;nil sandstones. On the map issued by the Ke
tucky Geological Survey the formation is not disti
guished from the St. Louis group, and in the eastei
part of the state it is only a few feet thick, althou i
increasing rapidly toward the west and southwest al
attaining a thickness of 800 ft. in places.

The Conglomerate Measures (a name used by t:
Kentucky Geological Survey to designate the series j
elastic sediments extending from the top of the Chesti
to the base of the Allegheny) form the surface of a laid
area along the western edge of the Cumberland-Al
gheny plateaus and around the southern extension I
the eastern interior coal basin. This area consists i
shales, massive and thin-bedded sandstones, and tt
quartz-pebble conglomerates and also carries import; t
seams of coal. Along the eroded edge of the plate ;
the formation is less than 100 ft. thick, but further e 1
it attains a thickness of more than 1000 ft. Mass
sandstones form prominent features of the topograp
The thickness of this formation has not been det ■
mined in the areas occupied by the coal basin in u
western part of the state.

The coal measures, as well as the Cretaceon
later sediments, contain no oil horizons so far as knoi;
at present, so discussion of them is not here includl

Flat Structure Marked by Anticlinal Folds

In general, the strata of the state lie flat. There i
however, certain structural features of importance, t
most prominent of which is the Cincinnati Arch, r
anticline striking a little east of north. This fd
reaches its maximum development in the vicinity •!
Lexington, and is generally referred to as the Jes,
mine Dome. There are also a few folds of second. ,\
importance, among which may be mentioned the Roih
Creek anticline, that strikes a little north of east acr s
the eastern interior coal basin, and the Warfield a
Sandy Hook anticlines, in the eastern part of the st;s,
each striking a little north of east. These latter fox
are probably extensions of the former; in fact, A
Jessamine Dome appears to be the result of the into
section of the east-west fold with the Cincinnati An
The Pine Mountain uplift, in the southeastern partd
the state, is another fold of secondary importance.

Outcrops Evident on the Jessamine Dome

The Cincinnati Arch controls the regional dips of it
rocks over a large part of the state, and the Jessamt
Dome brings the formations to the surface in the (»
tral part of the state and produces outcrops of conn-
trie bands. The regional dips are gentle and raft
from 20 to 50 it. per mile. They are too low to be tti
directly, but they may be determined by plotting "
elevations of certain formations at various points, K
their effects are observable in the outcrops of sin •
sively younger rocks as one goes eastward or westwt
from the axis of the arch.

In addition to these larger structures, and freque lj
imposed upon them, are numerous anticlines, m<o-
clines and synclines which in some cases parallel U

April 27, 1918

ENGINEERING AND Ml NUNC .lOl'KNAl.

7K.",

larger folds, but in general show no uniformity of
strike. Their widths may vary between a few hundred
feet and a few miles, and the dips of the limbs arc gen
erally less than 15 degrees. The folds are post-Penn-
sylvanian in aire and the deformation that produced
them was probably coincident with the general uplifl
and folding of the Appalachian region. Faults are
common, of slight throw and parallel the larger folds.
With few exceptions the topographic effects are seldom
noticeable, but in places they may have an important
bearing on the accumulation of petroleum.

The Trenton formation, although a prolific producer
in Ohio, has not as yet been sufficiently productive in

SYNONYMS
AMP NAMES OF NEARLY
EQUIVALENT FORMATIONS

ALLEGHENY

POTTSVILLE
LEE

ROCKCASTLE
CORBIN

NEWMAN L.S.
MOUNTAIN L.S.
BIOLIME
MAXVILLE

POCONO

CHATTANOOGA SH.
OHIO SH

BOYLE-PANOLA

FORMATION

AFTER
(KY. GE0L.5UR)

Coal Mesures

SERIES SYSTEM GROUP

m

s

Conglomerate

Mesures

lOO'-IOOO'

Chester
Oroup
10'- 600'

St. Lows

Group

?0'-700'

Waverly
300'-500'

Black Shale
20- 600'

Coniferous 0'-!$
Niagara I5-I0ff

Clinton 50 +
Hudson 600!

Trenton 600'

Pennsyl-
vaman

Carboni-
ferous

Mississ-

ippian

:

. p

Devon-

ian

.Silur-

■ P

ian

P

Ordovi-

cian

J

> Paleozoic

STRATIGRAPHIC COLUMN FOR PALEOZOIC GROUP IN
KENTUCKY

Kentucky to justify the deep drilling necessary to reach
t in most parts of the state. Along the Cumberland
liver, where it is easily reached, the formation carries
ne fairly constant oil sand, the lower Sunnybrook.
Veils drilled into this sand several years ago gave a
lrge initial production, but the flow was of short
u ration.

The Hudson carries two oil sands, the upper Sunny-
rook, near the base, and the Caney, near the top of the
Jrmation. Neither has had any considerable flow, but
le Caney is apparently the better producer of the two.

(Clinton Sands Have Produced Little Oil
The Clinton, though drilled through in many places
ith frequent shows of oil and gas, has not yet been
roved to carry any sand of great lateral extent or pro-
uctiveness, although in Morgan County it has pro-
iced a small quantity of high-grade oil. The Niagara

without oil horizons, except possibly the Boyd's Creek
uid of Barren County.

The Corniferous is probably the most important oil-
iaring formation in the state, and is the source of the
'eater part of the present production. It is the reser-

voir in tin' well-kn iwn IrvifTc and Kagland oil pools and
the Menefee County gas pool, and recent drilling has
proved it to be oil-bearing in many other parts of tin-
Lit''. The "pay" is apparently to be found at various
depths below the top, but t is probable that careful
relation of well data will show that the formation car-
ries one definite oil-bearing sand not far from its I

Blai k shai.i ii \s Produced cas

The Black Shale, although highly bituminous and
containing numerous oil seeps and springs along its out-
crop, is not a productive formation. Its general charac-
ter has induced a great deal of prospecting, not alone
for oil, but for coal as well, although without succi
Recent experiments' have shown the shale to be capable
of yielding 5 to 10 gallons of oil per ton upon distilla-
tion. Economically this fact is not at present import-
ant, but it may have eome scientific importance, inas-
much as it suggests a possible origin for the oil in the
underlying formation. In Meade County, the Black
Shale produced sufficient gas to justify piping it to
Louisville.

The Waverly group carries eleven recognized oil
sands, but none appears to be constant over large areas.
Near the top of the formation are the Big Injun.
Keener, and Squaw sands, which, in several of the
southeastern counties, have produced some oil and large
flows of gas. Further down in the formation the Clover-
port gas sand of Breckenridge County contained a long-
lived pool. In Wayne County the Waverly group car-
ries seven sands. Of these, the Stray, Mount Pisgah,
Beaver, Otter, Cooper and Slickford have produced large
quantities of oil and some gas. In the eastern part of
the state the Berea sand lies close beneath the Big
Injun group. This has been a good producer in Ohio,
but in Kentucky it has not been sufficiently tested to
prove its worth.

Asphaltum Deposits Show in Outcrops of
Conglomerate Measures

In the eastern counties the Conglomerate Measures
carry several sands of variable thickness and of in-
definite lateral extent, locally known as Beaver, Horton,
Pike, Salt, Wages, Jones and Epperson. In several
places these sands are good producers of high-grade oil.
No oil sands have been recognized in this group in the
western part of the state, but deposits of asphaltum at
several places along the outcrop suggest the possibility
of pools having the proper structural conditions for oil
producers.

Kentucky oil is generally of paraffin base. Its color
varies from light green to brown or black, and the den-
sity between 25° and 40° Be. It is marketed as two
grades, light and heavy, known as Somerset and Rag-
land respectively. The greater part of the oil produced
is of Somerset grade.

The comparatively low cost of drilling a test well in
Kentucky has induced considerable prospecting in nearly
every county of the state, chiefly by individuals of lim-
ited means and in the majority of cases with total dis-
regard of geologic conditions. There is a prevalent
opinion that oil will be found anywhere "if one goes
deep enough." The equally erroneous opinion that oil
found on one property will also be found on adjoining

'Eugene W. Shaw. Bull, fifil. U. S. Geol. Surv. : pp. 141-191.

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 17

properties is also held by many, and thousands of aires
been traded on this ba-sis.
During the last two years several of the larger oper-
- have had corps o( geologists in the field mapping
stn. .1 their example is beginning to be fol-

lowed by the smaller operators. At present, numerous
ts, self-styled oil experts and divining-
jpecialists are in the field, giving advice which is so
generally wrong that the well-trained professional geol
• frequently finds his ability discounted. This con-
diti n i> not peculiar to Kentucky, but is apparently
more aggravated there than elsewhere.

Mwi Factors Make Geological Work Difficult

The work of a geologist in Kentucky is difficult at
The roughness of the topography in most places,
the interference of the forest cover with long sights,
the scarcity of reliable key beds in the great thicknesses
andstones and .--hales, and the inaccuracy of most of
the available well logs contribute to the difficulty of
making good structure maps. Moreover, suitable base
maps are seldom available. In a few places the Ken-
lucky Geological Survey, cooperating with the U. £.
Geological Suivey. has made topographic maps. The
later maps of this kind are on a scale of 1 to 62,500,
with contour intervals of 20 ft., and are suitable for
fairly accurate work. The earlier maps, however, are
on a scale of 1 to 125,000, with contour intervals of
100 ft., and may not be used for anything more exact-
ing than reconnaissance work. Outside of the areas of
the later maps, bench marks are seldom to be found,
except along railroads and the navigable streams. The
difficulty of carrying spirit-level lines makes it necessary
to use aneroid elevations or those based on assumed
datum planes.

Physical and Social Conditions Retard Field Work
Tracts of land are generally of irregular shape and
are located by meets and bounds. Their lines follow
creeks, ridges, or escarpments, and corner posts are not
infrequently trees that have been removed since the
original locations were made. Physical difficulties are
not alone to be overcome. In the eastern mountainous
part of the state the scattered population often regards
strangers with suspicion. Nowhere in the United States
have physiographic conditions influenced the lives of a
people to a greater degree. In the social conditions ex-
isting there novelists may find — as some of them have
found — absorbing themes and inspiration. Considering
the numerous feuds, the tragedies following holiday
revels with "moonshine" and the activity of armed
revenue officers in breaking up illicit stills, Daniel
Boone's characterization of "dark and bloody" still re-
tains some of its original significance. Good living ac-
commodations are difficult to secure. Parties of field
workers provided with proper camping facilities may
live comfortably, but the individual who expects to live
off of the country must possess a hardihood that cannot
be daunted by sleeping in a one-room cabin with an
entire family and eating an unvaried diet of fat pork
and corn bread.

Drilling is not generally difficult. Very few holes
exceed 1000 ft. in depth, and many of the best wells are
less than 500 ft. Serious water troubles are seldom en-
countered, and many wells are drilled in without casing.

With proper facilities it is possible to average about
50 It. per day, and the present cost of drilling is about
50 per ft. Standard rigs are sometimes used, but
much of the drilling is done with portable drilling ma-
chines. During the summer of 1017, 200 drills were
reported to be at work, and greater development would
have been shown had it been possible to obtain supplies.

Poor Roads Retard Movkment of Drilling
Equipment and Casing
Water and fuel are easily obtainable in most places.
The greatest difficulty encountered is in getting the
equipment and casing to the ground. Except in the
31ue Grass country and in regions contiguous to the
larger centers i^( population, Kentucky roads are very
poor. In the eastern part of the state they are generally
unimproved creek bottoms, while in other places they
may be graded, but often without surfacing material,
and transportation is a real problem. Equipment is
often moved over the hills with block and tackle.

Oil Production Exceeds Three Million Barrels in
Five Years
According to figures published by the U. S. Geological
Survey, the production of oil in Kentucky during five
years was as follows: 1912, 484,368 bbl.; 1913, 524,568
bbl.; 1914, 502,441 bbl.; 1915, 434,274 bbl.; 1916 (esti-
mated), 1,200,000 bbl. The 200rf increase in produc-
tion in 1916 was due to rapid development and extension
of the Irvine pool and the Allen County pool. The above
figures represent oil actually sold. Many wells have
been drilled in places remote from pipe lines or rail-
roads and have been plugged because the production
cannot be marketed.

Oil Refined at Eastern Plants
The Cumberland pipe line running eastward fron'
Cumberland County, and its branches, carries most oi
the oil from the southern and eastern parts of the state
The branch line running out of the Irvine field carriec
oil to its full capacity and under the highest pressure
permissible during 1917. The greater part of the oi
goes to eastern refineries. There are, however, tw<
small refineries in course of construction, one neai
Irvine, in Estill County, and the other at Rodemer, ii
Allen County. Others are to be located at Scottsville
Bowling Green, and Louisville, according to persisten
rumors. Somerset grade of oil is selling at $2.55 a
present and Ragland grade at $1.20 per barrel.

Future Production Dependent on Small Produce)
Kentucky ranks about eleventh in the list of oil-pry
ducing states. It is doubtful if it will ever advance tha
rating, although it is conceivable that the present pro
duction may be doubled or tripled. There is nothing t
justify hopes of finding pools of the gusher type, al
though, in the course of future development, some well
may produce 500 or 1000 bbl. per day; but the majorit;
will produce less than 50 bbl. However, steady five
barrel pumpers are not to be despised where drillin:
costs are low, if there are enough of them, and thes
are of the type to be expected in Kentucky. These stafe
ments are not intended to minimize the importance o
the Kentucky fields, but rather to emphasize the fac
that future development will be in the hands of sma
producers.

April 27, 111 IS

ENGINEERING AMI) MINING .loi'KNAL

7H5

It may be conservatively stated that 90r, of the holes
drilled prior to 1915 were "wildcats" in the sense of not
being justified by geologic evidence. This condition has
Improved, but there is still a greater number of unpro-
ductive holes drilled every year than there ought to
be. So far as I have been able to learn, no wells have
been brought in "off structure." and the anticlinal theory
is fully supported by facts. It should be apparent, from
the foregoing discussion, that many of the factors that
control the accumulation of oil in commercial pools are
extremely variable in Kentucky. Operators will there-
fore save considerable unnecessary expense by availing
themselves of every obtainable item of geologic evidence
before taking up leases or locating sites for drilling.

Flotation at Cobalt, Ontario*

Flotation has passed through the experimental stage
in the Cobalt camp, and is now firmly established as the
most economical method of saving the silver values in
the Cobalt ores formerly not recovered by gravity meth-
ods of concentration. It cannot be said that flotation
practice has replaced the standard gravity concentra-
tion to the same extent as in the copper-mining camps
of the West, but it is particularly adaptable to the re-
covery of the more friable silver minerals and fine leaf
silver, which escape recovery by ordinary gravity con-
centrating machinery. At present the following mills
use the Callow pneumatic system of flotation in the
Cobalt district: Buffalo Mines, Ltd.; McKinley-Dar-
ragh-Savage Mines; Nipissing Mines; Coniagas; Do-

HLOTATION RESULTS AT McKINLEY-DARRAGH-SAVAGE MINES
COBALT, ONT., DECEMBER, 1916, AND JANUARY, 1917

Con- Pit Cent.
Month Qufcrter ECeada Tails rentrates Extraction

December, 1916 1st 5 36 1 68 220 69 19

Decemb r, 1916 ... 2nl 6 56 1.01 206 85 02

Lecembcr, 1916 . ... Jrd 7 10 1 03 289 85 80

lb r, 1916 4th 7 55 1 15 443 84 98

January, 1917 1st 6 65 I 17 568 82 58

January, 1917 2nd 7 30 I 30 436 83 80

January. 1917 Srd 5 70 1 00 364 82 68

January, 1917 4th 4 70 '0 90 335 82 95

Due to the excessive marketing charges, it is economical to pro-
duce high-grade concentrates, even at the sacrifice of recovery.
With the exception of Buffalo mines and Dominion Reduction, the
companies producing flotation concentrates depend on United
states smelteries for the disposal of their products, and the
ules are high.

minion Reduction Co.; Northern Customs Concentrators,
and the National Mines. Of these the Coniagas and
Dominion Reduction have each added 200 tons daily
capacity to their initial installation, and in the new tail-
ings mill of the McKinley, the flotation unit will be
greatly increased. In the district as a whole, Callow
pneumatic installations have a total daily capacity of
2350 tons.

It has been found that the economic limit of grinding
for flotation appears to be reached when not more than
1 or 2CC is retained on a 100-mesh screen. Practically
*11 the plants use an oil mixture consisting of pine oil,
"oal-tar creosote and coal tar. A mixture of 15', pine
>il, 75% coal-tar creosote, and 10f, coal tar is efficient.

Recoveries by flotation are found to vary over a wide
range at the different plants, depending on the product
<oing to flotation, the grade of concentrates required,
ind the experience of the operators. This last factor
■vill be negligible in time, as there will soon be many
efficient operators in the district.

The table presented gives the value of the heads, tail-

•Excerpted from tin- 26th Annual Report of the Ontario Bureau
»f Mines. 1 !M 7

ings and concentrate and the per cent, recovery at tht
McKinley-Darragh-Savage Mines, from mine and mill
slime, for the months of I r, 1916, and January,

1917.

The excessive charge . equivalent to 20r,' of the market
value of the product, led to extensive research work
bj the metallurgists of the district to devise a sati
factory method for the local treatment of such concen-
t rates. The paper presented by Robert E. Dye, of Buffalo
Mines, Ltd., at the 1917 annual meeting of the Cana-
dian Mining Institute, describes in detail the work done
over a long period at the Buffalo mill and the results
obtained. These may be summed up as follows: A chio-
ridizing roast, followed by leaching, either with cyanide
or an acid-brine solution, has given the best results to
date. By this method a 95 to 98r; extraction of the
silver values is being obtained.

The Holt-Dern furnace has been found to offer several
advantages over the ordinary reverberatory type. This
furnace is simple in construction and cheap in opera-
tion. The standard roasting furnace consists of a rec-
tangular roasting chamber 7 ft. x9 ft. x4'; ft. deep,
with a hoppered bin under the grates for the discharged
product. The fuel for the roast is furnished by the sul-
phur in the charge, and the roast is maintained by an
air blast of 2000 cu.ft. per minute and 12 to. 16 oz. pres-
sure psr sq. in. Products to be roasted, with the re-
quisite amcunt of salt, additional sulphur (if necessary,
in the form of pyrltic ore), are all intermittently mixed,
and then moistened to the proper degree. Assuming
the furnace to be in running order, the cycle of opera-
tions is about as follows: With the roasting zone
within about two feet below the top of the furnace cham-
ber, the mixed charge, equivalent to about 20 in. of
depth, is dropped into the furnace and levelled off. The
blast is turned on, and the roasting zone again moves
up through the charge at the rate of about one foot an
hour. When the roasting zone has again reached the
top of the charge, the blast is turned off and the grates
are shaken till" the charge is again lowered about 20 in.
This completes the cycle. The roasted product is with-
drawn from the hopper bin underneath the grates and
transported to the leaching department. The use of an
acid-brine solution to dissolve out the economic metals,
as practiced at the Tintic Milling Co., Silver City, Utah,
would seem to offer some economy over the use of an
acid leach, followed by cyanidation, but this has not yet
been demonstrated on a commercial scale on Cobalt
concentrates.

Buffalo Mines Co. has at present (July, 1917), one
standard Holt-Dern (7x9 ft.) ready for operation, and
the leaching plant is being erected. The Dominion Re-
duction Co. installed two Holt-Dern furnaces, each 4'
ft. x 41 ft., inside measurements. These two furnaces
will have about two-thirds the roasting capacity of the
Buffalo installation, and the plant will be extended to
treat custom concentrates. The three Holt-Dern fur-
naces mentioned have a daily capacity of 21 tons of
flotation concentrates.

A Liberty Bond gives you a look into the future, but
defeat in the war will keep you tied to an unfortunate past.

'The total marketing cost for 1 ton of 300-oz. concentrates was
calculated to be (approximately) $39 82 at a time when silver was
80c. per oz.

KNiil.NKKKlNi; AND MINING JOl'KNAL

Vol. 105, No. 17

nillii iiiii i mini mum i iimimmmimimmii t niniininiininnniniinniiniiu i inn untninii in:: .'iiimih

Well-Known Mining Engineers in the Service

MAJ. S. R ELLIOTT

Hi'Hiimim nmi4i.it, mil. itmiiiim

MAJ. J. C. GREENWAY

CAPT W II. LANDERS

CAI'T R II CHANNING. JR

fiuimiminmiiiimnimlMimiimiiiimilll

i iniiiiiiii ii iiiiiiMini iixiriiiiiiiiimilllllll liMllllilllllllliii iiiiiiiiiilillilllliiliiMiiiin.il i iiimiimillillliml I h I miiimJiiillimmlltliiimn

pril 27, 1918

ENGINKKRING AND MINING JOURNAL

787

Ise of the Cement Gun in the Coeur d'Alene

District

Mining

Extensive application is being found for the
it gun in mining and milling operations,
nd in the Coeur d'Alene district the results ob-
ained by the Hercules Mining Co. at the Burke
nd Wallace mines have been excellent. In each
ase where work was done with the cement gun,
ime required for completion was less than
■hat it would have been had hand methods
em employed, and the expense has been less.

■">HE Hercules Mining Co., at both the Burke and
Wallace mines, has made use of the cement gun

- in recent improvements, with a saving of time and
>K?y. The canyon at Burke is very narrow, and in
t r to provide ample tailing and waste dumps, the

agement has found it necessary to build high crib-

back fill were of considerable extent, but it was deemed
advisable to attempt to fill them with the cement gun,
using a mixture of four parts sand to one part cement,
and thus obtain practically a retaining wall with the
face timbers fully incased. The face was finished off
with about 3 in. of mortar. Fig. 1 shows the crib before
the placing of the mortar after the furring blocks have
been placed, and Fig. 2 shows the crib after completion.
At Burke the gun was next used in the construction
of a reservoir. In a gap about 250 ft. above the level
of the portal of the lower tunnel an excavation about
26 ft. in diameter was made in the rock. Across the
outlet end a concrete wall 26 ft. high was built, after
which the upstream face of this wall, as well as the
entire surface of the bowl, was covered with about 3 in.
of gunite. The mixture used was one of cement to four
of sand, with an addition of about 10% hydrated lime.
No attempt was made to obtain a smooth surface, the

1G. 1. SHOWING CRIBBING AT BURKK MINK. BURKE, IDAHO, PREPARED FOR THE USE OP THE

MENT GUN

ii to impound the waste. The machine shops, sorting
1 s and other structures have been built on top of
poil banks, so that if the cribbing should be burned
V ! buildings would be destroyed and there would be a
Titer loss in the closing of the canyon. It was there-
°' determined to fireproof the cribbing by covering it
mortar. On the face of the cribbing small furring
a were first placed to insure that the wire mesh
"d clear the face of the timbers, and to these blocks
«vire mesh was attached, care being taken to cut an
P'ing at the end of each tie log, in order to secure
Wiaratively true planes. To the wires, projecting at
""! logs, were fastened small cap pieces of reinforce-
All of the mesh was firmly stapled to the logs
1,1 furring blocks. Between the logs, the voids in the

rock contour being followed. The reservoir, holding
about 190,000 gal., has never shown any leak except a
small one where the outlet pipe passed through the wall,
and this was probably due to the fact that no flange was
shot around the end of the pipe. The roof of a rope
house was next covered. This roof was 22 ft. wide and
102 ft. long, and was slightly arched. Sheeting was
nailed to rafters having 18 in. centei's and light tar
paper placed on top. The 1-in. furring strips were
tacked on and on these 1-in. mesh chicken netting.
A one to four mixture was shot on to a depth of 1 1 in.
The work was completed in two days. Heavy rains and
14 in. of snow have developed no leaks.

The walls and the roof of a three-story hall and club-
house was next treated. This building is 70 x 88 ft. and

ENGINEERING AND MIXING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No.

• high. The studding consisted of 2x6 in. planks

■d H*> in. (.outers. On the outer face of these was

uilding paper and on top of this a light tar

r. Three-eighths inch furring strips were then

nailed on, and on these expanded metal lath. The walls,

and the tower (amounting in all to about

|.fL), were shot to a thickness of 1, in., and
the basement walls given a stucco eoat. in

No hand finishing whatever was done on
the walls, the entire slab be.tijr shot on at one applica-
tion. The finished surface approximates a true plane.
These walls have been completed three months, and only

FIG.

SHOWING CRIBBING COVERED WITH CEMENT
AND CEMENT GUN IN ACTION

one small crack has occurred. The roof of the building.
2ii area of over 6000 sq.ft., was shot to a thickness of
1 in. in three days. The rocf was concave. The sec-
tions which slope to a central drainage point were arched
5 in. to take care of expansion. The construction con-
of 2 x 8-in. planks spaced 16-in. centers and covered
with shiplap, on top of which tar paper was placed.
Three-eighths-inch furring strips were then nailed on
and 1-in. chicken netting stretched tight and fastened
to them. One and one-quarter inches of gunite was shot
on, a one-to-four mixture being used with an addition
of 10rr hydrated lime. After this had set, a coat of
Flotine paint was applied. Melting snow has shown one
small leak around a vent pipe, but this was easily
stopped. This leak was probably caused by a heavy
rain falling the night after the roof had been shot.
The wooden lath having been purchased before the gun
was decided on, the inside of the building was h;;nd
plastered. Two of the bes;t hand-plasterers obtainable,
with a crew of one mud man and three helpers, or a
total of six men, placing plaster -: in. thick, did not cover
as much as was done on the outside walls by a crew of
five men with the cement gun, placing material 1 ! in.
thick.

Fig. 3 is a view of the front of a large ore bin. Stud-
ding was placed between the posts, and on this old

boards were nailed with S-in. furring strips, to w
was nailed diamond-mcsh expanded metal lath. Gu
11 in. thick, was shot on at one application, no 1
work being done. This surface is 77x36 ft., and
completed in 1 (1 iys at considerably less cost than
vanized iron, and presented a neater and superior \
The same company completed at the Hercules Min,
Wallace, last tall, a tank 60 ft. in diameter for the F
thickener. The bottom of this tank was lightly con
in shape, and was built of hand-placed concrete. A
nel, through which the thickened product is drawn
extends underneath the bottom from the center of
tank to a point outside. On the radius of the wall
the tank g in. square twisted rodo spaced about •
on centers were placed upright in the foundation i
crete, extending about 8 ft. above the foundation,
upper three inches of these rods were bent at r
angles. Three-quarter inch square twisted rods, ben<
a roller to a radius of 30 ft., were then wired to;
vertical rods, the spacing ranging from 3 in. at
bottom to 10 in. at the top. The walls of the tank
to be strong enough to bear the weight and to withsi
the vibration of the mechanism, which consisted <
16-in. worm rotating at 12 r.p.m., the actuating met
ism being a 5 hp. motor and the necessary gears mou
on a truck which runs on rails on top of the walls,
was therefore deemed advisable to make the walls (i
thick.

FIG. 3. SHOWING ORE BINS COVERED WITH Gl

On top of the rods two layers of reinforcing na
were placed. Templates, cut from planks to a radiuo
30 ft., were attached to the reinforcing 10 in. bo\
the top, and held in place by brackets made of 1
strap iron. The brackets were fastened to the bo:d
with stove bolts and were wired to the rods. The Ice
end of the brackets and the outer edge of the new bo;d
were afterward imbedded in the wall, and to the he
edge the wooden overflow lip was nailed. In shoo i)
the walls of this tank, a canvas form was used. "'
canvas was first stretched tightly over the outside
the reinforcement, and wired in place, after whic i

April 27. L918

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

. I

was thoroughly wet to further tighten it. The gunite,
consisting of one-to-three mortar with 10', hydrated
lime, was then shot from the inside to a thickness of
about 1J in. After this had set, the canvas was removed
and the wall completed by shooting layers from both
sides, thereby producing a wall (> in. thick, with rein-
forcement in the center. After the side walls were com-
pleted a layer of triangle-mesh reinforcement was placed
on the bottom, and a coat of gunite shot over it, neatly
finishing the work at the walls. Water was turned into
the tank within two weeks after completion ; it has been
kept full ever since, and as yet no sign of a leak has
developed.

J. T. Torkleson, construction superintendent of the
Hecla Mining Co.. where the cement gun was also used,
stated that the work cost about two-thirds as much as
hand plaster and was superior to the latter product. A
comparison was made between hand plasterers covering
the poured walls and the cement gun on the same work.
A wall 105 x 17 ft. was covered i in. thick by hand and
cost $75. The same amount applied with the cement gun
1 1 si $25, or 0.042c. per sq.ft. by hand against .014c. per
sq.ft. by the gun.

Procedure for Obtaining Steel in
Great Britain

"The demand for steel in Great Britain is far in ex-
cess of the possible supply," says Iron and Coal Trades
Revieiv, and in order, therefore, to ensure that available
supplies shall, as far as possible, be forthcoming for the
most urgent work, a system of control has been insti-
tuted in conjunction with the Ministry of Munitions.

"The country has been divided into six areas, each
of which has been placed in charge of a steel superin-
tendent, who represents the Admiralty and the Ministry
of Munitions. One of his chief functions is to advise
and assist firms situated in his area in obtaining sup-
plies of steel for authorized purposes, and it is therefore
incumbent on all firms requiring supplies to consult with
their steel superintendent and follow his directions. The
six areas are known as the Scottish area, the North-
East Coast area, the Sheffield area, the Manchester area,
the Birmingham area, and the South Wales area.

"The rolling program at the principal works of the
areas are arranged by the steel superintendent in con-
sultation with expert area committees, composed of
representatives of the principal mills, and it follows
that the steel superintendent, who is in constant com-
munication with his colleagues in the other areas, is in
a position to give authoritative information as to the
prospects of obtaining material. To facilitate regular
and frequent rollings of sections, thus avoiding serious
delays, a list of standardized sections has been drawn
up and published.

"The needs of the various services and the country
generally have been carefully estimated, and the avail-
able supplies have been allocated pro rata thereto. In
order to ensure that the supplies available do, in
fact, go to the allotted destination, statistical returns
are regularly obtained from all the manufacturers,
which give particulars of all their deliveries to their
various customers. In order to enable these returns to
be utilized, the system of what is known as 'prefix let-

tering' for orders has been instituted. These prefix let-
ters indicate the service for which the steel ordered
thereunder is to be used, and it has been laid down that
no order may be entered or executed unless it bears its
appropriate prefix lettering, followed by the Admiralty
or Ministry of Munitions priority or permit reference.
All material destined for Admiralty purposes, including
every species of floating craft, is dealt with under Ad-
miralty prefix lettering and contracl or permit number,
and all the remaining services are dealt with under
Ministry of Munitions prefix lettering and contract or
permit numbers or references."

Swedish Iron-Ore Trade

"Since the early days of the war little information
has been available in this country regarding the course
of Swedish trade in iron and steel with Germany, par-
ticularly as regards iron ore," says Iron and Coal
Trades Revieiv (British). "This is of great interest,
because the Westphalian iron trade depends to a large
extent upon Swedish ore imports, although, of course, a
considerable tonnage is also taken from Lorraine. From
Swedish sources we give below, month by month, from
January, 1014, to November, 1917, the Swedish exports
of iron ore, in units of 1000 metric tons:

EXPORTS OF [RON ORE FROM SWEDEN

1914

1915

1916

1^17

1.000 1..IIV

i.n:: i t na

1,000 tons

1,000 tons

January

303

21 .

223

312

February - . .

291

2.'.

291

237

March

337

272

258

253

April

393

31?

247

25V

May

525

401

272

32J

June

671

595

297

77^

July

861

P92

484

769

August

211

1 II 1

767

574

September

252

b72

814

718

October

33(>

689

78)

711

November

263

277

709

486

December

227

225

389

Totals

4.7."7

5,993

5,540

"The figures for December are not yet available, but
the exports for the 11 months of the year aggregate 5,-
427,000 metric tons. It follows that the exports in 1917
will exceed those of 1916 by about 250,000 tons.

"Some Swedish ore comes to this country, and a good
deal is shipped via Narvik, in Norway. Details of the
imports of ore to this country are now no longer pub-
lished, but, as regards 1917, the British trade is to some
extent gaged by the 1916 position, and we give below
the imports from Norway and Sweden into this country,
taken from the Board of Trade returns, together with
the Swedish exports, all reduced to British tons :

EXPORTS OF IRON ORE FROM SWEDEN AND NORWAY

1914 1915 1916

From Sweden to Great Britain. .
From Norway to Great Britain.
Swedish exports to all countries

Tons Tons Tons

189,949 46,667 432,808

429,930 669.088 598,455

4,710,400 5.897,000 5,451.00(1

"While Norway is a considerable exporter of iron ore,
the figures point to the fact that Germany has relied to
an increasing extent since the beginning of the war up-
on Swedish exports."

German Zinc Union has agreed to prolong the present
agreement till Sept. 30, says Chem. Tr. Jottrn. At present
no change will be made in quotations; the demand continues
very active, and it is fully anticipated that the use of zinc
as a substitute in various industries for copper and other
metals, which have become very scarce during the war, will
continue when hostilities cease.

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105. No. 17

I Views from Gold Coast Colony, West Africa

ii imiiinimiimimiiimiii inn iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiuii I iniiiiimiiimi imiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiii i inn iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiminiiiiiiiii mini

>PENTNG IT \ COUNTRY OF DENSE EXDEROROWTH

'—-—-?_£ «C _*~

THE PRESTEA BLOCK-A MILL IS THE LARGEST IX THE TARKWA AND PRESTEA GOLD FIELDS

April 27. L918

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

791

TYPICAL GROUP OF GOLD COAST NATIVES FROM FAJSTTEE VILLAGE

BATTERY "BOYS AND MEMBERS OF THE STAFF AT THE PRESTEA BLOCK-A .MILL

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 17

Determining Flow Sheets in New Mills

By a. SCHWARZ*

mportance of determining, before a mitt is

the method of concentration that icill aire
fs in dollars and cents is emphasized.
- should be on as large a scale as possible.

OF LATE years it has become customary to make
milling tests before erecting mills, and the
tying characteristics of ores make this work
an important factor in metallurgical operations. Fail-
ures have been caused by constructing mills without
properly determining the various steps in crushing: and
extraction by different types of machines to ascertain
the most suitable method. Many factors are to be
dered. Coarse crushing is largely a matter of
her efficiency, and can be decided upon usually from
available data. The efficiency of rolls which are often
employed for intermediate crushing is much influenced
by the type and mesh of the screen used between the
crusher and the rolls. Excessive fines allowed to pass
through the rolls will cause a low efficiency of the
latter. The reduction of material in too great steps
also lowers the efficiency and increases the wear.

Jigging is sometimes carried too far. It naturally
tends to produce fine slimes on sulphide ores, on account
of the wear on the mineral cubes. More slimes are
thus produced than are usually suspected. Mineral
cubes of a given weight exposed to jig action for a
number of hours show a remarkable reduction in weight.
Upon filtering the slimes from the circuit water, it will
be found that they pass through a 300-mesh screen with
ease. Table treatment will not recover such fine mate-
rial, and even if it is saved by other means, subsequent
masting and smelting will show increased losses. The
losses from excessive jigging are marked in the treat-
ment of oxide and carbonate ores.

Operating Cost Must Be Compared with Results

Determination of the necessary extent of classifying,
nettling capacity, re-grinding, table and flotation treat-
ment, etc., is of the highest importance. The coarser
the mineral can be extracted, the cheaper and more
complete will be the recovery. Cost of operation, as
compared with net results in dollars and cents, is the
all-important thing, and while a h:^h extraction may
be desirable, there are limitations wni h must be
seriously considered. Flotatijn e r tntrates, for in-
stance, are not a desirable rrol e£ for smelteries and
are heavily penalized. I had the experience that on
'/.inc ores, for instance, as much as $20 to $30 less per
Mn was paid for fine concentrates than for coarse.

The grade of concentrates made also has an important
ii earing on the extraction. I have known cases where
a high grade of concentrates was unnecessarily made,
decreasing the extraction 15rr . These are mathematical
problems which should be taken care of by men who
make a specialty of that particular line of work. Un-
expected results can sometimes be obtained in this way.

•Consulting engineer. .loplin. Mo

Thus, in selling their product, several mining companic
obtain for concentrates up to a certain grade $1.2
per unit, and above that grade $1 per unit, so thi
they are actually penalized for making a higher-grad
product, which in turn will reduce their extractioi
Many hundred tons of this material, running one c
two points above the high base, is sold weekly, thoug
it would increase the extraction considerably to sta
one or two points below the high base.

Ore for Test Must Be Prepared as in
Actual Operation

Ore testing is conducted in a large majority of cast
on a small scale, where any error multiplies so man
times that the reliability of the tests is much to t
doubted. Furthermore, methods of preparing the oi
are often employed which do not conform with the
used in actual operation. For example, many flotatio
tests are conducted on ore ground on a bucking boar
or in a disk grinder. The physical condition of th
ore is therefore far from what it would be if rolls c
a tube mill were used. Besides, metallic iron is intn
duced in excessive quantities, influencing the flotatio
process to a varying degree. Crushing should be dor
with the same type of machine as will be used i
actual milling operation.

In a recent investigation of a lime gangue zinc ori
I obtained good flotation results on the first test. Th
second test gave only a 20% extraction. I found thi
the ore in the second test had been prepared by grindin
on the bucking board, while in the first case it had bee
ground in a porcelain-jar tube mill. I made a magnet:
separation of the ore ground on the bucking board, an
immediately obtained an 85 % extraction. I then mad
a comparative test on ore ground in a steel-lined tul
mill with chrome-steel balls and also a test on or
prepared in a porcelain laboratory tube mill with flii
balls. The results were practically the same, showin
that a small amount of iron introduced in the stee
lined ball mill did not effect the extraction, but th;
the excessive amount of iron carried in from the bucl
ing board completely upset the calculations. There ar
however, methods of treatment by flotation in whic
metallic iron is purposely introduced. It then becomt
a question of how much metallic iron is naturally avai
able from the crushing machinery or whether prohibitiv
quantities, such as could not be used in practice, will t
required.

Scale of Test Must Be Large as Possible

Again referring to the size of the testing machine t
be used, I find it beneficial to employ a fairly lar?
machine for final testing. The quantities of reagent
for instance, to be used in flotation are hard to detei
mine with small machines, and the theoretical recover
obtained from small tests on the regular laboratory-si?
machine is also to be questioned. While it ha: happene
that laboratory tests have often been bettered in prai
tice, I have personal knowledge of a number of case
where the laboratory test was never equalled. Th
process, therefore, had to be worked out in actu:

April 27, 1918

ENGINKKRING AND MINING JOURNAL

TSA

iUing, which costs a great deal of money. I have
mnd it advantageous for this reason to use, in ore
sting, a number of flotation machines that arc capable
handling several hundred pounds of feed.
1 am using a six-foot thickener lour feet deep and
vend different types of notation machines in con-
testing tests. It is apparent that on certain kinds
ore a series treatment with different types of ma-
ines often gives better results than a series treatment
th the same type. I believe it is sometimes preferable
use a combination of mechanical and aeration ma-
ines; at other times either one or the other type of
ichine alone. During the last 20 years, I have in-
died a number of ore-testing plants and have found
d a continuous operation, whereby the product is
•chanically handled from one machine to the other, is
I as desirable as the installation of every machine
itself, because in most cases it is necessary to weigh,
■een and assay the product of each machine.
Moreover the varying ratio of feed and the varying
■ unities of products obtained in each part of the oper-
:on make it difficult to obtain accurate results.

Arrangement at Ore-Testing Plant

!n one testing plant, crushers, rolls, tube mills, jigs,
tiles and flotation units are so installed that every
i chine has a receptacle large enough to hold several
hdred pounds of product at a charge. Every recep-
tle, however, is connected to a thickener to make
| sible a thorough collection of slimes from the entire
• ration. The product is then taken from every ma-
il ne, weighed, screened, assayed and hand-fed to the
it machine. The flotation machines and the thickener
;< arranged to work in closed circuit, it being, of
C rse, impossible to handle the slimes without proper
; ling. The thickener is operated intermittently,
sing a certain accumulation of slimes from the
vious milling machines. These are allowed to settle
:■• clear and are then decanted to a degree of predeter-
1 ed dilution, which factor is thereafter carried con-
si ently through the test. Thus different degrees of
d tion can be tried, the results determined and their
n tive value estimated. The preliminary testing work
^flotation is done in laboratory machines, but final
r'ilts are verified in the larger machines.
l case of mills already built it is, of course, im-
ant to check milling results and particularly the
R'k of each individual machine. Much information
oa be gained by thorough sampling, by screening the
P'lucts, and by determining whether the mineral pres-
fc is free or not. The efficiency of screening and
;];dfying devices should be checked. It is often an
a matter, after determining where important losses
"mate, to remedy the trouble. Tailings dumps in
J cases have been successfully retreated, but in
rs such efforts have failed for various reasons. The

0 of rehandling tailings is heavy. Oxidation and
"hating of the mineral usually prove to be greater

1 is apparent on casual examination, and it is un-
itedly best to strive for as perfect an extraction as
'°ible at the first milling.

"But the Engineers — "

"Engineer" is a fine-sounding; titla that suggi I
almost anything grand and technical in the way of a
job. In our Army, says the New) York Tribune, it means
everything from wire-cutter and sappers on the fronl

line to railway engineers and pick and shovel laborers.
Perhaps a Rood many of us, in our ignorance, have
thought of these latter as anything but soldiers, as
laborers, merely, behind the line, with the sound of
guns in the dim distance.

"Bui the engineers dropped their tools, and, seizing
their arms, fought back fiercely." If this has occurred
once in dispatches it has occurred a dozen times. The
tools are never specified. It is hard to find out just
what sort of "engineer" is referred to. They were
American railway engineers at Cambrai — the first
American soldiers to do any real fighting in the war.
They seem to have been railway engineers again on
the road to Amiens. At any rate, "engineers" dropped
their tools again and fought, fought so well that the
Premier of England mentioned them in the House of
Commons as part of that immortal army of odds and
ends with which Brigadier General Carey stopped the
gap.

So our old conception will have to be modified con-
siderably. Engineers may be equipped with the tools
of peace. Eut they can fight with the best of soldiers,
whether they belong on the firing line or not. "Only
an engineer" promises to become one of the most
honorable titles of the war.

port Taxes on Metals in Mexico have been reduced by

Mexican government. Effective as of Feb. 1, the tax
n ietals generally is to be 3% of the value of the metal
M nt of the ore exported. Graphite tax, 1.3% of value.

Washing Gold on the Yangtse Kiang

The water of the Yangtse River at the end of January
was at its lowest level, writes Consul G. C. Hanson
from Chungking, China. Opposite Chungking stretches
of its gravel bed were high and dry. On these gravel
beds could be seen numerous Chinese washing the sands
of the river bottom for gold. The Chinese work in
pairs, and the apparatus employed by them is simple.
It consists of an inclined plane formed by narrow
strips of bamboo placed crosswise on two bamboo
poles. Over and at the upper end of this inclined
plane is suspended a basket of about half a bushel
capacity. Sand and gravel are shoveled from the river
bed into this. River water is then poured over the
contents, which are shaken during the pouring. The
water, carrying with it the fine sand that passes through
the meshes of the basket, runs down the inclined plane.
The fine bamboo crosspieces of the plane are so ar-
ranged that minute particles of gold are caught on the
upper edges of each bamboo strip. After a great num-
ber of baskets full of sand and gravel are treated in this
way, the particles of gold are removed from the in-
clined plane, which is then ready for operation again.
One plane worked by two men will yield daily a quantity
of gold equal in value to about 20 or 30c. (U. S. cur-
rency). One man shovels the sand and gravel into the
basket, while the other shakes the basket and pours
water over its contents. It can readily be seen that
fortunes are not made in securing gold in this primi-
tive fashion.

Remember the Comfort Fund of the 27th Engineers.

ENGINEERING AN l» MINIM; .JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 1

United States Steel Corporation

THK important bearing of the iron and stool in-
dustry upon national affairs, particularly since
th i entrance of the United States into the war,
i: reflected in the report of the United States Stool
Corporation for 1917. Owing to the wide range covered
by the report, it is impossible to publish it in full, but
iet" review is herewith given, with the conviction
that it will be of interest, and because of its importance,
inasmuch as the United States Steel Corporation may
bo regarded as the directin.tr factor in the iron and
industry in the United States.
The general balance sheet, condensed, is as follows:

\l RAI BA1 \M I Mil Ml g Mil I CORPOH \ riON
Year Ended Dec n. 1917

' oil

$1,521,816,791 66

20,666.735 is

J5.0<)8. 189 08

-

1,857.660 61

4.355.759 02

-

65,737,672.82

1

799,997, i'i7 48

.

J2.449.550.206 05

Liabilities

$508,502,500 00

560,281.100 00

companies not held by 13 8.81
- - ration

480.142 511

422,299,000 00

■ ■hi. >

164.487. ?47 74

35,098, 189 08

1 purchase money

672,730 II

ities

340,351,583 23

U

75,916,609 76

i surplus

110.000.000 00

Undivided surplus

431,660.803 63

$2,449,550,206 05

Of the annual assets, materials and products on hand
are represented by $223,668,068.29; accounts receivable,
$10-j>, 416.124.07, and cash on hand, $184,794,610.78.
The net income for 1917 amounted to $244,738,908.36,
and is shown in condensed form in an accompanying
table. From this is deducted $22,120,151.36 in interest
and premiums, and an adjustment of $1,600,807.54
brings the balance to $244,219,564.54.

Dividends, Appropriation and Balanck

Total dividends paid amounted to $116,714,127, pre-
ferred stock receiving 7rf and common, 5' r regular
and 13', extra. These total $25,219,677 for the pre-
ferred and $91,494,450 for the common stock. After
dtducting dividends and an appropriation of $55,000,000
from the balance, an amount of $52,505,437.54 remains
as a balance carried forward to undivided surplus.

Domestic and Export Shipments

Total domestic shipments for the year were: Rolled
sleel and other finished products, 13,196,910 tons; pig
iron, ingots, spiegel, ferro and scrap, 534,768 tons;
iron ore, coal and coke, 995,590 tons, and sundry ma-
terials and byproducts, 139,998 tons. Total tons of all
kinds of materials, except cement, 14,871,266, and this
itam shows a decrease of 0.4f, from 1916 shipments.
Universal portland cement shipped equalled 10,398,759
bbl. The value of domestic business amounted to
Sl,026,393,678, an increase of 46% over 1916.

Export shipments amounted to: Rolled steel and
otier finished products, 2,173,195 tons; pig iron, ingots
arid scrap, 19,479 tons, and sundry materials and by-
products, 1911 tons. Total tons of all kinds of materials,
2,194,585, which is a decrease of 12.3^ from 1916 ship-

ments. The value of export business amounted to $1
488,730, an increase of I9.3fl over 1916.

Wages Increase 65 Per Cent, in Two Yi \i;

Two general increases in wages were made, on J
1 and Oct. 1. respectively, and these advances,
gether with those made in 1916, bring the total incn
to 65', above the rates previously prevailing at
end of 1915, that is, for unskilled labor. During
year 11.486 employees entered the regular war ser
of the United States.

Prices Advanced, and Demand Exceeds Suppi.

Not only was there a material advance in the pr
of steel products, caused by the increased cost of la!
raw materials and supplies, but the demand Ian
exceeded the producing capacity of the manufactur
Unfilled orders amounted to 9,381,718 tons of rol
steel products, a decrease of 2,165,568 tons from tl

li'l M l-laiDl'CTION IN 1916 AND 1917

1916

Products
Iron < ire Mined
In the Lata Superior Region

Mceabi Range

Vermilion Range

Gogebie Range

Menominee Range.

Marquette Range
In the South in Region

Tennessee Coal, Iron <v It K Co.'s Mines.

Totals
Limestone Quarried

< loal Mined

For us ■ in ilii- manufacture of coke
For steam, i:as and all other purposes

Totals

Tons

24,928,039

I. Mi. 1102

2,369,460

996,983

647.132

3,099,553

I

I
23, 8(

2.1'

l.l.

4<

1.1.

Coke Manufactured
In bee-hive ovens
In byproduct ovens

Totals

BlastrFurnaee Production

Pig iron ....

Spiegel, ferromanganese and silicon.

fotals

Steel-Ingol Production

ni. r infills
i tpenhi art h ingots

Totals

>

Rolled and Othc r Finished steel
Produ its foi S ill
Steel tails (heavy and lit'lit tie and girder)....
Hli H a us, billets, sialic, -In i i mil tinplatt bars.
Plates

Heavy structural shapt s
Merchant steel, bars, hoops, bands. sk.lp, etc.

Tubing and pipe

Wire rods

Win- and products of wire

Sheets iM.nl. and galvanized) and tin plates..

Finished structural work

Ancle splice bars and all ol hi r rail joints

Spikes, bolts, nuts and rivets

A Vies

Steel ear win els

Sundry steel and iron products

Totals

33.355.169

11.7:

7.C23.474

6,4'

26,606.041

6.162.340

6.9

32,768,381

31.4

12,479,160

r II. 1

6,422.802

6.2

18,901.962

17,4

17,412,049

15, '

195 588

1

17,607,637

7,273,766

6

13,636.823

20,910,589

1,533,681

l.l.

1.881,526

1,332,262

I

1.029,682

i.i

2,715,277

1.338.892

1,4

278.197

2.004.494

1

1,786.642

557.953

277.271

95,094

173,530

IC7.I67

349, Ii2

15,460,792 14 2,

Spelter .....

Sulphate of iron

F. rtilizer

I niversa! [an i land cent

55,898

46.263

8,618

Bbls.

10,425,600

7,

I.

IC7

in 1916, which was the highest total recorded i 1
history of the corporation. Conditions prevails
respect to Government regulation of prices, pi '"
orders on production and the demands for waiP
poses, directly or indirectly, of a large percent;;.'
the output of the mills, interfered with forward '
bv customers.

April 27, 1918

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

795

Output of properties and plants did not reach the
ecord figures of 191G, notwithstanding additions and
xtensions completed and placed in operation, which
pmewhat increased the capacity. This decrease is at-
ributed to inability to secure sufficient employees and
o the lack of ample transportation to supply plants with
aw materials and supplies. Total production for the
ear, compared with that of 1916, will be found in an
coompanying table.

Expenditures during the year for extensions and con-
traction amounted to $121,322,862 and covered a wide
iinge of improvements and included the increasing of
lpacity and facilities at plants and properties to assist
i meeting the urgent demand for steel and other
roducts for the military and naval requirements «f
le United States.

Extensions of Plants Cover Large Field

Important among the items of work completed or
egun in 1917 were: Carnegie Steel Co. completed
ii additional 110-in. sheared-plate mill; Indiana Steel
o., a 160-in. sheared-plate mill at its Gary works,
nd Illinois Steel Co., at its South works, completed

90-in. sheared-plate mill. Tennessee Coal, Iron and
. R. Co. began construction on a 110-in. sheared-plate
till, which will be completed in 1918. At the Duquesne
orks of the Carnegie Steel Co. an additional 12-in.
ar mill was completed ; at the McDonald works of the
ime company nine additional merchant bar mills are
earing completion.

The National Tube Co., at its Lorain, Ohio, works,
impleted two additional O. H. furnaces, a new 40-in.
looming mill, and a central electric power and light
lant. The Gary works of the Indiana Steel Co. finished
mr additional blast furnaces and a new 40-in. bloom-
ig mill. Two additional merchant bar mills and a
ew forged-steel wheel plant are nearing completion
: this plant. The South Chicago works of the Illinois
teel Co. completed a new duplexing steel plant and an
ectric 0. H. furnace. The American Steel and Wire
o. finished a new rod mill and a new mill for rolling
at wire and strips at the Cuyahoga works. At the

orcester, New Haven and Trenton works additional
icilities and equipment are being installed for the
anufacture of wire rope.

The American Sheet and Tin Plate Co. finished and

aced in operation 20 additional tin plate mills, with

1 necessary equipment, 10 mills having been installed

its Farrell, Penn., and 10 at its Shenango works.

INCOME 1917— U. S. STEEL CORPORATION

oss receipts $1,683,962,552.21

crating charges. . . 1,334,31 1.536 42

Balance

>yalties and rentals

her income

*e adjustments and charg«s .

Total earnings

terest and depreciation

$349,651,015.79
16.753,576 55

$366,404,592 34
11.794.867 15

$378,199,459.49
74,037.987 96

$304,161,471 53
59,422,563 17

t income for year ended Dec. 31. 1917 $244,738.908 36

Substantial progress during the year was made in
e construction of byproduct coke plants at Clairton,
mn. ; Lorain, Ohio; Newburgh, Ohio, and Gary, Ind.,
id of a benzol plant by the Minnesota Steel Co. at
Jluth, Minn. These plants will be ready for opera-
>n early in 1918, and will have 1168 ovens.

Construction of a modern shipbuilding plant on the
Hackensack River, near Newark, N. .1., was begun in
Inly, 1917, and it is expected that 10 completed ships
will be delivered during the year 1918. The plant will
have 10 shipways, together with all necessary shops
for completely finishing ships. Land was acquired for
a site and construction of a shipbuilding plant which
started in November, 1917, on the Chickasaw River
near Mobile, Alabama.

Equipment for Manufacture of War Supplies

During the latter part of the year, the construction
of a gun-forging plant was started; also the enlarge-
ment of the works of the National Tube Co. for the
manufacture of torpedo air-flask forgings and the in-
stallation of machinery and equipment in the armor-
plate department for the production of recuperator
forgings for heavy guns.

During the year, outlays totaling $3,334,664 were
made at Gary, Ind.; McDonald, Ohio; Farrell, Penn.;
Donora, Penn. ; Clairton, Penn., and Fairfield, Ala.,
for the construction of dwellings for employees, and
the development of the property on which these houses
were erected.

Extensive Coal Lands Purchased

During the year there were purchased 57,723 acres
of coking coal, including 48,884 acres of surface,
situated in Logan and Mingo Counties, W. Va., and
Letcher and Harlan Counties, Ky. This coal is of grade
and quality well adapted for mixing the Pocahontas
and Illinois coals for use in byproduct-coke operations,
and will be used principally at the byproduct-coke
plants of the subsidiary companies in Western Ohio,
Chicago and Duluth districts. They were acquired
in Washington County, Penn., and an additional 207S
acres of steam coal.

Additional Transportation Facilities Added

During the year, additional railroad equipment was
purchased or constructed for general transportation
service, as follows: 31 locomotives, 4280 steel freight
cars, 324 box and dump cars, and 28 road cars of vari-
ous kinds, costing in all $10,002,070. Three 12,700-
ton capacity ore-carrying vessels were purchased and
placed in commission during the year. One additional
steamer of same type was ordered for delivery in 1918.

The total amount unexpended on authorized appro-
priations for new plants, extensions and additions and
betterments, including iron-ore mine-stripping opera-
tions for 1918, equalled approximately $187,000,000.
It is estimated that about $110,000,000 of this total will
be expended in 1918.

employees and payrolls

1917 1916

Employees of Number Number

Manufacturing properties 198,711 187,289

Coal and coke properties 26, 1 89 25, 1 43

Iron-ore properties 13,198 12,624

Transportation properties 26.210 24,189

Miscellaneous properties 3,750 3,423

+

Totals 268,058 252.668

Total salaries and wages paid $347,370,400 $263,385,502

Average Salary or Wage per Employe per Day: ~ "**

All employees, exclusive of general administrative

and selling force $410 $3 29

Total employees, including general administrative

and selling force $4.16 $3. 36

Employees of the corporation were offered the privi-
lege of subscribing for shares of common stock at $92

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 17

per share. Subscriptions were received from 43,258
ul amounted to 95,437 shares. The same
conditions governing subscriptions and the distribution
pedal compensation thai have been offered in past
years were made The United States steel and Carnegie
Pension Fund disbursed $712,506.65 to retired em-
ployees, 241 of whom were placed on the list during
H'l", the total number on the rolls now being 2933.

Safkty. Sanitation \ni> WELFARE

Amounts spent for safety work totaled $998,806, an
iiK-r- $150,726. Fatal and serious accidents per

employees showed a decrease of 14.67', , as com-
pared with 1916, and this is regarded as notable in the
light that the increased force in 1917 included many
new employees not familiar with safety rules and regu-
lations. Accident relief in the sum of $3,171,994 was
disbursed for the benefit of injured employees. Addi-
tii nal sanitary equipment was installed throughout the
plant and mines, and included drinking-water systems,
sanitary drinking fountains, latrines, wash and locker
rooms, including 496 shower baths and 15,763 lockers.
Welfare work was systematically continued by the cor-
poration during 1917. Many dwelling houses, combin-
ing modern conveniences and provided to workmen at
moderate rentals, were built. Garden plots were en-
couraged, the utilized area provided by the corporation
amounting to 2082 acres and comprised 15,705 gardens.

Committee Reports Mineral-Control
Bill to House

In reporting the Mineral-Control bill to the House,
the Committee on Mines and Mining says:

Your committee cannot too strongly urge the importance
of this bill for war purposes, so as to provide these neces-
sities which must be secured to carry out the war activities
of the Government. All the evidence before the commit-
tee has indicated that such a bill is essential, and especially
now is it imperative that it should be enacted into law at
the earliest possible date, in view of cutting off of ships
from foreign trade and putting them into other absolutely
necessary use for the Government. It would be indeed
unfortunate in the prosecution of this war if the Govern-
ment should be suddenly deprived of these supplies of war
materials which are absolutely essential, and we ought not
to take any chances by depending upon importation for
these metals and minerals which can be largely developed
in our own country. We should be as near independent of
the world as possible in war time, and it is believed that
under this bill we can secure the supply of most of these
necessaries.

The report, which was written by Dr. Foster, the
chairman, contains excerpts from the testimony of the
Secretary of the Interior, the Director of the U. S. Geo-
logical Survey; Prof. B. F. Leith, of the Shipping
Board; Bernard M. Baruch, chairman of the War In-
dustries Board; Dr. Richards, of Lehigh University;
Pope Yeatman, head of the non-ferrous division of the
War Industries Board; Herbert Hoover, the food ad-
ministrator; F. W. DeWolf, state geologist of Illinois;
and of the Director of the Bureau of Mines.

With regard to the licensing feature provided in Sec-
tion 5 of the bill the committee's report says:

It is not intended by the committee that the Government
would necessarily make a complete licensing regulation, but
only use it where it is necessary. In the case of minerals
enumerated in this bill, the number of those who might
be licensed must necessarily be small, so that there will
not be any great expense or difficulty in performing this

work. There are now 12 producers of sulphur in the Unit
States and probably less than a hundred of pyrites and n
moil' than two or three hundred of manganese.

The report discusses Section 12 of the bill as follow

Section 12 gives the President the power to take o\
and operate any mine, smelter, or plant where it is eitli
idle or is insufficiently developed. It is not intended
use this power save as the last resort, but it would only
available in cases of emergency. Where a mine cannot
operated on account of litigation or there may be a reftll
to develop the property, or, because of its inaccessibili'
private capital is unable to operate it, such proceeding mio.
be necessary, but the primary purpose of this bill is
stimulate the production of mining by private capil
wherever it is possible to do so. This section is also i
tended to take care of any cases where other methods pi
vided in the bill might fail and where the output of th
particular mine might be absolutely necessary. The secti
provides also for the restoration of such property to
owners as soon as the necessity is over, and also provu
for just compensation for any damage or depletion whi
may occur.

The guaranty clause is referred to as follows:

Section 14 is a very important section in the bill,
giants power to establish a guaranteed price in order
insure reasonable profit to the producer and in that w
stimulate production. It fixes the time of such guaranti
prices for two years. This section also provides that dut
may be placed upon the import of necessaries sufficii
to bring the price of the imported article to the same le
as any guaranteed minimum price which may be establish
This provision, of course, is understood to be for the p
tection of the United States Government, so it may not
compelled to buy these necessaries at higher prices tl
might be fixed for the imported article. After the Govei
ment has established the guaranteed minimum price, i
would, of course, have to make effective the purchase'
such ores and minerals as offered for the period of two ye<:
If the war should suddenly end, there would probably >
an increased importation. This section also provides •
a reasonable time for the President to close up the bii
ness when the war shall end. It is believed it is necess
to guarantee these prices on necessaries in order to stin
late the production. It is also believed that the power;
fix prices is necessary in order to effectively secure reasi
able prices between the producer and consumer.

Wages Paid in California Oil Fie'c

In a paper1 presented at the February meeting of l
A. I. M. E., M. L. Requa gave the data condensed']
the table that follows. The wages are those that hi
early in 1917.

DAILY AND MONTHLY WAGE RATE IN CALIFORNIA Oil. FIffl

IN 1917

Midway,

Maricopa Lost ll<

and a '

Coalinga Kern McKittrick Coast South Bell 1

Drillers:

Rotary $230 00(a) $230 00(a) $6 50 $230 i

Standard... 7 00 $6 50to 7 00 $5 50 5 50 7

7 00
Toolies.. . 4 50 4 00 to 4 50 3 50 3 00 4

4 50
Firemen.... 4 00 3 25 to 4.00 90.00t.il 100 00(a) 4

3 50 to 140 00

Pumpers. 3 50 3 00to 3 50 80 00 2 50 3

3 50

i Jang pushers 4 50 4 00 to 4 50 100 00(,.l 100 00(a) 4

4 50

Well gang men 3 50 3 1 5 to 3 50 80 00,'a) 2 50 3

LaborerBand 3. 50

team .i. ■«.... 3.00 3 00to 3 001., 80 00I..I 2 50
3 25 3 50

Oas engine r

man 150 00(a) 4 00 to 105 00UI 100.00 5

6 00
Carpentere 5 00 4 00 4 00 to 90 00 5 '

5 00
Mechanics... 5 00 to ... 5 00 to 5 00 5

6 00 6 00 «

Gagers ... 75 to (o) '5 "

90 00
Rig builders. ... 6 00 5 00 5 00 b<

Electricians.. 125 00(a) 125 OOto 85 00(a)

180 00(a) .,

Blacksmiths 5 00 4 00 4 00 >'

(a) Monthly wage; others are day's pay.

'•Methods of Valuing Oil Lands." A. I. M. E. Bull. N"'
p. 417.

April 27, 1918 ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL 797

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Correspondence and Discussion |

illlllliiii inn I iiilllllllllllllllllill miiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiimiiiimiii ml I Illlllllllill mini I Illiiiiilliilin I I nimiiiniin iimniiii miiniinii i iiiininillllllllllininiin?

Sidelights on Alaska

The Alaskan mine from which I write is 20 miles from
e Copper River railway, and last summer we built
good road to the property. Two Packard auto trucks
d a Franklin car were purchased for hauling purposes,
t soon after the road was completed heavy snow-
11s, attended by winds, drifted the roads so that all the
nter hauling had to be done by teams. Incidentally,

air-cooled car is not suited to a cold country ; it is

advantage to have a water-cooled car, as one can fill
e radiator with boiling water or warm it up at any
tee where a fire can be built, while with an air-cooled
r one must keep it running to prevent freezing once
i car is taken out of a warm garage.
The Kennecott mine, which I visited early this year,

an interesting property both in regard to the ore
d in the treatment of the tailings from the mill by
j ammonia process that Mr. Stannard has developed.

is process is simple, consisting of dissolving out the
"bonates of copper by leaching with a solution of
imonia. The sulphide minerals are not dissolved, al-
>ugh there seems to be an impression at Kennecott,

regard to the process, that the ammonia treatment
la dissolve the sulphides. Things have been quiet
I the Kennecott since the strike.

\laska, I find, is an agreeable place to spend the
'iter. We had cold weather in December — it was

.vn to 65° below zero at Strelna, although at the
i tie the lowest has been 40° below. It is usually
! rmer on the hills than in the valleys, and our logging
<np, 2000 ft. lower than the mine, is 10° colder
t.n up here. I walked from Strelna out to the mine
-10 miles — with the temperature down to 60° below
si enjoyed the experience. We make the 20 miles
i eight hours, including the climbing of a pretty steep
t • I lived in a tent all winter until a few days ago,
V2n it caught fire from sparks from the stovepipe
fcl burned in ten minutes, taking all my clothes and
art of other things along with it — a mighty cheerful
( erience. I have not had a cold all winter, and, on
I whole, I have enjoyed the winter here and have
sorry for those who had to stay in New York,
R ch has had a severe winter, from all reports that
he come up here. Summer in Alaska is h — 1. It
r is prolifically, is never warm, and mosquitoes are
K'k and can sting through boiler plate.

X. Y. Z.

trelna. Alaska, Mar. 9, 1918.

Deposits of Antimony in Nevada

our editorials "A Minerals and Metals Administra-
te ," of Mar. 2, and "Our Deficient Minerals," of Apr.
*>• ill for an answer. I have personally examined many
31 mony deposits, both in Nevada and California, and
>Uied many reports upon antimony properties in

Oregon, Washington, Alaska, Idaho, Nevada, and Cali-
fornia, which justifies the assertion that there is strong
evidence of an abundant supply of antimony in America.

In Nevada there are a number of promising prospects
near Lovelock and Unionville, from which considerable]
ore has been shipped. One of these, in Bloody Canyon,
has been credited with $300,000 profit from shipments
made in the earlier days to England. Near Austin,
there are also several properties, one of which produced
nearly 2000 tons of 60% antimony ore. Within three
miles of the latter there is a property from which 10
cars of good ore were shipped and in which ther* are
orebodies 40 ft. wide, averaging 15% Sb and opened to
a depth of 100 ft. There are croppings showing ore-
shoots 200 ft. wide which will probably average over 5%.
Near Battle Mountain, Nevada, there are a number of
prospects. One of these has been opened up by means
of 2C0-ft. shafts and cuts for a distance of 2000 ft. All
of these openings show up fair ore. The above are only
a few of the prospects visited. v

Smelteries have been buying foreign ores because they
were cheaper than local ores. This condition is due, in
part, to the undeveloped condition of American deposits,
which, in turn, is due to the lack of encouragement given
the miners, who were afraid to develop because they
knew there was no hope of competing against cheap
Chinese production. The fluctuation of the markets dur-
ing the early part of the war did not induce the miners
to develop, as they were afraid that the price would not
stay up for a sufficient length of time to return the
invested capital. In fact, the high prices of 1915-16
only induced the miners to extract the easily available
ore, without doing development in any mines.

That smelters have not been able to do more than
conduct fitful operations is due mainly to the fact that
they were afraid of cheap foreign competition. I be-
lieve that American production can, in the future,
compete with foreign production if encouraged by means
of suitable Government protection until such time as
mines are developed and plants enlarged sufficiently to
lower the cost of operations.

Why not protect a necessary and infant industry until
such time as it shall have grown big enough to protect
itself? Nearai R. Layng.

San Francisco, Calif., Apr. 13, 1918.

Chemicals Used in Ore Flotation

We notice in the Journal of Dec. 1, 1917, that Parker
C. Choate takes exception to a statement of ours that a
sodium manganate or permanganate could be made for
certain differential flotation work by fusing alkaline
sodium compounds, such as the carbonate, with man-
ganese ore, and then leaching out the sodium manga-
nate. We have recently had the opportunity to talk this
matter over with Mr. Choate, and find that both par-
ties to the dispute are right, as far as their claims go.

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 17

H Choate has been interested in the production of a

Salable sodium permanganate and wishes to avoid the

, f an excess Of alkali. Hence he gets low yields of

;m manganate and permanganate, due to hydrolysis.

On the other hand, an excess of alkalies over that theo-
ally necessary for the manganese ore docs no par-
ticular harm when the product is to be used for differ-
ential notation, and hence we could get r st of the man-
ganese into solution. We are informed that caustic
soda gives a more satisfactory yield than sodium car-
bonate. Mr. Choate's discussion is therefore timely,
since it allows us to call attention to this point. At the
time he wrote his discussion he felt that our proposal
impracticable, but since talking it over with us he
has agreed that while the method is of no value for pur-
poses of making a salable manganate, it is all right for

the purpose in view.

O. C. Ralston and L. D. Yundt.

Niagara Falls, N. Y., Mar. 1, 1918.

grown-ups and children. A better balancing of tl
food ration would obviate much of this, while a bett.
knowledge of the medicines would point out the
danger.

The teacher of a school in such a community h
an excellent opportunity for splendid service along wi
her regular work, and if she has had training in pra
tical dietetics she can be of great service in the wa;
already mentioned. If not, a good teacher of this ii
portaiit subject should be secured, so that regul-
courses of domestic science may be given in the am-
torium or in the homes of the miners.

C. R. Brockunier.

Nevada City, Calif., Apr. 7, 1918.

Mining-Camp Welfare

Innovations made at a mining camp for the better-
ment of living conditions are not always received by
miners and their families with the complete under-
standing which has prompted their installation, but I
firmlv believe that anything that adds to the moral and
phvsical welfare of the employees is always worth
while, regardless of the appreciation it may arouse.

Manv mining camps have little or no area of level
around, so that often baseball or football is out of the
question. Some camps have clubhouses and others
have stores where the miners can congregate, but I
think that it would be desirable for all camps, of any
size to have a recreation building, with an auditorium
sufficiently large to permit the holding of lectures and
bi-weekly picture shows. There should be a lounging
zoom provided for reading, writing and the playing of
cards and games. Good bathrooms, with hot water,
should also be maintained. A joint committee of the
men and company officials could supervise the building
In a camp big enough to be provided with a school,
the teacher should be of such calibre as to organize
and direct a Boy Scout division and one of a similar
order for the girls. Nevada City offers an irrefutable
argument for the value of such a movement and has been
an educator along the lines of true morality as applied
to daily practice, and not brought out merely when
the occasion seemed to demand it. I would have a
place where the simpler gymnasium apparatus could be
supplied for the use of the boys and girls. Horizon tal
bars, swings, slides, and basket-ball equipment should
be possible anywhere.

Another more ideal experiment would be a series of
domestic-science lessons for the miners' wives, that
could be made practical, so that "the survmal of the
fittest" would no longer apply to the victims _o : this
class of experiments. As a rule there is little or no
knowledge of food values to be found anywhere in a
mining camp. The enforced use of canned goods does
not tend to increase strength or good digestion and in
the case of small children may work permanen injury.
As a consequence, there is a large and rather unintel i-
gent use of patent medicines and stimulants for both

One Mine Manager and the Third
Liberty Loan

I cannot let the opportunity go by of thanking ;u
for the issue of the Journal of Apr. 6. The pages :■
voted to the bond sale, and the articles on pp. 621 :d
622, are simply fine.

I have arranged a sort of swinging bulletin board n
the boarding house, and I am putting on it these 1
vertisements and articles, so that all the men can nc
them as they get their meals. I shall change theirai
they appear at different times, and I do believe that til
will help me out here in getting the boys to get ti
this thing to the last dollar. They are the very Is
things I have seen on the need for the greatest pil.o:
real money the world ever saw.

The Louis d'Or Mining Co.,
by C. E. Har

"Miami, Ariz., Apr. 13, 1918.

Method of Marking Drill Hole
Distinctively

I recently observed a drill map of a mining proirt
where the pay holes, indicative holes, blank holes if
the abandoned holes were all indicated by the
symbol. In our drilling operations, we always indai

PAY HOLE ©

INDICATIVE HOLE Q
BARREN HOLE §Z)

UNFINISHED HOLE Q
HELPFUL METHOD OF MAKING BORE HOLES

the results of the hole, marking symbols on the tri
in accordance with the accompanying figure.

It seems to me that a record of this simple ttf
of indicating the results of the drilling and a stai«
ization of same would be of considerable advanta .

JUDD STEW-T

New York, Apr. 15, 1918.

The nrice of a Liberty Bond is $100. The price of A
iJEe Tar is a lifetime of servitude to German mUre*

April 27, 1918 ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL 799

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Company Reports

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Butte & Superior Quarterly Report

Operations of Butte and Superior for the last quarter
1917 are summarized in the following:

Fourth

Quarter

1917

Dry tons of ore milled 126,175

Average zinc contents (per cent.) 15.7G9

Zinc concentrates produced (tons) 38,700

Average zinc in concentrates (per cent.) .... 48.777

Total zinc in concentrates (pounds) 37,741,179

Average silver in zinc concentrates (oz. per

ton) 18,341

Mill recovery (per cent., zinc recovered in

concentrates) .'. 94.844

Mining costs (per ton) $5.7339

Milling costs (per ton) $2.4854

Total costs, mining and milling (per ton) . . . $8.2193

On account of the unusual operating conditions exist-
g during the period, no effort was made to increase
e developed ore reserves over and above the tonnage
ined and treated during the quarter.
The No. 2 shaft and hoisting equipment were used
roughout the period for handling of men, timber and
pplies. Sinking on the No. 3 shaft was continued and
rried for a further depth of 200 ft., or 20 ft. below the
00-ft. level This shaft will be continued to the 2100-
. level, but it is not expected that there will be any
rther sinking than this for the present.
The total income for the quarter was $1,749,858;
erating costs, taxes and shutdown expenses were
,185.841, and the profits $564,017, as compared with
5,319 for the third quarter.

nnual Report of Chief Consolidated
Mining Co.

The total shipments of ore in 1917 by the Chief Con-
lidated Mining Co. of Arizona were 59,950 dry tons,
issified as follows: Silver-lead ore. 45,231; dry ores
o lead or copper) , 13,666 ; zinc ore, 830 ; zinc-lead ore,
3 dry tons. Metal contents of the silver, lead and
k ores were: Gold, 9175 oz. ; silver, 1,534,907 oz. ;
»d, 10,780,540 lb.; zinc, 600,236 lb. Zinc-lead ores
oduced contained 90,511 lb. zinc and 66,170 lb. lead,
•erage assay values were as follows: Gold, 0.153 oz. ;
ver, 25.6 oz. ; lead in lead ores, 11.92%; zinc in zinc
es, 36.16%; zinc, 20.29%,; lead, 14.84%. The aver-
e gross value per ton of all ores was $40.12. Smelt-
l, freight, sampling, etc., cost $14.19, making the
erage net value per ton $25.93. The net yield from
*2s shipped was $1,554,714.46, after the payment of
netting, transportation and sampling charges, and the
t profit was $427,637.24.

Four dividends were paid in 1917, the first being 5c.
;d the rest 10c. The total so paid was $309,451.50,
:ainst $176,481.05 in 1916. Receipts during the year
ire $2,057,S'40.61 ,and disbursements $1,795,446.95,
! ving a balance on hand Jan. 1, 1918, of $262,393.66.
sbursements included $43,681.71 for machinery and

equipment and $1,127,316.22 for total mining costs.
The company also invested $80,000 in the first Liberty
Loan and $79,000 in the second. Among liabilities were
included $102,925.09 for depreciation on machinery and
equipment and $141,428.27 reserved for taxes. The in-
come from the sale of ore was greater than in 1916,
though the tonnage was low-^r, but the net profit was
less, owing to increased costs. Development work dur-
ing the year comprised 18,438i ft. of drift, 1626 ft. of
raise and 212 ft. of winze.

Annual Report of Jim Butler Tonopah
Mining Co.

In the fiscal year ended Sept. 30, 1917, the Jim Butler
Tonopah Mining Co. produced 40,297 tons of ore, yield-
ing 11,616.953 oz. gold and 1,017,745.80 oz. of silver,
with a gross value of $1,052,600.67. The net Tonopah
earnings were $483,675.71, which exceeded those of the
previous year by nearly 50%-. The total net profit for
the year was $512,380.29. The tonnage of mill ore
bandied was 6192 less than in 1916, but the aver-
age grade was higher, which, combined with the higher
price of silver, more than compensated for the increased
costs and reduction in tonnage. Operating costs per ton
were as follows: Ore breaking, $4.11 ($3.01 in 1916) ;
development, $1.06 ($1.79 in 1916) ; transportation, 71c.
(83c. in 1916) ; treatment charges, $5.33 ($4.79 in
1916) ; general expense, including taxes, 73c. (38c. in
1916) ; total operating expenses were $481,271.20, or
$11.94 per ton ($10.80 in 1916). For lease ore
$20,264.47 was paid (7268 tons at $2,788 per ton).

Development work during the year aggregated 5012
lin.ft. and cost $43,055.64, or $8,591 per ft. ($7,582
in 1916). The average cost per foot of 1377 ft. of
drifts was $9,112; of the 2223 ft. of crosscuts, $7,313;
of the 128*5 ft. of raises, $9,529, and of the 127 ft. of
winzes, $15,798. Development cost per ton of ore
shipped was $1,152, against $1,915 in 1916, the de-
crease being due to decreased footage. Ore reserves
as of Oct. 1, 1917, consisted of 18,320 tons "positive"
ore and 5000 tons of "possible" ore. The company's bal-
ance on hand on Sept. 30, 1917, was $485,982.02.

Mount Morgan Gold Mining Co., Ltd.

Ore hoisted by the Mount Morgan Gold Mining Co.,
Ltd., in the six months' period ended Nov. 25, 1917, was
186,085 tons Mount Morgan ore and 20,286 tons Many
Peaks ore. The mill treated 91,135 tons of ore, produc-
ing 31.693 tons of concentrates, of which 4178 tons
were flotation concentrates, assaying 24.11% Cu
and 41.46 dwt. Au. Recovery by flotation of the cop-
per was 53.01% and of the gold 36.96 %. Total con-
centrates from jigging, tabling and flotation averaged
5.61% Cu and 11.54 Au. Mill recovery was 93.65% of
the copper and 78.06% of the gold. A total of 150,174
tons was treated at the smeUery, from which was pro-

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 17

guced 4114 tons of copper and 48,081 OS, of gold. The

jig concentrates wore fed directly to the furnaces; table
and Rotation concentrates were first sintered. A jig-
ging section began operations early in August.

if operations was as follows: Mining Mount
Morgan ore. £144,618 (app.) : mining and transporting
Many Peaks ore. £31.310; concentration, roasting and
sintering, £55.007; smelting, £141,786; converting,
refining and realisation charges, £48,869; gen-
eral exp '■.'- !'•'• The value of the blister copper
produced was £616,827.

At the quarries at Marmor and Iron Island, 50,197
a of limestone flux and 10.64G tons of ironstone were
taken out. The company is experimenting with the
manufacture of magnesite bricks from magnesite taken
leased ground. During the six months period
covered, a surplus was earned of £12 1.8 14 Is. 3d., from
which dividends aggregating £100.000 were paid. The
balance on hand on Nov. 26 was £120,830 7s. 3d.

Annual Report of Caledonia Mining Co.

Production of the Caledonia Mining Co. for the year
ended Dec. 31, 1917, was 9,434,900 lb. lead, 1,068,699.84
oz. silver, and 544,801.72 lb. copper. The corresponding
figures for 1916 were 10,412,640 lb. lead, 1,297,192.83
oz. silver, and 741,225.17 lb. copper. Dry tons pro-
duced in 1917 were 17,982.88, approximating the 1916
production of 17,464 tons. Cost of mining was $2.95
per ton, against $2.61 in 1916; milling, 72c. per ton,
against 59c. in 1916, and shipping, 20c, compared with
per ton for the preceding year. The gross value of
the bullion was $1,849,254.94, and the net value, $1,364,-
206.31, smelter deductions amounting to $484,988.63.
Operating cost for the year was $137,1 10.S4, against
SI 17,350.76 in 1916, leaving a profit of $1,227,155.47,
compared with a profit in 1916 of $1,154,762.56. Divi-
dends paid for the year were $937,800, bringing the
total to date to $2,901,606.05. Net operating profit for
the last quarter was $212,322.77. A surplus on Dec. 31
of $730,962.20 was reported.

Report of Coniagas Mines, Ltd.

During the year ended Oct. 31, 1917, the Coniagas
Mines, at Cobalt, produced 1,344,267 oz. silver and
certain amounts of cobalt, arsenic and nickel (not
specified). The average price received for the silver
was 78.89c. per oz.; the net cost was 21.36c. per oz.,
as compared with 15.24c. of the previous year.
Overhead expenses, which are included in cost per ounce,
amounted to 4.31c. per oz. The dividends paid during
the fiscal year amounted to $500,000, making a total
dividend disbursement of $8,740,000.

The tonnage of ore milled was 60,929, an average
of three tons per stamp per 24 hours. There were
479.8 tons of high-grade concentrates, 1754.5 oz. per
ton, and 260.4 tons of low-grade slime concentrates,
225.3 oz. per ton, shipped. Mill-heads averaged 18.56
02. per ton; sand tailings, 3.03 oz. per ton; slime tail-
ings, 2.46 oz. per ton, and final mill tailings, 2.98 oz.
silver per ton. The cyanide plant treated 968.5 tons
primary slime, containing 59,573 oz. silver, of which
52,009 oz. were recovered. A total of 2.24 tons pre-
cipitate, assaying 23.218 oz. per ton, was shipped. A
Callow flotation plant was operated. In the mine the

development consisted of 4 ft. shaft-sinking, 1223 ft
drifting, 768 ft. cross-cutting, 329 ft. raising; a tota
of 2824 ft. From cross-cutting, 2304 tons waste, fron
drifting 3670 tons of ore and from stoping 48,357 ton
of ore were produced. The average force of men fo
the year was 110.3, distributed as follows:

Mine office and supervision 6.77

Camps and buildings

Maintenance of buildings 1-18

Camp expense 0.60

Lands ami roads 1 ,48

Mining 63.80

Mining maintenance 3 . 20

Drills, tools, hardware 119

Fuel oil and waste 0.14

Milling ^-OO

Milling maintenance ;?.96

Cyaniding 1-05

Cyaniding maintenance 0.19

Flotation 2.68

Flotation maintenance 0. 16

Installation of machinery 2.32

Loading ore ° . 43

Sampling °-63

Total HO-27

The total reserves amounted to 118,909 tons, wi
a silver content of 4,487,590 oz. Prospecting ventur
for several years, involving a total expenditure
$150,000, have not succeeded in locating another silv
property worthy of development. At South Porcupi-
a prospect, the Ankerite mine, is being developed.

Report of Cape Copper Co., Ltd.

In the year ended Aug. 31, 1917, the Cape Copp-
Co. earned a net profit of £147,841 17s. 7d., to whh
must be added the credit balance of £69,077 18s. brougt
from previous year, making a total of £216,919 15s. 1
Of this, £13,824 8s. 9d. was set aside for English •
come tax, £16,894 lis. 2d. for taxes outside of 1e
United Kingdom and £77,400 was paid in dividends.

Production of ore was 91,698 tons from followi?
sources: O'okiep mine, 12,845 tons, averaging 8.8E->
copper; Nababeep South, 51,591 tons, averaging 3.6^
copper; Narrap, 2552 tons of 4.93 % copper ore; Ral*
Hills mines, 19,909 tons of 3.02% copper ore; Tea
Nova, 4801 tons, averaging 2.64% copper and 369
sulphur. Reserves reported were as follows: O'okp
not given; Nababeep South, 90,000 tons of 5% cop*
ore; Rakha Hills, 407,641 tons of 3.71% copper <j
Ore exposed in stopes in Rakha Hills mines is of hm
grade than indicated by development work. This I
necessitated adjustments in the mill, to which a Jn-
erals Separation unit is being added.

Mining costs, including depreciation, etc., were*
follows: O'okiep, £40,096; Nababeep, £32,726; Nanp.
£2273; Rakha Hills, £3S',316; Terra Nova and oUr
trial mines and cost of inspections, £22,204. In jn
eral, production costs increased and returns of copi
decreased, but higher prices obtained outweighed tlst
disadvantages.

The Nababeep smeltery treated 68,224 tons, comp:«
with 87,951 tons in the preceding year. The deer <s<
was caused by a prolonged shut-down of one of the '
naces to save fuel, which is obtained with difficulty. •
sinter plant was put into operation in July, 1917.
ployees in the company's service on Apr. 30, 1917, r*>
bered 191 white and 1017 negro. The company's '
way in Cape Colony carried 74,918 tons during the >>'

April 27, 1918 ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

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KOI

Events and Economics of the War

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Reinforced by the French, the British withstood thw
siman onslaughts along the Lys and held all main
dge positions unimpaired; a strategic withdrawal was
ade oast of Ypres, by which Poelcapelle and Lange-
arck were left to the enemy; a lull in the fighting pre-
ges a new and violent effort of the Germans to break
rough; French troops advanced slightly along the
ere; concentrated gunfire has reduced Rheims to
ins; Seicheprey, on the American front, was taken by
e enemy in a minor engagement, but was later re-
vered by American troops; Italian troops are reported
be in France. British naval forces raided Zeebrugge
d Ostend on Apr. 22; the U-boat base at Zeebrugge
is damaged and the canal used by submarines was
icked with sunken vessels filled with concrete. Vice
Imiral Keyes, commanding, was killed.
April 26 was set by the President as "Liberty" day.
nuance of patents and copyrights to enemies has been
ipped, and Americans have been forbidden to apply
r patents in enemy countries The Enemy Alien Act
s been extended to apply to women, who are now re-
ired to register if enemy aliens. The Sabotage bill,
nus the anti-strike clause, has received the President's
rnature; it provides penalties up to 30 years in prison
d $10,000 fine for injuring war materials or inter-
ring with war industry. Senator Chamberlain, of
egon, proposed an amendment to the Sedition Act, by
iich all cases of sedition will be tried by court martial;
s was strongly opposed by the President. The Silver
1 passed the Senate on Apr. 18 and the House on Apr.
The House voted down the $2.50 wheat clause in the
rricultural Appropriation bill.

hoover Discusses Buying Monopoly

'So far the Government has developed no principle of
i ce-fixing as a broad economic policy," said Mr.
] over, discussing the Food Administration recently be-
re the Pittsburgh Press Clubs. "Dislocations apply
Mt to one great commodity and then to another, and
I'refore our aspect of the problem is to deal with them
I they arise, commodity by commodity. We are deal-
U with conditions and not with theories.

'Disturbances through shortage in supply, failure of
iand or overseas transport, or because of other mat-
's with which we must contend, all lead to hardship
l either producer or consumer. Our aim is to review
:' alternative courses of action and to choose that
Eirse which leads to the lesser hardship. We are not
f iloiting economic reform or economic revolution.

'Every export from the United States is under con-
1 1. It is controlled so that it may serve the positive
riitary ends of the Government. All of our exports are
' ected to supporting the Allies, or alternatively, where
\ deal with neutrals, to get the quid pro quo for the
B rifice of our commodities. Thus our food exports are
t ected toward but a few hands on the other side.

""""i' I I " mil , nn i a inn in nnimui iimmmunnmnnimj

"The European governments have been compelled to
undertake, as a consequence of shortage of supplies, the
single-handed purchase of their supplies, both for civil
and military purposes. There has grown up an enor-
mous consolidation of buying for L20,000,000 European
people, a phenomenon never before witnessed in the eco-
nomic history of the world. Furthermore, we have
aggregated in this country something like 2,000,000 men
under arms, and we shall expand our forces to 3,000,000
or 5,000,000 before we are finished. The buying for
these men is necessarily concentrated in one agency, in-
stead of 5,000,000 agencies, as before, and we thus have
a second engine growing up in our midst as a necessity
of war conditions.

"In order that these two buying agencies should not
get in each other's way, it has been necessary to place
them under joint direction. In the final outcome, there-
fore, we find ourselves in the presence of a gigantic
monopoly of buying, just as potent for good or evil as
any monopoly in selling, and in many instances either
making or influencing prices. Therefore, not through
theory, but through actual physical fact, the price made
by this gigantic buyer dominates the market."

Americanizing the Foreign Employee

The war message may be conveyed to the foreign-born
employee in industrial plants by various means. The
immigration committee of the U. S. Chamber of Com>-
merce recommends the following:

Post on bulletin boards, headed "War Information Bulle-
tins," posters printed in English and in the principal for-
eign languages containing current information on the draft,
registration of alien enemies, proclamations or new regu-
lations. Cartoon posters from Governmental departments
and clippings from current publications often add to the
interest.

Distribute to foreign-born employees handbills containing
pro-American propaganda, statements of why America is
at war, and particulars about Liberty Bonds and War Sav-
ings Stamps. Where there are large numbers of non-
English-speaking employees, handbills can be printed in the
principal foreign languages.

Insert in pay envelopes civic-lesson leaflets and citizen-
ship messages; of these 140,000 sets in various languages
have already been used in plants with good results.

Utilize all national holidays for patriotic celebrations to
be conducted by local or plant Americanization committees.

Establish a war information service for immigrant em-
ployees where they can come at certain hours and receive
information on war measures affecting aliens, in their own
language if they do not speak English. Draft boards and
Liberty Bond and Red Cross Committees can cooperate.

Have speakers address plant meetings in English and in
foreign languages. Resolutions of loyalty may be passed
at such meetings, and means may be provided for render-
ing definite war service. Make every effort to interpret the
war to foreign-born employees and to counteract anti-Ameri-
can propaganda.

Cooperate with the headquarters of the local Boy Scouts
who have recently been made Government dispatch bearers.
They can distribute war literature to the homes of immi-
grant employees.

The immigration committee will furnish, on request,
further details, outlines, and forms to aid in the organ-
ization of any phase of the program outlined above.

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 17

Anthracite Output Increases. Bituminous
Production Props

The growing demand for anthracite has brought about

many business changes in the anthracite industry and
ted intensive methods to increase the output. The
ators are planning improved machinery for the
- and Offering I" workers to devise better

methods than those now in use. Any improvements
mplished will revert directly or indirectly to the
benefit of the consuming public.

The operators are constantly asking for new mining
ideas from any responsible firm or individual, and have
just created an "advanced ideas" body to devise ways
and means to overcome the handicap of the loss of 22.000
mine workers since the war and to increase, if possible,
the maximum output of 275,000 tons daily.

For the first quarter of the year, total shipments
of anthracite amounted to 18,727,242 tons, an increase of
tons— this in spite of the many difficulties which
were encountered. Last month 7,276,777 tons of anthra-
cite was shipped, an amount greater than in any previous
month in the history of the industry. During the first
year that the United States was in the war. the anthra-
cite industry, despite labor shortage, the severe weather
obstacles of' last winter, and, at times, serious transpor-
n difficulties, actually increased its shipments 14%,
or by nearly 10,000,000 tons, the total shipments reach-
ing 77,752,315 tons.

Washington authorities and business men of the
country are now openly concerned over the bituminous
situation. For the first quarter of this year, the official
figures show that the production of bituminous in the
United States was less than 133,000,000 tons, or about
2,000,000 tons less than for the same period last year.
The showing is that, for the quarter, the bituminous
mines averaged only two thirds of maximum capacity.

surveying, drafting, internal combustion and gas-engine
work, machinery, carpentry, blacksmithing, horseshoe-
ing and auto repairing. These schools are organized
for the First Replacement Engineers and are part of a
three-months' course. The first month is spent in learn-
ing infantry drill, manual of arms and the many details
of a soldier's life. The second month is spent at Fort
Foote, 10 miles from Washington, in rifle practice, en-
gineer drill, bridge building and general construction
The third month is spent at Washington Barracks in thi
trade schools.

Further information may be obtained from First
Lieut. H. L. Havens, E. O. R. C, publicity officer, First
Replacement Regiment of Engineers, Washington Bar
racks, D. C.

Income Tax in England

"By all means let the married man pay less than the
bachelor," says the London Graphic, "and the man with
his quiver full less than the childless man; but all
ought to pay something. At present the majority of
the weekly wage-earners in the kingdom, who can by
their votes make and unmake governments, pay prac-
tically nothing in direct taxation, and as a necessary
consequence very many of them fail to appreciate the
fact that citizenship involves duties as well as rights.
Probablv the only way of rectifying this serious evil
is to levy the income tax week by week out of wages, as
the insurance tax is levied."

Government Plans Concrete Ships

The U. S. Shipping Board is planning to construe
three launching ways for three 3500-ton concrete ves
sels. These ways will be built in one of the southen
yards, probably Wilmington, Del., or New Orleans. A
whichever yard selected, an organization for buildin;
concrete vessels will be formed and directed by th
Emergency Fleet Corporation. This type of vessel i
yet in an experimental stage. If found to be successfi
the board may then go to 7500-ton concrete ships.

Schools for Replacement Engineers

A course in oxyacetylene welding and cutting is to
bo opened at the Military Trade Schools, Washington
Barracks, Washington, D. C. It has been carefully
worked out and designed to fit men to cope with all mili-
tary problems involving cutting and welding in the field.
It will begin May 1, when 60 men from the First Re-
placement Regiment of Engineers will take up the study.

There are now in operation at Washington Barracks,
schools of photography, lithography, map reproduction,

Roads Must Pay Fixed Price for Coa

Railroads hereafter will buy their coal at the fu
market price, and cars will be evenly distributed at a
mines, under an arrangement reached by the Railro?
and Fuel administrations. The agreement followc
President Wilson's intervention on Apr. 17 to settle di
ferences between Fuel Administrator Garfield and Jol
Skelton Williams, director of purchases for the Railro;
Administration. All coal for railroads will be bougl
by Director General McAdoo in cooperation with Fu
Administrator Garfield and Bernard M. Baruch, chai
man of the War Industries Board. A car shorta;
exists at present of more than 20% throughout tl
whole country and of about 35% in eastern bitumino
fields, according to the U. S. Geological Survey.

Portugal Takes Over Mines

A decree of the Portuguese government, dated M;.
14, reserves to it the sole sale and export of all miners
found in the country that are of value in war industr I
or are effective as exchange in promoting national nee-
sities, according to Consul General Lourie, at Lisb..
The government, through the Minister of Labor, up
the recommendation of the Department of Mines, vl
fix the prices at which the minerals affected by the
cree will be sold. Wolfram and chromium are incluei
in the provisions of the decree, and consequently all -
portation of these minerals is prohibited. All stocks t
these minerals that exist at present at the mines or el-
where were ordered declared to the Department
Mines within five days of the publication of the deciJ,
under penaltv that the minerals will be seized and pla
at the disposition of the government without indemn

April 27, 1918

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

808

Enemy Patents Stopped

President Wilson stopped the issuance of patents and
copyrights to enemies on Apr. 16 and revoked the au-
thority given Americans to apply for patents in enemy
countries. By executive order the President revoked
authority previously vested in the Secretary of the
Treasury to issue licenses to enemies to take out of the
country papers, pictures, or communications relating
to letters patent, copyrights, or registration of trade-
marks. At the same time the Federal Trade Commis-
sion was prohibited from granting licenses to American
citizens to prosecute patent applications in enemy coun-
tries. The licensing authority revoked was granted by
the President on Oct. 12, 1917.

War Board Confers on Tin

Conservation of tin was discussed last week by the
War Industries Board with practically all of the users
of this metal. The conferences were presided over
by George Armsby as the representative of the
War Industries Board. A. W. Shaw, representing the
Commercial Economy Board, took a prominent part.
The subcommittee on pig tin of the American Iron and
Steel Institute was represented by John Hughes, chair-
man, and other members. Manufacturers of solder,
babbitt metal, bronze, collapsible tubes, tin-foil and silk
dyers were among those consulted.

It was revealed at the conference that a careful sur-
vey recently made of the world's tin-producing districts
indicates that there is little chance of increasing the
output during the next two years. For this reason, con-
servation of tin must be resorted to in order to supply
:he enormously increased demand for strictly urgent
irar work.

Emigration After the War

A Zurich correspondent of the Evening Post writes
:hat the Swiss Federal authorities have lately stated
hat after the war Germany and Austria are likely to
nake a sort of "export prohibition" against persons
)f their nationality able to do productive work. For
his purpose, the Germans will maintain their passport
ystem introduced during the war. The Swiss au-
horities give the opinion that "Germany will allow only
hose of her subjects to leave the country whom she
onsiders as being valuable champions for the neces-
ary regaining of lost foreign markets."

Foreign Clays Surpass Domestic?

Users of high-grade imported clays asserted at a
ecent conference at the War Industries Board that
omestic clays can meet their requirements only to a
raited extent. Paper makers maintained that all
ttempts to use domestic clays for coating have been
nsuccessful. Pottery manufacturers stated that when
ie domestic product exceeded 40% the loss from crack-
ig, in burning, became prohibitive. Representatives
f the. General Electric Co. declared that only foreign
ay could be relied upon for making certain electrical
3rcelains.

Producers of Southern kaolins contended that their
ay is equal to the imported and can be used to the

exclusion of foreign material. They cited crucible clay
as an example. Before the war, crucible makers, ii
said, were certain that foreign clays were essential.
When suddenly it became impossible for them to
receive further supplies from foreign sources, they
experienced no great difficulty in adapting dom.
supplies to their purpose. The contentions of the pro-
ducers, however, are not upheld entirely by technical
men from the ceramic station of the U. S. Bureau of
Mines and from the Bureau of Standards.

Concentrating German Industry

A leading German manufacturer, writing in the Nord-
deutsche AUgcmcinc Zeitung, says:

"Out of 1700 spinning and weaving mills only 70
are still running at high pressure, while in the boot and
shoe industry, 1400 factories have been amalgamated
into 300. In the oil industry, 15 factories, working at
high pressure, have been formed out of 720 works pre-
viously existing. In the silk industry, the number of
spindles has been reduced from 45,000 to 2500."

The French Merchant Marine Annual says the total
French merchant tonnage at the outbreak of the war
was 2,498,286. To Sept. 1, 1917, 699,018 tons had been
lost through German submarine warfare, partially made
good by 51,319 tons built in France during the war and
purchase of 134,978 foreign tonnage. This, with 52,000
lost through marine casualties, leaves a total net loss
in French tonnage of 564,802. The total tonnage of
French merchant ships had therefore shrunk to 1,983,535
tons on Dec. 1, 1917.

Labor in Great Britain was more fully employed last
year than ever before, and wages reached their highest
average. Nearly 4,700,000 workers received wage ad-
vances totalling $11,000,000 weeklv. Time lost in labor
disputes amounted to 5,500,000 working days, or about
half the nine years' average. Cost of principal food
articles, however, which averaged 87% over the July,
1914, price at beginning of 1917, had advanced to 106%
by end of the year.

A high-intensity electro-magnetic separator is to be
installed at the Seattle station of the U. S. Bureau
of Mines, which will facilitate the work on complex
ores. Until the new electric furnace is in operation at
the station it will be impossible to melt tin scrap there.
This will hinder to some extent the efforts being made
to discover a profitable way of recovering tin from
scrap. Representatives of the Bureau are also making
special investigation of pyrites mines in Georgia and of
the graphite industry in Alabama.

National War Labor Board is composed of the following
men: William H. Taft and Frank P. Walsh, representing
the general public; Loyall A. Osborne, L. F. Loree, W. H.
Van Dervoort, C. E. Michael and B. L. Worden, representing
employers; Frank J. Hayes, William L. Hutcheson, William
H. Johnston, Victor A. Olander and T. A. Riokert, repre-
senting employees throughout the country. The men were
appointed by Secretary of Labor Wilson, in accordance
with the recommendations of the War Labor Conference
Board made in the board's report dated Mar. 29, 1918. The
appointments were confirmed by President Wilson on Apr.
9 by proclamation.

ENGINEERING \M> MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 17

iiuniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii mill i iiiiiliiliini I I I iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiii i mi I minimi iiiiiiiiiiiiini I iiniilll liiliiiliiiiiimnmii

Industrial News from Washington

By Paul Wooton, Special Correspondent

^— ^m^— — m— — «iiinniwi«iiiwni«imw iiinii iiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiinniiiiiiiii iiiiiiiini i iiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiuiiiiiiin

Senate Passes Silver Bill

Without the formality of a rollcall, the Senate passed

the Pittman Silver bill on Apr. 18. The only important

amendment was to increase the number of silver dollars

that are to be melted up from 250,000,000 to 350,000,000.

The discussion of the bill brought out an interesting

array of facts and opinions. Such opposition as there

to the measure is exemplified by the following

extract from the remarks of Senator Thomas, of

Colorado :

1 am suspicious of any movement in the American Con-
gress which has for its purpose the diminution of our silver
supply. 1 want to know why. and 1 want to know definitely
why, it is going to be necessary to take out of the Treasury
of the United States ISoO.OOO.OOO of silver dollars and melt
them up. when there is a good deal of silver in the markets,
and will be more silver in the markets if the governments
needing it will obey the law of supply and demand and pay
for it what it is worth and what it costs to produce it.

This question was answered by Senator Owen, the

chairman of the Committee on Banking and Currency,

as follows :

This silver is lying unemployed as dead metal in the
Treasury of the United States as a basis of the silver eer-
tificates which now we intend to replace, as far as currency
is concerned, with the Federal reserve bank notes, based
upon the security of United States one-year gold Treasury
notes.

When the Government fixes a definite price for silver the
miners can make their plans accordingly, and, seeing for
several years ahead a fixed market at $1 an ounce, it will
stimulate the production of silver in this country and re-
place the idle silver which is now in the Treasury merely
in storage.

Senator Smoot, of Utah, was very active in urging

the passage of the bill. Some of the points he made

were :

The annual production of silver for this year in all the
world will not be above 160,000,000 oz. The highest pro-
duction of silver at any time that I can remember now in
any one year was 226,000,000 oz. India prefers silver to
gold for her metallic money. She is demanding it today
in payment for the balance of trade in her favor. India
produces wheat and jute and other articles that the war
has greatly increased in value, and thus has greatly in-
creased her usual balance of trade against the principal
countries of the world, and now she is demanding a settle-
ment and wants it in silver.

I do not believe that we are being treated by our Allies
as we are treating them. The Government has fixed the
price of copper at 23%c. a lb.; the producer sells it to all
of the Allied countries for that price. We not only sell it
to them, but we sell it to the general trade for the price
fixed by the Government; and yet Canada, our neighbor to
the north of us, a producer of copper, receives as high as
30%c. a lb. on the identical day for her copper purchased
by England, a difference of 7c. a lb. in favor of the Canadian
producer. The same condition exists as to Mexico. Canada
is receiving more for lead than we in this country are re-
ceiving.

I do not want the Senate to get the impression that this
bill, if passed, will be of any benefit whatever to the silver
producers of the West. The silver producers of the West
would be perfectly content to allow silver to take its regu-
lar course in the commerce of the world.

Senator Thomas sees no reason why the price of
silver should be rigidly limited to $1 per oz. He intro-
duced an amendment making $1 the minimum price,
but the Senate voted it down. Mr. Thomas expects

little increase in silver production. His comments on

that phase of the question were:

1 do not perceive the possibility of depending upon our
mines and miners for any greatly enhanced amount of sil-
ver, whether this bill becomes a law or whether it does not.
Since the adoption of our forest-reservation policy, since
conservation has gone so far as to produce stagnation in
mining circles everywhere, there1 has been no great induce-
ment to the prospector to attempt to further prospect and
discover ores. Nowadays, the moment a man opens a new
body of ore or discovers a well upon the public domain,
official and public opinion in the Bast brands him as a thief
and a scoundrel, and, instead of being rewarded, that which
he has is taken away from him by departmental action.
This bill will not change that situation, however much we
give the miner for his silver. The only way to stimulate
the production of that or any other metal on the public
domain is to go back to the good old way of dealing with
the prospector — to encourage him by rewarding him with
what he finds by way of discovery. Then he will again en-
dure the heats of the desert and face evei-y danger con-
fronting his pathway in the search for these valuable neces-
sities of trade and commerce. Until he is stimulated by
such hope of reward, the mining industry of the West will
lag, if, indeed, it does not disappear. The way, therefore,
to stimulate him is to let him alone, let the laws of the
country operate without interference, and give him the re-
wards to which he is entitled by virtue of his hazards, his
expense, and his discoveries.

Senator Fall, of New Mexico, is the author of the
amendment which provides that the purchase of silver
shall be made from the production of American mines,
smelteries and reduction works.

In the course of his comment on the bill, Senator
Lodge said:

I am very much opposed to price-fixing if we ever can
possibly avoid it. I think it was a great mistake to fix to
our Allies and to the domestic market the price of copper
and lead, to which the Senator from Utah has referred;
but silver stands, of course, upon a different ground, be-
cause it enters into the currency, not only our currency but
the world's currency. The situation simply is that, to pre-
vent a financial convulsion in India, silver must be sup-
plied, and we are the only people who can supply it. 1
see no other way to supply it except that proposed by tV
committee in their bill, which I think they have guarded well

I do not take quite such a dark view of the dollar-an-ounci
proposal as does the Senator from Utah. I think the sta
bilization of the price, the certainty, will be worth what the;
might get on a sudden fluctuation in addition.

I have been examining the bill and listening to the de
bate, and I believe the bill is safe as framed. That tlr
emergency must be met there can be no question, and I thin!
the committee has met it very well. I shall be very glad b
vote for the bill.

No expansion in the non-ferrous section of the Wa
Industries Board is anticipated under the reorgan:
zation. Pope Yeatman, the head of that section, whil
expecting some increase in the volume of work whic
must be done, does riot think that it will be necessar
to add materiall" to his existing organizati^-

So large a proportion of ocean tonnage uses water by
last as to render negligible the claim of many imparte
of minerals that these commodities occupy no can
space, simply serving as ballast. This is the conc!usi(
reached by F. W. Paine, who investigated the proble
for the committee on Mineral Imports and Exports.

April 27, 1918

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

80

Money Talks. Make It Holler
For the 27th

Every little bit added to what we have will make just
a little bit more — for the mining regiment. Watch the
list of contributors grow. The Comfort Fund is a
thermometer that registers the warmth of the mining
industry's regard for its regiment. Heatless Mondays
are over, the mercury is rising, and the weekly clean-up
boosted the fund $1465 higher. Hats off! It is getting
warm. From now on, the total should rise rapidly. It
won't unless you help, but it must if the Comfort Fund
is to fulfill the purpose that its name implies.

The ladies of the Woman's Auxiliary of the A. I. M. E.
are doing their bit for the regiment, and a big little bit
it is. Thus far they have sent in 134 sweaters, 246
pairs of socks, 88 pairs of wristlets, 80 helmets, 2 muf-
flers, 2 trench caps and 24 comfort kits. This work is
engineered by their Emergency Committee, of which
Mrs. H. Norman Spicer is chairman, Mrs. Karl Eilers
treasurer, and Miss Olga K. Ihlseng secretary.

Take a moment and glance at the thermometer :

Engineering and Mining Journal

New York Engineering Co

A Friend. Nov. 23

H H

D. E. Charlton '.'.'. '. '. '. '. '. '. '. '.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'. '. '. '. '. '. '. '.'. '..'.'. '.'.

H. W. Hardinge

Frank N. Spencer

W. L. Coursen

J. H. Polhemus

J. H. Janeway

Albert D. Beers

J. E. Hayes

J. A. Van Mater

L Vogelstein & Co

"Cuprite"

R. H. Bassett (Hanna Ore Mining Co.)

A Friend. Dec. 10

P. A. Mosman

American Zinc, Lead and Smelting Co

J. G. H

Daniel Guggenheim

A. H. H

Willard S. Morse

August Heckscher

Anaconda Copper Mining Co

F. W. Bradley

Charles Le Vasseur

A Friend. Dec. 13

Freeland Jewett

Herman A. Wagner

Francis P. Sinn

R. C. Gosrow

D. C. Jackling

"V

J. H. Brickenstein

E. E. Northrup

Rogers, Mayer & Ball

Denver Technical Staff, American Metal Co., Ltd

A Friend. Jan. 9

E. B. Coolidge

J. V. N. Dorr

Pope Yeatman

W. H. Aldridge

C. E. Hart

Robert I. Kerr

Engineers of Washoe Smeltery. Anaconda Copper Mining

Company

Harry C. Graham

Utah Copper. Nevada Consolidated. Ray Consolidated

and Chino copper companies

A Friend. Jan 23

John Gillie

J. N. Houser

C K. Lipman

Theodore Sternfeld

"■'inton H. Crane

T. Wolfson

William H. Hampton

w. E. Merriss

r. Parke Channing

Miami Copper Co

1- H. Means

J- W. Goodale

P- G. Beckett

™. R. Foraker

^harles A. Chase

;■ Fleming L'Engle

;alumet & Hecla Mining Co

»■ G. Ferguson

ay E. Van Gundy

ranklin Osborn

■scar Lachmund

*■ T. Swoyer

nterest ...

lulncy Mining Co

;merlcan Metal Co

William H. Fairbanks

$1000.00

1000.00

6.00

5.00

5.00

100000

6.00

6.00

5.00

10.00

10.00

10.00

25 00

100.00

10.00

10.00

10.00

10.00

100.00

5 00

100.00

5.0b

25.00

100.00

1000.00

100.00

5.0f>

50.00

10.00

5.0t,

10.00

5.00

100 00

10.00

5.00

5.00

50.00

30.00

100.00

10.00

200 00

50. 0>,

511 00

5.00

5.00

205.00

25.00

1000 00

5.00

25 ou

5.00

50.00

no no

500 no

10.00

10.00

io oo

100.00

25". no

io oo

25.00

50.00

25.00

25.00

5.00

250.00

18 00

10.00

10.00

10.00

10 00

10 00

100.00

2so.oo

25.00

I >. 10 i "urry

W. It. ItlK.llls " ■

II. A Cuuss

J. Mc C ,

Engim ei • Club ..r Northern Minnesota

jv B. Thayer

It. II. Sales

Albert C. Bun ag<

Edward 1 1

P. Rutherford

Adolph .1 Mai 00

Frank K i :

C H Munro 100. nn

E. E. McCarthy 26 mi

J. L. Bruce

i' Ford McCormlck In ■

Louis l> Huntoon OH

I • G. Spllsbury

C. T Brown i O'l

M. C. M a no

James P McCarthy

United Status Smelting, Refining and Minim- Co 260 no

i. <> K M

Herman A Prosser L'.'. ml

J. I : Johnson, Jr BOO

\ W Hahn oo

L. D. Hudson

Lane Pearl

Arthur K Adams • 00

L I. Wilcox

i: .1 Longyear Co

rick and Shovel Club. Mining Departmei hool

nf Applied Science 11.00

L. S. Cates

.7. M. Piatt 25.00

A. L. Walker 5 oo

C G. Rothschild I

Geneial Engineering Co

N. O. Lawton 10 00

F. R. Weekes in ■• i

S. F. Shaw i

Iowa Cold Mining and Milling Co

L. L. Middelkamp 1 ' 00

G. C. Townsend 1 00

II. s Monroe 10.00

Scobi v 0

J. H. McCormirk

William Young Westervelt 00

B. Britton Gottsberger

Oscar Lachmund (second contribution) 1 10

L. R. Budrow 10.00

Horace V. Winchell 5

W. J. Pentland " 1

Dome Mines Co ."

Butte Copper and Zinc Co 1

Eagle & Blue Bel! Mining Co ion 00

William A. Nicholls 1" 00

Robert S. Lewis 1

Earl R. Pembroke 1" 00

East Butte Copper Mining Co 5

Job H Winwood 1

Fred Hellmann 5

B. Elkan 5

Judd Str-wart 10.00

R. M. Raymond 50.00

J. Allen McKay 10. (in

C. E. Hart (second contribution) 5.00

C. J. Trauerman 5.00

Thomas H. Garnett 5. on

Robert E. Dye in.no

Louis Ross 25 00

Willis B. Parsons

Rukard Hurd 10 00

Rembrandt Peale 100

Walter Fitch. Jr 1

George J. Young

Robert Franke 10 on

F. C. Bowman 25 nn

Oscar Lachmund (third contribution) m.nn

Charles McKinnis 20 00

C. P. Carlson 10 00

Harry E. Hall 5.00

James Douglas 250 00

Total $11,924.00

Make your checks payable to W. R. Ingalls, treasurer
of the Association of the 27th Engineers. Because of
the work involved in administering the Comfort Fund,
contributions are acknowledged only by publication in
the Journal.

Consideration of the Mineral-Control bill by the
House began late on Apr. 23.

"Volatile Platinum" is now the successor of the "volatile
gold" fake. Unscrupulous assayers of the Northwest be'jan
reporting "volatile" or "colloidal" platinum in the sand of
the Deschutes and the Crooked Rivers in Oregon and caused
some local excitement. The U. S. Geological Survey sent
Henry G. Ferguson into this area to make an investigation,
and has now issued a warning to prospectors with reference
to sands that do not show native platinum.

ENGINE KK I Ni; AM" .MINIMI JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 17

Monthl) Copper Production for 1918

This • compiled from reports received from the

nies (except in the cases noted as es-
ether with the reports of the United States
Department of Commerce as to imported material, and
in the main represents the crude-copper content of blis-
ter copper, in pounds.

As pointed out in an editorial in the Journal of Apr.
improved our system of reporting monthly
copper production. Notwithstanding the increased com-
pleteness of these reports, the present monthly figures
will be regularly too high; i.e.. their aggregate will ex-
ceed the figures reported by the same companies for
the whole year, for the following reasons:

1. The probability that some companies report blister
copper instead of fine copper contents thereof.

2. Non-allowance for loss in smelting in the case of
the porphyry mines that report concentrate, and non-
allowing for loss in refining in other cases.

3. Duplication of imported copper, which is included
to some extent in the figures reported by American
smelters and is also included in the statement of copper
imported.

On these accounts the monthly figures will regularly
be too high, perhaps as much as 5%. Being computed

MONTHLY CRUDE COPPER PRODUCTION, 1918

Jan
6,131,821

2,500,000

1,820.000

5,000.000

560.000

4,709,483

2,374.000

3.400,000

7.571.000

972.000

849.440

31,232,643

1,620,000

12.140,197
7.000.000

24.900,000
2,574,140

1,536,600
6.500,000

7.590,244

13,500.000
1.750,000

Total reported 146,231,568

Others, estimated 19,200,000

Alaska shipments.

Arizona:
Arizona Copper . .

Cons. Ariz. Smelting

=u.»n .

Miami

New Cornelia (a)

Old Dominion

Ray

Shannon

Shattuck Arizona

Other Arizona

California:
Mammoth

Michigan:

Calumet & Hecla

Other Lake Superior (6).

Montana:

Anaconda

East Butte

ida:

Mason Valley

Nevada Cons

N.-w Mexico:
Chino

Utah:

Utah Copper

Eastern smelters (6) . .

Feb.
6.249.456

3.600.000

1,780.000

6.200.000

800.000

4,502,905

2,522.000

2,841.000

6.860,000

788.000

854,042

28,587,020

M:tr.

8,014,059

4,000.000
2.270,000
8,750,000

900,000
5,174,365
3,218.000
2,872,000
7,585,000

962,000

1,013,593

29.575,371

Apr.

1,370,000 1,620,000

12,077,320
7.000,000

24,100.000
2,324,040

1,253.0)0

6,250,000

13.784,569
7,000,000

28.000,000
2,395,940

1.455,200
6,060,000

5,882,581 7,833,046

The grand total includes, under "Imports in ore and
blister copper," the production of such companies as
Canada Copper, Granby, Cananea, Braden, Cerro de
Pasco and Chile. As a matter of record, however, the
individual figures are given after the total. We also re-
port the production of the Boleo, Cape Copper, Kyshtim
and Katanga companies, whose copper does not come
to the United States.

The item "Alaska shipments" gives the official figure
of the United States Department of Commerce. Kenne-
cott production for January. February and March was
5,970,000, 5,888,000 and 5,772,000 lb., respectively.

11,900,000
1,750,000

16,380,000
1,750,000

139,491,364 160,613,143
20,520.000

Total United States. 165,431.568 160.011,364

Imports, ore and concen-
tre tes, etc 9,288,153 14,996.443

Imports in blister, etc... 34,513,165 41,016,225

Grand total 209,232,886 216,024,032

British Columbia:

Canada Copper Corpn 445,268

Granby Cons 4,209,393

Mexico:

Bol o 1,576,400

Cananea 3,130,000

Other Foreign:

Braden 6,200,000

Cerro de Pasco 6.59S.000

Chile 8,358,274

Cape Copper

Kyshtim

Katanga 4.519,430

336.000
3,843.686

1,576,400
3,960,000

4.754.000
5.332,000

2,977,713

1,631,500

4,480,000

5.248.000
6,966,000

2.645,520 3.086,440

<a) Only electrolytic cathodrs are entered. New Cornelia alsoprodur,

t from ores sent to Calumet & Arizona smeltery, which is incljded und r
er Arizona." lb) Intimated.

••&£

from month to month on the same basis, however, they
will be properly comparable, and will be reliably inform-
ing, with the understanding that they involve a regular
"plus" error.

No Lagging of Mining Industries in
Liberty Loan Campaign

That the mining industries purpose to do their share

in the Third Liberty Loan drive is evident from the
results thus far obtained by the Rainbow Division of
the Special Liberty Loan Committee for the Mining

Industry, of which Charles Hayden is the chairman.

The following list, complete to Apr. 22, shows what
has been accomplished by the mining committee in secur-
ing subscriptions for Third Liberty Loan Bonds:

Utah Copper Co $3,000,000

New Jersey Zinc Co 1,110,450

Chino Copper Co 1,000,000

Nevada Consolidated Copper Co 1,000,000

Ray Consolidated Copper Co 1,000,000

Phelps Dodge Corporation 1,000,000

International Nickel Co 750,000

Greene Cananea Copper Co 500,000

United Verde Extension Co 500,000

Cerro de Pasco Mining Co 500,000

Minerals Separation North American Corporation 500,000

James Douglas 400,000

Butte & Superior Mining Co 250,000

Arthur C. James 250,000

Magma Copper Co 200,000

L. Vogelstein & Co 250,000

Van Dyke Smelting and Refining Works, Inc 110,000

Consolidated Copper Mines 100,000

Beer, Sondheimer & Co., Inc 175,000

Homestake Mining Co 100,000

Utah Consolidated Mining Co 100,000

American Zinc, Lead and Smelting Co 100,000

Oriental Consolidated Mining Co 90,000

Mason Valley Mines Co 50,000

Buffalo Mines, Ltd 50,000

Quincy Mining Co 50,000

Butte Copper and Zinc Co 50,000

Grand Reef Mine, R. V. Dey, owner 45,000

Ledoux & Co 20,000

North Arrerican Copper Co 20,000

First National Copper Co 10,000

Copper Canyon Mining Co. . 10,000

Albert Ledoux 7,200

Dexteretta Mines 5,000

Horn Silver Mines Co 5,000

Ponupo Manganese Co 5,000

C. M. Garrison 1,500

J. R. DeLamar 500,000

August Heckscher 50,000

Balaklala Consolidated Copper Co 10,000

St. Joseph Lead Co 100,000

Howe Sound Co 400,000

John Hays Hammond 50,000

D. M. Steindler (Dominion Red. Co.) 12,000

Consolidated Arizona Smelting Co 25,00(1

American Metal Co. and its officers 1,000,OOC

Bates Iron Co 15,00(

Florence Iron Co 10,00(

Jas. McLean 250,00(

Nipissing Mines Co 250,00(

Granby Mining and Smelting Co 25O,O0(

Anaconda Copper Mining Co 2,900,001

Inspiration Consolidated Copper Co 1,000,00(

United Metals Selling Co 8,501

Total $20,144,651

April 27, 1918 ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL 807

SIIIIIIUIIIIIIIllllllllllimillllllllllMIIIIIIIMMIMIIIUIIUIIIIIIIIIIIW iiiiiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiuiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiq

Editorials

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The Situation in the Zinc Industry

IN VIEW of the critical situation in our zinc industry,
wherein conditions seemed to be approaching a crisis,
we requested the several smelters and electrolytic pro-
ducers to report to us some data for the first quarter
of 1918, in order that the exact status of affairs might
be ascertained.

These reports showed a production of 136,171 tons in
the first quarter of 1918, compared with 153,296 tons
in the previous quarter. The stock in the hands of
smelters on Apr. 1 was 64,442 tons, compared with
60,415 tons on Dec. 31. Of the production in the first
quarter of 1918, 128,075 was the output of smelters, and
8096 was the output of four electrolytic producers. The
smelters who produced during the first quarter had
a total of 195,246 retorts, of which 124,104 were in
operation on Apr. 1. Operating smelters reported a
total of 196,560 retorts in December, 1917, with 127,193
in operation on Dec. 15, 1917. We may assume that
about 125,000 retorts, on the average, were in use dur-
ing the first quarter of 1918, and that their product was
at the rate of a trifle more than four tons of spelter per
retort per annum.

At first sight these figures might appear somewhat
paradoxical, for they show almost as many retorts in
operation on Apr. 1, 1918, as there were on Dec. 15,
1917, although there has been lately a good deal of talk
of smelters suspending and curtailing operations, and it
is well known that some plants have been closed. On
the other hand, there were two new plants that came
into operation in the first quarter, these being the tail
end of the new construction instituted in 1917; while
some other plants that began smelting in 1917 com-
pleted their construction and put additional furnaces
into operation early in 1918. Furthermore, certain
smelters who during March announced closing had not
actually done so by the end of that month, being en-
gaged in working off accumulations of ore. Several of
these plants will become cold during April, and a report
of date May 1 will surely show much less smelting
capacity in use than on April 1.

We do not regard the statistics of the first quarter of
1918 as revealing a situation so bad as had previously
been conjectured. The production of 136,000 tons in a
quarter is still a very large production ; and that, in the
face of it, stocks in smelters' hands accumulated only
4000 tons, is not a very bad showing. On the other
hand, there is no doubt that the quantity of spelter in
transit was considerably larger than three months pre-
viously, and a good deal of the recent dullness in the
market is explainable by consumers getting their sup-
plies from railway deliveries, theretofore delayed, and
not being obliged to enter into new contracts right
away.

On the other hand, the real curtailment in production
is yet to come, the curtailment that is to ensue from the

driving out of business of the last group of uneconomic
plants, plants that are uneconomic either due to anti-
quated construction, to increased cost of gas supply, or
otherwise. The final step, however, and the one that will
ultimately control the situation, is the position of the
mines. Strange as it may sound, in view of the de-
pressed state of the market, there have been smelters,
and not only those who make sulphuric acid as a by-
product, who have been able to sell spelter at 6;c. and
buy the ore out of which to make it at such a margir as
to leave a profit. So long as they can do that, t\ose
smelters will naturally continue to operate, and it wi))
be for the miners to say when they can no longer afford
to sell ore. The mines of the old sheet ground in Webb
City are, of course, out of it now; but the new mines of
Miami, Okla., yielding 10% blende, and even more, are
able to earn money at present prices. These mines may
reduce the entire zinc industry to a lower plane of
prices, the most potent determinative factor ir the cost
of production being the grade of the ore produced in
the first place. The fact that some of these mines are
being gutted by inexperienced and short-sighted oper-
ators will not detract from their effect on the market in
the near future.

Another factor that is maintaining operations by the
zinc smelters and consequently supporting ore prices,
or, we might better say, delaying the decline in ore
prices, is the insatiable demand for sulphuric acid,
which causes the zinc-acid producers to pay what is in
effect an increased amount for the sulphur value of the
blende that they buy.

The stock of spelter that the smelters are now carry-
ing is not phenomenally large, although some may think
so, owing to the zinc industry not being used to the idea
of anything but a relatively trifling supply. In fact,
however, the present stock is only about the production
of a month and a half. It is to be observed further that,
whereas there were formerly many weak interests in
the zinc business, the latter is now in the main in the
hands of strong interests, although they are numerous
and competitive. However, they are not of a sort to
be forced into selling, as were many in former days.

On the whole, we think that the decline in zinc has
already gone too far; yet it is not unlikely to go even
further, until a few more of the less favorably situated
plants and mines are put out of business. But the fur-
ther the decline goes from now on, the sharper will be
the upturn a little later.

The Increased Cost of Living

THERE has been much loose talk respecting the
increased cost of living since the beginning of the
war. This has been one of the favorite arguments of
labor agitators in demanding repeated increases in
wages, which have been meekly granted owing to the
fundamental condition that the supply of labor is short

N S

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105.. No. 17

and the need for having work done is urgent. Nor is
be maintained that such claims have always been
•ute of merit. On the contrary, there are many
employments, those by public service corporations, for
pie, that, having failed to enjoy any increased
e. have been unable to raise the wages of their
men. who found it really difficult to cope with an in-
creased cost of living that was in no wise illusory.
Nevertheless, they, together with the many workers
who were in no such unfortunate predicament, have
oed to believe that the extent of the increased cost
great deal more than it really is. Talk about a
doubled cost was manifestly ill-informed and idle. In-
deed, there has been a lot of buncombe preached about
this subject.

We have intimated such a conjecture in previous
articles. A recent report by a committee of economists
appointed by the Secretary of the Treasury summarized
the advance in wholesale commodity prices from the
middle of 1914 to the end of 1917 by the factor of
1.81, while the enhancement of retail prices in the
• period was only 1.57. It would be an unnecessary
digression to point out the reasons for the difference
between the wholesale and retail indices, but, com-
menting on these figures, we suggested that if the
increase in retail prices was 1.57, the increase in the
cost of living must be less, for it is well known that
important elements in the cost of living, such as rents,
have risen less than the retail prices for commodities,
while some things, such as the use of public services,
have not risen in cost at all.

This conjecture, or rather deduction, finds confirma-
tion in the report of the U. S. Bureau of Labor Statis-
tics respecting the increased cost of living in the New
York shipbuilding district, which was issued a few
weeks ago. The actual expenditures of 608 families
in 1917 were obtained, analyzed and summarized. It
appeared that from the middle of 1914 to the end of
1917 the cost of clothing had increased by 51.4%, of
furniture and furnishings by 56.47%, and of food by
55%. The close agreement between these figures and
the summary of the Treasury economists for all retail
prices is striking. Miscellaneous expenditures increased
by 44.68%, fuel and light by 19.92fr, and housing by
only 2.6%. Inasmuch as rent constituted 13% of total
expenditures, and fuel and light 20f, , the average in-
crease in the cost of living in this district must have
been about 40 per cent.

The seriousness of such an increase is not to be
minimized. Particularly is it serious for the class of
workers who are obliged to live on salaries that have
not been raised in like proportion. Yet it is possible-
nay, it is likely— that the proportional increase of
cost to families living on a $2500 scale is not so
high as to those living on a $1350 basis, which was
the average expenditure of the 608 reported by the
Bureau of Labor Statistics. But, anyhow, there is a
big difference between an increase of 40% in the cost
and the 100% that has been carelessly and incorrectly
talked about.

We have shown in another article that a comparison
between the most illuminating American index num-
ber for labor and the indices for wholesale commodities
testifies that average earnings of labor have risen in
about the same ratio as the wholesale prices for

commodities. It follows from this that average earn-
ings, and average wages even more so, have risen much
more proportionately than the cost of living. It is some-
time* alleged that statistics are apt to be misleading,
which is a way of saying that statistics supposed to
represenl the whole of a case do not do so in fact.
But that these statistics do truly represent the general
nature of events is evidenced by the notorious observa-
tion in many works that many men who used to work
six days per week are now working only four, or even
less. The simple meaning of this is that men who for-
merly had to work six days to obtain the food, clothing
and housing that they need and want, are now able to
satisfy their needs and wants by the labor of fewer
days. This is simply a different and less exact way of
saying what we deduce from the statistics.

Nor are the experience and misunderstanding unique
to America. There has been a general belief in Great
Britain that the cost of living there also had increased
by 105% since the outbreak of the war, but Lord
Khondda stated, Jan. 3, 1918, that the cost of livine
had not gone up very much more than 50%, while
during the last six months of 1917 it had actually
decreased by 10$ . On the other hand, the wages for
all employed people of the United Kingdom in 1917
were between £400,000,000 and £500,000,000 more than
in 1913.

At Last the Right Kind of Reports

IN NORMAL times the anthracite producers had an
average working force of 177,000 men. The draft and
other causes cut the number down to 152,000 in Septem-
ber, 1917. By the middle of February, 1918, the opera-
tors had succeeded in raising the force to 155,000.
Even with this force, they are making about the same
output of anthracite as in normal times. In other
words, the men are working harder.

A press dispatch reported a few days ago .that on the
previous day a crew of five men employed by the Mobile
Shipbuilding Co. had driven 1260 rivets in nine hours,
and it was asserted that this was about twice the
number ordinarily driven by such a crew. We do no)
know whether this was a "best on record" in riveting it
shipbuilding, or even whether the work was as much a
a crew of five men ought to do, but the report exhibit;
the right kind of spirit.

Let our workingmen appreciate what they are nov
doing; that it is work that counts. Let them be stirre.
by the spirit of emulation to get their respective job
done, as quickly as possible, and a little quicker tha
anybody else. Let this spirit prevail among all of u
who are working behind the lines, and very soon it wi
be all up with the enemy.

The Coal Production of 1917

THE statistics of coal production in 1917 exhibit*
an increase as compared with 1916, but sever
times we have expressed wonder as to whether the
was really an increase or not, referring to heat unil
It is, of course, easy at any time to increase the pr
duction of coal and quasi-coal ad libitum by loadn

April 27, 1918

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

80!)

slate with it, although that is hardly fair upon the
overtaxed railways and helpless consumers.

We were not alone in this opinion. We recollect Mr
Storrow, the New England Fuel Administrator, being
very outspoken about it, and we heard similar expres-
sions privately in other official and well-informed quar-
ters. Dr. Garfield himself has clinched the matter in
an official statement. Mar. 31, given out from the U. S.
Fuel Administration in its document No. 459, wherein
he says:

By carefully drawn regulations the Fuel Administra-
tion has insured the shipment of "clean coal" from the mines
Coal containing an undue amount of foreign matter will
be penalized in price, and producers who take extraor-
dinary measures in the preparation of their coal will be
recompensed. These measures will keep off the railroads
and out of the bins of the consumers a large amount of
"rSucttorT material Wh'ch Was includ*d in last year's coal

We shall never know just how the coal statistics of
1917 ought to be compared with those for 1916 but
there will not be any doubt that there was an insuffi-
ciency of carbon and a superfluity of ash in 1917 and
that the messing up of the coal industry was in some
way responsible for this. We never considered Dr
Garfield to be primarily responsible. The fundamental
causes antedated him.

' can possiblj organize an,! run the great war ma-

cliinen ."

5fes, .Madam, that is jus! about it. We should hate

to se1 nut to cross the Atlantic i„ the "Leviathan"

With a professor Of geology in command on the bridg-

and with a politician as first officer. We should be

mightily afraid. Modern warfare has to be backed by
the biggest business thai anybody ever conceived and
therefore we have had a feeling that men experienced
in handling big things should be doing them for us

The calling of Mr. Schwab to the job of building
our ships marks an epoch in our prosecution of the war
\ shipbuilder to build ships! And the greatest ship-
builder of all. This was a great thing for the President
to do. It was electrifying. In its inspiration of con-
fidence it was worth a great victory in the field. Now
we know that we shall not fall down in the crucial part
of our program. The vitality and experience of this
man, not merely an executive but an administrator are
the guaranty. What care we if he be the head of a
great steel company, a shipbuilding company? That's
what he ought to be. And within 24 hours he starts
moving the shipbuilding administration away from the
atmosphere of Washington!

I'1111111""" iii.iiiii IIM' m

HI ■ milium inmimii-

German Iron-Ore Production

T) HOARDING the specific question of Alsace-Lorraine
IV raised by Czernin, Ex-Foreign Minister of Austria'
and Premier Clemenceau, of France, it is not hard to
predict that the return of these provinces to France
would mean a loss in iron alone to Germany that would
nave the effect of an economic calamity.

A conservative figure of the iron ore in German Lor-
raine estimates 1800 million tons, and the deposits cover
an area of about 108,000 acres. According to the last
)btainable figures, in 1913 Lorraine produced 21,135.554
ons, or 58fc of Germany's total iron ore. During the
-ame year France produced 21,500,000 tons, but fully
0% of this was produced from the Briey, Nancy and
-ongwy mining districts, whose deposits are estimated

3000 million tons, and the greater portion of this
irea is now occupied by Germany. So it will be seen
hat the iron-ore production of German Lorraine alone
s equivalent to that of the entire French production

According to a Socialist member of the German
*ichstag, Germany would not be greatly distressed
hould a portion of German Lorraine be ceded to
ranee, if it was necessary to procure peace in that
ay. but the opposition differs, realizing that a loss of
w-fifths of natural wealth so essential to the con-
nuance of the fighting power of Germany would be
ery serious.

BY THE WAY

A Shipbuilder To Build Ships

PHE animadversions of certain people on the 'set-
A tlement workers,' and 'radicals' and 'professors'
nong the advisers of the Administration must bring
S to many an honest heart," wrote a gentle lady to a
wspaper a few days ago. "I have been convinced
t the real reason for the criticism of the Administra-
« was dissatisfaction with its personnel. The critics
"ik sincerely that no men who are not of 'big busi-

"m""" ""»»'i<»""ii!in.i.m.,H. MMIIIMUIIIHU ii minimi minimi;

No patent has been issued to Garabed Giragossian
for his "free energy generator." A report to the effect
that such a patent had been issued led to inquiry at
the Patent Office. In reply J. T. Newton, the Com-
missioner of Patents, writes as follows:

The Patent Office has not issued a patent to Garabed on
his supposed invention. We have numerous appl&atfong "for
such things. In fact we get them almost daily, but as they
are against demonstrated scientific principles, we refuse to
grant patents thereon on the same ground, for example that
we refuse to grant patents for perpetual motion

1 am sorry so much publicity has been given to this case
because ,t has a tendency to give a wrong impression of
inventors as a class. They have done more for progress
in America than has any other class, and Garabed Giragos
sian is the exception and is not characteristic ulra£os

There is not much mystery, says the Times, in the
dislike of "experts" that is felt and expressed by not
a few people. The expert is a man who goes to other men
and tells them that the way in which they are doing
their work is not the best way— that it is a bad,
costly, or even stupid way— and that if they will only
listen to him and follow his advice their work will be
improved and their efficiency increased. None of us
takes pleasure in hearing talk of that sort, and the dis-
pleasure is greater in exact proportion with length of
the hearer's training and experience in conducting his
business, trade, or art. All that the expert says carries
the implication of adverse criticism directed against the
recipient of his suggestions, and usually it is criticism
of that recipient's father and grandfather. Of course
that is resented, and the resentment is bitterest when
the expert goes ahead and gives undeniable proof that
his new way of doing things is better than the old ways
which have long been productive of honor and profit.
The expert, too; is always open to the convenient charge
that he is not "practical"— that he is a man of theories
and fads. Sometimes the charge is true — but only of
the expert who claims the name without deserving it.

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 17

Personal

ll«>c >.•!! ...ulrilu I l<> tl>f \*-.x l.itlim

,.f llic -e T 1 1> I num.-.-!-.?

Balketaj Wells v.. - In Sliver City. Colo..

,, B cUnB head of the depart-

matalluro at the University of

a ,; \n,.„ president of the Huston ft
has been in

, Qybboa SplUburj has returned from

two months he has

the manganese situation.

. i Beat was apiwinted manager

Chateaugay Ore and Iron

at Lyon Mountain. N. V

j ii Cartwrlght, superintendent, ha;- ■•-

.1 Mr Cartwrlght has been In charge

. raUona at Lyon Mountain for

the is

|| D. M.-rr. of the 0 S '<-S",T:

,s making a geological survey of the

...ll,- manganese Beld in Arkansas
H i Richards, head of Corrigan McKln-
y ft Co" interests a. .'rvstal Kails. Mich
returned from the south, where he spent
the winter

» n Elbert, manager of the Nevada
near Ely. Nev.. recently
returned to the property from Salt Lake
and Denver.

1 ,rot \ Palmer has resigned as min-
eral ™"am.ner.V. S General Land "">'•">
take a pi ice as held engineer with the
Suffern Co. Inc.

j.,,,,... rurman Kemp "s president of the
, Oil Co.. New York Pope \eatman is
president and Herman Garlicr.*, secre-
tary and treasurer.

T J flvnn. recently manager of the Min-
akef mine. Klrkland Lake. Ont.. has been
appointed manager of the Otisse property,
in the Fort Matachewan gold area

• apt. W7. H. Wright, of the Malm-Wolf
Co Denver Colo., has been assigned to ac-
tive dutv. effective Apr 27. He will proceed
to Camp Lee. Petersburg. Virginia.

Cliarle- Brings, president of the Calumet
ft Artaona Mining Co.. will return to hu
horn" in Calumet. Mich . about May 15.
after wintering in California.

G. H. Dormer, superintendent of the
Faval district of the Oliver Iron Mining Co.,
has been transiVrred to the Virginia Slum
district and will have charge of the Al-
pena mine.

Jamr. A. Boyd, recently manager of the
Kdmonton branch of the Imperial Oil Co
ha* been given charge of the company s
business in Manitoba, with headquarters at
Winnipeg.

B II smith, of the Southern Manganese
Corporation, of Birmingham. Ala. was in
Butte. Mont, recently to superintend the
loading of manganese ore for shipment to
his company.

J H Sto^el has resigned as inspector
of mines at Sudbury. Ont, and has gone to
Be^mer Ala., where he will be n charge
of K. j! Longyear Co.'s shaft-sinking con-
tracts in that district.

Herman Garlirhs. consulting metallurgist.
of Brook i™ N Y . has left for a trip to
British Columbia and the Pacific Coast to
investigate some metallurgical problems in
the Pacific Northwest.

Clifford A. Barabee. f°™.£,yIm,inln.K en"
trineer for the Cleveland-Cliffs Iron Co, at
Gwtnn. Mich, has moved to. Iron River
Mich, where he is chief engineer for the
Bates Iron Company

Dr 4 I. I), nines, of Lebanon, Tenn., has
been ' appointed chemist of the Tennessee
State Geological Survey, succeeding Dr.
I'anl C. Bowers, who has gone to Wash-
ington into Government service.

Ubert Saaveur, professor of metallurgy
and metallography at Harvard University,
has been granted a leave of absence in
order that he may continue his research
work for the French government.

Charlen W. Renwirk. general manager of
the Ducktown, Sulphur. Copper and Iron
Co. Ltd.. Isabella, Tenn.. has resigned on
account of ill health and is succeeded by
UiilUm r. I.amoreaux, formerly assistant
general manager.

II Kenyon Bnrch has been appointed con-
sulting engineer of the concentrating de-
partment of the Phelps Dodge Corporation,
to be in charge of the design and construc-
tion of the 3000-ton concentrating plant or
the Copper Queen branch, at Bisbee, Ari-
zona.

I»r. 1 H. I aiiey. Who Is in . U:ii y..- of the
microscopical laboratory ol the l . S Bu-
reau of Mines, at the l nlven Ity ol Utah,
and his assistant, it. i:. Head, have been
ordered to the Pittsburgh station ol the
bureau to >i" work tor the ordnance branon
of the w ii i lepartment

John t. MlUlken has succeeded Jasper
t. Robertson as manager pi the «ter-
thoughl Copper Co., operating at Ingot,
Shasta County, Calif Mr. MUllken will de-
vote considerable time to perfecting the
oompany's notation plant. Mr Robertson
will return to his home in St. Louis.

John t.iiiie. general manager of mines of
the A.naconda Copper Mining Co.. attended

the \meruani7.ation Conference in Wash-
ington, recently .ailed by So.-tetary Lane.
Mr Gillie represented the Butte chamber
of Commerce. En route home, he stopped
-it Chicago to attend the annual convention
of the 0 S. Chamber of Commerce.

Robert M. Linton, general manager of the
Copper Mines Co., at Kimberly. Nev., re-
centlv visited Kimberly in company with
Edwin I. Collin-, of Duluth. Minn., who
BPent about a month in examining the prop-
erty H. S. Munroe, local manager of the
company at Kimberly, expects to be called
for service soon in the Army as an officer,
as does also Lindsay Duncan, who has been
engaged recently on the company s power
problems.

Walter A. Funk, of Idaho Springs, Colo.,
and Harry J. Wolf, of Denver, have been
serving as witnesses in the case of the
Square Deal Gold Mining Co. vs. the Col-
omo Mining Co. involving title to the Not-
awav mine, in Gilpin County. Colo. A
verd"ict has recently been rendered in favor
of the plaintiff. Mr. Wolf also examined
uranium and vanadium properties in Huer-
fano County and manganese and silver
properties in Custer County recently.

Senator Charles B. Henderson, of Nevada.
chairman of the Senate Committee on
Mines and Mining, was born at San Jose.
Calif., on June 8. 1873. He is a grandson
of L R. Bradlev. who was governor of
Nevada from 1871 to 1879. A graduate in
law of the University of Michigan, he has
been engaged in practice since 1900 He
was district attorney for two terms, served
one term in the Nevada Legislature and
was elected regent of the University of
Nevada for the 10-year period expiring Jan.
1 1917 He was only recently appointed to
the Senate bv Governor Boyle, to fill the
vacancy caused by the death of Senator
Francis G. Newlands. He took his oath of
office on Jan. 24 last. His home is in
Elko. Nevada.

development of this latter property brought

Mr Keith his final success. He was a mem-
ber of the Alta and Conunercial clubs. lOlks'
Club and Country Club of Salt Lake City,
thi California Club. Los Angeles; the
Club of San Francisco, and the Ri Uv
Mountain Club of New York. He is sur-
vived bv his widow, three daughters and a
son David Keith. Jr., who Is now with the
expeditionary forces in France.

imiiitMH.ii.iimii t

II. .Hill, ltl.IIIHIM.il IIIMII.

Societies

I

„ iiruiiittiummiinttmiiiiMin iMiiitiiiiHiiiiiMiiiiutiiiiiuiiuiiiiHimitimiiu

Obituary

Engineers' Club of Northern Minnesota
held us regular monthly meeting at Kveleth,
Minn on Apr. 20. Talks on road and street
maintenance were given by R W. Acton,
t • M Dorway and W. R. Van Slyke.

Utah Society of Engineers held its regu-
lar monthly meeting on Apr. 17 in Sail
Lake City. A paper entitled "Electrolytic
Separation of Zinc and Copper" was re;i I
by C A Hansen, of the General Electric
Co 's research laboratory. Members wen-
invited to attend the local section of the
American Institute of Mining Engineers.

Mining Institute of Scotland held Its gen-
eral annual meeting at Glasgow in the
Royal Technical College on Apr. 6. Tho
following officers were elected for the year
1918-1919: President, David M. Mowat ; vice
presidents. Thomas Arnot. Henry Briggs
councillors. Daniel Burns. William Caldwell,
Hugh Johnstone. Joseph Parker, A. H.
Steele and James W. Tweedie. Various
papers were discussed.

Montreal Metallurgical Association held
its annual meeting at McGill University,
Toronto. Ont. on Apr. 10. when officers for
the ensuing year were elected as follows:
President, Prof. A. Stansfield ; vice presi-
dent. G. Percy Code ; honorary secretary
James G. Ross; councillors, C. F. Bristol
George R. Kendall, William C. Lodge. H. J
Roast, Prof. J. Haynes, S. R. Kirkpatrick
W. G. Dauncey, F. G. Gardiner, B. A. Mc
Farlane, and T. R. Davidson.

Societe de Chimb- I nduutrielle. New Yorl
section, met in Rumford Hall, 50 E. 41s
St., New York, on Apr. 24. The followlni
papers were presented : "Some of th
Chemical War Problems." Prof: George A
Hulett. of Princeton University ; "Conditio
of French Chemical Industries," M. F. J. L
Maistre, member of the visiting committe
of American industries to France ; an
"Great Effort of the French Industries.
M Marcel Knecht, member of the Frenc
High Commission.

inn. mi nin

inn, n. ii, iiiiiiii.iiui. ii, I-

New Patents

Ernest Haycock, professor of geology at
Acadia University. Wolfville, N. S., died on
Apr 13 aged 50 vears. He was graduated
at Acadia in 1896 and from Harvard in
1898, in which year he received his appoint-
ment at the former university.

Alexander Kelso, a North Ontario pioneer
and prospector, died recently at Iroquois
Falls from heart failure, aged 61 years He
founded the townsite of Kelso on the
Temiskaming & Northern Ontario Ry.. and
was the owner of the land on which the
Alexo nickel mine was discovered, from the
development of which he realized consider-
able wealth.

Charles Louis Laforgue. managing di-
rector of the Compagnie du Boleo, Santa
Rosalia, Baja California. Mex.. died at his
residence in Paris, at 19, rue de Pomereu.
on Jan. 6. 1918. M. Laforgue came to this
country to study American ideas and meth-
ods Under his able management the Boleo
company became an important producer.
He was also managing director of the Com-
pagnie d'Inguaran, manager of the Com-
nagnie de Huaran and of the Societe des
Grands Moulins de Corbeil, and president
of the Societe de Touage et de Remor-
guage.

David Keith, president of the Silver King
Coalition Mines Co., Park City, Utah, died
on Apr. 16 in Salt Lake City, aged 71 years.
He was born at Mabou. Cape Breton
Islands. N. S.. in 1847 At the age of 19 he
made his way to California, via Panama
where he worked for a time in the pld
fields, and later at Virginia .City Nev ..
where he became foreman of the Caledonia
and Overman mines. In 1882. he went to
Park City, becoming foreman of the On-
tario mine. In 1885. Mr. Keith undertook
the management of the Anchor Mining Co.,
now the Daly Judge, and was instrumental
in placing that property on the road to
success. With John Judge, he contracted
to drive the Alliance tunnel, now; a Partof
the Silver King Coalition workings. The

iiiiuiiiiiiii Him

mi IHIimri

United States patent specifications Iistt
below may be obtained from "The Ene
neering and Mining Journal" at 25c. eac
British patents are supplied at 40c. eac

Alloy of Steel with Ni. Mo, V and M
James Churchward. Lakeville. Conn. (U-
Nos. 1,261,742; 1,261,743; Apr. 2, 1918)

Flotation — Concentration Process. Ws
ter A. Scott. Chicago, 111. (U. S. No. I
261.303; Apr. 2, 1918.)

riot at inn — Process of Foam Reductl
(Breaking Down Froth). Victor Zache
San Francisco, Calif. (U. S. No. 1,26
671 ; Apr. 2, 1918.)

Grinding Mill for Ores and other M
terials. William H. Janney, Hurley.
Mex. (U. S. No. 1,261,398; Apr. 2, 191

Metallic Sulphides. Process of Produci;
by Electrolysis. Charles Owen Gritr,
Rockville, Wormit, Scotland. (U. a. ii
1,261.023; Apr. 2, 1918.)

Tungsten, Molybdenum — Process of Co-
ing Tungsten or Molybdenum Articles «'
Precious Metals. Frank A. Fahrenwf .
Cleveland, Ohio, dedicated, by mesne
signments. to the Government of thetm ■
States of America and to the People of <•
United States of America. (U. S. no 1i»'
110; Apr. 2. 1918.)

Zinc— Production of Zinc Chloride fi°
Zinc Oxide. Frank K. Cameron and J"
A. Cullen. Salt Lake City, Utah, and . RJ
W Hvde. New York, N. Y., assignor:- °
American Smelting and Refining CO-. •
Lake City, Utah. (U. S. No. 1.261,695 . '
2. 1918.)

Zinc, Process for the production of. < °
Baltin, Lipine, Germany. (U. S. no.
261,342 ; Apr. 2. 1918.)

April 27, 1918

KNGINKKRING AND MINING JOURNAL

811

•Jill

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Editorial Correspondence

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SAN FRANCISCO — Apr. 18

Mining In California is assuming wider
and more varied proportions at present
than ever before. The output for 1917. as
estimated hy Hi- State Mining Hureau, will
approximately double the value of the gold
production which was recorded in 1852, the
record year of the days when California's
fame was based entirely on mining- State
Mineralogist Fletcher Hamilton, through
i lie medium of the bureau, has recently
oompleted a series of county reports cover-
ing the mineral resources of all sections
of the state in detail. Those desiring data
of this kind are invited to make full use
at the faciliti s of the Mining Bureau, which
has headquarters in the Ferry Bui'ding,
San Francisco. A letter addressed to the
state mineralogist at that address will re-
ceive prompt and careful attention, and
full information relative to any phase of
mining will be gladly given wherever pos-
sible.

Production of Northend Comstock Mines

for the week ended Apr. 6 totaled less than
normal, owing to repairs in Union shaft,
through which almost the entire output of
she northend is hoisted. The total value
of ore sent to mill amounted to $5477. of
v»hich Union produced $3402 and Con. V'r-
jinia $2075. A large amount of ore was
oroken and left stored in stop-s. The Mex-
ican mill crushed 128 tons of Union mine
are and 78 tons of Union dump material,
having an average assay value of $18.14
ind $13.84 per ton. Also 164 tons of Con.
Virginia ore sampling $12.65 per ton. High-
(rrade ore assaying as high as $279 17 n"r
ton was disclosed in the main lateral drift
3f the Union, and another point in the vein
jn this level vielrled 51 tons sampling
(5443. Ore was extracted from the 24"0
ind 2500 levels. The east crosscut in the
>300 level was advanced to the 91-ft. point
from the southeast drift, the face showing
12 in. of quartz assaving $15 75 per ton.
East crosscut in 2RO0 level advanced to the
38-ft. point from the south drift, the face
In quartz and porphyry. Con. Viredn'a ad-
vanced No. 1 we«t crosscut on 2100 level
14 ft. to the 61 -ft. point and No. 2 west
:rosscut 19 ft to the 36-ft point. The
lortheast drift in the 2700 level was ad-
vanced to the 107-ft. point. Mexican drove
iorth- in 2300 level, a distance of four feet,
through low-gra '.e quartz. Ophir began
lortrwest crosscut in 2000 level to avoid
iaved ground near smith boundary lino.
?ierra Nevada resumed work in the face
■>t north drift. 2500 level : face in porphyry
md quartz giving ore-grado assavs. Jacket-
?rown Point-Belcher, in the Gold Hill d's-
xtct, work continued in repairs to 360 sta-
tion in Jacket shaft and first north drift
idvanced 14 ft. Winze sinking in Surface
tunnel advanced thr^o feet. S<>nt 370 tons
>f ore from shaft bins to mill gloriole.
Orew 246 cars low-erad" ore from No. 1
:hute and 56 cars from No. 3 raise chute,
^ew eauipment and repairs continued in
nill ; 7? tables operated II? hours and old
:yanide pla"t on-rated ; 383 tons mine ore
iut into mill bins.

DENVER — Apr. 15

The Denver S-rtlon of the A. I. M. E.

leld a special dinner meeting on April 3.
it the Denver Athletic Club, in honor of a
risit by three of its ofiCTs Sidney J. Jen-
lings, president: Charles W. Goodale, vice
resident, and Bradley Stoughton. secre-
ary. President Jennings addressed the
neeting on the various activities of t^e
nstitute in connection with the war. He
ieseribed hr'efly the work that was being
lone by various committees and individual
ncmbers who ^ere giving assistance to the
government. He called attention to some
if the important problems of mining that
he Institute and its members were now
acing and would have to consider after
he war. He pointed out particularly the
leed of stimulating the production of those
netals and minerals for which the Govern-
nent was in special need at this time, viz.
nanganese. chromium, molvhdennm. Tw-
ites, sulphur, potash and nitrates. The
econd speaker of the evening was Secret-
ary Bradley Stoutrhton. who called atten-
;"n to the meeting of the institute in
-oiorado next September, and made a
'lea for numerous professional papers from

Colorado men tor presentation at this
meeting He called attention to the

changed conditions In the supply and de-
mand for technically trained men in the
Government service, and stated that at this
time a place could be found for every tech-
nical man who desired to serve the Govern-
ment, either without pay, or at a reason-
able financial sacrifice. He said thai he

would he glad to receive eommunicii

from mining men and engineers who de-
sired to give all or a part of their time to
the Government in the interest of the suc-
cessful prosecution of the war. Mr.
Stoughton suggested that there was great
value In bringing together the officers of
the Institute and the meml>ers of the vari-
ous local sections, and he proposed that
the various local sections arrange to hold
meetings each year at a certain time which
would |>ermit the officers to make a tour
and meet these sections according to an
efficient schedule. This proposal met with
hearty approval on the part of the Colo-
rado members. Attention was next called
to a proposal to change the name of the
Institute It was explained that the pres-
ent name did not seem to please all of the
members, and that many groups of engi-
neers who were engaged in metallurgy did
not feel that they were properly covered
by the present name. Some engineers are
said to have taken the position that they
feel they are misrepresenting themselves
as mining engineers when most of their
activity is entirely apart from mining. It
was stated that the name "American In-
stHute of Mining and Metallurgy" had been
offered as a substitute for "American In-
stitute of Mining Engineers " The sugges-
tion caused some amazement among Colo-
rado members, who appeared to resent the
proposal almost unanimously. Only one
member present, who is a metallurgist, had
anything to say in favor of the proposal.
Some of the older Western members who
spoke against the change called attention
to the value of an old and honorable name
from both a sentimental and an historical
standpoint. Others pointed out the fu-
tility of trying to select a name that would
include and rep-esent each individual tech-
nical pursuit It was suggested that after
satisf.ine the demand of a few of the
metallurgists, there would remain the geol-
ogists, the mineralogists, the chemists, the
assayers. and the numerous mechanical,
civil, electrical and hydraulic engineers
whose work was closely connected with
mining operations. It was pointed out that
mining is an extremely general term, and
involves almost all other branches of en-
gineering, and that no engineer had any
rea-on to feel that he was overlooked, he-
cause the name of the Institute, naturally
has a w'de anplication. It was al=o
objected that the proposed name would
sound somewhat like that of the "Mining
and Metallurgical Society of America" and
that it was almost like a copv of the name
of the much younger organization in Lon-
don. One or two members who particularly
resented the idea of the proposed change
Insinuated that there might be some mer-
cenary motive behind the proposal, but this
was denied by the officers. Vice president
Goodale then spoke upon the problems in
connection with labor and wages, and
urered the necessity of paying particular
attention to the problem of Americaniza-
tion now and after the war. It appears
that this problem has been neglected, pre-
sumably because of failure to realize that
moot of the increase in population in the
United States is due to immigration. In
view of the fact that the birth rate of the
average immigrant family is higher than
that of the American born family, the per-
sistent neelect to regard the problem of
Americanization seriously may become a
source of grave danger in the future. Mr.
Goodale called attention to the fact that
most of the Western meetings of the In-
stitute had resulted in the presentation and
publication of manv valuable papers which
brought the mining and metallurgical
records of the districts vis'ted. up to date.
It was suggested that Colorado members
take advantage of the September meeting,
and see to it that the records of Colorado
mining and metallurgical practices he
brought up to date. Tentative plans f"r
the September meeting were discussed.
These plans include visits to the Cresson,
Portland, and Independence mines and

mills in the Cripple C I. district, the

metallurgical plants near Colorado Springs.
the Colorado Fuel and Iron Company's
steel works, and the had and zinc smel-
i l'ueblo, the Lcadville district and
vicinity, and numerous pleasure and sight-
seeing trips, Including an automobile trip
to the top of Pike's Peak. Arrangements
will probably be made for one or more
sessions in Denver.

SAI.r LAKE CITY — Apr. 10

The Fixing Of the Price of Silver at $1 per
07.. hy the federal Government, as pro-
posed in the I'ittman bill introduced April
9, will give further inpetus to the produc-
tion .,f silver by this state, which in 1917
led in the output of this metal.

Wage In. r.a.-.s at Park City and Tlntie

i intly made. At the former camp an in-

cn ase of 25c. per day is effective from
Apr. 1. Companies making the increase —
which was voluntary — were: Ontario Sil-
ver, Judge Mining. Silver Ki"g Coalition.
Daly West, Silver King Consolidated. Daly,
and Park-Utah. Companies In the Tintic
district that posted notices of the wage in-
crease were: Chief Consolidated. Eagle &
Blue Bell. Centennial-Eureka. Gemini, and
Ridee & Vallev. In this district also the
increase was voluntary, and wages will be
brought up to the standard of the mines
in Bingham, the new scale going into effect
the first of May. Other properties n* the
district, the Tintic Standard for examp'e,
are expected to follow. Companies cot
trolled by the Knight interests will con-
sider the matter at their regular monthly
meeting, as will also the Loose companies
and the Mammoth. Miners will be asked
to vote on the question of the semi-mo"thly
payment of wages as it is at present in
force in Bingham, and if the sentiment is
in favor of such a system, the men will
receive their pay twice a month instead of
every 30 days, as formerly. The present
wages at TWtie are $4 for muckers, and
$4.25 to $4.50 for machinemen.

Occupation Tax Affecting T>»««e«8 is be-
ing proposed by the state board of equiliza-
tion. the rate proposed being 3% of net
profits from operation. The board is send-
ing a representative to the Tintic district
to place the matter before leasees operating
there and to collect figures of net proceeds,
etc. The difficulty in imposing such a tax
lies in the fact that manv lessees are en-
gaged In more than one leasing undertak-
ing, some of which bring in a profit and
some of which are a loss. It is fe't that
it would hardlv be fair to tax each lease
separately, when a lessee is operating sev-
eral, as the final net profit to the operator
or on-rating comnanv would be lessened
bv the losing undertaking Leading in
such cases should be regarded as anv other
business where there is profit and lo=s to
be considered. Lessees are not required, as
are mining companies, to band in metal-
production figures. — although the=e would
be of value — as it Is recog^i^ed bv the
board of equalization that this class of
operators ar* "nt in a position to eive in-
formation of this nature. Lessees are asked
merelv »o give a complete statement as to
the amount received for their ore and a
li=t of legitimate expenses which can be
charged against operation.

BUTTE, MONT. — Apr. 17

Mamranose Production in Montana has

b°en greatly stimulated since the Anaconda
Copper Mining Co announced its intention
of constructing a plant for the treatment of
the=e ores at Great Falls. Many mine
owners have begun a hunt for manganese
ore. and there is every indication that
Butte will soon become a groat manganese
producing center and that South America,
throueh lack of shipping facilities, will
lose its hold on this trade after the war.
It is the opinion of minjne- men that all
the manganese required bv the steel manu-
facturers can be produced In this country
and that much of it will come from the
Butte district

Bnrte-Detroit Arranging for Exten«lv»>
Production — A scheme Is practically com-
pleted for consolidation of a number of
manganese properties In the state and for

ENGINEERING AND MlNlNC .KH'RNAL

Vol. 105, No. 17

111 the

■ mcrly

I tetrolt mine is show -

in manganese \b .\ <■ ih.-

. has dls-

: bO<

I

•ii Is 100 ft In

is at the

riie mill Is
icity will thero-
iblj within the

l\ w,

Thr Beaton nml Montana Development
, properties in the Blkhorn

ment work all w Inti
•h.u in the now vein opened
up .t short lime ago there is considerable
Tlu' Montana Southern
i "i and Mou-
lt r .< . h ill be rushed to
■ii as the weather permits.
sot ot way is graded to witiuu about
I the end of the lino, and :>s the
ground is soft and the location practically
■t it will probably not take long <°
The management states that
ordered and are to be de-
re the grading is finished. When
the road is in operation, it is intended to
start work on the mill, which Is to be at
the mouth of the tunnel and is to have a
capacity of 500 tons per day The presi-
f the company is W. R Allen, whose
headquarters arc in Boston At this end
the management is in the hands of John D.
Tone, formerly manager of the North Butte
company.

JOPLIN. MO. — Apr. 18

A Hltt-t Kumar*' for Missouri Iron Ores
Is being planned 6y the Missouri Iron and
in, a Jfi.ooo.ooo organiza-
tion. A $200,000 blast furnace
T \ . has been purchased and now is being
dismantled and is to be re-erected on the
railway line In miles southeast of
Plains and - '. miles west of Brands-
ville. ii How. 11 County. Mo It is expected
that the plant will b: In o m early

in 1919, and the company plans the produc-

tion of bovi ducts. Including wood

alcohol and sulphuric acid After the blast
lurn.n thi CO

also pli tall aii electric furnacefoi'

lanufacture of steel. Three s pa-
vat. ■ si- i rtc power plants ha> e ben
obtained by the company, v has

^. from on,- or w hich
than 35 been ! hlppi ,i W K

Haight, of Brandsville, Is president; Theo.
F Philips. or si-

dent; Frank .1 Sin in ol Si Louis, is tivas-

- In
tare : .1 i' Klni W st Plain',

superintendenl of mines; C E Smith, of si

formerly chief engineer Ml
Pacific i: it . is director and consulting
engineer, and John P. Mar hall, formerly
foreman Carnegie si,<-l Works at Brad-
dock, l'. nn . .111,1 later superintendent Sllgo
Blast Furnace Co., is superintendent of fur-
naces,

PHOENIX, AK1Z. — Apr. 18

At » Joint Meeting held before the ■
ernor by the Council of National D< ren e
and Min, Operators, the charges made
that the companii a had Imported wobbles"

to break up the union were not sustained.

WASHINGTON, ■>. C. — Apr. 23
The Government Is Looking for Men ca-
pable of taking charge of branch ollices of
the Bureau of Foreign a d Domestic Com-
merce, Department of Commerce; also met
to act as assistants in such ollices Th se
branch offices arc situated in the principal
ionniicrci.il cities, the salaries rangi g from

11800 to $3 i lor managers and from

$1200 to $1800 for assistants. Applicants
should write at once to the Hup an of For-
eign and Domestic Commerce, at W'a hing-
ton, as a non-competitive examination will
be held on May 16 ia various parts of the
country. Full details will be furnished up-
on written application to the Bureau. Ap-
plicants will be examined in export-trad !
technique, promotion of commerce, ,aJid
economic geography, and credit will b.'
given for knowledge, of foreign languages.
The examination will be given under the
direction of the Civil Service Commission,
but communications should be addressed to
the Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Com-
merce

\ ICTOR1 \. It. O. — \pr. II
Proponed Mine Taxation b.\ the Lro
vlnclal government in British Columbia i
, in me considerable ol\ erse agitai ion
When Hon John Hart, Minister of Finanoa
explained the mis program, with refer
i-uyr to revenue ami expenditure, to till
Legislative Assembly, recently, be inti
mated that the two existing taxes, munch
i ' royalty on ore mini d and a l "'
tax on gross profits, would be maintaineo
but both would not be applied to anj oni
mining comi>any or Individual miner Offl
lection would bo made by government offl
cials cuher under one or the other impost
that which would yield the great, i revenui
to the country In each Instance being de-
manded The Granby Consolidated Mining
Smelting ,v- Power i'i>. Consolidated Mintoi
a-d Smelling Co. of Canada, and the Can-
ada Copper Corporation, Ltd., arc tin- thre.
companies which may be said to be mag
Ing the strongest light. The contention 0
the two former is that such an ImpoB
would practically wipe out the margin o
profll on which they arc operating. .1. J
Warren, manager oi the Consolidated Min
ing and Smelting Company, who was Ota
of a representative committee which it
tended the mining committee of tile Legis
lature, suggested that the 2% royalty oi
ore min d be eo.itinu d and that the gov

eminent impose any such super-taxes a
it might find necessary to meet tin tinan

cial require :it i of the provincial adminis

t rat ion. Oscar Lachmund. of the Canadl
i upper Corporation, declared that such I

burden must have the effect ol* stilling U6

v-lopmcnt, and to substantiate the slate
ment gave the financial history of his cor
poratlon This company started with a cap
ital of $5,000,000, practically all of whirl
was paid up, and since its organizatloi
han pad dividends amounting to $600,001
The Copp r Mountain property, low-grad
copper deposit situated near Princeton, I
C, in the Boundary district, would not 1>
in a productive stage for at least two year
and be id s sp aiding 41,600,000 in ex
ploratory and development work, the con
pany would have to lay out an addition;
$2,500,000 in plant equipment and railroa
before returns could be expected. It
not vet known whether the representatlot
made will have the effect of changing tl
gov, mment's policy.

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The Mining News

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ALASKA

ALASKA SHIPMENTS of domestic cop-
matte, etc.. for the month of March
to the United Stat,-.- were 21.096 gross tons;
copper contents, 8,014,059 lb., valued at $1,-
183, 0„2.

\ i:i/.o\ I
Cochise County

AMERICAN SMELTING AND REFIN-
ING CO. (Willcox) — Turned over OPi
Of Ma cott properties to M mpany

on April 1. 35,000 tons of ore has been
shipped.

BUNKER HILL MINKS (Tombstone) —
Erroneously reported as permanently

Portion closed only merelj
ing determination of new and better method
of reduction for manganese ores.

HIOOIXS MINING CO (Bisbee) — Pro-
ducing large quantities of manganese.

t;ibi County

MIAMI COPPER (Miami) — 11
full capacity operation j Enlargerm
power house to be completed soon, adding
two units each of 4000 kw. capacity.

Greenlee County

ARIZONA COPPER (Clifton) — Copper
production in March 4.000,000 pounds.

Mohave County
CHLORIDE QUEEN MINING CO. (Chlo-
ride) — Big compressor soon to be ready.
Company to sink main shaft to 400 or 500
iefore drifting.
GOLD ROAD BONANZA (Oatman) —
■Irift advanced to 350 ft and showing
reported encouraging.

HACKBERRY SILVER (Kingman)— Un-
, hi letting contracts for a 200-
ton mill, a power plant, offices, and bunk
M McGee Is manager

RUP HAL MINE (Kingman) — Opt'one-l
b i.- in Si Charles to Eastern capitalists,
and it is understood that work will begin
on the property at once.

RICO MINES (Kingman) — To be
financed Three men and a t< am are now
at work.

TOM REED (Oatman) — Drift on the
bonanza orehody now at the 600 level and
la reported to be still in rich milling ore.
West Laid Eagle drift still in good ore
over 400 ft. from crosscut. Gray Eagle
also in commercial ore for a distance of
|o ft Total length of ore exposed in Bald
Eagle said to be 600 ft

UNITED EASTERN (Oatman) — Big vein
on the new eighth level now being opened
up. .A. Merrill vacuum precipitation ma-
chine installed on trial, the purpose being
tc reduce the zinc consumption.

I'intll County

SILVER KING (Florence)— Last 4 0 ft.
of unwatering has reached na-der ground,
eliminating all future danger from caving.
A 5-ft streak of high-grade milling ore
reported exposed recently on the 120 level ;
j", men employed.

Yavapai County

ARIZONA - VIRGINIA (Prescott) —

Bought from P. H. Johns 15 claims in Cas-
tle Creek district E. C. King, of Hum-
bolt, is managing director. Has 900 ft. of
shaft and tunnels.

BIG LEDGE (Mayer) — Report of Super-
intendent Trebilcock for week ended April
1. states: Henrietta mine north drift on
150 level now in 817 ft.; north dr:ft 300
level in 202 ft., showing averare width ore
for week of five feet. The south drift same

level in 161 ft, with average width ore fo
feet.

COPPER CHIEF (Jerome)— Milling
tons of gold ore daily. Mill capacity, 1
tons.

DOS ORIS MINE (Prescott) — Cleani
out the old 750-ft tunnel and to sink win
in vein. J. B. Tomlinson is in charge.

IIACKBERRY MINE (Kingman)— PI;
ning erection of large mill.

JEROME VERDE (Jerome) — For w.
ended March 26, 249 ft. of diamond dr
ing and 130 ft. of drifting on the 1110-
level was completed.

VERDE COMBINATION (Jerome)— 1
sumed sinking, and shaft now down 700
Will be put down 200 or 300 ft. furth
Monthly report shows 730 ft. of devil-
ment underground in March.

Yuina County

BLACK GIANT MINES (Wenden)— Op-
pressor ftamWl on the Little Giant pr-
erty and sinking to proceed faster. Fj
cars of ore reported to have been shipi
from the property in sinking 500 ft. : '
drifting.

CARMELITA M. & M. CO. (Sab
Continuing steady development, and g' '
results reported.

COPPER BELT (Salome) — Open. -
strong veins said to contain gold,
and bismuth in good grades. Pi
temporarily shut down.

CRITIC CLAIM (Salome) — Leaser >
achek working 12 to 14 men on 400 le1

LEADVILLE-ARIZONA (Wenden)—
ganized to take over Tom Finnegans pi
ertv on south side of Harqua Hala M-
tains. Work to be started s-ocn.

April 27, 1918

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

K1H

A It KANSAS
Independence Count]

MANGANESE DEVELOPMENT

man)— Building an experimental drj proe-

mlll In i 'hiongo for savim li
ton] manganese ore available if

null provi s suei

POLK-SOUTHARD (Cushman) -

I lij lndep< ndem • ■ Milliner eom]>anv
Opening "|i new manganese deposit by
sua in shovel.

(' W.II'OKNIA
Mud.' Count]
BLOOMER llll. I, (Oroville) — R, iwrted

purchase completed by California Nal

Gold Mining Co. Contemplate installation
of plant of 1500 tons daily capacity l'rop-
ert> developed by throe tunnels. Lode
to extend width of 4S0 ft. Low-Krade ore
from $2.50 to $5 per ton. San Francisco
men Interested.

KEYSTONE (Oroville)— Now vein dis-
closed in Oregon gulch. Equipped with
S-stainp and 3-stamp batteries ready to be
put in commission immediately sutlicient
ore is available.

Inyo County
LONG JOHN (Lone Pine) — Optioned by
Inyo o.iv.r-Lead Syndicate- Recent dis-
closure silver-lead carbonate ore averaging
{67 per ton. Formerly worked by Church-
ill and Maine, who sunk on narrow vein ■
ore worth S30 per ton. George Lewis and
Dave Holland deepened shaft to 150 ft the
vein widening, and in the last 33 ft the
ore extends full width of the S-ft shaft
without disclosing walls. Have 500 tons'
of ore sacked. Mule pack train to be used
from mne to wagon road about one mile •
remaining five miles haul to Mt. Whitney
stat.on on Southern Pacific, ore to be hauled
by motor trucks.

Lassen County

DESERT PRODUCTS CO. (Susanville)—
Reported that potash deposit claims on
shore of Honey Lake have been located
ani test wells 27 assays show material
ranging from 4 to 40% potash salts. John
P. Peterson and associates, including Dr C
A. Jacobson, of the Mackay School of
Mines, at Reno, form the company.

Nevada County

GOLDEN CENTER (Grass Valley)— Re-
ported high-grade ore disclosed in recent
development in 500-ft level at a point 600
ft. north of shaft. Vein highly mineral-
ized and shows width of five feet. Company
nas made final payment on new territory
recently acquired.

San Bernardino County

RADIO MINES CO. (San Bernardino)—
Inco-porated to develop and operate ore
deposits in Ord Mountains said to carry
raid, silver, tungsten and uranium. New
process of treatment devised bv R C
"ork to be installed. Company 'owns 90
laims and has arranged for extensive de-
velopment.

COLORADO
Boulder Count v
WASATCH (Boulder) Mill „i
' ompanj working \i
nd othei pr ties B

inm,!'"

' lear Creek Count]
i>k.\i:y MINES CO (Sliver Plume)—
Operating Terrlb Making "„ i-,r

^ipments ,„■ good-grade si

reduction from I Lth to i

V"'LV ! I OP miv on 14th ,

1 """"' ' available

GEM (Idaho Springs)— Rich sink,. „

, ' - ■ Little I r Leasing Co In

driving east from Are,, tunnel Wide "hoot

!h°ot«Is intte -is

Ich gave 100 oz. gjilSper tSt
„,SMU< ;" : i-i 'i: l > Jeorgetown)— Making reg-
"lal shipment of lead-zinc milling ore
and some copper-silver shlpplng-grSfe ore.'
considerable development work in ore un-
der waj u inze 550 r, west of shaft be"ng

Mming Co,n,KinyU! ™n°* bi' *"**«*-

Dolores County
51RcaCr?. PRODUCTION for February was

in ^917 ftESSEFS'" (Rico)_Shipm,,,ts
in 1917 returned from smeltery $88 837
Company and lessees produced I eoual ton
JSSS fBn"re '"debtednS? oflompany «I
pected to be written off in 1918.

Gilpin County
EVERGREEN (Central City)— Mine and

ilt t ■ m"c1 lowest level drained Large
shoot milling-grade ore opened here Flo-
}:ronS>,?rOCess' recently installed in mill, has
ore^if^op^'r^ "P l° 95%' Chief metal "
Lake County

assivin? 30(Voa«r-'le)— R"8^'ar shipments
assaying 3 0 to 38-;, manganese being made

Width Ifirff °" 465 leVel oPened'fo'r

NISI PRIUS (LeadviMe)— Les-e-s have
secured extension of tim' on this Iowa
Gulch mine, and development work to vZn
taken manganese ore will be undCT-

Mlneral County

CHAMPION (Creed-)— Operations on
this silver mine on Mount Champion to be
resumed. Owns three patented Tafrns and
mine opened by adits. Recent cyanide tv
penments satisfactory. t-yaniae ix-

Ouray County

GEM & FLOAT (Ourav)— High-gra-le
copper-silver ore being opened in 1ne=e
™«s»» north side of Uneompahgre River
low down in sedimentary series.

Shasta County
AFTERTHOUGHT (Ingot)— About 140
"en on payroll. Mine and flotation plant
° Millike "nder management of J.

BULLY HILL (Winthrop)— Reported
-.uggenheim interests made initial pav?nent
'V?'s Property, owned by General Elec-
i.n™ ih 1S t0.,receive royalty of 35%.
!n£ inn"VSaIes Uni" final Payment. Ship-
■»f r?„tCms per day to smeltery at Ken-
ne II mr? hase,Pri9,e of Property, includ-

0 the S^lltS of railroad from the mines

1 00 1000 "'ni? Pa?lfie. said to be about
8 V(a?2°:°Id imeltery built by Delamar
ay ft i«af° isfi¥ln,& dismantled to make
aj, it is reported, for flotation plant.

■■orkmiLr»Senf!h ?ulch)— Mine and mill
.enk„nngtheffPaayrr^,three fU" ShiftS' with 40

Tuolumne County

liHof31™ V GOLD (Sonora)— Huntington

"mBre«J;0a"„/ao?dty bejng installed
inpressors and other machinery being re-

■ VummerXPejCt^°HhaVe plant '" operftion
■nmei. J. T. Harris is superintendent.

■'Mle^fVrS?!?0",? (Sonora )-Since
nd ™e CaSbe/f' 16 carloads of chrome
lipped from nVL°f. nianganese have been
^ clrload" of %Zty at Marsh Flat. Also
•"d near T*Ll ehrome from the Mackey
arch, on thVJ n°wn ,in February and
being driven , pr°Perty a 200-ft. tunnel
re and "econn tap the shaft for drain-
"olumne Coun l wm E« 'mated that
'■000 tons ,,? .if W1" Produce 7000 to
ions of chrome ore in 1918.

HUDSON (Ouray)— This property in
Red Mountain district, will be reopened bv

mii;ing-graUdmPoSrealSO C°"?a?" «*S«SlSK
MOUNTAIN TOP (Ouray)— Regular pro-
marti.0nT,CrUd,e ore aml concentrates ben£
S *nm'opmei" work continues to open
both shipping and n.illing-grade ores.

TELLER (Ouray)— Reopenod bv les-

hea^yS^,!«Sn7|l!nU^dS,a,'3,1lS!
SSnSffSlit, l°alid°ahi0 a"d Co^rld'o

San Juan County

ALEXANDRIA (Silverton)— Pronertv

secured under lease by th" Kins Rro
thers. Upper tunnel cleaned out and
several pockets of sulphide ore onmed
Three carloads shipped from development

f„^MMO™ TUNNEL (Silverton)— Stated
tunnel project may be resumed. Started

fn7r R Je\F a?°'- and was driven 2000 ft
into Red Mountain. Cuts Henrietta vein
at depth of 2000 ft., and will cut "other IariS
veins at greater depth. Portal near rafl-
sliaes.and P°Wer line' and safe f?om srna,w
San Miguel County

MENT^J11^ CONCENTRATE SHIP-
?iiJ= I for ,Mareh were: Liberty Bell 24
cars: Smuggler-Union and Black Bear 34

Tomboy, 54 cars; total. 162 cars largest
shipments from district in normal tfme!
In March, 1917. shipments totaled 121 <£5

fOMBOl (Tellurlde)— Mill running full
ina a ,d other work-

ooni

Bnmmil Coontj
RICAN METAL CO (Bufltehni)—

rom

(Kol ,_

1- ,„ at

RECKENRIDOE DISTRICT

1 ■•KEN'-ll GULCH DREDGING CO

i.i..k,-„r,dge)- Dredge completely ....

Searsnrcnargc!d ^ °£ U™«» ™%
atm,!''''",;,^ -V'XINCJ (Kokomo)-Oper-
done8 tnV" u«iV -Mi-ft'SUGZ'ffW,nrlYil1 '",'
output win h, g^tly inUcreasedtUnne1, a"d

vli "fen'nery on ground. Pros e,- , ',- tiat

ng" wineaN°onehiJy/rminf-'- SKrttS
{■ Ji? A so be driven. Recently Fox

feh'')I^\Ir'i,|V':w',l,;,M, ™ODUCTS CO (Buf-
t^)capac,ityM^non8,d,a1^ti0" '" short

rldw)I^„8S,"^R DREDGE (Brecken-
iiu^ei — rranstormer house burneri nn

3KSMMBS.2?. SS&?SK *f •? ?

house being built at once transformer

ProgresIsYrn".nS^n<PraW,ey)^0peratineold
2SS.SS ir°onn ^phi^^^ha^'
l-rR2BJ.NSOtN TONNEL (Frawlev)— P.gul
Walker made by l66Bee' C^r1^ V.

WELLINGTON (Breckenride^el p„m„

capacity will be IncreTsed to handle hi'
c.-eased flow of water from sixth level

Teller Coonty

d-.™ gSoS,??th LCJ?Ple ,Crcck)-Diamo,.d
DriftmV to thi« T StrUCk &00d-grade ore.
JJriumg to this ore is under wav Ore
also opened on 4th, 9th and 10th levels
DANTE (Cripple Creek)— High-grade ore

from UBig°PToad 0&32°JF* by ""WeesSS
Companjf. d MmmS and Milling

h„SfG.LE 0nK "Cripple Creek)— Stock-
?nneo? Kmeeiinfi ca"^ Apr. 13 foTelec-
t.on of board of directors

.^T^.E COINAGE CONSOLIDATED
4C0 Fevel ofP^~G<?0d creshoot open'el on
mentllkvl begun"1"16' °n BuU Hi"' Ship"

t-eYI^DICATOR 'Cripple Creek)— Difficul
t es of operating flotation plant being S-ad-
™lZ ovJ;rcome ! good saving now being

general nlan^e^' ,StaM recent'y e'ccted
Snyder. manager to succeed Irving T.

W. P. H. LEASE (Cripple Creek i— Shin

S35 Mt^!^ olned b- u"^d

IDAHO

Shoshone County

f-on^o1" drrJft being driven 600 Sfebe?ow
from Oom Paul crosscut Ore disrrihf.te i
across face and steadily improving P^n

c^ori„dHTne,eind°"p£m%T tohSvf

Snymor?^3^VIf€Jirli
intlrestf^ controlIed by New Englanl

\MBERGRIS (Burke)— Two feet of shin-
pmg ore and four feet mining ore r?~
ported north of and adjoin „7 Hercules"
fe,IitofmI?de '," crosscut from No 4 adit
le\el of Hercules. Shaft 200 ft deen sfmi;
many years ago. shows two feet of S

KANSAS

•loplin District
PHILLIPS (Baxt r)— Will erect 400 t«n
mill on lease southeast of Treece Hone^o
have plant complete in 90 days W t0

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 17-

rO— Have

i by them near

shaft put down

I wlth-
.,ft equipment

mu iiu. \s
Copper
CAUTMST AND HECLA (Calumet)—

" ^•■••T*--/-r?Uihm,,"i Sue*
March was, Vhng ,.

Superior, L6
030 pounds
p,,.Pkk\i STNDICATE (Calumet)—
StSTtorhole at depth of
through Bandstone and condom, i.u
Vftir "howirn: of preen carbonate of oop-
' New bole located 750 ft west and
ft north of Drat on an outcrop of trap

City)— Output dropped to
about 900 tons

&&£ Saaaraw as

be good.

vorth LAKE (Lake Mine)— Not lode

G?WK «?••«.. with ««■« to thr.-.. 1,-et

• , average welL shoy l"B...f?°a
both drifts, which are seven feet wide.

•r \ (Calumet — Vertical s<>-ft i'---i
'in usual trap rock of district Ven-
tilation installed in mine.

SOUTH LAKE (Lake Mine)— March
tonnage 1600; assays 33 lb. copprr per
ton of which 25 lb. is disseminated and
8 lb is mass

WINONA (Winona)— Two postponements
ofSnual meeting to %J^TJSJ&&
rector bv minority, who desire to -ink King
vSSn shaft No 2. Bonus paid the men
for MaroT Indicates yield of 16 lb. of cop-
per per ton. ^^^

SIN \l> \

\if Count]
TONOPAH ORE PRODI CTION tor the
»■«* ended Vpi inUr valSe

B91S tons ol -r,,,; u

war ion i_..ui

! 10*0 tons; JJwj^-J^aS
T..n. .pah Extension. 8428; Jim Buuer. 'tao.
\\,<i End 1059 . MacNamara, 5 16 Mon-
tana! 103; Cash Boy, 10, and mi oella-
neous, "'I tons „~»,o~T t

KANSAS CITY-NEVADA CONSOLI-
nATED MINES CO (Bruner) Coi

. w!i! bWilt oBn°-S,e

Ing the mill e [ulpment

UNION \M VLOAMATED (Manhattan)
Milling company ore at rate of 50 tons

-" d"y froTSlo and 600 level fitting

, 850 level tO develop Swanson Orel.mlv

Trouble experienced lately with hoisting
engine , „, . cnft

cro^u?BadvC^ceSd(MrW«2S»S

riyfbu gsjsraffitiia

■ ^er10weS i'S.'BS

Workings6' almost ceased. . ;utpu< tonnage
for week normal, and grade of ore ma
terially increased

White Pine County
CONSOL1D STED COPRERMKraS CO
cv-tmherlv) Started second 500-ton sec

mmm§m

operations.

OKLAHOMA

Joplin District
BrTTE-KANSAS (Waco)— New mill, re-
nlacing mill burned on Christmas, com-
and placed in operation. Develop-
ment hS been progressing through field
shaft.

1 ITTLE MARTHA (Joplin)— Rebuilt
hoi,ne7 derrick and walking-beam pump
destroyed by fire, and is resuming opera-
tions.

MONTANA
Jefferson County
AMALGAMATED SILVER MINES CO
(Clancy)— Shaft completed to 250 ft ana
crosscut driven.

MOUVTAIN STATES MINKS <Alham-
bra)-Machinery all in place and work to
start unwatering shaft 200 ft.

MOUNT WASHINGTON MINE (Wickes)
-Tunnel .".^.0 ft. long and 800 ft. below
surface Galena Smeltery accepts only 30
tons per day from output of mine,
lewis and Clark County
RARNES-KINO CO. (Marysville)— New
pump placed at 650 level of Shannon mine.
RTCLL BOY (Marysville) — Strike of gold-
mi veAVad ore lately made is considered
good. Ore 5 ft. wide.

GPASS VALLEY MINING DISTRICT
nrSerticS operated by Helena Mining Bu-
roaTamf by Cruse Consolidated company
west of Fort Harrison near Helena, have
been closed down by strike of hoisting en-
gineers who quit work when refused de-
mand that their wages be increased from
J4.50 to $5.50 a day.

Silverbow County
ANACONDA (Butte)— Slight fire on
9001evel of Rarus nune started by carb.de
lamp Smoke caused closing of Berkeley
mtaton night of Apr 6. Fire quickly ex-
tineuished and operations in Berkeley re
sumed on following day. January report
of accidents in company's "•!"e„'f.nsn°wi3f,sa
total of 39, or 122% fer 10.000 shafts
High-e-ade copp-r vein cut in cro scut
from Belmont to Davis Daly mines on 2500
tt. li

■loplin District
vrrtT il.incolnville) — Preparing to build

mill on H..,se-h..e land. W. D. AdKins,
Holdenville. is president.

TRUE BLUE (Quapaw)— Building 250-
ton mill west of Quapaw.

SOI Til DAKOTA
Lawrence County
CT7TTING (Deadwood) — Two drifts ex-
tended to tap ore One of these advanced
over 200 ft and should reach ore soon In-
stallation of compressor and machine drills
Is under consideration.

pm npv REWARD (Deadwood)— Lorn-

for the cessation of work

ORO HONDO (Deadwood) — Announce-
me°nnni tlKU development work will not
be resumed until after the war.
Pennington County
ING ERSOLL ( Keystone) — Mine leased
to A T Roos and associates, of Deadwood.
who will ship lithia ores.
UTAH
.limb Connty

owed to 1813 ll ■ . „f Vn „„r= weekly be-
tonnage. Shipments of 20 cars weeitiy

'" EUREKA LILY ^urekaJ-Driftin^be-

e'ast-wert °fissu £°ln° tope of finding con-
?muatio¥ of Tintic Standard ores. R L.
Edwards is manager.

FIIREKA BULLION (Eureka)— Shaft
rfnwn 750 feet Possible sinking may be

S'llhlVesJefme^s SW3SS

rep AND CENTRAL (Mammoth) — During
throe weeks ended March 23. there were
shipped Wears or about 1900 tons of ship-
ping ore. February shipments. 67 cars,
and January. 45.

TTVTIC DRAIN TUNNEL (Eureka) —
This n™ undertaking ^ Knight interests
although hampered by delay in delivery ol
equipment? ^making progress working by
nana Transformers lost en route located
and expected on ground soon. when, after

connecting with Utah Power •Co, lines,
work will be done «ith machine amis.

\ I present tWO BhlftS working, lone eon-

slating of 80 men

TINTIC MILLING (Silver City) Dur-
ln* February mill received 5000 tons of

BiUceOUS ores for treatment, mostly lion.

km ghl propertl s. •

TINTIC STANDARD ( Eureka)— Motor

trucks running smoothly over road from

Sine to loading station, and shipping

about 100 tons per day.

VICTORIA (Eureka)— Property adjoin-

,,„ an'l controlled by Eagle & Blue Befl

shipping a car of ore per day.

Suit Lake County
CARDIFF (Sail Lake)— This Big Cot.
tonwood property opening successfully re-
.. , Strike, regarded bj managemenl d

lownward exten ion of old on in y At
resent about 3000 tons accumulated ore at
, ,., ,„lU«h of South Pork of Big CottOJ.
wood awaiting shipment. Ore at depth re-
ported to be of good grade.

Summit County

PARK CITY SHIPMENTS in March

were 8427 tons. Largest shipper, Ontario

with 246-1 tons ; following Silver King Coali-

ioV,. Judge. Silver King : Consolida-ted. Da»

VY.st Iowa Copper, and West Quincy.

SILVER KING CONSOLIDATED (Park
City)— Mill producing one car of _ concen-
iiltes weeklv. Recent shipment of 50 tons
stated to have brought about $4500, or
$90.88 per ton.

CANADA

British Columbia
NEW HAZELTON GOLD COBALT CO.
(Vancouver)— Three tons of molybdenum
ore shipped.

Ontario

COBALT SHIPMENTS IN MARCH. 38
r-ars or 1442 tons shipping ore. and in addi-
t^ 898 668 oz of silver bullion. Produc-
tion for the month from all the mines was
approximately 1,500,000 oz. of silver.

BRITISH AMERICA NICKEL (Nickel-
,„„,_ To construct refinery at Deschenes,
near Hull Que where a site has been pur-
chased ad construction to begin immediate-
?ya Good Progress being mad ■ with the con-
strnction of the smeltery at the ftluiray
mine in the Sudbury district at which
about 650 men are now employed.

BUFFALO (Cobalt)— Taking in suppltoE
to the new district of Dougherty south o
Temagami. on the T. & NO. By., .when

making arrangements to prospect theti
claims in that section.

titt T GOLD (Beatty Township)— 7»nai
down 12 5 fl and a Hardinge mill gr.ndmf
plant is nearing completion.

INTERNATIONAL NICKEL CO. .01
CANADA (Port Colborne) —The capita
rttcl increased from $5,000,000 to $50.
000.000. , . T . .

K-TRKLAND LAKE (Kirkland Lake)-
in^tln^ion of mill delayed by transport.
tion difficulties. „,..,.„

KIRKLAND PORPHYRY (Kirklan
Lake'f-Iteported to have found good or
in shaft sinking below the 300 leve|

LA ROSE CONSOLIDATED (Cobalt)-
High-grade ore hoisted from the 410 lev'
of Violet. The vein, however, continut
patchy and variable. *._,«„

McINTYRE ( Porcupine) — Investigatin
properties In British Columbia.

NIP1SSING (Cobalt)— In Marc" con
pany produced silver valued at $308,01
and shipped bullion valued at *475-°"l

THACKERAY (Bourkes Stat.on)-Cor
panv acquired seven claims near the mu
ray-Mogridge. .

THOMPSON-KRIST (Porcupine)— t>ri
from 400 level of Vipond within 20 ft
Thompson-Krist ground and h^ a , ,

-era,mS^^

new^Ita^^i^^^l:^
Plant to have capacity of 150 tons oi
tailings per day.

SOUTH AMERICA

Pern
CERRO DE PASCO (Cerrode Pasco)
Production in March. 6.966.0U0 id.
COPPer BELGIAN CONGO

UNION MINIERE DU HAUT ' K
TANGA (Katanga) - Copper product!'
in March 3.086,440 pounds

April 27, 1918 ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL 815

b iiiiimwi,iiwiiiiiiwiiuiiiiiuiiiiuiiiiiiiiiimiiiiiiii iiiiitiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiimi i i iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiuii | iiiiiiiiiiumiiiiiiiiiiimmiiiimiiiimimiimiii,T..iuiiuiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiimiiiuiimiiiiiiiiiiiii|u

The Market Report

iiiniiniimi i iiiiiiiiiniiiiim Iliunillllliuiiu i llllllllll lillllllliliuill lllllllllllllllllll mi I i immiiiiiiiiNiiiiimmimiiii miiiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiimiiiimimmii nun i

Eiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiini mi;

SILVER AND STERLING EX( II I

Sterl-
ing
Ex-
change

til

ver

Apr.

Sterl-
ins
Ex-
change

Sil

er

Apr.

New
York,
Cents

Lon-
don,

1 enee

New

V.irk.

Lon-
don,
Penee

18
1)

20

4.7550
4 7550
4 7550

95!

96 J
97J

47i
47!
48}

22
23
24

4.7550
4 7550
4 7550

991

99J

99j

49
49

4''i

Nch York quotations arc as reported by Handy
ft Harmon and are in cents per troy ounce of bar
silver, 9<>9 6ne. London quotations are in pence per
troy ounce of sterling silver, 925 fine.

DAILY PRICES OF METALS IN NEW YORK

Copper

Tin

Lead

Zinc

Electro-

Apr.

lytic

Spot.

N. Y.

St L.

St. L.

6.67!

6 60

6.60

18

•23 J

t

©6.72)

@6 65

©6 65

6 65

6.60

6. 57)

19

♦23!

t

@6 70

©6 65

©6 62j

6 65

6.55

6 57)

20

*23!

t

@6.70

©6.60

©6 62{

6 65

6 55

6 55

22

•23!

t

@6.70

@) 60

©6 60

6.65

6.55

6 55

23

•23}

t

@6 70

©6.60

©6 60

6.60

6 55

6.55

24

»23i

t

@6 65

©6 60

(e6.60

* Price fixed by agreement between American
copper producers and the U. S. Government, accord-
ing to official statement for publication on Friday,
September 21, 1917.

t No market.

The above quotations (except as to copper, the
price for which has been fixed by agreement between
American copper producers and the U. S. Govern-
ment, wherein there is no free market) are our
appraisal of the average of the major markets based
generally on sales as made and reported by producers
and agencies, and represent to the best of our judg-
ment the prevailing values of the metals for the
d liveries constituting the major markets, reduced to
basis of New York, cash, except where St. Louis is
the normal basing point.

The quotations for electrolytic copper are for cakes,
ingots and wirebsrs.

We quote electrolytic cathodes at 0.05 to 0.10c.
belu -v the price of wirebars, cakes and ineots.

Quotations for spelter are for ordinary Prime
Western brands. We quote New York price at 17.5c.
per 1 00 lb. above St. Louis.

Some current freight rates on metals per 100 lb.
*re: St. Louis-New York 17c.; St. Louis-Chicago,
IV.; Rt Louis-Pittsburgh. 13.1 cents.

LONDON

Arr.

Copper

| Tin

Lead

Zinc

Standard

Elec-
tro-
lytic

Spot

3 Mos.

Spot

Spot

3 Mos.

Spot

18
19
20
22
23
24

110

no

iio
no
no

110
110

ho
no

110

125

125

125
125
125

330
330

333
343
343

330
330

333
343
343

29}

295

295
29|
29J

54

54

54
54
54

The above table gives the closing quotations on
London Metal Exchange. All prices are in pounds
sterling per ton of 2,240 lb. For convenience in
comparison of London prices, in pounds sterling per
2,240 lb , with American prices in cents per pound
the following approximate ratios are given, reckoning
exchange at $4.7515. £29'. = 6.2576c; £54 = 1 1.4545c.;
£110 = 23 3333c: £125 = 26.5151- ; £260 = 55 1513c;
£280= 59 3937c; £300= 63 6362c Variations, £1
= 0.2121205c

Metal Markets

NEW YORK — Apr. it. 1918

Further weakness in both lead and zinc
and more acuteness in the situation in tin
were the chief features of the metal market
this week.

Copper — There was a rather large in-
crease in the mine production in March, but
the refiners are able as vet to increase
their production but slightly, the unsatis-

ory labor Bltuatloti bi lng a gi
cap t.. them The Euron a
copper, \* hlch lulled a little while bacl
now become v. ry ai

hard pressed to supplj both this and th •

Bti< requirements They are unab
supply Industrial consumers with all that
they need, and domestic industry Is Btlll
on ;i ration basis The pre ent agreement
between the producers and th
expire: with the end of May. There is a
large inquiry for copper for delivery in

Tune and later, which n i king

subject hi whatever prici maj be a ■■• d
upon between them and the Government
following May 31.

Copper sheets are quoted at 31 )i
lb. for hot rolled, and lc. high r for cold
rolled. Copper wire is quoted at 26Jc.
f.o.b. mill, carload lots.

Tin — The situation is becoming more and
more acute. Chines.- tii to arrive at the
Pacific Coast is held at 91c, while s'.ic i<
being paid for April-May shipment i. Somi
houses received cable advices today that
the Dutch government has prohibited ship-
ments of tin from Batavla. There is pos-
sibly some connection between this and the
sharp rise in London yesterday

Lead — There was a considerable i"cr«ase
in the volume of business, transactions
comprising several lots of large size Tii--
business was done, however, at declining
prices, and buyers seemed to need some
coaxing. A large quantity of lead was sold
today at 6Sc. New York, with more offered
at the same price.

The strike at the smelting works of th"
St. Joseph L"ad Co. was settled on Apr 22
on the reasonable terms that the company
had offered all along.

The litigation over ore-smelting co^tra^t
between the American Smelting a^d Refin-
ing Co. and the Bunker Hill & Sullivan has
been compromised.

Zine — A larger amount of business was
reported than in the previous week, but it
was taken at declining prices There was
considerable inquiry from galvanizers. a-d
some considerable sales to them. It was
regarded as encouraging that the pre=e-"t
prices interested them, although it would
rot seem that it requires much nerve lo
buy spelter at the present level.

Zinc Sheets — Unchanged at $15 per 100
lb., less usual trade discounts.

Other Metals

Alnminnm — The price quoted is the Gov-
ernment price of 32c. per lb. but the mar-
ket is unsettled and there are few transac-
tions.

Antimony — Unchanged at 12Jc. for spot,
with only a small business done. None of
the importers quoted on futures. The
statistical position in this market is steadily
improving. One well-informed house esti-
mates that the present consumption is at
the rate of 1500 tons p"r month, while
the importation is only 800 tons.

Bismuth — Metal of the highest purity for
pharmaceutical use is quoted at $3.50 per
lb. for wholesale lots — 500 lb. and over.

Cadmium — This metal is quoted at 1.1.40
per pound.

Quicksilver — A fair volume of business
was reported at $102 for California virgin.
Mexican virgin was quoted nominally at
$118. San Francisco reports, by telegraph,
$115, steady.

Gold, Silver and Platinum

silver — Silver has rapidly advanced this
week in London. This advance has offset
the premium on New York over the official
price. The notable feature of the week
has been the passage of the Silver bill au-
thorizing the Government to pay $1 per oz.
for silver 1000 fine.

Mexican Dollars at New York: Apr. 18,
77; Apr. 19, 77; Apr.. 20, 77; Apr. 22. 77;
Apr. 23, 77 ; Apr. 24. 77.

Platinum — Refined ingot unchanged at
$108.

Palladium — Strong at $150 Supply very
low.

iridium Quoted at 1160, but probably
difficult t" get, supply being very Bmall

Zinc and Lead Ore Markets

Joplln. Mo., Apr. 20 — Blende, p rton high
Is '.I'',; Zn, premium 5

medium to low

I 16.25; calamine, per ton, !"■ , Zn
ige selling prices: Blende
$ 17 2:t : calamine. $29.88; all ores, $46.72
per ton.

high $S«10; basis 80% Pb. $85<Tk

80; average telling price, all grades of

1 9 1 58 per ton.

Shipments the week: Blende, 12,245;

calamine. 371; lead. 1630 tons. Value all

on th( i i $727 380.

Present prices, with little prospect of ad-
vances, seem not to dishearten the pro-
in the Oklahoma field The larger
mines continue outputting i I u

ones are week'- being brought Into the
producing list. The output of this n. n b >-
rltory is now nearly double that of the en-
tire district four years ago. Oklahoma Is
producing two-thirds the zinc and three-
fifths the lead output of the district.

Plutteville. Wis., Apr. 20 — (By telegraph)
Blende, basis 60% Zn. $50 base for prem-
ium grade down to $44 base for second-
grade. Lead ore, basis S0% lead, $82 per
ton. Shipments reported for the week are
2176 tons blende, 378 tor.s galena and 23^ft
tons sulphur ore. For the year the totals are
38 717 tons blende, 2247 tons galena and
IE 091 tons sulphur ore. During the week
3050 tons of blende were shipped to separat-
ing plants.

Other Ores

Antimony Oro — Offered at $1.75 per unit,
with but little inquiry for it.

Cli-ome Ore — Charl"s Hardy reports that
a contract for ore running 45% chromic
oxide was closed for five months at $1.50
per unit, f.o.b. shipping point. He says,
furthermore, that considerable material * is
now being offered and that th" outlook is
much more promising that it has been for
the last three months.

Iron Ore — The l^ake slrpping movement
will open gradually. It is to proceed ac-
cording to railroad facilities at the lower
end of the Lakes, and the railroads still
have all the work they can do taking Lake
"Erie do*?k ore. Prices remain on the basis
of J5 05 for Mesabi nonb"Ssemer, at Lake
Erie dock. The vessel rate has been set
at $! from the head of the Lakes, for sea-
son or wild charters, the contract rate last
year having been $1. with some wild ton-
nage at higher prices occasionally.

Manganese Ore — This is in great demand.
We quote $1.20 ©1.30.

Molybdenum Ore — Buyers are conspicu-
ous by their absence. One the other hand,
there does not seem to be any pressure to
sell.

Pyrites — Spanish lump is quotable to
those who possess a license from the Gov-
ernment at 17c. P"r unit on the basis of 9s.
ocean freight, buyer to pay war risk, less
2% and excess freight. It is said that 20c.
per unit is being paid at the mine for do-
mestic pyrite.

Tnng-sten Ore — The market was again
active. Business in scheelite was done at
$24 50. and in wolframite at $19® 24, ac-
cording to grade.

I son Trade Review

PITT* BV KG II — Apr. 23

Production of pig iron and steel has not
gained appreciably over the rate attained
early in March, and may be said in gen-
eral to be at the rate of about 85 % of ca-
pacity, the tonnage fully equalling the out-
put during the major part of 1916, when
operations were full, with a capacity 15 to
2>r, below that now existing. The chief
restrictive influence to full production con-
tinues to be the poor movement of Con-
nellsville coke. Despite well-sounding re-
ports and predictions, the car supplies in
the Connellsville region have not been aver-

sir.

ENGINTKRIXG AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 17

\r>r 1 than thov ,11,1 In

■ « actu-

:.',!.

ir fully hus-

;i number of furnaces out of

Ttif Cam grle Steel

ut and would

In if it had I

■

ie furnace In

output but most steel mills

that it is not that the scrap

slot* normal bul rather

not been the

rap that would make up for the

pis iron Scrap offerings

th-oiu-h tne

shell production and

1 tO s II
for bettor terms.
the material baa ated.

The steel trade has lately becun to take

n mi steel requlre-

ven con-

v. -i-rton that the

ire steel than

the ■ estimate I This is ■ s-

ise with shipbuilding, which

must be proceeling at

than recent reports of vessel completions

i launchings would indicate Only

ntlv the steel producers were fearful

lid not be enoueh demand.

.1. to engage the

finitely, hut no v the n's-

tr.u mer rails

jns;. .. ars ready to

ght cars
woo 1 superstructures. t'n-
doubtedlv these rVcisioti ; mu t be has d
upon accurate information Many press
itches from Wash'ngton are mislead-
ing and do not rerV ct the informafon actu-
ally in possession of official Washington

Transactions covering products for orrii-
narv commercial material cent nue light.
There appears to be an Insistent demand
for certain products, hut only for early de-
•ul n presenting no large tonnage
eminent orders continue to be p'.aced at
about the same rate as formerly, and new
requirements are in evidence right along.
Most of the estimates as to shell-steel ton-
nages that will be reiuired are. however.
geerated. New Government renu re-
merit's in steel run largely to ste 1 for our
lilies and these shipments promise to be
heavier during the remainder of the year
than any of the previous records

Pir Iron — Merchant fur -aces are produc-
ing at not far from capacity and are fairly
well supplied with cars for shipping iron.
so that little is in stock, but many con-
sumers are eager for heavier shipm nts.
Sales are confined to iron required for Gov-
ernment orders and small lots for early de-
liv.-rv for commercial purposes The mar-
ket remains at the Government limits: Bes-
semer. 136.20: basic. $32: No, 2 foundry.
J33: malleable. $33.50; forge. $32 fob.
furnace, freight from Valleys to Pittsburgh
being 95 cents.

strrl — More shell-discard steel is being
offered, while there is also a broader de-
mand, more consumers having brought
themselves to use this class of steel. Ordi-
r.arv soft steel is rarely offered. Prices for
soft steel remain at Governm"nt limits:
Billets $47.50; small billets. $51: sheet
bars. $51 : slabs. $50 : rods. $57.

STOf-K Ot'nTiTlo\<

STOCK QUOTATIONS— Continued

Ferroalloy s

FrrTomang»ne-f — There is a moderate
demand, and prices are well held, at $250.
delivered, for '"'', ferromanganese. and $70.
fob. furnace, for spiegtleisen. 10 to 18 per
cent

Coke

( »nnrll>ville Coke — Recent reports of
better car supplies have not been borne
lal shipments Occasionally the
railroads have an inordinate supply for a
day or two, as operators are unable to load
the suddenly increased number, and the
extra cars hold over Averaging a week at
a time, the supplies remain poor. Ship-
ments the last three weeks have averaged
onlv about 325,000 tons a week, which is a
trifle below the March average, while re-
quirements are probably fully 375.000 tons.
Offerings in the open market are rare, con-
tract shipments taking up all the coke that
can be moved, with occasional exceptions.
The market remains at the Government
limits: Furnace. $0; 72-hour selected foun-
•7 ; crushed, over 1-in.. $7 ?.0. per net
t ovens

N \ I \.'1I '
..1,1 M

Juncnu
,v it.-f .com
\m Sm * If'-' . i,f

ill! S.„ ^,,. , pi , \

Am. Z1n,'
Ratonllns Mm

llethl.-hcni si,...)
n.-tlili-li.-tii s,, I |,r

Rutt* A superior
Bi in- Con A Zinc
( SetTO lie Past 0
Chile Cop

Colo in, l A- Iron. . .
crarlhic Steel
Crucible Rteel, pf
i lame Mim^
Federal M. A H

1 VI AS. pt

Great Nor . nrn ctf.

Greene • anam-a
Oull ^lates

•lull I 'nil

itlnniilNlnkol
Kcnnccntt
Ijuiknwnnnn Rteel. ,
Mcxlcnn Petml
Miami i 'onper
Vnl'l I ,p lift, com.
rlatlninil i cad, pi
v,v i . ...... ,i

Ontnrln Mln

T(;|V Poll

Renubll.-I AS ,.nril.
Republic I AS. lit
Sli«s-s|,..m,l,|. . .
Tcnncssif C A C..
c s s,,. i_ pom
D, s s,,.,.|, |,r ..,

Utah i 'nniwr

Va Iron C. A C. .

Mir 28

II

I

Mil

ss

I I
I •

in

i ■■

10

as |

89 I

s
01

291 I

ia

100

75
52|
28

sai

'•>:
•n

571
1(15
I9|
10
25
SI
971
00

it:

941
1 II) t

SO

r.7

781

.mi ;
is

is
25

89
433

IS!

45'

II

V v CURBt Apr. 23

H

Butte * V Y

Ul

Bitttr nitmit

„ A

.45
IA

Calumet * Jerome.

Can Hop. Corpn. . . ,

'H

Cnrllsli-

.09)

Con, ' rl/ s=iti

1c

(•mi roppermlnes. .

SI

Cnn. \.'v -IHnh

t A

Fmma Con

.211

First "'at. <'np

*'!

.281

c.lilnlcl M enter.. .

.0.11

H

Il.-.l . Mln

411

»4I

1

Kerr 1-nke

K|

Lo. is'ana

t.SO

Vaema

t,08

MnKlnlcy-Dar-Sa..

.40

»1|

t.25

Mother i oilc

44

N V. A t'onil

J121

Nlplsaitie Mines... .

81

ti

»2|

41

t.SO

Rochester Mines.. .

.38

81. .loa»'iiii l.ond.. . .

15

Standard S, 1

J.'i

.20

0S|

121

t Si!

Trlhiilllnn

Trnv Arizona

United Cop

„IA

1'nlted Verde Ext. .

38

Fnlted Zinc

L „!'

't 08

KIKI-ON inch * \

»d venture

Muneek

tienmati

Mlouei

*rl». ('om . ctfa.

t mold

■

nuitf-HiilnKIftvix.
Calumet ft \r\i
Calumet a- Recla,.

» ■|-niintil:il

< 'outxT Range.

■t
r>avb»-T>aly
>':isi nutte
i mnklln

''■illl'V

T':ii>n»fk

1'iHlIrv

rToivotta
[mllana
lata Royals

Krwi'i'iww

i Ake

1 41 ^illlC

Mason \':iiipy

^,asa

Mayflower

MirhlL'.in

Niohawk

v >w « readlan. ,

Vpw 1*lrl:i

North Hiitte

North Lake

■ Minway

oui l>omlnlon. .

Oacenla

Oulncy

St. Marv's M. L. .

Santa Fc

Ppnero

Shannon

Rhattnck-Arli

Po i like

Bo, ri:ih

Stiporlor.
Ruperlor ft Host.

Trinity

Tiinlmnin*
U. B. SmrltlnR. .
n. R Rmelt'g, [if
I't.ih A pox

titan Con

Utah Metal

victoria

tvinonn

Wolvprinc

Wya ndot

SAN FRAN.'

Apr. 23

CI V \ LIHF.RTY ItOMi

Alia

Andes

Tleat A lW'lrher

Caledonia

Challenee ("on

Contldenee

Con. Virginia

CouW * curry

Hale * Norcroas...
Jacket-Cr. I't

Mexican

Occidental

Ophlr

overman

Savage

Sierra Nevada

Union Con

Utah Con

Belmont

Jim Rtitler

MacVamarn

Midway

Mont - Toiiopuh .

North Star

Rescue Hula

West End Con —

Atlanta

Bonth

Comb. Frac

D" eld Daisy

Florence

Jumbo Extension..

Kewanas

Nevada miia

Nevada Packard . .

Round Mountain..

Silver Pick

White Caps

p.!.- Jim

United EftWf-n .

i»1
.17
.03

n.s

.02

.04
.41

l:o2

.OR
.18

J.00
.17
III
.04
.10
.89
.02

S . 1 7 '
.66
1 1
.00
. 12
04
.08

J77
.09
.05

: 02
: 02

.12

.10
.04
.04
.22
.30
.04
.S9
1 75
X or.

0
41

70
7!
12
IS

t 50
23

If

'-'1
62

li'
14

.50

vr.

,,,,

54

71
49
.90
91

4i
10

,i'

•i:

■HI

:<s
43
2

II

ft

28
.70

Alaska Mines Corp.

15

Rlnelmm Mines. . . .

Jt9*

Boston F.ly

.90

Bnflton ft Mont

.52

Butte .t: l.on'n Dev.

.20

|i

("iilnmet-Corhln.. . .

t.oi

2

.05

( rmvn Iti'serve

.20

Crvstal ("op

.31

EaKleft Blue Bell...

2

< ilia ( 'ct>per

m

HiniL'htnn Copper. .

.75

Intermountaln

.05

lrnn Can. Com. . . .

18

Mexican Metals

.40

Mines of Amorlca

u

Molnve Tunirsten, .

.07

Nat. 7lncft l.oad.. .

.20

^"evndii-Douclas. . .

.75

New Baltic

.90

16

Oneco

.20

Pacific Mines

t.35

Vf\ Cons

.11

Yukon Gold

1

COI.O -n;i\i;s A.pr.23

mi i mm 4 .7,

i kootor Jack Pol

i ii. i mi t ion
it Paao

ivorolfm.
Golden < \ iN-

» iranlte

babella

Marx McKlnney. .

Portland

1 nil. .1 - .,.1,1 M.,

\ Indlr itoj

• Bid prices, t

BOSTON CURB* Apr. 23

SALT LAKE*

Bannack

Cardiff

Colorado Mining...

Daly

Empire Copper

Cold Chain

Grand central.

Iron Blossom

J t idee

I.nwer Mammoth.. .
May I'ay

Moscow

Prince con

Ill o Wellington. .
Stiver-King Coal'n
Silver King Con.. .

Sioir; Con

So. Herla

Tint.le Standard. .

Uncle Sam

Walker Cop

Wllbert

Yankee

TORONTO*

\pr. 23

.09)

Bailey

.03

.281

Chambers Ferland..

t 091

Conlagos

3,0'.

Harcraves

.07!

.53

PeterBon Lake

on;

.28

Wcttlau!er-I,or

.04!

.33

"i

Home Lake

20

Holllnjrer

6. 15

Mrintvre

1.32

Newray

18!

.14

.49

.18

.13

Apr. 23

.7 1
.33
.08
,05|

•il

i n> i ii iv

linrinii ( 'in i.
i .mi S ^,l.Illr

('iiinn Hlnl

FI oro

1 Bncrnnin
Moxlcnn miiii-m
>'ln ( 'orp. (10.11.,
rtcClll. I'fil

(-n.vlll"

SI .loliii ilel Itcv
Santii I icrt'tllA.

Tomboy

S g 0

II 111 II

(I 10 II

ii x n

ii 16 ll

n 18 (I

O 17 6
'loelnn prices t Last Onouulnra!

Vl-r 8

CI 6» 0(1

0 11 0

II 8 3

0 9 II

(1 II

MONTHLY AVP.RACU PRICKS OP MT-TALS

vrw ^'nr\

Lnmlnll

1016

1017

1918

1016

1917 | 1918

hni

... , ,

rr, nso

ss 70.' in 910

36 682 II I5D

Feb

77 r>«s

85 7 HI 26 1175

37 71 ' I

Mar

r.7 osii

73 Rfll

ss 1)82

'-'7 S117

36.410

13 021

April

64 ii,

73 R7fi

HI 66S

36 B63

Mttj

7 1 269

71 7lr.

35 177

37 040

■

.. . 024

7''. 071

■il lino

39 oil',

Juli

, ■ n4(i

70 n 'li

111 onn

Ill 1 HI

66 083

R5 107

ii ins

13 11-,

Sept.

68 515

ion 7lii

32.584

50 920

Ocl

r.7 856

s7 S32

82 361

11 324

\..\

71 mil

s, 891

34 192

18 584

Deo

75 , 70S

B3 1)60

36 110

13 052

Year..

66.661

81 417

:i 3 1.-,

40,851

t.26

3.25

.07

1 .471

J1.00

.06

.40

.35

5.50

t.0.3

Jon

M>2
.54
141
1.67!
2.02
.03!
.65
tl.30
001
1 HT,
10
t-02

New

London

York quotations centa ner nnnrc troy, nne silver
penoe per ounoe.stcrllnasllvpr, 0.025 One

N. w
1 |,.|.|i

> ml,

1 ..lllloti

>1) tie

slniHlan!

Klect.rnl' tic

1917

1918

1917

mis

1917

III 8

Jan.
L'eli . .
Mar. . .

April. .

May.
June....
July
Auc. .

SepI,
Oct. ...
Nov. . .
Pec. .

u 760
11 .481

27 935

28 7sv

29 962
■.. .. V
15.380

26 073

23 alio
'23 500

23 '.on
23 sod
23 600

131 921

'37 895
136 750
133 R42
ISO 000
ISO 000
. 18 l.i"
. ' ■ |»1
H7 son

1 10 00(1
1 III 000
110 (100

110 000
11(1.0011
110 000

■ 4? snr,

148 100
..',1 000
147 ISS
142 oihi
142 000
1 40 40"
137 000
135 250
125 000

1 25 000

126 nnn

i ' . urn
125.001
125 mil

year

27 . 1 80

I'M 892

13s 1(1 1

«■»

Vork

Lol

tlon

Tin

1917

1918

1917

1918

.lanuarv

44.176

85 . 500

92 000

(a)

185 813

ins 974

"07 1 13
2"0 171
246 .114
24 ' 088
242 181
243,978
244 038
247 467
274.943
298 556

293 221

March

r.l 388
55.910
63.173
6! 0r.3
63 570
62.681
6 1 542
01 ,851
71 740
S7 120

31S S7S

May

.Inne

July

( Ictolier

Av. year

0 1 , O0"

237 5«1

(a) No average compi'ter

.

New York

St. Louis

1 notion

Lead

1917

1918

1917

1918

1917

1918

January

February....

March

A prll

May

July

AllCIISt

September..
October.
November..
December. .

7 , 62K

8 . 63C.
9,199
9.288

10.207
11 .171
10 710
10.594
8.680
fi 710
6.249
6 375

fi.782
6.97.3
7.201

7.530
8 .r,9a
9 . 1 2(1
9.158
10 202
11.123
10.644
10.518
8.611
6.050
6.187
6.312

6 684
6.809
7.091

30 son
SO son
Ml 500

29 5(1
20 60
29.50

30 . 500
30 500
30 600

so son
so son

30 5(16
30 5(KI
30.500

::::

Year. . .

« 787

Q 7"1

30 500

.sew York

t Louis

Lonuuu

Spelter

1917

1918

1917

1918

1917

191

January

February....

March

A pril

June

July

August

September..
October. , ,
November .
December. .

9.619
10 045
10 300
9 459
9.362
9 371
8.643
8.360
8.136
7.983
7 847
7 . 686

7 836

7.814
7.461

9.449
9 . 875
10 130
9.289
9.192
9 201
8.473
8.190
7.96R
7.81.3
7.672
7.510

7.6fil
7 . 639
7.28fi

48 329

47 onn

47 000
54 632
54 009

54 nnn
54 . onn
r,4 . onn

.54 I"
.54 "i
64.0'

54 nnn
64 nnn
54 000

Year..

8.901

8. SIS

.52.413

New York and St. T .on la nuot.nHons,.eent8 per poui
London. ponndgstcrHne per Inne (on.

No. il

Pic Iron,

Bes8emert

Bastct

l.iumiry

Pgb

1917

1918

1917

1918

1917

111

<35 95

S37 . 25

S30 95

833. 9.=

$30.95

188

31. 37

37 . 25

30 95

33 . 9.5

B3

37.37

37.25

33.49

33.95

April

42.23

38 90

40 94

42 84

54.22

50 05

July

57.45

53 SO

54 17

50 37

{September.

4''. 40
37 25

42.24
33.95

33 95

37.25

33.95

December. .

37.25

33 95

'

Year

543 57

S39.62

140 83

} As reported by W. P. Snyder & Co.

Engineering and Mining Journal

May 4, 1918

Volume 105

X umber 18

SHU1IWAT OIL, WELL NO. 5, NEAR EL DORADO, KANSAS

The Petroleum Industry in Kansas

BY W. A. WHITAKER,* CLARENCE ESTES, AND F. W. CAMPBELL

The petroleum production of Kansas reached an
estimated total of 32,450,000 bbl. in 1917, thus
placing Kansas among the most important petro-
leum-producing states. The article is a summary

of the history of the development of petroleum,
production statistics, the drilling record, costs of
drilling, geology and general conditions, and the
physical and chemical properties of Kansas oils.

CANSAS is now in the midst of its second stage
of petroleum production. It is somewhat arbitrary
to attempt to name with accuracy the limits of the
^st stage of production, though it may suffice here to
1 its terminus with the year 1913, since it was in
14 that drilling explorations for a new gas supply
<;ned up an entirely new area which was destined to
i rease greatly the petroleum output of the state. As
'ght have been expected, gas production has pro-
dded with oil production; consequently, the history

Director. Division of State Chemical Research, University of
isas, Lawrence, Kansas.

of the development of these two products will be sum-
marized here together.1 * 3

In the pioneer days, the presence of tar or oil springs
had attracted attention and had been the cause of much
discussion among the settlers of the '50s. There were
many legends existant at the time concerning the use of
these tars and oils by the Indians of the region. The
first actual drilling for oil was started in June, 1860,

iDigested from McElwaine, "Early Wildcattlng in Kansas,"
"Oil and Gas News," Vol. I, No. 4-11. 1917.

2Haworth, Vol. IX. University Geological Survey of Kansas.

'Annual reports of the U. S. Geological Survey, and other
sources.

enginkekinc and mining journal

Vol. 105, No. 18

G w. Brown and associates, of Lawrence, who

put down a four-inch hole. The location was in Miami

- _'. T. 17. U. 24, and the depth of the hole

100 ft., the lull length ^( the boring apparatus

used. This well was non-productive. Eight miles south

another well was drilled, which also proved to he a

failure, A third well, located in s. L5, T. it. R. -J::.

sunk to a depth of 'J7"> ft., but the only reward

a thin coating of oil en salt water. The impending

Civil War caused operations to be stopped, and the

rch for oil was not renewed for several years.

In 1ST:'.. Colonel Nelson F. Acers sank a well near

the town of lola. Miami County, using a diamond drill

and going to a depth of 737 ft. At this point natural

was encountered, and the well started blowing at

an estimated volume of 250,000 cu. ft. daily. A local

drilled the first oil well in southern Kansas on the towi
site of Neodesha, Wilson County. The oil was found ai
800 ft. ami production began at 50 bbl. The same firm
enlarged to Brown, McBride & Bloom, drilled in a "gasaer1
iicai' Coffeyville, Montgomery County, which had an initia
How of 5,000,000 cu.ft. per day. 'Phis was the first bi(
gas well in the Mid-Continent Field. This firm also struct
i;;is at Independence, Montgomery County.

IN'.C -McBride & Bloom obtained oil at Independence a
1 180 ft. A flow of 3,000,000 cu.ft. of gas per day was struct
at lola at 840 ft. Guffey & Gayley drilled a score or mori
of wells in the Neodesha district which were small producers

l893-'94-'95 — Small oil wells were developed at Coffey
ville at depths from 300 to 800 ft. Several big gas well
were drilled in at lola, some reaching a daily flow of 10,
000,000 cu.ft. The lola field expanded to several squar
miles and became the largest gas field in the state.

1894 — On July 1, 1894, natural gas, which had been pipe
into Neodesha, was lighted. The towns of lola, Coffeyville

TRAPSHOOTERS' OIL WELL NO. 2, EL DORADO, KANSAS

company drilled three wells in the same region about
this time and obtained good flows of gas. Soon, how-
ever, salt water was encountered, and the gas was not
utilized. In 1883, near Paola, Miami County, a com-
pany headed by J. W. Werner drilled several wells to
about 300 ft. and obtained gas. A company to supply
the town of Paola with natural gas was organized in
1884. One year later, a well located about eight miles
from Paola began an initial daily flow of 10 bbl. of
oil from a depth of 350 ft. This was probably the first
oil well of any consequence in the state.

Chronology of Development

The developments from 1885 down through the fol-
lowing 30 years may be summarized chronologically as
follows :

1887— The firm of McBride & Bloom drilled a few shal-
low wells, which were small producers, two miles from
Paola, near John Brown's Mound. Several gas wells were
brought in near Osawatomie, Miami County, by W. M.
Mills, and the town was piped for gas at that time.

1892— McBride & Bloom, associated with W. M. Mills,

and Cherryvale began to burn gas in the early '90s. C
was discovered near Humboldt, Allen County, and the to\
was lighted by gas in 1897.

1900 — Oil was produced from the Chanute pool, Neos>
County.

1901 — Oil was discovered at Peru, Chautauqua County

1902-'03 — A prolific field was opened in Chautauqi
County, the sands having a thickness of 48 to 60 ft. a I
being located at depths of 1100 to 1200 ft. Oil and gl
were discovered at Erie, Neosho County. The Humbot
oil field was opened. A field at North Bolton, Montgomr
County, was opened. A big well was brought in north I
Chanute, with an initial daily flow of 500 bbl. Several If
wells were drilled in soon afterward in the same field.

1904 — In Montgomery County, the Tyro, Caney and W;-
side fields were developed. Paola, Miami County, II
original gas field, became a good oil producer.

1905 — The Rantoul field, Franklin County, was opened

1906 — Oil development continued near Paola, Osawatoi-'
and Rantoul ; also in the Hoffman field, Chautauqua Cour ■
Extensive gas developments were carried on south of In -
pendence, Montgomery County.

1907 — A gas field was developed southwest of Chane
and another east of Fredonia. Other new gas fields we
southeast of Humboldt, in northeast Chautauqua Cour •
and near Cottonwood Falls.

May 4, 1918

ENG1XKKKING AND MINING JOURNAL

B19

1908 — Practically all field development occurred in Okla-
oma.

1909 — Declining production; new wells, 69, were located,
lOBtly in Chautauqua, Neosho, and Allen counties.

Active development in Alien, Chautauqua, Neosho,
mery, and Wilson counties, owing to an increase in
if oil. New oil wells, 85.
1911 — Development continued in the same districts as in
.>ar previous. New wells, 172.

1912 — Continued development in same counties as in pre-
OUB two years. A great increase, 536, in producing wells.
1913 — Greatly increased activity in drilling, led by Mont-
imery County, with 867 wells; Chautauqua, second, with
12 wells; and Neosho, third, with 316. A total of 2016
oils were drilled in the state, of which number 1422 pro-
iced oil, and about 300 produced gas.

1914 — An increase of more than 30 per cent, in output
•er 1913. Montgomery County again led in activity, fol-
wed by Chautauqua (Elgin pool). Butler and Cowley
itered, for the first time, the list of oil-producing counties.
small well was completed at Piper, in Wyandotte County,
ew oil wells numbered 1753.

1915 — Characterized by the development of the Augusta
Id, in Butler County, and the discovery of El Dorado field,
the same county. New producing wells to the number
610 were completed.

Production During First Stage
The state production, Table I, shows the expanding
owth of the oil industry and the zenith of the first

*BLE I. KANSAS OIL PRODUCTION AND MID-CONTINENT PRICE
AVERAGES DURING FIRST STAGE (a)

ir Barrels Price

Year

Barrels

Price

19 500 $5,00

1902

322,023

$0 76

>0 1,200 7.00

1903

1,018,199

1.50

1.400 6.96

1904

4,250,779

.95

12 5,080 1 08

1905

3,750,250

.55

18,000 1.00

1906

3,627,375

.45

14 40.000 1.02

1907

2,125,275

.41

44,300 .61

1908

2,473,107

.39

113,571 .46

1909

1.032.117

.37

17 90,000 .49

1910

1,112,313

.39

18 88,000 .50

1911

2,907,150

.48

19 85,215 .71

1912

2.182,042

.69

91,294 1.03

1913

2,171,659

.95

M 109,197 .79

a) From reports of the U. S. Geological Survey.

ige, which was reached in 1904. The principal pro-
cing fields were centered around the towns of Paola,
la, Cherryvale, Sedan, Chanute, Coffeyville, Humboldt,
to, Caney, Peru, Independence, Bolton and Wayside.

TABLE II.

KANSAS PROD

Year

Barrels

1914

3,850,000

1915

4,115.800

1916

11,530,487

1917

(a) 32,450,000

:) Estimated.

Price

$0.80

.74

1.25

1.85

ior to 1904, the Prairie Oil and Gas Co. had three

ik farms in Kansas, one each at Caney, Neodesha and

imboldt. The Standard Oil Co.'s refinery at Neode-
la was in operation and that at Sugar Creek, Missouri,
'■S in course of construction. In addition, there were

ir independent refineries, one each at Paola, Cherry-

le, Niotaze and Longton.

By mid-summer of 1904, however, petroleum had been
''covered in great quantities in Oklahoma, in which
Bite the Bartlesville, Copan, Hogshooter and Glen Pool
Hds were in the lead. The unexpectedly large pro-
'ction so lowered the prices of crude oil that the in-
'stry in Kansas was badly crippled. In addition,
Oration was further hindered by unfavorable legis-
' ion, so that by 1910 the production of Kansas had
'ninished considerably.

The oil development which brought about the present
'im in Kansas production was the discovery of oil
'ith of Augusta, in Butler County, in 1914. The sand

was first struck at 2500 ft., the well being in an aban-
doned church yard, Five successful wells were drilled
in the Augusta field by the end of 1914. By December,
L915, i lie number was Increased to 12, one of which.
No. 4, E. C. Yamer. located in S. 17, T. 28, R. 4 E, had
an initial production of 1500 bbls. natural flow.' In
October, 1915, a 100-bbl well was brought in on the
Stapleton farm, S. 29, T. 25, R. 5 E, at El Dorado. The
sand was found at 660 ft. and was proved by several

TABLE III DRILLING RECORD BY COUNTIES (a)

Wells Character

County V. ar Completed Oil Gas Dry

Allen 1917 236 227 3 6

1916 326 314 6 6

1915 67 49 14 4

1914 193 175 8 10

1913 179 156 8 15
Butler 1917 1184 1015 21 148

I'M-, 1009 846 36 127

1915 23 17 5 1
Chautauqua 1917 366 279 34 53

1916 510 439 20 51

1915 166 114 25 27

1914 396 328 30 38

1913 457 326 55 76

1912 225 175 13 37
Franklin 1917 167 118 22 27

1916 252 235 3 14

1915 121 77 35 9

1914 229 168 32 29

1913 58 53 1 4
Miami 1917 325 218 30 77

1916 275 217 2 56

1915 56 35 6 15

1914 188 132 13 43
Montgomery 1917 443 383 20 40

1916 864 780 36 48

1915 382 200 131 51

1914 929 716 138 75

1913 877 599 173 102

1912 396 203 137 56
Neosho 1917 323 288 10 25

1916 252 236 6 10

1915 149 96 43 10

1914 266 224 23 19

1913 314 253 30 31
Wilson 1917 205 60 21 24

1916 68 63 3 2

1915 1 25 10 13 2

1914 60 28 13 20

1913 148 41 58 49
Miscellaneous 1917 236 112 23 101

1916 84 37 4 43

1915 134 42 72 20

1914 33 46 49 38
1913 53 12 26 15

(a) Digested from U. S. Geological Survey Reports, "Oil and Gaa
Journal, 1917, and "Oil, Paint and Drug- Reporter," 1917.

offset wells. This sand, however, was mudded off in
the pioneer well and drilling continued. About the mid-
dle of December, a lower sand was penetrated at 2460
ft., and the well began producing at 120 bbl. per day. At
the end of the year 1915, nine producing oil wells had
been completed in the El Dorado field, all of which, with
the one exception noted, were producing from shallow
sands found at depth of 540 to 660 feet.

Productive wells had also been brought in at Potwin,

TABLE IV. DRILLING COSTS IN PETROLET M PRODUCTION (a)
Labor Cost: Cost Before the War Cost in 1917

Oil drillers, wage per day $5.00- $7 00 $7 00- $10 00

Contractors, charge per ft 60- 1.00 1.25- 3.75

Wages of lease-bosses, per month 90 00-100 00 125.00- 150.00

Wages of foremen, per month 150.00 175.00- 250.00

Cost to drill and equip:

Shallowest mid-continent well 2,500 . 00

Cushing.El Dorado or BlackweU field 25,000 00-35,000. 00

(and in some cases as
much as $40,000.00)

(a) "Oil and Gas Journal," Tulsa, Okla., Vol. XVI, No. 19, 1917.

in northwest Butler County; at Douglas, in the south-
ern part of the county, and at Towanda, in the western
part. Standard rigs were used in drilling, and the
deep wells were pumped from the beam. For the shal-
low producers, pump-jacks were used. In November,
1915, Duffield and Dunaway brought in a 15-bbl. wild-
cat well on the J. H. Wingert farm, in Miami County,
S. 9, T. 17, R. 22 E. This location, seven miles north-

4Xorthrup. "Mineral Resources cf the United States," Part II,
1915.

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 18

-lot pool at Paola, stimulated develop-
ment in the locality as well aa in the Rantoul district,
in Franklin County.

Developments at Towanda

te of the most important developments in the state
that at Towanda. between El Dorado and Augusta,
where the Trapshooters' Oil Co. brought in a well,
June 1, 1917. in S. 11. T. 26, K. -1 E, which started
flowing at 10,000 bbl. daily. It was followed by an
offset well drilled by the Carter Oil Co., which started
flowing at 7.000 bbl. daily. These two wells are among
the largest producers in the state. Several other wells
drilled in this locality were large producers. Much
wildcat drilling has been done in the last year, and
several smaller fields have been opened up. Wellsville, in
northern Franklin County; Eureka, in Greenwood
County, and Winfield, in Cowley County, are among
the new oil towns. The production at Winfield is widely
scattered. Table II gives the oil production of Kansas
for 1914 to 1917, and Table III the drilling record by
counties. Table IV gives the drilling costs and Table V
a comparison of equipment costs, oil casing, pipe lines,
etc., for 1915 and 1917.

Geology and General Conditions

The oil and gas of Kansas come from the coal meas-
ures of the upper Carboniferous, Pennslyvanian, the
sands being located in the Cherokee and overlying shales.
The Cherokee shales, so named from their outcrops in
Cherokee County, are underlaid by the Mississippian

TABLE V. ADVANCES IN COST OF PETROLEUM EQUIPMENT (o)

Item 1915 1917

Casing. 15} in., 701b 3 21 5.34

Casing. 10 in, 32 lb 1.01 1.99

Casing, 8 in., 28 lb 0 861 1.75

Casing. 6 in., 24 lb 0 691 1. 45

Casing, 5 A in., 17 lb 0.48} • 1.02

Oil line pipe, 2 in O.llj 0 22

Engines. 30 hp 355.00 512.00

Boilers. 40 hp 655 00 1,435 00

Wire rope, } in, 29 lb 14.85 29.00

Coat of building standard rig 1,275.00 2,065 00

Wooden tanks. 250 bbl 45.00 175.00

Steel tanks, 55,000 bbl 1 1,000. 00 55,000 00

Coat of drilling per foot in Augusta and E! Dorado field. 1.25' 2.50
(a) "Oil and Gas Journal," Tulsa, Okla., Vol. XVI, No. 17, 1917.

series (limestone), below which, in these fields, oil or
gas has not yet been found. The Mississippian lime-
stone outcrops in the extreme southeastern corner of
Cherokee County and dips from the Ozark area on all
sides. The dip along the southern border of the state is
about 25 ft. per mile, while on a line between Galena

TABLE VI. KANSAS PETROLEUMS J

Viscosity Flash Fire ^

Lab. No. Sp. Gr. 20 Degrees C. Degrees C. Degrees C.

I 0.8190 I 46 7 8

6 0.8381 1 54 12 17

II 0.8585 4.05 7 17

15 0.8671 3 19 8 23

18 0 8782 3 39 II 14

22 0.9027 16.31 9 16

Properties of crude oil determined in 1917: B.t.u., max., 19880; min., 19250.
Sulphur, per cent, by wt.: max., 0.42; min., 0.08. Unsaturated hydrocarbons,
per cent, by vol.: max., 32; min., 8. Paraffins, per cent, by wt.lmax., 2.61;
min.. 1 . 06.

and Kansas City it is about 1.5 ft. per mile. The shale
beds all outcrop at the southeastern corner of the state,
accounting for the barrenness of Cherokee and Craw-
ford counties, since the oil and gas have been lost by
evaporation caused by the erosion of protective cover-
ing. The general trend of all structures in Kansas is
almost due north and south, with low gentle domes in
the southern part. In northeastern Kansas the trend of
structures is northeast and southwest.

In the following table the structure in various Kansas
oil fields is given:'

STRUCTURE OF KANSAS OIL FIELDS

Field Domes or Anticlines

Augusta (Butler Co.) Five minor domes on two

tmticlines.
Beaumont (Greenwood Co.) .... Dome.

Dexter (Cowley Co.) . Dome on anticline.

El Dorado (Butler Co.) Domes on anticline.

I Miami I ,0 Domes.

Virgil (Greenwood Co.) . Anticline.

Winfield (Cowley Co.) Dome.

The deformation or height of the El Dorado fold i;
110 ft. Oil is found on the top and 80 ft. down from th'
top. The syncline, however, carries water. A recen
article says:

The El Dorado and Augusta pools are now only fou
miles apart. The extension to the south of the El Dorad
pool strengthens the theory that the two pools will even
tually connect. From the northern well in the El Dorad
district to the southern well in the Augusta deep-sand dis
trict is 24 miles. The El Dorado end of the Butler Count
field not only is producing about three times as much o:
as the Augusta district, but is steadily adding greatly t
its productive acreage. There are approximately 36,56
acres of productive territory within the limits of the variou
Butler County pools as now outlined. This acreage i

POOL OF OIL AT CARTER, ON THE ORBAN. NEAR 1'
DORADO, KANSAS

divided as follows: El Dorado and extension, 25,980 acr<;
West Augusta pool, 1480 acres, South Augusta pool, 80
acres; Douglas pool, 600 acres; Smock pool, 250 acre.
Potwin pool, 250 acres.

The importance of El Dorado's acreage can be app ■
ciated more by the fact that the producing and known '
be productive acreage of Wyoming is approximately 20,( '
acres, and that the total area of the Cushing deep sau
is less than 25,000 acres.'

Tiager. "Oil and Gas News," Vol. I, No. 13. 1917.
« "Kansas City Star." Dec. 16, 1917.

May 4, 1918

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

821

At Peru and Sedan domes are evident, though gas
occurs high in the domes and oil wells down the flanks,
leading some to think that the oil comes from the syn-
i lines. The accumulation in all of the shallow fields of
Kansas is influenced by structure. The depth to which
it is necessary to drill in order to reach the productive
beds depends on the distance and direction of the loca-
tion from the outcrops. In the Mound Valley, Cherry-
vale, Humboldt, Chanute, Iola, West Paola, Rantoul and
Wellsville fields, the main sands are found at 600 to
750 ft. In Paola and the immediate vicinity, the pro-
ductive sand is found at 350 to 400 ft. From the Hum-
boldt field north, the sands are markedly lenticular and
the fields are "spotted." In the Sedan and Wayside

Gas Pipe Lines -
Gas Fields •

Oil Fields <s3>
Oil Pipe Lines

MAP OP OIL AND GAS FIELDS OP KANSAS

ields, the depths of the sands are 1000 to 1100 ft. In
he El Dorado field, there are shallow sands at 540 to
160 ft. and also deeper sands below 2400 feet.
Previous investigations which have included the
nalytical characteristics of certain of the Kansas
letroleums have been carried out by Bailey,' Bartow
nd McColIum,8 Richardson," Bushong,10 Day," of the
Tnited States Geological Survey, and others. The de-
elopment of new fields and renewed activity in the
lder areas, resulting in the greatly increased production
eferred to in the foregoing, suggested the appropriate-
ess of determining the physical and chemical proper-
es of some of these petroleums. The samples examined
lclude several from the new Butler County fields as well
s a few from the older fields. The principal results"
re summarized in Tables VI and VII.

TABLE VII. RESULTS OF FRACTIONATION

Cent.

50° C, ^

aximum 23.9

inimum .!!'.'.! 6! 5

150-200° C:

anmum 16 0

mimum 5 2

Per

Cent,
by
Wt.

20.8
5.5

15.2
4.4

Sp.Gr.

15

Degrees

C.

0.7249
0.7518

0.7641
0.7764

Ref.
Index Flash Fire
25 Temp. Temp.

Degrees Decrees Degrees

'egrei

1 . 4008
1.4108

1.4280
1.4298

30
24

40

s7"Mineral Resources of Kansas." 1897.

. Kansas Petroleum." Transactions of the Kansas Academy of

•ience, 1903.

""The Petroleums of North America," Journal of the Franklin

'Stitute, CLXII, 57, 81. 1906.

• s" e Chemical Composition of Petroleum," University Geolog-
al Survey, IX, 253. 1908.

Petroleum," Mineral Resources of the United States, Part II,
90. 1913.

To be included in a forthcoming bulletin on the "Oil and Gas
^sources of Kansas," which will be issued jointly by the Uni-
rsity Geological Survey and the Division of State Chemical Re-
arch.

TABLE v 11 (Contlnui 4)

200-250° C:
Maximum ... 16 8 16.3 0.8071 I 4446 75 78

Minimum 6.7 5.9 0.8103 1.4581

250-300 I

Maximum 18 2 18.0 0.843} 1.4629 85 100

Minimum 7.6 6.9 0 8342 1.4710

Per cent, by weight \\ -tt . r, trace to 7.2%: gi sample* Um

than I' 1. iax„ 66.9%; 1 Losi on distillation max.,

3.7%; nun., 0.1%. Nit. n.08 to 0.09' , . lrom 0.61 to

1 99' . and [ormoIH from 12 6 to 25. y, by weight,

Following the completion of analyses and tabulations,

a sample from the famous Trapshooters' well, Butler

County, was received and examined. Its characteristics

are given below in Table VIII.

TABLE VIII. TRAPSHOOTERS', CR1 11

Baum6 Residue

Sp.Gr. 15° C. ul imd Loss Water

0.8516 34.4 I53°F. 70.2 None

FRACTIONATION

IVrCent. Per Cent. S.Gr. Baume

Temperature by Vol. byWt. 15°C. 59° F.

''0302°? :::::::: ::::: 6° 5I ° ™3 «•»

302^392° F ".'.'.. ,3 5 l2 ° 0 7476 54 8

392^482° F. ".'.'.'.. ,J-5 l27 0.7959 45.9

Refineries in Kansas

There were 30 refineries in operation during 1917 and
eight building or projected. Of the refineries in opera-
tion, 17 are of 1000 or greater barrels capacity of crude
oil per day. The plants of greater capacity than 2000
bbl. per day are: Standard Oil Co., of Kansas, (9000)
Neodesha; Milliken Refining Co., (6000) Arkansas
City; White Eagle Refining Co., (5000) Augusta;
National Refining Co., (4600), Coffeyville; Sinclair Re-
fining Co., (4500) Argentine; Wichita Oil and Refin-
ing Co., (4000) Wichita; Empire Refineries (Sarco),
(3500) Independence; Evars-Thwing Refining Co.,
(3000) Wichita; Kansas City Refining Co., (2700) Kan-
sas City; Sinclair Refining Co., (2200), Chanute. The
numbers in brackets represent the daily capacity of the
plants.

The refineries reported as using special processes
are: Rosedale Refining Co., Kansas City, (Cross pro-
cess) ; O. K. Refining Co., Niotaze, (Henson and Burton
process) ; Kansas City Refining Co., Kansas City,
(Guebel process) ; Augusta Refining Co., Augusta,
(Landis process) ; Great Western Refining Co., Erie,
(Anderson process) ; Milliken Refining Co., Arkansas
City, (Jenkins process) ; Uncle Sam Oil Co., Cherryvale,
(Anderson process) ; Wright Producing and Refining
Co., Cherryvale, (Carey process).

New Zealand Bonus for Phosphate

The New Zealand government, says Commerce Re-
ports, has offered a bonus of £1000 for the discovery
on government land, and £500 on other lands, of deposits
of marketable phosphate, including guano, under the
following conditions:

Providing that no fertilizer containing material from the
deposit, or from any deposit in the neighborhood, has been
placed upon the market previous to the date of the offer;
that the raw material is reasonably accessible and can be
worked at a profit; that a committee appointed by the Min-
ister of Agriculture make a satisfactory report on the de-
posit; that the fertilizer made from the phosphate can be
disposed of at a price which will allow of its being sold at
a profit, and that the composition of the phosphate averages
not less than 50% of phosphate of lime.

The bonus shall be paid as follows: One-fifth on favor-
able report by committee, one-fifth on delivery of the first
200 long tons ; the remaining three-fifths by equal payments
on delivery of each additional 150 tons.

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 18

The Work of the Petroleum Geologist

r.v GEORGE E. BURTON*

logists hare developed an import-
ant field fulness in the direction of the eeo-

■ical development of oil and gas areas. The
risk or drilling has been reduced to a

minimum by the careful preliminary examination
of the structural geological conditions. A resume

'he methods used is presented, and the limita-
tions that restrict their application are defined.

THE success of the petroleum geologist in finding
oil pools in the Southwest has been so marked
that most companies require geological reports
before they will undertake the exploration of new areas.
Likewise the promoter of stock companies and question-
able enterprises cannot accomplish his purpose without
the use of geological reports. There has grown up in
consequence a demand not only for experts in petroleum
geology, but also for so-called geologists, real or
fictitious, as the promoters may demand. Investors who
understand the work of the geologist and know just
what training is required before he becomes competent
in his profession are not in any way misled by reports
of the incompetent geologist working for a promoter
whose chief aim is to sell stock.

American Investors Sometimes Careless as to Facts

It is probably a fact, however, that some Americans
invest in enterprises they know little about. I have in
mind a mining engineer who understands mining and
what constitutes a good investment in mining stock, but
who nevertheless put his savings into Cuban land on
which he hopes to raise citrus fruits. It is because the
general investor in oil-promotion schemes knows so little
about what the petroleum geologist can do that the re-
port of the unscrupulous "gets by." I recall an experi-
ence of a friend in the Southwest who is a good petro-
leum geologist. He was sent out by his company to
inspect a farm and make a lease with the farmer, giving
him whatever bonus he thought advisable at the time of
the examination. The geologist gave the land a thorough
examination, had concluded that it was worth a bonus of
$4 per acre, and was on the point of making this offer
when the farmer asked with some concern, "Where are
your instruments?" "My instruments! Oh, yes, I
almost forgot my instruments!" The geologist then
took from his buggy two thermos bottles, stood them up
on the ground about fifty feet apart, lay down behind
one of them and sighted over its top at the top of the
other. After remaining in this position several minutes
he arose shaking his head and said, "I am very sorry.
The result of my observation is very disappointing.
Your land is worth a bonus of only $2 per acre." The
farmer accepted the offer.

It is the idea that there is something mysterious about
the work of the petroleum geologist that makes it pos-
sible for the faker to succeed. I have heard of one of
these who, when he goes out to make examinations, does

tant director. Oklahoma Geological Survey. Xorman,
Oklahoma.

all his work in a buggy. He sits in silence with
eyes fixed on the ground just ahead of the horses. On
one occasion, after driving along the road for a few
miles in this mysterious and rigid position, he suddenly
shouted, "Stop!" The driver pulled the team up with
a jerk. "There it is," said the faker: "There it is. I
see a large oil pool, down 1500 ft. in the ground. The
horses' front feet are just on the edge of it." On the
strength of his wonderful vision the company drilled a
well to a depth of 2000 ft. without striking oil or gas.

Use of Mysterious Terms to Deceive Unwary

There is also the faker who uses a number of tech-
nical geological terms to impress and mystify the in-
tended victims of the promoter. Following are some
expressions selected at random from reports appearing
under the name of geologists in promoters' prospectuses:
"Stratigraphical advantage"; "The author is of the
opinion that these owe their cross-bedded character to
the presence of certain elements and their methods of
crystallizing and defining themselves" ; "The hiero-
glyptic T used to denote the position occupied by the
out-cropping ledges has the following value: the short
line on top of the T indicates the strike or the lesser
degree of the uplift; the long line of the letter T indi-
cates the inclination or the greatest uplifted angle of
the outcrop."

Promoters are not the only class who use the faker.
Sometimes persons who really seek the truth, and whe
want competent advice concerning the possibility of oil
and gas in the area in which they are interested, fall ir
with fakers, who nearly always give a favorable report
A great deal of money has been expended upon dry holes
by men who could ill afford to lose it, upon the advice o!
inexpert and unqualified "geologists."

Because of these conditions in the practice of petro
leum geology it may be of interest and value to discus:
as briefly as possible what the work of the genuim
petroleum geologist is.

Scientific and Economic Geologists

Geologists may in a broad way be divided into tw
groups, scientific geologists and economic geologists
The former apply themselves to scientific work. Ex
perts of this group determine the general and detai
principles of the science of geology. In some instance
their work is not practical at the time in which the
live and work. They are usually ahead of the time.'
Pay for this kind of work is usually small, because it i
a natural characteristic of the public to ask: "Does i
pay?" and to lend most encouragement to the work tha
does pay. However, this kind of investigation is pn
vided for in part at least by our universities, stat
geological surveys, the U. S. Geological Survey and th
Bureau of Mines. Some of the large mining companif
and oil companies also have departments in which r<
search work pertaining to their problems is carried oi

The economic geologist applies scientific geologic;
principles to the work he has to do, whether it be tl
location and development of orebodies, clay deposit
certain structural materials, underground water, <

May 4, 1918

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

828

oil pools. At present there is a great demand in the
Southwesl for petroleum geologists. Nearly all the
economic geologists and many geologists who would
otherwise be engaged in doing scientific work are kept
busy looking for new oil pools and recommending loca-
tions fur drill holes in areas occupied by old pools.

Surface Work and Underground Conditions

The work of the petroleum geologist is divided into
two kinds: (1) Surface exploration work. (2) A
study of underground conditions. The study of under-
ground conditions is made possible by well-logs. The
more accurate these logs are, the more accurate the
observation and conclusions of the petroleum geologist.
Some of the problems he is interested in and attempt-
ing to explain are: "Does the chemical content of
ground water in any way indicate the proximity of oil
and gas?" and "Was the structure in which oil and gas
occur formed previous to the accumulation, or did the
pressure of oil, gas and underground water cause the
structure?" The former is of economic importance be-
cause it affords a guide to drilling. The latter is of
moment because a structure formed in this way would
become more pronounced with depth to a certain point,
and a mild fold at the surface might develop into an
important structure with depth ; also, there might be a
good structure at depth, but no indications of it
apparent at the surface. This phase of the petroleum
geologist's work is new, and, as an aid in intensive
development, is important.

Experience has shown that there are three favorable
factors for the accumulation of oil and gas: (1)
Favorable structure, such as anticline, dome, etc. (2)
A satisfactory open sand. (3) The right height on the
structure with reference to the level of salt water.
These factors should be found in combination. Of the
three, only the first can be determined in advance of
drilling, and even that favorable structure may be
present in places where there are no surface indications
to aid in discovering it.

Structural and Topographic Indications

At present, however, the major work of the petroleum
geologist is in discovering and mapping favorable
structure. His method of procedure is to examine the
surface indications in the probable oil and gas areas.
Surface indications consist of the angle of inclination
of outcropping strata, and sometimes the topography
of the given area. Topographical indications are as a
rule not safe guides, because, although originally an
anticlinal fold may have caused characteristic elevation
of the area immediately above it, the agents of weather-
ing and erosion may have changed its appearance, so
that the surface immediately above may be occupied by
a stream valley or other depression. However, in the
Gulf Coastal Plain area the topography in most cases is
conformable with the saline domes in which the oil and
gas are found. The domes have been formed so recently
and are at such slignt elevation above sea level that
erosion and weathering have had little effect upon them.

The dip of the strata is the main source of informa-
tion with reference to the position of the favorable
structure in which oil and gas might have accumulated.
The strata which the geologist studies in the areas of
he Southwest consist of sandstone, shale, limestone,

and various combinations of similar formations. Of
these strata, limestones give the mo I reliable informa-
tion leading to the d of the various structures.
Limestones were formed in the deep sea and were de-
posited in a horizontal position. The inclination from
the horizontal of any particular stratum of limestone
will measure the degree of structural disturbance, not
only of thai particular stratum but of those associated
with it.

Shales were laid down practically level in the sea,
though not so far off shore as the limestone. The true
dip of the beds can be determined from shale, if exten-
sive outcrops are found. Uncontaminated shale, how-
ever, is so soft that weathering soon produces a residual
soil which covers the surface and makes the outcrops of
shale difficult to find. In areas of this kind dip angles
are usually found in the beds of streams. False dips
are likely to occur in such places, being produced by the
swelling of the shale in contact with or near the water
in the streams. Calcareous shales give reliable informa-
tion as to the underground structure. Such shales out-
crop extensively, especially in stream beds and valleys.
As they do not swell, false dips are not to be expected,
as in the case of the softer shales.

Characteristics of Sandstone Formation

Sandstones are for the most part near-shore deposits
and give no reliable indications of the underground
structure. Eveiy change in the wind, every variation
in the tidal wave, and every change in the stage of
water in the streams caused variations in the deposition
of the sand near shore. Sandstone deposited under con-
ditions of this nature is usually cross-bedded. Dip and
strike readings taken on the bedding planes vary
widely, and for this reason are unreliable. There are,
however, certain sandstones — shaly sandstones and
calcareous sandstones — that are reliable.

Judging from surface conditions in probable oil and
gas territory, the geologist's report would deal with
areas of two general types: (1) An area containing no
outcrops, or unreliable outcrops. (2) An area contain-
ing outcrops from which the underground structure
may be determined. His report on an area of the first
type is very simple. He cannot condemn such an area;
neither can he recommend specific locations for drilling.
He can, however, work out the underground structure
for an area of the second type, and will recommend or
condemn it, in accordance with his judgment that there
are favorable or unfavorable conditions for the accu-
mulation of oil and gas.

Details of Determining Structure

The first work of the petroleum geologist in any area
is of a preliminary nature. He searches the area for
outcrops, and if these are reliable he next determines
whether there are any indications of structure that
might be favorable for an accumulation of oil or gas.
Usually a Brunton compass, a Lock level and an aneroid
barometer are all the instruments he needs for the pre-
liminary examination. If the preliminary examination
discovers favorable indications of a promising fold, the
petroleum geologist maps the fold in detail. For this
work he uses the plane table and telescopic alidade, with
which he runs a line of levels on a reliable stratum that
mav be more or less continuous over the area under

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 18

illation and which can be readily recognised and

i in different parts of the area. This stratum
he calls a "key" rock. Conditions are ideal where this
turn can be traced without interruption in a hori-
zontal direction.

the stratum is covered in a large part of
the area and it is of course impossible to take readings
on it. The petroleum geologist, however, is frequently
able to map the position of his "key" rock in places
where it is covered, by resorting to the use of a section
of the strata outcropping in the area under examination.
This section indicates in sequence the outcropping strata
and the thickness of each. If, then, the "key" rock
should be covered at any particular point, by taking the
reading on either a stratum above or a stratum below
the "key" rock its position can be determined by adding
or subtracting, as the case may be, the interval between
that stratum and the "key" rock. After the levels on
the "key" rock have been mapped, lines at regular inter-
vals, connecting points of emial elevation, are drawn
The position and relation of these lines to each other
show the location and character of the fold.

Proved Structures in Oil and Gas Areas

It is of value to the land owner, to the lease holder,
and to the investor to know whether the land in which
he is interested lies in an area where there are either
no outcrops or unreliable outcrops, or whether it lies in
an area where the outcrops are such that the under-
ground structure can be determined from the surface.
Since experience has shown that in nearly every case
production in the Southwest is associated with anti-
clinal structure or some modified phase of it, a proved
structure in probable oil and gas territory is very
valuable, even before a test well has been completed.
In areas where reliable outcrops are found, the com-
petent petroleum geologist can readily classify them as
valuable or worthless for oil and gas purposes.

In areas of no outcrop or unreliable outcrops in
probable oil and gas territory, the geologist can recom-
mend that drilling is an uncertain undertaking and
that the odds are decidedly against encountering oil
or gas. The only method for exploring such areas
is by drilling deep test wells, located on someone's
"hunch" or because the "surface looks like it does in
the Healdton field," or "because it ought to be good
for oil, as it is good for nothing else." This method
of exploration is expensive because such a small per
cent, of wells drilled encounter oil or gas. If scien-
tific could be substituted for the "at random" methods
:uccess could be attained at less expense. At no great
.epth within probable oil and gas territory of this
mature there is present, no doubt, reliable stratum which
jas considerable horizontal extent and which could be
recognized from core samples. It seems to me that
the logical way to explore these areas is to drill to
such a stratum with a core drill and work out the
structure before a location for a deep test is made.

There is a large and important field for the petro-
leum geologist. His work is removing the field of
petroleum explorations from the hands of the gambler
to those of the scientist, and falls into the same class
as that of any other engineer, and there is no mystery
about what he does and can do. His skill is acquired by
education and experience.

Cowdray Would Drill for Oil
Great Britain

in

The announcement that Lord Cowdray plans to spend
$2,500,000 in drilling for oil in England is verified
by a letter from him to the Westminister Gazette, read-
ing in part as follows:

"Extensive studies carried out by my scientific staff
during the last three and a half years lead me to the
conclusion that, notwithstanding the long-established
opinion to the contrary, the possibilities of securing
a commercial production of oil in Great Britain are
of a distinctly promising nature, and we have, from time
to time, advised the Admiralty to this effect.

"Experience in America has shown that the policy
of uncontrolled working, and that on small areas, is a
national blunder. Moreover, this method of working
has produced wild speculation, and has resulted in the
most deplorable waste. According to American scien-
tific estimates, there is only oil in sight in that great
continent for another 29 years. This situation is caus-
ing serious disquietude to the Government of the United
States.

"This is the position which the United Kingdom will
have to face if unorganized and uncontrolled drilling be
permitted.

"In June last I was approached by the Admiralty
with a view to immediate drilling as a war measure.
At that time my firm were negotiating with certain
landlords with a view to arranging leases. It must be
remembered that, dependent on the nature of the strata,
a well will drain oil for a distance varying from a few
yards to a few miles. As we were not in control of
anything approaching the areas requisite to obviate the
evils of the small-block system, my reply to the Ad-
miralty was that I recommended a system of national
drilling licenses as the only sound policy for the nation.
. . . No one can say for certain whether the United
Kingdom will produce oil or not. This only the drill can
prove. My American expert advisers (whose opinion
I value) tell me that they think that oil will be found
in commercial quantities. . . . My ambition is to see
this industry born and reared, so that the nation may
benefit to the full, not only from a new source of great
possible wealth, but from the conservation of a factor
vital to its maintenance as a great ocean power.

"With this object we have made alternative offers tc
the government, subject to the passing of the neces-
sary act to safeguard the industry, offers which arc
still open:

"(A) For the period of the war to place at the dis-
posal of the government, free of all cost, the services
of my firm and geologic staff, for the purposes of ex-
ploration and development.

"(B) If the government does not wish to risk public
money on what must be deemed a speculative enterprise
we are prepared to drill, at our own risk and expense
as licensees, subject to certain areas reserved to us.

"This offer committed my firm to a probable ex
penditure of £500,000."

Price of Copper Sulphate in Great Britain was fixed al
£48 per ton maximum for delivery in January and February
1918, £50 for March and April delivery, and £52 for May anc
August. The order was issued on Feb. 15, effective Feb
16, and included bluestone and blue vitriol.

May 4, 1918

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

825

The Standardization of Directors' Reports
for Mining Companies

By T. 0. McGRATH*

Directors' reports should consist of the manager's
and treasurer's statements, and should be con-
cise, clear and uniform in general scope for all
mining companies. They should set forth simply
the essential segregations of production, develop-
ment, ore reserves and gross costs, distinguish-
ing clearly between metals sold and metals de-
livered. From gross earnings should be deducted
depletion and depreciation charges, income and
war taxes. Extra dividends are declared out
of a reserve fund for depletion and depreciation.

THE War Tax Law will require a more universally
standardized form of report from treasurers to
stockholders than heretofore has been the prac-
tice, and directors and managers of metal-producing
companies will have to make at least one published re-
port yearly to their stockholders. In reading and ana-
lyzing current reports from the different mining com-
panies, one is impressed with the lack of uniformity in
the presentation of operation results; and to this fact
may be attributed the false impressions of profits made
in the mining business apparently entertained by the
majority of members in law-making bodies.

Company Reports Often of Little Value
Some annual reports are clear, concise and complete
as to the fundamentals of operation and production re-
sults for the year, while others are meager in facts but
complete as to unimportant details. Many reports show
that there was not a clear idea in the minds of the direc-
tors as to what constitutes an intelligent report.
As an instance in point, some yearly reports devote
more than half their space to details such as the char-
acter and assay value of each ore stringer and body of
ore found in each drift, crosscut and raise, but state
nothing as to the actual tonnage developed during the
year and remaining available in the mine. All the de-
tails of production are often given, but nothing is said
as to what was received for the production, or what
proportion of the production was sold and delivered
and what is being carried at inventory prices. Again,
an average price may be given for copper sold, but no
information as to whether or not it is the net or gross
price, whether for copper delivered or for yearly sales
contracted, or whether it is the price obtained by di-
viding the total of the copper sales account by the
pounds of copper produced. Other reports contain all
the necessary facts, but give them in such deailed and
elaborate form as to be confusing to the average stock-
holder.

Therefore, the question that naturally arises is : What
is a yearly report, and what is the purpose of such a
report? The logical answers are as follows:
A yearly report of a board of directors to the stock-

•Auditor, Shattuck-Arizona Copper Co., Bisbee, Ariz.

holders of a company should be an account of the
management by the directors of the stockholders' prop-
in. v. The purpose of such a report is to show:

1. The condition of the business of the company at
the close of the year.

2. The results of operations for the year in profit and
loss, and in dividends paid or assessments levied.

3. The setting forth of necessary details and fun-
damentals of operations in such manner as to permit any
intelligent stockholder to acquaint himself with the ex-
pense and cost, production and earnings, etc., of his
property; to enable him to make an intelligent compari-
son of the year's results with those of other properties
of like nature and to allow him to judge correctly the
future possibilities of his investment.

In making a report to the stockholders, the board
usually submits a statement by the president, present-
ing: First, the report of the manager covering the de-
tails of operations for the year; second, the report of
the treasurer, or other official, stating the total costs
and earnings for the period and calling attention to
the income account as showing the results of the year's
operations; and, last, the balance sheet, showing the
condition of the business at the end of the period.
While this is the reverse of the natural order, it is the
accepted order generally recognized.

Most companies, in their yearly reports, give a bal-
ance sheet that shows the trueconditionof thebusinessat
the time specified, with the possible exception, in the case
of the vein mines, of the property account and the sur-
plus account, which are generally excessive because of
failure to make proper charges for depletion of ore
reserves. However, according to the requirements of
the War Tax Law this probably will be remedied. Also,
most companies show a true income statement, but with
the objection usually that it shows net earnings only,
instead of the net profit. The reason for this is that de-
ductions are seldom made for depletion of ore reserves
and depreciation of equipment. Therefore the dis-
bursements as dividends appear as dividend earnings,
when the fact is that a certain percentage of such div-
idends is in reality invested capital returned to the
stockholders. This, also, should be remedied under the
provisions of the War Tax Law.

Lack of Uniformity in Presenting Costs

Many producing companies show some kind of a cost,
some only a mine production cost, others the operating
cost, but few indeed show the total production cost.
When it comes to giving full, complete and intelligent
facts from operations, showing expense, costs, produc-
tion, sales, etc., that can be of use to the stockholder,
there is either such a scarcity of real information or
such a confusion of details that the average stockholder
is unable to arrive at a correct or intelligent conclusion
as to the merits or demerits of his investment.

The forms submitted herewith are presented as sug-
gestions as to the facts which should be given in a

ENGINEERING ASP .MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 18

report to stockholders. The information specified

. d be detailed in the genera] manager's report and

the treasurer's report, and these are the important parts

of the yearly statement to stockholders. The income

ant and the balance sheet are shown in order to give

unity and uniformity to the yearly report, and

to indicate the income, dividends, ami the statement

of the condition of the business, as required by the War

l'A u M IN IGER'S STATEMEN 1

Tonnage (2.000 ll> )

ant:
Or* from stoi*. I
Or* fro::

173.321

■

183.338
183.9b8

Dry
158,886

8. MO

108.331
8.33

U.l
10,013
928

11,541
11,636
10,531

Dry

10,162
865

il,027

11.116

10,069

4 4

Production and Recovery ol Mi

Copper, lb 18,161,763

Lead. lb...

Operating Expense and Costs

Department: Amount

Development $188,729.47

Ore extraction 763,740.83

Ore transportation 60,552 75

589,641 36

Operating overhead 109,523 04

Totals. ... $1,712,187 45

Bullion freight .. . 98,454.44

Refining and selling 244,462. 95

4,721
314.918
3,413,445

Per

Dry Ton

$1 116

4 518

.351

3 496

.649

$10 130

Ton

107 69

0 028

1 867
339 000

IVrl 1.

Copper

Produced

$0 01039

.04205

00334

03247

00603

$0.09428
. 00400
.01488

$0 11316
.02600

$0 08716

Gross totals $2,055.104 84

Operating credits 472,065 56 2.744

Net totab $1,583.039 28 $7 386

Tax Law. The income account should include nothing
but fundamentals; otherwise it will become confusing.
The details of the totals shown in the income account,
necessary for clearness, should be included in the presi-
dent's report, the general manager's report, or the treas-
urer's report.

Form of General Manager's Report

To John Doe, President.

X. Y. Z. Mining Co.,
New York City.

Dear Sir — In reporting results of operations of the X.
Y. Z. Mining Co., for the year ended Dec. 31, 1917, I submit
statements of the production of ores, the production and
recovery of metals, and the operating expense and costs,
as shown in the accompanying statement in Table I.

Analysis of Production: There was stoped during the
year 74,879 wet tons more than in the previous year. This
resulted in an increase of production of all metals recovered.
The output per man-shift stoping was 3.03 wet tons, which
is about the same as obtained in the previous year. There-
fore, since no improvement in methods has been introduced,
the increase in production was not due to greater efficiency,
but to more men on production.

There was an increase of 74,052 dry tons of copper ore
smelted, making the copper production 7,007,552 lb. more
than in the previous year. The average recovery of copper
per dry ton smelted decreased approximately 10 lb. This
was the result, principally, of mining lower-grade ore, which
was made profitable by the higher market price for copper
metal. The production of gold and silver per dry ton
smelted was less than obtained in 1916 for the same reasons
(details).

Analysis of Expense and Costs: There were increases in
each of the departmental expense and cost accounts except
for that of operating overhead. This was due to an increase
of approximately 45% in the amount of development work
done, and an increase of 25% for the year in wages and
salaries (details).

The operating credits consist of gold and silver extracted
from copper ores, $299,489.62 ; net lead ore returns from the
smeltery of $163,270.28, and sundry operating profits, etc.,
$9,305.66.

Development: The total footage of development won
done during the year was as follows: (details).

The average advance per man-shift on development work
was 1.14 ft., or approximately the same as last year. There-
fore the increase in development work was due to more men
t hereon. The total development to date is 112,062 feet

There was developed during the year new ore as follows:
(details). The total new tonnage developed is estimated to
be 150,000 wet tons, as follows: (details).

Repairs and Replacements: There was charged to opera-
tors during the year $20,267 for necessary replacements to
operating equipment, and $25,375 for necessary repairs, of
which the principal items are as follows: (details).

Construction and Equipment: New construction for the
year amounted to $45,202, of which the principal items
were: (details).

I take pleasure in expressing my appreciation of, etc.,
Yours respectfully,

General Manager.

Treasurer's Report

To John Doe, President,

X. Y. Z. Mining Co.,
New York City.

Dear Sir — In making report for the year ended Dec. 31,
1917, I submit statements of the production expense and
costs, sales and deliveries of metals, and the details of
operating income, as set forth in the accompanying state-
ment shown in Table II.

The increase in administrative expense and taxes was due
to the war tax, which amounts to 4.83c. per lb. of copper
produced. The depreciation charge is based upon the esti-
mated life of the property, or upon the life of the equipment
itself when of less time. The depletion charge is based
upon the estimated net value of the ore in place as of Mar.
1, 1913, which gives a charge of $2.50 per dry ton of ore
treated. The administrative credits are composed of in-
terest on bank deposits and dividends and interest on se-
curities owned. All copper produced was sold. The average
gross price received for all copper sales made during the
year was 27.18c. per lb. The average gross price received
for refined copper delivered in 1917 was 23.18c. per pound.

I submit herewith a statement of the income account as
in Table III, showing the results of the year's operations
and the balance sheet, Table IV, showing the condition of
the business on Dec. 31, 1917.

Out of the 1917 profits there was paid regular dividends
No. 14 to 17, inclusive, amounting to $612,500. Also there
were capital returned dividends, Extra No. 2 to 5 inclusive,
paid out of depletion and depreciation reserves amounting
to $1,050,000. Extra No. 5 of this amount was paid out of
1917 capital returned, and the remainder was paid from
reserves set aside from 1916 earnings. (Details.)

Respectfully,

Treasurer.
The publication of simple, intelligent, complete and
uniform reports by the different mining companies

TABLE II. TREASURER'S EXPENSE STATEMENT
Production Expense and Cost Per Pound of Copper Produced

Per Lb
Copper
Account: Amount Produced

Operation $2,055,104 84 $0 11316

Administration and taxes 908,606 07 .05003

Depreciation of equipment 34,936.25 .00192

Depletion of mines 446,780 00 02460

Gross production $3,445,427 16 $0 18971

Production credits:

Operation $472,065 56

Administration 9,286.70 $481,352.26 $0 02650

Net production $2,964,074 90 $0.16321

Sales and Deliveries of Metals

Sales Deliveries

Av. Price Av. Price

Amount Per Unit Amount Per

Copper.lb 19,515,600 27 177c. 17,308,670 23 . 18c.

Silver, oi 314,918 65.117c

Gold.oz 4,721 $20

Details of Operating Income

Copper sales deliveries $3,175,943 25

Ore, bullion and suspense sales 1,503,628 12

Gold and silver sales, net 299,489 62

Lead ore sales, net 163,270 28

Refunds, discounts, etc... 9,305 66 $5,151,636.93

would tend to do away with that mystery and uncer-
tainty regarding the mining business that exists in the

May 1, ID IS

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

B27

minds of many members of law-making bodies and of
the general public. It would help, also, to correct the
erroneous belief in the minds of workmen that all min-
ing companies make exorbitant profits, and would be a
great benefit to the company managements and stock-

TABLE III.

VU\ \-\ RER'S INCOM1 STATEMENT
count Sfeai 1917

Onntiiii income $5, 151. (id. 93

Administrative income. . >t> 70

Gross income

Operating expense . 2,055.104 k-j

Administrative expense not including taxes 31,806 07

Total expense

$5,160,923 63

2,086,910 91

"■nintre. . $3,074,012. 72

Depletionof mines. 446,780 00

Depreciation of equipment 34,936

Capital returned 481,716 25

Net earnings $2,592,296. 47

Income and war taxes.. . 876,800 00

Net profit $1,715,496 47

Dividends paid 1,662,500 99

Capital returned dividends 1,050,000. 00

ilus for year.
Surplus Dec. 31, 1916..

Earned surplus Dec. 31, 1917.

612,500 00

$1,102,996 47
20,827 21

$1,123,823.68

holders in giving clear, concise and reliable facts con-
:erning operation results as compared with all other
companies of like nature.

Incomplete Reports Create Confusion

There can be no doubt whatever that one of the
nain causes of labor troubles and inefficiency among
niners in recent years has been the practice of publish-
ng operating costs only, letting the general public be-
ieve it to be the total production cost; also by showing

TABLE IV.

BALANCE SHEET DEC. 31, I
Assets

917

'ash

(ills receix-able and accrued interest

accounts receivable and accrued interest .

$59,298 01
2,628 93

)uefor copper shipped $351,903 30

)ue for gold and silx-er i 7,387 69

old copper in transit. 1,300,268 75

'nsold copper in transit 1,870 30

'res on hand at cost 3,289 07

upplies as inventoried

line property $3,022,500 00

line property increase by appraisement as of
Mar. 1,1913 3,000,000. 00

$984,110.83
61,926.94

1,699,719.11
81,839.44

$6,022,500.00
)epletion reserve distributed 1 , 050, 000 . 00

$4,972,500 00

line equipment 232,812 95

•eneral office equipment. 677 10

'epletion reserve distributed

Liabilities

urrent accounts payable

e&ning and selling expense not due .

.serve for taxes

eserve for accidents .
ispense

eserx-e for depreciation

eserve for depletion $1,150,432.50

apital returned dividends 1,050,000. 00

$135,942 53

83,807 38

$901,466 16

43.025 40

2,355 26

192,733 46

$100,432 96

ilue of ore reserves above cost, March I, 1913
Capital and Surplus:

ipital stock issued

irned surplus

5,205,990.05

1,050,000.00

$9,083,586.37

$219,749.91

946,846.82

293,165.96
3,000,000.00

3,500,000 00
1.123.623 68

$9,083,586 37

in the hands of the agitator with which to fan the flame

of discontent in the minds of workmen and to incite
strikes and \ ioli u I

Tlu' BUS*' and illustrations made are not in-

tended to be sulliciently complete to cover ali the different
methods and conditions of metal mining, but are simple
outlines which may create and stimulate interest in the
important matter of making more simple, intelligent
and uniform the reports of operating results.

The requirements of the Income Tax Law make it
necessary to show what portion of dividends were paid
from profits and what from capital returned, and from
what year's earnings. The balance sheet must show the
actual reserves set aside from earnings for capital
returned, instead of showing the net depreciated value
of property and equipment, in order that the amount
of earned surplus being used in the business may be
apparent. Also, it is provided that in the case of mining
companies which had acquired their mine property prior
to Mar. 1, 1913, the depletion factor shall be based upon
the fair market value of mineral in place as of Mar. 1,
1913, instead of at cost, and the property account shall
be written up or down to the value so ascertained.

It is also provided that no capital returned dividends
will be deemed to have been paid from depletion re-
serves unless the surplus and undivided profits are un-
impaired by such distribution, and unless the books,
records, published statements, etc., of the corporation
clearly indicate a corresponding reduction of the capi-
tal assests resulting from such payment.

Therefore, in the case of mining companies which
had acquired their mine property prior to Mar. 1, 1913,
it will be necessary that they determine the fair market
value of their ore reserves of that date, and if in ex-
cess of the original property account on the books, to
write up the property account for the additional value.
Apparently, the law is sufficiently broad to allow the
using of the original property account cost in case the
ore reserves as of Mar. 1, 1913, are less than the book
value of the property account.

When capital returned dividends have been paid from
depletion reserves during the year, in order to show that
such distributions were not paid from surplus or un-
divided profits, the capital dividends will have to be
shown on the balance sheet as a deduction from the
depletion reserves set aside for a depletion of mining
property; and, after the books are closed and before
the balance sheet is made up, it will be necessary to
decrease the property account an amount equal to the
amount of the capital dividends declared during the
year, and this credit to the property account must be
shown on the balance sheet as a deduction from the
total amount.

The above suggestion and illustrations, especially
those relative to the general manager's and the treas-
urer's reports, are not supposed to be sufficiently com-
plete to cover all the different modes of metal mining,
but are simple outlines which it is hoped may create and
stimulate interest in this important matter of making
simple, intelligent and complete reports of operating
results.

ie earnings without any deduction for depletion and
llowing the people at large to consider such as total
fonts. Such reports have been indisputable evidence

If you can't go to the front yourself, put your name on
your money and send it. A Liberty Bond does it.

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 18

The United States I ant't Commission

and the Metal Industries

terican stool, copper, lead, ainc, antimony, tungsten,

aluminum are furnishing the sinews of war for the

Allies in Europe, and an expanded American industry

carry our products into new channels

Foreign trade after the war. The changes that have
occurred in our national industries under the war im-
petus are being watched abroad for their possible effect
on international competition, and it is realized that
in some cases they will permanently alter the trade
routes of the world.

The United States Tariff Commission is systematically
gathering information on the various industries of the
country, with a view to presenting it in well-digested
form for the guidance of Congress in the reconstruction
period following the war. The commission is receiving
valuable assistance from manufacturers, merchants, and
consumers, and it desires that this cooperation be fur-
ther extended and strengthened. Engineering societies,
Government bureaus, and labor organizations are con-
sulted as the work progresses. The American Institute
of Mining Engineers is cooperating to good purpose
in the appointment of two advisory committees, one on
ferrous and the other on non-ferrous metals. The
members of the two committees will be engineers and
metallurgists of the Institute prominent in the various
major-metal industries, contact with the commission
being through Guy C. Riddell, consulting engineer, of
New York, who has recently been appointed metallurgi-
cal expert to the commission. Dr. Grinnell Jones, form-
erly Harvard professor of industrial chemistry, is in
immediate charge of the chemical investigations of the
commission.

The Tariff Commission has invited persons and com-
panies having direct knowledge of facts of economic
significance concerning the industries of the country to
submit statements. Among matters of interest to the
mining and metallurgical industries on which the com-
mission desires full information are the following:

1. The erection of new plants in the United States,
or increase in capacity of existing plants, for the manu-
facture of products or metals formerly available in
limited amount, or obtained largely by importation.
Industries illustrating this class are tin, antimony, and
tungsten The proposed production of ferromanganese
at the new plant of the Anaconda Copper Mining Co.
in Montana, is an example of such a plant.

2. The future of industries in which productive
capacity has been greatly expanded to meet direct war
demand. How can plants erected to meet the war emer-
gencies be made permanent, or utilized in other direc-
tions when war demands disappear? For example,
munitions, ferroalloys and zinc plants.

3. Any general or significant differences in the pre-
vailing methods of manufacture, in the United States
and abroad, of steel and metal commodities.

4. Vital differences in the organization or conduct of
the industry in the United States and abroad.

5. What is looked for in the way of competition after
the war? For example, the effect of the development of
extremely cheap electric power for the Australian zinc
industry in Tasmania, coolie labor in the Chinese anti-
mony industry, and increased efficiency of the British
steel industry.

6. Use of new materials, or substitutes, for industn
purposes; for example, bakelite as structural materia
for aeroplane propellers, new nickel-zirconium high
speed tool alloy, "Cooperite"; possibilities of relie
in manganese raw material situation by the wider suh
stitution of spiegel for ferro, in which the Colorad
Fuel and Iron Co. has been notably successful.

7. The development or discovery in the United State
or abroad of new or improved machinery and processe
which are likely to influence the conditions of inter
industry in Tasmania, collie labor in the Chinese anti
mony, selective flotation, manufacture of nickel stee
direct from magnetic Sudbury ores, Hall-Bartlett zinc
burning method of smelting zinc-lead ores.

8. Industries which have been seriously hamper©
in their normal operations by difficulty in securinj
materials formerly imported. For example, shortag
of manganese ore and chromite for steel manufac
ture. If in any case such difficulties have been me
by the introduction of substitutes, is it expected tha
there will be a return to the old materials and method
when foreign supplies again become available, or wil
the changes be permanent?

9. Any permanent Government hindrance in th
United States or abroad in manufacture or commerc<
such as foreign export duties or embargoes. Example
Greatly increased export duties on manganese ore b
certain of the Brazilian states.

10. Significant changes in the conditions of intei
national competition caused by the availability t
American manufacturers of enemy patents. Certai
German metal processes are examples.

It is hoped that the mining, smelting, and mam
facturing interests will present their statement of fad
and their recommendations to the Tariff Commissioi
rather than attempt to press views and claims upon Coi
gress without opportunity for previous consideratioi
The commission constitutes a sort of clearing house ft
discussion and the gathering of information, and wt
comes contributions from all quarters. Its prime ol
ject is an important attainment of facts, prepared sy
tematically and in advance for the new commercial ei
that is coming in American industry. The commissk
will publish only general statements or summaries whi<
will not reveal the operations or plans of individu
companies.

Bituminous Schists in Uruguay

Dr. Graham Clark, a Director of the Chemical Indu
trial Institute, and other Uruguayan government of
cials, have just completed a course of experiments
Melo, says Commerce Reports. The experiments we'
made with bituminous schist, which exists in great qua
tities in the Department of Cerro Largo. It is hop
that schist may become a substitute for fuel oil >
operating the government's electric plants. The e-
periments show 9500 calories per cubic meter, agair
10,000 obtained in fuel oil. The oil obtained fro
bituminous schist has been tried with good results i
semi-Diesel engines.

Conscription limits the age of the fighting man to
years, but there is no age limit for buying Liberty Bonds

May 4, 1918 ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL 829

iiiiiiiiiiiiii i iiiiimmii immii i iiini iiiiiini iiiimi mi i in i i i mil mil i iimim i mi u mm m iiimimmii urn

United States Tariff Commission

Its Chairman and Some of His Colleagues

1 1 < 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 II k J II I < II r 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 g H 1 1 > I II ! 1 1 1 M 1 1 ■ 4 1 M 1 1 1 J II M 1 1 r J 1 1 . 1 1 ; i m 1 1 > i , 1 1 . | , r 1 1 1 1 1 1 ^ : M 1 1 ' I : 1 1 1 1 k J 1 1 ■ < 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 M 1 1 1 > 'II. ! . ' - . I millllllllllllllllllllllllll 1 1111111111 IIHIIIIIIIIIIIIUIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII

DR. FRANK W. TAUSSIG, CHAIRMAN

DR. THOMAS W. PAGE. VICE-CHAIRMAN

G. C. RIDDELL, METALLURGICAL, EXPERT

EDWARD P. COSTIGAN, MEMBER

F.MIINEEKINC AM' MINIM; JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 18

Development of Community Interest

Bl CHARLES F. WILLIS

Development of the workman's interest in the
community as a good place to live in will cut down
the labor turnover and lessen the number of acci-
dents and strikes, as well as increase efficiency
and production. Certain companies in Arizona
are adopting various means to this end, such as
paying a bonus for tenure of S< rvice and estab-
lishing old-ag< illusions and insurance funds.

THE development of community interest is a phase
of welfare work into which the metal mines of
the West have gone but little. The time has come,
however, when it is beginning to be regarded as one
of the most influential means of reducing labor turn-
over, stabilizing mining communities, and preventing
strikes, as well as of securing good legislation.

Developing such interest means arousing interest in
the community other than the job. The interest may lie
in the owning of a home, or in anything which would
cause a financial loss to the workman were he to leave
the camp or were the company that employs him to shut
down.

The increasing cost of labor turnover, the present
condition of unrest and other factors have drawn atten-
tion to the need of a remedy. High wages and general
prosperity make this an opportune time for creating
community interest and habits of thrift, both of which
the miner must have before he will take a financial in-
terest in the locality where he is employed.

Necessity of Promoting Community Interest

In a state such as Arizona, where all mining com-
panies are paying a standard rate of wages, the man
with no ties has nothing to prevent him from moving as
often as he pleases. With the shortage of labor, this has
greatly increased. The loss thus caused the companies
warrants the expenditure by them of a considerable sum
to develop an interest that will check it.

It is not difficult to imagine the possibilities for better
laws and more stable conditions where the shifting,
irresponsible vote is reduced to a minimum. In many
mining communities where the number of taxpayers is
but a small percentage of the voters it is perfectly pos-
sible to have laws passed which are distinctly injurious
to the taxpayers. A legislature controlled by those who
pay no taxes usually has little regard for the money
which it spends. Good government would be a direct
result of the development of community interest. Em-
ployee and employer are on common ground when both
are taxpayers in the same community.

Bonus Granted for Tenure of Service

There are various ways of enlarging this interest.
One is to a grant a reward for tenure of service. The
mines of the Warren district, in Arizona, have recently
announced the distribution of $287,000 as a bonus for
continuity of service and as a direct reward for faith-

•Dirtctor, Arizona State Bureau of Mines.

fulness. The Copper Queen branch of the Phelps Dodg
Corporation, the Calumet & Arizona Mining Co. an
the Shattuck-Arizona company on New Year's day pai
$100 to every underground employee or mechanic wh
had been constantly in their employ for one year, an
$50 each to those who had been with them six month:
They also paid $G0 to every surface man in their servic
for one year and $30 where the service was six month:
A precedent has thus been set, and it is believed to 1:
but the beginning of an elaborate plan of similar pa,\
ments. Were this an established custom, a man wh
has been at work for 10 months would think twice b(
fore quitting and thereby losing the $100 which r
would gain by staying two months longer; likewise wit
the other men. Naturally the labor turnover would I
reduced. Recognition of tenure of service would not 1
as effective under the old method of hiring and "firinp
by the shift boss, but with a central employment bi
reau, which is gradually being put into all of the mini
of Arizona, and the elimination of discharge for pett
personal grievances, it should be productive of results.

Efficiency Merits Increase Compensation

Unquestionably recognition of tenure of servii
makes for greater efficiency, for which additional cor
pensation should be paid. It has been argued that tl
ideal way of paying is according to individual mer:
which, in days of scientific mining, is perfectly mea
urable. Such a method of payment, however, would co
tain so many factors difficult for the workman to figu
that it would be unsatisfactory, and so would cau
suspicion. Average efficiency, it is believed, is the on
thing that can satisfactorily be taken into consideratio

From the company's viewpoint, there would be a sa
ing in the cost of hiring and breaking in new me
There would be increased efficiency and productio
fewer accidents, with an attendant decrease in compe
sation paid, and a smaller likelihood of strikes. Fro
the point of view of the workman, there would be a de
nite financial reward and a share in the additior
profits caused by lessened turnover. The question
compensation for continuity of service is well wor
consideration by mining companies. It has proved si
cessful in other lines of business, and ought to be in t
mining industry as well.

Co-operative Store a Center of Interest

Another method of producing community interest li
in the operation of a cooperative company store. T:
company store, taken as a whole, has a bad name amo
workmen. Mine operators recognize that the min1
themselves should pay the dividends rather than t:
store. Loss by the store would affect but little the to 1
dividends of any of the large mining corporations.

At the New Cornelia plant at A jo, Ariz., a real <■
operative store is operated by the company, whi
charges 6% for the money invested and returns t:
profits to the employees in proportion to the purcha.';
of each. Recently a dividend of 15 % was declared,
employee who has traded for less than three months *

May 4, 1018

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

881

[tied to a dividend, and dividends are made return-
le once a year. This encourages trade at the company
re, thereby reducing the percentage of overhead ex-
ise and increasing the rate of turnover of the stock.
e employee always has a bonus coming to him, which
loses by quitting. Thus the company store acts sim-
rly to a bonus for tenure of serivce.

ENSIONS AND INSURANCE ADOPTED BY COPPER QUEEN

\mong the common complaints of workmen we hear:
hey pay us $5.25 a day, whether we are 21 years old
41; whether we have been working for them 15 min-
s or 20 years, and just as soon as we get too old we
laid on the shelf, with no means of making a liv-
■, and younger men are put in our places." This
ling has led the Copper Queen branch of the Phelps
[dge Corporation to put in a system of old-age pen-
as, in combination with life and accident insurance.
!us is furnished something to which the man can look
ward; it gives him a feeling of security to know that
will be taken care of after he has served his pe-
id of usefulness. The benefits of the Copper Queen
•tem apply only to employees who have been 15 years
: longer in the service of the company, and they are
, ided into the following classes :

A1 All employees who, in the opinion of the com-
i iv, have become physically, or mentally disqualified
ll who may be retired at the option of the company.

B) All employees who shall have attained the age
:70 years and who must be retired from active service.

Maximum Pension Is $1000 per Year

!*he benefits of this system do not apply to any em-
I s-ee who, in accordance with any state workmen's
cipensation or insurance act, is receiving such com-
| nation or insurance for injuries received while in
t employ of the company. The amount of the annual
F sion to be allowed any retiring employee who has
^•ed 15 years or more is 2% of his average annual
| iry or wages for the three years of active service im-
nliately preceding his retirement, multiplied by the
n nber of years of his service. The maximum annual
?• mnt paid to the pensioner is not in any case to ex-
ci 60fe of his annual salary or wages, nor is any
I pension over $1000. This is another matter which
n<es for an interest outside of that in the position
it If — a distinct, definite loss in case of quitting.

he Shattuck-Arizona Copper Co., of the same dis-
tit, also has a method of compensating wage-earners
f'i service and for the protection of service men. For
tl term of service of six months to one year there is
| insurance of $500, with a payment of $50 per month
p loss of time by accident and no payment for loss
o ime by sickness. From one year up, the principal of
P policy is $1000, with a payment of $50 per month
p loss of time by accident and $50 per month for loss
" time by sickness. All men who have worked

' the company for more than six months are con-
si ired as service men and are not subject to immediate
P harge, except for refusal or failure to do their
p k, or upon the third breach of rules, or the third
n or offense in 90 days. Any service man who believes
: he has been unfairly discharged has the right to
P sent his written complaint to the general manager,
w> decides whether or not he shall be reinstated. The

principal of the polii foi which all the Bervice men an

insured increases a1 the rate of 1 per cent, per month
for i i \ i ■ years.

Probably the best plan in developing communit
terest is through a real building and loan association,
one not for making money, but for the sole purpose of
encouraging men to own their own homes by loaning
the money to them at a low rate of interest. It was par-
ticularly noticeable in the recent .Arizona labor troubles
that the home owners figured largely among the men
who continued in employment. There is no source of
community interest more effective than home owning,
and it is worth the expenditure necessary to develop it.

In the case of a community where there are several
large mines, the operators could well afford to engage a
man whose sole duty would be to encourage and de-
velop this interest. In the changed industrial and eco-
nomic conditions of today, the great concentration of
capital and the massing of thousands of the employed
have brought about new problems. In the old times
master and man lived together; there was a daily point
of contact, a continuous personal touch. Today all is
changed — the employer in many cases is as much an ab-
sentee as are the landlords of some of the worst tene-
ments in slumdom.

Employer Today Out of Touch With Employees

It is an industrial condition that naturally followed
the organization of great capital into syndicates and
trusts. With an army of thousands of employees, it
became necessary, for the best administration and effi-
ciency, that they be grouped into subdivisions, in charge
of responsible leaders, in order that this machine should
respond to the control of the commander-in-chief. In
other words, the day has passed when the employer is
able to individualize those who work for him.

As is recognized, the personal touch between employer
and employee has largely been lost, and it is not desir-
able, even if it were possible, to return to the earlier
days. But for successful conduct of business today,
a point of contact must be established. From a wide
observation in this and other countries, it has been
found that the business man strives for the highest effi-
ciency in the making, selling and advertising part of his
business, but the labor end, the human part of it, is tak-
ing care of itself, or is left to the professional caretaker,
who is not in the employ of the firm, nor always in
"business for himself." However, American industrial-
ists are beginning to realize that regard for labor is a
large factor in industrial peace and contentment.

The social economist foresaw this tendency, and
knew that the industrialist must establish a connection
between himself, his immediate staff, and the rank and
file of his industrial army, if commercial peace and pros-
perity were to characterize his establishment. Every
man of affairs earnestly desired this.

The idea of the social secretary was brought to the
United States in 1900, and the new profession is to be
recommended in all industries. The problem which con-
fronts the social secretary is how to improve the condi-
tions of life and labor for the individual, not only in the
factory, mine and workshop, but in his home, and all
other relations in which he meets his fellows. The prob-
lem is one which seems to be well worthy of considerable
thought and study.

-

K.V, INHERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 1

nininniniiniinniniininmniiimnniniininiiniin iiiiiiiiinmiii nni 11 mini mi in iniinnn iiiiiinn miiiiiiiniiniiiniiin iniiiiniiiiiiiiiiinii

Safe and Unsafe Practices in Mines

THE MINER WHO OVERLOOKS A BET
The picture shows a portion of a drift that was being driven through an old stope where it was necessary to blast out sor
of the old timbers. The miner had spit his fuse, left the place, and, after hearing several shots, went back ; but when witl
ten feet of the face, the shot went off. and he was injured. Reproduced from a bulletin issued by the Mining Section of the Natioi
Safety Council. Chicago, Illinois.

A miner working in this drift attempted to deepen an old drill Boulder that became loose and fell from the back of a

hole containing powder from a previous blast. after the miner had dressed down the face.

May 4, 1918

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

:-:::;

USE OF A STEEL LOADING BOARD PREVENTS INJURY TO THE CHUTEMAN
Photograph on the left shows a loader drawing ore from a chute. A chunk of ore has slid over the top of the load and
Mad he been provided with the steel board shown in the photograph on the right, the injury would have been avoided.

uck him

'h '„™ J ■?!"■ ln the foreground fell from above, striking a miner
la '^SJ Tni ""£• and injuring him. He should have removed the
» setore drilling or put up a small stull.

The pile of dirt in this drift came from a run and struck a
mucker who was cleaning out after a blast. The back should
have been examined and protected.

ENGINEERING AND .MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 18

Financing Our Second Year in the War

"How much ought I to contribute in the way of

nal effort and from my resources to do my full
share toward winning the war?" This question is dis-
d in a pamphlet, entitled "What Is My Share of the
the War'.'" recently issued by the Hankers Trust
of New York. After estimating the cost of the
ad year of the war. the company figures the proper
share that should be borne by each family, according to
its income. Individuals, of course, without family re-
sponsibilities, should contribute, proportionately more.
The pamphlet says :

Daring this first year of the war the expenditures of the
i rnment have amounted to over s:>.."i00,000,000 — or more
than 14 times the average expenditures of the seven years
previous to the war. The advances which we have made
ir Allies for the purchase of materials and supplies
have accounted for nearly one-half of our total expendi-
tures. Of the receipts, about 86r'r has been derived from
the sale of bonds and certificates, and about 14 . from
taxation.

The expenses of the next 12 months will probably be
considerably larger than for the last 12 months. Con-
ed appropriations for the current fiscal year ending
June 30 next of $18,750,000,000, but the Government has
not found it possible to expend this amount of money, and
we doubt whether such a large amount can be expended
in the coming 12 months. We believe that it is safe to
estimate the total expenditure for the next 12 months at
about $15,000,000,000. Therefore, to raise this amount is
the task which we are facing.

It is difficult to tell at the present moment just what
amount of money will be obtained from taxation. If we
assume that customs and excise taxes and other indirect
forms of taxation produce $1,500,000,000, we have about
$13,500,000,000 to raise from the proceeds of bond sales
and income taxes.

Proportion of Annual Savings That May Be Made
Available for Government

Those who have made a scientific study of such mat-
ters believe that the savings of the nation available for
reinvestment in various forms now amount to about $18,-
000,000,000 a year. However, not all of this amount can
be made available to the Government. After making al-
lowance for savings which must be permitted to remain
invested in the form of increased working capital, and which
must be used to provide for capital expenditures essential
to the health and welfare of the people of the country, it
is thought that about $10,000,000,000 can be counted upon
as available to the Government for the conduct of the war.
It is estimated that about $2,750,000,000 of this amount

SHARE OF YEARLY INCOMES CONTRTBUTABLE IN" TAXES AND
HnVD PURCHASES

Per Cent.

Amount

Family

Contributable

Contributable

Incnmc Group

by Each Family

- h Family

$780— 910

9 60

$82

1.041— 1.170

10 30

113

1.431— 1.560

1 1 70

175

1.951— 2.080

13 50

270

2.471— 2.600

15 411

393

3.001— 4.000

18 80

658

5.001— 6.000

25 80

1.419

7.001— 8.000

32 80

2.460

10.001— 15.000

42 00

5,250

25.001— 30.000

48 00

13.200

50.001— 60.000

59 10

32.500

100.001—150.000

69 10

85.000

To use the table, multiply your income by the per cent.

r>utable in thi ilumn. The result ia the total

amount you should contribute during a year. Deduct the

amount which you nay in taxes —the remainder is the amount

of Liberty Bonds which you should buy from income during a

can be directlv contributed by corporations, and about
$7,250,000,000 by individuals; this leaves about $3,500,000,-
000 to be provided by individuals and by corporations from
future savings and financed through the banks.

The problem before us is to equitably apportion the
burden of the $7,250,000,000 to be provided by individuals.
After a careful study of this problem, in the light of statis-
tical information obtained from the income tax payments
of 1915 and 1916, and in the light of studies which have
been made by economists of the manner in which incomes
are distributed, we have prepared a table [reproduced in
part] which, we believe, indicates with a close approxima-

tion to accuracy how much of a given income any one
us should contribute to the expenses of the Governmei
in order to cany his fair share of the financial burden
the war.

Calculations in Table Based on Family Incomes

The calculations in the table are based on family incom
This seems fair, because most of us live in families e
perforce think and act in terms of family income and o
go. It goes without saying, however, that an individi
without family responsibilities can contribute proportit
ately more from a given income than the head of a fam
can contribute, or than a given family group having 1
income can contribute.

Then, again, it should be borne in mind that the c
culations are based on living conditions as they are fou
in one of our great Eastern cities, where rents are hi
and nearly all articles of food are necessarily enhanced
price by heavy transportation and distribution charp;
Therefore, if the reader is a resident of one of the small
cities or of a rural community favorably located to obti
the necessaries of life at a lower cost, he will find that i
can without doubt make considerably larger savings
of a given income than the table would indicate.

And, finally, it should be borne in mind that this i:i
table of averages. Necessarily, the amounts given as ci
tributable will not fit the exact amount which each fan;
group should contribute, but on the average the prop-
tionate amount must be contributed if the necessities of I
Government are to be met.

Equalization of Inequalities of Tax Burden

It is possible in connection with the purchasing of Una
States bonds to even up the inequalities in the tax burn
An investor in municipal bonds who pays no income tax>i
an investor holding stocks and who therefore is ligl1;
taxed, can buy proportionately more bonds than the ]0
fessional man or man of business who pays a heavy i
No fair-minded person would desire to take advantago:
these inequalities in taxation in order to evade respi
sibility for meeting his share of the war burden. The
fore, in using the table to determine the amount i:
bonds which one should buy, the total burden as slit i
by the table should be taken as a basis, and after ded t
ing from this the amount paid to the Government in Urn
the balance should be invested in Liberty Loan bonds

In no better way can there be brought home to one n
magnitude of the burden of this war, and what it me is
than to consider conscientiously what constitutes one's ii
share of the burden. It is no use blinking the facboi
the case. We may as well face them now, and, if we 1 H
not already done so, prepare to adjust our affairs so n
we can take up the burden — not for this year alon'.>, u
perhaps for next year, and then for other years to foil* .

It is obvious that business and methods of living he
tofore customary cannot go on "as usual." We hopevt
may be forgiven for again emphasizing the fact—" '
has been so thoroughly discussed of late in the public p sr
— that, in the last analysis, what the Government nds
is not money, but goods and services. Therefore, to ht
extent that each one of us curtails his wants, and J
releases industrial operatives and goods for war work hi
is to that degree giving the greatest assistance to the W>
eminent. In this way, also, individual expenditure is ao
matically decreased, with a corresponding increase in h<
money available to the Government.

Purchase of Government Bonds and Bank Advan s

In connection with purchases of Government bond r
will be necessary to lean upon the banks for advance ol
two forms. The' calculations in our table [reproduced u:
in part] are based upon yearly incomes. However, we r-
conscious of the fact that such incomes are not, as a 1'
received in one sum, or at regular intervals. There ri
in many cases it may be necessary to temporarily arr -
with banking institutions for advances to cover subs if
tions. These advances should be repaid promptly, a;ui
come is received, with a view to liquidating them as rapl
as possible.

There will be another form of advances which 1M
having considerable invested resources may find it a it
to arrange for. As indicated above, after utilizing n
current annual savings of the nation, it would appear i»
some $3,500,000,000 must be obtained by mortgaging fur
savings, or, in other words, by using one's credit,
advances will have to be carried over into some future ,'
The constant effort, however, should be to burden the b*
as little as possible with loans for long periods, as c

May 4, 1918

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

886

gaeta should be kept liquid for the current needs of the
(overnment and of business.
The response to previous loans has shown great loyalty
nd enthusiasm, but we are settling down now to the long
rind, and entering a time when sober calculation is the
art of wisdom. The lirst reaction to a study of the table
I that the charge against incomes is too heavy to be borne.
Urther study and reflection bring one to the definite con-
cision that, on the average, something like this must be
one if the Government is to be provided with the means
i push the war to an early anil successful termination. In
10 words of President Cleveland, "It is a condition and
,>t a theory which confronts us." Shall we not have the
lurage to do our share?

Foreign Trade in Copper

Exports of copper from the United States in Janu-
ry and February, 1918, are reported by the Depart-
lent of Commerce as follows:

Jan. Feb. Jon.-Feb.

II. Lb. Lb.

re and concentrates, etc., contents. . 360.822 183.670 544,492

led, in bars, pigs, etc 4.434,271 1,431,009 5,865,280

bars. He 81.098.209 59,033,853 140,132.062

Id and scrap 5,790 5,790

i- 4,,h<ik '_'l 783.397 5,592,318

ad tubes 662.508 237,030 899,538

tcept insulated 478,278 1,834,948 2,313.226
ompositiuii metal, copper chief

3,303 2.884 6,187

Totals 91,852,102 63,506,791 155,358,893

The weight of ore exported in January was 4852
mg tons, and of concentrates, matte and regulus, 240
>ng tons. In February 1998 long tons of ore and 147
3ns of concentrates, etc., were exported.

Imports of copper in January and February were:

Jan. Feb. Jan. -Feb.

Lb. Lb. Lb.

re and concentrates, contents 9,208,603 13,720,881 22,929,484

latte and regulus, etc 79,550 1,275,562 1,355,112

•irrnncd. in bars, pigs, etc 34,513,165 41,016,225 75,529,390

efined, in bars, etc 6,385,748 6,385,748

Id. etc, for remanufacture 161,704 82,249 243,953

omposition metal, copper chief value 28,010 56 28,066

Totals 43,991,032 62,480,721 106,471,753

Ore imported in January and February amounted
3 19,343 and 31,398 long tons, respectively; concen-
rates, 11,828 and 13,138; matte and regulus, 303 and
676 long tons.

1-^ — rH

'latinum Occurrence in Sudbury Ores

The report of the Royal Ontario Nickel Commission
tates that although the presence of gold and silver
nd metals of the platinum group in practically all
ickeliferous pyrrhotites throughout the world has long
een known, their importance in connection with the
'ntario nickel industry is even now practically un-
ecognized, except by those who recover and sell them.
he nickel-copper ores of Sudbury are capable of pro-
ucing much more palladium than the whole of the
resent world supply, together with a very large pro-
ortion of platinum, iridium and other metals of the
latinum group. The quantity of palladium present is
mch in excess of the platinum. Apart from the Mond
tickel Co.'s method, the processes most likely to re-
wer these metals are the electrolytic methods of re-
ning.

Of the platinum group, including platinum, palladium,
idium, rhodium, ruthenium and osmium, palladium
"curs in the largest proportions (in the nickeliferous
yrrhotites), then platinum, iridium and rhodium in
ie order named. Although ruthenium and osmium
re present, there are no records of the recovery of
ither, the report states, and it is probable that the

bulk of the osmium would be lost by volatilization dur-
ing the smelting to matte. The first metal of the
platinum group to be discovered at Sudbury was
platinum, found in the mineral sperrylite, essentially
an arsenide of platinum, containing up to 50 '. and
over of platinum and 0.5 to o.7.v, rhodium, with only
a trace of palladium. Sperrylite, therefore, curiously
does not account for the palladium found in the Sud-
bury matte, although that metal occurs in greater
quantity than any other member of the platinum group
in the Sudbury ores, and in fact in all pyritic nickel
ores throughout the world.

Although it is not possible to state exactly the actual
quantity of the platinum metals present in the ores,
the quantity recovered can be ascertained from the
assay of the matte, provided the number of tons of
ore smelted per ton of matte is known. In the year
ending Dec. 31, 1916, the total ore smelted at Sudbury
amounted to 1,521,689 tons, with a production of 80,010
tons of matte. One company, which produced 63,567
tons of the total given above, states that the average
content of precious metals per ton of matte for the
three years ending 1915 was as follows: Gold, 0.050
oz. troy; silver, 1.75 oz.; platinum, 0.10 oz., and pal-
ladium, 0.15 ounces.

Gas Wells Frequently Unprofitable
From Overdrilling

Overdrilling is strikingly evident in the Cleveland gas
field of Ohio, where ic has led to considerable unprofit-
able operation, according to the U. S. Geological Survey.
One of the most important problems confronting the
gas-producing industry is that of determining the
smallest number of wells capable of removing most
economically all the gas under a given tract of land.
So many complex factors enter into this problem that
few systematic attempts have been made to solve it,
and gas operators have in general been content to accept
rough estimates of the number of wells that should
be drilled per unit of area. In some localities it is
held that only one well should be drilled to each 800
acres; in others it is customary to drill a well in each
20 or 40 acres. With present knowledge the number to
be drilled must be to some extent a matter of opinion,
and it is very doubtful whether any limit can be fixed
that will be applicable to all fields.

Those who are familiar with the gas industry have
long realized that a closely drilled field is short lived
and that in most pools the later wells are less likely
to be profitable than the early ones. Few operators,
however, have attempted to determine the reasons for
these conditions, and most of the business men and
others who are occasionally induced to take a "flyer"
in gas producing seem to be ignorant of their existence.
Hence, in many eastern gas fields there are more wells
than are necessary or profitable, and in some fields the
wells are crowded so closely that many of them have
never produced enough gas to pay for themselves.

The geologic study of the Cleveland field indicates
that in most fields the wells that are brought in after the
general pressure has declined to one-half of its original
amount are unprofitable, and that in many fields this
point may be reached when the pressure has declined
only one-half.

B86

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL Vol. 105, No. 18

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The Assayer and Chemist

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Rapid Determination of Tungsten
By Frederick W. Foote* and Rastus S. Ransom, jR.f

The analysis of tungsten in the presence of pyrite
is difficult, ami from 6 to 10 days are required to make
a determination. The following is the method of F.
Jean, as modified and used by Dr. Gaston Fiorentino,
an Italian chemist in Portugal. It requires only a day
and a half to two days and is excellent for high-grade
ores and concentrates, but is not satisfactory for low-
grade ores or mill tailings:

Weigh out one gram of finely pulverized ore and
place in a porcelain crucible with 1.2 grams of a mixture
of equal parts of calcium carbonate and sodium chloride.
Mix we'd, leaving a small portion of the NaCl and CaCO,
unmixed on the bottom of the crucible. Heat gently
over a Bunsen burner, with the crucible closed for a
few minutes, then increase the flame gradually so that
the full heat is obtained in 10 minutes. Do not fuse
the mixture. If the ore contains much pyrite, bring the
bottom of the crucible to a red heat until fumes are
given off; then apply full heat.

Cool, transfer to a 250 c.c. porcelain evaporating dish,
break up lumps, digest with 40 c.c. HC1 and heat over
a water bath, stirring often, for 45 minutes. Heat the
crucible in which the fluxing was done in HC1, wash
three times with dilute HC1 and add this to the main
solution. Add 15 c.c. HNO, to the solution, cover with
a watch glass and heat for 15 minutes. Remove the
watch glass and continue evaporation, stirring often,
until about 15 c.c. of the solution is left. Add 100 to
125 c.c. of boiling water and allow the solution to
stand for two to three hours until the precipitate settles
and the solution is clear. Decant and wash the precipi-
tate three times with a 2% solution of HC1 and twice
with a 2co solution of HNO„ decanting each time as
closely as possible. Dry the precipitate remaining in
the evaporating dish, then bake with the filter paper
at 100° C. until all traces of acid are removed. To the
dry precipitate add a little NH.NO,, a little NH, and
water. Stir until all WO, is in solution. Let stand
until the precipitate settles, then filter on the same filter
paper into a weighed dish. Wash with a 1% solution
NH.NO, and a few drops of NH,. Evaporate to dryness
on a water bath and heat in a free flame, raising the
heat gradually until the precipitate becomes yellow;
cool and weigh as WO,.

If the ore is not rich and contains much silica, filter
into an evaporating dish and evaporate to dryness on
a water bath; continue the heat for 30 minutes, thus
making the silica practically insoluble. Take up with
water, filter on a small filter paper into a weighed dish,
wash with hot water and evaporate again on a water
bath. When only a few drops remain, remove the dish

from the water bath and rotate so that the precipitat
will form on the sides and not all in the bottom. Con
tinue evaporation to dryness, remove and heat on i
piece of asbestos until the precipitate no longer smell
of ammonia. Continue the heat in a free flame, increas
ing it gradually until the pricipitate becomes yellow
cool and weigh as WOa. If a platinum crucible is used
before the final heating add a little H,SO, (1-2) an*
several drops of HF1. Evaporate the HF1, add a littl
dilute HNO, and evaporate to dryness. Heat unti
yellow and weigh as WO., (this is to remove the las
traces of silica).

For low-grade ores take two grams of ore instea*
of one and mix with 2.2 grams of CaCO, and NaC
Heat with a full flame for 20 minutes. In the aci
solution, after having removed the watch glass, evap
orate to dryness ; take up with a little HC1 and evaporat
a second time. From this point on the procedure is th
same.

This method is excellent for high-grade ores and cor
centrates in the presence of iron, but is not satisfactor
for low-grade ores, tails, etc. Experiments have bee
made with pure acids and commercial acids on a mi>
ture known to contain 2% WO,. With pure acids th
results were 1.99%, 1.75% and 1.86%. With con
mercial acids the results were 0.71%, 0.95% and 0.72°/
This emphasizes the necessity of using pure acids.

•Mining engineer. 80 Broadway, New York.
tMetallurgical engineer, James Ore Concentrator Co., Newark,
New jersey.

Molybdenum Content of Ores and
Concentrates*

The following method of determining molybdenur
in ores and concentrates has been described by H. (
Mabee, chemist of the Department of Mines. Ottawa. M:
Mabee reports that this method has been ir> srtisfactor
use for the last two years in the work of the department
Place from 0.5 to 1 gram of the sample in a quartz o
platinum crucible of 50 c.c. capacity, add 2 to 3 c.<
fuming nitric acid, heat gently and evaporate just t
dryness. Add 30 grams fused acid potassium sulphat
and fuse. Leach out the fusion in hot water, heat t
complete solution, precipitate the iron with ammoniui
hydroxide, settle, filter and wash with hot water. Th
precipitate should be examined for retained molybdenui
and if necessary reprecipitate. To the ammeniacal fi
trate add 50 c.c, 1 : 1 sulphuric acid. Pass through
special reductor made of A-in. glass tubing ?4 in. loni
drawn out at the lower end and connected by rubbe
tubing with a 3-in. funnel at the upper end. The n
ductor is filled with amalgamated zinc the size that wi
lie on a 10-mesh sieve. The lower end passes throug
a two-hole stopper and about quarter way to the bottoi
of a 1 -liter gas bottle. By means of a piece of bent gla;
tubing passing through the second hole of the stoppe
connection is made with a suction pump. Refore mal
ing a reduction, wash out the tube with hot 1 : 1 su

•Canadian engineer, Jan. 3, 1918.

May 4, 1918

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

837

iiiric acid solution. Place 20 c.c. of a 15% ferric alum
lution (made slightly acid with sulphuric acid) to-
ther with 20 c.c. "titrating mixture" in the gas bottle
to which the reduced solution is passed. Wash out the
iluctor at least four times with the hot dilute sulphuric
id, filling the funnel each time. Titrate warm with
indard potassium permanganate standardized against
i. molybdic acid (Baker's 99.9%) following the same
ocedure as in the case of an ore.

Tricks in Filtration

Filtration difficulties encountered in some of the most
I nmon determinations may be overcome, according to
iorge H. Brother, in Jouni. Jnd. and Eng. Chem. for

bruary, 1918, by the use of certain "tricks of the
1 de," which he describes as follows:

In filtering barium sulphate, the sulphate solution
smld be about 200 c.c. in volume and weakh acid with
tirochloric acid (1 c.c. 1.2 sp.gr. to a neutral solu-
tn). It should be heated to a temperature just below
1 ling,1 and about half of the solution of barium chlo-
le necessary for excess added drop by drop, stirring
\ll meanwhile, and allowed to digest for about five
nutes. The remainder of the precipitant is then
;led (not necessarily so slowly, though the solution
<uld be stirred during the addition) and it is allowed
tiigest 10 or 15 minutes longer. It is then ready for
I ration.

^ precipitate formed in this way will be crystalline
Bl will be readily retained by a paper of moderately
cie texture. I have satisfactorily used Whatman 40,
C5. & S. 589 "White Ribbon" and Munktell's O instead
o he slower Whatman 42, C. S. & S. 589 "Blue Ribbon"

0 Munktell's OO. In this way time may be saved in
t filtration, as well as in the much shorter period of
A astion.

n the case of calcium oxalate, heat the solution of cal-
e:n salt to just below boiling. Add excess ammonium
elate solution, then just enough hydrochloric acid (sp.
% 1.2) to dissolve the precipitate. Add ammonium
ti.roxide solution drop by drop until distinctly am-
ir liacal, then run in a good excess. Digest at a tem-
pature just below boiling for about half an hour.
F er while hot and wash precipitate with hot water.

he important part in this determination is the

l oxalate solution from which calcium oxalate is

r»'ipitated by the addition of ammonia. The forma-

1 of calcium hydroxide is in this way prevented and
' ystalline precipitate of the oxalate insured. The
I hod works out the same if the original calcium solu-
I is made acid, the annomium oxalate (or oxalic acid)
gid, then the ammonium hydroxide solution, as above.
P objection to this precedure is, of course, the absence
f n indicator to prevent the addition of an unneces-

! excess of acid. For volumetric lime dctermina-
m, where an ashless paper is an unnecessary extrava-
*e, Whatman 3 and 30 or Munktell 100 will be found
f factory if the precipitation is done by this method.
W principal difficulty with the precipitation of am-
n(ium phosphomolybdate is the adherence of many
Pjrsta to the old rule, namely, heat the phosphate so-
gn to about 70° C, precipitate and digest at no

"'JigesUonVw"^,6^68 a11 the advantages of precipitation

a ie ■ anrt mJ? ,lot soJution and eliminates the risk of super-

'g and loss through frothing or bumping. p

higher temperature, [f this procedure is followed, di-
Hon for several days is necesary to secure a filter-
able precipitate, and even then success is uncertain I
have found the method of Uoy with modifications, as
given in Treadwell-Hall's "Quantitative Analysis"
* 1915), p. 437, to be tory. The essentia] point

of this method is precipitation and digestion at a tem-
perature just below boiling. The phosphate solution
should be made distinctly alkaline with ammonium
hydroxide, then nitric acid added to slight excess This
is a convenient way to insure the presence of ammonium
nitrate in the solution and prevents the addition of too
great an excess of nitric acid. It should be heated to
boilmg, then, while stirring, add the ammonium molyb-
date solution drop by drop from a pipette. Digest on a
hot plate at a temperature just below boiling until the
supernatant liquid is clear and colorless (usually about
15 minutes). Decant, wash and filter as usual. Occa-
sionally when the precipitant is added, no precipitate im-
mediately forms, but instead the solution becomes col-
ored yellow. Digestion, as described above, will bring
about complete precipitation and conversion of the yel-
low solution to colorless, but in such cases more than
15 minutes' digestion is usually required. The precipi-
tate thrown down in this way is coarse enough to be
retained by quite open-textured papers, such as What-
man 1 and 31, C. S. & S. 595, or Munktell's OB.

In filtering magnesium ammonium phosphate I
again think that the difficulty lies in the use of old
methods which called for the addition of magnesia mix-
ture to an ammoniacal solution of the phosphate in the
cold. The method of B. Schmitz, as outlined in Tread-
well-Hall (Loc. cit.), p. 434, gives much more satisfac-
tory results. The phosphate solution is treated with
excess magnesia mixture solution, hydrochloric acid
added just to dissolve the precipitate and it is heated
to boiling. Ammonium hydroxide solution is added
slowly until a crystalline precipitate forms. If the pre-
cipitate is not crystalline, it should be redissolved by
the addition of hydrochloric acid and reprecipitated with
ammonia. When a distinctly crystalline precipitate has
formed, the solution is made ammoniacal, it is removed
from the hot plate and allowed to cool. When cold, add
a volume of ammonia (sp.gr. 0.9) equivalent to about
one-fifth the volume of the solution, and at the end of
about ten minutes it is ready to filter.

Corrosion of Electrode Supports

A device to prevent the corrosion of the supports of
rotating electrodes is proposed by Enrique Hauser,
Madrid (described by H. S. Paine in Chemical Ab-
stracts) . It consists of a light glass cup which is fitted
over the lower extremity of the rotating shaft at the
point where the latter engages the electrode. The lower
portion of the cup is tapered to form a narrow mouth,
in which a cork is inserted. The straight wire shank
of the electrode is passed through this cork to its point
of attachment with the rotating shaft, thereby furnish-
ing support for the cup. The upper edge cf the cup
encircles the shaft and is flared inwardly so as to pre-
vent the projection by centrifugal force of any liquid
which may find its way into the cup. In this manner
the rotating shaft is protected from corrosion by spray
and contamination of the electrolyte is prevented.

ENC-lNKKKINi; AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 18

minium milium iimmiiiui

Events and Economics of the War

After a lull in the fighting, the Germans reopened
their offensive with attacks southeast of Amiens and
against the ridge positions in the north: Villers Breton-
neux. at first lost by the British, was later recovered,
and the Germans were completely checked along the
Avre; Mont Kemmel. however, was taken; heavy attacks
against the Ypres salient have so far been repelled,
with great loss to the enemy. Demands by Germany
upon Holland, greatly embarrassing to the Dutch, have
produced a grave crisis, it is reported, between the two
countries. An embargo on the export of tin, quinine
and kapok was ordered by Holland, effective Apr. 22; it
was later reported that licensing and not prohibition of
exports was contemplated, which, however, has not been
verified. Occupation by Germans of Simferopol, in the
Crimea, is reported. In England Lord Northcliffe re-
signed as director of propaganda in enemy countries and
severed his connection with the British mission to the
United States. The Bonnet Rouge trial opened in Paris.

In this country, John D. Ryan, president of the Ana-
conda Copper Mining Co., was appointed director of the
Aircraft Production Board. The price of raw wool was
fixed by the Government on the basis of that prevailing
on July 30 last. The Silver bill was signed on Apr. 23 by
the President, who also named the War Finance Cor-
poration Board. The Overman bill passed the Senate on
Apr. 29. The Mineral-Control bill passed the House on
Apr. 30.

Ryan Heads Aircraft Board

John D. Ryan, president of the Anaconda Copper
Mining Co., has accepted the directorship of aircraft
production for the Army. A reorganization of the
Aviation Section of the Signal Corps has also been
effected, of which the principal elements are as follows:

General Squier, as Chief Signal Officer, will devote
his attention to the administration of signals; a Divis-
ion of Military Aeronautics is created, under the direc-
tion of Brig. Gen. William L. Kenly. The Aircraft
Board, created by act of Congress, remains an ad-
visory body, as it has been in the past, with Mr. Ryan
as its chairman. This arrangement is made with the
entire concurrence of Howard Coffin, who remains a
member of the Advisory Commission of the Council
of National Defense.

The Division of Military Aeronautics will have con-
trol of the training of aviators and the military use of
aircraft. The exact division of function in the matter
of designing and engineering will be worked out as
experience determines between the Division of Military
Aeronautics and the Division of Production. No
change is involved in the personnel in the present Equip-
ment Division of the Signal Corps, of which W. C.
Potter is chief, and which will continue under his di-
rection. Complete severance of the Signal Corps and
the air service has been forecast.

mm iiiimiiiiimi iiiiiiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiinii iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiumii

War-Loan Statistics

The first Liberty loan had 4,500,000 individual su
stribers; the second, 9,600,000. The most success!
German war loan — the sixth, after two years of war
had 6,768,082 subscribers. About 10% of the populati
in both cases bought bonds. Twenty million subscr:
ers to the Third Liberty loan will nearly double Gi
many's best achievement, and the resulting wide dist
bution of bonds will cause less financial diaplacental
and provide better assurance that the bonds will not
placed upon the market.

Germany's public debt on Oct: 1, 1913, was $1,1£,
000,000. In December, 1917, it was estimated to
$25,408,000,000. The public debt of the United Sta;
Mar. 31, 1917, was $1,208,000,000 and on Jan. 31, 19J
was $7,758,000,000.

The total wealth of the German empire, accord |
to Dr. Karl Helfferich, former minister of finance,;;
310,000,000,000 marks. (A German mark equals i
par exchange 23.8c). This is approximately $80,0(,
000,000. The wealth of the United States is estima'i
at $250,000,000,000. Dr. Helfferich's statistics cni
France with 287,000,000,000 francs, or nearly $60,0",
000,000. He credits England with approximately $ -,
000,000,000. Great Britain's national debt at the e
ginning of the war was $3,458,000,000 and in Februiy
1918, its total was $27,636,000,000.

The French national debt in July, 1914, was $6,5?.
000,000 and on Dec. 31, 1917, was $22,227,000,1 C
Italy owed in June, 1914, $2,792,000,000, and in e
cember, 1917, $6,676,000,000. The debt of Austa
Hungary in 1914 was $3,985,000,000 and in Dec-emu

1917, amounted to $19,018,000,000.

The per capita debt of Germany at the end of U'
was $379, while that of the United States in Janu'y

1918, was $75. For the United States to obtain h
same degree of indebtedness which Germany hi
tained, according to population, would require bonw
ing to the extent of approximately $40,000,000,00Co
more than five times the debt of the country is
January.

Dutch Place Embargo on Tin

Holland has placed an embargo on the export* o>
from the Dutch East Indies of tin, tin ore, cincln,
bark, quinine, quinine salts, and kapok, all of whichr
needed in large quantities by the United States for 'a
purposes. Official notification of the embargo, effe^
Apr. 22, was received on Apr. 26.

The embargo on tin and tin ore will prove especH
embarrassing to the United States. Supplies neede<«
munitions and food preservation were expected to n
from the Dutch East Indies, as the British are ta n
the entire output of the Straits Settlements. A'1
16,000 tons of tin were bought by the United Stated

May 4, 1918

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

k:',;i

•ear from the Dutch East Indies, and the amounl prob
ibly would have been increased this year.

Cinchona bark, quinine, and quinine salts are needed
or medicinal purposes by the Army. Kapok is a vege-
able product, used in making hammock mattresses for
he Navy.

The Sun printed a Washington dispatch on Apr. 28
aying that the Hutch legation denied that any embargo
iad been placed; that simply an order requiring licens-
ug of exports had been issued.

Trade Conditions in Germany Studied
By Commerce Department

The primary object of a report recently issued by
le Department of Commerce is to throw light on Ger-
lany's preparedness for trade after the war. It is
tated that obstacles have not melted away so readily
efore German efficiency as many have supposed, that
lere has been serious bungling in high places, profiteer-
's, gross mismanagement, and intense dissatisfaction
mong the working classes. Stocks of materials have
een used up, substitutes have failed to satisfy, equip-
lent has deteriorated and some industries have profited
reatly by the war at the expense of efficiency for peace
mes. The report continues:

"Most of the measures [German] for reentering
/reign trade are still in the stage of discussion, only
few having received legislative sanction. Many in-
jstries have been syndicated or consolidated; an
uperial ministry of economic affairs has been created;
ibsidies have been voted to rehabilitate the merchant
arine; steps have been taken to promote the expor-
tion of German goods under the guise of neutral
oducts.

"The loss of capital during the war, the lack of ship
•ace, and the difficulty in obtaining foreign credits
id means of payment for the imports of raw materials
id foodstuffs are regarded in Germany as the principal
>stacles to a speedy rebuilding of the foreign trade,
he low exchange value of the mark will enforce
onomy in importation and the state will be obliged
interfere 'not because it has become socialistic but
cause it will have no other choice.'
"In spite of all the obstacles that will confront the
srmans, however, it will be well to bear in mind the
ct, as pointed out by the eminent Italian lawyer,
jcardio Momigliano, that there is need of preparing
r defense in order that German business may not
ntinue its old methods of quiet penetration in one
untry after another. People everywhere are now
.ake to the German methods, but the mistake must
t be made of underestimating the recuperative power
the Germans and of overestimating the effects of
e burden of billions resting on Germany as a result
' the war. There is danger that even in defeat this
bnomic reality of 70,000,000 Germans in the middle
' Europe is going to continue to dream the dreams
'middle Europe, followed by the dreams of middle

• nca and also the dreams of a German world.
"Apart from questions of Governmental policy, there
a clear duty resting on American business men in-

'■'idually to keep their eyes open to German competition

• whatever form it may come. The American Govern-

ment. '» concert with the grovernments of the other

al nations. \m1i see to it thai Germany, as a govt rn

""'"'• s,1;l11 henceforth operate in tl pen. Amerii

business men. like business men in the other greal
countries, must likewise ,,- to il thai all operation
German trade enterprises shall take place in the open
and bear a clear indication of having been 'made in
Germany.' "

Inspiration Fosters War Gardens

The Inspiration Consolidated Copper Co., of Arizona,
has given an excellent example to other great corpora-
tions in fostering the Victory garden among its em-
ployees :

"At. present there are over 500 war gardens planted
in this district, and by the end of the month there
will be 800," writes J. R. Sandige, agricultural expert
with the company in Gila County. The Inspiration com-
pany cleared, fenced, harrowed, ditched, and leveled 75
acres of soil, divided into eighth-acre tracts, and fur-
nished the seed and water to any employees who would
undertake to raise the corps. All the gardener is ex-
pected to- furnish is hoe and "pep." Instructions are
furnished by Mr. Sandige and his assistants.

A Victory garden market has been established in
connection with this work, and this year a community
canning and drying plant will be installed, with the
water and fuel furnished free. What this company is
doing other corporations could do, and there is still
time to act.

Must Pay Federal Taxes When Due

Secretary McAdoo authorizes the following state-
ment :

The agitation in favor of legislation to authorize the pay-
ment of income and excess-profits taxes in deferred install-
ments is doing much harm. The War Revenue Act, which
became a law Oct. 3, 1917, authorized payment to be made
in installments in advance, and authorized the Secretary
of the Treasury to issue Treasury certificates of indebted-
ness acceptable in payment of these taxes. The Treasury
Department adjusted its plans to this law. Taxpayers have
to a very large extent done likewise.

Treasury certificates of indebtedness to the amount of
nearly $2,000,000,000, maturing in June, have been issued
and sold, at least three-fourths of which have, it is believed,
been purchased by taxpayers and banks in preparation for
these tax payments. The minimum amount of the third
Liberty Loan and the dates for payment of installments
upon bond subscriptions were fixed by the Treasury De-
partment with careful regard to the requirement of the
law for the payment of the income and excess-profits taxes
in June or sooner. Seventy-five per cent, of the required
installment payments on subscriptions was deferred until
July 18 and Aug. 15, after the tax payment.

The receipts from the Liberty Loan in May, after allow-
ing for a liberal amount on account of optional payment in
full, are not likely to be more than sufficient to meet the
excess of current disbursements over receipts for that
month, together with the $1,000,000,000 of Treasury cer-
tificates of indebtedness which mature in May. Judging
from the returns filed to date, the amount of the income
and excess-profits taxes payable in June will not exceed the
amount of the Government's current deficiency for the
month plus the $2,000,000,000 Treasury certificates then
maturing.

To permit the deferred payment of the income and excess
profits taxes would necessitate the issue in June of Treas-
ury certificates to a prohibitive amount; and the Treasury
Department cannot, therefore, recommend to Congress the
amendment of the existing law, which requires the prompt
payment of these taxes in June.

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 18

The Treasury cannot finance the requirements of the wax
if only Treasury obligations are to have definite maturities.

The Juno lax payments can be made, I am certain, with-
out embarrassment or serious inconvenience to taxpayers,
and that they should be paid promptly when due is of the
utmost importance to the country.

U, should make up our minds to pay these taxes when
due and get the business behind us. To defer them until
the fall when another Liberty Loan will have to be issued,
will add new complications to the situation. I earnestly
hope, therefore, that further agitation may cease and that
every one will cooperate in the patriotic determination to
do his duty in the payment of taxes at the time that duty
ought to be performed.

McAdooOrders 50.000 Freight Cars

Orders for 30,000 box and coal cars, to cost in the
aggregate between ?S0,000,000 and $90,000,000, were
placed on Apr. _t! by Director General McAdoo with the
American Car and Foundry Co., at fixed prices which
will represent about ">' profit. Two styles of each kind
of cars were ordered. All will have steel bases and
frames, but will contain a maximum of wood, to save
steel for the nation's shipbuilding program. They will be
completed within six months and be put into service for
fall and winter hauling. This is the first order for roll-
ing stock placed by the Railroad Administration. It
probably will be followed by contracts for the construc-
tion of about 1000 locomotives. The ordering has been
delayed by disputes over price, the original bids of the
builders providing for 10r, or more profit.

as cheaply as possible. It is said that recent experience
the Philadelphia and San Francisco mints shows
that it costs about $8625 to convert $1,000,000 of silver
bullion into coin. The reverse will undoubtedly be less
expensive.

Schwab Has a Real Man's Job

Including the 200,000 shipworkers now employed in
American yards and the 250,000 more to be at work
before the end of the year, Charles M. Schwab will
have 450,000 working under him. He will be directly
responsible for an expenditure of almost $2,000,000,000
and possibly more, for out of the $2,084,000,000 ap-
propriated by Congress for ship construction, only
$353,247,000 was expended up to Mar. 1, 1918. On
that date, 378 requisitioned steel ships originally begun
for private owners but commandeered by the Govern-
ment were still on the ways. Schwab will have to
finish these, together with 715 more steel ships, aggre-
gating 5,166,400 tons under contract but hardly begun,
and 490 wooden vessels. Schwab is in supreme control
of 151 shipbuilding plants, 85 of which are engaged on
wooden construction and 66 on building steel ships.

Melting of Silver Dollars Begun

The signing of the Pittman Silver bill by the Presi-
dent on Apr. 23, providing for melting down 350.000.000
silver dollars, was promptly followed in New York by
removal to the Assay Office of part of the 90,000,000
dollars stored in the Sub-Treasury. The work was re-
tarded by shortage of labor. The present program calls
for handling only $25,000,000 of the total. To convert
all of this silver into bars, it is expected, will take the
local assay office six weeks or more. Its capacity for
the work is estimated to be about $600,000 per day.
At the Philadelphia and Denver mints, the work
will be heavier, as they will have more coin to handle.
Efforts are being directed to performing the operation

British Munitions Output Increased

Frederick G. Kellaway, Parliamentary secretary to
the British Minister of Munitions, says that the tanks
lost in the Picardy battle have been replaced with
superior models, the ammunition used has been more
than made good and gaps in men have been filled
Great Britain is as strong or stronger in the air. The
production of light guns in January and February, he
asserts, increased 30% over the same period last year
medium guns increasing 57% and heavy guns 38%. The
gain in machine guns was 96% ; shells, 83% ; tanks
S9%; airplanes, 223%, and airplane engines, 245%
The weekly production of airplanes in the first twe
months of this year equalled the average monthly pro
duction in 1915. As many machine guns are now pro
duced weekly as were made in five months of 1915.

Anthracite Industry Employs Women

Hard pressed for labor, the anthracite industry wil
employ women where possible, it is announced. Tb
Lehigh Coal and Navigation Co. has just introduce!
female help at its colliery at Nesquehoning, Penn. Th
girls are engaged in various capacities, from clerk
and time-keepers to the more trying tasks of weigh
scale- and switch-tenders. They wear uniforms fur
nished by the company. When it is considered that th
gain of 3098 mine-workers since September may b
depleted in a day, and more expert miners, machinist
and miner's laborers taken away by the Governmen
and sent to France, the employment of female hel
may become necessary.

Exceptions to Import Restrictions

In the announcement made by the War Trade Boar
in issuing its list No. 2 of restricted imports, it 1
specified that licenses for molybdenum will be grante
only for shipments coming from Canada or Mexic
Licenses for the following articles will be granted onl
for shipments coming overland or by lake from Canad
or coming overland from Mexico: Borax, cement ft
building purposes, chloride of lime, sodium cyanid
ferromanganese and spiegeleisen, lead, magnesite ar
stone. It is intended that list No. 2 is to be inte
preted in accordance with the tariff classification ■<
given in the tariff act of 1913 and amendments theret
The latter will be followed uniformly in constructioi
of the list.

The War Department announced on Apr. 24 that r
trate plant No. 3, composed of two units, would 1
located at Toledo, Ohio, and Elizabethtown, Ohio. Tl
two half units will equal in capacity the full unit nc
under construction at Sheffield, Alabama.

Remember the Comfort Fund of the 27th Engineers.

May 4, 1918

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

841

u >i> I i"""111" i iiiiilliiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiliiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiuiiii minim niiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiuiiiii iiiiiiini i i i iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniii iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiinii iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimiiiii

Industrial News from Washington

By Paul Wooton, Special Correspondent

iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiii

Greater Use of Domestic Ores
Imperati\ e

Patriotism requires* that the mining and metallurgical
ndustries do everything reasonably possible to make
ncreased use of domestic ores. This is the opinion of
'. K. Leith and J. E. Spurr, of the Committee on Min-
ral Imports and Exports of the U. S. Shipping Board.
'hoy authorize the following resume of the situation:

The shipping situation requires immediate important
hanges in mining and allied industries. The precise nature
f these changes and the agencies and methods through
hich they will be accomplished are not yet formulated,
ut there are certain fundamental facts which should be
early understood.

The acute ship shortage has forced a drastic cut in im-
orts of a considerable number of minerals essential to
ar industries. Among the more important embargoes of
lese are manganese, chromite, pyrite and graphite. Some
re already in effect. Others will soon follow.

Ships released in this way, or their equivalents, have gone
rectly into military use, and with a still greater military
rogram planned and probable further decrease in total
lip tonnage, for a time at least, there is little possibility
' early reinstatement of ships for mineral imports.
The deficiencies in supply thus caused must be made up
om domestic sources. Reduction of imports has been
ised on careful estimates of the possibilities of domestic
oduction. Estimates have been liberal, and there is not
uch danger of overproduction. Every ton mined here
ill save a ton of material that otherwise would have to

imported.
The increased use of local ores will require many changes

practice and probably also reduction of less essential
es. Those changes must be accomplished, regardless of
st or difficulties, for the alternative of bringing in supple-
?ntary supplies from abroad no longer exists.
Government cooperation will be necessary along several
les. Already attention is being directed to various phases

the problem by the War Industries Board, the War Trade
>ard, the Shipping Board, the Department of the Interior,
B Railway and Coal administrations, and the Treasury

partment. There is pending in Congress a bill to con-
itrate control over the mineral industries most affected

ship embargoes. While the situation is being actively

lowed up, there is likely to be a delay of at least several
>nths before it is well in hand.

if private interests wait until every detail is settled before
ring steps to meet the situation, there is danger of vital
'mage to essential war industries. Patriotism requires
'it the mining and metal industries do everything reason-
[ y possible to get projects started at once. The neces-
j7 Government cooperation may be slow and halting, and
stakes are not unlikely, but as the shipping situation
ows no alternative, it is a reasonably safe assumption
'it the absolutely necessary things will be done in time.
' view of these facts, far-sighted management of the
iieral industry will not base its calculations for the im-
i (hate future on the practice of last year.

little Chance of Increasing Quicksilver
Output

^o increase in the production of quicksilver in 1918
expected by F. L. Ransome, of the U. S. Geological
•-"vey, who has just returned from a visit to practically
e ry producing property and important prospect in the
» st. Very few of the prospects have promise of be-
C'ling large mines, Mr. Ransome believes. In addi-
"i, some of the producing mines are near the end of
t'ir resources.

illlllllllllil I iiiiinii minimi I iiliiiiiiiiiiniimi I iiininiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii

In 1917, the production was nearly 36,000 flasks. As
it is probable that this output can be approximated in
1918, the war needs of the country can be supplied from
domestic sources, but it is believed that some curtail-
ment will be necessary in other uses. The principal
war use of quicksilver is for fulminating purposes. The
quicksilver which goes into anti-barnacle paint for ships'
bottoms is also regarded as a war use.

As the cost of producing quicksilver averages be-
tween $G0 and $70 a flask, it is apparent that a con-
siderable margin of profit exists at present prices. It
had been hoped that such a price as now prevails would
be sufficient inducement to bring about the opening of
a number of quicksilver properties that are closed at
present. It seems, however, that the difficulties in the
way of operating these mines are such as to preclude
their reopening under present conditions. That the bur-
den of supplying the metal to the Government at $105 a
flask may not fall entirely on domestic producers, Pope
Yeatman, head of the raw materials division of the War
Industries Board, has secured an agreement from the
importers of quicksilver to contribute their proportion
of the Government's requirements.

Mineral Imports Committee Discusses
Minerals Administration

In the issue of the Journal of Apr. 13, a letter written
to the Senate Committee on Mines and Mining by J. E.
Spurr, of the Committee on Mineral Imports and Ex-
ports, was referred to and quoted in part. The state-
ment was made that the Committee on Mineral Imports
and Exports favors the passing of the powers of the
Mineral-Control bill to the War Industries Board.

A careful analysis of the letter will show that the
matter of the powers of the bill passing to the War In-
dustries Board was simply a statement of probability
and not at all an expression of preference. The letter
was written originally for the Mining and Metallurgical
Society of America in response to a request from its
secretary. Later the same material was forwarded to
the House and Senate committees.

Potash Lands Opened

Eight square miles of the potash brine zone at Searles
Lake, California, are now open to application for leases.
This tract is exclusive of the lands already patented.
Public surveys of the Searles Lake area recently were
completed and the township plats will be ready soon.

Senator Henderson, of Nevada, chairman of the Com-
mittee on Mines and Mining, has made a study of the
Mineral-Control bill. Hearings on the bill before his
committee have already begun.

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 18

Be a Booster for the Comfort Fund

iwn to tine points, it's a matter of boosting
the mining regiment; backing them up so that they
won't have to back up. Its all very well for you and
me, pardner, who get our needs day by day. for we

haven't tried to do without then-., but how about th(
chaps— our mining fellows— who are going to be "up
against it" for a smoke or any of the other comforts
that keep one's courage up? We've simply got to
loosen up at this proposition and see that the 27th get
all that is coming to them.

Engineering and Mining Journal

New York Engineering Co

A Friend. Nov. 23

H H

D. E Charlton

H W llardinge

Frank N Spencer

W L. Coursen

J H. Polhemus

J H. Janeway

Albert D. Beers

J E. Hayes

J A. Van Mater

L Vogelstein & Co

■Cuprite"

R. H. Bassett (Hanna Ore Mining Co.)

A Friend. Dec. 10

P. A. Mosman

American Zinc. Lead and Smelting Co

J. G H

Daniel Guggenheim

A H. H

Willard S Morse

August Heckscher

Anaconda Copper Mining Co

F W. Bradley

Charles Le Vasseur

A Friend. Dec. 13

Freeland Jewett

Herman A. Wagner

Francis P. Sinn

R. C. Gosrow

D. C. Jackling

"V

J. H. Brickenstein

E. E Northnrp

Rogers. Mayer & Ball

Denver Technical Staff. American Metal Co.. Ltd

A Friend. Jan. 9

E. B. Coolidge

J V N. Dorr

Pope Yeatman

W H AMridge

C. E. Hart

Robert I. Kerr

Engineers of 'Washoe Smeltery, Anaconda Copper Mining

Company

Harry C. Graham

Utah Copper. Nevada Consolidated, Ray Consolidated

and Chino copper companies

A Friend. Jan. 23

John Gillie

J. N. Houser

C. K. Lipman

Theodore Sternfeld

"linton H. Cran-

T. Wolfson

William H. Hampton

W. E. Merriss

J. Parke Channlng

Miami Copper Co

J. H. Means

C. W. Goodale

P. G. Beckett

F. R. Foraker

Charles A. Chase

E. Fleming L'Engle

Calumet & Hecla Mining Co

I. G. Ferguson

ay E. Van Gundy

"ranklin Oshorn

)scar Lachmund

W T Sv. .,v-r

nterest

Quincy Mining Co

American Metal Co

William H. Fairbanks

D. E. Curry

W. R. Ingalls

H. A. Guess

J. Mo. C

Engineers' Club of Northern Minnesota

d. B. Thayer

R. H. Sales •

Albert C. Bun-age

Edward H. Clark

P. Rutherford

Adolph J. Martinson

Frank R Edwards

11. Munro

E E McCarthy

J. L. Bruce

D. Ford McCormick

Louis D. Huntoon

P. G. Spllsbury.

$1000.00

1 mho. 00

5.00

6.00

5.00

1000.00

6.00

6.00

5.00

10.00

111. Oil

10.00
25.00

100.00
10.00
10.00
10.00
10.00

100.00
5.00

100.00

5.00

25.00

100.00

looo.oo

100.00

5. OP

50.00

10.00

5.0t,

10.00

5.00

100.00

10.00

5.00

5.00

50.00

30.00

100.00

111.(10

200.00

50.01.

50.00

5.00

5.00

205.00
25.00

1000.00

5.00

25 00

5.00

50.00

50.00

500.00

10.00

10.00

10.00

100.00

250.00

10.00

25.00

50.00

25.00

25.00

5.00

250.00

18.00

10.00

10.00

10.00

10.00

10.00

Km. no

250.00

25.00

50.00

25.00

5.00

85.00

50.00

u.,.no

100.00

25.00

5.00

2.00

5.00

100.00

25.00

15.00

10.00

5.00

10.00

i' T Brown 10.01

M C U S.0(

James F McCarthy B0.0I

United States Smelting, Refining and Mining Co 250.01

I, I' EC 10.01

Herman A. Prosser 25. Oi

.1 K Johnson, Jr 6.0i

\ \v. l tahn 5.01

i' Hudson 10.01

Lane Pearl 5.0i

Arthur k Adams lO.Oi

I. i. Wilcox 5.0i

E J Longyear Co lOO.Oi

-mi Shovel Club. .Mining Department, Case School

Applied Science 11. 01

[.. S. fall's 25.01

.1. M. Piatt 25.0

a i. Walker 5.0

i- .: Rothschild 10.0

Geneial Engineering Co '-'5 0

x. i' Lawton i""

I-' U. Weekes l"

S. !■'. Shaw

Iowa Gold Mining and Milling Co

L. L. Middelkamp 16.0

G. C. Townsend

H. S. Monroe 10

Jesse Scobey 1 " '

.1. It. McCormick L0.I

William Young Westervelt 50 I

B. Britton Gottsberger

Oscar Lachmund (second contribution) 10. 1

I,. R, Budrow I"1

Horace V. Winchell

W. J. Pentland .• LI

Dorni' Minis Co

Hull.' Copper and Zinc Co L00.I

Eagle & Blue Bell Mining Co 100 i

William A. Nicholls 10.1

Robert S. Lewis

Earl R. Pembroke

East Butte Copper Mining Co 50

Job H. Winwood

Fred Hellmann

B. Elkan 5"-'

Judd Stewart • JJ.

R. M. Raymond 50.

J. Allen McKay 1 "■

C. E. Hart (second contribution)

C. J. Trauerman j>.

Thomas H. Garnett »■

Robert E. Dye !'

Louis Ross

Willis B. Parsons

Rukard Hurd 10

Rembrandt Peale 'J1'"

Walter Fitch. Jr '""

George J. Young

Robert Franke Jy

F. C. Bowman

< israr Lachmund (third contribution)

Charles McKinnis £('

W. D. Thornton JO"

Greene Cananea Copper Co |»0j

Inspiration Consolidated Copper Co »«

H. G. Moulton

C. A. H. de Saulles >"

Joseph P. Hodgson

C. E. Abbott ,I„ .

A. R. Ledoux {^,

W. D. Thornton ;,„ ,

ffCreene Cananea Copper Co. "

Inspiration Consolidated Copper Co

$1°
Total *

Make your checks payable to W. R. Ingalls, trea
of the Association of the 27th Engineers. Because

the work involved in administering the Comfort Fu: ,
contributions are acknowledged only by publication
the Journal.

An American Peace

There can be no peace with honor or safety to o--
selves or to posterity except a just peace, and the
can and will be no other peace. Work for peace acco-
plishes nothing but the hampering of our effort,
delay of the real peace, and a greater toll of death >f
America's fighting men. Our duty is to war for a j;t
and righteous peace; to work or speak for any oW
peace is aid and comfort to Gemany— injury and *
loyalty to our boys in France.

A Liberty Bond is an old-age insurance policy, fully I'
and non-assessable.

May I. 1918

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

;-'i;;

[inerals Separation North American
Corporation

\n interesting insight into the relations of the Min-
is Separation American Syndicate, the Minerals Sep-
i ition North American Corporation, the firm of Beer,
hdheimer & Co. and the Minerals Separation, Ltd.,
a given in the House of Lords, English Parliament, on
r. L8, 1918. The account of the meeting, taken from
t Times, London, follows:

.on) Sydenham asked two questions concerning a Ger-

10 firm: (1) Whether the American branch of Messrs.

It, Sondheimer & Co., of Frankfort, was blacklisted and

sequently released; and (2) what conditions were im-

ed when this branch of the German firm was permitted

t ict for a time as agents of Minerals Separation Ameri-

Syndicate.

ord Bylton, who replied, said the information which the

g eminent had was to the effect that Messrs. Beer, Sond-

liner & Co., of New York, were included in the statutory

generally called, he thought, the blacklist in the United

Mes, in July, 1916, and remained on that list until it

withdrawn on the entry of the United States into the

v. It is perfectly true the Minerals Separation Ameri-

Syndicate (1913) (Ltd.), which is a British registered

c.pany, entered into an agreement in the month of Sep-

t. ber, 1913, with Messrs. Beer, Sondheimer & Co., under

■ ch the firm were appointed the sole agents of the syndi-
c for the transaction of all commercial affairs of the
s dicate in the United States of America, Canada, Mexico,
Ga, and the Philippine Islands. Messrs. Beer, Sond-
liner & Co. have their principal office at Frankfort, and
he a branch in America carried on by Messrs. Benno
Ean and Otto Frohnknecht, who were resident and domi-
C i in New York City. In October, 1914, the syndicate
I lied to the Committee on Trading with the Enemy for
Ire to enter into an agreement with Benno Elkan and
0) Frohnknecht, under which the syndicate appointed
tin as the American branch of Beer, Sondheimer & Co.,
it sole and exclusive agents for the transaction of the
,'<mercial affairs of the syndicate in the places already
ivtioned, and Elkan and Frohnknecht undertook not to
p or cause to be paid any money, etc., arising from or
ironnection with their trade relationship with the syndi-
•; to Beer, Sondheimer & Co., of Frankfort, or any'per-

■ resident in Germany or Austria, or to any one for the
W of such person during the war, and to defer until

r the war any commission or remuneration payable
■hem. At that time Beer, Sondheimer & Co., of New

:, were not blacklisted, and no authority was required
b;he syndicate to enable them to enter into the proposed
« ract. They were informed by the committee that there
1 no objection to their doing so.

June, 1916, the syndicate approached the Treasury
I n. In view of their difficulties in America, they had

* advised to form an American corporation to acquire
■i the syndicate the United States patents and the pat-
I for Canada, Mexico, etc., and all their assets and other

nits but they were prejudiced bv the agency agreement
=nred into with Benno Elkan and Otto Frohnknecht, the
^irican corporation which was proposed being unwilling
tOiUbrmt to the obligation to deal with them. The
dicate, therefore, proposed to invite Elkan and Frohn-
*i>ht to cancel the agreement in return for a certain
no oer of fully-paid shares in the company and an
•in to subscribe at par for further shares. The shares
■ uestion were ultimately to be converted into shares
■» ie American corporation, and no benefit was to accrue
! aspect of them for five years. The substitution of a
rate shareholding interest in the company— £17,500
I Jt £200,000— appeared to be preferable to the control
if 3i!!g tlle exclusive agency under the agreement

1^14, and, after reference to the Board of Trade, the
I icate s proposal was sanctioned, subject, of course to
t ipproval of the Capital Issues Committee of the issue

• lares if a new issue was involved. Meanwhile the
nttfe r?celved from America the agreement entered

there for the formation of an American corporation
ft a aciW'sltlon of its undertaking and assets, as finallv
ir, j agreement necessitated a modification of the

'rosed agreement with Elkan and Frohnknecht, putting
Md to their exclusive agency. The shares which they
to receive as consideration for cancellation were to

aced at their disposal at the end of the war instead

"' ■'' th< ■ nd of ti\. r.,i Elkan and Frohnki

were to be the general ai i the countrii which I

have mentioned, although nol the exclu
American company. On the other hand, thej
'" 1Ik' British company the n which t!

entitled m respect of c mission, whii d to

■'"n"ul" ta f"»"> t'l'i.iM 0,000. The companj stated

that it was absolutely i . ntial I nl i lie I

as to thi . Elkan and I rol chl ufe ly re-

cusing to assent to its cancellation, and they pointed out

that a leading An i had advised, in America

that the American branch of Beer, Sondl { Co. had

no authority to enter into thi III rei ent or givi

guarantee as to no-enemy ben.u, and thai the original
ncj agreement of 1913 was still in existence and could
be enforced against the syndicate in the American courts
Meanwhile the name of Beer, Sondheimer & Co., of New
Stork, had been added to the statutory list. In all the
circumstances the Treasury came to the conclusion that
it was advisable in the national interest to authorize the
company to enter into the agreement of Aug. 4, 1916, with
Elkan and Frohnknecht, even though their right to be ap-
pointed agents remained, rather than to leave the company
under their liability of the 1913 and 1914 agreements to
employ them as sole and exclusive agents, and sanction was
accordingly given so far as the acts and proclamations re-
lating to trading with the enemy were concerned. The
Capital Issues Committee subsequently recommended the
issue of fresh shares, out of which inter alia the shares
to which Elkan and Frohnknecht were entitled were al-
lotted to them.

April Mining Dividends

Dividends paid in April, 1918, by 30 United States
mining and metallurgical companies making public re-
turns amounted to $7,276,001, as compared with $11,-
567,138 paid by 44 companies in April, 1917.

Canadian, Mexican and Central American mining
companies paid $903,506 in April, 1918, and $1,290,937
in April, 1917.

United States Mining and Metallurgical

Companies Situation Per Share Total

Ahmeekc Mich. $2.00 400.000

Am. Smelters, pfd. A i :g ?4l R4A

An, Smelters, pfd. B \\% \\\%\\

Allouez.c Mich. 1.50 150.000

Arizona Commercial, c Ariz. 50 132 500

Bingham Rimes, c Utah 50 75*000

Caledonia, Is Ida. .03 78J50

Cresson Cons, g Colo. .10 122,000

?;'J' Sr- , Utah I" 15,000

Golden Cycle, g Colo. .03 45,000

Grand Central, l.s Utah 05 25 000

Homestake.g s. D. .50 125-580

Inspiration, c Ariz. 2.00 2,363,934

Iron Blossom, s.l Utah 02} 25 000

Iron Cap c Ariz. .25 36*203

Isle Royale, c Mich. 50 75 000

Judge Min. & Smelt., s.l.z Utah |2l 60000

NewWria.q Calif. .50 50*000

North Butte, c Mont. 25 107 500

Osceola, c Mich. 2 00 192.300

Pacific Utah .01 4,000

•°r;!anff? Colo. .03 90.000

Shattuck Arizona, c Ariz. 50 175 000

Silver King Con., s.l Utah .10 700,000

Tonopah Belmont, g.s Nev. 1 24 1 87 504

Tonopah Min., s Nev. ' 07! 75*000

United Eastern, g Ariz. .05 68,150

Union Con g.s Nev. .05 10,000

Ji- g- Smelting, com U. S.-Mex. 1.25 438,894

U. S Smelting, pfd U. S.-Mex. .87} 425,555

United \ erde, c Ariz. 150 450,000

Wolverine, c Mich. 3,00 180,000

Canadian, Mexican and Central

American Companies uion Per Share Tota

Cons. Min. & Sm. Co., c.z B.C. 62t 261 936

Hone Sound, c B. C.-Mex. 05 99*208

La Rose, s Ont. 05 74'931

McKinley-Darragh-Savage, s Ont. 03 67431

^■Pi?sin?. s - ■ - - Ont. . 25 300* 000

-V \ . oc Hond. Rosano C. A. .50 100,000

The totals for the first four months of 1918 are a?
follows, the 1917 figures being given in parentheses:
United States mining and metallurgical companies,
$54,537,525 ($74,324,100) ; holding companies $743,433

($2,731,217) ; Canadian, Mexican, Central and South
American companies, $5,581,281 ($7,584,028).

$44

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 18

( eylon vs. Alabama Graphite

An article appearing in the Journal of Mar. 2, under
the beading of "Graphite Situation Easier.'* contained
the statement, made by George A. Sharpe, president
the Alabama Graphite Producers' Association, that
"the War Trade Board acted unwisely when it permitted
the importation of large quantities of graphite from
Madagascar and Ceylon, thereby taking out of other
service much-needed ships, when large supplies of Ala-
bama graphite were prevented from reaching domestic
markets, by reason of railroad embargoes."

I believe that the Government and all users of cruci-
bles should know, what the manufacturers of crucibles
are already aware of, that without Ceylon plumbago
i a regular supply of which can be depended upon when
there are no embargoes'", which is the very heart of
the munition trade, covering steel, brass, rubber and
even powder itself, no economy can be practiced in
the production of munitions. The use of domestic
graphites alone, even though a steady supply could be
reasonably depended upon, could not produce economical
crucibles, but, on the contrary, would be wasteful of
graphite, clay, crucibles, fuel, labor, metals and rail-
road and other transportation facilities. The embargoes
now prevailing on foreign graphite will reduce the stocks
of graphite in this country to a danger point, but it
is to be hoped that the shipments from Ceylon, after
the embargo is raised, will arrive in this country early
enough this fall so that the crucible manufacturers'
stock of graphite will be replenished. The prices that
have prevailed the last year or two have been known
as war prices, and any one starting a graphite-mining
proposition certainly ought to have realized that, as
soon as the demand slackened, prices would, of neces-
sity, have a tendency downward. The price now is
more than double what it was before the war, so if the
producers cannot get along now they will certainly have
a much harder time after the war ceases.

The Joseph Dixon Crucible Co. probably has three
times as much money invested in mining and producing
graphite as any other single company, and therefore is
as anxious to have profitable prices maintained as any
other graphite-mining company, but, like others, is
compelled tc sell at prices which not only net a fair
profit, but to a large extent are regulated by the supply
and demand of graphite. It has been clearly and defi-
nitely demonstrated at a meeting held in Washington
where Government officials were present, that because
of the physical structure of American graphite, not more
than 15 to 25% can be used to produce a satisfactory
crucible, and the American product has to be used in
connection with Ceylon graphite.

To insure a regular supply of graphite from Alabama,
the Joseph Dixon Crucible Co., over a year ago, loaned
$200,000 to two graphite companies in that state. These
companies were to ship four carloads of No. 1 graphite
per month, at the then prevailing price, but have sadly
fallen down on their contract. Had the Dixon com-
pany depended entirely on the Alabama graphite pro-
ducers for material for the manufacture of crucibles de-
sired by the Government, it would have been compelled
to shut down the plant on numerous occasions, owing
to the fact that the Alabama people did not make
delivery in accordance with the terms of the contract.

No crucible manufacturer would more gladly w
come the production in America of graphite suitas
for the manufacture- of crucibles than the Joseph Di>i
Crucible Co. To obtain a supply of graphite suitae
for crucibles, it is necessary for the American crucie
manufacturers to go some 12,000 miles for their supp;
therefore, it is not because they desire to make usef
Ceylon graphite in the manufacture of crucibles — its
because they are obliged to. It is not a question f
purity, as the American graphite is as pure as thatf
Ceylon, but of physical formation, in the same man r
as the question of physical formation in the select n
of a sand suitable for making the proper mortar.

George E. Long,
Joseph Dixon Crucible Cc

Jersey City, N. J., Apr. 26, 1918.

House Debates Mineral-Control Bi

Washington Correspondence

Discussion of the Mineral-Control bill in the He
was much more prolonged than had been expected,
tisan controversy cropped out frequently. The Repb-
licans could not refrain from taunting the Demoe ts
for urging so energetically a measure which prove
drastic means for building up home industry and or
curtailing foreign importations. This brought f<tfc
retort in kind, and much time was spent in discuss if
matters not germane to the bill. Finally the Repi li-
cans, on Apr. 27, prevented a final vote on the meas e
Representatives Cannon, of Illinois, and Good, of lea
were particularly prominent among those who opp<ed
the bill. Mr. Good said:

The first thing we did after we declared war wa j
give the President $100,000,000 to purchase things of li
kind. Of course, this vast tonnage of ships should bat
leased. It should be released at once. Do not wait'o
this authority ; exercise the authority already granted m
buy them at once. The authority and money have air (1
been granted. Almost a year ago we granted this authoty
and it should have been exercised long ago. We sliil>,
have been buying antimony and manganese and bismu -
and all those things which you say you are going to JR
if this bill becomes a law — for a year. You havt
the ships all year. The President has the power to u-
them now, at any price he may fix. He has the mow ii
his hands with which to buy them, and there is no liita
tion on the price that he can pay. Why not exercise hi
power? Why create more useless offices, the salarie oi
which drain the substance of the people?

As has become customary, lawmakers were anvu
to know the attitude of the President toward the HI
This led to considerable discussion, which was note)
minated until Chairman Foster had a telephone coiei
sation with President Wilson. The President told)'
Foster he considers the bill a war measure and th<' h<
regards it as essential that it should become a la *
soon as possible. He authorized Dr. Foster to wa
the House that the bill has his endorsement. A U<
from Secretary Lane endorsing the bill anew also-
presented by Dr. Foster.

General opposition to creating a separate Min<
Administration was indicated during the debate,
fact that it is to be administered by the Secretai i
the Interior added materially to the support the
received in the House. Representative Johnsor <

jy 4, 11)18 ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL S45

Lington, made the following statemenl during the now on the brink of a precipice, end God In nil mercy may

heed us by our acta and deeds, and gfive victory to our

'"1- valiant boye thai fight now with France and England's best,

I Wise the holders of all kinds of dead mining slocks flll. thl. |ji„.ltv ..,,„) freedom of the weak and oppre ad

,. ,y ,H.oPK- throughout the East to make haste and dig checks should be made payable to the Serbian Relief

,, up from their trunks and garrets ami hang onto them, , , . , , ,, ■• , .,-.,„.

[m -if. after having tried to develop these interests, ( ommiltfte and mailed to < apt. Anthony I- . Lucas. 2800

» id them taken over or developed under Ke.leral con- Wyoming Ave., Washington, D. C. We bespeak for this

.! ml a revolving fund provided, the stock therefore may worthy charity the generosity of the mining industry.

Ivanized into some value.

I. Johnson's statement brought forth from Dr. tm • J i "i i i> J 1

L his most extended argument in support of the ,hlI't] Liberty Loan Boosted by

, ire, an extract from which is as follows: Mining Industry

jh you willing to get up here and say that this is to r„ addition to the amounts subscribed for Third

„ up some worthless mines and make the stock of those Liberty Loan bonds, as obtained through the Special

I worth more monev; that this is to make valuable « .. . , , ,

„ worthless stock and bring it up to pa,V Are you will- Liberty Loan Committee for the mining industry

ta) trifle with these necessary articles that enter into reported in the Journal of Apr. 27, the following sub-

ie reduction of the shells that go to the boys across the scriptions were reported to Apr. 29:

If you are, defeat this bill, and in six months' time Previousl reported $20,144,050

e ay be in a position where we will not have these New Jersey Zinc Co 25,300

•t 98 to carry on the war. . . . Are you going to say National Zinc Co 15,000

dthat you will take back those ships, take them from Western employees, National Zinc Co 33,200

, ork of carrying troops and supplies to France, and Adolph Lewisohn & Sons 250,000

jt lem on the route between Spain and the United States Miami Copper Co 50,000

it pyrites, and between Brazil and the United States Tennessee Copper Co J2'°°°,

, -ry manganese, when these minerals can be developed International Nickel Co. and employees 250,000

■ ' . a, ■ . „i.;i.:„„ :* i„ „„ Consolidated Copper Co 70,000

, r own country in sufficient quantities if only some Buttfi & E1 Co^ Cq 30>000

rpization is provided and some help is given? My Employees of Ledoux & Co I.'.MIO

•ids, are you going to do this? If you are, then go United States Smelting, Refining and Mining Co.

Jul and defeat this bill. But if you are not, let us pass and subsidiaries 520,000

1 iill and give the Govei-nment the right to secure these Consolidated Arizona Smelting Co 100,000

sary minerals that they need for war purposes. Federal Mining and Smelting Co 100,000

presentative Anderson declared that the Food Con- j.'r0 stanton*^. ,°,\ '. 125000

I \ct is infinitely less drastic, infinitely less compre- E. G. Hothorn 10^000

E hie and contains narrower powers than does the Employees of L Vogelstein & Co 4,700

, . , . . . ,. .... _,, ,T ,., , Cerro de Pasco Mining Co 250,000

li ral Administration bill. The House did not ap-

i of the section of the bill which allowed the em- Total $22,089,750

intent of the necessary technical and clerical assist-

n without having secured civil service status. Will Restrict Manganese Imports

From Brazil

Appeal for the People of Serbia Manganese importation from Brazil during the cur-

1 r friend Capt. Anthony F. Lucas, a distinguished rent year will not exceed 350,000 tons, it is believed in

ling engineer, who is a member of the Serbian Re- Washington. The amount brought in will probably be

e ;ommittee of America, has issued a letter, in which reduced on a graduated scale until July, when the rate

BJiys in part: permitted for the latter six months of 1918 probably

Ibia is in the direst distress, for, save for a small will be made on a basis of 240,000 tons annually. The

uier who are devoting all their time to relief work, average monhly importation in 1917 was reported

at are few of this wealthy nation who are rendering ^ 709 tons

is rial aid or realize the pressing need. ' * . . .

s Serbian refugees, with their children, who escaped Government specialists are of the opinion that the

15-'16, and who are scattered throughout Greece, Cor- estimate of 175,000 tons for the domestic production of

1 North Africa, and France, are in a most frightful , , mano-anese ore in 1918 is verv conservative
It for want of food, and those civilians who remain high-grade manganese ore in 1918 is verj conservative.
j rbia under the reign of terror of the Bulgars and Hun- Cuba is expected to produce 100,000 tons this year and
:ains are being rapidly exterminated. . , , , Central America 20,000 tons. The reduction in Brazil-
grayed bv the treachery of Bulgaria, the jackal of .„ , , . , . .,

ie:any, and the former King of Greece, of whom Serbia ian imports will be more than met by increases in the

livery right by treaty to expect military aid if invaded, domestic production of low-grade ore, it is believed,

■whose only crime with them was the wish to be free, The estimates for low-grade production for 1918 are as

hi little nation, after a year and a half of heroic deeds . . .

list the combined military might of the Central Em- follows: Appalachian region, 40,000 tons; Arizona,

if, stands today unconquered in spirit, steadfast and 25,000; Colorado, 100,000; Lake Superior region,

2 u n"i P™lciPles °f ^r?ed?m- and jUStice,f°rt,,r^h 280,000; Montana, 25,000; New Mexico, 25,000; zinc
iw United States, with their Allies, are so valiantly con- *■"«>«" - > > > >

enng. I was one of them, was beckoned early in life to residuums ; 175,000; miscellaneous, 15,000 tons.

hi friendly shore, and am in a position to fully realize

H slow agony.

-has been my privilege also to give to the cause of What YoUT Liberty Bond Will Do

reora my only son, who left for the front the day war . . J

a declared, and is now with the American army in the An investment of $18,000 in Liberty Bonds will equip

I line doing his best to stem the invasion, servitude and an infantry battalion with rifles; $50,000 will construct

reborn is when enslaved by hunger and the unspeakable brigade with pistols, and $100,000 will buy five combat

I nities and atrocities of the conqueror's heel that knows airplanes , or pistols, rifles, and half a million rounds of

hase do give liberally, for we ourselves are standing ammunition for an infantry regiment.

84G

ENGlNKKIMNt.; AND MINING JOURNAL Vol. 105, No. (

iiHiiuiKuiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiitiiiiiiiiuiiiiiii iiutiiiiiiiiiiiiitiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiJiiiuiuiiiiiiiiaiiiiiitiiiiuiiiuiiLuuiiuiiLiiiuuiiiuuuiiiiiuuiiiiiiiiJiiiiiiiiiiiijiiiiiim

Editorials

mnmmiiiniMiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiMiiMiMiiHiiniiiiiMiMiiMiiiiiiiiiiniiii iiimmimimniinimmimmmimimimmimimiimmiMiiMimiimHiiimiiiimiimmmiiiniiiiiiimmmiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii

John I). Ryan To Build Aeroplanes

THE good news of the week was the appointment of
John D. Ryan to take charge of the aircraft con-
struction. This confirms the belief, expressed last week,
that there has been an epoch-making, electrifying change
in policy, and that at last business men are to be in-
voked to do the big jobs in a businesslike way. With
Stettinius. Schwab and Ryan in the service, the country
has three of the best. It may be taken for granted
that Mr. Ryan, like Mr. Schwab, demanded and re-
ceived a free hand. We cannot but feel a proper pride
in the thought that two of these men have been found
in the mining and metallurgical industry.

Of Mr. Schwab we could say that a shipbuilder had
been chosen to build ships. We cannot make an analo-
gous expression with respect to Mr. Ryan. We do not
think that he ever built an aeroplane. But he has built
or directed the building of many other things, and he
knows how to get work done. We have a supreme con-
fidence that he will accomplish our aeroplane program,
no matter how big and complex it may be.

Mr. Ryan has proved himself one of our great indus-
trial administrators. He has made the Anaconda Cop-
per Mining Co. the greatest metallurgical company of
the world, and has converted it into a wonderfully rami-
fied, greatly diversified industrial concern. He has cre-
ated the Montana Power Co. and has electrified the
State of Montana. He is a constructive genius. In en-
tering upon the asroplane program he will simply be
exercising his talent in a new direction.

Platinum in Russia

IN" THE Journal of Apr. 6, 1918, we published a com-
munication on the subject of platinum in Russia by
Mr. Rogovin, our Petrograd correspondent. Mr. Rog-
ovin is an engineer who is connected with the "Associa-
tion of Gold and Platinum Producers," and is therefore
in a position to know whereof he speaks. By some mis-
understanding in our office, his communication was pre-
sented in a rather misleading way, it being made to ap-
pear that he was writing in 1918 of the events in 1917.
In fact his report was written in 1917 and referred to
1916. The original failed to reach us. In March we
received a belated letter, enclosing a duplicate of the
missing report, which we mistook for an original, re-
lating to 1917, until subsequent reference to the ac-
companying letter disclosed our error.

This does not, however, in any way invalidate the
most important part of Mr. Rogovin's statements; viz.,
that the platinum production of Russia has been de-
creasing and the price for the metal has been rising,
not so much owing to war conditions as to the ex-
haustion of the deposits that have been worked here-
tofore; and that in order to maintain the production
it will be necessary to exploit poorer areas, which could

be done, he thought, with platinum at .$97 per oz. I
prevailing price at the time when he wrote, h
opinion acquires increased weight, we think, when
understood, as we have now explained, that it
given in 1917 when conditions, both in Russia and s
where, were not so bad as they are now.

The Situation in Tin

AMONG all the metals, the situation in tin is
most serious. It was troublesome during
Early in January, 1918, we were obliged to disconhi
the quotation of spot Straits tin in New York, foitj
reason that there ceased to be any wholesale m;k<
h.ere, not for absence of demand, but for lack of it
supply. The position with respect to Banka and I
nese tins soon afterward became the same. The tin
kets of the world became confined to the prii
sources; viz., Singapore, Batavia, Hongkong, etc. I
small American production of tin from Bolivian o
sold mainly by contract, and therefore does not aoi
a supply that is generally available. The basi-
for the shortage of tin is that the world's produit
has failed to increase materially, while there has bin
considerable loss of the metal on its way to Enju
by submarine sinkings.

The situation, which is now causing a great de <
worry in Washington, has been heretofore viewed ei
in a very sleepy way. In the first place, the atte i<
of the Government was drawn, a year ago, to the ;ol
ability that an emergency might arise, but no ntl
of that warning was taken. At that time the situ i<
was fairly easy, the price for tin being then 55fJJ0
per lb. However, the obvious thing to persons wh a
accustomed to think in terms of the metals was t b<
gin to take steps to forestall what might easily ha ;«i
and what in fact has happened. Late in the summ i
1917 the Food Administration, seeing the handwrin
on the wall, began to urge economy in the use ottii
its direct interest being, of course, the requires nt
for the canning industry. On Nov. 26 the NavyDi
partment commandeered all of the supplies of t
this country, thus taking care of direct Govern e>
requirements, at least temporarily. There has not 'ei
however, any coordinated survey of the situation, n
as should have been instituted a year ago with a iei
to the elimination of nonessential uses, the developed
of substitutes and the increasing of productior ;
though the need for doing these things has bee: r
peatedly pointed out in our own columns and in oe
of the technical press, besides what has been dom'i
vately by experts in the business.

There have lately been conferences in Washiit'
on the subject. These have been directed especial
the regulation of use of the metal and the introdui"
of substitutes. Both of these thoughts are well"

4, 19)8

ENGINEERING AND MININc; JOURNAL

X-17

Bui the matter of increasing the supply should

if n\ i rlooked.

Jifortunately, we cannot see any way of increasing

Ljupplv in this country. We have no tin mines.

re only a few tin prospects, none of which is

promising. We must therefore look abroad, and
I direction whither we turn naturally is Bolivia,

e production can be increased, there is reason to
i\\e. The American Smelting and Refining Co. is

•ly producing tin on a considerable scale from Bo-
v 1 ore at Maurer, N. J. Williams. Harvey & Co.

I'hich Senor Patino, a large tin producer of Bolivia,
i :erested) is building a smeltery in Brooklyn, which

\pected to be in operation in April, but will not be
n summer, unless it be hastened. Both at Maurer
nut Brooklyn there have been delays in getting ma-
il, labor, etc.

v, is it not the obvious thing that our Government
ti< d do everything possible to promote ths production
t n in Bolivia, arrange the financial transactions if
Rosary, facilitate the transportation of ore hither,
lit'ender assistance by priority orders and otherwise,
a mpleting the metallurgical plants in this country?
s ere anything needful in this connection that can-
oe done immediately (or could not have been done
t ly time during the last six months) by the War

stries Board? There is not a thing except to think
noct. Is not this what the Germans would do?

r is Bolivia the only part of the world to think
txt.

'e situation in tin was rendered more acute last
e by the action of the Dutch government in check-
i; he exportation of tin from Banka and Billiton.

her or not this was a retaliatory measure, the fact
■or ins that it is a condition, not a theory.

is perfectly clear to us that the whole matter of tin
-hould have more adequate study than has yet
* given to it, and that the advice of experts in the
3 should be invoked.

The New Spirit

^MERICA has at last awoke. Anybody who has fol-
lowed the Liberty Loan subscriptions, especially in
behest, and who observed the exaltation of the public
n pr. 26, which the President proclaimed as Liberty
* day, can see that. The parades that occurred in

. towns and hamlets all over the country, with civic

s, fathers and mothers who had given sons to the
school children and all, exhibited a devotion to
»iuse, a solemnity and a determination that were im-
reive. It marked the full awakening of a mighty
>»e, with eyes open to the magnitude of the task
efe it, but with a grim determination to see it
lr gh, and a spirit that has never been conquered

ever will be. The enemy may well tremble at this

of a hundred million people, who possess the

re est resources of the whole world and who are fast

ing how to employ those resources effectively. We
*to think erroneously of Russia as the steam-roller,
ft'ica will be the real machine.

The Passing <>l the Glendale Works

THK Edgai /.iin ( i Apr. n closed down 11
Glendale plant, in the Carondelel section of SI

Louis. This was one Of the oldest zinc smelteries in

the United stales; indeed, among the Western plan! .
thai of the Matthiessen & Hegeler Zinc Co. a1 La Salle,
111., is the only one thai antedates it. The Illinois Zinc
Co. did not build at Peru, 111., until 1870. All nf II
plants were built before the Joplin ore came into the
market, which was not until 1873.

The Glendale works was kept in regular operation
during its history of half a century, lackinr one year.
It has been repeatedly the sole survivor of the old type
of zinc-smelting works, equipped with grate-fired Bel-
gian furnaces. About 1901, when the old works of
Pittsburg, Kan., were driven out of use, Glendale con-
tinued. It was still going when the boom in 1915 caused
every old plant to be rescued from the scrap heap, if
possible. The works of Pittsburg, Kan., Collinsville.
111., Nevada, Mo., and elsewhere, had a new and glorious
but brief base of life; but with the advent of the new
era of depression they had to b3 abandoned again, and
this time, which will be the last time without doubt,
Glendale has to be closed, if not abandoned.

The survival of the Glendale works was due to good
management. Long before anybody else thought of de-
voting attention to the production of a superior grade of
spelter, the Edgar Zinc Co. achieved and maintained a
high reputation with its "Glendale refined." Adhering
to its old Belgian furnaces, this company exhibited con-
servatism, but nevertheless it sometimes displayed a
spirit of adventure, being, in fact, one of the twe "orks
at which mechanical blende roasting was mtrodieed in
this country. Mr. Edgar, at Glendale, and Mr. Meis^er,
at Collinsville, took a chance on the Brown horseshoe
furnace at the same time. In recent years the Edgar
Zinc Co. became a subsidiary of the American Steel av1
Wire Co., which itself is a part of the United States
Steel Corporation. Its Cherryvale plant was the first
successful natural-gas smeltery and has ever exhibited
some of the best features of such constructions. Its
Donora plant is the largest and one of the most modern
of producer-gas-fired plants. Admiring the enterprise
shown in those works, we are bound nevertheless to feel
a pang in chronicling the passing of the historic old
Glendale plant. 4

The Mythical Metal Octopus

THERE was a good deal that was humorous in the
discussions in Parliament while the non-ferrous
metals bill was pending which is aimed to head off a
German octopus after the war. 0:e of our New York
dailies reported this under the caption "Dooms German
Metal Octopus — British Parliament Has Bill Before It
Providing for National Control — Teuton Cunning Bared
— Capitalists of Berlin Sought to Dominate Copper and
Other Markets."

We gather that the octopus is supposed to be the
three great metal houses of Frankfurt-am-Main, which
are independent concerns, but are alleged to have a
sort of a cousinly relation. They have extensive min-
ing and metallurgical interests on the Continent of

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. ;

Europe. and previous to the war they had interests.
but not controlling interests, in certain American and
Australian trading and investing corporations; but if
they had any idea of controlling the metal production of
the world they did not get very far with it.

The United States produces the bulk of the world's
copper, and through its interests in Canada, Mexico, Peru
and Chile controls an even larger proportion, so large
a proportion, indeed, that, except for the Japanese, the
copper production of the rest of the world does not
amount to much. Neither the Frankfurt houses nor
their descendants ever had more than an insignificant
participation in copper production. There is a wide-
spread public interest in this, but the predominant
groups are the Anaconda, Morgan-Guggenheim, Hayden-
Stone & Jackling, Phelps Dodge, and Calumet & Hecla,
none of which has any German affiliations.

In the zinc industry of the world the United States is
the largest single factor, its output of 685,000 tons in
1917 representing, without any doubt, the major part
of the world's production. The American production
of zinc in 1917 was made by 30 smelters, operating 47
works, and competition among them was very keen.

The big lead producing countries of the world are
the United States, where there is a division of interest
similar to what exists in copper, and Australia and
Spain. All of the lead production of Australia is in
the control of British and Australian companies, while
nearly all of the lead production of Spain is controlled
by a French company, the Penarroya.

The three metal houses of Frankfurt-am-Main have
mining and metallurgical interests in many parts of the
world, but the idea of their having any control of the
several industries must be as humorous to them as it
is to the people who really control them.

Standardization of Directors' Reports
for Mining Companies

IN THIS issue we present a contribution by T. O. Mc-
Grath dealing with the accounting phase of the
mining industry, which at this time will undoubtedly
be received with more serious attention than the sub-
ject has been accorded heretofore. Financial state-
ments purporting to show "net worth," or the difference
between assets and liabilities, and statements of "profit
and loss," or the difference between receipts and ex-
penditures, as presented in reports by the directorates
of mining companies, are based on such a variety of
accounting methods that no uniformity of principle
exists, and many, if not most, are impossible to inter-
pret without intimate knowledge of the manner in
which charges have been made or evaluations based.

Under the War Excess Profits Tax Law many revi-
sions of form have been necessary, entailing, as was
inevitable, complete analysis of the books at least as far
back as Mar. 1, 1913. The lack of uniformity, and,
worse still, the lack of sound principles, that character-
ize the accounts and statements of most mining enter-
prises have been a topic of discussion for many years.
The basic principles brought forth by Hoover and Fin-
lay, although well recognized, have not been universally
adopted in bookkeeping practice. Now that companies

are facing taxation on operating profits, from w
certain charges for depletion and depreciation maj
deducted, the vital question arises as to the equib
these charges from the accounts. Few companies
prepared to present statements that will reflect t
true state of affairs with respect to these princij
and injustices are bound to result from a tax basei
an "invested capital" that has not been prop
accounted.

We are decidedly in favor of any practicable
gestion that will tend to promote simplicity and
formity in mining company statements, and, furt
more, we believe that a great benefit is to be der
from a standardization of the accounts upon w
such statements depend. Statements and costs w,
not only be comprehendible by all, but in point of
comparison would have an engineering value ph
apparent. A few years ago an attempt was mad
formulate a standardized system of mine account
and the subject has at different times received :
siderable space in technical literature. To the bes
our knowledge, however, these efforts have not <
followed up by any organized step on the part of mi
companies, and, unlike the railroad accounts of I
country, our mine accounts remain unstandardized.

This lack of response and cooperation is undoublc
due to the absence of absolute individual necessity t
aspect of which is changed by the present exigii
The subject is one fraught with many complexity
technique and with impracticable obstacles, and ra<
changes in a system of accounting at a large prop-
the present system of which has been evolved c
years of experience and expanding operations vu
create, for a time at least, a state of chaos difficu
avoid. Mining, unlike most industrial manufactl'l
enterprises, is subject to a variety of working condi |
which are complicated by elements of the unkiv
and the unexpected, and when viewed from this :$
the effort toward standardization seems hopeless. C
various operations, however, that, combined, makit
total cost of transforming a ton of mineral-bearing o
in place into a certain quantity of marketable metal. I)
be easily enough classified to take into account tl
different mining methods in a manner uniform in 'i
ciple. The difficulty lies in acquiring the data esssti
to the execution of a system requiring sharp lin
demarkation between each step in the process, anitl
cost of the additional clerical force necessary to ccec
segregate, distribute and redistribute this data to oa
the desired result.

The advantages to be gained by a costly systena
undoubtedly open to question in the smaller cla i
operations, and an ideal standard system should o
sist of controlling accounts and sub-accounts each u
ther subdivided until the last item of cost has e>
properly accounted, the whole arranged in such W
that the degree of refinement in cost sogregati
entirely a matter of choice, to be decided by the ee
of operations; but that, whatever the degree add*
the comparative value of those costs derived w
unimpaired, constituting, as they would, the tot
similar accounts at some larger company whiclh
merely taken advantage of the elasticity of the S'M
by extending the segregation possibilities accordi;
the standard schedule.

a i. i!U8

K\«;iNKKUINi; AND MINING JOURNAL

B49

certain of the larger properties, we know of
■rate systems of cost segregation that fail utterly
, back up with actual disbursements and stock on
I ; and we not only question the wisdom of such

.anting systems, but we are confident that more

f t to secure accuracy in the initial data and less

ttnpt at minute cost segregations would not only in-

, ■ no greater expense but would in reality be a truer

v Of the efficiency of the various departments and

ie salient operations entering into the cost of each.

much minute detail is often attempted, which, if

basic figures are not accurate, vitiates the entire

e know nothing that can be so misleading as

.irate accounts, and it is noteworthy that the most

ul mine managers, as a matter of fact, place

reliance upon their monthly figures, realizing

) ing fallacies and preferring to depend upon close

rvation of the work itself and to draw comparisons

I their judgment and store of experience. Where

;, method fails, however, is in the human limitation of

»xrience in all the various departments that enter

the business of present-day large corporations;

;inthe evidence of this is patent in the fact that the

efficient department is usually that from which

;hnanager has risen and which he consequently under-

*tds the best. For maximum efficiency in all depart-

■ts, the manager should have a system of accounting

foiach, upon the accuracy of which he can place entire

, o dence, arranged to indicate the greatest leaks and

■ o ailed in time to be effective.

e have great hopes for the eventual' standardiza-
Ij of mine accounting as well as bookkeeping; it is

hwork not of one man but of many minds. The
.icuntant must have a high degree of familiarity

I mining conditions, and the mining engineer must
unrstand the principles of accounting, without which

■ problem cannot be solved. Cooperation between
c professions is of essence, and if the present tax
I ulty will lead to some such organized effort on the
f of mine managers throughout the country, its

Dient fallacies may be more clearly put before the
ianakers and a more equitable basis of taxation to all
coerned would undoubtedly result.

e wish that we could understand the thought of
hington with respect to manganese. Importa-
Is of manganese ore are being restricted. An em-
l»;o has been placed on imports of ferromanganese.
Ti price of ferromanganese of 70% remains, however,
at 250 per ton. The market says that the price would
re lily rise were it not for the probability of price-
5>ig. We think it was Mr. Farrell who remarked that
I) ferromanganese that you have will make better
■I than $100 ferromanganese that you have not. The
W' Minerals Committee wants to stimulate the produc-
ts of manganese ore and contemplates guaranteeing
•• immum price in order to do so. A guaranteed mini-
m i for manganese ore and a restrictive maximum for
feomanganese in combination constitute an interest-
I idea.

BY TIIK WAY

]

The really big executive doc not d< p oni

from however humble a source. lb ha learned that
the man lower down often gets a more practical view
of things than his superior, and values his opinion ai -
cordingly. In the Wall Street Journal, the genera] man-
ager of a large steel mill, one of the biggest in the coun-
try, tells the following in illustration: "Some years ago
we decided on a $10,000,000 addition to our plant. Nat
urally we employed the best talent to draw up the plans,
and went over them with the. greatest care afterward.
Finally, before work was actually started, 1 decided
to put a blueprint of these plans up in the works and
to invite the men to study it and offer suggestions for
improvement. We did not expect any important prac-
tical help, as the plans seemed to us as nearly perfect
as it was possible to make them. Hut the next day an
uneducated foreman of one of the gangs stopped me
as I was passing through the yards and led me to the
drawings. 'Boss,' he said, pointing to part of the plans,
'you goin' to have terrible mix-up here.' In a flash I
saw his point. The plans as drawn meant congestion
when we were busy and work had to be rushed through
in one-two-three order. The whole set of drawings was
remade. And today we never decide finally on any ex-
tensions without submitting the ideas suggested to the
workers themselves. The foreman ? Oh, he got a hand-
some bonus for the money he saved us."

Mineral-Control Bill Passes House

By a vote of 291 to 6, the Mineral-Control bill passed
the House on Apr. 30, after the appropriation had
been changed from $50,000,000 to $10,000,000 and the
authority granted to the Secretary of the Interior "to
fix the prices of necessaries wherever and whenever
sold, either by producer or dealer" had been stricken
from the bill. The clause was stricken out largely
through the influence of members from the cotton-pro-
ducing states, who withheld their approval, fearing
similar legislation applying to their staple. Numerous
minor amendments were approved, among them being
one which terminates the provision of the bill six
months after the close of the war.

Chairman Foster of the Committee on Mines and
Mining declared that he considered the reduction of
the appropriation as seriously affecting the successful
working of the measure, but believes that the $10,-
000,000 will be sufficient to demonstrate the great
national benefit to come from its operation. Before
that amount is expended, he believes that Congress will
be ready to increase the appropriation, even if the
Senate should agree to the $10,000,000 appropriation.
He also believes that the greatest difficulties will be ex-
perienced in checking profiteering with the price-fixing
clause out of the bill.

The six members who voted against the measure were
Thomas, of Kentucky; Sterling, of Illinois; La Follette,
of Washington; Elliott, of Indiana; Garrett, of Ten-
nessee, and Cannon, of Illinois.

)u owe a debt of Freedom to America. Buy a Liberty
k i and pay the debt.

Remember the Comfort Fund of the 27th Engineers.

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL Vol. 105, No. 8
unmmwmiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimiiiimii inn iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiim n i nun > iiuni iiiini initiiiiiimmii iiimii iiiiiiiiiiiimimiiiimn mini mn i u , M||

The Mining Index

This iml> \ Is lent reference to the current literature

of mining ami metallurgy published in all of the Important periodl-
■ i the win ia We »U| furnish a copy of any article (If In
print) in ttn> original language for the price quoted, Where no
Is quoted thi oost Is unknown Inasmuch as the papers
must be ordered from the publishers, there \wii be some delay for
the foreign papers Remittance must be sent with order, Coupons
.iro furnished at the following prices: 30c. each, six for II, S3

d 100 for $15. When remittances are made In even dollars,
we will return the exoeas over an order In coupons if bo requi sted

COPPl u

9US — ANALYSTS— Volumetric Estimation of Sulphur. Loirls
V Clark n'olo. School of Klines Mag., Jan., 1918; 21 pp ) 40c.

»11S -ARIZONA— Story of the U. V. X. Bonanza — I. and II. T
A Rlckard. (Min. and s. i Press, Jan. 5 and 12, 1918; 14 pp.,

illus.)

:• 1 L'O — FLOTATION in Arizona. Rudolf Gahl. (Eng. and Min.
Journ., Apr. 20. 191S; 2J pp i

9121— FLOTATION CONCENTRATES— Handling Flotation
entrates at Utah Leasing Co.'s riant H H. Adams. (Eng.
and Min. Journ, Apr. 20, 1918; 3 pp.. illus.) 20c.

9182 — LEACHING — The L'noo-Ton Leaching Plant at Anacon-
da. Fredi rick Laist and 11. J. Maguire. (Min. and Sci. Press.
Mar. 16, 1918 : 6 pp., illus.) 20c.

I— NEVADA— Mason Valley District in 1917. W. H. Golds-
worthy. (.Salt Lake Min. Rev., Jan. 15, 1918; 2.1 pp., illus.) 10c

ML'l — NITRIC ACID and Copper Ore. Geo. C. Westby. (Met.
and Chem. Eng., Mar. 15. 1918; 6} pp.; illus.)

i— ORB DEPOSITS— Genesis of the Sudbury Nickel-Copper
as Indicated bv Rece t Exploration. I uscussion of paper
i.f Hugh M Kobi rts and R. D. Longyear. (Bull. 136. A. 1. M E.,
Apr, 1918; 10J pp., illus.)

9126— PHYSICAL PROPERTIES of Copper and the Factors
by Which They Are Affected. Paul D. Merica. (Met. and Chem.
Eng.. Feb. 1 and 15, Mar. 15. and Arv. 1, 1918; 16 pp., illus )

9127 — SMELTER — Operating Conditions at the Clarkdale
Smelter. L S. Austin. (Min. and Sci. Press, Apr. 6, 1918; 1J
pp.) 20c.

9128 — SULPHTrRIC-ACID PLANT— Calumet & Arizona Sul-
phuric Acid Plant. Courtenay De Kalb (Min. and Sci. Press.
Mar. 30. 1918; 73 pp.; ili-..„) 20c.

9129 — TUNNEL— Dri . i-g the IT. V. X. Extraction Tunnel. D. J.
O'Rourke. (Mine anf. Quarry, Feb., 1918; 10 pp.. illus.)

GOLD DREDGING. PLACEK MINING, ETC.

9130 — ALASKA — Placer Miring on Seward Peninsula J. B.
Mertie. Jr. ("ull. 562-1 U S Geol. Surv., 1917; 8 pp )

9131 — SIBERIA — Drilling ou the Lena Goldfield. Siberia. W.
E. Thorn. (Min. and Sci. Press. Mar 30, 1918; 4 pp.) 20c.

GOI.I> AND SILVER — GENERAL

9132 — ALASKA— Lode i/id Placer Mining on Seward Peninsula,
Alaska. J. B Mertie. Jr. (Bull. 662-1, U. S. Geol. Surv., 1917;
25 pp.)

9133 — AMALGAMATION— 1/Oss of Quicksilver in Gold Mills.
W 1. Sharwood (Min. aid Sci Press, Apr. 6, 1918; 3 pp.) 20c.

'134 — AUSTKAx.LV — Replacement in the Bendigo Quartz
V> ins and Its Relation to 'Jold Deposition. F. L. Stillwell. (Econ.
Geo!., Mar., 1918: 12 pp., illus) «i)c.

9135 — FLOTATION at Be.mont Surf Inlet Mines. A. H. Jones.
(Eng and Min. .lourn., Apr. 20. 1918 ; .'!.' pp., illus.) 20c.

9136 — F1.0TATION VS. CYANlDATiON. G. H. Clevenger.
(Er.g. and llin. Journ . Apr. 20. 1818 ; 31 , n ) 20c.

.'17 — IDAHO AND WASHINGTON- 1old. Silver, Copper.
Lead and Zinc In li' iho and Washingtc ... 191'i. C. N. Gerry.
(Mireral Resources of the U. S., 19m — pait I, Mar. 14, 1918;
56 l >.)

9 :8 — MANITOBA — Northern Manitoba Miring, Timber and
Puli' Wood, Water Powers, Fisn and Furs, Agriculture and the
Hudson Bay Rou'a. (Issued by Authority Province of Manitoba
by Commlsslone of Norinern Manitoba, The Pas. Man.. Nov..
1917; 47 pp ; ill £ )

9139 — MONT vNA — Ore Deposits of the Northwestern Part of
the Garnet Ra ige. Montana, .1. T. Pardee. (Bull. 660-F., U. S.
QeoL Sun-., .1 n l<>. .J18; 81 pp., illus)

9140 — ONTARIO — Development of the Ankerite Gold Mine.
Clifford E. fmith (Can. Min Journ., Jan. 15, 1918; 1 p.)

9141 — Of-TARIO — Gold Mini.ir in .Northern Ontario. P. E.
Hopkins. (Bull. 7<> Can. !"in. Inst, Feb., 1918; 3} pp.)

9142 — SOUTH AFRICA — Not restment of Pilgrims Rest

Ore. Robert Lindsay. (Journ Cbem., Met. and Min. Soc. So. Afr.,
Oct.. 1917 ; 2J pp ) Reply to discussion.

9143 — UTAH — Gold. Silver. Copper. Lead and Zinc in Utah
in 1916. V. C. Heikes. (Mineral Resources of the U. S.. 1916 —
Part L Jan. 24, 1918; 35 pp.)

IRON ORE DEPOSITS, MINING. ETC.

9144 — CONCENTRATION Experiments With the Siliceous Red

Hematite of the Birmingham D \labama. Jos. T. Singe-

,|r. (Lull. 110, i: a Bureau of Mines. 1.917; 91 pp., illus.)

9145 — LAKE SUPERIOR ORE SHIPMENTS in 1917 R. V.
'awhill. (Iron Tr. Rev.. Mar. 21, 191* ',3 pp . illus.) 20c.

9146 STEAM-SHOVEL MINING on Mesabl Range 111
Davenport (Eng. and Min. .lourn.. Mar. no, I91S; u
20c

1K<)\ AM) STEEL — METALU BOX

9147 — BLAST FURNACE — Coke as a Fuel for the Blai
nace. G. W. Hewson. (.lourn. Soc. Chem. ind., i-vb
8 pp )

91 18— COPPER IN STEEI^ Effecl of the Presence of ail

Amount ol Copper in M. -dium-i 'aibon Steel. Carl It II
and Arch. B. lohnston. (Hull. 133, A. I. M. E.. Jan., 11
illus.)

9149— ELECTRIC CURXACE of Now Type; Description
Ctrlc Melting and Refining Furnace Recently Installed
Midland Electric si. -el • ',.. r.-nv Haute. Ind. (Iron Tr. lte\ J:
10, 1918; 2 pp . Illus.) 20c.

9160— ELECTRIC FURNACE PRACTICE! — Modem I
Furnace Practice .1 K. Harrison. (Iron Tr. Rev., Apr. llM
1 p.) 2 0c.

9151— ELECTRIC SMELTING in Brazil. Kirbv Tim

( iron Agl . Mar 21, CMS ; J p.)

9152— ELECTRIC STEEL-REFINING FURNACE Jam.
by. (Iron and Coal Tr. Rev., Feb. 15, 1918; 3 pp., illus.) I

9153— FERROMANGANESE— Using Manganese Ore an*
loys in Sweden. (Iron Age, Apr. 11, 1918; 2J pp.) !0i

Ml r. 1— FERROSILICON— Methods for the Commercial Aril
ol Ferrosilicon. Earl M. Anger. (Advance copy. Am Efl
'hem. Soc, Apr., 1918; 8 pp.)

9155 — HEAT TREATMENT of Heavy Forgings Sir*
Eeardmore. (Iron Tr. Rev., Jan. 17. 1918; 24 p.. ; illus.)
read before the Institution of Mechanical Engineers. L do
Eng., Mar. 16, 1917. 20c\

9156— ROLLING MILLS— Flywheel Design for Rolling it
G. E. Stoltz. (Iron Age, Jan. 31, 1918; 2J pp.. illus.) 2iic.

LEAD AND ZINC

9157 — ANALYSIS — Quantitative Analysis of Bismuth in.*
Bullion. Douglas W. Jessup. (Eng. and Min. Journ.. Mi
1918 ; 1 p.) 20c.

9158— BRITISH SPELTER INDUSTRY, The. (Engin i
Feb. 15 and 22, 1918; 5 pp., illus.) Data on production

etc., also drawings and description of plant for mam

retorts, and distillation.

9159— ELECTROLYTIC ZINC — Some Economic Factors I
Production of Electrolytic Zinc. R. G. Hail. (Bull. 133, A
E., Jan., 19)8; 2J pp.) Discussion of article previously Ini

9160 — FLOTATION in the Coeur d'Alenes. Claude T
(Eng. and Min. Journ., Apr. 20, 1918; 9ii pp., illus.) 20c.

9161 — FLOTATION— Differential Flotation of Lead am
W. L. Zeigler. (Eng. and Min. Journ., Apr. 20, 1918; 2 pp.,
2Uc.

9162 — JOPLIN DISTRICT — Development and Underi'U
Mining Practice in the Joplin District. Howard I. "

(Bull. 133, A. I. M. E.. Jan., 1918; 2 pp.) Discussion of ti
previously indexed.

9163— JOPLIN DISTRICT— Zinc Ores of the Joplin D ric
Their Composition, Character and Variation. W. Geo
(Bull. 133, A. 1. M. E„ Jan., 1918; 3J pp.) Discussion or tic
previously indexed.

9164 — MILL — Media Mill, Webb Citv, Mo. H. B.
(Bull. 133, A. I. M. E., Jan., 1918; 61 pp.) Discussion of Ho
previously indexed.

9165 — MILLING — Hand-Sorting of Mill Feed. It. S.
(Bull. 136, A. I. M. E., Apr., 1918; 13J pp., illus.)

9166— MILLING PRACTICE and Operating Costs in
lin District. H. W. Kitson. (Eng. and Min. Journ.. A
1918 ; 7J pp., illus.) 20c.

9167 — NEVADA — Mining in Yellow Pine District. 1917. Fi.
Hale, Jr. (Salt Lake Min. Rev., Jan. 15, 1918; 13 pp.. illus 1

9168 — NEW JERSEY — Zinc Mining in Franklin, N. .1
Haight. (Bull, 133, A. I. M. E., Jan., 1918; 41 pp.) Dlscsl
of paper previously indexed.

9169— ORE-DRESSING PRACTICE in the Joplin
Clarence A. Wright. (Bull. 133, A. 1. M. E., Jan., 1918; PP
Discussion of article previously indexed.

9170 — REFRACTORIES — Palmerton Zinc Refractories. I
Fiske. (Bull. 133, A I. M. E.. Jan. 1918; 2% pp.) Discus: n ■;
article previously indexed.

9171 — SOUTHEAST MISSOURI — Concentration Practi
Southeast Missouri. A. P. Watt. (Bull. 133. A. I. M. EnV'
1918; 8 pp.) Discussion of article previously indexed.

9172— UTAH— Gold, Silver. Copper. Lead and Zinc In I'h
1916. V. C. Heikes. (Mineral Resources of the U. S . 1916
I, Jan. 24, 1918; 35 pp.)

OTHER .METALS

9173— ALUMINUM SHEETS— Erichsen Tests on AlU n'
Sheets. Robert J. Anderson (Iron Age, Apr. 11. 1918; I
iilus.) 20c.

9174 — ANTIMONY— The Practice of Antimony Smelti:
China. Chung Yu Wang. (Bull. 136, A. I. M. E.. Ap
18 pp.. illus.)

iv i. i:»i8

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

8.11

HlSMl'TH — Quantitative Anal: I mulli In Lead

i touglas \\ i> up I ling and Mm Jo
l ,. i
■ (— MANGANESE Greater Uae of Do

i - I.- mi .....i Gun Ison. ( Iron Af ■ Mar i ' 1918 ;

\ [CKEL- Gene si nl the Sudhui \ N

l.\ W...11I K\|ilol atlon I ' i I 1>\ I hmh

'ami I! l> Umgj'car. (Hull 136, A I M 13., Api

IN Hydraulic Tin Mining in Swaziland i

Dei 13, 191 ; n pp ,11111 i Author's i

ion

:i.\ DEPOSITS Near Irish Creek, Virginia. Hem
son (Bull XV-A, \a Geol Surv., 1918; 19 pp., illus.)

\omii:tai,i.h mini r lu

CHROME PRODUCTION and Distribution. Samuel II

ng and Min. Journ., Apr. t;. 1918; 2 pp.) 20c
CLAYS — Louisiana Clays, Including Results of Tests
the Laboratory of the Bureau ol Standards at Pittsburgh.

rllon Matson. i Hull lif.n-E, U S Geol Surv.. No\
pp., illus.)

i E— Optical Pluorite in Southern Illinois Jo
aract from Bull. 38, 111. Geol. Sui v

LIMESTONE RESOURCES ol the Union of South Africa.

i (So Afr. .lourn. of Ind., Dec., 1917; 5 pp.)
rfAGNESITE Deposits of Washington. 1; W Stone.
.1 Min. Journ.. Apr. 13, mis ::'_• pp., illus.) .'■

ITRATE — The Chilean Nitrate Industry. Discu
of Allen 11. Rogers and Hugh R. Van Wagenen. (Bull.

U'l.. 1918 ; 3 pp )
PHOSPHATE ROCK— Electric Furnace Smelting of
liock and Use of the Cottrell Preeipitate in Collecting
ilized Phosphoric Acid. J. N. Carothers. (Journ. Ind.
- riiem. Jan. 1. 1918 ; 3) pp.. illus.) 60c.
I'OTASH — Extraction of of Potassium Salts from the
Salar. Roger C. Wells. (Eng. and Min. Journ., Apr. 13,
pp I :oc
S — POTASH in the Pintados Salar. Tarapaca, Chile. Hoyt
(Eng. and Min. Journ., Apr. 13. 1918 ; i<. pp., illus.) 20c
H — POTASH — Sales Potasicas de Cataluna Francisco Samso.
Minera, Jan. 8, 1918; - pp., illus.)

POTASH PROSPECTS in Montana O. W. Freeman.
i Sei. Press. Mar. 23. 1918; 3 p.) 20c.
il — SULPHUR — Mineral Industries of the U. S. Sulphur: An
of Industrial Independence. Joseph E. Pogue. (Bull. 102,
I S. Nat. Museum, 1917; 10 pp , illus.)

SULPHUR — Oil, Gas and Sulphur in Toyah Basin.
Mineral Resources, Jan. 1918; 3J pp., illus.)

PETROLEUM AND NATURAL GAS

13— COLORADO — The Oil Shale of Colorado. R. L. Chase.
I. and Sci. Press, Mar. 30, 1918; 15 pp.. illus.) 20c.
'4— FUTURE SUPPLIES OF OIL AND GASOLINE — Meth-
More Efficiently Utilizing Our Fuel Resources: Part IX.
etric Energy as a Conserver of Oil H. F. Jackson and
son Hoar. Part X, Our Future Petroleum Industry. W.
L illiams Part XI, Future Sources of Oil and Gasoline. Milton
(Gen. Elec Rev., Jan., 1918; 10 pp., illus) 40c.
'5 — GEOLOGY of Petroleum Deposits. C. C. O'Hara.
(Lasapa Quart., Feb., 1918; 22 pp., illus.) 20c.

<8— KENTUCKY— Irvine Oil Field. Estill County. Kentucky.
B ne Wesley Shaw. (Bull. 661-D. U. S. Geol. Surv., SepL 5.
I ; 51 pp., illus.)

'7— Laws Pertaining to OU. Milton A. Allen. (Bull. 84,

I. of Ariz.. 1917-18; 12 pp )

»S— OIL-SHALE INDUSTRY. Victor C. Alderson (Quart.
School of Mines, Apr., 1918; 30 pp , illus.)
99 — OKLAHOMA — Geologic Structure of the Northwestern
ft of the PaivhusUa Quadrangle. Oklahoma. K. C. Heald. (Bull.
!'. S. Geol. Surv., Feb. 7, 1918; 44 pp.. illus.)
— PROSPECTING — Principles and Problems of Oil Pros-
* ng in the Gulf Coast Country. Discussion of Paper of W.
I latteson. (Bull. 136, A.I.M.E.. Apr., 1918 ; 12 pp.)

'1— TEXAS— Oil. Gas and Sulphur in Toyah Basin. (Tex.
Mral Resources, Jan., 1918; 3 J pp., illus.)
°2 — VALUING — Methods of Valuing Oil Lands. Discussion of
r of M. L. Requa. (Bull. 136, A.I.M.E., Apr., 1918 ; 5 pp.)

ECONOMIC GEOLOGY — GENERAL

03 — IDAHO — An Old Erosion Surface in Idaho: Is It Eocene?
*i L Rice. (Econ. Geol., Mar., 1918; 16 pp., illus.)

04 — MONTANA — Ore Deposits of the Northwestern Part of
if Garnet Range, Montana. J. T. Pardee. (Bull. 660-F, U. S.

II. Surv.. 1918; 81 pp., illus.)

. "5— ORE DEPOSITS — The Evolution of Ore Deposits from
j'ous Magmas. W. H. Goodchild. (Min. Mag., Mar. 1918;

>p.) Continuation of article previously indexed. 40c.

■'Hi— WESTERN AUSTRALIA— Annual Progress Report of the
<* ogical Survey for the Year 1916. (West. Aust. Geol. Surv.,
f ; 32 pp.. illus.)

MINING GENERAL

1 -'07— BLASTING — Use of Powder in Opencut Blasting. S. R.

sell. (Eng. and Min. Journ., Mar. 30, 1918 ; 3 p.) 20c.

!08— BRITISH COLUMBIA — Mineral Production of British
•■lmtaia in 1917. E. A. Haggen. (Bull. 70. Can. Min. Inst, Feb.,
IS; 4 pp.)

209— CEMENT GUN in Mining Work. Geo. S. Rice. (Eng
" Min. Journ., Mar. 30 and Apr. 6, 1918; 7 pp., illus.) 40c.

210— DRAWING PILLARS in Metal Mines. W. R. Crane
' n. and Sci Press, Mar. 23, 1918; 35 pp., illus.) 20c.

IR8T \n. rREATMl NT ..( Woundi B C Dlcl

1 Hull. 83, I nn Ol I |.: , fi| [ . . . '. pp |

u.v Tin Italian i 1911 I Min

Journ.. Mai D

■ iT( iR ii M..1..1 Trut

Ralph \\ i te. (1 IH pp.)

:. ■ i i \ i : w i ■ i . i SW1
wick. \\ I len. < Bull i Ian 18; 4 pp I

. I \ i ... Mlnlora dl Ma a In

tfinlera Italians, Jan 31,
9216— TAXATION leral Inoc

to M tlon (Eni ..n.i Min. Journ., Apr. ii. 191H.

r- UNWATERING Siphon to a Mine. J. A. U

I (Eng. and Min i - ; 14 p., Ulus.)

9218- -UTAH Geo. H Ryan. (

Lake Min. Ri v , Jan

\ i in\

(SEE ALSO "COPPER," "GOLD AND SILVER," "LEAD AND

ZINC .

19— CASCADE METHOD ol Froth-Flotal II. II

smith .Mm and Sci Press, Ipr 13, 1918; i pp., Illu )

0— GANOUE MINERAL! ,n In Relation to Oangue

•'is Ja lave i Bng. and M

1918 ; IH pp. )

FLOTATION MACHINE, The Joseph P. Kuth
Jr. (Eng, and Mm Journ., Apr 20, 1918; l p., Ulna.) 20c.

9222- TROl BLES In Flotation. Ollvei ion. (Eng. and

Mill, .lour n i ■ ,

ore DRESSING — «.!:•> l.u VI.
9223 — CONCENTRATIO as Vanner Con

tration. Alex McLaren. (Salt Lake Min. Re\ Feb. 28,

. illus ) 20c.

!4— CRUSHING- Recent Tesl of Ball-Mill Crushing. I).
sion of paper of C. T Van Winkle. (Hull. 136, A.I.M.E Apr..
1918; 11 pp.) I ne.

9226 — CRUSHING — Theorj and Practice of Hall-Milling. Pierre
R. Hines. (Eng. and Min. Journ.. Apr. 13, 1918; |i. pp., illus.)

9226— FEED— Hand-Sort inn ol Mill Feed. R. S. Handy. (Bull
136, A.I.M.E., Apr., 1918 ; 13% pp., illus.) 10c.

MET A LI. I Kl.Y — GENERAL

- — ALLOYS — Les Mliages d'AIumlnlum et de Magnesium.
Jean Escard. (Metawt et Alliages, Nov.-Dec, 1917; 2 pp.)

9228— BRASS Foundry Core-Making. II M Lane. (Journ.
Am Inst of Met, Dec. 1917; 6 pp.)

9229 — BRASS — Modern Plant for Manufacturing Brass; Pro-
duction Costs Cut in Straight Line Routing In Works of Cleveland
Brass and Copper Mills. (Iron Age, Feb 21, 1918; I pp., illus)

9230— FOUNDRY— The School End of the Job in Training Foun-
drymen. Clifford B. Connelley. (Journ. Am. Inst, of Met., Dec..
1917 : 14 pp.)

9231— STRUCTURE OF METALS— The Amorphous Metal
Hypothesis and Equicohesive Temperatures. Zay Jeffries
(Journ. Am. Inst, of Met, Dec., 1917; 30 pp., illus.)

SAMPLING AND ASSAYING

9232 — OILS — Tentative Standard Methods for the Sampling and
Analysis of Commercial Fats and Oils. (Journ. Ind. and Eng
Chem., Apr., 1918; 5i pp., illus.) COc.

9233 — SULPHUR. — Volumetric Estimation of Sulphur. Louis

F. Clark. (Colo. School of Mines Mag.. Jan., 1918 ; 2} pp.) 20c

FUELS

(SEE ALSO "PETROLEUM AND NATURAL GAS")

9234 — COAL GAS — Some Applications of Coal Gas as a Fur-
nace Fuel. H. Hartley. (Journ. Soc. Chem. Ind., Feb. 28, 1918;

2 pp.)

9235— COAL SUPPLY— The Problem of Coal Supplv. Edw Y.-
Parker. (Journ. Frank Inst. Apr.. 1918; 16 pp.) 40c.

9236— CONSERVATION— Methods for More Efficiently Utilizing
Our Fuel Resources: Part IX. Hydro-Electric Energv as a Con-
server of Oil. H. F Jackson and E. Emerson Hoar. Part X. Our
Future Petroleum Industry. w. A Williams Part XI Future
Sources of Oil and Gasoline. Milton A. Allen (Gen. Elec. Rev .
Jan.. 1918; 10 pp., illus.) 40c.

9237 — GASOLINE; — Synthetic Gasoline bv Electrochemical
.Mans. Louis Bond Cherry. (Advance copy. Am. Electrochem.
Soc. Oct., 1917; 20 pp., illus.)

9238— PULVERIZED COAL— A New Method of Burning Pow-
dered Coal. (Iron Age, Feb. 28, 1918; i'.i pp., illus.) 20c.

9239 — STORAGE of Coal. (Eng. and Min. Journ., Mar. 30,
1918; 1J pp.. illus) 20c.

9240— VOLATILE MATTER LN COAL. New Views of the
Combustion of the. S. H. Katz. (U. S. Bureau of Mines. 1918 :

15 pp., illus.)

INDUSTRIAL CHEMISTRY

924 i — COAL PRODUCTS — Mineral Industries of the U. S. Coal
Products: An Object Lesson in Resource Administration. Chester

G. Gilbert. (Bull. 102, Part I, U. S. National Museum, 1917-

16 pp., illus.)

9245 — FERTILIZERS — Mineral Industries of the U. S. Fer-
tilizers: An Interpretation of the Situation in the United States
Joseph E. Pogue. (Bull. 102, Part II, II. S National Museum.

1917 ; 22 pp., illus.)

9246 — SODIUM CYANIDE — Notes on Sodium Cyanide. W. J
Sharwood. (Journ. Ind. and Eng. Chem.. Apr., 1918; 2*£ pp.) 60c.

9217 — SULPHURIC ACID — Modern Methods of Sulphuric Acid
Manufacture. G. L. Moss. (Journ. Soc. Chem. Ind.. Feb. 28,

1918 ; 43 pp.)

9248 — SULPHURIC-ACID PLANT — Calumet & Arizona Sul-
phuric-Acid Plant. Courtenay De Kalb. (Min. and Sci. Press. Mar
30. 1918 : 73 pp . illus.) 20c.

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No.

Personals

Hi*.- yon eontrtbatod <» the Association
..i iiir .iiii I nglneeraf

iir. ii. \. Newktrh has been appointed

hyslclan for the Oliver Iron Mining

i nun. . :it Norway, mcni-

l»r. J. Mcintosh Bell, representative of
mutton Interests of London, England,
•.ng the mining districts of Northern

no.

Thomas i. Keeley, of Chicago, treasurer
Gold Hum. i- Mining and Smelting
■ : MuIIan. Idaho, has returned from
:ulu.
it. u. tIuimt. vic< president of tho
nda Copper Mining Co., has been
elected a director of the Inspiration Copper
>.my
< i oii-ork Jonrs. mining engineer of Los
lUigele I changed bis address

from J06 I N \ an Nuys Bldg. to si'.i In-
vestment Building

K. B. Watson, general manager of the
Nlplsslng M Colbalt, Out., is re-

turning to Cobalt from Arlsona, when he
has been spending the winter.

it. A. K. Penrose, Jr.. was elected a dl-
of the Utah i loppei i to at th< animal
■ ,1ms Bugem Meyer, Jr.
Other retiring directors were reelected.

Justice Qrugan, mining engineer of New

York has discontinued his omci at so

Church St, to assume the duties of chief

for the Suffern Co.. Inc.. 135

idway, New York

II. W. Fox. of the staff of the Dorr Com-
pany. New York, is at present examining
rutile properties in Florida and Virginia
under appointment as consulting engineer
in the 0 S. Bureau of Mines.

Kush .1. White, mining engineer of Wal-
lace. Idaho, is in Butte, Mont, preparing
the case of Senator \V. A. Clark in the
pending litigation with the Untie & Supe-
rior company.

A. P. Brlgham, recently appointed gen-
eral manager of the Holling.r Consoli-
dated Gold Mines, Ltd.. at Porcupine, tint .,
has returned to the mine from the West,
bringing his family with him.

Robert E. Met'onnell. mining engineer of
Los Angeles, Calif., has entered the Bureau
of Ordnance of the Navy Department, with
the rank of lieutenant .1 G., and is
stationed at Washington, D < '

J. S. I)e Lurv, of the University of Mani-
toba, has returned to Winnipeg after an
examination of the tungsten discoveries in
the neighborhood of Falcon Lake, in East-
ern Manitoba, with a large collection of
samples for analysis.

E. L. Hang, secretary-treasurer of the
United Allov Steel Corp.. Canton, Ohio,
was elected vice president and treasurer
at the company's annual meeting. .1. P.
Mosely was made secretary and C. W.
Kreig succeeded Vt . I*. M'oodin as direc-
tor.

W. O. Havemeyer, \Y. P. Hamilton and
Stephen Birch, who had previously been
appointed to vacancies on the board of
directors of the Nevada Consolidated Copper
Co., were reelected at the annual meet-
ing, as were the remaining members of the
board.

W. S. l'illine. of Pilling & Crane, Phila-
delphia, was elected president of the re-
Uv organized .Merchant Pig Iron Dis-
tributors' Association, and «'. \V. Ilearne.
of the Matthew Addy Co., also of Philadel-
phia, was elected secretary at a meeting
held A or. 16.

II. (. Weidenthal. formerly works mana-
ger of the General Steel Co., .Milwaukee,
has joined the staff of metallurgical, chemi-
cal, testing and Inspecting engineers main-
tained by James H Herron, 2041 E Third
St.. Cleveland. Mr Weidenthal will be in
the steel works design and operation de-
partment and will pay special attention to
electric furnace operation.

Samuel II. Cohen has resigned his posi-
tion a_s general manager of the Crown Re-
ive Mining Co.. Ltd , of Cobalt, Out and
of the Porcupine Crown Miles. Ltd. It is
understood that Gen. sir John W. (arson,
president of both companies, will assume
the management, the services of Mr. Cohen
being retained as consulting engineer.

Grafton T>. Dor-ey. director of the Na-
tional Lead Co.. New York, and head of
its subsidiary, the National Lead Co. of
Argentina, has been made a member of
the subcommittee on pig tin of the Ameri-
can Iron and Steel Institute, as a repre-

; Obituary

Thomas Kyle, assayer, of Leadville. Colo .
died at his home in that city on Apr. IS.
at the age of 50 years.

IVr.-v Le Boy Kearn, consulting mining
engineer, was killed In an automobile acci-
dent mar El Paso. Tex., on Apr. 16. He

was graduated from the Columbia School of

Mines in 1889. Mr. Feam was engaged
in consulting work from 1908 to date, part
Of which time he was retailed by the
Abangarez Gold Fields of Costa Kica. At
the time of his death he was connected
with several companies and was devoting
particular attention to the Lady Franklin
mine, at Kingston, Sierra County. .V. Mex
II, uas a member of the American Institute
of Mining Engineers.

Capt. Braxton Blgelow, 17»th Field Co.,
Royal Engineers, British Expeditionary
Forces who was reported missing on July
"H. 1917, was killed in action on that night,
according to .void received at his home in
New Brunswick. N. J. Captain Bigelow
was graduated from Harvard in 1905 and
from Massachusetts Institute of Technology
in 191". and was employed in Peru as a
mining engineer at the outbreak of war.
He returned to New York and sailed for
England on Dec. 26, 1914. He first served
with the American Ambulance Field Serv-
ice and later in Siberia with a hospital
unit. For bravery and unselfish work he
received a medal. Returning to England
in April. 1916, he obtained a commission
in the British Army as lieutenant in the
Roval Artillery, and was sent to the front.
Later he was transferred to the Engineers,
and early in the summer he was promoted
to be captain. In August. Captain Bigelow
was slightly wounded and received six
weeks' leave. After his return to France,
he was near Lens when there was a sus-
picion that the Germans were engaged in
mine work at a particular point in his
sector. On the night of July 23, Captain
Bigelow volunteered to head a small party
of sappers to investigate. He never re-
turned. He was mentioned in dispatches
for bravery and distinguished service. Cap-
tain Bigelow was the son of Maj. John
Bigelow, U. S. A., retired, and the grand-
son of the late John Bigelow. author and
Minister to France under President Grant.
He was a member of the American Insti-
tute of Mining Engineers.

Societies

'Mmiiimimii:

Montana Society of Engineers held its
annual meeting in Butte. Mont., on Apr.
18-20. The following officers were elected
for the ensuing year: President. Willis T.
Burns ; first vice president, Samuel Barker.
Jr ; second vice president, Charles A. Lem-
mon ; secretary, Clinton H. Moore ; treas-
urer, Harry A. Cochran ; trustee for three
years. Frank A Linforth. It was voted to
invest part of the society's funds in Liberty
bonds and war-savings stamps, to remit
dues Of numbers now in the service and to
appoint a committee to handle all affairs
concerning the society's activity in war mat-
ters During the session, visits were made
to plants of the Anaconda and other com-
panies ; James Atkins, Jr.. of the Portland
Cement Association, discussed concrete road
building and the construction of concrete
ships, and Reno 11. Sales, of the Anaconda
company, recounted his experiences on his
recent trip to South America.

iron and Steel Institute (British) opened
its annual meeting in London on May 2. The
president-elect, Eugene Schneider, took the
chair The Bessemer medal for 1918 was
awarded to So Sir William Beardmore, the
retiring president. Awards of grants from
the Sndrew Carnegie Research Fund
in aid of research work were announced.
The papers presented included the fol-
lowing: "Practical Points Affecting Yield
and Efficiency of Blast Furnaces" (report
of the blast-furnace committee) ; "Im-
portance of Coke Hardness," G. D. Coch-
rane ; "Economic Value of the Jurassic Iron

(ins of Great Britain," Dr. F. H. II h
"Fuel Economy in Blast Furnaces," i
Hutchinson- "Economy in (las Cleai
A. Lennox Leigh: "Potash Recover!
Blast Furnaces," Kenneth Chance; "1
fact ure of Portland Cement from Blai I
nacc Slag" E. 11 Lewis; "Blast Fu
Bears," I ir. J E. Stead; "Technical V:
of the Establishment of the Heavy Ste.
dustrv in India, with Results of Son
searches Connected Therewith." 1 >r. A. I
William; "Production of Sound Stei
Lateral Compressioi of the Top Pom i
the I nt:. it." B. Talbot ; "Steel Ingot Del
.1 N. Kilby: "Notes on inclusions in
and Ferritc Lines," Dr. J, E. Stead; \n
metallto Inclusions in Steel." A. M.
"A Cause of Brittleness in Mild Steel I

Plates." |M'. \V. Rosellliaill and II II:i
"Effect of Mass on Ileal Treatment," ]
Law; "Effect of Cold Work on the Dire
of Pealllte," ,1 II Whiteley; "Effect Of oli,
Workme, ,,ii (lie Elastic Properties of S.-l
J A. Van Inn Brock; "Iron, Carbomnl
Phosphorus," Dr. .1. E. Stead; "Dami"j
steel." Col. N. Belaiew ; "Protection ofron
with Paint Against Atmospheric Corrosn
Dr J. N. Friend; "Determination of ( ia
and Nickel in Cobalt Steel." W. R. Six,
ler and \, R. Powell. The autumn nuir
will l„> held on Kept. 12 and 13 iitid
rooms of the Institution of Civil Engiur.
in London.

Canadian Mining Institute. A .Mai

branch of tie Institute was organiz, al
a meeting held at Manitoba Univelty
Winnipeg, on Apr. 18. The bra
formed, has 15 full members and 33 »
ciate members. The following olficers-ei
elected: President, Dr. R. C. Wa**
Winnipeg ; vice-presidents, S. R. Bantflfl
1 he Pas ; T. B. H. Price. Winnipeg ; iae
tarv-treasurer, J. S. De Lury, Winn«
councillors. E. V. Neelands and N. T. a
The Pas; Capt. G. B. Hall, T. W. H*
F. de Seyes ; E. W. Jackson and E. E.
Winnipeg. A number of application Id
membership are in the hands of the Col*
American Institute of Metals is talvg,
letter ballot of its members on the nrgr
of its organization with the American isi
tute of Mining Engineers. When ccioli
dated, the Metals Institute will be Id*
as the Institute of Metals division c Ui
latter society. The proposed union hasief
favorably acted upon by the exeth
board of the American Institute of Ital
and the board of the American Institi! c
Mining Engineers and now rcquiresjnl
the sanction of the members of the In.'tu
of Mecals. This metals division will
its own officers, raise funds for its
special work and will have active c
of such funds. Two meetings will b, ur
annually. The winter meeting will I'
in February, in New York, the pr I
to consist principally of technical I ■
on metallurgical subjects. The fall I
ing will be continued and will beat
concurrently with the annual convent i I
the American Foundrymen's associ'io
The program will consist of papers onr3'
tical foundry topics and probably w
combined with the iron and steel ftic
of the mining engineers, whose mtii
will be held simultaneously. The I
quarters of the mining engineers i ■
Engineering Societies Bldg., New o
will be the headquarters of the IniJ
of Metals division. W. M. Corse, Tit iu
Alloys Manufacturing Co., Niagara il
N. Y.. is president of the American In
of Metals, and F. L. Wolf. Ohio Bra: I
Mansfield, Ohio, is secretary.

■•lll)JIIIIIIJIHIIMIIMIMIM1l>*lll>*MllltlllllllHIJIIIflllimnnMU|gOI

New Patents

IMIIIlllllll I HI JIM I "I "

United States patent specifications. ■
below may be obtained from The j
neering and Mining Journal" at 25c m

Concentrating Table — Alva W. Tylf '
Angles, Calif., assignor, by dired a
mesne assignments, to Young & Tyle *•
Angeles, Calif. (U. S. No. l,262,60«tf
9, 1918.)

Copper — Apparatus for the Elect j
Production of Copper and Other I
Marcel Perreur-Lloyd, Boulogne:sur ■
France, assignor to Marie Victorine ll
widow Garin, Paris. France. (U. S. ■
262,248; Apr. 9, 1918.)

Tungsten — Extraction cf Metals n
Their Ores. Edward M. Hamiltoi I
Francisco, Calif., assignor to Halr'
Beauchamp, Woodworth, Inc., San «
Cisco. Calif. (U. S. No. 1,261,383; 1*
1918.)

Zinc — Producing Zinc Chloride fron ']"
Frank K. Cameron and John A. "''
Salt Lake City, Utah, and Reed W. I
New York, N. Y., assignors to Am,'
Smelting and Refining Co. Salt Lata '
Utah. (U. S. No. 1.261,(196; Apr. 2, '

May 4, 1918 ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

.uiiuiiiiiiuuiuuuuuumuuiiiuuniiiiiuuiiuiuiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiitiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiuiiiiiiuii m wmmmammtmam i mm nunm

Editorial Correspondence

iiiiiiiiiimimiiimmmiiiiii iiiiiiiiiiiiini nun n iiiiimi iiiiiiiiiiiiimiiitiimiiiiiiiimiii iiiuiiiiiiiiiniiiiiii an miimiiiiiniiuiiiiiiiniiiiiiii iiiiriiiiiiMiirininiiriiiiiiriminnnnnriiintiriiinnmmiiiiiiti

8AN FRANCISCO— Apr. 24

\c» Oil Wells Started In C uln,.r iiin

.Ids from the beginning of the year to

amounted to is:; For the week the

linber was 12, and for the preceding week,

March .<». only I i v « ■ were started

I figure is the lowesl report' d

years. In the two weeks, 43 wells

i for test of water shutoff. 26 for

tig or redrilling ami four for aban-

mmetit. A formal public hearing is in

Ogress at Taft for the purpose of deter-

itiing the best methods of drilling wells

id protecting oil lands A well owned

• the Union Oil Co. is the direct subject

Inquiry, but the welfare of large sur-

C territory is intimately involved.

nderground conditions are complex, so the

.mm will afford opportunity to

tidying methods employed by the Stat.'

mimr Bureau In solving- such problems

Union Consolidated, tne leading Com-
00k producer, milled 328 tons at the
extern mill, having a total value of $7012,
id shipped five bars of bullion to Selby.
thi second week of April. Extracted
2500 level 149 tons of ore. sampling
2.13 per ton. The shaft of the Mexican
U9 undergone repairs, and the work in
m. Virginia was devoted entirely to de-
lopment on the 2100 and 2700 levels. In
ihir. 2000 level, northwest drift, to oe
ed as a main tramway to the Union shaft.
is extended. Sierra Xevada advanced
rth drift in 2500 level and saved and
nt to the surface IB tons of ore. sampling
9.90 per ton. Repairs to Union hoist
mpleted. Andes hoist installed and lay-
s' of surface water and drain pipes com-
ted. Work at the Jacket, in Gold Hill
strict, included advancing of first north
ift on 300 level a distance of 14 ft. and

ig and sinking from floor of sur-
■e tunnel. Eight mills and tables oper-
>d 136 hours. The Middle mines are
II idle, awaiting the installation of larger
mps. United Comstock Pumping Asso-

eontinued repairs in the main south
ift from the Union shaft. leading
the north lateral of Sutro tunnel,
be used to turn drainage water, and
one of the main outlets for the Xorth-
d mines. Also made general repairs to
i Ophir shaft and Ophir incline below

el station. Made necessary* repairs
C. & C. shaft.

safety Rales for Gold Dredges, amended

itatively, have been issued by the mining

Ision of the Industrial Accident Cora-

ssion. The tentative rules are the result

several conferences betyveen members of

■ commission and representatives of

•dging interests, forming a committee for

s purpose, composed of the following:

rold Mestre, consulting engineer : F. L.

well, deputy mine inspector ; L. D. Hop-

d. department manager of the Xatomas

mpany of California; C. W. Gardner.

■resenting the Hammon Engineering Co. :

L. Wilde, International Brotherhood

am Shovel and Dredge Men ; Carl

™-n. manager of the California Casualtv

lemnity Exchange ; R. L. Eltringham.

"trieal engineer of the Industrial Acci-

<it Commission; H. M. Wolfin. chief mine

I>ector. The rules apply to all gold

''dges operated in California; exemptions

e in writing and can't be revoked

isonable notice. Air Pressure Tank

y larders and Orders Nos. 1104. 1105.

IS, 11 "7 of the General Construction

ety Orders pertaining to the control,

!rage and use of explosives and fuse.

sill apply, yvhere applicable to gold

'dges. The rules are arranged under

I' following headings: General safetv

Ii welfare; guards against personal

'Is and falling objects; machinery and

irer transmission; electrical. Thev are

jnted in compact and convenient booklet

jm, with a blank page opposite each

Ire of printed matter so that dredge men

''others interested who receive copies

' the ruling may make notes and sugges-

J is as to further amendment or change

j t may be useful in the compiling of the

■il rules for safety in operating gold

' dges. The initial work of collecting

^ a and preparation of the rules for con-

i ^^V011 °^ *ne committee was done by

"d Ii. Loyvell, deputy mine inspector.

■use duties included a careful study of

requirements of the employees of

■ ii. dges a w. il as the Interests of the

raton ri

mlng rules thai win

guard i he di edge wot kei a i rom injury and

al Hi. sami cause as iitti.

■ Ible to iia opei ator i lol h ■ m-

ploj - es and empl invited to

some attenl ion to a ©

tentative rules and mall their suggestions

i" Hi. Chief Mine tni Itai lc< i

St., San Francisco.

DKNVEK — Apr. ii
The entity Commission is considering
proposed modifications of demurrage ruli B
ng narrow gage toads serving the
various mining districts of the stale. On
account of weather conditions in the high
altitudes, It is often impossible to load or
unload ears within the specified time Since
all of the mountain roads are prepared for
these conditions, and there is no shortage
of cars, and the rolling stock cannot be em-
ployed to relieve congestion on the main
lines, operators arc asking for a reason-
able extension of time for loading and un-
loading. The Utility Commission has sig-
nified a disposition to grant the request,
but states that it must first have the ap-
proval of Director General McAdoo. The
matter has been taken up with Washing-
ton, and an early ruling is expected.

The Colorado Metal Minim.- Association

Executive Committee recently appointed
the folloyving committees: Finance: Max
Schott, E. N. Funston, George O. Argall. L.
A. Ewing, Irving T. Snyder. R M. Hender-
son, S. D. Nicholson. R. S. Ellison and J. F.
Welborn. Executive: Bulkeley Wells. R
M Henderson, George E. Collins, Jesse F.
McDonald, E. N. Funston. C. B. Gamett,
( liai les E. Anderson, George M. Tavlor.
and M. B. Tomlin. Legislative: D. W.
Strickland. Harry Robinson, L. E. Girard,
John A. Ewing, John T. Barnett, George L.
Nye, and Fred Caldwell. Ore Sales: Fred
Caldwell, George E. Collins, R. M. Hen-
derson, Rens E. Schirmer. Charles A.
Chase. A. L. Bloomfield. and Warren Page.
ensation Insurance: Bulkeley Wells. D.
W. Strickland. Fred Carroll. Mining and
Milling: E. A Colburn. Rens E. Schirmer,
R M Henderson, W. C. Russell, and George
L, Nye.

Increased Cost of Production has claimed
the attention of operators in the West
Naturally, some anxiety is felt by pro-
ducers of metals of which the prices are
likely to be fixed. Mining costs have been
compiled by the Commissioner of Mines of
Colorado. The data were obtained from,
representative companies. A comparison of
costs in 1913 with 1918 should be of in-
terest to those yvho arc pondering over such
problems of price-fixing and establishing
excess-profits taxation. In 1913, the mini-
mum wage, less board, yvas $2 for eight
hours' labor. The cost of boarding a
miner at a typical mine boarding house was
80c. per day. The cost of liability insur-
ance amounted to 3.6c. The total cost
of eight hours' common labor was there-
fore $2,836. In 1918 the minimum wage,
less board, was $3 per day ; board at the
mine boarding house cost $1.25 ; and com-
pensation insurance amounted to 22c,
making the total cost of eight hours' com-
mon labor. $4.47. The increase in labor
cost is equivalent to 57.6"";. These
figures would not be complete without
noting the relative efficiency of labor in
1913 and 1918. In 1913 the hours of
labor expended per ton of ore produced
amounted to 5 92 hours. In 1917 this fig-
ure was 6.87 hours. The indicated decrease
in efficiency was 1S%. If we in-
yolve the efficiency of labor in the calcula-
tion of mining costs, then the increase dur-
ing the last four or five years is over 87
per cent-

• SALT LAKE CITY — Apr. 24

Semi-Monthly Pay Rolls at Tintic mines
have been adopted following a vote by
the men taken at the request of the various
companies concerned. Bingham mining
companies are also adopting the same plan.

The Threatened Strike at Tintic has
been averted. The men are receiving high-
er wages, the scale being the same as that
in force in the Bingham district. The mat-
ter of union recognition dropped.

Occupation Tax To Hi- Levied

both in. i Mck ol

In tie ,,! ,,. i

pi ' i with thi state board ol eq

' Ion h m i i Ion with ... ed I'

I and i h. i . i i. i img that hs
would result from th
would amount to doubh taxation

SPOKANE, \\ AMI.— Apr. 24

The Northwest Mining \-s„. billon In Its

Is ' two . sions, held In Spokane, has

shown Itself In a reform mood by endorsing

the Hi bill in Congress, which it is

h I "ill do away with the vast and

ruinous litigation thai developi from apex
ami extra-lati ral i Ights, and ns
resolution favoring th. I to put the

. of Mm. b in the War Depai I
The Washington state Metal Miners

i also adopted a resolution at its last
meeting In favor of the same measure.

The French Electrolytic Separation Proc-
ess .,r Thomas French, <>f Nelson, has se-
rfs! aid from the British I !o-
lumbia Parliament, to the extent of $21
to enable him to purchase ores for the prac-
ii. ..1 tests to which he wishes to sub..
electrolytic zinc reduction works at Nelson
The aid is a guaranty of 6% interest on the
bonds for that amount and is com It
on most of the money being raised In Nel-
son and vicinity. H. S. Stoollir.-. of Spo-
kane, Is watching the tests, and if thi
what Mr. French expects them to be hi
consider building such a plant in Spokani

The Northwest Maenesite Company, with
quarries in Stevens Countv, Wash
near Chewelah. states through R. S Tal-
bot, president and manager, that the com-
pany by .May 1 yvill be producing and ship-
ping 300 tons daily of magneslte, and has
contracts for years ahead which will pre-
vent any further shutdown. Earlv In
March this company had in transit 15.000
tons of magnesite. yvorth $675,000 f. o. b.,
eastern delivery A good grade of Iron
ore is obtained by the company from de-
posits near Chesaw, Okanogan County,
Wash., probably the first iron ore in eastern
Washington ever mined at an actual profit.
The company yvill use 20 tons a day of this
ore. A pulverizing coal plant and a crush-
ing and mixing plant are being completed
at the quarries. The deposits are being
extensively developed by tunnels to facili-
tate rapid mining as soon as the plant is
completed. Mr. Talbot has gone to New
York and Washington to ask for an exten-
sion of the Oregon Short Line for 10 miles
into his newly acquired coal mine in Te-
ton County, Idaho, from which he says he
can produce 250 tons a day of good bitumin-
ous coal yvhen transportation is assured.

WALLACE. IDAHO — Apr. S3

The Success Mine Closed Apr. 15, the
action folloyving the failure of negotiations
betyveen this company and the Grasselli
Chemical Co. for a modification of the con-
tract held by the latter. In a statement
issued by the officers of the Success com-
pany, only $16.35 p~r ton on 4091
zinc concentrates is received when spelter
is 7c. per lb. and this against a produc-
tion cost of $22.75 represents a loss of $6.40
per ton. The Grasselli company's contract
covers the entire zinc output of the mine.
and the profits derived from lead and sil-
ver about offset the loss of zinc. The
zinc contract yvas made tyvo years ago for
a period of three years. Although it was
then possible to earn a profit under the
terms of the contract, the company was
nevertheless severely criticized at the time.
It is pointed out that Success ore contains
sulphur. which is utilized by
the Grasselli company in the manufacture
of sulphuric acid, for yvhich the war has
created an abnormal demand at a greatly
increased price. As this has proved to be
a source of great and unexpected profit to
the chemical company, the mining company
urged that a more favorable return should
be allowed on the zinc. The Grasselli com-
pany, however, declined to make any con-
cession. In view of the urgent demand for
sulphuric acid by the Government, the
Success directors announce that they will
send representatives to Washington to ap-
peal their case to the proper authorities

KNCINKKUING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 18

^.-Itlt-mriu of Llticiltlon h'twe.u the

Refining Co
inker H1U A Sulllvmn Mining and
:ik Co. waa announced b> Stanly
A K.is!.i". manager of t li>' latter oom-
i iber the smelting; company,

cipatlon that the Bunker iiiii would
to smelt the ore from Its mines
I took out an injunc-
Llning tlu> mining company from
. d endeavoring to enforce com-
• with the contract as construed by
-■tip. my. under which the
i l of the Bunker Hill ,v- Sullivan mine

ot less than S I ,• nor more than
.a Is to be shipped to the smeltery
of tho plaintiff. Tho contract was it
but the light centered on this main provi-
The Injunction was granted by the
court, and in December, after a hearing,
judge I in favor of the

impany and ordered the restraln-
ler made permanent, or until the case
could he tried on Its m. nts. Little had
heard of the case since this decision,
and It was presumed that both Bides were
preparing tor the big legal battle that had
d Under the agreement, hair
>duct of the Bunker 1 1 in mine will be
shipped to the A 3, 4 K. plant, the total
output being about 7600 tons of ore per
month. The Bunker Hill company also re-
ceived an important concession through
which it will now receive payment toi

t based on Xe.v York quo-
tation. L'nder the old rate, which prevails
in most of the contracts In this district,
when lead is above $4.10 per 100R>., the
surplus was divided equally between the
shipper and the smelting company. The
nent became effective at once, and
the case has been dismiss, d. The capa-
city of the Bunker Hill smeltery is now
fullv utilized in handling present contracts,
which include the output of the Hecla and
Caledonia mines, and half the product of
the Bunker Hill. Manager Easton states
that the plant will be enlarged to meet
the requirements of custom business, both
large and small, but the difficulty in getting

machinery and building material renders
It Impossible to Baj when it can be mole.

SHANNON, AI.A. — Apr. go

in the RuBsellvllle Brown Iron-Ore Dis-

triet more than 1000 miners have formed

a union ami have threatened to strike If not
given an increase in n I better work-

ing conditions. A strike. If it should occur,
would cause the shut-down of six companies
operating b

TORONTO — Apr. •.'..
I he Idvlaorj Council has appointed R-
s, C.E.. one of its members, to act
n Ith \t thur \ i loli , «' io . of Cobalt, as a
committee to take imtn dlate steps tor the
development of the peat bogs of Ontario, tor
the production of a merchantable fuel. Defi-
nite action has also been taken as the out
come of a meeting of the Associate Com-
mittee of the Council on Mining and Metal-
lurgy, held in Montreal, at which 1
cal men from all parts of C
wi re present, for the investigation of a new
method of smelting iron, employing both
coke and electric power. This process is
regarded as especially suitable for the
smelting of ores occurring in tho viclnlt]
of large supplies of available water power.

The Council has made a grant for the
prosecution of the work, and preliminary
investigations will be at once begun at
McGlll University. Another matter that is
under consideration by the Research Coun-
cil Is the utilization of refuse from sheet
steel and galvanized iron, of which large
amounts are now waste products.

VICTORIA. B. C. — Apr. VI

Smelting Charges Recently Announced
by the Consolidated Mining and Smelting
Co. of Canada, the greatest custom smelt-
ing company of western Canada, has
roused the silver-lead mine operators of
British Columbia, who claim that it will
mean the closing down of many mines. In
response to their petition, the Dominion
government has approved a commission to

Investigate the schedule, and the compa
has expressed its willingness to throw
plant and books open for inspection (
ville It. W'hltaker, of Denver, has be
asked to act In an advisory capacity as
independent judge. The province will
rt prt sented at t be inquiry.

Legislation Introduced in Itrltish Colli.

bin proposes granting to the gov.
powei to guarantee the bonds of the Frail
Complex-Ore Reduction Co.. Ltd., to the ■-
tent of another $jr.,tMlii. The Province -
r. adv ha i il this compa ny's securll

to the extent ot $ 10,000. With this c
plant was built at Kairview. near Nelson
i'. which was equipped especially to
rate the complex zinc-lead sulphide orrsf
tli. Slocan district by means of the Fren
electrolytic process. The cost of thi
however, exhausted the company's capil
to the extent that it was unable to
into the custom business on a scale s-
Hclent to properly reduce the unit opera!
costs, and it became necessary to
down This condition of the French cc -
pany was accentuated by the rise In
prices of zinc ami lead following the
break of the war. and because the <
solidated Mining and Smelting Co. of C
ada. at Trail, was able by an electrol
process to treat successfully the comix
silver-lead-zinc ores of the district.
though the French company was compe
to abandon operations, the management
ticipated the present situation in rei
op rating costs, for the smelting compiy
will be unable to treat ores at tie orif
prie.s, and the cheaper electrolytic
will be able to demonstrate its worth. It
is claimed for the French process tha it
is capable of an extraction of 90r| or rr-e
of the zinc content of this class of on
that a profit can be obtained whi
price of zinc falls to 5c. per lb. Tl
eminent, having placed its credit i
the French company in the first in
has indicated, by the proposed legi
which no doubt will be passed, tha
prepared to give the company and il
ess every opportunity for success.

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The Mining News

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ARIZONA

Cochlso Count)'

SHATTl'fK-ARIZONA (Bisbee) — Mill
ready to receive full equipment of especi-
ally constructed machinery designed to
meet particular requirements of ore to be
bandied.

CALUMET & ARIZONA (Douglas)—
Smeltery production In March was 7.802,
000 lb. copper, of which 4.386.000 lb. is
credited to company mines.

I IENN-ARIZONA (Warren) — Pumping
facilities provided for unwatering mine from
1400 to 1650 level. Two cars of good ore
have been shipped to smeltery daily from
development of upper levels.

Graham County
PORPHYRY COPPER CO. (Globe) —
Blocking out ore preparatory to mining and
construction of p.rmanent plant. The in-
stallation of a large-size air lift is under
consideration. W. J. Miller is in charge.

M irii topa County
PARMLEE SILVER MINES (Phoenix)
— Sold to a Nevada syndicate represented
by J. K. Kinkade. Consist of 11 silver-ore
claims, with tungsten as a byproduct De-
velopment covering eight locations and
aggregating 700 ft

ADAM MARSH MOLTB. (Wickenburg) —
d at head of Copper Canyon and re-
cently optioned to Louist F. Schultze. Mr.
Hchultze expects engineers to examine prop-
' rty soon and to begin operations.

Mohave County

BANNER MINING CO. (Kingman) —
!'h- recent strike .'.aid to !.■• one of the best
•ver made on this property. New com-
iressor and other machinery being installed.

KEYSTONE CON. MIXING (Kingman)
--Will sink main shaft 700 ft. and then
drift. Low-grade ore to be treated at mill
4y flotation and high-grade ore shipped to
jmeltery.

MIXES EXPLORATION (Kingman) — L.
H P.ateman has mapped out considerable
».ork at properties in Hualpal mountains.
Ilhaft en one vein down 60 ft and in good

TOM REED GOLD MINING (Kingman)
— Within 10 days expects to connect west
drift on 525 level of Bald Eagle with drift
now advancing east from Grey Eagle
winze. Three shifts now driving in both
drifts, and 250 ft. to drive. Ore in east
drift, where fault bisected big vein thought
to have been picked up. Vein reported eight
feet wide at this point.

BIG JIM CON. MIN. CO. (Oatman) —
Started work at Bluebird under direction
of A. G. Keating. Plan to sink shaft 135
ft. deeper or to the 400 ft. level and pros-
pect vein.

GOLD ROAD MINES CO. (Oatman)—
First Gold Ore ore went under stamps at
Gold-Road mill on Apr. 8. New road
In fine condition. Gold Ore thought to have
a 90-day lease on Gold Road mill, after
expiration of which Gold Road company
will probably mill the ore from that prop-
erty in conjunction with its own. Two
Marcy mills formerly in use at Golconda
mill have been secured and to be installed
soon. Expect to start mining in Line Road
tunnel in August.

SECRET PASS GOLD TOP (Oatman) —
J. P. Loftus, general manager, reports new
plant in successful operation. Additions
made to insure sufficient water to operate
mill at rate of from 15 to 20 tons per day.

UNITED EASTERN MINING (Oatman)
— Production for March slightly less than
normal, due to mining in south portion,
where ore is low grade.

Pima County

BLACK PRINCE PROPERTY (Ajo) — F.
G. Lane reports ore at property and hoist
to be installed at once. Three claims under
bond, and 16 owned outright by operating
company,

NEW CORNELIA COPPER CO. (Ajo) —
Copier production in March as follows:
Electrolytic cathodes. 3.218.000 lb.; from
cement copper. 918.000 lb. ; from smelting
ores, 440.000 lb. Plans ordered for a new
and modern school building to house 600
children.

BOSE GROUP (Tucson)— Eight
working at property, which lies to nort ol
Mohawk.

FLUX MINE (Tucson) — Taken over a-
der bond and lease by Bisbee intere .
Ground broken this week for mill.

MAMMOTH DEVELOPMENT (Tuc
— Employing 100 men at mine and
tion plant. Producing from 150 to 175
wulfenite-gold ore per day and expect t
crease output to 400 tons upon cone
of enlarged working shaft and new
ment destroyed last fall by fire.

MOHAWK MINES (Tucson)— Colin n
mons and associates preparing to '
mines on large scale and under im
methods. Will rework tailings from >r
mer operations while preparing mine ni
plant for resumption of stoping op

NORTH STAR MINE (Tucson)— K>
ly acquired by W. R. Ramsdell. Hoist-
ing erected and operations beginning.

OLD GENERAL MORGAN (Tucso -
Reported to be about to pass under bot '
a large copper company.

OLD HICKORY MINE (Tucson)- Im-
ports discovery of high-grade sulphidi >r
at this property.

PIMA MINING AND SMELT-''1
(Tucson) — Said to have completed final
ments on plant. Site selected and r "
struction of plant to follow. Bond n
lease acquired in Dos Cabezos district "
another to be acquired soon. Expectedui
put, 250 tons per day.

TOTAL WRECK MINE (Tucson)-''
ported to have shut down.

Pinal County

QUEEN CREEK COPPER (Super! >-
Shaft now down 690 ft and to contln
depth of 1000 feet.

SILVER KING MINE (Superior)-"
idly sinking shaft and will soon be in ■
tion to explore ground between *&"
vels.

May I. 1!U8

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

855

simiii rnm County
ARIZONA EUROPEAN (Nogales)— Lat-

Mt .i. \ lopment in this section. Consists 10
claims mar Three U camp.

i i:\TI \l, M .v D (No
Annual meet ildcrs at i p m .

N l ■ i 16, m ollle lioi di i Vldette

II VRDSHELL Ml si: , i
ported to have changed hands and ui
tag under Marcua I ml) estate UK
barge.

Ynvnnai Oonntj
ARIZONA PORTLAND (Jerome)— In-
itallcd new 35 lip. gasoline engine. Dr. L
<). Morgan is in charge.

CALUMET & JEROME (Jerome) — Con-
ducting vigorous development campaign in
effort to reach presumed orebody.

GENERAL MINES DEVELOPMENT
i ) — New shaft in Amulet mine down
.•on ft. and is reported to have found high
silver and galena ore.

GREEN MONSTER (Jerome)— Develop-
ing at i we points, one-half mile apart. Em-
ploying ::"> men at present

JEROME COPPER (Jerome) — Reported
to have suspended operations, resun

inn; upon showing Green Monster
nakes in the future.

JEROME PORTLAND (Jerome)— Elect-
ed new officers as follows: President. Jas.
I Mahoney ; vice president. George Brook-
ihlre : directors, J. H. Morgan and .Mrs.
:. Marks: secretary, T. P. Esond.

tTUNA MINING (Prescott) — Tunnel
'eported 20 ft. from the east-west fissure
oward which driving for six months.

PECK, GIROUX AND BURMISTER
HLVER GROUP (Prescott) — Recently ac-
Itlired by 101 Paso syndicate.

RED MOUNTAIN CON. (Prescott)— New
nachinery being installed and shaft work

:an. .1

MOW UNITED VERDE (Skull Valley) —
Extensive development plan announced. The
0-stamp mill is fully equipped and is ex-
acted to be in operation early i't May.

AUIZONA-BINGHAMTON (Stoddard) —
I Manager Geo W. Johnson an-
ounces a $20,000 Liberty Bond subscrip-
lon by 105 employees of the company.

Yuma County

CATHERINE MINE (Salome)— Pros-
ecting said to have developed large body of
re. Machinery installed and work of driv-
ig across big fault to proceed rapidly.

CALIFORNIA

Calaveras County
PEN'N. MINING CO. (Campo Seco)— N.
oraghi was instantly killed Apr. 13 by
ive-in while barring down rock in shaft
o. 3, where he and his helper were re-
hiring timbers.

SAFE DEPOSIT (Mokelumne Hill)—
rew started to work. Expected water sup-
ly will insure long season of hydraulic
'ining. J. P. Keene is superintendent.

SHEEPRANCH MINES (Sheepranch)—
ecent metallurgical tests prove satisfac-
iry, and development and production to

art immediately. New compressor to be
istalled and mill put in commission. Good

ason expected.

Kern County

ARGUS (Randsburg) — Developments in-
easing ore reserves and arrangements are
?mg made for increasing air supply to
>erate 15 drills. More snow and rain
ive fallen in Argus and Panamint ranges
nee Jan. 1 than in any similar season in
i years.

Sacramento County

NOBLE CHROME (Folsom) — Mill in-
alled for crushing and concentrating low-
~ade chrome ore now in commission. Large
nnage being mined by Noble Electric Steel
a., with smeltery at Herouit, Shasta
aunty.

San Bernardino County

AMERICAN TRONA CORP. (Trooa) —
ecision of U. S. Land Office completes to
00 acres Searles Lake potash lands Marks
inclusion of 10 years' litigation and guar-
ltees uninterrupted development and pro-
iction of potash, borax and other bv-
oducts.

Tuolumne Connty

SPRINGFIELD TUNNEL (Columbia)—
etive work begun on the Wright ranch
here new tunnel starts to tap the proved

avel deposits on the edge of Springfield
it. Joseph Cademartori is superintendent.

w VRNER M Uiisi.io (Columbia i

i" i a d h i 'ii nullc macl \ ln-

; -.11. i- in, ovei I'M. .1. ii ol
earth from the

i j ■•! dei i 'i and ut< .i i :

\\ .i i In I j

T \ I •• I . I •: MOUNT UN UNO I '

sun in Superior Court brought by Fran-

U Wilson inn. nl I. ii
>. ml.i.

' :.ei ge i. Gary, act mi' foi i hi
i ompanj . i old to him 310 00 ol i hi

took and i hat i I

I 10 « ai uai d b) i lar) and not In •

tlon with the mining thai the

ea
iek Bhaft and machine! > to bi used to
work the i
pri vet ipi nlni

BELMONT SH \\\ \i i r \i -..: (Shaw-

mut)- \ n lei i . in atlon Bled under

laws of i lelawai

ton ■• i

rlbei m I, Etogi rs, L \ Ii w
M, L. i latchi :i in . . i . . 1 1 y is the I

ni u huh has been I i I di

velopmenl since the i opi ratoi

hold Many improvements made, includ-
ing removal of mill to the mouth ol the
■ rial ii in tunnel.

COLORADO
Boulder Counts

LUCKY TWO (Boulder)— T u n g s 1 1 n
propert) near Boulder Palls; purchased re-
centl) bj War n !•'. Belker. Property has
been large producer and to i» extensively

opi rated this summer.

TUNGSTEN PRODUCTS MFG. (Boul-
der) Refining tungsten ores and manu-
facturing tungsten products. Value of
output for 1917: Ferrotungsten, $1,000.-
000: tungstic acid. $30. nun A large quan-
tity of molybdenum ore also Treated. Com-
pany recently capitalized for $2,500,000.

Clear (reek County
AMERICAN SISTERS (Lawson)— Lease
and bond acquired by Denver company on
group of 27 claims. To be developed by
crosscutting from Elida tunnel, to cut vein
at depth of 1300 ft, and raising to old up-
per workings Mine formerly a large
producer of silver-lead ore. but shut down
for last 14 years on account of litigation.

TEDDY BEAR (Lawson) — Worked by
W. W. Gibb, of Denver, lessee. Drifting
on No. 3 vein on main tunnel level has
opened shoot of high-grade lead-silver ore.

Lake County
BARTLETT TUNNEL (Leadville)— Nar-
row streak of ore assaying 2 to 10 oz.
gold per ton opened recently. Has been
steady producer of good-grade silver ore,
and this is first discovery of gold in
quantity, and hence of considerable im-
portance.

JASON LEASE (Leadville)— Sold recent-
ly to Denver men for $10,000. Shoot good-
grade manganese ore opened.

LEADVILLE UNIT (Leadville) — Sub-
sidiary of U. S Smelting. Refining and Min-
ing Co., operating Harvard. Jamie Lee and
Tip Top shafts, on Fryer Hill. Large body
of silver-bearing pyrite opened recently be-
tween Jamie Lee and Denver City shafts.
Shipments of 100 to 150 tons daily now
being made.

SEELEY (Leadville) — Lease secured on
large block of ground in Poverty Flat sec-
tion. New hoisting equipment to be in-
stalled at Seeley shaft, and workings re-
opened and retimbered. Property not
worked for several years.

Ouray County

CAMP BIRD LIMITED (Campbird) —
Tunnel heading advanced 515 ft. in March
Expect main vain to be cut in April, after
which drifting on vein and raising to old
shaft workings is planned. Tunnel 500 ft.
below former lowest workings.

BEAVER & BELFAST (Ironton) — Regu-
lar shipments lead-silver ore being made
via Ouray. Ore hauled on sleds.

GUADALOUPE (Ironton) — This copper
property in Gray Copper Gulch to be re-
opened by lessees. Shipments made last
fall were encouraging. Tramway to Red
Mountain road may be built.

WHITE CLOUD (Ironton) — Being re-
opened by Denver men. Work greatly re-
tarded by non-delivery of mining machin-
ery.

San Miguel County

TOMBOY GOLD MINES (Telluride) —
Machine shop and blacksmith shop not in-
jured by ' fire at mine. Timber shed was
only loss.

-illiiinit I I>

BULKBLW) V dfi i

ft from 100 '"
depth in Juno. W. i Ki ogh In up< rln

i
Shlpmi i mate ore

MON1 10 CR1 i -Op-

i i uted !•■ I ,lbi 1 1 1 i .. m in i,.

i.ii i 'i. ml now
on
POWDER I.IVIOK H dge)—

■ now opai
utlng - I.,,, i , i

i travel ohanni I 10 di ep

' 1 1 i i I II..,' I ■ : . I .

MINING ax n Mil
i \\ in i man)- -Mill

• d ; u i i.i,, ,-, ton.

lead-zinc on flevi loped

I VII, ■ ( II. lllls

ipli Creek) Fred Cobb,
nr carload lota ol
500 level
ECONOMIC (Cripple Creek)— Shipped In
March, ^ r> < 1 1 > torn ore to I told Coin mill ;
all dump material of old i" i

ton

ELKTON (Crlppli Creek)— Company and
Ii ei hipping from Elkton workings and
from 'i oi nail., halt workings.
March shlpmi nl 19 ears.

EXCELSIOR M & T,. CO. (Cripple
| reek) Operating Longfellow group •.!

Stratton i tal cut ft om BOO level of

l.leweiiyn shaft ha cut Legal Tendei vein,
opening i-n shoot mllllni . with

I --in streak of hlgh-gradi on

GRANITE (Cripple Creek)— Company
and lei iped 3500 torn ore during

March from Dillon, Gold Coin. Monument.
Upper Granite, and lead pine mines.

MART McKINNET (Cripple Creek) —
Steam hoist and drag-line excavator in-
stalled at Howard shaft to handle dump
material To be i hlppi d to Goldi n I lycli
mill. Victory Hold Mining Co., leasing
Howard shaft workings, to begin shipping
soon.

ROOSEVELT TUNNEL (Cripple Creek)
— Main heading advanced 100 ft in March;
Cresson lateral. 189 ft.; Portland lateral
220 ft.

IDAHO
Shoshone County

HYPOTHEEK M. & M. CO. (Kings-
ton)— An option has been given by J.
H. Kern, of Moosejaw. Sasic , Can.,
president of the company, and his
associates, to J. K. George, of New
York, for 1,100.000 shares of the capital
stock of the company at 15c per share, pay-
able on or before Aug. 15. 1918. Other
stockholders have been invited to option
their stock also. In a letter to stockhold-
ers Mr. Kern explains his action by the
unsatisfactory financial conditions in Cana-
da and the United States due to the war.
the adverse conditions undr which the
company has long labored, and the necessity
to levy assessments to continue operations.
The agreement includes payment by Mr.
George of all assessments on stock placed
in escrow under the option.

AMAZON-DIXIE (Mullan) — Contract to
sink shaft 200 ft., making total depth 1500
ft below main working level, nearing com-
pletion. Oreshoot proved 600 ft on mai.i
tunnel and by raise to surface. 700 ft Also
proved in crosscut from shaft at 250 ft.
If ore holds good at new level, company to
proceed to build mill Property in Mon-
tana, just across state line. Controlled by
Cleveland capitalists.

SUNSET MIXE (Sunset) — Announce-
ment that Senator W. A Clerk is negoti-
ating with the Sunshine Mining Co. to drive
jointly a tunnel that will tap the Sunset
orebody 1500 ft. below the bottom of the
shaft, which is now 1000 ft. deep. Con-
siderable lead-zinc ore has been developed
in all levels. Portal of proposed tunnel to
be within mile of Beaver Creek railroad.

MICHIGAN

Copper

CALUMET AND HECLA (Calumet) —
Adding to its railway equipment. 250 forty-
ton cars, beginning to arrive from the
American Car and Foundry Company.

ALLOUEZ (Houghton) — Maintaining out-
put, largely due to electric haulage sys-
tem.

ISLE ROYALE (Houghton) — Influenza
has laid up so many miners at Isle Royale
that no shipments have been made to the
Point Mills plant in 10 days, and thd mine
has difficulty in keeping three shifts at its
own mill running at full capacity

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 18

S (Houghton)— Output down to 10
flu, to Illness of em-

UAYFLOWHR (Houghton)— OW Cok>

i,v< shaft dow Sinking to apt

ui> as ih, skip is hi operation. No
,..,,', ,1 until a depth ol 2000 it is

ncw BALTIC (Houghton)— Ore In shaft
changing from average grade to high *<
witii oonalderahle small mass; only .in ft.
further to sink to reach 3rd level

OSCEOLA (Houghton) -Shipments nor-

nuil Ahmeek averaging 90 oars per daj

SUPERIOR (Houghton)— Shipping three

mal capaclt} ! .i^mg -3

day. Due to tin- milling opikm--

tunlty at the Point Mills

MICHIGAN (Rockland)— Still main-
iverage ol ' Ih ■■< copper

without mass Shipping three cars dally.

Menominee Bange

KEWEENAW ASSOCIATION has just

dosed with the Thomas Interests, selling
the property known as the West Indiana.

consisting of an BO-acre tract. Original ex-
ploration was by John T Spencer New

w..rk uiuli-r management of Superintendent
tarda of liuliana Diamond drilling
and teat-pit sinking to begin Immediately.

BRISTOL MINING CO. (Crystal Falls)

Mm. opened Apr. 22. ami will operati

full capadt] or to the extent of tin- num-
ber of nun. is obtainable from now on.

ANTOINE (Iron Mountain) — Company
shipping ore to the Bscanaba docks. En-
tirely new plant, operated by electric pow-
er from Peninsula Company. One hun-
dr.-d men employed. Plant has two new
pumps, capacity 1200 gals, per minute, new
haulage equipment and new compressor.
New headframe was erected dining win-
ter Superintendent Carbm expects to
make new reeord for low costs.

INDIYNA MINE llrnn Mountain) —
Plans for largely Increased output this sum-
mer Stripping operations have been re-
sumed, and 200 men will be put to work.

MONTANA

Fergus County

B\RNES KING DEVELOPMENT (Ken-
,laID — March production: North Moccasin
or.- mined. 1305 tons, assaying $5 49 per
ton ; bullion produced, $12,468 ; Piegan-
rter and Shannon, in Lewis and Clark
inty, total or.- treated. 4317 tons ; bullion
produced. $42,568 shipped from 'pos-
ter 1459 tons, assaying $11.2" per
ton; from Shannon. 2655 tons, assaying
$7.86 per ton ; total bullion produced from
all properties valued at $55,036
Jeffer-on Counts

FREE-COIN AC ]•: MINI: (Clancy) — Con-
trolling Interest In Amalgamated Silver
>!ines company, a $1,000,000 organization,
was acquired h\ Eastern and Colorado cap-
italists, who are taking St. -lis to develop
Free Coinage mine, in Lump Gulch. Mines
in this district formerly large silver pro-
ducers.

N K\ \ l> A

Nye Count)

MANHATTAN CONSOLIDATED i Man-
hattan)— Southeast crosscut on fifth level
has reached a point 135 ft. from shaft. The
space is in a hard close-grained dark-blue
quartzite which has delayed progress con-
siderably Water flow still steadily di-
minishing, and the pumps are only neces-
sary for 12 hours per day Mow esti-
mated to be 30 per cent less than when it
first appeared Mark Page is mine su-
p. rintendent.

UNION AMALGAMATED (Manhattan)

Producing steadily about 50 tons per

day, and with the improved equipment this
output is maintained with ease.

WHITE CAPS EXTENSION (Manhat-
tan)— Southeast drift on 400 level, extended
ft.. Is now 97 ft. along footwall of the
limestone formation. Several calcite and
quartz stringers have been cut.

WHITE CAPS MIXING CO (Manhat-
tan)— Have opened up shaft orebody from
bottom bvel of mine. West crosscut on
fifth level now 468 ft. from station and for
three rounds ore close to the footwall has
been exposed. The dip of the orebody has
flattened a great deal, compared with fourth
level. Orebody exposed for about one-half
of face of crosscut. L'pon reaching the
ore the crosscut has been changed to a
drift and has been developed for about 20
ft. Slope distance between levels along
orebody is 220 ft. At the fourth level the

aft orebody had an average width of 30
ft between hanging and foot wall. The
grade where the ore was first cut on the
fourth level was $13 and $17 per ton. The
grade recently indicated by three trench

sample aCTOSS til. orebody. which assayed

s\ i and $30 i" average $-'2 60 per
ton If this orebodj comes up to expecta-
tions In all probabllttj the management
v ill Immedlatel) Btarl to plan tor the
doubling ol the mill capacity.

TONOPAH DISTRICT! PRODUCTION <>r
the week ending Apr 13 amount-
ed to 10,276 tons Of an estimated cross

nulling value of $174,692. Producers were;
'i',. nop. in Belmont, 2277 tons; Tonopah Mln-
ronopah Extension, 2469; Jim
Butler, »9S ; West End, 966; MacNamara,
r.J7; Montana. 200; Cash Boy, 46; and Mid-
way, 68 tons

VT.V1I

Juab County

TINTlc DISTRICT SHIPMENTS tor
week ended Vpr 13 were 172 ears, Chief
( onsolldated leading With 36 ears.

TINTIC STANDARD (Eureka) — Produc-
tion first quarter 1918 about 60 ons,

valued at $30 per ton chief work on

i >60 level from new shaft. Drifting to
east and northeast. 200 ft. In each direc-
tion or.- averages about * 1 u mi per car
Company has four trucks and a team haul-
ing ore

CHIEF CONSOLIDATED (Eureka) —
i ompany liberal subscriber to tirst two Lib-
erty Loans, subscribing $100,000 to third.
credit for sale to be placed to Tlntlc com-
mittee.

TINTIC [iKLAWAUK (Tmtie Junction)
— Twelve to fifteen ears of ore on dump at
this West Tlntlc property, and several ear-
loads broken In stopes. Awaiting better
haulage conditions. Force of 15 men at
work and ore coming from development
only. Three crosscuts driving to footwall.
where good orebody is expected

PRAC.ON CONSOLIDATED (Silver City)

Extensive prospecting in progress. Ship-
ments of fluxing ores, although demand
holds good, not quite so heavy, owing to
carclty of labor. Other ores also shipped.
Profits held down somewhat by expense of
pro pectlng.

IRON BLOSSOM (Silver City)— Shaft
sinking to 2200 level to be discontinued, ob-
jective point in about two weeks, and lateral
work to start from this level. Some
water appearing, but not beyond capacity
of small pump. Pater, property to be
drained by Tintic drain tunnel.

Piute County

FLORENCE M. & M. CO. (Marysvale) —
New 100-ton unit of mill for treatment of
alunite under course of construction
doubling present capacity. Jacob W.
Young is in charge.

Suit Lake County

EMMA CONSOLIDATED (Alia)— Winze
below Bay State tunnel sunk 1700 ft. and is
showing streaks of exceptionally rich ore.
Streaks said to assay high in silver and
lead

MONTANA-BINGHAM CON. (Bingham
Canyon) — Company owns 312 acres of
ground near Utah and Ohio copper com-
panies, as welt as 20'};. of stock In adjoin-
ing Bingham Amalgamated, from winch
to receive 10',; on returns of ore transport
ed through Montana-Bingham tunnel. Tun-
nel is 7 x 7 ft. driven 5900 ft. in easterly
direction, beginning opposite Markham
Gulch. Property made up of several
groups, of which most developed is For-
tuna. where orebody In Mayflower vein has
been followed latcrly 1000 ft. This is about
600 ft. vertically above Montana-Bingham
tunnel, which lias cut porphyry-quartzite
contact. instance on slope of rim between
upper and lower workings. 1200 ft. Run or
mine ore in Fortuna workings a little over
copper. Mill at Fortuna workings
capable of treating 150 tons daily, and ne-
gotiations in progress for leasing idle mills
owned by Bingham Coalition Mines at por-
tal of tunn.-l. capacity also 150 tons daily.
This to be altered. Formerly used as lead
plant to treat copper ores. Beside ore body
in Fortuna group, other large orebodies ex-
pected

OHIO COPPER (Bingham Canyon) —
Rapid progress being made on 3000-ton
flotation plant. Five units: First two
expected to be in operation by beginning of
May. third to be completed early in June.
ami two others in July. Expected to make
recovery of 80 to 85% from slimes of old
mill, at present treating 2200 to 2300 tons
of or.- daily.

UTAH APEX (Bingham Canyon)— Esti-
mated took 15.000,000 gal. of water to fill
workings and three weeks in time, at oc-
currence of fire last year. Total expense
$42 884 ; $2390 to flood mine, $16,443 to un-
water, $12,225 to prepare to resume mining,
$2040 overhead expense and $7856 to re-
sume work.

siiiuiiilt County
PARK CITY [1ISTRICT shipment!
ended Apr 13 were 3,96S,8S0 lb. of ore
and concentrates, and include 63,200 II.
i,eitei- from Daly-Judge zinc mill.
DALY WEST (Park City) — Arrangi
incuts being made so as to treat ore fnini
this company In Judge mill under new
management. Reduction In expense expect
, ,1 Anchor tunnel to be driven to coin,,,
with leilv West shaft. Changes to entail
considerable outlay. First of month mini
practicallv closed, bill working lore, retain

id by Judge management

ONTARIO SILVER (Park City)— High-
grade ore discovery reported on 500 levi
New orebodies of lower grade on llillll and
1700 levels stated to be opening up S&tl
factorily

(' \N \l>.\

British Columbia

CANADA COPPER CORP, (Princeton)
Concentrator and company spur rallroai
in course of construction

YiUCT'S GROUPS (Princeton) — 1{. 1

eil that this group, adjoining the Canadlni

Copper Corporation's property, has

bonded.

CI'ltLE UltolT (Kalso)— Mangane. .
property being equipped and operate. I I,
American capitalists, whose headquartet
are in Seattle.

SLOGAN STAR MINE (Sandos)— Pur
chased by Roy O. Uunmers, of Spokan.
associates at a bid price of $24,000 from Hi
Slocan star Mines. Ltd. Expect to reor
ganize, leaving no obligations against proD
erty save debentures of $98,000. John 1

White. Of Spokane, is one of the chief stO.I.

holders. Property for a short time was i
the hands of a receiver, appointed at Vli
toria.

Manitoba
GOLD PAN (Rice Lake) — Shaft at IE
level, from which depth drifting shows thl
high-grade orebody cut at 80 ft. In slia
continues at this depth. Vein 10 ft. win
and is stated to assay $20 per ton, wit
rich pay streaks of higher grade 18 h
wide.

Ontario

PROVINCIAL (Cobalt) — Stoping at 11
level.

BEAVER (Cobalt) — Company now at)
to finance Kirkland Lake Gold proj
without outside assistance.

COBALT MERGER (Cobalt) — Compai
affairs being wound up. James I >. Cuiiiiin
bam, of Ottawa, having been appoint.
liquidator.

GENESSEE (Cobalt) — A new vein, lira
ily mineralized, has been discovered at tl
500 level.

KERR LAKE (Cobalt) — Production
March was 207,100 oz. of silver, a
pared with 204.953 for February. Proau
tion for the first quarter of the yei
615.894 oz.. compared with 611.0:15 I
corresponding three months of 1917.

NIPISSING (Cobalt)— Acquired a K<
property in Arizona.

TEMISKAMING (Cobalt)— New «
carrying niccolite and cobalt, has been a
covered above the diabase sill on the 1'
level.

THREE-STAR (Cobalt) — A vein 5
wide carrying high silver contents in hoi
places has been discovered.

ELLIOTT-KIRKLAND (Kirkland Lai
— Main shaft is being put down from
to 500 level. The drift at the 300 li I
driven to a point over ore occurrence at
inn level, but no ore is yet found.

LAKE SHORE (Kirkland Lake)— Mill
capacity, treating 50 tons per day, from '-
velopment.

Millheads varied conslderal
the average during first two weeks ot •
eiation being $23 per ton.

PITTSBURGH-LORRAIN (South
rain) — Three Groch flotation machine
aggregate capacity of 30 tons per day
being installed.

PORCUPINE CROWN (Timmins)— '
staff to be reduced about May 1, as it
l„ , „ ,1,.,-idi .1 to curtail operations on
count of the competition for labor Dy
large producing mines.

THOMPSON KRIST (Porcupine/)— ■-
pond vein followed over the line into
property and shows over two feet 01 -
gold ore per ton. Drifting to be con
ued.

MEXICO

llnja California

COMPAGNIE PU BOLEO (Santa R<
lia) — Production of copper in Marcn
1,631.50(1 pounds.

May -1, 1!>18 ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL X.V7

mini uilllimnilllttnuilllUIItllUUUIIKIIUUUinuuillllllllllllliiliii ill I til in uiiiiiimiiiiniiiiii mmiiiumiiuiiiiiiii iiiiimiiuiiiiiiiiiii iiilliliiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiuiuiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiuiiiiiuiiiimiiui«uuuiuiuiiuiiuiiuuiiiiiiiiii

The Market Report

jimmm i iiiiimiinnmiiMimimiiiii! iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimiiii i nun iiinimiiinn iiimiiiiiiiiiiii i i i iiiiiiiiiimmimmiii i miiiiiiini inn iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiMiiiiiiiiiimiiimimiiiiMiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimiiiiii

-1! MR AND STERLING EXCHANGE

Stcrl-
Inf

stance

Silver

Apr.

May

Sterl-
ing
Ki-

ehaiiKO

Silver

lUT.

Neu
Vork,

Cents

Lon-
don,
Pence

New
York,

('.Ills

Lon-
don,
Pence

25
16

27

4 7 '••11
4 7550
4 7550

99 J
99!
99|

49J
49}

1 29

30

1

4.7550

4 7550
4 7550

99
99
99

49}
49}
49}

N.u York quotations arc as rvportnl by Handy
: Harmnn :»n<i are in cents per troy ounce of bar
iK.-r, «*9*l tine London quotations are in pence per
idcc of sterling silver, 925 fine.

DAILY PRICES OF METALS IN NEW YORK

Tin

Lead

Zinc

Electro-

lytic

Spot.

N. Y.

St. L.

St L.

6.60

6 52!

6.55

25

♦23}

t

@6 65

<<i t, .7'

(,: I, Ml

6 60

6 52J

6.57!

26

•23}

t

@6 65

<<i 6 57;

@6 62}

6 60

6 52!

6 57$

27

*23J

t

@6 65

(« 6 >/'

fri.t. 62;

b\

6.47;

6 57;

.")

•23)

t

@6J

(.it) 52;

@6 62!

6'.

6 47;

6 57!

30

•23}

t

i- 1>:

(n 6.52J

(ii o 62!

6J

6.471

6.60

1

•23}

t

@6|

<g.6 52J

<&6.65

* Price fixed by agreement bet ween American
•oppcr producers and the LT. S. Government, accord-
ng to official statement for publication on Friday,
Vptember 21, 1917.

* No iiuirkrt-

The above quotations (except as to copper, the
irioe for which has been fixed by agreement between
\merican copper producers and the U. S. Govern-
nont, wherein there is no free market) are our
ippraiaal of the average of the major markets based
;^n^rally on Bales as made and reported by producers
ind agencies, and represent to the best of our judg-
nent the prevailing values of the metals for the
iflivcries constituting the major markets, reduced to
^isis of New York, cash, except where St. Louis is
he normal basing point.

The quotations for electrolytic copper are for cakes,
ngots and wirebars.

We quote electrolytic cathodes at 0.05 to 0. 10c.
>elcw the price of wirebars, cakes and ingots.

Quotations for spelter are for ordinary Prime
Western brands. We quote New York price at 20c.
>er 100 lb, above St. Louis.

Apr.
May

LONDON

Copper

| Tin

Lead

Zinc

Standard

Elec-
tro-
lytic

Spot

3 Mos.

Spot

Spot

3 Mos.

Spot

25
26
27
29
30
1

110

no

iio
no
no

110

no

no
no
no

125
125

125
125
125

350
350

350

360
360

350
350

350
360
360

29}

29!

29!
29!
29}

54
54

54
54
54

The above table gives the closing quotations on
London Metal Exchange. All prices are in pounds
iterling per ton of 2,240 lb. For convenience in
•omparison of London prices, in pounds sterling per
2,240 lb , with American prices in cents per pound
ihe following approximate ratios are given, reckoning
"change at $4.7515. £29! = 6.2576c; £54 = 11.4545c;
1 110 = 23 3333c; £125 = 26.5151c : £260 = 55.l5l3c;
£210= 59 3937c ; £300= 63.6362c Variations, £1
= 0.2121205c

Metal Markets

NEW YORK — May 1. 1918

In both lead and copper there were signs
>f a little better feeling, but this was scarce-
ly reflected quotationally.

Copper' — The British government is now
making big demands on the producers, who
anticipate difficulty in meeting the require-
ments for copper in May.

The copper producers were in session
with the price-fixing committee of the War
Industries Board to-day.

Copper sheet* are quoted at Blic pei
lb. for lint rolled, and Lc higher foi cold
rolled, Copper wire i« quoted ;ii 26Jc
f.o.b. mill, carload lots. Higher prices are
expected.

Tin — The situation weekly beoomei
Salei "i in. [or April Bhiproent From China
at 96c and bids oi 97|c made and refused
tnr '.'','', grade in San Francisco Indicate
the situation. Houses dealing In tin re-
ceivi onlj rogue reports from Batavla
it is stin uncertain whether the Dutch ^-<i\-
i I'liini nt ha.- actually placed an eral
on shipments or has only checked tl>>
sup' i \ Isory measures

Lend — This was a very dull week, trans-
act i.ms aggregating onlj a small total Al-
though consumers did not exhibit interest,
it was noteworthy, also, that sellers were
nut disposed In push things, anil it w:i
lectured that those producers who I
fore have been desirous of selling have now

exhausted their supplies. The larg

ducers, being well s.iid out. have not figured
in the market dining the decline. An in-
teresting feature this week was the inquiry
of Japan tor a considerable lot of lead, anil
also an inquiry from a Kuropean country.
These orders would naturally be filled with
Mexican lead

The freight rate of lead from St. Louis
to New York has been advanced to 19Jc.
per Id" pounds.

According to the compromise between tin-
American Smelting and Refining Co. and
the Bunker Hill & Sullivan, the latter is to
have the right to smelt half of its output
of ore. On the other half, which is to be
taken by the smelting company, pavment is
to be made for 90'; of the lead at the full
market price.

Zinc — There were increased transactions,
buyers manifestly having been attracted by
the low level. On Apr. 30 the liberal offer-
ings of Western producers ceased and frac-
tionally higher prices began to be realized.
Although cheap spelter is still to be had.
producers do not seem to be disposed to
contract for forward deliveries at the pres-
ent prices. An interesting feature of the
week was the sale of some round lots of
common spelter for export.

The smelters who are the principal pro-
ducers of sheet zinc have agreed with the
producers of "premium ore" in the Joplin
district to pay them $75 per ton for such
ore. basis 6 He; . The quantity of ore that
can be taken under this agreement is lim-
ited. The ore producers will allocate the
orders among themselves. This agreement
followed representations by the ore pro-
ducers that they ought to participate in the
profits that the sheet-zinc rollers realize
from the price of 15c. less Hr/f discount,
that the sheet-zinc rollers realize by their
agreement with the Government, which
price is out of line with the price for
common spelter.

Zinc Sheets — Unchanged at $15 per 100

lb., less usual trade discounts.

Aluminum — The price quoted is the Gov-
ernment price of 32c per lb. but the mar-
ket is unsettled and there are few transac-
tions.

Antimony — The Government was in the
market for antimony and was understood
to be desirous of purchasing a rather large
quantity. This led naturally to some con-
siderable buving bv consumers. Therefore,
the market stiffened We quote 121®123c.
for spot, while at the close the foreign
producers were asking 13c. Nobody seems
to be keen about quoting futures, but a
price relatively higher than for spot would
undoubtedly be demanded.

Bismuth — Metal of the highest purity for
pharmaceutical use is quoted at $3.50 per
lb. for wholesale lots — 500 lb. and over.

Cadmium — This metal is quoted at $1.40
per pound.

jjickel — In the "Journal" of Apr 20, we
reported that the price for nickel had been
fixed at 38(§ 40c. according to grade. This
was incorrect, no price having been fixed.
but arrangement to supply Government re-
quirements at 35 <S 40. having been made.
The outside market quotation at that time
was 40ifJ45 cents.

Qnlrlullvor 'n rather un-

certaln w. quote California vlrgli
jljn'.ii - Mexican virgin at 11163

1 1 7. San Francisco repoi . raph,

i typographical erroi we won made
. Irgin last we
$102, v, h.n $120 wai Intendi ii

Gold, Silver and Platinum

-- ■ i v it 'I'll, in , iv and

■ k. with unchanged quota-
ii London
'ill. pa e of I hi I lulllon bill bj I ''in-
gress has naturally stabilized the price at
5 1 per oz. and a firm.

market on that basis without spectulatlve

Mexican Dollars at New York : Apr, 25.

77: Apr. 2(1. 77; Apr 27. 77; Apr 29, 77;
\p. 80, 77 ; .May 1, 77.

Platinum- Refined Ingot unchanged at
$108. which is asked foi such as can be
supplied to the open market

1'iilliiilium — Unchanged at $150.

Zinc and Lead Ore Markets

Joplin. M \i>r. !7 Blende, per ton,

high. $56.50; basis 8091 Zn, premium,
$65@50; medium to low, $42.60® 37.50 ;

average basis $4i">.25; calamine, per ton,
40'/J Zn, $30<g)25. Average selling prices:
Blende, I 15 *7 ; . alamlne, ¥.'U.4G ; all grades,
$45.26 per ton.

Lead. high. $85. so : basis Mi'; Pb. $80;
average selling price, all grades of lead,
$80.38 per ton.

Shipments the week: Blende. 10,750;
calamine, 480; lead. 1896 tons Value, ail
ores the week. $660,550. Shipment four
months: Blende. 150,533; calamine. 7247;
lead, 25.857 tons. Value, all ores four
months. $10. 35!). 820.

Producers are claiming they will obtain
a price of $75 basis for premium ore next
week, based on a secret conference held in
this city with representatives of tin smelt-
ing industry. In such event, there will be
a wide distance between prices for premium
and other grades of ore, as purchasers of
all other grades see no possibility of an ad-
vance.

riatteville. Wis. Apr. '.'I — Blende, basis
6091 Zn, $60 base for premium grade down
to $44 base for second grade. Lead ore.
basis 8H', lead. $80 per ton. Shipments
reported for the week were: 2757 tons
blende. 154 tons galena and 1834 tons sul-
phur ore. For the year to date the totals
are: 41.474 tons blende. 2401 tons galena
and 16,925 tons sulphur ore. During the
week 3.029 tons of blende were shipped to
separating plants.

Antimony Ore — Unchanged at $1.75 per
unit, with no particular demand for it.

Chrome Ore — Hi hanged at $1.50 per
unit for 45',; grade.

Owing to the shipping situation, ship-
ments of foreign chrome ore have virtually
ceased. The few thousand tons that hap-
pen to be afloat and unsold have fetched as
high as $100 per ton. The market for
domestic ore is still chaotic, as. indeed, it
has been during the last year. Buyers
complain that sellers of this ore on the
Pacific Coast seem to consider sales con-
tracts as mere scraps of paper. The Pacific
Coast is overrun with agents of Eastern
consumers, who pick up whatever they can
find, and some producers who have already-
sold lots of ore are charged with reselling
when somebody comes along and offers a
higher price. This makes it impossible for
the consumer to know where he stands, for
although he may have contracted for the
delivery of many thousands of tons, he
may not receive any at all. This business
obviously needs to be organized.

Manganese Ore — Unchanged at $1.20 'a
$1 30 per unit for metallurgical ore. Short-
age of high-grade ore becomes more and
more acute, and an increase in the sched-
ule price is expected.

Molybdenom Ore — Molybdenite is offered
freely without finding buyers. No quota-
tions are made.

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 18

i-.ru.. ii lump Is quotable to

.- from lb.- Go>
per unit on the basis of 9s
iyer to pay war risk, less
•it. it is said that
arranging to take up inn
• i. .a which tiau- Impoi
the direct
vl A .it was decldi il th.it

-. i* r ton i I by the Im-

for each ton of Spanish pyrites <li--
i by them, with the understanding
that t) rom tins source

be used in defraying the expenses of
n pyrites, Buch charge to
. i\ ■ a
Mar :'". I -
Tunclpn Ore — A fair Volume of bUSl-

but less than in the pre-
Scheelite was unchanged at
and wolframite at H9®21. ai
mir to grade

liDn Trade Review

PITT8B1 Kt.ll — \|>r. 30
Tin- matter of ability to htiy steel, Or I"

delivery against orders already
become subordinate to the new
at the War Industries Board, which
seek, a much more complete control of steel
supplies. The object of tin board, which
tsrepresented in many Washlng*-
of tlif last few weeks, has been
through tin meeting of last
Friday in New 5 BO rep-

rc-sentative steel manufacturers ami the I >l
rector of Steel Supplies The object is not
to shut off supplies of "commercial" steel,
but to control the supplies The funda-
mental ldi a is that there is practically no
"non-essential" consumption of steel it
is simply a case of some lines of employ-
ment being 'less essential." Accordingly,
the authorities are investigating in detail
the character of steel consumption Involved
in commercial orders on steel-mill hooks.
and. pending the orders that will he issue, 1
as a result of this investigation, they re-
quire the mills to ship the maximum ton-
nage possible against Government orders,
particularly in the case of shipbuilding
material In the weekly reports that have
been furnished by the steel mills to the Di-
rector of Steel Suppdiee, the tonnages
Bhipped and due the Government, its Al-
nd the general trade, respectively,
ed, and in the case of war
material the order numbers have been given,
so that the material is identified. In the
case of commercial steel, only the lump
sum has been given. The mills are now
preparing special reports, showing the pre-
cise employment contemplated for all the
steel.

PUr Iron — Merchant furnace men are
moderately well sold up to the end of the
year, and are being constantly approached
to enter new orders, in connection with the
war. Considerable investigation is required,
as buyers frequently ask for larger ton-
than their war orders require.
Trices are at the Government limits: Bes-
scmer, $35.20; basic, $32; No. 2 foundry.
$33; malleable. $33.50; forge. $32, f. o. b.
furnaces, freight to Pittsburgh in tli
of the Valleys being 95c.

Steel — Soft steel billets and sheet bars
are practically unobtainable for any deliv-
ery. Sheel-steel discards are offered occa-
sionally, but are not pressing on the market,
one thing holding back the offerings being
the shortage of commercial scrap Maxi-
mum prices remain; Billets, $47.^' : small
billets, $51 ; slabs. $50 ; sheet bars. $51 ;
$57.

Ferroalloys

Ferromanganefle — The market has be-

■"iii. • u The producers adopt-

ed $251/, delivered, as a standard price for
the new ""', material, which promised to

work well, hut while they hav. I n dis-

to ask $4 a unit extra for high' i pi i -
ccntages. making 90, 80% has actu-

ally sold at $275. As this makes the unit
for the extra 109! actually lower
than the unit price In the basis material, the
situation i upset, and. unit

stiffens, the price for 70% obviously

I stand. Spiegeleisen is scarce and
readily commands tie Ing price, at

furnace, for 16 to 18 per cent.

( imni-IKvillr — The situation is disappoint-
ing, as car supplies have not averaged al-
together as well in April as in March,
while a continuation of the improvement
was expected The railroads are making
strenuous efforts, as is shown by coal cars
being shorter than coke cars. Coke sup-
. maces have probably increased
a trifle, but only because the bypi
ovens have been working better, and at
nearly capacity. The market remains at
$6 for furnace and $7 for foundry, at
ovens.

STOCK Ol'OTVTIONS

STOCK QUOTATIONS- Continued

N Y. EXOH t

i Cold \i
i Juneau

\te S.

Km sin A Re! . pf

vin Sm See , pf , \
Ino

, pf

'■ul:i

Batopllaa Min
Bethlehem steel
Bethlehem steel, pf
Butte a superior
Hum- Con * zinc.

I'erro lie I'jisro
Chill I ep

■

Colo I pel A Iron. . .
Crucible (Heel
Crucible st.vi. pr
I >oroe m Inca

ll M. AH
Federal m as, pt
Great Nor . ore on.

Gull States Steel ,
Btamestake

Inspiration t ion
International Nlokel
Kenneootl
Lackawanna Steal
Mexican Petrol. , .
Miami Copper . .
Nat'l Lean, rom. . .
National bead, pf .

Nev ' imaol

Ontario Mln ....

Ray Con

Ilepubllel «*S.,eom..
Republic I. AS.. pi.

siosB-Shefnetd!

Tennessee C. A C. .
I', S steel, com
c s steel, pt

Utah copper

Va, Iron c. A_C...

N-. V CURBt

Apr. 30

File l.edce

Butte A v, Y

Iiette Detroit.

i taletlonla

Calumet A Jerome..
Can. Cop corpn. . .

Carlisle

Caslibov

Cnn. Aril Sm

Con. f 'oppermtnea. .

Con Nev -t'tah

Emma Con

First Mat <'np

Goldneld Con

Goldllold Mereer. . ,

Greenmonstrr

Heela Mln

Howe Sound

Jerome Verde

Kerr bake

Louisiana

Mapma

Majestic

Marsh , ,

McKlnley-Dar-Sa. .

Mllfurd

Mohican

Mother bode

N. Y. & llond . . .
Nlplsslne Mloes...

Nixon Nevada

Ohio Cop

Rawley

Ray Hercules

Richmond

Rochester Mines. .
St, Joseph bead.. .

Standard S. I,

Stewart

Success

Tonopah

Tonopah Ex

Trlhillllnn

Trov Arizona

United Cop

United Verde Ext.

United Zinc

Utlca Mines

i ;

m

15 1

.211

.281

t 03)
.75

lit1

ii

51
.60
33
.25
t.06
38
t'l
t.25
.48
1121

ll

12!
41
1.56
.37
15
A
A

.081
2!

J

.i*

11

»08

SAN FRAN.*

Apr. 30

Alta

Andes

Best A Belcher —

Caledonia

Challenge Con . . .
Confidence
Con. Vlntttila

Gould A Curry

Hale A Norcroas..

Cr. Pt

Mexican

Occidental

Ophlr

Overman

Savage

Sierra N'cvada. . . .

t'nl'in Con

I tali con

Belmont . ,

Jim Butler

MacNamara

Midway

Mont -Tonopah ,

North Star

Rescue Ftlla

West End Con... .

Atlanta

Booth

Comb, i-'rac

Jumbo Extension..
Kewan.'e.

Nevada Hills

Nevada Packard .

Round Mountain..

Pick ......

White Caps

Ble Jim

United Eastern . . .

.03
.17

03
.07
.02
.04

36
.03

02
.07

20
t.60

17
.01
.01
.10
.94
.02
3.20
.70
.09
.05

II
.OS

IIP
.78

up

04

t.02

.10

10

04
.08
.21
.30

08

.36

f .75

IP 'SHIN I \i II •

\»1\ eotiire

Uunivk

VP-einati

Aria. Com., ctfs .

Arnold

Ronanaa

nun. Ralaklava.

I ahnnel A- Vrlz
I alllltirt A I I,, | ,
( 'enleilulal

I opper Range

Dal) « est
Davls-Dal]

1 ast Unite

i ranklln

Hanoook

Hedley

Helvetia

Indiana

[ale Royale

Kev. eenaw

lake

Iji Salle

Mason Valley

Mll.SH

Mayflower

Michigan

Mohnwk

New \rradtan

New Idrla

North Butte

North bake

i Hlhway

Old Dominion

i ttceola

Qulney

St, Mary's M. L. .

Santa Fe

Beneca

Shannon

Shuttiick-Arii

So. bake

So. Utah

Superior

Superior A Post.. .

Trinity

Tuolumne

I s smelting

D. s. Smclt'c pf. .

I'tall Apex

Utah Con

Utah Metal

Victoria

Winona

Wolverine

Wyandot

Apr. SO

1

7s:

601
13

10

. 15
58
i I
i:c
45

1

5

9

4
75

7i
12
15
.50
....

V

5

2,

62

in'
141

.50

.75
40
53!
70)
48

.80

•I

.12
4!

if

.99
38
43

1A
2

?l
27)
.70

BOSTON CURB* Apr.

Alaska Mlneg ( 'orp

.10

Hltmham Mines

19 1

Boston Ely

.90

Boston A Mont. . . .

.49

Butte A bon'n nev

.25

Calaveras

1

Cuhttpet-Corbln.. . .

t 01

2|

.05

Crown Reserve

.18

Crystal Cop

.30

Facie A Blue Bell...

2

Gila Copper

117

Houchtou copper. .

75

Intermountaln

.05

Iron Cap. Com. . . .

181

Mexican Metals. . . .

.35

Mines of America. .

11

Molave Turmsten . .

.07

Nat. Zinc A bead.. .

.25

Nevada-DouKlas. . .

.80

New Baltic

.90

16|

.20

Pacific Mines

t.35

Rex ConB

.09

Yukon Gold

1

CO] " sruixcs
< reason < on

i >octor Jaoh Pot,

I lUun fun

i i Paso

t Sold Sovereign. ...

i iolden * '\ .if

Granite

Isabella

m.ii \ MoKlnnoy

'■"' tiand

United GoldM... .

\ Indicator

• "i't prices, t

SALT LAKE* Apr. 23

R'innack

Cardiff

Colorado Mining. . .

Daly

Kmplre Copper

cold Chain.

Grand < i-ntral

Iron I'-tossom

Judge

Lower Mammoth.. .
May Day

Moscow

Prince con

Rico Welllmrtnn. . ,
Sllvcr-Klnc < 'oal'n
Hllver isini; con.. . .
Slotr: Con

Bo, Hecla

Tlntlc standard. .

Uncle Sam

Walker <'op ,

Wllbert

Yankee. . . ,^AAAA-,

t.2fi
3 . 25
.07
1.471
Jl .00
.06
.40
.85
5.50
i.03
X oil
J. 02
.54
.14)
l.o71
2.02
.031
.65
1 1 . 80
.001
1.671
.101
t.02

TORONTO*

Adanac. . . . ;

Bailey

Heaver Con

cti.init.fTS I trland.

Conlacas

Hari:raves

I.a Kose

Peterson Lake. . . .

Teinlsknmlng

Wettlaufer-Lor

Davidson

Dome Kxten

Dome Lake

Holllncer

Melntvre

Newray

Porcu. crown

Tock-HiiKhes

Vlpond

I West Dome

\nr 30
•I 50
U8

114

12

t 0 2

1.65

;;,'.

.05

or.

.921

.14
25

i 'losing

LONDON

Itiiriim Corp

( 'am & Motor, ,

< 'amp Mtrd

II Oro

i speranaa
Mexican Mines...

Mln, Corp. Can,

Neoht, pfd

orovlile

St. John del Rey
Santa, t lertdlfl.
Tomboy

prliM'8. t Laat tjuolallons,

Apr

8 2-

0 g

5 6

II III

II III

0 17

o in

II 12

0 17

Apr. 30

.10
.03
.261

t.09!

2 OS
.07
.49
.09}
.29
.04
.32
■ HI
.19

5.10

1.27
.181
.13
.4o
.17
.12

MONTHLY AVERAGE PRICES OF MET/

LS

Silver

New York

l.ondi.i

ill III

1617

IBIS

1916

1017

191

Jan

50 775

?;, li.ln

SS 702

'P Pell

36 6S2

44.3

Feb

56 7B5

77 586

85 716

26 1175

37 742

42 7

Mar

57 935

7:1 silt

SS .1182

■n 5P7

38 till

43 e

A prll ...

M:iv

64 41 S

73 S75

06.848

30.882

36 P63

17.2

71 '-'IIP

74.745

35 177

37 940

June

88 P.'l

76,(171

:ll 01,11

38 llli.',

July

t\2 lllll

79.010

:l(l onn

IP 1 III

Auk

66 083

85.407

31 .498

43 IIS

Sept

6S.5t5

HIP 7111

32 . 584

■Ml P26

Oct

67 S55

87 883

32 881

44 324

Nov

71 6111

85.891

3 1 192

ll 584

Dec

75 765

85.960

36 -till

43.062

Year... .

t'.r, ,;,;i

SI 117

.11 315

40 851

New York quotations cents per ounce troy, line bIIv
London. i>ence i>cr ounce, sterllni; silver. 0,025 line.

New

York

London

Electrolytic

Ftantlanl

Electrolytic

1917

1918

1917

1918

1917

1911

Jan.. . .
Feb . .
Mar.. .
Apt 11
May. .
June....
July.. .
Attue .
Sept.. .

Oct

Nov.. ,
Dec. . .

28 . 673
3 1 756
31 4S1

27 935

28 7SS
2'1 P62
26 . 620

T, 3 so
".", 1173
23 560
23 5(10
23 . 500

23 51111
23 50(1
23 500
23.500

131 .921
137 806
1 36 . 75(1
133 K42
130 000
130 000
1 28 . 409
122.391
117.500
110 000
110 000
110.000

110.000

IIP 0110
110 000
110.000

142 895
148. ipp
151 000
147.158
142,000
1 42 000
140 400
137 000
135.250
125 000
125.000
125 000

125.0
125.0
125 0
125.0

Vear

27.180

124.892

138.401

January. . . .
Fehruary.. .

March

April

May

June

July

Atieust. . . .
Setttemher.
October. . ..
November.
December. .

1917

44.175
51 .420
54.388
55 910
63.173
62 053
62 . 570
62,681
61 542
61,851
74 740
87.120

Av. year 61 .802 237.663

1918

85 . 5110

02.000

<")

(a)

1S5 S13'293.
198 974 311

207.443
220 171
245 114
242.083
242.181

243 978

244 038
247 . 467
274 943
298.556

.'lis
329

(a) No average computed.

Lead

January.
February....
March..
April ..

May

.lone

July. ...
Aucust. .
September..
October.. . .
November..
December..

New Y'ork

1917

7.626
8 , 636
9 199
9.288
10 207
11.171
10,710
10 594
S PSP

6.710
6,249
6.375

8.787

1918

6.782
6.973
7.201
6.772

1917

7.630
8 . 595
9.120
9.158
10.202
11.123
10.644
10.518
8.611
6.650
6.187
6.312

8 721

1918

0 684
6 . 8(19
7.091
6.701

1917

30 500
30 501'
30 500
30.500

30 500
30 50(1
30 501)
30 5(1(1
30 5(10
30 50(1
30 , 5(1(1
30 . 500

30 500

Spelter

January

February....

Mitreti

\ prll

May

June

July

AllLMlSt

September..
( irtoher. . . .
November .
December. .

Year

1917

9 619
10 045
10 300
9 459
9 362
9 371
8.643
8 360
8.136
7 983
7 S47
7.685

8 901

1918

7 836
7.814
7.461
6.890

1917

9.449
9 . 875
0.130
9.2S9
9.192
9.201
S.473
8.190
7.966
7.813
7.672
7.610

8.813

1918

7.661
7 630
7 . 286
6.715

1917

Ik :i"
47 000
47 (100
54 632
54 00(1
54 (HIP
54.0011
54 000

54 non

54 11(111
54 000
54 000

64. I
54. I
M
54 >

52,413

Pi

New York and St. Louis quotations,. cents per pot .
London, pounds sterllnc: per lone ton.

Pin Iron,

inert.

Basic!

a -
Foundn

Psh.

I'M 7

1918

1917

1918

1917

II

January.
February.
March. . .
April

May

June

July

Au*-'U8t

September.
October. . . .
November .
December. .

::. 96

36 37

37 37

4 2 23
46.94

5 1 22
57.45
5 1 17
46 40
37.25
37 . 25
37.25

$37.25
37.25
37.25

$30.95
::il 05
33.49
38.90
42 . 84
60 05
53.80
60.37
42.24
33 95
33.95
33.95

$33. 9f
33 . 95
33.96

$30 95
;n M
35 91
40 06
43.60
50.14
53 95
53 95
4 s 68
33.95
33.95
33 95

»3:

3; 5

Year

S43 57

?39 62

$40 83

J As reported byW.P. Snyder & Co.

Engineering and Mining Journal

May 11, 1918

,'JKII.V 105

Numl

ROCKY GROUND AND HARD, ROUGH BEDROCK IN SIBERIAN OPENCUT WHERE DREDGE WILL OPERATE

Drift-Gravel Mining in Eastern Siberia

By JOHN POWER HUTCHINS'

The dnft-gravel deposits that are worked in the
Trans-Baikal and Lena River regions of eastern
Siberia are rich and extensive, but are rained by
such crude and wasteful methods that the losses

TEARLY 80rc of the gold produced in Russia is
V won by mining alluvial deposits, and much of
^ this gold comes from eastern Siberia, east and
irtheast of Lake Baikal. The chief interest that can
'attached to a description of gravel mining in Siberia
Is in the possibilities that the region affords if modern
•upment and methods could be introduced. What
'lows may be said to show how not to mine, for with
' ucal costs, under pre-war conditions, of $2.50 to
• and $8 tc $9 or more per cu.yd., and labor at only
• and $1 per day respectively, it is perfectly obvious

consulting mining engineer, 12n Broadway, New York.

are probably 33^cc, and the costs from 2i to 7
times as great as at si7>iilar deposits in California.
Modern methods and efficient labor would con-
vert this vast field into one of great productivity.

that little can be learned by the study of such methods.

The alluvial deposits mined occur in the beds of
former streams now filled with washed gravel, clay,
sand, etc., to a depth, in places, of 150 ft. The pay
material occurs near, on and in the bedrock, often to
a depth of from six inches to three feet or more.

In mining the channel is usually blocked out in areas
not more than 500 ft. square, 420 ft. being the aver-
age size. If the channel should be 1400 ft. wide, as
sometimes occurs, it would require three shafts in line
across the channel to mine it by the Russian method.

A shaft, usually 14 ft. square in cross-section, is sunk
to bedrock in the middle of the block, and two so-called

-

ENGINEERING Wl> MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No, 10

one a drift along the length of the chan-
nel and the other a crosscut to both rims, arc driven,
irridors are about 14 ft. wide and at least 7
ft high. They are sometimes 14 ft. high, it" the pay
grave) is more than 10.5 ft deep. The Russian usually
works his mine by piecework, and the workmen were
paid before the war by the cubic arshine of 12.7 en. ft.,
which is 28 \ 28 x 28 in., or by the cubic sagene of 848
en. ft., which is 7 X 7 X 7 ft. As it is easier to measure
the amount of material mined if it is breasted 7. 104,
or 1-1 ft. deep I l. l or 2 sagenes being multiples of a
familiar Russian standard of linear measure i, the cor-
ridors are generally driven at such heights. This may
ar to be an insufficient reason, but it is, never-
theless, usually the true one. The pay gravel is often
only three to four feet or less thick, but the system
k'( minine. is such that thin pay streaks cannot be
mined cleanly, as in other countries, and much barren
or low-grade gravel is admixed.

Mini One-Half Worked When Developed

After the corridors have been driven 28 ft. from the
shaft, drifts and crosscuts 14 ft. wide and 7 or 14 ft.
high are started in both directions from each of the
four ends of the corridors. When these are in 28 ft.
they connect, and other crosscuts and drifts 14 ft. wide
and 7 or 14 ft. high are started at right angles to the
first set where they meet. This general system is con-
tinued until the boundaries of the channel and block
are reached, at which time the ground has been three-
fourths excavated, leaving 14 ft. square pillars as un-
n-orked gravel. In other words, the mine is one-half
worked out at the same time that it has been devel-
oped to its limits, and the mine plans look like a chess-
hoard. The pillars are then mined, beginning at the
most distant corners of the property and working
toward the shaft. Considerable ground and timber
are lost by caving. When pillars are insufficient near
-hafts and main drifts, much timber is required.

Gravel is shoveled into home-made wheelbarrows or.
infrequently, into equally bad home-made cars, and
trammed respectively over boards or rails to the shaft,
where the wheelbarrows or cars are dumped directly
into a skip. It is seldom that a loading pocket is pro-
vided. Much time is lost, and the men sometimes wheel
the grave! distances of more than 500 feet.

Excessive Timbering Common

Timbering by the Russian method seems to require
as much timber as possible, rather than as much only
a- is necessary, and consequently the operation is ex-
pensive. As the entries are advanced, the face is fol-
lowed by close-timbered sets having two vertical posts
and a single cap. Timbers consist of poles 7, 10£, or 14
ft. long for posts, and 14 ft. long for caps, 4 to 6 in.
in diameter at the small end. When a drift has been
advanced 14 ft. timbers 12 in. or more in diameter and
14 ft. long ere inserted, longitudinally under the caps
and against each post inside the timber set. The center
of each reinforcing piece coming under the cap, and
strong posts, placed perpendicularly, support it under
each end and sometimes also at the middle, and are
therefore accordingly set 14 to 7 ft. apart. Thus, in
the first stage of timbering, the posts and caps are
like those in American tunnel timber sets, except that

the posts are vertical. When the second stage of timber
ing is finished, the posts and caps of the first stag
become lagging, supported and reinforced by the in
side heavy timbers. The heavy timbers are suppose
to take all or most of the weight, but the posts stand
ing without batter cannot resist lateral pressure, am
trouble often results.

Several Years Required to Work Single Shaft

As the capacity of the horse whims which are use
is small (50 to 60 cu.yd. per suitkee, or 24 hours), th
rate of hoisting per shaft limits the crew to from 51
to 60 men. For this and other reasons, it takes se\
eral years (often three or four, or as many as eigr
in known instances) to exhaust the ground tributar
to one shaft; that is, about 420 to 500 ft. square; an
some of the timbering near the shaft often must at
ually be renewed before the deposit is worked out. Pi
lars are robbed so slowly that they must be timbert
during the process. Timbering costs in the Trail
Baikal about 30c. per cu.yd. for ground that is som
times solidly frozen, and in the Lena regions som
times more than $1 per cu.yd. Similar ground is mini
in America with little or no timbering, because it ,i
mined rapidly, and the breasts are advanced faster th;
the worked-out ground will cave behind the minei(
Where steam or electric hoists are used, more than Hi
cu.yd. can sometimes be mined per 24 hours and hoistl
through one shaft; and more than 100 men can I
worked in a block tributary to one shaft.

Each block of ground is, therefore, often a separaV
and distinct mine, with its own shaft and hoist, and fw
quently its own pump. This arrangement is not om
typical of gravel mining in Russia, but is the gene 1
practice in all kinds of mining throughout that coi-j
try. The Russian miner, when he wishes to prodte
at a faster rate, sinks more shafts and installs mi
hoists and pumps. As in everything else, he miis
on the one-man-proposition scale. Thus, when he wais
to haul large quantities of any material, he simply ui4
more one-horse carts, each loaded with one-quarter I
one-half ton, instead of hitching his animals togetlr
and using fewer wagons and hauling considerably me
per animal and per driver. He could just as v 11
work several blocks of ground through one shaft, ti-
r.el, or incline. Indeed, there are places where a bl-
rock tunnel would have obviated all hoisting and pun-
ing, but the channel is, nevertheless, worked from :s
very outcrop by shafts 500 ft. apart, where a turel
would have been in pay gravel from its portal.

Four-Horse Whims Used for Hoisting

The hoist often consists of a four-horse whim
ing a manila or wire rope, and two buckets to efl
shaft. The horses are driven at a fast trot while hot
ing. At some shafts electric or steam hoists and ^r<
ropes are used, and one mine has a wire rope li ii "
diameter and an 80-hp. motor to hoist a skip holding g
than one ton from a depth of only 100 ft. It reque<
about 25 seconds to hoist The skip is hoisted i
more slowly when four horses are used. The
bottom, to which is often hinged two doors, is dun«
by driving out two wedges, and the gravel falls on
inclined chute gates that form an apex by closing <
the shaft mouth and which resemble the peaked '<

Ma\ 11. 1018

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOl i:\.\l.

861

fa house Hie gravel then slides into cars or carts,

netimes to the ground, when it m agajn'

eled into some sorl of vehicle.
In winter, when it is not considered possible to wash
ravel, it is hauled to a storage dump, except in the
w properties where winter washing is practiced. In
immer, the gravel may be hauled directly to the wash-
ig plant.

At main mines, gravel is hauled to the washing
ant in one-horse dump-carts holding about 7 cu.ft.
eh, or in .ars of about 9 cu.ft. capacil
n to an unloading cradle, which turns the ear uj
>wn over a gridiron, with about 10-in. square open-
?9. often the ear is partly lifted by six men and
imped by turning upside down or by rolling. Dur-

iii hydraulic elevating, where two third of the n

itei than 1 CU v.l

'"'' "m" i ibtained for the total

amoun< '•' water used Phi clearlj indicates the gi
quantity of water wasted bj - rian washing

e, which has a washing efficient of only lo-, of
what it should have. Even in washing partly cemented
gravel at drift mines in California a dm. i fco 12
■■'■ Per 24 hours is had. ami much more water is
needed to wash such gravel than is required even by
the clayey gravel of Siberia. Even when milling hard
cement gravel in California a dutj of 3 to 1 cu.yd.
miners' inch is obtained.

At the particular washing plant visited there was
a small supply of water, so the operators were able

WASHING PLANT IX THE LENA REGION. SITUATED IN A VALLEY BOTTOM

1 the 30 minutes that I watched cars going to the
ig plant of one large mine, one-third of th? cars

• the rails within view, and I had no means of know-
how many more cars were off that part of the track-
visible.

Siberian Gravel Often Combined With Clay

tuch of the gravel of Siberia is clayey, and needs
-rration, in which case chashas, to be described
ire used. The usual washing plant has a capacity
•bout 250 cu.yd. in 24 hours, when clayey gravel
ied, and requires about 250 miners' inches, or
"it 6 cu.ft. per second of water. In other words,
"it 1 cu.yd. of gravel is washed per miners' inch per
jiours, or a duty of 1 cu.yd. is obtained. It is in-
festing tc. compare the respective duties in placer-

* mg operations elsewhere. In dredging a duty often
3 than 10 cu.yd. per miners' inch is had; in liydrau-

|ng, where the water not only washes but also ex-

* tes and transports gravel to and through the sluices
to and along the dump, a duty of over 5 cu.yd. per

' mch per 24 hours is frequently attained. Even

wash only 20 to 30 hours per week, and as a result
production had to be conducted within this limit. This
plant is typical for Siberia, where the clayey gravel,
tated, requires disintegration. The gravel is dumped
into a sluice 2 ft. wide and 30 ft. long, with a drop
of 18 in. in 12 ft., or 12J% grade. The sluice has a
false bottom of plates with :;-in. perforations, and set
three inches above the bottom. Water enters at the
upper end, and no spray or sparge-pipes or nozzles are
used anywhere in the plant. The object of this sluice
is to catch the coarse gold and to allow the large lumps
to be broken by hand with a pick as the lumps slide
or roll down the plates.

The sluice leads into a chasha, or disintegrator, which
is similar in design and operation to an arrastra, with
the difference, however, that it disintegrates instead
of crushes. It has 4, 6 or 8 radial arms, each about
5 ft. long, and these have iron-shod projections which
drag on a perforated cast-iron bottom having 1-in. holes.
Material less than 1 in. in diamater drops through to
a set of tables 10 ft. wide and 30 ft. long with a
slope of 27 in. in 12 ft., or an 18? fr grade. There are

ENGINEERING AND MIXING JOURNAL

Vol. lit;,. No. HI

on these tables, Rnd the attempt is
■ gold, not as iii other countries, below the
but above them. Material packs above each
ritlle. and thi therefore not the agitation desired

in placer mining elsewhere in the world. The oversize
from the chasha is removed intermittent l.v when it ac-
cumulates, bj opening a door in the bottom, allowing
it to fall on to a chute, and thence into a ear. A horse
hauls this material to a waste dump. When the gravel
layey, the oversize often contains considerable gold,
and it is then customary to give it a re-washing.

Alter passing over the tables, below the first chasha.
material ami water tlow to a second chasha, which is
.similar to the first except that it has -in. instead of
1-in. holes. The undersize then drops on to a similar

■i: TOOLS AND TIMBERING IX SIBERIAN MINES

set of tables with slopes of 24 in. in 12 ft., or 16-;',
grade, and the oversize is thrown over the side by
centrifugal force and hauled away to the waste dump.
This oversize product is also usually re-washed.

The undersize material passes through a third chasha
with 1-in. openings. The undersize and oversize fall
<n to similar tables with slopes of 18 in. in 12 ft., or
12J r', grades, and thence travel through a tail-sluice
4 ft. wide with slope of 14 in. in 12 ft., or 9i% grade,
to the waste dump.

The revolutions per minute of the three chashas
range from 15 to 20, 24 to 32 and 15 to 20 respectively,
depending upon the amount of material being washed
and the steam pressure available. They are driven by
one 25-hp. engine.

While in principle the chasha is the best of all da-
vices for disintegrating clayey gravel, as operated in
Siberia it does poor work. I have seen 17 children
stealing lumps of clayey gravel from a dump composed

ot oversize from the first chasha of a washing plar
anil 1 was told by them that they saved from 15c.

•' pel' sack of dirt, which 1 estimated to weij
less than 50 lb. It is possible that this dump contai
not less than 50c. and possibly more than $1 per cu.>
on an average; I have worked such a dump with a pla
sluice and recovered over 50c. per cu. yd. In ottv
words, probably 10 to 20', is lost from the fit
chasha. Then there are also losses from the next ra
chashas, and from the tables and sluices. The aggi-
gate loss may in instances total more than X\\' , of ti
total content.

As at present operated, the chasha is fed interm-
tently and then stirred, after which the oversize I
dumped intermittently. It is therefore the last n
terial fed that may be the first to be removed. An
rangement of chashas in series, allowing material I
pass from one to the other, insures the passing of
the largest oversize through several chashas, insti I
of one, and such an arrangement would undoubted
do cleaner work. These machines are capable of 01
ating in series with constant feed and discharge. Tly
can also be doubled-decked like the chashas that e
used in the Ural Mountains, which would permit I
finer disintegration, with arms closer together on I
lower deck and constant feed to the lower deck chaslm
A proper arrangement of spray pipes and nozzles wofl
help the operation considerably.

Trommels Used for Clay-Free Gravel
When there is no clay in the gravel, the bouldfl
are separated by passing the gravel through tromnfl
with 2- to 4-in. perforations. A well-designed trom|«
has proved the best service for screening out bouldfl
and helping to transport this oversize to cars, belts*
buckets for disposal over the waste dump. SibeJJl
trommels are poorly designed and badly built. Tlf'
usually have an inside iron shaft about 4 to 6 in. sqUHB
which has cast or wrought iron arms attached Nit
and held with wooden wedges. The plates are ri\
to these arms, and with such a mass of obstructions If
trommels often become clogged, causing both trojk
and delay.

Wood Fires for Thawing
Much of the ground in the Nerchinsk distrii
some in the Lena region is frozen. Such grew
is thawed by means of wood fires, as was first dor i'
the Klondike and Alaska, or with charcoal. As a ri
of using charcoal, which is the more general p
poisonous gases are produced, which make it neces.r.
to have good ventilation. Such ventilation causes tl v
ing of frozen ground in summer in workings or i
ings where it is not desired, and makes timbering'1
essary where little or none should be required. 1
Alaska the duty of one cord of wood in steam-tha B
is sometimes 60 cu.yd. ; the duty by direct wood-t
ing is about 10 cu.yd. The Siberian still clings t
or charcoal thawing, thinking it better. The reas'
that he does not think it possible to drive steam-p"
into gravel. Similarly, it is "impossible" to drive e;
stone or Empire drilling pipe in Siberia, accordii
native ideas. It has been observed in many in
that what is thought "impossible" in Russia is m«
'■ailed "hard work" elsewhere in temperate and u
arctic regions.

lav 11. 1918

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

K(',.",

he climate of most parts of Russia is one thai makes
I efficiency; it is constantly necessar) to work hard

a living, particularly in summer, in order to exist

ing the long winter, and industry and frugality are
.. ntial. Alaska has probably the most efficient work-
in the world; but Russia, the enigmatic, has per-
il the poorest, outside of the tropical and sub-trop-
■ countries. The reason is apparently simple, be

-e the people have few wants and few incentives,
therefore do not know how to work hard when
« king for others. They still work as they did in
tt dom — doing as little as possible.

; is extremely difficult to get good native foremen in
i >ria. Russian laborers are not generally ambitious;
xn foremen are not paid much more than the men
.1 er their supervision, and sometimes they are actu-
h paid less. This often results in the foremen being
a mg the laziest and least ambitious. They are often
mired to assume unusual and inequitable responsi-

56 c/, of the tola I working O for overhead char)

winch in mining Low-grade matei >■ The

cause of high administrative coal L the large force

of office men and foremen as well as bad management.
In some drift mines in Siberia the administrative ex-
pense alone is greater than the total cost for similar
mines in Alaska. The costs given are from the region
on the upper Amur Ri is in the Lena region are

;.!>out 2.5 to 3 times as great, or about $6 per cu.yd.,
according to official reports, but the real cost is about
$8 to $9 or more per cu.yd., as only about two-thirds or
three-quarters as much ground is mined as is reported
The reason for this will be mentioned presently. I ob-
tained most of the cost data given while consulting
engineer to the cabinet of the Czar, when I had excep-
tional opportunities to obtain inside, though perhaps
not accurate, information.

In the Lena region the basis of payment for miners
was: For the first three units (1 cu. arshin, or 12.7

OPENCUT MIXING IX THE LENA REGION. SHOWING SHAFT IX BACKGROUND

■ties, which may, for example, result in their being
|: to jail for months in the event of a workman being
k?d, even through the latter's own carelessness — dis-
I raging factors to the development of efficient mine
I 'men.

ost of Trans-Baikal Drift-Gravel Operations

'rift-gravel operations cost $1.10 per cu.yd., to exca-

•. timber, hoist, tram, and wash, in the Nerchinsk
nion of the Trans-Baikal, where labor was about 50c.
P day. Wood cost about $2 a cord. Administrative
eense was about $1.40 per cu.yd., and the total cost
a ut $2.50 per cu.yd. Operations are divided as foi-
ls: 38c. per cu.yd. to excavate, tram and to load the
|> ; 30c. to timber; 42c. to hoist, tram to plant and
in; total, $1.10 per cubic yard.

■t the property for which these costs are given,
Ismail tailings and part of large tailings were wasted
b' gravity; usually it is necessary to haul all larger
® much of smaller tailings to dumps at an additional
« , often of more than 25c. per cu.yd. of gravel washed.

is, with $1.40 per cu.yd. for administrative expense,

cu.ft.), Rs. 1.17 per cu.yd.; for the next unit, Rs. 1.68,
and for the following unit Rs. 2.10 per cu.yd.; all trans-
portation by wheelbarrow up to a distance of 280 ft.
When the wheel was from 280 to 350 ft., 8 K. per cu.ar.,
or 17 K. per cu.yd., was added; when from 350 to 490
ft., 16 K., or 34 K., per cu.yd. was added; when more
than 490 ft., 24 K., or 51 K., per cu.yd. was added.

It is probable that the ground reported as mined in
nearly all Siberian drift-gravel operations is at least 20
to 33|% more than that actually mined. This has been
checked carefully by several engineers, and has been
found to be the case at a number of important prop-
erties in different parts of Siberia. With the contract
system of payment there is the constant temptation for
the miners to bribe the mine shift bosses to report
more ground than is actually mined. Then, when a
piece of ground has been mined, and the excavation is
being measured, there are several miners to one foreman
trying, and usually succeeding, in getting credit for
more ground than is actually mined. The Siberian min-
ers are clever at moving bench marks and survey sta-
tions, and the fact that working faces are numerous,

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 1

short and scattered makes it difficult to measure accu-
rately or to check alterations and reference points.
The effect on grade and costs based on volumes so
derived is obvious. Assuming that 38S9I more than
actually mined is reported, which as a matter of fact
is often the case, it means t hat the real grade of
gravel IS 333 ' more than the apparent, and the working
cost is correspondingly increased. This makes the al-
ready hijrh working cost, $6 per cu.yd., as given in
official reports even higher, it being actually $8 to $0
per cu.yd. in many instances, though this appaling cost
mining ground that can be worked with a pick is
now less than it was some years ago.

In Alaska and the Klondike the actual cost of drift
mining varies from $2.10 to $4.50 per cu.yd., depend-
ing principally on whether the gravel is frozen or un-
frozen. When gravel is unfrozen in Alaska, expensive
timbering and pumping are required. The Alaska

ber, fuel, and supplies is from five to eight timesus
much as in Siberia, and where freight rates are ofn
higher than first class or letter postage.

Drift mining in the Nerchinsk region should ri
$1 per cu.yd. and in the Lena region $2.50 per cu.j.;
and these estimates are about one-half of the report
and about one-third of the actual working costs. Pn
ably the most serious physical obstacle to cheap m-
ing in Siberia is the often rough and uneven bednk,
although this is not an exceptional condition in drt-
gravel deposits. Were a modern method of mim?
practiced this difficulty could be minimized.

Comparison with California

Drift-gravel mining where the gravel is free ic
needs no blasting, but where considerable timber is ie-
essary, as at the Hidden Treasure mine, in Califora
with labor averaging about $2.15 per day, costs atut

Mine
Hidden Treasure.
Calif

Raid Mountain.

Cant.

Red 1*. inf. < ;ilif
jou, ( 'alif.

Msj Hower, ' 'alif

Typical ruine,
i district,

Typiral mint-,
Tran-Baikal,

Siberia

Typical mine,
(liv« r re-

TARI.K

Entry
Tunnel

7 x 7 ft .8.500
ft long

Tunnel, 12.000

ft lorn.'

Tunnel 2.000 ft
lone and 4.000
ft to dump

Tunnel 7.600ft

lone

Tunnel 4,640ft.
long and 8,500
ft. to mill

Shaft 180 ft. deep
Shaft 1 I Oft d^p

Shaft 1 15 ft deep

COMPARATIVE costs OJ DRIFT-GRAVEl

Under-
ground
Trans-
portation

Klertrie
loconiotivi

MINES IN CALIFORNIA
yield

of Gr

el

Kind
Medium pieking, little blasting,

much timbering, free washing in
sluice

Medium pieking. little blasting,
much timbering, free washing,
required I to ^ miners1 inch to
n i-h I cu.yd. in sluice

Medium cemented, single-hand
drilling, blasting, washing (no
milling! in duice

Hard cement, band drilling, blast-
ing, stamp mill

Hard cement, drilling, blasting,
little timbering, stamp mill

Solidly frozen, steam-thawing,
little timbering, free washing in
sluice

Free picking, no blasting, no thaw-
ing, much timbering, much cla> ,
disintegrating in ehashas

I rce picking, no blasting, no thaw-
ing, much timbering, free washing
in sluices of Siberian t \ p.

Average
Wages

of Labor

per Shift

$2 15

Steam loco-
motive, 7|.
ton weight,
2-ton cars

Man and
animal

Man and
animal

Animal

Man, car
track

Man with
wheelbar-
row

Man with
v, heelbar-
row

2 20

2 70

2 75

Ooel

per

Cubic

1 aid

$1 38

I 65

4 50

per

Cubic
!fard
$1 56

2 30

I 90 3 25

4 87 15 00
4 87 10 50

50 Reported.
$2 50
Actual,
»3 50

00 Reported
$6 00,
Actual.
$6 50

AND SIBERIA

Remarks

Tunnel cost $ 1 3 per ft . advanced 1 02ft
ft. per month in hard slate wit ai]
drills, hydro-electric driven •!
presser. Average I 25 men empleu
Tailings re-washed twice, showiuex
istence slightly cemented gravel, ul
pvit per man-day, 6 cu.yd.

Previous man tramming cost 15Ji
cu.yd. Previous mule tramminilL.
6^c. per cu.yd. locomotive hnafi
cost 3jV*. per cu.yd.

6 00

5 00

9 50

;■

Tunnel slope, 3 to 4 in. per 1
Advanced 25 to 65 ft. per montl
hand drilling

Screen of gravel mill frin.
crushed 3J to 8 cu.yd. per stan
24 hr. Used i to J miners1 ini
cu.yd. Milling cost 30 to 55
cu.yd.; 2} lb. No. 2 dynamite us
cu.yd. and mined cost I 2n. per cu

Pay gravel 100 ft. wide, 80
worked per day. Wood cost $
cord. Output per man-day, 5 cu..
Phis mine could have been open
bed-rock tunnel and worked by
fornia method for $0 80 per cu.yd
output per man underground i
than I cu.yd. per shift

This mine could be worked by Caii
method for about $2. 50 per cu.yd
put per man-day less than 1 cu.yd

workman excavates from three to five times as much
gravel per day as the Siberian, and he is paid six to
eight times as much. Wood in Alaska costs about six
limes as much as in Siberia. Lumber costs 3$ times as
much. Focd supplies cost about five times as much.

The Alaskan mines about 3 cu.yd. per day, and in
some mines as much as six, and receives $6, and the
Siberian digs 1 cu.yd.. and receives 50c. to about $1 per
cu.yd., this part of the work in Alaska varying from
an equal cost per cubic yard to about two to four times
as much as in Siberia, but the less cost for timbering,
hoisting, washing, etc., in Alaska more than counter-
balances the high cost for breaking the ground. These
figures indicate the large saving that can be effected
by improvment in methods.

The cost of digging, tramming and skip loading is
low in Siberia, being only 40c. to $1 per cu.yd. With
good methods, in the subsequent operations, the total
working cost should be reduced 50 to 75%. In other
words, poor hoisting, transportation methods, washing,
and supervision raise costs to what are, in many instan-
ces twice as great as those for mining in the most ex-
pensive parts of Alaska, where the cost of labor, tim-

$1.38 per cu.yd. This cost is obtained even where t-r
are tunnels, expensive to drive and maintain, oen
more than one mile long in "swelling" bedrock. Wt
gravel is cemented and requires much drilling and b*t
ing, with crushing in a stamp mill to pass an 8- oi I
mesh screen, the total cost is $1.75 to $5 per cu.yd.'oi
small-scale operations.

The gravel in Siberia, where unfrozen — and moso?
it now being mined is in this condition — corresp'd

TABLE II THE RELATIVE COST OF GRAVEL AND LOE
MINING IN CALIFORNIA BY VARIOUS METHODS

Per Ton

Auriferous quartz vein $3 00 to $10 00

PerCu Yd
Drift gravel ... $1 25 to $5 00

Miner's pan. . 5 00 to 8 00

Miner's rocker 3 00 to 4 50

Miner's sluice I 00 to I 50

Hydraulicking Oljto 10

Dredging Oljto 08

Costs are based on labor at $2 50 to $3. 50 per shift.

to the gravel of the Hidden Treasure mine; and althig
labor and supplies cost from three to five times as nc
in California as in Siberia, the Siberian mining -
are from 2\ to seven times as great, as evident fp
glance at Tables I and II.

May 11. 1918

ENGINEEBING AM. MINING J01 RNAL

866

By comparing these costs with Siberian costs, it will
• seen that panning, the most primitive and most
pensive method of mining, costs in California $5 to
per cu.yd., or sometimes less than large-scale drift-
avel mining in Siberia, where labor is less than $1
r shift. By comparison with the Transvaal, where

ire often only $4 to $5 per ton. it is apparent
it it is often less expensive per unit of weight to
ne hard rock from great depths and subject it to
;tly treatment than to work loose free-washing, clay-
9 gravel from a depth of about 100 ft. in Siberia.
Probably the richest placer ground in the world of
isiderable extent has been mined in the Lena region,

one mile of stream bed produced about $55,000,-
I worth of gold, or at the rate of about $10,000 per

foot of channel. Good pay channels for drift-

I in California produced $100 to $500 per linear foot,

i hough some were much richer. California channels

iked by hydraulicking often produced $1000 per

ear loot of channel. Rich channels in the Klondike

OTJNG AWAY OVERSIZE FROM A WASHING PLANT

Pluced about $200 to $300 per foot by drifting. .Much

find has been worked recently in the Lena region

P has produced $20 or more in gold per cubic yard.

he future of drift mining in Siberia is not easy

I redict, for unusual reasons. There are in the Lena

"on alone large volumes of gravel estimated to con-

I less than $6, but perhaps really containing up to

■er cu.yd., and therefore unpr fitable at the present

I working costs. Much ground containing less than

$9 per cu.yd. cannot be mined profitably by the

||ent practice. With a cost of $2 to $2.50 per cu.yd.,

•fan be had with good methods and management,

"J>e are probably millions of cubic yards of gravel

I could be worked profitably. The future therefore

'ends lergely upon whether the primitive methods

in vogue shall be improved and modernized. It

ought, though quite mistakenly, that modern drift

ng cannot be introduced in Siberia, just as it is

;ght that modern methods could not be applied to

I mining. But this belief has been shown to be quite

o cious.

A large vein mine En Russia bad been operated at ■
loss, using methods approaching In thi li tra teful
and extravagance the operations described In gi
mining:. Foreign capita] became Interested, and d
tic measures wee taken. Many of those on the I
nical stair were discharged and foreign* ■ ■■ engaged

and foreign methods introduced. A new Russian stall
was then gradually lni.lt up and taught bovi to I
properly. As the new men learned, the foreign
was displaced, until now, after about In, ,,,„.,-.

tting, there are no foreigners at all at the mines or
smeltery and low-cost work is being accomplished.
This was not an easy undertaking, nor was it a©
phshed without bloodshed, one foreigner, in attempt-
ing to break up a gang of ore thieves, having been mur-
dered. A similar policy, applied to drift mines, should
reduce the costs to less than $3 per cubic yard

Suggestions as to Improved Practice

That I may not seem to be bent only upon destructive
criticism, I wish to make some suggestions of a con-
structive nature. It must be appreciated primarily that
the physical conditions governing mining in Siberia are
not unfavorable; and conditions for drift mining com-
pared with other countries are really much less difficult
When suggestions are made regarding changes it is
often urged by the mine managers that it has been
tried and found impossible, whereas the real reason is
that it has not been tried properly.

Siberian drift-gravel miners should use drill pros-
pecting extensively and properly, both for quantitative
and qualitative determinations. As now conducted, it
can merely be considered as a qualitative test to deter-
mine the presence or absence of gold. Much monev is
wasted by subsequent groping and probing for pay
streaks, with high and wide drifts and crosscuts, or
big expensive shafts in wet ground. Empire and Key-
stone drills, which have proved so useful elsewhere in
the world, are in Siberia considered unreliable. Drive-
pipe is seldom if ever kept driven ahead of the tools ■
inaccurate samples are the result. The Keystone drill
is not much used, for, as manipulated, it is expensive
to operate, at times involving an expense of more than
$7 per ft. One company expended $50,000 per year
for drive pipe alone, much of which was lost by being
left in the ground, as it was improperly driven, and
so could not be pulled by the unskilled and ignorant
drillmen.

Poor Prospecting Practice
Prospecting is never kept far enough ahead to make
possible the planning of a comprehensive method or the
installation of a plant good for several years' exploita-
tion. The life of the usual Siberian drift mine is appar-
ently only two or three years, and the result is a
hand-to-mouth policy detrimental to proper organiza-
tion, efficient equipment and low-cost development.
Prospecting should be kept far enough ahead to deter-
mine the advisability of driving long bedrock tunnels
for exploitation or drainage.

The present Siberian actual, but not reported, cost
of breaking gravel ground is often less than 75c. per
cu.yd. even under the present method of mining and
with working faces only 14 ft. long, which makes it
more difficult to break than when long breasts are used.

-

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. U

Materid is trammed in poorly made barrows, heavy to
wheel, and having anal! \ heels, and. as designed, most
of the weight hangs onto the arms of the trammer.
Much of the time, the distance wheeled is. as before
stated, considerably more than 500 ft. With Ions
ata, Ca« and tracks, as used elsewhere. 3 eu.yd..
should be mined per day per mail at least, even assum-
ing that the Siberian miner would break 50' , less ground
than miners elsewhere in similar deposits. In some
California drift mines of my personal acquaintance,
;.ny man who usually did not break, load and tram to
the main drift 12 carloads (8 cu.yd.) per 10 hours
shift was marked for dismissal. Likewise in some of
the California quartz mines I have had to shovel 12
tons per 10 hours into a car and tram to a chute. This
often included considerable hammering on big pieces
of quartz to reduce them to proper handling size. With
the present Siberian method of skip loading, there are
long delays in both tramming and hoisting.

Russian Timbering Practice Based on Ignorance

It is impossible to condemn adequately in terms the
Russian timbering method, which often costs about as
much per cu.yd. as breaking, tramming and loading
into skip, or, in other words, more per cu.yd. than the
total expense of mining similar gravel in other countries
with labor two and one-half times as high. There is
the entirely wrong idea that mine timbers must hold
up all the ground to the surface, and the Siberian is
careful about not piling tailings or pay gravel over
workings for fear the extra weight will crush the tim-
bers below. With such ideas as to the function of
timbers, one can almost appreciate Siberian methods
in general. Until this and similar childish fancies of
ignorance are dispelled, and the Siberian is taught
that the best way is to work the ground fast and en-
courage caving in worked-out places, rather than try-
ing to support them, the present high timbering cost
will prevail. No one thought, until recently, of install-
ing self-dumping skips and ore bins.

Formerly, no washing was done in winter, though
a little progress has been made in this practice. Gravel
mined in winter was usually hauled to a dump, whence
it had to be reloaded and rehauled to the washing
plant in summer. Besides exposing rich gravel to theft
— and full advantage is taken of this golden opportun-
ity— a considerable amount of capital is tied up in stor-
age piles. With winter washing, much of this rehan-
dlng could be avoided. Some day it will probably
become the general practice.

"The washing plants have been described, but it re-
mains to be said that these are all situated right on the
floor of the valley, usually in the lowest part alongside
the stream hed, and, as a result, all oversize gravel from
the trommels, and often much of the fine, as well, must
be re-elevated by horse carts or machinery. With a
properly designed plant, winter washing could be ac-
complished. If the washing plants were placed on
adjacent hillsides, gravity water could be flumed or
ditched to them, thus avoiding pumping and the extra
handling of much of the oversize over 5 in. in diameter
and all of the undersize. Greater economy could be
accomplished in either or both of the following ways:
first, use a bedrock tunnel with loading chutes, cars
being loaded at long breasts and dumped into chutes,

from which gravel would be loaded into main tun I
cars. Second, load main tunnel cars at breast and tra -
port gravel without any other reloading through m:i
tunnel. Then the cars could be hauled through tunn<;.
or hoisted up inclines or hoisted through vertiil
shafts to the surface, direct to the washing plant, si -
ated on high ground, and the gravel washed with gr -
ity water and the tailings would nearly all be throwno
waste by gravity. There would be only one shovel g
and little handling.

Expense of Administration Should Be Curtails

The unnecessarily expensive administrative dep;t-
ment could be curtailed to advantage. Many of le
Russian and some of the foreign staff are paid nvh
more than men doing similar work in mines in otjr
countries. A former manager received a salary an a
percentage of the gross gold extraction, which resusd
in the mining of much unprofitable ground, and his I
come from salary and royalty amounted, in some yes
to about $100,000. Also, petty members of the slfl
who have the Oriental idea that one loses one's "i:
quite easily, have company horses and drivers to nvi
them from place to place, often only a few hunt I
yards apart, for they are above walking. It is even*
neath them to drive their own horses, thus neceafi
ing horses and drivers. None of the adminiatral
staff work hard; in places the offices close about noonni
every one goes home to dine and sleeps part of h
afternoon. Holidays, religious and civil, are most t
fully observed. Cumbersome and inaccurate bookk;p
ing methods conceal, rather than reveal, necessary cU

Foreign Criticism Helpful

It is probable that there will be a lowering of c t
for the constant criticism by outsiders has at
awakened the Russian managements, and it is ceiu
that almost anything that is done will result in impiW
ment, for present mining methods could hard. I
worse, and management could not be worse. At prt
gold stealing is encouraged at some mines, as
thought to be good business policy.

Even with a proper appreciation of the
methods, the poorness of management, methods, ti
' which pen and camera cannot adequately pictui
seems hard to account for a cost of $8 to $9 per ( I
Before visiting the mines I could not understand io
such a dismaying cost could be piled up, but, aftei-e
ing how badly mining was done, I could not under; u
how it costs so little. One has only to be familiar 'i
drift mining in California and Alaska to realize lftt
with labor at less than $1 per day, a cost of $8
per cu.yd. is at least two and one-half to three I
too much.

One result of the revolution will be to increas |
effectiveness of labor. Formerly the laborer desirei
food, clothing, shelter, vodka and cigarettes; the
three items being his necessaries; the latter his»
pleasures. In the future he will demand more h
mere necessaries and will insist upon other pleiji
and sports, for with education the volume and v i«
of his wants will increase; but he will need a B
tute for drinking vodka, which was his principal
ure, but now prohibited and difficult to procure. •
sians, either peasant or noble, do not know how tx>l

May 11, 1918

ENGINEERING AND MINING .HMKNAL

867

The Gold Industry and Gold Standard

Bo HENNEN JENNINGS*

Hennett Jennings states that: "Tin war is to be
iron by the efficiency, harmony and morale of the
workers behind the firing Urns as much as by tin
exercise of these qualities by the soldiers at the
front. The right conception of what gold, and
in fact money in any form, has the power of
doing, or not doing, seems to me of most eital
concern at present. A better understanding of
this problem, I beliere, would tend to knit
together governments, labor and capital and
for efficiency, harmony ami happiness."

(">( OLD attracted the attention of primitive man
~Y by its color, luster and indestructibility. The

J earliest mining and metallurgical operations of
\\ch traces remain were those in Egypt that dealt with
tl ores of gold. From pictorial rock carvings in upper
I pt, as also from Egyptian hieroglyphics, it is found
i: the search, desire, and use of gold extended back
i e 3000 to 4000 years before the Christian era. Start-
■ with use as an ornament, gold soon became the
Mling counter, and has been an emblem of value to
:• human race as far back as history extends. Appre-
ciion of the value of gold has been maintained through
tl oenturies by the difficulties connected with obtain-

the metal.

ith early primitive methods, only the gold most
aindant and easily worked and visible was first sought,
ui this was found principally in alluvial deposits; but

nowledge, mechanical skill and tools and appliances
>V5 developed by the human race, gold mining was
"tided to more difficult alluvial, vein, and lode

■sits.

Gold, the Counter of Trade

'Id, when it became the counter of trade and a

ure of possession, was the most eagerly sought of

aloossessions, and thus it became the pioneer and

1 ulant in mining, metallurgy and chemistry. The

Men for this precious metal became so intense that

I alchemists sought its transmutation from other

II tls, which, though they failed to accomplish, won
•Jii other knowledge and gave birth to chemistry.

ie trading value of gold has been stabilized by

ry in that no superabundance was ever obtainable,

it has always been necessary to expend labor and

;i ligence to an extent largely commensurate to the

ig value of the gold obtained.

curate records do not exist of the actual outputs

i >ld in early times, but certainly they must have been

'1 from a modern standpoint. Great outputs of gold,

I all other minerals, are a matter of recent times.

1 is been officially estimated that the world produc-

gold since the discovery of America, in 1492,

0 e end of 1916, a period of 424 years, was $16,601,-

*'>19. The output since 1894, a period of 23 years,

ya approximately $8,500,000,000, or slightly more than

'° ir cent, of the total amount mined in 424 years. The

"suiting engineer of the United States Bureau of Mines.

averi e yearly production up to L894 was $19,107,644,
while sine.' isii-i to date it has avenged $809,565,217
per j

Goi.n Reserves

The available gold on hand as {fold reserve in 1894 has
been estimate* 965,900,000, The loss of gold and

its absorption in the arts and manufacture of jewelry
account for the difference between the amount pro-
duced and the amount on hand. The amount of gold
used in the arts has increased since 1894, and of late
years it has been between $50,000,000 and $100,000,000
a year. Estimating the consumption and loss of gold
since 1894 at $2,000,000,000, the amount of gold at pi
ent on hand as gold reserve may be roughly estimated
at $10,500,000,000.

The concentration and portability of this wealth can
be appreciated by converting it into tons weight, for
the total weight of the entire gold reserve of the world
does not amount to over 17,000 tons, and it could be
easily transported around the world in one of the largest
steamships.

Gold and silver have advantages as money counters,
owing to large value in small volume, ease of trans-
portation, divisibility without loss, beauty, brilliant
luster, great durability, ease with which they can be
guarded, and the difficulty of counterfeiting. The
province of the various mints of the world is to give
guarantee of the weights and fineness of the gold they
coin. The United States dollar contains 23.22 grains
of gold and 2.58 grains of alloy, making a total weight
of 25.8 grains, or 1.677 grams, and its fineness is 900.
Gold coins of all nations, under normal conditions, are
exchangeable on the basis of their fine gold content.

Large Gold and Metal Output Recent

A broad outlook on modern mining and a study of
the output curves of metals since the discovery of gold
in California, in 1848; Australia, 1851, and Transvaal,
1886, indicate that big mining is surprisingly modern
and that the great output of other minerals has been
pioneered by gold. Until the last few years, gold out-
puts have shown a parallelism with those of coal, iron
and copper; with the growth of railways, and the de-
posits in our banks. It would seem that the outputs of
coal during the last 18 or 20 years; iron, 15 years;
copper, 13, and petroleum, 11, were greater in the aggre-
gate than the output of these minerals for all previous
history.

The mineral outputs of modern times have been pos-
sible only by the advances made in invention, engineer-

TABLE I. GOLD OLTPl'T FOR THE LAST TEX YEAKfi

1908 $442,476,900 1913 $459,941,100

1909 454.059.100 1914 455,705.000

1910 455,239.100 1915 468.724.918

191! .. 461,939,700 1916 457.006,045

1912.. . 466.136.100 1917 430.000.000

ing, chemistry and business organization. Even so, it
would now appear that the gold output of the world has
about reached its zenith, and is giving indications of
future decline, as shown by the returns for the last 10
years, given in Table I.

The extreme variation of outputs during this period
is not great, but on the basis of the estimate for 1917.

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 1

a drop of 6 per cent, from the previous year is seen.
Table II (fives the gold returns from all countries of the
world from 1912 to 1916, inclusive, with relative per-
centages for the pre-war year 1918.

Table II shows that gold has been mined in 60 dif-
ferent countries, and in all the continents of the world.
It has been found in the oldest rocks, and thus in almost
all subsequent geological formations. Traces of gold
have been proved to exist in sea water, so the distribu-
tion of gold is most widely spread, but never in great

gold producers of the world rank in order thus: Traj
v.i.-il. United States, Australia, Russia, Canada, i,c
Rhodesia. Australia's gold output from 1851 to li{
amounted to approximately $2,060,000,000. The outil
in L908 was about $87,000,000, and since then proa,
tion has decreased gradually, until in 1916 it amours
to only about $39,000,000, or 45% of the production
1903. There is at present no indication of any lac<
increase of output in the future. The Canadian fl<
output was very small in 1891, but mounted rap 1;

ru-.il [1, WORLD'S PRODUCTION OF GOLD, 1912 to 1916, INCLUSIVE

(Compiled from the reports of the Director of tin: Mint. United States Treasury Department)

I'll.'

'.i ; 1 51,500

12,648,800

24,500,000

3,030,40Q

I07..«KI

17.-,. (Hid

3,570.600

2,971.700

106,500

IS '

111.000

N7'I,S<|[|

1117. :illl
3,050,600

023,500

2,043,200

1,812,100

7S.100
27.S00

I '.1 13

rCent.

mil

1015

1911

11.000

2.300
22,199,000

251.100

20,300
500

■'. America
United State*
Carta i .
!
Central American States.
S.'ut!i Amend
tins

i and Chile
Bruit

Colombia

Ecuador

Uruguay

Guiana:
British

Dutch

French

■W la

Bui

Austria-Huncary .....

Finland .

France

Germany ............

Great Britain

Italy

Norway .

:!

Russia .

Servia

Spain

Sweden

Turkey

-alia:

British New Guinea.

' lea
Northern Territory

Queensland

Vustralia. .

:> Australia

New Zealand . .

Tasmania

Asia-
India ,

rt.ina

Chosen (Korea)

East Indies:
British
Dutch

Federated Malay States
Formosa iTiawant
Indo-China
Japan
Siam

Africa:

lima... , . . . .

Behrian Congo.
F.rypi

French Colonies
French East Africa
Africa
Madarascar
Rhodesia
Sudan .

Transvaal. Cape Colony, and Natal
West Africa (Nigeria, Gambia, Gold Coast and

Sierra Leone)

.. , . $466,136,100 $459,011,100 100.00 $455,676,600 $468,724,018 $457.0.'

Note. The percentages <riven are based on the 1913 production with normal mining conditions, when the Allies produced 91 3 per cent., the Central Pors
■-t., and the neutral countries 8 1 per cenl

3,416.900
1111,3011

7,192,700
136,300

9,925,200
26,51 1,900

6,428,100
785,

11,055,700
3,658 *"»i
2,852,600

1.352.000
3,387,100

74.700

4.467.000

56,500

2,044,600

14,226.000

188,293,100

7.286.000

S 88,884,400

10 3

$ 94,581,800

$101,035,700

$ 92,5910

16,598,900

3 0

15,925.000

18,977,901

19,23J7i

I0.3llv.slli}

4 2

I0.30.S.S00

6,559,275

2.721,-00

II 0

2,203,800

2,970,271

3,51 1

2.600

0 0

2.000

175.000

0 0

175,000

814,418

2.214,700

0 5

2,698,200

2,424.515

2,4

2,971,700

0 6

4,678.1.(1(1

5,453.148

6.1Tsr

400.500

0 1

400,500

545,074

51

102,300

0 1

102,300

1,109,891

1,1"

20.900

0 0

20,900

11,836

1

1, 3M,500

0 3

1,126,500

923,802

7l

470.400

0 1

503.400

440,054

1

3,050.000

0 7

3,050.000

1,959,793

1,9,

144,800

0 1

444,800

1.395,349

1,4:

2,179,300

0 5

2.179,300

1,392,465

1,3'. If

900

o o

900

2,127,400

0 5

2,127,400

1,100,000

1.KO0

135.000

oo

135,600

17.01X1

0 0
0 0

17.900

19,266

17,200

0 0

oo

31,100

2.205

2,300

o o

2,300

661

26,3:7s

26,507, S00

5 B

28,587,000

26.322,746

328,000

0 1
0 0

116,000

17,600

o o

17,600

25,323

500

0.0

500

475

377,200

0 1

377,200

3,093,200

0 7

2,573.800

2,738,058

2,L'

01, :,(l(l

0.0

52,300

20,351

5.403,200

1 2

5,134,800

5,161.011

4,1

135.500

0 0

1L9 200

125.701

8,990,800

1.9

8,541, 'HIO

.6,802,359

27. 10.-,. TIKI

5 0

25,487,800

25.H1 1.028

21,!

7.102.700

15

3.870.700

8,740.507

6 i

690.400

0 2

512.500

383.402

12,178,000

2.6

11.378,400

1 1 .522,457

11,1

3,653,900

0 8

3.05S.000

2,804,692

J -

3,582,500

0 s

3,306,600

3,739,477

4,,

1,352.000
3,387,100

0 3

0 7

1,352,000 1
3,387.100/

3,100,000

3,1.0

282,400

0.1

269,100

351.527

814,600

0 2

SI 4, 600

1,143.017

1,'

74.70(1

0 0

74,700

43.659

3,01 (.Kill

0 8

3,614.400

5,386,066

5

50.500

0 0

56,500

497,200

0 1

497.200

916,600

0.2

916.600

1,029,189

1

95,100

0 0
0 0
0 0

126,800

144,910

13.114

253,200

0 1

253,200

1,256,200

0 3

1,075,000

1,381,354

1 1,274,700

3 1

17.423,100

18,915.324

10.

192,700

0 1

212,800

181,885 '.'in

30 5

173,560.000

188,033,156

192,

7 955,300

1.7

S.075.100

8,304,551

7.

quantity compared to other metals. Exceptional occur-
rence and favorable natural and commercial conditions
are required for its profitable extraction.

The relative production of gold from all countries is
given in percentages for the pre-war year 1913, and on
a war basis the countries can be classified as Allies.
Central Powers, and neutrals, with percentages as fol-
lows: Allies, 91.3$ ; Central Powers, 0.6r/r ; neutrals,
8.1%. Of the Allies, it is seen that Great Britain, with
her colonies and dependencies, produced 62.6% ; the
United States, 19.3%, and Russia, 5.8%. The principal

until 1900, when the Yukon placer workings seem
have reached their maximum; in that year the Can:
fields produced $28,000,000. Since 1900 there has e<
a fluctuating downward tendency. The years 19H"
1916, however, showed some increase; the production
1915 was $18,977,901. and that for 1916 $19.23 '<
The war conditions are unfavorable for exploitati'
search for new discovery. The extent of territory n
natural conditions, however, are such as to give o
of greater future outputs.

Russia's gold statistics are open to doubt, ft V

^"•I:MS ENGINEERING VND MINING JOURNAL 869

:; varl from 3 0 00 fto ,S 000 STJTS? *£ jfiTS i""""1 ^ " *" '

iL . ■ """.www pir year. i he Rand gold mines are greatly favored m the fart

* engineers express the belief thai Siberia has that coal ia folmd in cloae vE^VESulS

»ter poss.bil. tie, or future discovery and exploita- native labor has „ , ,,,,.■ ,„ „. ,,;/,„!

act grold as also of other metals, than any other field and outnumbers the «.,„, WOrken n.,r s , thu '

tt» world At present. ,n view of war and ustrial allowing skilled white worke, , , for genero"

iditions the prospect of large outputs of gold in pay. which they have obtained
immediate future is uncertain.

■ South American and Central American Fields _ °UT,MT '"' K"°"KS1A

The existence of gold in Rhodesia has been known
If these fields. Mexico is the most important. The for many years, but material gold returns started only
ival of gold mining commenced with a very small in 1898, and steadily increased until L916, when the out-
put in 1890, and the maximum production was P"t amounted to over $10,000,000 There was -i falling
ched in 1911, with an output of $29,200,000. Owing off, however, in 1917, of nearly two million dollars The
•evolution in that country, the output in 1916 dropped total production from 1898 to 1917 inclusive amounted
$7,690,707 which was a million dollars increase to $194,672,165. At present the output is depressed by
' 1915. When the country is in better political and labor and supply conditions, and, although the territory
nomic condition, there is good ground for hoping for f°r mining operations is vast, with still unknown pes
reased returns. In other sections of Central and sibilities, there have been no new discoveries of late,
th America the outputs have not been large, but The total production of gold in the United States
re yet remain large stretches of unexploited terri- h«s been given by the Director of the Mint in the fol-
I and abandoned properties which may be found lowing table:
fitable to work. IU!U, |v TOTA| PRODCCTION [N rm , NITED stati>

_ _ From 1792 to 1847 «?4 ti, nnn

Transvaal Production Fr'»" i848 to 1872 , 204750000

From 1873 to 1916 2]599.'670.'200

he tabulated statement for the Transvaal, Table III, Total j3.s28.957.200

riven in full, as it is the most complete record of The yield up to 1847 was obtained from the Eastern

I mining operations in the world. The yields, work- coast; from 1848 to 1872, largely from the placer mining

I costs and dividends, from 1887 to 1916, a period in the West, and from 1873 to date by combination of

10 years, have been obtained by sworn statements placer and lode mining and the recovery of gold from

•oth Boer and British governments. The total out- refineries. Gold dredging in the United States dates

4 in the witwatersrand gold mining industry's onl-v from 1896> and since that date the production of

progress gold has been estimated at $120,103,117. In 1916 the

statistics, showing Annual T^,g?;.(^™-;i- Value of Output, Working greatest amount of placer mining, including dredging.

Yield " WorkingCosta was done in Alaska, where over 60 per cent, of the gold

\iiiied T<£al psr,d°" T£otal v'";i" D*vide»* was thus recovered, and in California, where 38 per

25,000 81.045 ,2976 cent, was recovered.

575:000 1 300514 I'd05'1 The yearly Production of gold in the United States,

1.B88 %& 111 JiftSJ! t7,o! fh:l|l b>'states> from 1914 to 1917, follows:

kl?s£8 ffiio 447 0$ Hj'MS. 11 J Hiiii TABLEV ^^raODDCTIONOFGOLDINTHE

2.830.885 6,963.100 49 2 iMlVn 38 4 I 527'284 DNITED STA.TES-I9I4-I9I7

itniVy mini w \ iiiim \] 7 itnil ilhs^ "•« ">> »» .9,, ^

5.325.355 10 58:616 39 7 7 876435 29 6 2707^81 1 ab,ama . *'H22 $5-'°° *7000 J4.200 17

7.331,446 15,141.376 41 3 10293138 28 0 llilAl ^^ ,6A47A2? ".710.000 16.242.000 15.171300 3

6.639.355 14.093 363 42 3 1606968 294n«l ATona:-- ,4'^?'222 4.555.900 4.378.400 5 533 800 6

692.413 2.484247 25905'3 2.946,358 California 2'"'.?°° 22.547,400 22.110.300 20.815900 I

412,006 1,014,687 49 21 598874 4158H Colorado I9'9?2.400 22.530.800 19.009.100 15.955,100 2

3.416.813 7.179074 42 0 5 057948 25 9 2 12?"?M &"£** ,,IH22 34'800 20'200 6 »00 >5

6.105.016 12146307 39 8 8800805 24 9 \\lUr [^h? I' ?J-?22 '••70.600 971,700 711500 12

8.058.295 15 520 329 38 6 11664359 24 4 IHHU n™^™ ,M4M22 ,4.978.300 4.575.400 3.756 500 7

11.160.422 19.991658 35 10 5237309 23 6 4JUU9 v" "^ ' !'5?S'?S2 ' •883-700 8.428.20U 6.922 900 4

3.571.554 23.615.400 34 6 8049431 22 2 IdUtl v",^ ''fin'inn ''f&l00 '.403.000 I.025.IOO II

15.523.229 26.421837 33 11 9 499417 i io^i™ kortb CaroUna 130.300 170.700 29.700 15,700 14

•8.196.589 28 810 393 31 5 20273620 fs 0 i\\lvj\ ^Vr '•58?^S2 L867.I00 1,901.600 1.677 400 9

20.543.759 29 900 359 28 11 21 361891 7 i ' ' South Carolina 3,200 3,600 300 1,100 19

gftg g&j» : : ; : j-~^; »Hg ,.«„«, 7.5,2200 ,3,2600 ,

SHVSJ &\ i % g I •' : wLSon.V. 587. 46,j°oS 49S 434^ IS

JHiH^ *">*■>» » 8 25:^63:270 !, ? llllZ Sr^ftes:.:. J^Z ...,3:900 83'800 f0°o y

313.117.709 492.198.901 343.248.445 1.9.029.709 Totals . $93,429,700 J99.714.I00 J90.765.900 J83 052 500 "

for these 30 years was £492,198.901, or about m£fc:: ,,09^00 lgin.Z i.549.Dgg ..^JIS fo
'0,000,000. The yearly return for 1916 was £38,- Totals j94.531.800 jioi.035.700 j92.3i6.100 j84.456,600 "
09, or about $185,000,000, which was 40 per cent. Although there are enumerate* in Table V, 23 states
world s output for that year. The dividends from which gold has been taken, the first seven in rank
■mea to 24 per cent, for the whole period, but only have produced 89.62 per cent, of the total for the United
per «snt for the years 1915 and 1916. States during the last four years. These states are in
re has been a great struggle to lower expenses, order, California, Colorado, Alaska, Nevada, South Da-
nave been reduced from 42s. to about 17s. per kota, Arizona and Montana. Placer mining operations
ne average yield has decreased from 49s. to 26s. in 1916 produced about one-fourth of the gold output

ENGINEERING AND MINING .IOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 1

of tins country, of which 56 per cent, come from gold

dredging.

All of the gold-mining corporations of the United
States do not make public their yields, costs, or profits,
the case in the Transvaal. Our Government does
not make a demand for such information. Some of the
largest and be<t managed, however. give most complete
and generous information, which can be found in the
transactions of mining societies, mining journals and
handbooks. There would appear to be no reason for
secrecy in gold-mining returns, as it is the one business
in the world that does not face competition in marketing
its product.

The richest and most easily accessible placer deposits
in the United States, as elsewhere, have long since been
worked out. Alaska is an exception, in that the dis-
covery of placer gold there is of comparatively recent
date and guarded by great climatic difficulties. Placer
mining on a large scale started in this country with
the discovery of gold in California, in 1848. The appli-
ances and methods used were, first, the gold pan, fol-
lowed by the rocker, long-torn and short sluice box ; and
subsequently by diverting water, shoveling and washing
gravel into long sluices and working on a large scale;
then drift mining, hydraulicking and gold dredging.

It has been estimated that an ordinary pan holds
about 20 lb. and that from 45 to 100 pans a day is a good
day's work. With a rocker, two cubic yards, or, say,
three tons, is a good day's work. The cost of sluice
mining depends on the character of the material, amount
of water, grade of the surface, and climate, but it may
be said to vary from 20c. to a dollar per yard in tem-
perate climates. In Alaska, gravel is subject to a pre-
parative cost for thawing, amounting to 20c. or more
per cubic yard. Drifting, or underground mining of a
Ihin stratum of gravel and the adjacent bedrock, varies
in cost from $1 to $3 per cubic yard, and in Alaska as
high as from $4 to $5.

Hydraulic, Dredging and Lode Mining

Hydraulic mining, or the concentration of water un-
der great pressure on banks of gravel, with provision
for the removal of the washed material and the re-
noval of the gold, varies from 2\ to 12c. per cubic yard,
and costs in Alaska up to 25c. Gold dredging was insti-
t Jted to work gravel deposits that could not be economi-
cally worked by other methods. It can be successfully
employed only when a great number of favorable con-
ditions exist, in which case remarkably low costs rule,
ranging from 4 to 9c. in California, and up to 33c. or
over in Alaska. Lode or quartz mining in the United
States and Alaska produces 75 per cent, of the output.
For the world, the percentage is much larger. In
South Africa practically all the output is from this
source, and shafts as deep as 5000 ft. have been sunk
on the Rand to develop the conglomerate deposits.

In the United States lode mining has been conducted
in a great variety of formations, and the deposits vary
from narrow veins of banded quartz, with high per ton
yield, to great irregular masses of low-grade ore. The
gold is often associated with tellurium and other min-
erals. When pay has given out at shallow or moderate
depths, explorations to depths of 4700 ft. or over have
very often been justified.

The treatment of the ores depends upon their rich-

ness and association with other minerals, and the pr-
esses for recovery mostly in use are the jaw and g4
lory crushers, for the larger rocks; followed by staj
mills, ball mills or rolls, for finer crushing; then pt<
amalgamation, by which in certain ores the gren |
gold return is obtained; and then concentration by 'n
ners. shaking tables or oil-flotation devices. The n
centrates are treated by smelters, chlorination or a
nide works. After stamping or amalgamation, the w>l
pulp is often economically treated in bulk by the cyad
process.

Variable Yields and Costs

The yields and costs vary in different districts n
in different mines in each district. The greatest I
producers have been mines of low or moderate yield
ton, but with great mass occurrence and good ccdi
tions for economical working. The best exampl I
such mining is the Homestake mine, in South 1).:
which has been worked since 1875, and has prod*
over $147,000,000, the ore not averaging over $4 e
and costs ranging from $2.50 to $3 per ton, with I
dends $40,000,000, or 27 per cent, of the output.
records of the Alaska Treadwell group of mines st;
in 1885, and brought up to June, 1916, showed themai
been crushed and treated 26,000,000 tons, yielding
000,000 or $2.37 per ton, and at a cost of $1.42 peroi
The workings were extended to a depth of 230 f
Some of them were under the sea, and the majit
of the mines were flooded with water on Apr. 21, i]
and are now closed.

Lower yields and lower costs have been obtaine b
the Alaska Juneau Co. and the Alaska Gold Mif
which are only a few miles distant from the A si
Treadwell Mines. Working on a large scale ha;~
recently been started at these mines. In 191(t
Alaska Gold Mines crushed nearly 2,000,000 tons, g ir.
a yield of 97c, and at reported costs of 73c. The A si.
Juneau's large mill has only recently been put int c
eration. It is anticipated their yields and costs w
still lower. These are the lowest yields and costs k)v,
in gold mining. Hydroelectric power is used, ar B
natural conditions are ideal for cheap working.

The Mother Lode in California, on which a 10-.- m
mill was started in 1852, has been prospected or w k
over a length of 125 miles, and has produced, accoli:
to estimates, over $230,000,000 in gold. At two i ti
mines, shafts have been sunk to vertical depths a
4000 ft. Many mines, however, have been abanm
at moderate depths, owing to failure to make then?;
The early returns per ton from the Lode were a
higher than recently; now returns do not average
$4 per ton. Some old abandoned mines have lately*
opened up again, and by hydroelectric power id
better system of mining and management have)*1
made to yield a substantial profit.

A notable case is that of the Plymouth Consol:*1
Mines, in Amador County, on the Mother Lod
opened after an idleness of 24 years, liberally eqi'I
by capital and the operating costs reduced to ab<t
per ton. The North Star Mine, in California, is £?<
illustration of a persistent but narrow vein of q*>
worked under good management, and being made I
a moderate profit for a very long period. Then
was discovered in 1851, and since then to 191 '

May 11. 1918

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

87 1

duced 1,470,000 tons, yielding $18,610,000, or an
irage of $12.66 per ton. The total dividends have
ounted to $5,137,000, or about 35 pei cent of the
Id. The returns for 1916 were $10.42 per Ion, with
is ;ii $6.26 per ton.

Vn example of very rich yield, but with short life,

found in the case of Goldfield Consolidated Mines,

trada. Here, within eight or nine years, $50,000,000

been taken out, but the yield fell from $38.50 a ton

1910 to $7.52 in 1916. The costs must have been

te, on account of the magnitude of the lode. The

tland Mine, in Colorado, is another rich telluride

ie. It has produced over $40,000,000, with an aver-

yield of !?27 per ton. The dividends, however, have

amounted to over 'Jo per cent., as a great amount

development and costly mining and reduction have

n necessary.

kit of Economic Conditions on Future Output

n December, 1917, I was in California and Montana,
■re I had the opportunity of discussing with a num-

of operators, managers, and engineers the effect
he present economic conditions on the future output
rold and the proposed excess war profits tax.

B labor and supplies go up, so must the cost of
ning gold be increased, and the purchasing power
; rold decreased. An index as to the decreasing pur-
ging power of gold is obtained by noting some of
r increases in cost of supplies used in its obtainment,
:e of which are given in Table VI. The advance in
la of hydroelectric power has been small. The cost
foal and petroleum varies in different localities, but
rre it is necessary to use these fuels, there is a
advance in cost of operations due to increased
Jar cost.

• BLE VI PERCENTAGE INCREASES IN" COST OF MINING
SUPPLIES

Per Cent.

Labor, about 20

in California) 40 to 280

Manganese steel (largely used in dredging) 130

Explosives 75

Quicksilver 93

Lumber 125

Machinery, etc 75

Miscellaneous !0 to 200

me companies, with liberal margins between profit
iloss, can continue to work under present or even
m worse labor and supply conditions, but the excess
3 profits tax may so operate as to induce them to
nil outputs. Some of the mines working on very
i margins are being closed down gradually, and
p may be kept going for a time by reducing the
^opment work and upkeep of plant, and generally
aing time while hoping for better future conditions.

ere has been a fear among operators that through
Workings of the Priority Board there may be diffi-
l! in obtaining transportation and other necessities

•:p their mines in constant operation. The amount

mage that gold mining calls for from the railroad,
I ! hydroelectric power is used, is very small, as the
11 ed product of the mines is most concentrated. It
also work a great hardship in the gold-mining
ft try to close down the works and make the elderly
l(>2ss efficient workers, who have not already been
toed by higher wages, seek employment and remove
si families from the district in which they have spent
la e part of their lives.

excess war profits Lax has been somewhat of a

puzzle to many of tl perators. of the whole

matter is how rightlj to determine the rate per cent,
earned on the invi ted a pital; thai I . the ret ull oi
dividing the nel income bj 1 per cent, of the capital. If
the rate obtained is between 7 and 9 per cent., th( i
no tax to be paid, II above 10 per cent., i( progressively
mounts until a taxatii per cent, of all net profits

can be impoi ed,

Difficulties al once arise in the interpretation of what

is invested capital and what net income, and what are

the legal deductions from ordinary income allowable
before net income is ascertained, invested capital may-
have an inflated showing in some system of accounts
kept, while in others it may be conservative, in

order to provide againsl the exhaustion of the mine.
The interpretation of the returns and the bookkeeping
of a gold-mining corporation becomes a most serious
matter. It would seem from a reading of the law that
a premium is placed on making a showing of high or
inflated capitalization; also that large outputs and high
yearly incomes are so penalized, and especially with low
capitalization, that it would hecome a temptation to de-
crease outputs and take two or three times the usual
length of time for mining the gold, as, when once mined,
all hope for further profit of working is gone.

To illustrate, let us assume an invested capital of
$1,000,000 and a net income of $1,000,000 in sight in the
ground and with little hope of more, but which may be
taken out in one or more years. What is the proper
course for the management to recommend to its share-
holders? If it is taken out in one year, the rate is 100
per cent., and the company must pay the Government
$479,400. If in five years, the rate is 20 per cent, and
the company would havo to pay a tax equal to $23,900
by 5, or $119,500. If in 10 years, the rate is 10 per
cent., and the company would have to pay a tax equal to
$1,400 by 10, or $14,000.

Should a small group of miners or prospectors form a
small company, of, say, $10,000 to $100,000 capital, and
expend the entire capital, but strike it rich and take out
as net profit an amount equal to or more than the
capital put in — in such case, would they not be obliged to
turn over to the Government nearly half of their profits?
And, this being the case, is not the search for new gold
discovery greatly discouraged by the tax?

It is my view that the elimination of all excess profit
taxes on gold mining and the encouraging of maximum
outputs might in reality bring in greater revenue to
the Government than the tax; for larger dividends paid
to shareholders would mean greater revenue from in-
dividuals.

The Gold Standard

Almost all the countries of the world have as their
financial basis the gold standard. Only a few retain
the double standard of gold and silver — Italy alone
among the combatants. Prior to the war, while there
was freedom in trade and intercommunication among
the different countries, the prices of various commodi-
ties were regulated, both from within and without, by
the operation of the laws of supply, demand, and com-
petition, and stabilized by the intrinsic value of gold.

The debts of the principal belligerents at the time
of their entering the war, and those contracted since
their entrance, as also an estimation of further debts

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 19

per year, are given in a rough and approximate manner

ID Table VII. They are sufficiently accurate, however,
to illustrate the danger of the world's financial situation.

1A1U1 VII DEBTS OF PR1NCIPA1 BELLIGERENTS

Hung

Turk
Bull

Pn-War

w u

fatal to

I

Future ^ mu K

Estimate

$3 500000.000 $2V 350.000.000 $26,850,000,000 $10,000,000,000

10 000 I I hi, noil. 000 4. 4011, 000.000

ioooo l(. (T) 5.1 ".'.000.000

10,000 9,200,000,000 2 .00.000.000

1.200.000.000 7.000.000.000 8.200.000.000 14.000.000.000

SIS. 410.000.000 J64.704.000.000 $83,194,000,000 $35,900,000,000

$5,000,000,000 $20,650,000,000 $25.650.000.000(?lS8.000.000.000

4.000.000.000 12.200.000.000 16.200.000.000 4.000.000.000

800.000.000 1.100,000,000 1.900,000.000 350.000,000

$9,800,000,000 $33,950,000,000 $43,750,000,000 $12,350,000,000
$28,210,000,000 $98,654,000,000 $126,944,000,000 $48,250,000,000

The table shows at a glance the great difference be-
tween the debts incurred by the Central Powers and
those by the Allies. Taking into consideration the num-
ber of combatants and the necessary munitions and
supplies used by them, is it not evident that the Central
Powers are getting far more value for their debts con-
tracted than the Allies?

In respect to the stock of gold on hand in the world
and the amount held by the United States, used as
money and security, the following quotation is given
from the Report of the Secretary of the Treasury, 1917,
page 24 :

The gold monetary stock (coin and bullion used as
money) in the United States on November 1, 1917, is esti-
mated at S3.041,500,000. The increase in the past 10 months
has been $174,500,000; in the past three years $1,236,-
500,000, while in the past five years it has been $1,161,333,-
000. In five years the portion of the world's gold monetary
stock held by the United States has increased from ap-
proximately one-fifth to more than one-third.

This indicates that the calculation of the gold reserve
made previously in this paper corresponds closely with
the estimate of the Secretary of the Treasury. Accept-
ing 310,000,000,000 as the proper gold reserve of the
world, it may be calculated that at the beginning of the
war the gold reserve was 35 per cent, of the total debts
of the principal belligerents, while at present it is only
about 8 per cent.

Discussion of Gold as a Vital Force

When prices of labor and commodities are so ad-
vanced that it is not possible for the majority of the gold
mines of the world to work at any profit, then labor
and supply prices must be:ome lower, or gold becomes
automatically demonetized. Gold coins can be consid-
ered storage cells of human energy, as to obtain them
labor of hand and brain must be expended ; in fact, they
are thus charged with human electromotive force. They
are able to give out strong genial currents of trade
confidence, circulating and binding trade, and bringing
together different industries and peoples in different
lands; their value is not founded on the fiat of any one
or more legislative bodies of one or more countries that
may be experiencing fleeting prosperity, but they are
certificates from nature of man's work and accom-
plishment.

The electromotive force of the storage battery cells
depends not only on the amount of the electricity poured
into them, but also upon its pressure or intensity. In
electrical parlance, the rate of flow is expressed in am-

peres, the pressure in volts, and the power in wat.
In the gold cells filled with human energy, the ampeis
can be considered as the number of workers and te
volts the forces and tools placed at the disposal i
the workers by discovery, science, and organizatii,
The watts may be considered the labor force stoid
in the cell or coin. In the mention of the labor (s.
ments poured into the cells, it must be understood tl.1
labor should include the work of managers, engine**
metallurgists, chemists, overseers, mechanics, and ot i
skilled laborers, as well as the more unskilled worku
drillers, trammers, shovelers, etc.

The electric storage battery of cells can be render
useless or burnt up by excessive charges of currei;
they can also dry out and stop working, or be fetl)
active should there be an insufficient number of c\
on the circuit to do the work demanded. Translate
these conditions to the human electromotive coin d
the value of gold can be destroyed by its too g*
abundance and its too great ease of obtainment. lia
tory is almost uncanny in showing how visions of sum
abundance, as seen or painted by owners and mini
have been doomed to disappointment, and how, cond
ering time and averages, nature has demanded full o
in labor for her gold.

The electric storage cell can dry out and disintegit
unless refreshed with new current; this means 1<
should the obtainment of new gold cease while dift
on the old coins are vastly increased, the whole stoig
battery of gold energy may get so out of adjust; ••
as not to do useful work, and gold would becomcd*
monetized and the accumulated labor energy of I
turies past, locked up in old coins, become inert in-
valueless. Should all gold mining stop, or very radii
diminish, this would be the result.

Cost of New Gold Supply in Relation to Wqk
and Commodities

As long as this country, or in fact any country
tinues to measure values by a gold standard and pdj;
its credit on this basis, in the long run the co
obtaining new gold supply must fix its limitatio -1
the rise in wages and commodities. Gold is a sluri
governor, and seems at times inoperative, but its pn;
fulness and cost of obtainment is ever operative, tlu
not the only factor in the rise and fall of prices. T
real value of the gold coins is that they >
past labor achievements and cannot be dupli
the future without equivalent labor effort. Pn
bills or notes, or contingent division of profits ma
either governments, banks, or individuals, can be »
mere scraps of paper almost overnight by war, r
tion or commercial failure, but for thousands of e
gold, while showing fluctuation in purchasing ]«
has ever been valuable.

Value of Securities and Bonds

Our Government securities and Liberty >
pledged on a gold basis, take the place of gold c
only as long as the people in this and foreign coiti
have faith that the Government can make go I
promises ; when this is seriously doubted by the X
gold will go to a premium. The great gold rcj
of the past would not be so necessary if the reco) i
of the fundamental necessity of measuring golc«

11. l'.US

ENGINEERING AND MINING J01 RNAL

K7U

its of labor necessary to win it were better rec-
rd and insisted upon by governments thai pledge
credit on ;i gold basis. Safely to lessen gold re-
I while upholding the legal gold standard is the
financial problem of the day for (his and other
rise.

attempt to adjust the value of the gold coin by

ing its weight in fine gold by government fiat

be to take away all intrinsic merit from the

ii-il and result in confusion and utter lark of finan-

uth and confidence. The temptation to enlarge

tions and thus reduce gold reserves to an inade-

aniount, and to meet the difficulty by refusing to

oin for gold pledges, also has great financial

rs. The conception and definition of money has

ime of the most fruitful subjects of disagreement,

ent and books known to man. It would seem,

;er, that the main functions of money are first,

ating exchange; second, a means of estimating

rative values of commodities.

Value of Gold and Paper Money

unreality of paper money is forced upon me by

idy of gold, the happenings of the time and the
k for the future. Money must in a large measure
ted on sentiment and good faith, for money, even
ting gold, has no intrinsic value except as an in-
I; or stimulant to future human enterprise, effort

bor. Its stored value vanishes when the mass
i people repudiate it. When faith in it gives out,
(that may seize and wish to make new divisions

id only waste paper in the bonds, notes and se-
as so eagerly desired and coveted.
I ey can be converted into reality only by the work-

tsses led by efficient officers, who not only make

the muscular energy of the masses, but harness
i 'rvice all the impersonal obedient servitors that
«>ry, invention, science and engineering have placed
I command of man, the force of which far exceeds
1 muscular energy of man.

i payers of income tax in 1915 did not amount to
than one-third of 1 per cent, of the population.
' vied rich amount to only a fraction of this num-

'hey may enjoy pride of possession in the paper
igs of their bank deposits and lists of securities.

o the power it gives, but their absorbing power
I which money can really give to them individu-

very small and confined largely to what they and
lamilies can eat, drink and wear. All other pos-
is they must share or pass on to others. The
i-e merely deflectors, gates or valves in the energy

B. The greatest wealth by the individual has
stained by organizing labor and produ ing the
-•■ties of the many at the lowest prices and taking
I rofits per unit, but with the greatest number of

Labor and Wealth

I bor in its broader sense has been organized and
uted to produce a maximum amount of commodi-
i provides for its own necessities and comforts as
■ that of the few, and makes possible a greater
s>i of such commodities among the workers. Thus,
'tiroduction is beneficial to the many as much,
' proportion more, than to the few. The decen-
fisus of 1910 shows that above 93 per cent, of the

male population i ( the Unifa d SI ;

i- occupied in gainful put A far more diffl

cull problem than the destruction of capital would i
among the workers should the presenl order of thi
be suddenly abolished deteri to how a fair,

satisfactory, stimulating division of salaries and wi -
could be arranged i nd enfon ed at workera,

that they would have more leisure and at the same time

more wants and neo

Any advance in wages of one • la of workers mu I
in fairness be followed by proportionate im i n the

wages of other cl id as the laborer's wants and

requirements for subsistence and comfort are depi n
ble on his fellow worker, so must the cost of his sub-
sistence increase as his own and other wages are rai
Thus, in the end no material gain can be obtained by
the laborer unless there is some corresponding advance
in the output of his work.

The Government at the present time is the greatest
employer of labor and purchaser of commodities. The
danger of allowing the prices of commodities to i
above the future cost necessary for obtaining gold, it
is hoped has been made plain. Certainly the Govern-
ment should insist on the stoppage of all classes of
profiteering; but how is it possible to fix prices of any
commodity and make low bids possible unless there is
some limit fixed upon wages and salaries?

The war mus^ be won, and it will take money as well
as men to accomplish it. However, it does not help mat-
ters to pledge credit unnecessarily to please or placate
either labor or capital, and the more we get for money
on a gold basis at the present time the less will be the
burden of debts incurred on future generations, which
must of necessity be paid by the mass of the people
rather than by the few.

Gold Production Interfered with by High Cost of
Labor and Supplies

The financial integrity of the country has been
pledged on a gold basis. As 91 per cent, of the gold
output of the world comes from the Allies' territories,
as a war measure it is plain that it is to the advantage
of the Allies to uphold the gold standard. For the last
10 years the world's yearly output of gold has been
almost stationary, and the present high costs of labor
and supplies are acting very seriously against any in-
creased production. To stop gold mining in a time of
financial stress, as has been indicated, would be like
closing the doors of a bank when a run is made upon
it. It therefore must be evident that it is vital for this
and all Allied countries to encourage gold mining as fat-
as possible.

Excess War Profits Tax Especially Injurious to
Gold Mining

Unfortunately, but little help can be directly extended
to the gold industry', but, as far as possible, encourage-
ment should be given, and the excess war profits tax
placed upon this industry should be reconsidered, for
while the war may have proved profitable to every other
class of industry7 in the matter of earnings, certainly it
has been seriously injurious to the gold industry. In-
directly, the gold industry, as well as new issues of
Liberty Loan Bonds, can be greatly helped by the re-
duction in prices of all necessary commodities, and this

874

ENGINEERING AND MIN'INi; JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No.

certainly should be seriously, judiciously and fairly
in hand by the Government

The war is to be won by the efficiency, harmony and
morale of the workers behind the firing lines as much
as by the exercise of these qualities by the soldiers at
the front. The right conception o( what gold, and in
fact money in any form, has the power of doing or not
doing, seems to me of most vital concern at present.
A better understanding of this problem, I believe, would
tend to knit together governments, labor and capital,
and make for efficiency, harmony and happiness.

Charles M. Schwab

Charles M. Schwab's recent appointment as Direc-
tor General of the Emergency Fleet Corporation, to
have charge of the building of ships to win the war, had
lectrical effect on Washington, where it was regarded
as epoch making in our war progress, said the Times.
Of all the appointments made at the Capital since the
declaration of war, there had been no parallel to this.

President Wilson, in calling upon Mr. Schwab,
violated precedents long indorsed by public opinion.
Mr. Schwab is building more ships for the Govern-
ment than any other man in the country. The com-
panies which he controls are turning out probably
more than one-fifth of the ships now being supplied
to the Government. This fact is important in itself,
of course, but it has a particular interest because of
the recent report of the Senate Committee on Military
Affairs, recommending that, in the reorganization of
the Aircraft Board, no aircraft manufacturer should
be in direct charge of contracts and purchases.

"That means," said an industrial leader at Washing-
ton last week, "that no man who knows a business
shall be placed in charge of it. It is a question of pro-
duction, not restriction. The nation's very life as a
free people rests upon getting the best possible man.
Who is the best man but he who is most interested in
the business, who has shown that he has the ability
to produce more than any other man? The time has
come when the patriotism of the men most needed by
the country must be trusted."

The President has asked the man most interested
financially in shipbuilding to take charge of ship-
building at a crisis in the history of the country. Mr.
Schwab, as his record shows, knows how to build
ships. All other considerations had been dropped into
second place. The demands of war necessity, accord-
ing to the views of everybody of intelligence nowadays,
require that the best qualified men be appointed and
trusted. The Times quotes the following Washington
opinion of the appointment:

"Mr. Schwab is to have a free hand. There is a
difference between an executive and an administrator,
a distinction not yet clear in Washington. An execu-
tive, as I understand it, is a man who sees that orders
are carried out. He knows how to handle men and
affairs to that extent — no mean ability. An Army
officer of the old school often made an admirable
executive, as a bureau head. An administrator has
this ability, but in addition he has creative power. It
is that which makes a business grow, which extends
a little plant over one acre after another until it has
a payroll of 50.000. It requires latitude of operation,

swing. There is no other kind of business ability
it. In its highest form it is genius. In this cou:
at one time there are not likely to be a dozen such u
They are the greatest asset, in one way, that
country has. Schwab is one of them. I am glau
are going to use him. You can vote big bond isn
but you can't vote a Schwab.

"We have suffered in this war from ideas we e
before the war as to the Government's function.
Government watched over business and industr
a sort of umpire, imposing restrictions on competj
to see that they played fair. But we don't realiz
least we are slow to realize, it seems, that the Go^
ment has gone into industry itself, that it is tryii
become one big war industry. Production, not J
lation, is the heart of our business now. The je
thing is to increase that production, as the little d
was increased until it had a payroll of 50,000.
a man has to be producer to do this in the best dej e
he can't learn it from another man, nor get it I
college degree, not in the Schwab form. When
call a man to a task of production there is jusoi
test — what has he produced? How great an estalis
ment has he been able to keep going? How manyia
rolls has he been able to take care of every Satid
night? What is his output?

"A man who wins remarkable success in a parti tl
business usually knows it from the ground up 1
then can tell himself, if anything is going wrong wl
it is. That has been a handicap, as I see it, t> Itl
Hurley and Mr. Piez. If there was a disagrent
between two ship men as to whether a thing coil
could not be done, it was necessary to refer the n tt
to some one well acquainted with shipbuilding. 1
when such a question goes up to Mr. Schwab h c;
say: 'I know it can be done that way, for I haveld
it myself.' Just so, when a job ought to be finish1.
knows himself, because of his vast experience
knows the principle of handling an immense org i
tion; that is, holding the chiefs whom he ap]
responsible. He will not have lesser questioi i
ferred to him for decision; it is a mark of ineffni
to refer something to him which should be
lower clown. Not details, but the totals, the i
tell him everything."

Increased Refining of Bolivian
Ores in Chile

According to cable advices received by the Buru
Foreign and Domestic Commerce from Comi
Attache William A. Montavon, at Santiago, Chi
Llallagua tin smelter recently erected at Arica, h
is now working on a small scale, its total product
date being 30 tons of metal of 99.8% purity an 1
from arsenic and antimony. The smelter compru
reverberatory, one liquating, and one roasting ftp
with a monthly capacity of 1000 tons of barilli 1
ducing approximately 650 tons of metal. Cal M
petroleum residuum is used for fuel. An addi<
reverberatory and an additional roasting funis'
now under construction, which will increase the <S>
of the plant to 1500 tons of barilla in about two r»
when the present Llallagua contract will have ex n

q U. L918

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

H75

ang Manganese at Crimora, Virginia

BY Maush ILL IIami

is within the last four years that Interest centered
ml thi' manganese deposits of Virginia, brin

Kgain into prominence. This is due to conditions
8 market which have resulted in an increase in the

of manganese ore to such a degree that the minea
ie operated at a satisfactory profit. About 10 years
Virginia produced nearly all the manganese then
d for the steel industry in the United States.
tically all of this ore came from one mine, the
ora, in Augusta County. After the mines had
in operation for a number of years under the super-
i of the Carnegie Steel Co., litigation started, which
for more than 20 years prevented operations at
ora. During this period of litigation many small
(its in the valley were operated in a small way
nade for their owners excellent profits.

Early Operations

all washers were erected and the ore was mined by

ut and tunneling over an area of 80 acres or more,

;o a depth ranging from 10 to 75 ft. No effort was

at that time to recover the fines and the lean ore,

rge boulders and stratified ore only being taken out.

I a number of years of this kind of mining, several

fed thousand tons of clay impregnated with a small

itage of manganese surrounded the workings, and

I ine was left in an exceedingly bad condition.

II property was purchased by the present owners,
rimora Manganese Corporation of New York, in

The company owns 1200 acres, but not all of it
tiganese bearing. The manganese area is con-
e:o a basin lying between the foothills and the Blue
1 Mountains. At this point the basin is wide, and
sormed by the tilting of the Potsdam formations,
manganese minerals were leached from the rocks of
' lue Ridge and redeposited in the basin.

Later Development

r first operations were undertaken with the object
siring definite information relative to the tonnage
it as still in place within the basin. Keystone drills
I *ed, and at present over 100 drill holes have been
t wn to the Potsdam beds, indicating a thickness
t ore-bearing clays of from 150 to 275 ft. and an
I ant ore tonnage. A complete record of this pre-
I iy work, together with samples and analyses of
<U work, has been carefully kept. An average
I s of the ore is given in the following: Manganese,
k ; iron, 0.58%; silica, 1.92%. The manganese
"age is equivalent to 89.72% of manganese dioxide.
e e is high grade and is sold to the chemical trade
Iverage price of $90 per ton.

^'ig line excavator has been installed in the opencut.
I juipped with a 1 1 cu.yd. Scofield bucket and has
liity of 125 tons per hour. From the opencut
Is is transported to the washer by means of an
" gravity railroad, on which two 4 cu.yd. side-dump
5<e operated. From the cars it is dumped into the
n orage bin, at the head of the mill. The material
^'larged from the bin over stationary grizzlies.

'''ting mining engineer, Geer. Greene County. Virginia.

the bara of which are three im hen apart, i
are delivered into a 26 it. McLanahara Btone wa
The oversize is received on a moving grizzly, the liars
of which also arc pami three inches apart, and then
dep<i lie, i into a dn The drag convi or

carries the large lumps to a slugger roll i ru her. Hi re i(

is crU8hed to three inches ami sent to a log W8 her.

Leaving the washer, the material passes Into a revol
screen. No. l, perforations of which are two Incl
The undersize passes to screen No. 2 (perforations ami
1 in.). The oversize of No. 1 screen is elevated to a pick-
ing table, where the gangue and iron minerals are
removed and the clean ore finally received in the ore bin.
The oversize from No. 2 screen is handled in the same
way. The undersize of No. 2 screen is passed over No. 3
screen (perforations ."■. in.). This screen acts as a
slime screen, removing all of the slimes before the
material is elevated in two sets of IHiir-compartment
McLaughlin jigs. The mill comprises two separate units,
each a duplicate of the other. Some ore is lost in the
undersize of screen No. 3, and it is planned to install
an additional unit to recover this.

Another washer and crushing unit having a capacity
of 30 tons is now being constructed. The mill, as de-
signed and installed, has a capacity of 1000 tons per
10 hours, and the washing facilities, 100 tons of washed
ore. The main milling plant is in three sections, each
of which is 66 x 150 ft. The equipment is modern and
electrical power is used for operating the plant. The
entire equipment cost about $200,000.

John D. Ryan

John D. Ryan, one of the country's foremost busi-
ness organizers and industrial mobilizers, is best known
for his work in connection with the Anaconda Copper
Mining Co., of which he is president. His reputation
as a leader in the financial world was founded chiefly
on the remarkable administrative ability displayed in
the rejuvenation of the Anaconda company and later in
his development of the Montana Power Company.

During the last year, however, Mr. Ryan has been
continuously in the Government service, first as Di-
rector General of Military Relief of the Red Cross.
He has had complete supervision of maintaining the
base hospitals at home cantonments and in military
camps abroad.

Mr. Ryan was born at Hancock, Mich., Oct. 10, 1864.
He grew up in the Lake Superior mining region, but,
according to himself, never did any mining. Early in
his teens he became a traveling salesman, and he first
came in touch with the interests which afterward be-
came the Amalgamated mining group while selling oil
in Butte, Mont. There he met Marcus Daly. Mr. Ryan
became interested in banking, and after Mr. Daly's
death acquired an interest in certain of his banks.

About this time, 1904, H. H. Rogers got Mr. Ryan to
look after the Amalgamated Copper Co.'s interests in
Montana. His job was to reconcile the differences be-
tween warring factions. His success was soon displayed
through the purchase by the Amalgamated of most of
the Heinze properties. Then he came to New York
Mr. Rogers's invitation, succeeding to the presidency
of Amalgamated soon afterward.

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL Vol. 105. No.
,,„„„ m mmm i ium.ran.mun in.. iu.mium.„.iii.ii......m.i.... i,,.inin„iiin..u.n.1n.in.iu.ii.,1...ii.iu,i.m..n.u...i,..„,m.»ju*

Mill Construction in Arizona

iiiuiiiiiiunmnuu.umiH.nii.n iininiiii mm miiiiiiiimutiiiiii mm >">"™lll"<" "« m •

STEEL FRAME. MILL BOLDIX

XG, BELGRAVIA, ARIZONA- HERCULES COPPER CO.

May 11. 11(18

ENGINEERING AND MINIM, JOURNAL

877

:^V-£f «.££■>;

GRADIXG FOR MILL AT BELGRAVIA, ARIZOXA. AIII/.ONA-HERCULES COPPER CO,

CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION OF -MILL ORE BIX. BELGRAVIA. ARIZONA-HERCULES TOPPER CO.

3 -

ENGINEERING AND MIXING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 19

Instructions for Flotation Operators

The following instructions wore obtained from George
Crerar, and were compiled in order to aid new men in
learning to operate pneumatic-eel] frothing machines.
The instructions apply especially to cells with pneu-
matic bottoms, whether they be inclined or flat, but are
oi aid in the adjustment of the oil feed in other types
of flotation machines.

1. In starting up a dotation plant be sure all pump
and elevating equipment is working properly before the
pulp is admitted to the system. Turn the air on at all
pneumatic machines before the pulp enters. Prior to
this, the opening given the valves should have been
determined by rilling the cells with a little slime pulp
and pine oil and turning the -«lves tr> the different cells
until the proper amount of air nas been determined for
the formation of a good froth. In setting the valves,
it is a good plan to tie a small piece of lacing or twine
into the hand wheels, so that subsequent adjustments,
necessary from time to time, can be facilitated. Occa-
sionally it is well to start the pulp with an easily assimi-
lable frothing agent, *uch as Pensacola No. 80 pine oil,
G. N. S. No. 5 pine oil, or Cleveland-Cliffs No. 2 hard-
wood creosote. Then when a good froth has been ob-
tained on the regular ore pulp, the "priming" oil can
be cut out, and the regular frothing mixture to be used,
cut in. In all subsequent exrv . indentation in regard to
change of oils it is well to make the changes gradually
from one to another unless the oils are entirely in-
compatible in their nature.

2. Never increase the oil feed rapidly, as over-oiling
is likely to result before it is realized. Free oil in the
cells will kill thz froth. An inexperienced operator may
increase the oil on a charge already containing more oil
than it can assimilate under the conditions. Free oil
can be detected by the odor and by the distinctly greasy
appearance of the little froth that may form, while when
nver-oiling has become great, froth will be absent over
the greater part of the pulp surface. A sputtering effect
is noticeable in the froth surface when the pulp is only
slightly over-oiled.

3. The froth on under-oiled pulps is generally brittle
and flat. The bubbles break with slight explosions.
Vapor may be noticed when the larger bubbles break,
and there is a tendency toward a slight spray. The min-
eral load in froths that are under-oiled has a tendency
to gather in masses and then sink.

4. The feed of too much air to a pneumatic cell will
cause "blubbing," that is, the formation of air vents
through the body of the froth. Too much air has a
tendency to kill the froth or else to reduce it materially
in volume, so that it may stop overflowing. "Blubbing"
and the formation of air vents indicate either that too
high an air pressure is being carried under the pneu-
matic mats, or that the mats are covered with coarse
sand, or are leaking. Too much air, dirty mats or leaks
in the mats will increase the grade of tailings.

5. After the air valves have been set so that approxi-
mately the same amount of froth is being made over each
air compartment, the quantity of the froth that over-
flows from the machine can be controlled best through
regulation of the frothing agent. Ordinarily as much
air should be fed to the pneumatic bottoms as is possible
without producing "blubbing" or blowing through.

When this limit has been reached, the frothing agen
should be added in proper quantity to get a maximui
steady overflow of mineral-bearing froth. The rate c
oil feed should be measured, not guessed, before makin
any changes in quantity. If the oil is added in drop
the number of drops fed per minute should be counte
If it is flowing in a stream, a graduated cylinder lar^
enough to hold the supply that is fed during one minut
should be used, and the quantity caught noted befoi
altering the feed. When the quantity is known, tla
amount can be increased or decreased by the amoui
that experience has indicated to be advisable, but i
making changes it is better that they be made gradual
than in large variations. In deciding upon a chang
the "rougher" froth should be used as the indicate
An increase in the amount of "rougher" froth w
generally mean an increase in the oil carried by the ta
ing from the cleaner, and this will tend to build up ti
amount of frothing agent in the "rougher" feed. B
cause of this pyramiding effect, it is always well to I
cautious in the amount of change made in the oil feed.

6. Both the quantity and quality of the froth will n
with the pulp consistency so long as other conditioi
remain the same. A thin pulp will generally producei-
wet, fast-flowing froth. A thick pulp will producei
dry, tenacious and sometimes a voluminous froth, whii
is difficult to break down, and which may carry o\r
considerable amount of gangue. After a few samp J
have been taken in a graduated cylinder and weighs
and then the pulp in the sample dried and weighed aga ,.
so as to determine the ratio of ore to solution, it \u
generally be possibi'e for the operator to estimate witl i
fair degree of accuracy the consistency of the pulp /
noting the amount of sediment that settles in tl
cylinder in an hour.

7. The only way to get clean tailings is to operate te
pneumatic machine so that the proper quantity of fno
is coming over the sides all the time. Troubles shod
be anticipated and preparations made for dealing wh
them while they are developing, so that the equip.™
can be repaired or the necessary changes made in <
least possible time. Less time will be thereby lost a
the operation of the plant. High running time, 1
tailings, and high-grade concentrates are indicative oa
good operator.

8. It is a good plan to permit the valves feeding
individual pans of the pneumatic bottoms to be adjup d
only by the foreman or one of the shift bosses— the 1
flotation man in the mill— and then to confine all ot;r
adjustments to the valve that controls the air-feed mai.
Unless operators are all experienced, constant adjit
ment of the individual valves will result, and the ojr
ating efficiency of the cell as a whole will, in all prd
bility, be greatly lowered.

Mica Exported from Brazil increased from 1435 kilo ir
1910 to 15,348 kilos in 1914, and to 53,743 kilos in 1916, IS
Commerce Reports. The principal sources are the stal
Bahia, Sao Paulo, Goyaz, and Minas Geraes. In Goyaz, "
most important deposits are found in the municipal^
Meia Ponte. In Sao Paulo, deposits have been discov ■>
in Bananal, Itapecerica, Paranahyba, S. Bernardo, >
Juquie. Extraction has been stimulated by the men
demand for mica, especially for use as an insulator f
trie materials, for automobile tops and as an absorber'
glycerin in making dynamite.

» 11, 1918

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

879

Jone System of Fuel Distribution

\e U. S. Fuel Administration, under its /.(mine plan

listribiiting fuel, will issue permits lor the ship-

of coal for special purposes to points outside the

in which the particular coal desired originates.

ipurpose of this zone plan is to save transportation

he elimination of unnecessarily long hauls and
i able cross hauls, thereby conserving the car supply

Increasing car utility. This should result in an

used production of coal.

l> zones apply only to bituminous and cannel coals
; io not apply to anthracite or coke. Embargoes
c the plan affect shipments of coal in any class of
-quipment and were put into operation jointly by
>f. S. Fuel Administrator and the Director General

dlroads on Apr. 1.

[is recognized, however, that some consumers will
ire, for illuminating or producer gas, byproduct
;?, metallurgical, smithing or other particular
rses, special coals which are not produced in the
i istricts from which the zoning plan permits ship-
i to be made. Such requirements will be cared

• permits issued by the Fuel Administration upon
ir evidence that the request for such permit is
inted. Forms may be obtained from the U. S.
(Administration, and applicants should be governed
li following instructions:

i applications for permits must be addressed to the

t?uel Administration, Coal Zone License Bureau, Room

'.New Interior Bldg., Washington, D. C. They must

n le by the consumer, stating in detail the necessity for

?cial coal and the amount required during the period

ich permit is requested. In case of a consumer hav-

ore than one plant, or requiring special coal from

I han one producer, separate applications for permits

• required for shipment from each producer as well
t-ach plant. Separate applications for permits will be
art for each railroad on which shipments originate,
r s are revocable at the discretion of the Fuel Admin-
sr.

general effect of the zone system is to restrict
la coal to eastern markets and fill the vacancy in

ntral and Western states with near-by coal pro-
fin those states. As an indication of the saving to
ected, the movement of more than 2,000,000 tons
P ahontas coal to Chicago and other western points
li haul of about 660 miles will be eliminated.
I o can obtain this tonnage of coal, and under this
1 must obtain it, from southern Illinois mines,
tun average haul of 312 miles. Allowing for
ences in quality in the two coals, there will be
sived 11,400,000 car miles, or, very conservatively
1 , 285,000 car days. This will permit 14 additional
"trips of 20 days each from West Virginia mines
I destinations, making possible an additional pro-
|i of at least 700,000 tons of Pocahontas coal.
»lar comparisons show that on the movement of
|l tons annually from Kanawha districts to Wis-
!> points there can be saved about 2,500,000 car
Ifffth a consequent increased production of about
■v' tons. On the movement from southeastern
'tky to Chicago the saving will be about 800,000
n es and 50,000 tons production. The elimination

I Indiana to Iowa movement will save 1,600,000

II es and permit 100,000 tons additional production.
*<ire only a few of the instances of transportation
" possible.

Bituminous coal the n which is regulated

by the /.cue Bystem is about 800,000,000 tons, or l
of the total production. Based on this production,

there will be saved on the round trip from and to tl."
mines almost 160,000,000 car miles. II ,i , claimed,
will permit the same cars to make almost 800,000 addi-
tional trips from the mines, equivalent to an Increa e
of 5'f in the production. The [i
d'.vtion in 1917 over 1916 resulting from all el!
was about 8 per cent.

Electric Smelting of Phosphate Rock

Electric-furnace smelting of phosphate rock and the
use of the Cottrell precipitator in collecting the
volatilized phosphoric acid are described by J. M.
Carothers in Journ. hid. and Eng. Chem. for January,
1918. The tests made were a continuation on a com-
mercial scale of preliminary work which was carried
on more than a year ago. They were made possible
only by the cooperation of the Bureau of Soils with
several firms interested in this line of investigation.
The apparatus was installed near the plant of the R.
B. Davis Co., at Hoboken, New Jersey.

The plant as erected was a 200-kw. installation. The
incoming power was I phase, 2400 volts, which were
transferred to 3-phase, 220 volts by a bank of Scott
connected transformers. A second bank of transformers
and a set of double-throw switches made it possible to
have either 220 volts or 110 volts in the furnace. This
arrangement was adopted so as to use the higher voltage
for starting and the lower voltage for operating. For
the best operating conditions, 110 volts was found
satisfactory.

The furnace consisted of a water-cooled crucible, with
a cooled section extending no higher than the region
of the molten slag. It was lined with fire-clay brick.
The part not exposed to the action of the slag was also
lined with the fire-clay brick, as were all gas mains and
the cooling tower. The electrodes entered through the
top of the furnace. Six-inch and 4-in. graphite elec-
trodes were used. The life of a 4-in. electrode was
about seven days, while the 6-in. electrode lasted an
average of 10 days, under favorable conditions. During
regular operations about 2000 lb. of rock were con-
sumed per 12-hour period. In these experiments the
charges were set by hand.

A slag pit filled with water was used to quench the
molten slag as it flowed from the furnace. The slag,
thus chilled, slid to one end and was removed mechani-
cally. The P0S content of the slag was approximately
2%, although it is possible to reduce it to 1.5% or
even 1% for regular operation. The P:O0 content is
largely a matter of mixing the charge and using the
proper proportions of rock, sand, and coke.

The average production was 0.3 lb. HPO, per k.w.-
hr. absorbed. As the gases were removed from the fur-
nace, they passed through a cooling tower before enter-
ing the treater. The temperature of the gases on en-
tering the treater was from 250 to 300° Centigrade.

Power was supplied the treater from a 150-volt motor
generator set, and transformed to higher voltages by
a 7.5 k. v. a. transformer. It was found that 70 kilo-
volts was sufficient to give complete precipitation of the
gases. In designing the treater, complete clearance

E NG1NEER1NG AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No.

had been given to 2000 cu. ft. of gas entering at 800
(.'.. with a velocity of 3 linear ft. per sec. The con-
centration of the acid as collected was controlled by
the temperature of the gas in the treater.

When a rock free from dust is used the only im-
purities likely to be in the resultant acid are carbon
in the form of coke dust, silica dust from the sand
and rock, and any volatilized fhiorine or arsenic which
is absorbed in the acid as the gases pass through.

Based on 0.3 lb. 11 PO per kw.-hr.. a 3000 k\v.
furnace would produce 21,600 lb. H.PO, per 24-hr. .lay.
On this basis the cost of acid per lb. H.PO, is 2.55c.
or 3.37c. per lb. PA for power, labor and materials.

Tin Trade Advised on Tin Shipments
From Pacific Coast

Circular letter No. 4 was issued to the tin trade on
Apr. 13 by the subcommittee on pig tin of the American
Iron and Steel Institute. It deals with shipments of
pig tin from the Pacific Coast and reads as follows:
A letter has been received from A. G. Young, chairman,
subcommittee on traffic conditions, American Iron ami
Steel Institute, which is quoted in full for the information
of the trade, as follows:

The greater part of pig tin moving from Pacific
Coast is being consigned from Pacific Coast ports of
entry to New York, and after reaching New York we
are asked to assist consignees in obtaining permits lor
shipment from New York to various points in the West,
particularly in the Pittsburgh district.

With conditions at present existing, New York ter-
minals being practically blocked, it appears to be a
burdensome method of handling on the part of the rail-
roads as well as being expensive to the tin owners.
Effective at once, we are notified by the roads reach-
ing New York that no further shipments consigned to
New York will be accepted, unless permits are first
obtained by consignees, so it would appear necessary
to adopt immediately some method of handling and for-
warding from Pacific Coast ports, including Vancouver.
The present rate on pig tin from Pacific Coast to
New York is 56.2c. per 100 lb. The rate in returning
from New York to points in the Pittsburgh district is
15 lc per 100 lb., making the extra expense for hand-
line pig tin to New York and return to Pittsburgh dis-
trict §90.60, based on the weight of 60,000 lb per car.
The present rate to Pittsburgh from the Pacific Coast
is 56.2c. per 100 lb., and from Pittsburgh to Chicago
45c. per 100 pounds.

Both in the interest of conserving transportation,
avoiding double haul to New York and return, and also
to effect a considerable saving in freight rates, recom-
mendation is made that further shipments of Pacific
Coast pig tin be consigned either to Chicago or Pitts-
burgh for clearance at either one of these two points,
an additional reason making this necessary being that
shipments to New York can be made only on permits
to be secured by consignee in advance of shipments
going forward from the coast.

It is recommended that all importers, dealers and con-
sumers arrange, if possible, to have their shipments passed
through the custom house at the Pacific Coast port of ar-
rival If for any reason this cannot be done, it is sug-
gested that all shipments destined for consumption in the
Middle West and the vicinity of Pittsburgh be shipped in
bond" to Chicago, Pittsburgh or other convenient interior
port for distribution from such points.

The present practice of bringing shipments for interior
points through "in bond" to New York should be discour-
aged as it causes congestion at New York terminals and
results in great delay in the delivery of this much-needed
material at consumers' plants.

Moreover, the back haul from New York to Pittsburgh
on a carload of 25 tons (56,000 lb.) involves an extra cost
of the freight from New York to Pittsburgh at 15.1c. per
100 lb., equivalent to $84.56. .

The Institute and the subcommittee on pig tin will
cooperate to the fullest extent possible with the trade in
facilitating the release of shipments at interior points.

Concentration of Molybdenite Or;
in Ontario*

The concentration of molybdenite has been one ofh
most difficult problems in ore-dressing. This has e
due in part to the high molybdenum content demaia
by the market and in part to the character of the ii
eral. For ores which contain no bismuth or copper h
standard of the market is too high for the best inteisl
of the industry, as the demand is for concentrates u
will carry from 90 to 95r, MoS,. In case of ores
eastern Ontario, it would be more equitable to base ■
tations on 70 c'0 concentrates. The impurities in 1«
concentrates are either sulphides or silicates, pric
pally pyrite and pyrrhotite, or pyroxene and mica. I
use, the concentrates are either introduced as suhic
into the furnace or roasted to convert the molybdiit
to molybdic acid. In the first case, pyroxene and lit
would be removed in the slag, while the pyrite n
pyrrhotite would furnish a source of iron for the nm
facture of ferromolybdenum. In that case the val : (
the concentrates should be based on the molybdii'
content, and the iron values should be added.

In case the molybdenite is to be roasted, these &m
panying minerals are of no value, but are also harres
and are removed with little difficulty in the subse ei
leaching of the roasted mass.

Hand-Sorting Precedes Crushing

As a preliminary treatment of the ores, it is custciai
to pick out by hand large flakes, as the loss in crusii
rolling and screening of this type of material is.oi
paratively large. In all concentrating mills, the <e
reduced to a size that will pass a 20-mesh screen. E
tremely fine grinding is not desired in most cas ,
that portion of the rolled material which passes th>u
a 60-mesh screen is found to carry an almost neg'ri1
quantity of molybdenite. In consequence, the be. i
suits will probably be obtained by crushing and t'lr
the ore to pass a 20-mesh sieve, and passing this ibI
rial over a 60-mesh screen to remove dust,
lessening the load on the concentrator. Detailed del
tions of well-known concentrators are not given u
except where some new feature has been introH
At the Spain mill owned by W. J. Spain, of New.'o
and situated at the Spain mine, in Griffith To
Renfrew County, the power is furnished by two
boilers. The engine is in the mill building,
being brought to the mill, the large flakes of molyl efa
are picked out by hand, and the rock containii
smaller material is then put through a jaw c
From this point it is carried on a picking belt, I
flake molybdenite and waste rock are removed, t<a
of rolls which reduce it to about one-half inch. I
then conveyed on a second picking belt to a second e
of rolls. The fine material is then dried in B
dryer and bolted, after which it is further con
by a Hooper pneumatic concentrator. This P
the practice in the early part of the summer o 1
During the summer, however, a modification was n
duced in the form of a Wood machine.

The mill of the Renfrew Molybdenum Mine: 1
was in course of construction during the summer < 1

•Excerpted from account of A. L. Parsons, Ontario B ••
Mines Report, 1917.

May ll. 1918

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

HHI

w.i the intention to use the Elmore vacuum con
mtrator. As a preliminary, the ore was to l"
ul put through ;i ball-mill to reduce everything to a
10 state. These fines were then to be mixed with a
irtain amount of oil and put through the concentrator,
the sulphides would be removed as heads, while
8 remainder would go off as tails.

Practice at International Mili vt Renfrew

At the plant of the International Molybdenum Co., at
>nl' row, the ore is first put through a gyratory crusher,
liioh reduces it to an inch-mesh, and is then elevated

large rolls. The product of the rolls is screened,
id the oversize returned, while that portion of the re-
minder which will not pass a 20-mesh screen is passed
rough a second set of rolls, the oversize being re-
med to these. The pulverized ore is then taken to
concentrator devised by the manager, G. P. Grant, a
scription of which follows:

It consists of a wooden vat about 12 ft. long in
lich a series of boards or baffles is placed at right
gles to the direction of flow of the water. Several
pes of feed have been tried, two of which have proved
)re successful than the others. For very fine material,
gentle blast of air blows the ore over the surface of
e water, and as the current of water carries this ma-
rial over the baffles the surface tension is altered, so
it the more angular pieces sink, while the ffaky ma-
•ial remains on the surface. The material thus floated
received in a tub provided with a screen which per-
ts the water to escape, while the concentrates are
ained. These are then dried on a steam coil.
For coarser material, the distribution on the surface

the water is accomplished by a rotating drum cov-
>?d with cloth, the material being distributed on the
urn by a conical feed. The larger fragments sink before
iching the first baffle plate, so that this material is
seened to recover large flakes of molybdenite. The rest
■ the operation is the same as that described above,
om this concentrator it is usual to get a product run-
:\g from 65 to 80% MoS2 without further treatment.
'■ case a higher grade is desired, the product is cleaned
I screening the finely rolled material, which removes
[i more angular fragments of pyrite and quartz that
i y have come over, while saving the flaky molybdenite.
' acids or oils are used in the concentration, the prin-
lal prerequisite to the successful concentration being
It the material shall be dry.

'epartment of Mines Testing Molybdenite Ores

^ large portion of the testing plant of the Mines
hnch, Mines Department, was devoted during 1917 to
t concentration of molybdenite. The general plan of
f>eedure was to crush the ore in a jaw crusher, after
Wch it was passed through rolls. At the time of my
lit a ball-mill was being installed for finer grinding.
1? finely pulverized material was fed to a modification
othe Wood flotation machine, but since then the oper-
a>n has been considerably changed, and wet crushing is
"r possible. At the time of the visit, the ore was fed
t' he surface of the water by means of an endless apron,
the gangue sank, while the molybdenite remained
1 ting. With the molybdenite a considerable quantity
0 pyrite and other minerals continued to float, and
h was then taken on another apron and re-deposited

on the surface of the water. The portion that still
floated was drawn off as concentrates. This was further
treated by being dried and re-float to remove the

iron sulphides which were the principal Impurities in
the molybdenite i over the concentrator. In

the modified machine which was described by G. C.
Mackenzie befon thi nadian Institute, the end-

less aprons have been removed and the d direct-

ly on to the surface of the w.-.ter. and the breaking of
the surface tension is brought about by jets of water
from below the surface.

Accidents in 1917 at Butte &. Superior

The accident record at Butte & Superior for the
year 1917 shows that 32.93^ of the total accidents
underground were from falls of ground. Although
this is a reduction of 2.47r< under 1916, it is more than
double the percentage of accidents from any other cause,
and this phase of "safety first" cannot be brought too
strongly before the eyes of every man working under-
ground, writes C. K. Bain in the Spelter Journal.

The decrease of accidents caused by falling ground
for 1917 under those of 1916 is gratifying. In 1917
the number of accidents per 10,000 shifts was 0.577,
compared to 0.788 in 1916, a decrease of 27%. This
decrease is attributed to a great extent to the use of
carbide lights, these having replaced candles in the
mine early in 1917. A carbide light gives more light
and the range of illumination is greater, so often one
can see at a glance a loose rock which he could see only
by careful observation with a candle. When using a
candle a man walking along a drift or floor of a stope
will invariably hold it close to the ground to see where
he is walking, and it gives little or no light on the back
and therefore no chance to detect a loose rock, which
might fall and injure him. The one significant con-
clusion to be drawn from the above statistics is: The
increased lighting of a working face has brought about,
to a certain degree, the conditions the "safety-first"
movement hag been endeavoring to instill in the minds of
the underground man, viz. : Observe your working place
and see if it is safe.

One form of accident which is caused indirectly by
loose ground is when a man has not cleaned his flooring
before starting to bar down at the breast. If a large
amount of rock is loosened and he steps back to get in
the clear, he falls through or possibly stumbles and
takes chances on falling in a chute.

A man is often careful enough of his own safety, but
doesn't give enough consideration to the safety of others.
This is illustrated by a miner working on the floor
above the mucker and neglecting to warn the mucker
when he bars down a single piece of loose rock, thinking
it will be of no consequence. A good-sized rock will
glance or roll off a pile of ore, hitting the mucker and
possibly breaking his leg. Sometimes the miner has all
good intentions but shouts "Look out below!" after the
article is on its way, not giving the man below time
enough to heed the warning. The "safety-first" move-
ment cannot be a success in this case, or in any other,
without the cooperation of each and every man under-
ground, so let every one pull together.

Remember the Comfort Fund of the 27th Engineers.

J82

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL Vol. 105, No. 1!
m iiiminiiiiiiittui iiiiimiiiiiim minim i immiiiiiiimiiiimmiiiimiiiiiii uilUUUHllluni iiiiimimi mum immiiiiiiiiii iiiiiini mmilllUIII mim

Correspondence and Discussion J

iiimiinmimiimiimn imimmmn iimm mniimim immmmii miimmimm imilllimimmimimiiiimiiiiimimiiimiiim mmimmimm nimmimi miiimmiiiiiiiniiiiim niiiiiiiin,

Heap Leaching of Copper Pyrites

Metallurgists generally are much indebted to the
Phelps Dodge Corporation for that company's readiness
in permitting publication of the details of its technical
operations, showin.tr a marked contrast in this respect
to the attitude of the Rio Tinto company.

It is not. however, easy to follow G. H. Van Arsdale'"
contribution in the Journal of Feb. 2. because the re-
sults of preliminary experiment and the reasoned con-
clusions which he derives from them seem to have been
altogether departed from in the large-scale trials. Iron
salts behave in rather a peculiar way as oxidizers and
reducers. A ferrous solution will precipitate metallic
silver from salts of the latter, becoming ferric in con-
sequence, and a ferric solution will dissolve metallic
silver undergoing conversion to ferrous in the process.
The apparent contradiction is explainable by the laws
of mass action. Ferrous and ferric salts mixed in cer-
tain proportion would not effect either a silver salt
or the metal. While the behavior of iron salts in this
way depends a good deal on the nature of the substance
on which they act, it may be stated in a general way
that the presence of ferrous salts always impedes the
oxidizing action of a ferric solution.

In the working process described, the effect of cir-
culating the solution through the heaps via the precipi-
tation launders is obviously to reduce its solvent action
on the pyrites. That it has any action at all is due to
the small amount which does not drain off and undergoes
partial oxidation in the slowly drying heaps. I suggest
that extraction might be much quicker and more com-
plete if the solutions draining from the heaps were
aerated, say in a Pachuca vat, acidified to the extent
found necessary, and returned to the heaps, this cycle
being interrupted only when it was desired to obtain a
supply of cement copper, when perhaps after a prelim-
inary circuit or two without aeration, etc., the solutions
were pumped to the precipitation launders. The con-
version of a ferrous to a ferric salt by free oxygen is
normally accompanied by increasing basicity; that is,
basic salts or hydrates are produced, which are generally
insoluble. The addition of acid in due proportion over-
comes this disagreeable feature.

It is peculiar that the chart illustrating the behavior
of Burro Mountain ore shows a marked falling off in
the rate of extraction following the first addition of
acid in September. On the other hand, Table VII
— which, I take it, relates the assays of the liquors
before and after passing through the precipitation
launders, though they are described as to and from
the heaps — shows that, in this month, the amount of
copper in solution was considerably greater than in
preceding months, and that it was precipitated by re-
placement with iron with much greater economy of
the latter, judging from the relative decrease of copper
and increase of iron in the solution. Some explanation
of this anomalv would be welcome.

A method of precipitating copper from solution v/\-
I should like to see tried out is based on the follovvi
reaction: When to the solution of a copper salli
added a solution of the pyrosulphite salt of an al.
(known to photographers as metabisulphites), a d*.
reddish precipitate of cupro-cupric sulphite for;
which on boiling changes to a brilliant vermib
granular precipitate, which settles instantly. Sulpi
dioxide is copiously evolved. Pyrosulphites are m
duced by crystallizing out solutions of the ordinary ;ii
sulphites at boiling point. With the exception of d
none of the ordinary metals is affected, as far i
know. As sulphur dioxide is generally available alu
a copper plant and lime is cheaper than iron, it oihl
to be worth a trial. R. T. Hancoci

4 Stanley Gardens, Alperton, Wembley,
Middlesex, England, Apr. 4, 1918.

"Colorimetric Determination of
Bismuth"

Referring to the article on "Colorimetric Determia-
tion of Bismuth," by H. A. B. Motherwell, wj
appeared in the Journal of Dec. 22, I found practidl:
the same method that he describes in use at Elli t'
Copper Works, Burryport, South Wales, in 1906, w
it had been practiced for several years. It was i
there principally for controlling the quality of i
bars for export, and speed was a consideration, w
led to the development of a mode of procedure m
what more rapid than that described by Mr. Mol
well. As I remember it, the method was as follow :

A suitable quantity of the copper to be analyze U
weighed out into a 500-c.c. flask, and, after being t:en
into solution with nitric acid and diluted with w er,
a measured quantity of lead-nitrate solution is a leu
and an excess of ammonia and ammonium carbo tr .
The precipitate of lead, containing all the bismut
allowed to settle at a moderate temperature unti I
supernatent liquid is clear, when the whole is fillflj
through a double filter. By alternate washing itn
ammonia and hot water, the precipitate can be
and completely freed from copper, and when th
accomplished the paper is opened out on the
and the precipitate washed back into the original
by means of a fine jet of water, and there dii
in acetic acid (1:1), pouring the latter over the I
paper to dissolve the last traces of precipitate,
all is dissolved, cool, and dilute until the flask is n r
full. Prepare the necessary standards in 500-c.c. H
and add potassium iodide either in crystals or soli"
Mix well by giving the flasks a swirling motion
compare the shades. I believe the comparison w. I
found to be easier using flasks than when Nessler
are employed.

The solutions should be cold before adding the i<
and I would emphasize the necessity of having o:

May 11. 1018

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

883

:ill quantity of bismuth present in the sample weighed

for analysis, preferably not more than 0.00016 i I
larger quantities are present, the depth of color is
■ h as to make exact comparison difficult. At Burry
(t. where the bismuth present in wire bars rarely
eeded 0.0004rr, 20 grams were taken for analysis,
1 no difficulty was found in estimating the Bi, i
en only 0.00015re was present.

W. T. Phillips, chemist.
Fundicion "La Tortilla" Linares, Province tie Jaen,
Min, Jan. 31, 1918.

A Dietary for Miners

)f course we anticipated that our article on dietetics
;ht draw something from the feminine side, but we

I gratified when it is as complimentary as the fol-
ing, which we publish that our male readers may
>w how our work was received by a capable house-

['e and able executive:

You are some cook! For a man that is not a nice
I, r -cook, you know a stupendous amount. I can see

reason why the article is not perfectly practical,

II it certainly is far-reaching and scientific. Perhaps
t greatest praise I can give it — and this is not meant
i egotism, although we are apt to take our own ideas
I being the proper standard — is that I could see noth-
I to add nor change. I can imagine a manager of a
I mine turning the article over to his efficiency man
si saying, 'Here, go over this with the cook and tell
It to conform to it in the kitchen, with the help of
t purchasing agent.' I believe mine boarding houses
:ld still make a fair profit by charging more in camps
>:re the wages are better, as in Arizona.

I do not know how your subject will strike the sort
>>eople that you would like to interest. The fact that
I have applied food conservation principles to miners
aces it at once available to those who are seeking
r.iency along other occupational lines. However, I
Uk you have done amazingly well, and the article is
J ad, timely and valuable. Now you had better write
Purely scientific mining article, or they will think
, are only a cook." C. R. B.

fevada City, Calif., Apr. 6, 1918.

tae-Grinding and Porous-Briquetting
of Zinc Charges

: was with much interest that we read the letter of
Pker C. Choate in the Mar. 23 issue of the Journal
I n the subject of fine-grinding and porous-briquetting
>he zinc charge. We agree with him in noting with
i<e curiosity how slowly the advantages of zinc-ore
>[uetting appear to penetrate the technical conserva-
li of the spelter industry. In this respect the same
1 "tia is apparently as marked in the United States
"it is in England. More than 18 years ago, we
X'.nted and advocated the method of briquetting
•' tment for fine ground zinc and complex zinc ores,
" a paper embodying our results was read before
i Institution of Mining and Metallurgy (.London)
1 900, in which the advantages that Mr. Choate shows
to possess were stated as follows: (1) Greatly in-
cised furnace capacity, and correspondingly reduced
"king costs per ton of ore; (2) low zinc content of
»|uette residues, and (3) applicability of briquetting

tO lead -Mile ore., and lark of damage to retort . et,

Thia pro, . ,| to bj W R, [ngalla in ".Metal

lurgj of Zinc," page 650, whilt ul application

1,1 the direct production of i Iter from

line zinc-lead notation concentrate (Broken Hill) wai
the subject of an article by Theodore J. Hoover in
the Journal of Aug. 13, 1910.
As all patent interests have lapsed long ago, wc maj
Mird of an interested motive in referrini

past work on these lines. If, as we are often told, the
zinc retort during the next fe will have to put

up a still" fight with its electrolytic competitor, it i
as well do so to the best advantage. This we .still

will be found to lie along the lines of briquetting.
The readiness with which American metallun
recognized our work in "froth flotation" is in cont r
with their slowness to appreciate a minor, though un-
questionable, advance in the technics of spelter pro-
duction. Sulman & Picakd.

London, England, Apr. 12, 1918.

Development of Community Interest

Western metal mines have struggled with the condi-
tions discussed by Charles F. Willis, in the Joxirnal of
May 4, for a long time and without making substan-
tial headway until recent years. The necessity for
rapid development, the relatively short life of the west-
ern mine, the restricted capital available, the frequent
remoteness of the locality and the newness of the com-
munities that have sprung up have contributed to pre-
vent any but the larger companies from undertaking
work of this kind. The adventurous character of the
population attracted to a mining camp has been an-
other obstacle. Development of community interest is,
also, properly not a problem for the mine management,
but one for the community itself.

Experience has shown, however, that the community
does not show much inclination to undertake its duty
in this respect, and it therefore falls upon the manage-
ment to assume the leadership. Thus the engineer in
charge of a property is confronted with the community
problem as well as engineering problems. The adap-
tability of the mining engineer is thus called upon to
meet a severe test, for he has usually given little at-
tention to sociological matters. Many of the communi-
ties are too small for the support of an elaborate or-
ganization. It therefore seems to me that under such
circumstances mining companies should employ an ex-
perienced worker in sociology and direct their efforts
in fostering community interest and welfare in accord-
ance with his recommendations. The work is of im-
portance, not only in large but also small communities.
While the larger communities possess greater poten-
tialities for carrying on this work, once it has been well
started, than the smaller ones, both require considerable
attention at the start. However this attention may be
given, immediate steps should be taken for the develop-
ment of leaders from among the workmen and citizens
of the community itself. They should be given every
opportunity to assume the responsibility for the man-
agement of the enterprises undertaken. By thus shift-
ing the responsibility where it belongs, on the com-
munity, a more successful outcome may be looked for.

New York, May 6, 1918. Engineer.

KNGINKKK1NC. AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No.

Company Reports

imiiiiiiiniii i inn mi iiitnn iiiuini inn innni illinium iiinninn i i iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiinii inn

\nnual Report of U. S. Smelting,
Refining and Mining Co.

The United States Smelting. Refining and Mining Co.
in its report for 1917 states that the increased cost of
production of each of the metals, due mostly to high
of labor and material used at mines and plants and
to higher prices paid for custom ores, offset any increase
in the average price realized during the year. The re-
port shows operating earnings of all companies of
90.74, from which allowances for depreciation
and exploration reserve and depletion reserve amount to
$1,571,575.72, leaving net profits for the year of $4,197,-
B15.02. From this, additional reserve, taxes and war
contributions of $692,500 were allotted, dividends paid
on the preferred stock of $1,702,225 (7% per annum)
and on the common stock of $1,755,575 ($5 per share),
and $47,515.02 was added to the previous surplus of
$12,957,454.96, leaving an undistributed surplus as of
Dec. 31, 1917, of $13,004,969.98. Metals produced dur-
ing 1917, including metals produced from custom ores
and the production in Mexico, amounted to:

TOTAL METAL PRODUCTION U. S. SMELTING. RBFINUJJG
AXD MINING CO.

Copper lb 29.043,242

Lead lb 107,519,670

Zinc lb 53,590,446

Silver, oz. . . 13.000.187

Gold. oz.. 109,612

The average prices at which metals were sold during
the year were: Copper, 27.201c. per lb.; lead, 8.558c.
per lb.; zinc, 9.353c. per lb., and silver, 81.765c. per
ounce.

Ores produced from Centennial-Eureka, Mammoth
Ritz, Tennessee and Bingham mines, and in Mexico,
totalled 1.129,678 tons, of which the values of the metal
contents were in the proportion of 28% copper, .10%
lead, 13%, zinc, 39% silver and 10% gold. The output
of coal for the year was 908,638 tons. The Bingham
mines shipped 85,102 tons of copper ore and 120,669
tons of lead ore. The extensive improvements during
1916 enabled a better extraction and an increase of
underground development. The Utah smeltery, at Mid-
vale, operated to capacity throughout the year, and no
new large installations were made. Centennial-Eureka
mine extracted 50,132 tons of ore, most of which came
from the vicinity of old stopes. Owing to the unfavor-
able condition of the spelter market, all zinc-smelting op-
erations, with the exception of Checotah smeltery, were
discontinued. At the Mammoth mine, the Friday Low-
den tunnel reached a length of 7500 ft. and the Sutro
29 tunnel a length of 2500 ft. Both of these tunnels
have been used as a basis for exploration work and good
orebodies have been opened up. At the Stowell mine,
south of the Mammoth, stoping operations were started.
The smeltery at Kennett operated through 1917, and
345,990 tons of ore were treated, including siliceous
ores used for fluxing. The electrolytic zinc plant for
treating bag-house dust from the smeltery began opera-
tions during the year. Operations in Mexico were con-

tinued under difficulties of transportation and supplo
materials. Underground work was done on a nom
scale, and more ore was developed than the avail)]
mills could handle.

Annual Report of Ray Consolidate!
Copper Co.

The report of the Ray Consolidated Copper Co. o
the year 1917 shows net profits available for dividvd
of $9,701,169.74, or $2,015,258.27 smaller than 111
This was equal to $6.15 a share on 1,577,179 share o
stock ($10 par), as against $7.42 a share earned
1916.

The total ore mined from all sources was 3,(">2 1
tons, containing 1.681% copper, and was an increase
7.7 r'< over the tonnage in 1916. Net mining costs -,r
$1.04 per ton, an increase over the 1916 costs, which
69.12c per ton, and due to increased cost of sup if
and higher wages. Total ore milled was 3,560,900 I
containing 1.635% copper and giving a recover; c
74.53%, equivalent to 24.37 lb. of copper per ton. '
gross production of copper from all sources amoute
to 92,207,356 lb., an increase of 18°/c over I
production.

The comparative statement is as follows:

COMPARATIVE STATEMENT— RAY CONSOLIDATED COPPE1 C

Operating revenue

Operating expense

1917

$21,278,070 90

11,299,415 22

$9,978,655 68
437,647. 14

1916
$20,060,783 48
8,200,633.42

19

$10,498

0.125

Not income

Qthex income

$11,860, 150 06
224,015.71

$4,373
376

Total income
Other charges

$10,416,302 82
715,133 08

$9,701,169 74
(0)6,624,151.80

$3,077,017 94

$12,084,165 77
367,737 76

$4,750
46]

Net profit

$11,716,428 01
4,337.954 75

$7,378,473 26

$13,813,177 68
n

$4,287
1,872

Surplus for year

$2,414

Balance Dec. 31

(a) Includes $788,589

$16,890,195 62
50 capital diatributit

$6,434.

Chino Copper Co.

The report of the Chino Copper Co. for the year -
Dec. 31, 1917, shows net profits of $9,512,854, a da
of $3,015,094, as compared with the previous year,
net profits for 1917 were equal to $10.93 a shai o
869,980 shares of stock ($5 par), as against $140
share earned in the preceding year.

COMPARATIVE STATEMENT OF CHlXo COPPER CO.
1917 1916 19

' '[>. rating revenue
Operating expense

Net income
< >ther income.

$19.

9.261,305 89 $19,219,767 21 *l l.38:'7

9.434,689.81 6,701,891 03 4.69^8

$9,826,616 08 $12,517,876 18 $6,681
310,435.89 325,285.55 22'

$10,137,051.97 $12,843,161 73 $ 6.91)
624,197 69 315,203 51 it

Total income
other charge)

Met profit.
Dividends <")

Surplus for year

Balance. Dec. 31.. $14,863,926 08 $13,963,873 80 $ 8,61 M

(a) Includes $1,087,475 capital distribution.

Gross production of copper for the year was 83,3.' <

$9,512.854 28 $12,527.948 22 $ 6.65; 8
(0)8,612,802.00 7.177,335 00 2,60'W

$ 900,052 28 $ 5,350,613 22 $ 4,04i58

lay 11. 1918

ENGINEERING and .MlNINi; JOURNAL

HH5

After making smelter deductions, net production
79,636.2SB lb. There was also produced gold and

ilued at $567,100.28. Net cost of producing i

for the year was 11.30c. per lb., as compared with

for 1916.

re and waste removed by steam shovels during the

|r amounted to ."..583,016 cu.yd., of which 3,712,414

•id. was stripping and the remainder represents

7,825 tons of ore. Average steam-shovel costs dur-

I the year were 50.88c. per cu.yd., for the removal of

i ore and stripping, as compared with 37.97c. per

, d. in 1916 and 35.28c. per yd. for 1015. The advance

is attributed to increases in wages, shortening

lours and increased cost of materials. Two addi-

; al sections were added to the five-section mill at

'.•ley, and several alterations were made. The com-

j inn of these improvements, as well as putting into

nice the second unit of the primary crushing plant

Santa Rita, resulted in the treating of additional

iages. During 1917, a total of 3,608,100 tons of ore

I treated at the mill.

Uinual Report of Shattuck-Arizona
Copper Co.

i 1917, the Shattuck-Arizona Copper Co. produced
. 35.317 lb. of copper (91.4 lb. per dry ton) ; 2,010,-
i lb. lead (310.86 lb. per dry ton) ; 154,344 oz. silver
j 1542 oz. gold. Dry tons of copper ore mined were

645; of special ores 6804, approximately the same
uages being shipped. Copper ore smelted was 130,-
I and special ores 7992 diy tons. The gross oper-
ivg cost was $12.14 per dry ton, or 15.638c. per lb.
i copper; net operating cost was $10.01 per dry ton;
>: 3.242c. per lb. fine copper. Sales contracts for 1917
I very called for 15,658,793 lb. fine copper, but, due to
i ailment of production caused by a strike in June,
nery deliveries fell short of this amount by 883,-
i lb. The average gross price received per lb. re-
ii copper delivered was 28.317c. Entire production
Mght an average gross price of 28.123c. per lb.

uring the first five months of 1917, the mine output
It up with the record set in 1916. Labor unrest re-
ding in the strike of June 26 caused a cessation of
iluction during July. Efforts to increase mine out-
• were made, but the small amount of development
>k performed and lower average grade of ore mined
■ lered progress. Copper ore reserves were depleted
I ing the last seven months of the year. The cost of
oer per lb. increased because of lessened labor effi-
i cy, lower grade of ores and greater supply costs.

hipments of high-grade lead ores were made at a
Is of 150 tons per week. Amount of low-grade si-
bus lead-silver ores blocked out was increased. Mill
is on these ores were conducted in February and

ch, 1917, at the Copper Queen experimental mill,
- showed that 92 c'c of the lead and 80 c/0 of the silver
'Id be recovered at a profit of at least $4 per ton of

treated under normal prices of the metals. Con-
' lotion of a 400-ton lead mill was begun during the
jr, mill site and water being obtained from Denn
izona Copper Co. Estimated cost of the new mill
^240,000. During the year $54,815 was spent on new
'struction and the total expenditure for mill con-
Uction and equipment was $41,824.

The total development work for the year r.'i? ot 810
working days we ft., bringing the total to i

to 127,866 ft The sum of 886,9 dargedto opera-

tions during the year for replacement of air drills,
n cars and other mine equipment.

Sales of copper, gold, silver and lead realized $3,009,-

989.81, Interest and bringing the

gross income to $8,652,156.85. Total expenditun were
$2,174,65 i of $1,888,104.08 for mining,

development, refining and marketii ■ , and $2

551.61 for general administ .rat i\ i including

taxes. The net was thus $1,477,600.21. After

setting aside $33,096.41 for depreciation of plants and
equipment and $780,762.98 for depletion of mine, the

net profit was $713,640.82. A surplus of $101,140.82 re-
mained after payment of four quarterly dividends to-
taling $612,500. Stockholders received $1,050,000 in
four payments during the year as capital distribution.
A fifth payment of $87,500 as capital distributed was
due on Jan. 19, 1918.

Calumet & Arizona Mining Co.

During the year ended Dec. 31, 1917, 59,353,140 lb.
of copper were produced from the mines of the Calumet
& Arizona Mining Co. The smeltery production
amounted to 96,081,007 lb., part of which was custom
ore. Development work in 1917 was 98,161 lin.ft.
During the year, 50,572 tons of high sulphur, low-grade
copper ore, 3259 tons of manganese ore, 1607 tons of
lead-zinc sulphides and 1458 tons of lead ore were
shipped to outside points. A total of 784,506 tons of
wet and 747,456 tons of dry ore were mined.

Below is a comparative statement covering the years
1915, 1916 and 1917:

COMPARATIVE STATEMENT CALUMET A- ARIZONA MINING CO.

1917 1916 1915

Gross income $20,035,866.01 $20,587,940 60 $11,683,724 13

Operating expense- 8.094.223 93 7,674.250 61 4.947.675 46

General expense 44.191 35 80.723 79 35.557 II

,etc 1.219.797 98 1.337.073 73 883.422 36

Taxes 2, 157.946 82 339.057 09 358.940 25

Balance $8,519,705.95 $11,156.835 38 $5,458,128 95

Depreciation 115.000,00

Depletion . 1,773,945 36

Miscellaneous expense 2.259.73 1.830 57 4.247 44

Net income $6,628,500.86 $11,155,004.81 $5,453,881 51

Dividends 7.067.241.00 5.777,296 00 2,006,557 00

Deficit ... $438,740.14 ( O$5.377.707 81 (al $3,447,324 51

('0 Surplus.

New Cornelia Copper Co.

The year 1917 marked the beginning of the New
Cornelia Copper Co. as a substantial copper producer.
Total income for 1917 was $3,810,122.83; operating
pnd general expenses, freight and taxes amounted to
$2,136,483.23, leaving a balance of $1,673,639.60. De-
ducting depreciation, depletion, exploration and interest
charges of $911,288.83, a net income of $762,410.77 re-
mains. Copper production for the year was 19,482,191
pounds.

South African Diamond Output in 1917, according to i.
Reuter dispatch from Johannesburg, totaled 2,902,416
carats, valued at £7,713,018. Sales amounted to 2,416,208
carats, valued at £6,170,900. The production increased by
556.086 carats and the sales by 124,253 carats, as compared
with 1916.

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 9

iiiiiiimnii iiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiin iiiiiiiiinii iiiiniii iiiiiiuniiiiiiii uiiiiiiiiiniiiiii i mi in iiiniiumiii

Events and Economics of the War

The complete check given the Germans before Ypres

has been followed by another pause in the great of-
fensive, during which the Allies have made minor ad-
vances around Kenimel and in the Amiens sector, there-
by strengthening their positions: an attack on the
Americans near Yillers Bretonneux was repelled; Gen-
eral Foch assumed the Italian command. Cancellation
of all "most-favored-nation" trade agreements one year
hence and a substitution therefor of a bargaining tariff
was announced by the French ministry (on Apr. 25).

.stopol was occupied by the Germans and Kiev
placed under military rule; the Prussian lower house
voted down suffrage reform; defeat of the Bolsheviki
and capture of Yiborg by Finnish "White Guards" was
reported. In England, action on Irish conscription was

;>oned. The advance of the British on Mosul, in
Mesopotamia, has reached the Tauk River.

In this country, the Liberty loan campaign ended on
May 4. a large oversubscription and a record number of
subscribers having been secured. Plans for increasing
the Army were laid before the House Committee on
Military Affairs by Secretary Baker. The Senate de-
cided to inquire into air-craft production. The Sedi-
tion bill was sent to the President for signing.

Judge Gary, chairman of the conference, finally^
posed a pledge binding all the companies represent!;
the meeting to shelve all commercial orders and djl
full capacity to business for the United States an
Allied governments. The pledge was accepted uu
mously by a rollcall of the 45 concerns which had ex
tive officers there.

Steel Men Pledge Output to War Needs

"We do not like the expression of 'doing your bit';
we want you to do your all," J. Leonard Replogle, di-
rector of steel supply of the War Industries Board, told
the conference of iron and steel men in the offices of
the United States Steel Corporation on Apr. 26. "The
Government will not tolerate any more the procedure
of some steel companies. . . . There is too great a
percentage of non-war material being produced," said
Mr. Replogle. "Contrary to the general impression that
there is a surplus of steel, there is a very decided and
acute shortage, which is delaying the war program."

The building construction planned by the Government
is about 20$ greater right now than the total building
construction of the United States for the three-year
period, 1915, 1916 and 1917, Mr. Replogle stated. An
enormous percentage of the steel plates required is
needed directly not only for our own operations but for
our Allies. Much projectile steel is being rolled in rail
mills, and the rail situation is becoming acute. On
structural shapes, direct Government requirements alone
will take 14 weeks' work; on tin plate there is 23 weeks,
wire pipes and tubes 28 weeks, wire and wire products
19 weeks and on the all-steel product report there is 31
weeks' operation at an average of 640,000 tons a week
—a little over 30,000,000 tons annually.

"We run against the proposition," Mr. Replogle told
the manufacturers, "that you are short of steel for this
and that, and you are short of fuel and cannot operate,
but somehow that shortage seems to fall on Govern-
ment necessities."

Gold Stock Threatened

The stock of gold accumulated in the United 'at
since the war began will be exhausted within theie
few years unless exports of commodities to III
America and to neutral countries in general ai j
creased. The National Foreign Trade Council, i f
report, says that this latter must be done to conr
our resources; our foreign-trade credit balan
already enormous, and it will be years befon oi
European Allies can pay their debts to us. Our e>a
of gold are steadily exceeding the imports of that Ml
In March, according to the Bureau of Foreigra
Domestic Commerce, the imports were less than $£tOl
000 and amounted to only $83,000,000 durinj ti
nine-month period ended with March, against $80]MX
000 for the corresponding period last year. Expos i
gold, on the other hand, were $181,000,000 in tin
months ended Mar. 31, against $150,000,000 i ti
corresponding period in 1917. Exports of the n
for March were less than $3,000,000.

The excess of exports over imports for the i:
month period ended Mar. 31 was thus $98,000,nn
largest surplus of gold exports on record I
period. Even during the nine months from July 1, 98
to Mar. 31, 1915, which was the period of tin i
panic, gold exports were only $69,400,000 ahe
imports. The recent large surplus occurred
wholly in July, August and September of 1917, in
quarter the export surplus was $96,200,000. Th
tinuation of this drain on the country's gold si
weaken the basis for large credit operations in i

"So long as the war continues," says the repit |
the National Foreign Trade Council, "shipmei
European Allies and Canada must be at least s
tained at present volume, and no increased impos
merchandise from Europe can be expected in i
Such gold shipments as can be made will be ah
in the bucket (the United States having already m
than one-third of the visible gold supply of the v.
and American securities which can be sent back r
Europe to the United States are daily becoming
The United States must, from necessity, export a
on credit, pure and simple, merchandise to the '
of at least $4,000,000,000, and this represents a
two-thirds of our total exports."

Total imports into the United States in 191
all commodities) from the Allies, including C
British and French Oceania and British Afrit

ay II. 1918

ENGINEERING AND WINING J01 RNAL

(5,208,000, and exports from the I nited States to
untries in the same calendar year were SI.'

1000. Exports of the United States to South and
ral America, Mexico, Panama, West Indies, Philip
s. non-British Africa and Asia, during 1!H7. were
$4,926,000, and imports from this second group were
14,118,000. The United States must continue to
to the second group of countries as the only i

• sources of supply for certain raw products abso-
y needed for manufacture of material which must
■nt to Canada and Europe, and food products nm-t

■nported on an enormous scale to take the place of
! sent out of the country.

^iild Add Secretary of Foreign Trade
to Cabinet

e part of the metal trades in carrying on the war

ussed by E. A. S. Clarke, president of the

iawanna Steel Co., at the recent National Foreign

He Convention in Cincinnati. In concluding, a plan

which manufacturers might organize for Mter-

itrade was outlined by Mr. Clarke, who said:

-istance furnished to our Government in the work-
out of the many problems involved in meeting war re-
ts, by the cooperating committees of the American
old Steel Institute, iuggests a method by which, under
b act, committees or associations might assist in
v ng plans for meeting world competition after the war,
ing the foreign invasion of our own markets and
[■omoting the distribution and sale throughout the world
n products. At present the work of the American
mil Steel Institute in connection with war requirements
I formed by a number of subcommittees subject to one
n il committee.

I >ther lines of industry, similar committees, each com-
I of members fully conversant with its particular sub-
it r department, reporting to a general committee on
•<n trade, of the respective industries, might deal effect-
Jand successfully with our export problems. To sub-
nttees might be assigned the duty of covering certain
Ptant phases of foreign commerce, such as credits.
mortation and freight rates, port facilities, customs
i etc.

of what is being done along similar lines by the

liments of the manufacturing nations of Europe, it

i that our Government might well consider estab-

' a separate administrative department, with a mem-

the Cabinet at its head (in effect, a Secretary for

■ n Trade) , whose duty it would be to foster and assist

ing the development and extension of the foreign

the United States, and to which the committees

-gested could make recommendations, and under

0 direction and supervision thev might, if approved,

1 led out.

>lpworkers Break Riveting Records

'hner" Schock promises to be one of the Ty Cobbs
I new national riveting game, says the Emergency
|V«M>s, published by the Emergency Fleet Corpora-
I "Finner" is the crack riveter at the Baltimore
Icka and Shipbuilding Co. On Apr. 9, with his
H he drove 2720 three-quarter-inch snap rivets in
!|or of an 8800-ton steamer in nine hours. Schock's
*"vas too much for an ordinary gang, and he had to

• i an extra heater boy and an extra passer boy.

* cord was made in nine hours, even breaking the
1 ade the week before by John Fraser at the
le,an Shipbuilding Co.'s plant at Buffalo, N. Y.

Eraser drovi

in 8 hours and 13 mil

(,u" ' lll!'1' ' nade bj John stark.

at the American . win, d. , Qu |, ,.V1.1|

eighth mch riveta in tual time; bj Beckle,

:,t ,l"' Downej plant at Milliken, N J . who drove
L512 seven-eighth im h riveta in 8i hours.

Schock's record was later beaten bj Mulham, at the
Core River yard of the American ShipbuiMing l

who drove 2805 three-quarter-inch oil tight ri
in 9 hours. A day or bo later, Edward GibBon, of the
Federal company's plant in New Jersey, walked off with
the title by pounding home 2919 rr

Croat progress has already been made in working
out a standard scoring method for steel rivets. This
problem presented manifest difficulties by reason of the
I variety of riveting work on the average steel
merchant ship, but a technical committee in the Steel
Ship Construction Division, Emergency Fleet Corpora-
tion, has gone into all phases of the problem and, mi
over, has already arrived at a definite practice

Locomotives Ordered by Governmeni

tor 1025 freight and passenger locomo-
tives, the largest single order ever placed in the hi
of American railways, have been let by the Railroad
Administration to the American Locomotive Co. and
the Baldwin Locomotive Works. The entire order rep-
resents a cost of about $60,000,000, or an average price
of a little less than $60,000 for each locomotive. The
profit to manufacturers, who will divide the work about
equally, will be between 5 and 6%, less than half the
rate of profit represented in the original bids.

Six newly developed standard types of engines, in-
cluding the Mallet, with heavy and light sizes of each
type, were ordered. Deliveries will begin in July and
continue through the year, and most of the new engines,
it is understood, will be assigned to Eastern roads.
where the shortage of motive power is greatest. They
will bear only the initials "U. S." and identifying num-
bers, and will be virtually the first lot of engine
be owned jointly by all railroads under Government
management. About 200,000 tons of steel will be re-
quired, and the War Industries Board has allotted the
full quota of steel to the Railroad Administration.

War Finance Corporation Directors
Appointed

President Wilson appointed four directors of the new
$500,000,000 War Finance Corporation on Apr. 29,
and a new Capital Issues Committee provided for in
the War Finance Corporation act. Directors of the
corporation, as appointed, were William P. G. Harding.
of Alabama: Allen B. Forbes, of New York: Eugene
Meyer, Jr., of New York; and Angus W. McLean,
of North Carolina. Mr. Forbes, however, declined the
appointment.

Members of the Capital Issues Committee are Charles
S. Hamlin, of Massachusetts; John Skelton Williams,
of Virginia ; Frederic A. Delano, of Illinois ; James B.'
Brown, of Kentucky; John S. Drum, of California;
Henry C. Flower, of Missouri, and Frederick H Goff'
of Ohio.

...

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. )

"The President's appointments." says the Evening
Post, "indicate that the chief responsibility for the
important work involved will in reality rest on the
Federal Reserve Hoard. That board has one repre-
sentative on the Finance Committee's directorate and
two on the committee to regulate new security issues,
and on each it holds the chairmanship. On the whole,
this lodges authority where if should be lodged; for
the task of each organization involves problems of
such peculiar delicacy as to make it highly important
that well-known men, already in posts of great public
responsibility, should have a directing hand. Aside
from Mr. Harding, Mr. Hamlin, and Mr. Delano, the
two boards include a few well-known names, though
the larger number are not familiar to the general public.
Selection of the Capital Issues Committee was evidently
governed, as was indeed essential, by the desire to have
the different sections of the country represented on it."

Large Interests Held by Germans In
South Africa

The report of the South African Custodian of Enemy
Property, which has recently been issued, contains much
interesting information regaining German peaceful
penetration in the Union, according to London advices.
It shows that no less than 26,000 enemy shareholders
in gold, coal and other mining concerns in the Union
own holdings to the aggregate nominal value of nearly
$37,500,000.

The custodian has completed the most essential part
of his work. Eighteen enemy firms, or firms having
large enemy or enemy subject interests, have been
ordered to be wound up, and others have gone into
voluntary liquidation ; and there is no firm in the Union
now carrying on business wholly or chiefly in the inter-
ests of enemy persons as the term is defined for the
purposes of the British Trading with the Enemy Act.
In addition, the custodian has taken charge of enemy
shares in mining companies to the face value of $24,-
O0O.0CO.

Naval Bill Forbids Introduction of
Efficiency Methods

In passing the Naval Appropriation bill, the House
reenacted the anti-efficiency section demanded by or-
ganized labor. It was thought that its defeat might
have led to a serious labor disturbance, though it
is admitted that maximum production could not be
attained with the section in operation. The section
has been effective on War and Navy Department con-
tracts since 1915, prior to which the Taylor effi-
ciency system was employed in nearly all Government
arsenals. Under the latter system, the output of the
average efficient w-orkman in an eight-hour day was
determined by time study ; this output was then fixed
as the minimum demanded from all workmen in return
for the flat daily wage. Production over this mini-
mum was paid for by proportionate bonuses. The
introduction of such methods, where not already
existing, is expressly forbidden by the anti-efficiency
provision of the Naval bill.

Retention of the section by Congress is forecast by
Iron Age, which says that employers and employed

alike are expected not to demand other than pre«
labor conditions. "Government shops without scieiif
management before the war cannot now, withouttl
unlikely consent of the workers, introduce the exprs
prohibited phases of such management." Omiiic
of the section from the bill would doubtless be lo«
upon by labor as amending existing legislation.

Bureau of Mines Needs Technical r\j

Van. II. Manning, director of the U. S. Burea (
Mines, has made the following announcement:

Important chemical and other technical engineering i»i
necessary for the prosecution of the war, is being ca •
on by the U. S. Bureau of . Mines experiment static- :
Washing-ton, D. C The services of trained men of thifc
lowing classifications are urgently needed : Bacterioloii
biologists, chemists (inorganic, organic, physical and le
trochemists), chemical engineers, draftsmen, electrical if
neers, instrument makers, laboratory assistants, label*
machinists, physiologists, plumbers, steamfitters, st.o,
raphers and skilled labor of various kinds.

If your training fits you for any of these occupa >n
send to the U. S. Bureau of Mines, American Univcsi
Experiment Station, Washington, D. C, for blank fir
When properly executed and returned by you, these in
will be placed on file, and when a vacancy occurs youv
be considered for it and will be notified if your service a
desired.

If you are a registrant in the draft, and have no y
been ordered to camp, it may be possible to have you im
diately inducted into the service for work here. If yo a
not in the draft, but feel that you wish to serve your u
try in the present crisis, you can enlist, or serve s
civilian. Serve your country where you can serve it

War Taxes Spent as Fast as Receivd

Income and excess profits taxes are now expt<
to bring about $3,000,000,000 into the Treasury in it
or $500,000,000 more than estimated before re n
were filed. Nearly every dollar will be spent b; ti
time it is collected to meet the $1,000,000,000 moh
excess of Government expenses over ordinary re<ip
and to redeem the $2,000,000,000 of certificates c ii
debtedness falling due in June— $1,500,000,000 ot;
certificates and $500,000,000 of loan certificates. k>
ernment expenditures have increased recently )
monthly outlay of more than $1,200,000,000, of ni.
$900,000,000 is for direct Government or war pun?'
and $300,000,000 for loans to the Allies. Receipts re
customs and ordinary internal revenue sources anui
to about $200,000,000 a month, leaving a currently
ciency of $1,000,000,000. Most of this must be co;rt
ultimately by Liberty Bonds. War expenditure c ti
United States in April was at an average of $4C0!
000 a day.

Ship Cost a Factor in Post War Tid

A large part of the cost of the new ships i V
merchant fleet that the Government is building sMi
be charged to the war, in the opinion of Robe
Patchin, of W. R. Grace & Co., if they are to be op< it
at a profit after the war. They are costing frorrpl
to $175 per ton, and are cheap at this price if 1
help beat Germany, but when they enter peaceful •;
after the war, they must meet the competition of h
built by other countries before the war at a d
low, in some cases, as $50 per ton.

Remember the Comfort Fund of the 27th Engin. -

0 II. 1918

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

889

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Industrial News from Washington

By Paul Wooton, Special Correspondent

"■— — - - i i i « i i i m m , ■«««»„. „,„„ ,

lineral-Control Bill Considered By
Senate Committee

at it is the intention of the Government to com-

eer the entire sulphur output of the country, and

i the War Industries Board is greatly in fear of a

vay market in domestic ores as a result of the

•ilment of imports, were two outstanding points de-

ud at the interesting hearings on the Minerals- Ad-

rtration bill in progress before the Senate Com-

l| on Mines and Mining. These are being con-

II by Senator Henderson, of Nevada, the new chair-

i>f the committee. He regards the bill as of such

importance as to require extended hearings, and

:erests that may be affected by the bill have been

I an opportunity to be heard.

'lip N. Moore brought out the information with re-
in the commandeering of sulphur, to insure an
■ute supply for munitions work. The sulphur ob-
I from coal brasses is not suitable for munitions
Mo be utilized in the making of fertilizer.
I Leith, chainnan of the U. S. Shipping Board's
rittee on Mineral Imports and Exports, urged the
e of a bill which would centralize authority in
H matters. He cited examples showing that the
Is now in many hands, in separate divisions of the
'timent departments. As a result, representatives
■industry affected are confused,
hig to the uncertainty of the future, Professor
tlounselled against any effort to embody in the bill
ices which should be guaranteed. He is of the
ii that the proper way in which to handle such a
I is to delegate the power to an official who could
i it when necessary or desirable. He also ex-
I the opinion that there are too many difficulties
:' ray to permit of setting a proper maximum price
n-Tals covered by the bill.

rvssor Leith also pointed out that the ship con-

s finding it impossible to maintain the schedule

|;ral imports which the committee has recom-

As an example, he stated that last month the

I of manganese were only 15,000 tons, despite

: that the committee had set 35,000 tons as the

I of manganese ore which should have been im-

! He commended the steel manufacturers for the

k efforts they are making to utilize domestic man-

5,and chrome to replace the imported product,

"•oduced into the record a letter from James A.

I the president of the United States Steel Cor-

|, showing that the specifications for ferroman-

«ave been reduced from 80 to 70% and that steps

°n taken to make a larger substitution of spiegel-

1 making higher-carbon steels. The standard has

'■ered from 20 to 16% manganese. Professor

'"O expressed the opinion that authority must be

* ith the Government to make possible the allo-

supplies and other functions which could not

taken by the consumers themselves.

Mr. Moore, in Ins testimony, declared thai nothing
it of Governmenl control can cope with the ,,,.
mineral situation. He favors a more extended bill I
the one now before the committee. He conceives it to
be the duty of the Government to adju I matters when
the usual results of supply and demand do not take
place. He called particular attention to the excessive
spread at times between the price of manganese ore and
the alloy.

Horace H. Lamson, of John S. Lamson & Bro., of New
York, importers of high-grade manganese ore, told the
committee of conditions surrounding the chemical-ore
industry He described the prices being paid for much
high-grade manganese ore as "fabulous," and expressed
the opinion that such prices would stimulate production
if anything would. Mr. Lamson estimated the annual
needs of the country for chemical ore at between 50 -
000 and 60,000 tons and professed little faith in the
ability of domestic producers to furnish any great
amount of the needed supplies, regardless of the aid
which would be extended them by the bill. He declared
himself, however, as in favor of the bill, but recited the
difficulties he had encountered in an effort to secure a
uniform high-grade ore from domestic sources. Imports
of high-grade ore should be permitted, he urged until
it is demonstrated that the country can furnish its own
supplies.

Mexico Revises Metal Export Taxes

Export, taxes on metals shipped out of Mexico have
been revised, and on shipments made after Apr 1 are
as follows: Gold, $21.47-1 per lb.; silver in bars or
ingots, 635c. per lb.; silver in ore or concentrates 89ic
per lb.; copper in bars or ingots, 1.19c. per lb.; copper
in ore concentrates, 1.42c. per lb.; lead in bars or
ingots, .00155c. per lb.; lead in ore or concentrates,
•002139c. per lb.; zinc in bars or ingots, .005589c. per
lb. ; zinc in ore or concentrates, .007454c. per lb ■ tin in
bars or ingots, 2.585c. per lb.; tin in ore or concen-
trates, 2.703c. per lb.; antimony in bars or ingots,
.001343c. per lb. ; tungsten in ore or concentrates, 4 33c
per lb.; manganese, .001863c. per lb.; mercury, 4.784c
per lb. The figures are in United States currency.

Chilean Nitrate Arriving Slowly

Shortage of ships has made it impossible for the
Department of Agriculture to import nitrate from Chile
at anything like the rate originally contemplated. Had
it been possible for the U. S. Shipping Board to assign
ships as promised, 100,000 tons of the department's
purchase would now be in this country. Instead, only
21,000 tons has been received.

Radium has been placed on the export conservation
list by the War Trade Board.

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 1!

Up Came McGinty from the Bottom
of the Sea

•lUilly." says Bill McGinty as he bobs up from Davy
• • locker, just long enough to send us a check for
the Comfort Fund. "I'm engaged in prospecting down
on the Spanish Mam. and I cant help chipping in for
the regiment. When it comes to spotting a Rood propo-
sition. I'm a regular shark, and I recommend the Com-
fort Fund to all."

Our friend has rather an odd way of expressing
himself, but it is deeds and not words that count most.
He sets an example that others may well follow, and
the message underlying his words is that the man who
has not the interest of our mining regiment at heart
simply doesn't belong. The fund now stands above the
100 mark. It's moving, but it has a long way

to go. .

W e feel a keen appreciation of some generous contri-
butions that have been made to the Comfort Fund by
some of our British, Canadian, and Australian friends.
There is a graciousness in their interest in an American
mining regiment that warms us to them. The list of
contributors to the fund to date is as follows:

Engineering and .Mining Journal

New York Engineering Co

A Friend. Nov. 'J3

H. H

D. E. Charlton

H. W. Hardinge

Frank N

W. L Coursen

J. H. Polhemus

J. H. Janeway

Albert D. Beers

J. E. Hayes

.1 A. Van Mater

ein & Co

R H. Bassett (Hanna Ore Mining Co.)..

A Friend. Dec. 10

P. A Mosman ■ • ■ ■ • • ■ • • ■

American Zinc. Lead and Smelting Co..

T .-• II

Daniel Guggenheim

A. H. H

Willard S. Morse

August Heckscher ■ •

Anaconda Copper Mining Co

F W. Bradley

Charles Le Vasseur

A Friend. Dec. 13

Freeland Jewett

Herman A. Wagner

Francis P. Sinn

R. C. Gosrow

D. C. Jackling

J. H Brickenstein

E. E. Northrup

Rogers. Mayer & Ball • • • • • • • ■,■;,■ • • .,-,

Denver Technical Staff. American Metal Co.. Ltd

A Friend. Jan. 0

E. B. Coolidge

J. V. N'. Dorr

Pope Yeatman -

W. H. Aldridge

E Hart

Engineers rfWashoe Smeite'ry. Anaconda Copper Mining

Company

UtYh-'copp^rXe'vada' Consolidated. Ray Consolidated

and Chino copper companies

A Friend. Jan 23

John Gillie

J. N". Houser

C. K. Lipman

Theodore Sternfeld

Clinton H. Crane

T. Wolfson

William H. Hampton

W E. Merrlss

J. Parke Channing

Miami Copper Co

J. H. Means

C. W. Goodale

P. G. Beckett

F. R. Foraker

Charles A. Chase

E. Fleming L'Engle. ■•••■•

Calumet & Hecla Mining Co

H. G. Ferguson

Jav E. Van Gundy

Franklin Oshorn

Oscar Lachmund

W. T. Swoyer ■.

Inter. •

J10C0.00

1U0U.00
5.00
5.00
-, 00

iooo oo

6"0

5.00

5.00

10 00

10.00

111.00

25 00

100 00

10 00

10.00

10.00

10.00

100.00

5 00

100.00

5.00

25.00

100.00

100n.no

100.00

5. OP

50.00

10.00

5.01,

10.00

5.00

ion no

5.00

S.iiO

50.00

30.00

100.00

10.00

•j, in mi

50. On

50 00

5.00

5.00

205.00
25 00

iooo oo

5.00

25 00

5.00

50.00

50.00

500.00

10.00

10.00

10.00

100.00

250.00

10 00

2500

50.00

25.00

25.00

5.00

250.00

1 \ mi

10.00

10.00

10.00

10.00

10.80

Quin. Co JOI

American Metal Co 'J1

William H. 1. ml. .inks '

i > i: Cui i> J

W. U Infills ;;'

u. \ Queaa *

Engln. ' Northern "Minnesota

er

H. II Sales ■ ,f,

Uberl C Burrage »"

Edward 11 Clark *

r Rutherford

Adolph .1 Martinson

Frank K Edwards ..

C. II. Mum.. "

B. B. Mel 'arthy '

J . I. Bruce

i. r,.i.i McCormlck '

LiOUlS D, Html. ion -

P. G. Spilsbury

C. T. Blown

M C M I

James F. McCarthy........ • •->■.•;■• A- ,

United States Smelting. Refining and Mining Co u

L. O. K

Herman A. Prosser

J. i: Johnson. Jr

A. W. Hahn

L. D. Hudson

Lane Pearl

Arthur K. Adams

L. L. Wilcox t

T^ T T am trynrir C^O .,....■- ..... &

Pick 'and Shovel Club, Mining Department. Case School

of Applied Science

L. S. Gates

J. M. Piatt

A L. Walker

i ' I : Rothschild

Genei al Engineering Co

N. O. Lawton

F. R. Weekes

S. F. Shaw • ■

Iowa Gold Mining and Milling Co

L. L. Middelkamp

i ; C. Townsend

H S, Monroe

Jesse Scobey

J. H. McOormick

William Young Westervelt

B. Britton Gottsberger . ■ . • •

Oscar Lachmund (second contribution)

L. R. Budrow

Horace V. Winehell

W. J. Pentland

Dome Mines Co

Butte Copper and Zi'ic Co

Eagle & Blue Bell Mining Co

William A. Nicholls

Robert S. Lewis

Karl R. Pembroke ■

Ea i Butte Copper Mining Co

.Toll H Winwood

Fred Hillmann

B Elkan

Judd Stewart

R. M. Raymond

J. Allen McKay • • • ■ ■ • •

C E. Hart (second contribution)

C. J. Trauerman

Thomas H. Garnett

Robert E. Dye

Ixtuis Ross

Willis B. Parsons

Rukard Hurd

Rembrandt Peale

Walter Fitch. Jr

George J. Young

Robert Franke

F. C. Bowman ■ • • • ■ ■ • ■ ■ ■ ■ •

Oscar Lachmund (third contribution)

Charles McKinnis

1" P. Carlson

Harry E. Hall

rames Douglas

W D. Thornton -

Greene Cananea Copper Co

Inspiration Consolidated Copper Co

H G. Moulton

C A. H. de Saulles

Joseph P. Hodgson

C. E. Abbott

\ P. Ledoux ■ ■ _,

United Verde Extension Mining Lo. .
\V. B. Harpi r

B. R. Bates

William s Robinson

C. A Fay

"Bill McGinty

H S. Salmon

c i M Btlhara

c F. Kelley

Total

Make your checks payable to W. R. Ingalls t. •
of the Association of the 27th Engineers. Bea
the work involved in administering the Comfor
contributions are acknowledged only by public'
the Journal.

lay 11, 1918

ENGINE ERING AND MINING J01 RNAL

Engineering Council Considers
Industrial Efficiency

he Engineering Council appointed the following

mittee on industrial affairs at its meeting on

1^: Prof. George F. Swam, of the Massachu

itute of Technology and chairman of the Boston

usit Commission, chairman; K. W. Rice, Jr., presi-

of the General Electric Co.; Charles T. Main, pi

of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers;

Binder C. Humphreys, president of the Stevens In-

ite of Technology and of the Buffalo Gas Co., and

3. Thayer, vice president of the Anaconda < upper

ling Co. Owing to the rapidity with which the

ly and Navy appropriation bills were being con-

i red by Congress, and the fact that these bills con-

ied proposals opposed to well-tried industrial meth-

i for improving efficiency and increasing production

Banufacturing plants, the committee without delay

led a resolution, which was adopted on Apr. 22

special action of the Engineering Council. This

i lution is as follows:

liereas, The winning of the war imperatively demands

est ef^ciency and maximum production in every branch
ndustry; and,

hcr^as. We are informed that Congress has under con-
: -ation, in the Navy and Army appropriation bills, pro-
i Is to prohibit, diminish and condemn the payment to
I ic employees, or to employees of private establishments

r Government control, any cash reward, premium or
<is for superior service, and,

hereas, These methods, if applied with due regard to
p es, surroundings, health and safety of the employee, will
r. :ase efficiency and production and help win the war
l preserve our institutions ; be it therefore

solved, That in the opinion of Engineering Council, rep-
tuting the American Society of Civil Engineers, the
Wican Institute of Mining Engineers, the American
lity of Mechanical Engineers and the American Insti-
i of Electrical Engineers, together having 33,000 mem-
k, it is vital to the winning of the war that no legis-
a n nor other measure should be adopted which may
nfere with highest efficiency and maximum pi-oduction,
>i that, on the contrary, every proper means should be
an to increase efficiency and production.

lis resolution was telegraphed to the Senate Com-
n ee on Naval Affairs and to Charles M. Schwab, man-
is of the Emergency Fleet Corporation. It has also
x sent to the Senate Committee on Military Affairs
» to a number of engineers in the home states of the
Jitors on these two committees, with a request to
tie engineers that they communicate at once with
Hr Senators.

le objectionable clause in the appropriation bills is as

I ws :

iat no part of the appropriations made in this act shall

I ailable for the salary or pay of any officer, manager,

endent, foreman, or other person having charge

work of any employee of the United States Govern-

1 while making or causing to be made with a stopwatch

I ther time-measuring device a time study of any job

Jf iy employee between the starting and completion thereof,

the movements of any such employee while engaged

! such work; nor shall any part of the appropriations

in this act be available to pay any premiums or

I s or cash reward to any employee in addition to his

re lar wages, except for suggestions resulting in im-

P'ements or economy in the operation of any Govern-

"■'. plant.

ngineers, especially those engaged in industrial
Rations, would readily appreciate the serious effect
*':h legislation of this character, if passed, would
,ni ' upon private plants engaged largely or exclusively

UPOI1 war work untie' tl i ried in

It is moi t impoi
should not be enacted
A careful reading of the third preamble of the n

lution adopted by thl il will show

that the council and il lize that the

of the workmen must be conserved, and
its action has no ulterior purpose to the contrary, i I ■
earnesl desire of the ■ uncil is patrii

ally to promote i; t production and

best efficiency of the country's industrial establishments.
Upon the subject matter of the resolution presented
on Apr. 18 by K. p. Fish, chairman of the National
Industrial Conference Board, th( nittee is

now concentrating its attention and making a careful
investigation. The resolution is as follow ;

Whereas, It is daily becoming mm I ent that the

winning of thi ds the highest efficiency in every

kind of production; and,

Whereas, Many causes and circumstances have unfor-
tunately operated to obstruct, diminish and even interrupt
necessary war production, and then (ation

and experience to justify the belief not only that we are
in many instances securing less production per unit of
time and person than heretofore, but that the country is
continuously confronted with proposals to lessen the hours
of production without first determining the wisdom of such
action ; and,

Whereas, It seems that manufacturers are not fully alive
to the necessity of not only providing the best and most
systematic service instruction to new labor, but should
constantly be endeavoring, by every practical means, to
Improve the efficiency of the older force, the plant and
themselves; and,

Whereas, It appears that Congress has under considera-
tion, in the Navy and Army appropriation bills, proposals
to prohibit, diminish and condemn the payments to public
employees or to employees of private establishments under
Govei'nment control any cash reward, premium, or bonus
for superior service and to forbid time studies; and,

Whereas, It appears that the members of the great engi-
neering societies of the United States are peculiarly quali-
fied, by virtue of their knowledge and experience, to express
an opinion upon the present efficiency of our production,
and upon the most practical means of increasing the pro-
ductive capacity of both management and men, and to
call to public attention questionable proposals threatening
our efficiency as a nation, and therefore our capacity to
perform our full duty in this great struggle; therefore
be it,

Resolved, That the National Industrial Conference Board
respectfully requests that the engineering societies of the
United States investigate and publicly express themselves
as to whether or not we are losing or gaining in industrial
efficiency, and to state what causes, if any, in their opinion,
are influencing the condition, and in what manner, broadly,
they believe our industrial efficiency can be further stimu-
lated.

Copper Refineries May Be Placed On
Preferred List

Washington Correspondence

Every effort is being made by Pope Yeatman to have
copper refineries placed on the next preferential list
which will be issued by the War Industries Board. In-
dications are that he will be successful. Evidence has
been submitted showing how essential it is for these re-
fineries to be assured adequate fuel.

Two billion feet of lumber were used for purposes of na-
tional defence during the last eight months, according to
R. S. Kellogg, secretary of the National Lumber Manu-
facturers' Association. The total lumber production of the
United States in 1917 was twenty times as great, or about
40 billion feet.

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No.

Metal and Ore Imports ami Exports
in March

Imports of zinc ore showed a marked decrease in
March of this year, as compared with .March. 1917, ac-
cording to the returns to the Department of Commerce.
On the other hand, lead imports increased decidedly.
The scarcity of ships is reflected in the imports of man-
ganese and graphite, although a slight increase is shown
in the tonnage of pyrites coming into this country.

Exact figures showing quantity of some of the metal
imports and exports follow:

ttlPORTS

March, March,

1917 1918

Zinc ore and calamine, contents, lb. . .20.93(5,418 4,801,336

Lead ore, contents, lb 5,32(5,395 6,903,016

Lead bullion, contents, lb 6,870,205 14,340,440

I pis-s and bars, lb 116,269 1,061,004

.er ore. contents, lb 7,684,188 11,068,341

per concentrates, contents, lb 3,047,861 3,724,800

Copper matte, regulus, etc.. contents, lb. 218,957 3,599,160
Unrefined block, blister and converter

copper in bars, lb 31,799,828 36,514,548

Manganese, oxide and ore, long tons. . . 56,394 19,300.

Iron pyrites, long tons 49,682 51,276

Graphite, long tons 3,268 337

Antimony ore, contents, lb 914,783 234,356

Matte, regulus or metal, lb 123,200 3,048,752

EXPORTS

March, March,

1917 1918

Lb. Lb.
Spelter in pigs, plates, slabs, etc.:

From domestic ores 32,995,927 12,875,541

From foreign ores 16,460,535 4,072,900

Lead in pigs, bars, etc.:

From domestic ores 7,488,872 16,363,220

From foreign ores 1,671,469 1,998,566

Copper:

Ore, contents 331,035 270,175

Concentrates, matte or regulus, con-
tents 130,096 111,320

Refined in ingots, bars, etc 102,814,125 61,902,754

Sulphuric acid 5,047,814 8,209,373

Exports of refined copper to the United Kingdom in

March, 1917, were 33,981,991 lb., and in March, 1918,

they were 9,830,999 lb. Exports to France increased

from 35,402,314 lb. in March, 1917, to 41,106,448 lb.

in March, 1918.

five or ten monthly payments, in exceptional cases 0
allowing a longer period. The result as shown by
accompanying table was attained by organizing
entire mine and plant into units, with a committe
workmen in each unit to attend to the soliciting of i
scriptions. Where different nationalities were rei
sented, men of each nationality were appointed to a
in the work among men of their own race. Also, i
craft had its representatives in this work, and a g:
deal of friendly rivalry developed among the diffe
departments and units. In the mine, each fore
worked for a record, and got a perfect one.

The following figures, taken from the last nation
statement of the company, show the diversity in.
class of subscribers: American, 392; Canadian, I
English, 18; Irish. 53; Scotch, 5; Welsh, 4; Mexi
401; Spanish, 68; Portuguese, 5; French, 3; Itaj
57; Dutch, 1; Scandinavian, 21; Russian, 21; Fin
8; Serb, 32; Greek, 3; Slav, 96; German, 1; Aust;
60; Bulgarian, 7; Miscellaneous, 6.

How One Mining Company Secured
Action on Liberty Loan Subscriptions

A campaign for the Third Liberty Loan among em-
ployees of the United Verde Copper Co. and its sub-
sidiaries— the United Verde & Pacific Railway Co., the
Verde Tunnel and Smelter R.R. Co , and the Clarkdale

SUBSCRIPTION'S TO THIRD LIBERTY LOAN BY EMPLOYEES
OF THE UNITED VERDE COPPER CO.

I aited Verde

United Verde Tunnel Clarkdale

Verde and and Im- Total

Copper Pacific Smelter provement all

Co By. Co. K K. Co. Co. Companies

Number of sub-
scriptions 1.975 91 53 25 2,144

Number of em-
ployees 1.975 91 53 25 2,144

Per cent, of sub-
scribers 100'; 100', ion'; ioo, 100%
1$I49.000 *6.35<) *5'150 *2'150 $162,650

AT.rageperman .. $75 44 $69.78 $97 17 $86 00 $75 86

Improvement Co. — resulted in subscriptions from 2144
employees, registering 100 % signers, and totalled $162,-
650. The company assisted employees in their sub-
scriptions by agreeing to buy the bonds for which they
subscribed and will permit them to pay for same in

Chronology of Mining for Month
April, 1918

Apr. 1 — Prices on ore, coke, steel and steel prod:
recommended previously by the price-fixing conim
of the War Industries Board, subject to revisio
Apr. 1, were ordered by President Wilson on Mar. i
be continued in effect until July 1.

Apr. 6 — Opening of third campaign for three b i
dollar loan in 4i% 10-year Liberty bonds.

Apr. 9 — Conference of wire-rope manufacturers
Mark L. Requa, head of the oil division of the 1
Fuel Administration, at which it was decided to !(
up the production of the domestic wire-rope indust

Apr. 14 — Daylight-saving regulation became effe:
in Canada.

Apr. 14 — Charles M. Schwab was appointed Dir:
General of the Emergency Fleet Corporation.

Apr. 16 — Issuance of patents and copyright
enemies stopped, and Americans forbidden to appl ;
patents in enemy countries.

Apr. 17 — Settlement by the President of the df
ences between Fuel Administrator Garfield and a
Skelton Williams, director of purchases for the Raic
Administration, by ruling that all coal for the rails
will be bought by Director General McAdoo in coe
tion with Fuel Administrator Garfield and Bernai
Baruch, chairman of the War Industries Board.

Apr. 23 — The Pittman silver bill, after passin 1
Senate and House, was signed by the President, an
izing the use of $350,000,000 in silver in the U. S. 1e
ury for cancellation of foreign obligations, and repli
this amount by the purchase of silver bullion at 5 I
ounce.

Apr. 24 — Announcement by the War Departmen I
Nitrate Plant No. 3, composed of two units, woil
built at Toledo and Elizabethtown, Ohio.

Apr. 25 — Appointment of John D. Ryan, presid't
the Anaconda Copper Mining Co., to the directid
of aircraft production for the Army.

Apr. 26 — Set aside as Liberty Day by Preii
Wilson.

Apr. 29 — The Overman bill passed the Senate.

Apr. 30 — The mineral-control bill passed the Ho e

May 11, 1918 ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL 893

1 """"""" i«»»«"«'i»»i«i«iii"iiiimmiiuiiiuuuiiiuummiiuiiiumiiiiui i iiiiiiiimiimmiiiimiiu iiiuiiiiimiiiuuiiiiiiiuiiiuiiiumiiiiiiiiuiuiiiiiiuiiiiuuHiiuuiuin.miiii.MUHiH.Muiiiiiui.iin.umiHm.inHiniimi m

Editorials

iniiniinniiiiiimiiiiiiitiiiitiitiiiiMniiiiiiitMiiMmiiiiiitiirtiiiriiTiiiiiMftiiiiiiiiiiniiitiiiiimiitiMmmiimmmmmi iiiuraniiiimiiiimmmmiiiiniiniimiiiiimiimmiimmiimmimi mimiimiimiiiiimimiinminimimmitmffliimimii

rhe Silver Price

f^HE Government has been purchasing some silver
. for which it has paid, or will pay, $1 per oz.,
der the terms of the Pittman Act. However, the
fecial," or Handy & Harman, quotation of the silver
urket was only 995@993c. contemporaneously with
Is Government's purchases. The difference between
Ijquotational price and the price paid by the Govern-
■ -alls for an explanation.

In the first place, it should be clearly understood

it the Government has not "fixed" the price for sil-

\\ The Pittman Act merely authorized the Director

the Mint to melt up the silver dollars hoarded in the

■sury and replace their bullion by new bullion to

I purchased at $1 per oz., 1000 fine, the bullion to be

ivered to the mints of the United States.

The Pittman Act did not go into details for execution

the business, and there is still a good deal of uncer-

t lty as to how they will be worked out. For example,

t re is no mint in New York, where there are refiners

tt produce a great deal of silver, but there is a United

[ tes Assay Office, the most important in the country,

:: which bullion is taken in. Delivery at the Assay

Cce in New York does not conform to the literal terms

Dthe law, which call for delivery at a mint. Inas-

ii :h as the purchased silver is to be coined, in time at

lit, it is expected that the Government will insist on

tit delivery.

l the second place, nobody knows as yet that the
Cector of the Mint will purchase all of the silver that
iiffered to him. The law does not require him to do
I It is assumed, however, that he will purchase all
I is offered, anyway until the void in the Treasury
I lting from the removal of the old bullion is filled,
* it is assumed, further, that he will designate the
It to which he would like to have it delivered.
Rurally, all of the silver refined in New York would
buffered to the Director of the Mint for delivery in
Padelphia, but he might not be willing to purchase
lything for Philadelphia delivery. Some will natu-
f' be wanted for Denver and San Francisco delivery,
I such orders will naturally be filled by refiners at
I Francisco, Tacoma, Omaha, etc.
rider the most favorable circumstances, commercial

I r 999 fine, to be sold in New York for delivery in
ladelphia, cannot be worth more than 99.80c. in New
|c, owing to the difference in the specifications as
Oneness, express charges, etc. Taking into consid-
Jr<on the loss of interest on capital on account of the
311 iod of payment from Philadelphia, the equivalent

I I per oz. 1000 fine at Philadelphia would probably
*ot more than 99.75c. per oz. 999 fine at New York.

ie "official" quotation at New York is a buying
Nation; i.e., the bullion. brokers are presumably will-
|:o purchase at that price. If, therefore, the quota-
I is 99fc. and they are able to sell to the Pfiiladel-

phia mint, they will mato per oz. If, however, they
were obliged to ship to Denver or San Franci
would lose money. If it should develop thai the Din
of the Mint should insist on the option of ordering

delivery to any mint, the New York situation would
become very difficult. Pending information from the
Director of the Mint as to just how he will carry
out this law, there will naturally be considerable
uncertainty.

The Light Breaks

FOLLOWING the days of acute anxiety that marked
the titanic effort of Germany to divide and i
the Allied armies on the Western front, come three
heartening events: the Teuton tide is checked — the
Beast pauses to lick his wounds; the Third Liberty Loan
is a most tremendous popular success; and, most signifi-
cant as denoting the spirit now animating and inspir-
ing our war industries, an unprecedented and marvelous
record in shipbuilding must be recorded to the great
credit of the management and men of the New York
Shipbuilding Co., in the launching, at Camden, N. J„ on
May 5, of the 5550-ton collier "Tuckahoe," just 27 days,
2 hours and 43 minutes after the laying of the keel, on
April 8. There has not been a more forceful example of
efficiency, speed and enthusiasm — of team work.

The record is indeed marvelous, and merits the fine
commendation extended to men and company by Presi-
dent Wilson and Charles M. Schwab, who informed the
workmen that he had cabled the news of their achieve-
ment to General Pershing and the boys "Over There."
Nor are other most hopeful signs lacking. Speed
records in riveting ship-plates are being smashed every
day or so ; shipways are kept hot, as wooden, reinforced-
concrete and steel vessels take the water; and in our
shipbuilding program, the rivalry to achieve in it-
self assures the failure of the piratical submarine cam-
paign that finally brought a patient and mighty nation
into the conflict.

The significance of these events cannot but impress
us. We as a nation are in the war. Our spirit, our will
to win, and that white enthusiasm which spells sure
victory, are surging up in the minds and hearts of the
people of America. After the gloom produced by our
delayed and inexpert attempts to get imperatively neces-
sary tasks accomplished ; after the depression springing
from the failure of preliminary efforts to make the
weight of our resources immediately available to our
comrades in arms, hard pressed — with "backs against
the wall" — the mists of uncertainty, :f hesitancy, are
rising and dissolving, and we are taking our place in
the first line trench, and with great weight and fine effec-
tiveness behind that line. Dissension and suspicion be-
tween capital and labor are being dissipated in the fire
of patriotic devotion to an eternal principle of justice
and of right. Twenty million Americans come for-

ENGINEERING AN1> MINING .IOCRNAL

Vol. 105, No. 1!

h the money asked for by their Government
with which to "carry on." America is finding— has
,1 herself. It is a time ^( spiritual exaltation, of
in dedication and resolution.
It is a time, too, for unbounded confidence and opti-
mism, and for sustained and unremitting effort; for en-
thusiasm, team work, cooperation and such accomplish-
ments as alone will satisfy our aims and measure our
■ion to those principles on which our all is built and
which rests all our faith.

Hie Third Liberty Loan and the
Mining Industry

THE several slogans that have sprung into being
during the just-completed Liberty Loan campaign
are significant of the transitional stage through which
the country is passing. The idea of patriotism was
unsized: the need and value of saving were clearly
brought out. To no less degree must be noted the great
common bond that has been created among the people;
the thought and knowledge that they are a part of the
Government— shareholders in a great business— and
thus is '.aid the foundation upon which all classes can
meet on an equal basis.

Many mining companies, not to mention other indus-
trial concerns, adopted various plans for securing
subscriptions for the Third Liberty Loan, and it is with
pleasure that we view the successes that have been
achieved in their endeavor to promote this most patri-
otic service. Not only has it emphasized the fact that
the mining industry is alive to the situation, that the
Government must and will go on, but it shows that mine
labor gives its full assent to the issue and full support
to the war. Further than that, a mutual bond is created
between labor and capital, for both meet on a common
footing and have a common interest at heart.

The complaint of the mine laborer, that welfare work
savors of paternalism, has done much to prevent the
complete success of many earnest efforts put forth by
some of the companies in that direction. However, the
cooperation that has been secured between official and
employee in this loan has, we believe, to a large extent
corrected the erroneous impression that may have ex-
isted in the past, and clearly the two have been in com-
plete accord in making the loan a success. Agreements
of this sort promulg"te the true development of com-
munity interest.

ami dull mental attitude of the Siberian laborer. Gr
was rampant ami injustice prevailed in the laws a
courts. Tools and methods were of the crudest imn
liable design, and all attempts at the introduction of p
gressive ideas were resisted with all the cunning
ignorant suspicion ami prejudice. Mr. Hutchins, al
pointing out the many shortcomings of the Siberian ;
his methods, concludes with suggestions for improv
conditions which are of interest not only as to min
methods, but especially in the labor situation and
possibilities for the laborer's successful education
honesty and efficiency under strong and skillful adn
ist ration.

Comparison of costs and mill extractions in Sib<
and California shows the waste that prevails in Sibei
practice and indicates the possibilities which exist
this extensive and practically undeveloped field.

Drift-Gravel Mining in Eastern Siberia

IN THIS issue we present a paper dealing with drift-
gravel mining in eastern Siberia by J. P. Hutchins,
an experienced engineer, who has had extraordinary op-
portunity for observation and study of Russian mining
methods and operating conditions. The present chaos
in Russia adds to rather than detracts from the timeli-
ness of his paper, which in a large measure explains
many of the contributory causes for the present political
upheaval and holds forth the potentialities, for the days
of reconstruction, of a country of vast and numerous
opportunities for pioneer development.

The pre-war Russian social and political system por-
trayed by Mr. Hutchins was responsible for the stunted

The Gold Industry and Gold Stand;

IN THE present issue we print a clean-cut and ci
fully prepared article by Hennen Jennings on Q
Gold Industry and Gold Standard." Mr. Jennings i
steered clear of a discussion of theoretical econc
conditions and has confined his attention to the prt;
tation of facts concerning production and the effec
present economic conditions on future output. Hisl
cussion of money standards and the relation of la
and wealth is excellent. Mr. Jennings says that tot
gold mining in a time of financial stress would bei
closing the doors of a bank when a run is made upc
We are in accord with Mr. Jennings that the prn
tion of gold is vital at this time and should be encoutg
by the removal of the burden imposed by the War E(
Profits Tax. With the point of view that gold mil
is one of the non-essential industries, we have t
patience. Money, as Mr. Jennings states, must be It
on sentiment and good faith, for money, even inclii
gold, has no intrinsic value except as an incenti
stimulant to future human enterprise, effort and la I
its stored value vanishes when the mass of the p]
repudiate it. If the mass of the people thorough! s
preciated this and cooperated strongly, we mighUl
cessfully establish almost any kind of money staia
Through the ages, however, the mass of the peop 1
been accustomed to look upon either gold or sihr
a standard, and paper money or other forms of cuUI
have maintained an uncertain value ratio in peri<3
unusual stress. This is a condition we cannot It
We would, therefore, be most unwise were we
terfere with the steady production of gold or itsM
tion as a standard.

Mineralogy

WE OFTEN think of mineralogy as a scie»
which not much more is to be done in the J
discovery of new species, but closer examination 8
current literature shows that this is erroneous. Api
ent about 1200 well-established species are know |
it is surprising how many new ones are added eacl
Aside from recent microscopical work, which sho\
many supposed minerals are really mixtures of I
in part unknown varieties, new finds of importaie

Ifcy 11. Ml 18

ENGINEERING AND .MINIM. J01 i

>'n recorded We recall the sulphide of vanadium.
ronite, found several years ago in Peru. Vei
tl\ the long-expected disulphide of tungsten has been
|ntified from the Old Emma mine, in Cottonwood Can
. Utah. II is of special interest because u re emblea
nile closely and cannot be distinguished from
Kept by chemical tests; probably it has been fre-
ntly mistaken for molybdenite. Another recent

that the very rare mineral chalmersite, which

I found in Brazil, and also was found to exist in

lantity in some copper ores of Prince William's

ml. Alaska. It is a pale yellow sulphide of iron and

per which differs from chalcopyrite in containing

copper,
new periodical, entitled The American Mineralogist,
ttred about a year ago as the organ of the mineral-
:il societies of this country. It is a monthly publi-
;on. of the modest size of 10 or 12 pages, but it con
B in convenient form all discoveries and data essen-
to the students of this science, and many collectors
mining engineers would probably be interested in it.

BY THE WAY

r IIIIIIIIIMI

satiable Curiosity sent two five-cent stamps to the
nt Office in Washington, says the Wall Street
nal, in payment for two copies of the patent report
: hich his curiosity might be satisfied. He received
leturn mail a courteous letter from a Treasury
lal announcing that no more copies of the patent
ir were in existence. The 10 cents in stamps, the
Ir said, had meanwhile been turned into the Treas-
on payment for something the Treasury could not
lly, so it was held to the credit of Mr. Curiosity
) would be refunded to him on requisition.
\ Curiosity invested in another sheet of paper and
I ope and a three-cent stamp and asked for a return
lie 10 cents paid for goods the Government could
hnpply. Then he received a form to be filled out
a second bunch of stationery reaching him under
Irnment frank) and dutifully filled out the form
i red. He used more stationery and another three-
i stamp, and finally received a warrant for 10 cents
the Treasury, involving more stationery and an-
l frank.

pra] — Guess what Government management for
[thing would mean.

Immenting upon "hindsights," the Spelter Journal.
« safety" publication of the Butte & Superior Mining
i. elates the following: "Some workmen lost control
I cable they were changing at the old Black Rock
>- shaft, with the result that it started back down
shaft at a terrific rate of speed (possibly for the
» n that no one cared to follow the advice of a con-
» ropeman who yelled "Step on it!"). The force

► the spool out through the side of the rope house,
fcng off the corners of a few buildings en route and
*■' crashed into and lodged in the headframe of the
* with sufficient force to bend and twist the steel

> lerably. Some men on the 1500 were working on
U ) chute and had taken the precaution of putting up

a bulkhead over them before t. rtina to work.
run-awaj cable ped down the ban. truck the bulk
head and • ilentlj coiled itself up. The men

beneath did not even know it had red

incident may be classified a a "near accident." But

Had tl.
n the time to build the bulkhead, at let
fatal accidents would have been the result."

I ane Urges Action on Oil Lands
Leasing Bill

Secretary Lane sent the following letter on May 1
to Ch.-irman Ferris of the House Committee on Public
Lands:

"] trust you will press for immediate action upon
the leasing bill. It is nothing less than a national war
necessity that the supply of fuel on the Paciii
be at once increased. I am in touch with the situation
through the Geological Survey and the Bureau of Mines.
and the facts before me justify this prophecy that with-
in 60 days railroads, aeroplane factories, shipyards,
ships and many industries will be unable to secure oil
or fuel of any kind if a bill is net passed under which
the producing lands will be opened to the fullest develop-
ment. If this end can be furthered by placing the
whole matter of reserved oil lands in the hands „f the
President, I certainly would fight for it strenuously."

Third Liberty Loan Subscriptions from
the Mining Industry

Total subscriptions to the Third Liberty Loan ob-
tained through the Special Liberty Loan Committee for
the mining industry amounted to $27,967,750 at the
close of the campaign. In addition to the subscriptions
already mentioned in issues of the Journal for Apr. 27
and May 4, the following subscribers appear:

E. N. Breitung & Co $ 800,000

H. B. Barling g00

Miners of Nicklas Mining Co 4,800

American Smelting and Refining Co I,00o'o00

Judd Stewart 17^400

Hamilton M. Bruch .' i '550

Charles Earl i'l 50

H. W. York 5 000

American Metal Co. — Affiliated companies and em-
ployees (additional) 442 500

Sidney M. Weil ?'500

Argonaut Consolidated Mining Co 30000

Guggenheim Brothers j 000000

£■ « ^arIe- •//••■••/, • 'tooiooo

North Butte Mining Co qq qqq

Michigan Limestone and Chemical Co .... \ 20^000

Michigan Limestone and Chemical Co. (em-
ployees) 30 000

Butte & Ely Copper Co 30000

Consolidated Copper Mines Co .[ 70000

W. B. Thompson ' ' 500000

New Jersey Zinc Co. (additional) \\ 436400

Aluminum Co. of America \ 200000

Quincy Mining Co 'lOOOOO

Quincy Mining Co. (employees) 6?'600

A. B. Benesch & Co ' 50000

Eugene L. Steindler ' ) -j'qqq

Remember the Comfort Fund of the 27th Engineers.

896

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 3

• MUM

in MtMtlHMMU

Personals

llaxr > on tout ribiitt-il lo the \ *sociat ion

..t tin- .'Till i nxlnecra?

ii b r.iiiou examined oil properties In
Wyoming recently.

I dwtn I < base u d I it. 1. Chase,
will be in the Baker Cry gold district until

M.iv

J. O. Dick, of City, recently

lined manganese prospects at Ely,
ids.
i>r. B B. Moore, of the U S Buri
Mines rare mineral station at Golden, Colo..
Is in Ni w York.

J. B. Tvrrrll has left for northern
Ish Columbia, where he expects to
: a few weeks.

i i.t \\ . Washbnrne, 44 W. 44th St..

New York, was married on Apr. -9 to
Mile. Harcelle Gelle, o( Paris.

\\ . i: Colwell and (. I.. Sheldon, of Ely,
Nev., made an examination of mangani
rtlea at Pioche. Nov., in April.
i w, Rubenson, representing the Norske
Molybdaengrubers Paellesforenlng, of
Kristiania. Norway, is in Now York.

ii. I.- Williams, of California, recently in-
tigated the Peace River, Alta . oil field
urranged for developing an oil property
there.

■ i iintrman. general manager of La
■ Mines, Ltd.. of Cobalt, Ont.. has re-
turned from examining properties in North
Carolina.

John H. White, manager of the Climax
Molybdenum Co.. of Colorado, has returned
to Climax after a vacation of several weeks
in California.

8. II. Brockunier has been appointed su-
perintendent of the Chateaugay ore and
Iron Co. at Lyon Mountain. N. Y., suc-
•ig J. H. Cartwrlght, resigned.
Frank II. Kaiser, iron anil steel chemist
and metallurgist with the Sullivan Ma-
chinery Co. at Claremont. X. H, has legal-
ly changed his name to Frank H. Kingdon.
George O. Argall, general manager of the
Iron Silver Mining Co., at Leadville, Colo.,
has returned to Leadville from New York,
where he attended the annual directors'
meeting of the company.

II \. Hansen has resigned as mill su-
perintendent of the Tomboy Hold Mines Co.,
Ltd.. at Telluride. Colo., to accept the man-
age ment of the Mt. Blaine Oil Shale Prod-
ucts Co., at De Beque, Colorado.

Charles R. Keyes, consulting engineer, of

Des Moines. Iowa, has been chosen as

nocratic candidate for United States

Senator, to succeed Senator W. S. Kenyon,

whose term soon expires

Clarence G. Willard, metallurgist with
the Golden Reward Consolidated Gold Min-
ing and Milling Co.. of Deadwood. S. D..
has accepted a position with the Mine and
Smelter Supply Co., of Denver. Colorado.

Mr Douglas Haig. British commander-in-
chief, is president of Eldorite. Ltd. the
property, which was formerly owned by the
Canadian Talc and Silica Co. being situ-
ated at Eldorado. Hastings County. Ontario.

K. C. RafTerty and F. Morse Smith, of
New York, and George C. Venard. of Chi-
cago, representing the acid-manufacturing
industries, are in Colorado investigating
pyrites situation and recently visited
Leadvllle.

Thomas S. Woods and N. Wheaton Dean,
the newly elected president and vice presi-
dent, respectively, of the Winona Copper
Co.. in northern Michigan, visited the mine,
recently with Rex R. Seeber. superintend-
ent.

P. P. Reese resigned on May 1 as man-
ager of the Superior Steel Corporation's
plant at Carnegie. Penn., and has associat-
ed himself with the Driscoll Reese Steel Co..
Hamburg. Penn.. manufacturing electrical
steel castings.

Hale H. Hnnner. superintendent of the
Pearson mine, at Nashwauk, Minn . for the
Shada Mining Co.. of Duluth. has been ap-
pointed superintendent of the Ferro and
Algoma mines of the Onahman Iron Co., at
Ironton. Minnesota.

F.. A. Sporley and J. Mathews, who are in
charge of mine rescue car No 7 of the Lake
Superior district, have just completed two
weeks' instructional work in mine rescue
and first aid at the Minnesota School of
Mines experiment station.

Alexander K. Fowlie, until recently audi-
tor for the Yak Mining. Milling and Tunnel
Co. at Leadville. Colo., has volunteered for
war work in the Y. M. C. A. and has de-
parted for New York, expecting to be sent
to France in the near future.

ii. i>. i 11-ton. formerly professor of min-
ing engineering at Kentucky state Univer-
sity, who for some tune has been associated,
with F. Jnllua i..iis as oil geologist, is now

in N. w Vol k. Where he will have charge of

Mr. i-'oiis' omci .n 60 Broadway, during the
hitter's absence, Mr. Fohs also maintains
an office ai Tulsa, Okla., and divides his
time i" tw< en the two places,

A. 11. UnriKT, oil geologist on the stall'
„f c w Washburne, of New York, has re-
turned from Venesuela, 'her.- he spenl the
lasi year in geological exploration work,
and has enlisted in the Aviation Corps
Iv. I>. White lias returned from examining
oil prospects in Colombia and will make
his headquarters at 66 Liberty si . New
York. ii. <■ Beebe and 11. 1.. Baldwin,
of the same stall', have sailed for western
Africa. Pierce Larkln, or Tulsa. Okls I
i on foreign exploration work with
Mr Washburne.

Obituary

Hi inn i

C. C. Morgan, superintendent of the
January quicksilver mine at Monticello.
Napa County. Calif, died on Apr. 8, from
burns received from distillate.

Peter s. Roy, of Denver, said to have
been the first to strike oil in Colorado,
died at Blackhawk, Colo., on Apr. 25.
He had various mining and oil properties
throughout the state.

A. J. Browning, mining recorder of Elk

Lake. Ont, died on Apr. 30 of pneumonia,

aged 51 years. He was appointed recorder

117, having previously been assistant

recorder at Larder Lake.

Societies

American Iron and Steel Institute will
hold its fourteenth general meeting at the
Waldorf Astoria, New York, beginning May
31, instead of May 24-25 as announced.

■Winnipeg Geological Club, organized by
J. S. DeLury. left Winnipeg on Apr. 2 7 for
a 10-day excursion to the Falcon Lake
country.

National Metal Trades Association at its
New York convention elected John W.
O'Leary. Chicago, president ; Murray Ship-
ley, Cincinnati, first vice president ; H. W.
Ilnvt Detroit, second vice president; and
F. C. Caldwell, Chicago, treasurer.

Kngineers Society of Western Pennsyl-
vania met on May 7 at the Carnegie Insti-
tute of Technology. The subject discussed
was "Training of Mechanics for Mainten-
ance and Repair of Airplanes and Airplane
Engines." Addresses were made by Willi-
bald Trinks, professor of mechanical engi-
neering at the Institute, and J. C. Sproule.
associate professor.

Mining and Metallurgical Society of
America. The New York section will hold
a meeting on Friday evening. May 17. at
the Columbia University Club. The speaker
of the evening will be Major Bashford Dean.
Ordnance Reserve Corps, whose subject will
be alloys and their significance in the mak-
ing of modern helmets and body armor. He
will exhibit specimens and lantern slides.

American Institute of Mining Engineers,
St. Louis section, held its annual banquet
and meeting on Apr. 16 at the Mercantile
Club, St. Louis. Bradley Stoughton. sec-
retary of the Institute, addressed the meet-
ing. Other speakers were : Philip N.
Moore, former president ; H. A. Buehler, of
Rolla. state geologist : T. T Brewster, gen-
eral manager of the Mount Olive & Staun-
ton Coal Co. ; F. W. DeWolf, state geolo-
gist of Illinois : Maj. J. R. Fordyce and C.
T. Orr, of Webb City, Missouri.

National Safety Council. The New York
section will meet at the American Museum
of Safety, 14 West 24th St., on May 16.
Members and visitors will assemble at the
museum at 6:30 p. m. and go in a body to
the Aldine Club, where a buffet dinner will
be served. The program will include an
address on "Dust and Fume Control" by
C P. Tolman. of the National Lead Co. ;
a 'so one on "Shop and Safety Meetings," by
W. P. Strickland, of the New York & Queens
Electric Light and Power Co. A motion
picture. "The Outlaw," will be : hown
through the courtesy of the Liberty Mutual
Insurance Company.

Utah Oil Men's Association, recently or-
ganized, has the following officers: E. D.
Woodruff, president ; L. G. Bradley, vice
president ; G. F. Barton, secretary ; TJ. S.
G. Todd. Franklin McCoy, and C. S. God-
dard An address was made by Myrum
Schneider, of the geological department of

the I'niversity of Utah, on Apr. 23. Tin
its board of governors, the assoclat
confi rrlng with Salt Lake City ol 1
relative to the recently enacted ordi|
providing for tin' regulation of the sas
slock, and trying lo get some amends
incorporated Into what will he practicl
new ordinance. This will soon be pretn
in i he commissioners for consideratloi
Minnesota School of Mines Society
ils annual election of olllcers on Apr. 1
M Inneapolis \\ II It the Id] lowing i
President, Joseph O Hosted: vice preili
Walter it Mellem ; secretary-treaj
.lames D. W'h.eler; editor, C. Henry i
bourn; and assistant editor, Edwin NJ
sou. The following lectures have been!
before the society during 1917-1918: 5
Minerals." I)r William II. Emmons :'
reau of Mines Experiment Stations.
Dorsey A. Lyon; "Manganese Pros
Edmund. Newton; "Students in War Ti
Marion' L. Burton; Industrial Rtj
Prof. William H. Sternberg; "Seientil
ploration," including a day's demonst.1
of diamond drilling and bit setting, I
Longyear Exploration Company.

Association of Iron and Steel Kiel
Engineers, Cleveland section, met in
land on Apr. 27. A paper was pre!
by 'I'. K. p.aily. of the Electric Kurna.
on "Electric Soaking Pits. Annealin
Heat Treating Furnaces and Furnac
Melting Non-ferrous Metals." The t
delphia section met on May 4.
Lewis and W. H. Burr, of the Alan (
Iron and Steel Co.. Conshohocken, e
presented a paper on "Electrically Cf
ed Door Hoists for Openhearth Fun:
The Pittsburgh and Cleveland sectioi,
meet on May 18 at Youngstown, 1
The Ohio Works and the McDonald I
of the Carnegie Steel Co. will be In8)<:
The association will hold its twelfl
nual convention at the Southern J
Baltimore, Sept. 9 to 13.

American Association of Engineei
nominated the following men for prm
and members of the board of directs
be voted on at the annual convent!
Chicago on May 14: President, \
Finley. chief engineer. Chicago & )
western Ry. ; first vice president,
Clausen, city construction engineer
cago ; second vice president. L K. J
man, Chicago, and A. D. Whipple.:
engineer. Portland Cement Assoct
directors: Harold Almert, Chicago;',
Bennett, Minneapolis ; T. M. Chit
Savannah ; C. IT. Freund and F. R a
Washington ; W. A. Goss, J. N. a
Samuel Moreell, Charles A. Morey, .
Prior, Warwick Ray, C. B. Reed, !.
Schweitser. and F. L. Thompson, all < '
cago: Alexander Potter. New York;'
Scott. Richmond ; and P. B. Waldin,*
burgh.

i,,,ii,ii,,M. mini ii

New Patents

United States patent specification!!
below may be obtained from "The5
neering and Mining Journal" at 25<e
British patents are supplied at 40ce

Copper — Electrolytic Deposition ol
Acid Solutions. Franz Edward Stud 1
don. England. (U. S. No. 1,260,8301
26, 1918.)

Filtration — Continuous Thickeninf?
ess. Albert Legrand Genter. Salt La C
Utah, assignor of one-half to the 'n
Engineering Co., Salt Lake City. Uta
S. No. 1,263,226; Apr. 16, 1918.)

Phosphate — Process of Making a|
Potash Nitrogenous, and Phosphatic"
lizer. Robert F. Gardiner, Clarend*.
(U. S. No's 1,261,116; 1,261,117; '«
1918.)

Smelting — Method of Treating SPJ
Ores so as to Recover Sulphur ant"
Values. Frank K. Cameron and JJ
Cullen, Salt Lake City, Utah, and Ed
Hvde, New York, N. Y.. assignors to.'
ican Smelting and Refining Co., Sa l
Citv, Utah. (U. S. No. 1,261,694; >'
1918.)

Tunnel-Block and Tunnel Const c
Cornelius G. Hastings, West Hoboke »>
assignor to Hastings Tunnel Systi
(U. S. No. 1,262,041 ; Apr. 9, 1918.)

Zinc — Treatment of Zinkiferous
James Hvndes Gillies and Percy I
son Gillies, East Camberwell. '
Australia. (U. S. No. 1,262,190;
1918.)

Zirconium Ores, Process of Pt
William R. Loveman, Lakewood, O
signor, bv mesne assignments, to .
Carbon Co.. Inc. (U. S. No.
Apr. 9. 1918.)

1,

piay li. 1918 ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL 897

"""" I",ll"llll »«— ««—■»'' ■» '""'» I , m , ,_._ ,

Editorial Correspondence

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"ll"11"1" Illlmi 'iittiiiriiiiiiiiiiiniriiniiiiiirMiiriiMiiiiiriiiriiiiiitiiriiritrriiiriiiiitiirMiiiiiiiiij

SAN FRANCISCO Mil j 1

Com itl or k Miners' \i :iC,„ hav. been In-
Miners will recelvi day

,1 muckers and carmen $4.60. Mceh;
d other surface men are to gel ai
nee of 60c. per day.

Protests Against Electric rower Rntrs,

i lo ho advanced l> \ l'a,
L-tric Co., have been (lied « ll h the
He Itallroad Commission \>\ the >
Id Mining Co and the Indiana Gold

■- Co The former i rates gold

in Vuba. Butte and f'laeer ooun-

r in Saera ito I touiuv

am s I : i \ er The Yukon company

0 lileii protest against raising of
the Ureal Western Power Co The

itracts for power made by tins,- Gug-

Iheim companies are claimed to hav.

ade a' a time when the cosl of

rer was the essential element in deter-

ling i In- profitable possibility of dredg-

in these fields. The power companies

pplications before the commission

mits to increase rales in the re

ns in which these dredging companies

rate.

ilnrn Sienas Power Co. has extended

Operating field by absorbing units of the
rada-California Power and Electric Cor
atioti system. The last of four deals
ipleting the extension was consummated
authorization of the California State

1 Commission to the Coachella Val-
and Electric Co. to sell its proper-

$791,320. The assumption of in-
tedness by the Southern Sierras leaves
I'oaehella a balance of $99,617. Pur-
ise price includes no allowance for de-
nt cost. The Coachella transmis-
i lines extend from Banning, Riverside
nty. to El Centro, Imperial Countv.
I if., and to Yuma. Ariz The three other

{les included in this recent great ex-
don are the Bishop Light and Power.
Jona Gas and Electric Light, and Rialto
Hit and Power. The Southern Sierras
I owns the longest aggregate eleetrie
lismission line in the world.

I ! arch Prodnction of Petroleum In all

. fornia fields, according to independent
llucers. amounted to 8,419.071 bbl.. a
tease from February of 5282 bbl. Ship-
lits from the fields in March totaled
S7.55C. as compared to 8.324.066 in
I ruary. Stocks on hand Apr. 1 totaled
•2 769 bbl.. a decrease or 288.485 for
1 month of March. Standard Oil reports
[ the decrease in stocks for March at
: '162, the stocks on hand Mar 31. ac-
[ mg to Standard figures, being 30.891.316
Most of the production loss in March

d on a basis of pre-war
prii -M iati d prom ■>< p

lurse, di pendent upon the

laei that the supply oi raw material to be

■ i is mill sand which bean little

mining and crushing expen i \, elating

these favorable conditions with regard to

■■> man rial, and in vievi ol r J i . high

phono-
pro ect appi ars to have

hi.

1 id Its devi lopraenl

'I w nil ml.

will be

Owners ..f Manganese Properties in Colo-
rado a : thi po

thi \\ or Flnan. i I !oi poratlon,

• tablli h. <i bj Senate BUI No. :iti I. sign< .1

by He In Aim]

operating fund, and authority was grained

for the as-
sistance in essential war indn
purpose of the hill has been sel forth as
That for the purpose of afford-
ing financial assistance, elthei dlrei

isons. firms, corporations
associations whose operation
ir contributory to the pn

tion of the war. in casi n 1 such

persons, arms, corporations, or associations
shall be unable to procure funds on reason-
able or practicable terms from tie general
public, or through the regular banking
channels, and for the purpose of regulating
and controlling the sale and offering for
sale or subscription of securities herein-
after issued, and for other purposes in aid
of the prosecution of the war. the Secretary
of the Treasury, together with four addi-
tional persons (who shall he the directors

1 ''d as hereinafter provided) are

hereby created a body corporate and politic
in deed and in law. by the name, style and
title of the War Finance Corporation." To

■ 1

itlon ..r

I 1

l| , these
minerals tor opi rati

ral Lea.lnj BUI li now In 11..
o thi

ereno -1 opi n h

gted between 11,. Department! -1 u ., ,
;"i thi Intel loi a to thi form In
« nlcn the imi 1 hould bi n poi ti d bul it Is
tood thai

d and thai the commltti ■■ wlfl
ion at an early < ,

thai the bill will provide subi

upon oil land
] faith prosecuti d their d< velopment
thi provisions of tne existing laws
" le b"i»d thai the bill may be bp<
1 : not thai it
but thai it win put an 1
doubt and unci rtalnty n hlch hai

\y now th:,

troleum for wai . n

thai a radical change In
regarding oil and shale legislation
in Washington following the \
Colorado oil and shale men in atteni
on the recent hearing before the Land Com-
The Administration recognizes as
never before the necessity of leg!
that will encourage development and pro-
duction, and the departments which
recently were insisting on drastic regula-
tion have greatly mod , demands
and .1 is now- unlikely that laws will
passed which will hamper legitimate de-
velopment However, it should be observed
that locators of shale lands must pi

S^":: E&ETtg £SJS8S of'U. o7,lhr ^^W^Xfiffl^

stimulate the domestic production of man
ganese and pyrites, and possibly other
minerals.

Minerals-Control Bill was the subject of
a hearing of the Committee on Mines and
Mining of the House, during the latter part
of March. The tentative draft of the bill
prepared by the War Minerals Committee
proposed to place in the hands of the Presi-
dent the control of tungsten, vanadium,
manganese, molybdenum, pyrite, graphite
mines and metallurgical works, and to
operate the same if idle, excluding gold, sil-
ver, copper, lead, zinc and iron mines, from
its provisions. Copies of the proposed bill

It is understood that title to" shale lands
held for sab- or speculative purposes, under
the present placer laws, will not be recog-
nized by the department.

Colorado Mine Taxation was the subject
of serious discussion at a recent meeting of
County Assessors at Glenwood Springs \t
this meeting, a resolution was adopted that
it was the sense of the meeting that a con-
stitutional amendment should be submitted
so as to permit of the adoption of income
taxes for state and local purposes, and
that a bill be submitted to and adopted bv
the people of the state providing that pro-
L duemg metal mines shall be assessed in
[barged to Midway-Sunset and Coalinga were carefully studied by producers of these tne same !TlaPner as other property of the

state. It is feared by some operators that
the Tax Commission and the assessors
intend to initiate a bill, to be voted upon
at the coming election, repealing the present
and enacting in its stead the unjust

E s. In the week ended Apr. 20, ;
I mg to the figures of R. P. McLaughlin.
> - oil and gas supervisor, reported hv
t State Mining Bureau. 24 new wells
ited drilling, showing revival of drilling
l««y. and making a total of new wells
j ted since the beginning of January.
[ This is a decrease of 139 from the
» her for the same period in 1917, but it
J reater than the same period in 1916.
1 new wells of the week are distributed
»ie following named fields: ij0s Angeles,
•tura. Santa Maria, Coalinga, Kern.
»;r branches of field work show "no
1 ial features.

metals in Colorado, and early in April a
meeting of reDresentative producers of
tungsten, molybdenum, vanadium and man-
ganese met in Denver, and were unanimous
in the opinion that it was inadvisable to
oppose the passage of the bill. A resolu-
tion was adopted setting forth that the
mining men of Colorado were in full accord
with the purposes of the Administration as
outlined in the bill, expressing a desire to
cooperate to the fullest degree with the
Government in its efforts to increase the
production of minerals necessary for the
successful prosecution of the war, and
affirming that adequate and stabilized
prices, as provided in the bill, would enable
producers of Colorado to contribute a large

Poti«i, t„,i..„» • ^ ■ j ■ .v. ■ proportion of the amount necessary to take

11 p ? *,. ustryJm Co,?rado is the plan the place of imported ores and minerals
!1ES™ a"d associates, of Cripple About the middle of April the bill was re-
nte rVfT StS Wh? are familiar with the ported favorably by the House Committee

^PoTt^.n0/%^rJ^tAh^Vh0^0l\te on Mines and Mining, and il nSw upon
?I:iandJ_yin.<?Icator! Golden Cycle, the House calendar for the third reading-.

Early action is expected upon the bill, and
it is not believed that serious opposition
will develop in the House to passage in its
present form. In the Senate, it is expected
that objection will be made to the price-
fixing and licensing provisions of the bill,
because of the fact that the operation of
these provisions in the Lever bill providing
for food and fuel control has met with
considerable sensational criticism. It

DENVER — May -

It, Granite, and other mines of the dis

contains an average of 6% pot

J Careful experiments nave been made.

it has been demonstrated that a satis-
■>ry recovery of potash can be made

1 ttiese ores, and at a substantial profit.

• estimated that the dumps of the Port-

' and Golden Cycle mills, near Colorado

J tigs .contain about 6,000.000 tons of

winch contains from 6 to 10% pot

t Tt i« mT™T j : i y, " " *""■" consiueranie sensational criticism. It is

Iryon thlSHrt,™, ^^ 'J1 e., new m" believed by some Senators mat these pro-

. j on tnese dumps and the daily supply -:-:

•nil sand made in the iTi«trt/»t n,ot i^

- sand made in the district that" is
»'«?,.„ or treatment. Not only is an
b iSI e Profit estimated at present prices
•Potash, but a satisfactory margin of

visions are entirely unnecessary for the
purposes for which the bill Is to be enacted,
namely, the stimulation of production of
certain minerals of which the country Is
now in need. It is believed that the bill

law

- — — o — .^i^u,^« 1.111- uniiJOl

and burdensome law which the commission
so persistently advocated in the past.

SALT LAKE CITY — May 2

The Big Four Exploration Co.'s sale of
the mill at Park City — idle for some time —
brings an end to the experiments of that
company with low-grade tailings on which
it had a lease, accumulated on Homer's
ranch. The Farr-Wiebold Electric com-
pany, of Salt Lake City, is the purchaser,
the sale having been confirmed by the
IT. S. District Court on Apr. 24. The pur-
chase price was $35,500. and it is under-
stood that the plant will be wrecked or
dismantled to obtain electrical and other
machinery. Flotation was used in the
mill toward the last, and over $250,000 was
expended in plant and machinery.

Occupation Tax Notices have been sent
out by the State Board of Equalization to
mining companies and lessees as follows-
"The law provides for an occupation state-
ment from each lessee during the year 1917,
whether at a loss or gain, or leased for a
short time or long period. All lessees
should note the following on their occupa-
tion tax statement: Gross field in dollars-
the sum total of all checks received from
the company in payment for ore. r-0st of
extraction : itemize and deduct total cost
of labor ; itemize and deduct cost of all
supplies, if any, not purchased of the com-

ENGINEERING AND MINING .lOl'KNAl.

Vol. 105. No. 1

during
nd u ii:

i;i I 1 I MONT.— Ml
i oppev Rod and W*lr« Manufacturing

I

I unless Bomo-

in about a month

■

the men r i

at ]

■ 1 a"d
ly. labor will be easily ob-
1. \\'.
in this
alls to ind
mpanj plants unless
mcesslons are made ;
bin tin opinion is that such an

(all Bat, especially in
sei tion act passed at a special
stature in February.
\n:iromlu mill Montana Power Corn-
combined, purchased
worth of third Liberty I-oan Bonds, one
third of the quota going to tn. State of
Porl pproxlmate-

me to the Butt, district.
This materially helped to swell the Liberty
loan purchs and In fact the

State of Montana. Butte more than doubled
Its quota in subscriptions to the Third
Liberty Loan. 17 individuals or corpora-
tions "contributing the amount allotted to
the city.

RENO. NEV. — May 1
A Traveling Mininr School is to be insti-
tuted in Nevada under the auspices ot the
and the Fedi ral Hoards for Voca-
tional Training. The school will travel
from camp to camp and give secondary
mining training to working miners, mill-
men, smeltermen. prospectors, and others.
This is a departure in mining education

which opens up a most promising Held, and
ther tittine. thai Ni vada
en the ploneei is ny mining

hould be the fust state to take
up tin it Is purposed to send the

■niv which nist obta
eglstratlon of at least 20 men.
and to continue in tills camp for at I ast
three months, which is sufficient to com-
i of the shorter courses or any
one of t!>. longer courses.

TORONTO — May 1

i'he Ontario Department of Minis has
l prospectors Leave to proceed with

ii. nt w.nk In the Lightning River
■ mar Lake Abitibi. which has been
suspended for some time owing
a part of the timber limits of the Abitibi
and Taper Co. A targe number of
prospectors are going in the mining plant
for the development of the Howey-Wllliams
Cochenour d claims is now on the

property, and development will be rapidly
push, d

\ Plant for Briquettlna Ignite o:
katchewan coal fields Is planned by the
Canadian government- acting on thi

of the Advisory Cou icll for
Scientific and Industrial Research. The
estimated at 5400,000. The ent r-
prise will be undertaken in co opi
with the Provincial Go\ rnmenl ol Sas-
katchewan and .Manitoba, each of which
will contribute (100,000 of the amount re-
quired, the Canadian government furnish-
ing the remainder The plant will have a
capacity of SO, tons of briquettes an-
nually, and will probably be situated In the

Sourls district of Saskatchewan, on a irnl

of the present development of the lignite
deposits in that locality, and the readily
available market for briquetted fuel. The
plant will be under the management of a
commission soon to be appointed.

The Canadian Copper Co 's Appeal, made
some time since to the Dominion govern-
ment, for the disallowance of the Ontario
tax was heard last week in Ottawa. It was
..intended that the act imposing the tax
was unconstitutional, first, because it per-
mitted the taxation of assets outside of
Canada, and, second, because the tax bore
unequally on different taxpayers. The
method of assessment for the purpose of

the tax was objected to, To detan

actual profits at the mine.

that from the mark, t price of 1 1 * . - iinb

mid he deducted the S

ses of refining, the iv:

■.: tile basis of the

fore, as the company con
profits to be taxed includ
in tin United States, Uurtli, , . n
1 iii.it the act discriminated ae;i

the Canai topper Co., and i

the Mond Nickel Co., as it provided
ore was refined In Brlta
payable in that countrj shqriD
i from the Ontario tax, while
allowanci was made to the Cana

Co on account of taxes
I nited Stabs, The Dominion ;
acting .ni the report of 1 Ion C, i i ml,
of J usl i.e. has dismiss) .1 Hi.
p. al and declined to disallow II

International Nickel Co. ni Cunada'n

.■. ■ in In Capital 1 i'ii'1' Hon

,000 iii. Ii. -at. s construct Ion at

Colburne w ill be on a moi
than originally contemplated, it is on
stood that tile company will amain
with the < 'anadfa n Copper Co., tlu d
Canadian subsidiary of the -t
Nickel Co. of New Jersey, and ttiat g
ually the refining operations now cat
on in the United States will be transfe
to the Canadian plant. This is the ■
taken of the matter in official circles. ]
G. Howard Ferguson. Ontario minisi
mines, said in an interview on the sub,
"They are gradually working out of
United States and coming lure. The ]
.it Port Colborne lias been built on the
system permitting an extension of refi
operations on any scale. We
well ask the International Nickel Cr
abandon its operations in The United S1
at once. It will be a matter of gra.
change, but ultimately the refining ofi
nickel is going to be done in Ontario."
reason influencing the company's ann;
preparations to extend its operation
Ontario is presumably the present h
provincial tax, which will annually an i
to about $750,000. in addition to which
liable to any taxation which the A me I
Government sees fit to impose. In so f;
its refining is done in Canada it will e:i
the double tax."

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The Mining News

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ALABAMA
Coosa Conifty

COOSA COUNTY GRAPHITE PROPER-

TiKS — The Coosa Graphite Co. the Talla-
iraphite A: Products Co.. the Seminole
Graphite Co. and the Dure Flake Co are
all constructing plants which are Hearing
completion. By the end of the year Coosa
County will have 12 or 15 plants in opera-
tion.

JefTi-r-nn ( i.unty

TENN COAL. IRON & Ii.R. CO. (Fair-
laid) — Work on the 110-in. plate mill is
progressing, and it is thought it will be in
;on by October.

Shelbj County

SHELBY CEMICAL CO (Shelby) — A
hardwood byproduct plant costing $600,000
is to i :. connection

with the charcoal iron furnaces of the
Shelby Iron Co. Wood alcohol,
and acetate of lime will be produced, most
of which will be taken by the Government
for the Signal Corps.

ARIZONA
Gila County

CON. COPPER CO (Globe)—
Possibility that a mill will be erected to
treat low-grade ore.

IP.ON CAP copper CO. (Globe)—

' hows persis-
tance of orebody.

INSPIRATION CON (Miami)— Produc-
tion of copper in April was 9,250,1 pounds.

Mohave County

ARIZONA MOSSBACK ma' man) — Shaft
now down 300 ft., with several hundred feet
of drifting and crosscutting on 200 and
300 levels. To start sinking to 500 level
soon.

BIG JIM CON. MNG. CO. (Oatman) —
Started preliminary work with Arthur
Seivert as superintendent. A 90-hp.
gasoline engine is being installed and com-
pressor plant to be increased. Shaft to
be sunk to depth of 400 ft., from which
level it is purposed to crosscut.

TOM REED GOLD MNG. CO. (Oatman)
— Ba'd Eagle workings now connected up
with Grey Eagle so that ventilation is pro-
vided through latter shaft. Orebody of
former to be explored by crosscutting every
50 ft for entire 550 ft. length. Four
Pachucha agitators being dismantled and
three redwood tank thickeners to be in-
stalled.

UNITED EASTERN (Oatman) — Treated
of ore in March.

Pima County

NEW CORNELIA (Ajo) — Preparing
plan.- for 10. 000-ton concentrator and re-
verberatory furnaces for future production
of sulphide copper ores.

LOWELL GOLD MIN. CO. (Tucson)—
Filed applications to sell stock last week.
Company originally formed under name of

■ ,, i ■ I I Mm Co. Properties

consist of six Claims in the Quijotoas.

MAGNATE COPPER CO. (Tucson) —

Crosscut on the 80-ft. level reported to

have been driven through disseminated
copper ore for 25 feet.

MINERAL HILL CON. (Tucson) — Strike
reported recently said to be sulphide ore
averaging 9% copper at a depth of 500
f. et

PIMA MNG. AND SMELTING CO.
(Tucson) — Said to have contracted for
75-tons per day output of Dos Cabezas
property.

QUEEN MINE (Tuc-on) — Native copper
in considerable quantity said to have been

found at this property in a zone
wide.

Pinal County

AMERICAN SMELTING & R. CO. A
den)— Completed installation of a *l
crushing plant for use of coal instead -
fuel.

GALIURO MOLYBDENUM CO. I I
moth) — Plans made for election of. a la
for selective oil flotation.

FORTUNA MINING CO. (Supei )
Property operated by New York int ■

GRAND PACIFIC COPPER CO. J
rior) — To begin hauling ore to
Number of carloads of high-grade a
ore stocked ready for shipment. Ti
being constructed from third tunnel II
ore bins.

SILVER KING OF ARIZ. (Supeir)
Recently opened high-grade milling
120 level. General manager Fowle
stall plant equipment as fast as '1
ments warrant.

Santa Cruz County

WANDERING JEW MINK (Alto
port strike of high-grade lead-silv
Bisbee interests have obtained a Ii

DINIE MINE (Patagonia) — Re|
strike of considerable value within -
the main lode.

RHEA MINING CO. (Nogales)— I
the latest companies to be organized '
district.

TENAS & NOGALES MIN. CO. (Ni
— Has just been organized with Lee 1
of Nogales. as agent

Yuma County

LITTLE GIANT MINE (Salorm
. . ntly found ore in east drift

1

M:i> 11. 1918

ENGINEERING A si> MINING J'H RNAL

A H K V N N \ -

it ■ Count)

\ I I M i II - 1 1 1 1 . 1 1 . i 1 1 ■

I by Continental Zlni • tiling

Mitriiin ( Minn >

IKNA MAI i Ituffalo) i i|

Mining <•■ Started up nev

US pi. ini l.i- 1 » • • I.

DIXIE f!IUI. (Buffalo) -Cro - -■-uiiinK
Installing new

STAH (Yellville) -Proper!

.orlh of this place and formerly

„, ,l hy .1 s i'o«il. r\ Recently pur-

hv l > .1 i "ii and Chas.

nuse. "i Benjamin. Tex. Develop-

i k has been stai !• d

I INWATTA i Yellville)- -Lately

the ' inwatta M ining Co . ;i i

ny. President C G

Krs. Ycllvlll. . \ i.-< pr.-snl.-ut. Geo W

I Alius, Okla. ; secretary-treasurer,
Stone. Yellville. Carbonate of zinr

has bei n ii. vi lop il by two tunnels.

. ft . th. ol hei : ft. long, i '.'ii-
th.- erection .if a mill early in
miner.

1 MllilliMI
Butte County
B/ATER PERMIT granted to R. Jackson.

Hill, to use three second f el

l- Creek for mining purposes Work

lilates crib dam IS ft. high. 1"' ft.

top and 30 ft. at bottom and a

ch two miles lone.

Del Norte County

Bl<: FLAT (Eureka) — Reported thai
..ii-e.ii. representing San Francisco
. has optioned this property and
mtemplates optioning And.
itkins copper property on Myrtle C
d that prospecting will be by diamond
II

Kern County

IOLD STATE (Caliente) — Property, sit-

.1 in Gr i Mountain district accessible

son and truck road and provided with
. water and limber, to be de-
bv Martin J. Errecarte, of Bakers-
Installation of 30-ton mill con-
d. Property prospected by se\
i feet of tunnel showing possibilities
le ore.

Nevada County

BAU OF MINES CAR (Grass

— Forty-two men completed first-

ming course ; new classes imme-

started : a ladies' class also at-

- large enrollment. Crew completed

and the car. which is on

g at Colfax, will go to Lovelock.

vada

CANAKA MINE (Nevada City) — This

. rtz propertv below Alleghany has been

eloped by a 350-ft. tunnel which is being

to intercept vein at outcrop. Air

id compressor to be installed later.

HAN'T (Spenceville) — Mine was dis-
and abandoned about 30 yearV ago.
ently rediscovered by A. T. Walker, on
ose ranch the mine is situated. Re-
i.d high-grade ore disclosed in a 30-in.
ak in a vein cutting a diorite dike in
Kite at the contact.

Placer County

•L'TCH FLAT DISTRICT is active in
r mining. McGuire diggings, at
• ell Hill, optioned by W. A. Bliss, who
templates a dam in Bear River. Old
lid diggings, a mile below Dutch Flat,
rating with 14 men under management
W. S. MacDonald. Chrome has been
•overed on Bear River below Alta by
E. Linder and D. J. Sullivan

LACER COUNTY CHROME CO. (Au-
n) — Installation of concentrating ma-
in progress at Rattlesnake Flat in
irgement of the plant now in operation,
npany also installing plant on the Steele
d. in Eldorado County, near Salmon
Is. High-grade ore shipped without con-
trating. F W Swanton. of Santa Cruz,
rianager.

Plumas County

TN'EDAY (Crescent Mills) — Reported]
t company contemplates construction of
trie-power line and 50-ton mill.

>ROEGE (Greenville) — Men are em-
l .'ed preparing for reopening mine owned
\ E. O. Lindbloom. who made a fortune in
* ska mining. This property lias been
recently, owing to water litigation.
1 n W. Daily and other St. Louis men
interested in the reopening.

depot elevati .1 to

i oad ti [loaded

ahlpnu mo

s.m I in- Obispo Counts
CK \ JAK1
Chrome on Bald to !

oi i, .i thai He

sight .issui
mine. A. II. No

also have live other claims in this Ts

disti ,

Santa Clara Counts
rDARD MAGNESITB CO (San

in this county Bit

mill s east of San Jose and exti llm
lau County

Sha«ta Count)
MAMMOTH (Kennett)— Reported thai
underground crew has hi - n reduced and
more m-tiv.- work devoted to the Stowell
and the Shasta King and to the Frlday-
Lowden. which has cut the Mammoth ore
bodies ai a lowei depth than was reached
by the Mammoth working- The Shasta
King. own. d by the Trinity Copper i

d under bond by the Mammoth,
and the Balaklala is fun under

contract, as also the Bully inn

COLORADO
Boulder Count?

ROl \l. GEM MINING CO (< aribou)—

nine aril
May. Owns 40 acre- of mineral land in-
cluding the Sago, Mammoth. Roval Gem.
St. Pi ter, St. Paul, Indi x and Can p

si--,i i en shaft - ha t e been sunk,
and payable sil\> ned. E.

C. Wenzel is manager of the company. Guy
Adams, of Boulder, is local representative.

Clear Creek County

RANDOLPH GOLD M M. & TUN. CO
(Empire) — New incorporation by Fred-
erick T. Henry. Henry E. Hamilton, and
Carlisle Ferguson has acquired the mining
properties of the old Empire Tunnel com-
pany. The surface plain is being ov< r-
hauled and the tunni i out pre-

paratory to the resumption of development
The portal of the tunnel i being r. timber. .1

KELLY TUNNEL (Georgetown)—
Democrat Mount property to De r- opened
Crosscut advam ft. from portal

Tunnel to be cleaned up mbered

where necessary, and the surrace plant and
machinery to be repaired and placed in
-working order. A small force of men to
be employed on development.

EDGAR NO. 2 (Idaho Springs) — Opera-
ted under leas.- through the Big Five
Tunnel. Milling-grade or.- being shipped to
local concentrators

SILVER GEM MINING CO (Idaho
Springs) — New company with a capital
of $500,000 organized for the pur-
pose of mini ' In Clear
Countv. The incorporators are F. L. Grant.
F. E. Wilson, and E. M Carlson.

DENBIGH MINING CO. (Silver Plume)
— Developing the Terrible mines. On the
11th level a body of lead-sulphide ore con-
taining 100 oz. silver per ton was un-
covered. The vein is 10 to IS in. wide. On
the 14th level a 12-in. vein has been opened
for a distance of lion

< aster County
PRINCESS ANNIE rnrPER (West-
cliffe) — To drive 500 ft. tunnel by contract.
Bids now being considered. Considerable
good-grade copper ore develop d. and
tunnel to be driven to facilitate mining.

El Paso County

CRIPPLE CREEK DISTRICT tailings
dumps of Portland and Golden Cycle mills
at Colorado Citv will be treated to recover
potash, it is stated. Estimated 6.000.000
tons sands in dumps contain 7 to 10% re-
coverable potash.

HOLLY SUGAR CO. (Colorado Springs)
— Purchased large limestone beds west of
Colorado Springs, and to build plant at
Pike View, near coal mines, for treatment
of lime rock. Railroad to be built from
quarries to plant at Pike View.

Gunnison County
DOCTOR (Almont) — Snow-slides still
blockade road to mine through Taylor
Canyon, making haulage of ore and supplies
impossible.

man
0 ii,

I 1 1 IV

DVILLE i

Hhlpm hi ol p.

1

Mill

CHLKS8 U s 1,1

nil.)

■
phyrj

ict." Sink-
ing .1 ,i furthei
to bl b) .In, I, ion. I .Ii tiling-.

, >' ' Bi ing worked b)

.i level

i
■■nil small shoots iron-man-
.1 in old

"| dou n-ti • ,, . openeo

ui-mangani
and Cray Eagli drained

through Pi ,.ifi.

Kin Grande County
WORTH (Del Norte)-— Decision of the
try of in- given B. 1 1

Hois clear title to this group of claims
is' litigation. Two cars
- wns la i work performed. Claim
are valuable foi go d

Bacauche Count)

RA.WLEY (Bonanza) — Eight-mill .

ay now being installed between mirn-

i mill at Shirley, a station

v. i- & Rio Grande R. R. Power plant

at Sain in being enlarged to supply min.

and mill

San Juan County

SUNNYSIDE M & M CO. (Eureka) —
cted at mine, and
.quipped with lockers, shower baihs. and
amusement roo New tramway corn-

under direction of o. M. Sackett. It
! the long.-sl spans are
1600 and 1900 ft . with perpendicular drop-
ft. Tin- tramway discharges into a
steel terminal building, where the ore is
weighed by a Merrick weightometer and de-
I to three cvlindrical steel or bins,
of 1000 tons capacity,
from the bins over steel apron f ed
ball mills The mill will

in May with 500 tons ca-
pacity It is a steel structure on reinforced
■ foundations, laid out upon a 30c
slop.-, on a hillside 100 ft. wide and cxtend-
1 ft. up th.- mountain side. The ore
contains gold, silver, i d and zinc,

and will be treated by selective flotation. M.
H. Kuryla is manager of the mill. Henry p.
formerly superintendent of the Vin-
dicator property at Cripple Creek, will be
in charge of the mine.

MINNEHAHA (Gladstone)— Property

consists of 14 patented claims near
King mine, and to be develop d and opera-
ted by the newly incorporated Minnehaha
Gold Mining and Milling < *o The capital
stock of the new company is $100,000. The
officers are James .1 M'F.-ely. president-
rer : Alfred V. Dawson, vice-presi-
dent, and Charles L. Beard, secretary".
George Bibb is in charge or the work at
the mine.

CONGRESS (Red Mountain) — Property
to be operated on a leasing system under
the direction of Alvin Krami-r. Much de-
velopment work was done last winter, and
payable copper ore was opened. Supplies
are now b.-ing taken to the mim- pr
tory to the resumption of active mining.

LACKAWANNA (Silverton) — Mine being
operated by the IV L. & W. Mining and Re-
duction Co. Rapid progress has been made
in the erection of the new tramway. In
March the company expended over
in improvements. Active development and
mining operations to be resumed with the
opening of the summer season.

ZUNI (Silverton) — This property has
been secured under lease by Ernest Jack«on
and Jo.- Anderson. The tunnel is being
cleaned out and retimbered. and will be
advanced an additional 100 ft. to cut th.
main Zuni vein.

San Miguel County

TELLURIDE DISTRICT SHIPMENTS
in March were as follows: Tomboy. 5 4
cars Smuggler-Union and Black Bear. 34
cars to Pueblo and 50 cars to Durango :
Libertv Bell. 24 ears: total 162 cars, all

KNiilNKKKlNi; AND MINIXC JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 19

irae month last

shlppi d

ai.ta (T.llur: alterations an. I

to other buildings still under way.

CARRUTHERS Mil. I. (Tellurlde)—

ime opt rations. New Hun-

: null Installed i.e. nay.

r. Ilurlde) -Two new .1.
i drifts being advanced on vein. Roy
- r is superintendent.
LIBERTY BELL (Tellurlde)— To re-
de] null to treal own concentrates a Ld
shin metal m the form of

bullion .Mill treating I I tons nor

Most of th. ore now being milled is
mined from ground leased from the
impany. Tin- now process
Btamping In cyanide solution,
grinding in tube nulls, thickening, concen-
trating on tables, pulverisation in tube
mills, treatment in cyanide bath, precipita-
tion, and melting.

Teller Counts

SMUGGLER-UNION (Tellurlde)— Rock
slide recently destroyed To ft. of high-
pressure water line, supplying water for
itower pla.it.

EL PASO EXTENSION (Cripple Creek)
— ilor.il production being made from de-
velopment work at Index mine

VICTORY GOLD MINES CO (Cripple
Creek) — Production started from lease on
Howard shaft workings of Mary MeKinney
company Teams now hauling ore. H. J.
Newton, of Denver. Is president.

VTNDICATOR (Cripple Creek) — Hayes
8 Co. lease on 1100 level has opened shoot
of ore 12 to 20 ft wide and 75 ft. long as-
saying 1 to 4 oz. gold per ton.

WILD HORSE (Cripple Creek) — High-
grade ore opened in raise ar point below
3rd level of main shaft.

Ill AIIO
Shoshone County

BI<; ELK i Adair) — Samuel B. Holbert,
of Pittsburgh, has submitted proposition
to company to spend {25 000 In develop-
ment work. Company capitalized for $2.-
Speclal meeting of stockhold rs
call.d for May 22. Big Elk is copper-gold
prop rty which has been considerably de-
veloped through shipment of high-grade
ore. Headquarters of company in Wallace.
GLAS (Beeler) — Anaconda com-
pany, which has property under lease, is
again shipping ore after suspension of fhr- e
months due to bad roads. Company having
difficulty getting cars, which prevents em-
ployment of full force of 80 men. Recent
ore discovery on west side of canyon
promises to prove most valuable part of
mine. Ore is zinc-lead-silver.

RRX CONSOLIDATED (Wallace) —
Stockholders of old Rex Mining company
have been notified to send in stock for ex-
change for shares in the Rex Consolidated
company. This will complete the absorp-
tion of "the old company by the new, and is
expected to be followed soon by a resump-
tion of work at the mine.

KANSAS
I. .j. lin District

PLATTER BROS (Baxter Springs) —

Sold to-acre tract and partly developed

Bve miles west to A. M. Brannon. of

' . okla , and associates, for

Property has two shafts in rich

and new owners will erect 400-ton

mill at once.

MICHIGAN
Copper

SENECA (Calumet) — Sunk vertical shaft
during month 150 ft. Found foot wall part
of Osceola lode 54 ft. below hanging wall
with but little copper.

HANCOCK (Hancock) — Production for
March lb. copper.

ISLE ROYALE (Houghton) — Shipping
tons daily as compared with 3200 in
February.

MAYFLOWER-OLD COLONY (Hough-
ton)— Shaft, sinking on Mayflower lode ,.t
depth of 1500 to 2000 ft., now down 400;
skip now running, but work delayed owing
to influenza epidemic and exodus of men.

NEW BALTIC (Houghton)— Is cutting
loading station for second level 130 ft. be-
low first : shaft mostly above lode. Will
drift on this and New Baltic lodes 30 ft.
east, north and south.

NORTH LAKE i Lake Mine) — Lode found
in drift corresponding to one discovered in
No. 10 drill hole.

MICHIGAN (Rockland)— Returns of 30
earloads of ore give average yield of 30 lb.
per ton; shipped 51.049 lb. of mass. Ship-
ping three carloads daily to Winona mill.

MISSOURI
Joplln District

AMERICAN EAGLE (Neosho)— Pre-
paring to reopen and develop Indian
Springs mine, near Silver Plume.

STARK city (Stark City) New

ton mill near completion. Ore at three

65 90 and 190 ft . all three shown

In <aeh of sev.n drill holes Trent A Co.,

on adjacent land, have new mill almost

completed and have three shafts In ore.
m,.;.. 0, Co are making extensive Imprcve-
ments to mill and are shipping carload of
silicate ore weekly Entire camp
ai.out to experience renewed activity

Heavy water How is no longer so trouble-
some as formerly.

MONTANA

Silverbow County

BUTTE COPPER AND ZINC (Bun. I

Is making a record this year In regard to
production. Company is sending 200 tons
of manganese ore per day East, and in ad-
dition is hoisting a large quantity of /.im-
am! silver ore. The sine ore averages about
14%, there is about 6 oz. of silver per ton
and 5r;. lead. The manganese ore aver-
ages 38 per cent

BUTTE COPPER CZAR CO. (Butte) —
Taken over a short time ago by New York
capitalists and will soon nave its shaft
down far enough to begin crosscutting.

BUTTE AND SUPEROR (Butte) — Get-
ting better results today than at any previ-
ous time. Mill working day and night to
capacity, and ore hoisted is of a little
higher grade than any brought to the sur-
face in the last few months.

BUTTE MAIN RANGE (Butte) — Hoist-
ing daily about 70 tons or ore averaging
close to 3% copper "and 9 oz. silver per ton.
The shaft is now at a depth of 800 ft., and
crosscuts are being driven. A higher-grade
ore has been found, and the management
expects to increase its tonnage output.

EAST BUTTE COPPER (Butte) — Smelt-
erv production in April was 1,811,360 lb
copper and 58,194 oz. silver.

NEVADA

Nye County

TOXOPAH DISTRICT — Silver ore pro-
duction for week ended Apr. 20 was 16,651
tons, of an estimated gross milling value
of $181,067. Producers were: Tonopah
Belmont, 2301 tons; Tonopah Mining. 3550;
Tonopah Extension. 2422; Jim Butler, 583;
West End. 973 ; MacNamara. 535 ; Mon-
tana, 220; Cash Boy, 22 ; and miscellaneous
45 tons.

COMMERCIAL M. & M. CO (Manhat-
tan)— Leased Big Pine mill and after over-
hauling and making few additions will treat
the oversize segregated from Big Pine op-
erations.

MANHATTAN CON. (Manhattan) —
Southeast crosscut on 5th level 185 ft. from
station. Last 10 ft. of drift in soft shale.
In 20 to 30 ft. limestone formation ex-
pected.

UNION AMALGAMATED (Manhattan)
— Operating at normal capacity. Output
coming from Swanson orebody 600 level.
Drift 614 east along Earl fault following
foot wall toward possible extension of ore-
body in Liberty fraction.

WHITE CAPS MNG. (Manhattan) —
Crosscut 503 advanced 30 ft. entirely in
gold ore of milling grade. Grade expected
to increase as heading advances toward
hanging wall. Semi-monthly clean-up at
mill completed and has proved satisfactory.

OKLAHOMA

Jnplin District

HA.N'NA-PRICE-SHARPE (Miami) —
Three Miami men plan reopening of three
mines, the Myrtle, Mason and Lucile. at
Lincoln ville.

GREENING (Picher) — New mill placed
in operation and initial run showed 20 per
cent, concentrates recovery' of 65 per cent.
zinc grade. Albert Hare, of Oklahoma
City, is president.

SOUTHEAST MISSOURI (Picher) — Has
connected with compressors of White plant
near by to aid in shaft sinking

SOUTH DAKOTA

Lawrence County

RED CLOUD (Galena) — Leased by Chas.
Allen, and shipments of silver-gold ore to
be made to Trojan as soon as weather
permits.

BISMARCK (Lead) — Property leased to
Ed. Manion, former superintendent of Wasp
No. 2, and work has started. 200-ton mill
to be placed in commission as soon as mine
work warrants.

Pennington County

DAKOTA CONTINENTAL (Hill City)
Copper ore taken from surface working r
Calumet mine being loaded at Keystone f.
shipment to smeltery. Golden Summl
under development by company, has close

,1m\\ n

KEYSTONE DISTRICT— Rhodes an

W Is are shipping mica from the GeQrj;

Pal r property, near Spokane. Seven

ears have already been sent to raster
market.

RHEINBOLD (Keystone) — Regular shi|
ments of llthla being sent to New Jers.;
In addition several carloads of mica hav
been shipped since llrst of year.

UTAH

•iitith County

GEMINI (Eureka) — March shipments, 2
cars.

RIDGE & VALLEY (Eureka) — Ne
strike of ore on 1800-ft. level and live fe.
of lead-silver ore reported in winze c\o>
to boundary between Gemini and Ridge
Yall.y. Ground recently un watered q
pumping jointly. During first quarter 191
shipped 200 tons.

Salt Lake City

COLUMBUS-REXALL (Alta) — Case <
Monetaire Mining Co. — operating adjolnin
ground — against the Columbus-Rexal! wl
come up for trial in September. Plaint!
seeking damages for ore alleged to na\
been removed from property by defendan

MICHIGAN-UTAH (Alta)— Number i
teams hauling ore from Tanner's Flat '
Wasatch and accumulated ore plies rapid
diminishing. Tramway again repaired at
handling a maximum 80 tons per da
working two shifts.

UTAH ELATERITE (Salt Lake) — Con
pany treating ore from Uintah county, at
producing 350 gal. elaterite paint daily.

Tooele County

WESTERN UTAH COPPER (Gold HII
— Shipments being made at rate of aboi
two cars every three days.

WESTERN UTAH EXT. COPPER (Go
Hill) — Four feet of ore reported opened •
depth of 210 feet.

DUGWAY SMELTING (Salt Lake)-
Proposed to build smeltery at Dugway, •
miles from railroad at Faust, starting wl
100-ton unit. Preliminary statements ai
advertisements indicate that contract hi
been made for ore. and that sm Itli
charges will be $12 per ton. Arrangemen
are being made for clearing site for pi
posed smeltery. Pierre Peugeot Is directit
work.

CANADA
Ontario

PATRICIA (Boston Creek) — Equiprne
for new mill now on the ground, comprisil
Blake crusher, 5 x 6 ft. Allis-Chalmers bl
mill, classifiers, amalgamating plates ai
Wilfley tables. Capacity of mill betwi
50 and 60 tons per day.

COBALT DISTRICT SHIPMENTS
silver ore over the T. & N. O. Ry. in K.
ruary In tons of 2000 lb. were: Aladil
Cobalt, 33 : Buffalo, 460 31 ; Coniagas, 4
Dominion Reduction Co.. 161 ; Hudson Br
41.16; Kerr Lake, 29.70; La Rose. 95 H
McKinlev-Darragh, 140.32 ; O'Brien. 32.1
Penn Canadian, 26.45; total, 1063.48 toi

GREEN-MEEHAN (Cobalt) — A vein 2
wide of low-grade ore, with a 3-in. p
streak in the center, reported to carry 20
oz. silver per ton, has been struck at t
245-ft. level.

MeKINLEY-DARRAGH SAVAGE (C
bait) — Savage section of property, showi
8 to 12 acres of conglomerate, is to be i
opened.

LAKE SHORE (Kirkland Lake)— Fi
shipment of bullion amounting to $40.0'
the result of 23 days' run of the mill, 1
been made.

TECK-HUGHES (Kirkland Lake)— Di
ing March the mill operated 71.5% of P<
sibl. running time, treating 1969 tons
ore of average grade of $5.86. The gr<
output was $11 538, as compared with $1
538 gross output in February and $18.1
in January.

WRIGHT-HARGREAVES iKirkla

Lake) — No. 3 shaft has reached inn
depth and crosscutting at that level is i
der way. No. 2 shaft is down 300 ft

PORQUIS JUNCTION shipped from I
Alexo mine in February 4790 tons of nic
ore.

THOMPSON-KRIST (Porcupine)— T
property is being developed from the 400
level of the Vipond-Carter Thompson
joining

lay 11. litis ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL 901

wiiiii niuiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiuiii iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiinimiiiii i u miiiiiimi i i iiiiiiiiiiiimiiiimiiiiii i luuiliu iiiii iiiimuiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii n m

The Market Report

mm mm"" ' "" iiiiiiilllliiiiliiiliiililiiiliiilliiili iiiiiiiiiiiiin i minimi iiiiiiliiiiiimiiilllimillliuilllliuilliuilllliuilllliuilliuilliiuiinillllin imimiimmmmiimmimiiiimimiiimimmm mniiiiiiuiii

li M i; \\n STERLING EXCH VNG1

inn
' Ex-

« 7550
< 7550

Silver

New
York.
Cents

Lon-
don,
Pence

49

49
49

May

Sterl-
ing
Ex-
change

4 7550
4 7550
4 7550

Silver

New

York,

( 'cuts

Lon-

000,

Penee

4"
4'l

49

w York (flotations arc as reported by Handy
rnian ami are in cents per troy ounce of bar
99° fine London quotations are in penci pei
t sterling silver, 925 fine.

l\ PRICES OF METALS IN NEW YORK

Kipper

Tin

Lead 1 Zine

lytic

Spot.

N Y

St L.

St L.

6.50

6 47J

6.70

•23)

t

@6 70

@6 52)

@6 75

6 55

6 50

6.70

•23|

t

@6 70

@6 60

@6 75

6 55

6 50

6.75

•2M

t

@6 70

@6.60

@6 80

6 55

6 50

6 82;

•23)

t

©6 70

@6 60

@6 871

6.55

6 50

«

»IS\

t

®6.65

@6 55

@7

6.55

6.50

6.925

•23)

t

©6 65

@6 55

(a 7.02J

! ice fixed by agreement between American

I producers and the U. S. Government, accord-

j official statement for publication on Friday,

tabcr 21, 1917

1 > market.

*. above quotations (except as to copper, the

i or which has been fixed by agreement between

i an copper producers and the U. S. Govern-

I wherein there is no free market) are our

I »1 of the average of the major markets based

d Uy on sales as made and reported by producers

>. encies, and represent to the best of our judg-

:'the prevailing values of the metala for the

i' ies constituting the major markets, reduced to

J f New Y'ork, cash, except where St. Louis is

I mal basing point.

I quotations for electrolytic copper are for cakes,

ft ind wirebars.

'quote electrolytic cathodes at 0.05 to 0.10c.

1< he price of wirebars, cakes and ingots.

Q ations for spelter are for ordinary Prime

«n brands. We quote New Y'ork price at 20c.

> lb. above St. Louis.

LONDON

Copper

Standard

'•Spot 3 Mos

110
110

I 110

: mo
i no

no
no

no
no
no

Elec-
tro-
lytic

125
125

125
125
125

Tin

I Lead Zinc

Spot

360
360

380
380
380

3 Mos. Spot

360
360

380
380
380

29{

295

295
295
295

Spot

54
54

54
54

54

I ibove table gives the closing quotations on
» Metal Exchange. All prices are in pounds

II per ton of 2,240 lb. For convenience in
*j son of London prices, in pounds sterling per
■ . with American prices in cents per pound
V 'Wing approximate ratios are given, reckoning
feat $4.7515. £29) = 6.2576c; £54 =11. 4545c .";
' !33333c; £I25 = 26.5I5Ic; £260 = 55.1513c:
0 120937C ' £300=636362c Variations, £1

Metal Markets

NEW YORK — Slay 8, 1 IX

Tj chief event of this week was the
I. improvement in spelter. Lead con-

■ very dull. In tin there were some
transactions at fantastic prices.

it!,TTThe refiners are going- to be
"finable to supply all of the copper
I 'i'a.ited tnis month. Both the

■ and the British are asking for large
lies, and the demands of our own

&v „ manufacturers are immense.

■ J production has increased encour-

agingly, Bpeaklng of cathodes, but owing
t" labor troubli and rrn

the refiners are unable to melt the
ithode production and i i
it Into w Ire tea and Ingots, vt hen

uppl] of those final
tonus of the in> ; ,i than

ductlon statistics would Indicate
At the n i pro-

ducers and the pi Ice Bi Ing i ommlt
the War Industries Board in Washington,
on May 1, nothing was discuss. <i except the
matter of refining contracts. No conclusion
was reached, and apparently there was no
exhaustive discussion of the subject,
I..." There was nothing bul Incidental
references to the larger subject of the price
tor copper after June 1. A meeting ol thi
producers in Washington to consider that
matter lias been called for May 22.

Copper sheets are quoted at 31Jc, per
10. for hot rolled, and lc higher for cold
rolled Copper wire Is quoted at 26}c.
f. o. b. mill, carload lots. Higher prices are
expected.

Tin — The situation in this metal weekly
becomes worse. There is no r. gular mar-
ket in New Y'ork. for the metal does not
exist here in anything but sporadic quan-
tities. The only real tin markets now are
those near the points of production, viz .
Singapore. Batavia and Hongkong It was
reported that a lot of 10 tons of Straits
tin. on the spot here, was offered on May
7 at $1 .25 per lb. We are unable to verify
that report, but without any doubt there
would have been buyers at such a price
Chinese No. 1 tin for May shipment is
quoted at $0.99® 1. The same grade of
tin in San Francisco fetches $1 05. In Chi-
cago, the price might be $1 15. These
figures are sufficiently indicative of the
situation.

We are officially advised that the Dutch
government has not put any embargo on
the exportation of tin from Banka. How-
ever, it is controlling the movement of
shipping, which may come to about the
same thing.

Lead — This market continued dull, the
transactions of the week being very light
in the aggregate. This means, we think.
simply tl it consumers are well supplied
with lead that had previously been in
transit. Railway transportation has now
become nearly normal, shipments from St.
Louis to Buffalo, for example, coming
through in less than two weeks. There
may still be some local delays on cars en-
tering the yards in the large cities and
seaports. However, it is considered prob-
able that all the lead shipped previous to
Apr. 1 has now been delivered.

Although the lead market has continued
dull, there have been no signs of further
weakness or of any pressure to sell. The
largest producers continue to be well
booked up, and therefore are not offering
any lead, at least not freely. Both pro-
ducers and railway men are urging con-
sumers to stock up with lead, foreseeing
that there are likely to be transportation
difficulties next winter.

Zinc — Right from the beginning of the
week the market stiffened up on the
strength of wide-spread inquiry, which re-
sulted in considerable transactions. To a
considerable extent, the inquiry came from
speculators, dealers and jobbers, but con-
sumers, especially brassmakers and fal-
vanizers, also showed an interest. Some
spelter was sold for export.

Zinc Sheets— Unchanged at $15 per 100
lb., less usual trade discounts.

Aluminum — The price quoted is the Gov-
ernment price of 32c. per lb. but the mar-
ket is unsettled and there are few transac-
tions, dealers claiming there is no metal
to be had at the fixed price.

Antimony — We quote spot at 12!@13c,
on which basis sales have been made this
week. Quotations on futures are rather
uncertain, several important houses re-
fusing to quote at all.

Bismuth — Metal of the highest purity for
pharmaceutical use is quoted at $3.50 per
lb. for wholesale lots — 500 lb. and over.

Cadmium — This metal is quoted at $1.40
per pound, unchanged.

\ici.,i Market qui pei

Quicksilver Tl

\\ '■ QUI iicii, at {117

San I . J 1 1 T, .

: teady.

Gold. Silver and Platinum

Sliver 'rii. market li ■ t. ady, having

Ized Itself ... aboul SI per oz. as a

result of tn.. pai agi ..i tic Sllvt - bill

li.. Government is making shipments to

tb. Orient to provide for exchange for

settlement of purcha • o mmodlties so

vital to our Industrial m • >i .

i i io nation ..I silver bullion .Is pro-
hiblted In I hi latest ..i the mining d< i
of President Carranza ..i Mexico. A I
lation ..( the decree has just been mail,
public by li.. Bemt-ornclal Mexican news
bureau in Washington. Exportation from
Mexico of gold or silver com whethi i it
be that of Mexico or of any other nation,
also is prohibited. The only exception i..
the latter order is that silver peso;
be exported if an equivalent value of gold
be imported All customs duties have I.e. i,
removed from imports of gold in bullion or
coin.

Mexican Dollars at New York: Mav 2,
77. May 3. 77; May 4. 77; May 6. 77; Ma]
7, 77 ; May S. 77.

Platinum — Refined ingot is quoted un-
changed at $108 for such as can be sup-
plied to the open market The Government
pays $103 for the platinum content of
crude material.

Falladnim-

i 155.

-Very strong. We quote

Zinc and Lead Ore Markets

.luplin. Mo., May 4 — A new basis for
quotations of blende became effective this
wei I Premium blende quotations will rep-
resent the price paid for ore entering into
rolled-zinc production. Class B quotations
will represent the price for ore entering
into the manufacture of class B spelter.
All other grades will be listed as prime
western, as they will enter into the manu-
facture of that grade of spelter. It is
hoped this new classification will give a
better general understanding in the trade.

Bbnde, per ton. high. $77.60; basis 60%
Zn. premium, $75 ; class B, $55 ; prime
western. $400137.50: calamine, basis pi'
Zn, $35025. Average selling prices: blende
$43.68; calamine. $27.20; all ores, $43.39
per ton.

Lead. high. *82.50 ; basis 80% Pb. $80:
average selling price, all grades of 1. ad.
$79.72 per ton.

Shipments the week: Blende. 9080; cala-
mine. 283 ; lead, 1546 tons. Value, all ores
the week, $517,290.

Platteville. Wis.. May 4 — Blende, la i'

t:a zn. $52 base for premium grade down
to $45 base for second grade. The higher
base promised for premium grade is pre-
dicted to take effect next week. Lead ore.
basis 80% lead, $80 per ton. Shipments re-
ported for the week are 2995 tons blende.
116 tons galena and 1599 tons sulphur ore.
For the year to date the totals are: 44.4''a
tons blende. 2517 tons galena and 18.524
tons sulphur ore. During the week 3055
tons of blende were shipped to separating
plants.

Chrome Ore — Considerable business in
45% material is reported done at $1.50 per
unit. f. o. b. shipping point, while ore of
36 to 49% grade has fetched $1.25 per
unit.

Manganese Ore — Unchanged at t]
1.30 per unit for metallurgical ore. Charles
Hardy in his report of May 7 says that
"The Government is contemplating the
enactment of regulations whereby a maxi-
mum price will be established for domestic
manganese ore. LTnder the circumstances,
no new schedule for May will be issued
and contracts can be entered into now only
subject to such price regulation as the
Government may fix."

Molybdenum Ore — Xo business is re-
ported, but it is intimated that buvers are
willing to come into the market again pro-

ENGINEERING AM' MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 1

i- named that Is sufficient!)

s|,>, K <_>t <>l M IONS

MIII'K OI'UI'VnONS Continued

Pyrites — Spanish lump Is quotable to

i unit on the basis o
• inner to psiy war risk

No i hanee is pre-
the War B
modification.

Tungsten ,lr''
ported

- Jd to i-

in-
had

rather large business
, remained un-
,-■• scheellte and 119 6
according to grade
a considerable in.iinr>
grade, very little ol
now reaches our mar-
rorelgn sources, shippers aiming
I only ore rade or upward,

to the high freight and expenses of

Iron Trade Review
ii i i -in ROB — Mn.v -

Shipments of Government steel kw ',""
... while other shipment
I in accordance with the ap
It the meeting Apr. 86 between J.
; ... Director of Steel Sup-
oi ">e steel
dustry The War Industries Board
drawn up an order whereby It
SandeereS all steel, but the order Is held
al.eva.ice by n -ivement

mentioned. While the majority oi the mills
had been doing substantially as weU as de-
sired In the matter of shipping Government
... were far behind, and it was
red that all should speed up to the ut-
The programme does no mean that
there is no commercial steel being shipped.
There are ing cted under G^vctti-

mciu sp -i"1' croppings from

required by specifications while
th?,.e is so mer ste< l available, since

war orders do not run largely I > that grade.
and finally, there are plants that roll onlv
■t limited range of finished products, some
of which the Government cannot use to
any treat extent

Pit Iron— The merchant furnaces are
big out somewhat larger tonnage, but
Scperience strong pressure from customers
nevertheless, for heavier deliveries. Little
ron" is being sold except to those who have
, Svernment orders, w. P. Snyder & Cos
computations i ide in April showed

0 for bessemer and $32 for basic, or
. tlv the Government limits, effective
\,,r 1. The market is quotable: Bessemer,
„ basic $32; No. 2 foundry, $33 ; mal-
lei forge. $82. f.o.b. furnace,
ht to Pittsburgh in the case of the
Valleys being 95 cents.

^,,.,.l_It remains the case that then-
are practically no offerings of soft steel
n unfinished form With the heavier pro-
duction of shell steel, there should be more
discard steel, but the offerings are lighter.
probal.lv because the makers have found
additional means of using such Steel in
their own finishing operations Maximum
■ ■■main at $-17.50 for Mill

. i_u.. J:t fV.** eh

N N i \i N t

MilftKti K .I'ltt M

Juueau.
\m Sm ,v Kef ,ooiu
Am Sm A Kol , pf

\m. sm Sec . pf . \

Inc

Ino, i't

■

[ill , - Mm

Bethlehem Bi
Bethlehem F
Unite A Superloi
Butte Cop & Zinc

.i. Pasco
rbiif Cop .

Colo i m i a Iron
Crucible Stool
Crucible Steel, pf
Dome Mlnca
i ederal M & B
Federal M. a S ,pl
Great Nor., orootf..

nea
Gull Sta tea Steel

take
[aspiration i
International^ lekel
Kennooott
Lackawanna Steol
Mexican Petrol .
Miami < a
Null Lead, com
National Lead . pi
\ov. Consol
« rDtarlo Mtn .
Ray > "ii ■
■
Republic I. A s , pf.

Bold . .
Tenm
U. 3. Steel.com. . . .

i S. Steel, pf

Utah Copper

VS. Ir«" C. A I

!

in ,

gs

1 1
II

88

II

si
BO
10

l".

67 1

■in
7

io:

39
SI

I I
106

'J '..

84

n,

69 ;

10

!0
9

28 I

87]

98

i,i

IT
103 i
110

S3 '

68

Boston i M ii • May 7

N. Y. CTjRHI

May 7

me Ledge

Hum- ft N. Y

Butte Detroit

i aleaonia

Calumet & Jerome

■ I . nrpn.. .

le

Cashboy

Con. Ariz. Sin
. on < loppermines.
i i. n Nev.-TJtah

B ' 'on

first Nat. cop... .
GoldflCld i'i.n

i.l Merger.
. :r. i nmonster
Heels Min

3ound.
Jerome Verde,
Kerr Lake..
Louisiana. .

Magma

Majestic

Marsh

McKlnley-Dar-Sa.

Mllti.rd

Molili'im

her Lode
N V 4 Hii.iiI

itng Mines
Nixon Nevada
in, ,i :op

Rawley. .

rcules
Richmond

ROChl

St. Joseph Lead
Standard S. 1.
Btewart
Success. .
pall.

ii,

Ml

Adventure
riliomah, .

Arli. Com

Butto-Balaklava
i !alumel ■■- \r\
Calumet A HeoUv
Centennial
ctinptr Range

i i 9 I
I J

Eaai Butte

ranklln

t iranby

Hum-tick

ledloy . .
... . .
Indiana
isle Ros ;il<-
Keweenaw
■ , ,

La Balle.
Mason Vallej

Mass

vex

Mlonlgan

Mohawk

■
New Idrla
North Butte
North Lake

( I iitiu:i\

t mi iiniulnion.
* tsceola

t lullirv

St. Mary's M. L...
:mt:i Ic

Fjenecfl

Shannon

Bhattuck-AriB.

so. Lake

So. Utah

superior.
Superior A Bosl

Trinity

Tuolumne
rj. s. Sm. Iting.
U. s. Smelt'g, pi.
Utah Ap.

Utah Con

Utah Metal

Victoria

Winona

Wolverine

Wyandot

|Q

i ■
20
i..
. 'J.'.
70

12

■

!>

I

76

7:

12
IS

,i
22

if

Trlbullion.
Troy Ari: tons

United Cap

United V

United Zinc

rjtlca Mines ... .

SAN FRAN.*

slabs. $51 'for sheet 'bars and small billets TonopahEx

Ferromansaoese— The market has
tinued rati: ordinary quotations

a,.un!to&r

higher manganese content, making

it this latter price has been shaded.
are delivered. Spieeeletsen, 16 to
furnace. A
nieeting Is being heft n Pittsburgh today
among steel repi w fu-

ture supplies. 1 or pi Steel Sup-

plies has stated that h

ition of ferromangan-
mports as ill consid.-r. d.

Coke

( ,,1,1,-iNville — Car supplies in the Con-
nellsvUle region have improved somewhat,
and the movement is better, but still not

, requirements. Hopes now
ehieflv upon the new byproduct plain com-
ing in The Cleveland plant of tin
company. 180 ovens, is expected to make
some coke this week, while tin Lorain
plant of the tube company. 208 ovens,
should begin making coke late next m"?ntb-
also the 640-oven plant at Clairton of the
L-ie Steel Co. This will help the Steel
Corporation a great deal as the three
plants, when running full, will make at
least 76.000 tons of cok.- a month The
Solvav plant, in the Ironton district, will
be completed some time next month with
40 ovens, and several 10-year contracts
have been made with merchant furnaces in
that district. The Conn.llsville market re-
mains at the maximum limit, $6 for furnace
$7 for 72-hour selected foundry and fl.SO
for crushed, over 1 in., per net ton at ovens.

.211

til

■if,

i

5.60

50

34
t 25

OBJ
.39

ti,:
.61

"ii

7'.

1

*:S

IB
07

3
II

,'•
.12

A*

40

1 '
t.OS

'

I
II
tj

62

I.''

15
.60
.75

HI

50

71

50

78

10
4

16

1L>

1

'II

ii :

43

2 A

10
2
21
lj

27)
.60

BOSTON CUnl»«M;o- 7

Alaska Minis Corp.
Blngbam Mines.

Boston i ly

Boston A- Mont
until- a- Lon'nDev

('iilaveras

r'ulumot-i

i iiii-r Con

Cortex

crown Reserve.

■ !rys1 :it < 'op

i sgleA Bios Bi n

lis Copper.
Houghton Copper,
[ntermountaln..
Iron Cap. ' .-'ii
Mexican Metals.
Mini s i.t America.
Moiave Tungsten.
\":ii. zinc a Lead
Nevada-l '

Mew Baltic

New Cornelia

oneco

Pacific Mines

Cons

Yukon Hold.

Alta

Andes

Best * Belcher
Caledonia.

,,n
dence
i 'mi \ [rgbus
i iould & Curry
Hale A- Norcroas

i"
Mexican

Ophlr

Overman,
Savage,
sicrm Nevada.

i Ion

Belmont

.iliu Butler
MasNamara

Midway

Mont -Tonopah

North Star

Rescue Eula

\\ csl 1 i, 'I i 01

Atlanta,

Booth

Comb. Frac

Florence

Jumbo Bxtenslon..

Kewanas

Nevaira II Ills
Nevada Packard..
Unnrid Mountain.

silver Pick

White Caps

Big Jim

United Eastern . .

.03
.15

.on
n ,

.02
nl

.38

.02
02
in.
10
J.l'.ll
17
II.

.03
. HI
.■17
.02
3.15
.74

ia

.06
.10
nil
10
70

OS

III

02
10
09

.04
111
.20
.29
.03
.39

i 7S

8 'i.-i

SALT LAKE*

10

:,;:'

66
.26

.05
17
.21
2
117
.50
.05

is;

39

1)

.06

.26

.80

.90

161

20

t.35

.07

1

Bannack

Cardllt

Colorado Mining..

Daly

Empire Copper. .

Gold Chain . . . .

( '.rand ( v.itnil

Iron Blossom

Judge

Lower Mammoth

Ms - Day

Moscow
Prince I mi
itleo Wellington

i .

silver King ' I'll

sion\ I'nii
si. Hecla
rtntic Standard....

Uncle Sam ......

Walker Cop

U llhell

Yankee

, ..1 i. sritlNQS Mn. ■'

LONDON

A

Burma Corp... .

11

.03

i mi a Mninr .

II

Klkton Con

in

t'ltinp Bird. .. .

n

.10

ElOro

ii

i lold Soi orelgn,

1.02
1.68

ini

ii

■ lolden ( '. lie

Mexican Mines

i

Granite

.30

Min Corp.CaDi

ii

btabella.

,08

N'ecltl. ptii

n

M:.r\ M.Mii.icv.

Portland,

.05

Orovllle

ii

•II

St. John del Uej

ii

United i.i. i.l M.. . .

t.n:

sanin i lart ills

i

2 8

Tomboy

0

:.,i ,,, t, i . i, n i . i ■ motatlo

MONTHLY AVERAGE PRICES Ol' Ml 1 'A

Jan.
Feb. .
Mar
April..
May..
June. .
July..
Aug .
Sepl

Oct...
Nov.
Dec

l'.HU

..I. 77..
56.768
57.986

, teg

65.024

62 urn

66 us',
i.s 51.

71 604

75.765

i

i:m

75 680

77 5S5
73 Mil

73.875
71 745

76 H7I
7'.l.01ll
S.-,.III7

in,i , |Q
87.882
88.891
66 960

SS.70^
s. . 7H.
SS.0S2
98.346

Kl .417

111 IS

1916 I I.U7

:r> iii.i

". ■ 37.7*2
7 , .'.'.17 .
80.662

: , l , .

.;

;n. nun, in mi

31. IDS 13 lis

32.5X4 50 920

32.361144 324

| 111

36.410 •! . ii

31 ,315140.881

New York quotations cents per ounce troy, find
London, pence per ounce, sterling silver, 0.925 fine

Copper

Electrolytic

Jan....

Feh

Mar.

April

'■I

June..

July. .
Aug..
Sept..
Oct....
Nov..
Dec...

1917

28.678

31.750

;i , tsi

2S 7ss
26.620
25.078

23.5110

, ..„

23.500
23.511(1
23 . 500
23. 500

27. Iso

1918

1917

181 921

137 898
136 751)
133 8*2
130.000
130 000

122 391

117 600
lit) 000

lio.ooo

l iii 000

124 892

London

Tic"
1917

1918

1 10 (Hill
I iii nun
1 111. (H III
1 I.l. 000

1 I2.S95
MX. 100
151.001)
147.188

1 !_' nun
i I : nun
140. 40!)

i 17 mm

■„', J5II

12 . nun

1^5,(1(1(1

'., mm

138.40!

January. . . .
February.

March

April

May

June

July

August.
September. .
October. . . .
November. .
December. .

A v. year .

1917

44.178
51 .420

51 :;ss
85.910
63.1.73
62 083

6'J 5711
62 6sl

i.i ,u

S7.120

61. so:

1918

in? i

88 500 Is
92 mm 19

(0) l'J0

to)

220. 17111

J 15 111

U ns:i

M2 isl

l I 971

J 1 1 03)

271 'it

237.56:

May 3

J.26

3.00

.08

tl.47i

:ioo

. in,

t.40

5 60

t.03

01

ii
98
12
1 . 50
921
|

68
i 30
• mi'

117
10

(a) No average compirted.

New York

St. Louis

Lead

1917

1918

1917

1918 r

January

February

April

May

June

July

Sept ember...

November .
December. . .

7.626
8.636

9.199

9.2SX

10.207

11.171

10.710

10.594

s 6X0

6.710

6.249

6.375

6.782
6.973
7.201
6.772

7 530
S.595
9 . 1 20
9.158
in 202
11 123
10.644
Hi 518

6.050

6 1X7

6. SOU I.l
7.091 30
6.701 30

Year

8.7S7

8.721

New York

St. Louis

Spelter

1917

1918

1917

1918

January —
February

March.
April

June

.Inh

\ll:.USl

September..

October.. . .
November .
i leoember.

9.619
10.045
10.300

9. 159
9.362
9.371

S 360
8.136
7.983
7.847

7 6S5

7.836
7.814
7.461
6.S90

9.449
•i B7S
in 130
9.289
9 192
■i 201
8.473
s mo
7 966

7 six
7.672
7.510

7.661
7.639
7.286

6.715

If
17

17
51

,1

Year

8 901

8.813

TORONTO*

tdanac

Bailey

Bes ' ' ' on
Chambers Ferlatid

Conlagas

Hargravi
i a Ro e
Peterson Lake.

Temlskanilng
Wettlallfer-I.or.

Davidson

Dome Exten
Dome Lake

Holllngcr

Mclntyre

Xewrav

Poren I Town

Teck-Ilughes

Vlpond

West Dome

May 7

1 1 :

ii.:

26:

11
I 'III

117.

13
09!

,,,
in
33

I0|

m
I 95

1 31
IS,

!40

.13

1H

New York and St. Louis quotations, cen
London, pounds sterling per long ton.

Pig Iron.

Bessemer!

pgh.

1917

1918

1917 | 1918

''.

January

February.. ..

March.

April

Ma]

.tlllir

July

August
September

October. .
Xnvenibcr .

i leoember.

136 96

36 37

42.23
40.94
54.22
57.45
54.17
46 40
37.25
37.25
37.25

S37.25

37 25
:;; 28

S30.95
30 96
33 19

38 90

42 si
50.05
58 sn
50.37
42 21
33 95
33 95
33.95

S3. 5

•H"
.1 ii
> 1

5 5

4 ;

;;;

a 1

Year

S43 57

'$39.62

SJ .

t As reported by W. P. Snyder & Co.

— -*

hB H.1918 ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

■HmmnuiDmiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii iiniiiiiuiiiiiiiiiiiiinmiiiiiiiiiiiii niiiiiiinugnni nutmaiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiii iiiuin »

908

"™ in mini mm imimiimiimi miiini

Current Prices— Materials and Supplies

n

IRON AND STEEL

HERTS — Quotations arc in cents pel pound in various cities from
. khim\ also the base quotations from mil]

Jf&&*. o S:,n -*«" York—,

Mill Lots SI Chi- Kran Our

■ •aled Pittsburgh Louis .-ago etsco rent Yi \ u

ID 4.25 5.52 5.45 8.05 -45 ,; Sll

• 5-3S i_i.!i- ii su 7.70 B.80 8 SO

» •<» ••"■■ ■■■>•> 6.35 550 8.00

18 and 20. 1.80 0.3:: 6.25 715 11 "r. -in

mi 24. 1 sr, ii.IT 0.30 ;■:„ ,;.<;, f : ',

I II" 8.42 8.35 7.25 .. II

" 5.00 8.52 8.45 7 36 U ' .

5.25 8.97 8.80 ... 8 70 v I ,

5.35 8.97 8.80 7.70 8 80 8 0

4 ..... 5.35 6.97 6.80 7.70 6 80 B .

1 an.l ■.'!(. . , 5.05 7.17 7 10 son 7i bob

i 34. 5.80 7.32 7.25 8 16 IlIS

;! •■ ,•••■ 7.40 8.30 7 40 9 2 n

•■■-■■ 7.77 7.70 8.00 7.70 9.60

■EEL RAII-S — The following Quotations are per gross ton fob

f0d0^?^h£^Srl:Or 'arSOr '0tS- F°r '"» '"-Vrioa'd

_- Pittsburgh . _-, _^-Chieago^_.

_, ._ . rent ifurAirii rent Year Airo

;ird bessemcr rails. 65 38.0d 66 8800

: ml openhearth rails 07 40.00 67 -II

. rails. 8 to 10 lb... . '3.135 ( 100 lb.) 58.00 -3 135(100 lb ) 1

12 to 14 lb.. ..3.09 l 100 lb.) 57.00 «3 09 100 b 54 00

- 25 to 45 lb...« 3.00 (100 1b.) 53.0O -3 00 10 lb '!■

■overnmenl price per loo lb. j-.ou

',A?.KkS,1,£PJ'IKS— The following prices are base per 100 lb
> Pittsburgh for carload lots, together with the warehouse
i at the places named :

, Pittsburgh— — , San

One Year Fran-

urd railroad spikes. Curre"! AE° C1^° St. Louis Cisco

ItLSS? targer *H2 S:i6s *4-50 $5.30 $6.25

■ bolts 4.90 : 5.50 Premium 7«

lion angle bars 3.25 2.36 ill Premium -ion

, mn,CTp:^VL MATERIAL— The following are the base prices
i mill. Pittsburgh, together with the quotations per 100 lb
i warehouses at the places named:

Mill. — New York — , San

Pitts- Cur- 1 Yr. St. Chi- Fran-
„ .„ burgh rent Ago Louis oara eisco Dallas

■li'i'0. 1?r1" S30° S4-195 83.95 84.27 S4.20 S4.90 55 50

Ids, 3 to 15 in 3.00 4.195 3.95 4 27 4.75 4 90 5 60

1.3 to 6m. % in. thick 3.00 4.195 3.95 4 27 4 7:. ISO 5 60

I in. and larger 3.00 4 195 3.95 4.27 4 75 4 90 550

1 3.25 4 44.-, 4.75-5 4.52 5.00 5.25 6\00

KEL SHEET PILING — The following price is base per 100 lb
ittsDuxgh with a comparison of a month and a year ago:
Current One Month Ago One Y"ear Ago

84-5 S3. 10 $3.10

i ETS — The following quotations are per 100 lb. :
STRUCTURAL

f Warehouse ■

, — New York — , San

™..*LU1 ,_ Cur- „ 0ne Chi St- Fran
and l„™, «-"r!h rent Year Ago oago Louis ,-isco Dallas
aud larger. So.25 $4.6o $6.50 $5.50 $5.55 $6.90 $8.00

CONE HEAD BOILER

and larger. 5.35 4.75 6.50 5.60 5.65 7.00 8.00

V 5-50 4.90 6.75 5.75 5.80 7.15 8.15

"* J 8a 5.25 7.10 6.05 6 05 7.50 8.50

t'nrt » fi10rt7 than 1 in- take an extra of 50c. Lengths between
na . in take an extra of 25c.

I H1L!M)rE — Disco"nts from list price on regular grades of bright
1 ivanized are as follows :

New Y'ork
i»«H ;« and St. Louis

ized iron rigging List . on<-.

^cast^.ee. rigging ..::::::::::::::::: g^r0

cast steel . \ \ i ~ r <~

iron and iron tiller. '. '. \ [ 5^

RSE AND MULE SHOES— Warehouse prices per 100 lb. in cities

Mill Cin- Birm

Pittsburgh einnati Chicago St. Louis Denver ingham

.1 - *l ;; S£ •??, S6.50 $6.25 $7.50 $6.25

•■ ''■4U 6.00 7.00 0 40 7 75 6.50

*ghHM>N AND STEEL— Per pound to large buyers at mill.

bMS 3.5c. Steel bars :2.9c.

• BIT STEEL — Warehouse price per pound is as follows:
j1* Cincinnati Birmingham St. Louis Denver Chicago

*0. 16% $0.16 $0. 10 $017 $0.12

Solid

11. ,11, ,»

nun 1 nt» 1 1 ... , pound

SI L.

I ..

24c.

rii'i The followtnc dlsoounU are t,„ carload k>U fob Putsburrh

"■'•'•'- '•"■' "' »01 ■■ 1017 lor -,,,. „„, ,,„ ,„,„ """UUr'n-

Inches

*, ', and

54

% to 3.

_, , BUTT WELD

Black Oalvanlxed [nchet

W91 17% \ to 1%.

1891 -'13 hi %

■1 .I7H%

Iron

Black Calvanlzod

•ZV, to 8

1

LAP WELD

31 (4 % 2

2U to 4.
■I' j to 6 .

BUTT WELD.
^. '. and »J..

B .... 1 ,

•i to 1 '. 1:1 ,

LAP WELD.

..
EXTRA STRONG PLAIN ENDS

K to 1% 33*

36 V4 %

17%

18%

EXTRA STRONG PLAIN ENDS
•••■■ 30%% 2

4H to 6 44% 3254 To 1% to 6 28%

Not, — National Tube Co. quotes on basing c-ir.l dated Apr. »
f«- F,r0m waI"enoU8e9 at the places named the following discounts hold

11.

17%
16%

New Y'ork

% to 3 in. butt welded

3 4 to 8 in. lap welded 1 -

■ Black

Chicago
42 -
38.8%

-Galvanize. I-
Chicago
8%
18.8%

St. Louis
in 1 ',
36 1 '

aj .„ t ,„ , „,j.j N,w Vork Ch St. Louis

?♦ to .t in. butt welded 2298 •>78<«. ■•-. 1 a

354 to 6 in. butt welded 1 18:1%

mle?aIcS2"i£Jll,!ft 9a!f B and,-:' from New York 8tock se» •"
price, cast iron, standard sues, 15 and 5^8,.

MISCELLANEOUS

in barr'eTsATION °,LS— Prices °' oi,s tc>r notation in cents per gallon

-Denver-

New York
Pure steam distilled pine oil. . Rn

Pure destructively distilled pine oil. . 4s "

Pine tar oil oC

Crude turpentine '•)«

Hardwood cresote ......

•F.o.b. Cadillac. Mich.

.1954 '

In Bbl In Oar

Chicago

Lots load Lots

-

$0.30 $0.27

is

12

2454 -19

.50

1 1 :is

.31

SODIUM CYANIDE— New York price is 37c per lb.: Denver 44c-
in Chicago. 45c: in St. Louis. 40c.

SODIUM SULPHIDE— In New York the price per pound is 4r to
i^,J°r conre,n,rated- 2,*<-- <° "'-<•■ 'or crystals. The Denver price f,„
crj-stals is quoted at 9c; the St. Louis price. 5c. for concentrated- the
Pn 4lo°lb"rbbl.'9 4'2° C0™™^ «""es « -.oo-lb^drums6 "thj *%JX

ChicZa^,ClSeTST7"neW Y°/^ VliQt iL18c- per lb "' 18001b. barrel:
Chicago. 18c: in Denver. 13c. .fo.b. Pueblo: in St. Louis. 20c

ALUMINUM DUST— 'Chicago price is $1 per lb.
m, -fA''CIrM- rA*B'DE — Price f.o.b. cars at warehouse points east of
r,nfi« ei,n?'-vnr.'exffpt *" AIabama Georgia and F ,rida) is $97.50 for
^it, d slt)-°i ? *or JJmon miners' carbide. In territory between M

we 1 „< vT an the, ?=ck„ies and in Alabama- Georgia and Florida, add $5 :
west of Rockies, add $10 to $15.

LINOLEUM— No orders being takeu. owing to shortage of manufactunnB

HOSE —

Fire

50-Ft. Length!
75c per ft
33* %

Third Grade

Underwriters' 2% -in

Common. 2 54 -in

Air

,, . ,. First Grade Second Grade

94-m. per ft - $0.35

Steam — Discounts from list
First grade 26% Second grade 30% Third grade. ... 4ii',

RUBBER BELTING— The following discounts from list appl>
to transmission rubber and duck belting:

Competition 40r, Best irrade . . i-,e;

Standard '

LEATHEB BELTING— Present discounts from list in the fol-
lowing cities are as follows:

Medium Grade

New York 40 <-

St. Louis

£hica-?o - 30—10*

Birmingham 35 <~c

Denver 35%

Heavy Grade
3.". %

40—

40 r,

30%

RAWHIDE LACING — 40%.

901

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. K

MIS

II \ Rorr- For rope smaller than 6-in the price is 1 to

inting to less than 600 ft there

I ic The numl ' per pound for tiir

4J ; l-lll.. 3J :

1 ft l" in ; U-tn.

-

ft 4

-

Following Is price per pound

81
' - ■,'.. J

San Francis o . >

Seattle •uv»

r vi mm. Pi I i - r-rr pound:

tor .ow pressure steam.
Blea

rubber for piston p..

-: is sh< el
ion asbestos sheet.

W

i

i insertion .

I • duels insertion

ith insertion

km: twisted or braided, and graphlted. for valve

stuffing I1"

It, '-.- • and 1 -lb. balls ■

l [BE HR1CK — Quotations on the different kinds in the cities
named are as follows, fob works:

New York

yo 90

I 60

I 00

B0

l 10

l .no

80
90

10

1.10
.70

. brick, p.r looo

per 1000. No 1 I
brick, per net ton. .135.00-145.00
i net ton. . . 135
brick,

per net ton B5.00

: furnace chronic brick.
per net ton 80.00

Chics

855.00 81

i 80 00

Pittsburgh
- I 60.00

i

i 160 00

ird size fir.- brick, 9 x 4*4 x
$:» cheaper per LOOO
St. Louis — High grade 855 to 865

I

70.00
2*4 in

60 00 so 00 -

The second quality is $4

st Louis grade, S40 to S50.

Birmingham— Fire clay, S'.v> to S:to. Denver. 883 per 1000

HAH " XV

tic hold:

New York. . . .

St. Louis

Chicago

o

San Francisco.
San Francisco .

TIES For fair sire orders the following prices per

7 In x 0 in. 6 In. x 8 In.

by S Ft. tiin. by 8 Ft.

.90 • ••■

81.30 $1.11

.95 -85

1.30 1.16

1.81 -86

2 12 1.52

Mai

Ye 11" v. P

No 1 White Oak

White Oak — Plain

. White Oak — Creoaoted

Douglas Fir — Green

Douglas Fir — Creoaoted

GREASES Prices are as follows in the following cities

cents per pound for barrel lots:
Cincinnati Chicago

in

Cun

Fiber or sponge
Transmission . .

Axle

Gear

Car journal . . .

7
8

i > ■

1 *4

<gal. >

6

6

4

41...

3%

St Louis

e 9

7.4
- 1

3 8
7.0

4 5

Birmingham
7*4
7Vj
IVi
3
7%

3

Denver
10%
15
13

6

6

6

COTTON WASTE — The following prices are in cents per pound:

Whit-
Color*!

mixed

Current
11.00 to 13.00
to 12.00

-New York-

( War Ago

10 oil to 12.00
10.00 to 12.00

Cleveland Chicago

12 50 I" no to 10. ">0

12.50 11 50 to 14.00

WIPING < LOTUS — J..hl»rs' price per lOlil) is as follows.

13% x 131* 13*4x20*4

'•'nd • in on S:,6;oo

•

is 00

1 in -LED OIL — These prices are per gallon:

, Cleveland ,

Current One

ar Ago
SI 65 SI. •-'■">
L.80 L.35

Raw per barrel .

cans

•Nominal.

, New Y'ork *

Current One

Y'ear Ago
. 81.65* SI .86
1.65* 1 36

, ■ Chicago v

Current One

Year Ago
SI 65 11.25
1.75 1.30

WHITE ami KEI> LEAD in 500-lb lots sell as follows in

cents per pound :

Current

-Red-

1 Year Ago

25 and 50-lb.

5- lb. cans . . .
1-lb. can-* . .

kegs

Dry
1 1 25
11 17%

11.82 .
13.72 16

In Oil
11.43
II .62
11.19
15 25

Dry

1 1 25

1
I : 15

HUTS From warehouse at the places named, on fair-sized

orders, the following amount is deducted from list:

t New York , , Cleveland ^ , Chicago ,

Current One Current One Current One

Year Ago Year Afro Year Ago

Hoi pressed square .. .81.05 L&l Silo 81.90 81.05 83.50
Hot pressed 65

Cold punched Miuare 1 .00

Cold punched hexagon. . 1.00

Semifinished nuts sell at the following discounts from list price:

Current One Y'ear Ago

New York 40

cftveund ■ : : :::::::::::::::::.:::■ »o so*

MACHINE BOLTS — Warehouse discounts in the following cities:

1.20

.7.-,
.75

1 7u
1.40

I 10

1 in. and smaller. . .
Larger and longer up to 1

New York
30 — :.-;

bv .'10 in. 31

Cleveland
40 — 10 %
30 — 5

WASHERS — From warehouses at the places named the follow

1 is deducted from hsl price:
For wrought-itron washers:
Netl \ork 83.00 Cleveland ... S-'i no i ...J:

For cast-Iron washers Ihe base price per 100 lb. is as follows:

s, « york s:t.."ii> Cleveland $:t ."io Chicago . .... %:

EXPLOSIVES — Price per pound in small lots at cities named:

B
, Poi

SO • , Per

II',' *
.43%

II'.
.43

".43 Vi 2

.47
40*4t !

Low Freezing , Gel itln

in

New York 80.27 V6 So 34*4

Boston 80.84 '.■* 27', 3414

Kansas Oly 20 26 \ .83 VS

i . , "i '. 31 %

o is I 22% 33

- i Paul 20 23 28

si Louis 20 • i 29

ii. nver is " • ', ,32 >,

Do is 23 !9! .87

i os \,, . k s 22 28 .88

San i i im si o .17*4 1 28*41 30*41

tin carload lots. • •:.">', and 7.V , respectively

ROOFING

Chicago :

White .

Current 1 Yr. Ago
Dry Dry

and and
In Oil In Oil In Oil
1 1 50 1 I 25 1 i 00

11.75 1 1 47*4 11-SB

13.00 1 2 11 50

13.50 11.82*4 13.00
3.50 13.78*4 13.00

Chicago

■hi — Hl'l
35 — S?S

CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS

MATERIALS— Prices per ton fob. New Yon

Tar felt 1 14 lb. per square of loo sq. ft.).

Tar pitch i In 400 -lb. bbl.l

Asphalt pilch i in barrels l

Asphalt lell

Carload Lots
(14
20
35
78.50

Less 'I

Carloodi
65
21
4(i
71

PREPARED ROOFINGS- Standard grade rubbered su
complete with nails and cement costs per square as follows in
Y'ork and Chicago :

, 1-Ply

C.l. lei.

, 2-Ply

c.l. l.d.

c.l.

:: Pi

No
No

I trade 81.30 SI. .">."•

2 grade 1.15 1.30

Asbestos asphalt saturated felt

100 lb.

Slate surfaced roofing (red and

81.95 per roll in carload lots and
Shingles, red and green all te

loads. $5.50 in smaller quantities,

HOLLOW TILE —

81.no
1 .45

81.7.1
1.60

SI 90

1 """

(14 lb. per square) costs $5.:i

greenl in rolls of 108 sa ft
82 'In for smaller quantities,
finish, cost So 25 per square i
In Philadelphia.

4x12x12

St. Paul 056

Kansas City .075

Denver .11

Seattle , 07

Atlanta 10

Los Angele6 .0(13.1

LUMBER — Price per M in carload lots:

8x12x12
11
.14
.20
.11
.16
071

12x:

, 8 x 8-in. x 20 Ft. and Under ^

Y.P. Fir Hemlock Spruce

Boston

Kansas City. . .

Seattle

SI Paul

Denver

Atlanta

San Francisco .

34.50
24 50

25 oo

88 no
2 I 50
51.50
37.00

$45.00

84 50 24 50

44.00 I t no
38.00

12xi:>
20 Ft. ant n
Y.P.

39.00

24. r.O

88 mi 2S.00 28.00

1-In. Rough. 10 In. x IS Ft.
and Under

30.00

Boston

Kansas City . .

Seattle

St. Paul

Denver

Atlanta

San Francisco

Y.P.

17 85
2 i 50

37.00
37.00

Fir

53.00
2 1 50
39 00
32 00

Hemlock
S3... 00
53.00
24 .''ii
38.50
32 00

2 -In. T. il
10 In. x : 1
Y P.

M
M
f

28 nil

54.50
24.50
50 00

30.00

NAILS — The following quotations are per keg from war."
Mill St

Pittsburgh Louis Dallas Chicago t «

Wire 3.50 4 3(1 4.25 4.40

Cut . ....... 3.7., 5 86 4.40 4.86

PORTLAND CEMENT — These prices are for barrels in 1.
lots, including bags:

New Y'ork
.l.is.-y City
Boston . . .
Chicago
Pittsburgh
Cleveland .
Denver . . .

Current
82 59
2.60
2 si
2 36
2 16

2 59

3 40

One Month Ago
82.55
2 50
2. 87
2 "1
2 Id
2 59
3.20

One "'■■,

Ml
II
2i

LIME — Warehouse prices:

.85 3.00

1 .00 " 50

1.00 3.00

Hydrated per Ton
Finished Common

New York

Kansas City

Chicago

St Louis

Boston

Dallas

San Francisco

St Paul

Atlanta

Seattle •

Per 180-lb. barrel
Denver — Hydrated in I
lb bbl.

Note — Refund of 10c

813.50

111 211
12.00

15.00*

Sin 50

21.80

i:

14 no

1711(11

16.50

17 00

17.00

15.50

17.00
1200-lb. barrels, tin
50-lb. sacks is 66c;

Lump per 300-1
Finished oi
82.35
2 not
1.90

14.00

14.011

■: Bfi

1.35"

1 20'

paper.

lump

is 82

per bag. amounting to $2 per ton

:

Engineering and Mining Journal

May 18, 1918

iumc 105

h'uynher 20

I 1IIIHIIIIIIIIII Mill

mi. Hill

TRAMWAY OF CLIMAX MOLYBDENUM CO., AT CLIMAX. SUMMIT COUNTY, COLORADO

Molybdenum Mining at Climax, Colorado

By H. L. BROWN' and M. W. HAYWARDf

The Climax Molybdenum Co. has developed six
million tons of ore, containing 1', molybdenum
sulphide, at the company's mine on Bartlett
ntain near Climax, Summit County, Colo.,
1> miles from Leadville. Molybdenite occurs in
granitic rock and as an intrusive in the
granitic gneiss. Mineralization shoivs no con-
centration, and values are uniform. It is planned

rHE increased demand for molybdenum since me
beginning of the world war has created an
unusual interest in this metal, and while the
■ ;ult has been an increased production, it has been
•e coming into the market in small intermittent quanti-

"f western mining department. American Metal Co., Den-
Colorado.

igist, American Metal Co., Denver. Colorado.

to mine the ore by shrinkage stuping, and the
at develop 's. A iOO-

ton electrically operated mill is treating 250 tons
of ore per day under the present schedule. Con-
sidering the altitude am! severity of climate, the
supply of labor has been satisfactory, as the com-
pany has providi I accommodai
and conveniences for employees at mine (mil

ties. The fact has long been known that molybdenum
added to steel imparts -certain desirable qualities, but
its extensive use for this purpose has been retarded
for the reason that no large workable deposits were
known to exist in the United States on which to base
an extensive use of molybdenum and its all'

The output from the property of the Climax Molyb-

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 20

denum Co. -will materially assist in increasing the supply

is metal in much the same manner as the Peruvian
deposits of patronite solved the question of an assured

ly oi vanadium. The Climax company has de-
veloped over six million tons o( ore. containing about
1 molybdenum sulphide, and it is estimated that
double this tonnage of ore is to be found on the property.
ontains no obnoxious ingredients, and the firsl
unit of the mill, treating 250 tons daily, has demon-
strated that high-grade concentrates can be readily
produced.

Propkrty Situated i"> .Milks from Leadville
The mine of the Climax Molybdenum Co. is situated
."i the southwest slope of Bartlett Mountain, 5000
ft. east and L000 ft. above the company's mill, which
is at Climax, Summit County, Colo., on the crest of
the Continental Divide, and at an elevation of 11,300

Climax is 15 miles from Leadville, on the South
Park branch of the Colorado & Southern Railroad that
connects Leadville and Denver. Owing to the altitude,
climati conditio:.' are somewhat severe for practically
nine months of the year, but the topography of the coun-
try is such .hat thare are no snow-slides of any extent,
and the mine buildings are so placed as to be immune
from such slides as occasionally may be experienced.
The mill is built on a relatively flat sit, remote from
any danger of slides.

Smali Demand and Unsuccessful Concentration
Retarded Working of Molybdenum Deposits
Extensive deposits of molybdenum on Bartlett Moun-
tain havt :ong been known, but on account of the small
demand previous to the war, and the failure of several
attempt0 to concentrate the ore, little had been done
toward the development of the remarkable surface show-
ings. A 900-ft. tunnel was driven in the most favorable
surface showings, but this was not done with the idea
of developing molybdenite, but had for its purpose cut-
ting a supposed extension of a mineral fault known for
.ts gold values, although this drift has been used as
the base for subsequent exploration and development
work ;n that vicinity. Several months were spent by
the co. :nany in thoroughly sampling the ore deposits
as fir as exposed and conducting mill tests to determine
the b.j3t flow sheet. Construction and development were
started July 20, 1917, and the first shipment of concen-
trates was made during February, 1918.

Defosits Occur as Intrusives in Granite

The rr.ine i? situated on the northeast side of a glacial
amphitneatrf the open side of which faces the west,
while the sides are precipitous and the lower slopes
covered with slide rock. Erosion, due to climatic condi-
tions, has been rapid and has kept pace with oxidation
over practically all the mineralized area: sulphides of
approximately the same grade encountered in the under-
ground workings are exposed on the surface. The
eastern end of this amphitheatre consists of a granite
gneiss which has been intruded by the granitic rock in
which the molybdenite deposits occur. The orebody iv.
made up of a large, irregular-shaped mineralized zone
having a siliceous phase of this granite intrusion.
The rock in the orebody itself consists largely of
quartz, with minor amounts of feldspar. This siliceous
mass merges in all directions into typical granite.

Throughout the mineralized zone, the rock is tra
ersed by an intricate network of quartz stringers, whi
are undoubtedly of magmatic origin. The fact th
the molybdenum is found both in these quartz veinlt
and in the larger masses of quartz clearly indicat
that it is genetically related to the granitic intruar
When the igneous mass was intruded into the overlyi
sediments, an outer shell was formed, attributable
quick cooling of the magma in contact with the sei
ments. Shrinkage cracks and fractures were lat
formed throughout this shell, and these cracks a!
fractures were afterward filled with silica and mol>
denite expelled from the gradually solidifying core
granite.

The occurrence of molybdenite in this property d
fers from the usual type of molybdenite deposits, as
is extremely fine grained, instead of being coarse a:
flaky. Where found in the small stringers, it gives 1i
quartz a bluish color, due to the finely divided st;i
of the molybdenum sulphide. The molybdenite vali!
are remarkably uniform throughout the orebody.

Mineralization Shows No Concentration

In all the development work to date, amounting i
over 5000 ft., there have been no blank assays. In
mine workings, including those at a depth of 500 !
from the surface, considerable amounts of yellow ox1
of molybdenum are found. Mineralization is inv;i
ably confined to fractures, which have allowed oxidati
to take place as a result of the circulation of surf)
waters. Apparently there has been little or no miga
tion of the molybdenum deposition and, therefore, i
concentration of values in a zone of enrichment.

Deposits Show No Minerals Other Than
Molybdenum

No other minerals occur in the deposits, with i
exception of a small amount of pyrite. Concentrce
containing 75% molybdenum sulphide show less t i
0.1% copper, the analysis showing, besides the mob
denite, only insolubles and iron. The orebody is ap]r
ently terminated on the northeast by a regular rf «1
dipping 60" N E, but while the present opinion is a
this fault is the limit of the orebody, this concluai
has not yet been proved.

Development work of the Climax Molybdenum a
has been confined to an area of 25 acres of pateei
ground, although the company holdings comprise iial
■more than 600 acres. From the mouth of the tint
back to the fault, an area approximately 1000 by 80 ft
has been completely blocked out, and contains oveiti
million tons, averaging 1% molybdenum sulplit
Another tunnel has been started 200 ft. below t;s
workings, and shows ore of the same grade and ch;it
ter. Owing to the dip of the fault, the mineral
area of this tunnel level probably will be nearly dibl
that of the upper level, thus indicating the ulti I
development of considerably more ore than now il
mated.

The method of mining contemplated calls for a sit
of parallel stopes, 800 ft. long and 25 ft. wide, I
pillars between of the same width. The stopes w
carried as shrinkage stopes to the surface. Afte tl
shrinkage stopes are through to the surface,
planned to break the pillars down into these st

lay is. L918

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

907

s method is to be adopted wherever a heighl of 200
,vill carry the stopes to the surface, and where, owing
he contour, it is less than this di>' the sur-

jj; tin' idea being to drive a series of parallel di

raises to the surface and gloryhole from tin- sur-
• to the drifts en the tunnel level,
urface mining cm be carried on only during four
iths of tlio year, for while commercial ore outcropa
the surface, with no overburden, the climatic condi-
18 are such that a scheme of mining had to lie out-
d which would permit underground work during thai
t of the year when the surface could not be attacked

ore is ideal for shrinkage stopes, as it contains no
; and breaks short.

Ore Removed Through Two Tunnel Openings

re now mined from the upper adit is delivered
ilins at the mouth of the tunnel, and then carried 500

down the mountain by means of a two-bucket tram-
i( to the crusher plant. The elevation of the lower

nel is the same as that at the crusher plant, and it
I fanned to eventually bring all of the ore down to

; level and do away with the two-bucket tramway.

"he two-bucket tram delivers the ore to 500-ton bins,
■eh discharge direct to a 20 x 10 Blake crusher, where

; crushed to 2-in. size. The ore is then delivered to a

teyor belt, which takes it to a 400-ton storage bin at

upper terminal of the main tramway to the mill.
I; main tramway is a 5000-ft. Leschen continuous
:e, having a capacity of 1000 tons per day, and
ivers the ore direct to the mill bins.

Modern Mill Has 400-Ton Capacity

'he mill was designed by D. F. Haley, and contains
Allis-Chalmers 6x6 and 6 x 10 ball mill. Callow and
I ney flotation machines, Coldfield agitating tanks for
i atering concentrates, Portland filter and steam
It, with accessory blower, pumps and elevators. A
iting plant and fire pump are housed separately. The
)>ent capacity is 350 to 400 tons per 24 hours, and
: power is derived from a 13,000-volt line of the
'. ^rado Power Co. The design of the mill is such that

ends itself readily to the installation of additional
f ipment for increased capacity without interfering
>h present operations.

xcellent Accommodations Offered by Company
Attract Labor

he problem of labor supply at this altitude, and with
'lewhat severe climatic conditions, has been solved
Jjely by the construction of well-built, electric-lighted,
um-heated accommodations for the men, both at the
lie and at the mill, and although this enterprise was
; ted at a time when railroad congestion and labor
irtage were a severe handicap, it has been carried to
Uccessful conclusion in a remarkably short time, and
l difficulty is looked for in providing a continuous and
leasing production of a needed and useful metal.

I United States vs. ( California I rona ( o.
in Potash I ,ands ( as<

The California 10, 191 i. tiled an

applical ion for patent on 1 I uated on a pari

of Searlea Lake, San Bernardino Count Calif. Tl

claims were located June 27, 1912. Four charges, made
at the time of application, as to why patent should not

ranted, were: claims do not contain a mineral
posit of the form and character contemplated by mining
laws: all acts performed by applicant company during
1912 and 1918 had been for purposes of securing the
title in interest of non-resident aliens; that the ap-
plicant was nut the bona (Jd< owner of the claims, but
held same for the benefit of aliens, and that on the
date of application the company was not qualified to
receive a patent, because the majority of stock was held,
owned and controlled by aliens.

The case was heard before the Department of the
Interior, the Commissioner of the General Land Office
participating, and from the evidence submitted it was
shown that: Chemically each and every' one of the sub-
stances forming the deposit is a mineral; the California
Trona Co. was organized under the laws of California,
Feb. 10, 1908; the American Trona Co., lessee of the Cal-
ifornia company and now operating the refining plant
and railroad at Searles Lake, was organized under the
laws of Delaware, June 12, 1913, and that the charge of
foreign control arises from the fact that Foreign Mines
Development Co., Ltd., organized under the laws of
Great Britain, secured mortgages on the claims of the
California Trona Company.

After consideration of the question of alien owner-
ship and control, it was found that there was nothing
in the evidence that would constitute a fraud upon the
United States or any violation of the provisions of the
applicable statutes, and the legal proceedings were there-
fore dismissed.

he Production of Graphite in Madagascar in 1917
tainted to about 35,000 tons, compared with 25,480 tons
' 916, according to Consul James G. Carter in "Commerce
torts." The quantity exported in 1917 was 27,000 tons,
Ijinst 26,209 tons in 1916. It is estimated that on Jan. 1,
I' 3, there were about 10,000 tons of graphite in stock in
*'lagascar, and at the close of February the stoofe was
* mated at about 15,000 tons.

Renaming German Silver

An attempt is being made to rename German silver
by calling it "nickel silver." One of the largest pro-
ducers of the alloy, the American Brass Co., has already
made the change. The Metal Industry, however, would
do away with the name silver as well. It argues:

The matter has taken on added importance in view of the
fact that the largest brass-producing company of the United
States has lately changed the name of the alloy known as
German silver to nickel silver. It seems to us that if a
change in name of this material is to be made, we
should not stop half way. Why retain the word silver?
Why attempt to ennoble a combination of base metals?
Surely there can be no other reason than a commercial one.
If the nickel is taken from an 18% German silver alloy
only a "two and one" brass will remain. Why not then
call the compound "nickel brass," or if commercial objections
are too strong to be overcome at once, why not call it nickel
alloy? The various contents of nickel may be designated by
utilizing the different percentages that the alloy contains.
Thus, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 15. 18%, etc., nickel alloy. It is a
fact that some manufacturers are already designating the
material now being sold as "Sheffield plate" as "silver plate
on a nickel base." We see no reason why the same argu-
ment does not apply to the alloy now being called nickel
silver. As a matter of fact the new name is no more cor-
rect than the one it supplants, for the alloy contains no
silver, and while it is admitted to possess some similar
physical characteristics, it has really no claim to nobility.

-

ENGINEERING AND MINING .KHRNAL

Vol. 105, No. 2

Dry Sizing as a Means of Preparing Feed

For Concentration

\'a GEORGE V. BLAND

A pr treatment is described involv-

ing dry sizing followed by wet concentration,
which has been developed at the mill of the Vasco

Mining Co. at Boulder, Colo. Applied to the
treatment of ores largely hand sorted and of a

-."() per ton, it has resulted
in a . Increast in recovery at a relatively

small increase iti treatment cost. The theory of
the causes which contribute to the improved re-
sults that have beat noted is discussed in detail.

r;

'HE method here discussed is essentially a sub-
stitution of dry sizing for hydraulic classification
and wet screening in preparing feed for concen-
trating units. It has been found to give markedly im-
proved results on certain ores of the Boulder, Colo.,
(tungsten) district, and has been adopted in several of
the mills of the district. Many possibilities are opened
up by its study, the method being susceptible to wide
application. Although no new principle is involved, the
alignment or combination of old methods constitutes a
decidedly radical departure from generally accepted
practice.

I developed the process while conducting research
work for the Vasco Mining Co. at Boulder, Colo. This
work was based on theories which will be discussed and
which worked out well in practice as well as in the lab-
oratory. The result has been an increase in recovery of
from 20rc to 25'r, with a relatively small increase in
treatment cost. The application has been made initially
on ores of higher value and on middling products de-
rived from ores of low value. Direct application of the
process to ores of low value is expected to follow.

Description of Typical Boulder Ores

The tungsten mineral of the Boulder district is fer-
berite, of which 76r, is tungstic acid (Wo.), the con-
stituent upon which the purchase of ore and concen-
trates is based. The specific gravity of ferberite is high
— 6.9 to 7.1 — while the accompanying gangue contains
nothing with a specific gravity over half that figure.
Thus conditions are favorable for concentration, but,
nevertheless, Boulder ores are difficult to treat. The
reasons are the absence of cleavage between the fer-
berite and the matrix, the fine state of crystallization
of the ferberite, and its friability.

These conditions are conducive to excessive sliming.
A recovery of 75 ', of the Wo, as a 55 So product has
been considered satisfactory, whereas my method yields
85 % to 05 % of the ferberite as a 60% product. As a
large per cent, of the output of Boulder mines comes
from hand-sorted ores of an average gross value of over
$400 per ton, it will be seen that the increased saving is
considerable on this class of ore alone. The importance
of the method is further enhanced through the advant-

age offered in retreating middlings produced from q
of lower grade. Several mills at Boulder are now e]
ing their middlings for separate retreatment, insti
of forcing them back into the flow, a prevalent pu
tice. This is particularly valuable in treating Boub
ores, because the middlings, consist of grains that
almost entirely included, such as would be expeu
where crystallization is fine, the crystal clusters of v;\
ing sizes, and cleavage lacking.

Combines Dry Sizing and Wet Concentration

Essentially, the process is the rather unique (<1
side of the laboratory) combination of dry preparat)
of feed and wet gravity concentration as shown in
flow sheet in Fig. 1. Certain dry concentration stf
might be introduced, but, in the main, wet eoncentraij

PRIMARY CRUSHING
(Dry)

SCREENING OR SIZING MACHINERY
. ( Dry)

14-SOMESH ZO-30 30-50 SOSO SO-lcV IX-130 lSO-?SO

A L

,

SAND TABLES, SLIMlfS

Jr^

\ \ \ \ f |

-IDLINGS TAIL'

\ \

?YE~

1

CONCENTRATES MIDDLINGS TAILS CONCENTRATES MIDDLINGS TAILS

DRYER REGRIND RETURNED

(Wet J

stmt

REORlND
I Dry)
!•

CLASSIFIERS OR WET SCREENS

;

TWO SAND TABLE DIVISIONS

{

r t i r

'AILS C~ '

n

ONE SI IMER DIVISION

^ |

CCIiCEMTRATTS MIDDLINGS TAILS CONCENTRATES MIDDLINGS TAILS

RETURNED

\

SUMP

•Mining engineer 2017 10th St.. Boulder, Colorado.

OR TO REGRIND
(Wet)

FIG. 1. FLOW SHEET COMBINING DRV PREPARATJ
OF FEED AND WET GRAVITY CONCENTRATION

is preferable, because more efficient — water bein
much heavier medium than air. Sizes are cut out i
screen or other grading machine to correspond withh
number of concentrating units. If closer sizing is
sired, certain sizes can be stored and several differ
sizes put over the same concentrator separately.

Development of this method necessitated overcorn
some long-recognized screening difficulties, notably"1
pense and the inability to cut out fine sizes on a «nr
mercial scale where such sizes are sticky, though ic
damp — the usual condition when ores are crushed. 1
term fine sizes is intended to cover from 80 to 250 1 1
and finer. It has been advisable to carry the screen
to 250 mesh, but not beyond it, except in treating •<
dlings. In the latter case where all particles are grii

\la\ 18, 1018

ENGINEERING AND .minim; JOURNAL

•.,,.,

(prior to regrinding), il is sometimes worth while to
Mn i" much finer sizes. For instance, the Rare
tals Ore Co., at Rollinsville (near Boulder), Coin.,
sens down to l-800th of an inch on the screening ma-
ne devised by my brother, John Bland, who collabo-
■il with me on some of the work. This machine was
eloped to meet the difficulties noted above, and with-
it the process under discussion could not have
n commercially applied.

'he salient features of the machine are the large

liber and sharpness of the vibrations imparted by

actuating machinery. From 60 to 100 vibrations per

md are easily secured, giving, with other features, a

:«• capacity per foot of screen surface. The const rue-

i of the screen permits the use of a large number of

erimposed screen beds, which further increases the

tive capacity over other machines that have come to

notice. In fact, the work of this screen leads me

>elieve that the expense of dry sizing will soon be

-educed as to compare favorably with that of hy-

llic classification. At the same time, the rapidly ex-

lling use of screening in conjunction with magnetic

iration, dry concentration, and especially in the in-

rials. such as clay, carborundum, cement, sulphur

i many others, will force decided improvements over

erto inadequate screening machinery. With this

jtopment, the way opens for the application of the

i sheet, in Fig. 1, to supplant those now in use on low-

■■t ores. This would revolutionize gravity concen-

■ on, for dry sizing as a means of preparing the feed

concentrating units is much superior to hydraulic

net sizing in every essential except that of expense.

Advantages of Dry Sizing

ie main benefits to be derived from dry sizing as a
^ preparation are: (1) Control of pulp dilution; (2)
i oendence of all important concentrating units; (3)

ter efficiency of sizing machinery as compared to
laulic; (4) greater efficiency of concentrating units
i ry-sized feed as compared to hydraulic and wet

2.

Although the pulp dilution in this process in all
irtant concentrating units, coarse as well as fine,

ider absolute control, the principal benefit is de-
in the slime department, not only in its share

>e original feed, but in the greatly lessened flow

iter reaching it from the coarser departments. In
I asco mill, the consumption of water has been re-
i(l 75rc since the adoption of the dry-feed process.
1 study of mill losses invariably leads to the slime
rtment. It was that problem that led to the de-
I ment of the process under discussion, although in-
a tally other related issues presented themselves.

e slime problem as it has presented itself to ill-
's ;ators for decades, and does predominatingly today,

e of taking the reject (water, solids, etc., as a
1") from the preceding departments and making it
la able to slime concentrators. That is, reducing the
Ito such a consistency that the slimers will do good

i" work, without entailing a heavy loss in the over-
" 'rom dewaterers.

-annot be said that slime treatment is inefficient
16 se of the lack of suitable concentrating machines,
r nquestionably the modern slimers are as efficient

88 "'' ' nci ntrating units, and in my opin-

""' wme or the latest an- even more advanced,
idering the almoi I impossible result - parted But
when "'"' turna to a Burvt of the progress made in
Preparing feed foi th< lime table, comparativelj little
progress is to be noted General! p< I ■,.
tl"" ls Prettj much th< Bame as it wai 20 to 80 eai

ago, ami classification is la, , ,„,„ , |,|,. f0, ,,,,.

Hood of water that comet i- tht lime department. V
progress has been made, outside of the effort to ,,,,
sliming in crushing op is, has chiefly been in the

effort to get rid of the watei accumulated in th<
and intermediate concentrating department) Hence
the development of thickeners, dewaterei . et< to a
considerable degree of perfection. The best of tl
however, are bulky and cumbersome, and unable to undo
to a satisfactory degree the damage incurred further up
the line.

Dry sizing, where it could be used, and that includes
many places, would solve this problem bj the simple
expedient of cutting out the feed for the slimers in a dry
state. Such a step would permit an absolutely -
trolled feed for slimers. A thick pulp is absolutely es-
sential for good results on a slimer. Where the tails
from coarse concentrating units are reground and kept
in closed circuit until slimers are eventually reached,
a minimum of water would be present with the regrind
(in the dry feed process). This happens because the
coarser sizes are also fed dry and only water absolutely
needed for concentration accompanies the tails to be
reground. This reduction in the water used is so great,
as noted for the Vasco Co., as almost to equal the work
of a thickener, without the attendant overflow loss.
At the same time, it must be kept in mind that 80
to 90r;. of the mineral to be recovered on the slimers
is in the original dry feed, and a relatively small amount
only in the reground feed. By proper manipulation,
such slimers as Deister concentrator slimer No. 3 (used
by myself), will consistently give an extraction of 85',
to 95ff (Boulder ore) on everything passing 250 mesh—
a product that usually undergoes a loss of 50 % or more.
These figures, perhaps, would apply to nearly all ores
that slime easily.

This method of getting at the slime problem is es-
sentially one of dealing directly with the cause rather
than the effects. Therefore this process attacks the
slime problem, on a large-scale basis, from an entirely
new angle. That this theory has proved sound in prac-
tice has already been noted as far as ores that will stand
a little additional expense are concerned, and, unques-
tionably, in time all commercial ores, of whatever grade,
will become amenable to this treatment. That is, those
ores which slime appreciably and are not better adapted
to other than gravity processes.

Concentrating Units Are Independent

2. Ordinarily the whole flow of a wet gravity mill is
interlocked, and trouble at any particular point is fol-
lowed by disarrangement at all other points, more or
less serious, according to the size of the mill, and other
factors. This causes an interference with pulp dilution,
beds on concentrators, etc., followed either by mineral
going into tails, or vice versa. In large mills of 500 tons
or more capacity this is not a matter of great import-

;U0

ENGINEERING ASH MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 2

ance, but it is of considerable importance in mills of 25
ir less, where there are almost constant fluctuations
trying degn With dry-sized feed, any one unit
can be down without interfering with any other im-
nt unit Another advantage is the ease with which
d can be stored where it is desired to prepare
s or classes than there are concentrating ma-
chines. For instance, where there are two machines and
it is advantageous to make five or six divisions of the
:. five or six dry sizes could be stored and concen-
1 in turn, whereas it would be a more or less com-
plicated matter to classify and store the same number of
divisi

3. The same degree of care and attention that will
give an efficiency of 80% to 85f, in a hydraulic will
be productive of 96 or 98 on a screen (disregard-
ing irregularities in shape of ore particles in each case).
That is possible because a screen's product is much
easier to standardize — its action is more positive. On
the other hand, an hydraulic is more pliable — that is,
easier to adjust to small gradations, a property, how-
ever, that requires an expert to utilize fully in a prac-
ticable way.

Concentrators More Efficient in Dry-Sized Feed

4. There is some argument as to whether sizing or
hydraulic classification gives a better feed where only-
free mineral is concerned. Both sides have exponents
in high standing. There is no question as to which
method is best when the problem is to remove all but
the lightest middling grain of a specific gravity but
little greater than the tailings. This includes two main
classes of ore: where much included grain is present in
middlings, and where a three-mineral separation is de-
sired. Boulder ores come under the former heading,
for in that district coarse sizes yield a high percent-
age of included grain. Large-scale tests on this ore
show a marked superiority in favor of sizing.

Even where everything favored the hydraulic, free
or nearly free mineral, very careful work, and a wide
margin in specific gravities, Richards found sizing to
give cleaner concentrates, cleaner tailings, and a higher
extraction. The results of these experiments are repro-
duced here:

EXPERIMENTS ON GALENA AND QUARTZ ORE

Grade Per Cent Per' Per Cent

of Con- Grade of Mid- Grade "f Grade

Feed Lead trates Per Cent, dlings Per Cent. Tails Per Cent

7 4 6 5 99 0 16 59 0 91 8 0 04

di, 4 8 4 0 98 6 13 34 0 94 7 0 36

.ral .. .94 41 90 0 21 5 23 6 72 9(a) 0 51

t'O Not including slime water.

Reduced to comparative figures, and considering that
the middlings from the sized feed had been held down to
a grade of 34% to correspond to the middlings obtained
from the classified feed, the following figures are ob-
tained:

DISTRIBUTION OF VALUES IN CONCENTRATES, MIDDLINGS
AND TAILS

dI of Per Cent, of Per Cent, of

Valuea in Values in Values in

Feed Concentrates Middlings Tails

95 4 5 0 5

83 9.0 7 0

iral 39 54 0 7 0

As stated previously, the real problem with which
most mill men are concerned is to separate particles of
nearly the same specific gravity. If this is accomplished
with a '"air degree of accuracy, there need be no worry

a- to where the Tree mineral will go when the feei
the producl of a screen. The free mineral will be ab
the richest included grains, which in turn will gr
down uniformly to pure sand. Where ores are
countered that are conducive to both excessive sliir
and included grain, it becomes imperative to get a 1
efficiency on the coarse-concentrating machines; ot!
wise a large part of the included grain will go to
regrind (presupposing that the ore is valuable eno
for retreatment) , and much of it will be excessi
ground to a size that cannot be recovered in the o
nary mill How. To keep the tails comparatively
from included grain of a certain tenor or better, c
sizing must be used, for classification seems unabl
accomplish it in theory or practice. If included gi
can be kept from the tails, it can be given the sp<
treatment desired. This is the theory, leading to
involving the prevention of slime losses, upon wi

PRIMARY CRUSHING
(Dry)

HEAD BIN

\
SCREENING OR SIZING MACHINES

\
VARIOUS SIZES

\
MAJOR CIRCUIT

CONCENTRATES

MIDDLINGS

REGRIND
(Dry)

TAILS

\

REGRIND
(Wet")

CLASSIFIERS

MINOR CIRCUIT

CONCENTRATES -
<S

FIG. 2. MAJOR CIRCUIT GETS DRY SIZED FEED T
TAILS GOING WET TO THE MINOR CIRCUIT AFTrt
REGRIND ING

I initiated my experimental work, and which has DJ
correct on a practicable working basis.

Middlings treatment as a rule has followed twiv
beaten paths: reground and returned to ore stren,
returned to ore stream without regrinding. In ar
many cases, as has been pointed out, regrinding al
turning the middlings to the ore stream is follovd
a heavy slime loss. Regrinding of materials too fi5
rolls is peculiarly conducive to excessive slimin
unless the resultant discharge is handed carefu
loss will be great. Here again dry grinding and :rr
ing avoid the flood of water that would eventually'*
so much of these otherwise recoverable slimes in e|
sion to the tailings pond. There is also involved 'e
sound practice of mixing two products of widely il
ing grades, the ore itself being perhaps of low in'
and the middlings of relatively high content. Tlj
rule, however, of many exceptions.

In the second case, the middlings are largely I
tirely returned to the same concentrating machu
which they were taken, a good practice where tl J
erals are freed, but a bad one where included gi
present in large quantities. In the latter cast I

l;i\ 18, 1918

ENGINEERING AND .MINIM; JOURNAL

911

he included grain will be forced into the concentrate,
Bring the grade, and the remainder forced into the
j, This brings out the sum.' objection noted in the

t case.

In certain ores o( low value, the middlings treatment

is comparatively negligible, but on others,
larh those of high grade, these loses are. or should
l source of appreciable concern. This applies strik-
jj to the Boulder district.

Process as applied at Boulder

he present early application of the process, which will
loubt be greatly modified and improved, is to n
i distinct and entirely separate ore flows of high and
i grades, respectively. To simplify what is to fol
i these will be characterized as the "major" and
'nor" circuits. The major circuit pets its feed in
ous sizes cut out from the original ore and the
idlings produced therefrom, while the minor eir-

PHIMARY CK
(D. I

i

HEAD BIN

CLASSIFIERS

MINOR CIRCUIT

KENTf/ATES

MIDDLINGS

STORED FOR DOUBLE

CIRCUIT TREATMENT,

(As per Fig.Z)

TAILS

SUMP

MAJOR CIRCUIT HAS DISAPPEARED DUE TO LOW
GRADE OF ORE

i gets its feed from the reground (wet) tails of the

ir circuit. (See Fig. 2) Incidentally, this permits a

1 ively high expenditure to go on the major circuit

a low expense to go on the minor circuit, instead

ally throwing the two together— the standard

J ice at Boulder and many other places. In short, the

ireuit allows: (1) the logical application of ex-

2) separate treatment of materials character-

ll.v different, particularly as to grade; and (3)

?ized feed of all higher grade material and wet-

' tied or screened feed of all low-grade material.

9 percentage of values allowed to go into the minor

' t is governed by the character of the ore — grade,

rystal masses, etc. The influence of grade is an

Omic one, involving the question of cost against in-

e?d recovery and of the point at which a balance

ound. The percentage of values to be rejected

D the major to the minor circuit is controlled in

s: by the maximum size to which the ore is

nly crushed, and by the amount of middlings

the major circuit— a matter of judgment.

Siitions Involved in Determining the Balance
Between Cost and Recovery
I' treatment of an 8% ore might develop the fol-
r three conditions in striking what may be termed
■momic balance:

Mention of a minimum of 80 rc of the valuable

1 m the major circuit in the form of finished con-

'■tes and middlings. The usual loss in the minor

can be approximated within appreciable limits,

and the full initial recovers ' n

,""' '"• predicted closely, foi in. ■ timati de on

only U(l\ of the values.

Rejection o 60 oi iginal feed to the tail

"'"' P°n<J througl thi ireuit, the remaining I

being concei .,,„, Dotn

;; Beginning com entration at i I oi L6 me h The

i '' ;i1 which concentration ie begun lai p I

mines if, treatment, ncenl

more rapid as the feed becomee coaraei Now, if ai
of the salllr lower grade, say <;■.

to be treated, it may I .,„„.,) , ,,,.,,

of the feed of the initial or major circuit i

:i to, :"1'1 through, thi i ir< nil to keep with-

in the permissible expense on thai particular gj
This reduces the amount of mid. line, cut out in the

»r circuit, involving the throwing of a larger
centage of mineral into the minor circuit. Ol
be worked out by starting concentration earlier, at 10
or 12 mesh. The result would be about the same.

As the ore to be treated becomes lower in grade (and
value), the reject from the major to the minor circuit
would finally reach such proportions that it would not be
profitable to maintain the two circuits on the original
feed. In this event, the major circuit would disappear
and all the original feed would be fed in the old-
established way. However, the double circuit operation
would still be of value for the retreatment of mid-
dlings, the best application, perhaps, being to store them
until a considerable amount is accumulated, or until the
next high-grade run is made. The flow sheet then would
be as in Fig. 3. This might be accomplished profitably
by taking the middlings very early, relegating the pro-
duction of the finished concentrates to the background
during this stage of concentration.

Process Gives Latitude in Laying Out Mill
As the concentrating units in both circuits are the
same, the mill can be arranged so that the units of the
major circuit can be combined with those of the minor
circuit when a low-grade run is to be made. In fact, a
wide interchangeability, without any excessive disturb-
ance of the usual mill balance, can be maintained.

In changing over the Vasco mill to the dry process,
no changes in number or position of the then existing
concentrators were made. No other additional ma-
chinery was found necessary except a Bryan sizer, a
Bland screen, and a ball mill for the dry regrinding.
The concentrating equipment consisted of 2 Harz jigs
(afterward replaced by one Richards pulsator jig), five
Wilfley sand tables, two card slimers (used on fine sand
or coarser slimes) and six Deister No. 3 slimers.

Much of the foregoing has been accomplished in the
laboratory by others, and I do not wish to give the
impression that I am advancing any new theory or idea.
I am, however, under the impression that, hitherto, this
work has not been carried beyond the experimental
stage and that therefore this article may prove of value
and interest because of the possibilities suggested.

Sulphur Production in Sicily was smaller in 1917 than in
the preceding year. The figures for the first ten months
have been published in "Rassegna Mineraria," and si
147,322 metric tons for that period in 1917, compared with
207,504 metric tons for the first ten months of 1916.

912

ENGINEERING AND MIXING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No,

Magnetic Concentration of Iron Ores
at Mineville, N. Y.

B-1 EARL C. HENRY*

Magnetitt ! mtaining about S09i Fe ore con-
centrated mill/tit ticalhi at Witherbee, Sherman &
Co'8 mil! ' : l«Ue, .V. Y. rfte products arc

concentrates averaging about 65c( Fe arul tail-
ings 5C, Fe, a ."■ every being obtained.

THE magnetite mines at Mineville, Essex County,
X. Y., operated by Witherbee, Sherman & Co.,
Inc., are equipped to produce 2,000,000 tons of
crude ore annually. As this ore is not merchantable
in its crude state, being too low in iron content, it is
treated by electromagnetic separation, with the excep-
tion of lump ore, which is hand-picked for furnace use.
At present, there are three mills in operation, known
respectively as No. 3, No. 4 and No. 5. The first mill
treats ore from the Harmony mine; No. 4 mill handles
the Barton Hill ores, and mill No. 5 treats Old Bed,
Smith and Sherman mine ores. The three mills have the
latest and most modern equipment, and, as the prin-

"•'..' ffs

Tailings

DRI'M AND PULLET TYPE MAGNETIC CONCENTRATION
MACHINE

ciples of separation are nearly identical in each, only
mill No. -1 will be considered here.

Mill No. 4 is constructed of steel framework, sheathed
with No. 22 gage American ingot iron. It has steel
floor beams, with floors of 3-in. plank and 1-in. matched
boards. The building is divided into two parts, the
coarse-crushing department, which contains the crush-
ers, drier, coarse screens and bucket elevators, and
the separating department, which contains the fine
screens, separators and rolls. The coarse-crushing de-
partment is 36 ft. wide by 100 ft. long and 85 ft. high,
and the separating department is 66 ft. wide, 90 ft.
long and 90 ft. high from basement to roof.

The mill is situated about 300 ft. from the mouth
of Barton Hill tunnel, to which it is connected by a
trestle, over which the electric mine locomotive hauls
the ore from mine to mill. The ore is discharged
from side-dump mine cars into a storage bin of 400-

•Chief engineer. Witherbee, Sherman & Co., Mineville, N. Y.

tons' capacity. From this it is drawn by gravity :
36 x 24-in. Farrel jaw-crusher and crushed to 4-in
It then passes to a 20-in. conveyor running o
Merrick weightometer. This conveyor discharge!
a storage bin of 700 tons' capacity.

Fine Sizes Must Be Dried

From the bin the ore is fed by gravity over i
rugated feed roll into an elevator of 200 tons' 1
capacity. This is of the continuous-bucket type ar
buckets 24 in. wide, 131 in. along the belt anc
in. lip, bolted to an 8-ply 26-in. belt. It disci
into a 48 x 10-in. trommel screen, which separate
ore into three sizes; namely, on 2-in. ring; tbi
2-in. and on .(-in. ring, and through |-in. ring. U
ore coming from the mine contains more or less:
ture, which hinders proper screening, and as nv
this is in the fine sizes, all ore that goes thrci
3-in. ring passes to a vertical, brick, gravity di

The oversize from the screen passes to a sm;l
with a division board distributing the feed t
5K Gates gyratory crushers, which reduce the p]
to about lJ-in. size. These discharge into a bin,v
also receives the minus 2-in. plus ff-in. material,
as the discharge from the drier. This latter b
charges into a bucket elevator having buckets (
wide, 151 in. along belt and with 15!-in. lip, bo:
a 10-ply 32-in. rubber elevator belt, running at a
of 300 ft. per min., with a capacity of 500 tons )

This elevator can discharge into a storage i
1000 tons' capacity, which is used for storage
temporary repairs to the separating end of t
are necessary, or it can be bypassed to a 20-in. c<v
belt running to the fine screens. This convey
charges into a small box with a division boarcrt
divides the feed equally into two 48 x 24-in. S
trommel screens, making four sizes; namely, OH
through 1 on 3 in. ; through 3 on ,■"',-; i'1-- and 41
■\. in. These sizes fall by gravity to separate bir :
which they fall to the separating machines, wlh
arranged in duplicate on each side of the mill.

The plus 1-in. material is treated by a puly
machine which makes middlings and tails. 1'-
I-in. and plus ,"',.-in. sizes are treated by drum-anp
type machines making concentrates, middlings, al
and the minus j^-in. material passes over two e
hammer screens of six-mesh wire cloth. Ore rr
than six mesh goes to a B. & N. parallel belt-tl
arator, which makes concentrates and tailing
oversize from the six-mesh screen ( through [",
on six mesh) passes to a B. & N. series belt-tie
arator, which makes concentrates, middlings al
It is well to explain here the various types i
arating machines used.

The drum machines have a section of fix*
nets inside of a revolving brass drum, coveii
rubber belting. Feed leaves the feed box wi'
tically no velocity, so that particles will not bouiv

v is. 1918

ENGINEERING AND MINIS'*. U)i i:\.\l.

91!

BARTON HILL CRUDE ORE -IS*

t

CRUDE ORE BIN 70* f

t
SHAKING FEED

I

5.- ■ ■■; FARRELL CRUSHER

t

I

MCRRiCK llElvHTOMETER

>*%£ STORAGE BIN-700 TONS

+

24'' BUCKET ELEVATOR

\

FEED BOX

i

*6"k IO' SA. TROMMEL SCREEN-P HOLES

r

FINES

I
CHUTE

I
ROWAND DRYER

rK.

*

MEDIUM

NO. S-K GATES CRUSHERS

* *

^

48' AND 6S"x B4' 'TROMMEL SCREEN
1~

COARSEST COARSE

T

MEDIUH

FINES

NO. 3 NEWAYGO
SCREEN

COARSE

t

DIVIDING BOX

NO. S-K GATES CRUSHERS

y

8-B 30 'BUCKET ELEVATOR
FEED^BOX

"

FINEST

1000 TON. STORAGE BIN

'I f

ZO'CONVEYOR

y

DIVIDING FEED BOX

* ±

BY fHSS

48' AND 6S"xE4'

f

FINES

t

/V0.3 NEWAYGO
SCREEN
1/

MEDIUM

TROMMEL SCREEN

COARSE COARSEST

FINEST

BIN- THROUGH 6 MESH
*

/7Yf

^

£&SV- THROUGH ,# CW # W5//
to

*1

/3//V - THROUGH
— e *

8

■> —

BIN- THROUGH %"ON §*

BIN- THROUGH 2" ON %
*? 1 ^—

CCS Si R

/W5 /y/f>W5 fl/DS HEADS

PULLEY
SEPARATOR \

"~ . 5 - r:'

PULLEY
SEPARATOR

* -t

TAILS HIDS

COBBER £ b AND N PARALLEL
$ 1 SEPARATORS
•i; X

HEADS

6 B AND N SERIES
SEPARATORS

r

PULLEY
SEPARATOR

*" ♦

TAILS HIDS

HEADS HIDS

TAILS

f 5 /4/V0 /V PARALLEL COBBER COBBER

sep^IORS { ^ J ^

HEADS

n

t^-t

y

PULLEY
SEPARATOR
f

HIDS TAILS

HIDS

i

PULLEY
SEPARATOR

HIDS

If

TAILS

3=3?

PULLEY
SEPARA TOR

•J- ■*

HIDS TAILS

BIN BIN

4e"x/6 ROLLS 40"x/£ ROLLS

A_

BINS

4, 40"x IS' ANACONDA ROLLS

_-= — " <•

BIN BIN

■40'x/S ROLLS 4S"xl6 ROLLS

—1

DUMP

SHIPPING BIN

FLOW SHEET OF MAGNETIC CONCENTRATION PROCESS AT WITHERBEE, SHERMAN & CO.'S

NO 1 -MILL AT MINEVILUE, X. Y

914

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 2'

overcoming the attraction of the magnets. The magnets

carry low current, and the concentrates made on these
machines are rich enough for shipment. The tails
fall to a I'elt below, which passes over the pulley-type
machine, which also serves as a head pulley for this
belt. This machine has a full circle of magnets, which
revolve with the drum. The magnets are wound to
carry a high current, so that all particles carrying any
lean ore will he attracted and only rock or tailings
will be thrown off.

The belt machines are used on the fine sizes. The
ore being lifted from the belt, the gangue is less likely
to be held in suspension, which insures clean concen-
trates. On all the machines mentioned, the polarity
of each adjacent magnet is reversed, thus causing all
particles to turn end for end in moving from one pole
to the next, which does not permit any non-magnetic
rock to be held in suspension by the ore particles.

From these machines the concentrates fall by gravity
to a 20-in. conveyor belt, which carries them to a 600-
ton shipping storage bin, from which they are loaded
directlv into railroad cars. The tailings fall to a 20-in.

B AKD N PARALLEL MACHINE

B AND N SERIES MACHINE

BELT TYPE MAGNETIC CONCENTRATION MACHINES
ARRANGED IN SERIES AND IN PARALLEL.

conveyor belt, passing to the dump or waste pile. The
middlings pass to extra-heavy Allis-Chalmers rolls, each
set treating a certain size from the separator. After
they leave the rolls they are carried back by a 20-in.
belt conveyor to the small bin beneath the 5K Gates
crushers previously mentioned, and thence up the 32-in.
elevator and over the screen and machines again. The
ore from the 1000-ton storage bin can be drawn out
on the conveyor bringing the middlings from the rolls.

The separating end of this mill is so arranged in
duplicate that either side may be run independently of
the other. All machinery in the mill is driven by 440-
volt electric motors. The 25-cycle, three-phase power
circuit enters the motor and switchboard room at 3300
volts, where it is stepped down by oil-cooled trans-
formers to 440 volts. The current for the separators is
obtained from a motor generator set, and each machine
circuit is equipped with a rheostat and ammeter on
the switchboard, so that each machine may be adjusted
independently.

The crude Barton Hill ore contains about 30% Fe.
The concentrates average 65% Fe and the tailings ">' ,
Fe. The iron recovery is about 90.3%. The capacity of
the mill is about 100 tons per hour.

Lime Production in the United States in 1917 was 3,663,-
818 short tons, according to G. F. Loughlin, of the U. S.
Geological Survey. Pennsylvania produced nearly twice as
much as any other state, Ohio ranking second, Virginia
third, and West Virginia fourth. The output of these four
states was 2,000,000 tons.

Wind Protection for Sand Dumps

The enforcement of regulations to prevent the u
semination in the atmosphere of dust from cyanh
tailings dumps in South Africa is strict, according)
the Financial Times of Feb. 27, and the method ta'-r
to comply with the law and avoid the nuisance at w
Champion Reef Gold Mining Co.'s mill is told by Sujr
intendent Gilford in a letter read before a recii
meeting of the South African Chemical, Metallurga
and Mining Society.

The growth of even the hardiest vegetation as i
means to counteract the effect of high winds on tl
ings sands has not been successful, but by sprayn
the sand immediately after deposition on the dui]
with diluted slimes from the Butter's filter plant ;
coating of consolidated slimes forms and has proii
effective, even in the heaviest monsoons. The sprayii
is done daily in connection with the current mill- i
sands, but on the unfinished parts of the dump, whr
daily spraying is not convenient, shallow slime d;i
at suitable points are made at the top and foot)
the dump. The slimes are then plastered over the sr
face of the dump by hand to form a covering four or i
inches thick. The Champion Reef slimes contain a li I
lime and magnesia and become fairly hard and dura<
The top of the dump is covered by flooding with slii?
for a depth of several inches. The impermeability >
such a cover over a large surface has required provisi:
for rain-water drainage, as the formation of large pd
would cause troublesome washouts. Large timber ij
masonry drains were built from top to bottom, and l
slimes-cover so distributed as to have a slight inclia
tion toward the drains. Mr. Gifford suggests that:
tailings less viscous than those of the Champion R«i
the addition of a little lime is useful for harden.]
and setting the slimes.

Low-Grade Ores Successfully UtilizJ
in Germany-
stopping of imports and rise in prices in Germaj
due to the war, have forced German metallurgists
make use of raw materials which were considered >
poor in peace times, according to Stahl u. Eisen, (ab:
Journ. Ind. and Eng. Chem.). In several cases, sii
cient success has been obtained by new methods;
justify the working of low-grade ores even in nor j
times. Thus, copper schists were hardly utilized wi
they contained only 2.5% copper. Now ores of
and even 0.7% find utilization. As regards iron -t
steel there has not been much change, but poor pyrj
and phosphatic ores are no longer rejected. The vai
dium for steel is found in sufficient bulk in slags wrl
do not contain more than 0.7% vanadium; the vl
framite of old waste heaps is a raw material >
tungsten; chrome ore of 24 % is welcome — half the p
centage formerly deemed worth mining — and souU
of nickel are worked if they contain 1.5', of nicll
bauxite of 40 % aluminum is considered sufficiently ri
It is also stated that the aluminum can, after all. !
got out of clay. There is no change as to arsenic :j
antimony. Sulphur, no longer obtainable as such.i
gained from gypsum and anhydrite, and phosphates'
20% are converted into fertilizer.

Hay 18. 1918

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

91S

Effect of Addition

Paste wen mad( at tin School of Mines at R
Mo., on Missouri lead and zinc ores to determim
tin ■ feet upon flotation results obtained by add-
inii various sulphates and alums to the pulp.
Three different oils were used in each test, mol
an especially designed flotation machine, having
an air lift, was employed. Detailed conclusions.

rESTS to determine t he effect of addition agents in
Dotation were recently made by M. H. Thornberry
and H. T. Mann at the School of Mines, Rolla, Mo,
? work outlined covered experiments on three ores :
sad ore from Southeast Missouri, a zinc ore from
ithwest .Missouri, and a mixed lead and zinc ore from
ithwest Missouri. Part of the work on the lead ore
sported in Met. and Chan. Eng., Dec. 15, 1917. The
I ore used was a slime typical of its district and
e the following analysis: Pb, 4.30-4. 64', : Zn, 0.30;

3.51; S, 3.57; Cu, none; CaO, 22.68; MgO, 13.11;
I insoluble, 16 68rr. A screen analysis showed the
owing results: On 28 mesh, none; on 35, lr, : lead,
! . on 48, 0.60%, lead 2.82',; on 65, 1.60%, lead
on 100, 4.6',. lead 3.07', ; on 150, 15.20'r, lead
I'.; on 200, 36.80<"f, lead 4.87r, ; through 200,
SO" , . lead 6.14 per cent.
'he slime when received contained 10-15rf moisture

was not dried; tap water was used in the tests All
itions and emulsions contained 5r, of the salt by
ght in water. The quantities used were 5 c.c, 15 c.c,
i.e.. and 50 c.c. per charge of approximately 800
ms of dry ore. These quantities are equivalent to
15, 1.875, 3.125 and 6.25 lb. respectively of the salt

ton of dry ore. A flotation machine with an air lift
: used throughout the tests. The air lift was
pted to overcome the difficulty of keeping in circula-
] either a charge of coarse ore or a charge of ore
h a high sulphide content. The apparatus used is
wn in the accompanying drawing.

Three Oils Selected for Tests

'ests were first run on this ore with a large variety
'ils. from which three were selected, namely: Cleve-
1-Cliffs Iron Co.'s flotation oil No. 1 ( hardwood creo-
0 ; General Naval Stores flotation oil No. 17: and
-ylic acid.

he method of conducting the experiments was as
>ws: The moisture was determined and a charge of
pulp containing approximately 800 grams of dry
was weighed and poured into the machine with suf-
■nt tap water to give the charge a dilution of five
vater to one of dry ore by weight. The machine was
ted and the desired quantity of the reagent added,
er a thorough mixing, oil was added at the rate of
lb. per ton and the froth skimmed off as fast as it
«d above the overflow of the machine. A bubble
imn of about 2 in. was carried until the very last of
experiment, when all froth was skimmed off. This
-tice undoubtedly, to some extent, raises thei extrac-
i and lowers the grade of concentrate, but, as this
'?edure was uniform throughout, the results are com-

in Flotation

Agents

parable. The duration of the tost was 40 io 45 minut
and the peed of the i 17 revolul iom per minute,

All operating conditions, th< peed of the

impellor, duration of the teBt, volume of pulp in ma-
chine, etc, were kept as uniform as possible, [i
large a number light variations

unavoidable. These would necessarily cause slight
variations in the results obtained; but nearly every re-
sult in the (hail- has been once, and where
there was a pronounced variation in either extraction
>r grade of concentrate, the results have been checked
several times.

With each of the three oils used, three experiments
were made without any addition agent and four each
with the different addition agents. The per cent, extrac-
tion and the per cent, lead in the concentrates for each

,- ... - Ckoron

- -

DESIGN OP FLOTATION APPARATUS USED IN Ti

experiment are shown by Messrs. Thornberry and Mann
on charts which it is not practicable to reproduce here.
In general it may be said that with the Cleveland-Cliffs
Iron Co.'s No. 1 oil the extraction varied from 70 to
i as estimated from chart) and the per cent, lead in
concentrates from about 49 to 68%. With General
Naval Stores flotation oil No. 17, the extraction varied
from (approximately) 75 to 97r, , and the per cent, lead
in concentrates from 49 to 74'. . When cresylic acid was
used, the extraction was 70-97% and the per cent, lead
in concentrates about 49 to 66 c , . The only exception to
the foregoing was in the experiments where cadmium
sulphate was added, which apparently is very detri-
mental, practically ruining the extraction and grade of
concentrate obtained. The results obtained with the
various addition agents are given by the authors as
follows :

"When sulphuric acid is added, the extraction is low-
ered without any apparent change in the grade of con-
centrates produced. This indicates that Southea-' Mis-
souri lead ores will give better results without acid
than with it.

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 2

"The addition of magnesium sulphate lowers the ex-
without anj grreat change in the grade of the
ntrates produced.

'Calcium sulphate gives rather erratic results. With
which produce clean concentrates with a good ex-
tion, the presence of this reagent lowers the extrac-
tion without any great change in the grade of concen-
trates produced; but with an oil which tends to lift the
gangue, its presence seems to improve the extraction.

"Barium sulphate has practically the same effect as
calcium sulphate.

"In general the action of sulphuric acid, which with
this ore forms calcium and magnesium sulphates, and
the action of the individual sulphates of the alkali earths
are very similar. With the exception of barium and
calcium sulphates when used with cresylic acid, the ex-
traction is lowered about 10', and there is very little
difference in the grade of concentrates produced.

Efff.ct of Alkali Sulphates

'•The presence of sodium sulphate seems to have little
effect on the grade of concentrates produced, but it does
have a noticeable effect on the extraction obtained. The
extraction may be better or poorer, depending upon the
quantity of sodium sulphate used and on the oil used.

"When potassium sulphate is added, both the extrac-
tion and the grade of concentrates are lowered to some
extent.

"The result obtained when using ammonium sulphate
shows that the results depend more on the oil used than
on the quantity of the salt present in solution. The re-
sults do not deviate sufficiently to make experimental
work promising.

"The tendency of potassium acid sulphate is to give
concentrates of higher grade, while it decreases the ex-
traction.

"The results obtained when using sodium acid sul-
phate are somewhat erratic. As there are no great varia-
tions either in the grade of concentrates or in the ex-
traction, no attempt was made to determine if there
were critical quantities which would produce a marked
result.

•The acid and normal sulphates of the alkalies do
not show sufficient deviation from each other, either
from the results obtained when using oil alone, or from
the results of one when compared with the results of an-
other, to make further experimental work desirable at
this time.

Effkct of the Addition of Alums

"The concentrates obtained when ferrous ammonium
sulphate was added were of a little better grade than
those produced with oil alone. The extraction varied
with the oil u

"When potassium alum was used it showed a tendency
to improve slightly the grade of concentrates. It lowers
the extraction to such an extent, however, that the im-
provement in the grade of concentrates is of no interest.

"The effect of ammonium alum, when the results are
considered as a whole, is to lower both the grade of the
concentrates and the extraction.

"When ammonio-ferric alum was added, the extrac-
tions were lowered considerably with the oils which give
a high extraction when used alone. With cresylic acid

then is practically no change in the' extraction, 'it
grade of concentrates is improved, slightly varying w.l
the oil used.

"When the percentage of lead in the concentrate
consul, ted. chrome alum does not have much effect, 'n
results are rather erratic, but the extraction is ti
formly lowered by the use of this salt.

"In general, when considering the alums and fern:
ammonium sulphate as a whole, the action of all tra
salts is very similar to those that have been discussec

Effect of Metallic Sulphates

"Manganese sulphate when present in solution
little effect on the grade of concentrates produced. 1
does lower the extraction slightly.

"The presence of ferrous sulphate causes varial
results. With the oils which give clean concentric
and high extraction, it lowers the extraction but a
little effect on the grade of concentrates produced. W
cresylic acid, the lead tenor of the concentrates prodl
is noticeably lower.

"The effect of mercuric sulphate is to lower the 3
traction without any very great change in the lead u
tent of the concentrates.

"Copper sulphate lowered the extraction notice; 1
and also lowered the lead content of the concent™
This is just the opposite of the results found in mi
cases when floating zinc ores.

"Zinc sulphate gives variable results. When consi
ing the extractions, it will be noted that some of tli
are a little higher and some slightly lower than W3
oil alone is used. Taken as a whole, the effect on I
extraction is negligible, though it does cause a notice'
lowering of the lead content of the concentrates. W
zinc sulphate is present, one might be justified in
ing the pulp a preliminary water-wash in order to rl
the grade of the concentrates and thereby save frel
and smelting charges.

General Conclusions

"Generally speaking, when the sulphates are prei
the tendency is to lower both the grade of concentr<
produced and the extraction. There are, howeve
few exceptions to this rule. For instance, when ur
sodium sulphate with cresylic acid, about the same g i
of concentrates is produced, but the extraction isi
ticeably higher. While a few instances may occu
which a certain salt has a slight beneficial effect.
effect is not nearly so pronounced as the detrinu
effect of cadmium sulphate. In fact, the positioi
cadmium is unique among the other salts, and for
reason it is our intention to publish later a stud
the behavior of cadmium salts generally.

"The poor extraction obtained when sulphates i
present can be overcome in some cases by giving
pulp a long treatment. This, however, lowers the
pacity of a given machine and increases the cos
treatment."

Output of French Collieries in 1917, according to
Echo des Mines, was 28,960,000 tons, as against 21,4/.
tons in 1916, and 19,908,000 tons in 1915. The impor
1917 declined to 18,470,000 tons from 20,952,000 tons in
and 19,983,000 tons in 1915.

ay 18, 1018

ENGINEERING AND MINING , I

917

latment of Oil Shale in ( lolorado

By f. a. Wadleigh

| treatment of oil shale for the extraction of petro-
and its byproducts promises to become one "i the
■ipal industries of the western states, and various
>anies have recently been organized to engage in
•reduction and refining of shale oil. The first cor
lion, however, to have passed the experimental stage
■ably the American Shale Refining Co., of Denver.
, composed of experienced oil men, who long
fied themselves that the production of oil from
was not only feasible but profitable; and on the

RETORT FOR THE DESTRUCTIVE DISTIL-
LATION OF OIL-BEARIXi ; SHALE

/

th of results- from laboratory tests upon Colorado
covering a period of two years, decided to enter
;ld upon a commercial scale.

er considerable study b\ the best available en-
ing and chemical talent, a retort furnace, capable
iting 150 tons of shale per day, was designed and
ucted, and is now being transported to the corn-
land near De Beque, Colo., where it will be in-
1 for operation. The furnace consists of four
ir combustion chambers and four retort chambers,
=red alternately, forming a cylinder approximately
high and 12 ft. in diameter, with two air-tight
anks on top containing the crushed shale, which is

ver, Colorado

fed automat i, all- onto B revolving (able in the top

"'"" chamberand i ,,,, while expi

to the heat. Bach retort chamber contai
table, which revolves on a main shaft extending from
the base to the top retorl chamber. Thl pro©

repeated throughout the thn ther ..-tort chaml

and provision ia made to regulate th, heat In th<

••i"""1""' con ibu tion chambers, so that when thi
finally drawn off by screw conveyors at th,- bottom it
is est, mated that 95 < , of the valuable constituents are
extracted. The furnace I . ,i ,,, vacuum and the

gases are drawn oil by means of a vacuum pump into
water-cooled condensers, from which the oils are col-
lected into storage tanks.

Numerous samples of shale from western Colorado,
eastern Utah and Wyoming have indicated that a profit-
able yield of oil per ton of shale ran be expected. Mean-
time, the extraction of the various byproducts is being
vigorously prosecuted.

Tin in the Siamese Malaya

Tin exports from the Siamese Malay States for the
year ended Mar. 31, 1017, amounted to 147,250 piculs 1 1
picul = 133 J lb.), against 151,175 piculs for the pre-
ceding year, according to Carl C. Hansen, Vice Consul
at Bangkok. Dredging for tin has proved to be so satis-
factory and profitable that while one dredge was used
in 1008, with an output of 467 piculs of tin, 16 dredges
were in operation in the various concessions in 1017, and
47,208 piculs of tin were recovered by that method
There were 10,000,000 cu.yd. excavated by these
dredges in 1017, against 0,000,000 yd. in 1016. The
amount of tin ore yielded varied in the different work-
ings from 0.44 to 0.87 catty (1 catty = about 1 .', lb.)
per cu.yd. During December, 1017, another dredge was
imported from the United States by the East Asiatic-
Co. to begin operations at its mine at Pong, in the
Takuapa district, where the ground is said to average
1 lb. of tin oxide to the cubic yard.

The following outputs of tin were reported for the
month of January, 1018: Tongkah Harbor Tin Dredging
Co., N. L., 125 tons; Tin Bentong, N. L., 742 piculs;
Bangnon Valley, N. L., 631 piculs; Ronpibun Extended,
N. L., 340 piculs; Deebook Dredging, N. L., 200 piculs;
Katoo Deebook, N. L., 215 piculs; Rahman Hydraulic
Tin, 300 piculs; Siamese Tin Syndicate at Gnow, 1454
piculs; and at Bandon, 056 piculs.

None of the tin produced in the Siamese Malay States
appears to reach Bangkok direct, but, on the contrary,
Siam, according to the trade statistics issued by the
Bangkok customs, imported from foreign countries 806,-
076 kilos of tin in the rough in 1015-'16 and 1,002,451
kilos in 1016-'17, and of the imports for the latter period
63,212 kilos were supplied by the United States, 52,013
kilos by Hongkong, 22,680 kilos by China, 103,632 kilos
by Singapore, and 760,013 kilos by the United Kingdom.
The reason for Siam's buying tin abroad while being it-
self a great tin-producing country is found in the fact
that the tin ore mined in Siam is shipped to the great
smelting works in the British Federated Malay States,
and further export of the metallic tin passes under Brit-
ish trade restrictions and henceforth is known as
"Straits tin."

918

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 2<

Sodium vs. Potassium Cyanide*

For titrating potassium cyanide it has been the uni-
versal custom to make up a solution containing 1.803$

• r nitrate, so that 1 c.c. was equivalent to 10 nig.
KCN. This was roughly 0.0707 A'. For titrating com-
mercial sodium cyanide it is possible, by a convenient
coincidence, to use .V 10 or .V 20 silver solution without
necessitating any calculation. One c.c. of AT 10 silver
solution is equivalent (by Liebig's titration, or using
the preferable modification with potassium iodide indi-
cator) to 5.202 mg. of CN, or to exactly 9.802 mg. of
NaCN. Now. OS is almost the exact percentage of
actual NaCN in the high-grade commercial material
now in use. Therefore one can titrate solutions with
\ 10 silver nitrate and call 1 c.c. equivalent to 10 mg.
of the actual 98 f< salt which has to be weighed out in
making up the solutions. For technical purposes it is
perhaps preferable to use N 20 solution (1 c.c. = 5 mg.
commercial NaCN), as the end-point with iodide indi-
cator is delicate and the burette readings then also in-
dicate "pounds per ton of solution" directly. For in-
stance, taking a 10 c.c. sample: suppose 2 c.c. of N/20
silver nitrate are consumed; this indicates 10 mg. or
0.10rf of commercial sodium cyanide in solution, or 2
lb. per ton of solution— the "ton" or "fluid ton" used in
hydrometallurgy being about 32 cu.ft, or the volume of
2000 lb. of water.

When determining sodium and potassium in a mixed
cyanide, chlorides and carbonates being the usual im-
purities, it is often possible to work by directly evapo-
rating with hydrochloric acid, gently igniting and
weighing the mixed chlorides remaining, and titrating
chlorine in part of the residue. The following formula,
based on 1914 atomic weights, gives the results in the
most direct manner possible:

If A is grams mixed chlorides, and B is total grams
chlorine in mixed chlorides; then K in grams is 2.4286
A minus 4.004 B, and Na in grams is 3.004 B minus
1.4286 A or A minus B minus K.

Not infrequently the class of cyanide can be deter-
mined simply by titrating cyanogen and alkalinity in a
fresh solution, using methyl orange as indicator.

It may not be out of place to call attention to the im-
portance, when testing cyanides for the presence of
alkaline sulphide, of preparing the solution at the mo-
ment of making the test, or, what is better, of dissolv-
ing the solid cyanide in the reagent to be applied. If
the cvanide is dissolved in water and allowed to stand
even a few minutes, the sulphide content may be seri-
ously diminished, and traces of sulphide may be easily
overlooked. Three simple methods are available: Shak-
ing with fine lead carbonate suspended in water; dis-
solving the solid cyanide in a solution of silver nitrate
containing slightly less than 1 molecule AgNO, for 2
equivalents CN, or dissolving the solid cyanide in a
little mercuric chloride solution, each of these reagents
yielding a black precipitate or dark coloration. The sul-
phide mav be quantitatively determined by the silver
or mercury method. Incidentally, while sodium cyanide
is not deliquescent, it is decidedly more soluble in water
than potassium cyanide.

In dilute solutions there is no apparent difference in

the stability of sodium as compared with potassi

cyanide; in each case decomposition is greatly increa

by access of air and retarded by presence of free all*

Prolonged tests made over a period of three years

dicated that in strong solutions there is comparatr

little difference in stability, the advantage, if any, 1\

on the side of the sodium compound, which in the

lost about 40^ of its cyanogen in 38 months, aga

nearly 50% lost by commerical potassium cyanide.

It has long been stated that 5 grains of cyanide 1

repeatedly proved fatal, at which rate a pound w*

suffice to kill about 1400 persons. This statement

doubt refers to cyanide of the old type, containing p

ably 30 to 35 % of potassium cyanide or, say, 12 to j

of cyanogen. Modern sodium cyanide — commercia

well as "C. P." — contains 50 to 52% cyanogen, or p

tically four times as much as the material formerly I

and is presumably four times as lethal in its actioi

that, as a measure of its toxic effect, a pound \w

contain more than 5000 fatal doses.

•Excerpted from an article by W. J. Sharwood in 'Journ. Ind.
and Eng. Chen).," April. I! !

Anaconda's Labor Commissionei

The establishment of the office of labor commissi
by the Anaconda Copper Mining Co. at Butte, V.i
opens up a field which, while it may not be enl"
new, will be watched with interest by mining men
will undoubtedly result in the adoption of simili
modified bureaus by various operators. Most nn
companies of the present day have established :
form of welfare work which tends to lessen the b«i
that has existed in the past between miner anci
ployer, and the steps taken by the Anaconda repn
a departure that has the approval of both. The pu
of this department will be to keep in touch wit
men and the conditions surrounding the miners, s>t
greater cooperation may be obtained. All comp.i
of the unions and men will be heard, and, wh<e
possible, an amicable agreement made immediate,
that constant bickerings, petty differences, and is
derstandings, which often develop serious trouble!
be prevented.

The appointment of Thomas J. Chope to this imr/t

post has met with general commendation. Mr. h

has been employed at Butte continuously sincel!

although he came there first in 1899, but left t

up further mining work in Utah, Idaho, and>1

points in Montana. His continuous employm t

various positions, the popular regard in which*

held by the men, and a broad knowledge of conti

ably fit him for the post which he now holds. C

menting on the appointment, the Anode says: I

appointment of Thomas J. Chope to fill this pi

is a natural one, and will meet with general ajre

Not only has he worked at every position in th(T)

from miner to foreman of one of the largestm

in Butte, but he has also filled many offices in the i

union in such a manner as to gain the confideie

respect of all associates. During the time 1»<

acted as shift boss, assistant foreman, and fe>

he never had a man killed at any of the pi*

which he had charge, and won one of the caslP

awarded by the Bureau of Safety by making on I

best records in accident prevention ever made-t

of the Anaconda Copper Mining Co.'s mines."

iiv is. 1918

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

919

kvery of Potash from Greensand"

i method of recovering potash from greensand,
kuconite, consists in digesting under pressure
I ground greensand with lime and water, thereby
ining caustic potash of remarkable purity and
le same time converting the residue into a mate
kf value. The reaction is carried out in large
;ters or autoclaves, heated by introducing into the
go high-pressure steam in sufficient quantity to
itain the desired pressure of about 225 lb. for a
■ of two to four hours. To conserve the heat, at the
letioil of each digestion the steam is allowed to
De and be condensed in the greensand-lime-water
ure next to be treated, and the content of the auto-
■, which should have a cream-like appearance, is
ed to separate the dissolved caustic potash from
nsoluble residue. The efficiency is largely depend-
ipon the thoroughness of the heat insulation,
i filtering, the potash appears in the filtrate as
ssium hydrate associated with so few impurities
on concentration it may be sold as a high-grade
uct without further treatment. Following is an
rsis: KO, 77.20 ; SOi( 0.90 ^ ; CL, 0.35 ^ ; SiO„
k ; A1A, free.

om the origin of glauconite it would naturally be
osed that the percentage of impurities would be
er and the variety greater than is found to be
:ase. According to standard works on mineralogy,
a hydrous potassium iron silicate, but this conclu-
was probably based on the simple analytical figures,
there are strong recent data to show7 that this is
its true composition. As greensand is at present
I carefully investigated, it will probably be shown
! a potassium iron compound enveloping free silica,
not a silicate. That it is of marine origin is un-
ted, and its rich green color is probably due
fly, if not entirely, to organic matter with which it
emically combined.

le solid remaining on the filter, which is the insol-
portion resulting from the digestion, is employed
e manufacture of steam-hardened brick, tile, artifi-
<tone, etc. It acts as a binding or cementing mate-
and is incorporated with high silica sand, as is
mary in the manufacture of steam-hardened prod-
but differs fundamentally in that, whereas lime
ilways previously been employed as a binding agent,
lis case a pre-formed self-cementing hydrous sili-
performs this function.

investigating the various factors governing the
of potash, it was found that a high pressure and
ge excess of water were absolutely essential. In
ing feldspar it is necessary to use eight times its
ht of water, and ten is a fair amount. This neces-
?d a great deal of evaporation, materially reducing
apacity of the plant and requiring a large outlay
initial heating.

• ter a series of experiments, it was determined by
;>cess of elimination that the alumina was the cause
e trouble. The only remedy consisted in the adop-
jof an alumina-free material, or one in which this
!-nt was partly or wholly replaced by a non-injuri-
!|ne. Greensand was tried. It was found that the

' ceroted from a paper presented by H. W. Charlton at the
'i meeting of the Amerioan Chemical Society. September. 1917.

concentration could be doubled, or, In fact, the water

COUld be reduced In 8 p'.iul w liei | ml po ihle

to agitatt Hie mixture, Some other difficulties met In
recovering potash fn par, thai were due t.» the

presence of sods and m, are obviated i,. thi

of greensand, which is practically free of soda

as of aluminum.

Greensand contains usually from <; t" 7', K,0, and
it may be almost completely recovered, but it is found
that 70 to 80ff of the total potash is a satisfactory yield
after considering such factors as dilution, time of <\r.
tion, etc. This means the production of about 100 lb.
of KO, and binder material for from 2(1,000 to 30,000
brick from each ton of greensand.

Centralized Control To Govern Lake

Superior Iron-Ore Shipments

A general plan providing for coordination of iron-ore
operators and consumers, vessel operators, railroad and
coal interests in the movement of the iron ores of the
Lake Superior district for 1918 was presented and ap-
proved at a meeting held in Cleveland, Ohio, on April 2.

An administrative committee of four members, one
each of the iron ore and coal trade and of the vessels and
railroads, was appointed and these interests will be rep-
resented by individual committees. Details of cargo
loading, unloading and distribution of ore will be
handled by the ore-operating committee; cargo allotment
of coal and loading and unloading problems will be in
charge of the coal-operating committee; the vessel-oper-
ating committee will look after vessel distribution and
supply, and the operating committee of the railroads will
supervise car supply and car movement. The keynote
of the meeting was conservation of rail movement.

The administrative committee consists of Harry Coul-
by, president of the Pittsburgh Steamship Co., repre-
senting the vessels; Matthew Andrews, of M. A. Hanna
& Co., representing the ore interests; A. A. Augustus,
of the Cambridge Collieries Co., representing the coal
interests, and George L. Peck, representing the rail-
roads. The iron-ore committee will consist of members
of the sub-committee of the American Iron and Steel
Institute on pig iron, iron ore, and Lake transportation.

Secondary Metals in 1916, according to J. P. Dunlop, of
the U. S. Geological Survey, are those recovered from scrap
metal, sweepings, skimmings and drosses. Dealers, re-
finers and smelters did a large and profitable business in
this material. The value of the secondary metals (ex-
clusive of gold, silver, platinum, iron, steel and ferroalloys)
recovered in the United States in 1916, was $265,377,856,
an increase of 233r'r over 1915. The value of secondary plat-
inum, iridium and palladium in 1916 was $4,000,000 and
of old jewelry, dental waste, etc., containing gold and sil-
ver, about $20,000,000. Old car wheels, rails, pipe and
other iron and steel shapes were often sold at prices in ex-
cess of the original cost. Smelters and refineries in St.
Louis and Chicago recovered about 37'i of the antimony
in alloys; those in New York and Philadelphia about 45' , .
The largest recoveries from tin dross, tin scruff and clean
tin scrap were made in Pennsylvania, New York and New
Jersey. Nearly all the secondary nickel was reported from
Connecticut. Approximately 350,000 tons of copper was
recovered; lead, 96,300 tons; zinc, 115,000 tons; antimony,
4480 tons; tin, 17,400 tons; aluminum, 19.300 tons, and
nickel, 816 tons.

;

EXG1NKKK1NG AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 2

Mmii.iiiiiimiimiiiiimimniiiuni UNI wnuMUUMiuiminmiiiUMUiu

, n iHiiuiuuiimiii ilium inmiiiiiiiiiiiuii inmiiiiiiimmiimiimiiiiiit iiiiiiiiinii iiiimiiiimuiiimiiimm i nuiii

Operations of Climax Molybdenum Co.

Hi' IPIIIIIIIUIII'

,„„,„„ mmmm iiimnililiniuu Wllin I m ■»« ininiii miiinniiiiiimini i niiiiiui

INTERIOE '

F MILL OP CLIMAX MOLYBDENUM

CO. AT CLIMAX. SUMMIT COUNTY. COLORADO

18, 1!'1S

ENGINEERING AND MINING J01 RNAL

STOPE IX MINE OP CLIMAX MOLYBDENUM CO. WHERE SHRINKAGE ST.,, MX.; WILL BE

a i .1 >i'TF.n

WHITE TUNNEL OP CLIMAX MOLYBDENUM CO. NEAR CLIMAX. SUMMIT

COUXTY. COLORADO

I ■ ggi

L

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 2

,„„„„„„„„ u. , i i • • — — ' ' "»"""" ■ ' " — " ' """""""""" '""" '

Details of Practical Mining

mmmm — t ■ — ■ ' """""" " ' ■■■ ""' """" ' ' """"""""" '""""

• •__ -i r> I? ;= tUo

The Apex Water-Blast Apparatus
By E. M. Weston

Whitehouse and Veasey have presented to the South
African Institution of Engineers a paper describing a
new water blast, detailing its design, as indicated in the
accompanying illustrations. The apparatus is construc-
ted so that the relative quantities of air and water may
be regulated to produce the most effective spray for
laying fine dust, and the device, with its shield, may
be brought up close to the working face and the water
blast delivered in the best position for covering the
whole area of the drift with spray. Each water blast
is numbered and has a numbered key, which is re-

propulsion of water traveling along C. F is the
regulating cone and H is the cone from which the S"
issues with velocity varying with the size. D, G, at
are supplied in various sizes, and any water blast:
be produced.

Powder Blast at the Perseveranc
Mine, Juneau, Alaska
By R. L. Healy*

An effective powder blast was recently set off a
Perseverance Mine of the Alaska Gastineau M:
Co., Juneau, Alaska. The manner in which the -
preparatory to the firing was done and the charge
quired, together with the costs and results accompl;
are of interest.

Referring to the sketch, it will be seen that the
stope East, sixth level, had been mined to the fifth
The upper stope, No. 2 East, fifth level, had
worked out and entirely emptied except for the coif
ore which had built up on the floor of the stope be;

DETAILS OF WATER-BLAST APPARATUS

movable only when the blast is turned on. The pipe-
fitter looks after the spray and there are no valves
between it and the water main. The shift boss in-
spects the apparatus every day by simply turning on
each sprav The miners coming off shift have to de-
posit the'kevs in the shift bosses' office, where they

ARRANGEMENT OF WATER-BLAST CONNECTIONS

are kept on a numbered board, thus giving evidence
that each spray is turned on. The trammer collects
the keys from the shift boss when coming in on the next
shift and turns the sprays off, leaving the keys in
If any keys are missing there is at once evidence of
possible danger from fumes, and precautions can be

The mining law of the Transvaal makes the use of
water blasts in development headings compulsory. In
the sectional view S is a cast-iron Shield. The remain-
der is of gun metal. A and B are passages for air and
■water in a cone plug. D is, a renewable plug to vary

WALL ' ■ ■■ /.: • .

SECTION A-A SECTION B-B

POWDER DRIFTS AT PERSEVERANCE MINE, JUM
ALASKA

the staggered chute raises. The purpose of th 1
was to knock out and shatter the floor pillar (i
bottom), allowing the-ore to drop into the stope)<
The level bottom could have been made to cave b;d
ing the ore on the sixth level, but this wou
resulted in a product made up of large blocks i
would have required bulldozing and blockhohn
they reached the chutes.

Tunnels 5 x 4 ft. were driven by contract labo I
foot wall and hanging wall sides of the stope, ai
crosscuts or pockets were cut out to take the *
As little of the muck was removed as possibl
ground is a tough albite schist, with quartz st t
and somewhat faulted. One-fourth of a poun<<
plosive per ton of ore was taken as the prop

• Alaska Gastineau Mining Co.. Thane, Alaska

D 18, 1918

KN(;i\KKKI.\<; AM> MINING JOURNAL

urge being of -10', Du Ponl gelatine, which is
v acting and low freezing. The temperature in the
s was well below freezing.

ic covers, only, were removed from the boxes and
primers placed in each charge with Du Ponl No, 6
i-it- blasting caps, each being tested before and
• making the primers. The different charges were
ected up in parallel, two sets of No. M wires being
in each tunnel as a precaution against breaking or
'-circuiting. The wires were strung on porcelain
s fastened to plugs driven into the hack in the
>r nearest the charges. All loading was done In
foreman. The pockets in the extreme faces were
■d first and the drift was tamped by shoveling the
; flush with the back, working back until the next
I was reached. This was then loaded, the pocket
drift tamped solid, and so on. The circuits were
d repeatedly with a galvanometer. No trouble was
i in protecting the wires. Loading and tamping
43 days, w'th six men working on two shifts, not
ting the foreman in charge.

I men were removed from the mine when the switch
thrown in from a point at No. 1 shaft, on the sur-
at the fifth level 700 ft. away. No explosion was
1: only a bare tremor of the ground was felt and
image was done to drift sets or chutes even within
. of the blast.

COSTS OF POWDER BLAST AT PERSEVERANCE -MINK
5,8501b. gelatine (1 17 cases), with caps $1,110 00

225 ft. of tunnel 1,575 00

Labor of tamping and loading 230 00

Electrical supplies and labor ... 25 00

To'"' J2.940

timates show 30,000 tons of ore broken
c. per ton. This tonnage, or 13,300 cu.yd.
5850 lb. of gelatine, shows a duty of 5
i.yd. per lb. of explosive. R. E. Murphy
lu office of the Du Pont Powder Co.,
3 successful operation of the blast.

oo

at cost
, broken
tons or
, of the
assisted

?ixing a Chute Mouth Without
Emptying Chute

By C. T. Rice
i wear and tear upon a chute are much less if it
pt well filled with ore all the time. When the
mouth in a square set stope requires repairing,
lot necessary to empty the chute, even when an en-
new mouth set has to be put in. It is possible,
both sides of the chute are accessible, as is the
ivhen the floor immediately above the chute level
Jt open, to "work in" from each side pieces of
ill steel so as to form a grid over the mouth that
old back the ore.

the Hecla mine, where a box chute the sides of
have 6 x 10-in. timbers and which has an opening
31 ft. square is taken up in the center of a three-
irtment stull-timbered raise, chute mouths fre-
ly require repairs. This is accomplished by bor-
ates about 10 ft. above the chute mouth, through
Jposite sides of the chute timbers and about 10 in.
as illustrated. Short pieces of drill steel (3-ft.
s are about right) are then driven through the
into the broken material contained in the chute,
e a drill strikes a boulder, the next one is driven,
ill the drills have been stopped by larger rocks or

have been driven m their full length rhe .one thing
is done on the other side, i he i hute ii then drawn until
the drills can l..' driven in ihe,, full length, formln

a grid across the chute that will hold Ihe larger pit
of material. The chute i again drawn until enough
largo rock has been caughl on Mm grid to top He' How
and allow the chute below the grid to he fully drawn

empty, Timbermen then lag serosa the chute ju I

above the bottom lor protection from sifted fine and
small falling rocks. The chute mouth ie then torn ou1

anil replaced by a new set. The tiexl problem is to re-

VERTICAL, SECTION OP CHUTE WITH ROCK FLOW CUT
OFF BY DRILL, STEEL OBSTRUCTION

move the grid. This is not so difficult as it would seem
at first. The object is to take the weight off the drills.
This is accomplished by hammering the ends of the drills
sideways so that the finer particles run through the
grid. As soon as the chute is filled to the grid, the
weight will be relieved from the drills and each can be
pulled out without much difficulty.

At the Hecla, chute timbers are 6 in. thick, and are
therefore strong enough to hold the drills in position
when the weight comes upon them. The same method,
however, has been used in a chute lined with 2-in. plank
by nailing heavy cleats to the chute timbers and boring
through both. Drills would be held in place more easily
if they went from side to side clear through the chute,
but the difficulty then would be to relieve the weight
for their removal. This method of holding back the
flow in a chute is not generally applicable, on account
of only one side usually being accessible, but the method
could be modified by reinforcing and working from one
side, using longer drills across the full width of the
chute.

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL Vol. 105, No. :

mmiuiiiiinimiimm iiiiiiiiuiiiiiiiiiiiim iiiiiiiiiiiiiimiiiimiiiii iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimini iimiimmimiiimiiiimiiiiiiiiimmiinm inn minium imiinimi i imiiiiiinui

Details of Milling and Smelting

uniinmnnininminmimiinii nnmmmii iiimn i mi ininn i in inn niiinnm in i inn i ninninnnninnnin i ininniiiiii minium

Antisell's Lugless Copper Anode

Frank L. Antisell, of the Raritan Copper Works,
Perth Amboy, N. J., has patented lU. S. Pat. 1,250,757)
a lugless electrode suitable for use in a multiple system
of electrolytic refining. Heretofore, in electrolytic cop-
per refining, the anodes have been cast with a horn or
lug at each upper corner for the double purpose of sus-
pending the anode and electrifying same; occasionally
anodes have been suspended from a rod or link for the
same purpose. Mr. Antisell states in his patent speci-
fication that in practice it has been found difficult to
cast satisfactorily a thin anode with lugs, owing to the

<s

T^

A5H

:rtA

FIG. Z

[V

{\

FIG I

FIG. 3

FIG. 6

FIG. 4-

DETAILS OF LUGLESS COPPER AXODE

freezing of the metal, and it has therefore been custom-
ary to cast anodes thicker than is scientifically proper.

It is desirable to place the anodes and cathodes in the
electrolytic tank as closely together as possible, to re-
duce the current density, to save power, and to improve
the quality of the copper, but this cannot be accom-
plished with anodes cast with heavy lugs. Furthermore,
it is difficult to hang the anode provided with such lugs
plumb in the electrolyte. Also, they are difficult to pack
satisfactorily for shipping and are liable to break in
handling, and are further objectionable because it is
impracticable to roll them, as the lugs are liable to
break.

Owing to the roughness of the cast lugs of the anode,
the electrical contact is poor. If the contact be made

satisfactory by filling or otherwise smoothing off
castings, the cost of such operation adds conside
expense to the process of refining. Owing to the
that the anode is energized generally from one side
there is a tendency of the lugs to cut off, on accou:
the electrochemical action, thereby making it nece;
to recast the anode before the end of its natural
and even after such an anode has been dissolved
lugs are left over as scrap, which must be melted
recast, adding additional expense to the operatic
refining. Most of the objections urged to the old
anode also apply to anodes suspended by hooks or
from cathode rods, with the additional objection o
or two additional contacts, which consume from
20% of the total power in refining, which in a
establishment is an important factor.

These objections, it is urged, have been overcor
the improved methods of suspension suggested ii
Antisell's patent, some of which are shown in tl
companying illustration. Fig. 1 is a side elevati:
one form of an improved bar for supporting th<]
posed electrode. Fig. 2 is a top edge view of onei
of an improved anode designed for suspension \
bar shown in Fig. 1. Fig. 3 is a side elevation •
same. Fig. 4 shows side view of another possibl<
struction of the bar and anode. Fig. 5 presents
tional view of anodes and cathodes suspended in a-(
ance with the suggestions of the patent, and Fi
transverse section of a tank with the improved n
and supporting bar in place and a corresponding ch
suspended from an improved suspending bar de$
for the cathode. Discussing this method of suspis
Mr. Antisell says:

"Owing to the inclination of the upper portion f
sides of the anode and of the projections formed i
suspension bar, the contact pressure is greatly incs
by the law of resolution of forces over that w'd
the case where the reaction is directly downwid,
in the case of a hook, but, owing to the angle, tl <
tact resistance resolves itself into many times le: t
what it would ordinarily be (in direct proportioro
angles formed). It is preferable to make this a k
contact so that the line of pressure perpendiculaio
inclination will be about three times as great s
vertical line of pressure. By doing this the psf
between the contact surfaces is increased aboutl
times, with a corresponding decrease in the conic>
resistance.

"The construction shown enables the same rod»r
to be used over and over again, and it is therein
vantageous from an economical standpoint to if
said suspension rod or bar in the best possible c<d
for making a good electrical contact between it K
anode. With this construction the rod may t \
thin, and therefore does not interfere with the «l
rod that supports the cathode, as was the ca
anodes heretofore cast with lugs, and in consequ I

M;n 18, 1918

ENGINEERING AM) MINING JOURNAL

Odes and cathodes may be placed closer together in
i tank. Again, as the recesses A are formed in a
itral vertical plane of the anode the anode tends to
lg perfectly plumb in the tank. The lugleas anode
y be passed through a rolling mill, thereby squeezing

the fins and inequalities due to roughness of the
ide mold, without affecting the method of suspension
is obvious that by the use of this lugless anode much
i scrap is produced and the anode is much easier to
idle and ship.

By taking advantage of the laws of the resolution
Forces, I am enabled to double, triple, ouadruple, etc.,

contact pressure between the anode or cathode sus-
ling rods and the conductor R by means of various
;les, with an evident saving. For instance, if the
Lr straight edge of the suspension rod were resting
fctly upon the contact bar B, and assuming the loss
this form of contact to be 25 millivolts, or 10', of

current flowing— a usual figure— by notching the
pension rod or bar as shown, when the triangular
ducting rod B is an equilateral triangle, the down
d thrust has the value, say, of 1, resolving itself
» thrusts perpendicular to the surface of the con-
ting bar of the value of 2. By actual experience it
been found that, within the range of current densi-

and pressures generally prevalent in copper r>
ries, the reduction in resistance of the contact is
it proportional to the pressure of contact. There-
■ taking into consideration the law of divided elec-
al circuits further reducing the resistance, it is
id that, by the improved form of contact, the con-
loss is reduced from 10rr to 2Arr or less.
t is true that, with this improved construction of
le and supporting bar, one more contact is added
he electrical circuit and the anode than is the case
re the anode has been cast with integral lugs as here-
re. From the above reasoning it might appear that
e resistance is placed in the circuit between the
t where the anode rods make electrical contact and
center of the anode proper, but as the angle of
act of the anode suspending rod and anode are so
ortioned that they give a contact pressure about
e times the vertical pressure, the contact pressure
to the weight of the anode is increased to the same
nt. This will reduce the 10 r( loss to a loss approxi-
dy 3ff, and, dividing this between the two points
uspension, it is again reduced to about l]cc loss.

is more than compensated for by using an anode
ension rod or bar of refined copper, which has
i greater conductivity than impure anode copper,
thus the total resistance is less with the lugless
e than with the usual form of anode."

device To Clear Slimes-Filtering
Screens

e accumulation of trash in a Dorr slime thickener
source of more or less trouble. Considerable wood
and other foreign substances can be readily taken
f the slime feed by the use of a simple contrivance
ed by one of the men at the Hercules mill, Wal-
Idaho. A 3-mm. screen was put in near the dis-
:e end of the slime launder feeding a Dorr thick-
Over the thickener there was also another

bunder, conducting th< overflow from th<

'"" '" settling tanks. Th< , ,,, ,,.„ became clogged

mth " I i'uii'- requiring frequent attention. A «

whci was rigged up in the eoncenti rflo«

laund.T and a ,.-ank am, extended outi ide. At .
revolution the end of ;i lever was depressed Al
opposite md of Hi., lex,.,- there was attached, through a
string and pulley system, a heavy nul impended ovei
the slimes launder screen. This intermittently falling
weight gave an impact to the i reen sufficient to prevenl
dogging of the mesh, as the accumulated uh
was caused to gravitate to one side, when- ,t could be
removed at intervals withoul the previous watching
that had been necessary.

Platform for Feeding Stamps
By Frederick W. Foote* •

The feeding platform used for small stamp mills is
usually fastened in some manner to the framework or
foundations of the stamps and is subject to great
vibration. This weakens the platform and also makes it
unpleasant and unhealthful for the feeder man.

I recently visited a small stamp mill and noticed a
simple method of obviating this difficulty that should

IMPROVED PLATFORM FOB FEEDING STAMPS

prove interesting to other stamp mill men. The plat-
form was detached from the foundation of the stamp and
2 x 4-in. upright posts were substituted. The lower ends
of the posts were rounded for about eight inches from
the bottom. Two springs from the head motions of a
Wilfley table were fitted on the foundation of the stamps
under the posts, the bottoms of which were inserted
into the springs. The collar on each 2x4 post kept it
up off the floor. This expedient entirely removed the
vibration and jar from the feeding platform and in no
way weakened its construction or impaired its use. The
change could be made in any stamp mill, as old table
head-motion springs can usually be found.

Eight Iron Blast Furnaces were completed in 1917, against
four new stacks in 1916. The new furnaces completed in
1917 were: In March, Bethlehem B; April, Gary No. 4;
June, Jones & Laughlin's Eliza No. 6; July, Cambria No 11
and Gary No. 3; August, Worth No. 3, Whitaker-Glessner
and Republic's Haselton No. 5. With these additions the
blast-furnace capacity of the country was brought up to
42,000,000 or 43,000,000 tons.

•Mining Engineer. 80 Broadway. New York.

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 2

mini iiimiiiiiiiniiiiiii iniiiiiiiiiiiinii nil iniiiiiiiiiiii

Events and Economics of the War

mum mum I Illllllllllll I IUIIIIII

nullum iiinnuiiiiuiniiiiiiniiiiiiiuniiiiiuiui

•ions of minor importance marked the week of the
German offensive just passed; Blight Rains were made
in the south by the Allies. With the sinking of the
cruiser •■Vindictive'- Oil May 9 across the entrance to
Ostend harbor, thereby hampering the use of the port.
the British struck another blow at the U-boats, following
the recent raid on Zeebrugge. Charges by General
Maurice that Lloyd George had misinformed the coun-
try on the military situation were disproved in Parlia-
ment by the Premier, who was upheld by the House
of Commons; General Maurice was retired; Field Mar-
shal Sir John French was appointed viceroy of Ireland.
tension is reported among the Slav elements in Aus-
tria-Hungary over the course of the government. A
treaty of peace was signed by Rumania with Germany.
Nicaragua declared war on Germany and her allies.

In the United States, the week of May 20 was set as
"Red Cross week" by the President. The Government's
plans for a huge ordnance base in the interior were dis-
closed. An increase of $300,000,000 a year in the wages
of railway employees was recommended by the Railroad
Wage Commission. The War Trade Board announced
that the Allied missions will pass upon all exports to
'heir countries before licenses are issued hereafter.

ment with a law forbidding the destruction of C(
The prohibition, it is said, will probably be effect
as silver bazaars in the country restrict their d
ings to foreign bars, stamped by reliable produ
and refiners, who certify to quantity and fineness,
bars made by domestic Indian refiners lack this st
ing, and are therefore difficult to market. Dispos;
rupee silver outside of India is prevented by
export embargo in force on the metal.

Melting of Silver Dollars Progresses

Since the Pittman Silver Act went into effect the
melting of silver dollars into bullion has greatly over-
balanced the calling in of silver certificates outstand-
ing. The cause of this is said to be the Government's
delav in printing the new Federal reserve notes that
are to be issued, under the terms of the act, to replace
the silver certificates withdrawn, thereby preventing
anv contraction of the currency. The work of melt-
ing the coins began promptly with the signing of the
bill by the President, and shipment of the silver
bullion to India, via San Francisco, was started by
the Government as soon as possible thereafter and is
still continuing. The silver, which is going to India
for the purpose of settling American trade obligations
there that cannot otherwise be liquidated, is consigned
to the Calcutta Mint, where it will either be melted
into rupees or added to the silver reserves back of the
Indian currency.

At the same time the Government began to buy
silver in the open market at $1 per oz., in accordance
with the new law. Steady shipment to India is ex-
pected, as American obligations in that country for
materials purchased are said to be heavy. The bullion
content of the Indian silver rupee is 165 grains, and
with silver fixed at $1 per oz. the silver in the rupee
is worth more than the nominal value of the coin.
The value of the rupee as bullion equals its nominal
value when silver is worth 94.3c. per oz. Normally,
then, a profit could be had by melting rupees and
selling the bullion. Any tendency in this direction,
however, has been forestalled by the Indian govern-

Bituminous Output Increases

Production of bituminous coal for the mont

April, 1918, is estimated by the U. S. Geolo,

Survey at 46,478,000 net tons, an increase of <

over April, 1917. Production for the four mc

ended April, 1918, is estimated at 181,992,000 net:

an increase of more than 5,000,000 net tons, or ;•

3%, over the corresponding period in 1917. D-

the week ended Apr. 27, 1918, the bituminous o;

broke the record, with 11,668,000 net tons. The

age production per working day was 1,946,00'

tons, compared with 1,680,000 net tons during |

1917. Reports show a gradual improvement I

service. Loss of production on account of car I

age throughout the country during the week i

Apr. 20 was 16.2%, and that due to labor shct

4.8%. The demand for coal is likewise impr:

During the same week, production loss due t

market" was 1.8% for the country as a whole, au

2.8% during the preceding week.

The loss due to "no market," however, is still a
in the states west of the Mississippi River, I
summer production must be maintained if tn
Burners are to avoid a serious coal shortage neM
ter In these states the mines have ample cd
to care for the consuming territory allotted^
under the zone system of distribution, but the;"
be kept at work throughout the year to provii
necessary supply.

"Cost Plus" Contracts Discredit

The cancellation by Charles M. Schwab of th I
plus" contract under which the Submarine Bo
poration, of Newark, N. J., was to build 160 5
ships for the Government follows closely upon i 1
nouncement of the Government's new method of a
locomotive contracts. The "cost plus 10 , J
apparently a thing of the past-at any rate, a-»
new contracts are concerned.

In commenting upon the locomotive contracts
respondent of the Evening Post says:

"The understanding is that in the future j
will be awarded on a fixed basis, subject tc > de
In one instance it was provided that 1
ernment assumes all responsibility for materia '

av 18, 1918

ENGINEERING AND MINING 101 RNAL

927

plant holds itself liable for labor and overhead costs.
ither words, it* materia] goes above prices prevalent
he time the deal was made, the producer is reim-
sed; if there is a saving, the Government rets all
1. The distiiu'tioii between this plan and the other

at all responsibility has been assumed by the nianu-
urer. So far as can be ascertained, the hope is to
luce the business at between 5 and 10', profit. It

not the opinion in well-posted quarters that this
Id militate against production, the contention being

in order to pet profits on a large amount of busi-

on a small income basis the work would have to
urned out rapidly."

distant Fuel Administrator Appointed

he appointment of Cyrus Garnsey, Jr., as assistant
i. Fuel Administrator was recently announced by
Harry A. Garfield. Mr. Garnsey will be in general
•ge of the administrative work of the Fuel Admin-
ition. He will supervise the business office of the
lustration, the legal matters, the fixing of oper-
:s', jobbers' and retail prices, as well as conserva-

I and education and the work of the state adminis-
>rs. Mr. Garnsey was born at Seneca Falls, N. Y.,
ipr. 10, 1861. In 1899 he purchased an interest in

' became the executive head of the Galloway Coal
i of Memphis, operating mines in Alabama. At the
(3 time he became general manager and one of
! owners of the Patterson Transfer Co., in Mem-
I, the largest in the South. He sold out his entire
rest in the coal business on Jan. 1, 1917, and at the

II time retired from the active management of the
;<fer company, though still retaining his interest in
latter.

Ship Welding To Be Tested

sctric welding of plates in ship construction is to
" sted at the plant of the Federal Shipbuilding Co.,
; ewark, N. J. The experiments, under the direction
| rthur J. Mason for the Emergency Fleet Corpora-

0 will be conducted on a section of a hull conforming

1 itline, dimensions and strength to the ships the
eral company is building. The system to be followed
. iefly, to assemble the plates of the hull raDidlv bv
" welding them in place and then to finish the seams
re welding. The spot welds will be made at 10-in.
itvals. The appliances necessary for the spot weld-
'ire being made by the Universal Electric Welding
o )f New York, and arc welding will be done by the
fi >n Welder and Metals Co., Inc., also of New York,
hugh the spot welding, the ship will quickly take
P sufficient to furnish protection against the weather,
31 by day and night ; by arc welding, the seams will
e rengthened and rendered water-tight.

'10.000-ton ship costing $2,000,000 now costs but
V 00 to rivet. The chief advantages to be derived
o electric welding, therefore, are rather in doing
' with or diminishing the work of the template
*rs and markers, the punching and much of the
«g and bolting done on the ways. The journey from
*g mill to fabricating plant, when at a distance,
"'dso be eliminated. Altogether, it is estimated that

a Baving can be effected of ■ month's time In con
struct ion and of about $40 a ton in the cost of the strut
ture. which means a1 lea I $100,000 on a 10,000-ton

vessel.

Only three-quarters of the structure will be welded,
it being planned to rivel the remaining quarter bo
to afford comparison in tin teal to wrhii h

the hull will be subjected. These will include filling the
hull with water and shifting the points of supports as
well as bumping with ram and "ther forms of abuse.

War Industries Board Section on
Chemicals and Explosives

The activities and personnel of the chemical and ex-
plosives section of the War Industries Hoard are as fol-
lows: Matters pertaining to manganese, chrome, tung-
sten and ferroalloys are handled by 11. W. Sanford;
explosives by Leland L. Summers; sulphur, pyrites and
alcohol, by William G. Woolfolk; inorganic chemicals,
metals and non-metals, electrolysis, electrometallurgy,
electric furnace, ceramics and refractories, organic com-
pounds and dyestuffs, by a consulting staff composed of
Dr. H. M. Moody, Dr. Samuel A. Tucker and Dr. E.
R. Weidlein; glass, chemical carboys and stoneware,
by Robert M. Torrence; coal, gas products such as
benzol, toluol, etc., nitrogen, oxygen, and rare gases such
as argon, helium, etc., by J. M. Morehead; nitrates by
Charles H. MacDowell; fine chemicals, including medic-
inal, analytical and photographic, by A. G. Rosen-
garten; pigments and paints, by R. S. Hubbard; mica,
by J. H. Adams; acids and heavy chemicals, by Albert
Brunker, A. E. Wells and R. S. Hubbard; alkalies and
chlorine, by H. G. Carrell; wood distillation products,
platinum and platinum metals, commandeering and
requisitioning, by C. H. Conner; toluol distributions,
creosote, by I. C. Darling; tanning materials, greases,
tallows, vegetable oils and waxes, by E. J. Haley.
Leland L. Summers is chief of the explosives section
and Charles H. MacDowell chief of the chemical section.

Germany Seeks Caucasus Manganese

"In the German metallurgical industry, the cession
of the Caucasian districts, Batum, Ardahan, and Kars,
to Turkey is considered as a great stroke for Germany's
economic future," says the Zurich correspondent of the
Evening Post, "because of the manganese deposits exist-
ing in this region. The German metallurgical industry,
having had during the war no possibility of importing
this metal from overseas, could get only small quan-
tities from some Hungarian mines. The price of man-
ganese iron became, therefore, especially high. The Ger-
man politically influential iron manufacturers declare
that it is far more urgent to assist Turkey to recon-
quer the district of Batum than Bagdad and Jerusalem,
places which have only a sentimental value.

"It is further remarkable that some Austrian person-
ages in close touch with Turkish circles declare that
nobody in Constantinople knew even one day before
the settlement of this peace that Turkey had asked for
this Batum district. The national war aims of Turkey
were discovered in the laboratories of the German steel

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 2

trusts at Essen. Since the Batum district became in-
dustrialised, about 30 years ago, the Mohammedan

population has become a small minority."

Higher Wages for Railroad Workers

A recommendation has been made by the Railroad
Wage Commission to the Director General of Railroads,
William G. McAdoo, that approximately $300,000,000
be added to the annual payroll of the roads under Gov-
ernment control. The increases, affecting more than
2,000,000 persons, will be effective as of Jan. 1, 1918, if
approved. They are figured on a sliding scale of from
1 :>i'.rr to 43r, of the wages received by employees on
31. 1915. The increase will be added to the em-
ployee's wage at that time. Increases granted since
Pee. 31, 1915, are to be included as part of the increases
now granted. The largest increases go to those who
receive the lowest wages, and on this theory all of the
findings of the commission are based. It is expected
that the commission's report will be adopted with altera-
tions. Secretary Franklin K. Lane is chairman of the
commission.

rivets in a plate floor on skids in nine hours at he
plant of the Detroit Shipbuilding Co.. in Wyanck j
Mich. William Hartz, of the Calumet River planlo
the Chicago Shipbuilding Co., drove 3055 rivets in hv
hours.

The British record was made by Robert Farn*
of Fraser & Fraser's plant, in London. Farrant ajr
aged slightly less than 475 rivets an hour, or one e^ry
7 seconds. From now on the contest is expected t>b»
keen. The title must be regained and kept on this d
of the Atlantic.

Will Restrict Coal to Canada

Plans for restricting the movement of anthracite
from the United States to Canada during the present
coal year have been formulated by the U. S. Fuel
Administration in cooperation with the fuel controller
of Canada. A representative of Fuel Administrator
Garfield attended a recent conference of representa-
tives of coal operators, coal miners and railways in
Canada, at which this problem was discussed.

An agreement was reached embracing the following

points:

Anthracite supplies to points in Western Canada
will be materially restricted during the present coal
year; no American anthracite will be available for
shipment to points west of Winnipeg; the Canadian
public, both east and west, must be given to under-
stand distinctly that conservation of coal must be
practiced to the utmost extent by all classes of con-
sumers.

Angl(

lo-American Riveting Contest
Open to All

The start of an international riveting contest be-
tween American and British shipyards was announced
on Mav 8, when the news was received from London
that a "gang there had driven 4267 rivets in nine hours.
Tt developed that Lord Northcliffe recently cabled the
U. S. Shipping Board asking for the records of Ameri-
can rivet gangs and details of their work to stimulate
rivalry.

The American record set by "Finner" Schock. which
the British set out to beat, had already been surpassed
several times on this side of the water before word
of the amazing British achievement was received.
Edward Gibson and his gang at the plant of the Federal
Shipbuilding Co., in Kearney, N. J., drove 2919 !-in.
button-head rivets in a ship's floor in eight hours, and
John Corrigan, assisted by three men, drove 3415 2-in.

Giant Ordnance Plant for Tnterio

A huge ordnance plant will be built, equipped nn
operated at the expense of the Government by the Ui
States Steel Corporation without profit, it has beenm
nounced by Judge Elbert H. Gary, chairman of the
poration.

"At the solicitation of the Secretary of War,"
Judge Gary, "the United States Steel Corporation la
undertaken to construct and equip for and at the^x
pense of the Government, upon a site in the interic c
the country, a plant for the manufacture of cannon n
projectiles of large sizes and in great quantities, ar t
operate the same when finished.

"At best, the time required will extend over a di
siderable period, and the cost will be large, but the «
will progress with all practicable speed, and econoir i
the use of money will be practiced. It is hoped an<e>
pected the results will be creditable to the country.

"The work will be in the immediate charge of a I
mittee consisting of a vice president and the conti It
of the corporation, and eight others designated oi
the officers (presidents or vice presidents) of the vain
manufacturing subsidiary companies, and all sell
because of their education, experience, and pen;
fitness."

Almost Quarter Million Tons of Sip
Launched in April

The records of the Bureau of Navigation shown
over 240,000 tons deadweight in shipping was tint
out in American shipyards in April, or an increa
approximately 50% over the March launchings. 1 1
week ended Apr. 29 they launched 41,105 tons, nun
a total of 1,405,000 tons since the building prograrg
under way. Nearly 50,000 tons of completed ships e
delivered during the week. Three steel ships an
gating 18,305 tons and one wooden ship of 3500 oi
were launched in one day. One of the four wd<
ships put into the water during the week, the "Capois
of 3500 tons, was launched by the Grant, Smith Fft
Co., Portland, Ore., in 50 days from the timet
keel was laid, the shortest time ever recorded for laK
ing a wooden hull of that size.

Gold Mining Activities are not to be curtailed. The a
tenance of the nation's gold output has such an imp(«
bearing on finance that no serious consideration has*
given proposals from some quarters that gold mining i"
ties be reduced.

Was 18, 1918

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

■" "Ml" """""""""" ' ' riiiiiiniittii n i , wn ,„ , , ,„ , , mmmm u (

Industrial News from Washington

By Pa i i U'ooton, Special Correspondent

—

inn miiinii

Minerals Control Before Senate
Mines Committee

The undertaking proposed by this bill is one of the

it monumental things that has been brought to my

mtion. Intricacies and important questions bristle

his measure. The amount of money that will be re-
red is stupendous. If we can devise some economic
line which will take care of the situation. I should
i to see it done."

•his expression from Senator Jones, of New Mexico.

)re the Senate Committee on Mines and Mining puts
n words a thought which evidently is in the mind

ach of the members of the committee consideriiiR
I Minerals Control bill.

hat the sulphuric-acid plants of the United States
be making acid at the rate of 0,000,000 tons an-

lly before the end of the year was revealed when

Mmr E Wells testified before the committee. Mr.

as formerly in charge of the Salt Lake (in

ion of the U. S. Bureau of Mines, but is now sta-
led in Washington, where he is advising the War
UStries Board on matters pertaining to sulphuric
I. He told the committee that the country is at

ent making acid at the rate of 8,000,000 tons per
urn.

espite the remarkable acceleration of manufacture,
Output of sulphuric acid is not yet adequate to the

try's needs, Mr. Wells said. As an expansion in the
>osives program is probable, he said it would be

Bsary to take some acid away from other industries.

) continue to draw at the present rate on the sul-
|" deposits of Louisiana and Texas will be danger-
i in the opinion of Mr. Wells. He regards the ex-
I of the sulphur reserve as uncertain, and declared
" the fact that acid manufacturers can secure brim-

; readily is having a depressing effect on the de-
:>ment of the domestic pyrites industry. It is Mr.

;' idea that sulphur production should be brought
I a pooling system from which supplies could be ai-
led to the acid manufacturers.

ie War Department is working on a plan which will

'he zinc smelters in the Mississippi Valley to

Pite at maximum capacity — another interesting

| brought out by Mr. Wells, who also told of unsuc-

nl efforts to secure the establishment of explosives

s at western smelteries, where abundant acid will

* mailable.

'ring Mr. Wells* testimony, Mr. Macbeth, who rep-
to a considerable extent the mining industry'
1 !aho and adjacent territory, inquired why the Gov-
"ent should secure acid for wealthy manufacturers
! plosives and fertilizers. "Why," he inquired, "get
anese for steel makers? They manage to secure
"'Tiany other substances that they need unassisted

ie Government."
^ ""ing the hearings, there was a tendency to accept
■ ial the orders issued by the Shipping Board deal-

I Illllllllllillllll • .'.in,: llllllllllll!llllillllllllllllllillliiliiiiiiiii|iiii[i|ii|i|iiii,|iniiiii|ii|iiiu,|Nilm iiiiiiiiiiiiiui mi.

ing with the removal of ships | pecified trade

Senator Jones pointed oul that it maj develop t!
of these ships may be replaced in commercial sei
when it is shown that we can better afford to use them
than to add to the difticu the railwaj ituation

The Government should I mpowered to control

prices, to distribute the mat. •rial- produced to
users and to control the retailer, it was stated by
Charles W. Men-ill. who is in charge of the chemical
division of the Food Administration. It is necessary.
he said, to control prices and to stimulate production of
essential minerals, as well as to prevent exorbil
profits on the part of those who might be inclined to
take advantage of abnormal conditions.

Mr. Merrill spoke largely with regard to arseni. .
which he admitted will not be affected materially by the
Minerals Control bill, inasmuch as ample authority is
given in the Lever act to control the arseni. situation.
He pointed cut that the production of arsenic was L'o
greater for the first quarter of the current year than it
was during the corresponding period of 1917, despite
the fact that the price has been reduced from 16 to 9c.
per lb. Even with this increase, production is only
keeping pace with consumption, which Mr. Merrill re-
gards as unsatisfactory, as demand may increase sud-
denly. Such a contingency as an insect plague or the
determination to use greater quantities in poison gas
would increase the demand considerably above produc-
tion. He also stated that the Government's investiga-
tion had developed that the cost of producing arsenic-
was from 5 to 6c. a pound.

L. A. Friedman, a mining man from Lovelock, Nev.,
told the committee that the fixing of a high maximum
price for tungsten would probably result disadvantage-
ous^- to operators who are working on a permanent
basis. A very high price, he believes, would be likely
to bring a large supply of tungsten into the market
quickly, with the result that overproduction would take
place, to the detriment of those who are in a position
to produce practically all the tungsten needed at cur-
rent prices. Mr. Friedman is opposed to the licensing
system.

Arthur B. Carnahan, a metullurgist and vice president
of the American Rolling Mills Co., of Middletown, Ohio,
told the committee that steel makers can change their
practice so as to get along nearly as well with 65',
ferromanganese as with higher grade. Mr. Carnahan
believes that Government control is necessary and that
it should include the power to invoke both minimum
and maximum prices.

Senator Shafroth, of Colorado, expressed himself as
being heartily in favor of minimum-price fixing. A. G.
White, the economist for the Bureau of Mines, declared
that he wants to see the consumer protected from a
runaway market by a maximum price. An interesting
point developed at the hearing is that manganese stocks
in this country are now at the lowest point in the his-
tory of the steel-making industry.

930

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No.

Tin Needed in Silk Manufacture

In view of the Investigation which has been made by

the War Industries Hoard to ascertain where it is pos-
sible to conserve the use of tin. the opinion of C. L.
\uger, president of the National Silk Buying Co., of
Paterson N J., is of interest. Mr. Auger's testimony,
however, is that taken by the Tariff Commission, and is

follows: . ,. .

It the Government, in order to conserve tin, should cut
off ou supplv of this material, the actum would interfere
PrnrVrv with the manufacture of popil ar-pneed s.lks. ad
manv -operatives who DOW earn their hvehhood in the silk
business' would be thrown out of employment Then too,
if the manufacture of popular-priced silks is cut tailed, it
wiuincrW the demand for other textiles such as wool
and wool mixes for dress goods, of which there is a grow-

'" Tin hVthe form of tetrachloride of tin and in conjunction
Witt tannhl is used for weighting silks; there is no com-
mercial substitute. There is a mistaken idea that t.n-
wefcht ne injures the fabric, but this is not the case If
weifhtmf is done carefully, as at the present day, and the
limit of the weighting is kept down to the extent that our
domestic manufacturers keep it down, weighting has prac-
tic Ulv no effect on the strength of the nber.

It is also a mistaken idea that the American silk dyers
are large users of tin. As compared to .the consumption
of tin in the United States, the consumption of tin in the
silk : dveme industrv represents a small percentage, and of
this small percentage less than one-half actually remains
in the fiber Tne greater part of the balance is recovered
from the wash water and converted into metallic tin

The American silk-dyeing industry requires from 500 to
600 drums, weighing 900 to 1000 Pounds each < of 1 tetra-
chloride of tin monthly. This is jn liquid fo m and tin con
stitutes 45.4 ^ of the weight of the solution. ine toiai
amount of metallic tin used yearly may be figured as about
1500 tons gross, but much of tins; » wa!hed ** £lw?^
the repeated immersions in the tetrachloride to which the
silk ™P subjected. Nearly one-half is so washed off, the
greater part of which is recovered and resold, so that the
total requirements of the silk-dyeing industry, based on
hberal figures, would not exceed 900 to 1000 tons »et .of
metallic tin per annum. We understand that the United
States requires about 70,000 tons of tin per year so that
it is evident that we require but a small per cent, of this

t0Then too it must be borne in mind that the tin that we
use is recovered from scrap tin, part of this being waste
made in tne manufacture of tin plate and part consisting
of used tin cans. Tin plate consists of iron sheets covered
with tin so that in detinning there is obtained only a small
proportion of tin, by weight. From 2240 pounds of tin-
plate scrap the detinning companies recovered formerly
Cm 60 to 70 lb. of metallic tin but from the tin-plate
scrap made to-day the yield is not more than 40 to 4o lb
The tin recovered from used tin cans is 29 to 30 lb. of
metallic tin per 2240 lb. of such cans.

War Board Rations Rubber Imports

Unusual importance is attached to the War Trade
Board's announcement on May 9 regarding the restric-
tions placed upon the importation of crude rubber. The
policv outlined in that ruling doubtless will apply to
manv other imoorts, including many minerals. That
part" of the board's statement which embodies the pol-
icy laid down is as follows:

TVip restriction will be given a practical test during the
next thrW months to determine the adequacy of the ration
Secided upoT After a three months' trial of the ration
the experts of the board expect to be in position to say
whether the imports allowed will suffice for the indispens-
able needs of the rubber industry and to make the necessary
adjustments should the amount fixed upon, after consulta-
tion wTth representatives of the trade, prove too large or
too small Unjustified hardship to the industry and to the
consumer will 'thereby be avoided as far as . possible, par-
ticularly in view of the fact that the stocks in this countiy
at present are fairly large.

It is of course impossible to cut down the amount <
rubber needed for use in military contracts for this n
the associated governments, so that the restriction Will ii
chiefly upon producers of articles not destined for i

Estimates of the amounts of rubber required upon ic
contracts lead the experts of the board to believe tha t!
available supplies of crude rubber from imports dunnitl
current quarter will permit an allocation to each rri
facturer on the basis of approximately seven-sixteentl .
his consumption of rubber during the calendar year l

In justice to manufacturers and to prevent attemp i
coiner the available supply, measures for an equitable*
tribution of the smaller quantities of crude rubber imp*
among the manufacturers in proportion to their rente
needs were deemed necessary by the board. In arraim
this allocation the board has had recourse to the good ue
of the Rubber Association of America.

Brunton Heads Inventions Boar;

D W Brunton, known nationally in mining and jc
nical circles, has been selected to head the adv.
board which has been created as a part of the ne i
ventions section of the general staff corps of thef
Department. Mr. Brunton also is the chairman c t
War Committee of Technical Societies. The aduo
board eventually is to consist of from 12 to 15 |
bers, so as to include men having technical knovwi
of the various problems involved in war invention:
addition, arrangements have been made whereb t
board will receive direct assistance from organize
and institutions best qualified to pass upon inveiw
of a mechanical, electrical or chemical nature.

The advisory committee, in addition to Mr. Brut,
at present includes the following: Dr. Graham I j
National Research Council; Col. James W. Ffl
motors division, War Department; Col. J. A. Ho. si
Surgeon General's office; Lieut.-Col. Morgan L. I
engineering branch, Bureau of Ordnance; LieiM
Robert A. Millikan, science and research divisioi I
nal Corps; Lieut.-Col. N. H. Slaughter, radio sti
Signal Corps; Maj. Joseph A. Mauborgne, elen
engineering section, Signal Corps. Other memb-s
the board will be named later.

Relief in Sight for Tin Situatin

Advices have reached officials in Washington I
large tonnage of tin destined to the United St|
now afloat. Other shipments are expected tool
soon, furnishing a measure of relief in the tin SltJ
A desirable combination is thought to have bm
fected in the concern which is to operate the nea
Island tin smeltery. The Williams-Harvey C
demonstrated its competence in smeltery ope*
Simon Patino controls the necessary production*
the National Lead Co. is in a position to utilize trs
tery's output.

»

A commission to look into safety matters and 1
recommendations for medals and other awards n
named by the Joseph A. Holmes Safety Assoa
The committee consists of J. W. Paul, repre*
state mine inspectors; William Green, represent.?
United Mine Workers, and J. D. Cannon, reprt*
the Western Federation of Miners.

Remember the Comfort Fund of the 27th BngH

lay 18, 1918

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

981

ioke Rises — Also the Comfort Fund

lrhen your effort goes up in smoke, you ran smile,

it was just what you wanted, perhaps, when you

that check to the Comfort Fund. The smoke

«D will baffle the foe that attacks the morale of the

i. Though tobacco is only one of the comforts that
I fund provides for the 27th Engineers, it is one of
I most important. Abroad it is treated as a neces-

; tobacco cards have even been issued to the French

-)the women as well as the men in fact — so that the

i ply may be equally distributed. It is up to you. .vl>\

.Man. to look out for the men in the mining

liment; to see that each one gets his fair share of

he comfort and fun there is to be had. If you have
< already contributed, send in your check today.

he officers of the regiment write that they all take

reat interest in following the subscriptions to the
' ifort Fund from week to week, and feel a great
lie in the support that so many of their mining
inds are giving to them and their regiment.

ecently we shipped to Camp Meade, for B and C

tpanies, cases containing 121 sweaters, 249 pairs of

3 wristlets, and 72 helmets. The wool for this

I furnished out of the fund, but the ladies of the

nan's Auxiliary of the American Institute of Min-
r Engineers, under the direction of Mrs. H. N. Spicer,
irnian, did the work. Also, they are keeping at it.
' officers of the regiment express their high appre-
iion of what the ladies are doing in behalf of the
I The fund stands as follows:

meering and Mining Journal J1000 00

I York Engineering Co 1000 00

fiend. Nov. 23 .....; 500

: ,,.• • ■,: 5.oo

1 . Charlton 500

t ?• Hardinge ..'.'..'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'. lOOoioo

U N. Spencer B00

'JDC,oursen 6.00

Polhemus 5 qq

Janeway ..'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'. 10.00

' t P. Beers 10 00

^.aves„ 10.00

\an Mater 25.00

,>gelstein & Co 100.00

Lme 10 00

I Bassett (Hanna Ore Mining Co.)'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'. 10.00

lend. Pec. 10 10.00

Jlosman 10 00

I ican Zinc. Lead and Smelting Co. '.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'. '.'.'. '. '. 10o!oO

I ,n~ ■ ■ 5.00

f 1 ^Guggenheim 10o.00

r rd S.' Morse ".'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'..'. 2500

1st Heckscher joo'oo

I Jnda Copper Mining Co .' 100o!oO

I -s Le ^ asseur en*

'end. Pec. 13 5000

a^AJewett ::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 18:80

18_r- »inn 10 no

■ Gosrow ... 1?XX

( Ja<=kHng ■.'.'.'.•.•.'.•.■.•.•.:: ::::::::::.:::::; 100.06

Brickenstei'n .':.'.'.■.■.'.•.•.•.■ X? 22

Northrup . r nn

: s. Mayer & Ball. . ! \ ] ] ] ." ] [ .' ; .' \ 50 00

ilJi hmcal Staff' American Metal Co., Ltd 30.00

iena, Jan. 9 moon

s%°™ee :::::::::::::::::::::: ^iSioo

• I Kerr ....... J .; .' g"gg

(25 Washoe Smeit'er'y. Anaconda Copp'er'Mining

ipany 205.00

tj p~- Crraham '5 00

a cSr'JOTada Consolidated, Ray' CoAsol'idated

end Jan ,,er c°mPanies 1000.00

1 Gillie 500

HoSsV:. •.•.■■•.••.■•. •.■.■. 2550°0U

. "lfson " 500.00

mM™" ■■■■■'■■•■.■.■.■".■.■ " :::::::::::::::::: 18:88

■*e Channing".'.'.V.':.'.V.V.V:.-.'.'.'.'.'.'; I \ ] .' \ \ [ [ '. .' I 108:88

;l1;"" ''"'","' ''" 260.00

I II. Moans .

'■ V. '

i' B 1 "'JJ

Chun. ; \ ciw e ;; „„

E Fleming L/Engle z?ni

Calumet a Heela Mining
II G Ferguson

1 indj

in „ '

■' hlllUII.I

iv T Bwovi 1 ....

, ' V 10.00

Intereal ln ..„

Qulnoj Mining Co JA'-J'i'

Aiiuil.an Metal >o "' jKn'nn

William II Fairbanks 25 0J

D. E. Curry z?-?°

w. r. ingaiis :::;.;; bS'oo

II. A. Guess : '

j. Ki ~r

iieers' ciub'of Northern Minnesota: '.'.'.'.'.'.'.'. .' .' '.'.'. > I iloO

R. H. SaJes61". .'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.' \Hi

All,, n C. Burrage 10600

Edward II dark 'r rn

:ntherford ; .' ' .' ja*

Adolph J. Martinson 9 00

Frank R. Edwards . . '. ] 6 qO

C. H. Munro , nn nn

E. E McCarthy s2"SS

J. L. Bruce... ".00

D. Ford McCormick ■ ' ,,,,

Louis P. Huntoon 500

P. G. Spilsbury igoo

m'. IS—::: : :::::::::::::::::: 18:88

James F. McCarthy ',', r,„ nn

united States Smelting. Refining and Mining Co 260 00

1j O. K 10 00

Herman A. Prosser .,rhI.

J. E. Johnson. Jr Z£ XX

A. W. Hahn ? XX

L. P. Hudson ,S-S2

Lane Pearl J" °°

Arthur K Adams 1n„X

l. l wiieox ; 12-»°

E. J. Longyear Co 100 00

Pick and Shovel Club, Mining Department.' Case' School

or Applied Science i i nn

L. S. Cates ii XX

j. m. piau : |5-9J

A. L. Walker %' "

C. G. Rothschild ln„„

Geneial Engineering Co ...'.'.'.'.'.'.'. 25 00

N. O. Lawton f X ?'/.

F. R. Weekes "

S. F. Shaw " '

Iowa Gold Mining and Milling ' Co'. '. '. '.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.:'.:: 5000

L. L. Middelkamp f?„J

G. C. Townsend. J5S2

H. S. Monroe V

Jesse Scobey }' nn

J. H. McCormick J2"22

William Young Westervelt ....'. ;„»„

B. Bntton Gottsberger E«n„

Oscar Lachmund (second contribution)..::::: in no

L. R. Budrow '■ inX!;

Horace V. Winchell .'.'.'.' Jn X„

W. J. Pentland fn'oo

Dome Mines Co l,f:,

Butte Copper and Zinc Co. .... .'....[ loooo

Eagle & Blue Bell Mining Co too nn

William A. Nicholls u,nn

Robert S. Lewis tn'ftn

Earl R. Pembroke fXnn

East Butte Copper Mining Co ..'.'. J; nn

Job H. Winwood ... ,

Fred Hellmann 5x XX

B. Elkan ?, ,

Judd Stewart ^

R. M. Raymond lfl

J. Allen McKay ," .

C. E. Hart (second contribution) .'. enn

C. J. Trauerman i X„

Thomas H. Garnett ?„„

Robert E. Dye -2-22

Louis Ross . ; '2,-2.2,

Willis B. Parsons z5 22

Rukard Hurd , X nn

Rembrandt Peale mnnnn

Walter Fitch. Jr 18000

George J. Young ; 2500

Robert Franke fSSS

F. C. Bowman J2 2,2.

Oscar Lachmund (third contribution) . in nn

Charles McKinnis „r,nn

C. P. Carlson fS-SS

Harry E. Hall l2S2

James Douglas !>^nnn

W. D. Thornton inn no

Greene Cananea Copper Co " 2^n'nn

Inspiration Consolidated Copper Co £nnnn

H. G. Moulton ! " in'nn

C. A. H. de Saulles iXXS

Joseph P. Hodgson i= nn

c. e AbDou .....:::::::::: iSoo

A. R. Ledoux 100 00

L nited Verde Extension Mining Co 'So'oO

W. B. Harper ""n'ftn

B. R. Bates "500

William S. Robinson ' 50 00

C. A. Fay ; 10'oo

"Bill McGintv" in nn

_■ S- Salmon 5.00

O. M. Bilharz 25.00

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 2i

■

'■ M • ,,.

II l.-itoh

- l'lllllll-.

•
v b ■•-•••'•I .;, ,,,,

Klddei

W E Llpsej

u Kilch

. "'"■ '"

H3.664.00

Mike your checks payable to W. R. Ingalls, treasurer

iation of the 27th Engineers. Because of

the work involved in administering the Comfort Fund

contributions arc acknowledged only by publication in

the Journal.

Mineral and Metal Output of Sweden

Th official reports of Swedish mineral production
show the following, in metric tons:

1914 1915 1916

ir„ 6.586.650 6.883.308 6.986.298

C™| 366.659 412.261 414.825

cSworc 659 221 30

Silver-lead 3.100 2.671 5.707

jEs -::::: & 5 : 4

^^ a?a «-i?s 5

Quanz 36.128 33.818 59.S99

Graphite 56 87 94

Powdered pyrolusite 81 126 im

.Metals other than iron produced in 1916 were as fol-
lows: Gold. 18 kg.; silver. 1180 kg.; lead, 2076 metric
tons; copper, 3181 metric tons; zinc, 9997 metric tons.

The year 1916 was a good year, as far as the eco-
nomic situation in Sweden's mineral industry is con-
cerned. The various products were subject to frequent
and considerable increases in price. The demand could
not begin to be met by the insufficient supply, caused
chiefly by the lack of men, in spite of the much higher
wages paid, and a decrease in the importation of raw
materials and fuel. The production of iron alloys
greatly increased because of the war. The largest
establishment making alloys of this type, the foundries
at Vargon, have in operation a melting furnace which
is considered to be the largest now running. The num-
ber of furnaces for the production of electric steel
in 1916 was 17, as compared with 10 in 1915. Pro-
duction of zinc by the electric method at Trollhiittan
rose according to the report, from 8,588,384 kg. in 1915
to 9,997,090 kg. in 1916.

April Pig-iron Production

Pig-iron production in April was 3,288,211 gn
tons, as compared with 3,213,091 tons in Mam
according to Iron Age. The daily rate was 109,)'
tons, as against 103,648 tons respectively, or a gain
5959 tons daily, and an advance of 5.75% over the it
of output for March. The estimated capacity)
113,460 tons daily from furnaces in blast May 1 itii
cates a further increase in the rate of productN
during the current month. Only four furnaces wjj
blown out in April, while 14 were added to the ac *
list. The production of ferromanganese and spiefl
eisen in April was 35,511 gross tons. While this ti
was surpassed in March and in several months in If
the ferromanganese produced, 27,789 tons, was I
largest ever recorded for any month. Moreoji
the proportion of ferromanganese to spiegeleisen
establishes a record.

Improving Industrial Lighting

"Laco-dalite" is the trade name of a new article for
improving industrial lighting that has just been placed
upon the market by the Laco-Philips Co., 131 Hudson
St., New York. It consists simply of a special blue glass
screen that is clamped over the bottom of the electric
light reflector, thus inclosing the bulb. The light thus
filtered through the special blue glass, it is claimed by
the manufacturers, is equal to that obtained from the
nitrogen lamp. It is said to be white and pure and the
equivalent of daylight. The question of proper lighting
is important in concentrators, especially for table work
at night. Both here and in the drawing room, as well
as in other places, a device of this sort might be worth
a trial.

Slime Dam Construction in South Afr.

Slime dam walls, according to a paper presenters*
fore the Chemical, Metallurgical and Mining Societ r
South Africa, by J. E. Thomas and E. A. Osterloh 1
built of thickened slime carrying from 1.5 to 2 ,
sand and a moisture ratio of 1 :1. The dams have v\
cumference of 6000 to 7000 yd., and can be built I
enough to receive the tailings from a 50,000 tonpi
month plant. Construction is started by diggii:
peripheral trench 3 ft. wide and 1.5 ft. deep. The u
discharges at the near end of the trench and Till; tf
entire circumference by sections. This slime, I
partly dried and plastic, is dug out and packed so i
form a channel 21 ft. wide with the outer side wi*
the edge of the trench.

When the slime dam is 2 ft. high, L shaped laid'
conduits or spillways are placed at intervals in thev:.
to drain the overflow water from the interior,
launders are built of 2-in. plank, 2 ft. 6 in. wide b;tl
in. high inside. The vertical part of the L is in t) ii
terior of the pond and is built up with the slimeev
by means of slats 1.5 x 2 in. in section droppeor.
guides. The guides are supported at intervals of :
by horizontal stuts nailed inside the launder. Thou
can flow from any part of the surrounding dam clnn
to the interior of the pond.

The best control is obtained by allowing the flv
travel along one channel to the furthest diameta
opposite side of the pond and there enter to the irTi
through the inner wall of the channel by means ofh
lengths of inserted pipe. As the wall channel fil
interior discharge moves circumferentially, an
plastic pulp is dug out and packed on the out< <
inner edges of the wall to form a new channel 1
walls are battered or stepped back about six inc»
every two feet of rise, and eventually make an ail*
50° with the horizontal.

Existence of Phosphate Deposits in Kentucky is in

by the examination of samples from more than 1
holes sunk in the central areas of that state. The p
of high-grade phosphate rock, as well as a preat deal
and intermediate grade phosphate, is considered by tt
Geological Survey to be definitely established.

Ii 18, 1918
, uutuiiiiiitiiiin

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

"imiuiiiii in nun d ii 1 1 llilllllllll inn iiiiini iiihiiiiiiiiiii iiiiiimiii i i iiiiiiiiiniiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiniiiuiiiiiuiniiiiin*

Editorials

I millllllllllllllMIIMIIIIIIIMIIMIIIIIIMIIinMIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIMIIIIIIMIIIIIMIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIMIIIIII Illllllllllll II Illllllllllll IIIIMIIIIIIIIII|||llllllllllllllllllllllllmii|i||MIMIIIIMIIMIIIIIMIIIIIMIIIIIIIIinn'

he Mines Administration Bill

i. Mines Administration bill passed the House
nus its maximum price-fixing provisions and
reduction from 50 million to 10 million dollars in
iropriation. It is now before the Senate's Corn-
on Mines and Mining, which is giving very care-
isideration to it. In what form it will leave that
ttee and what will be its fate on the floor of the

no one yet can say. There is sure to be earnest
erhaps prolonged discussion of its principles,
are of more deep-rooted economic importance
re those of the ordinary legislative bill.

unfortunate that the mines Dill was drafted on
sis of the Lever bill, disregarding the inherent
nces in conditions of articles that are of only sea-
iroduction, like foodstuffs, and those which are of
ious production, like most minerals. This intro-
i good deal of language that is irritating, unneces-
ind capable of constructions not originally in-
Furthermore, the bill, as it stands now, con-
trovisions that are manifestly impracticable,
ever, attention should be directed especially to
nciples. To the basic idea. viz. that of stimulat-
ineral production, we must bow. No matter
r we think that the proponents of the bill are
en in their premises, no matter whether we think
itural factors, if let alone, will stimulate the pro-
l of necessary minerals more swiftly and more
than is possible in any other way, the Admin-
>n is charged with the duty of carrying on the
nd we are bound to provide it with the means it

But it does not follow from this that we should

to criticize proposals that are likely to defeat
rpose itself or create evils worse than those that
mght to correct.

ire of the opinion that the maximum price-fixing
ons ought to remain out of the bill as the House
ready taken them out. Maximum price-fixing
o curtail and strangle production. It always has
o and always it will do so.

provisions for minimum price-fixing ought also
eliminated. Guaranteed minima, if sufficiently
vill stimulate production, to be sure, but they will
he door to the most profligate profiteering ever
, and sooner or later they will ruin the indus-
nat are artificially fostered.

licensing and regulatory features of the bill
also to be excised. They may easily be made
lent to maximum price-fixing, and otherwise they

hampering to our industries rather than helpful
have recommended for more than a year the crea

a minerals and metals board, or supervision, or
'er it might be pleased to call it, considering that

board would be highly useful, but our concep-
■ its functions has been that they should be those
experienced consulting engineer, not those of the

policeman. The Anaconda company, building a ferro
manganese plant in a hurry, was helped bj the Govern
ment in promptly • urin.fi its electrodes. The lead pro-
ducers have upon occasions thanked the Government for
aid in moving their product. The copper prodm . >
would like the assistance of somebody in getting
prompter payment from the Government.

Many things like these, and others of broad scope,
could usefully oe done by a central body in Washington.
But when we ascertain that it is contemplated that a
mines administration shall dictate to manufacturers
how they shall do their manufacturing, we experience
feelings of alarm. When the most experienced of cruci-
ble manufacturers says that it cannot successfully make
crucibles out of Alabama graphite, after investing much
of its own money in the effort, and Governmental bu-
reaus say that it can, we are disposed to give the more
weight to the experienced manufacturer. Dictation to
him would mean fewer crucibles, we think, just as
when London undertook to make plans for the British
shipbuilders the result was fewer ships. Alas! that at
this late day officialdom has not learned this lesson, and
even while we are mourning over our aircraft fiasco.

The right kind of a minerals and metals board can be
created within the War Industries Board. Under the
terms of the Overman bill, that will soon become a law,
all scattered and conflicting interests in minerals and
metals can be centralized and coordinated by Presiden-
tial order. No additional legislation is needed for that.
All other necessary purposes can best be done by the
creation of a War Minerals Corporation on the lines
of the War Finance Corporation, with an appropria-
tion, with the right to buy and sell minerals and metals,
and with the right to take over and operate idle mines
(if there be any such). This would be the simple, busi-
nesslike method, which would not only be the more ef-
fective in practice, but also would avoid the economic-
controversies that are likely to delay, if not prevent, ac-
tion by the Senate. But if a bill on the present lines is
to be forced, certainly it should be made clear that it is
not to apply to mines and metallurgical works of copper,
lead, zinc, etc., in which the substances mentioned in the
bill are produced as byproducts or as subsidiary prod-
ucts, and, furthermore, there should be a careful
scrutiny for provisions that are unworkable.

Changes in Economic Policy

FOLLOWING the advent of Mr. Schwab as ship-
builder, there has been a change in the contract sys-
tem for building ships. The cost-plus-10'c system has
been thrown overboard and the old-fashioned method
of a flat price, with bonuses and penalties, has been sub-
stituted. Washington says gravely that the cost-plus-
10% method offered no incentive to speed and promoted
wastefulness. How simple and self-evident this sounds!
It does not matter that experienced men have been

934

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No

preaching this to deaf oars for a year. Thai Washing-
tan has tinally soon the light is the important thing.

The War industries Board lias also been doing some
different things in price-fixing, or rather has been avoid-
ing price-fixing. With respect to some metals, it lias
lately made arrangements with the producers for Gov-
ernmental supply at rates below the market, hut has
kept its hands off the market in general. Economically
this is similar in its effects to the method of purchas-
ing copper adopted by the Allies in 1916. It is not
"price-fixing" and does not introduce the evils of "price-
fixing." While it may create the condition of an unbal-
anced market and lead to an unduly high price for the
supply of the commodity that is not ear-marked, that
very thing automatically cuts out non-essential consump-
tion and stimulates production, thereby bringing about
the natural correctives.

Washington has been rather alarmed about the recent
crisis in the zinc industry, which has put much smelt-
ing capacity out of use, lest zinc production might fall
below the rate of what might be required in an emer-
gency. Its eyes have been closed to the difficulties of
the smaller producers of lead and copper. It may be
that ere long somebody will awake proudly to the idea
that for assistance in winning the war it will be a good
thing to have all the copper and lead and coal that it is
possible to get, and that the best way to accomplish
that will be to abolish restrictive maximum prices.

We do not mean to convey the impression that the
ideas about price-fixing have yet vanished. On the con-
trary, a lot of officials, major and minor, are doing such
things on their own hook, or are meditating such ac-
tions. This seems to be a sort of mania among them,
a manner of brandishing a big stick and exhibiting their
ephemeral authority. Last week there was a rumor in
the market that somebody was going to fix a maximum
price of $1.25 per unit for metallurgical manganese ore
of 48% grade, that being then the market and an ad-
vance being expected this month. In view of the situa-
tion in manganese, any such action would be sheer lu-
nacy. There are some officials in Washington who are
dangerous to the welfare of the country. However, in
some quarters there are distinct signs of a return of
economic sanitv.

Platinum, Palladium and Iridium

THE War Industries Board has this week announced
the commandeering of platinum, palladium and irid-
ium and the fixing of prices at $105, $135 and $175
per oz., respectively. The price for platinum had been
fixed, several weeks ago, at $105, which was then the
market price. Palladium was last week quoted at
$150@155, so the price for this is scaled down. It is
produced only by the copper refiners as a byproduct,
and they are, of course, fair subjects for cheese-par-
ing. However, the business is so small that it does not
matter much. Our last quotation for iridium was $150,
but the metal was very scarce, and the price was given
but nominallj ; wherefore it is not surprising to see it
raised to $175 by the Government. It is not an article
of big-company production. The price of $105 for plati-
num and $175 for iridium ought to maintain Colom-
bian production. It ought even to bring hither some
Russian platinum, unless we let the Germans bid it

away from us. Speaking of this, they may eve
Colombian platinum against us. There have
rumors that in fact they have been busy in tha
already. It would be a good idea for the gentlen
the War Industries Board who is encharged witl
inum to reflect about this and be ready to act, ail
wait until it is too late. , Considerations of price
not to stand in the way. We feel that in spite of i
ings the platinum business has been pretty i
bungled in Washington.

Metallography or MineralograpL

THE study of polished sections of ores by ■
lographic methods, that is by reflected light, 1.:
cently received much attention from economic <
gists, and the technique of this branch of micro:
work is being steadily improved. The polishing m:l
of the metallographers have been abandoned for tl
better suited to the mixture of hard and soft me
found in ores. For the final polish chromic oxin
alumina have been substituted largely for tli-
"rouge." The modern methods result in perfectl (
faces, from which the light reflects details not (it
able in other ways.

However, the students of ores are not quiteat
fied with the present momenclature. They ob.d
the term "metallography" and wish to sufc;ii
"mineralography." One audacious spirit pip<
"mineragraphy."

An interesting phase is the recognition of thipi
erty of many silver minerals to be affected by :r
light. This has already become an important diaic
feature. Much attention is also given to the 'h
graphic record of the effects observed. Excellent :s
have even been obtained with direct linear magnra'
of 3000. The contrasts are brought out by color re
of various kinds.

"Mineralography" certainly has arrived, and I
vestigator of complex ores, both for scientific p p:
or for studies of concentration or smelting, camff
to neglect its powerful assistance.

The Flotation Patents

THE decision of the Court of Appeals in SaiFt
cisco in the case of Minerals Separation vsBi
& Superior, reversing Judge Bourquin's deciJi
Butte, is a serious blow to the pretensions of thp
tiff. We must defer extended comment upon th '
the full text is received. This was the case ill
Butte & Superior, bowing to the decision of i
preme Court as to the limitation of the patentitc
use of less than 1% of oil, altered its process
to use more than 1%; whereupon Minerals Sei«
claimed that to be merely an evasion, alleging 14
excess of oil played no useful part, and was u\t
that contention by Judge Bourquin.

According to the telegraphed reports, the Sa 1
cisco court has construed the decision of the 'P
Court so as to limit the Minerals Separation pa i
not more than 0.5% of oil. If this be reported or>
it will make the flotation process more freeir
matter of oil admixture, besides which the matte <■
Callow process remains open, at least so far.

av IS. 1918

ENGINEERING AND MINING J01 RNAL

is probable that the San Francisco decision will be
n on appeal to the Supreme Court, which can hardly
^i> to pass upon it. in view of the way its own pre
g division has become a matter of controversy,
■; this interminable litigation goes on. It is too bad

it has been impossible to find a basis for amicable
anient, but the thing has now yon.' so far that noth-
mt a final decision by the highest court will be sat-
■tory to all parties.

BY TI1K WAY

II HIM

Railway Wages

IHE report of The Railway Wage Commission, recom-

I mending an advance of about $300,000,000 in the

>s of railway operators, is a conservative and well-

idered study. The proposed advance is not from

axisting scale, but rather is it based on the rates

■ailing at the beginning of 1916. Since then there

i been numerous raises, with the result that cer-

i classes of operatives are now getting all that it is

!«d they should get. To them will not be given any

e, but, on the other hand, if they have got already

trthan they should, there is not to be any reduction.

1 theory of the commission is to adjust wages ac-

ing to the increase in the cost of living. That in-

is indicated as having been about 40',, which

ith the figures that we cited and deduced in a

f.ous article on this subject.

Let Nearing Guess Again

ft)TT NEARING, one of the most blatant and
Jie of the most conspicuously ill-informed of our
■ lists, entered into a public debate with Prof.
Jam E. Guthrie, upon the question whether
«:o-called capitalistic system of political economy
nutdone its usefulness. Professor Nearing, while
Ltting- that capitalism has benefited the country in
last, asserted that its usefulness is at an end. He
; ted, moreover, that if incomes were equalized all
I the United States there would be enough for every
omgman in the country to have $60 a week.
t us see about this. The gross income of the
I'ican people in 1917 is variously estimated at 40
> ' billions of dollars ; that is, something like that
a he total business turnover. According to the U. S.
Irtment of Labor, the total number of workers was
i*: 40,000,000. Let us convert Professor Nearing's
Wper week to $3000 per year. We will disregard
>< dd hundred. To give every worker $3000 per year
fc:otal income would have to be $120,000,000,000,
teas in fact it was only about one-third of that
to nt in 1917 and much less in previous years. A
K ugh investigation of the earnings of railway em-
!°es, which showed that they, about 2,000,000 in
ni>er, earned an average of nearly $1000 each in 1917,
o more in conformity svith actual conditions than
°* the conjecture that everybody ought to get $3000.

je illustration in our issue of Apr. 20, 1918, carry-
It he caption "Chalmers and Williams Ball-Mills at
*Iercules Mill, Idaho," is in error. The caption
lc d have read "Power and Mining Machinery's Ball-
0 at the Hercules Mill, Idaho."

This is an authentic Btorj ol an incident that occurred
recently: A part;, of mining and metallurgical studi

from one of the Western universities made its periodical
visit to a neighboring lead smeltery under the instru<
tion of the smelter superintendent. The class as a
whole seemed mildly bored. The Btudents were seniors,
had delved deeply into the arl of smelting and were
thoroughly conversant with all modern methods and the
latest practices. Therefore the trip was merely sending
coals to Newcastle. A number of the students displayed
a desultory interest in the proceedings; others matched
nickels and indulged in horseplay; one or two asked an
occasional question and jotted down the answer in
notebook. But there was one member of the party who,
though somewhat backward, paid a great deal of atten-
tion to what was being said. He asked intelligent
questions, and understood the plant methods and the
explanatory talk. Noting this interest, the superin-
tendent spoke to him and asked if he intended to follow
mining or smelting. The young man became rather
confused and replied that he would probably follow
neither, as he was only the chauffeur who drove the
boys down from the college in his bus.

Hunka Tin

You may talk about your voitures

When you're sitting round the quarters,
But when it comes to getting blesses in,

Take a little tip from me,

Let those heavy motors be,
Pin your faith to Henry F.'s old Hunka Tin.

Give her essence and de l'eau.

Crank her up and let her go,
You back-firin', spark-plug foulin' Hunka Tin.

The paint is not so good,

And no doubt you'll find the hood
Will rattle like a boiler shop en route;

The cooler's sure to boil,

And perhaps she's leaking oil,
Then oftentimes the horn declines to toot.

But when the night is black,

And there's blesses to take back.
And they hardly give you time to take a smoke.

It's mighty good to feel,

When you're sitting at the wheel,
She'll be running when the bigger cars are broke.

After all the wars are past,

And we're taken home at last,
To our reward of which the preacher sings,

When these ukulele sharps

Will be strumming golden harps,
And the aviators all have reg'lar wings,

And the Kaiser is in Hell

With the furnace drawing well,
Paying for his million different kinds of sin,

If they're running short of coal,

Show me how to reach the hole,
And I'll cast a few loads down with Hunka Tin.

Yes, Tin, Tin, Tin,

You exasperating puzzle, Hunka Tin,

I've abused you and I've flayed you,

But by Henry Ford who made you,
You are better than a Packard, Hunka Tin.

— From the American Field Service Bulletin, Paris.

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 2

NEW PUBLICATIONS

Popular Oil Geology. By Victor Ziegler. 5x7%, pp. 149,
illus. $2.50. C. B. Merrifield, Golden, Colo.

The Philippine Journal of Science. Contents and Index. Vol.
1 i 1906) to Vol. X (1915). Pp. 442. Bureau of Science,
.Manila. P. 1.

Shorter Contributions to General Geology, 1916. By David
White. Pp. : ". 7 • "• . illus.' U. S. Geological Survey, Wash-
ington, D. C.

Catalog of the Publications of the California State Mining
Bureau, 1880-1917. Pp. 44. Bull. 77, California State
Mining Bureau, Sacramento, Calif.

Beaton's Annual Commercial Handbook of Canada and
Board of Trade Register, 1918. 5 x 7%, pp. 492; $1.25.
Beaton's Agency, Toronto, Canada.

A Treatise on Roads and Pavements. By Ira Osborn Baker.
6 \ 9, Pp. 666, illus. Third Edition, Rewritten and
Enlarged. John Wiley & Sons, New York.

Espanola District. Ontario. By Terence T. Quirke. Pp.
92, illus. Memoir 102. Canada Department of Mines,
Geological Survey Branch, Ottawa, Canada.

Commission of Conservation of Canada: Report of the
Eighth Annual Meeting. 6% x 10, pp. 344, illus. Can-
ada Commission of Conservation, Montreal, Canada.

Temiskaming and Northern Ontario Railway Commission.
Sixteenth Annual Report, for Year Ended Oct. 31, 1917.
Pp. 450, illus. Department of Public Works, Toronto,
Canada.

Concentration Experiments with the Siliceous Red Hematite
of the Birmingham District, Alabama. By Joseph T.
Singewald, Jr. Pp. 91, illus. Bull. 110, U. S. Bureau of
Mines, Washington, D. C.

Thirty-Eighth Annual Report of the Director of the United
States Geological Survey to the Secretary of the
Interior for the Year Ended June 30, 1917. Pp. 176,
illus. U. S. Geological Survey, Washington, D. C.

The Coal Fields of the United States: The Coal Fields of
Ohio. By J. A. Bownocker. A Computation of the
Original Coal Content of the Fields. By F. R. Clark.
Pp. 62, illus. U. S. Geological Survey, Washington,
D C

Anticlines in the Southern Part of the Big Horn Basin,
Wyoming. A Preliminary Report on the Occurrence
of Oil. By D. F. Hewett and C. T. Lupton. Pp. 192,
illus. Bull. 656, U. S. Geological Survey, Washing-
ton, D. C.

Mineral Springs of Alaska. By Gerald A. Waring. Also
a Chapter on the Chemical Character of Some Surface
Waters of Alaska. By Richard B. Dole and Alfred A.
chambers. Pp. 114, illus. U. S. Geological Survey,
Washington, D. C.

A Text-Book of Coal Mining for the Use of Colliery Mana-
gers and Others. By Herbert W. Hughes. 6% x 8%,
pp. 563, illus. Sixth Edition. Charles Griffin and Co..
Ltd., London.
A reprint of a well-known text upon coal mining prac-
tice. The book deals particularly with English mining.

The Central Kentucky Phosphate Field. By W. C. Phalen.

6% x 10, pp. 90, illus. Kentucky Geological Survey,

Frankfort, Ky.
A review of the geography, topography, geology, methods
of prospecting and mining phosphatic deposits in central
Kentucky, with discussion of the phosphate industry in that
field and a bibliography of publications relating to phos-
phate rock.

"Iron and Steel of Canada" is the name of the new peri-
odical which started publication in February, 1918. It is
described as a monthly magazine devoted to the science and
practice of the iron, steel, foundry, machine and metal-
working industries, with an up-to-date review of conditions

in these and allied industries and trades. The publican
office is in Montreal, the editor-in-chief being Alfred St: a
Sold. W. G. Dauncey is associate editor. The first issul
well printed and illustrated, and we believe the publicaj
will be a useful addition to the technical literature of l|
iron and steel industry.

Philippine Islands: Fifteenth Annual Report of the Did
tor of the Bureau of Science, Philippine Islands, a
the Year Ended Dec. 31, 1916. By Alvin J. Cox, jj
rector. Pp. 7!). Bureau of Science, Manila, P. I. 1
Technology of Salt Making in the United States. By WC
Phalen. Pp. 141), illus. Bull. 146. U. S. Bureaid
Mines, Washington, D. C.

A review of the bulletin was written by Director Vanl
Manning, of the U. S. Bureau of Mines, in the preij
and an excerpt from this follows:

"The importance of the salt industry needs no comiii
The domestic output in the United States in 1915
5,352,409 short tons, valued at $11,747,686. This indu
is scattered over 14 states, distributed from coast to cj
and from the Great Lakes to the Gulf. Competition 4
been keen in it, and this, together with the low valu
the commodity, prevents its transportation to consider!
distances except where local prejudice favors a cen
brand. This competition has led to loss.

"The general view of the industry that Mr. Phalen "«
enabled to obtain from his visits to all the operating pht
in the United States enabled him to draw certain geiri
conclusions with reference to the industry. One of t»
was the great excess of plant capacity as compared it
the domestic requirements. The consensus of opinion sea*
to be that much more salt was being produced than ti
be marketed, estimates of overproduction ranging froi 2>
to 50 per cent. The facts that large, up-to-date p'nt
were not working at full capacity, that others were vrl
ing at half time or half capacity, and that others
either temporarily or permanently closed, are signif^p
to those planning to enter the salt business.

"The rapid deterioration of the equipment also des»p
consideration. The wear and tear on all salt-making at
chinery is heavy. If a plant is allowed to remain idl
any considerable time it is wellnigh ruined. For this ru>
it may often be cheaper to make salt for a season
out profit than to shut down. In figuring costs and bin.
selling price on them, some producers have not provid'
the rapid deterioration of plant, and this, together it
overproduction, has caused heavy losses among salt run
facturers during the past decade.

"Mr. Phalen points out the possibilities of utilizing
residual bittern (mother liquor) from salt making, ar *=
pecially the recovery of potash and magnesium
Along the California coast and on the shores of Greaiit
Lake, the mother liquors contain considerable quarde
of these salts. As the cost of magnesium salts i
Pacific Coast has been high during the war, and al
potash salts for fertilizer have been difficult to pi "'
recently at any price, the value of these mother liMW
should be appreciated, and seemingly this fact is begiiiw
to be realized.

"The report presents a valuable series of analyses *
by W. B. Hicks, of the U. S. Geological Survey, oW
resentative samples of natural brines. Most of these ii
are now worked for salt, bromine, and calcium ch u
but some of them, for example, in northern Ohio and M
of Michigan, have never been used. These brines d'sr>
careful investigation as a possible basis of chemical «
tries. The report also includes:

"1. An outline of the general distribution and chad
of the salt deposits of the United States, which is inrt
because all the readers of the report will probably no >8
access to the Survey's complementary report.

"2. A detailed description of the different methd
salt-making — by solar evaporation, direct heat (inch
the open-pan process), and steam evaporation (inco>
grainer and vacuum-pan practice).

"3. An outline of the manufacture of bromine froi n
ural brines, and a description of the preparation of >
chloride."

av IS. L918

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOUKNAL

HIM i i •>

Personals

,vr you contributed t»> the Association
ie z~.t\< Engine*™?

hi Turner has i i commli loned a

in Ui.- V S Naval It. servi

Lm ii. Heller is superintendent of the
fhought Copper Co., Ingot, California

I.. Honnold w a reci ntlj ■ I. cted a

tor of Springs Mines. 1. 1. 1. Transvaal.

Lm B. Finlaj has removed his office

52 William St i.i 16 Cedai St., New

,11.1. Huddle* ton, assay, r of Yellvillc.
will open a laboratory at Batesvllli
nsas
T. Hancock, of the Nigerian 'I'm Cor-

ion. left London on Aim in foi North-
Hferla

.-tor Bakowaky, of Joplln, Mo h
B home after spending several months
Eshlngton.

hert E. Selp has accepted a position
with Witherbee, Sherman i Co
lie, New York.
axle* M. Shannon has been appointed
administrator for Arizona, succeeding
1 L. Clark, resigned.

A. Womble, lately manager of the
'■atersrand Deep, Is now with the Union
Me du Haul Katanga. Belgian Congo.
M. Garland, district manager of the
| Brass Co., at Mansfield, i >hio. has been
I'd a director of the company.

H. Warrington has succeeded F. .Inst
superintendent of the Central Eureka
i, at Sutter Creek. California.
vld E. Nissen has taken a position on
metallurgical staff of the Taylor Wlrar-
i Iron and Steel Co.. at High Bridge.
i Jersey.

II. O. H. Carpenter, professor of
»llurgy at the Royal School of Mines,
i on has been elected a Fellow of the
I 1 Society.

MeCormick, of Rush. Ark., assumed
Ie management of a manganese property
I Batesville. Ark., controlled by himself
D \ssociates.

R. Schoch has been appointed superin-

ing engineer for the Anglo-French Ex-

I tion Co.. with headquarters at Johan-

larg. South Africa.

C. Runckel. of Dutch Flat, Calif., re-

!v investigated dredging ground at
rsville. Trinity County, for the Pacific
k Dredging Company.

G. Matt**on has opened an office as
) llting petroleum geologist and engineer
1 irth Worth. Tex., having severed his
> action with the Texas Company.
W. Trumbull, state- geologist of Wyoin-
recently spent several days in the
Xev . district on professional work,
pt. Charles La Vussuer, consulting
Og engineer of Yellville, Ark., has
|.d an office at Batesville. Ark., and will
ich of his time to manganese.
men Horsbureh. recently manager of
I agoe. Ltd. Queensland, has been ap-
■d assistant general manager of the
hit Morgan Gold Mining Company

M. Welflin, mining engineer and chief
^ inspector of California, has completed

■ xtensive professional visit to the mines
lie Grass Valley and Nevada City dis-

A. Hauser, formerly of Monterrey,

Ii co, is in New York at the Hotel Mc-

.1 1, where he will remain for some time.

I' is interested in the development of

Uifornia properties.

W. Keith has resigned from his posi-
£ in charge of ore purchases for the

■ ire Zinc Co., Denver. Colo., a subsid-
B of the New Jersey Zinc Co. Mr. Keith
I cceeded by G. T. Tunnel.

. E. Condon, chief of the civil engineer-
Siand drafting department of the Cali-
oi a State Mining Bureau, is surveying
» ie oil fields of the state for the oil
mgas department of the bureau.

dison H. McKay, formerly identified
n the Harriman interests in the Tampico
*1 eld, is at Caracas, Venezuela, where he
8 gaged in developing important oil Con-
dons in Venezuela and Colombia.

rl T. Hewitt has been appointed metal-
ui st and testing engineer for the Fafnir
* ing Co.. New Britain. Conn. He was
J erly with the Remington Arms Union
»' Hie Cartridge Co.. of Bridgeport
^ . H. Knowles, mining engineer of San
"icisco, made a recent visit to the Yreka
fc ict in Siskiyou County, Calif., investi-

ehrome deposit In the Inten I ol

,.f i 'i.\ .i.in.l. . .in..

i i \ anderl i. supoi i ol

steam i hoi ■ I opei " lona toi the

d Coppei Co .lui mi' u

expired ll.- "ill move Ins family to Ball
Lake ■

Fletcher Hamilton, state mineralogl I <
hoi returned to San Pi b
ii ..in a trip i.. thi i during h In. h he

visited Washington ami Mew York on Fed
eral ami state busli to th<

mining and

•I. c. Shepherd, of Rush, Ark. who ha-s
gaged m zinc milling in the north, in
Arkansas ii.i.i for a number ..i yean i
spending much of ins tune In thi I
manganese field, where he recently took
a number ..f propel I

Vernon i- Marsten, formerly geologist
for the x.-w York .^ Hondure
Mining Co., San Juai an. I

who has recei nil ing

o Bldg . i

ixamlnatloi

E. w . \ l' succeeds William Seymour,

uperlntendent of the
mpton i. lam of the Bethlehem Steel
Co., m charge of byproducts J. A. Beaty,
Formerly genera] foreman, has been made
assistant superintendent «»f the oven si
ami Robert I.. Martin him.

Kirliy Thomas, of X.-w York, is making
an examination of sulphur d po
Culberson and Reeves counties, Texas, for
London and New York int. rests <'"
ting with Edwin It. Eaton, Mr. Thomas has
concluded the examination of a talc prop-
erty at Johnson, Vt . for New York inter-
ests.

Samuel W. Cohen, who recently resigned
as general manager of the Crown Reserve
Mining Co.. Ltd.. and Porcupine-Crown
Mines, Ltd.. which position he held for 10
years, has taken up general consulting min-
ing engineering practice with headquarters
at Montreal. He remains with both of the
above companies as consulting engineer.

Obituary

Assheton Leaver, chairman of Jos Tin
Area, Ltd., and other Nigerian companies,
died on April 3.

Robert Lonrjr Martin, formerly active in
Colorado mining affairs, died at his home
in Denver on Mar 1. aged 76 years.

Cunt. Harry H. Talon, well known as a
mining man on the Mesabi range, died re-
cently at Hlbbtn^. Mich. He was a native
of Ishpeming, Michigan.

T. C. Cloud, metallurgist of the Wallaroo
& Moonta Mining and Smelting Co. for
many years, and more recently retained by
Elliott's Metal Co. at Burry Port. South
Wales, died recently. He was a member
of the council of the Institution of Mining
and Metallurgy.

Lieut. Edward Hale Perry, a geologist.
was recently killed in Picardy. in France,
while serving with the 6th Engineers. He
was born in 1887 in Boston, and was gradu-
ated from Harvard in 1909 and from the
Harvard mining school in 1912. He was
engaged in field and laboratory work until
1915, during which time he was associated
with Prof. L. C. Graton. of Harvard, on
the latter's secondary-enrichment investiga-
tion. For the next two years he was asso-
ciated in private work with Augustus
Locke, of San Francisco. He was a re-
markably imaginative and able geologist
and had made a special study of rock alter-
ation in relation to ore deposits.

J. I.„»„I,I,.IH... ■ ...I..,, ....I.., II Ill I UIIIK

Societies

HR

American Institute of Mining Engineers.
— A tentative plan for the Colorado meeting
of the American Institute of Mining En-
gineers, which will be held Sept. 27, has
been formulated. A day each will be spent
in Denver, Colorado Springs. Cripple Creek.
Pueblo and Leadville. An automobile trip
to the top of Pike's Peak also will be sched-
uled. All of the principal mines and mills
in the districts mentioned will be visited,
including the gold mines in Cripple Creek,
the lead, zinc and steel works of Pueblo,
and the electric furnace producing ferro-
molybdenum at Leadville. Many papers
have been accepted for the meeting, some
of which have already been published.

American Institute of .Mining Engineers.
— The iron and steel section will hold its fall
meeting at Milwaukee during the week of

' icl , ii with the annual

Pound)

- 1 a in I i In- America n '

. will

: ion •■! fo

i lool:
0 i

m. nun acturi eduli theli mi

. i,, i ii,.

\ i..< ri.'iin Iron and Steel Institute, at it
annual on May I

tii.' folli tor th.

Hui. i.n, .lam. \ Campbell, Thomas

Wll .hi A

I l F W, II.. .1 i. < ',,ln ii, I Mai,, n r.

■ i nt ..I
111. A Allanla, Ga . was

' :m.

\ ri.iin Mining Congress. Thi

chaptei in. i

lowing n'li. .. [mei Pett, gen. ral man-

ager "t ii.'

ling A I ii realgni i

II M Hal Imalill. Ophlr Hill Cpn-

solldated Mining ''.. . i B. Whit. lull, in
ternatlonal Smelting Co ; Moroni Helnei
United siat. Fuel > '.. : ami A I i

Trade Catalogs

~»<i. i.

"Gramercy" Reagent Bottles. Eimer &
Amend, New York Foldei x 9%

in. Illn-i i at. .1 i ». script lv< at bot-

tl-'s having enamel labels that are acid
proof and 6 p; the labels are so

burned in thai they become an Integral part
uf tin glass; large, distinct black 1-
on a white background that is slightl
roughened to take pencil writing. M
America

Maek Mod, Trucks, International Motor
Co.. Xew York. Pp. 23 ; 4x9J in. Illus-
trated a description ..f body types suitable
I.n .very purpose.

Mine Trolley Supplies. Ohio Brass Co..
Mansfield. Ohio. Supplement No. 1 con-
taining additions and improvements to the
O-B materials listed in General Catalog
No. 16. Pp. SI ; 5!xSJ in. Illustrated. A
description and price list of hangers, in-
sulators, trolley ears. etc.

. 1 1 1,., II , M 1 ,1, .,( I

New Patens

United States patent specifications listed
below may be obtained from "The Engi-
neering and Mining Journal" at 25c
British patents are supplied at 40c. each.

Amalgamating Device — Paul Kuehn. Den-
ver. Colo. (U. S. No. 1.262.812; Apr. 16.
1918.)

Flotation — Process and Apparatus for the
Recovery of Float Metal from Water Con-
taining the Same James Harris Reed,
Philadelphia, Penn. (U. S. No. 1.262,984:
Apr. 16, 1918.)

Flotation — Separation of Metallic Sul-
phide ores. James Hebbard and Rasnv. ■
John Harvev, Broken Hill. New Sou: i
Wal.s, Australia, assignors, by mesne as-
signments, to Minerals Separation North
American Corporation. (U. S. No. 1,260,668 :
Mar. 26, 1918 )

Smelting — Process of Recovering Metal
from Scrap Material John W. Brown.
Lakewood, Ohio. (U. S. No. 1,260.312 ; Mar.
26. 1918.)

Steel — Process for Manufacture of Ingot
Molds. John B. Walker. Birmingham, Ala.
(U S. No. 1,262,718; 1.262.719; Apr. 16.
1918.)

Sulphur Dioxide — Recovering from Gases
Containing the Same. Utley Wedge. Any-
more, Penn.. and Frederic A. Eustis. Miltr
Mass. (U. S. No. 1.260,492; Mar. 26. 191S

Tunnel Construction — Duncan D. Mo-
Bean. New York, N. Y. (U. S. No. 1,260,-
416; Mar. 26, 1918.)

Tungsten — Apparatus for Electric Weld-
ing of Tungsten Ingots. Carl A. Pfanstiehl.
Waukegan. 111., assignor to Pfanstiehl Com-
pany, Inc. North Chicago, 111. (U. S. No.
1.260.940; Mar. 26, 1918.)

Wire Rope — Charles G. Roebling, Tren,
ton. X. J., assignor to John A. Roebling't.
Sons Co. (U. S. No. 1,260.581 ; Mar. 26,
1918.)

Zin<i — Compound for Boiler Feed Water
Treatment. Fred O. Paige, New York, N.
Y., assignor to Paige & Jones Chemical Co.,
Inc., New York, N. Y. (U. S. No. 1.260,987;
Mar. 26, 1918.)

b

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL Vol. 105, No.
imniiniiniiiiiiiminiimniminimiiiiiiminimmininiiiiinimmimiiiiiiiiinim iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimiimiliiiimi Ill iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiillllllilllllllllllllllllllllii I

Editorial Correspondence

nmniuBiHinui in iiiiiiiiiiiiiiimi iiimiiiiiiiiiimii iiiiiiimmiiiiiiimmin II nunil inn I iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiini Ill u mini I milium

<\s FRANCIS! o — Ma; IS

The He. i-u.ii ..[ the I . S. I .r. nil

of \ppeals has been rendered in the case
nf the Minerals Separation l.td vs Butte
ft Superior Mining Co.. the court ruling that
in the us,- of more than «' r> , oil there Is
no Infringement of patent The ca
remanded with Instruction to dismiss the
lull.

The One-Fourth Royalty Lease

rnla oil men in the lull reporti a to
ess by the House Public Lands Com-
lf the lull shall a law,

rs will have opportunity to prove
ntlon that well drilling and oil
production cannot be made profitable if
burdened with the payment of one-fourth ol
the oil produced. At any rate the law
will not be greatly encouraging to drillers
and producers Considering the high prices
and the scarcity of oil-well supplies, and
the possibility of the Government fixing the
>f crude oil at the wells, the outlook
for oil men on the naval reserve is not al-
luring

shortage of Oil- Well Supplies is likely
i menace to the drilling of new
in California fields The shortage is
partly due to the consumption by ship-
builders of large amounts of wire r,,pe and
pipe so necessary in well drilling. The
shortage was for a time partly relieved by
exportation of materials
essential to the oil industry, by Mark L.
R.-.iua as chief of the petroleum depart-
ment of the U. S. Fuel Administration.
Now it is said that George E. Hay, chief
of the oil-well supply department, contem-
plates asking priority of shipment of such
materials, in the hope of giving further
relief to the situation

Chrome Shipments from California

Mines are steadily increasing as climatic
conditions improve and the roads dry out
California is reputed to have a wonderful
climate, and the reputation is not unde-
served. But im and snow in the mining
districts are i»t as disastrous to wagon
and truck roads in this state as m any
other Chrome mining is not the only
mining that advances with climatic im-
provement ; and it is not the only class of
mining that has suffered lack of develop-
ment through bad roads. Road improve-
ment by -tate appropriation has been chiefly
for the benefit of tourists, and the tourists
have been for the benefit of the railroads.
County supervisors and the railroads have
for years constantly neglected the chrome-
mining interests, as they have neglected
the tungsten and magnesite, the marble and
sandstone, the iron ores and other indus-
trial mineral deposits. When the demand
came for the chromic iron ores of California.
the owners of the numerous deposits were
not ready to instantly meet the market de-
mand. Deposits had to be developed, roads
had to be built Consequently there was
a g-eat rush to get into line. Some of the
deposits were mined, not developed : many
of the roads were badly constructed ; every
one was in a hurry to supply the market
whi e the prices were high ; temporary and
maleshift equipment was installed. The
war was not going to last long, anyway ;
the chrome deposits were at the best kid-
neys or lenses of ore that would be soon
exhausted, and little thought was given to
the future of the chromic-iron industry.
Nov.- shipments are increasing as the condi-
tion of the roads and the weather permit.
and more deposits are being discovered
and developed, practically all over the state
In 1917 the total shipment of chrome ore
and concentrate was less than 40,000 tons,
at prices ranging from $20 to $35 a ton.
The most conservative estimate for 1918
is 60.000 tons, and this might have been
largely increased if the energy and thor-
oughness in road building were equal to
the desire to get quick action on the money
invested in the chrome industry.

The Tung-ten Mines Co.. operating mines
and mill near Bishop. Inyo County, is re-
ported to have recently sold a consignment
of tungsten concentrate which netted the
company more than $400,000. F W Grif-
fith vice president of the company, is said
to have corroborated the statement of a
large sale, hut the amount is not verified.
nor is the further statement that bonds

outstanding to the amount of $30 1

be paid Off before maturity, winch
falls In 1919 The tungsten mines, situ
ale, I about five miles out of Bishop, de-
i i ought into commercial pro-
within the last two years, have
added huge amounts to the tungsten supply
an.l i„eii the Incentive to development ,,i
scheelite ores In other parts of the county

and nearby Nevada points Winn the Stand-
ard Tungsten Co. began development it was

s to lo t i d bj the Tungsten Mine i o

Thi Round Vallej Tungsten Co property.
developed within the last half of 1917 and
equipped this year, is also producing tung-
sti n concentrate In comerclal quantltj
Othej smaller properties In the, county are

ai tiVelj devel g and s ale making a

small production. The development during
the period since the entrance of the United
States Into the war has been greatly handl-
, ipped by Ions; delays in receiving neces-
sary concentrating machiner.N The high
prices for tungsten have played in im-
portant part in development and equipment
..i these new mines, The investors in the
tungsten properties had no assurance that
high prices would rule for any definite
time, but they had the assurance of a
probable permanent demand for tungsten
produced In the United States, once the
facl should be demonstrated that the de-
mand could be met. And they have been
doubly assured since war was declared by
the American Government. The mines in
Invo County and the long-established tung-
sten mines at Atolia, San Bernardino
County, and smaller deposits near by. in
Kern County, easily accessible to Atolia.
an capable of a large aggregate pro-
duction of tungsten. And the mines of
Nevada also may be depended upon.

DENVER — May 10

Oil Land Withdrawals in the Buck Creek
and Cow Gulch oil fields near Manville.
Wvo , have caused surprise among oil men.
Operators do not understand why the De-
partment of the Interior should make any
further withdrawals of oil lands at this
time when the product is so badly needed
and private capital stands ready to open
up the district and increase the output,
should it prove to be oil-bearing territory.
It is reported that there are no wells being
drilled on the tracts withdrawn, and that
this order specifies certain lots and acreage
bordering on the district where actual de-
velopment is in progress.

\ Dntv on Lead Imports is expected by
Charles F. Caldwell, president of Independ-
ent Mine Owners of Kootenay. who has
been in Ottawa urging the government to
establish same duty as now is in force on
lead ore from Canada into United States.

The Northwest Mining Association has
undertaken to get accurate data of the
number of miners needed to supply full
crews to all companies running, shorthanded

i stern Washington, northern Idaho,

northeastern Oregon and the Kootenay
district of British Columbia. In these dis-
tricts it is believed 4000 additional miners
are needed. Information will be presented
to Bureau of Mines, with an appeal for aid.

Improved Mining Conditions are expected
following the announcement of the Consoli-
dated Mining and Smelting Company of
Canada that after May 1 shipments of
ores to its smeltery at Trail will be paid
for at once to the extent of 90^ of the
value. The company says it no longer is
necessary to withhold payment for an
led" period. This has been done dur-
ing recent months, because it was neces-
sary to store the lead on account of the
market conditions. The surplus of 18.000
tons at the smeltery is now almost all sold.

Government investigation and if neces-
sary financial aid are suggested for the
tin "deposits near Spokane if the bill ap-
propriating $10,000,000 for assistance in
developing deposits of war needed metals
becomes a law. The little work done here
10 years ago shows several lenses of tin
ore, and engineers are of the opinion that
property should be developed to determine
its possibilities. An incline shaft is down
160 ft. along a pegmatite contact. At 96
ft. on the incline a drift 180 ft. long runs

along this contact and at 50 ft. in at
dint a winze was sunk l'ii ft in a stB
I, use of lin ore. mi the dump Is 126 ■
of till ore from both lenses. This till
, ins as a black cassiterite In trencheil
opencuts tin has been found in three ■
places The Spokane Till .Mines com|
holds these claims, amounting to 132 :■
F. C Bailey, of Spokane, has taken al
lion and plans development.

BUTTE, MONT. — May 10

The Slate < 'omiell of Defence, in acB

a nee with authority given it in al
passed at the special session of the i.< *

tore, has made an order that every m
in the state must work at hast live a
per week until the close of the war. '
is no scarcity of labor so far as the itt
and smelteries are concerned, but t
s.-eins to be no doubt that there is goiji
be a scarcity of men for farm work 1
this city and In many towns of the a
there are many idle men — men win *■
not work as long as they can eke out II
ing of some kind. In this city partlcuit
there are hundreds of men who wil Bj
work, although they always have mot" I
their pockets. These people are prlncit
connected with the I. W. W. Whelheik
are receiving money from outside oiU
zations or from pro-German soureii tl
authorities have not been aide to asci al
It is believed that with a number of il
of the idle characters something mi J
learned as to their means or livelihfl
they will have to tell how they exist
to jail. At the same meeting the Q ir
of Defence also took action as to th u
of the German language, and an orde*
passed forbidding the teaching ot f
language in any school, public or prlve.

WALLACE. IDAHO — May 8 II

An Accident at the Sherman Mil r<

cently was the result of two missed ill
After an interval of time had elapiL
miner went in with new primers, i
picked out the missed primers and in*
the new. When about half way oi b
long tunnel one of the old detonating!
exploded, mutilating his hand to an U
that will require amputation. The on «
planation is that the fuse was defM
that the powder train burned down*
it struck a barren place in the fuse, 01
it burned through slowly until it n*
the powder again and then quickly n*
the cap.

Coeur d'Alene Mines established ;jj
high record in net earnings in 1917. W
fact is disclosed in the annual state*
just filed by the several companies*
the county assessors The impressic:}
generally prevailed that the net eaS
of 1917 would be somewhat less thai »
which was the banner year, owing I
continued high cost of mining, the <3
in the price of spelter, the ooinnletai
pension of the Success, the curtailmi
the output of the Morning through lit I
and the suspension of production •»
gether in December, the passing i i'
Green Hill-Cleveland and the reduceO>,
put of the Tamarack & Custer. Alini
adverse conditions, however, were in
than offset by the increased earnii*
other companies. For example, tl •
earnings of the Hercules amounted »
690,400. as against $2,931,136 in 19:
1916 the net profits of the Bunker IJ
Sullivan were $1,310,971. vvhii.
the company earned $2,447,285.
the large companies which have rcporl
following net profits are given: Lain
$1,227,155; Federal (Wardner), $»
Federal (Morning). $1,319,962 • I*
(Mace). $228,827; Gold Hunter, $1 •»
Hercules $.1,690,400 : Tamarack &
$350,857 ; Green Hill-Cleveland. $1
Bunker Hill & Sullivan, $2,447,285.
panies which have not yet reported
Hecla and Interstate-Callahan It
to estimate the net earnings of the
at $2,000,000 and the latter at $1,1
Both will probably go over these
Kut on this basis, and including :
number of small irregular produce
leasing companies which have hie
reports, the total net earnings of tn<
of the district in 1917 were $12.61-
compared with $12,154,620 in 1916.

18, 1918

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

039

Jdl'IJN, MO. — Muy 10

I of the Smell-erj ol the Fort Smith

i announced The

. which waa completed early las!

hut dow n last summet and
i in I ifn iiilicr. win n it « .i
ill its production would bo
Hi. sheet-zinc mill that had been

it Newcastle, hid. Now its owners
■iiie in on the $7.r> agreement

• high-grade ore, and it lias clo ed

I plant

Recorded Recently, Include that of
Chief mine, at Plcher, Okla . to

la interests for $160,000. Tlie i

A E Bendelarl,

•of the Eagle-Plcher Lead Co.. and

18. and lias become a big producer.

ah B mine, also at Plcher, has

il to Texas Interests Playter Bros.,

i\ o taken over 10. a i e.s of

r Seneca, in the western part of

County. Missouri.

Propertied Are Clatilng Down for
f through inability to make profits

■ration at the present price of zinc,
it has been claimed that all
this section could be operated with
valued as low as $30 per ton, but
resent, in the face of higher costs,
r holds. While some of the larger
re curtailing their output, the
>n still continues so heavy that ore
e weak and promise to become still

! Producers have about given up
ectation of getting help through
trnmental action, this opinion be-
ted at largely through addresses
J Congressman Perl D. Decker, of
iluring the week. Mr. Decker ad-
[neetings of mining men at Picher
i Will. City, and declared it utterly
to think of attempting to
tariff on zinc ore at this time. He
table to trying to bring some bet-
by attempting to get an order pro-
the use of freight cars for import-
can ores, but is inclined to believe
relief can be expected from such
An interesting development is a
n from tht district manager for
lean Metal Co.. W. H. Eardley, of
rho in a carefully written letter
that the mining men of this dis-
Jld form a producers' organization
their own ores He cites the ex-
' the fruit-growers of California
ks operators might obtain equally
■ results with zinc ore. He also
'iat the imports of zinc ore at this
negligible, in that they would
inly about 18.000 tons of spelter a
he idea of a cooperative selling
->r zinc ore is not new, but it has
terest at this time, when it comes
local representative of one of the
ieta! companies of the world.

lALl'MET, MICH. — May 10

on rt a c i- and Slow Deliveries of
■ it are retarding production in the
Iperior copper region. In several
lictric equipment ordered more than
go and expected months ago has
delivered. The need for much of
pment is imperative, but the vol-
eontracts, the war demands and
ht and general rail situation con-
he cause for delay in delivery.
haulage equipment, particularly
ind storage batteries, is slow in
The copper companies, a half
more, contracted long ago for
t of this sort. Only a few of the
locomotives have been delivered,
•omotives are designed to take the
the men. who no longer can be ob-
i the numbers required for hand
r. Men are leaving the district
■'. and the locomotives are arriving
V to fill the deficiency. Every ef-
?ing made to hurrv the maniifac-
nd railroads. It is understood
>r more electric installation equip-
ve been ordered by mines of this

itlon and Development Projects in

Superior district have been forced

lown on account of high costs and

ortage and none of those com-

ierating now. with the possible ex-

the Michigan, which is considered

ond the mere exploration stage.

ung to make any mill tests this

intil costs return to normal. The

of one exploration project is au-

>r the statement, however, that it

^ally as inexpensive to continue

lciently to keep a mine open and

jater as it would be to close down.

,'ter case it would be necessary to

. dismantle the mines and part

« surface equipment. The mines

with water and equipment would

be ruined or 0.1 l< est depi eclati
ai>l> There would llkel) i>. considerable
caving;, and this would all mean costl) work
pen Among the exploration proj-
ects thai have already closed an the
Keweenaw i Indiana, the Chero

ii | II.- \\ J .ili.l. il 'I'll. I-'. .I.

i campaign oi diamond drll ling,
but with one .ii ill onlj i n Fact then ai • ■

not moi ■' than three drills p

eration In the dl The Federal Is

drilling the second hole The Mlchli
working in three lodes and shipping
60 to 120 to per day to the mill .

but the Michigan is making high coppei

iv and i hen by defraying its di

itu-nt expense,

tlnued at the North Lake, the New Hal-
tic and \, w Arcadian Theei prop
an- still operating and have made no plans
for closing dow n
will not make any mill tests this

i and Maj dower-i >id Colony are
ing their shafts, but both are In proved
ground, and t Inn for.- are hardly to be con-
sidered in the exploration stage Fedi ral
is doing nothing this year at its Keweenaw
County propel I

TORONTO — May H
The Production of Molybdenum from the
prop, ri les situated on Indian Penl
Lake Keewagama, in the Hurricanaw River
• will In- undertaken by a company
now being formed under the title of the
Indian Peninsula Mining Co., the promotors
Including Frank Groch. of Cobalt ; W. E.
Simpson, of Cobalt and London, England.
and P. Geddes Grant, of New York. The
new company will control and operate the
St Maurice Mine Co.. the pioneer of the
district, which owns the molybdenum prop-
erties. The molybdenum deposits occur in
a granite outcrop near the center of the
lake, and a contact vein between the gran-
ite and the Laurentian schist is traceable
for nearly half a mile. It is planned to
sink three shafts, one on the north, one
on the south end of the contact and one
in the center near the mill site, where a
pyroxene dike occurs, indicating the central
point of mineral deposition, where it is ex-
pected a large tonnage will be recovered.
The properties are about 20 miles south of
Amos, on the Transcontinental Railway.

VICTORIA, B. C. — May 7

The Iron Bounties Act which binds the
Province of British Columbia to give a
bounty of $3 per ton on all pig iron manu-
factured from British Columbia ore in Brit-
ish Columbia and $1.50 per ton on all pig
iron manufactured in British Columbia from
foreign ore, is the most important mining
legislation passed at the recent session of
the Provincial Legislature. The bill went
through the House without difficulty, the
consensus of opinion being that it was good
policy and an opportune move on the part
of the government to encourage the devel-
opment of deposits of iron of the province.
Another section of this act anticipates the
use of electric furnaces in the treatment
of ores and provides for a subsidy.

The Strathcona Park Amendment Act is
a measure passed by the 1918 Legislature
of British Columbia which is of special
interest to the prospectors of the Northwest
This opens to mining development a highly
mineralized section of Vancouver Island
comprising 530,066 acres. It was closed
years ago in order that it might be pre-
served in its natural state as a national
park. It is claimed by the present govern-
ment that the location and the exploitation
of its minerals cannot interfere, at any rate
to any material extent, with its value as a
park, and consequently permission now is
given to miners to record claims within its
limits and to proceed with the work of
their development and mining.

The Taxation Policy of the British
Columbia government in respect to mining
properties was a matter which, during the
session just concluded, caused considerable
concern among operators and was the sub-
ject of not a few discussions between their
representatives and the Minister of Finance.
The result, however, as contained in the
Taxation Amendment Act. is believed to
he generally satisfactory, it being conceded
by the mining men that, owing to the abso-
lute need of greater revenue to meet the
province's obligations, increased taxation
is essential. The tax is to be 10% of the
gross profits or 2%. royalty on the ore
mined, the choice of the impost applied
depending on which will produce the greater
return. There, however, are several im-
portant allowances provided for. One of
these is for salaries paid "directors, officers,
partners, and persons who reside within the
province." and thus are liable to assess-
ment under the act for income tax. An-
other is for depreciation of plant "used in
the production of the income" but which
must not exceed "for any one year 15%

of tin i ii,. plant a third

i in in.- di

derived

hum I mending Ictn In tht

Interest! <'i men woi king at mini

■

.ii I., i i I... hi . 'ill. .

\.i to (mend
Regulation Act "An A. i to Amend the

Mi talllf. urn I,. I An

Act in a mend tl ilal Ion

A.-t" Tin I.. i in. i provides foi an elght-houi

working day for all men employed

about

or miners Th< chli i

ami ndmi nt to the Metalllferout M Ini

hat provld i
hour working da oj ed undo -

i

■ I end i\ hen they
■ n as t hose en i
on the surface. These two acts will be-
come effectlvi on Mar SI, 1919. The
amendment to the • '".i I U Ine i :■ gu
Act givs the surface workers at coal
the eight-hour working day from Ml
of next year. New Ii

after
making their in p
suit thereof In some prom it
side the workings in order that the n
may b> kept in touch with the cond
under which they are working An
provision Is that "every drill used In stop
lng In at icter of the

ground Is such that dust is caused by the
hall be equipped with a water spray "

Australian Zinc Mines produce zinc a» a

byproduct of lead-silver ores. While thi
Broken Hill mines are today the I;
Australian producers of zinc concern
there are several other fields not yet i.i
the producing stage. Th. the Tas-

manfan lead-stiver-zinc mines, about to be
worked on a large scale by the Hercules
Primrose Corporation, an offshoot of the
Mount Lyell Company ; the Mount Stewart
Mines. Leadville, N. S. W., the Lawn Hills
mines. North Queensland, etc. The last
half of 1917 the Broken Hill output was
approximately 233,000 tons ore milled, 217,-
000 tons "zincy" sands milled, for 54.000
tons "leady" concentrates and 100.000 tons
zinc concentrates. "Leady" concentrates
average over 65 % lead, 25 oz. silver, 1\':
zinc. Zinc concentrates average about 47';
zinc. 12 oz silver. 7J% lead. Increasing
amounts of concentrates are now made
from the current and accumulated slimes,
and these average up to 80 oz. per ton sil-
ver, 60% lead and 10 % zinc, while the
"zincs" from the slimes average 49% zinc.
3J% lead and 18 oz. silver. The slimes
concentrates are chiefly made by the selec-
tive-flotation process, of which there are
several variants in use. With the present
practice, recoveries of over 90% are made
and several mines average over 95% re-
covery of all the valuable metals. It takes
about 5 5 tons crude ore to each ton of
"leady" concentrates, and about 4J tons of
the tailings from these crude ores go to
make one ton of zinc concentrates. Apart
from the "leadies" and "zincs" made from
the slimes separated out from the tailings
sands, it will be seen that the "zincs"
output is governed by the "leadies" output.
"While the two existing lead smelting works.
the Associated, of Port Pirie. and the Sul-
phide Corporation, of Cockle Creek, can
take care of the whole of the "leadies"
output and more, they cannot handle the
output of zinc concentrates. The problem
of their treatment is not yet solved. Tech-
nically, the distillation method and the
electrolytic methods are already success-
fully at work — the first at Port Pirie
works, the second at the Risdon works.
Tasmania. Neither of these works is as yet
of sufficient capacity to cope with nearly
250.000 tons of the "zincs" output per an-
num. Present conditions of shipping space
allow only a small fraction of these "zincs"
to be exported to England or the United
States. In consequence there is a huge
accumulation of "zincs" at Broken Hill
and Port Pirie. and the stacks are growing
each month. There are two electrolytic
zinc works in Tasmania. The first, an
offshoot of the Amalgamated Zinc Co.. of
Broken Hill, together with most of the
producing mines of this district, is already
producing spelter of excellent quality at
its Risdon works, near Hobart. Tasmania.
Output, however, is restricted until the
plant is completed and the full supply of
hydroelectric power available from the Tas-
manian government works. The second
works are not yet producing, and construc-
tion work is only just about to start
erly. These are situated near Zeehan.
mania, and are to handle the Hercules-
Primrose ores. The water-power scheme
is in the hands of the Tasmanian govern-
ment, but actual construction not yet begun.

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL Vol. 105, Nc!

uuuuHiiiuimimiiiiiiniiimmmiiiiiimimiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiii iiimuiHiiimiiiiiiiimmimimiiiiiiimiiiiimiiiiim imiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiimuiiiiiii

The Mining News

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tumniiiiiiiimiiiiiimiiimmimilTiiiiimiiiiiii iiiiiiiiiiniii I miiiiiiim iiiiiiiiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiimiiiiimiiimiiiiiiii

VI \ - R \

i ..pprr Kivrr DUtriot

KEXNBCOTT COPPER CORF (Kenne-

cott)— Reported that Mother Lode group

other neighboring copper properties are

taken over 0n basis ol exchange oi

ALABAMA

Chilton County
GRAPHITE LANDS (Canton) 1
nt,„ i to A H Annil

W P Blake, of Birmingham, a Had 13
miles east To develop property.

Etowah Count]
ALABAMA CO. (Gadsden) — To blow in
a furnace soon.

BIRMINGHAM-TRTJSSVILLE (RON CO.

(Gadsden) — To blow in a furnace soon.

Talladega County

TALLADEGA IRON CO (Talladega)—
Furnace about ready for operation, but may

be delaved, as the Government has re-
fused export license. The property has
been reconstructed by Japanese capital

ARIZONA

Cochise County
SHATTTJCK ARIZONA (Blsbee)—Pro-

duction in April was: Copper 842,790 lb
lead. 143.861 lb: silver 15,469 oz. ; gold.
1"2 13 ounces.

KIMBLE MINES (Dos Cabezos)— Re-
cently installed 16-hp engine.

J II. CROSS PROPERTY (Douglas.) —
Xew wagon road being built and sawmill
being erected

Gila County

GILA COPPER SULPHIDE (Christmas)
—In a suit brought by the London-Arizona
Consolidated Copper Co.. it was alleged
that on account of war conditions it will
be impossible to borrow the amounts neces-
sary for refinancing. Allan Forbes, of
Boston, was appointed receiver by U. b.
Judge Hand. The property is being op-
erated at present by the American Smelt-
ing and Refining Company

Graham County
GOLDFIELD CONS. MIN. CO. .Dun-
can)— First ore shipped last week.

rimu County

go

Maricopa County

VRMOUR MINING CO (Phoenix)— J.
\ Armour and E A Williams, of Phoenix.
to explore by churn drill claims on Big
t6 milei easl of Florence and five
miles south Area to be pros-

pected covers 900 acres. Twelve men now
employed at the property

MONTE CRISTO MINE (Wickenburg)

Attracting attention as a promising silver

property.

Mohave County

ALEXANDER PROPERTY (Cerbat)—
Recently purchased by Herbert E smith
and associates, of Los Ang

SI HIVLKILL MINING CO (Kingman)
Tennessee mine reported to have de-
veloped enough ore to warrant building

mill. „ „

RED GAP MINES (Kingman)— Keen
St Charles placed mine with eastern in-
terests and developments soon to start.

BIG JIM CONS. MIN. CD. (Oatraan)-
Stripping engine preparatory to moving it
to Bluebird mine

GOLD ROAD MINES CO (Oatman)—
Foundation work begun for new Marcy-
mill plant. More men employed than at
any time in last three years.

OATMAN UNITED GOLD (Oatman)— J.
K Turner, consulting engineer, reports Z000
ft of development, consisting of a shaft 40U
ft. and 1300 ft of crosscut on 375 leve
Continued exploration to depth of 200 ft
highly recommended.

PIMA MINIM: & SMELTING

i Tucson I h< enlarge plan! i '>" to 5(H)

tons. G M. Harrison is in charge.

SAN XAVIER EXTENSION (Tucson)
Ninety r< -< of high-grade lead-silver-zinc
ore and copper vein said to have been ex-
posed in first working shaft, have been
blocked out between first and second shafts.
Construction of mill to be completed by
autumn

RE1XIGER FREEMAN (Twin Buttes)
Operating the Wak.field-Lamhing prop-
erty and leached 250-ft. mark in new tWO-
compartment shaft. Two new engine units
of 120 hp. each are to be installed at once.
Charlei W Freeman, of Bramwell. w. Va..
W l; Sprague, of Portsmouth. Ohio, and
John K. Fox. of Kt Wayne. Ind., are the
principal owners with Mr. Reiniger. A. B.
Richmond is consulting engineer.

Pinal County
BROKEN HILLS (Ray)— Shaft passed
300-fl depth. l'umps to be installed,

capable of handling considerable water

COPPER BUTTES (Ray)— Hercules in-
terests suspended work at Copper Buttes
property.

McCALLUM (Ray)— Shipments of silver-
lead ore are being made by Jim Pollard

U S VANADIUM CO (Ray)— Com-
pleted installation of 50-ton dry-process
mill.

TROY-ARIZONA (Kelvin) — Work in the
Climax shaft suspended pending installa-
tion of larger pumping equipment.

Santa Cruz County

CASTLE BUTTE MINE CO. (Patagonia)

Under lease and bond Miller and

Scheerer, together with C. F. Byron of
Tucson. Several carloads shipped lately
and lessees to begin developing immediately.

JEROME CENTRAL MNG. CO. (Jerome)

Recently organized. Incorporators are

W M Malody, Eatts. Calif. ; Peter Gordon.
Jerome, Ariz., and H. A. Harding. Arizona.

JEROME SUPERIOR (Jerome) — Second
shift to go to work. New compressor in
operation. Hoist delayed because of war-
orders. Machinery for private electric light
plant on ground. To put up 50-ft. gallows
frame. Camp being supplied with water
from Hopewell tunnel of United Verde
George Mitchell is general manager

ARIZONA-VIRGINIA COPPER CO.
(Preseott) — Purchased 15 claims in Castle
Creek district from P. A. Johns. E. C.
King is in charge.

PECK (Preseott) — After many years of
idleness, to be reopened. Property pur-
chased by C. E. Batton, representing an
El Paso syndicate. There is about 20.000
tons of ore on the dumps. 80.000 tons in
the stopes. Syndicate also acquired proper-
ties of Frank W. Giroux and R H. tsur-
mister, adjoining the Peck.

YAGER CANYON (Preseott)— Shannon
Copper Co. sinking shaft from the 600 to
■iiin-ft level. Developments to date justify
continuation and company has made an ap-
propriation of $70,000 for this worK.

WENDEN COPPER CO. (Wenden) — W.
K Pearson. Richard Clews and James
Goad, of Globe, have taken a years lease
on this property. Will continue drift on
200 level to prospect big vein showing on
surface.

ARKANSAS

ISoone County
TAR KILN (Zinc)— Taken over by Mag-
nolia Lead and Zinc Co. of Oklahoma.
Property equipped with a 100-ton
i >p. rations have started

t

CALIFORNIA
Calaveras County
ANGELS DEEP (Angels Camp
i,. .ii resumed. Contemplate ins
of electrical equipment to take
of the old steam plant. Main sha

deepened.

Del Norte County

MANGANESE DEPOSITS on nc
,,f Smith River reported at i 'resent
Jehu Taggart. of Smith River. Ai,
tant chrome deposit in the same t
hood is also reported. Chrome p
are owned by the Tvson Mining Co
t imore.

mill

Marion County
cm WAN BARREN (Yellville)— Com-
pleted one hole between this and Rush
properties and have moved drill rig to a
new position. First hole showed deep zinc
sulphide Two more drill rigs ordered.

Eldorado County

ELDORADO SLATE CORPO
(San Francisco) — Large deposit
marketable slate in quarries situj
Placerville.

Nevada County

NORTH STAR (Grass Valley
tonnage of milliwg ore being hoif
3000. 3400 and 4100 levels. Ore
being well maintained. Improve
mill treating 9000 tons per mont
ing with 00 stamps. New work
ress at Champion, most of ore con
2700 level. Development al othi
Cost of mining and treatment
ton greater than before the war.
ground men were granted an in
50c. per day after a strike 0
hours. The demand followed a
raise of 25c. a day in all the mil
district.

San I>uis Obispo Counts

CHROME DEPOSITS— Ten
have been recorded by J. F- B«
associates of Arroyo Grande. D(
situated west of Santa Marganti

Shasta County

U S. S. R & M. (Kennett)-
roundhouse at the smeltery des
fire Apr. 2 3. damaging two of
pany's locomotives. Loss est!
$7000 Locomotives can be q
paired. Company has a third I
was not in the fire. Production fi
ery in April was 1,530,000 lb. COP

Sierra County

MONTE CARLO (Downievill —
gold recovery being made fritf
claim, amounting to $1 to *}}>W
nugget recently containing $61 •
gold. Negotiating pending fo '
property to Southern California II

PRIMROSE (Sierra City)— M
on good ore carrying some free (•
tonnage ready for milling. M. '
manager.

Tehama County

KLEINSORGE (Lowrey)— Ne
tion of mill composed of ten 850
and two concentrating tables,
nage of low-grade and small
shipping ore reported. Propert;
country 4 5 miles southwest of
Ore handled over three aerial tr

ELDER CREEK CHROME (
— Installation for crushing and
ing plant. Property 31 miles v.
Tolbear. of San Francisco, is r

Trinity County

CORONA (Hawkins Bar) —
down for season on account wat
Last clean-up of five days 1
$1200 gold and $200 in platin
erty in extreme eastern edge o

Tuolumne County

CHROME MINING is pro
southwestern part of count:
brothers have approximately $5
of ore mined. Richards brothe *
ping three carloads per wee
Booker and Porter to begin shpt
c E Shafer and Frank Athern
leased ground. McCormick m I
high-grade ore daily Quigg b«
ing out $40 ore.

day 18, 1918

ENGINEERING ANI> MINING JOURNAL

941

I III. OU Alio

Moulder Comity
.Il'K Gi ■!.!> MINING c> (Bouldi r)
t ttlon on dump oi e pi oved sued
|l unwntered and reopened; Bhaft 1000
m p Mine to be equipped « Ith

i comproasor nnd drills.

kSCO (Nedcrlaud) Vasco No :: has

; td payable ore Work under direction

"gland. In Vasco No. 7. the ISO

• v.l has br.-n advanced 140 ft. and the

fi level ha* been advanced 7.r> ft, A

v. in has been opened containing a 6-

ti...i, assaying 7 per cent tungstlc

H1TK RAVEN (Ward) Shalt sinking
Ingress under the direction ,,f Charles

Clear (reek Count]
fcrDOLPH GOLD MINING (Empire)
linn cleaning oul and repairing caved
- In the old Empress tunnel, prepara-
I to resumption of development on this
. Howard Peck is superintendent

REDUCTION AND ORE PUR-
SIX.; tldalio Springs) — Company op-
o mill at portal of Newhouse
d Jackson mill, on Chicago t reek
■torn basis Additional equipment in-
ted in Jackson mill anil the capacity in-

JWTOX MILL (Idaho Springs) — Ca-
ll of plant being doubled to take care
le ore from the Gem mine operated hv
Mining. Reduction. Transporta-
l »nd Tunnel Co.. under the manage-
i of W. E. Renshaw. Foundations laid
notion of building under way.
fi Unit to be equipped with two Ruth
c:lon machines, and the entire plant to
n capacity of 100 tons per day
Dolores County

HO ARGENTINE (Rico)— Bismuth, in
1 Ion to gold, silver and copper, opened
I >. 4 stope in new lower adit

• I MINING CO (Rico)— Sold to re-

n committee, and transferred to

(company called Syndicate Mining and

Ing Co. Authorized capital, $500,600

.^-WELLINGTON (Rico)— Oil-driven
> ressor to be installed.

Hinsdale County

AN'K HOUGH (Lake City) — Property
lmerican Flats, north slope of Engineer
(itain. to be reopened by lessees. Owned
r E. Reynolds, of Denver.

I Lake County

RTLETT TUNNEL (Leadville) —
k of smelting-grade ore opened re-

Ouray County

JMP BIRD (Ouray) — Reported rich
J to be developed as soon as title is
d

UNTAIN TOP (Ouray)— Regular
Jients good-grade copper-silver ore be-
liade. Deeper development now under

Park County

I'XT (Alma) — New aerial tramway
» ' completed.

s'DON (Alma) — Lower tunnel pro-
[ "ig satisfactorily. New side-dump
id mule haulage to be installed.

5NOLIA (Alma) — To be reopened in
|. New towers nrst to be added to
i >ay and other improvements made.

San Miguel County

I .LURIDE DISTRICT SHIPMENTS

n! were: Smuggler. Humboldt and

' KiearW,43 cars t0 Durango and 32 cars

•Mo -Tomboy 43 cars; total 113 cars.

ncentrate. Liberty Bell has discon-

I . shipping ore. All recoveries now

II in form of bullion.

Ife DOMINION (Ophir)— Property

ue\ eloped under management of James

Air compressor, machine drills and

j; mining equipment recently installed

ILEIFL.T <°Phir Loop)— Property

Ped during winter by Paul Nardin
J i-sociates. East drift advanced 200

iiLi lh<* distance in payable ore. to
p n KWhen ,water supply is sutflcient.
«"» being placed in working order.
I JNTAIN FLOWER MINING (Tellu-

i'm»n;' developing 22 claims on
"-reek. M. J. Clemings is manager.

San Juan County

innPSSJH. <s,«verton)— Mine reopened
» "ill overhauled; notation to be in-

9 ib i = ™.e macmnery on way. D. W.
A fg is manager.

jSdvIDS <S"verton)— Mill and tram-
^eaay. No shortage of labor is ex-

B "in i i >

IlMBRICAN METAL CO (Bufferhs)-
■ ol molybdenum • ■
Man, haulai

driven; when shed will b<

'ongtl i„ ,i ,,,, , i, , , ,,

DENVER M & M CO <w
yiii bi Ing overhauled Small fori
development w.

Teller Count]

-CRESSO* CCi pple Creek) Lateral from

now in Cn son
point 600 ft lion, main tunnel In drill
on Funeral Dike low grad
expi cted bi ttei on will i i

EL, PASO EXTENSION (Cripple I
Rich strike mad. |n Index mini

'< ft wide and shows consldi rabli
syivanlte, Regular production bi

B \NSAN
liiplin llislri.l

VALLIERE (Baxter)— New company
"'<" C. M Mltche Ident, to develop

leas.- ■.mill of city Five cod drill i,
Neve shaft down about 50 ,. d. velop

further.

I. G. HAMILTON (Kansas City, Mol-
ing deep lead ore find southe;
(,'.alCna. °re at 285 f< extends to 360 ft
First instance of deep lead in Galena
camp.

CHANUTE SPELTER (Joplin)— To put
down second l'.l-in. drill hole to install
I omona pump and make dry shaft sinking
possible. First hole unable to accomplish
tms. Second hole to be placed on opposite
side of shaft.

IDAHO

Donner County
ARMSTEAD MINES CORP. (TALACHE)
Mill to be erected. Plant to cost $100.-
000. The initial unit to have a ca-
pacity of loo tons daily The plans have
l.een prepared in the Hofstrand laboratory
Henry H. Armstead is manager.
Shoshone County

« PI£E„rCIl.EEDK DISTRICT. Branch of
the O.-W. R. & N. will be completed to
F°rks °f creek. Work to begin about Mav-
is. Two miles of track washed out must be
repaired after which there will be about
two miles new construction. Eventually
the track will be extended to the Constitu-
tion mine. The Douglas, under lease to
the Anaconda company, is now hauling ore
to the railroad.

BIG CREEK LEASING (Kellogg) —
Crosscut 2000 ft. from lower tunnel cut
one foot vein of ore, two-thirds gray cop-
per carrying 500 oz. silver and one-third
galena with high silver content

AMAZON-MANHATTAN (Wallace.)

Aerial tram connection with Ray-Jefferson
mill, now treating Amazon-Manhattan ore
Mine owned by the Days.

MICHIGAN

Copper District

SENECA (Calumet)— Sunk vertical shaft
154 ft. in April. Previous record here 130.
at Allouez ; shaft down about 300 feet.

HANCOCK (Hancock) — Dailv output of
800 tons, as compared with 1100 tons per
month last winter.

NEW ARCADIAN (Houghton)— Amyg-
daloid lode was on 1700 ft. level 11 ft.
wide, with copper enough to warrant drift-
ing later.

LAKE (Lake Mine) — Output of last two
months 6000 and 4500 tons, but yield has
increased. Knowlton lode 4 to 5 ft. wide,
but rich and to be mined from Butler lode
Almost all rock coming from Lake lode.

NORTH LAKE (Lake Mine)— New lode
along hanging wall has 6 in. of "copper
brick" sandstone.

COPPER RANGE (Painesdale)— Op-
tioned land south of Globe has completed
cross-section by diamond drilling from
Jacobsville or Eastern sandstone to Freda
or Western, nothing being found : drilling
continued at promising places.

I

■ (Evelcth)

I

mining | ,„ thi

yard near by

Miss,,, ,;,

Jopllo Dlatrlct

Bi) Shall

Inery purchased and

,,,,

" ' ' Ihlo to do some
drilling on Bud . north of

ourl

MONTANA

.Jefferson ('nunty

MONTANA STATES CO '< Alhambra)—
i nwatering 2r,n-ft. shaft.

AT.TA MINK (Corbln)— Shipping dump

screening.

AMALGAMATED SILVER MINES
(Lump Gulch)— Stoping on 250 and
Carload Bhippi d

lewis .in.l (lurk < nunty

CRUSE cox. (Helena)— Deepening 185-
ft. shaft

HELENA MINING BUREAU (H,

— Work progressing with one shift, owing
to a strike of stationary engineers. Mi'
scarce.

SCRATCH GRAVEL GOLD CO. (Helena)
— Upper workings leased and ore mined.

BARNES KING DRV CO. (Marysville)
— Shannon and Pigan-Gloster mines, under
operation by the Barnes-King Co.. pro-
ducing ore of milling grade. Ore from
Shannon comes from above the 500 level.

BELL BOY MINE (Marysville)— The dis-
covery at depth of 150 ft is claimed to be
from 5 to < ft. wide and high in grade The
ore contains gold, silver and lead.

JERUSHA MINE (Marvsville)— Auto
truck to be used for transporting ore from
the Jerusha mine in Towsley gulch to the
bast Helena smeltery, a distance of 45
miles.

TOWSLEY GULCH CO. (Marysville)— A

crosscut has intersected a streak of lead-
silver ore on the hanging wall.

LEE MOUNTAIN (Rimini)— Ore uncov-
ered in tunnel and in shaft.

PORPHYRY DIKE (Ten Mile)— Jam.
Breen mill rapidly approaching completion

NEVADA

Clark County

MANGANESE ASSOCIATION (Las
\egas)— Three-year lease at 15% royalty
sold to Los Angeles interests, which have
taken over $16,000 indebtedness and con-
tract obligations of the association

MINNESOTA

Mesabi Range
MESABI RANGE mining companies have
adopted a new wage scale of $4 for 10-hour
day for common labor and $5.50 for 8-hour
day for miners. State Auditor J. A Preus
of St. Paul, has called for bids for con-
tracts to mine, remove, and dispose of the
ore beneath Syracuse Lake near Biwabik.
No bid will be accepted for a royality of
less than 50c. per ton. The successful bid-
der is given the right to drain the lake It
is claimed that there is a large tonnage of
high-grade ore beneath the lake

Lincoln County

AMALGAMATED (Pioche)— Operating
under lease, and mill treating 10 to 1",
lead-zinc sulphide are containing silv'
from new orebody found in limestone.

BLACK METALS CO < Pioche)— Recen
ly shipped carload of manganese in cl. a
ing out old workings. Grade of 4n';
Mil expected.

BRISTOL-MAY ( Pioche)— Shipping sil-
ver-lead-copper ore from Jack Rabbit sta-
tion.

PIOCHE MINES CO. (Pioche)— Old mill
being remodeled and developing mine.

PRINCE CONSOLIDATED (Pioche)—
Making shipments of 300 to 400 tons daily
of low-grade fluxing iron-manganese ore.
with about 8 oz. silver per ton.

SILGOLED MINING CO. (Pioche)— Re-
timbering shaft prior to shipping ore opened
at 490 level.

Nye County

MANHATTAN CON (Manhattan)—
Mud fault 3 ft. wide crossed on 500 level
marking western limit of orebody.

UNION AMALGAMATED (Manhattan)
— Shortage of crew due to epidemic of
grippe. Ore from 600 level raise at top
high in grade. Option on one-half interest
to Charles S. Sprague Co. is rumored.

WHITE CAPS (Manhattan)— Mine crew
nearly all laid up with grippe. Daily out-
put about 140 tons.

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 20

, ,i DISTRICT production ol sU-
■ S7. amount-

's .„ 10 ,. ii an estimated Kross

mllllnj Producers were

.h Uelmont, 1927 tons; Tononah Mln-
Tonopah Extension, y" JWi
j u , MacNamara.

Bo; 8; and nus-

'.i tons

Store} Count]

i VCKET (Gold HUD— Sent 200 tons from
shaft bins to mill gloryhole. .Jacket si; at
level north drift advanced II it S>ur-
tunnel Umbering and sinking advanced
four feet Started we ' "> con-

nect with gloryhole from No raise 85 It.
x,- tunnel, advanced six feet, savea
nine oars low-gl Seven nulls.

tat.i. a and old cyanide plant n operation .
4 4$ tons nunc ore put In mill Inns

MILLIONAIRE SOIJJ MINE (Gold HUD
—Three miles oast. Recently purchased and
taken over by Ctoarles Knight who will re-
sume operations This mine has b
owned and closed by the McKean National
Bank of Terre Haute, fad., tor a number
,.f years It is fully equipped with mill
and' shaft machinery and operated to Ui<

4"" '■■ ~ , ,

SYLVANTTE GROUP (Hold Hill)— Gold
mines three miles north leased by .i v>
Pi Yes and associates, of Sacraro

Calif ha or '"'■ worth ot ore

from an 80-ft. raise, 100 ft below the old
workings on a stringer Of the man, vein.
Two m-w drifts are being made on the
property, one 1200 ft., and one 900 it . horn
attaining a depth of 550 feet.

CON VIRGINIA (Virginia)— Sent eight
tons from 2000 level sampling Hi. 51 pel
„ n Cleaned out caved material tn ~uft-
w,st drift from C. & r sha ft; 1:, floor
for tracks distance of 130 ft Nortnwesi.
drift on 27110 level advanced 6 ft and con-
nected with southwest drift from Con.
Virginia and Ophir shaft

MEXICAN (Virginia)— On 2300 level
drove north in low-grade Quartz to nO-fl.
point and followed the vein northeast, ad-
vi cinW the face 12 ft.. giving occasional
far assavs. Mill handled 421 tons. in-
cluding ore from Union. Con. Virginia.
ophi? Sierra Nevada, of total value ol
$8,403.

OPHIR (Virginia)— Extended northwest
crosscut 2000 level to 74-ft. nt and con-
nected with main south lateral drift from
t'nion shaft Milled at Mexican null 76
tons of ore sampling $15.40 Sent 15 tons
to Ophir dump at Mexican mill, sampling
$23 .09 per ton.

<?TERR\ NEVADA (Virginia) — Saved
from north drift on 2500 level 51 long
sa°m>line $19.19 and milled at Mexican
mil? 56 tons sampling $12.21 per ton

[TNION CON. (Virginia)— Milled 311
tons in the week, of total value $6,788
On the 2500 level 86 tons sampled $37.0.
'" ,„n werage of 294 tons of the total
nulled was $22.27. On 2400 level the roof
of the raise in east crosscut showed Id in.
of ore "iampHng $13 4 6 Extended east
crosscut on 2600 level 10 ft., face in quartz
and porphyry.

OKLAHOMA
Joplin District
ZUMA (Miami)— New company to drill
out lease at Lincolnville. B. J. Liggett.
Oklahoma City. "J. president

NORWOOD (Norwood)— Rich run Ol
iron pvrites found at depth of only 10 ft
and extending to 30 ft. May be developed
by steam shovel. J. M. Mttle, Norw I,

mMlIsOURI MULE (Picher)— Has sunk
shaft to second level and resumed produc-
tion.

WILSON (Picher)— Started drifting from
new shaft in ore at 120 ft New null un-
der construction. Mine owned by Hare in-
terests, of Oklahoma City.

WHITE SWAN (Quapaw)— Broke Into
ore in new shaft just south of old Mission
mine. Plan mill building soon. \\ ill H.
Zorn. West Plains. Mo., is president.

i.kl i.on
'.rir.i County

TRI-ST\TK (Canyon City) — Has ac-
quired and remodeled 80-ton mill of Jupiter
Mining Co.. between Canyon City anfl
prairil Citv. and has contracts for large
deliveries of chrome ore from owners and
leasers. No product below 20% to be ac-
cented. Company also owns and purposes
to work one or two properties of its own.
Walter J. Nicholls. A. L. White and R. E
M. Strickland of Spokane., chief stockhold-
ers Expect concentrator in operation May
25,' and ore shipments to start May 15.

Jackson Counts
RAINIER mkk-tky Co (Gold HUD

This Seattle, Wash., cono-rn has taken over
the Utah Mercurj Oo.'s group Ol 85 loae
claims and the Samuel Bertleson holdings,
12 miles north These clalmi are contigu-
ous to the Chlsholm mine, which has been

a producer of mercury ore sine. 1878 tne
company has erected a 12-plpe mercury
furnace to reduce the cinnabar me and
developing BUfMclenl ore u> erect a i5n-ton
capacity modern reduction works.

Josephine County
WALDO DISTRICT chrome properties
controlled by R 1 Rowen and associates,

of Grants Pass, who began operation cat ly
in April, are making shipments of ehr'iine-

ore concentrates direct to .'.niton, l itts-

biirgh and .lersev City on I h.\ ■eminent or-
ders The output is hauled by auto trucks
from l" to 20 miles to WatervlUe, the
nearest shipping point.

\1\mi:i>\ COPPBB MINES (Grants
Pass)— Considerable progress being made
In erecting new reduction works -i miles
below Grants Pass, on Rogue Uiver. i pn-
tracl calls tor 200-ton ore-cencentratmg
mill and a blast furnaee of 1 50-ton capacity
at an expense of $200,000, requiring 500
electric horsepower.

UTAH

Juab County
CENTENNIAIi-EURBKA (Eureka) —

Strike reported on 1900 level In new part
of mine.

QODIVA (Eureka) — Drifting on 1200
level to further open low-grade ore.

COLD CHAIN (Mammoth)— Work re-
sumed after short shut-down by labor
troubles

RIDGE & VALLEY (Eureka)— New find
on 1800 level shows S ft. width of lead-
silver-eopper ore.

SCOTIA (Jericho Station) — Several

stringers opened and hope to continue ship-
ments Small hoisting engine to be in-
stalled on 150 level. Property recently
changed hands, present controlling interests
being Dudd and Fabian, of Salt Lake.
Millard County
BLACK ROCK DISTRICT has a large
sulphur deposit near Black Rock on the
San Pedro, Los Angeles & Salt Lake R.K..
which is to be developed by a Chicago
syndicate represented by Michael Morrissey.
About 600 acres have been acquired, and
it is thought that $100,000 will be put in
a modern plant. Mine worked by early
Mormons.

Salt Lake County
CARDIFF (Salt Lake)— To start two or
three trucks hauling to railroad. Over 1500
tons of ore at bins.

VIRGINIA
Roanoke County

ROANOKE ORE & IRON (Roanoke) —
To equip and operate the Catawba iron
property! 25 miles north. To build 12 miles
of railroad and a washing plant. E. k..
Franev is president. 315 Stephen Girard
Bldg., Philadelphia, Penn.

WASHINGTON
Ferry County
LA TRIER (Laurier)— Shipments to be
resumes and continue at rate .00 tons
month. Grade of 4 to 5-ft. orebody is 5%
copper. Chrome discoveries are reported
near by.

Stevens County
F.LEOTRIC POINT (Northport)— One
ore chimney developed to a depth of 700
ft Large orebody. the extent of which
has not been determined Winze from 600
level for loo ft. showed the ore to that
depth and that its extent was increasing.
Four chimneys of ore from 25 to "»":
,„,,. ,„ be expected at 700 level Material
for a $50,000 tram is being hauled to the
property.

WISCONSIN
Zinc-lead Ditttrict
VINEGAR IULL ZTNC CO. mattevllle)

—Sinking row shaft on Franklin Rundell
land at Livingston, to supply the Yewdall
mil? Anothe? new shaft in progress on
Dale Rundell land, and a. mill to be
•quipped. New Jefferson mine at Hazel
Green has again been unwatered. but oper-
ations held in abeyance awaiting improved
market conditions.

WISCONSIN ZINC CO. (Platteville) —
nrlling the Rosa Bennet lease, Just be-
yond city limits; the. property torm^V
known as Trego and Big Four and was at
„"?;fmea big producer of low-ffrade blende
ore.

CANADA
British Columbia

CORK-PROVINCE (Kaslo) — Ball n

and notation plant installed at i
$15,1100, giving 120-tons plant. Flotatl
to be used to treat silver-zinc tailings.

CANADA COrPER (Princess Camp)
Kettle Vallev railroad has let com
W P Tlerney. Vancouver, B C, tor
mile branch to mining properties on
Mountain. Cost estimated at $1.000.0.
Mr Tlerney will let sub-contracts v/ltl
two weeks. Construct ion difficult and l
require n year, dining which time ci
will build 3000-ton concentrator. Wt
Kootenay Power and Light Co. to hi I
150-mile power line from Greenwood
Copper Mountain for the mining compa.

Ontario

KLK LAKE SHIPMENTS of silver t
over I lie T. & N. O. Ry. from Mlller-Lar
O'Brien In March were 30 tons.

WALSH (Oowganda)— Crown Reserve
continuing developmenl, and some nai
veins have been discovered at the 100 hi.

MoIN'TYRE (Porcupine) — April pro. >
Hon a record. Deal for control of New I
has been ratified.

McINTYRE (Porcupine) — Decided to
defer indefinitely contemplated additnal
mill equipment, owing to present high i

MAHON CLAIMS (Porcupine)— Diana
drilling contract let and the work uiet
way,

NEWRAY (Porcupine) — A special sh»
holders' meeting was held April 30tlujJ
which the agreement under which l.gSH
shares of stock were placed under optioto
the Mclntyre Co. at 45c. per share a
ratified.

COBALT DISTRICT SHIPMENTS o til
ver ore over the T. & N. O. Ry. in M
in tons of 2000 lb. were: Aladdin C
Beaver. 32.87 ; Buffalo. 395.73 ; Conii*
164.50; Dominion Reduction Co., 1961
son Bav, 32.12; Kerr Lake. 49.89; La 1*
98.81; McKinley-Darragh. 290.24; OBi
64.68; Silver Queen, 37.31; total. 14.1
tons.

MINING CORPORATION OF CANO/
(Cobalt) — Changes being made in mi t
treat 300 tons per day of tailing accn*
lations. Capacity to be gradually incpa*i
to about 700 tons. Pump of 1000 tons, Ul
capacity to be installed to accumul:'
reserve supply for treatment in the w tet

MINING CORPORATION (Cobalt)-ot
sidering treatment of large amount 0«i
mill tailings in Cobalt Lake. sand I
flotation process and slimes by c*na
treatment.

NATIONAL (Cobalt)— Started treir.
tailings in the lake by flotation.

OPHIR (Cobalt)— Shaft down 441ft
station being cut. Winze to be sunk t ■
contact, 150 ft. further.

BURNSIDE (Kirkland Lake)— Neu«-
6 ft. wide carrying free gold has been «
cut at 125 level.

ASSOCIATED GOLDFIELDS (I"*
Lake) — Large amount of new machiny
being installed. Crosscutting of o
main orebodies and extensive develow
at 500 level under way.

PORQUIS JUNCTION shipped fro t
Alexo mine in March 4400 tons of a
ore.

ALENO (Porquois Junot,on>Hl
eleven months ended Mar. 31 total "
ments amounted to 11,580,200 lb. («
The highest record was for Januar}.'"
1,625.700 lb. was shipped.

OTISSE (Fort Matachewan) — Mil
drill outfit now on ground and ope'^j
to begin in a few days. Machinery ow»

LIGHTNING RIVER DISTRId
mission to work granted to clam'
in this new gold section. An inspect
reported and states that prospecting •
likely to conflict with interests of
Power and Paper Company.

MEXICO

Sonora

GREENE CANANEA COPPER C- <
nanea)— Production in April was. v
IIOOVOOO lb.; silver, 121.670 oz. : go! I
ounces.

CHOSEN

ORIENTAL CONSOLIDATED (U.»
April cleanings $130,405.

Ikj 18,1918 BNGINBDMWa AND MINING JOURNAL 943

mmmmm '""" ""' "»""""'""'1"'""1 " ' 1 1 mmmm 1 1 1 1 „„u .... „„„„„„„„ ^h^^.

The Market Report

iiillimiillillliiiiiliiliiMiiiiiMiiiiimiiiiiiiii iiiiiiii inn i i mmin mi,

"'"" mm" iiiiiuiMiiiiiMiMiiMimim,, 1111 , , 1 1 mHMmmiummimiimmiiimmiiiiiiMiiMiiMiimiinnniinmiM

mm; \\1) STEM ING 1 Mil \\,,i

4 ; ••»
4 75.11

4 7SSI1

Silver

tfork,

991
99j

I. Mi-
lion.

Pence

491

491
49j

May

13

14

15

Still

tng
Ex-
change

4 7550
4 7550
4 7550

Silvci

V ■

i I .

Cents

99)

1,.,

...

Lon

don,

Penoe

48J
4B|
48

ew York quotations are aa reported by Handy
•Rum :uul are in tints per troy ounce oj bai
9#V9 fiinv London quotations are in penoe per
ejpec of sterling silver, 925 tine.

\l\ IMUC1 S OF METALS 1\ NEW YORK

c.,,..-,

Tin

L.-a.l

Zinc

Kl' ■ tr.-

lytli-

Spot

N Y

St 1.

St L.

6.60

6 57'.

7

■2JJ

t

@6 65

(a 6 60

@ H

6 60

6 57;

7 12;

•23]

1

(<i a 80

(5 6 62)

©7 17'

6 70

6 60

7 20'

•2'i

t

, : t, BO

(ni6.62)

@7 25

6 70

6 62)

7 20

•235

t

@6 80

<?»6 72)

©7.25

61 6 65

7 25

•23}

t

l" 6] ('■ b 75

(Si 7 30

6 80 6 70

7.25

1 «23!

t

<P'6,90 ! <fi6 75

<S 7.30

ir. Rxed by agreement between American
« v producers and the U. 8. Government, aecord-
do official statement for publication on Friday.
11, 1917.

io market.

e above quotations (except as to copper, the
I for which has been fixed by agreement between
i loan copper producers and the tT. S. Govern-
» , wherein there is no free market) are our
I Jsal of the average of the major markets based

* ally on sales as made and reported by producers
I genets, and represent to the beBt of our judg-

the prevailing values of the metals for the
I nes constituting the major markets, reduced to

* of New York, cash, except where St. Louis is

I irma! basing point.

. quoiations for electrolytic copper are for cakes,

I I and .virebars.

quote electrolytic cathodes at 0.05 to 0.10c.
the price of wirebars, cakes and ingots.
stations for spelter are for ordinary Prime

* rn brands. We quote New York price at 20c.
t fllh. above St Louis.

LONDON

Copper

Tin

Lead

Zinc

lard

Elec-
tro-
lytic

Spot

3 Mos.

Spot

Spot

3 Mos.

Spot

no

110

no
no
no

110

no

no
no
no

125

125

125
125

125

380
380

375
370
367

380
380

375
370
367

29}
29}

29}
29}
29}

54.

54

54
54
54

table gives the closing quotations on

Metal Exchange. All prices arc in pounds

18. per ton of 2.240 lb. For convenience in

j ^90n pi London prices, in pounds sterling per

* :b., with American prices in cents per pound

* lowing approximate ratios are given, reckoning
;'ge at $4.7515. £29} = 6.2576c; £54 = 1 1.4545c;
I SS?.£: £!25 = 26.5151e ; £260 = 55. 1513c;

.''v3.9370-:' «"0= 63.6362c Variations.' £ 1
1 2 I20jc

Metal Markets

NEW YORK — May 15, 1918

■ interesting features of this week
"tne further advance in zinc and the
fung of an advance in lead, signs of
V were discernible last week. In cop-

■ere is a general air of expectancy.
v, '^rAlthough the conversations that
n ? »»"le the meeting in Washing-
si wy \ .were not of a nature to
r „°Pu- '~1S nevertheless now in the

at the War Industries Board will

ijdvanci the prlci roi c i i aftei Ma ) : i

1 !"' oxpi eti ii o in in mi:, i noni

o i he i eflners n ill book oi den tor d
after Maj upon any other conditions than
tne ph. i thai « ill then prevail In the
meanw hlle, there la a great di tnand for
•"ii" i for June and later di II

However, the refiners are going to be
Car behind in filling their orders for ibis
iiiiy for cakes. Ingots and
wirebars Tiny are In a better position
to supply copper in the form of cathodes
and the situation will be helped if manu-
facturers can be persuaded to us. ea
more extensively, Instead of the other
standard forms The chief direction for
such ;i substitution is. of course, among the
brass makers, who would need n
provide simple devices tor cutting up
cathodes. However, those of the wire
drawers and sheet rollers who possess fur-
naces for resmeltlng their BCrap might buy
cathodes and convert Into wirebars and
<akes through the medium of their own
furnaces, thus adding to the melting ca-

I'acny oi "' untry, In which there Is a

deficiency at present Copper in the form
of cathodes is obtainable at 0.05c. to o lc
hfe&r the price for wirebars. cakes and

Copper Sheets are quoted at 31Jc. per
lo. for hot rolled, and lc. higher for cold
rolled It is said that some manufacturers
have increased their prices. Copper wire
g quoted at 26Jc. f.o.b. mill, carload lots
Higher prices are expected.

Tin — The situation remains about as was
r. ■purled last week. Chinese No. 1 Mav
shipment, is quoted at 99c.@$l per lb"
while such small lots of that grade as are
available lure fetch $1.10<g>1.12. Without
any doubt. $1.25 would be paid for Straits
if it were available.

An interesting feature of the week was
the dec ine in the official quotation in Lon-
don, while in the East the market rose
However, it has been recognized that the
London quotation has been onlv normal
and that while it was at £360. 'tin could
actually be sold at £30@40 higher.

Lead — Consumers bought from dav to
day in lots of 100 tons up to 500 tons" be-
sides numerous transactions in lots of one
or two carloads, the aggregate of the
business amounting to a fair figure. This
resulted in an advance in price, and at
the close the market was firm on the basis
of about 6|c. Lead for July shipment real-
ized better prices than for June. The A.
S. and R. Co. has maintained its price
steadily at 7c. during the recent period of
dullness and lower quotations outside.

Zinc — The speculative movement which
began in the previous week continued this
week, and was accompanied by more buy-
ing by consumers, besides which the Gov-
ernment placed an order for grade C To-
day the Government is asking tenders on
2000 tons of grade C, to be opened on Fri-
day Toward the close of the week the
advance in the market halted The rise to
the present level has been rather rapid, and
there is some opinion that perhaps the ad-
vance has gone far enough for the present

Quicksilver \\ . quoti California vii-

■

,11 III

Quote Mexican \ Irgln Is qu

Iipv.

*:,"J , ' ''' i. putts, by I. I. ,-,

$112.60, qui, 1.

Gold, Silver and Platinum
ii has been annum., . ,1 thai the l"..i, ral

Hun

or the American Smelting and Reft.

to increase lis gold Bhlpmi nl lo ■ tlco

L-old bars ai a rate of (600,000 monthly

haw been Bhipped form

to a ■ ih. Mexican gi | thai

mining concerns .shipping gold :,r,d ail

out of Mexico In ores and base bullion musi

return the full value of the gold and

of the value of th,- silver in the form or

refined gold.

A recent ruling has required that the
amount of gold return for Bllver lake,, out of
Mexico be Increasi d to 50 i .,- much as

compliance with this order would Increase
the gold exports to Mexico oi -.,,,

fmnmw,A,,aml. I,!'-|ini»g Company to ab
♦ i.iuiu.iiiiii it became necessary for the
company tu secure the authorisation of
Federal Reserve Board to expand its gold
shipments. This permission was denied on
the grounds that under the existing ar-
rangement Mexico is receiving all the gold
that the country needs

Mexican Dollars at New York: May 9.

U • M,'A,yJn- 77: May 11. 77; May la '77
May 14, 77; May 15, 77 ' * '

Platinum— All supplies having been com-
mandeered by the Government, there is no

longer any open market and no sales except
to the Government or by the consent of
the Government. We quote the Govern-
ment's price of $105.

Palladium— Commandeered by the Gov-
ernment. Price fixed al $135. "

Iridium — Commandeered by the Govern-
ment. Price fixed at $175

Zinc Sheets — Unchanged at $15 per 100
lb., less usual trade discounts.

Aluminum — The price quoted is the Gov-
ernment price of 32c. per lb. but the mar-
ket is unsettled and there are few transac-
tions.

Antimony — The recent purcha.se of 1000
tons by the Government, which was pro-
cured from several sellers, some of whom
quoted very low prices, inspired outside
buying and a trifling advance in the mar-
ket, but this was short lived, and during
the last week the market became very dull
and weak. At the close we quote spot at
12j@12Je.. and perhaps even the lower
figure might have been shaded. We quote
futures at ll}@lljc, e.i.f.. in bond, which
is relatively higher than the spot price.

Bismuth — Metal of the highest puritv for
pharmaceutical use is quoted at $3.50 per
lb. for wholesale lots — 500 lb. and over.

Cadmium — This metal is quoted at $1.40
per pound, unchanged.

Nickel — Market quotation is 40@45c. per
Dound.

Ore Markets

Joplin. Mo., May 11— Blende, per ton.

high. $7 1. 80; basis 60 % ZI„, . ,,,-emium.
!I5i-„elass B- S55: Prime western, $41
$37.50; calamine, per ton. 40CJ zn. $35«j 25
Average selling prices: Blende, $43 88'
calamine. $34 ; all zinc ores, $43 40

Lead, high, $80.95: basis 8nr, Pb $84<<J
80 ; average selling price all grades of lead
ore. $83.32 per ton.

Shipments the week: Blende. 10.561-
calamine. 576; lead. 1652 tons. Value all
ores the week. $620

For the third class, or prime western,
ores the price gained strength, much more
se-,i.I?s' at $ 4 2 . 5 0. while large quantities were
withheld from the market Several buvers
failed to get the quota they attempted to
purchase While considerable ore selling
as class B is equal in grade to ore selling
as premium, being used for a class of metal
on a lower scale, it must be marketed thus
ficatio condltlon exi ^ in the lower classi-

Platteville. Wis.. May 1 1— The new basis
for the quotation of blende became effective
here this week. Blende, basis 60<B Zn $75
base for concentrates entering int0 rolled
zinc production, but deductions for lead
and lime under the new schedule of penal-
ties brought the highest settling price for
the weeks best product down to $65 among
nine cars of ore of this class delivered
The districts second grade of blende, go-
ing into spelter production, sold down to
foe A6/ ("{V . ° quotations are available
for the still lower grades of blende which
enter into the manufacturer of oxide and
?o^t°5 areTseni to separating plants to be
roasted. Lead ore. bn vad $80

per ton. Shipments reported for the week
are 2825 tons blende. 119 tons galena and
1513 tons sulphur ore. For the vear in
date the totals are 47.294 tons blende 2636
tons galena and 20.037 tons sulphur ore
During the week there were shipped to
separating plants 2745 tons of blende

points @1'55 P6r Unlt' fob- shipping

i'-U

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 3

m «>rr — (Tnahannd at .;
i . r umt (or metallurgical ore, iv,

Molybdenum or.- mut a long Interval
. nation some small buslni

' m.i-

nuch below the last previous
itlou.

PyrIK Spanish lump Is quotable to

sees .1 license From the 1 i

ernment :it 17c. per unit on the basis or as

in freight, buyer to pay war rislc, less

freight No change la pre-

. icl 1 unless thi w ar Board

makes some modification

Tnngoten Ore Following the greal
Ity of the List month, the market ha
oome quieter. We quote scheellte at S-i
and wolframite at Jl9 trains to

grade

Iron Trade Review

11 1 1 -in Kt.ll — Slaj 1 1
Production of pig iron ami steel continues
to Increase Comparing March and April.

then- «.is an Increase of about :< ■ . in pig
iron and t<X In steel Ingots. Production

this month is still heavier The Institute
rt Indicates that ingots were Produced

,, \pi-,i at ■ ol aboul 1 1,

tons a year, a slightly better rate than pb
talned in either 1911 oi 1916 Production
this month i at rates between

44 10 and 15.0 100 tons tor inf 0

and '00, >ons for pig

Iron Tin- greatlj increased pressure tor
deliveries which the War Industries Board
1, to exerl about the beginning ••! April
Mas predicated upon the previous rate oi_
production, and the increased proportion 01
their output that the makers are diverting
to war channels, together with the men
in the total of production. Is Pound to -
the war activities much more steel than was
hoped for six weeks ago, and a surplus for
commercial purposes is likely to be devel-
. ntually. Meanwhile, the only steel
shipped for commercial use. nol related to
the war, is steel that is no! suitable for war
o- near-war purposes, and this amounts to
a considerable tonnage. The Steel Corpora-
tion's untitled obligations decreased 314,524
in April, against a decrease of 232.049
tons in March The April decrease repre-
: , it 15 of capacity, and. taking
s|vll of capacity, Hie bookings

were about 65'. of capacity, probably being
aboul two-thirds war and one-third com-
mercial. Some departments make a prac-
tice of booking regular customers for addi-
tional tonnages as their old orders are filled.
It is almost impossible to buy any steel
unless one is a regular customer of a mill.
The bl-monthlv report made in connection
with adjustment of the sheet and tin plate
sliding wag.- scale shows that the average
invoice price of sheets in March and A]>.il
was 5 10c. against 5.35c. in January and
February and 5.50c. in November and De-
cember, when the highest average was
=hown The tin plate settlement showed $8
against $8.40 and $8.60, respectively The
wages of the tonnage men in the sheet and
tin-plate mills come down a few per cent, in
consequence, hut they ar.- still double the
minimum prices to which the scale runs
when realized prices are low.

Pig Iroa — Th. merchant furnaces are
completing an organized canvass, at the
instance of th.- Government, to show the
uses to which customers would put iron if
-hipped, the object being to insure a full
supply to the most useful industries. Few
sales are being made except for war pur-
poses. The market remains at the maxi-
mum set prices: Bessemer, $35.20; basic.
T-U,m <-o 2 foundry. $33: malleable. $33.50;
gray forge, $32. f.o.b. furnace, freight to
Pittsburgh in the case of the Valleys being
95 cents.

,,..,. I — There is practically no ordinary
Offered Some large producers
would be willing to buy billets*, perhaps ev. n
ini." in! steel, while being produced

in larger tonnage, is hard to pick up Soft
steel prices remain at $47.50 for billets,
small billets being $51; slabs. $50: sheet
bars. $51, and rods, $57.

Coke

1 ..nn.-IKville — Coke shipments from the
region have been increasing slowly, but with
ipplies from byproduct ovens the
blast furnaces are working fairly well and
the chief restriction in pig-iron output comes
from a few furnaces still being idle. No
furnaces are banked, and few are operating
at gaited rates There is practically no
coke offered in the open market, contracts
absorbing all that can be shipped. The
market remains quotable at the set prices:
Furnace. $6 : foundrv. 72-hour selected, $7 ;
crushed, over l-in„ $7.30 per net ton at
ovens

v 1 , ), K 01 OTATIONS

MUCK. QUOTATIONS — Continued

\ \ I \. II ■
. ;uld M
. Juneau
\nt Slu A let .com

Am Sin A Rel . 1>(
Am ZlDO

loc. pi

ida
Batopll&s M In
Bethlehem Stool
licthlebcra so. 1 pt
nun.- & Superior.
luiu.-i "op A Zlno
Corrodi Pasco

1 - li I It- , op

1 tilno

. :olo 1 uol A Iron
Crucible Steel
i ru.-li'l.- Stocl, pf
Dome Mines.
Federal M A S

IM A 8., pi
1 treat Nor ore ctl.

inoa
Dull States Steel
Hoi 1 stake
[usptral Ion I Jon
Internal lonalNtckel
Kennecoti

iwanna Steel.
Mexican Petrol

Miami I "PI"'

Xat I Load . com,
National 1 ead, pt
\r\ 1 'onsol

Ontario Min

Ray Con

aepUbllCl AS ,1-nm

Republic 1 A s . pt
Sloss-Shetneld . .
Bee C. A C
it. s. steel com

D S Steel, pf. . .

Utah Copper
Va, Iron C .1- C

Ma) I 1 BOSTON 1 Mil " Mil) 11

I

BJ

104)

ss

I . •
10

D8

1
ss

go

0

18

II

141

091

90
I

1 1 '

43

iik;

7:t

.1

D

s.
96 j
29 ;
81
1051

25i

B9I

us;

62]

17',

1091

no;

H2J

69

oth

\- v cntin

Ma\ 11

Hie Ledge
Bum- & N Y
Butte Detroit

1 'ali'iloniu
Calumet A Jerome
Can ' "i> t'orpn.
Carlisle
Casbboy

1 .111 Ariz. Sin

( *on < 'oppexmines.

Con N'ev -Utah. .

Emma < on
First Nat ("op..
Goldileld Ton
GoldOeld Merger,

Greenmonster. . . .

Hecla Mln

Howe Sound

Jerome Verde

Kerr LaJce

Louisiana

Magma

Maiestic

Marsh

McKinley-Dar-Sa.

Mllford

Mohican

Mother Lode.
N. Y & Hond
Nipissing Mines .
Nixon Nevada.
Ohio Cop
Rawley
Ray Hercules.
Ric'lininTiil
Rochester Mines
St. Joseph Lead
Standard 8, L

Stewart

Success. .

Tonopah ,

Tononah Ex

Trihulllon

Troy Arizona

United Cop

United Verde Ext
United Zinc .
Utlca Mines

1 ;
12
69

,\<i\ onture
i

Ugomal]
\ ilouci

\i 1. * '.mi
Arnold

l
HiUte-Uul:il.l;i\ .1

Calumel A \\ li
Calumel A Hecla

< entennlal
Copper Rani i

1 >.ii\ \\ 1 bi

1 sal Butte
1 ranklln

ranbs
Hancock
Medio
Helvetia
Indiana
Islo Roy ale
Kew octiaw

lake

1 a Salle
Mason \ alles
Mass

Mayflower
Michigan
hawk
\r\v Orcadian
\.w [drla.
North Butte
North Luke

O I lb way

< >nl l>i. minion
Osceola

( luincj

Marj s M L
Ranta Fe
Seneca

Shannon
hattuck-Ariz
0. Lake

10. Utah

Superior

Superior A Host

Trinity
Tuolumne
0 s Smelting,
U. S. Smclt'g, pf
Utah \pe\
Utah 1 ton
Utah Metal

Victoria

Winona
riverine.

Wyandot

21 I
.03
.75

*4

t5.C0

33
.28
.05
.40

til
t 26

60

fl|j

.r.o
1A

r-':
■1;

{ 5fi
.46
IS!
A

.21 ;

,07|
3
11

iS*

";■

t 0s'

36

.'.o
1 ; I
j 1 1
13

:m
70

lfS

it:
11

-7

7.

ti->

■-'0

.11

23

4!
61

1

..1

I

15

7.'.

7S

42

52

73!

521

85

I I

l|
17

16
81
21

4!
96
42;
43!

2
101

21

2:

I
28
.75

IK ISTI IN' CURB* May 11

viaska Mines Corp

Ulngham Mines.
Huston Ely
Boston <fc Mnnt

initio & Lon'u Dev
Calaveras . .
Calumet-Corbln,

chief Con
Cortez

Crown Reserve
crystal Cop
Eagle* nine Hell
C.ua Copper
Houghton i loppei
Intermountaln
Iron Cap. < !om
Mexican Metals.
Mlnesof America..
Mojave Tungsten
Mai Y.uif & Lead.
Nevada-Douglas...
New Baltie

New Cornelia

' Ineco

Pacific Mines .
Rex Cons
Yukon Cold

SAN FRAN.»

May 14

Alta

03

Andes

09

Best & Belcher

03

Caledonia

05

Challi-iiL''- '"o"

03

Confidence

04,

Con. Virginia.

40

Gould & Curry

02

Hale & Norcross

.02

Jacket-Cr. Pt,

00

Mexican

.48

Occidental

: 00

.18

.01

03

.12

S9

01

,llm Butler

70

Ma.-Namara

.20

07

Mont. -Tonopah

11

North Star

.10

Rescue Eula

09

West End Con

.82

07

04

Comb. Frac

t.02

Florence

12

Jumbo Extension.. .

09

Kewanas

04

Nevada Hills

.04

Nevada Packard....

.24

Round Mountain...

.29

silver Pick

03

White Caps

.34

I-75
3 70

United Eastern ...

III

t9j

.86
54
23
11

t 01

21
05

15

20

2!

117

50

: os

is:

39

1 :

06

2 1
77

go

I6|

20

t 35

10

3AI.T LAKE*

Hannaek

.'ar.llll

Colorado Mining

Dalj

Empire copper

Gold Chain

Crand Central

Iron Blossom

.ludEC

Lower Mammoth
May I'ay
Moscow
Prince Con.

RlCO WelllllCton

Silver-King coal'n
silver King Con
Sioux Con
So Hecla
Tintlc Standard...
Uncle Sam

Walker Cop

Wllhert

Yankee

t 2(1

3 no

OS
1 35

:i mi

TORONTO*

Adanac

li)1

Bailey

03

26

Chambers Terland

11 '.

Conlagaa

2.95

Harcraves

.07

La Rose

40

Peterson Lake

09!

TerniskaminE.

.26 J

Wettlaufer-Lor

04

Davidson

:u

Dome Exten

11.

Dome Lake

18

Hollinger

4 HO

Mclntyre.

1 32

Newray

Porcu. Crown

Teck-Huehes

45

Vipond

.10

West Dome

0)1.0 SI-KIN. ,S

luj 1 1

1 .1,.

1 .IM.IIN

'

II] 1 .111

Durma Corp

n

1 loctor .lack Pol

031

. lain & Motor

11

1 11. tun con

in

1 hup nird.

!.

1 1 Paso

in

1 1 Om

t;oi.i Sovereign

: oa

1 sporania

n

Golden Cycle

1 70

m oxloan Mines

n

L'.i

Mln Corp fan

teal

06

Ni-i-lil. nfil

II

Mary MoKtnnoy ,

11.

, 11, .villi-

11

Portland

02

St. Jobs del Hey

11

United Gold M

1 1

Santa 1 u-rt <iim

11

Vindicator

311

1 hoy

11

• mi ,i 1 ■ s t 1 loaliiu pries, t l.asj i.'ii.'latli

MONTHLY AVKRAGE PRICKS OK MET.

Jan
[.'ob
Mar
Vprll

May
Juno

lull
Ml;,'
Sepl
Ool
Nov
l>.-,-

New York

I iiii.Ioi

mis 1916 11117

75 l-.3IISS.702

77 686 85 . 18

73 Slil

73 876

71 71..

70 071

7!l

85 i":

Hill 7111
S7 332
85 B9!
85 960

SI 117

-,, 900

.'(-, UTS

il'l 062
15 477
II .060

10 nun

11 498

5S4

161

I 192

10 no

N.-w York quotations cents per ounce troy, lin
London, pence per ounce, sterling silver, 0 925 iin.

N.-w

York

1 nun

hi

( opper

1 li-i-M i.l -, 1 11

.- laiiilart]

lie r.,:

1917

mis

1917

1918

1917

Jan

li-li
Mar
\ | . r i I

M.i,

June

July.
Mm
Sepl
Oct..

Nov.
Dec.

28.673
II 750

31 1SI
!7 935
I8 7ss
2-1 962
26 0211
25 380
2.r. 1173
23 500
23 500
23 600

23.500

_J ; .'.1 11 1
23 600
23, ... 11 .

131.921
137 895
L36 750

133 842

1:10 nun
130 mm
I2S 409
122 30 L
117.50(1
no mill
111) 0110
1 10 mm

110.000
110.0110
110

1 in nun

142.895
14S 100

1 ,

117 1 5S
142 000 ..
1 12 1100
1111 Kill
137 000,,.
135 250*
125 00(1 2
1 ' »l!

125 flOujg

Year

'7 181

124. S92

l3S.40ll

1

New York

l.ofl

Tin

1917

10 is

1917

January

44.175
.-,1 42(1
54 3ss

.-,:', Illll

S3 173

62 053
62 . 570
62 681
1,1 542
ill 851
71 740
87.120

S5 Mill
02 000

(a)

(a)

185 BIB

I0S ..174

207 443

Miii-
June

220 171
245 114
212 lis:
242 181

August
September

■_-l:t 07'
244 in
247 46^

274.94:

298 55'

01.802

237.56

May s

III',

40

37 1

S 50

: 03

001

: 02

50

10

1.52!

1 05

03

.65

tl 30

J 00'.

1.55

I0|

02

May 14

-.o average computed

New York

St.

Louis
| 1918

Lead

1917

1018

1917

19

7.626

0.7S2

7.530| 0.684

30

S.636

11 07:

S 505 (i.SOl

30 1

9.19!

7.20

0 120 7 00

111

0 28G

li 7 . :

9 15).

li. 70

ill

10.207

10 205

30

11 .17

11 . 12r

3(1

10 7IC

10 64-

30

ill 59

10.511

30

September..

8.68C

8 01

(i 711

6 651

6 24t

6.18'

December.

6 . 37J

6 311

1 8.787

8 721 1. .

30

New York

St. Louis

Speller

1917

1918

1917

1918

10

9.619

7.836

9.449

7.601

48 . i

10.045

7.814

9 . 875

7.639

17 '

10 300

7.461

10 130

7 286

17 1

\prll

9 159

6.890

9.289

1; , 1

9 302

9 192

-,4 1

9 371

9 201

', 1 '

July

8.643

s 173

VI '

8.360

s 190

Septcmbci

s 136

7 986

7 983

7 813

7.847

7.072

1 11 mlii-r

7 OSS

7 510

Year

8 901

8.813

52

New York and St. I.ouls quotations, cents ' 1

London, pounds sterling per long ton.

Pig Iron.

Bessemer!

Baslct
1917 | 1918

1

l'uh

1917

1918

10

535 95

$37 25

$30.95j$33.95

<3(i

36.87

37 25

30.95

37 37

37 25

33 49

April

42 23

30 IE

38 oil

32 !..".

41. 01

4 2 SI

54 22

50 05

July

57.45

53 so

51 17

50 37

33

September

48 40

37 25

33 05

November .

37 25

33 95

December. .

37.25

33 95

$43 57

$39.62

$41

t As reported by W. P. Snyder * Co

Engineering and Mining Journal

/

jtow.v 105

May 25, 1918

Numbi

""Mlllll , ,

. .. T„E K1Tc„E. „iX,iE „ -™- -.---g-JJ- .«» BOiEDINO H0DS, _

FIG. 2. THE MEN TAKE THEIR TRAYS T, , INDIVIDUAL PLACES AT THE TABLES IN THE DINING HALL

The Cafeteria at the Kerr Lake Mine

By H. A. KEE*

he cafeteria system of serving meals at mine

owding houses has been successfully adopted at

■ '>e Kerr Lake mine. Each man lias his place

f the table and receives a numbered meal ticket.

The men load their trays at the kitchen counter
with whatever food they desirt . stage and

discontent have thus been reduced to a minimum.
Change in method proves mutually satisfactory.

■^HE problem of feeding employees in mine board-
, mg houses has been seriously considered by most
J mine managements, and one of the main difficul-
ftias usually been to keep the debit balance of board-
Souse accounts as small as possible. Naturally, other

s being equal, the more efficient and capable miners
|ly seek employment where they can procure the
* satisfactory boarding and other accommodations.
5 mining companies endeavor to feed their emplov-
■roperly and to have them satisfied with the food
Ti- Results meeting both conditions are often diffi-
|o attain, due in part to wasteful cooking and serv-

s well as to poor selection and buying of supplies ;
I

'ager. Kerr Lake Mining Co., Ltd.. Cobalt. Ontario. Canada

and occasionally some of the employees are most un-
reasonable.

Doubtless all interested have studied this problem
to some extent, and some remember early difficulties in
obtaining a fair portion of food at mine boarding houses
when untrained speed, light weight and short reach pro-
cured but meager results, as compared with the previ-
ously trained heavy-weight opposition.

The usual method of serving food in most camp board-
ing houses where there are a large number of men is
to place on the table, in suitable dishes, one large por-
tion of each sort of food to about every six or eight
men, and often after the first three men have picked
over and chosen their portions the remaining food in

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 2

that particular dish is not stimulative of a good appe-
Lnything left in those dishes is seldom served

i. and. as a result, this fond is either dispatched
to the garbage wagon or made into hash or stew, which
is not always eaten. Often some one who has not struck
his pace in the usual dash for food finds that the other

\ with previous experience had started his meal
by eating all the pie he could reach, thus leaving noth-
ing for his fellow workmen but the cherished privilege
ising the same tactics the following day, if they so
desire. It is generally conceded that the cash losses
on boarding house accounts are not due to the amount
of food actually eaten by the employees, but are in-
variably caused by the waste after the food has been
cooked and served to disadvantage.

Advantage of Cafeteria Service

A few years ago the Kerr Lake management casually
looked into the matter of the cafeteria system of serv-
ing food as used in the larger cities, where excellent
meals were obtained at much lower prices than was
possible with the usual hotel service, and concluded that
some modifications of this cafeteria system could be
adopted to material advantage in mining camp board-
ing houses, as the individual service would doubtless
prove more satisfactory to the employees, and at the
same time eliminate considerable waste.

During the war everybody has been urged to conserve
food, particularly by eliminating waste, and on Apr.
1, 1917, the Kerr Lake Company introduced in its mine
boarding house the cafeteria serving system in modi-
fied form. The results have been highly satisfactory,
inasmuch as there have been no changes made in the
cookery staff, no one has required a second serving, and
not a single complaint has been made as to the quality,
quantity, or serving of food three times daily to about
TO men. This system of serving would naturally work
out to much better advantage where it is necessary to
serve a greater number, and it is interesting to note
how well the men handle their individual trays.

A Good Cook the First Essential

Naturally the first thing considered in securing best
results in any boarding house is to procure a neat and
efficient cook, who will continue to take an interest in
his work. In this particular the company has been
unusually fortunate. A daily report is made out, signed
by the cook, and filed in the office, showing supplies
used each meal, giving the number of men served each
meal and weight of meats and number of eggs used, etc.
It has been found much easier to control the amount
and quality of supplies under this new system, and the
ultimate waste is reduced to a minimum, as all food
which is not eaten at any meal remains in perfect con-
dition, and is served later.

The food is placed on the serving counter in large
kettles and pans in full view of the men as they are
being served. It is served by the chef and his two as-
sistants at the rate of seven men per minute. Fig. 1
shows the kitchen range and the size of kettles and
serving pans and the serving counter and serving opera-
tion, and Fig. 2 gives views of the dining room.

The men, on reaching the dining room, form in sin-
gle file and, without hurrying, walk up on one side of
the room, to the ticket board, where each man in his

turn procures his meal ticket, on which, as shown in Ij
.">. his name and payroll number are stamped. The rt
places his ticket in ths counter receiving box, and ti
i -ikes a 14 x Hi in. black japan tray, with knife, ii
and spoons, and is served that portion of food wh'
he desires. After being served, he proceeds with i
tray of food to his numbered place at the table, an
he leaves sugar in his cup or otherwise wastes the Id
solved to him it is an easy matter to check him up
getting his table number and referring to the ol
records. Each man eats the same clean and who!
food after this individual service, and all are evide I
pleased with the new system of serving.

When every one has finished eating, the assistd
collect the trays, with the dishes, and clear the tali
for another meal, while the chef unlocks the tl
box and punches the tickets for that particular nt

FIG. 3. CAFETERIA MEAL TICKET

No. 100

Name John Jones

Month of

At

>ril.

a

1

B D

S

M

EXTRA

2

B

D

s

M

3
29

B

B

D
D

s
s

M

M

30

B

D

s

M

31

B

D

s

M

Total A

/

imount

$

Table No. 67

The tickets after being punched are replaced i;tl
ticket board under their various payroll numbers 'A
the end of each period, these tickets are sent t tt
office and the various totals deducted from the pm>
If a man is discharged or calls for his time durir tl
period, he procures his ticket from the chef befoi a
settlement is made at the office. Extra charge is i»ii
for more than three meals per day, as the me c;
eat all they require in three meals, and enjoy thifc
served to them. Experience indicates that if m< *
allowed the privilege of eating four times a day, c
siderable waste and ultimate dissatisfaction on h>
part usually result.

White enamel ware dishes are used for servii I
food, thus eliminating waste and breakage, and
found by experiments that less bread, butter, tea, of
and milk were required when all of these nee
were placed on the table where men can help them B
This system of serving or modifications of same io
effect a material saving if installed in all minii <
lumber camps where it is found possible to use H

Necessary food will be conserved and the m<
be pleased with the service if particular pains an I
in the first installation of the system. Such res!
have been obtained by the Kerr Lake Mininj C
cookery staff under this new system would recom
it, more especially to companies feeding a larger m
of employees.

May 25, 1918

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL ,,,,

War Savings Stamps at United Verde Mine

Bi II. in w i i r SMITH

TIk < of the United V, rcU Copper Co.,

< responded 100
w-owg to the company's campaign fot th<
Base of war savings stamps, thrift stamps and
■f Third Liberty Loan, Special, , „/.,

.'/ deductions have been made, and the
mords and clerical work necessary mply

and efficiently conducted by tht company officials.

i,;"" ;"'-l Int. rj patriotic empl<

'"' "'■•',l '"' finan, pporting the U. S (

the period of the wai

"""' '" mment which he has adopted for

Protection and for a a n'a livelihood , to

emulative savings on the part of

NATIONALITY CENSUS OF J] vltIZ., APRIL, i

"MIE method of conducting the war savings stamps
and Third Liberty Loan campaigns at the United
. Verde Copper Co., of Jerome, Ariz., is here pre-
yed in the hope that the same or similar methods
be adopted to advantage by other mining co
to interest their employees in actively support-
thc United States Government by means of monthly
• nents toward the purchase of war savings stamps
Liberty bonds.

P to the time that war savings stamps and thrift
:ips were offered to the public, in January, 1918,

Nationality Nun

American ^$2

Mexican ..' ' ' ' 391

Austro-HunRarian . \'-,->

British ,'„"j

Spanish

Italian . . . . ;,t\

Miscellaneous !'!!!! 105

of ']

ll'.L'

7.7

4.5

8.4

100.00

Total ^48

a class not naturally so inclined, and, third to elimi
nate as far as possible all pro-German and anti-Ameri-
can elements, who naturally would not take kindly to
the idea of lending their aid to this Government.

On pay day, Jan. 21, leaflets issued by the Govern-
ment descriptive of war savings and thrift stamps were

ICK N0...1P.??

UIE pp°. 'T^^n

CERTIFICATE NO.fl.l93JI:.i?_

.-Q05...SEMI.MONTHLY MONTHLY

1918

.CASH

1st H.lf ;„d Half

4 IS

4 12

l~
4 ,13

jjMj 4 iH

1st Half |2ndHalf

I 1st Half I 2nd Ha

Aug.

Nov.
Dec.

1st Half 2nd Half

January 25 » l?iq

United Verde Copper Co:

I herby authorize the UNITED VERDE COPPER CO.
to deduct from wages due me each SEMIMONTHLY PERIOD

(until notified to the contrary') the sum of £*•-- , toward

the purchase of THRIFT and WAR SAVING STAMPS, which will
be delivered as paid for.

Check No. lz&

[Sicr.ori) John lton

IGXED CARDS AUTHORIZING WAGE DEDUCTIONS FOR THRIFT AND WAR SAVING STAMPS ARE FILED IX
MAMLA COVERS UPON WHICH A VOUCHER RECORD IS KEPT FOR EACH EMPLOYEE

active interest had been manifested in Jerome in
urehase of Liberty Loan bonds. True, the local

was largely oversubscribed on both first and sec-
<sues, but this was due solely to the large amounts

by the two large companies in the district.
ie, with a population of 6000, was represented by
550 subscribers to the Second Liberty Loan,
in many mining towns, the population of Jerome
iftmg and rapidly changing, with only a small
Mage who own their homes and have settled per-
n«y in the town. Not over 50 <r of the population
merican citizens, a large proportion being either
an or subjects of Austria-Hungary. A fair idea
^nationalities represented in Jerome mav be ob-
1 from the table of employees at the United Verde
on Apr. 1, 1918, which appears herewith,
'er the conditions noted, the objects of the war
rs stamp campaign at the United Verde mine,
n a larger way, in Jerome itself, were three-fold :

^ntendent of Mines. United Verde Copper Co.. Jerome.

attached to each pay check. Posters bringing out the
salient features of these issues and the Government's
need of every man's support were posted in conspicuous
places around the plant. After this preliminarv edu-
cational work, which was ably seconded by articles and
editorials in the local papers, a committee of five, select-
ed for their representative character, intense patriotism,
and ability to converse in several languages, carefully
canvassed the mine, explaining to each employee individ-
ually the features, merits and objects of war savings
stamps. The advantages of monthly savings were pointed
out, and a card as shown in Fig. 1, authorizing a de-
duction from the payroll, monthly or semi-monthly, was
presented to each man.

After the mine had been completely canvassed, a list
was compiled of all employees who had not purchased
war savings stamps. Each of these men was again inter-
viewed, usually by a man of his own nationality. In a
large majority of cases, this second interview resulted
in a subscription, as each man had had opportunity to
learn from his fellow workers the generally favorable

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No.

attitude in which the campaign was held. Wherever a
: did not care to purchase stamps, either through the

time office or through the local banks or post office, his
efusal was noted.
A- B18 out of a total of L248 employees had requested
that deductions, ranging from $1 in thrift stamps
monthly up to 10 war savings stamps semi-monthly, be
made through the mine time office, a considerable task
devolved upon the time office force Under the direc-
tion of C. S. P. Gardner, chief timekeeper, this work-
was quickly systematized and has since proceeded satis-
factorily to all concerned.

The deduction card, as illustrated, is turned iu at
the mine office, and there kept on file as an authorization
for deduction in a manilla envelope or ease, shown on
the same page, serving a double purpose. The amount
deducted each pay day is entered on the payroll and on
the case at the same time. Should there be any uncer-
tainty or dispute regarding the amount or time of any
deduction, a complete record of all war savings stamp
deductions for each employee is thereby made quickly
available for reference. After the deductions have been
entered on the payroll and totaled, the war savings
stamp account is credited with this total, and an equal
amount in stamps obtained through the local post office.
The number of stamps as stated on each case is then
inserted in a small envelope, which is placed in the case
until called for. Ey this method any error in distribut-
ing stamps becomes at once evident, and is readily
checked up. Each man is presented with a war savings
stamp certificate, properly filled out, when he receives
his first stamp. It has been found by experience that
the majority of the employees prefer to retain these cer-
tificates in "their own keeping, although a safe in the
time office is provided for those who wish to avail them-
selves of the privilege.

During the first two months of the campaign, numer-
ous requests from employees that the payroll deductions
be changed by an increase or decrease were checked and
tabulated by means of deduction change cards, the same
form as shown, but printed on pink cardboard.

Results of War Savings Stamp Campaign
As a result of this war savings stamp campaign, 1205
out of a total of 1248 employees began the purchase of
stamps, either through the company time office or at the
local banks or post office. No record is available of the
amounts purchased through the banks or post office.
At the mine time office, from Jan. 21 to Apr. 15, 1918,
a total of $40,196.61 in war savings stamps and thrift
stamps had been purchased by mine employees, an aver-
age of $32.21 per capita. Authorized payroll deductions
for the first half of the month of April amounted to
$5,391.39. -Many employees, however, preferred to pay
cash for the stamps rather than have the deduction
made from their pay checks.

Where such a large proportion of mine employees
purchased war savings stamps, those who declined to
purchase without good reason were made conspicuous
by their refusal, and soon dropped out and left for a
more congenial working place. As the other mining
companies in Jerome quickly followed the example of the
United Verde, the town was soon rid of an anti- Amer-
ican and pro-German element which had been a source
of danger to companies engaged in war industries.

On the other hand, many of the employees, particuld
ly among the .Mexicans, Spaniards and the subject r.
of Austria Hungary, who had taken little interest in I
progress and support of the war, began to take in
interest as they took upon themselves a share of
war's burden. This change of feeling was clearly sin I
by the progress made by the Third Liberty Loan.

Third Libertx Loan Suhscriptions
As there had been only 60 subscribers to the Seed
Liberty Loan from among the employees of the Un
Verde Copper Co., it was thought advisable to ha\ a
complete organization to insure better success on it
third loan. Consequently, each shift boss and shop f*
man was requested to appoint a man from his sh i f tt
solicit subscriptions. In addition, a general comm
was appointed, consisting of representative men of <cl
prominent nationality. A meeting of these commit-.'
was called for Tuesday, Apr. 9, to consider the I
methods of handling the Liberty Loan campaign •
United Verde mine. However, on the morning of
6, when the national drive opened, the time office I
itself besieged by applicants for bonds, and befon
committees held their first meeting more than 600 I
scriptions had been received.

As a result of the educational work in connection it
the war savings stamps campaign, over 85% oft!
United Verde employes had subscribed to Third Lilrt
Loan bonds before the first week of the drive was i
without the necessity of organization at all. Thefj
cases where employees could not subscribe wereo:
sidered by the general mine committee, and ai c
planation was furnished concerning them. Alt.
close of the third week of the Liberty Loan drivfti
United Verde mine was represented by 1221 subi
ers from its 1247 employees, and the 26 non-subri
ers were considered 100% American from the faclh
they were taking war-saving stamps to their lin:
preference to bonds.

The Third Liberty Loan subscriptions were had)'
by deduction cards in a manner similar to that al;ac
described with reference to stamps. The United j
Copper Co., as is the case with many other large op
companies in the Southwest, offered to purchase «
outright to the amount subscribed by any empy<
Payments were made by the employee as desire I
preferably at a rate of 10% or more per month.

The showing made by the United Verde Co.
first week of the Liberty Loan drive immediately pj l
other copper companies and the Jerome merchas
their mettle, so that the close of the third week
campaign found Jerome with approximately 250 s-
scribers among its 6000 inhabitants, and proud of*:
a 100% town.

Similar results can be accomplished in any m
community by organized effort. This effort i
worth while in its result of welding union and norii
employees, operators and tradesmen, native-boi
aliens, into one comprehensive unit whose first ai <
thought is to win the war.

The Iron and Coal Trades Review (London) stalj
production in Germany of nitrate by fixation was.
tons in 1013, 60,000 tons in 1914, 130,000 tons i I
and 300,000 tons in 1916. Production in 1917
mated to be at least 320,000 tons.

May 25, L918

ENGINEERING AND MINING J01 RNAL

! 10

Road Builders Work Close to the Front In
■ American Sector in France

I'.v ROBERT K. TOMLIN, .Ik.

Progress has been modi by in. road division o)
the Aim . lean „l„ ,.

mization to act/ml construction and main-
tenance of military highways in the war zone.
About 1500 men are engaged in road reconstruc-
tion, maintenance and quarry operation*. The
■work proceeds in spite of G< nuan shelling and
our men are materially relieving the difficulties
arising from the worn-out conditions of important
roads. American machinery replacing hand labor.

"N DEALING with the work of the road service of
the American Expeditionary Forces here in France

-my first studies were necessarily confined to matters
organization, inspection and planning. These were

e early days back in January, when the princi-

I activities of the chief of the road service and
i department heads took the form of investigation
d report. The results of our efforts were then

paper, not on the ground, for the rank and file of
r special road-building and quarry regiments were

II at Camp Meade, in Maryland, and practically no
'istruction plant or tools had been received. Since
itse days a big change has been wrought. The van-
iutl of our special road constniction and quarry
ices landed in France some time ago. Road service
hdquarters was immediately shifted from Paris to a
int nearer the front. A limited amount of equipment
Is received, some of it from the States, some from
III sources. Men who had been chafing at desk jobs
I e transferred to open country. District offices wore

Wished: construction gangs were detailed to selected
las; and the real work of road reconstruction and
n ntenance in the zone of American operations in
f nee began.

he machinery of the organization up to this time
i been in the assembly stage. Now, however, the
I'ttle has been opened and the wheels are turning.

I are not yet going at full speed, but we are moving

II g nicely, and each week sees the lever jacked for-
*'d a notch or two. American road builders are now
l(>ork on military highways and in quarries within

I range of German artillery fire as well as in other

II s between the front and our seaport bases.

have just come back from the advance section of our

service, where work, subject to interruption at

11 time by high explosive shelling or drenching by

jprd gas, is being carried on under the direction

captain of engineers who was formerly a division
Rneer in the New York State Highway Department.
1 1 his shoulders has fallen the responsibility of get-
n the job in the forward area started. His status,
■ that of several other engineer officers assigned to
"rent areas of France, is that of a division highway

' ar correspondent, McGraw-Hill Co.'s publications.

porting directly to the chief oi th< road
who is located at present al the ■
quarters of the American Expeditionarj I

Just a little mure than a n . ,, Feb. 15, to

be .'vict— road work up near the front was begun' by

American forces. Since (hen things have moved swiftly.

■lit 1500 men are now engaged in road reconstruc-

n, maintenance, and quarrying in this advai
They are operating in seven grou] group being

assigned to a territory with definite limits. Five

Ties are being worked by our men. .Mechanical
equipment has begun to arrive. Several crusher instal-
lations have been set up, among them one with over-
head bins and mechanical elevating equipment, said
to be the first of its kind to be erected behind any
front in France since the war started, almost four years
ago. Four days alter the machinery and wood for the
bins arrived at the quarry site our men had this outfit

HAXD QUARRYING PEXDIXG ARRIVAL OP CRUSHER

producing crushed rock. Nor have we stopped at the
innovation of the portable crusher plant, with its ele-
vating conveyors and storage bins. We are causing a
good deal of comment among French engineers, I am
told, by the use of bottom-dump wagons and elevating
end-dump motor trucks. Such equipment as we are
using for quarrying and transportating rock is a de-
cided novelty over here, where the practice of depending
on hand labor rather than mechanical plant is far more
general than is the case in the United States.

As I stated in a former report, our road builders do
not have to concern themselves to any great extent with
the construction of new roads. There are already
plenty of highways leading to the front, and our job
now is maintenance, reconstruction and widening of
existing waterbound macadam roads. Where our road

IXulMTUlM, AND MINIM! JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 21

■ uutv regiments art operating near the front the
.,-k to attend to is about one mile oi road
are mile of land. Certain "national" high*

og toward our battery positions and trenches are

mple width and | good foundations

and drainage. Ordinary maintenance work is all they

require - '■' the offshoot roads, however, are only

from 9 to 12 ft. wide, and these must be increased to
from 18 to -Jo ft. in order to carry artillery and motor
truck traffic. These offshoot roads are in most cases
too thin to stand the heavy traffic of war. and our men
reconstructing them, as shown in the sketch.
The reconstruction work involves the preparation of

Road reconstructed 6
- widened- o

■ ■4—. J.7

34

—

Oriqmal Road-'
' -----

AMERICANS USE OLD ROAD AS HALF BASE FOR NEW

a subgrade, which is not rolled, and the laying of a
foundation course of large stone or "blockage" to a
thickness of 20 cm. This blockage is set by hand and
chinked in with smaller stones. Then on top of it is
spread a 10 cm. layer of crushed stone 1 to 4 in. in size,
this layer being extended across the surface of the
existing road, which serves as a base for about half of
the widened route. When a roller is available the top
course is rolled down; otherwise the compacting must
be done by the traffic itself

There is nothing very elaborate about the work. It
is macadam road reconstruction reduced to its simplest
form, for under the conditions that obtain in the ad-
vance section our engineers have found that this is
the only type of road it is practicable to build and mam-
tain. The captain of engineers in charge of our advance
section work spates the case thus: "The war-time type
of road for France is the waterbound macadam road.
It is the road for which local material is available and
for which the methods of maintenance and reconstruc-
tion are simple. The fact that the local stone has
a high cementing value is another argument in its
favor." The stone referred to is a soft limestone, almost
white.

Our policy in road building is to use local material
as far as possible, thus cutting down on the length of
haul for crushed stone. This is very important, for
with quarries located far from the job the motor trucks
hauling crushed rock for maintenance and reconstruc-
tion destroy the very roads for which they are bringing
up repair materials. Then, too, it is now, in the early
spring, that the roads are subjected to their severest
test, for at this time military activity generally in-
creases after the winter's lull and the loads must be
cleared, so far as possible, of all traffic which does not
carrv ammunition, supplies and the other essentials cf
combat and sustenance. Giving weight to all of these
factors, our road service is opening up, or taking over
from the French, many quarries, on the theory that
manv quarries mean short hauls for crushed rock, and
consequently fewer trucks operating on the highways.
Up to within a short time ago most of our quarrying
was a hand-labor job Some of it still is, but our aim
is to install mechanical equipment at all quarry sites
just as soon as such equipment is to be had. The accom-

panying photograph shows the first mechanical
equipped quarry which American engineers ha
stalled near the front. It is of the semi-portable typ<
with jaw crusher, overhead bins and elevating C01
veyors. This is the plant which was set up in fou
.lays. As previously noted, this layout is a decid
depart me from previous practice of the allied armi
behind the front. The rock here is the prevailing so
limestone, which, after being blasted generally at nig
—is loaded into wheelbarrows and delivered by iin-lin
runways to the jaw crushers.

The elevated bins, it will be noted, have two openir
below. The larger of these is for motor trucks, wh
the other is for light railway (60 cm. gage) ca:
American quarry practice over here is making a mark
cut in the man-power required for operation by t
provision of gravity loading of crushed rock into mot
trucks, light railway cars and bottom-dump wagons.
Another of the views shows a gyratory crusher wh
had been set up or.ly a couple of days before I took t
picture. At the time overhead storage bins had
been erected at this site, which had previously t><
worked by the French.

In another photograph a detachment of our qua
regiment is shown breaking rock by hand, pending

■■■■■■■•■L

\MFRIC\X ENGINEERS HAH THIS QUARRY f.PKR.M
FOURDATS AFTER EQUIPMENT ARRIVED

arrival of a crusher. The captain in charge of"-
work had established his camp only a few days
my visit to this quarry, and, eager to increase his*
put of crushed stone, he was preparing to bui
crusher of his own from odds and ends of metal <
he had ferreted out in a junk shop in a near-by
"As soon as I can get the authorization to spend I-
hundred dollars for this stuff," he said, "I will n J
crusher set up and running in a few days." This
is typical. Our men have had to proceed with a-
work in the face of difficulties of all sorts, shorts

Mi

mis

l NGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

ffl QUARRY, TAKEN OVER FROM THE FRENCH. IS SHOWN PARTLY EQUIPPED WITH GYRATORY CRUSHER THE

OVERHEAD STORAGE BINS NOT HAVING BEEN BEGUN

* shortage of plant, delays in railroad shipments,
t Yet they are not sitting down and waiting for
ir thing to turn up. When mechanical plant does
le it is set up in a jiffy; if it is delayed, some sort
Makeshift is resorted to, or else the rock is barred

■ nd broken by hand. From four of our quarries

■ 5 mechanical plant of some type is in service we

* Jrning out about 500 cu.m. of rock daily, and the

is as yet hardly organized.

Jst of the transportation of crushed rock from

1 y to road is done, at this writing, by motor truck

''rse-drawn dump wagon. A number of Mack motor

Ul* are in service for the longer hauls and Watson

*'ii-dump wagons for lesser distances. Both

hl es of dumping — the automatic elevating body in

e >se of the motor truck, and the bottom opening

in the case of the wagon — are decided novelties

', French road builders, and their first perform-

c» were in the nature of spectacles watched with the

«';t interest. Much of the road stone is delivered

1 French in small, two-wheel carts.

The men of our road-building and quarry regiments
have been divided into gangs and are quartered close
to the particular jobs to which they have been assigned.
At some places camps have been established and the
men live in wooden barracks. Others, newly arrived,
are occupying canvas tents for the present. Still ethers
are billeted in French towns. The road service is pro-
viding everything possible in the way of good food and
clothing to make life comfortable for the men. Many
of the rank and file are experienced construction men,
road builders or engineers with degrees from our lead-
ing technical schools, who expected to be assigned,
on their arrival in France, to jobs of a supervisory
capacity ; for example, as bosses of gangs on road recon-
struction or maintenance. Up to the present time it
has not been possible for all of these expectations to
be i-ealized and men with qualifications which would
ordinarily place them in positions carrying varying de-
grees of authority are at present swinging pick and
shovel or breaking rock. When we have at our dis-
posal a larger supply of labor battalions and have cap-

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL Vol. 105, No. 2 1

tared more prisoners it is probable that there will be The average of the charges into the furnace

•i change in the status of many of our road builders about 3' , . except Hampden and Elliott, winch

win. ire now doing ordinary day-labor jobs. Neverthe- aged '.»■. . The bulk of the ore was direct smelted

are showing an excellent spirit. blast furnaces. Wallaroo has had a wet mill for sever

Fudging by what 1 had to eat at one of the quarry years, and was the first to use flotation for copper or

■ i is nothing to complain of on the score of Mills with dotation plants are now in operation at Mou

"grub " To some of as here in France who have either Morgan and Mount Lyell to treat part of the silk-eo

to piss up coffee or sweeten it with saccharine, eat ores. Production costs were high; and Lyell and W;

brown war bread without butter and smoke French laroo worked at a small profit margin at £55, but opt-

cigarettes the lot of the military road builder, even if ating costs have risen. Hampden and Elliott ram

his' job is for the time being of the routine, manual from 10 to 15'( higher in costs, as they send the

labor sort seems to have its compensations, for he blister a long distance by sea and land, to Port Kemb.

- white' bread to eat, real sugar in his coffee and Refining costs at Port Kembla were quoted at £12 j^

erican "smokes" which, in themselves, should dis- ton for outright purchase of blister and for 25' , matt.;

at many of the things which may be not quite to the toll charge averages about £18 per ton of copir

the liking of the man who is spreading crushed stone content. The Port Kembla refineries also had hn

instead of supervising the work of German prisoners, costs to contend with, and charged their customers -

It is still a little early to attempt to tell the real cordingly. Being the only electrolytic and customs >e

story of our road-building work. That will come later, prices OF AUSTRALIAN MINING SUPPLIES

when all of our quarries are located, equipped and run- (p Q B SYDNEY)

ning full blast, and when our work of reconstruction Material Price

and maintenance has been extended and put to the test Drill steel, solid, per ton ^2™'Sn

of carrying the traffic of war for a longer time than it ^e^ee^perton . „. ................. 168.00

has done up to the present, let I am able to report gtee] railgj ,ight( per ton 75.00

real progress in the advance section of our road serv- Steel plate, per ton 240.00

ice, and I cannot do it better than by quoting from a (SdePpe?Yon0n '. '. '.'.'. 7. '. '.'.'.'. '.'.'.'.'.'. '.'.'. '.'. '. '. 260^00

note written to the commanding officer, lines of com- Bar jrorii per ton 100.00

munication, advance section, by the general command- Air hose, per foot. -50

ing the first division of the American Expeditionary grt.ron scrap, per ton. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -8.0C

Forces behind which our road builders have been at Packing, various, per lb 10C

work. Here is what the note says: SSS^SS^SS^Si l"b \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ £$L

"I was very hard pressed in the sector on account ot Linseed oil, per gal l-5(

terrible roads daily growing worse under hard usage. Red and white lead in oil, per 100 lb 17.0<

It was necessary to act quickly and directly with G.H.Q. gplosiv es,W% gelatin, per lb. . •■••••••••• ■ ,*

Your men are doing good work. They are really saving ' 1

. „ works in the commonwealth, they were forced to aop'

the situation. ^ material offeredi suitable or not. Moreover, all o

ducers had to transport their ore, matte or bliste t<

\llStralian Copper Production in 1917 port Kembla works, and this added considerably to o

Except for existing contracts with English consumers, duction costs which resulted from small deposits J

the whole of the 1917 copper production of Australasia small reduction plants as compared with Amera.

wen to he Imperial Munitions Board at a fixed price plants and deposits; high cost of materials and .a

of £116 13s. 4d f.o.b. which was exceptionally advanta- chinery and low labor efficiency with high fre to

geous in that it relieved the producers from the onus of Actual wages were no higher than American J

fnding freight accommodations, which, under existing Smeltery hands averaged $2.50 and contract mine, J

conditions, were practically unobtainable, except for a day for eight hours and a 44-hour week. Mate

munitions supplies It may have been only a coincidence cost from 50 to 100', above American mining

That he pu c'hase price fixed in June by United States terials, and nearly all machinery had to be imported :;

Government was at about the same. The position in marked increase in outlay for freight and duties. Do

Australia was due largely to William M. Hughes' policy troubles also were a factor.

of a 1 one price for the Australian output. The copper, The future of Australian copper mining depends .o

as ore matte or blister, had to pass through one of three the proper development of existing smaller m

rfinTng works: Wallaroo and Eskbank for furnace re- several of which present excellent prospects ,hj

Led and Port Kembla for electrolytic. No export of able exploitation. The only other source of >nc

ore matte or blister was allowed, except from West or even maintenance of present small output i|

Australia over 3000 miles from Port Kembla. The discovery of new copper fields. These no doubt

qualities accepted by the Munitions Board were copper, in the vast unprospected interior of Austral a. CJ

SS 85'. - nickel, 0.02',; lead, 0.02%; and antimony, mining, however, can usually be conducted succe..-

0 008' 'for electrolytic brands, and 99.6% copper for only when railways are available, and there seems I

tor electro yuc prospect of the interior of Australia being open,

furnace refined. Five Mines, Mount Lyell, iviount. .nor v i „., m, t Rroke,

gan, Wallaroo, Hampden Cloncurry and Mount Elliott, new railways The lines from Sydn e> to Bro ke
produced seven-eights of the output, the other one- and from Adelaide to Perth West Australia, ar
eighth came frl smaller producing'mines such as Great only ones with possibihties. TJe ctago
Cobar, C. S. A. Mine, Mouramba. Abercrombie, Mount mines will be a great setback to Australian
Royal, Mount Hope and Phillips River. mining.

May 25, 1918

ENGINEERING AND MINING J01 l:\.\l

•» ' """ "'" mmiHUMiiiiiiiHiiitu ii i ii , „„„,„„„ ,

iiHiitiiiiitHHMiii iiiiimiiiiiiimiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiii m

111 i iiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiii mini

Mining Engineers in the Service

■» iiimiiii iiiiiiiiiiiiimiiminiiiiiu iiiiiiiiiiinii , m,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

nntiiiiMiiiitniiiiiiiiiiiimiiiimmiiiiiraiiiiiiii iiiiimiiiiniiiitiiiiiiiiimiiiiiiii

urn iiiiiiiiiiMiiiiiiiiiiiiiii

COL. AMBROSE JIOXELL

LIEUT.-COL. JOSEPH HYDE PRATT

1

CAPT. A. TV. NEWBERRY

CAPT. JOHN L. CHURCH

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No.

Composition of Refractory Silica Brick

l'.\ ,1. S. .MtiKAVKl.l,

The combination found in silica brick o) Si

, cable in refractories 'led it

ay an important part '" «ario
In burning, the quartz in the ganister used is in-

d tn-

dymite, rt ;» permanent ex\ of the

brick. A :"'". tridymite brick would be desir-

. but could possibly be produced only at great

Further research into this phase of

manufacturt may makt it commercially possible.

MANY pyrometallurgical operations and other
processes employing high temperatures are
largelv dependent upon the availability of suit-
able refractories for the degree of their commercial per-
fection. Some of these processes, necessarily accom-
panied bv difficult conditions, are limited by the prop-
erties of "the commercial refractories. While no one re-
fractory possesses all of the most desirable character-
istics, the combination of a number of them in certain
refractories renders them well adapted to particular con-
ditions.

Silica brick, with its high softening point, good re-
sistance to abrasion, ability to sustain loads at high
temperatures, high thermal conductivity and definite

I softens at a temperature not far from its I'll
point A high clay fire brick may soften to sue!
extent at 1300° to 1400° C. that it will begii
contract under a pressure of 50 lb. per sq.in., v
its ultimate fusion point nearly approaches that of
kaolin, that is, 1755 C. Silica brick, on the other li
w it H its apparent fusion point placed at about 1725;
1750° C. by a number of authorities, will sustain a
in excess of 50 lb. per sq.in. at 1500° C. Becau*
this, together with its close texture and hardness, !
brick is highly resistant to abrasion at working
peratures.

The thermal conductivity of silica brick as show
the results of Dudley's investigations is approxir,
25% greater than that of a good grade of fire
In the table, the coefficient of conductivity K as
by Dudley represents the flow of heat in calm i
sec. per sq.cm. area, through 1 cm. thickness for a
perature difference of 1° C.

COEFFICIENTS OF CONDUCTIVITY FOR SILICA BRICK !

CLAY BRICK

, Conductivity

Temperature Mean 1% I
t and t', t am ,

..,. ... 0— 100 0.00

Silica brick 0—1,000 0.00

Clay brick (first quality) ' nZ | 000

0 00

A brief outline of the process of manufacture of ill
brick will have direct bearing on the considerate

Approximate
160 200 240

Length of
280 320

Time
360

to Maximum Temperature
400 440 480 520 560

Hours
600 640

680 720 7

Fin. 1.

Number

DIAGRAM SHOWING CHANGE IN CONSTITUTION
CI iXTlNUED OR REPEATED

thermal expansion, has played an extremely important
role in the development of a number of industrial prac-
tices With the advent of its use in byproduct coke
ovens, the time required for coking has been reduced
25 to' 40', and other improvements have been effected.
For roofs of metallurgical reverberatory furnaces, glass
tanks, etc., silica brick is now considered indispensable.
Some other more or less important applications of silica
brick are as linings and roofs for electric furnaces,
limekiln linings and as muffles in various types of kilns
and furnaces.

The high softening point of silica brick has an im-
portant bearing on its use in pyrometallurgical prac-
tice. Unlike some other refractories employed on a
large scale, such as fire clay and magnesia brick, silica

•Harbison Walker Refractories Co.. Pittsburgh, Penn.

10 II

of Burns

OF SILICA BRICK MADE FROM MEDINA QUARTZITE P
BURNING AT CONES 14 TO 15

some of its properties. Quartzite rock, commonly
"ganister," is crushed to 2-in. size and small
ground in a wet pan to the degree of fineness
for the particular sizes and shapes to be made,
grinding proceeds, 2% of hydrated lime with vf
added. Molding follows, after which the brick id
on rack cars in waste heat tunnels at a tempera!
from 100° to 150° C. The thoroughly dried
then burned, usually in circular down-draft kill

PERMANENT EXPANSION OCCURS ON BURNING 10

In the process of burning, the brick undergoes^
pansion from the "green" or unburned size. Thj
part of this expansion is permanent and is ctuu
inversion of the quartz to other silica mm
is accompanied by increase in volume. It is

May 25, 1918

ENGINEERING AND MINIM; .lol'KNAL

,t permanent expansion to the fullest extent bi
nod so that there will be no additional permanent ex-
lsion o( Hie brick after being put into service. Aside
m this permanent expansion, silica brick exp
ordance with the true thermal expansions of its con-
sent minerals. This temporary or true thermal ex
ision. although different for the minerals cristobi
lymite, quartz and the silicates, occurs largely over
arrow range of temperatures. To this expansion is
ributed the spalling tendency of silica brick, the elim-
tion of which property would improve the service
I probably widen the scope of application.
•'enner in America and Le Chatelier in France first
ie exhaustive studies of the stability relations of the
:» minerals. Seaver applied the knowledge secured
m these investigations and made further studies as to
tir influence on the spalling tendency of commercial
:a brick. This research was continued in the work
Study of the Silica Refractories," in which an ins-
tigation was made of the mineral composition of

J J

I

1 =°

±t

\_o

V-'

-Ac

•*

■ :

C

V

1.
«5

L

c

4 C

0.164"

S3

> 0

j

1-

c

X

U.

c

v

V

':

«

§

^

0

C>

o

S -
L Z
K

I

A

5
i u r

e

n s

"

e

9

10

B

2. RELATION BETWEEN* LINEAR EXPANSION AND
THE NUMBER OF FIRINGS
itance from line B-B to cun-e represents expansion that has
burned out of silica brick (made of Medina rock) after
ted nnng. Distance from A-A to curve represents permanent
' :sion acquired,
-umption is made that equilibrium is reached at a com-
I on of 87% tridymite and 13% silicates, the latter having
i specific volume as quartz.

i brick burned successively one to six times in the
I lar commercial manner.

i additional microscopic study was made of the con-

tion of silica brick manufactured from Medina

jtzite from Huntingdon County, Penn., one of which

'■been subjected to eight and the other to ten suc-

ve burnings in a silica brick-kiln. The results, ex-

ed in volume per cent., are as follows: Eight burns:

htes, 14%; cristobalite, 33%; tridymite, 53%. Ten

is: Silicates, 11%; cristobalite, 28%; tridymite,

I These figures, combined with those of a pre-

|: work1 are shown graphically in Fig. 1.

e percentage of "quartz plus silicates" reaches an
lahnately constant value of about 13% upon the
i burn. It therefore can be assumed that at this
I no residual quartz remains in the brick, and that
*-3% of highly refractory material, not separated

0 the quartz in the microscopic analysis, represents
a us silicates formed by combination of quartz with
T' and with the original impurities in the rock. Upon
'"letion of the cristobalite-tridymite inversion, the
* ate composition of the brick should be about 87 cc
><mite, 13% silicate.

1 P. 2039, "A Study of the Silica Refractories."

Nl|r' on velocity de

' "'■' ''- i brick burned L0 tii

contain itobalite. The form ol the • i

dicatee thai L6 to i i bui n would be required to reach
b condition of equilibrium with all the
transformed to tridymite. This is equivalent to

urning in which the mi
ture is maintained for a period -
weeks. Advantageous as an all-tridymite brick pi
ably would be, its production is not to be considered com-
mercially, on account <>t the great expense.

Further Research May Produce Commercially thi
All-Tridymite BRIUs

In the attempt to produce a tridymite brick, two
lines of endeavor are open: First, determination oi
most advantageous temperature of burning, upon which
subject there is not available any considerable data; and,
second, a study of the effect of the micro-structure of the
quartzite upon the velocity of the transformations.

It is not improbable that the brick of which the mi-
croscopic analyses are given here was burned at too low
a temperature to secure the maximum inversion of
cristobalite to tridymite, the burning having been at an
average temperature of about 1400° C. as measured by
Seger cones. Tridymite is not known to form above
1470° C, but doubtless it forms most rapidly at a tem-
perature not much lower, say 1420° to 1440° C. A mi-
croscopic study of bricks subjected to long-continued or
to repeated burning at this temperature would be of
decided interest.

The theoretical value of the expansion remaining per-
manent in the brick after repeated firings, and which
it would acquire upon long-continued burning at the
proper temperature, is shown in Fig. 2. It is also
made clear that, so far as the effect of repeated burn-
ing upon permanent expansion is concerned, there is
really little advantage beyond the first burn, and for
practical purposes none after the third burn. It has al-
ready been pointed out2 that while reburning the brick
diminishes the spalling tendency, the change is too
slight to be of commercial importance. '

It is to be emphasized that the figures of such theoret-
ical curves as those given in Fig. 2 are not to be con-
sidered numerically accurate. They are presented mere-
ly to indicate the probable character of the curve, and
to enable one readily to visualize the general trend of
the various changes discussed.

Brick Made from Different Quartzites Varies in

Composition
The following is a microscopic analysis of the con-
stitution of silica brick made from Baraboo quartz-
ite: Quartz plus silicates, 67%; cristobalite, 27%
tridymite, 6%. There is a noticeable difference be-
tween the mineral constitution of silica brick made
from Baraboo rock and that of the brick from the Me-
dina quartzite. The analysis of the latter is as follows :
Quartz plus silicates, 25%; cristobalite, 71%; tridy-
mite, 4 per cent.

On the basis of the above figures, 75% of the quartz
of the Medina brick changes during the first burning
to cristobalite and tridymite, while only 33% of that
in the Baraboo brick undergoes this transformation.

=See p. 2051, "A Studs' of the Silica Refractories."

[NEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 2

into
The

Ference is sufficient to warrant an inquiry
the underlying cause. Two hypotheses are tenable,
phenomenon might be explained by (1) differences in
temperature and duration of burning, in grind, amount
oi lime added, etc., or (2) differences in the chemical
tion and texture v( the rock used.
The first hypothesis may he dismissed, as the con-
ditions of manufacture of the two brick are essentially
the same. Neither is there any material difference be-
tween the chemical compositions of the two rocks em-
ed. It is probable that the explanation lies in the
•rence in texture of the Medina and Baraboo quartz-
ites. A number of measurements of the sizes of quart/.
grains indicate that the Baraboo is of extremely coarse
grain as compared with the Medina. This coarseness
of texture of the Baraboo quartzite possibly prevents the
inversions taking place as rapidly is in the finer-grained
Medina rock.

Texture of Quartzites a Factor in Brick Making
In this connection it is of interest to recall the in-
vestigations of Wernicke and YVildsehrey upon the text-
ure of e.uartzites most suitable for silica brick making.
Thev reached the conclusion, after extensive microscopic
studies, that typical quartzites, consisting of intergrown
ouartz grains fairly uniform in size, are not suitable
for brick making, because of the fact that brick made
of them cracks | or spalls) too rapidly and attains its
expansion too slowly. The good quartzites, according to
these authorities, consist of quartz grains, mostly round-
ed, in a ground mass of cement of amorphous silica or
cryptocrystalline quartz; they expand without crack-
ing or spalling and acquire nearly their whole expan-
sion on the first burn.

While the statement that the typical quartzites do not
make good brick is too sweeping, it is probable that the
finer grained the quartzite the more rapidly will the in-
versions take place on burning. It does not seem un-
reasonable to assume that the inversion to tridymite
would be more nearly complete on the first burn in a
quartzite such as that described, in which small quartz
grains occur in a cement of amorphous silica; and that,
therefore, silica brick made of such rock should acquire
nearly its whole expansion on the first burn and present
fewer difficulties on account of spalling.

All things considered, the selection of rock of the
proper texture appears to offer greater possibilities for
the production of a tridymite brick than any material
alteration in the process of manufacture, such as time
and temperature of burning. The spalling tendency is
somewhat conditioned by the texture of the brick itself.
Thus a brick of coarse grind spalls less than one of
finer grind, as is shown by results of tests by Nesbitt
and Bell, but too coarse a grind affects badly some of the
more desirable properties. There are often wide varia-
tions in the textures of quartzites of the same geological
location, so that only averages of a goodly number of
grain size measurements should be considered.

Barium Sulphate may be precipitated in grains large
enough to permit decantation with ease, according to the
Chemi t Analyst, by allowing barium-chloride solution to
pass down a piece of capillary thermometer tubing into
a boiling solution of sulphuric acid. The end of the tubing
should be just below the surface of the acid.

Tin Consumption in 1917

Consumption of pig tin for different purposes in ru
United States during the calender year 1917, accon
t,. a statement issued by the War Industries Board, a
as follows: Tin and terne plate. 27,600 long tons; sola
1.7,000; babbitt and other bearing metals, 10,800; b*
and bronze, 4800; foil, 4000; collapsible tubes, 210;
white metal. L764; and miscellaneous, 8193 ; makin*
total of 7t'..2:>7 long tons.

The above "miscellaneous" item has been subdiv
as follows:
Ml mi 1 I \\l ..I - I IN it'NSI MPTION IX UNITED STATES I'.

Galvanising

Tinning and Rotinning: ,,-

■ ' . foi wire

Utensils for i I purpi

Iwan IVf '

Miscellaneous ■

partl] Eoi tii tinning and partly fprotheruaos.
Bells (reports ol ' manufacturers mating bells only)

Pipes (tubi s)
( Irgan

Si nil, beei . etc.,

fountains

.48
84 00
548 04

818.28

24 00
252 00

Partly for pipes and partly for other uses

(reports of 2 manufacturers making type
metal only)

Bullets '

Plated ware, britannia ware, etc

Cher ieals i.no.00

Biehl, mde

Crystals

Tetrachloride and crystals

68 04
276 00

I

Nol specified

Total V

Noti — The actual total is 7,374.76.

As the United States is almost wholly dependent I
foreign sources for tin, it is of interest to note thait-
portations of tin and tin ore during the first quart- 1
1918, stated in terms of metallic content, have bei:
the rate of 5873 long tons per month, or 70,476 longed
per annum. To get an accurate estimate of total I
able supplies, however, the amount of tin recover. 1
detinning plants and in other ways should be addl
these imports, as well as the almost negligible amoit
tin produced in this country. U. S. exports of dor*
and foreign tin, although small, should also be i
into consideration.

•See p. 2013, "A Study of the Silica Refraetorii

Recruiting the 27th Engineers

In a circular that we issued recently, with resp
recruiting the 27th Engineers, the special mining
ment, we said that, "Arrangements had been m;
that drafted men can join, provided they are not.J
to fill any deferred quota of their local boards."
after the issue of this circular, the measures th;
previously been in effect for the induction of d
men into special regiments were rescinded, and
applicants who responded to our circular were
away for that reason.

However, arrangements are again in effect w
men of special qualifications may be inductee i
special branches of the service, or special regie
We advise, therefore, that mining men who are dor
of enlisting in the 27th Engineers communicate
Lieutenant-Colonel Perry, Commanding Officer 2
Engineers, Camp Meade, Maryland, filling ou •
sending to him the blank form that was issued
our original circular.

ENGINEERING A.\n MINING JOURN \l.

Air Blasts in the Kolar Gold Field, India

r,i !•:. S. MOORE1

i blasts, quakes and explosivt rock an terms
used to indicate the phenomena that accompany
failure of racks under unusual strain in mining
ations. Although usually associated with
Weep mining, then an examples thai occur in
comparatinlti shallow mints. Tit, paper
scnts a description of tin geological formations
and the "air blasts" in the mines of tin Kolar
gold field. The causes of the blasts are discuss, ,/.

rHE Kolar gold field has been for a long time the
most important gold-producing area of India. It
is in the State of Mysore, southern India, and not
r from the City of Bangalore. The productive field
about three miles long, and in it a gold-bearing quartz
in varying in width from one inch to over 10 ft. is
irked. The vein carries high assays to great depths,
id many of the mines have paid large dividends.
The rocks of the Kolar region are pre-Cambrian in age
id bear a close resemblance to some of the pre-Cam-
ian formations of America. The oldest rocks are
Bic lavas, now mostly altered to hornblende-schists,
th which is associated some banded iron-information,
lese rocks are similar to the Keewatin schists and iron-
rmation in the Lake Superior region. The schist is
t by the gold-bearing quartz vein.

Formation Resembles Basal Huronian

In parts of the area there is also a conglomerate con-
ning pebbles of granite, jasper, and schist. The
itrix resembles a hornblende-schist which is intruded
small granite dikes, which in some cases have been
iched off by the squeezing of the rock. This has led
W. H. Smeeth, Chief Inspector of Mines of Mysore,
whom I am greatly indebted for information regard-
i; this area, to regard this conglomerate as a breccia
i1 to the crushing of granite dikes in the schist. Dr.
R . Evans has regarded the conglomerate as probably
lueezed glacial boulder clay. From analogy with pre-
1 nbrian conglomerates in America, I regard it as a
Uamorphosed rock similar to the basal Huronian con-
imerate. However, the main bearing which it has

I m the problem under discussion te the apparent fact

I I it is younger than the schist and that it indicates
t presence of a syncline in the rocks cut by the quartz
\ l.

urrounding the area of schist and conglomerate is
r irge mass of granite-gneiss resembling the Lauren-
|i gneiss of the Lake Superior region. Still later
In the rocks mentioned above are basic intrusions
* ch cut the quartz and schists ; in the mines these are
>: wn as trap. One dike of this type is 50 to 60 yd.
n e. The quartz vein consists of a dark, translucent,
r'ier opalescent to chalcedonic type of quartz, almost
iTwhere showing, by its refraction of light and by
I ractures, that it has been subject to molecular strain.

. 'ondensed from a paper to be presented at the Colorado Meet-
« the American Institute of Mining Engineers.
State College, Penn.

Sl" common in the vein, and their ar-

rangement SUgg< I that the solutioi i the

quartz were thrust into the cleavage pi:
under great pressure, and probably during
in the schists, tn som<

'"'' ;""1 fche schist in the vicinitj of the quartz is, as

■" rule- fine-grained. Ii likewise ho
strained condition.

Description of the Air Blasts
The term "air blasts" has been used not only in India
but also in America and elsewhere to describe certain
disturbances which occur in mines and are accompanied
bj strong rushes of air through the workings Such
occurrences have been described from the Lake Su-
perior copper and iron districts. They are caused by the
falling of large masses of roof in stopes or by the sud-
den crumbling of pillars under the superincumbent
weight of the rock above the mine workings, thus pro-
ducing a rapid movement of air in the party enclosed
spaces. There is thus a reasonable justification for the
use of the term to designate such phenomena. As the
term is now used in India by some writers it must be
regarded as a misnomer, since the "air blasts" are dis-
tinguished from the larger disturbances in the mine,
which are called "quakes." The name was apparentlv
applied to them originally by the miners, owing to the
similarity between the explosions in the rock and those
which might be caused by occluded gas. Air blasts and
quakes are doubtless closely related, and similar to the
phenomena described in Australia, Bohemia and Eng-
land as "explosive rock" and "air blasts."

In the Kolar field the air blasts occur in the quartz
vein, trap dikes or the hornblende-schist, being most
frequent in the quartz. They bear a strong resemblance
tc the explosion of a small charge of powder placed
in the wall of the workings, because in some cases the
rock blows out from the solid face of the drift or stope
as a puff of rock powder, while in others small frag-
ments are shot out with sufficient force to scratch and
severely cut the miners. Often a continuous crackling
and snapping are kept up at the fresh working face, in-
terspersed with explosions like those of small detonators.
The explosions do not bear any definite relation to the
depth of the mine, after a few hundred feet in depth
has been reached, and they are therefore independent
of the superincumbent weight of the rock in the mine
workings. They have occurred during the sinking of
the large circular shaft on the Mysore property, in very
compact hornblende rock, and less than 700 ft. below
the surface. In some of these explosions large masses
of rock were blown out with loud reports, and one was
mentioned in which it was estimated that 80 torn of
rock were precipitated from the wall, making it neces-
sary to employ a shield to protect the workmen while-
sinking the shaft.

Air Blasts Resemble Earthquakes in Kolar Mines

The term "quakes" has been employed by Dr. Smeeth

in his excellent work on these phenomena to describe

the heavier shocks which occur in the Kolar mines and

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 21

cts at the surface in all respects like those

of |, thquakes. In some cases I icks have

sufficiently severe to be felt at a distance ol nearly

four miles from their point of origin. They have been
destructive to mine structures and in some cases to the
l.ves and limbs of the miners. One case is described by
th in which a block of rock, the weight ol winch
was estimated at half a ton. was hurled With a low
trajectory from end to end of a stope SO ft. in length.
In some cases the footwaU of the vein, which usually
lies on a slope of 50 to 60 . buckles up and large
masses peel off with considerable violence.

a rule, these larger shocks, or "quakes." occur in
the deeper levels and in areas where considerable stop-
ing has been done. They are particularly prevalent
where quartz pillars have been left to support the roof
of the workings, and they seem to owe their origin
partlv to the superincumbent load of rock in the work-
ings, but their violence can only be ascribed, like that
of the air blasts, to some latent energy or strain in the
rocks of this area.

A marked similarity is seen between these air blasts
in India and the explosive rocks of Australia and Bo-
hemia. Jaquet describes explosions in a block of slate
called the '"kicking-ground" in the Hillgrove mines, New
South Wales. This explosive rock is a more or less sihci-
fied and altered slate traversed by numerous joints,
which are coated with thin films of calcite. The rock is
liable to split off at any time, particularly just after
blasting, and the more serious explosions occur when a
chain pillar of rock is being removed between a stope
and the level above. Jaquet quotes J. R. Godfrey (In-
spector of Mines), who describes an explosion in which
a fragment flew from the face of a stope where two men
were drilling and blinded one of them; while in another
explosion the whole floor over a section of a stope split
up into thousands of fragments with the sound of break-
ing crockerv. In still another case a fragment of rock
flew from the face of a stope and cut a man in two. It
is stated, further, that the explosions do not occur in
the Hillgrove mines in shafts or crosscuts off the lines
of the reef.

Causes of the Blasts

Various explanations have been offered to account
for these explosions. For the Hillgrove mines Jaquet
has mentioned the following hypotheses: (1) molecular
strain, (2) occluded gases, (3) compression due to in-
trusion of granite, or other causes. He concludes that
the rocks must be under great strain, and, being unable
to bend, thev must break suddenly under certain condi-
tions. He apparently does not favor the granite intru-
sion hypothesis and dismisses entirely the idea that oc-
cluded" gases might cause the explosions. Regarding the
air blasts in the Pribram mines, in Bohemia. Stefan
states that "The conclusion seems justified that the cause
of these explosions is not only the pressure of the su-
perincumbent rock-mass, which is at right angles to the
strata, but is due also to a stress parallel to the bed-
ding planes and to the axis of the syncline."

For the Kolar field, Bosworth Smith considers that
the air blasts are due to a molecular strain in all three
of the rocks, trap, schist, and quartz, and he likens the
explosion which occurs during mining operations to
the breaking of a Prince Rupert's glass drop, which is

a mass of glass under severe strain caused by sudili
cooling. As to the cause of the strain, he considers tl i
the quart/, is compressed by the walls of the vein throuh
regional pressure, and not simply by the weight of 1e
overlying rocks, while the trap is under strain becate
of sudden cooling and the hornblende-schist because
i ietamorphic changes which have given rise to the
i no. forming- stringers through the rock.

Smeeth agrees with Smith regarding the origin
the strain in the trap dikes, because, as he states, th
is no evidence that the dikes have suffered extensi
compression since their solidification. As to the j
sibility that metamorphic changes in the schist p
duced the strain, Smeeth points out that the cr
change has been the alteration of augite to hornblei
and since this change is facilitated by pressure, th
is reason to suppose that the compressional sti
would be relieved rather than increased. Further,
compressional strains in the schists produced by the
trusion of the surrounding granite and the injectionf
the dolerite dikes would be relieved by the later cool-.
and shrinkage of these rocks, and the strain in the schi
would be tensional. Regarding the strain in the quaz
Smeeth is of the opinion that it is also tensional, pa I
because of the fact that there are secondary strinfl
of calcite, quartz, and metallic minerals in the reef , J
gesting that the rocks have suffered sufficient tenail
strain to open joints and permit the filling of these \Qi
mineral matter.

Conclusions Regarding Blasts in the Kolar Fli
After observing the rocks in the Kolar field and .1
sidering the descriptions of the air-blast phenomen ii
the other regions which have been mentioned. I M
come to the following conclusions regarding their ori n
They are due to a stress on the rocks, which has r<
duced a strain, and under mining operations this stih
results in a violent rupture. In the case of the late
shocks, which Smeeth calls "quakes," the violence ii
which pillars and other supporting masses give wa l
the workings under the superincumbent load is di t
a large extent to this internal strain.

As to the cause of the stress, the only satisfactory
planation is the application of pressure resulting
crustal movements. At Pribram the blasts occu i
the flat-lving strata of the syncline and not in thmi
turned beds in which the strain has been relieve t
faulting and tilting. In the Hillgrove mines, althi*
the geological description by Jaquet is not detaik,
is evident that the slates have been intruded by m*
of granite. In the Kolar region, the older rock
which the quartz vein lies, are surrounded by grin
and nipped in by it in a closely compressed synia
There thus seem to be in all these fields certain si it
conditions pointing to the fact that the rock» in u»
the blasts occur have been subject to great corr«
sional forces. As to the ability of the cooling don
dikes to produce sufficient tensional strain to caus
explosions, this seems doubtful.

The spheroidal weathering and fracturing descD
by Smeeth as probably supporting this view is a
acteristic feature of such basic rocks in many reio
and does not warrant much consideration. The grit
facility with which the fine-grained edges of the n
will explode is what would be expected under nn

Ma} 2.">. 1918

ENGINEERING AND .minim, J01 RNAL

jnditions, since the rock would be more brittle in those
Vts of the dikes, just as the silicified slates and si
ithe other regions described would be more brittle and
ould crack up more readil.\ than the other parts of the
Oie rocks. Nor does the tensional hypothi
jBtely explain how the heating of the and

jart/. by the intrusion of the later rocks could produce
•nsion in these rocks unless it can be shown thai a com
ete change in the molecular character of the rock
•oduced by this heating, and such evidence appears to
slacking. If the heating converted augite into horn-
ende, the resultant increase in volume of over 1
ould cause expansion rather than tension; where-
,if rocks simply expanded by heating they would con-
act again to their normal condition on i ooling
It also seems probable that the crystallizing of the
artz vein may have exerted some expansive pressure
its walls. As to the occurrence of the small second-
y quartz and ealcite veins, they may be accounted for
torsional movements in the rocks, which are stiU, on
I whole, under great compressive stress. The rocks
the mines are not uniformly explosive, and such an
olanation would account for this condition. In some
ices the rocks have opened through torsional move-
nts and in others they have yielded to compressiona]
•ces, which have produced the movements indicated
i the slickensides, while in still others they have not
in compressed sufficiently to cause them either to
ar or to rupture, and in these spots the potential
rgy gives rise to the blasts. Such a condition is par-
ilarly likely to arise in a region where heavy dikes
rude rocks of varying compressive strength and
ttleness.

'he force which compresses these rocks may be due

wo or more causes: (1) Epirogenic movements in

earth's crust, due to adjustments of stresses over

liderable areas of the earth's crust, with accompany-

i igneous activity; (2) general settling back of con-

rable areas of the crust during adjustment after the

otion of large amounts of igneous rock from certain

►ions of the crust. Such forces might easily

ferate the results of all contraction and relief of

I sure in the rocks of the area by cooling, and to such

les as these the strain producing the air blasts is

ibuted.

this field a well-equipped seismological laboratory
*been established and complete records of all shocks
'kept. The effects of the heavy shocks are similar to
• e of local earthquakes. Some of the officials at the
i ss have been anxious to have a number of tests
^e on the rocks of the region to determine their
icity, crushing strength, and other properties, and
ve endeavored to have such tests made, but so far,
a ly owing to war conditions, have been unable to ac-
'•>Hsh this work.

the animal rental from "■
i-"-''- 50' ol mua] rental

per hectare, and ties paid b thi li

to the lessoi 0il land

the i

■!,l,! annually; third, oil la

which mi rental is being paid are taxed 5 pi
hectare annually, and oil land on which no royal
are l"'",-!' Paid is taxed 5$ of the products annually

[Peso normally $0.49 are J. 17 ai n

Monthly ( lopper Production for 1918

This table is compiled from reports received from the
pective companies (except in the cases noted a
timated), together with the reports of the United States
Department of Commerce as to imported material,
in the main represents the crude-copper content of blis-
ter copper, in pounds

The grand total includes, under "Imports in ore and
blister copper," the production of such companies as
Canada Copper, Granby, Cananea, Braden, Cerro de
Pasco and Chile. As a matter of record, however, the
individual figures are given after the total. We also re-
port the production of the Boleo and Katanga com-
panies, whose copper does not come to the United States.

MONTHLY CRUDE COPPER PRODUCTION, 1918

January

Alaska shipments 6,131,821

Arizona:

Arizona Copper 2,500,000

Cons. Ariz. Smelting.. . 1.820,000

Inspiration 5,C00,000

^J?fc'm.a 560,000

Miami... 4,709.483

Ncti Cornelia (a) 2,374,000

Old Dominion 3,400 000

K,ay 7,571,000

Shannon 972,000

shattuek Arizona 849,440

Other Arizona 31,232,643

California:

Mammoth 1,620,000

Michigan:

Calumet & Heela 12,140,197

Other Lake Superior (M 7,000,000
Montana:

Anaconda 24,900,000

East Butte. 2,574,140

Nevada :

Mason Valley 1,536,600

Nevada Cons 6,500,000

New Mexico:
Chino

Utah:

Utah Copper 13,500,000

Eastern smelters (6) .. . 1,750,000

February

6,249,456

3,600,000

1,780,000

6,200.000

800,000

4,502,905

2,522,000

2,841,000

6,860,000

788,000

854,042

28,587.020

1,370,000

12,077,320
7,000,000

24,100,000
2,324,040

1,253,000
6,250,000

March
8,014,059

April
3.579,920

4,000,000 4,200.000

2,270,000 2.000 000

8,750,000 9,250,000

900,000 1,050.000

5,174,365 4 913.590

3,218,000 2,806,000
2,872,000

7,585,000 7,350,000

962,000

1,013,593 842,790

29,575,371 25.007,820

1,620,000

13,784,569
7,000,000

28,000,000
2,395,940

1,455,200

6,060,000

1,530,000

11,734,820
7,000,000

26.500.000
1,811,360

1.058,400
6,900.000

7,590,244 5,882,581 7,833,046 6.290,513

Total reported 146,231,568

Others, estimated 1 9, 200, 000

11,900,000
1,750,000

139,491,364
20,520,003

16,380,000
1,750,000

160,613,143
24,912.025

16,690.883
1.750.000

Total United States.. 165,431,568

Imports, ore and con-
centrates, etc 9,288,153

Imports in blister, etc . . 34,513,165

160,011,364 185,525.168

18,392,301
36,514,548

14,996,443
41,016,225

Grandtotal 209,232,886 216,024,032 240,432,017

British Columbia:
Canada Copper Corpn.
Granby Cons

Mexican Taxes on Oil Lands

cording to a dispatch dated Feb. 25 from the
■rican Ambassador in Mexico City, which is pub-
81 i in Commerce Reports, the Mexican government
■issued a decree fixing taxes as follows on petro-
u lands: First, on petroleum lands being developed
lessees under contracts made prior to May 1, 1917,
' of the annual rental up to 5 pesos per hectare,

336,000
3,843,686

1,576,400
3,960,000

4,754,000
5,332,000
6,326,000
2,645,520

3,807.666

1,631,500
4,480,000

3.689.982

'4,100,000
4,722,000

445,268
4,209,393

Mexico:

Boleo 1,576,400

Cananea 3,130,000

Other Foreign:

Braden 6,200,000 4,754,000 5,248 000

Cerro de Pasco 6,598.000 5.332,000 6,966'000

S™ H5?'274 6,326,000 10,192,000 7 770000

I^tanga 4,519,430 2,645,520 3,086,440 4,695798

(a) Only electrolytic cathodes are entered. New Cornelia also produces some
^oT/riTona^ "$ &&" & ^^ ^^ « is «™«

The item "Alaska shipments" gives the official figure
of the United States Department of Commerce. Kenne-
cott production for January, February, March and Aprtl
was 5,970,000, 5,888,000, 5,772,000 and 4,794,000 lb.,
respectively.

ENGINEERING AM' MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 21

, mmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmm»mmmm MWMMNW

iiuniiuiiimimniiiiiiiiimiii iiiuiimiiraiiimimiimnmiimiiii mum

Ontario Nickel, Copper and Gold Mines

-.iiiiiiiii;miiuitmuin

.■Hi ■■ RnnMli mmm mmm inummMWiiui

„„„„„„„ „ miiimmnimii iiraimiimiimmiiimimmuumiiiimmiiraHmmuimii mmmiiiiiiiM

SHAFTS AT T

BIGHTON MINK (NICKEL-COPPER) OF

THE CANADIAN COPPER CO., AT CREIGHTON. ONTJ

HOLLIXGER

> MINE OF THE HOLLINGER

[I lATED GOLD

MIXES. LTD., AT PORCUPINE ONTARIO

Maj 25, 1918

ENGINEERING and MINING J01 RNAL

WORTHINGTON NICKEL-COPPEB MINE OF THE MOND NICKEL

INTARK i

BVACK MINE OF MOND NICKEL CO., WHICH PRODUCES

NICKEL-COPPER ORES. IN SUDBURY DISTRICT, ONTARIO

VICTORIA NICKEL-COPPER MINE OF MOND NICKEL CO., NEJ

AR CONISTON, ONTARIO

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105. No. 21

Butte & Superior-Minerals Separation Decision
By the U. S. Court of Appeals

.,. .< .i. . .1.i.t!ffi ornra the OWIUU'S of 1

^ rendered and order "tuedby Judge
of more than 0.5 ot by
t,n«<e ore does not constat,

Ltd and that the judgment rendered m tft< cose
of Butte & Superior Mining Co. must be reversed

JJhe case remanded with directions to the court
, fo Lniss the bill at the complainants cost.

THE deferred decision rendered by Circuit Judge
Erskine M. Ross, presiding, and the opinion of
Judges William W. Morrow, concurring. Wllkam
Hunt concurring in part and dissenting in part, in
I hearing- appeal in the case of Minerals ^ Separa-
tion Ltd vs. Butte & Superior Mining Co. before the
.Circuit Court of Appeals in San Francisco on
Mar 8, 1918, was filed May 13, 1918, and follows.

In the U. S. Circuit Court of Appeaj-JTor ft. ■ *£*§*
Butte & Superior Mining Co appellant, is
aration Ltd., et «|. »Wellees, No 3081 ^hw ^ ^

have infringed the same _„__„— ttons and one domestic

The appellees, two Britishcoipoi ition s an 1 t

corporation, are the legal owners ot« infringe-

in suit and of the nghts to profits and dam ages 10 dof

ment thereof. The appellant l a ■ domesttc con nt

business at Butte. Mont., wheie the acts ot comnienced
oTiSefS 1 iHndTpr Snar^lnjunction sought At
pleadings and proceedings ^ Hv ,„ in the U. S. District

» ruJ^fte^rpatSnt i'd&SSel 55 substantially
the same as in the present : case. q£ antki.

The answer of the defendant set up w« at

nation and denied hi ringer, ent. J r™ee Court of the
issue, before trial on t]«e..n,*"J?4i*ein>X Hyde case (242

continued infringement of Claims, J, i u,a ' ; ; d ims.

as limited by said «™l*m£*?d°f amended bill of corn-
To the plaintiffs' supp emental and ^cle^^

K£eliSa;S^ of the t™
sonable neglect and delay of the plaintofl » to n e I F^

on the weight of the ore, Dasing j j the Supreme

ment made by one of pla ntitrs coun

Court of the United .States in the Hyde cas^ ^ &

r/theamln? oMeff 'to™ below 0.5% on the weight

of ore treated by the pro «*£ d voluminous testimony

Upon the issues .^P^" involved, which, as stated,

was taken upon a 1 ^questions m o > restated and

were '^W J.™^ in the present case. The
reconsidered by the lower court in v plaintiffs,

S'^cco^ca^S^c^hSoni of the opinion, holding

!,,v:>,r^:;L:i;::V'uu:,v;;::;;;:;::,,o/rt^"

• . ■ • , ,-i ■ i " -i r (i 7 and 12 thereof and Clain
Ij'Wn limited bv'said disclaimer, and that tl

SHteSoMc^^

„e-.aid dic'laimcr The decree granted la ^P™e«
tion against the further use of ^ Wf^,^
and directed that an accounting be had *°5 ™* ai|er8™t
of damages accruing from such use From that decree
defendant has appealed to this court.

He£w^ork NY ' ImilAnJn'l^on!^ Yo
^and 0°dtil W McConnell, Helena, Mont solicitors a

Ircitgo1 ffiSSS &'BSS«f5S fc

ants and appellant.

The decision rendered by Judge Koss is as folio

aMe^rglSts of many distinguished counsel we can

«,lt of Tn" invention is not patentable nor is froth or s.n
or pine on or any other kind of oil or oleic acid > paten*

oi pmc w snpeifications the patentees ot the patenr

Rnt of the claims of their patent adjudged by the ex

oowdered ore when mixed with water was well know .
well as the further fact that the agitation of such a »
lure with as well as without, the addition of acid I M0
carrv the metalliferous portions to the surface of the i.

H5Mm

inite quantity. „ , 12 0f the ]•*

Pg°aSgat°Ulrk S t^ £V tf S ^T St^
related when the patentees came into it, and that »
^'engaged in sjudy of iqor "ndred process tha J
discovery was made, said, While trie evi u™

May 25, 1918

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

.Minn must be confined to the results obtained bj tl

a oil within the proporl ften ied in the testi

ton} and in the claims of the patenl b
tinp to a fn

to a fraction of !■ very faj

amounting to every fraction of L',; on the on
i- one thin; ; every fraction is a
Jjin.u .

It is obvious, we think, that if the Supreme Court had
■ant to extend the scope of Claims 1, 2, 3, md 12

ȣ the patent to 1', of oil on the on here conti

appellees, it would not have said anything about
■etion of 1'.. Certainly there would have been no i
ity for doing so. and certainly the use of such Bp
feuage as it employed without a purpose cannot be justly
mputed to that great tribunal. That the "critical pn
ions, "amounting to a fraction of 1% on thi
■tected by the Supreme Court in its deci
nclude ever} Hart ion of 1% on the ore is, we think.
lenrly shown by the same opinion where, after describing
he prior state of the art, the court said:

"Into this field of investigation at this state of its develop-
nent came the patentees of the patent in suit. They wore
xoeneticed metallurgists of London, of inventive genius and
.ith financial resources, and they entered upon an investi-
ation of the processes of oil concentration of ores which
■as continued through several years, and consisted of a
ery extended series of experiments in which the quantities
f oil, ot water and acid used, and the extent and charac-
->r of the agitation of the mass under treatment resorted
). were varied to an almost unparalleled extent as to each
ictor and the results were carefully tabulated and inter-
Bed. It was while pursuing a comprehensive investiga-
on of this character, having, as the evidence shows, the
leeial purpose in mind at the time to trace the effect on
le results of the process of a reduction to the vanishing
aint of the quantity of oil used, that the discovery embodied
i the patent in suit was made.

"The experimenters were working on the Cattermole
Btal-sinking process as a basis when it was discovered
lat the granulation on which the process depended prac-
cally ceased when the oleic acid oil was reduced to about
r on the ore. It was observed, however, that, as the
nount of oleic acid was further reduced and the granula-
tm diminished, there was an increase in the amount of
>at froth which collected on the surface of the mass and
at the production of this froth reached its maximum when

a iJi?"' or,sligfltly less, on the ore of oleic acid was
ecu this froth, on collection, was found to consist of air
jbbles modified by the presence of the minute amount of

used and holding m mechanical suspension between 70%
>a 8(1 c of the total mineral content of the mass treated
was promptly recognized by the patentees that this froth
is not due to the liberation of gas in the mass treated by
e action of the dilute acid used, and its formation was at
ce attributed in large part to the presence of the air
croduced in the mixture by the agitation which had been
sorted to to mix the oil with the particles of crashed ore
V arrY'? bubbles> attached itself to the mineral par-
ies, slightly coated as they were with what was neces-
nly an infinitesimal amount of oil, and floated them to the
rtace. The extent of the agitation of the mass had been
'reased as the experiments proceeded until the series of

f ,m£ers- fitted with the usual baffles, were speeded
from 1000 to 1100 revolutions per minute.

A careful consideration of the record in this case con-
ices us that the facts with respect to the process of the
cent in suit are not overstated by the plaintiffs' witness,
on Ueoman, an expert of learning and experience, when

says m substance: 'The present invention differs essen-
uy troni all previous results. It is true that oil is one

tne substances used, but it is used in quantities much

iierJ • n 7?s. ever heard of> and it; Produces a result

•er obtained before. The minerals are obtained in a froth

a peculiar character, consisting of air bubbles which in

ii covering film have the minerals embedded in such

nner that they form a complete surface all over the

t i/ remarkable fact with regard to this froth is

it. although the very slight and easily destructible air

tbfc »«? c°ve,red ™ith a heavy mineral, yet the froth is

cue and utterly different from any froth known before.

nB so permanent in character that I have personally

J"" s3nd ?or 24 hours without any change having taken

t ««•« lhe simplicity of the operation, as compared with

t ,hh I at*emPts. »s startling. All that has to be done is

i v „r a ™mut.e quantity of oil to the pulp to which acid

s Za\J not,be added' agitate for from 2% to 10 min-

and then, after a few seconds, collect from the surface

the froth, whii h will contain a the

n

relied oi
that the small ami the

oi
the | the othi - i

■ tpally in the I
in i" this fori

in tl" oi the air bubb

''>' '»" agitatio rid different from that

which had bei e, and tha

the prior art and the resulting froth concentrati
from the product of otl

discovery as new and original as it has proved us. •fnl

economical.

Nothing, it seems to u. from the

-pmion of the Supremi Court,
than that it did not intend to i i monopoly of the

patent in suit to the use of l', of oil on tl for it, in

effect, thereby distinctly declares and that the dis-

covery of the appellee's "experil

dignity of invention when they ascertained that the desi
results could be and were obtained by the use of 0.5'/,. of
oil on the ore, with still better results as the quantity was
reduced to the vanishing point at less than 0.1%. The

quantities of oil that gave ' to this invention— C

on the ore (at which point no more granulation exists), to
the lesser and extreme limit of the minute quantity (less
than 0.1%), at which the desired result ceases — are the
"critical proportions," amounting to a "fraction of 1% on
the ore," to which the appellees' patent is confined by the
Supreme Court, as we understand its opinion. And that
is just what appears from the present record was the con-
tention of the present appellees before the Supreme Court
on the argument of their appeal from the judgment of this
court holding that there was no invention in what they did.
For it is undisputed that on the argument of that appeal
this colloquy occurred between two of the justices and two
of the attorneys for the then appellants and the present
appellees:

Justice McReynolds — I would like to ask you when, in
this process of reducing oil, your invention came into
existence.

Mr. Kenyon — At about 0.5% of oil.

Justice McReynolds— Before you got to the 0.5% did you
have any invention?

Mr. Kenyon — We were passing from the region of Catter-
mole w;hich was a distinct

Justice McReynolds — I want to know when your invention
came into existence.

Mr. Kenyon — This invention was not reached, I should
say from these figures, until about 0.5% of oil was reached.
Justice McReynolds — At 1% you had no invention?
Mr. Kenyon — No.

Justice McReynolds— At 0.5% did you have invention?
Mr. Kenyon — It began to come, remote, but it began to
come. At 0.3% the float vastly increased; at 0.1% the float
again vastly increased.

Justice McReynolds — When this float is more than 0.5%
of oil it does not infringe?

Mr. Kenyon — It does not infringe.

Justice Pitney — What have you to say in answer to what
Mr. Scott said the other day to the effect that 1.8r"t, or
perhaps more, of oil would give the same result, with
increased agitation ?

Mr. Williams — Absolutely no.
Mr. Kenyon — It would not.

Justice Pitney — I understood him to say so yesterday, and
I supposed there was something in the record to justify it.
Mr. Kenyon — Nothing. That will be a part of my argu-
ment.

Inasmuch as it appears without dispute that the appellant
company has never used in its process any oil in quantity
as" small as 0.5%, it results from the views' above expressed
that the judgment must be reversed and the case remanded
with directions to the court below to dismiss the bill at the
complainants' cost, without regard to the question raised
respecting the sufficiency of the disclaimer filed by the
appellee company or to its resultant effect.

The opinion rendered by Judge Hunt, concurring,
is as follows :

I will briefly state the ground upon which my concurrence
rests: The Supreme Court in sustaining the claims care-
fully noted those which were limited to a fraction of 1%,

^he word omitted from the copy is evidently value.

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 21

on explicitly confined the patent to the results
: oil within the Proportions often d*
the testimony and in the claims. C laims i. 2, ana
mounting to a fraction , of 1% on the
.. and T express amounts of percentages
*e words cJlimitotion, amount-
ing to a fraction of 191 of oil on the ore.' Claims .'. 10,
and n make no reference to a fraction oi I «, but do con-
um the words "a small quantity of I he essence oi

the invention was in the use of this extremely small frac-
tion of 1 •,. ana the Supremo Court, while ^ sustommg r the
fraction-of-one-per cent, claims, held invalid the smaU-

ouantitv Claims 9 to 11. because they were too broad. No
monopoly could be given on the use oi a sinal .,uant, >o
oil. for that was old. It was new. however to avoid the
use of larger quantities. The patent must be confined to
the use of critical proportions. Now. keeping in mind that
by the decision the court has limited the invention to the
"Critical proportions often described by the testimony and
in the claims." we naturally ask what are the critical pro-
portions described in the specifications. Page 1, Line i ?»,
of the .specification says: "To this is added a very small
proportion of oleic acid, say from 0.22 to 0.5' . on the weight
of the ore"; and on Line 96 we have: " Ihe minimum amount
of oleic acid which can be used to effect ^e flotation of the
mineral in the form of froth may be under 0.1 , of the ore,
but this proportion has been found suitable and economical.
We thus have given to or less, as the critical pro-

portion described. Preferably 0.1% is to be used.

We also ask: What is the evidence wherein theie is
"after described" the critical proportion? A summary of
it is that it is verv nearly 0.1%, or 0.2%, as may be
required for particular ore, all through the evidence It
appears that minute and critical amounts of oil are to be
used as necessary to make the process successful. From one
pound of oil to the ton of ore (0.05%) to four pounds per
ton (0.2%) were the limits in practical work as stated by

Again "when counsel had the colloquy quoted in the
opinion of Judge Ross with the Supreme Court the guiding

thought evident in the mind of the inquiring justices was
to stamp precision upon the point when "invention in the
process" began to appear. With apparent definite purpose
of meeting the interrogatories, plaintiff told the court that
invention began to come when, in the descending uses of
percentages of oil, as small a quantity as 0.5% was used,
and was first present then and when 0.2f/f was used.

Of course a court should cautiously consider a response
often ouicklv made by counsel in answer to questions put
from the bench, lest an injustice may follow by attaching
undue weight to an isolated argumentative answer, but m
this matter we are earnestly trying to gather the scope and
accurate meaning of the expressed thought of the court.
We mav, therefore, refer to the fact that the exact position
of the plaintiff as to the invention was called for not once
but twice; not generally nor indirectly, but positively, simply
and unequivocally. Hence, in the controversy as to the true
interpretation of the opinion, the question put and answers
given may be fairly resorted to, not as conclusive at all but
as aids toward a better understanding of the statement ot
the limitations of the claims of the patent and of the defini-
tion of the invention included in its language.

\or do I think there is ground for saying that discrimi-
nation was had between known oils, whether vegetable,
mineral or animal, and oily liquids which have a preferen-
tial affinity to metalliferous matter" -— - must the
plaintiffs be held; and in using kerosene or fuel oil defend-
ants are but employing oils which the patents authorize
the use of, and when defendants use proportions beyond the
critical ones of oil (not oleic acid but other oils), they are
not infringing. Oils doubtless vary in being adaptable for
use Some will probably secure more froth than others,
and oil formula- may in their ingredients depend upon the
particular ore to be treated, and upon the economic relation-
ship to the problem under solution; but the froth developed
in using the minute quantities of oil is, I think, essentially
of a character like the froth shown when different quanti-
ties of oil are used. The difference is largely by reason of
a special quantity or kind of oil, or the special extent of the
agitation applied. The experiments made before us prove
•his In the Cattermole process the froth was held to be
distinguishable from the froth" produced in the Patented
process of the critical proportion of oil by the fact that
certain remarkable and great results come from the use ot
the critical proportion which were not obtained when the
quantity used in the Cattermole process was employed. By
using the critical proportion of oil as defined, the patentees

get the maximum froth. They have discovered a p

not a froth, and the process is limited to the use of oil i

the specified critical proportion. The sequel ..1 these

Is that, inasmuch as defendants keep out of the limits ma.

for the plaintiff by the decision of the Supreme Court, I

using more than the critical proportion, they do not 0

plaintiffs' process.

Judge .Morrow, concurring in part and dissenting
part, rendered his opinion as follows;

-There- is an omission in the copy that cannot be supplied.

1 concur in the opinion of the majority of the court th
the decree should be reversed, but I do not concur in t
direction that the bill be dismissed. I am of opinion th
the use of an oil or oily liquid in defendant's separati
process in a quantity not "amounting to a fraction oil
on the ore" is within the express terms of Claims 1,2,
and 12 of plaintiffs' patent and is an infringement of su
patent, but 1 am of opinion that the use of oil or oily liqi
in a quantity amounting to over a fraction of 1% on t
ore is not within the terms of Claims 1, 2, 3, and 12, and
therefore, not an infringement upon plaintiffs process. ?
that a decree should be entered accordingly.

The direction of the Supreme Court in .Minerals Sepa
tion, Ltd., us. Hyde, 242 U. S. 261, is that "The patent mi
be confined to the results obtained by the use of oil witrt
the proportions often described in the testimony and in 1
claims of the patent as critical proportions amounting tu
fraction of 1% on the ore." The term "critical proportiot
is not used in the claims of the patent, but such proporti.s
were described in the testimony in the Hyde case as i(
application of a small but exact quantity of oil to dirter.t
ores, and always within the range of treatment of "a fr-
tion o* V, on the ore," never to the treatment of differ t
ores within the range of "0.5%," except in the use of ol«
acid and that upon certain ores such as Broken Hill ores.

The application of the term "critical proportions in e
use of oil on ores generally within a range of 0.5
discovered by counsel for appellant in this case, and so I
as appears from the record was revealed to the public *
the first time in this court. The colloquy between Jus-e
McRevnolds and Mr. Kenyon, counsel for appellant in e
Supreme Court in the Hyde case, referred to by Judge F.s
in his opinion, related to the use of oleic acid on Broken .1
ores, concerning which I do not understand that there is y
controversy. I think the direction of the Supreme Cert
that "the patent must be confined to the results obtained
the use of oil within the proportions amounting to a trac >r
of 1% on the ores" means just what it says and that wi id
such' proportions the process described in the patent is J
by the Supreme Court to be a valid discovery protectees
the specifications and Claims 1, 2, 3, and 12.

The Supreme Court does not say that the patent mils*
confined to the oleic acid (Claims 5, 6, and 7), nor dot I
=ay that the other claims of the patent must be corn*
to the use of oil in the fraction mentioned in those cla.-s
Had the Supreme Court intended that the scope of fl
patent should be confined to the use of oil in the propoior
not to exceed 0.5% on the ore, it would certainly have m
so in so many words and would not have left it tc*
inferred that the patent must be confined to results obtaft
by the use of oil in such proportions as are limited in UJ
5 6, and 7. For what purpose does the court hold Clam

2 3 and 12 valid? Manifestly because these claims s
vide' for the use of oil in the proportions "amounting I
fraction of 1% on the ore"; that is to say, upon 1

The specifications mention the fact that the ores wer*
all alike and that different ores may require the us
different proportions of oily material in order to sin
the desired separation of metalliferous matter i
gangue bv the production of a froth The Supreme Car
commenting up6n this variation in the requiremen:
Process, satd: "Such variation of treatment must be v.
the scope of the claims, and the certainty which the*
requires in patents is not greater than is reasonable, h.
regard to their subject matter. The composition of |
varies infinitely, each one presenting its special prog
and it is obviously impossible to specify in a paten
precise treatment which would be most successful*
economical in each case. The process is one for
with a large class of substances, and the range of treat e
within the terms of the claims, while leaving somethi
the skill of the persons applying the invention is o
sufficiently definite to guide those skilled in the art „
successful application, as the evidence abundantly ■ shov

The use of oleic acid on Broken Hill ore was the
the ore of the discovery, and the proportion of the
is described in Claims 5, 6, and 7. But how about the il

Ma\ 12."), 1918

ENGINEERING AND MINING J01 i:\.\l.

her oils on other than Broken Hill ores? The proportions
quired for oleic aeul on Broken Hill ores had been deter

> actual tests, hut other oils .•„,,! othei , | ,lot

illy tested, mid the application of the :
a ditlerent proportion of oily inattei upon a dill.

issol ores to meet such a contingency. Claims I

call for the use ..I an oil or oily liquid "a

• fraction oi i ■ , op the ore"; further! v. „,

aims it, io, and 11 invalid the Supreme Courl clearly did
because such chums were not confined to the use of oil
mountm- to a fraction of I on the ore." The claim was
rthe use of 'a small quantity of oil." which might be a
antity more than "a fraction of 1', on the OP
The validity of the other claims in controversy having
en sustained upon their limitation to the use of oil within

o» "amounting to a fraction o
followed that ( hums 9, 10, and II were held invalid
cause they were not so confined and were thereto,.
m .,1 lllsi'la»mer accordingly disclaims from Cls

10. and 11 of the patent "any process of concentrating
wiered ores excepting where the results obtained are bv
.•use of oil m a quantity amounting to a fraction of 19!

the ore. Such language was strictly in accordance with
; decision of the Supreme Court, and I think a sufficient
Kion of the excess from the invention claimed, leaving

'KHV" the ff01™ 'mlttd b>\the pinion of the Supreme
art with respect to the objection that the disclaimer was

i1 km in time.

[•he mandate of the Supreme Court became effective Jan.

l.i 1, decreeing the patent to be invalid as to Claims

id 11 but valid as to the other claims in issue. On

'L~ i ■ 'uH P'31".^8 filed thei>' disclaimer, some time"
«f the right to petition for a rehearing in the Supreme

- .rt had expired. Considering, the importance of the pro!

■ure to be followed, the residence of the patentee' in
•fer country, and the consequent delay in communication
date of filing was not unreasonably delayed.
The omissions noted in the decision and opinions are
! to errors in transmission. Corrections will be made
en a printed copy reaches us.— Editor.]

\iblic Hearing on Proposed Mine
Regulations for New York

i public hearing on the proposed rules of the New

k State industrial code relating to mines and quar-
was given on May 10 before the State Industrial

innssion in New York. Comment from those pres-
was directed chiefly at clauses governing the use

xplosives. Rule 1007, relating to the marking of

osives, detonators and fuses, was criticized by rep-
"ntatives of various powder companies on several

inds. It reads a? follows :

shall be unlawful for the operator or superintendent of
{.mine to permit the use within such mine of any ex-

,e'"a"y blasting caps or detonators, or fuse, unless

e shall be plainly printed or marked, in the English
1 1!!!6' °n ?ve\y original Package containing explosives,

name and place of business of the manufacturer of

'explosive, the date of its manufacture, and its charac-

r;?a Srade; ... It :s recommended that employers

de common or safety fuse of uniform speed, preferably

►cj (90) seconds per meter.

ie contention had been made that powder companies

date their' powder in code for their own benefit,

being used to avoid prejudice on the part of the

umer against the powder on the ground of date

y; otherwise many consumers, if able to read the

might come to regard it as a gage of the quality

he powder, which was not the case. Dating the

'ler so that all might read, it was thought would

tably lead employees using it to pick out the pow-

>f most recent date and to reject the older material,

1 ?n the latter were perfectly good.

e requirement that the name and place of business

'e manufacturer be shown on every original pack-

'as well as the date, brought out the statement from

the powdi rmen thai his company, In ord< i

>'lv ;1 cu8t01 ' wder

made in a competitor's works to be shipped to the

'"""'r Ul"1''1 nj an; i nai and.

This happened, il wa jtated, when the 1 1

prevented from keeping its contract throu dent,

the plant (rum which It,,

ter's powder was ordin pped. [f it
"'•'' U 'I'" cu ! order from a mon
plant of the company, in such a ncy the i
pany turned its formula over to its competitor, fur-
nishing the latter with its own cases for shi] ml to

'"' ' " ' r- This could not be done, thi nta-

claimed, if the actual manufacturer's name v
shown on thi cases. The Hod was objected to

by a consumer present. It was suggested that the rule
hanged to read "the manufacturer Belling such ex-
plosive" instead of "the manufacturer of such ex-
plosive."

William W. Jones, the state mine inspector, said that
the chief objection to the use of code in marking ex-
plosives was that there was generally no way of know-
ing the age of a stock of powder purchased by one
company and later taken over by another company ; also
that in one instance, great difficulty had been ex-
perienced in tracing the manufacturer of defective
powder, because his name did not appear on it.

It was recommended that the clause reading "90 sec-
onds per meter" be changed to read "90 seconds per
yard," as is customary. The requirement of rule No.
1006, that all magazines situated above ground shall
be bullet-proof, was cited as an unnecessary hardship,
except in cases where high explosives were stored.

In a discussion as to whether safety rules should be
printed in other languages besides English, Mr. Jones
said that there were 52 nationalities represented in the
iron mines of Essex County, N. Y., and that statistics
showed that only 40', of foreigners could read their
native tongue.

Lake Superior Iron Ore Shipments

Figures secured from consumers and tabulated for
the Pig Iron, Iron Ore and Lake Transportation Com-
mittee indicate that Lake Superior iron-ore require-
ments for the season of 1918 will be 61,813,000 tons.
This tonnage is larger than some ore men expected,
says Iron Age, but it is not thought that the Lake
fleet will have any trouble in bringing down this quan-
tity of ore provided the railroads are able to furnish
a fair supply of cars at lower Lake ports so that the
movement will not be restricted. Water shipments last
year were 62,498,901 tons, and during the previous year
64,734.198 tons. The policy of the Government in urg-
ing steelmakers to use bessemer steel where possible,
and especially for the manufacture of rails, has stimu-
lated the demand for bessemer ore, and one sale of ap-
proximately 100,000 tons is reported. The ore move-
ment down the Lakes, which has been rather slow since
the opening of navigation, is improving materially.
No change has been made in the prices of iron ores,
which delivered at lower Lake ports, are: Old range
bessemer, $5.95; old range nonbessemer, $5.20; Mesabi
bescemer, $5.70, and Mesabi nonbessemer, $5.05 per ton.

Remember the Comfort Fund of the 27th Engineers.

ENGINEERING ANP MINING JOURNAL Vol. 105, No. 21
llaM„ iiuiniiHiiniiniiuuiiiiiiniiuiiuiiiiiiiiiuiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiuiiiiiiiiiuiiuiiiiiiiiiiiiuiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiuiuiiii mini!

ll"1"""""" I"umm,,,ual

Correspondence and Discussion

, - ■ ■ ■ """ ' '

Molybdenum and the Mines Control Bill

r firm stand and exceptionally keen analysis on the
proposed Mines Control bill, as presented in your edito-
rials, undoubtedly has the hearty support oi nearly eve*
engaged in the production of ores and minerals es-
the thousand dler producers throughout

Kning regions of the West. The loyalty patriotism
and self-sacrifice of the Western miners, by which s
meant the real prospectors and smaller independent
Aerators, cannot be excelled by any class of citizens m
this whole country. Profiteering is not then- specialty.
The great majority of them are glad to make ends meet,
as long as the opportunity to eventually "strike some-
thing better" is not legislated out of existence entirely.
When a maximum price was fixed for copper only the
larger producers were consulted. The result has been
that all the smaller producers either have been or are
now being crowded out of existence. This is explained
because of the enormous increase in cost of supplies and
general operating costs, higher smelting rates and
other charges, which, instead of increasing production
have had the opposite effect. For several reasons the
large corporations producing copper are still making

a decent profit.

The mining states have furnished, and are furnishing,
their full quota of fighting men, which is as it should be
but that is another reason why the price-fixing should be
done in a way that would stimulate the production i of
essential minerals by those who are left, if any fixing
is needed at all. As generally understood, the bill now
being molded is supposed to be for the fostering and
stimulation of the production of the minerals of which
there is a shortage, such as pyrites, manganese, chromite
and sulphur, and undoubtedly Government aid along
the right lines would mean a great increase in pro-
duction of some of these, especially manganese arid
pyrites This assistance from the Government should
be in the way of metallurgical experiments, with the
view of making available ore deposits throughout the
Southwest which are now either too low grade to be ot
value or too far removed from rail transportation to
be profitably exploited. If, for instance, a successful
method was evolved from concentrating low-grade man-
ganese ores containing 10 to 25% metal, of which there
is a large amount in Arizona, the manganese shortage
would be overcome.

Conditions here are difficult— which may be construed
as an argument for and not against the Mines Control
Bill— and need Government attention. The miners of
molvbdenum and tungsten minerals need help, especially
the producers of molydbenum, but not in a metallurgical
way These minerals are produced principally in small
lots by individual operators who dispose of their output
to agents of the larger metal companies making a spe-
cialty of these minerals, and who incidentally seem to
control and manipulate the market for this product at

will Notwithstanding the fact that the need for moll

denum should be just as great at this moment a

ever been, the producers here have suddenly humped p

against a closed market. Former buyers of moll

denite and wulfenite concentrates now ret use to i.«

any more at any price. The miners do not know w|

it means and wonder what has happened. Because!

this state of affairs, production has practically cea|

Whether this is caused by the expected GovernnJ

price-fixing, or simply "juggling" by the interests wrl

apparently control the market, is not apparent. If |

latter' is the case, then the Government has an excel j

opportunity to do some real good by assuming conf

of this product immediately, and this step could n

doubtedly be made without waiting for the Mineral iU

The problem would be simple. A minimum price shtk

be fixed and the Government establish purchasing am

cies at convenient points for the producers. A Govt

ment voucher or a warehouse receipt for each s*

lot could readily be cashed at local banks, and the mi*

thus kept going. The Government would then b I.

position to distribute the product where most urgiU

needed for the speeding up of war material, and;h

miners would be encouraged to go ahead and spee u

production as never before, when the bugaboo of a|

tomless market has thus been removed.

If the natural channels of trade for essential ]0t
ucts during these serious days are tampered
whether by enemy interests or profiteers, thentl
quicker the Government acts the better. In the ca i
molvbdenum, it seems curious that the demand s.w
have ceased so abruptly. If its use as an allojfc.
come to an end, then of course the present staj*
condition is a natural result. If not, then the.
"something rotten in Denmark" which needs an in>
diate airing by the Government.

Give the miners a square deal— I mean the small I
dividual operators who constitute the great nunvu
majority of producers-and they will do their part,
large corporations are not suffering much, as the a
always in position to guard their interests at the f*
time and place. The rank and file of the mining fj
nity look to publications like the Jour il to chaP>
their just rights. The Journal is ir ^ose toucr*
affairs at Washington and in a good ».sition to»
off unwise legislation and call attention to cone*
that hamper instead of help to squelch the Huns. I
" Benson, Ariz., Apr. 26, 1918. Martin FlSHR

Safe and Unsafe Practices in N|

In the Journal of May 4 there are two importanl
, rations, showing the use of a steel loading board H
car at a chute mouth ready for loading. The pro*
chute is one of the oldest arrangements m minw
is often installed without regard to the possita
minor accidents resulting from its use. In oesl

May 25, 19 IS

ENGINEERING a.m. MINING JOURNAL

007

chute the maximum side projection should fall with-
a vertical line established by the position of the near
il. Between the lower edge of the bottom boards of
} chute and the top of the car there should be a
arance of not less than 4 nor more than 6 in. In the
it practice, the arrangements for operating the chute
te should be so designed as to allow of the gate be-
r operated from the side of the chute, instead of di-
tly in front, as shown. Kngineer.

N'ew York, May 6, 1918.

ihrome Production and Distribution

wish to offer a criticism on the article contributed
Samuel H. Dolbear in the Journal of Apr. 6, entitled
irome Production and Distribution." I refer es-
ially to the statements made that brokers in Cali-
nia perform no useful function. Though it is true
ta great deal of harm has been caused by the irre-
nsible type of broker, it is equally true that the
DOtisible broker has performed and is still performing
lable services in the distribution of chrome ore

other war minerals.

a the first place, it must be conceded that there are
ly reputable persons and firms in the brokerage busi-
I in all lines, and their business is just as legitimate

useful as any other branch of merchandising, pro-
d it is run on business principles. Trading in

I irae and other minerals was thrust upon the brokers
alifornia at the beginning of 1914, and it is an in-
iee to accuse brokers, as a class, of performing no

lul function.

hen the supply of foreign materials, including
irae, manganese, magnesite, tungsten and kindred
was first cut off in 1914, the manufacturers eon-
t ng these ores were forced to try to find a domestic
i ly. They naturally turned to the importers who had
' supplying them with foreign ores. These importers
■ n many cases no more than brokers, and, as a result,
"erage firms on the Pacific Coast began to get in-
i es first from Eastern brokers and later direct from
lonsumers. These inquiries caused the Pacific Coast
"•srs to look around for supplies, and directly resulted

e opening of mest of the existing chrome properties,
4 r by the brokt themselves, or by outside parties
j received assui ices from the brokers that they
»1 buy their ore ^r sell it on a commission basis. If

d not been for the existence of reliable brokerage
lis, it is doubtful whether half of the existing chrome

II * would have even been discovered by this time.

I brokers are to be eliminated, wh/re is the line

drawn? Are the California brokers alone to be

riated or are the large refractory companies and

rn chemical houses which sell a certain large pro-
r>n of their ore direct to the consumers without
jj manufacturing process also to be eliminated, or are
eito be restricted to buying only the ore which they
J|facture into bricks, chemicals or otherwise pre-
Also, where is the justice to the small consumers
| come ore who cannot afford to keep their repre-

ives in the field to compete with the direct buying
Jfc of the large concerns? The legitimate chrome
e oker acts as the buying agent for numerous small
•e mills and chemical houses whose consumption is

rge enough to justify the employment of a buying
Should there be a discrimination against these

concerns, many of which are manufacturing Bteel and
"',|rr equipmenl for the Government ' The legitimafc
chrome ore broker is also B collector of tonnage from

small deposits. In many caSOfl he il also either a partner

111 l1"' ln" f i in "!'"• way connected with the ftnan

cing of the mine.

Now, as to Mr. Dolbear's suggestions as to the remedy.
He first suggests placing all chrome operation undei
Government control through license and Inspection.
This would undoubtedly cause a delay in the production,
owing to the fact that there are probably not sufficient
inspectors available who are familiar with the mining
of chrome ore. They would haw to be trained in the
field, and the necessity of obtaining licensee and going
through other red tape would discourage the prospector
and individual land owner who might surmise that he
had chrome on his land, with the result that the chrome
mining would soon be carried on entirely by the few
large companies now operating in the field. These com-
panies would naturally select the best and most available
properties, and those properties which did not look so
encouraging would be neglected. Second, he propos,
provide, without charge, engineering advice to chr
miners. Though in certain rare instances this might be
of value, all that any engineer could advise would be that
the miner dig and see if the chrome went to any depth,
and in case he uncovered a large body of chrome, he
could readily afford to hire his own engineer to give
advice. The third suggestion is to provide financial
assistance to chrome-concentrating enterprises and re-
quire that construction and operation be supervised by
engineers approved by the War Industries Board. This
proposition, in the writer's opinion, is entirely unneces-
sary and would not result in any advance in tonnage of
chrome ore, for the following reasons: There is plenty
of money available for legitimate enterprises such as
concentrating plants, provided a continuous market for
the product can be assured. No one who has a large
tonnage of chrome ore in sight and who can obtain a
contract for one or two years at a reasonable price will
have any difficulty in securing financial assistance to
build a suitable concentrating plant.

The fourth remedy is to prohibit brokerage and specu-
lative transactions in chrome ore and license sale and
purchase. I have shown above the usefulness of legiti-
mate brokers, and, therefore, consider this suggestion
unwise and unjust. Mr. Dolbear's fifth and last point,
to furnish cars promptly, with preferential movement
when loaded, is well taken; lack of cars has probably
caused much inconvenience to the chrome miners. In my
opinion the remedies which would immediately result in
an increase of tonnage in chrome ore production in
California and Oregon are as follows : That the Govern-
ment fix a price which will show a profit on chrome-
mining enterprises for a period of at least two years,
and agree to take all chrome offered at that price; that
there be established at convenient Western points — the
closer to the mining operations the better — automatic
samplers under Government supervision, and arrange-
ments made for prompt settlement of ore as soon as it
is sampled and weighed. If these two points were *
carried out, together with the fifth suggestion of Mr.
Dolbear, namely, that cars be furnished promptly, there
is no doubt that a larger tonnage of chrome ore would
be immediately available. William A. Stewart.

San Francisco. Calif., May 8, 1918.

96S

ENGINEERING AM' MINING JOURNAL Vol. 105, No. 2

uawwaun uiiiimiiiuiiiti iiinini luuiiuiuHiuuuiiuiiuutiuuiuuiiuuuiiuiiiHiuiuiuiuiiiuiii mill «m iiiii

Events and Economics of the War

iiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiuiinimimuii

The Red Cross campaign to raise $100,000,000 during
the current week was officially opened at New York
on Ma\ is by President Wilson, who in a speech
pledged the man power of America without limit to
winning the war. Regular airplane mail service, said
to be the first in the world, was inaugurated on May 15
between Washington and New York. Wide inquiry into
the conduct of the war was opposed by the President,
on whose appointment Charles Evans Hughes has un-
dertaken to investigate the Borglum aircraft charges.
The Overman bill passed the House and has been signed
bv the President. Bv forbidding all shipments to
this country, unless sanctioned by the War Trade Board,
a new bar' against imports was erected. Twenty-one
persons were indicted by the Federal Government for
connection, it is charged, with the deportation of work-
men from Bisbee, Ariz., last July. Platinum stocks
were commandeered by the Government, which also
fixed the prices that it will pay for platinum, palladium

and iridium

Abroad, by the arrest of 500 Sinn Fein leaders on
May 18 and 19, measures were taken by the British
government to thwart an alleged German plot in Ire-
land In a Commons speech, Foreign Secretary Balfour
said that any serious peace offer from the Central Powers
will be considered, but that no sincere proposal had as
vet been made. Except for some action north of Kemmel
and various raids, the week on the Western front was
uneventful. At Paris, all accused in the Bonnet Rouge
treason case were convicted. The Italians torpedoed a
large Austrian dreadnought in a naval raid on Pola.
China and Japan concluded a pact to combat German
influence in the Far East.

, mini it mi nniiiiiiiini niiiii lulu miiiimni 1111 uiuiiiiiinminiiiiniiiiniii

and the other copy returned to the applicant for n
convenience in keeping a record. Applicants will ba
quired to agree with the War Trade Board not to n
chase or acquire for export or take any steps in h
process of producing, manufacturing or fitting fors
port the articles specified in the application unti.a
export license has been duly granted.

If, prior to May 15, 1918, any of the articles specie
on such applications were purchased or acquired fc
t xport, or if any steps were taken in the process of*
during, manufacturing, or fitting for export sucln
tides, applicants must agree that, after licenses a<
been issued, exportation thereunder will not be at
until the written approval of the War Industries lai
has been received with respect to articles specific (
Schedule A. On July 1, 1918, all outstanding licis
granted on or before May 14, 1918, will be rev«
Any goods not then exported against such licenses^
thereafter be shipped only if licenses are secured ft
being applied for as above set forth.

Schedule A, referred to, includes aluminum (m«l
asbestos, carbon electrodes, arsenic compounds, h
mium ore and compounds, cyanides, explosives, 31
ganese ore and compounds, potassium salts, p.'it
copper (metal, wire and cable), ferroalloys, gr-h
(crucibles and electrodes), iron and steel products
lets, blooms, ingots, pig iron, plates, sheet bars,*
tin plate, wire rope), all lumber, mercury, mica, I
(metal), optical instruments and glasses, metallic slii
and any metal or ferroalloy thereof, spiegeleis*. I
(pig or block', tungsten, tungsten steel and or I
wolframite.

New Restrictions on Exports

For the purpose of preventing the useless consump-
tion of materials and labor in making articles for export
which for the present may not be exported, and to save
tonnage bv prohibiting the exportation of articles which
have not been recommended by the government of the
country of destination as being necessary, the War
Trade Board has arranged to have the missions now
in Washington, of Great Britain, France, Italy and Bel-
gium pass upon the advisability of releasing all pro-
posed exports before licenses are granted to shippers.
The new rules became effective on May 15, and no ap-
plications for licenses will be considered in the future
unless the official representatives of the nations named
believe that the proposed shipments are essential to
the war program.

To obtain this approval, applicants must forward to
the proper mission their applications, duly executed in
triplicate, in accordance with the rules and regulations
of the War Trade Board. One copy of approved appli-
cations will be forwarded by the mission directly to the
W* r Trade Board, Bureau of Exports, one copy retained,

Engineers Wanted for Naval Seiu

The Bureau of Navigation, Navy Department, ii
to secure trained engineers for general service!
Navy in steam engineering, electrical engineenj
radio duties, it is announced by the Engiei
Council. Applicants will, if accepted, be enrcJd
ensigns in the Naval Reserve and will be sent!
reserve officers' school at Annapolis for a special*
of about four months, after which those who fins
cessfullv will be given further training ashore o I
and will then become available for regular sea c »<
duty, as the exigencies of the service may dema).

The following qualifications are necessary': (1*
gree in mechanical, electrical or mining engi*
conferred by a college of recognized standing;!
least two and one-half years' practical engineenj
perience subsequent to graduation (exclusive
spent as sales agent) ; (3) not over 35. years I
(4) physically strong and sound in health.

The American Institute of Electrical Ei«
American Institute of Mining Engineers, Amei I
ciety of Mechanical Engineers, Naval Consultir
and' National Research Council have each been rp

M;iy 25, 1918

ENGINEERING AND MINING J01 RNAL

«ir,:i

o lubmit a list of 50 names, the personnel to be apport-
ioned equally, of men trained in (1) steam engineering
fees, (2) electrical engineering- duties, and (8) radio
■ties. The exact engineering duties to be performed

ii general service by each applicant will lie decided after
ompletion of the training under naval ,,,n.

II is probable that from among the applicants selected
Wass will be formed at the Naval Academy about the
■die of June, and each applicant should without delay
orward to the Engineering Council, 901 Engineering
ocieties Bldg., 29 West 39th St., New York, which is
ctinvr for the five organizations named, a statement de-
aling his education and engineering experience, to-
ether with a small photograph, if practicable, and such
•tters of recommendation as he may wish to submit.

Will

Survey War Industries

Charles A. Otis, president of the Cleveland Chamber
f Commerce, has been appointed by the War Industries
oard to make a survey of the industrial resources of
te country. He will work out a zoning system for all
ar industries in cooperation with the War Department,
he scheme contemplates organizing the industries in
ch zone so that, as nearly as possible, all products may
I finished in the zone of origin. Each zone under the
an will have as its centre a large manufacturing city,
ans. specifications and other war information will be
nt from the War Industries Board to the zone centres,
lore orders will be distributed to the proper factories.'
licials of the board say the plan will speed up war
>rk greatly. The survey will enable the Government

determine the facilities of individual plants. Long
uls and delay in assembling will be eliminated.

Some Coal-Price History

The severance of his connections with the Govern-
fflt as a war aid by Francis S. Peabody deprives the
untry of the services of a man who has done yeoman
rk, says the Boston News Bureau.
At the beginning of the war, Mr. Peabody came to
ishington, and, as head of the coal production com-
ttee of the Council of National Defence, was conspicu-
5 in the primary arrangements with the operators for

adequate output of coal to meet all requirements,
rough his activities and personality to a very large
ent, a price was reached which was pronounced by
•retary Lane as satisfactory to the Government. Un-
tunately, the agreement was repudiated by both the
retary of War and the Secretary of the Navy. The
al Administration, which came into being soon after-
'd, recommended a scale of prices based on certain
a obtained by the Federal Trade Commission. These
ces were approved by the President. What happened
erward in coal production is familiar but not pleas-

history. • The Fuel Administration has since ad-
ted prices repeatedly, many of the prices now ruling
"g higher than those agreed upon by Mr. Peabody

the operators in April of last year. Following the
Jmption of control by the Fuel Administration, Mr.
body served as assistant to the director of mines
the Interior Department, in charge of explosives
nations.

Platinum Stocks Commandeered

All platinum, iridium and palladium held by refiners,

by specified importers, and by manufacturing lewell
and l;"'»"' dealeri haw been commandeered by the Got
eminent, it waa announced by the War Industries Heard

On May M. The price fixed for platinum is $m

for iridium, $175 an oz., and for palladium, (185 an oz

<t my weight). Manufacturing jewellers may use
of their present stocks for commercial purposes by
mg a waiver of all claims for compensation from the
Government by reason of the requisition. Delivery to
the Government of manufactured platinum now held or
controlled by jewellers will be waived, provided they
sign a waiver of claims similar to the manufacturers-
waiver.

All handlers of the metals were instructed to forward
within five days a sworn inventory of their stocks.
Jewellers were required to submit by June 30 an esti-
mate of those metals included in the manufactured ar-
ticles upon which the labor has exceeded 20% of the
value of the metal. Failure to comply makes their
stocks liable to seizure.

Ordnance Plant Site Selected

Neville Island, in the Ohio River, near Pittsburgh
has been selected by the War Department as the site for
the great Government ordnance plant to be built and
operated in the interior. The island is seven miles long
and not more than a mile wide. At one end is the Ne-
ville furnace of the Carnegie Steel Co., a subsidiary of
the United States Steel Corporation. Railroads occupy
the river banks, paralleling the island, the New York
Central on one side and the Pennsylvania on the other.

Negotiations for a second large ordnance plant for
the Government are said to be nearing completion The
War Department and the Midvale Steel Co. are reported
to be in substantial agreement on the expansion of the
company's plant at Nicetown, near Philadelphia for
making heavy ordnance. The Midvale company has long
been engaged on large war orders, but under the new
arrangement, it is said, the capacity of the plant will be
more than doubled.

Knight Shines as Champion Riveter

Charles Knight, colored, a riveter at the Sparrows
Point plant of the Bethlehem Shipbuilding Corporation,
established a new world's riveting record on May 16 by
driving in nine hours 4875 ?-in. rivets, 2?s in. long, beat-
ing by 453 rivets the record made a day or so before on
the Clyde by a Scottish riveter named Thomas Devine.
The latter drove 4422 rivets in nine hours in the side
of a ship at Reardmore's Dalmuir yards. Knight's feat
at Sparrows Point was witnessed by William Tinsley
chief inspector for the U. S. Shipping Board; Joseph
O'Keefe, inspector for the Shipping Board; H. Mitchell
inspector for the American Bureau of Shipping, and
John Sheriff, inspector for Lloyd's Bureau of Shipping.
Knight was awarded the international prize of £25
offered by Lord Northcliffe for the best score above
previous records.

Remember the Comfort Fund of the 27th Engineers.

KNGINKKRINC AND MINING .10UKNAI,

Vol. 105, No. 2

IIHImllllllllllllllllll iiliiililllillillNI Illlllll 1 1 1 ■ ■ 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 < L II t Hi HI III I II I LI 1 1 1 II I LIJ Ml ill < II I M 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Ml Mil F 1 1 r 1 1 1 M 1 r i 1 1 1 > 1 1 M M I M 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 II J I L 1 1 1 1 < d 1 1 1 1 > 1 1 ! 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 L I M 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 [ 1 1 llm

Industrial News from Washington

By Paul Wooton, Special Correspondent

■MHBMMMMaMaaaMamMuiiniuiiiiiiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiii iiiiiiiiiiiiiuiini iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiih

Senate Committee May Reshape Bill
For Minerals Control

Legislative measures permitting serious interference
with established industry will meet determined opposi-
tion in the Senate. This has been made clear by Sena-
wbo are on the Committee on Mines and Mining
and by other members of the Upper House. The hear-
ings held recently on the Minerals Control measure
have attracted wide public attention. It is evident that
the committee will present a very different bill from
that passed by the House, but no member of it ventures
to outline the probable scope of the measure as reported.
Walter R. Ingalls, editor of the Engineering and
Mining Journal, who was on the stand for the greater
part of two days, discussed, among other things, ths
advisability of having a minerals and metals advisory
board. Such a board, he pointed out, should coordinate
Go%-ernment operation and, at the same time, it could
be of great assistance to industries by advising with
them. This arrangement, he further pointed out, would
obviate undue interference with the work of an experi-
enced and well-organized industry. He also suggested
that all of the objects of the bill could be attained more
effectively by the creation of a United States Mining
Corporation, or a War Minerals Corporation, on lines
similar to those of the War Finance Corporation.

Mr. Ingalls' suggestion of a minerals and metals ad-
visory board brought up the question as to what action
would be taken if an industry refused to cooperate with
the Government's board and would not follow the sug-
gestions or requests made. Attention was calltd to the
fact that this difficulty is being experienced now by the
War Industries Board in its relationship with the con-
sumers of graphite and chrome. It is Mr. Ingalls' ob-
servation, however, that there is a uniform disposition
on the part of industries to cooperate with the Govern-
ment in every way. He pointed out, however, that in
some cases an industry might not believe it practicable
to carry out some of the suggestions made by the Gov-
ernment's specialists. In the case of graphite, he said
that he is aware that officers of the Government had
told certain manufacturers of crucibles they should use
more Alabama graphite, and that the manufacturers
of those crucibles had replied that they had tried to do
so but had been unable to do it successfully. "If a
board were created," Mr. Ingalls said, "with the author-
ity to tell the manufacturer of graphite crucibles that
he must revise his methods and henceforth make cru-
cibles in a certain way, it probably would have the re-
sult that we would get fewer crucibles than we did
before, and it may be that we would not get any." An-
other extract from Mr. Ingalls' testimony follows:

"As to letting the price in the outside market become
extraordinarily high by the limitation of the free mar-
ket, that is the surest and swiftest way and also the
least harmful way of cutting out non-essential uses.

We had such an experience in the lead market last y<r,
The lead market is always a limited market, for I
reason that so large a part of the lead production j!«
to consumption on average-price contracts. In the e:lj
months of the war, the Government intimated tha ii
was going to require a great deal more lead than in i
it really needed. Those intimations, coming into a*
stricted market, caused users of lead who had alreij
entered into contracts for the delivery of the finis .-i
articles and were uncovered as to their supply of t
materials naturally to become frightened. They ru.'-ei
into the market to get what they could. As a refit
the price was bid up to nearly 12c. a pound.

"The Government was absolutely responsible for I
It was because of its erroneous estimate. The else
of this extravagantly high price, however, was immii
ately to curtail consumption. That was done in h
most dramatic way — almost overnight. The lead nr
ket changed suddenly from a situation of stringenc t
a situation of superfluity, with a decline in prices ta
did not stop until the market got down to 54 cents.'

Antimony and mercury are the only two metals erm
erated in the bill which come under the directioio
Pope Yeatman, of the War Industries Board. For li
reason. Mr. Yeatman confined his remarks before!)
committee largely to those metals. He said that n<ai
tion had been taken by the War Industries Board il
regard to antimony, because there are large stock ci
hand — enough for six or nine months, even wf no fune
supplies be received. Abnormally large iwiportaW
had been made, he pointed out, in an effort to takdd
vantage of the high price which had prevailed.

With regard to quicksilver, Mr. Yeatman said
prices higher than those now prevailing would m
likely to increase production greatly. He said it i I
policy of the War Industries Board to interfere as
as possible with production, and then only when il
ficiont supplies are being produced, or to preve
runaway market. He saw no danger in the quicks
situation at present. Producers seem entirely satfi<
as to price, he declared.

With regard to the need for the legislation, Mr. 3
man said that he agrees with Mr. Baruch in the la ei
statement that "We are exerting a large measu '
control now, but I think it ought to be more detti
and legally fixed than it is." Mr. Yeatman is strig<
of the opinion that price-fixing is necessary to stali
the market and to insure maximum production. 1
said that his experience with the maximum pric<«
satisfactory. He cited the case of copper and of ( I
A spelter. In the latter case, he asserted tha
maximum price is having the effect of bringing oupi
duction from spelter manufacturers who did not ii
Grade A previously. As a result, he declared, th e
a much larger production of Grade A, and the r
has come down. One of the objections to a min i
price, Mr. Yeatman pointed out, is the probabilih

Mav

I'.tlS

kni;inkki;i.m; ani> mini .C JOURNAL

91 1

ig accumulation which would hang over the marked
,-ith ■ depressing effect.
Ravenel Macbeth took exception to the statement
hat the maximum price is operating successfully, de-
Bring that the present price had driven the small pre-
fers of copper to the wall and thai the industry in
he West soon will be exclusively in the hands of two
ig concerns.

Charles H. MacDowell, chief of the chemical explos-
ves section of the War Industries Board, showed how
he Government is being hampered, from lack of such
Halation as that under consideration, in attempting
I deal with the platinum situation. Great difficulty,
e said, is experienced in devising means to pay for
he platinum which is offered. He admitted that the
Hernment is worried about the shortage of platinum
nd declared that it was recently necessary to issue
000 additional commandeering orders and that the
ovemment is still bargaining in Russia in an effort
) obtain the metal. The situation is somewhat amelio-
itcd by the fact that there is a large potential re-
>rve of platinum in the country in the form of jewelry.
iffieulties, however, of reworking platinum in jewelry
ake it advisable to put forth every effort to secure
le metal in its pure state.

With regard to the graphite situation, Mr. Mac-

oweli declared that failure to make a uniform product

as the chief objection to domestic graphite, but that

ose mines that are making a uniform product are

iving no difficulty in selling their output. Stocks of

anganese in the United States, he asserted, are suf-

ent to meet requirements for at least three months.

Frank H. Burnett, the purchasing agent of the Lacka-

inna Steel Co., said he is "thoroughly discouraged" in

s efforts to secure domestic manganese. He also had

ach criticism to offer regarding domestic chrome ore

d the business policy of the brokers who handled

He told from his own experience of an instance where

San Francisco concern boosted the price from 80c. to

.50. This would not be so bad, Mr. Burnett claimed,

the producer got the money. He believes an unfair

rcentage of the profits in handling these domestic ores

der present conditions is going to the middleman. Mr.

irnett said he would be willing to pay $1 a unit for

mestic manganese at a Western mine. He believes

essential to the best interests of the steel makers and

the producers that manganese and chrome and other

'nerals named in the bill should be regulated. He

1'ors a maximum price and a licensing system.

A. hardship would be forced upon those manufacturers

< steel whose outputs are small if regulations were

opted forcing the use of an increased amount of

segeleisen, in the opinion of G. B. Waterhcuse, the

' tallurgist of the Lackawanna Steel Co., who also ap-

Iired before the committee. A large production of

sel helps greatly, he said, in making possible the use

Can increased amount of spiegeleisen.

J well Memorial Monument Dedicated

he memorial monument to Maj. John Wesley Powell
v i dedicated May 20 by the Secretary of the Interior.
* s memorial, which is a stone altar supporting a
" nze tablet, on the very rim of the Grand Canyon of

Arizona, c< lebrati one of the moil darini

the pioneering of Ameri ace Major Powell'i

first passage of the Grand Canyon in the fall of L86I

with a party of nine men in four boats was a plunge into

the unknown. Indian report) . the only onea obtainable,

staled that the canyon concealed lofty cataract:- and that

the river passed in place under ground. The passage

which had begun in early spring many miles up the COn
fluent Green River, was one of extreme hardship and
danger. One of the boats, most of their p> and

their scientific instruments were lost, and four men who
deserted in the canyon and succeeded in climbing the
cliffs were killed by Indians. For many days the part;.
lived in wet clothes on shorl rations of wel flour. Pov
second passage in 1S71 was a remarkable scientific
achievement. In 1881, Powell became the second director
of the U. S. Geological Survey. He died in 1

Gold and Silver Reserve Drops

The precious-metals reserve of the United States
has decreased $116,000,000 in the first nine month
the fiscal year, as shown in a report issued on May 8
by the Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce.
Exports of gold totalled $180,989,092, of which Japan
took $70,000,000, Spain $48,000,000, and Mexico
$15,000,000, the remainder going chiefly to South
America. Gold imports were $83,150,219. Purchases
of silver have increased more than 100rr, but still are
$19,000,000 less than the exports.

Trade Agreement Made with Norway

In the commercial agreement recently concluded with
Norway by the War Trade Board, the following articles,
among others, may be exported to that country: tin,
raw, 80 metric tons; lead, 1000 metric tons; iron and
steel (pig iron, ingots, bars, hoops, angles, plates, pipes,
fittings, wire, etc.), 250,000 metric tons; copper (plates,
bars, pipes, wire, cable), 7000 metric tons; asbestos, 350
metric tons; rock phosphate. 40,000 metric tons; anti-
mony, 12 metric tons; electrode carbon, 5000 metric
tons, and borax and boric acid, 80 metric tons.

May Raise Transportation Rates

Railroad Administration officials have estimated that
an increase of at least 25% in freight and passenger
rates will be necessary this year to meet the higher cost
of fuel, wages, equipment and other operating expenses,
now set at between $600,000,000 and $750,000,000 more
than last year. Recommendation that rates be raised
by approximately this percentage has been made to Di-
rector General McAdoo by his advisers. A decision on
the matter is expected within six weeks.

Steel Survey Planned

A survey of the world's steel needs is to result as an
outcome of a conference last week between steel makers
and the War Industries Board. Before intelligent steps
can be taken in apportioning steel, it was pointed out
at the meeting, a more definite idea of the needs of all
consumers must be had. On this survey will depend
how much steel can be allotted to other than war uses.

972

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 21

Some of the Finest

A now view of some of the men in the 27th Engineer*
the mining regiment, is shown in the adjoining columr
It was taken on the Naval Academy athletic field a
Annapolis, Md., just after the detachment shown ha
returned from the rifle range. Two hundred men of "B
and "C" companies appear in the photograph, which wa
obtained through the courtesy of Capt. F. S. Norcros
Jr., commanding "C" Company. Incidentally, Captai
Norcrosa was superintendent of mines for the Canac
Copper Corporation, at Copper Mountain, B. C, pric
to being commissioned.

Few, if any, organizations can be more interesting
mining men than the mining regiment. While the nu
are being trained as infantry, the chief purpose whi'i
they will serve will be to engage in mining operatio;
at the front. Some of the most modern mining ml
chinery has already been furnished them. Every man?
also given a thorough course in First-Aid and safe/
work. Much of the interest, however lies in the fit
that the regiment in its personnel is representative f
almost every camp in the country. Do you want a l:e
on the mining practice in any particular section? "\j
can get the information in the mining regiment, j t
as you get a book in the library. Such associatn
must be valuable as well as interesting to the men th<i-
selves. For us on the outside, as a contributor recery
said, the regiment is the mining world. It is an M
mated service flag for the industry.

Indicative of the warm-heartedness of many for \t
regiment is the total contributed thus far to the Ci
fort Fund. In itself it is a generous sum, but wjii
the size of the regiment is considered it appeared
shrink. It will not go far, as one can readily fig'e.
in providing comforts for 1500 men. In fact, (ei
$2000 has already been spent on three compai;.-
though the regiment is not yet in France. It shil<
be easy to raise many times this amount from for
hundreds of companies and thousands of technical en
engaged in the various phases of mining.

The proceeds of a war carnival given under h<
auspices of the Wisconsin Mining School at Plattelk'
Wis., on Apr. 19 and 20, were divided between theie
Cross, a local company of volunteers now at the f«i
and the 27th Engineers. Similar methods of ra
money for the mining regiment could well be ad(tt
in almost all mining communities. All are urged tooi
tribute to the Comfort Fund. The subscriptions I

Previously acknowledged $13

Students of Wisconsin Mining School

A. M. Plumb

C. W. Snow

Charles A. Mitke

A. A. Hassan

A. A. Hassan. Jr

Emin A. Hassan

Bernard MacDonald

C. F. Rand

Calumet & Arizona Mining Co. and New Cornelia Copper

Co

Oscar Lachmund (fourth contribution)

C. N. Bell

C. S. Witherell _J

Total *144'

Make your checks payable to W. R. Ingalls, treiu
of the Association of the 27th Engineers. Became
the work involved in administering the Comfort '
contributions are acknowledged only by publicatn
the Journal.

May

1018

ENGINEERING AND MINING .JOUKNAI,

■I.

The President and the War*

The President is, in some respects, on trial today
I oever before. We do not mean, of course, as the
Ber of democracy and of liberal opinion. Here he
■ids by himself, far beyond all others in high office,
is as the executive officer of the nation that he is
■ing put to the test. He is now called upon to demon-
rate that he is equal to administrative problems of a
agnitude never before paralleled; that as manager of
.e country's affairs he is capable of administering
em in a national crisis which far transcends in its
tficulties and ramifications anything dreamed of here-
fore. Is he a sufficiently capable business head? Can
•, being but a single finite individual, accepting the
lormous responsibilities placed upon him by Congress
his request, conduct the business of the hour with
ecess and dispatch, compelling honesty and efficiency
every department?

It is this question, we are sure, which is worrying
oughtful men and women the country over. As a
iritual leader, the bulk of the people trust him and
nk him high. But can he guide the nation's destinies
rough the maze of business complications which con-
futes the greatest of wars? Today he is possessed of
imt conceivable power short of absolute dictatorship.
ogress has divested itself of all its powers save one
•ge one — the control of the pursestrings. It has even
stowed upon his Postmaster General the ability to
ish any newspaper critic of the President whose opin-

I he interprets to be a stumbling block in the prosecu-
n of the war. How will the President make use
this vast authority, greater, we believe, than that pos-
ted by any king or kaiser? Will he build up a na-
nal war machine controlled by the ablest possible ma-

>.nists and operated with the maximum of efficiency;

II he take Congress and the public into his confidence;
il he let duly authorized committees know what is go-
r on, as is in some degree the case in England, and in
• greater degree in France? Or is it to be a gov-

'iment within four walls, self-satisfied, self-content,
• patient of critics and of inquiry, and convinced that
iblic criticism of any subordinate is merely another
nson for continuing him in office?

i'esterday's happenings lend sharper point to these
uries than they have borne heretofore. The Presi-
ut indignantly refused, as he has refused before, to
! mit Congress to appoint a committee which might
ticeive its functions to be to inquire into and super-
'■ e the conduct of the war. In consequence, the Senate
i ! modified its pending proposal to an inquiry into the
Pgress of aircraft and ordnance production and into
I' Quartermaster Corps. With his feeling that there
S'uld be no committee to supervise the conduct of the
\r everybody can sympathize; if he is to exercise
fcutive control he must exercise it undividedly. Yet
t re is a growing belief that there must be some
fans provided for sifting popular complaints on their
Tits in an authoritative way. It cannot be left to
B'cutive officers to investigate themselves or their fel-
1'S. That is not the way it is done abroad; it is not
' way it should be done here, for it is not the demo-
c tic way.

Vhen anything goes wrong with the conduct of a

From the NTe\v York Evening Post. May 16, 1918.

campaign in Greai Britain there is appointed a pai

mentary committee I restigate; for instance, when

the Maurice scandal broke out it seemed natural to
Mr, Asquith to nun.- foi b i al committee of in-
quiry. Even the Kaiser had to yield to the entirely
novel demand for a parliamei mmittee to watch

the progress of the war and keep m touch with execu
tives when the Reichstag was nol in session; hence we
have the Reichstag Mam Con mittee fitting all the time
as a committee on the state of the nation. There must
be a cluck upon officials, and nol even Pre iden! W'il
son should be ity of having such a

committee to prevent Mr. Wilson's subordinates from
ng to excesses or becoming so independent as to
forget efficiency and cooperation and to be negligent in
preventing the appearance of graft or of \va

Sulphur, Pyrite and Sulphuric Acid
in 1917

Sulphur was produced in the United States in I'M 7
by eight mines, one in Louisiana, two each in Texas,
Nevada, and Wyoming, and one in Colorado. Precise
statistics are unavailable, but according to the U. S.
Geological Survey the production in 1917 was roughly
50r, greater than in 191f>, and the indications point to
a still further increase in 1918.

Statistics received from the Bureau of Foreign and
Domestic Commerce show that 973 long tons of sulphur
were imported into the United States in 1917 and that
152,831 long tons were exported. The imports of sul-
phur in 1917 were less than 5', of those in 1916, but the
exports were more than 18rr greater than in 1916 and
were the largest ever made from this country in a single
year. The total value of the sulphur exported in 1917
was $3,504,661, which would indicate an average value
for the sulphur of $22.93 a ton.

Increase in Output of Pyrites

The pyrites industry showed an unsettled condition
in 1917, due largely to uncertainty as to whether im-
portation of foreign pyrites would be continued. In
spite of this uncertainty, however, the domestic pro-
duction was about 10fr greater than in 1916. Statistics
collected by the Geological Survey show a total pro-
duction of 462,662 long tons, valued at $2,485,435. The
two states making the largest output were Virginia and
California, which together produced nearly 300,000
long tons. The increase in the production in 1917 is
due to an increase in the output of established mines
rather than to contributions from many new mines.
Though the war stimulated production somewhat less
than had been expected, work was in progress on many-
new properties, which will doubtless still further in-
crease the output.

Importations of Pyritks

The quantity of pyritic ore imported in 1917 was
notably less than that imported in 1916 and was prac-
tically the same as that imported during the years pre-
ceding the war. The total imports of pyrites in 1917
were 967,340 long tons, valued at $5,980,457. Of this
quantity 214,115 long tons came from deposits in Canada
and Newfoundland and 753,225 long tons from deposits
in Spain and Portugal. The principal cause of the de-

974

KNGINF.KKING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 21

dine in the imports was the difficulty of obtaining ships
to bring ore from Spain. An increase in the imports
.ntes from Canada is expected in 1918, but, on the
other hand, a still greater decrease in the imports of
ore from Sp;'in is probable.

Sulphuric Acid

The quantity of sulphuric acid produced in 1017 was
nearly twice as great as that produced in 1913, which
may be taken as a normal before-the-war year. The
production of sulphuric acid in 1017, expressed in terms
id of 50 B., was 5.967,551 short tons, valued at
J6, to which must be added 759,039 short tons
of acids of strengths higher than 66° B. (which can-
not be calculated for comparison with acid of 50° B.),
valued at $16,034,545. The increase over 1916 in the
production of acid expressed as 50° B. was therefore
more than 325,000 short tons in quantity and $8,800,000
in value, and the increase in the production of stronger
acids was more than 315,000 short tons in quantity and
25,000 in value. The value of the total production
ulphuric acid in 1917 was over $14,000,000 more
than in 1916.

The foregoing totals include byproduct acid — that is
acid produced at copper and zinc smelteries. The pro-
duction of acid from this source in 1917, expressed
as acid of 60° B., was 1,336,209 short tons, valued at
$14,516,104, to which must be added 119,048 short tons
of acids of strengths higher than 66° B., (which cannot
be calculated as acid of 60° B.), valued at $2,374,341.

Acm Production from 221 Plants

Statistics collected by the Geological Survey show
that 221 plants in 33 states produced sulphuric acid in
1917. Of these, 139 produced acid of 50° B., 66 pro-
duced acid of 60° B., 60 produced acid of 66° B., and
38 produced acid of higher strengths. Pennsylvania
and New Jersey produced sulphuric acid valued at more
than $10,000,000 each, and Virginia, Maryland, Illinois,
and Georgia each produced sulphuric acid valued at
more than $5,000,000. The value of the total pro-
duction of these six states amounted to over $50,000,000
or considerably more than half of the entire value of
the acid produced in the country.

The following quantities and kinds of sulphur ore
were used in making sulphuric acid in 1917:

Foreign

Total

Sulphur Pyrites

463.364 376.955

20,463 880.183

i told and

Silver

Bearing

Pyrite and

Galena
17.380

i lopper-

Bearing

Sulphides

708,502

147,531

Zinc-
Bearing
Sulphides
584.100
152,811

483.827 1.257,138 17,380 856.033 736,911

In the column headed "Pyrites" are tabulated all the
sulphide ores used that are not treated further for their
content of copper, lead, zinc, gold or silver.

Statistics received from the Bureau of Foreign and
Domestic Commerce show that 4287 short tons of sul-
phuric acid, valued at $98,232, was imported to the
United States in 1917; and that 31,771 short tons, valued
at $1,600,125, was exported.

Butte & Superior — Minerals Separatioi
Decision Is Modified

The decision of the U. S. Circuit Court of Appeals i
the case of the Butte & Superior Mining Co. vs. th
Minerals Separation, Ltd., appearing on p. 962 of thi
issue, was modified by an order of the court on Ma
20. The modifying order of the court follows:

Before Ross, Morrow anil Hunt, Circuit Judges.

Ross, Circuit Judge, Hunt, Circuit Judge, concurrini
Morrow, Circuit Judge, concurring in the reversal but di
senting from the modification of the decree herein directs
and as to costs.

Understanding from the presentation of this case th:
the real and pivotal question for the decision of this cou I
was whether or not under the decision of the Supren
Court in the case of Minerals Separation, Ltd., vs. Hyd
242 U. S. 261, the use of any oil by the appellant in qua.
tity of 1% or less on the ore constituted an infringement
the appellee's patent, and that the fact was undisputed th
the appellant had not used as little as 0.5% of oil in i;
process, in reversing the judgment of the court below \t<
directed that court to dismiss the bill at the complainan '
cost. Inasmuch, however, as it appears and is admitti
that prior to and including Jan. 7, 1917, the appellant <l
use in its process oil in quantities of 0.5% and less, thei-
by in those instances infringing the patent of the appelle ,

IT IS HEREBY ORDERED that the judgment of tl.
court herein rendered and entered May 13, 1918, be ai
hereby is corrected so as to read as follows:

The decree appealed from must be and is reversed ai

the case remanded with directions to the court below )

so modify its decree as to accord with the opinions of 1»

majority of this court; the appellant to recover its cos

on this appeal.

Endorsed order modifying decree filed May 20, 1918.

F. D. Monckton, Clerk,
by Paul P. O'Brien,
Deputy Clerk

New Caledonian Exports of nickel ores and matte
amounted to 32,017 metric tons in 1917, according to "Echo
des Mines et de la Metallurgie." Exports of chrome ore
amounted to 41,892 metric tons in the same year.

The

Bureau of Mines and
Third Liberty Loan

the

The results of the Third Liberty Loan drive amig
the staff and employees of the U. S. Bureau of Mil
show that 1059 persons subscribed a total of $590,1).
This included 628 persons in the Washington off:s
of the Bureau, who subscribed $189,450. The men re|
larly employed in the field, the consulting engineers id
chemists of the Bureau, and the state explosives *■
spectors who are charged with the enforcement of K
Explosive Regulation Act under the Bureau, with il
persons subscribing, gave a total of $400,650. In it
Washington offices proper, 595 men subscribed $177,'0
In these same offices 133 women subscribed $11, 0
There were 628 persons in the Washington office oiroi
a total personnel of 750 who subscribed. Director Kg
ning was gratified at the outcome, which indicate i
high degree of patriotism and a whole-hearted respose

Bauxite Production in 1917

The total production of bauxite in the United St*
in 1917, according to the U. S. Geological Sur;
was 568,690 long tons, of which the Arkansas field re
duced 506,556 tons and the Georgia- Alabama-Tenne
field 62,134 tons. Imports in 1917 amounted to
tons, as compared with 30 tons in 1916. The pric
bauxite in 1917 ranged from $4.75 to $10 a ton, am
average price was $5.48 a ton at the shipping poin

Max 2.r>, 1918

UBIIIIiliiliiMi miiilliiiiiiiiiiiiin

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

975

JlJliiiltJiiiiiitiiLiiitiiiiiitjiiiimiMitiiiijiitiitjiiiiitMiiiiiiiiuiinn,

■Li.iiiiiijiiiiririMiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiuiiMitiiiMiHiiiir wiiiiiimiiimiiiiiiiiiimimimi

i'iiiiiiiiimiimiuiiiiMiiiuiiUjiuiiiiiimiiiiiii<

I Editorials

" 1

1 he Overman An

pllE Overman bill, having been passed by Congress

L and signed this week by the President, is now an

t Under its terms Congress has conferred upon

e President complete power for coordination of the

ecutive work of the Government. He can rearrange

partments and bureaus of the Government, correlate

m as he sees fit, and cause them to do what he wants

n to. He can abolish red tape by one stroke of

l« pen. His power is supreme. It has been said thai

ingress has abdicated all rights except that of making

propnations. That is too sweeping a statement.

ngress has not abdicated its rights of investigation, of

lying taxes, and doing many other things. Neverthe-

i, St is clear that Congress has given to the Presi-

it control of a great many things that it used to

■ p to itself.

Ve favored the Overman bill. It was needful that the
iisident should be unhampered in his authority. But

■'. having acquired everything that he wants and
'rything that he ought to have, the responsibility
■:ing upon his shoulders is greater than ever. No
|jer may it be urged that there could be no war

met for the reason that Congress had not author-

! it. No longer may there be the excuse that there
' d not be real coordination, owing to Congress hav-
i instructed one department to do certain things, and
'her department to do certain things of overlapping
i conflicting nature. No longer may the Interstate

imerce Commission, and the Federal Trade Com-
mon stand in the way of progress and efficiency while
[ adhere to their fantastic, impracticable' ideas.
President may abolish them summarily, or at least
fier them innocuous (and it is a pity that this was
' done years ago, before they had any opportunity
'lay their mischievous parts). We hope now that

President will conduct the affairs of the country
!• those of a great business institution, which he has
'right and power to do, and we pray that he will
I the wisdom to select good men to aid him.

The Excess Profits of Mines

IKE reports of the principal mining companies for

'917 now having been issued, we are able to get a

1 view of how they have treated the requirements

• Excess Profits Law in their accounting. But the

i broad, is nevertheless unsatisfactory. The min-

mpanies are not to blame for this; rather it is the

~ nty of the law. Some companies have charged off

timated sum into a reserve for taxes, out of which

!vy is to be paid. Other companies, and Anaconda

i of these, have taken their computation right into

. general expense, although the tax has not yet been

1 Mill other companies do not show this item at all

!'r accounts for 1917, apparently leaving it to ap-

;:;"r"rs; ,'Vhv: ' for i918- in **!»*

>a\ tor J'.H i will be paid.

The fact is thai no company knows today just what
taxes n ,s liable to for last year, owing to the uncer-
tainty which exists regarding the amounts deductible

from income for depletion under the Income Tax Law
and the amounts to Ik- used for in , ted capital under
the Excess Profits Tax Law.

The Treasury regulations regarding depletion furnish
only the roughest indication of what they intended to
allow or not to allow for value or cost of the property,
and the resulting depletion deductions, and in mam-
cases the mining companies have felt that the regula-
tions did not allow to them the deductions to which
under the law they were entitled. In most cases the
mining engineers, to arrive at the fair value of the prop-
erty at Mar. 1, 1913, have naturally followed the stand-
ard formula based on the present value of the amount
which it could fairly be considered would be realizable
over the life of the mine from the mineral content of the
property. The department has, however, intimated that
such a basis would not accord with its ideas as to the

I?TfiW. ,Ch,the V3lUe Sh°uld be fiSured> b"t has not
yet definitely disallowed depletion deductions made by

rheir^Oir153"168 T ^ baSiS- Many «""I»nieB paid
their 1916 income tax on the basis of net income after

making depletion deductions ascertained in such man-
ner, and have not yet had additional assessments made
against them for the 1916 taxes, although the depart-
ment may have expressed its opinion that the deduc-

rT £ TU'd n0t bG a"0Wed- Such c^Panies natu-
rally could do nothing but return the 1917 income on
the same basis as that used for 1916

Accordingly, we have the first factor of uncertainty
existing as to what is the proper depletion deduction
to be made before determining the net income on which
the income tax and also the excess profits tax would be
payable.

This uncertainty exists not merelv for properties
which were owned prior to Mar. 1, 1913, for which de-
pletion was to be based on their value as of that date
but it also exists for properties purchased subsequent
to that date, because the cost of the properties is not
always readily determined, particularly where stock
either with or without par value, has been issued for the
property.

The question of invested capital under the Excess
Profits Tax is a matter of absolute uncertainty. In-
vested capital is on an entirely different basis from that
to be used for depletion, and, in spite of the endeavor
of the Treasury Department to make its regulations as
fair and comprehensive as possible, we do not believe
there is a company that has any assurance that the fig-
ures which it has returned will represent its invested
capital as finally determined by the department.

The companies cannot, of course, do anything but
claim what they feel that they are entitled to." We think

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 21

• eases the companies have endeavored to

present their returns fairly and honestly, but it must be
recogniied that there were many factors which were not
in any way covered by the law and regulations, and the

companies naturally have presented to the department
their claims, even though there might he some uncer-
tainty as to whether the department or. in the last
analysis, the curts. would allow all that the company
felt it was entitled to.

We thus have a situation where the tax returns sub-
mitted by the companies will be only what the officials
of the company have considered they should be required
to pay, and even though they may have taken the best
legal and accounting advice that they could obtain, there
is no assurance that the amount of the taxes ultimately

rd with the returns now submitted.

3 ce it was not until some time after the end of 1917
that the final tax forms and regulations were issued,
many companies were unable to complete their returns
of taxes and determine what these would amount to be-
fore the figures were prepared for the annual reports.
Naturally, for such companies the exact figures could
not be used, and in their annual reports they either
had to put in an estimated amount (which might be
more or less than their tax return would show) or else
they had to omit any item for such Federal taxes and
make the comment that it had not been included. The
opinion in various companies differs as to whether it
were better to put in an estimated figure which might or
might not prove correct, or to leave the item out en-
tirely and tell the stockholders that nothing had been
included for such taxes.

Other companies that had their tax returns prepared
and filed before the figures for the annual report were
completed could include an adjustment at the end of the
year to show just the amount of taxes which they had
included.

The fact would stand, however, that even though the
figures included in the annual report were those which
had appeared on the tax return submitted by the com-
pany, they are not, however, final and conclusive, since
no mining company knows today just what taxes it will
be called upon to pay for last year, and, as far as we can
learn, the Treasury Department itself and the Board of
Review have not yet been able to get any clear situa-
tion in their own minds as to just what is the basis on
which invested capital and depletion should be figured
for mining companies.

:

The Last Decision in the Flotation
Case

THE full text of the decision rendered on May 13,
1918, by the Court of Appeals in San Francisco,
in the case of Minerals Separation vs. Butte & Superior,
shows that this was one of the most interesting and one
of the most important contributions to the judicial liter-
ature of this celebrated case. It is clear, moreover, that
consideration of the case will have to be entertained
again by the Supreme Court.

Judge Ross and Judge Morrow, of the court sitting in
San Francisco, concur in the opinion that the Supreme
Court did not intend to extend the monopoly of the
Minerals Separation patent in suit to the use of 1%
of oil on the ore, but intended to limit it to that per-

centage within which there happened a different rest.,
and there were different phenomena, from what ai-
body had ever experienced previously. By using te
critical proportion of oil, the inventors discovereda
process, not a froth, says Judge Hunt, and the procesi
limited to the use of oil in the specified critical propr-
tion. That proportion, as brought out in testirmy
before the Supreme Court, was 0.5 r'v or less.

The Supreme Court in sustaining certain claims
the patent carefully noted those which were limitedto
•amounting to a fraction of 1', on the ore." Jul
Ross holds that "amounting to a fraction of 1% on it
ore" is very far from saying amounting to every fl
tion of 1', on the ore. A fraction is one thing; e\r>
fraction is a very different thing. These judges, th|
fore, interpret the decision of the Supreme Court a
really limiting the patents to the critical point, wlci
they decide as being 0.5r, oil. Judge Hunt diss
respecting this construction of the language of the It
preme Court, holding that when they said not more la
1', , they meant just that. Otherwise, Judge Hunt
curs with Judge Ross and Judge Morrow.

This decision completely upsets the contention of
erals Separation that was upheld by Judge Bourcii
The allegation that the use of more than 1% ofl
is simply a diluent that does not evade the pa«
did not carry any weight with the San Francisco Jul
That opinion of Judge Bourquin was preposterous v
thought at the time it was rendered. It would a'
made poor old Carrie Everson an infringer, and ah
o T the other pioneers whose investigations were s ii
forming that in the mind of the Supreme Courtl
last step of the Minerals Separation metallurgists^
but a small one.

That fantastic idea having been brushed away tr
case now resolves itself into the difference bel-c
0.5% of oil and 1% of oil. It is clear that the Suiei-
Court must interpret its own language, but into
ing the case to the Supreme Court again there wl
opportunity for the introduction of new evidence, h
may open the way to a complete reversal of opinn
Besides the points involved in this case, thei I
two other main things in connection with the floti
process that remain open. These pertain to the itu
of the agitation and to the nature of the oiling or -c
ing agent. There are said to be in use today frh
agents that are outside of any Minerals Sepajt
patents; and it is considered to be not outside
bounds of probability that some day flotation ny
practised without the use of any frothing agei.
is clear that the flotation process is not so closely ii
in as has sometimes been claimed.

Fixing the Price for Platinum

THE Government has fixed the prices for nue:
minor commodities that do not attract anjg
attention, not being of so much general interest
copper and such things; and officials exhibit grit
in doing this. It affords them an opportunity
play their authority and brandish the big stil
does not matter with them whether they are i
not. There is no legal price-fixing authority, bi t
are manv ways of effecting what comes to tr f

Maj

L918

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

:i77

:hing. such as threats of railway and fuel discrimina-
nts, arrangements of "licenses," commandeering, etc,
Agreements" with producers are a polite fiction. The

llOducer usually "agrees" under duress.

It is quite in order for the domestic producer t" be
By-ragged and dragged in chains after the official
■riot. He may not be strangled immediately. Under

he guise of "reasonable profit." probably he will not
I However, his production is not apt to be increased
nless he was committed to capital expenditures pre-
ious to his seizure. In that event the "wisdom" of
Washington will be paraded, and the victim will bi
o query how he is going to get his money out of
seless bricks and mortar later on.

But when we consider the fixing of a price for com-
lodities like tin and platinum, that we can obtain only
rom abroad, we wonder whether madness is culminat-
tig. It may be a proper deduction to say that $105 is a
fair" price for platinum, considering the cost of pro-
uction. The U. S. Government may say it will pay that
if any brought into this country, and that nobody
ut the Government may be the buyer. The Russian
nd the Colombian may say, "Very well; I will send
mi my platinum if I feel like it, but if the Germans,
r somebody else, offer me more, what can you expect?"

The Government could have obtained large supplies of
atinum from Russia if it had not been for official
upidity in Washington. Probably we can still obtain
ime if we are willing to play the game. But will it
)t be easier to tell the patriotic women of the country

destroy their jewelry so that the settings may be
elted? If the time for such a sacrifice ever comes,
t the women remember that it was needless and that
ey were the victims of price-fixing and the buncombe

"reasonable profit."

iiiiiHiiiiimimii uiHIIIIIlmiriii nm;

BY THE WAY

miiiiiHimimiiRiiiiiimiiiiiiiimr:

Col. W. B. Thompson, head of the Red Cross commit-
5 to secure contributions from corporations, says, ac-
rding to Boston News Bureau, that if any director
ars suit on personal liability for voting contributions
the Red Cross he should read the remark of Judge
irgan J. O'Brien, who said: "There would be just as
ich chance of a stockholder of a corporation getting a
dgment against a director for voting a Red Cross con-
bution as there would be of convicting an American
dier of murder because he had shot a German spy."

A Comishman fresh from the "ol' country" came to

ipeming, Mich., and secured work under ground. It
! happened that his working place was decidedly wet.
<d, in spite of the fact that Dicky was well equipped
Hh boots, slicker and other necessary paraphernalia.
1 was soaked to the skin before the end of each
! ft. After a few days, he decided that he must inter-
1 w the captain and get a job on the surface if possible.

The following day, Capt'n Jan, making his customary
"nds, came across Dicky, and in reply to his usual,
' oornin' m' son; 'ow's gettin on?" received the fol-
ding reply: "Naow that thee's made mention of tha

ody subjeck, why, dam-me. Capt'n Jan, she's goin'

poorly. When I wuz young shaver in ol' count!
to fish naow an' then for bloater an' 'errin', but, dam
""'• nev< red as 'ow I'd be one, and tin 'ere

bizness l do dislike tremendou l wonner, naow,
Capt'n, if thee'd min' givin1 a chap a bloody job on
hoor."

Arthur Train, the novell8t, put down a German news-
paper at the Century Club, in New York, with an im
patient grunt, writ Washington Stat "It says

here," he explained, "that n i> Germany who will -peak
the last word in this war." I | i, ighi d

angrily and added: "Yes, Germany will speak the last
word in the war. and that last word will be 'Kamerad!'"

A Government official declares Germans are spending
hundreds of millions of dollars to spread discontent, par
ticularly among the uneducated people in all the conn
tries of the Allies. "In the first two years of the war
the German propaganda machine was a very amateurish
organization, but the propagandists kept at it, and finally
they began to get the machine into working order until
it became a very wonderful organization. Its tentacles
reach into every country in the world, and it costs the
German government probably $500,000,000 a year to
maintain it." In Germany, said the official, they called
into the service of the state the great psychologists of
the country, the big newspaper men, and university pro-
fessors, trade experts, and even novelists and dramatists.
Agents were sent into every country in the world to
study the people, until the government files in Berlin
contained complete data regarding the peculiarities and
susceptibilities of all people with whom Germany had
reason to anticipate a clash. — Boston Xews Bureau.

Advertisements

(Beatrice Barry, in the New York Times)

"Wanted — a sturdy, steady man

Of any age at all —
One who can handle heavy weights.

And help to lift and haul.
Color or creed will matter not;

He need not read or write;
We work the union eight-hour day

With double pay at night.
Experience we'd like, of course,

But any man who's strong
(A laborer is what we want)

Could qualify ere long.
To put this man to work at once

Our foreman we empower.
So please report, prepared to start

At sixty cents an hour."

And lo! A little farther down

The advertising page:
"Wanted — an office man with brains,

Past thirty years of age.
A clever correspondent — one

Who is not prone to shirk,
And will not feel himself aggrieved

When asked to do night work;
A man of some experience,

A college man preferred,
With quick intelligence endowed,

And by ambition spurred.
The highest references we

Require — the man we seek
We'll gladly pay a salary,

To start, of twelve a week."

978

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 21

Personals

H.iir \..u <..iiiril.nl.tl <o the .\-~ui'iiltiou
of the :'■'!' ' us""'" r- '

i m v»<-id. of New York, is iii Canada.

i ,..„i ii Smeddle, lSth Battalion, Tank

Irttlah Army, lias been promoted to

Wilbur v. KeUon lias been appointed
sl,,. ■ of Tennessee, succeeding the

late Dr. Purdue.

B i Boa-noil has resigned as manager
. .1 Milling < "i
.it Porcupine.
iiiiu a «iiii«. mining engineers ol

..... have dts-
a partnership.
i | shepherd is opening up manganese
sits at BatesvlUe, Ark., where he has
I
IV alter Dennlaon. of Cushman, Ark., has
ted president of the Eureka Man-
,1 Mining I Arkansas.

Pierre Boulter nines, lieutenant In the
rs, marrli Brady

\P. 19, at Portland, i iregon.

LelshtoD Stewart, mining engineer of

New York, was commissioned a lieutenant

C ,.iian Engineers on Mar. IS

anil is now in training at St. Johns. Qu

( T llrlih, secretary of the Kennecptt

ration, was recently elected a

.tor in the place of Thomas < ochran.

Other retiring directors were reelected.

Herman Garllcha has been appointed a

member of the advisory committee in non-

rous metals to the U. S. Tarift Commis-

II W. Forster has resigned as assistant
manager of the Tlgre Mining Co.. ES0Aieda
Sonora, Mex., to enter the fourth officers
training camp.

<. \. Williams, of Joplin. Mo. with the
Connecticut Zinc Corporation, looked over
properties in the Batesvllle, Ark., man-
ganese field recently.

Edmond A. Guggenheim, director of the
Braden Copper Mines Co., has returned
from an inspection trip to the company s
propertv at Kancagua. Chile, as well as to
the mines of the Chile Copper Company.

Walter J. Nicholls. of Spokane. Wash
has been in Del Xortc. Calif inspecting
chrome properties purchased by a syndi-
headed by himself and A. L. White, ol
vane.

I>r Willet G. Miller, provincial geologist
of Ontario, has sailed for London. England,
to attend the first meeting of the Imperial
Mineral Resources Bureau, as representa-
tive of the Canadian Government.

II Vincent Wallace, consulting mining en-
gineer of Los Angeles. Calif., has opened
an office at 329 Central Bldg.. for examina-
tion, management and consulting work as
applied to mining.

\ \ Hassan, Jr.. first lieutenant since
December. 1917, in the U. S. Aviation Corps,
now an instructor in advanced Hying
1 aerial gunnery at Lake Charles La.
Kmin A. Hassan has volunteered in the U.
S Naval Aviation Corps and is at present
stationed at Cambridge, Massachusetts.

Evelyn Aslil v Wallers, president of the
Transvaal Chamber of Mines ; Ernest
Chan-pell and Douclas Christopherson, of
Johannesburg, have been created Com-
manders of the order of the British Lm-
pire for services in connection with the.
war K. G. Uod and P. Rowland have
been mad- officers of the ord' i

Irwin II. Cornell, of the St. Joseph Lead
Co rtained at luncheon. May 2".

by the producers and sellers of lead, who
met in order to say farewell to him upon
his leaving for Washington to go into the
Government service. A handsome gold
watch was presented to Mr. Cornell in ap-
preciation of his services to the industry in
the past and as an earnest of good wishes
in the fut

L. K. Salnich. formerly general super-
intendent of the Colerain.- district of the
Oliver Iron Mining Co.. has been trans-
ferred to Hibbing. Minn., as assistant dis-
trict manager of the W< Jtern Mesabi dis-
trict A. V. Peterson, formerly assistant
general superintendent of the Chisholm
district, has been transferred to Coleraine
as general superintendent. II. B. Sherman,
formerly superintendent of the Genoa Mine
at Eveleth. Minn., has been made superin-
tendent of the Hull Rust mine, at Hib-
bing with Bert St. Vincent as assistant su-
perintendent. Fred R. Mott, formerly su-
perintendent of the Hull Rust mine, has

been madi general superintendent In the
Virginia district George normer. former-
i\ assistant general superintendent In the
Eveleth district, has been made assistant
general superintendent In the Virginia "lis
Uriel succeeding Charles Grabowsky, who

I red ,,, Eveleth as assistant
general superintendent to B. •'• Mitchell.

William I'. Hen/, .ir.. formerly superin-
tendent of thi Carson Like district ol the
Oliver Iron Mining Co., ai nibbing, Minn.,
has b. en given charge of the Fayal district
at Eveleth.

M \ Baker, of Virginia. Minn., ha

,ted superintendent of the 1'. arson
mine at Nashwank, Minn, for th. Shads
Mining Co., of Duluth, succeeding Hale H.

II tinner.

i Salasai s. has been appointed head of
the department of explorations and geolo-
mi, in ol the Mexican government
with headquarters In the building of the
Instituti eo de Mexii a «exli o, D. P.

ii w. Brunton, chairman of the War
Committee of Technical Societies, hai been
appointed head of the advisory board of
the newly created war inventions section ot
the general staff corps of the War Depart-
ment

\ k Knickerbocker, formerly chief en-
tor the Ureal Northern Iron Ore
ties, has accepted a place a
intendent of the .Northern Minnesota Iron
at Cuyuna, Minn. Alex Ekstrom,
of the Merlden Iron Co.. succeeds Mr.
Knlcki

.1 H. Mackenzie, recently manager of the
\tolia Mining Co at At, ilia. Calif, has
joined the staff of the r S. Bureau -I
Mr Mackenzie, who is contributing
ins services gratis, will have charge of the
us tungsten problems lie was form-
erly general manager of Stratton s Inde-
pendence. Ltd.. at Cripple Creek and later
manager of the Goldfleld Consolidated Mines
Co.. at Goldfleld, Nevada.

Obituary

Mill ...I. ....... II. III. I. .11 111. II, 111. Il.lllllll.il .11.11.11. > Mil. .11. .11. •

Charles sickal, a California pioneer of
'49, ili.d at Martinez. Calif., on April 24.
First Lieut, Guy Raymond Forbes, for-

nietiv chief engineer for the M. A. Hanna
Co at Virginia. Minn., died in France re-
ef ntlv of disease. He was born in Vir-
ginia" Minn.. 39 years ago and was a gradu-
ate of the mining school of the Michigan
Agricultural College. He attended the first
officers' training camp at Fort Snelling.
Minn., last year, and was in France with
the 508th Engineers.

Tapers to the Iron ami St. el Industry." I

nam s Stevenson, M, A. Hanna
Pittsburgh.

American Society for Testing Muter

will hold lis twontv-first annual m. i
the Hotel Traymore, Atlantic City, N .i
June 25-2S. Besides committee reports,
provisional program Includes varlouj
pels, among which are the following:
Simple Type of Brinell Testing Machi
by A. V de Forest, Stamford, Conn*;
New Tvpe of Brinell Machine." by J.
Avers. Jr., metallurgist, Hyatt Roll., i
in'g Co Newark. N. .1.; "Transverse T
nig Under Non-Unlformly Distributed I
as Applied to \irplane Wing Ribs." b
11. Cowdrew, Massachusetts Institute
Technology ; "Sumner Elastic-Limit
, -older." by .1 L Jones. Westinghi
Kl, el t if and M a iiul'aot uring i'o . I'llti l.n
and C. H Marshall; "Cast Steel Anc
Chain." by James French, chief surve
i.l,, Mis' Register of Shipping; "G

wth of Cold Wrought Metals, by

.1 McAdam. Jr., and "Changes Within

critical Range of a Given steel," by .i
Vyers, Jr. The topical discussion on .,
26 on "Cooperation in Industrial Resea
will lie formally introduced by the fol
ing program: "General Introductory
marks." by Dr. Henry M. Howe, chairr
engineering division, National Rese
Council; "Recent Development in G
Britain." by Dr. John Johnston, secret
National Research Council; "Organizs
of Industrial Research," by Dr. A. D. L
president. Arthur D. Little. Inc.. Bo
Mass. ; "Developments in Industrial
search," by Dr. Charles I. Reese, ohei
,1 1 i.et or E. I. du Pont de Nemours &
Wilmington. Del. ; and "Some Benefit
Industrial Research to the American
ning Industry." by Frank E Gorrell, s
tary National Canners' Association, .
ington. D. C. A discussion on "Season
Corrosion Cracking of Brass" will be
on June 27. The session on the eve
of June 27 will be held jointly with
American Concrete Institute. The fol
ing have been nominated for ofn<
President, G. H. Clamer ; vice presn
George S. Webster ; members of the e?
tive committee, G. Aertsen, G. K. Bur
G B. Heckel and K. W. Zimmersc
The total membership on Apr. 20, 1918.
2203. representing a net increase of 37
the preceding year.

New Patents

Societies

American Institute of Metals. The letter

ballot taken on the proposed merger with
the American Institute of Mining Engineers
resulted in 168 votes cast in favor of and
5 against the proposal.

American Institute of Mining Engineers,
New York section, will meet jointly on
May 28 with the other engineering societies
represented by Engineering Foundation in
the Engineering Societies Bldg., 29 West
39th SI . N.w York, to hear an address by
Dr George E. Hale on "Work of the Na-
tional Research Council."

Columbia Alumni Club of Itah held a
meeting and dinner at Salt Lake City in
connection with the monthly dinner of the
University Club, on April 27. J. Parke
Channing. a guest of the club, gave an
interesting talk on conditions in Russia and
on general war preparations in this coun-
try W G. Liter acted as toastmaster.
About ninety members and guests were
present.

American Iron »nd Steel Institute will
hold its 1 !tli annual meeting at the VVal-
dorf-Astoria, New York, on May 31. There
will be forenoon, afternoon and evening
sessions The papers to be presented at
the meeting will be as follows: Address
of the president. Elbert II. Gary. of^New
York ■ "The Electric Steel Plant at South
Chicago" T. YV Robinson, vice president ot
Illinois Steel Co.. Chicago ; "The Design of
the Modern Blast-Furnace Stack. J. G.
u i i Jr. general superintendent of blast
furnaces. Jones & Laughlin Steel Co.. Pitts-
burgh ; "The Modern Byproduct Coke Oven
and Its P.vpinduete." W II Blauvelt con-
sulting engineer. Semet-Solvay ' o.. Syra-
cuse N Y. : "Effect of Phosphorus in Soft
Acid' and Basic Open-Hearth Steels," J. S.
Unger. manager central research bureau.
Carnegie Steel Co.. Pittsburgh; "Conserva-
tion of Ferromanganese," papers to be ar-
ranged for by C. A. Buck, vice president
Bethlehem Steel r0. : "Relation of the Trade

United States patent specifications
below may be obtained from "The I
neering and Mining Journal" at 25c.
British patents are supplied at 40c. (

Aluminum — Method of Utilizing |
mings and Analogous Material. J
Wright Lawrie. Milwaukee, Wis., assl
bv mesne assignments, to William F.
bins. Inc.. Aurora. Ill (U S. Nos. 1
062; 1.262,063,' Apr. 9. 1918.)

Cement — Composed of Iron Oxide
Phosphorus. William H. Allen. De
Mich. (U. S. No. 1,261,750 ; Apr 9, 19*

Crusher— Combined Ore and Rock C
er and Pulverizer. Elmer C. Pratt, t.
Dome, Calif., assignor of one-third to
lena M. Pratt, Mount Dome. Calif..
one-third to Andrew B Jensen, Bar
Calif. (U. S. No. 1.262,091 ; Apr. 9. 1

Furnace for Calcining Copper and
Ores John G. Squire. Newcastle-

Tyne. England (U. S. No. 1,262,126;
9, 191S.)

Spiegel. Manufacture of. Albert I
ton Cromlish, Sharon. Penn. (U. S
1.261,907; Apr. 9, 1918.)

Metallurgy — Process of Volatilizing
Involving Treatment with Chlorine
Selden Irwin Clawson. Salt Lake
Utah. (U. S. No. 1.262,453; Apr. 9,

Mine Explosions — Apparatus for Lo
ing bv Rock-Dust Barriers. John
shall Grasty and Walter Sheldon Ro<
University. Va. (U. S. Nos. l,2t>l,92
261,923; 1,261,924; Apr. 9, 1918.)

Smelting — Method of Preparing 1
Divided Metal-Bearing Material for E
ing Frederick W. Yost. New York.
assignor to American Ore Reclamatio
New York. N. Y. (U. S. No. 1,263.832 U
23, 1918.)

Smelting — Mechanically Operated i
Hearth. Asheleigh S. Moses. New ol
N. Y., assignor to St. Louis Smeltina
Refining Co , St. Louis, Mo. (U. S. »
263,695; Apr. 23. 1918.)

Tungsten — Reducing Furnace. Ca
Pfanstiehl. Waukegan. III., assign'
Pfanstiehl Company. Inc., North CtiJ.
111. (U. S. No. 1.263,598 ; Apr. 23.

Kay26, 1918 ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL 979

P" "niiuuuiiiiuiuiiu.imiuiimi.mnii.ii.iimi mm , „„,„„„„„ ,«>,«> , nu , , H „,„ mmmm , „ „„, „„

I Editorial Correspondence

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»\\ FRANCISCO — Maj 18

Producer* of Miiii^tinrsf iii California
liev.-d h\ Hi.- ruling made in Washington
too request of the ferroalloys committee
the Iron ami Stool Institute on the em-
rap placed on imported manganese ores,
lifbruia being a large produce! of these
■s. tho ruling will prove a Rival stimulus.
Banesc doiKisits occur in and arc I
irked in most of tho following counties:
urn da. Butto. Calaveras. Colusa, Contra
sta Pol X.Mir. Humboldt. Lake. Marin.
•ndooino. Merced, Napa. I'lao.r, Plumas,
ivr> ... San Benito. San Bernardino, San
A San Joaquin. San Luis Obispo. Santa
^Kra. Santa. Clara, Shasta. Son. una.
hair. a. Tulare and Tuolumne. The Noble
Be Steel smeltery, in Shasta Countv.
producing a large amount of ferroman-
neae. and the miners of manganese and
Time ores have an excellent market with-
easy shipping distance in the state as
Ills the Eastern market. Freed from the
.■petition of iiiqiorts. except from Canada
! Mexico, the prospects of the mangan, .
1 chrome industry in California are en-
. raging.

lil-Wet. Drilling Material and equipment
al to the requirements of normal produc-
' 1 will be available, according to a state-
lit made at the annual meeting of the
ependent Oil Producers' Association bv
Unas A O'Donnell, member of the execu-
i committee and an assistant to Mark L
lliia. of the U. S. Fuel Administration. Mr
.onnell stated also that though drilling
erials will be more abundant and avail-
'. no hoarding of materials will be toler-
1- Regarding probable price-fixing bv
! Requa, which may be necessarv before
: war is ended. Mr. O'Donnell said the
rs need not fear that the price would
below a point necessary to keep the
istry in a healthy condition, and they
' d also feel assured that it would not be
U enough to permit of profiteering. Mr
-onnell has resigned from the executive
i -d of the association, as Mr. Requa did.
i.rder more effeetuallv to carry out the
jk they are doing for the Government
( n the war is over they will both re-
' t the oil industry. Another point which
\ 0 Ponnell impressed upon the associa-
I is that if the determination to win the
does not result in the requisite produc-
Of oil. the Government authorities
I d take the necessarv steps to assure
i jnjPle supply for this country and for
I i'e^' In other words, so long as the
ed States has the oil the Government
see that the oil producers are supplied
r drilling materials, and the Government
I cts them to produce the oil.

DENVER — May 17

■flat Railroad Tunnel completion is now

* - Planned by the Denver Civic and Corn-
eal Association. The Government is to
'< rged to aid in this work. Arguments
t need for the tunnel completion are that

11 afford an outlet for the immense coal

both hard and soft, of northwest

: that it will aid in developing the

1 iale industry, and that it will greatly

t in the settlement and use of the

..inn acres of agricultural and grazing

* now open to entry in the northwest
® of the state. This tunnel will also

;' the "Moffat" road the shortest be-
*q Denver and Salt Lake Citv. Fir lav
l^B"}3 president of the Denver Civic
x" ommercial Association, has appointed
rnmittee of prominent Denver men to
?* in this work. The Colorado State
!' "e- w'th membership of 15. Hon. and the
r Trades and Labor Assembly will

* assist

SALT LAKE CITY — May 16

'<■ Tintir Milling fo.'s report for 1917

I terestmg as showing the outcome of

««erprise of worth to the district, and

" nS a. solution of the problem of the

r, l- ". and disposal of local low-grade

„ """erto unmarketable. The net profit

ii from mill operations is not large.

£ -m5, to on]y $12,281, but considering

■mculties of treatment of the ores, the

f price of ores bought at cui-rent metal

er''n.pe market, the cost of labor, in-

Paid on current bills and original in-

debtedness—the latt.r assumed on taking
over the Knlght-Chi I Interesl thi

■ . ompanj I.. Ing praotl.
solidation of the Knighf-Chrlstensen Mel
allurglcaJ Co. and .Mines Operating com-
panies— the result Is encouraging, Thi

12,266, and the opi rating
exp.nse $491,444. The annual

larger profits for the
coming year, and n la Btated that though

I act has not ben up to l

sufficient to yield

I" "tit The mill was built at a total i i
with Improi ,i ..i (207,442 The corn-
Pain nixed in 1 U 1 6 .

Little Cottonwood Transportation Com-
pany, a narrow-gage lln. between \\

and Alta. has signified its r, ad::,,
op, rations soon, by the publication of haul-
age charges for different classes of or.-
These are mad. tentatively, it is said, with
a \:. n to covering i I leaving a fair

margin of profit. The rat follows

Ore valued at $15 per ton or less, from Tan-
ners Flat to Wasatch. $1.1(1 per ton; S I]
mine and Wasatch Drain Tunnel to Wa-
satch. $1.40; Alta to v. v) 7n per
ton Ore valued at $1.1 to $35,. Tanner's
Flat to Wasatch. $1.20 per ton; Sells and
Wasatch Drain Tunnel to Wasatch. $1.50;
Alta to Wasatch. $1.80 per ton. Ore be-
tween $35 and $50 per ton Tanner's to
Wasatch, $1.30; Sells and Wasatch Mines
to Wasatch. $1.60; Alta to Wasatch $1.90
per ton. On ore valued above $55, the
above scales are $1.40; $1.70; and Alta to
Wasatch. $2 per ton The average price
for wagon haul on ore is $3. R0 per ton
from Alta to Wasatch, and at times up to
$3.75 per ton. according to the condition
of the roads. Up-freight from Wasatch to
Tanner's, the proposed railroad freight rate
is 12c. per cwt ; to Sells and Wasatch, 15c. ;
and to Alta. 20c. As outlined at present th.
railroad will operate onlv about seven
months of the year, owing to heavy snows.

BITTE. MONT. — May 16

Grading for the Southern Montana Rv.
has been resumed. This road is being built
by the Boston & Montana D. c0

from its mines to a point about 35 miles
distant, connecting with the Oregon Short
Line Ry. Efforts are being made to have
this road completed and ready for operation
about the last of August. In the course
of a few weeks work is to begin on the
erection of the concentrator to he built close
to the mining property with the object of
having it finished about the time the rail-
way is ready for operation.

The Anaconda Company has nearly com-
pleted some improvements in the casting
department of the converter building at the
Washoe reduction works, in Anaconda, for
the purpose of further economizing and to
further aid in the Safety-First work. The
casting machines will have direct drive
from individual motors, instead of from the
old shafting system, which has been dis-
carded. Previously the heavy work was
done by hydraulic power; now it is all
electric. As the anodes come from the tank
they are picked up by means of compressed-
air lift and are lowered to the truck wait-
ing in position to carry them to the car that
is being loaded. Under the old system, the
anodes were dropped on an inclined steel
table and were lifted by two men as the
truck was run underneath the edge. Many
accidents happened because of this method
of operation Now occasions of accident
are eliminated by the hoists, which lift the
anodes by the "ears" and lower them from
a swinging crane upon the truck, with the
workmen standing well protected and out
of range. Another improvement is the use
of coal dust in firing the casting furnaces.
The pulverized coal is brought by convevors
from the plant at the reverberatorv build-
ing and is stored in bins, from which it is
fed by gravity into a pipe, a fan run bv
motor drawing it through the pipe and
feeding it into the furnace in a steady
cloud. The new system entirely eliminates
the grate firing, just as it has in the rever-
beratorv furnaces. The capacity of the
furnaces has been practically doubled, each
one taking care of 200 tons of copper. The
bins are of solid steel walls to guard against
the possibility of a spark reaching the coal
dust stored in them.

BPOH V\ I » l-ll.-M.y Id

Henderson BUI < loralna \i«<-\ i.u« ,

made ,,,,- fui I hi ,

Maj 16 b) Northwest Ml

' northwestern Con-
end t at to I in, I

I . as follows: "Wi ed Sen-

atoi i 1. mi. rson I duci d bill d<

■ : ,

extra-lat. ral ol mlnei al i

lawi . miliar to tho ■

prevail! :,,,,i , |. ,

>■■ i" re « hli .. limn mining i ight to
■ ■ ■ .

ti the boundary line.- ,1 i

ar'' IB '

port of this bill we strongly endoi I thi
measure and request your hearty support
of."

M AI.I.AI •!■;, IDAHO — May 17

"'■ <■•<< Fellowship* in li. (allure, .,,,

: al the Si i I of Mines.

COW, Idaho. In IS

■, lth thi United Stati b Bureau of M
through thi

late These fellowships are on

college graduates who hav had good train-
ing in chemistry and metallurgy and who
are qualified to undertake res. arch work
The income of each fellowship is $1
year of 12 months, beginning July 1 1918
For 1918-19 the following subje.
b. Investigated: di Differential flotation —
with especial reference to the zinc-!..,,
of the Coeur d'Alene ; (2) availabil
western wood-oils for notation concentra-
tion; (3) treatment of the complex gold-
silver ores of southern Idaho.

Bureau of Mines Experimental station
, ined in connection with the Idaho
fechool of .Mines at .Moscow has been sue-
:ul in solving the problem of differential
flotation as applied to the lead-zinc or.
the i'. .cur d'Alene district, according to a
statement made this week by C \ Wright
metallurgist in charge of the station The
work of the station has been largely de-
voted during the lasl few months to experi-
ments with Coeur d'Alene ore, and so satis-
factory have been the results that Mr
W right announces that the processes
evolved will soon be put into practical ap-
plication in local mills Another inter.
ing announcement by Mr Wright Is that
arrangements are being made for thorough
tests of western pine, tamarack and other
woods indigenous to the Rocky Mountain
states with the view to obtaining flotation
oil, and from the limited investigations al-
ready made he was hopeful that these
tests would prove successful

HIBBING, MINN. — May 15

Oliver Iron Mining to. Shipped 12.141,386
Jon? °f ore from the Hibbing district in
1917 The grand total for all the mines was
17,981.602 tons. The total shipped from
the Lake Superior district, 64.437.003 tons.
Of the 1917 shipment. 1 '138.102 tons was
shipped by rail. SI to the steel

plant at Duluth consist of a large part of
this tonnage. The M nge, which is

part of the Lake Superior district, shipped
64 per cent of its entire tonnage. Eleven
mines of the Lake Superior district shipped
over 1.000. 000 tons, of which five were
from the Hibbing district. Thev were:
The Adams. Canisteo. Fayal, Hull-Rust,
Kerr. Mahoning, Sellers. and Morns
mines, from the Mesabi range, and the
Newport, Norrie group, and Wakefield,
from the Gogebic range. The 1917 ship-
ments of the Oliver mines in the Hibbins
district were. Burt. 692 1117 tons ; Hull-Rust,
6.461.443 ; Kerr. 1,586.409 ; Morris, 1,605,701 :
Philbin. 204.510; Sellers. 1.575,057; Wini-
fred, 16.249 ; total, 12.141.386 tons. Inde-
pendent shipments from the Hibbing dis-
trict were: Agnew. 110.001 tons; Albany.
455.182; Cyprus. 29.024: Dale. 10.423:
Grace. 81.815; Harold. 145.966; Laura.
105.515; Leetonia. 402.868; Madeira, 7125-
Mahoning, 2,524.110 ; Midget. 113.003 : Mor-
ton. 1832 ; North Eddv. 163.974 ; Smith
253 223 ; Susquehanna. 609.198 : North Uno
177.028; South Uno 99.992: Utica. 245,314-
■Warren 94.030 : Webb. 210,593 : total
840.216 tons. The total shipments from the
Hibbing district amounted to 17.981.602
tons These fienrres show the importance of
the Hibbing district to -the iron industry;

-

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 21

ot J2\nn comes from
entire Lata Wg&JBSUST&a. by

•nri Gogebic daughters

Cunningham's wldOT

and Gogebic

joil 1\ Mo— Mu.v 1«

• raflKKS

gar sr^ss ..,,

i,.,.!.,^- Orgf-Ua^o.
fomed.and a committee l^eav^or

TUCSON, ARIZ— Miiy IS

'"•'"-> ?^{DaertVntundK,000Ofbon,i'fo!:
Ariz., are at llbwD una '"*,„.,. ,,,, indict-

VICTORIA, B, C. — May 15

Kxnloratlon of Iron Ores In BrlUl

roVumhTalmsl ,, facilitated by ana

,,,,.,.. it the last session of the Jji'giaiaiu.
S "hat section of the M'nera Survey aJ
Development Act of 1917 dealing with I
drilling of mining properties This .t
g Ives the Minister of Mines power. In d
mono drilling a claim or prospect, to pi
a ' ■ .ri e .gainst stub property ol the .
of lie work, together with a bonus e.i
the total amount of the cost and Inl
est at 'per annum, computed annua
The amendment states that Mr; the «
of Iron mines, thai is to say mines In wh
,,,',',, recoverable from the ore Is 8!
,, tbev are elassed as iron mine: In
rodent engineer, no bonus shaU be charf

charge being consi... ... "•,.',; , , i resident engineer, iiu uu.iuo »..»■■ -----T-

c'&e/^Themen arrested today appea -.1 "'"^-[th illteI.e8t as aforesaid.""
^pSSTWS SffiAlSSJSJ^W^^- The Met.mf.rou. M.n.s _InspecM?i,

il inc. « • — -

The Metalliferous Mines Insertion
of British Columbia has received sex.
i«« from th.- . British / <o m*L
lature Our provides that all arms u
I;',',,"', be provided with a water sp-

, at the 81
one time, t

1 mnami iffQfMS RfflTO

V"' $ ° T«n^ff fcSo^a a 'gke K «tlo^nmwheic?i "h^ound'

KWftSS- apXd to metal mines untt. now.

that many from

PHOENIX, ARIZ.— May 11

I, ta now being ^l'"^t? mT„e was sola by
for the purchase, "i. mine
Frank Bowers, who Jn0J88t,5we?s soon de-
Wllllam Moran for *100 • ££,"„,. WOrked

,| a stiver >'<'na z.i whir n
mainly for hta own, ?|ds The m™ ,„
produced lead-coppe g. ' Develop-

common n CMS awur* work.

ment aggregates ahi mi •',-,. ,',.,„. district.
mg& The ■ prop.-r > is t i , H an na ,ocatlon

rnU,?7?fan,a,Va's"aV,a,:n,^a Kefore relocated

by Moran

^^ons^n^ngthr'muSSted men -declared
today th v 1 Sieved the deportations were
;,s. for the good of the commun ity a nd
,,„ the Government. In that .the I . W. \v.
strike which prevailed in the district at
; „ time wis tampering Pr?duct»0^°'con,e
per badly needed in war time When %e
'ml . was called, members of the 1. vv . vv.
hVean picketing the mines and agitators
^ert sent into the district. After the de-
portations the strike was settled and work
vv-[s resumed A commission appointed by

,y Moran. Bdgravia is p^id.mt Wilson to investigate the depor-

Tbe Ray ""<'u1^* Mf " the end of this tattons reported that many of those de-
,, to start up f re i e e n a ported had no connection with the I W W

nonth. K baa been about OTmWetei ,' ' business men. clerks and ot

S5SSSS to metal mines until now.

The Esquimau & Nanalmo !*«"*»??

is an area on Vancouver Island estlm
•pnroximatelv 3296 sq. mi. The w
;"h.: island comprises only «*"j*JJ
so mi and with respect of the mine
t , '-r is applied both company and pr<
cial regulations. This dual control >ia
•omplicated titles to claims within the
that the mining development w
its limits has been seriously hindered.

view to correcting this undes.rab e s

tion the Minister of Mines at the last

s ion of the British Columbia Leglsk

asked for and obtained authority to ,

fnto negotiations with the company lo.

"the establishment of a single authoi

reeard to the minerals of the Iv ^ a

and that authority to lie In the , ha»

■ wn«^."— ...- ., th(, province. It may be said, by w.

The Discovery of Nlccolite .and 8ma,«to explanation that these gjd^w-J,

n?ar Doherty Station about 12 nules south «he ongina^ enterprlse.

■Cted to start up be ore Uje «■„" - .™ ^l f hadTo connection with the I WW f^ negoUatlSns with the company
month It has been alio , io. W m P « were business men. clerks and others into g tnn„Bh , ?f a single aut

a month, lacking onl>som Qdds directly connected with the mines. regard to the minerals of the E. *

hilt WfTf UU^IIltrt'O nit"- v.»v.. .*^ —

It directly connected with the mines.
TORONTO — May IB

a month, lacking only some .-,. ; ■ ; ■ Sds
ment and a few small *£ mat jn

•^%h/^nJ,(irail,-dtCo;,,;.,t;V::

spurl:irac^ ^^ftTo^^ ^V^i ^'falf'r^ ^ Toward Z&STXS^XrS&fr*

wmm>im iiii5i.aii:iii -«*t«^—

r;ii roaa. i »*■ "I" ■"

SI that has ,5°- ^"V;;,^ Vile 'surface was

^-»-^b,:lv:^,,,he^p^

A New f:i

•ingsr«fi--rj«B BQ&EJS«!^ft?53 iTtMI#SS

The Calumet « *"""» ™^ as the later •_.„ mlles from me r«--« ••■■
are affected. Ul,;t\.'1f:,;. Take Superior and be made in a gasoline launch
BitV ■'.«■»■. hV » decision of the ey> „ S of which

1M fi« p:s:!#Hisfii sss

he famous Irish Mag : mi. e. »»-» -^ ^ A
was the principal producer ot ™

*i cln as I lit" ii i.'m I"1 'U1 «-«•■- - - - ■

years to promote the iron industry

Worthwest It is established thai ini
fnce has immense bodies, of unex
malneUte deposits high in qua
' v'd Hh e reports of an authoritativ.
: .;'.'.• 'regarding the extent of these

i,.,ve I ii assembb d, and the r< »

been to satisfy the administration 1
Iron-ore resources are suffleientiy
•uit to" warrant Borne progresi
,o induce development Th ^

d. by James Daley, wm w> w

f entries on iron tanas ..e .. .». . ( ,

ins*' i Draimi wmmm

Cob" Brother^^of Tombstone ^ley s r ,,n,t s^rgport o ; J

9SSSSJ Sr^bfSS- lad

from Cohn in. the rs^ aft. , t

Kr" t0,cnr-- i •• Vv,,,..llo'sold to th,
After secur

'red nearly as ^ much for

list on electric smelling ■» -«h b
The au.n« Prices for War Met»U ^h ave re- uiate and ^mrt a r^.

il'^„o^ a'^mbe-r o^ veins the gcrve r„mPm . q o- » v^t n j
'"'•""', Jffi?^J?. !l?iPsmronne a"! wit, be established in northwest Can a

JOHANNESBURG— May 1
Tin Smelting in Johannesburg is j

industry and has lu*n lake up by^

May2:"- l918 ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

■» '"'""""""""""" i '"'"""""""" i >"» i mi iiiimiiiiiiniiii i | , „„,„,,„ „„„„ , mm

Dfi 1

"""'mi n imiiimiiiiii mi mm

The Mining News

,,n""""""1""1"1"""""""" ■ I ■ I '"'""I i minim,,,,,, „,,„,„„ mmmim mmmmm, mm, ,„„„„„

ARIZONA
Cochise County

CALl'MET \\H ARIZONA (Douglas)—

■tilery production for April »

* "' copp, r, of w hi.li 4,37 i lb was

ivailahlc for the company.

Gil* County

■OLINE-ARIZONA (Globe)— B D Ba-

.r .-. prcs. ■in imb Walker A Sons, of M,.-
ine. 111. reopening group of 2] claims
bout a mile from the old Dominion
ry. Shaft, down -1 no ft., to be sunk to
L and lateral development started

HAZATZAL (Payson)— No. l adit pass.,,
H-ft. mark. Plan to sink a shaft 500
I. from this adit and $75,000 appropi

ir new mining equipment. Property In
hart'- ol K .1 n Bradley and situated 16

iles w.st of l'aysoii.

Pima County

NEW CORNELIA COPPER CO (Ajo)—

production in \pril : Electrolytic
Bodes, _'. soil, tioo lb. ; from cement copper,

MB00 llv ; from smelting ores. ,_'_■. li,

1*1 3.7:18.000 pounds.

EL TIROHirPERCO. (Tucson)— Silver-

II district property has been sued bv the
an Finance and Securities Co', for
i 51. The company has been hank-

pt and in litigation for several years.
STATE COPPER CO. (Tucson) —

aft from shaft showing silver.

OLD HAT (Tucson)— At recent meeting

billowing officers were elected: Presi-

nt. S. H Keeney ; secretary-treasurer F

Wiley; directors. C. X. Wilson. H A

alker, E. E Heller, and T. J. Core

Pinal County

HLDER (Kelvin)— A. L Kelly has taken

er the .\ieman-Elder group, north of

vn. Molybdenum ore was developed in

upper workings, but lead-silver-copper

IS mostly in evidence.

-KELVIN MXG. CO. (Kelvin) —
sanized by \V. E. Cogdell. A. L. Kellv
. J E Pascale to develop the Branch
■up of 24 claims north of Kelvin and ad-
ding the Kay Lead Development ground,
addition to the lead-silver ores, there
a vein in serpentine containing asbestos.
I S. VANADIUM (Kelvin)— Work re-
ied m mine with three shifts Milling

• previously broken. Large storage tanks

fuel oil recently installed at Erman
; ng.

'.ALIURO MOLYBDENUM CO. (Mam-
n)— Plan to build molybdenite mill on
Ids property 10 miles distant. W R.

'■nsdell, of Tucson, in charge.

SILVER-LEAD (Ray)— To provide

! "uonal mining equipment.

IAGMA CHIEF COPPER CO. (Supe-
rb '—Watson tunnel approximately 1900
i runnel recently passed through' h, aw
posit of manganese carrying some silver,
" no trace of copper yet.

Santa Cruz County

i nh?rDS5 Eo L <Harshaw)— Preparations

■ niKfldnl^property- °ld shaft being
jmbered and some development to be
J "•.through the old workings. H K
1 sn is m charge.

RTJDENTIAL M. & M. CO. (Nogaks) —
■S1 meeting, I. G. King was elected

* ?!' L2U1S H"<Jgin, treasurer and
e«rj. and I. Burgoon vice president.

Yavapai County

OMBOLT COX MIXES CO. (Hum-
i'n 'in begin work on Xo. 2 shaft, now
'c finan!.iJ,o. ,; U- JaSgers has arranevd

nnancing all necessary development

,"')ICT* JEROME (Jerome)— Main
■'-cut penetrated 1530 feet.

-iIER,ORE PURCHASING CO. (May-
S v ,£ , 'as,ci oId Grey Eagle mill and

to for niiU« ,c,i?tom ore' Opacity 100
\ J „ 01|-notation process, and 60 tons
R ha«i^Centration- Company will act as
B jort Vf afe.ni for ores sampled and
'ea to outside smelteries.

MtK WMs

Independence < ountj

\i:k U«SAS-i >KL \ii. m \ i Bat< Wile)—
Company rei squired ;■•

.'"' ' leaSl nese property on Cave

and to net., hei Luthei

i-.mhis win superintend Installation

ARK PHOSPHATE (Cuahman)— Han-
tord and Shephi id have has.- and

nting preparatory to installing wash-
el toi treating manganese ore.

,v';, '•'",', ';,K ,A" nan)— Purchased

M Fenton, of Joplin. Mo., and
Arkansas, comprises 4n acres land on l.af-
ferty (. reek. To install wa

PAGE (Cushman) — Stanley Ilanford has
30-acn two miles north. Started
work on tirst shaft High-grade manganese.
Marion County
MONKEY HILL (Flippin)"— Crude oil en-
purchased for mill to be inst;.
other mill improvements being mad.
HAWKETE i Rush) — Arkansas Zinc com-
pany erecting new concentrating plant.
s,;';'': '' "i— Moving equipment
to Allen land m manganese field n,ear
Batesvllle, where J. C. Shepherd and as-
tea are installing new washer.

CALIFORNIA

Calaveras County
PENN COPPER (Campo Seco)— High-
orebody recently developed. Wages
ot miners to 1" increased 50c. and smelter-
men 25c per day.

CHROME DEPOSITS situated near Cop-
peropolis and extending northwest from
Stanislaus River to Calaveras Rh r beine
prospected and developed by several les-
' \ Vorhees and J. H. Borie con-
ti mplati transporting ore across the Stanls-
wire .able iram and hauling with
motor trucks from the river to Keystone
a station on the Sierra railwav. Charles
htone and I. L. Coffer are operating the
1-ongton property under lease.

Inyo County
WTLSHIRE BISHOP CREEK (Bishop)
—To be unwatered and development re-
sumed. Jess Riley is superintendent.

Marin County
BOLINAS COPPER MIX CO. (Bolinas)
— Ore mined on 300-ft level Crusher in-
stalled and crushed and sorted ore sent
to Selby. Company is generating light and
power with gasoline engine.

Placer County

PARKER CHROME (Auburn)— New
mill for crushing ore for shipment about
completed. Orebody disclosed by tunnel

CHROME DEPOSITS near Forest Hill
reported to be attracting a number of pros-
pectors. Irving Hewes said to have about
40 tons in sight at the old Finning sawmill
State Mining Bureau reports record two
small deposits on Forest Hill divide.

*nn Bernardino Countv
POTASH BRIXE ZOXE. of Searles Lake
region, extending north into Invo Countv
opened to leasing by Department of tlie
Interior. Embraces eight square miles of
saline deposit 40 miles northeast of Rands-
burg. Connected by Trona railwav from
Searles station, on Southern Pacific, to
Trona, on the Lake, and by automobile
and motor truck road from Johannesburg.
MIXXIETTA (Johannesburg)— Xew lead
plant about completed. Expected to in-
crease production about 40% above the
former silver-lead recovery.

UNITED TUNGSTEN-COPPER (Rands-
burg) — To install 50-ton mill. Situated in
the pine belt of the San Bernardino range
Copper holdings are in Arizona.

GOLD-BEARING DIKE discovery in
Death Valley reported at Randsburg.

""""""""""""""""in "iiiiiiiiimimmniimiiiimimiiiiiiiimii

coi.iik M'ti
OUpln < ounty

00 (Old mil..

In northeaal pari ,„'"!';,

' 1.1 -.. 1. < ,,,,,,, ,

to b. Installed. Mill to

■ "' "• pw-grade ... ,hld.

01 Irandi Ra
San -f ma ii ( 1 1 x

ARIADNE (Gladstone)- Irrangei ■
being ma, 1. to reopen this property
managei
YELLOW \STER (Eureka,
■ active di veloi , , ;iv

.1 bj .1 w

ST. LAWRENCE (SUverton)— To b,

';"" 1 Lea ng Co and

developmi B " •

SUNSET (SUverton)— To bi
San Mitiicl County
„.TO (TeUurlde)— On April :•:.. „. ,.

cha,hi ndei ti min<

and almost com,, I. t, d, caught In.
unknown manni r. and ,

f6000. Xew 1. .. k,

1 1th teel loek.rs to be start..,

suniniii County
PARK ,ITV DISTRICT shipments i„
final form for April were 8864 tons

som'hnw7A^ 'Park City)— North and
south drifts advancing rapidly, lattei
pected soon to cut McHenry assure.

Teller County

W P. 11 mink (Cripple creek)— Second

ren""", Si™ "™ '" 1'v'1 discovery

c, \ r- ;','"„ .per ton- Mine owned by
Lnited Gold Mines Co.

IDAHO
Shoshone County

HECLA (Wallace)— Company has lei
on Green Hill-Cleveland mill, owned by
federal company, and to relinquish
Marsh mill, on Nine Mile Leased mill
used exclusively to handle lead-zinc ore
from Ore-or-No-Go vein, original Hecla
vein being clean lead and company's mill
not equipped to recover zinc. Green Hid
mill much nearer mine and will sai
f erring ore in transit, both from mint
mill and from mill to smeltery.

KAXS \*

Joplin i)i-lriet
LAWYERS (Treece)— A 36-acre tract
taken over short distance west of Tr. 1
for reported consideration $100,000 ;i
been developed by Bo on investors repre-
sented by W. H. T;

MICHIC \\

Ventura County

FELDSPAR on Entriken property, near
Porterville. worked by Riverside Portland
Cement Co. Extraction suspended on ac-
count of shortage of cars for shipping to
Riverside works.

Copper District
FEDERAL SYNDICATE (Calumet) —
Has taken over Bear Lake Pool property ■
began to enlarge pit 40 ft ty 6.

SENECA 1 — Sunk vertical shaft

4 . ft. in first six days of May.

FRANKLIN (Demmon) — Xew drifr
started on Pewabic amygdaloid lode south
on bottom level. 37th. in good ground

QUINCT (Hancock) — April output about
tons Giving trammers doub.
for working Sundays.

XORTH LAKE (Lake Mine)— New lode

southeast drift 8th level, indicated 1
10 diamond drill hole.

MASS (Mass City) — Force of only about
325 men underground; should

MICHIGAN- (Rockland)— April output

tons. After shipping 51,000 lb. of

mass in April, over 30.000 lb. more has

accumulated. Rich showing on Ogimah

lode at Sth level.

VICTORIA (Victoria Mine) — April out-
put 101 igainst 110 for March and
135 for February: yield over 14 lb. 1
copper per ton ; has averaged 15 lb. per ton
since October, running up to 17 in Febru-
ary ; never before over twelvi .

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 21

MI^Mll Kl

Joplln Dtatriel

M VK ,iin) Small mill on Mia-

... tract used tor custom
5JSK ;■ by tire; loss about

Had been recently erected
WIOMA MIM
stlmated si • '"'.", "'"';■

Sludge tables, crushers, engines and
,!b. purchased C t Jobes iln charge, c.
roplln, Is president,

M..\ 1 ■ \\ \

ltlnlnr Countj
UNITED MINKS (Wood River)— -To go
on Seducing basis In SO SW »!» re-
modeled 100-ton mill. Thomas S. Griffith
lent

C.riinite County
l'tiit IPSBURG DISTRICT — Twenty
mm" prod'c'ng manganese ore at rate oi
15 to 80 carloads per day

pHU.irsr.rp.o mining ro n'luiire--
burg)— Concentration In on <"<

treating 800 tons crude manganese ore i)er
day of three shifts

si \ \P \
Esmeralda County
rrrPRITE DISTRICT — SulphttT deposits
16 inlles from Goldfleld hay. recently
shipped three carloads to Los Angt

GOLDFTELD DISTRICT — Development
continues throughout and results

during week satisfactory Deep work at
several points i. <>• nearing ore-

bearing zones

\TL\NT.\ MINKS CO. (Goldfleia)—

opening up ground on l " Point

where main vein comes in contact with
shale.

BLUE BULL (Goldfleld)- 'Manager
D'Arcy now extending mam drift on .'50
l.v.l to cut rich oreshoot on which winze
.,nk 70 ft. fron, 100 Deeper

drift found in bad condition at some places.
but has been repaired and now being ad-
vanced to reach oreshoot. probably 100 ft.
from face.

OFIELD CONSOLIDATED (Gold-
field)— Mill treating large tonnage of tail-
ing from pond below plant, in addition to
ore of medium and low grade from various
parts of the Mohawk. Combination. Laguna,
Jumbo. Clermont and Grizzly Bear mine*
Lessees also extracting considerable ore
from old workings and in following up nar-
row seams exposed in the old Btopes. At
Auro i of ore being extracted

tna„ ears and the mill treat-

daily.
GRANDMA CON (' Spldfield)— Condi-
tions in main shaft at a depth of 750 be-
coming increasingly interesting with ap-
pearance of quartz containing metallic ele-
ments and of a darker color than that
which has been found mixed with the
latite J. K. Turner is engineer.

OPE\T BEND (Goldfleld) — Work pro-

er -sing In Lockhart lease shaft, near east-

xtremity of property.

SANDSTORM KENDALL (Goldfield)—

Some exceedingly high-grade ore extracted

latelv bv

SILVER PICK CON. fGoldfield)— Devel-
opment continu-d on 250 level, where good
ecured in exploring large zone of
(luartz Will proceed to sink mam shaft,
now 1100 ft. deep to 1500 ft.

Lynn County
COMO CONSOLIDATED MINES CO.
. i by Truett, raylor &
,neau. Inc. ol - W 10 S( . N< w York,
N y on -Nov l 1917 Have been opening
up ore reserves and reconstructing 80-ton
mill and also en iloyees build-

ings administration buildings, and a 10-
mile private telephone II 'on. Also,

purchased two 31-ton four-wheel drive mo-
tor truck.-: and one H-ton truck to increase
mill capacity to 30ft tons per day. R. K.
Humphrey is in charge

Nye County

CON. SPANISH BELT M CO. (Man-
hattan)—Tunnel driven 1052 ft in the old
Barcelona mine in the Toquima range tow-
ard Ernst vein. Expert vein in 50 Tt.
Property is between Manhattan and Bel-
mont.

HATTA.N CONSOL ' Man-

hattan)—A north cros 'he ,fiftlI

station started to prospect block or
Morning Glorv limesto d in snait

sinking just below the fifth I

WHITE TAPS (Manhattan)— West drift
307 extended now 131 EI Thi 21-ft. ad-
vance all in ore ; drift discontinued, s
ern limit of shaft orebody has been reaphed.

Raise 604 now up from level L28 ft with

excellent grade ore showing Mill tor week

averaged i 19 tons p< r daj

WHITE CAPS i:\ TENSION (Manhat-
tan) Since Btrlkmg the block of limestone
ISO ft has been made.

UNION UIALOAMATBD (Manhattan)

On milled extracted from raise from bot-
tom level on Swanson orebods Qrade dis-
appointing, although some bunches high
grade served to sweeten average.

TONOPAH DISTRICT ore production for
the week ended May i totaled 10,324 tons,
of an estimated gross milling value of

1175,508 Producers were: Ten,, pah Bel-
mont 2094 tons; Tonopah Mining, 8800;
■ pah Extension. 2860; Jim Butler, 642 ;
West End, 1018; MacNamara, 6*7: Mon-
tana. 180; and miscellaneous. 18 tons.

JIM BUTLER (Tonopah) — Raise 115 in
Desert Queen pan of mine opened vein 5
ft wide in good ore, but cut on by fault.

ISIANA CON. MINING CO. (Tono-
pah) — Recently started operations treating
bj wel concentration heavy-sulphide ore in
76-ton mill at Tybo. 70 miles northeast.
H. A Morrison is superintendent

ToSoPAH-BELMONT (Tonopah) —

March cleanup evaluated at $2X11.000. hirst
cleanup In Vpril tinder average, but total
for month expected to equal that of March.

TONOPAH EXTENSION (Tonopah) —
New sinking pump ord. red with view to
deepening Victor shaft, first to 1.50 level
and later to I860 level.

WEST END CONSOLIDATED (Tono-
pah)— Putting shaft in Ohio ground in con-
dition.

OKLAHOMA

•lopliij District

CHOCTAW CHIEF (Hockerville) — Con-
struction begun on new mill.

S-\N'TA FE (Hockerville) — Has com-
pleted shaft sinking to lower level and
operation of new 400-ton mill this
.veel

TEXAS (Hockerville) — Started operation
oJ new 150-ton mill a short distance south-
west of town. Has good tonnage on dump

BIG EIGHT (Miami) — Won suit as de-
fendant in case filed to invalidate lease and
once more pushing development. Two
shafts being sunk to ore at 145 feet.

PORTLAND LEAD AND ZINC CO.
I Miami) — Property purchased by new in-
terests which will incorporate, develop and
erect a mill.

YELLOW JACK (Miami) — Making good
drill strikes on its lease and to develop
fully. J. A. Carr, of Frederick, is presi-
dent

WAXAHACHIE (Oklahoma City)—
Building 200-ton mill in Leadville. Okla.
Expect to operate by July 1. Harry Mcin-
tosh, of Waxahachie. Tex., is president;
Alford Hare is manager.

MINERAL BELT INVESTMENT
(Picher) — Preparing to operate mangan-
ese mine in Polk County, Arkansas.

BLACK EAGLE (St. Louis)— Construc-
tion begun on new mill to be completed in
60 days. Two shafts in ore. Bothered
somewhat by heavy water.

MONT ANA-PI NO HAM I Bingham)— To
cars weekly shipped from Fort una grout
Mill not operating at present.

WASHINGTON

Ferry County
FLUORSPAR (Keller) — Cons. Mining .„

Smelting Co., of Canada repelled to h,
taken an option on three claims live nis
north ol Keller owned by H. C. Mitcha
of Spokane. Ore said to be high In lit
spar.

CANADA

.

SOUTH DAKOTA

Lawrence County

HOMESTAKE (Lead)— The wages of
employees have been increased and took
effect on May 1 The percentage bonus
which has been added to the regular wages
will be discontinued and a new scale
adopted Under the new schedule a miner
,11 i v. $4-25 per day for the dura-
tion of the war and a shoveler will receive
$3 85 Alter the war comes to an end,
lass of labor will receive under
the new permanent scale $4 and $3.6(1 per
day, respectively.

MOGUL MIXING CO. (Terry)— Main
tunnel advanced 850 ft. and to be con-
tinued 600 ft further.

JUNO (Trojan) — Oberto and Arpino

have leased nun. are making regular

shipments to Mogul plants for treatment.

I TAN
Salt Lake County
ALTA TUNNEL ft TRANSPORTATION

, Vita) — Tunnel 325 ft. from point under
outcrop of Prince of Wales fissure Length
now 3228 feet.

SOUTH HECLA (Alta) — Ore accumu-
lated and awaiting shipment. Ore car-
bonate stope in western end producing welt,
and opening up sulphide stope in eastern
end 3000 ft. distant.

British Columbia

LANARK MIN. CO. (IUiclllewaet)
stalling 260-hp. hydroelectric plant. Pro)
lv (quipped with 100-ton concentra
treating lead-silver ore. W. B. Doenben
president and manager. __

SILVERSMITH MINES. LTD. (Slocar
organized to take over Slocan S
Equipped with 100-ton concentrator
flotation R l"> Stewart to take chat

STANDARD SILVER-LEAD (Slocan)
New strike followed :i.r,n ft., with ore
in the face. Width live to 12 ft. and
milling grade. W. J. C. Wakefield Is I
ident.

Nova Scotia

DOMINION STEEL CORPORAT
(Sydnev) — New coke-oven plant bi
stalled, comprising 120 byproduct oven
the Koppers type of 11.3 tons each,
guaranteed output of 1320 tons daily
16-hour coking time. The first unit of
plant, consisting of 60 ovens, to be in o
ation before June and the second unit a
a month later.

Manitoba

GOLD PAN (Rice Lake) — Shaft „

176 ft., and vein widened considerably

MANDY (Schist Lake) — Mine has

cumulations of copper ore ready for

ment to Trail.

Ontario

COROOVA MINES, LTD. (Toront
Have 1200 electric hp. available for ma
ferrochrome, which expect to produc
rate of 100 tons per month. P. Kirkeg:
is managing director at 33 Sun Life B
ASSOCIATED GOLDFIELD LTD. (I
er Lake) — Shaft on Haris-Maxwell cl
down 500 ft. Sinking continued. Snai
Doctor Reddick claim being unwal
preparatory to sinking. 2000 cu.ft.
pressor installed Hydroelectric plant
creased to 1500 kw. capacity.

JONES CLAIMS (Porcupine)—!
buildings being erected and a road
preparatory to development.

WEST DOME (Porcupine) — Com
given for 1000 tons of ore to be treati
Dome Lake mill.

BRITISH AMERICAN NICKEL O

Iton) — Negotiating for propert

which to erect a refining plant, and de

on site on the Hull side of the Ottawa r

WASAPIKA (West Shining Tree)-;

of stock for installation of a 60-ton

MINING CORP. OF CANADA (Coba
Work on the Alexandra discontinued^'
exploration transferred to Waldman.

PENN CANADIAN (Cobalt)— Com *r
able damage done by a fire, which u«-
out in the power house on May 10.

TEMISKAMING (Cobalt)— Mill <«'
down from lack of ore. Underground 3r
to be speeded up.

CANADIAN KIRKLAND (Kir in
Lake) — Surface work has resulted 11""
discovery of several veins.

KLLIOTT-KIRKLAND (Kirkland I|
— Main shaft now down 515 ft. At 400V
vein crosscut 35 ft. from, shaft A le;
be established at 525 ft. and downwarcOl
tinuation should be crosscut in 40 Ie'

MINAKER (Kirkland Lake)— Fo 4
tions being laid for machinery.

MONTREAL KIRKLAND (Kir'
Lake) — Trenching, stripping and siw
test pits.

KEELEY (South Lorrain)— High-
silver ore being shipped, a part Dei
hand from former operations.

SOUTH AMERICA

Peru
CERRO DE PASCO (Cerro I1
Production of blister copper in Apn •
5.952.000 pounds.

A IKK \

Belgian Congo

UNION MTNIERE DU HAUT KAT
(Elizabethville)— Produced in April
798 lb copper.

May 25, 1918

ENGINEERING AND MININ<; JOURNAL

I I""" "iimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiimiiiiuiiiii iiiiiuiliiiiiuiiui niiiiii: intuimu lmll,

' Ill",l" '"" ' """" "'imimmnmmiiliii. mmmm ,,„„„, „„„„

mini i.

The Market Report

»»" ' ' milllllllllMIMINIIIIIIIIlmilllllllll I IMIIMIIIIIMI n Itll I HIM 1 1111 1 1 f 1 1 1 1 III I l«ll I llirillllllllll I til I

"""""""""""""""""'I" "ii" """mm" iiiimiiiimiminiimiNiiiiii

"iiiiiiiMinii imiiiiiiiniii

Ml \l 1! ami 8T1 EU ING I M ii I

Bterl-

II1K

Ki-

•4.7550
4 7550
4.7550

Sib. ei

York.
Cents

994
991

■i.i i

Lon-
don,

I'lTn, \I ■..

48j

481

20

.'I
22

Sterl

illC

Ex-
change

4 7550
4 7550
4.7550

N,l,

N'.w
ITork,
Cents

99

99)

„,,;

Lon-

don,

Pence

Y "rk <|untiitions are as reported by Handy

man ami an- ill cents prr troy imnrr of bar
ill one. London quotations are m pence per
nee of sterling silver, 925 fine.

)AILV PRICKS OF METALS IN NEW YORK

Copper Tin

Electro-
lytic

•231
•23J
•23j
•23j
♦231
*231

Spot.

Lead

I Zinc

N Y

6.85
@6 95

6.85
@7 00

6 85
@7 00

6 85
@7 00

6}
@7 00

6 90
@7 00

St L

6
@6

6
@6

6
@6

6
(,i 6

6

®6
6

(ii n

St L.

7.30
@7 35

7 30
@7 35

7 25
@7 30

7 20
@ 7 2 .

7 20
@7 25

7 17;

(«7.22i

Price hxed Hy agreement between American
per producers and the TJ. S. Government, accord-
to official statement for publication on Friday
tember 21, 1917
No market.

he above quotations (eicept. as to copper, the
■efor which has been filed by agreement between
encan copper producers and the V S. Govern-
t, wherein there is no free market) arc our
raisal of the average of the major markets based

l Tally on sales as made and reported by producers

i agencies, and represent to the best of our judg-
1 the prevailing values of the metals for the

! ven,es. cons»tuting the major markets, reduced to
s of New York, cash, eicept where St. Louis is

" normal basing point.

. he quotations for electrolytic copper are for cakes.

' tsan.i wirebars.
e quote electrolytic cathodes at 0.05 to 0 10c

' »' the price of wirebars, cakes and ingots
lotstions for spelter are for ordinary Prime
tan , brands. We quote New York price at 20c.

[ lOOlh. above St. Louis

LONDON

Copper

i

Standard

Spot 3 Mos.

110
110

1111

110

no

no
no

no
no
no

Elec-
tro-
lytic

125
125

125
125
125

Tin

Spot

364
363

363
360
360

3 Mos

364
363

363
360
360

Lead Zinc

Spot

29}

29;

295
29|
29}

Spot

54
54

54
54
54

above table gives the closing quotations on
ion Metal Eschange. All prices are in pounds
[ "g per ton of 2,240 lb. For convenience in
' nlf"1 P' London prices, in pounds sterling per
■ id . with American prices in cents per pound
. ,. °™e approximate ratios are given, reckoning
' ?.«U7515- £29' =D2576c.;£54 = ll 4545c.:

so™3,3„c-; -£125 = 26.5)510.: £260 = 55 1513c;
"»I21205 £300= 63 6362c. Variations, £1

Domestic bra
i other mai
rg-er use ol di , lr dis-

'"■■, ",'!' ',"','>'" '" " • •"' "" "' that

to irate with

tin. pn

The meeting between th , ,„,,.

ducers and the War Industries Board on
atti ndi .1 ii. to the
' closing this report we had
r1^'1 the action with resp

the prli i foi copper.

''"imxt Bheeta are quoted at 31}< ,,, ,

'''" "}ot rolled, and Ic. hlghe. tSi , i

""' a it is said thai some manufacturers

have Increased theii Coppei wlr

■ ,s Quoted at 27e a carload tote

Tln — The market was easier this week

owing; to the desire of some Importers to

sen, their movements being apparently in

anticipation thai x^nk., snlpments would

' dox.Jr.8?^ Th"'/ S""i"1-' brought Banka

S to, 95?v Cl,f American ports, while

,l"J»fw May-June Bhipmenl was offered

at ;" " :':"-- bul the Chinese and Japanese

houses were averst to selling A lot of

Chinese No l tin. ; In this market

£™e»day V iln3i- The r>°»<lon quota'
t on came down to £360. but. at the sa,„.
time Singapore quoted £381, c if. London
7JI, T,°,ndo". quotation is only nominal. In
fact, there is no free market In Straits tin
anywhere. Only two American concert"

hnv inV°r seven Bri,ish are allowed to
buy in Singapore.

. L*".ad — There was an increased volume of
lnHY'rles' and an '"creased transactton of

business, our reports for the week footing
up to more than 2000 tons. The price of

^ti fNeW Yorv.k- which has been maPntamed
right along by the A. S. and R Co was
realized early in the week. The St I onis

fSffiaZSSl,*-* behind " "°oks now
ffl thl f.iT^L1 Producers have disposed of
al the lead they want to. or have got to
Hl- „ami *Jte market must rise to the price
asked by the big producers, who are tneln-

eriesf m°re °r leSS behind in thei* d""?"

Zinc— The advance in this market cnl
m.inated on Thursday, after which .it be-
™V;er'- dul^ and eased off on offerings
&sbr?k«s, and speculators who had pur-

na?t of tbe%^r 'eVeIs fo.r a tu™ Only a
part of the Government's order for '000
tons was placed last Friday, the officials
being apparently dissatisfied with the prices
tendered. It is understood that the ordlr
that was placed was booked at 7Jc New
?ork This was for Grade C spelter which
is worth a little more than common

Zinc Sheets— Unchanged at $15 per 100
lb., less usual trade discounts.

Aluminum— The price quoted is the Gov-
ernment price of 32c. per lb.

Antimony — This metal was in better rle
mand. and business of considerable mlgnt

lit foa/,h0ne' ,We quote spoTat 12?®
l2Jc for the week, with 12Jc. at the close
TVe^quote futures at 11J «Sl Jc . c i f Tn

Bismuth— Metal of the highest puritv for
Pharmaceutical use is quoted at S3 50 per
lb. for wholesale lots— 500 lb. and over

Cadminm— This metal is quoted at $1 40
per pound, unchanged.

pound""'- Market Quotation is 40® 45c. per

atQili8fflT?!i~,SB qu^te SaUfornia virgin

at 511815 120. San Francisco reports bv
telegraph $112.50. quiet. eyoris oy

|p|:" n 05,

Paltad

Iridium i

Ore Markets

.lopii.i Mo., m„, ih Blende per ton

'•1ls', ' rn. $43.51

12 : all zinc on

! < i n pro
lead ore, $82 0
Shipments the week Blent

er~ S^nWoVucttotof'Sft

Frades of ore, and i creating a d.seourag
Ing situation. The nrsl weelt, each pro
ducer enumerated among those produ ring
rolling mill special was allocated a sell g
portion "f 7.v;. The aecond week i
drop,,, I .,, s,., and Uli, w,f.k toK,,
and the saving of this special ore is dally
receiving more and more attention One

;r»oU,f.T 'S q^oted as sayinB he believed
t "ould soon drop to 30^ allotment, and a
buyer Is credited with a remark that it
would probably drop to 20%, unless th.
Government came to the rescue

new taita'or %*\ MB5; "-B'^de und. r
IS* D,a,?ls ,of *.75 base for premium gra.l.
The highest price paid for the week's i

tout h?S V075 perJto"' »»»*W dJ
Merrle it* f°r SlCOnd ^rad«- high I ail

ber.de Lead ore. basis 807, Pb. $80 per
Vsq'i ,^. 'PTfnt2 reported for the week are
ri'5 t°,ns blende. 60 tons galena, and
tons sulphur pre. For the year to date the
totals are 50.189 tons blende. 2705 .
galena, and 21.030 tons sulphur ore Dur-

=hf,„tlie.Week 31!4 ",,,s "f b,,nde was
shipped to separating plants

Antimony Ore — No business reported.

Chrome Ore — Unchanged at $1.5001.55

per unit. fob. shipping points, for
grade. The situation seems to be a little
easier. "me

Manganese Ore — Unchanged at $1,206
gradePtr """ metallurgical or- IS

Molybdenum Ore — Unchanged at $1 25
per lb. for 90 ';< grade.

th£^ri,t<Ls~Snanish lumD is quotable to
i„™ who possess a license from the Gov-
ernment at 17c. per unit on the basis of 9e
ocean freight, buyer to pay war risk, less
■;.' a"5 excess freight. No change is ,,,
dieted before Oct. 1 unless the War Board
makes some modification. The prices for
domestic pyrites depend on the location
of the mine, freight rate, etc.

Tungsten Ore — Unchanged at $24 for
scheehte and $19@24 i wolframite.

Iron Trade Review

PITTSBURGH — May 31

Metal Markets

NEW YORK — May 22, 1918

tthi^1 interesting feature of the mar-
■ III i^ j was coPPer. in which there
'inei ;„ ■ of surmises respecting an

• T«tJ Price at 'he conference on May
!"• ha2^wa? d,stinctly stronger. On the

• itut,- ' zmr was easier. Also, in tin
'Uiation seemed to be easier.

:i^enrTne situation in general re-

' -iean ,^""1 as- in Previous weeks. The

an an<i foreign governments placed

Gold. Silver and Platinum

t SjVe*"~:B^-a,r,1S6t remains stationary, in
London at 48 *d. per oz. and in New York
a>„ 99Jc. per oz. Exports from New York
atrt s«??nek ending May 18 are reported
at 1,833.9d0 oz. and for the month of April
from San Francisco 7.749.600 ounces

The general stock of monev in the U S
??,i?a-yi11^o0taIed-$6'540'954-630^ of this
il'A ?!?9 i'« 2- Wa.S '". eoJ6 coin and bullion.
f^«'n,7'Jo? '■" standard silver dollars and
$228,034,831 m subsidiary silver Monev
m circulation on May 1 was $5 318 546 717

Mexican Dollars at New York- May 16'
.7: May 17. 77: May 18. 77: Mav 20. 77 •'
May 21, 77 ; Mav 22 77 '

. Operating conditions in the iron and steel
industry have continued to improve, and the
position is now such that the trade con-
siders it much more important to sti
maintain the rate of output than to in-
T"?,56.,.11- Means are being sought to fore-
stall the decrease of 10 to 2'i'; in output
that has always occurred in July and
August, and thought is also being given to
next winter The Carnegie Steel Co is
now operating 54 of its 59 blast furnaces
or two more than a fortnight ago, and its
output, proportionate to rate capacity is
now running at 94% in pig iron and'f'V;
jn ingots, this comparing with 85

; pig iron and 85% in ingots in April
and about 60% in both in January and P\ b-
ruary. The present rate, indeed", is better
than was expected, as with everything un-
der such strain full operation can hardlv
be counted upon. The fact that steel pro-
duction bears substantially the same ratio
to capacity as does pig-iron production is
especially gratifying, indicating that there
is no great shortage of scrap. It is prob-
able, however, that much shell-discard steel
is being remelted. when if the Government
were not so anxious for a full diversion of

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 21

itpul to w«r purposes tl
«£»uld be BOta for

- boushl .1 eon-
in the law

forms'useful In con-

n \\ uh the war
Uttle information of Interest to the

i ,;•«•« :":•""« ,ho

on Neville Island,
n the

Mm k «.>» <" * noNS

S \ 1 S. II •

from

B vi

itts-

,n will own and ,

«. the steel Plant, and will a so build

. .i. ..,,1 ,,.-., i..-t i»- nlatit. eh in.

nil] \i
Juneau

Am Sin a ltd pt

\in Sin s< . , |>f . \

am, Bine

Am /.in.', pt

Batopuas Mm
Bethlehem steel
Bethlehem Steel, pt

nunc A Superior
. zinc

•

Nlas -'1
II

IS
16

I

e the run and projectile plant.

ment furnishing all the money

tor the latter, the corporation supplying

Gratis all the engineering and other tech-

ces required. Tin- nucleus is

lS furnace but whether more blast

la will be built, and what site the

plant will be, is not known. The

ng departments must be completely

desutn » will be known precise 3

, lUired The gun

Plant pnlbahi> will be the largest of Its

kind in the country

Practically no business in commercial
steelb being done, and deliveries on old
coranerclal orders are greatlj restricted,
•xc-p that certain industries, recognized as
usrful In helping indirectly to w„,t he
w -,r are being fairly well supplied. Thus
sWpmtnts of PoU-coymtry goods are heavy
and the agricultural implement makers- ar. Tenn,.s9, , . a .

U.S. steel. com
IS steel.pt

BOSTON I \< ii ■

m,»k QUOTATIONS Continued

. .'I .. -1'UIM.S M

oils

shipments
and the i
faring well

Plr Iron— The census to determine what

**£* "2Z1SLS will furnish the basis for

chiD<

Colo i uel

f ruclhlr Steel, pf
Dome Mil
Federal M A -
Federal M A 9 , pf
Great Nor . ore ell
Greene Caoanea
OulfStatee Steel
itake

Inspiration ' "ti

[DteraatloDalNlokel

Kt'llIM I

Lackawanna Steel

Mexican Petrol
Miami Copper
\-;it i Lead.com
National Lead, pf
Nev I lonaol
Ontario Min
Ray Con

Republicl AS ,eom

Repuhllr I. AS., pi

berOeld

t'tahropper
Va ImnC.&C

\.1\ .mure
Uuneek.

■

Miouei
Aril. Com .
Arnold
Bonanaa
Buttc-Balaklava
Calumet d \ti
Calumet A Becla
( 'entennlal
* 'upper Range

l>:ils \\ est

Da v la-Daly
East Butte

Franklin

i : inbj

68J Hancock

Itedlej

Helvetia

Indiana

1 ■■ R ■■■ ale

Kewei naw
Lake
i.a Salle
Mason Valley.

Mass

MayOower , .

in
Mohawk
\ew Orcadian

New Idrla
North Butte
North Lake

Ojlbway

i IH I '"minion

i tsceola

Qulncy ••■**••
St. Marys M L..
Santa Fe

>>

91
71

10
35
311
431

m',
60

'l
29
341
87 S
971
291
57
1001
20|
101

25 :

RS|
99

67

,

Seneca

Shannon

when completed wil furnish the b
frrice1t^e^h^|Pi^mosi

N V CfRBt

K4i so Lake

701 So Otah

Superior

May '21 Superior & Boat.
Trinity

firm at the set maxima .
basic. JS2: No 2 foundry.

transactions are light and
are confined almost excluslvelj to the W
ing of war requirements The market t.
. .1.. - .. ..,o^-i„n Bessemer, J35.ZO .
s:!;i : malleable.
. f.o.b. furnace, freight
from Valleys t,, Pittsburgh being 95c.

*,-,!_ \* noted, the Steel Corporation

S?& gMtoffi and sheU-disc^ steel
fe scarcer, although the manufacture of
shell steel is steadily increasing. ReeiUar
orlces for soft steel remain: Bllfets, M7.50.

s^aU billets. $51; slabs. $50; sheet bars.
rods. $57.

Big i edge
Butte a- N. v

Unite Detroit.

i ;aledonla

i lalumel & Jerome
i 'an ( top t'orpn.

Carlisle
boy

Con. Ariz Sm
Con t'oppermlnes
Con Nev -Utah
Kmma Con.
First Nat. Cop.
CfOldncld Con. .
C.oldfleld Mercer
< ireenmonster
Hecla Min
Howe Sound
Jerome Verde.
Kerr Lake 't

tl Tuolumne
1 A V S. Smelting

i IT £? Cnoll'n

.211
42
1A
II

t2

,081

2

7

u

.211

21

25

03

«tt

1' S Smclt'g. lit
ttah Ap, \

t'tah Con

Utah Metal

Victoria

Winona

Wolverine ... . .
W v a ndot

BOSTON CfRB-MayJl

1
77|

■
511

15

7i :

UH

la

ig
II

°i

'■'I

41

77
8

til

211

: ..ii

24

1

4
6

1
65

2
15
IB!

05
75
44
52
74
52
1
11

41
17
11
.14
51
2!
4
1
42
431
2
10!
21
2!
11
28
56

Alaska Mines Corp
Bingham Mines.
Boston Ely.
Boston A Mont

11 Butte* I.on'nDev.

CO ( ';

Ferroalloys

he same total manganese «>•"*"»• ,Thn ■
^ame attitude Is taken with respect to gtandard s
=n^eeleiVen 18 to IS', being substituted stewur,
R t! 22%. The market is quiet. We

mote 709! f. rromanganese at $2d0 de-
livered and 16 to IS-; spiegeleisen at $70
f.o.b. furnace.

Louisiana
Marina

Majestic

Marsh

McKlnley-Dar-Sa
Mllford
Mohican
Mother Lode
N Y. * Hond
NMplssing Mines

Nixon Nevada
Ohio Cop
Rawley

Rav Hercules..

Richmond

Rochester Mines.
St. Joseph^Lead..

Coke

SUCCCSS

Tonopah
Tonopah Kx
Trlhulllon

Trov Arizona

United Cop

Cnlt.-il \erdeF.xt.

Dnlted zinc

tJtica Min.-s : oh

S I
37
.28
05
40
ill
J. 25
.48
tl21

9
.73
1A
121
4|
t.56
48
151
A
211
0s

T,

,IA

39A

n

, alaveras
Calumet-Corbin. .

Chief Con

Cortez

Crown Reserve...

Crystal Cop

Eaele& Blue Bell..

Gila Copper

Houehton Copper.
Intermountain.. .

Iron Cap

Mexican Metals. ..
Mines of America..
MojaveTuncsten
Nat. Zinc «t Lead.
Nevada-Douglas. . .

New Baltic

New Cornelia

'Oneco . .

I Pacific Mines. ...

Rex Cons

Yukon Cold .^_.

10

19!

B5

55
27

to!'

oI!

15
.19

21
J17

50
J. 05
18!
.38

li

.06

.25

.75

.80

181

.20

t.35

09

1

I . '..n
llo, 'lor J:lcK r.u

. ..II
i i Paao

t ...i.i soverelKD
i loldon .
i .in-ill.'
Isabella

Mary McKlnney.
P n, t

. aid \i

l .61
OS

..i
in

: oa

1 73

: 2s

hi
ii.-,

.in

IB

:tu

Biirinii 1

i ,n, a Motor

.1 1

Ciunp Bird ,

II

1 1

11

i Bperaau

0

Mexican Mines

6

Mtn Corp < 'mi

II 1

Nechl, |.td

0 1

. ii, .villi-

0 1

si John del H<-\

<,,nl:i 1 ..'It tils

0 1

1 ,.llll.l.\

II 1

' Bid prlcea. t ( losing prices, t l-aat Quott^q
MONTHLY AVERAGE PRICES OF METAL!

Jan .

I. i.

Mar

April..

May

June. .

July.

Aug .

Bepl
Oct.. .

Nov

I no

] MMll, III

1918

56.775
56 765

64 ll.
H ■'■•'

85 ii.' I
62 940

86 i iv. I
68 516
67 S55
Tl 604
75 765

,, , .,.,

1HI7

830

77 5s.r.
7 | B81

71 71,,
7.. ''71
711 lllll
S.i IU7
1 (Ml 7411

s7 332
85 891

v", 'lllll

1918

ss 70
J , 71..
-s 0S2
141

ji, 960 36 682

26 '.177. 37 742

27 597 36 410
;«l 862

81 417

1818 !'M7

35.4

tl in. II
.in 000

31 498
.rj 584

32 381
:il 1112
36 410

31 315

. 940

411 llll
13.41)

44 32'

43 5S4
13 117.2

411 s-,1

Net* York quotations cents per ounce troy, fine a
London, pence per ounce, sterling silver. 0.92o one.

Electrolytic

H117

Jan ...

1 .-I.

Mar

April

Mnv

June .

July.

Ulg
Sept .
Oct....

Vov

Dec.

28 673
31 750
31 181

27 935

2s 7ss
2.i ■it.-
li, 620
25 3 Ml
25 073

28 51 Ml
2 1 '.ill I
23 500

23 500
23 500

23 .'.00
23.50U

27.180

1918

1...7

131.921
137 895
136.750

133 S42
130 000
130 000
12s 1110
122 391
117 5011
110 000

lio.ooo

no noil

124 MI2

1918

1 11

no . ooo

no oi ii i

110.1100

Lie roiy

1917

112 Ml.',

lis lllll

1.71

147 158

142 000

i 12 nun

140 409

137 (lllll

135 250

125 000

125 I

125 000

138.401 1.

January
February

March

April ...

May

June

July

AUgUSt

September. .
October. . . .
November. .
December. .

Av. year.

1917

44 175
51 420
-,i 388
55 910
.. ; '7.:
62 05 -
62 570
62 681
61.542
61 851
74 740
87.120

1S5 813
92000 198 "74
oil 207 443
220-171
245 114
2 42 0S3
242 1K1
_43 978
244 038
2 47 487
274 943
29S 556

61.802

(a) No average computed.

Lead

SALT LAKE*

May 11

,.„•,. cthinments of Connellsville coke —

have ir7r?ased only slightly, but there has BAN FRAN.-
been a ? considerable increase in sh'Pments ^r~
of coal for byproduct cok ng. The blast
furna?<U that are in operation are now al-
most fSlly supplied with coke, but there
r ■ a few out of blast that cannot get m
until more coke is available. From the
"eooJical Survey's weekly reports it ap-
that in the 10 weeks ended May 11
."production of beehive and byproduct
coke in the country averaged a rate 10%
' "n that in 1916. In which year
Ooj tons of pig iron was made, and

Andes

Best * Belcher

Caledonl*.

. ■ Con
Confidence
i-,,ii Vlrgli
Gouid & Curry

Hale A- Norcross..

Jacket-cr Pt

Mexican

Occidental

Ophlr

Overman.

higher than that in 1916

"r. 'I's'Tiro',,!-' t that in the long run Savage .
there* wm ffe Wle^coke supplies as the g-»»ff?-;

Bannaclt

Cardiff

itio Mining..
Daly
Kmpire Copper

1 (;r:ind Central

Iron Blossom

Judge —
Lower Mammoth

May Day

Moscow

Prince Con

Rico Wellington
Silver-King Coal'n
Silver King Con.

Sioux Con

So. Hecla

Tlntlc standard... .

ancle Bam. —

Walker Cop

Wllbert

Yankee

existing blast furnace capadty is not over ;.-,, ,„„

about 43 000.000 tons The new byproduct B,

lant of lican Steel and Wire Co. jm.

Si a Cllveland/ha-s been making cokejor M«s«n«»

03
08
03
.05
02
.04
.41
.01
.03
.07
.49
J 60
. 11
01
.03
.05

fortnight, though it is not yet operating
at full capacity. The Clairton plant of the
r-arnegi. iftee Co.. 640 ovens, will begin
maklni coke about June 15. but will not
reach fuH output until about September
Th. Lorain plant will make a start late
next month. Connellsville coke is still mot-
mFataost exclusively on contract A few-
contracts expiring June 30 are be nB -re-
newed, but they are monthly adjustment
contracts, and the price Is not altered.
The contracts at flat prices, made before
prices were fixed, run through th
and average about S8.25. the set maximum
being $6.

Midway

Mom -Tonopah

N..riti Star

Rescue Kula

West End Con.

Atlanta

Booth

Comb. Frac

Florence

Jumbo Extension..
Kewanas
Nevada Hills

Nevada Packard...

Round Mountain.
Silver Fu-k
White Cape

Ble Jim

i'i.ii. .1 Eastern.

.11
3.10
.75
.23
.07
.11
.12
.10
.89
.06
.03
J.02
12
09
.03
.03
.24
.29
.03
.37

: 75

3 50

t 26
J3.00
08
1 80
92
.05
49
37
5 50
t 03
.01
05
55
.10
1 45
1 971
03
65
1 r,:\
001
1 571
14
02|

January....
February...
March. . .
April . .

May

June

July .

August ....

September..

October...

November..

December.

New York.

1917

7 626

8 636

9 199

■I 2SS
HI 2117
11 .171
HI 7111
1(1 594

5 HSO

6.710

6 249
6.375

Year.

8.787

1918

0 7S2
i; 973
7.201
6.772

1917

7 630
s 595
9 120

9 15S

10 2112

11 123
10.644
10 Sis

8 611
I, 050
6 187
6 312

1918

6.684

0 s'.l'.i
7.091
6.701

8.721

l-.i 7

iiii r.'
30 60 -

1.1 5o -

in 50
30.50

111 7,1
30 50 .

in 50
30 50
llll 7.
30.50.

mi 5.

Spelter

January —
February .
March.
April .

May

June

July

August
September
October. .
November
December. .

Year.

1917

9 619
10 045

i.i mm

9.459
9 362
9 371
8 643

s nun

8 136
7 9S3
7.847
7 685

s '.ill

mis

7 S3f.
7.814
7.461
0 B90

1917

o 4411
9 875
10 130
9 289
9 192
9 201
s 4711
s I'm

7.c::

7 813
7 672
7 510

mis

7.661
7.639
7 2S0
6 717

s -1.1

17 mi

17 III

-.1 HI

', I Oin

54 001

54 001

54 001

54.0tH

54 001 __

52 41 -

TORONTO*

May 21

New Y'ork and St. I.ouis quotations, cents pe«
London, pounds sterling per long ton.

Adanac

Bailey

Beaver Con . . . . . .

Chambers Ferland

Conlagas

Hargraves

La Rose
Peterson Lake
Temlskaming.
Wettlaufer-Lor.
Davidson
Dome i:\ten
Dome Lake

Holllnger

Mclntyre

Newray

Porcu Crown. ..
Teck-Hughes
vlpond
West Dome

.10!
.031
.261
.12
2 90
071
43

t 091

. ._.,,,

: o4

31
! Ill

t is

4 75

1 30

.20!

Hi

: 45

1 10

11

Pig Iron,
Pgn.

January...
February..
March.
April .

May

June

July

August

September

October.

November

December.

135 'I.'.

36 3"

37 37
42 23
40 94
54 22
57 45
54 17
40 40
37 25
37 . 25
37 25

l'.ls

137

37

117 25
36 15

Basic t

1917

530 06

Ho 95
33 in

Us llll
42 S4
50 05
51i so
5i I 37
42 24
33 95
33 -I.-I
33 95

Year. S43 57

I ..

|33

33
33

32

sm. 62

43 '

I*

33 !

t as reported by V. P. Snyder *<at.-

Engineering and Mining Journal

h

June 1, 1918

ma 105

NuttU

MHIIIH mi I RffllHIII

4#^^>r " '

•0K1.NG .NORTH FROM A POINT NEAR THE BORAX DEPOSITS. IN THE FOREGROUND ARE TERTIARY LAKE

The Sink of the Amargosa*

BEDS

By GEO. J. YOUNG

Death Valley, the sink of the Amargosa River,
has long been an interesting region to the pros-
pector and the geologist. It. has been thoroughly
examined for the presence of workable deposits
of potash salts, arid, though some brines of mod-
erate potash content have been discovered, the
'■esults of the explorations have been disappoint-

'/'.'/. The colemanite deposits, occurring as
and beds in the Tertiary lake beds in the Furnace
Creek area, are among the most im\ rrtant de-
posits of borax in existence. They are being
steadily worked. No notable metalliferous de-
posits have been discovered in the region, al-
though prospectors have searched diligent!./.

y

NE of the unique topographical units in the

United States is Death Valley, the sink of the

Amargosa, in Inyo County, California. It is a

'•ow valley, trending northwesterly and southeast-

% 120 miles long and varying from 3 to 10 miles wide.

the east side is the Amargosa Range, which is

'led of three units, respectively known as the

aBureauhof T,S £a?, "^W" tr°™ a report made to the
1 e Gre^VLm'Regfon"' "■ Potash Salts an(i Other Salines

Grapevine Mountains, the Funeral Range and the Black
Mountains. On the west side is the Panamint Range.
The eastern mountains are of Cambrian, Silurian and
Tertiary age and the western of similar periods.

The Panamint Range reaches its maximum elevation
at Telescope Peak, 11,045 ft., an air-line distance of
about 12 miles from the 200-foot contour of Death
Valley. The Amargosa Range reaches an elevation of
6397 ft. at Funeral Peak, a distance of six miles from
the —200-foot contour; 6725 ft. at Pyramid Peak, a

-

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 22

iboui 12 miles from the 200-foot contour;
and 5420 ft. at Chloride Cliff Peak, a distance of 10 miles
from the —200-foot contour in Death Valley. The
unint Range averages from 7000 to vooo ft. alti-
tude, ami the Amargosa from 6000 to 7000 ft. The
rimum grade on the west from Telescope Peak t.

the valley is 920 feet per mile i 0.8 ), and on the east.
LSUred from Funeral Teak. 1066 feet per mile
(11.4°). The canyons leading to the valley do not
approximate" these grades, except in their upper ends.
but the average grade is steep. In consequence of these
•> grades and the torrential character of the occa-
sional rain storms, alluvial fans and mountain aprons
have been developed on a vast scale.

Death Valley receives the drainage area of the Amar-
gosa River. The total area of the valley and its tribu-
tary drainage is over 20,000 square miles. The lowest
point is — 280 ft., referred to sea-level.

Floor of Sink Is Level and Occupied by Salt
Deposits

The floor of the valley is practically level, but on the
flanks are low hills, some of Tertiary sediments and
some made up from alluvial material, the remnants of
previous alluvial fans left by recent erosion. Mesquite
flat in the northern part is largely covered by sand
dunes. There are no evidences of a Quarternary lake,
although in the lowest portion of the valley there are
indistinct lines that suggest the presence of a shallow
lake in recent times.

An enormous deposit of salt distributed in several
well-marked areas occupies the lowest depressions.
This deposit is in the characteristic form of deposits
of salines that are found under similar circumstances
in regions of great aridity. The principal area of salt
begins south of Salt Creek and extends to a point south
of Mesquite Spring. Over a large portion the salt ap-
pears as a crust composed of pinnacles and fantastic,
twisted masses. It is said that some of the pinnacles
reach a height of 6 ft., although the average height of
those that I saw ranged from 1J to 2 ft. It is difficult
accurately to estimate the thickness of the salt crust,
but a thickness of from 1 to 1' ft. is probable. Below
the rough salt area is mud and thinner crusts of salt.

There is a smooth salt area in the sink northeast of
Bennetts Wells and about 18 miles south of Furnace
Creek. On the eastern edge of the valley this is sepa-
rated by a narrow rim of mud and rough salt from the
alluvial wash of the Amargosa Range. On the north
the area is bounded by rough salt which extends across
the floor of the valley. The first foot of the smooth salt
area is composed of layers of crystalline salt 2 or 3
in. thick, separated by thin seams of mud and sand.
Brine comes to within a fraction of an inch of the sur-
face. A slight scraping of the surface is followed by
the flowing in of the brine. The surface of the salt
is divided into small polygonal areas by thin cracks
through which the underlying brine has been drawn
and in crystallizing has left low welts of crystallized
salt cementing the cracks together.

In the rough salt area, holes show a brine to be
within 1 or 2 ft. of the surface. Within this area
also occur potholes, circular openings from 2 to 4
ft. in diameter and of varying depth and filled with
brine. The interior of the holes is lined with salt crys-

tals. About the edges, surface tension has drawn th*
brine up and the margin of the hole is crusted witl
efflorescences of salt. Near the ' land" edge of th
cough salt area many holes are to be seen, some mor
or less arched over by salt crusts and dry mud, an
always containing water. Areas of soft red mud als
occur between the rough crusts and the outer margii
These are often difficult and dangerous to cross.

The slow consolidation of the mud, as well as th
banking up of the ground water on the peripher
against the mud mass, accounts for the upward mov<
ment of the brines that apparently takes place in th
rough salt areas and in the mud areas bordering then
Surface tension draws this brine up upon the roue
masses of salt, and its evaporation there builds up tl
irregularities of the salt.

The smooth area of salt is built up by fresh acce
sions of brine coming from the action of rain wat
upon the neighboring rough salt areas. Shallow cha
nels (sloughs) meander through the rough salt ail
collect part of the brine formed by the occasional rail,
discharging it upon the smooth salt, where it is speed;-
evaporated. Wind-blown material collects in the thi
sheets of brine and mingles with the salt crysta.
The general admixture of soil impurities in the roufc
salt is also explained in this way. It is evident tit
the smooth salt area would eventually reach a level tit
would permit little or no drainage to collect, and te
salt bed would no longer be built up. Slow consola-
tion of the silts and clays in the lowest depressks
would extend the differentiation of level over a loj
period.

The presence of the enormous accumulations of .■
line material in Death Valley raised the hope early a
the search for potash deposits that potash-rich bril
similar to those discovered at Searles Lake, or en
buried deposits of the valuable salines, might be <*-
covered. An extensive search was made by the U.S.
Geological Survey, but though some brines were *
covered that contained potash, no notable quantity \s
found. A number of shallow bores and at least ie
deep bore were put down, but no deposits were encci-
tered. The outlook for potash deposits in this area
not encouraging. At one time the playa borax e
posits occurring at several places in the valley vre
worked for borax, but these were abandoned long :0.

COLEMANITE DEPOSITS IN TERTIARY LAKE BEDS

The only important saline deposits are in Tertrj
lake beds that occur in the area of low hills souths;
of Furnace Creek Ranch. These are deposits of de-
manite and among the most important and extenv*
of the known deposits of borax minerals. They Ivi-
been worked by the Pacific Coast Borax Co. for a a
time and are their principal source of supply.

In spite of the extreme aridity and the excessive m
peratures of the summer months, much prospecting'^
been done in the mountain areas bordering the vsej
but no notable metalliferous mines have been di;"
ered. While the results have been disappointing oi h
whole, the entire area has by no means been thorouil
prospected. The Tertiary lake bed formations wi I
an important source of borax for a long time to en1
and the valley itself will in time become one oft!
scenic wonders of the West.

.him

1918

ENGINEE RING AND WINING J01 RNAL

!IK7

The Advent of Modern Mill Mechanism
To Nitrate Leaching

B^ D0NA1 n l\ [RVIN

Recent experimentation and the introduction o)
mechanical pulp thickeners, drag classifiers, and
Continuous filters to the leaching treatment of
nitrate ores hare made higher extractions possi-
ble and should niaki profitable I ■<■< of low-

trade nitrate deposits. The concomitant waste
of heat in the treatment of crushed ore in boiling
strong solutions is in advanced practice supplant-
ed by the use of weak tepid solutions, and im-
proved evaporators giving greater heai economy.
A revision of the government's fixed royalty and
export duty charges per ton of crude ore -
greatly encourage development of lower-grade
nitrate deposits in Chile. Production cost details.

)URING the last three years various writers have
described, in the technical publications of Chile
and the United States, the methods and results
gained in mining and treating the crude sodium-ni-
i te ores of Chile, which are there known as caliche.
have agreed that the percentage of recovery of
lium nitrate and the methods in genei-al use are in-
dent and wasteful; but no definite system of treat-
mt to supplant the one now in use, which has the
I it approval of 40 to 50 years of established opera-
:ns behind it, had until recently been presented.

v'rrRATE Extraction of 60 r< by Shanks Process

Vt present the nitrate industry is beginning to suf-
I a metamorphosis in its technical development, which
ly properly be compared to that which revolutionized
i hydrometallurgical industries, particularly cyanida-
i i, between 1903 and 1913. In both cases, the begin-
ig of the era found the industries well established
i regards knowledge of the chemistry of the respective
J cesses, but the mechanical equipment required had
I ;ed far behind.

he residue from ore treatment (ripio, a term for
i kind of tailings in Chile) carries away not only
r:h of the original nitrate in an undissolved state, but
I' considerable material in the form of a sticky, thin
i'ie pulp, composed of the pregnant nitrate solution,
1 ed with a fine, natural clay-slime, called borra. This
s he case to such an extent that it is probable that a
I mon extraction figure for the nitrate content of
'(■■he is only about 60ff . Furthermore, it is undoubt-
( a fact that for any one ore made up of a certain
8 portion of fine and coarse insolubles the percentage
'1 litrate in the tailings will be constant, regardless of
c;iderable variations in the original nitrate content
: he crude ore. Therefore, the percentage of recovery
?<;rally obtainable is dropping steadily in proportion
°he content in nitrate of the average ore, which has
1 dropped gradually in grade, due to the selective
f king of the richer nitrate areas and their practical

Mining and Mechanical Engineer, Antofagasta, Chile

exhaustion .-it the present ome of the early-day

operations were on a truly bonanza bi
relations of gangui mat, .rial and nitrate contenl tx
reversed in the old ore* thai were worked in tin- "Peru

\ian days," or the era 1.. ....,, ,,| [879 1881

tween Chile and the Peruvian-Bolivian allies wl.
the nitrate fields to Chile. Enormously productive
oficinas during that epoch accumulated relatively small
tailings piles, although these are usually rich in nitrate

Since the cost of mining and treating a ton of nil
ore remains much the same, in so far as numbei
units of fuel, labor and general suppl i ned,

the actual cost of production per unit of nitrate is
bound to increase with a lessening nitrate content in the
crude ore, to which there is added the present great in-
crease in unit costs of fuel, supplies, and labor in Chile,
not forgetting the skyrocket advance in I hilean ex-
change. The latter item acts as an increase of labor
cost, since the nitrate producer sells his product for bills
of exchange on London, with which he must buy the ex-
cessively appreciated Chilean peso to pay his labor or
any other account originating in Chile.

Leaching Nitrate in Boiling Solutions

There is a great incentive to improvement in tech-
nique by the nitrate producers (known as sal-
since cyanide practice has provided such a useful field
for a choice of adaptable equipment. In order properly
to indicate the direction taken by the new system of
nitrate recovery, it is well briefly to outline the stand-
ard form of treatment, from which the newer forms are
diverging more or less radically. So much has been
written about this old process that it is sufficient to
say that it depends essentially on the following simple
points:

1. Continued leaching of a given lot of ore by suc-
cessively poorer and poorer solutions derived from pre-
vious lots under treatment, ending finally with a water
wash.

2. The first solution removed from contact with a
fresh lot of ore goes to the crystallizing plant. In its
essentials this process is similar to a common decanta-
tion, or sand-leaching, system.

3. Great solubility of the saline contents of nitrate
ore at high temperatures, and subsequent precipitation
of common salt when cooling begins, leaving nitrate in
solution. This leaves much of the salt content in the
discharged tailings.

4. Later crystallization of nitrate from the solution
derived from the ore undergoing treatment is obtained
by allowing the supersaturated hot solutions of nitrate
to cool for a number of days in shallow tanks. The
mother liquor remaining in these tanks after crystalliza-
tion is known as agua vieja, and goes back to be re-used
in another cycle of treatment, leaving crystallized ni-
trate in the tanks as the ultimate finished product.

The actual operations of dissolving are carried out in
large rectangular steel tanks containing coils of steam

J8

ENGINEERING AND MINING .IOUKNAL

Vol. 105, No. 22

Pipe which serve to bring the whole mass up to a bal-
ing temperature. These tanks receive the crushed on

i„ most cases as the entire product from Blake .rushers.

set to a 2-in or S-in. opening, and this feed will natu-
rally contain much fine material as well as coarse

Ever, the coarsest lumps, when broken down by the

,lving action of hot solution, will liberate still more
insoluble material locked up until that moment with-
in the solid mass of soluble crystallized salts, so that
the actual separation of included fines from existing
sands cannot be completed by dry sizing or screen.mr.
and therefore the tailings from , ore, carefullj

prepared by screening, may easily be contaminated by
slime, carrying with it much pregnant solution and thus
occasioning high losses in residue, because ol the dis-
solved nitrate content.

These conditions disclose the specially weak features
of the Shanks process, as bearing on U>9 imperfection
of recovery; but the serious matter of heat losses is a
further consideration of importance. The heat given
to a mass of pulp in the boiling tanks is not preserved,
since the tailings are discharged to waste and the
solutions, although transferred in turn from one mass
Of pulp to another, finally reach the crystallizing vats
where they definitely and completely give off their heat
to the atmosphere. The Shanks process offers as ad-
vantages a comparatively simple, though relatively
costly, means of obtaining nitrate from the raw mate-
rial 'with the disadvantages of losing large quantities
of the original nitrate content, and the initial handicap
of a large and expensive plant for treatment The heat
losses also cause proportionately excessive fuel costs.
Until recently, improvements in the system of nitrate
making had been limited to gradual refinements of me-
chanical operations of plant auxiliaries, such as power
equipment and transportation of crude ore etc.; but the
essentials of the problem had not been changed in any
substantial manner.

SLIME TREATMENT FIRST PROGRESSIVE STEP

An attempt to adopt modern hydrometallurgical
methods, such as had been developed by cyanide prac-
tice, using a tube mill and vacuum filters, was launched
in 1915 at the Agua Santa property in Tarapaca, Chile
This scheme of treatment undertook only a partial
change, and adhered to the old process for the larger
part of the daily tonnage. Four-fifths of the crushed
ore was still treated in the boiling-tanks by the Shanks
process, and the remaining one-fifth-6 mm. size-was
separated by a shaking screen and fed to a Hardinge
mill in a pulp with 25* solids. From the Hardinge mill,
without further classification, the pulp passed, via an
agitator, to the filter unit, and was there filtered and
washed in accordance with experience gained in the
cyanidation process.

A removal of slime from the boiling tanks in any
amount whatever is beneficial, and reduction of moisture
in discharged tailings is also helpful, so the net result
at Agua Santa showed some commercial advantage from
their installation. Although this was an improvement
there was still a problem untouched by this scheme, the
solving of which was essential to make a perfect sys-
tem of treatment; and the nitrate producers refused to
accept the method adopted at Agua Santa as one gener-
ally applicable or satisfactory for a universal process.

[n fact, the process simply offered a means of recover
ing the pregnant solution from the screened undersize.

Instead of sending the tailings to waste directly fror.
the treatment plant, bearing the usual portion of nitrafc
in the poorly classified or really unclassified mass, th
idea was next advanced that the impoverished tailing
from the plant should be re-treated before final rejectio
as waste. Such a plan was thought, to offer a bette
Chance for proper use of classifiers and filters than 0
the untreated ore; furthermore, it was suggested Oil
the practice of screening the material from the crusl
ers be continued, and the untreated fines from th
screens be treated jointly with the tailings from tr
coarse material, already treated separately by the usui
method. This permits the oversize from screens to pas
through the regular Shanks process, while the untreatc
fines and once-treated tailings jointly undergo classr
cation, thickening, dewatering and filtering.

The ofirina Delaware of the Du Pont de Nemours Po<
der Co. interests is equipping a plant in Taltal, Chi.
on this basis. The re-treatment section of the plant
introducing mechanical classifiers to separate sand ai
slime, with mechanical thickeners and a continuo;
drum filter to treat the slime produced. The compai-
tively weak solutions from this re-treatment plant ci
be profitably used as weak solution washes in the mn
portion of the oficina, while the latter section of pUt
provides pregnant solution of the proper strength
crystallize the nitrate. Grinding is not needed in co-
minuting the ore in order to expose all the nitrate cj
tent to the action of solutions, because all nitrate exi-
ing in the ore can be obtained by solvent action, if tl
is sustained for a sufficiently long period. No nitre
exists within the actual rock particles, as in the ce
of gold or silver minerals. Therefore, tube mills or le
grinders generally are not needed.
' Although nitrate may be recovered by simple diss./-
ing this action carried to excess creates large quai-
ties of weak solutions from which the nitrate contit
may not be crystallized on a commercial basis. The
solutions may. however, be brought up to requiui
strength by partial evaporation, and this becomes antt-
portant factor in new methods aiming at a high extc-
tion Evaporation rapidly gains in economy by utiliJ
the "multiple-effect" system, which has been consid-al
not economical on the rich liquors from nitrate tnt-
ment, because of the harmful effect produced in evo
rators by the liberation of volatile iodine. It
corrosive action can be avoided, it is easily seen *
evaporation of weak liquors offers a more profitable tf
more logical field for heat application than the bo n;
of liquids and solids together in the ordinary bo v
tanks.

TREATMENT OF LOWER-GRADE ORES POSSIBLE

If the slimy types of nitrate ore can be treated I
metallurgical efficiency, thus adding to the presen
serves of ore many millions of tons that are no*
treatable, and if, by large reductions in treatment ,
lower-grade ores can be handled, Chilean nitrate ma
gard artificial nitrate as a competitor without u«
fear Sharp competition might mean continued u
the present grade of nitrate ore, but the situation
be met by the much improved extraction and tne
cost of treatment.

Juno 1, 1918

' NGINEERING \M> MINING J01 R

■

' f \ / \

cifci/uJUD mm

LIXIVIATION PLANT AND CYCLE OF OPERATIONS USEO IX NITRATE LEACHING

A modern method using a treatment that secures
ie high extraction of nitrate by use of tepid weak
ilutions in Dorr classifiers and thickeners and Oliver
Iters, combined with multiple-effect evaporation, has
aen devised by the technical staff of Gibbs & Co., a
rge English corporation with extensive interests in
hile, and is being put into effect at its property near
ntofagasta. This plan of treatment is based on sev-

al years' experimental work in Chile and London, in
ie course of which many tons of nitrate ore was treated

a plant of several tons' daily capacity.

This property being one that yields a rather low-grade
trate ore, of a slimy nature, the results are awaited
ith decided interest, as, if profitable, it would mean an

immensely increased tonnage of nitrate ore that could be
treated, while, simultaneously, lessened costs of opera-
tion would permit the nitrate producers of Chile to meet
confidently the bogie of artificial nitrate that will surely
confront them after the war.

The Chilean government still possesses large tracts of
unsold nitrate ground, the total nitrate content of which
is not known definitely, since large areas of promising
character have not been drilled as yet. These grounds,
when surveyed and drilled, are auctioned publicly at dif-
ferent times on the basis of the estimates of the Chilean
government engineers. The price fixed by the govern-
ment as a minimum tender price is usually the equiva-
lent of 40c. to 50c. U. S. Cy. per ton of crude ore in place.

ULATMO

* mi COOLIKQ DRUM

ELEVATION OP PLANT DEVISED TO SECURE MULTIPLE-EFFECT EVAPORATION IN NITRATE LEACHING

ENGINEERING AND MINING .KH'UNAI.

Vol. L05, No. 22

Tht. government must adopt an enlightened

• •• export tax on nitrate, which is 28 penc •

quintal, and practical 50' ■ of the total costs of

nitrate companies. Rather than kill the goose that

i the golden egg, it should voluntarily reduce the ex-

■ .. in order that Chilean nitrate may compete with

the synthetic product, and thus continue to provide the

largest single item in the income of the Chilean nation.

rage Costs Under Pre-Wab Conditions

The coats that follow are representative of standard

Chilean practice under pre-war conditions, in 1910 to

1914. Among the other points of interest should be

noted the high proportion of the fuel cost in the nitrate

FLOW SHEET OF GIBBS LIXIVIATION PROCESS

industry, which waste is inseparable from the standard
or Shanks process. The figures are recalculated into
U. S. weights and currency from the original Chilean
weights and money and figures are based on the 2000-
lb. ton. Data were obtained from "Salitre"— a mono-
graph on the nitrate industry by Nicolas Ugalde (1916).
The proportional costs of mining in per cent, of cost
per ton were: Superintendence, 6; general labor, 3;
assaying and sampling, 1; actual mining (day's pay),
10; actual mining (contract), 66; explosives, 10; re-
pairs and supplies, 4 ; the total cost per ton was $0.50.
The proportional costs of transportation in per cent,
were: Superintendence, 5; labor (loading), 20; labor
(general), 1; labor (railway), 8; repairs on carts, 4;

TABLE 1- SI MMAKV OF OPERATING COSTS

t per Ton Per Cent, of Coat

Mini* *0 500 JO

Transport 0 285 1/

?, Ill \

General ° 050 3

Power is not entered separately anywhere, but tl
following ratio of fuel to ore is given: 1 ton of Au
tralian coal per 24.3 tons dry ore; and 1 ton Califom
oil per 43.3 tons dry ore.

Export Tax and Sea Freight Paid by Consumers

There are no available figures for a representat i •
cost analysis for operations under present-day com-
tions, as supplies and freights fluctuate widely und-
war influences. The costs as given are the really signi-
cant ones to the nitrate producers, since the expd
tax and sea freights are simply added to the price I
the refined nitrate and are a dead-weight charge )
the consumer. Ordinarily, the variable cost element i
nitrate, or that which is capable of variance, is rep -
sented by the tabulated costs. The various oficin
which supplied this composite cost sheet reported n
average grade of nitrate ore at 18.9 ', nitrate, wty
tailings of 6.7',, or an extraction of 64.5% — probay
somewhat higher than the general average of extractii.

Recovery of 64.5% on nitrate ore containing 18.!
nitrate gives 244 lbs. per ton; equivalent to 2.40 qu-
tals of 101.4 lbs. These 2.40 quintals cost $l.'b'
U. S. Cy., or $0,694 per quintal. Assuming that 1
equals $4.80 U. S. Cy., the above cost per quintal I
comes 34.7d. or 35d. Agreeing, then, that 35d. 5
quintal of nitrate for operating cost is representate,
the interesting comparison shown in Table II results

$1 b66

100

repairs in railways, 15; supplies on carts, 24; supplies
on railways, 21- feed of animals, 30; maintenance of
way, 2; coal and water, 10; the total cost of transporta-
tion was $0,283. The proportional costs of treatment
were in per cent.: Superintendence, 14; crushing and
elevating, 8; leaching, 4; discharging and stacking tail-
ings, 9; crystallizing the nitrate, 24 ; repairs, 6; fuel, 55;
water, 8; supplies, 5. The total cost of treatment was
$0,833. The proportional general costs in per cent.
were: Staff salaries, 30; staff household expenses, 35;
hospital (including police and school), 10; office (includ-
ing stable and telephone), 25; the total general cost was
$0.05. In an accompanying table a summary of oper-
ating costs is given.

TABLE II.

COMPARISON OF OPERATING AND
TOTAL COST

Pence

Operating cost 35 0

Rail freight to tidewater 6 U

Lighterage charges 0 8

Brokerage; Nitrate Association and sundry

charges 2 0

Export duty a u

Per Cent.

48 8

8 4

1 I

2 8
38 9

8 100 0

I'm -war total cost 71

The nitrate lost in the tailings with a 6.7% tailg
content is 134.7 lbs., and the pre-war price of nit*
was normally about 7s. 6d., or, say, $1.80 U. S. Cy.«>
quintal of 101.4 lb.; about 1.77c. U. S. Cy. per lb. A
that figure the tailings loss is equivalent to $2.38 I '
Cy. per ton, but at present the fantastic price of 4f
per quintal is quoted, making those same tailings w*
$4.45 per ton.

Finally a review of the nitrate situation in Chil rt
veals an industry in which two facts are painfully v
dent; first, that the government tax accounts for )'
of the total normal cost of production; and, second, l»
the tailings loss of unexpected nitrate amounts to .1
to $4.50 per ton of crude ore handled. Further!)^
probably half of the average cost of production is a;
able in Chilean currency (wages, local supplies, c-
which currency must be bought by the proceeds of <i>
of nitrate abroad. When the Chilean peso is soil-
around 15d. (3.33 per $1 U. S. Cy.) stationary at
scales in Chile become a steadily increasing burd< i
the business.

To complicate the troubles of poor extraction and U
costs, the Chilean government exacts its export di
Chilean gold pesos of 18d., an arbitrary and pra< I
non-existent currency, which is entirely in governe
hands, and is sold by them against foreign exchare
a high premium, or recargo, when needed. For thri
son given, the normal export duty of 28d. is now i n
ing toward 40d. to the exporter.

Jmu' 1, 1918

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

99]

However, these various drags on the industry should
It, and probably will not, pi course of develop

Tor with an ore of 20', nitrate content worth al
amial prices 7s. 6d. per quintal i$7.10 ,„.,- ton of i rude
re) and at l Is. , * i:',.25 per ton. the room for profit-
ble exploitation is ample. Fear of destructive i
ition by synthetic nitrogen, as developed by war needs,
<probably o\ci-app.-chensive, since the Du Pont po
iterests acquired in April. 1917, large and valuable
dditional holdings of nitrate-bearing ground at IVn.-i
rande, in the provine of Tarapaca, I hile, at the regular
notion of the Chilean government. It is hardly neces-
iry to indicate that such a step would nol havi
ikcn by an organization whose sour,,
irmation are so accurate and extensive had tl
ie possibility of an abundant supply of synthetic nitro-
en available soon at a price competitive with the
itural Chilean product.

Synthetic Nitrogen in Competition with the
Nitrate Industry

It is to be hoped, as a measure of national benefit and
patriotic safeguard, that synthetic nitrogen sources
ay be established rapidly in the United States on a
und and self-maintaining basis, and the efforts of
lited States Government in that direction will prob-
>ly bear fruit before long. In the meantime, the ac-
>n of the Du Pont powder interests indicate an inten-
>n to rely for some time to come on the known re-
urces of natural nitrates.

The German oficinas in Chile worked and stored ni-
ite as long as they possibly could till the pressure of
lied resources gradually closed them all, fuel oil from
' United States, tank steamers, and jute bags from
itish India being practically indispensable in nitrate
iking. This shows a German belief that even the re-
Jrces for production of synthetic nitrate in Ger-
my cannot flood the market — not even their own at
me; as it is evident that the German oficinas in Chile
uld not tie up thousands of dollars in manufactured
rate, till the close of the war, save on a sound
;is of business calculation. The monthly turn-
er of nitrate shows no net effect resulting from the
ppage of the German plants, since others have re-
med or increased their product, so that the year will
>bably show a record figure for output — upward of
000,000 quintals, the quantity being dependent only
shipping facilities.

>ea freights to Europe or North America from the
^t coast of South America are enormous ; in the first
e, 160s. and upward, and $25 to $35 U. S. Cy. in
second. Bottoms are so scarce that freight rates
almost a matter of personal barter and arrangement,
it with arbitrary brokerage, etc. The west coast is
f depending heavily upon the United States for ocean
ights, and both the nitrate and copper industries of
le must have American fuel oil to keep in operation.
is not remarkable, therefore, that the nitrate pro-
ws of Chile are eagerly investigating anything
eh promises to reduce the cost of production in the
inas, or to make possible the profitable treatment of
•ate ore hitherto regarded as too difficult or too low
de to work.

he logical developments of the research work done
litrate treatment by various investigators point to

' :i treatment i to if nol In all

Phaflea Identical with the I , ,,,,„,- , which

braces as a prime necessity the well-known ai

l;"'"'" machinerj I wed from present day metal

"""""' Practice, in the for i dra8 cla ifi

chanical thick, nei drum flltei

current with the u e ol the e mi
tic« iloying weak tepid Bolutior, to ran, a -

,"'1 extraction, and ., cientiflcally designed

l""':,t"r '" ''"' i precipitation of nitrate

together with a great saving in heat-units, over pr.
practice.

Identification <>t Molybdenite

Bl I'. C. Kl CHS*

During the course of an investigation for molybde-
num, I happened t< find a mosl accurate and rapid
method of identifying its principal mineral, molybde-
nite. A small piece of caustic potash is melted in a
fragment of a broken porcelain dish and then a little
of the suspected mineral is added. Within five minutes,
if the sample is molybdenite, it swells, dissolves rapidly!
giving the mass an intense red yellowish color, and not a
single speck of the brilliant scaly mineral is to be seen.
When cool, if a few cul ic centimeters of water be added
to the residue of fusion, and afterward some drops of
hydrochloric acid, the color begins to change and in
spots appear the blue, green, yellow and red.

The reaction can be explained as follows: Molybde-
nite (MoS..), having two atoms of sulphur, gives up one
of fhem to the molten potash and forms a double sul-
phide of red color, just as the one created in an am-
monium-sulphide solution and which is familiar to most
chemists. Although the monosulphide of molybdenum
has not yet been isolated, probably due to its instability,
the indicated reaction tends to prove that it exists in
combination with alkaline sulphides.

I utilize this same reaction for quickly getting into
solution the molybdenite, in the determinations of the
metal, and it constitutes a convenient and rapid method ;
while it takes a long time to dissolve molybdenite by-
means of aqua regia, nitric or hydrochloric acid, or even
through the powerful oxidizing action of chlorine gas on
a concentrated solution of caustic potash.

Domestic Platinum in 1917

According to figures compiled by J. M. Hill, of the
U. S. Geological Survey, only 605 oz. of crude platinum
was sold by placer mines in 1917. This is less than
the sales in 1916 by about 100 oz. The imports of
crude platinum amounted to 31,921 oz., not counting
the 21,000 oz. of Russian crude platinum which was re-
ceived by the Government late in December.

During 1917, refiners handled about 33,000 oz. of plati-
num, 4S00 oz. of palladium, 833 oz. of osmiridium, and
210 oz. of iridium, which can be called "new metals."
Of this amount about 7400 oz. probably originated from
domestic materials.

The saving of scrap platinum of all classes resulted
in much larger recoveries of secondary platinum metals
than in previous years, a total of 72,000 oz. being re-
covered, as compared with 48,000 oz. in 1916.

Li^p!™' °f MetalIurSical Chemistry. Lima School of Mines,

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 22

Length of Service and Care of Hoisting Rope:

A modulus of twelve to fourteen million pounds
square inch of wire section is customary in
g. The lust Lang lay rope is prob-
ably one of six strands of seven wires; it is
■ flexible than the regular lay and will take
shorter bends. Opt lions differ as to when a rope
should be removed. In the anthracite regions it
is the practice to remove it when the stretch is
out, should be re-cut and re-coned once

, three to six months to prevent undue re-
currence of strain at villain fixed points. Re-
ng of ropes, end for end, likely to give a
■ st eurit ij. Interlocking, locked-coil
and Italianized ropes rarely used in hoisting.

SUBSEQUENT to the selection of a suitable rope
for hoisting, the safety problem, as brought out
in the discussions of the paper on hoisting ropes'
presented by M. A. Sigafoos at the meeting of the
mining section of the Sixth Annual Congress of the
National Safety Council in New York, resolved itself
into considerations governing the length of service
that may be expected from ropes and the necessary
precautions that should be exercised.

Wire Section 0.\n 50"/, of a 6x9 Rope Section

The ropes generally used for hoisting purposes in
the United States are drawn to about 85 or 90 long
tons per square inch.. The practice among oper-
ators has been of late to favor the use of plow steel,
which ranges from 105 to 120 long tons per square
inch, but many manufacturers prefer to avoid it as
much as possible because of the fact that this material
will undergo fatigue sooner from winding around a
drum, the higher carbon contents of the steel being
responsible. Reverse bending over sheave and under
drum injures higher-carbon steel much more rapidly
than it does lower-carbon steel.

The modulus of 28,000,000 lb. per sq. in., referred
to by H. C. Behr, applied to a square bar. In a wire
rope there is a much different condition to consider,
as the rope consists of wires which work upon each
other when the rope passes around a drum or over a
.-heave, and the compression of the inner wires will
take up some of the bending stress; that is, will
reduce the modulus. In figuring out bending stresses
in ropes, a modulus ranging from about 12,000,000 to
14,000,000 lb. per sq. in. is used. In using 29,000,000,
a bending stress close to the ultimate breaking strain
of the rope is obtained, which is not good practice.
The cross-section of the wires entering into a 6-strand
19-wire rope is about 50^ of the area of the cross-
section of the rope itself, which will reduce the
29,000,000 to some extent. In figuring out the bend-
ing stress of a --in. rope, using the 29,500,000-lb.
modulus is bound to nearly equal the ultimate break-
ing strain of the rope.

About 120 long tons is the highest tensile strength
adopted for the material used in flat rope. It is neces-

>Eng. and Mill. Jour Nov 10 and Dec. 22. 1917.

sary in the lacing or threading of flat ropes to use
soft wire. This accomplishes a two-fold purpose:
makes a neater job where the thread is turned ba<
and laced through the different ropes, and it preven
inside abrasion of the wires in the rope itself. Tl
soft annealed wire used as a lacing gets all the abr
sion, and the strands themselves get little.

Lang Lay Ropes Give Longer Service

Comparative data of service given by ropes of I
regular and Lang lay, operating under similar cone
tions, show that at two or three mines where li- a
1 ,-in. ropes are used, the average service of a regul-
lay rope has been about 24 months. Afterward t.>
Lang lay rope was installed at the mines and ti
average service, working under practically identid
conditions, has been over 30 months. In one instanl
the Lang lay rope that was put on gave 34 mont I
service, as against an average of 24 months from te
regular lay. The mines worked every day, and thr
tonnage outputs were practically the same per d-,
so that the tonnage hoisted in one year was abtt
equal to that of the next.

The wires in a Lang lay rope are not laid as tighy
as in the regular lay, because of the strand constr:-
tion. The wearing surface of the wires is mih
greater, and they will stand shorter bends with it
breaking than those of a regular lay rope. The rl
is more flexible, and for some purposes gives bet*
service than the regular lay type. Also, Lang I
rope is less likely to kink, as it will tend to spring it
and get away from a kink. It should be used v.h
both ends fastened firmly; in other words, one id
to the drum and the other with a closed socket, d!
a swivel socket. In the early history of Lang i)
rope, particularly in the United States, the rcas-
were quite "twisty"; but now they are made so lai
they will lay as inert as the regular lay rope. Aer
being in service a short while, they do not give l]
trouble. A Lang lay rope working on a clam-s;li
digger using a 6-strand 19-wire construction rai9t
days, as against 25 days with a rope of the rega<
lay with the same quality of steel in both.

Best Lang Lay Six Strands of Seven Wif.es

The Lang lay is undoubtedly the best lay f<
hoisting rope, and the best type of Lang lay is a F
with six strands of seven wires in a strand. Th i
true provided the size of sheaves and drums and ote*
conditions which it has to work under are ada:«>
to a 6 x 7 rope.

The New Jersey Zinc Co. is using such a 6 x 7 >I
with good success. The best basis of comparisc
not the length of time that a rope has been instaei
but the amout of foot-tons which it has perfoie
because one rope may be lying idle a proportion^
greater length of time than another.

A 6 x 7 rope is more compact than a 6 x 19 consu
tion. The greater number of wires there are i
rope, the greater chance there is for softenin
opening of the strands, and this seems to apply l
especially to the Lang lay rope, because of the a

Juno 1, 1018

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOl RNAL

at the strands and wires are twisted in the same
action, whereas in the regular lay the> are twisted

the opposite direction. The wres are no1 as tigW
»6x 17. or 6 x 19 as the> are in a 6 x 7 construction
A .1-in.. li-.n. or ll-in. rope of 6 x 7 construction
th plow steel wires is a rather stiff rope, where,.
u6 x 15 or a x 17 construction in sizes larger than
s inch, although not as tight as a regular lay rope
less hkely to open up or "bird-cage." There is one
vantage in the G x 10 construction. When a num-
•of the outer wires are broken, there is still a good
tor of safety left in the core of the strands or in

inner wires of the rope, which, in the majority of
68, in 6 x 19 rope constitutes a section having
mt 40' c of the breaking strain of the rope.

Remove Ropes When Stretch Is Out

is to the proper time to remove and renew a rope-

■re is a large coal company in the western part of

insylvania that uses ropes 1; in. and 2 in in

Mter for the purpose of hoisting men, and this

pany does not remove its rope until the rope shows

woken wires in any one foot. There are a great

iff people who, not well acquainted with the con-

ction and the breaking strain of ropes, would

at a rope with 50 broken wires in any one foot

think it was dangerous to use for hoisting men

the Pennsylvania company to which reference is

e has never had an accident, and as the rope had

:ched after being taken off with that number of

en wires, there still was a large margin of safety

was demonstrated after the inspectors con-

led the rope, as the manufacturer claimed that it

still sale. It was thoroughly tested, and the fact

brought out that it still retained about 60^ of

original breaking strain.

the anthracite region, operators believe that a
1 rope is the best insurance thev can have. Dur-
I he last 10 years they have lost 17 lives by ropes
long, but it is still a question as to when the rope
'rendered its service and when it should be re-
A certain mine in this region takes the rope
h»n the stretch is out, and if the stretch is not
n two years, the rope is removed anyway. All
» are re-coned and are re-cut every six months,
: dless of broken wires. It is an excellent rule to
*• If any broken wires are discovered or re-
f. that rope comes off at once.

Utility of Interlocking Ropes

J locking ropes have been tried for shaft sinking

<?ood results, and they are all right for a small

» tor a bucket, and give good service. One rope

as used in sinking a deep shaft has at the pres-

me been in use between six and seven years

is still m good condition. It is re-coned 'every

>nths. The time to take off a rope depends on

'ture of its operation and the condition of the

■ Operators differ in their opinions on this

tut 12 years ago in the anthracite region a rope
and dropped 10 men to the bottom of a shaft,
au. The rope had been in operation, accord-
record, about nine years, and mine officials did
°w how much longer. A sample of the rope

•''"I'1' "'>"" '"'•' b** from the fracture was taken

'""' ,,v"n """ '" " I I rhe -,,,,■ |„ the r

2?** aIfea? '"-' *d to a breaking strain

: 1 1,7",;r«' '' ;•■■ " to break them a 1

rhe load which broke the roi , , M „, 1h(.

extended rope, plus th.. ,. , . , . . 1 , T , ,1

pounds K ' "' ,l"' '•'^,- •■""' 2000

Th* engineer clain thai the rope broke while the

Wwaa being lowered, and, ha, he knew nothing oi
't until the end oi the rope came into the engine
room It ,s hard to conceive of a man running a

tZt'T<TTA enj£ne and being unaware °f he

break at the time. The engineer was coming to a stop

b^did tT br°ke: h" km>W -"-^ing'happened
but d.d not k J|is, what The me|] M IP ^

were supposed to stop .,, the level, and they were
about at the landing when the rope broke. The cage
had no counter-balance, being a single-hoisting man
cage, and was lowered by jerks. One of the last jerks
-is at that level and it is thought this broke th rope
The rope, no doubt, was able to take care of the load
t wa„ supposed to handle, and there must have been
an undue strain put upon it, but whatever it may ha"
been the cause was not brought out at the inquest.

oeen hrnT T ^ 35 t0nS after Jt had a'"ady
been broken, there must have been more strain than

but T S.*, WHen " br°ke- H W3S Pretty WeI1 ruste*
it t'h eeT ,G eSS' rtlQUired considerable strain to break
it three feet from the point of fracture

The 1 original rating of this l|-in. rope was 47 tons.
It it had shown a considerable amount of corrosion

In **X ^ that the*'e Was not much ™re corro^
sion at the point where it broke. It is not likely that
corrosion would take place in the middle. If it was
a cone where the dampness was liable to collect it
would oe at that place, but it is hard to see why corro-
sion should take place at a certain spot in a rope away
from any obstruction.

It was not known whether the rope was ever dressed
01 lubricated. It broke about 150 ft. above the cage
and the shaft was some distance from the engine

tnTh J61'6 ^ bG S°me relation t0 the Potion of
that break and the position it occupied on the sheave

The lower end of the rope was always under tension,
as the cage was left standing with the brake on the
ri^hT" ?eMhe r°Pe br°ke' !t W3S at a P°int coming
unt^nT ^ drUm- WHiCh ^ "d "lth a"

Ropes Re-Cut and Re-Coned To Remove Positions of
Recurring Stress
Ropes should be re-cut and re-coned, preferably
every three months. When three or four feet of rope
are removed from the drum end, the spots in the rope
that have become set, due to cage stops occurring in
the shaft always at the same point, are shifted, and
the effect is removed to other points on the rope

Reversing a rope, as before stated, is likely to give
a false idea of safety, because most of the breakages
have been in the lower end, and that end has been
subjected to greater strain than the upper end A
writer on the subject has said the rope should be
tapered the other way, in view of results. For moder-
ate depths that may be all right, as there is a great

99 1

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 22

margin of safety for b small depth. When the depth
at, such procedure is dangerous, and care
e taken in regard to the size of the rope, as
well as to factors of Bafety. In an instance where two
interlocking ropes were used, one of the ropes ran
perfectly, but the other rope "bird-caged," opened up,
an incident that caused the operators to abandon tins
type of rope. Reversing the rope has been the practice
of some companies. When they had occasion to take
the ropes off they frequently changed them end for
end. on the theory that it would prevent a special
strain on any one point, but this is taken care of by
the re-cutting and re-coning.

t;u.v\NiZED Ropks Not Popular in Amkrica
Galvanized hoisting ropes have been little used in
this country, as the galvanizing chips off readily on
operating over sheaves and drums, and is then of
little or no value. They are used along the river front
in New York City, hoisting on lighters, a little more
successfully. The majority of such ropes are im-
ported. American manufacturers are making few
galvanized ropes for hoisting purposes. Galvanizing
has some effect on the actual bending strain of the
wire itself. It varies from 7* to 10%, according to the
size of the wire. Lock coils are rarely used for hoist-
ing purposes, but are popular for tramways and cable-
ways, because of the great wearing surface and con-
siderable resistance to friction for the over-running
i arriage.

new buildings have been erected on the south flai;
of a spur of Mount Franklin at the edge of t;
residential district of El Paso. The school is situatl
near the smeltery of the Kansas City Consolidatl
Smelting and Refining Co., so that students are givi
the opportunity of investigating and inspecting te
various operations at close range. It is purposed o
establish a practice mine in the hills at the rear f
the institution grounds, and this will be operated ti
the same manner as a real producer of ore.

A modern ore-reduction mill, situated in the mm
arroya of the school campus, is now under constr>
tion and will have a capacity of 200 lb. of ore 1
hour. Mill-run tests of ore are made for owners if

Texas State School of Mines

By William D. Hornaday
The Texas State School of Mines and Metallurgy,
at El Paso, is a branch of the University of Texas.
The school was established in 1914 by act of the
Legislature, and, notwithstanding the adverse condi-
tions that have prevailed since then, it has succeeded
in achieving a recognition that presages much for its
future growth. The mineral resources of the South-
west and Mexico favor the establishment of a state
school for the study of mining engineering in Texas.
Immediately tributary to El Paso are the mines of
west Texas, New Mexico, Arizona and a large area
of the mining country of Mexico. Not only is the
situation of the school at El Paso advantageous from
the standpoint of possible attendance, but it should
stimulate the mining industry of the state.

The upper Rio Grande border region of Texas con-
tains mineral deposits of importance. Already con-
siderable progress has been made in the development
of this wealth. One of the largest producing quicksilver
mines in the United States is situated at Shafter, and
the quicksilver mines in the Terlingua district of
Brewster County are among the largest in the country.
The head of the Texas School of Mines is S. H.
Worrell, who is well and favorably known to the mining
world. The original site of the institution was on the
mesa above Fort Bliss, the old military institute
buildings being used for the purpose, but these were
destroyed by fire on October, 1916. Upon the destruc-
tion of the original school buildings, the citizens of
El Paso raised a fund and purchased a site better
suited for permanent structures and equipment. The

TEXAS STATE SCHOOL, OF MINES AT EL PASO. TF.XA

claims and properties without charge, although freh
charges and assaying costs are paid by the owner n
all ore sent to the testing mill becomes the prop-t
of the school.

The new buildings, representing an expenditure
$175,000, are of massive stone and concrete a
proof construction, after the architectural type ott
Bhutanses of Thibet. The main building, the cd*
of the group, contains the executive offices of the I
and the faculty members. Here also are the lew
rooms and laboratories of the engineering and geolctc
departments, the drafting room, the library and the*
logical museum, which contains an excellent colle*
of minerals and rocks. The physics laboratory is I
pletely equipped and represents an expenditure of W
The chemistry building, which contains the chemt
and assaying laboratories, balance room, lecture rton
store rooms and the office of the head of the chenrt
department, is southeast of the main building
dormitory building to the northeast of the main ul'
ing has accommodations for 50 students, as wellis
large dining room and kitchen.

The faculty consists of Dean S. H. Worrell, Jol '
Kidd, engineering; H. D. Ballister, geology and mini
E. H. Seamon, chemistry and assaying, and inn
tors in mathematics, economics, languages and tl
branches.

British Regulate Trade in Tin

The purchase or sale of tin situated outside
United Kingdom has been prohibited by the Jit
Ministry of Munitions as of Apr. 25, except f
purpose of carrying out contracts, according to <
sular report from London. Further, no perso
purchase or take delivery of tin situated with
United Kingdom or sell or deliver such tin Witfl
license. All persons are required to make monty
turns of tin held by them in stock or otherwise U
their control on the last day of the preceding <

June 1, 11)18

ENGINEERING AND minim; i,.i RNAL

\ Simple Automatic Wind-Direction
Recorder
By James Robed

It is often desired to secure a continuous record of
ind directions, and without the necessary and proper
■aratus the work would be most expensive, to say
athing of the degree of accuracy secured. Where there
.urgent need for the result and when standard appa
itus is not available or procurable on shorl notice, the
jestion is, how to secure the results with the least cost
id in the quickest time.

The problem of determining wind directions came up
"fore the engineers of a large copper smeltery when if
as found advisable to purchase land adjacent to a new
neltery site at the beginning of a program of expan-
on. The time in which the wind records could be se-
ired was limited, and it was impossible to procure
andard apparatus in less than three months' time,
iter considerable experimenting, a simple and cheap
elrding device was designed and built from materials
■tamable at the plant, and from the start the appa-
itus has given satisfactory results.

different radii, eat ho , tor of 46 . thi

est being 9 in., and the longest n In. Commem ins
with the shortest radius i the radii for the 16

sectors are: 10, 101, 11, Hi, u . lOi and 10 In
that the de >gn allows B regular stepping up, or down,
and permits of the cam being turned through 860 with
out requiring a reversal in either direction in ordei
come bad to th< point .... . \,.,\u-\

to a I he. ,1 ing pi .1. which rest- on on ilar,

but bolted to the observation plat Foi i in ■
of the standard, app , feet in leni

passes through the platform bi ind thence thn

a thrust bearing bolted to a support astened
lower parts of the platform posts.

The recording mechanism consists of a mechanical
onverted from an i
er) actuated by a plunger having a roller which tra
along the perimeter of the cam. The motion of the
plunger is transmitted by means of a series of level
the arm and pen of the recorder. A spring was used
to keep the plunger roller pressing against the cam, but
it has been found advisable for this purpose to substi-
tute a weight acting on a cord and pull(

FIND STATION WITH RECORDING APPARATUS FOR
DIRECTION- AND VELOCITY

V Xegretti & Zambra recording anemometer, pro-
ved locally, and the automatic wind-direction recorder,
i igned and made at the plant, constituted the apparatus
i t used at the station, and later a Friez hydrograph,
' mmidity recorder, was added. In designing the wind
' order, the only chart-carrying clock instrument avail-

s was a standard electric time recorder, minus the
! trical attachments, and with this as a nucleus the
't of the recorder was built. The completed appa-
'•js consisted of two parts, the vane and the recording
1 'nanism.

hanges of direction of wind transmitted by
Eccentric Cam

he wind vane consists of a 1-in. wrought-iron pipe
•tidard to which is clamped about two feet from the
c and in a horizontal position another 1-in. pipe carry -
n on one extremity a 4 x 5-ft. vane, the frame of which
siade of 3 x J -in. wood, and on this is tacked a sheet
njieavy canvas. An eccentric cam, the essential fea-

; of the whole apparatus, is welded to the pipe
;t dard four feet from the top. This cam has eight

PLATFORM OF WIND STATION SHOWING ANEMOMETER
AXD CAM OF" RECORDING APPARATUS

Several tests were made to determine the sensibility
of the apparatus, and it was found that, with a vane
having an area of 24 sq.ft., a wind velocity of five miles
per hour is sufficient to cause a movement of the vane
under all conditions. When not changing sectors, ve-
locities as low as two miles per hour will move the vane.

A proposed wind station having an automatic direc-
tion recorder is shown in the sketch. The only part of
the complete apparatus which must be purchased is
the mechanical time recorder, which may be of three
different makes and have a chart for changing once
in 12 or 24 hours, or seven days. The cost of such a
recording instrument would be from $30 to $50. The
essential features of the apparatus as described above,
two of which are in successful operation, have been in-
corporated in the proposed design. The principal differ-
ence is in the improved main bearing, of the roller type
and designed after the U. S. Weather Bureau standards,
and the placing of the cam and plunger under the plat-
form, instead of above.

The drawings show a spring-actuated plunger which
would be satisfactory, although it would be preferable

996

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105. No. 22

ibstitate ■ weight which would always exert as
roller pressure against the cam. Also, the draw-
ings show the recorder pen arm connected to the plunger

by means of a wooden reducing lever and wire, whereas
and metal bars instead of wire are superior,
since they will not break, bend or stretch. The radii oi
the cam vary by in., a difference which may be neces
sary if the most accurate machine work cannot be done.
With the best machine work and proper alignment, dif-
ferences of J in. would be much superior, and the sensi-
bility of the apparatus would be doubled. A larger
vane will also increase the sensibility.

An automatic wind-direction recorder such as that
described may be easily and cheaply built: it is durable
and needs little attention. Considering the proposed

Quality of Batesville, Ark., Manganes

Manganese ores mined in the Batesville. Ark., fie)
are divided into three classes, Class A, Class B and ma-
ganiferous. Class A covers all ore running from 40
manganese and upward; Class B includes grades fr,
17', to 50f(, and the manganiferous covers all th< j
ores in which iron is one of the predominating qualiti .

Shipments from the district in 1917 totaled 16,682 9
tons. Of this amount. 8430.76 was manganifero.,
the remaining tonnage being equally divided betwej
Class A and Class B grades. In an interview, Wal
Dennison, sales agent for the field, stated that probay
25 c( of the ores now sold under the classification f
Class B could be brought into Class A grade by washi:.

— J'—

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b-io" r-uf

C - /Of" O • 10)'

O-ll" H-IOi"

cg= n

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W--6----4

f) — frrafr

jN^P"

#OlL£f> BEARIHO

CAM AND PLUNGER

VANE ROD CLAMP

k 8

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-.-

$

LAYOUT OT CAM

1

. f^

i-e"-

SIDE CLCVATIOH

T

IE

I

4-' 'Steel Pin set in Owde
I

,'- ROL

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/ Stee/ Pin to engage I
* Eyelet in EndofSprfng
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fee

II

END ELEVATION

PROPOSED WIND-DIRECTION

— ,'.v/,',v,',v,v,v,viv.v,v.v,w.v;;*- V

k U" —A

design and the suggestions as to improvements, an
accurate, durable, and sensitive apparatus may be built
and installed, and while not conforming exactly to the
U. S. Weather Bureau requirements and conditions, it
serves the purpose admirably.

Sulphuric Acid, phosphate rock, acid phosphate and
other raw materials are referred to whenever fertilizers
and fertilizer ingredients are mentioned in Government
regulations regarding licensing of the fertilizer indus-
try The other raw materials include the following: Bones
(raw ground or steamed), bone black, basic slag, sodium
nitrate, ammonium sulphate, cyanamid, calcium nitrate,
potash salts, cement dust, blast furnace dust, kelp ash,
kelp char, potassium nitrate, mixed fertilizers and sulphur.

I il'.l UNG APPARATUS

The accompanying furnace determinations on \%
cars, shipped from different parts of the field in i*

WU.YSIS OF CLASS A, BATESVILLE, ARK. MAXGAN1 SB
Car Moisture. Manganese, Phosphorus. Slbca,

2 2 24 52 27 5 J'

. i:B SB

7 2 31 55 81 I92.

g I 95 56 02 D63

clrsTInd 2 were shipped from Batesville (Pfeiffer): 5 and ^omA» -
from Pentera Blufi (Cummins Hollow); 6 and 7 from roit.
from Rogers mine.

1918, show the quality of the tonnage that is*
shipped in Class A.

June I, 1918

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

!I!I7

Btellite — Alloy of Cobalt, Chromium,
Tungsten and Molybdenum*

Bl Klwood IUwi^i
It is a noteworthy fact that the metals found in their
the state on the surface of the earth are, generally
eaking, extremely rare. Besides meteoric iron and na-
ze copper, they include gold, silver, mercury, and the
»tals of the platinum group. If Nature produced other
;tals during the formation of the earth's crust, they
ve long since combined with other elements, and exist
ly as compounds, chiefly oxides, sulphides, arsenides,
rbonates, chlorides, etc.

It is extremely desirable, however, to have for use
itals or alloys which remain permanent under atmos-
eric conditions, and at the same time have such physi-
I properties as will enable them to be manufactured
:o instruments and utensils for daily service. Metals
lich are not at all permanent in the air, such as iron,
.d, mangenese, etc., produce compounds with oxygen
sulphur which remain practically unchanged under
iinary natural conditions for many centuries, but
>se compounds are not workable, nor in any way suit-
lie to direct manufacture into implements for daily
i j. Their physical properties, such as strength, hard-
iss, and workability, are not such as would recommend
I'm for such instruments. Copper, alloyed with zinc,
'duces brass, and alloyed with tin, produces bronze,
: : none of its combinations is permanent in the air, and
of its alloys are inferior in strength and hardness to
iel.

The so-called "noble metals,'' with the exception of sil-
r, are permanent in the air, but are so rare that im-
;ments made of them would be extremely costly, par-
ilarly if of considerable size.

Desirable Qualities Sought in New Alloys

t was with a view to producing an alloy which would
Mbine the permanence of the noble metals with the

ength and hardness of steel that the writer made a
'g series of experiments, which finally resulted in the
1 duction of a series of such alloys.

Vs early as 1899, an alloy was produced by heating
mixed oxides of chromium and nickel with metallic
I minum. A small button was obtained which showed
I siderable malleability when cold and when polished
! ibited a bright luster which was not dimmed when
metal was boiled in either strong or dilute nitric
i i. Moreover, the acid showed not the faintest color
i » such test. This alloy was somewhat harder than
i empered steel, and could be readily worked under the
i or in the lathe.

he mixed oxides of cobalt and chromium were after-
»"d reduced by the same method, but the little pellets
f he alloy thus produced were thrown from the crucible
I the violence of the reaction. A few of these were
'<ected, and found to be very much harder than the
^responding nickel alloys. They showed the same re-
si ance to nitric acid and were only attacked very slow-
v y hydrochloric and sulphuric acids.

ater, the mixed oxides were reduced by means of
:;3on, and it was found possible to cast the alloy into
Ji. which showed remarkable strength, rigidity, and
i dness, as well as complete immunity to all atmos-

fnrinted from "Metallurgical and Chemical Engineering."

pheric influences, Po the alloy wen

posed to the fun . .if n„. chemical la foi

months, ami in some i a .-.- their sui bi i ame covered

with a deposit of ammonium chloride, but this could !"•
easily rubbed or wa hed away, and the alloy showed the
same brilliant BUI before

These binary alloys of cobalt and chromium were so

hard that they would take a cutting edge, and could be
l in the place of steel for pocket-knife bladi and
table knives. They were found t.. be malleable at a
Mt orange heat, even when the chromium content
rose to i;,', or more. These high chromium alloys were
hard to forge, but after forging into pocket-knife
blades, for example, they showed extreme!) fine grain,
high elasticity, and a hardness equal to thai of the
quality of steel pocket-knife blades. The permanence,
general utility, luster, and color of these blai
remarkable.

An Alloy Rival of Steel

This alloy may be truly termed steel's first rival, since
it constitutes the first metallic combination yet discov-
ered, so far as the writer is aware, which takes and
holds an edge at least equal to that of the best steel, and

ARTICLES MADE FROM STELLITE

at the same time it can be produced in almost any form
in which steel is utilized. It is of course much more
costly, owing to the high price of its constituents. This,
however, does not preclude its use for the following
articles: 1, table-knife blades; 2, pocket cutlery; 3, sur-
gical instruments ; 4, dental instruments ; 5. small evap-
orating dishes; 6, spoons, forks and scissors. Lancets
made of this hard alloy are now in use by many expert
surgeons, and are proving highly satisfactory for this
purpose, since they are immune to all antiseptic solu-
tions employed in surgical work, and at the same time
take a keen edge, equal to that of the best tool steel.
The first paper was read on the binary alloys of cobalt
and chromium, before the American Chemical Society, in
1910, at San Francisco.

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105. No. 22

,r. the elements tungsten ami molybdenum were

duced into this alloy, either of which increased its

hardness to a remarkable degree. In fait, alloys o( this

character can be made so hard that they will scratch any

steel yet produced.

Nati eu \.\'.> Properties of the Anovs

.inst what is the nature of these combinations has not
yet been fully determined. They seem to consist, how-
ever, ement of the hard cobalt-chromium alloy,
which binds together minute crystals, possibly composed
he double carbides of chromium and tungsten or
chromium and molybdenum. The above is little more,
however, than a conjecture, as no real proof of such an
rtion has yet been made.
These alloys can be readily cast into various forms,
and melt at a lower temperature than the binary alloys
of cobalt and chromium. The most remarkable property
of these triple alloys is their ability to retain a cutting
edge at high temperatures, and it is for this reason that
they excell all high-speed steels in their ability to per-
form rapid work on the lathe.

Lathe speeds which would instantly destroy the edge
of the best high-speed steels can be readily maintained
with stellite tools without injuring the cutting edge.
This advantage is so pronounced that stellite is com
ing into very extensive use as a substitute for high-
speed steel tools, notwithstanding its comparatively high
price. Machine shop superintendents and production
men eenerally are keenly alive to the fact that because
other costs in the manufacture are so much greater
than that of the tools, they are fully justified and save
large sums of money or. labor, equipment, floor space,
and so forth by using highly efficient tools.

The following articles have been made from the hard
alloys: lathe tools, milling cutters, saws, drawing dies,
boring tools, drills, etc. These tools must be cast to the
proper form, as they cannot be forged nor otherwsie
manipulated except by grinding. At first sight, it would
seem desirable that the tools should be of such a nature
that they could be tempered and forged, but a moment's
reflection will render it evident that such a property
would be detrimental, since in order that it might be
forged, it would be necessary that it should soften
under heat and would thus lose its most valuable prop
erty. The same would be to a certain extent true re-
garding tempering or hardening, since it is the inherent
stability of the alloy at all temperatures which gives it
its highly desirable qualities as a lathe tool.

At the instant of casting, and just as the metal is
changing from the liquid to the solid state, minute crys-
tals of extreme hardness are formed, and these crystals
remain unchanged in their properties under practically
any series of temperatures below the melting point of
the alloy. Prolonged annealing does not soften it, and it
is not hardened by heating it to a high degree and
quenching in water. It does not take up carbon to any
appreciable degree, even When surrounded by carbon-
aceous material in a closed vessel for days at a bright
orange heat, say 1000° C. or more.

All of the polished alloys, when heated in an open
fire, take on a thin film of oxide, which finally termi-
nates in a deep blue-black color. This oxide is so firm-
ly adherent that it absolutely prevents further oxidation
of the metal, so that even though the sample may be

heated for days at this temperature, it will not show tl
slightest Rain or loss.

Thus far. the lathe tools, surgeons" scalpels and dent:
instruments are the only forms of stellite which ha\
been placed on the market. It is hoped, however, th;
other articles will soon be forthcoming. Among the:
will be table and pocket cutlery.

Table knives made of alloy have been in use for
period of six years, and show not the slightest tarnis
In fact, they retain their original flash and brillian
far better than any known alloy. The wear on the'
knives is remarkably slow. A teaspoon which w
weighed before and after six months' use showed >
weighable loss whatsoever. At the rate of wear aft-
one year's service it seems certain that the spoon wl
last at least a thousand years and still be serviceable.

Effect of Acids and Alkalis
All of the alloys are attacked by sulphuric, hydroch-
ric and hydrofluoric acids or by mixtures of the san.
They are also attacked by the fused alkalis. As alreaf
stated, they change color at a dull red heat, but afr
once becoming coated with oxide, they undergo u
further change and may be maintained for days
1000° C. without loss or gain in weight. They are pal
tically immune to all organic acids in solution, as welte
to all antiseptic solutions, including bichloride of rr*-
cury, phosphoric acid, etc. They are likewise unaffecd
by solutions of the caustic alkalis, and are practic;y
immune to nearly all neutral chemical solutions, I
eluding ammonium chloride, which so readily attaus
iron and steel.

Table-knife blades made of the alloy remain brillht
and untarnished after years of service. The cuttig
edge of the table knife wears very well indeed, and f I
the experience already gained, a set of stellite kne?
will, if properly taken care of, last at least a general
for ordinary service.

The elastic limit of hammered stellite is not equtt<
that of tempered steel, but it sufficient for all ordiir;
requirements. In stiffness it is superior to steel an in
fact to any other alloy or combination in practical <e
Table-knife blades can therefore be made quite thin B
still be stiff enough for practical purposes.

The Effects of High Temperatup
On Workers

According to Dr. J. A. Watkins in The Iron Td
Revieiv, though the temperature of the body in hdtn
fluctuates somewhat during the day, it is maintsie
in rather narrow limits by regulation of the amir
of body heat produced and the amount lost,
normal temperature of the body (about 98.5 F
an expression of the resulting balance between «
production and heat loss. The ill effects of higle-
ternal temperature upon the body are the result f
disturbance of this state of equilibrium.

The loss of heat by the body is a physical pr<
It takes place principally by conduction and conve< o
by radiation and by evaporation. Without mear 1
which the body heat could be lost as it is prod'«
the temperature of the body would soon rise to a d
at which bioplasm is destroyed and life must i
When the loss of body heat is only partly prev*«

June

1918

ENGINEERING AND MINING .i<>> RNAL

pre symptoms rapidly ensue. The rate of heal trans-
f, other conditions being equal, diminishes as the
fcerature of the air rises. The rate of heal loss by
Boration diminishes as the relative humidity in-
■ases. As a general effect of diminished heal loss,
i temperature of the skin is raised; i. e., its specific
Hating power is increased, which, besides aiding in
uporation, facilitates heat transfer. A decrease in the
lount of heat lost by one means is compensated
an increase in the rate of that lost by another.
While, if the loss of body heat he prevented, severe
■atoms rapidly ensue, it should be understood that
i ill effects of a disturbance of the heat equilibrium
not become manifest solely in acute illness, such
heat stroke or heat exhaustion; but that the most
union effect of chronic exposure to excessive heat
lower physical efficiency of the worker so exposed and
ninished resistance to fatigue and disease. Workers
posed to heat hazard eventually drop out because of
creased working powers, poor health or some degen-
itive disease for which predisposition has been
?ated by reason of the working conditions.
It is unusual, however, to find the heat hazard to
ich the worker has been exposed assigned its true
e as the cause of this poor state of health. The
iditions of heat and humidity in many working loca-
ns are such that it is a physiological impossibility
■ full bodily efficiency to be maintained, not only
■ause of the attendant discomfort, but because the
ly encounters physical and physiological problems
h which it was never constituted to cope continu-
•ly. Many of those who have been continuously
; ployed on the so-called "hot jobs" will state to a
i itor that they have become "used to" the conditions
(•sent. In most instances, however, casual observa-
tns of the physical condition or appearance of such
rsons is sufficient to show that their statements are
I de to impress the questioner who is much incon-
v lienced by the conditions present. In some instances
1 litea adaptation apparently has taken place. This
i probably a result of experience rather than the
t e physiological adaptation, for such exposed men
s n learn to reduce the amount of physical exertion
t a minimum, to dress to meet the conditions, and in
- ae instances instinctively to alter their diet.
The effects of long-continued exposure to this
r;ard are slow and insidious and are evidenced in
d'enerative changes such as arthritic and muscular
rumatism, chronic skin disorders and arteriosclerosis.
I addition, long-continued exposure to excessive heat
»1 graa\ vlly but surely lower the general physical
t e, even if no disease conditions become evident.

"he effects of undue exposure of workers may be
n igated by preventing the heat from reaching the
► -kers after it has been radiated. In order to
n limize heat radiation, the source should be insulated,
t thing acts as an insulater and interferes both with
h t transfer and evaporation of moisture because it
•lsually made of substances of feeble conductivity
u ch entangle air in the mesh. Thus, if the con-
d tivity of silver be taken as 493, that of wool or
a on is about 0.04 and that of air is 0.000288.
T refore, where high temperatures must be sustained,
^osure of the body surface is indicated. This, how-
e r, cannot be carried out in working locations where

the abnormal conditions of temperature are due to
radiant heat, as the workers are forced to wear addi
tional clothing to avoid actual injurj to the kin.

In practice it is found thai bj wearing clothing of
a certain character, heal bran fer is facilitated, for
the clothes bi atei

is a better conductor than air, a more rapid loss o1
bodj heat takes place, it has been shown
mentally that an arm inclosed in a calorimeter and
wrapped in flannel will lose in an hour about 4.(5
calories. If the flannel is wet, I the loss is

increased to 22.7 calories. In addition evaporation
takes place as rapidly from the surface of the clothing
if heated from the body as it will from the uilaee of
the body itself. The type of clothing, therefore, in
dicated as of best service is thin, light and with good
absorptive properties. Cotton clothing meets these
requirements. However, the use of such garments adds
a hazard, for the worker, after leaving his place of
work in a hot and wet condition, cools off too rapidly,
and symptoms of internal congestion and catarrhal con-
ditions of the respiratory tract may ensue. Workers
cannot be relied upon to take the necessary precautions
to avoid the hazard. Woolen clothing, therefore, is
better, as it does no' allow too rapid cooling.

Since so much body water is lost under conditions
which provoke free perspiration, it is important that
an ample amount of water be drunk to replenish the
tissues thus deprived of their normal water content.
Without this, their proper functions will be hampered,
and health and efficiency cannot be expected. The
worker should be furnished an abundant supply of
water, together with drinking facilities which are
clean, attractive and placed so as to be conveniently
accessible at all times. The water should never be
below 55' F. in temperature, as the drinking of cold
water is likely to cause gastro-intestinal disorders.
The jet sanitary fountain is the best drinking facility.
Though under ordinary conditions the amount of heat
lost in bringing the temperature of water up to that
of the body is small, this amount, by judicious drinking.
can be increased. Water should be drunk in small
quantities and at frequent intervals.

The amount of heat generated by the body may be
diminished by, first, reducing the amount of physical
work, and, second, by regulation of the diet. With
the invention of new machinery and the introduction
of many labor-saving devices, much physical work has
been done away with, as, for example, by mechanical
stoking devices. There is still, however, much work of
a laborious character to be done. Such activities pro-
duce a great deal of body heat. Thus it has been shown
that a soldier weighing 154 lb. while at rest produce-
1.3 calories per minute, but while he marches with a
load of 68 lb., he produces 7.8 calories per minute. This
amount of heat is sufficient to raise the body tempera-
ture 1° in less than nine minutes. Workers, therefore,
exposed to abnormally high temperature or humidities
should not be required to perform much physical work
in the aggregate. It is worthy of note that by means
of diet the rate of heat production has been experi-
mentally increased by 44',. Where work must be
performed under heat conditions, the intake of meats
and fats should be reduced and the consumption of
starches, fruits and green vegetables increased.

1000

ENGINEERING AND .MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 22

Salt Deposits of Death Valley, California

mil: iiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiin imiiiraiiiiiii ill"

ROUGH SALT AREA AT

EASTERN EDGE OF DEATH VALLEY, SHOWING TALUS SLOPES IN BACKGROUND

RECENT TERRACES NORTHWEST OF BENNETTS WELLS. WEST SIDE OF DEATH VALLEY

Jiinc l. L918

ENGINE! RING AND MINING J01 R

1001

VIEW NEAR EASTERN EDGE OF SMOOTH SALT AREA, DEATH VALLEY

LOOKING NORTH ix DEATH VALLEY, SHOWING ROUGH SALT AREA EAST OF BENNETTS WELLS

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 22

Annual Meeting of the New York Section,
American Institute of Mining Engineers

THE annual meeting of the Now York section
of the A.I.M.F. was held in Now York on
May 2S, 1918. Minor changes were made in
the Inlaws, and the following officers wore elected For
1918: Chairman. A. H. Rogers; vice chairmen, Forest
Rutherford, H. C. Parmeleej treasurer. Frederick T.
Rubidge; members of executive committee, J. E. John-
son. Jr. and P. G. Spilsbury.

The meeting was a symposium on the iron-ore re-
sources of the world in relation to national economic
it ions after the war. The chairman. J. E. John-
son Jr. in introducing the speaker, commented upon
the importance of iron and steel in relation to war
activities. E. C. Harder. Waldemar Lindgren, C. M.
Weld A. C. Spencer, EL Foster Bain and Sidney Paige
addressed the members present on different phases of
the subject.

The Brazilian Iron Situation

E. C. Harder, of the University of Minnesota, pre-
sented a paper on the Brazalian iron situation. His
remarks are here summarized:

That Brazilian iron ores would now be offered in European
and American markets had not the necessary capital been
diverted for war purposes is not to be questioned. It is
considered equally certain that they will be a prominent
factor in the reconstruction of Europe. The Brazilian iron-
ore field takes rank among the five great iron-ore districts
of the world, the others being the Lake Superior district
of the United States, the Lorraine ore field of Northern
France and Southern Germany, the Northern Sweden de-
posits and the ore fields of Oriente, Cuba. The Brazilian
field is the greatest known undeveloped iron-ore district in
the world, and its aggregate tonnage is variously appraised
by estimates running up to three and a half billion tons.
The largest deposit contains at least five hundred million
tens, and deposits containing from ten to fifty million tons
are numerous. . .

The iron-ore district is about 100 miles square and is in
the State of Minas Geraes, its center being about 250 miles
north of Rio de Janeiro, with which city it is connected
bv the Central of Brazil Ry. A new railroad, the Victoria
a' Minas, designed for ore transportation, is now under
construction from Victoria.

Two types of ore occur. The more important interbedded
variety gives a high-grade hard ore averaging 69% iron,
low siiica and less than 0.02% phosphorus, and a low-grade
soft ore 'averaging 60 to 68% iron, depending upon the
amount of silica, and from 0.01 to 0.07% phosphorus. The
other type is a product of weathering and is of lower grade
but ranges up to 65% iron and a phosphorous content of
from 0.1 to 0.3 per cent.

Previous to 1910 practically all these deposits had been
owned by Brazilians, but soon after that date they gained
publicity and were rapidly acquired by English American,
French and German interests. The English and American
holdings are more important and include practically all ot
the deposits which will derive benefit from the new rail-
road The German and French interests are tributary to
the old railroad, which is scarcely able to handle its present
manganese business.

It is still questionable as to just what use these ores will
be put. Brazil itself does not at present offer a market
and possesses no coal deposits suitable for iron manufac-
ture This lack of coal has been the great factor in re-
tarding the development of the iron deposits; it necessi-
tates exporting this great national resource of Brazil, which

fact has caused the Brazilian government much concern,

but is now accepted as inevitable.

England has imported annually during the last few years
about 4 500,000 tons of iron ore from Spain, about 1,000,000
tons from Northern Africa and about 800,000 tons from
Scandinavia. It is hoped that the Brazilian output may
eventually reach 10,000,000 tons annually, which will be
sufficient to supplv England's demands for foreign ores and
leave a surplus for the United States and for other countries.

In the United States the Brazilian ores will probably
be found to be a very desirable furnace mixture for low-
grade ores and for more refractory ores. They will doubt-
less also be used in the bessemer furnaces to replace the
gradually decreasing supply of domestic bessemer ores.

The great fleet that will be necessary to carry the iron
ore to the United States and Europe will be used to carry
return cargoes to Brazil. This will offer cheap transporta-
tion for such products as coal, iron and steel manufactured
articles and cement. It will aid greatly in the industrial
development of the country, and perhaps eventually it may
be possible to operate small iron and steel plants in Brazil
at a profit to supply the domestic needs of iron and stee
products.

Swedish Iron-Ore Deposits

Dr. Lindgren discussed the Swedish and Norwegiai
iron-ore deposits. He stated that the deposits in tb
central part of Sweden were divided into three groups
The first group consisted of high-grade magnetites in-
bedded as lenses in limestones and dolomites. Ther
are small quantities of these ores, and they are c
no importance for export. They are used in Swede
in the production of high-grade iron. Associated wit
the magnetites are banded hematites, which are ab
of only local interest. The apatite iron ores of Centr
Sweden are of importance, as the reserves amount
100,000,000 tons and a considerable exportation of the
is carried on. The total reserves of Central Swed-
amount to 122,000,000 metric tons. These deposits a
of minor importance to the world as a whole.

The Lapland deposits in Northern Sweden, at Gel
vara, were stated to be of the greatest importance,
the ore reserves total 1,150,000,000 metric tons and a
concentrated in a comparatively few large deposi.
The iron ores are rich in phosphorus, only a sml
proportion being as low as 0.05 % phosphorus. 1e
bulk of the ores average 58%. iron, and from
to 3% phosphorus. The deposits are opened by a r.l-
road which extends from the Baltic to the Arctic Ocej,
and while the severe climatic conditions interfere wh
operations, a production of 7,000,000 tons per annn
was made, according to the last reports. Under i
war conditions one-third of this ore was shipped I
England and two-thirds to Germany. The iron ores)
Norway are of less importance and total 280,000,
metric tons. As much of this ore is low grade, t
exploitation is dependent upon the success of con.n
tration methods.

A description of the Cuban iron-ore deposits
given bv C. M. Weld. He estimated the total rese «
at three billion tons. The ores are underlain by ser n
tine and are lateritic in origin. They form surj
blankets of great extent, averaging from Id to &

June 1. 1018

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOl RNAL

[00:5

\ ranging from 1 to 70 ft. in thickness, There is no
jrburden. The ore is high in hygroscopic and com-
10! water, the total of water reaching 35 l?he

fcphorus content 1- below 0.02^ and the ores con
!i 0.5 to r nickel and 1.5' chromium. The
lie from the ore has valuable properties. The de-
sits are ol firsl importance

Chinese Iron-Ore Di posits

The iron-ore deposits of China were lirielly reviewed
H. Foster Ham. of the U. S. Bureau of Mines. Mr.
in made the following statement:

While it is still too early to make complete estimate's of
inn's resources, enough is known to warrant approxi-
iires. Stated in the briefest terms, the approximate
jbnble tonnage of the known deposits suitable for modern
;s is 402,000.000. Of this the Chinese government re-
ns title to about one-third, Chinese companies claim some-
:it less than one-third, and Japanese or Sino-Japanese
npanies have over one-third. These estimates do not
lude all of the iron ore, as doubtless there are de]>
II to be discovered, and in the smaller bodies suitable only

native furnaces or far in the interiors there is not im-
.bably 300.000,000 tons additional. The figures first given

however, cover virtually all the iron ore in China which
•ds to be taken into account in planning a modern industry.

)r. Bain described five types of deposits — ancient
ided ores, sedimentary carbonates and hematites,
imentary oolites, contact deposits and residual de-
its.

Iron Ores of Continental Europe and
Northern Africa

in interesting set of charts was discussed by A. C.
••ncer, of the U. S. Geological Survey. These charts

wed the rate of increase in the production of iron
1 steel by the Allied countries (then England, France
Italy), France, the United States, England and
Imany for the period from 1893 to 1913. Mr.
I ncer gave the following figures for the reserves :
< tinental France, not including Alsace-Lorraine, 2,-
".000,000; Spain and Portugal, 730,000,000; Austria-
ligary, 200,000,000 to 300,000,000; Greece, 100,000,-
M ; Algeria, 150,000,000. The quantities named are in
• ric tons.

he importance of the iron-ore deposits of Alsace-
-'raine was discussed by Dr. Sidney Paige, of the
1 5. Geological Survey, and this closed the interesting
u important meeting.

Potash Production in Chile

he consul general at Valparaiso reports that El Mer-
Wo, of that city, recently published an interview

1 Roberto Nordenflycht, a Chilean chemical engi-
•B', who has been studying the question of the
' very of potash from the nitrate deposits in the
10 h of Chile. Mr. Nordenflycht was quoted as saying
h his experiments with the nitrate mined by 37

0 inas" showed an average of available potash of
Wo, He estimates that at least 30,000 tons of
»0sh are contained in the 3.000,000 tons of nitrate
'f 'da exported yearly from Chile, and that by a proper
flood of extraction for potash, both from the refined
fi'ite and from the wastage in refining, over 300,000

01 of potash could be recovered.

Some of 1 in ■" I omicall perl 1

in the recover] of pota h were carried oul by the
"oflcina Delaware" oi the Du Ponl Nitrate Co The
most Buccesi lui procei s "i extraction hai been by m
of refrigeration, and the 1 aid i" be

from 2(t i<> .",1' cents ; about 5 to 1 c.) pei kilo
(2.2046 pound

Production of Aluminum Salts in 1917

The output of aluminum salts in the United Stat
1917 was 198,452 short tons, which is a deci

from the quantity made in 1916, as reported by
the U. S. Geological Survey, The production of alum
decreased considerably, but the production ol aluminum
sulphate increased. The price of these chemicals shi

considerable in< the average price of all alum

sold in 1917 being $51.60 a short ton and that of alumi-
num sulphate $32.15 a short ton.

Foreign Trade in I .cad and Zinc

Lead imports in February, March and the first three
months of 1918 are reported by the Department of Com-
merce as follows:

Articles and Countriee

i m -. Lb

( 'mil. :

Lead i "

Canada

1,205,828

2.084.554

4.142,927

Mexico

1,155.439

1,078,412

3,576,204

i Ithera

753

753

Chile

427,787

427,787

Rnt i>h South Africa

3.311.510

3,311,5111

Totals 2.361,267

Lead Base Bullion and Bullion:

Peru - .

Mexico 7.208,437

6,903,016

11,459,181

5.086
37.120,479

Totals ..

7,208,437

14,340,440

37,125,565

Lead — Pigs, Bars, Etc :

Panama

20,232

28.332

Canada

1,350,514

478,605

4,434,753

Guatemala

1,950

5.624

Mexico

1,128,745

560,217

4,286,7 30

40

340

Totals

2,479,299

1,061,004

8,755,779

The gross weight of lead ore imported in March was
12,416 long tons.

The actual tonnage of zinc ore imported in March
amounted to 6144 long tons. The countries of origin
and the metal contents were as follows:

Countries:
Canada
Chile
Mexico

February, March, Jan -Mar ,

Contents, Lb. Contents, Lb. Contents. Lb.

1,092,000 992,360 3.123.046

2,297,316 2,297.316

6.239.977 3,808,956 13,722.367

Totals

Zinc in Blocks, Pigs, Etc.:
Costa Rics

Japan

Cuba

French Oceania

Panama

Others

9,629,293
2.730

4,801.336

19.142,729

2,671

740

1,403
2,968

3,408
22.630
9.933
2.671
3.168
1,356

Totals 6,141 4,371

Exports of lead and zinc were as follows:

43,166

February, March, Jan -Mar .

Lead: Contents, Lb. Contents, Lb. Contents, Lb

Pigs, bars, etc., produced from ^_ „ „_

domestic ore . .... . 10,436,237 16.363,220 35.811,583

Pigs, bars, etc., produced from

foreign ore ....... 10.200,170 1,998,566 18,409,449

Zinc:

Pigs, etc., produced from domestic _r

ore. ... 5.320,616 12,875,541 37,275,086

Pigs, etc., produced from foreign

ore 1.421,741 4.072.900 13.826.388

Sheets, etc 1,130,287 1,831,980 4,729,529

Imports of zinc dust in March amounted to 11,200 lb.

from Japan. Total for the first three months was
11,846 pounds.

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOl'KNAI.

Vol. 105, No. 22

rhe Versatile Tractor

r.\ 11. a. Morrison

Current discussion of "tank" activities calls to mind

an unusual job successfully handled by two Holt "75"

tractors at the Silver Pike Tungsten Mine, near Soda-

ville. Nov. The mine was equipped with a jig-back

-rope tramway, which conveyed ore from the mine

- to the tractor-train loading bin, 2000 ft. below.

Holt 75 hp. caterpillar engines were used to haul the

•rains from tin- lower terminal bin to the mills at

. iUe A normal load was SO tons, as the train was

composed ol six 5-ton trailers.

The standing ropea of the tramway were li-in.

s, 2000 ft. long, and one cold afternoon the anchor

bolt of the south cable failed at the upper end, the

cable slacking and finally coming to rest in the canyon

eral hundred feet away. Fortunately no one was

new anchor bolt. The bolt had been wedged in place and
a 1:1 concrete poured around it to entirely till the re-
maining space in the drill hole and in the recess undei
the anchor block. This part of the work had all beer
complete, 1 at 2 o'clock in the afternoon of the day follow
ing the accident, and by that time the two tractors ha(
arrived at the lower terminal and were viciously shoot
ing up black smoke rings. P.oth "cats" were backed int
position on the road below the lower anchor block an
chained in tandem so that they could pull as one uni
The pulling cable attached to the lower end of th
mam cable was then made fast to the rear tractor, an
a man stationed at a high point midway between te
minals gave the signal to pull. The two tractors se
tied down to the work most cheerfully, and hauled tl
slack cable back to proper tension in ship-shape co:
dition. The turn-buckle was adjusted and tighteni
until it took the strain, and the job was finished.

rT r *V V" '

#

«&ftiSS

*< *

^<*«<>*f

HOLT CATERPILLAR TRACTORS HAUL ORE IN TRAILERS FROM THE TERMINAL BINS OF A WIRE-ROPE TRAM*

TO THE RAILROAD AT SODAVILLE. NEVADA

injured and no great damage was done. However,
quick work was imperative, or the mills would be down
in 48 hours for lack of ore.

First, a 2J-in hole was drilled through the upper
concrete anchor block and a new 2! -in. anchor bolt
fitted with a heavy washer and nut at the lower end
was prepared. While this was being done a spare piece
of li-in. cable, 500 ft. long, was attached to the lower
end of the fallen rope with clips and by releasing the
turn-buckle proper allowance for slack necessary to
draw the cable back to the upper anchor bolt was
made. A length of 2-in. cable was then made fast to
the upper end of the fallen cable, and, by means of a
horse-driven winch, the heavy cable was dragged back
up the mountain side and permanently secured to the

The tramway was operating at normal speed and m
nage in less than 24 hours after the breakdowr*
curred, no time having been lost at the mills. Inn
emergency, the loyal and efficient team-work oftr
mine crew must be recognized, but the tractors ma;
possible.

•Goldfield, Nevada.

Bauxite Produced in Georgia in 1^

In 1917 the Georgia bauxite mines increased «
production of 1916 by 31%, to a total of approxinU
52,000 long tons, according to the U. S. Geological*
vey. in cooperation with the Georgia State Geo! *
Survey. Mines near Gordon, Mclntyre, and T>n
boro, Wilkinson County, produced the most bauxit* a
yielded 37,000 long tons.

Jim.' 1. 1918

ENGINEERING WD MINING J01 R

LOO

Company Reports

" : ; : ;

Anaconda Copper Mining Co

The report of the Anaconda Copper Mining Co for

e calendar .war 1917 shows a total operating revenue
$156,205,156.76, which exceeded the operating ex-
nse by $37,498,379.77. Income from other sources
is $2,749,083.47. After charging off $5,913,711 IT
r depreciation and interest, the net profit for the year
is $34,333,751.77, bringing the surplus to $82.7l>'.i -
4.30. Of this amount, $19,815,625 was paid in divi-
nds. leaving an undivided surplus on Dec 31 of
2,913,989.30.

The company's mines during the year produced

98,624.13 tons of ore and 10,011.83 tons of precipi-

' e, totaling 4,203,635.96 tons, of which 3,906,901 tons

is treated at the company's reduction works, chiefly

Anaconda. In addition, 449,513 tons of ore from

ier companies was treated at the reduction works

le total production of the copper plants at Anaconda

I Great Falls was 253,508,332 lb. of fine copper;

131,025.78 oz. of silver and 58,545.604 oz. of gold.'

.this, the bulk of the copper and silver and all of the

i came from mines of the company. The electro-

c copper refinery at Great Falls produced 141,517,-

lb. of cathodes, of which 9,427,854 lb. was shipped

'he Raritan Copper Works for melting. The copper

hing plant at Anaconda treated during the year

37(1.16 tons of tailings, producing therefrom 5019.67

:; of cement copper.

he zinc plants at Anaconda and Great Falls treated

479.14 tons of ore and other zinkiferous material

Much 257.849.93 tons came from mines of the com-

\r. The Great Falls plant, which was completed dur-

> the year, produced 50,624,524 lb. of electrolytic zinc.

ig house for collecting lead fume was also completed.

evelopment work in the mines of the company dur-

the year totaled 34.61 miles of drifts, crosscuts,

1 es and raises, against 42.06 miles in 1916. Shafts

deepened a total of 2809 feet.

ie principal construction at Anaconda was the
I ling of an additional 50-ton acid plant, which was
= ed in July. Work was also begun on a new stack
'Cottrell treater system, as well as on a new rever-
|tory for smelting the Cottrell flue dust. No. 2
plant was enlarged, to furnish brick for the
bricks being made from flotation tails. Work
ogressing satisfactorily on a rod and wire mill
:»le of rolling 100 tons and of drawing 80 tons of
Sir per day to market specifications.
]e coal mines of the company in Wyoming and Mon-
' produced 1,054,510.90 tons of coal, of which 436.-
a tons was sold commercially. The sawmills cut
•0.500 ft. of lumber and purchased 16,476,014 ft
uch 57,205,887 ft. was shipped to the company's
; 50, .1.34,133 ft. was sold commercially, and 1,455,-
*t. was used at the mills for repairs and construc-
The tonnage carried by the Butte, Anaconda &
cc R.v. was 6,800,161.

Of the company's subsidiary corporations the Intel
national Smelting Co., at Tooele, It ah. produced during
the year 17,385,090 lb. of fine copper, 84,726,816 lb of
fine lead, 4,439,290.33 oz. of silver, and 81,495.23 oz of

1 >>"' copper smeltery at Miami, Ariz., pro.
138,762,411 lb. of fine copper, 201,859.51 0z. of Bilver
and 2953.64 oz. of gold. The Internationa] Lead Re-
fining Co. at East Chicago, Ind., produced 117,922 7'!
lb. of common and corroding lead, 11,525,365 lb of'an-
timomal lead, 5,259,738.1 oz. of silver, and 24 672 62
oz. of gold. The Raritan Copper Works at Perth Am-
>oy. V J., produced 411,933,742 lb. of fine copper,
1J.J38.3/5.48 oz. of silver, and 137,465.11 oz. of gold
The Emma mine, leased from the Butte Copper and
Zinc Co., produced 42,248.46 tons of zinc ore, which was
concentrated at Anaconda and reduced at Great Fall-
Satisfactory test shipments of hitherto worthless rhodo-
chrosite ore were made from this property to Eastern
steel plants.

Of the company's South American properties, that of
ihe Andes Copper Mining Co. was put in such condition
as far as possible, as will enable the company to com-
plete the construction of its mining and metallurgical
works with the utmost expedition upon the resumption
of normal conditions. Sixteen drill holes were finished
totaling 12,000 ft., showing an addition to previously de-
veloped ore of 5,434,081 tons, averaging 1.5411% Cu
Work on the Lo Aguirre mines of the Santiago Mining
Co., which was begun in March, 1914, had developed
more than 6,000,000 tons of ore by the summer of 1917
averaging 1 75 to 3.5', Cu, the average of all tunnel
samples being about 2.44^ Cu. Development work on
the Africana property has shown ore running from 41
to 9% Cu, desirable for its excess sulphur content.

Butte & Superior Mining Co.

The annual report of the Butte & Superior Mining
Co. for the calendar year 1917 shows an operating in-
come for the year of $6,716,437.14. Operating ex-
penses were $4,368,941.26, leaving a gross profit on oper-
ations of $2,347,495.88. After reserving $1,941,129.66
for depreciation and depletion, the net profit was'$406,-
366.22. Other income brought the total to $509,557.25
The reserve for excess profits and income taxes, etc.,
was $236,646.72, leaving a net income of $272 910 53
compared with $6,365,398.61 in 1916. The dividends
paid, $5.40 a share, amounted to $1,567,057.09 or ap-
proximately $1,300,000 more than the net earnings for
the year. A Red Cross dividend of 40c. per share is in-
cluded in the total. A capital distribution of $1.25 per
share was also made. The undivided surplus on Dec
31, 1917, was $651,721.15.

The total tonnage of ore mined during the year was
462,744, against 626,803 tons in 1916, the decrease be-
ing due to disturbances and interruptions in operation.
The average mining cost was $5.15 per ton, exclusive of

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 22

Development work during the year included 9160
::,;,; ft of crosscuts, 3030 ft of ru
f stations and 724 ft. of shaft. Estimate of
rves as of Dec. 31 showed 1,069,200 tons, aver-
«inc and ,f silver per ton.

The total ore milled for the year was 461,953 tons.
averaging 15.47' sine and 5.8 silver. Recover-

ies averaged 91.13* of the zinc. The direct cost of
milling v ■ I per ton of ore. which was 36' higher
than in the previous year. Zinc concentrates produced
ounted to l3o,661 tons and lead concentrates totaled

The ore mined during the year averaged .00908 oz.
gold- 5.8003 oz. silver; 0.1717'. copper; 1.0013V lead;
and 15.4692^ zinc. The average assay of zinc con-
centrates shipped was .0277 oz. gold; 17.8348 oz. silver;
4705' copper; 3.3498' lead and 47.3636', zinc. The
lead concentrates assayed on an average .0296 oz. gold
21.36J silver; .2917', copper; 35.56', lead; and

18.754* zinc.

The important features of the year were the readjust-
ment of flotation practice to conform with the findings
of the Supreme Court in the Hyde case and the inter-
ruptions to operations because of labor troubles.

Shannon Copper Co.

The report of the Shannon Copper Co. for the calen-
dar vear 1917 covers an actual production period of
about .even months, operation having been either wholly
or partlv suspended during the rest of the year because
of labor troubles. It covers expenses for the full year,

however. a Q„.

The income for the period of operation was $1,824 -
18. and operating expenses were $1,536,401 28,
which, with added interest, made the total income J 12 -
294 90 Expenses during the strike were $127.3Z7.19,
leaving net profit for the year of $184,967.71. The sur-
plus balance was thus brought to $1,337,771 43. From
this $161 455.10 was set aside for depreciation, deple-
tion and outside exploration work. Four dividends, ag-
gregating $525,000, were paid during the year, three of
50c. each and one of 25c. per share.

During the period of operation, 157,000 tons of ore
from company properties was mined and treated, as
well as 13 800 tons of custom ore, a total of 171,000 tons,
from which was produced 6,138,219 lb. of copper,
1,096.21 oz. of gold, and 51,771.35 oz. of silver.

Phelps Dodge Corporation

Total metal production from the or «8 of the Phelps
Dodge Corporation in 1917 amounted to 153,974 692 lb.
of copper, 8,136,356 lb. of lead, 1,524,632 oz. of silver
and 24,423 oz. of gold. In addition, ores were purchased
or smelted on toll at reduction works which yielded
51,907,525 lb. of copper, 946,921 oz. of silver and 10,957
oz of gold The following is a summary of finances tor
the year: Gross income, $62,262,185.72; «Pe™ting ^ ex-
penses, $39,805,279.40; net income, ?22,456,90b.«W.
Dividends paid amounted to $10,800,000 and depletion
charges, $5,516,526.67, leaving a balance of $6,140,-

°79 65

" The' Copper Queen Branch reports the following pro-
duction of metals from its mines in 1917: Gold, 19,156

silver, 828,665 oz.; copper, 93,618,409 lb.; and lead
6870128 lb. This is a reduction from last year's
product, but is attributed to the fact that local labo
troubles necessitated complete suspension of operation
E0r four months. At the reduction works, a total i
1,276,817 tons was charged. Silver and copper contei
of this tonnage showed an increase over that in 19K
and though labor troubles at the mine curtailed the or
output, the large production was made possible by stock
on band at the smeltery and increased shipments c
custom ore. Exploration and development work at linv
stone mines totaled 58,518 ft. Fire-doors, operated 1
, ompressed air and closed from surface or stations, we:
installed, in addition to sprinkling systems in some ■
the shafts. Stripping operations, begun in Januar
1917, at Sacramento Hill, removed 290,771 cu.yds. i
waste during the year. Average number of men ei-
ployed during 1917: Mine department, 2264; reductii
works, 1485; and hospital, 24. Four fatal accidents <-
curred, one in the smeltery and three in the mining <-
partment. Compensation paid for accidents amount!
to $80,019.53.

Total production of ore at the Morenci bran
amounted to 333,264 tons of copper ore, which yield
13,203,401 lb. of metal. Mines and plants were op--
ated only about seven and a half months during e
year, owing to strikes. At the concentrator, 312; 4
tons of ore were treated and produced 46,047 tonsif
concentrates assaying an average of 11.201 c'r copir.
The blast furnace smelted 118,596 tons of charge cr-
ing the year. Average number of employees : Ming,
822; concentrating, 120; smelting and converting, tf;
mechanical 89, and miscellaneous, 54.

The net production of ore from the Burro Mounii
branch amounted to 58,469 tons of concentrates, -e
cipitates, and lease ore, and yielded 14,253,391 lbo
copper and 39,404 oz. of silver. Ore mined andle
livered to concentrator was 473,443 tons, having
assay value of 1.972% copper. Mining costs perj
decreased, but the grade dropped from 2.117', in
Considerable drilling was done in 1917 ; a total of 3(1
ft. Leaching operations on the old ore dump at I
shaft yielded about 280,090 lb. of copper. Average I
ber of men employed was 928.

The Copper Basin mine shipped 17,299 dry toi c
ore, containing 934,781 lb. of copper. Develop J*
and prospective work amounted to 1250 ft.
Senator group, 600 ft. of new openings was drivenai;
800 ft. of the Snoozer Tunnel was cleaned out ar i
paired preparatory to mining.

The coal mining branch of the Phelps Dodge Com
tion in 1917 produced 1,406,079 tons of coal. CokP'
duccd amounted to 306,455 tons, an increase of 'J
tons over 1916. Labor conditions were satisfa
excepting for the shortage which existed throui
the country.

Total ore production from the mines of the Moct
Copper Co. amounted to 330,897,858 lb., and this yl<
40 196,264 lb. of copper, 2677 oz. of gold. 538,8'
cf ' silver, and 35,630 lb. molybdenum. Mining
«how an increase over previous years, due to t;
crease in development work, higher costs of lab
supplies, high exchange rate of Mexican mone
the general inefficiency of Mexican labor. Ore v

June i. 1918

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

v

:it the concentrator amounted to r50,897 tons, averai
8.179', copper.

Development work at the Bunker Hill rnine was 11,598
ft. A total of i)!),418 tons of ore was mined, and al the
mill 1(5.075 tons of gold-silver-lead ores were treated,
and 28.672 tons of manganese ore. Cross sales and
transfers of the Phelps Dodge Mercantile Co. in L917
amounted to $9,789,688.67, and resulted in a net profit
of 8.42', to the company. An average of 620 employees
was employed at the various stmes and in the general
ollii e.

■"'"■•' fro -.11. voluntar; and

the attraction of the higher wage coppei p h,

,:M''- ""' brol ■ top ounted to 1,092,534 ti

as against 2,684,91 ! ton in L916. a rei urvey of the
broken reserves at tin , ,,i oi 191 , howed that .

11 "'" caving pillan the actual broken reserve
amounted to 2,857,588 tons, as againsl a booli •
of only 991,420 tons, indicating an addition of i

■

COMPARATIVE I i COST DATA PEB

TON, \l 18K \ GOLD MINJ

Annual Repo/t of the Alaska Gold
Mines Co.

The sixth annual report of the Alaska Gold Mines Co.
for the year ended Dec. 31, 1917, shows a net addition
to surplus of $270,721 from a gross production revenue
of $2,009,631 and a miscellaneous income of $12,071.
In 1917 the company acquired $299,920 par value of the
Alaska Gastineau Mining Co.'s stock, and since the end
of 1917 additional stock of the par value of $12,500,
making the total holdings $11,756,100 par value out of
a total issue of $12,000,000. During 1917 there were
no changes in the holdings of the Alaska Gastineau Co.'s
bonds.

Detailed comparison of 1917 and 1916 operating costs
per ton of the Alaska Gastineau Mining Co. shows an
increase of $0.02345, as detailed in Table I, of which
$0.01178 represents an extraordinary expense incident
to a severe snow-slide. Table II gives comparative

TABLE I ALASKA GASTINEAU MINING CO.'S OPERATING COSTS
PER TON

Mining: "l7 l916 Increase Decrease

irSm?,™ $0.311311 $0.29324 $0 01806

,n« . 07607 06445 01162

Importation 03548 02643 00905

Milling:

*W,X!hing °2904 022<>2 00612

>e "nshing 096, 7 , 0626 ,

w"l raa,DE and retreatment °5271 05887 00616

-.eneral mill expense 08234 08076 00158

Shipping and smelting charges:

5"'hoV-: 00639 00676 00037

fflSt»»e? ■■■•• 02883 .02621 00262

Umiiustration and general expense . 04528 . 06604 " 02076

J,°t!i\ "".'.'• $0.76361 $0.75194 $0 01167 "

01178 01178

I.i. i

Milt i ni . * ftlue |it I ton
Mill extraction, pei 1 1 nt

1917

Dl

i ■

$0 89702 $0 97068

Erpi

M ining

Shipping and

I .enscs

rota] -I.- i.it Hi
Mining profil p< r ton

$0 42285
26026
03522
05141

$0 38412
26881

12978

$0 76974 $0 81568

!" 12728 $0 15500

M iaceUaneous inci

ctraordinary exp<

$0 00539
01178

$0 01965

$0 00639
$0 12089

$0 01965

(0 1746

During the year

idd extraordinary expense (snow
slide)

Totalexpense $0.77539 $0 75194 $0 02345

•ess miscellaneous profits through
operation 0052 01954

01433

Net cost of operation per ton $0 77018 $0 73240 $0,03778 "

■etprofitfromoperationsperton... $0 12684 $0 23828 $0 11144

nalysis of production and operating costs for both
ears on the basis of the consolidated profit and loss of
he Alaska Gold Mines and Alaska Gastineau companies,
•hich involves a slight additional cost, chargeable to
dministration and general expense.

A record output was milled in 1917, amounting to
.240,346 dry tons, and although this output amounted
J 347,558 tons more than in 1916, the average grade
f mill heads had a gold value of $0.0906 per ton less,
he mill extraction, however, was only 0.01% lower,
otwithstanding the lower-grade ore, and the average
a-lue in mill tails was decreased by a gold value of
^•0159 per ton. The mill operated 352 days, with a
my average of 6350 tons.

Production was seriously curtailed after the United
tates entered the war, on account of scarcity of labor

Total
Total operating profit (before d >

tons without the cost of breaking,
there was a total development of 15,472 ft. of drifts,
crosscuts and raises and 12,754 ft. of diamond-drill
holes, but no new orebodies of special consequence were
discovered. It is estimated on the basis of results ob-
tained from various operations, that on Dec. 31, 1917,
there was approximately 9,000,000 tons of ore available
for milling, of an average value of about $1.06 per ton
in gold.

No new construction work was undertaken during
the year, although a small amount of equipment, such
as storage battery locomotives, cars for the main rail-
road and vanners for the re-treatment plant, were
added. All improvements were charged to operations,
and amounted to approximately 3c. per ton. An inter-
esting feature of the report is a comparison of the in-
crease in costs of 1917 with 1916 and with pre-war con-
ditions. The report states that the average wage of men
on the payroll was about 7% greater for the year 1917
than 1916, and the actual average increase in cost of all
supplies used amounted to 25.05% , as compared with
1916 and 42.66% as compared with 1915. The operat-
ing cost per ton, however, showed a decided improve-
ment over previous years, but was largely due to an
increased tonnage, of which a large percentage was
drawn from broken reserves, and to perfections in
organization and direct operation. A careful calculation
of the actual increase of labor, materials and transpor-
tation costs over pre-war times shows that under normal
conditions 1917 operating costs would have resulted in
a decrease of not less than 15c. per ton.

The mine is in a condition to furnish a maximum ton-
nage of ore whenever the necessary labor is available.
The milling plant has shown a capacity of not less than
10,000 tons per day, and the transportation system,
both underground and from the mine to the mill, is
in a position to supply this tonnage. The metallurgical
results obtained have been excellent, showing improve-
ment in practically every department, with a decrease
in grade of tailings, maintenance of extraction and a
minimum cost per ton.

-

ENGINEERING AM' MINING JOURNAL

^^^^^HHwaainimimiiiuuiiHiiiiiiu MM 1 mmmmmimmiiiui MM

Vol. 105, No. 22

mm iiiiihii i ii imiiiiiiimiiniiiii

Events and Economics of the War

With over $146,000,000 obtained, the Red Cross cam-
closed on May 27. after achieving a great success.
w plan o( railroad control was announced by Di-
rector General McAdoo under which a Federal manager,
reporting only to the regional director of the Railroad
Administration, will have direct charge of each road,
thus supplanting the president thereof as operating
head. The recommendations of the Railroad Wage Com-
mission were approved, after some revision, and ordered
into effect by Mr. McAdoo. who also named a board of
six experts to correct any injustices that may be in-
volved in the wage increase of over $325,000,000 award-
ed to railway employees; increases in freight charges
of 25', and o\ passenger fares to 3c. per mile were
ordered by Mr. McAdoo, effective in June. A new tax
bill striking excess profits, incomes and luxuries was
urged by the President on Congress. In an amendment
to the Army bill, the President was authorized to draft
is many men from year to year as can be equipped,
trained 'and used during each fiscal year until the end
of the war. All registered in the draft must fignt or
else engage in essential work, Provost Marshal General
Crowder has ordered. The British troopship "Moldavia"
carrying American troops, was torpedoed on May 23
with the loss of 57 lives.

\broad, the Germans, renewing their offensive on
May 27, stormed the Chemin-des-Dames ridge in an
attack extending from opposite Soissons to Rheims and
after crossing the Aisne captured Fismes on the Vesle,
taking 15,000 prisoners; a simultaneous attack in
Flanders southwest of Ypres gained no result. Ameri-
can troops captured Cantigny, on the Picardy front.
Costa Rica declared war upon the Central Powers on
May 24.

Fuel Administration Plans Fuel Saving
In Power Plants

The U S Fuel Administration has announced the ap-
pointment of Thomas R. Brown, of Pittsburgh, as ad-
ministrative engineer for the Pittsburgh district, and C.
P Billings as special staff assistant. These appoint-
ments were made as a preliminary step toward putting
in operation a general plan for fuel conservation in
power plants. This plan is the result of conferences
with the Federal fuel administrators and their commit-
tees for the group of states which together consume
about 70', of all the coal used in the United States, ex-
clusive of railroads. The plan has received the indorse-
ment of the fuel administrators of all these- states, as
well as approval of the U. S. Bureau of Mines and a
committee representing the engineering council of the
four national engineering societies.

The slogan of the campaign is "Maximum production
with minimum waste." In other words, the object is to
operate all industries at full capacity, but at the same
time to make a pound of fuel perform its maximum serv-

m m ii muni miiiimmm mum minimi iimiiiiiimiiiiiiiimmimmiimiiiiiiiimii ii

ice in power, light, and heat. In laying the foundations
for the organization, it has been anticipated that this
work should become a permanent service of the Gov-
ernment.

From 10 to 20%— that is, from 25,000,000 to 50,000,-
000 tons of coal per year— can be saved, it is said, by
the correct operation of steam-power plants, using theii
present equipment, in the industries, in office buildings
hotels, apartment houses and like establishments. I
is considered most important that all existing fuel-con
servation committees, committees of chambers of com
merce and national defence, manufacturers' associa
tions, and other bodies be continued in full force, am
that the work of such organizations be consolidate!
with the national program, which comprises these fun
damentals :

1. Personal inspection of every power plant in th

country.

2. Classification and rating of every power plan
based upon the thoroughness with which owner of sai
plant conforms to recommendations.

3. Responsibility of rating the plants will fall upo
an engineer in each district, the rating to be based upc
reports of inspectors, who will not express opinion
but will collect definite information. The State Fu
Administrator, in his judgment, may entirely or part
shut off the consumption of coal to any needlessly wast
ful plant in his territory.

4. Inspectors are to be furnished from one or mo
of the following sources: (a) Inspectors of the steai
boiler insurance companies; (6) state factory inspt
tors; (c) engineering students from technical college,
(d) volunteers.

The ratings will be based upon recorded answers
questions, each of which will be given a value depei-
ing upon its relative importance to the other questio .
Depending upon the efficiency of methods in use in a/
plant, it may be rated in Class 1, 2, 3, or 4. The ratirs
will be based upon existing equipment. The difficul',
delay, and expense involved in the installation at 1 3
time of improved power equipment are fully recognizl,
but experience has proved that 10 to 20% of fuel n*
used in power plants can be saved by improvements n
operation alone.

In advance of the first inspection, a questionnaire i
be sent to everv power plant in each district, with n
to the owner that within GO or 90 days his plant wil
inspected personally, and the questionnaire will I
checked up by the inspector upon his visit. This I
prepare the minds of plant owners for what is to -1
low It will operate to induce proper care in f urn ft
ing information and produce a desire on the part 3.
owners and operators to improve their plants, if ne«
sary, so that they may be rated in a high class by m
time the inspector calls.

It is recommended that a board of competent e-
neers be attached to the conservation 5ommittee in <*

une 1. 1918

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNA1

I III)'.!

;e; also a corps of lecturers to arouse public intere t

disseminate engineering information.
'he Fuel Administration has prepared a 50-minute

of moving pictures showing good and bad operation
he steam-boiler plant, and methods of testing boilers

fuels. These pictures will be available for each
e in connection with its educational propaganda.
he administration is also preparing a series of offi-

bulletins on engineering phases of steam and fuel
loniics. Some of these are now ready for printing.
jr cover the following subjects: Boiler and furnace
ing, flue gas analysis, saving steam in heating sys-
3, boiler-room accounting systems, saving steam and

in industrial plants, burning fine sizes of anthra-
boiler-water treatment, oil burning, and stoker
ation.

addition to this service, a list of competent engi-
s has been prepared in Washington for each state
is available for use of each local administration. As
work develops, still further constructive assistance
ntemplated for helping owners to bring their plants
)a high plane of economic operation.

5 8 0 4

new riveting record for the United Kingdom, and
entally for the world, was made on May 23 at

iow, England, by William Moses, an employee of
?rs, Ltd. Using a 28Mb. riveting hammer on

J5 beams for 9.2-in. howitzers, Moses drove 5804
s in nine hours. The rivets were of two kinds,
ersunk and snaphead, and the tools employed had

: in use for twelve months.

Iises made a slow beginning owing to defective heat-

: irrangement, and at noon, which was half-time,

J'core stood at 2620. At 1 o'clock it was 3285.

»of the directors of Vickers had offered £25 if
rivets were driven, £10 if Moses beat the mark
22 made by Thomas Devine on the Clyde last week,

i'5 if Devine's mark was equaled.

Tar Finance Board Begins Work

i first loan made by the War Finance Corporation
1 i to have been received by the Northwestern Eleo-
:'o., amounting to $1,000,000, for the purpose of pro-
jj more power for use in shipbuilding. The direc-
sf the corporation met on May 21 for the first time,
*■ e up the work of considering applications for finan-

I id for activities essential to the conduct of the war.

II ing, apparently, that the corporation is a source of
Mioney for development projects of various kinds,
r have applied for advances to aid them in promot-

w enterprises which they assert will contribute to

»r*s success.
Plications have been classified, and the directors are
N wing to get full information on cases which
Jr Worthy. Loans may be made within the next few
;! in some cases that appear urgent. Accommoda-
1 ; said to be sought by concerns which have been
l'i to obtain loans from banks with which to enlarge
11 making war materials. Applications have been
dfor a number of public utilities which have been
* it by rising costs of materials and supplies and the
1(ty of increasing service rates proportionately.

Other applications Beem to reflecl an unwillingne on
M"' !|;"'> of various banks to extend i redit to Inatitu
tions which they have formerly financed, withoul ad
equate assurance from the War FIi poration thai

the loan will be i overed from the Government fund.

According to a statemenl authorized ury

Department, the corporation will advance fund to bi
and trust compai are final

essarj or contributor to th< tion ol the war.

These loans will be made for p five

yens and in sums not more than 7 i alue

of the loans made by the borrowing banks to finance
said operations. The notes of the borrowing banks taken
by the corporation for thes« loans will be secured by
adequate collateral.

Prices of Oil to Allies Fixed

The price of gasoline to the Allies was fixed on May
24 by the oil division of the Fuel Administration
follows :

Free on board Gulf ports, 21c. a gallon ; free on board
Atlantic seaboard, 23k. a gallon; U. S. Navy specifica-
tions in both cases.

At the same time the price for aviation naphtha was
fixed as follows: Thirty cents a gallon Gulf ports;
32c. a gallon Atlantic seaboard; British specifications,
302° F. final boiling point in both cases.

Fuel-oil prices were fixed at: Gulf ports, 5Jc. British
Admiralty specifications; 51c. U. S. Navy specifications;
Atlantic seaboard, 7ic U. S. Navy specifications.

The price of standard white refined kerosene was
fixed at 74c. at Gulf ports and 81c. at Atlantic seaboard;
Mexican reduced oil was fixed at 6c. Atlantic seaboard.
Though these prices apply only to the Allies, it is
expected they will stabilize the domestic market. The
prices became effective May 20 for 60 days.

British Draft Coal Miners for Army

As a result of the British government's decision to
proceed with the recruiting of 50,000 coal miners, the
certificates of exemption issued on grounds of employ-
ment to persons working in coal mines were withdrawn
from all coal miners between the ages of 18 years and
8 months and 25 years as at Jan. 1, 1918, who on Nov.
22, 1917, were unmarried or widowers without children
to support. The order went into effect on Mar. 21, 1918,
says the Iron and Coal Trades Review. Persons to whem
exemption certificates were issued, on grounds of em-
ployment, since Nov. 22, 1917, are not affected by the
order.

Of the pre-war miners it was proposed to call to the
colors only those men up to the number authorized by
the government who should be found to be in Grade 1,
the remainder to be allowed to return to their civil occu-
pation and to be provided with a suitable protection
certificate. Adequate safeguards were to be arranged
so as to permit the retention in the mines of persons
considered indispensable for their safe working.

It is the intention of the government to return to the
coal mines from the army a number of pre-war miners
who are unfit for combatant duty either in Great Britain
or overseas. The proposed recruitment of 50,000 men
from the mines, it was thought, would have the effect

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 2

rating the return to tlu mines of these wen
.,lltmont ^ to be carried out by the regiond
directors of national service, who were requested to
eive every consideration to the prevailing local condi-
tions and in particular to afford the local miners asso-
Htion an opportunity of adopting a ballot as a method
of sheeting the mine quotas, should that method com-
mend itself to the miners of any particular districts.

"Coal Week" From June 3 to 8

-Coal week." the period from June 3 to 8. has been
selected by U. S. Fuel Administrator Garfield for an
SSU and specific drive on the early or^ngd coah
From some states has come the objection that he
trouble about the coal supply does not come from the
coolers, industrial or domestic, but from the dealers.
who complain that they cannot get sufficient coal to de-
hver In spite of this, the Fuel Administration desires
that the early ordering campaign be vigorously pushed.
Bv keeping coal orders constantly accumulating, the re-
Siting pressure, it is believed, will have the effect of
keeping production at the highest possible point during
the summer months.

Coming Wednesday Is Registration Day

All male citizens or aliens reaching the age of 21
since June 5 of last year, including medical and divinity
students, must register for the draft on June 5 1918
in accordance with a decree issued by Provost M arshal
General Crowder. The only exceptions under the draft
law are those who are actually in the military or naval
service This registration will yield 750,000 men, it is
estimated. Of the 10,000,000 persons, approximately,
who registered a year ago, about 10-,, or 1,000,000,
were 21 years old at the time. About the same number
should come of age this year, of which three-quarters,
or 750 000. should be available after allowance is made
for all probable exemptions. Registration will be con-
ducted as before with the local boards.

to turn out 6,000,000 tons a year right away. Oi
this is ridiculous. Even Great Britain, whose fall
ties are immensely superior to ours, never has been ■
to produce much better than 3.000,000 tons, and we
double that by the time we have been going a ye*

Schwab's Program a Ship a Day

A ship a day for the next six months was the program
laid down by Charles M. Schwab, Director-General of he
Emergency Fleet Corporation, in his address upon the
occasion of the launching of the 7500-ton steel ship
"EngLood" at the yard of the Standard Shipbuilding
Corporation on May 18.

'-Our bit for the next six months," said Mr. Schwab
"is one great ship a day, and, for six months after that,
two ships a day, and thereafter three or four ships a
day The rate at which we are turning them out now
is making the Kaiser sick. In a year from now it will
be killing him, and God speed the day!

Later In the day Mr. Schwab stated that we are pro-
ducing 10,000 tons of shipping a day at present and that
production will be doubled in six months and trebled or
better by the end of a year. .

"We will absolutely produce 3,000,000 tons of shipping
at American yards this year," declared Mr. Schwafc
"For some reason some critics seemed to have the idea
at the beginning of our war that the United States ought

Senate Against Efficiency Methoc

With the so-called anti-efficiency section retained :h
Naval Appropriation bill, carrying $1,615,000,000, "3
to conference on May 22, after passing the Senate t
little debate. Most of the discussion of the bill oi
on the amendment providing that no part of the a]«
priation should be available to maintain a stop-vl
or similar device upon Government employees in*
work The clause forbidding the payment of premin
or bonuses to employees, however, was stricken *
the amendment, which was adopted by a vote of 37

No reason for holding a watch over labor *
apparent to the Senators urging the adoption o t
amendment. In their belief, labor was patriot «1
doing its dutv in the war, and such checks were unij
sary The failure in aircraft and ordnance maifl
ture was pointed out by Senator Thomas, of Col.*
who declared that in the present emergency the ib
had a right to a full day's work from every ma a
should make sure that it got it. Senator Townsel,
Michigan, declared that the "stop-watch in Ge
ment arsenals in Michigan had brought product*
to 100% efficiency.

Help Catch a Submarine

The Navy Department still desires that pJ
citizens shall loan it their binoculars and spyj*
which if possible, will be returned to the owner J
the war It should be remembered that opera a
are not wanted, as they are not powerful €W
Glasses needing repair are not required at prese .

Glasses may be mailed direct to Hon 1 ran
Roosevelt, Assistant Secretary of the Navy, eg
U S Naval Observatory, Washington, D. C, o.W
ered'to the office at 78-80 Broad St., New York, I
of the branch hydrographic offices at Boston, Ba n
Savannah, Galveston, Portland, Ore. ; Clevelan I

falo, Philadelphia, Norfolk, New Orleans, J
Duluth, Chicago, San Francisco or Sault btej

Glasses may also be sent to the nearest navy re<m

station.

Imports Barred Unless Approa

Effective as of May 27, according to an ag*
3ust reached by the War Trade Board, no comi*
except in a comparatively few cases covered bj.J
import licenses, shall be approved for shipment
United States by the consuls in any country in tj
until applications for licenses have been acted u«
orablv bv the War Trade Board and the —
United States license covering the shipment s
mitted. This practice has been effective ill ccj
with the restricted list, but the present ruling
applicable to all commodities.

ENGINEERING AND MINING J01 R

Juno 1. 1918

(Industrial News from Washington
By Paul Wooton, Special Correspondent

■diiiuiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii inimimiiiiHi, iiiiniuiimn , — .

mmmmm" ""' "IIIINI mlmmmm,, , m , , ! a

For and Against Minerals ( lontrol

Despite the weight of testimony that has been
Jented to the Senate Committee on Mines and
rning, dunn.tr the hearings on the Minerals-Control
11, to the effect that the mineral industries had best
! left free from further Governmental control,
ident that the committee believes control is neces-
ry. While material changes doubtless will he made
the House bill, it appears likely that the Senate
11 restore to the measure the price-fixing power and
e appropriation of $50,000,000. The proposal of a
U Minerals Corporation is receiving attention.
D. G. Kerr, vice president of the U. S. Steel Cor-
■ ration, told of the demoralized condition in the
Imganese trade, in which he sees a dangerous menace
I the steel industry. He stated that the Brazilian
lroad is no longer bringing manganese into Rio de
leiro, and says it would be dangerous to allow im-
ts of manganese ore to fall below 35,000 tons
nthly. He expressed the opinion repeatedly, in his
timony before the committee, that the ferroalloys
Inmittee can accomplish, without legislation, the
ults, so far as alloys are concerned, sought by the
lerals-Control bill. Mr. Kerr further said that the
■lmittee could handle allocation with less friction
n could be hoped for under proposed Governmental
' ulations.

i potent measure of relief could be afforded the
'ung industry, Mr. Kerr pointed out, if a change
»'e made in the system of rate-making on Western
M. He called attention to the restraining tendency

i rate made on a basis of the smelter's valuation of
| ore. The miner should know, he said, when the
' is brought to the shipping point on a transcon-

ntal line, what he is going to get for it. Mr. Kerr

eyes that the payment of 8<KC of the estimated
s e of the ore, which is now supplanting the former
'■tice of paying 50 ft, will help greatly to stimulate
1 mction. A matter discouraging to production could,
' eover, be avoided, he asserted, if producers of man-
age and chrome ores were better supplied with cars.

r. Kerr declared that he knows of no domestic
-sits of manganese where an increase in the price
tld bring forth an additional tonnage, but that
"steel Corporation is perfectly willing to try out an
<;ase in price, in the hope that it may encourage
■•owners of small deposits.

i'eaking of the recent steel meeting at Pittsburgh.
'Kerr said: "It developed that some steel makers
e using as high as five pounds of chrome ore per
1 )f ingots. Other were using as low as one pound.

me instances, none was used. It was the opinion,
''ver, that the elimination of chrome would de-
£e production of steel probably 5^c. That deter-
1 that it was out of the question to eliminate it
"ether. It was decided that 1* lb. of 35 ^ sesqui-
■' and under should be used for each ton of ingots

ed, It any Bteel man thai hi

li"1"' "'i""-" a larger proportion than thai hi

houWmakea , h the alloys commi

the committe<
\i>. Kerr told in some detail of the experiments being
made by his company with 60 to 6
It they are successful, he said, the chang.
would be adopted by other companies. The Steel Cor-
poration began buying Cuyuna ores six weeks ago, he
said. C. F. Kelley expects a production this year of
200,000 tons of AW, manganese ore from Montana.

Intimations that the legislation is desired principally
by the Government bureaus were made by several wit-
nesses. Ravenel Macbeth went so far as to make the
following statement:

"Long experience with bureaus and state officers leads
me to say that I never have seen the head of any
bureau that did not desire to have the scope of his
authority extended."

George Otis Smith, director of the U. S. Geological
Survey, recognizing this feeling, prefaced his testi-
mony with a statement that he had no part in the
preparation of the bill, and consequently is not in-
fluenced by pride of authorship. No enlargement of the
functions of the Geological Survey is contemplated and
for that reason, he asserted that it would be unfair to
credit his support to the bill to bureaucratic motives.
In his testimony, he said in part:

"My support of the legislation is based upon a strong
conviction of the need of larger power being given
to the Government at the present time in handling
tnis important matter of the supply of raw material.
'Price-fixing must include the time element as well
as the price element. Stimulation of the domestic
industry involves the creation of confidence in the mar-
ket. That means the quantity of production that can
be sold as well as the price at which it can be sold.
A high price put on any mineral products for a few
months would result in only a feverish impulse It
would not be of lasting benefit to the industry, as
compared with the much lower price that would be
assured for one or two or three years. The legislation
would provide for the fixing of a minimum price for
a definite period, with this primary idea of stimulating
production. The minimum price is most effective in
the case of raw materials, while in the case of some
manufactured products or some derivatives, the maxi-
mum price may be found advisable.

"I agree with the principles of the income tax and
the excess-profits tax, but I am not assured that they
will catch all excess profits. I question whether there
are not many cases where the present system of taxa-
tion would fail to take up the slack between the large,
successful company and the smaller companv that is
operating with relatively higher costs.

"Each of these different metals presents a somewhat
different problem. For that reason, more and larger
powers must be asked to handle the whole situation."

101-2

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 2:

H F Black, assistant to the presidenl of the Mid
vile Steel and Ordnance Co., of Pittsburgh, declared
"it would be a mistake to put a minimum price on
domestic ores. A flat fixed price sufficiently high to

the producer a substantial profit would be much
mow preferable." He asserted that the legislation
is not necessary. The situation can be mot adequately.
he said, by agreement between manufacturers and the

War Industries Hoard. In explanation of the decision
to advance the price of manganese 18c. a unit, Mr. Black
said further:

••It is the feeling that it is advisable to adopt a
price list on ore— a schedule of prices that would be
more in harmony with the average price prevailing.
This would enable the producer to ascertain what he
could realize on his ore." He also said:

••This country never will be able to produce any-
thing like 900,000 tons of manganese ore in any one
year Production at the present time would not be
materially stimulated even though the price of ore
be doubled. There is ample incentive to the producer
today to get out all the ore he can at the profit he
is realizing."

J. M. Flannery, a producer of radium, uranium and
vanadium, with mines in Colorado, a refinery in Pitts-
burgh and a factory in Callensburg, Penn., thinks the
bill would not encourage production, would do no good
and probably would do harm.

Acheson Smith, general manager of the Acheson
Graphite Co., of Niagara Falls, also objected to the
bill. He believes the licensing feature would be harm-
ful to industry and expressed the opinion that the
privileges granted by the bill could be accomplished
in a five-minute talk with Mr. Baruch.

Charles A. Buck, vice president of the Bethlehem
Steel Co., does not believe the bill is necessary and
thinks cooperation with the War Industries Board is
enough. He fears that the bill may impress upon the
industries of the country practices which would make
them so inefficient as to mar results.

Charles A. Gray and H. R. Layng, of San Francisco,
urged the fostering of the domestic antimony industry.
Mr. Gray suggested that a price of 20c. would bring
out the American production. It was evident that
the committee did not regard these proposals with favor.
H. G. McMahon, of Goldfield, Nev., suggested that
a large part of the waste sulphur gas from smelteries
should be made directly into brimstone. A. E. Wells,
of the Bureau of Mines and the War Industries Board,
urged that the thiogen process be utilized as a war
measure to obtain sulphur.

Joel Hurt, of Atlanta, Ga., who is engaged in mining
manganese ores in Georgia, favors the bill. He told
how his mines had been forced to close down on 10
different occasions by lack of coal and as a result of
the Government's bidding up of the labor price.

Mr. Macbeth, who is the most outspoken of the
opponents of the bill, told the committee that any ap-
propriation that the bill might carry would be wasted.

Bureau of Mines News

Superintendents of all experiment stations of I
U. S. Bureau of Mines spent last week in Washington
conference with Director Manning and other offlcl
of the Bureau. Roasting experiments on the diffeml
sizes of mercury ores have been completed by Ven tt
(how at the Berkeley station, where he is working)]
several problems in which the Chinese governmen I
interested. He also intends to make similar experim.t;
on mercury ore briquets.

A means of metallizing and separating the irorii
siliceous Cuyuna ores has been devised at the Lake u
perior station. The iron can be metallized by the J<e
process, but cannot be separated magnetically from h
manganese or by crushing, screening, tailing or by I
combination of these methods. Metallization and sm
ration can be accomplished if the ore first is meltet
a homogeneous glassy slag, the Bureau believes.

To assist in the additional work on war minerals v/'m
is being undertaken by the Bureau, the following idi
tions have been made to its technical staff: GeorgI
Dub, Franklin Furnace, N. J.; Donald E. Fogg, e
York; Frank T. Eddingfield, Hibbing, Minn.; Heiei
W. Fox, Westport, Conn.; Roger Gannett, Minneaili
Minn; Louis D. Huntoon, New York; Guy Ingeol
Minneapolis; Alfred W. Stockett, Bee Ridge, Fla.; 4
S. Scoles, Butte, Mont.; Henry C. Morris, Washinot
D. C; Carl O. Lindberg, Los Angeles.

\nthracite shipments are now absolutely barred to 24
states— half of all the country— except upon special permit.
The sections so cut off are the least dependent upon anthra-
cite for fuel; in fact, can get along without it.

Agree on Zinc Prices

After investigation by the price-fixing committ <
the War Industries Board, in conjunction witlti
Federal Trade Commission, as to the cost of prlu
tion, the President has approved an agreement th; t
maximum base price on Grade A zinc of 12c. p( 1
f.o.b. East St. Louis, be continued until Septemlv

The President also has approved an agreementvi
the producers of sheet and plate zinc whereb; t
maximum base price of 14c. per lb., f.o.b. plan 1
plate zinc, and 15c. per lb., f.o.b. plant, for sheet*
subject to the usual trade discounts and extras cd
ferentials that were in effect Feb. 13, 1918, \U
continued until Sept. 1. Sheet zinc shall be cons!
as including all gages of i in. and less in thicK
and plate zinc as including all gages thicker than 1

The agreements also continue the following »
tions: That the producers will not reduce wage D'
being paid; that they will sell to the Allies,
public and to the Government at the same price ti
they will take the necessary measures to preve.
products from falling into hands of speculator ;
that they pledge themselves to exert every eftt
maintain maximum production.

Nickel Price

No change is to be made in the arrangemen v
nickel producers and the War Industries Board 1
the coming quarter. The investigation made
board shows that despite increased costs and gres*
mand the prices have remained practically the sarr 1
the possible exception of a limited number of t <D
tions with small dealers.

June 1, VMS

ENGINEERING AND MINING J01 R

10] I

Serving the Mining Regiment Australian Zinc Concentrates

Instead of a flag a fund, and dollars instead of stars. According to the Consul C , i

• Comfort Fund spells "Service" to the mining Skln„ert / t-^ a^:,'',l';;''l;,i ':

jiment-service of whatever kind, whenever needed; Association Proprietary , x > I °dU" '

uitever will add to their comfort and welfare and the purchase bvX BrSL '' '''' ***** to

?reby keep up their efficiencv the men mav have AnJ, H government of the stocks of

■the asking. Tobacco, of cou^LTen^nd wH ^EESrSSSSSK- ^ ^ °f T

ltinue to be furnished the men as wanton- h,,t «,«+ iv,. J(L 250,000 tons per annum for

only one item contemplated n tne program of serv 000 "tons " ' ™ ?* ^ W ^^ and 3'000--

. Of the money spen't to date t't'hT Impels" S^^^^ff^S^""^ ™*

the regiment, less than 10% has gone for tobacco, of five years after he war for the "^ ^ ^

jemainder representing athletic goods and many period prices ££S^££Stt£Z

Umost <K14 Knn y, i j u he flat rate as the minimum,
umost !j>14,500 has already been contributed to the

d, which is being drawn upon to meet the needs rh \ r • o

deS1res of the regiment as they arise. Much more ^nangC to Metric System Undesirable
be needed. The equipment provided for the pleas- By Frederick A. Halsey*

of the men is short-lived at the fmnf i;t«, „n t ■

rest of a soldier's outfit, an'd must be ren ewef rom of thT (Brit TshTVomm- tf ^ ?* °f ^ ^ "^

| to time. This means money and more mone" trial Pc fc" Aft er Z WaT ^XT* ^ IndUS"

e of which is on hand now, but most of whirh , nnrt t t , * °m thls vol"m>nous re-

: to be raised. hlCh 1S P°?' ? glV? below a few extracts from Chapter X, on

nderground, you would follow a promising lead 'T T™'

ourse, lest you should miss something worth while' unable" to rfcommend t?pnSiderat,0n to }he subJe<*, we are

- mining man, you should also foil™ the lead f «-£ £ S^CSSSK0

e who have contributed to the Comfort Fund. No *ain that th« ant.cipated uniform^ c^uld not be Samed

»t you have felt repeatedly that it was up to you 5^™^°/' * ?T 7here is' further> the ™™™

o your share for the mining regiment, but vou ov f ™l2?L^££?L~£* ?„ T^8 to change

Mjde for one reason or other. Act now instead German/ the^dTantages™ wTw ou ? mLuS JS* *

unking about it. Send in your check today. The ™W °™ ^ers, both fn their markets "and our Z We

of those who have contributed to the fund is as &T\ !nformed that even in France, which has made the

W-: centuVV'tt™ ^^ ^^"^ for ™re than half a

»„„., , century the pouce" (or inch is used in textile manufac-

^V#~fninin~- s hi ^*-°° Z ^^ nUmerous !?«» measures still survive. °

Piumb...ISCOns,n.M,mng hch0°'-- 5o.oo In referring to these considerations, we have to point

*-.8nntii: :.;.: •'■■••■ & ^aofthtehre lstno unar^ e™ -- *» the Lore* a

a«an • -T- .:::::::'::: , 5-JS ST s °*. f metnc system as compared with our own

?SSSair Jg:8S J,hdeerPtraCtlC argT 6nt tHat itS ad°Pti0" is desirableTn

j «— ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: i:8S ff JtSThSSS.? weT- »*t of tthefi Tr,ld has

J * . Arizona Mlnln, Co. ana Xew Cornelia Copper 5°°° evidence which 1,^^^ ^ugMbSSrT'L' t nS fa.S SZ

- Uchm„„d (fourth' contribution) ! . .' ; *°™» ^^ been lost to this country owing to the fact tlTat fe
-Vithereli.' .'.'.' 10-00 use oi the metric system is not compulsory. But to attemnt

5^fride ■■••:■■:::::::::::::::::::::::::: :SS S,.make tthe us««f the system uniLsaAnd ob%atorV fn

; H^cock •:::::::: SO.oo this country would cause great loss and confusion It a nar-

I SS5P- : :::::::: :::::::::::::::::: : 10g:88 JSfi andvaPntrtune wment for the sake of distant S

- ter Bain .' ! ! ! ! ! jo.oo aoubtful advantages. We are convinced that, so far from

»V j--.:::::::::::::::::::::::: ;!,o° a8S18tme ™ the Establishment of British trade after the

' le ' asseur (second contribution) :\\ ^ war, such a measure would seriously hamper it

,aI iTU^To chtner™tJhi educationa! advantages claimed for the

jeeyour checks payable to W. R. Ingalls, treasurer ^i^^S^^^^^^^

t Association of the 27th Engineers. Because of t'me w°uW be saved if the met™ system were toS in the

»k involved in administering the Comfort Fund t^t°^ *, n°T ™ USe" The information which we have

tbutions are acknowledged only bv publication in ^^ SUPP°rt that statement, and, even if it

ll»l-l

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No.

., system would render possible the immediate

"■'" i ik fallacious' We are not convi

for it.

It is to be noted, moreover, that while in •»«»«??"
, the report several members of the committee, which
insists of 19 member., file reservations regarding ; cer-
tain items, there is no reservation regarding the chap
ter on weights and measures. In other words, the
report so far as this chapter is concerned, is unanimous.

Marketing Bolivian Tin Ore
mpanying this is a paragraph from a letter re-
ceived from a British importer of tin and tin ores
So a copy of the note of comparative results to which
he refers.' This letter and comparison were submitted
to a man prominent in the tin industry in the United
States, who has replied to the letter and comparison. I
regret very much that the name of the American may
not be published, as it would add much weight of author-
itv to the reply.

'There is only one thing lacking to make this story
complete, and that is definite figures showing what per-
centage of tin smelted from Bolivian ores on con-
tracts based on London prices is sold on the same basis,
and what percentage is sold at New York spot prices
Manifestly, the question of profit depends largely on
these relative percentages. MAEK R. Lamb.

New York, May 16, 1918.

EXTR\CT FROM THE BRITISH LETTER

American competitors get £70 per ton of ore.

On *he basis of an average tin concentrate with an
analysis of 62i%, the price of Straits tin in London
being £316 sterling and the price of refined tin in New
York being 85c. a pound (equivalent to £400 sterling
per ton), we obtain the following figures:

1. In Liverpool the price obtained for the metal is

as follows: ciaon

£316 X 62%% - smelting charge £17% = £180-"

Marine freight, *■"•"

Insurance,

Commissions and minor 24 5
expenses, !

Net value aboard ship in Chile, £155-5

2. In New York the price obtained for the metal is
as follows: , „,w

2240 1b. X (67c. per pound less 2c = 65c .) X 62.57c
. 987! _ smelting charge of $75 per 2000 U>._ ^^ q

of metal _ £170 0

at the exchange of S4 ,, .. g

Freight ($30), insurance, commission, etc.,

N'et value aboard steamer in Chile,

From these figures three very interesting points mjj

be noti d: .

1 The English smelter takes Elp sterling per ton .1
ore more than his American competitor. .

2 In spite of tins, a Bolivian miner receives about
sterling per ton more aboard steamer at ( h.lear,
'sal's maSe m New York, due to the saving ... freight I

war insurance. , e piii .,

3 While the English smelter has a margin of i
cover all of his smelting and transportation exper,

treat,,. nt. market and profit risk, the American ami
has a margin of £70 sterling, or four times as much

ft should not be forgotten that the New York aal
for concentrate is limited to the capacity of two e ti«
smelters, while the Liverpool market has a much grej
capacity.

COMMENTS OF AMERICAN AUTHORITY

The deductions which your correspondent draws
his comparative figures are wrong, and, as a matt,
fact his premises are wrong also, but I am sure
his erroneous statements are due to ignorance of
situation in the United States, for I do not behev
would knowingly write an article which depicted-
American smelter as being a mercenary moneyn
obtaining unreasonable profits when such is not t

Suppose before we discuss this matter we stop
moment to consider the business situation as it
today If we will only take the time to do this,
sure we will have more charity and more conside
for what may appear to be the unreasonable derj
of those with whom we do business.

Before the great conflict violently disrupte- 1
business methods which had been established for »
the buying and selling of tin were conducted onil
which had been adopted by the English, who ha o
trol of the tin markets of the world. GermanJ
just beginning to become restive and to assert itM
a competitor in the tin trade when the war began. *
then as Germany has been shut in, England ol4>
supreme control of the tin business of the world.s
smelting of tin in the Straits Settlements and a si
ping have been practically under English dn:t
Therefore, if your correspondent finds fault wi
conditions which obtain today, should they not|
be attributed to England, which has dictated thc»
which has resulted in these conditions, rather i
blame the United States, which has simply end*
to cooperate with England? But why blame a.
Why not admit the fact that this gigantic strugj*
much greater than anything that any one could ■
that no one, Englishman or American, could
arrange for so abrupt a change in business adnM
tion without disorganization? Business men haM
mistakes, and one of the greatest mistakes has*
continue to make contracts based on pre-war st|
whereas they should recognize that the war has »
everything, and therefore it is absolutely neces^J
all ideas of contracts should be based on the nel
tions, and these conditions may change day by d\
private business must be subordinated to the n*
of the different governments. If we can put o '
in the friendly condition to recognize this upseft
affairs we can have more charity for one

troubles. .

The cause of the high prices in the Lmted
the English regulation prohibiting the export o i
British possessions except by license. This st.

line l. 1918

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOUH

l"i .

intended to criticise England for adopting the li-
fe plan. On t ho contrary, it was probablj necessary
England to do so, but it has resulted in eliminating

petition ami has put the importal i tin into the

ted Statos in the hands of a few persons, nearly all
hem English firms, After the rule prohibiting the
»rt of tin from British possessions except undei
ise was enforced, the enormous profits of the Eng-

exporters and the trouble of the United States
in. At once the buyers of tin in the United Sti
! separated into three classes:

Those who could obtain licenses to buy tin from
straits Settlements either directly or through their
ts.

Those who bought tin for shipment from the Straits
lements from the English export houses, this tin
g sold, as a rule, to arrive in from three to six
:hs from the time of purchase. The buyers in the
id class were limited to those concerns to whom
British government would issue permits, and also to
»rns which were willing to take the risk of fiuctua-

in the market in buying tin for future arrival.

Those buyers who were unable to obtain licenses to
tin from the English exporters, or who feared to

he risk incidental to buying tin so far in advance.
is the people in the third class who have been so un-

nate during the last year or so as to run up the

of tin in the United States to such high prices.

have been compelled to struggle for any lots of tin
1 may have remained unsold after they arrived in
country. At the same time, however, they consti-
; in the aggregate but a small faction of the consum-
; f tin in this country, the great majority of the tin
; in the United States being bought by people con-
I ing the first two classes, but the people in South
"ica and the general public in the United States

t know this. They think the American dealers are
Jig the enormous profits which have existed between
i rice of tin in England and in the United States,

-as. as a matter of fact, it is the English merchant
( s being enriched — he who can get licenses in Eng-
>:o buy and export tin, and who sells it through his
I in New York. The New York agent makes the
t nd draws the contract, but his profit is only a small
r ission, which is paid him by the English firm
i actually transacts the business and gains the enor-
t difference of 10 to 20c. a pound between the cost

ndon or Singapore and the resale price in the
id States.

l ir correspondent's example is wrong in that he as-
) that the American smelter sells his tin at the
Hi spot price in the United States, in this instance
■ but, as a matter of fact, the larger American con-
» s do not pay so great a toll to the English im-

: they do not buy tin in the United States at the
't rice. On the contrary, they buy in England. Sing-
i Batavia or China — it is true, as a rule, through

h firms. But they do not buy spot tin in the
'H States; they buy for delivery two, three, four,
! six months in the future, thereby getting a much
War price than if they should buy for immediate
[»y. This is the crux of the whole situation. Your
'r pondent assumes in his example that because there
a loted price of tin of 85c. a pound, the American

Itl i ell their tin at that price. This ha- not
The prae ol 85l a pound I p. ud onlj bj a lew l/uy-

who have nol been ufficiently thoughtful to buj tin
abroad for future di livt ry, hut, of rem e, tin- .<

smelter cannot depend upon mi. h l.ir I i I !,, Am. i i. >n

smelter is not ilator. He maki contract foi the

pur. base of his ba\ ilia ba ed on tht pre e ..i tin in
London, less a returning charge, lie make contj

for the sale of in-, refined tin 1 tl rice ol tin

in London plus a small margin and Bed with his

legitimate profit as a Bmelter regardless of wh
lations the English importers may he carrying on I;
is exceedingly doubtful whether tl,. .,f the Amer-

ican have Keen as great as those of th

lish competitors durinu tin- last few y.

The most unfortunate part of this whole situation is
not that some American buyers have been forced to pay
an enormous profit to the English expoi I
war condition which must be philosophically submitted
to, but because the American business man has been
held up all over the world as being a profited
making an outrageous profit when this is not a fact
and when the profit has been made by England.

In one of his fables y£sop tells of the wolf that mud-
died the water of a stream in which, below, the lamb
was drinking. It did the lamb but little good to refute
the statement that he was responsible for the offense,
and it probably will not do us in the United States much
good to try to explain the true situation, because the
fabled profits of the United States dealers have had such
wide circulation that it will be impossible to contradict
them effectively.

Trained Men Lacking for War Work

There is a splendid opportunity for the technically
trained man who cannot take part in the actual fight-
ing to help materially in the prosecution of the war
program by entering the great civilian army of special-
ists back of the men behind the guns. The U. S. Civil
Service Commission announces that the War and Navy
departments are badly in need of experts to work in
connection with the production of war material. Among
the positions now open are the following:

Usual Entrance Salary

Chemical engineer $1600 to $6000 a year

Assistant chemical engineer 1200 to 1600 a year

Powder and explosives chemist. . . . 1600 to 2400 a year
Assistant powder and explosives

chemist 1000 to 1600 a year

Metallographist 1500 to 2000 a year

Assistant chemist 1800 to 2000 a year

Metallurgical chemist 1600 to 2400 a year

Assistant metallurgical chemist.... 1000 to 1600 a year
Assistant chemist and metallurgist 2000 a year

Metallurgist 3000 a year

Assistant inspector of engineer-
ing material $4.00 to $4.48 a day

Subinspector, mechanical 3.52 to 6.00 a day

Mechanical draftsman 4.00 to 8.00 a day

Engineering draftsman 3.04 to 7.04 a day

Metal furniture draftsman 4.00 to 6.00 a day

Apprentice draftsman $480 a year

The Civil Service Commission calls particular at-
tention to the fact that all necessary information
concerning civil service positions, and application blanks
therefor, may be obtained free of cost by applying to
the representative of the commission at the post office
in any important city, or by addressing the "United
States Civil Service Commission, Washington, D. C."

1016

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL Vol. 105, No. t

„,, ■i,uil„im,mniu,iMiiinnii.iiniilii.miiilii„uli..lii,iuii IUN1UUUIIIIU1UII IMUIIllllllBUllllllllUlHIllllHllUUlllUlliUUllUllllUUllUUllUlUIIUllllUllUlllUllimillllllllllllllllUUilM

Editorials

The Price for Copper ami the Supply

'pHE copper producers went to Washington on May
1 22 to discuss with the Price-Fixing Committee of
the War Industries Board the matter of the price for
copper after June 1. They confidently expected an
advance, in view of the sharply risen cost of production,
the complications respecting smelting and refining
contracts, etc. They were disappointed. Mr. Brookings,
the chairman, told them that the committee had previ-
ously made up its mind that the price was to remain
unchanged. The plights of the high-cost producers and
of the smelters and refiners received no friendly con-
sideration. The copper producers might just as well
not have gone to Washington. Incidentally, the polite
fiction respecting the arrangement of the price for
copper by mutual agreement has vanished. The War In-
dustries Board tells the producers what it is going to
do. The producers have nothing to do but plead and
bow to the decision.

However, the main question is whether the War
Industries Board is pursuing a wise or a shortsighted
policv. There is really no use in talking about cost of
production, "reasonable profit," etc. The prime ques-
tion is, and ought to be: "Are we getting copper
enough?" The simple fact that the price for copper
has remained at 23 k. since last September implies that
we are not. Some people are having to go without
the copper they need. Whether the deprivation per-
tains to essential or non-essential uses, who can say?
It would be very risky to postulate that the price
for copper has been adjusted exactly to the essential
uses. If it has not been so adjusted, the shortage has
delayed some branch of work of more or less import-
ance" in the prosecution of the war. That there has
been and is now a shortage is evinced by the main-
tenance of the 23k- price.

It does not require any consideration of economics,
but, rather, is it simply a matter of logic to show that
a fixed maximum price is either (1) inoperative, by
virtue of being fixed so high that the market is moving
freelv beneath it; or (2) is restrictive of supplies, for
if the market price sticks at the fixed maximum it
means that supply is deficient. If for any reason supply
should be increased in some way, perhaps fortuitously
and suddenly, the market price would recede imme-
diately from the maximum, which would then cease to
be of anv effect. Exactly this happened recently in
the case of high-grade zinc. It follows, therefore, from
inescapable logic, that if a commodity sells at a fixed
maximum price, there is not enough of that commodity,
and somebody is being deprived of it, who, perhaps,
ought not to be, even in time of warfare. Since Sept.
21 1917, no seller of copper has been willing to part
with a pound for anything less than 23k- The refiners
have been unable to fill all their orders, and domestic
consumers have practically been rationed. Who can
surely that none of those consumers is being ham-

MM—limi Illlllllllllin „...„.,,,.„.„„..,imm.,mm,i,m.m1iilmnmm|

pered in lining work that is of military import:]!
Would it not be better to let the natural restrain!
price determine automatically what work shouldn
be done? Having reduced our copper business i
hand-to-mouth basis, with nothing but a trifling o
of refined, where should we be if some sudden, una
see* exigency required a great deal more copper i
hurry?

Manifestly, the thing that obscures the vision
Price-Fixing Committee is that some of the bij
per producers turn out their products at relativell
cost and make a good deal of money in spite oj
recent advances in cost. They overlook that m
conditions result from immense outlays of capital ri
to the war, specifically made for the purpose of o«
ing low costs and large profits. If some of the pis*
high-cost producers had been equally enterprising!!
also might be in a more favorable position today. 1
disfavor with which the Price-Fixing Committi
gards the low-cost producers leads logically tea
one conclusion: namely, the penalizing of capit i
penditure for the improvement of mining and me 11
gical methods, and that in the end spells the destnti
of our industries.

Adherence to the present policy means nothir 1
the crowding out of the high-cost producers. Tl
producers cannot do any more than they are dog
present, if we judge correctly from the monthly I
tics, and by rising costs they are gradually beinicr
pled in what they are doing. There are theor-s
Washington who say that the high-cost copper in
tively small in amount and that a higher price wl
bring out any more copper than we are getting
The first of these premises is not untrue, but the J98
danger of copper shortage is so threatening tit
cannot afford to lose any production. The sec id
these premises is so fallacious and amateurish th p
sons who, entertaining it, are undertaking to lit
our copper supply cannot be regarded a.; otherwi: ti
dangerous. Every one who has tried to bull the I
market, from M. Secretan down, can offer the d
of experience to the contrary. Instead of elimj
the high-cost production and destroying any in*
to the big producers to provide new plant, the^r
Fixing Committee ought to encourage products
maintaining the high-cost production and gettin I
of it, not less.

The Engineering and Mining Journal is so o-f
ioned in its economic ideas that it looks up<
capitalist as praiseworthy who invests ten u
dollars in improved plant so as to get 90 lb. oi
out of a ton of ore that previously yielded or
even if he were inspired by the hope of increasing
by ten million dollars per annum and reducing «
production to 10c. per lb. It looks upon him as P
benefactor who saved what previously was was
thinks he should be rewarded rather than pc1

Juno 1, 1018

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOl R

101't

Hie War Industries Board views onlj 1 1 « « - surface of
Kings, and is blind to underlying conditions. Its
fatuity begins to exhibit itself, however, when it per-
■vea the disturbances thai its policy has produced
unong producers of different efficiencies, and con-
;eniplates correction of inequalities by special treatment.
That any such thing should even he considered is in
tself a confession that the whole situation has been
landled improperly, uneconomical!/ ; in short, bui

But inequities and injustices are minor considera-
ions. The major thing is to get copper enough and
0 get it quickly enough. The unvarnished fact is that
4 months after our entering the war we are not pro-
lucing so much copper as we were previously, and our
•efiners are struggling to meet the demand.

The stock of copper is less than it should be and the
■efiners are booked with enormous orders for forward
lelivery. While danger signals are flying, the authori-
ies in Washington are mulling over cost of production
which they do not understand) and are babbling about
he large profits that are realized by some fortunate
oncerns, although neither of those things has anything
o do with the economics of the situation.

We may conceive of such a fuddling about zinc in
915-16, when the price for that metal rose from about
c. per lb. to about 25c; we can conceive of a Govern-
lental price-fixing body shaking its head over the huge
rofits that were being realized by some concerns, pre-
enting high-cost producers from retrieving old plants
rom the scrap heap, and, by stifling any increase of
roduction through the stimulus of high prices, losing
le war for lack of zinc with which to make ammunition,
he main thing now is to have copper and to have
lenty of it. Every other consideration is subordinate.

The Price-Fixing Committee is not only taking a
rave responsibility in maintaining the present situa-
on for the sake of its theories, but, also, we believe
lat in the long run it is going to cause the country to
ay more for its copper than if it stimulated production,
he country has already had to pay a high price for the
Dsence of perspective, lack of patience, and commercial
iucation of this committee and its predecessors. Let
i hope that what is still to be paid will not be too high.

The Situation in Tin

rHERE is perhaps no one of the major metals in
which such utter chaos has developed as in tin.
he events in the recent commercial history of this
etal have reflected official shortsightedness, the gov-
nments having early intervened, and incidentally we
it a sidelight upon price-fixing. This case is more
stinctly an international affair than any other. We
ay well introduce our discussion of it by quoting an
iitorial in The Mining Journal of London, Apr. 27, as
Hows :

The week which has passed is perhaps the most remark-
'le which has ever been experienced in the history of the
stal. The official price in London has been advanced
om £330 to £350 per ton, and that without any dealing
the metal ring. This advance, moreover, follows on
her upward movements in the preceding fortnight since
e price was fixed at £316, which it was widely believed
)uld be a flat rate. Movements of these dimensions,
pecially when the absolute record prices for tin are
ken into consideration — for £233 was the highest figure
er known before the war — are sufficient evidence that the

market is under the Influence "f ext leeulatlon

Such a result i annot i to our re*

as we have frequent); nted out, poi Ibilit > f

hear sales taken away, .ill power ox controlling price,
than by govei nmt gone.

tin is a world coi litj uch requi t, if the London

market Is done away with, buyers will endeavor, in ac
cordance with natural economic laws, to And ■
elsewhere, and \1 the priet i pegged here and not in
Straits, the Easteri ately becomes the

center of interest, this development being furl ei
by the fact that moi I of th< ■■•.■. go direct

from thence to thi — 1 1,, i mitt d Stati i « ,

have, therefore, had thi ■ of the London prict being

dragged up after that in the East; hut as it I
kept below it, dealings cannot be done on the basis ot

London prices. In fact, for the | being Singapore

comes the nearest approach to a world's market that we
Have.

Since then the London official quotation, which is
arranged under governmental auspices, was advanced to
£380, subsequently being reduced to £360. At the same
time Singapore was quoting Straits tin c.i.f. London
anywhere from £20 to £40 higher and was going up,
while the London official price was being put down, or
vice versa. It has been well recognized in the trade
that the London official quotation is only nominal, and
that the price in Singapore is more nearly a criterion;
but Singapore itself is not a free market, governmental
regulations permitting only two American concerns and
six or seven British to buy there at all. Even this
shows, however, how ineffectual the British price-fixing
of tin has been.

With the exhaustion of all stocks of tin in the United
States and the scantiness of arrivals not contracted for
previously, the spot market in New York disappeared.
For January and February we determined arbitrary
average prices for settlements, on data afforded by the
remnants of the supply, but with March that became im-
possible, and for the last three months transactions in
tin in this country have been only sporadic and at highly
irregular prices. Banka tin became as unavailable as
Straits, and practically the only supplies obtainable were
Chinese and a small part of the Bolivian tin smelted in
this country, the latter being relatively small, owing to
the disposition of much of it on average-price contracts,
based on the London price, previously arranged.

The fundamental trouble with tin is of course that
there is not enough of it produced. The tremendous
rise in price tells that story- The statistics show, more-
over, that during recent years the world's production
has been about at a standstill. In another year or two,
however, they may show a gain, by reason of the stimu-
lus of the phenomenally high price. The tremendous
rise has happened during the last six months. Al-
though previous to that time the price was relatively
high, it was offset in Malaya, Banka, China and Bolivia
— the chief tin-producing countries — by the rising price
for silver. Tin was exchanged for more gold, but the
gold was exchanged for less silver with which to pay
the labor. The present value of tin, however, is creat-
ing a feverish activity in many parts of the world, es-
pecially in Bolivia, which has much-vaunted resources.
While this is stimulating production in Nigeria, in Aus-
tralia, and even is keeping alive the old Mount Bischoff
mine in Tasmania, it is clearly to Bolivia that we
ought to look for early, important additions to

101$

ENGINEERING AN1> MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105. No. 22

supplies. The approaching completion of a
smeltery In this country in which Senor Patiflo, a large
producer, is interested, will afford oew means
the conversion of ore into metal.

The Bolivian producers arc finding an impediment,
in the unsatisfactory conditions of doing busi-
Some correspondence that is published elsewhere
in this issue discloses this. The reply of the American
authority reveals the real situation, hut perhaps it does
not go far enough. The Bolivian producer of ore is
likely to ask. Why should the American smelter con-
tinue to buy and sell on the London quotation, which
is only arbitrary anyhow? Why should not he sell his
tin after it is produced at prices that American buyers
will bid and give the ore producer some of the benefit?

The answers to these questions would be involved
with the considerations that the American tin-smelting
industry is still in the infantile stage; that the produc-
tion of metal here is still small; that previously ex-
isting contracts (immensely to the advantage of the
consumers who entered into them) cannot be broken;
that arrangements for the disposition of new product on
a different basis will tend to relieve the situation in the
United States and reduce the spot price to the gen-
eral level of the world's markets; and, finally, that the
smelter cannot afford to buy ore in Bolivia on the basis
of the present extraordinary prices for spot metal in
this country except at a huge margin, to allow for the
enormous risks that would be incurred. The spot mar-
ket in the United States is not a major market for
tin. Nobody can say surely what the price here now is,
or ought to be. Nobody can say surely what is the
London price. Nobody can even with approximate ac-
curacy correlate Singapore, Batavia and Hong Kong
from day to day, or correlate the values of the different
kinds of tin. In short, the tin market is without either
compass or barometer. With increasing production in
Bolivia and elsewhere, and with the minimum of gov-
ernmental interference with price-fixing, licensing, com-
mandeering, etc., conditions will gradually regularize
themselves. In the meanwhile, people will have to get.
along as best they can.

defined. There must be either an enormous throwim
away of plant and writing it off from capital account
or else there must be an expansion in the consumption ol
the metal that will maintain the usefulness of existini
plant or a larger proportion of it than there will li.
if nothing be done.

The zinc industry has got to help itself. It has go
to find new uses for /.inc. If the industry does not d>
this, nobody else will, at least not quickly enough
There was never a better time to think about this tha
the present, when many metals are very dear, whil
zinc is very cheap. A multitude of consumers will b
interested in substituting the cheap metal for the dea
ones, if they be shown how to do it, and in showin
them the industry will be not only helping itself, bu
also will be performing a national service.

The individual producer cannot reasonably undei
take to do this, but many producers in combination ca
do it, and that is the sort of action that they ougl
to think about, just as they are. We want them I
listen to us, however, when we tell them such actio
ought to be contemplated only in a big, broad-gage
way. An effective propaganda will cost a lot of mone;
and liberal funds should be provided for it. A millic
dollars spread over five years will not be too mucl
Moreover, the plan should be entered upon only wit
ideas of patience and a broad perspective. Rightly d
rected, some beneficial results ought to be realize
promptly, but the full development of such a campaiv
will be a matter of five years, at least.

The American Zinc Industry

THE zinc producers of Missouri, Kansas and Okla-
homa are considering the organization of an asso-
ciation to promote the welfare of their industry. The
idea is to get miners and smelters to work together for
the general good. The conception is praiseworthy. It
exhibits the right spirit.

There never was a time when an industry was more
in need of cooperation and intelligent fostering. The
price for spelter was recently down to 6,'c. per lb.
It is now about 71c. When it was at the lower figure
we estimated that the industry was on about the same
basis as 3ic. would have been before the war. Con-
tinuance at such a level would spell the extinction of
many producers. The case would -esolve itself simply
into the survival of the fittest.

Resulting from the developments in 1915-17, the

smelting side of the industry now finds itself enormously

overbuilt. The mining side is over-developed and over-

J equipped. The economics of the situation are clearly

The Taxing Program

THE decision of the President that Congress shou
remain in session to frame a new tax bill must cor
mand the approval of business men. Every one kno\
that more money must be raised. The method of rai
ing it must necessarily be retroactive to some exter
Therefore let it be known as soon as possible, so th
plans to meet it may be made in good season. T
postponement until 1919 of the fixing of taxes to
collected out of earnings in 1918 would have be.
thoroughly unsettling of business. The recommend-
tion, moreover, that Congress should devise an entire
new bill, and not attempt to tinker the present mc
strosity, which nobody yet understands, is also sat-
factory.

However, before Congress sets to work, it is to
hoped that Mr. McAdoo will favor it with a carefu'
estimated budget, instead of the slap-dash talk in whii
he has proved so erroneous on previous occasions.
1917 he indicated something like $18,000,000,000 as 1-
ing required for the present fiscal year, but 1918 vo
still young when it seemed probable that $12,000,00-
000, including loans to our Allies, was a more Iik«fl
figure. The prognosis for 1918-19 is now about $2-
000,000,000, and it is contemplated to raise about oi-
third of it by taxation. It is uncertain whether i
can spend so much, even if we want to. It is higH'
questionable whether so large a sum as $8,000,000,(0
should be raised by taxation. These are some of la
fundamental things that Congress must consider n
framing the new legislation.

June 1, l'.US

ENGINEERING AND MINING J01 R

1019

BY THE \\ \N

An old Joplin man. who departed from that famous
ic district a few years ago, recently paid a visit \„
former field of activity. He communicated to us
1 impressions as follows: "Those zinc producers back
;re all seem to have gone crazy want to (lump 10,000
is a week on the market, when they can't sell more
in 6000, and on top of that want to drill about a
■on holes, and sink a thousand shafts to prove that
is still there. Costs them about $60 a ton, and they
•getting $52. Nothing in that for yours truly."

■'"■ :""' ,l"■ • i preparing for the next ob

',™e ul"-" •■' ' '■'"• down the trench called out;

iVhere the deuce doei th end?" The capl

'"mediately went to reconnoiter and wan amazed to
' ;' Yankee cinematographer. Having beei

the attack^ yet determined not I Ba the opportunity,

he had settled in this prec. ., With his own

"''"'""""■ :" '"""""•"" captain was certain there was
no question of th, fitting qualiti,

whether with ,.„,,. or , .,,, ,

U the supreme moment of the battle of the Marne,
en victory or defeat seemed to hang in the balance by
eather-weight, a corps commander hurried to General
h with anxiety and despair written all over his face,
ording to the Boston Post, the following conversa-
l ensued: "My men are tired out and at the last
p," he reported. "They can fight no longer." Gen-
1 Foch^ wheeled upon his corps commander almost
sely. "So are the Germans," he snapped back. "You
to attack at once !'* That attack smashed the famous
ssian Guard of the German center, and compelled
German right to beat an overnight retreat

A correspond,,,! who ha been assisting us in re-
cusing the 27th Engineers reported th, following

Story: "One applicant, .lark Thomson, a man who ha
mined for 20 years, as hard as a nail, passed upon by
local physicians as in A-l condition, fell down in the
examination given by the U. S Recruiting officer be

cause of false teeth. 'What,' .lark said, ' '• ,,,,

you want me to ate the damn Germans after I've killed
them?' "

)hn D. Ryan, at the age of 17, was selling calico in
of the chain of general merchandise stores run by
uncle in the mining district of Michigan, says a
er in Leslie's Weekly. At 25 he was selling lubri-
ig oil through the Rocky Mountain section from
tana to Mexico, and at 35 he was in charge of the

I rs of the Amalgamated Copper Co. He is a modest

i and does not care to talk about his own aehieve-
is. Recently he was asked to tell something about

'elf for the inspiration of younger men.
eo!" replied Mr. Ryan, holding up both hands in
"You cannot write a picturesque story about

i )icturing me sweating in miner's togs at the bottom
shaft, for I never did a day's mining in my life.

isn't a prodigy at school, and I haven't worked

l » than lots of other men."
hen do you want me to assume that you have got

Ne you are because of influence"

ifluence!" broke in Mr. Ryan. "Influence is the

i handicap any young man can have. When any

ur engineer or college graduate or anybody else
• to me asking for a letter to enable him to get a

> t our works, I say to him just what I have told

j

Canadian captain who participated in the attack on

1 Ridge recounted to a Brooklyn audience his ex-

"ce in that battle, and cited the bravery of an

"can cinematographer, says the Wall Street Jour-

• ^fter the most careful mathematical preparations

sen made to insure success, it was decided to be-

e attack. Contrary to their expectations of a vio-

rtillery bombardment, as had heretofore preceded

°rard movement, the German front trenches were

e with a barrage fire, under cover of which the

r< ian soldiers advanced. The first line was taken

Mining Dividends

Dividends paid in May. 1018. by 22 United States
mining and metallurgical companies making public re-
turns amount to $10,543,897, as compared with $11,327 -
547 paid by 31 companies in May, 1917.

Interesting features of the month were- The divi-
dend by Eagle & Blue Bell, payable in United States
•I', bonds of the Second Liberty Loan, fractions of
less than $50 being paid in War-Savings and Thrift
stamps; the Tennessee Copper and Chemical Corpora-
tion's initial payment of $1 per share, the first since

l nitcd States Mining and Metallurgical

. „. . Companies Situation PerSbar. Total

Am Zinr . Lead & Sm , pfd . r S ti in „,,!„

Anaconda, c.s.z. M-nl $i nn J 1 20.8 10

Ariz. Cop, pld AriJ" 2 00 4.662.500

Barnes King, c ii ', ,„ 53,840

Caledonia.fi .. , '" 'J <

Chief Cons, s.l \" ,,.,1, ln 72"°

Cresson Cons , k p„i„ !" 88.420

Eagle & Blue B.1I. si Utah n , 'I2'000

Golden Cycle, g ... < ■'?, ' '? ("i 89.315

Homestake.g s n °d <5-°°0

Interna,. Nickel, pfd / r S -Can. I J^6S?

SSfiS:" J£ 2° HIS

Nevada Wonder, a.g .... &£ ' ° M7.1U

New Jersey Zinc n c , ,,„ . '40.840

Tamarack'* Custer. la! &,' 4 ° M00. 000

Tenn. Cop. & Che,,,., c Term i ou dl'lll

Trimountain. c Mich. J^ Im'mn

1 mon Cons., s . ... v... „? 500.000

United Eastern, g . Ali) Jf J,""'"

I nited Verde, c ... Arly . "> .?5'''°

United Vexde Ex.. c ££ ' $ ffi™

Canadian and Mexican Companies Situation }■■ , Share Total

Amparo. g.s MeI

Greene Cananca. e . . M.-'v 1$ ,™

(a) Payable in Liberty Loan bonds. War Savings and Thrift stamp.,

this corporation succeeded the Tennessee Copper Co.,
about two years ago; and the dividend by Trimoun-
tain, which was the first since 1913.

The only holding company which paid in May was
the White Knob Copper and Development Co., which
disbursed 5c. a share, or $10,000.

According to published reports, only four Canadian
and Mexican companies paid in May, 1918, the amount
being $1,534,963, compared with $2,011,745 last year.

The totals for the first five months are as follows:
Mining and metallurgical companies, $65,100 172-
holding companies, $753,433; Canadian, Mexican!
Central and South American companies, $7,066,244.

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL Vol. 105, No. 2:
muuiumuiiuuiuiiiuiiiiiiuiiiiu uiuimi IIUMHM iiuimiimmmmmmiimmiimm mmmiiiimii luuilllinillilll imillllllliilllllllllllllUlllHlMlllllUllnUHIUllllUIUIllllIUHllllllllU mill

The Mining Index

imiimmiiiini

,lllllllimmlimm | mmntnmi intnii iimHiiumittmmmnmmnmiMinnuiiiniiinniiiiiii niitiiniiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiniiirHiiiimmiiiinnimiiiuiiiiTiimiTiimiriinmninmniiiiin m

LEAD AN i> 7.1\(

9277 CANADA — The Production of Copper, Gold. Lead, Sflcl

Silver Zinc and Other Metals in Canada During the \ear 1'*

M'm i iept ol Mines, IU17 ; ill

9278— ELECTRIC ZINC FURNACE— Fulton's Electric Zlna li-
nace (Met and Chem. Eng., May 15, 1918; 1% PP-. i»"s-)

9279— ELECTROLYTIC ZINC. C. A. Hansen. (Bull. I
A.I.M.E., Mar.. 1918; 29 pp., illus.)

q mi— FLOTATION — Effect of Addition Agents in FlotatJ
(Eng. and Min. Journ., May 18, 1918; 2 pp., Illus.) Reporl
tests at the School of Minos. Rolla, Mo., on lead and zinc or. •
dot, inline the effect of adding various sulphates and alum I
pulp. 20c.

9281— IDAHO and WASHINGTON — Gold, Silver. Copper. Ill
and Zinc in Idaho and Washington in 11116. p. N. Gerry (.1*
eral Resources of U. S., 1916, Part I, Mar. 14, 1918; 52 pp.)

9282 KANSAS-OKLAHOMA-MISSOURI, or Komspelter. ■
Region. T. A. Rlckard (Min. and Sci. Press, Mar. 2 and 9, 1*
13 pp., illus.) 40c.

9283 SMELTING — Fine-Grinding and Porous-Briquetting oh

Zinc Charge. Woolsey McA. Johnson. I Bull. 134. A.1M.U... ID,
1918; 3'/2 pp.)

9284— WTSCONSIN Zinc District. H. C. George (Bull.
AIME Mar.. 1918; 4 pp., illus.) Discussion of paper o

mvenient reference to the current literature

, ;;;!''-;;;ih'a^;V'::n:"r]^';rr^,

& uill return the excess over an order in coupons .1 so requested.

COPPER
9849— ARIZONA— Sacramento Hill Disseminated Copper De-
c.^runay l^-Kall. (Min. and Sci. Press. Apr. 20 and 27.

A^ADA— The Production of Copper. Gold Lead .Nickel.
nTand Other Metals in Canada During the lear 1916.
"can Dent, of Mines, 1917; 76 pp )

-n>AHO AND WASHINOTON-Gold. Silver. Copper Lead

;-oNTAH..wne,.esis of the Sudbury tN»ckel-Coppe^ Ores

'""^-PHYSICAL PROPERTIES of Copr^r. Bibliography on
the Paul D Menca (Met and Chem En*, Apr. 16, 1918 . 4% PP.)
9*6 I— REFINING— Antisell's Lugless Copper Anode (Eng and
Mm iourn' May 18, .1918: Hi PP;. i us > Notes on a patent
(No 1250.757) issued to F. L. Antisell. .oc.

sI.rJsFTNTNG— The Relation of Sulphur to the Overpol.ng of
.. ,■ Stanislaus Skowronskl. (Bull. lio. A.i.w.t,..
1918 ; 6 pp., illus.) 40c

GOLD AND SILVER— CYANllUNG
9266— FLOTATION vs. Cyanidation. G H. Clevenger. (Eng.
and Min Journ.. Apr 20. 1918; 3*4 PP) 20c.

- Mil I NO in Cvanide Solution; A Comparative Analysis

viously indexed.

OTHER METALS

E. S.

GOLD AND SILVER — GENERAL

9959— MR BLASTS in the Kolar Gold Field. India.
Moore (Bull. 135. A.I.M.E., Mar., 1918; 8 pp.) 40c

92M— CANADA.— The Production of Copper, .Gold Lead .Nickel.
Zinc and 'other Metals in Canada During the Year 1916.
(Can Dept of Mines. 1917 ; 76 pp ) .

i -FLOTATION of Semi-Oxidized Silver Ore E J. Atck.son.
Ji S-, Press, Apr. 27. 1918; 1% "'V '"^'f CXXVT Ann
9->62— ONTARIO— Mines of Ontario in 1916 (Vol. XXVI, Ann.
"r t.nt Bur.au of Mines. 1917; 83 pp.. illus.)

boNTARlO-Statlstical Review of *e^ralAnnndu^0#
Ontario for 1916 Thus. W Gibson. (Vol. XXVI. Ann. Kepori.
Ont Bureau of Mines. 1917; 66 pp.. illus)

<,><u— ON-TXRIO— The Kowkash Gold Area. (Second Report.)
iT'pkins .Vol XXVI. Ann. Rei>ort. Ont. Bureau of Mines.
1917; 37 pp.. illus)

5— PHILIPPINES— The Aroroy G°ld;M,nms ^fiftf) 20c

,1 Clausen (Min and Sci. Press, May 4. 191S , 4 pp., illus.) -uc.

■ 68 PPODtTTIoN ECONOMIC CONDITIONS. ETC.— The

BI^uSrV andGold Standard Hennen Jennings. (Eng. and

Iourn May 11, 1918; 7 PP.) 20c

7— RUSSIA— The Gold Industry of the Urals. (Russia, Jan.,

J— SIBERIA— Drift-Gravel Mining in Eastern Siberia J. P.

Hutchins. (Eng. and Min. Journ.. May 11, 1918, 8 pp., illus.) *uc.
IKON ORE DEPOSITS. MINING. ETC.

,,Rq CONCENTRATION— Magnetic Concentration of Iron Ores

at Mi'nTville N V Earl C. Henry. (Eng. and Min. Journ., May
18 1 PP dins.) 20c,

9270— ENGLAND— Mining Iron Ore in the Midlands. W.
Barn... (Min. Mag., Mar.. 1918; 63 pp.. illus.)

^B^wrsss^sj^s^sisf 1% s? "-« > abbro-

IRON AND STEEL METALLURGY

oo--> PAXIIU- The Production of Iron and Steel in Canada

DuringThe Year 1916. John McLeish. (Can. Dept. of Mines. 1917;

'''"-l FFPPOA1LOTS — Rapport sur l'Electrometallurgle Fran-
cai- uTs" ^rKes F. rro-M.-talli.lues. G. Wfdmer. (Journ. du Four
Mar -Apr.. 1918; 7 pp.) m^

997':;— j\p\X— Japanese Development in Steel Making. Thomas
T Read (Iron Age May 16, 1918; 3*4 PP- '»"»•>

c»7S rvlWD STATES STEEL CORPORATION IN 1917.
(EngTndVlmEIJouSrIA Apr. 27T1918; VA PP) 20c. Abstractor
report.

9285— ALUMINUM and Its Alloys. Chas. H. Eldndge. (.to
Ind.. Apr., 1918; 1% PP-, «lus.) 20c.

09g6 ANTIMONY — Blast-Furnace Smelting of Stibnite, it

Considerations on the Metallurgy of Antimony. Vv R. SchOEM
also discussion. (Bulls. 161 and 162. I.M.M., 1918 , 39 pp .

9287 BISMUTH — Its Special Value and Crystallization. JU

Scott. (Metal Ind., Apr., 1918; 1% pp.,, illus..) 20c.

qogg CANADA — The Production of Copper, Gold, Lead, N«

Silver Zinc and Other Metals in Canada During the Year V
(Can.' Dept. of Mines, 1917; 76 pp.)

9*89— M4.GNESIUM— Rapid Growth of American MagnfUI
Industry. "(Met. and Chem. Eng., Mar. 15, 1918 ; 1 p.)

9990— MANGANESE at Crimora. Va. Marshall Haney.
and Min, Journ.. May 11, 1918: % p.) 20c.

9291— MANGANESE— California Manganese Problem. Gt I

Louderback. (Min. and Sci. Press, Mar. 30, 1918; 1% PP) -11

9292 — MANGANESE — The Situation in Regard to Mangi.-s

Sulphur. Pyrite and Some Other War Minerals^ J. E. Johnso J

(Proc. Eng. Soc. W. Penn., Jan.. 1918; 16*4 pp.)

9293— MANGANESE Deposits of Clark County. Nevada.. J
A. Hale, Jr. (Eng. and Min. Journ., Apr. 27, 1918 , 2*4 pp., "
20c

9294— MANGANESE DEPOSITS of South Wallingford , Veior
The. Robert W. Jones. (Eng. and Min. Journ., Apr. 27, 1
3A p ) 20c

9295-MANGANESE WASHING PLANT of '^uTadT
pany Arkansas. Tom Shiras. (Eng. and Min. Journ., Ap -
1918; 1 p.. illus.) 20c

9296— MOLYBDENITE— Concentration of Molybdenite 03
Ontario. (Eng. and Min. Journ ., May 11 1918 ; 1 p.) W c «
from report by A. L. Parsons, in Report, Ont. Buieau or
20c

9997— MOLYBDENUM in Norway. Ernest R. Woakes. »
161, I.M.M., Feb. 28, 1918; 6 pp.) Discussion of article pre\u
indexed. TT T J.

999s— MOLYBDENUM MINING at Climax, Colo. H. L. "J
and M. W Hayward. (Eng. and Min. Journ., May 18. 191 -
pp., illus.) 20c. „.,,,-. .

9999— NICKEL— Genesis of the Sudbury NickeM opw

9300— NICKEL— Mines of Ontario in 1916. (Vol. XXV
Report Ont. Bureau of Mines. 1917; 83 pp., illus.)

9301— NICKEL— Statistical Review pf the Mineral Indtt|
Ontar o for 1916. Thos. W. Gibson. (Vol. XXVI. Ann. Re rt
the Ont. Bureau of Mines. 1917; 66 pp., illus.)

930>— RADIUM— Some Experiments on the Extraction.™
dium "from American Pitchblende Ores by Chlormation. Mi 1
Cable anaHe?maS ^Schlundt. (Met. and Chem. Eng.. May l-»

3/4 9^05— ZIRCONIA— Uses of Zirconia in Steel Metallurgy. <>
Age, May 16, 1918; 1*4 PP)

NONMETALLIC MINERALS

Ca^nTtr^a^ue^H^D&^S
1918; 1*4 pp.. illus.) 20c. _ , „

9307— GRAPHITE— Ceylon vs A'abama Gra phite. G*-u
Long (Eng. and Min. Journ., May 4. 1918 . i P > " ,
is connected with the Joseph Dixon Crucible Co and g.\
regarding its experiences in using Alabama graph.!,. WlB.
as suitable as the Ceylon product 20c.

Juno 1. 1918

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Ki2i

N.KW- YORK Th, Minim Industry of New

rk •s<:'i«'. I..'i'.'ii ,.| i iperatlon and Production 1916

H Nimm.uhi i null t96 \ i State Museum, Api

•°— N'ITI: \TK Soi i Nltrati and [odlne, .\ w

I A. and Sci. Press, Apr LS, 1918; i p., Illua I 20c
n Egypt. E Co

P2— rvl;l,TI' ,^" PYRRHOTIT1 RESOURCES of Duck-
Ml Ten... Joi II Taylor Bull I u)i i:.. K.I, .

If** Mineral liiMniins, Mar. mis ; 2 pp.)

i: SULPHUR, PYRITE— The Situation in Regard to Han-
IB* Sulphur. Pyrlte and Some Other Wa, MlnVraJs. :
*on, Jr. (Proc. LnS. Soc of W Penn.. Jan 1918: 16V4 pp I

PETBOLE1 1M AM) N.VTIKA1. ( . \ -

'315 — ALABAMA — Possible Oil and Gas Fields in the Cr,., ,,■,..

■ Beds of Alabama. Dorsey Haget (Bull 1S4. A.I M.E.

0 , o pp., in us. )

■.VnH~fS,T,I:M,AT"1X "F FUTURE PRODI i some New

Utods ifor Est imating the Future Pr iction ol Oil Wells .1 O

ris and ( arl H Beal (Bull. 184,, A.I.M.E., K.-l. . 1918 . 28 ,.,, .

pAGIXG AN'D STORAGE of Oil in the Mid-Continent
• U. Bradley. (Bull. 135, A.I.M.E.' Mar . 1918 ; 10 p?..

iJi?»"7^E^HOG-Yr"5?v3?,on^>,f ,,ie Structural Classification of

Iroleum ami Natural Has Fields. Frederick G Clapp (Re-

;ntfrom Bull., Geol. Soc. of Am., Sept 80. 1917; 50 pp iliu- )

319— GFLF COAST Oil. FIELDS— An interpretation of the

called Paraffi. Dirt of th,. Gulf Coast Oil Fields Albert D

l,kaw. (Bull. 136. A.l.M.E, Apr., 1918 pp) m D"

KANSAS— The Petroleum Industry in Kansas. W A

rn M a .'r','!!fl '-s"'s :'\\'] V "' Campbell, (ling, and Min,
.' rn.. Maj 4. 1918; o pp., llius.) 20c

ff-ADr3^1^! °]' Fiel<?fi W' X Thayer" <En,r- a,,d Mm.
I rn.. Apr. ... 1918; 4 pp., lllus.) 20c.

["f^^SSOUftl— Oil a,ld Gas Possibilities in the Belton Area
loolm E. Wilson. (Mo. Bureau of Geol. and Mines. 1918 :::, pp .

,iJ.T;MPnTAyA~r,Phosphatio on ShaIcs Near Dell and Dillon,
verhead County. .Montana c. F. Bowen. (Bull. 661-1 US

1. Surv.. Jan. 12. 1918 ; 6 pp.. illus.)

plirt7i?Ih SHALE— Treatment of Oil Shale in Colorado. F.
'Aadleigrh. (Eng. and Mm. Journ.. May is. 1918; ya p.. illus.)

L"^;OIi^SI|ALE J^DUSTRT. The. Arthur J. Hoskins.
0. and Sci. Fress, Apr. 13. 1918; 7% pp.. illus ) "0c

l„?^ETR?LErM GEOLOGIST. The Work of the. George
JOTton ,...•.- and Min. Journ., May 4. 1918; 2 >2 pp.) 20c.

;J~.FRO,SP,EC.TIXG~rPrincir'Ies and Problems of Oil Prospect-

ME % '" '\<S^S\S°UMry ,, W G" Matteson. (Bull. 134,
lii.t... reo. 1918; 39>/2 pp.. illus.)

'Sd"oir^HalAFplCA_"Mi'^raI °"' Solid Bitumens, Xatural
PP ilius/ ^aener. (So. Afr. Journ. of Ind.,

89— \ \LUIXG-— Methods of Valuing Oil Lands. M. L. Requa.
• U. 134 A I.M.E., Feb.,. 1918; l9y2 pp.. ill H

I >w *JJ?,hZ~ Reduction of Water-Infiltration in Oil Wells.
. McLaughlin. (Min. and Sci. Press. Apr. 13. 1918; 2% pp..

'art"wYRMJ^G7^Pi?Ten,t Sta'us of Oil Industry in Wyoming.

I 20c <Salt Lake Mm- Rev- APr- 3°. 1918; iH pp!.

MIXING — GEXEEA1

VlhirPS^T53- C^'.-^Jne Fatalities in the United States
A oert H Fay' (U- s- Bureau of Mines, 1918; 37 pp )

ka Br"\ST —pc;vder Blast at the Perseverance Mine. Jun-au
.' illu?) n,cHealy (En(? and Min- Journ.. May 18. 19i8 ;

veTBCn^T-riXG^— ,nitiaI Jr\r,imlng Substances for High fix-
lines ft?-B,oTayl0'Dand ?,\ C' Cope (Tech- U. S. Bureau
nines. 191 1 ; 32 pp.; Paper 162.)

!^~i!MI,5SruSll:?~V^e of ae Cement Gun in the Coeur
'pp. illCs) °c & and M'n Journ- APr- ". 1918;

,.f^HTrTES— Fixing a Chute Mouth Without Emptying

f1 £.■?, R'ee. (Eng. and Mm. Journ.. May IS. 1918 ; V p
1 ■> Practice at Hecla Mine, Idaho. 20c.

mnT^M^Srit30'0? °f Safety of Wire Ropes Used for
'vSf lnTJIlne Shafts. J. A. Vaughan ijourn So \fr Inst

i'lSTof /r?; t3,"" Mar- ?918: U1* pp- illus') Continued to
'ton of article previously indexed.

■;38sTa:r^E3?I,01!KT'^he Mining and Quarry Industry of Xew
J vi , j^^l, °,f Operations and Production During 1916
■INewland. (Bull 196. X. Y. State Museum. Apr. 1 1917 ;

ofT^-lTr^RIO— Statistiral Review of the Mineral Indus-

■ ?rt c?„,aT£ for 19}L- T*0*- w Gibson (Vol. XXVI. Ann.
>«, Ont. Bureau of Mines, 1917; 66 pp.. illus )

.■4°i^iQBUA^^T>A^CIIiE:VTS in the United States During the
. p1916. Albert H. Fay, (V. S. Bureau of Mines. 1918;

M,^JlE?,ORTS— The™ Standardization of Directors' Reports

■ 4 i«?.C?mpa,m^- T- °- McGrath. (Eng. and Min. Journ..
*. lyio, 3 pp.) 20c.

I i2TiSA,FETT"THow" to Organize for Safety. S. C. Dickinson.
'• »1. Lniv. of Ariz.. 1917-18; 52 pp.)

t3r~ASr"AFTS^-Fir.epl:0,ofine Mine Shafts of the Anaconda
•er Mining Co., E. M. Xorris. (Bull. 135. A.I.M.E. Mar,
■ * PP.. illus.)

l4"Tc^T1^^Jr~-^ Responsive Shaft Signal Device. B Angwin.
'■ 161, I.M.M., Feb. 28. 1918; 3 pp.. illus.)

m

■ pre-

I I II I \ I |MN

\"a'':i"^r';ii";,:

;\,S,",-V':,: ' sed Bllvei

OBI mil s-i\i. OKNBBA1

ltmJt~ZFaS? In New

Mills, a. Schwarz (Eng and Min Joura., Apr. ..

EPARATTOK A New Method

SJ ,-IIUSTj ! "'-'

METALLUBOY— GEXEB M.

rssrasna

MIMNC. AND MKTA1.M "Kt.lt \l lMt|MMII1

tePV~v!Xro^;':^RTTes^ an A" ^■■'|-

illus.l 20c and Scl' Press" Api PP-

^Cen^i.ation^.lohn F4(iIV,.ry. (IronP~nd«
9363— POWER— Economy of Elecl ■ Over Steam for Power

So93Afr^^^grs'1URb3'^9^1CppU!!]uAJeXander(^

IM»l STK1AI. ( "HK.MISTRY

T„H?.!?^;AMMOJnA~EI Procedfmiento Haber para la Si,
Industrial del Amoniaco. Ale rtrand (Bol Soc? Nac

de Mineria. July-Aug., 1917; 2S', pp., illus.)

c.al93Xn'rra(ra€,usMICASvP«Av,RATrS-?;h'- ,_s' ^ ""ood '" r"emi-
lf. iVlf; 31" ppj Schorger. t.M.t and Chem. Eng.. May

■ 936'— i-HKMICAL PLAXT— Acid-Resisting Iron and Its Uses
Mai'.'sT^isf^'pp.f J- TUnBay IJoUr"- Soc.acL:n-

9368— XITRIC ACID— Production of Xitric Acid from Xitrogen
Oxides. Guy B Taylor. Julian H Capps and \ s Coolidge
1 Journ. Ind and Eng. Chem . Apr.. 1918; 5 pp. illus.) 60c

9369— POTASH— The Concentration of Potash from Raw Ha-

^ar?i C°?tainin? °nly a Traoe of T"^ Element hv Means f.f
the El^tnc Precipitation of Flue Dust and Fume Cemem Kilns
B. F. Erdahl. (Journ. Ind. and Eng. Chem., May, 1918 • 3 p.. )

<!oh1,27"«ODIUM. MANGANA-TE— The Manufacture of Crude
Sodium Manganate foT Use in Mines. F \v tenweiler (Tourn
Chem.. Met. and Min. Soc, Jan., 1918; 1J p,, ) (Journ.

93.71—SOUTHERX STATES— The Possibi for the Develop,

men, of Chemical Industries in the Soul tes Richard

K. Meade. (Met. and Chem. Eng., May 1, 1918; 3] pp ) "'0nara

»VJ5sST£?TOitf?« a^.) Fertilizer Industries ,Chem

T 9T.73^HH'H?Slt? A??., SITUATION in the United States
L. B Skinner. (Met. and Chem. Eng., Jan. 15, 1918; 4 pp.)

MISCELLANEOUS

«,»3T.?,"^rEA^IPOR?iA SJA^E MINING BUREAU— Catalogue of
!*e Pu,bJlcatlons of the California State Mining Bureau (Bull
77, Calif. State Min. Bureau, Dec, 1917 44 pp 1

9377— DEPRECIATION' AXD OBSOLESCENCE. , Eng and
Min. Journ Apr. 6. 1918 : 2j pp.) From a pamphlet issued by
Loonus, Suffern and Fernald, Public Accountants. Xew York

9378— LABOR— A Dietary for Miners. S. H. Brockunler (Eng
and Min Journ., Apr. 6, 1918; 3 pp.) 20c

_ !';l~;,,7_LAB<?R — Development of Community Interest. Chas.
F. Willis. (Eng. and Min. Journ, May 4 1918; 32 pp.) 20c.

9380 — LABOI* — Feeding and Housing Railway Maintenance of
,,.?:' a.nd Construction Employees. (Eng. and Contr., Apr. 17
iyio ; 4 pp.)

9384— LABOR— The Employment Manager and the Reduction
?Lo ^.r Turnover. Thos. T. Read. (Bull. 134, A.I.M E Feb
1918 ; 13 pp , lllus.)

9385— LABOR — Training of Workmen for Positions of Higher
Responsibility. F. C. Stanford. (Bull. 134. A.I.M.E., Feb. 1918;
U H PP )

1022

ENGINEERING AND MIXING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 22

Personals

ll»M- ^ ."I I .'illnlnilril In I lir V »-<•< lat loll

o( nif 17th BngiaeemT

i ii » rM. who has returned to New

rom Canada, will be In Tennessei for

eeks.

vriiuir \v. Kurcrrn. mining engineer, la

mil the Lawrence Mining Co al

Lordsburg, New Mes

■ ..»s v. Cole, president of the Ni>rtl>

Butte tuning i'" has been In Butte In-
ns the company's properties.

ii ,rr> J. Watt, of tlu- Malm-Wolf Co.,
recently examined silver and copper prop-
ertlea In Saguache County, Colorado.

i.r..n:r \i krrnmn and Bert lones, dredge-
men of OroTlUe, Calif., li;^ ■ Bolivia,
under contract u> the Bolivia Tin Corpora-
tion

Jolui Srward has been commissioned a
major on the General Staff. Executive Dl-
•i. ;imi will In- stationed at Wash-
ington.

II <;. Ferguson, of the U S Geological
Survey, is enroute to Santo Domingo to in-
vestigate the manganese resources of the
country.

i - Ha-tin. of the 0 S. Geological Sur-
vey has been appointed an associate mem-
ber of the Committee on Mineral Imports
and Exports of the V S Shipping Board.

I.. M. liartzeli. manager of the Bessemer
department at the Homestead works of the
Carnegie Steel Co., lias been made assistant
sales manager in the company's Cincinnati
office.

Prof. J. Volnej Lewis, of Rutgers College
the University of New Jersey, will de-
vote a considerable part of the summer to
professional work in the Southern Appala-
chians.

l" R. Bradley, consulting engineer of the
Uaska Treadwell Gold Mining Co., made a
tour .if inspection of tin mpany's molyb-
denite mines near Shakan in the latter part
of April.

Frederick J. Nagle. until recently with

the Vindicator and Portland companies.
Clippie Creek, has been appointed mine
superintendent of the Sunnyside mine at
kureka. Colorado.

James E. Harding, formerly superintend-
ent of the Minas de ' "janeo Xuevo of the
\merican Smelting and Refining Co., has
I,, en transferred to examination work for
the same company, and is now at Santiago,
Chile.

R. P. McLaughlin, oil and ens supervisor
of the California State Mining Bureau, left
San Francisco on May 10 for Washington
f..r conferenre with Federal officials who
are investigating oil lands and oil produc-
tion in California.

Gordon Land, of Seattle. Wash has
resigned as vice president of the Land
Min.s Corporation, which was engaged in
hvdraulic mining near Crescent City, < alif..
and will engage in other mining work on
his own account

William r. Totter has resigned as an ofii-
cer of the various companies controlled by
Guggenheim Bros., of which firm he is a
member, in order to devote his entire time
to work in connection with the Aircraft
Production Board.

D. I.. II. Forbes, who has returned from
France has been appointed manager of
the Teck Hughes mine at Kirkland Lake.
out. succeeding I.. W. Ledyard, who re-
cently became manager of the Kirkland
Porphyry property.

H. B. Patton is engaged In geological
work for the Tnion Pacific interests, and
is making a land classification survey of
the company's lands in Colorado This
appointment does not interfere with his
usual geological consultation work.

George E. Burton has resigned as as-
sistant director of the Oklahoma ideological
Survey to accept the position of reeldenl
geologist for the Empire Has aml.Fuel Co.
He has been assigned to sub-surface work
in Southwestern Oklahoma, with headquar-
ters at Norman,

William C. Russell, formerly general
manager of the Caribou Mines and Mills Co..
at Cardinal. Colo., and who established an
engineering office in Denver upon the shut-
down of the property, is at present en-
gaged in making oil-shale examinations in
Garfield County, Colorado.

A. K. MrDanlel, of Denver, has been ap-
pointed general manager of the Greenback
mine, at I.eadville, Colo., which was re-
cently purchased by the Western Chemical
Manufacturing Co. Hugh C. Watson, for-

nuriv superintendent of the Yak Mining,
Milling and Tunnel Co., la In local charge
of the mine.

Frank ii. Prober! has been appointed
■lean of the College of Mining of the Uni-
versity of California, He recently left
Berkele) io examine copper propertli
White Pine County, Nevada, after which he
to Washington to take up war work
with ih. I' s Bureau of Mines during the
summer months.

William M. Keek has been appointed con-
sulting engineer to the petroleum ami gas
department "i the California State Mining
Bureau by Fletcher Hamilton, Btate mlner-
\ii Keck has had charge of drill.
Iterations In all the California fields
ami has consented to devote the necessary

I line lo the work without compensation dur-
ing tlie period of the war.

Lieut. Col. Campbell N. Watson, D. S. O..
Kings Liverpool Regiment, was severely
wounded by a shell in recent fighting one
leg has been amputated, but it is hoped that
the other, which was badly fractured, will

lie saved Colonel Watson, who is senior
partner of the firm of H. A Watson & Co.,
metal and mineral brokers of Liverpool,
was Immediately awarded a Par to his D.
S. o. upon the field of battle.

R. VI. (atlin was the recipient of the
honorary degree of Doctor of Science at
the recent commencement of Rutgers Col-
lege, given him "in recognition of his high
attainments ill science, his expert knowl-
edge m the field of his profession, his not-
able engineering work in this country and in
South Africa and in other parts of the
world, and his present gnat usefulness in
the oversight of a great mining industry of
\.\\ Jersey and the nation."

"I'n

Obituary

lion providing for the election of honorni
members was adopted. The N'lagai i
section held Us annual meeting on Aj
17 when the following otllcers were electei
['resident. 1. I'. Saunders; vice presldei
F. M. Picket ; and secretary-treasurer,
\ J Fitzgerald. The next general im-etli
will I.e held at Princeton University, Nl
Jersey, on Sept. 30, Oct. 1 and 2.
symposium on "Electrochemical Industrl
After the War" is being organized for t
meet ing.

American Society of Mechanical Knj
ueers will hold lis Spring meeting al Wl
cester, Mass.. on June 1-7. Among t
papers to In- presented are the followin
"Foundry Cost and Accounting Systen
W. W Bird ; "The Public Interest as I
Bed Rock of Professional Practice," Mor
L. Cooke; "Moisture Reabsorption of A
Dried Douglas Fir and Hard Pine, and t
Effect on the Compressive Strengths." Ii
Ing II Cowdrey; "A High-Speed Air a:
Has Washer." Lieut. J. L. Alden; "1
Safety Engineer," L. A. DeBlols, safety .
gineer, E. 1. du Pont de Nemours and e.
New Course of Instruction in Sal.
Wi.ii," George N". Folland, professor
commercial engineering. Carnegie Instill
uf Technology; "Efficiency of Gear Drive
C. M. Allen and F. W. Roys. "Air Prop
sion." Morgan Brooks ; "The Elastic Ind.
tatior. of Steel Balls Under Pressure." c.
Briggs. W. C. Chapin, H. G. Hell ; "Elecl
Heating of Molds." Harold E. Whll
"Stresses in Machines When Starting
Stopping." F. Hymans ; "An Investigate
of the Fuel Problem in the Middle W,
A. A. Potter. A topical discussion on "F:
Economy" has been arranged for Hi. i
conservation committee of the Engineei
Council. A report on the "Metric Syst
in Export Trade" will be offered for c-t
cussion.

Charles sickal, a California pioneer of
'49, .lied at Martinez. Calif., on April 24.

John Gordon Battelle, former president of
ili.. Columbus Iron and Steel Co., died at
his home in Columbus. Ohio, on May 10.
aged 7:i vears, after a connection of nearly
half a century with the iron and steel in-
dustry He held a commission as colonel
in the Ohio National Guard.

John Ryan, one of the discoverers of the
great In, rax deposits of Death Valley in
California, and for 30 years president of the
Pacific Coast Borax Co.. died at Oakland.
California. Mav 7. He was also a director
of two Oakland banks and the Tonopah &
Tid.water B. R. He was born in Ireland 70
years ago.

Societies

.•mil Iliilnlll I ii i in in in

: 1 1., hi ii ii iiiiiiii limit • '■

New Patents

F.ngineers' Society of Western Pennsyl-
>ania. At the regular meeting on May 21
in Pittsburgh, a paper entitled, "The Cais-
son Method for Foundations and Mine
Shafts." was presented by George R. John-
son district manager of the Foundation
Company, Pittsburgh. Pennsylvania.

Teknik Club, of Denver, held its annual
meeting at the Shirley Hotel on May 14.
Following the regular dinner, two papers
were read, one bv M. F. Coolbaugh on
"Electrolysis of Cyanide Solutions," and the
other bv E. G. Graham on "Multiple Ef-
fect Evaporation." H. B. Lowden. of the
o.l.irado Iron Wrorks Co., was elected sec-
retary for the ensuing year.

Franklin Institute — Mining and metal-
lurgical section met on April 11. Arthur
F. Taggart, assistant professor of mining
engineering in the Sheffield Scientific
School, delivered a lecture entitled "An
Explanation of the Flotation Process.
The paper was discussed by Dr. Sadtjer.
Professors Dubois and Taggart. Drs. Carl
Hiring. Alleman and Hepburn, and others.

Birmingham Metallurgical Society, Bir-
mingham. Eng.. appointed a committee at
its meeting on Apr 11 which eventually
will form a trade research association. This
association will collect data, trade secrets
and like material on the various alloysin
which the metal trades are interested The
information will be pooled and placed at
the disposal of all the members of the
society.

American Klectrochemical Society elected
the following officers for the ensuing year
at Kingsport. Tenn.. in the course of its
tour of the Appalachian South during the
week of Apr. 28 : President, F. J. Tone ; vice
presidents. Acheson Smith. H. W. Gillett
and R. Turnbull ; managers, C. F. Burgess.
E L. Crosby and C. G. Schluederberg ;
treasurer. P. G. Salom ; secretary. J. W.
Richards. The amendment to the constitu-

I'nited States patent specifications lis!
below may be obtained from "The El -
neering and Mining Journal" at 25c. em.
British patents are supplied at 40c. en
Amalgamation — Amalgamator. John I
Lefors. Boise. Idaho. (U. S. No. 1.260.7 :
Mar. 26, 1918.)

Gases — Apparatus for Segregating t
Recovering. Utley Wedge. Ardmore. Pe..
and Frederic A. Eustis. Milton. Mass
S. No. 1.260.493 ; Mar. 26, 1918.)

Iron — Process of Smelting and Purify r
Gustav R. Oehrandt. Oak Park. Ill M
No. 1,260,660; Mar. 26, 1918.)

Iron, Steel — Treatment of to Prevent (>
rosion. William H. Allen. Detroit. Mi.
(U. S. No. 1,260,740; Mar. 26, 1918.)

Iron, Steel — Process of Case-Hardens
John R. Messersmith. Cincinnati. C >
(U. S. No. 1,260,787; Mar. 26, 1918.)

Mercury — Process for Recovering Chses
H. Fulton. St. Louis. Mo., assignor. iy
mesne assignments, to Metallurgical Laba-
tories. Inc.. Chicago. III. (U. S. No. .-
264.629 ; Apr. 30. 1918.)

Mine Cage — William C. Alsman. Sulli n.
Ind assignor to Sullivan Manufactuig
Co.. Sullivan. Ind. (U. S. No. 1,260. ):
Mar. 26. 1918.)

Ore-Car. James W. Silver. Salt
City. Utah. (U. S. No. 1.262,108 ; Ap »
1918.)

Rock Drill— Thomas E. Sturtevant. o-
ver N J., assignor to McKiernan-Tn
Drill Co.. Nover. N. J. (U. S. No 1,263. J:
Apr. 16, 1918.)

Siliceous Fire Brick and Method of Ik-
ing the Same. Harry A. Kennedy. I
field. Penn. (U. S. No. 1,260.398 ; Mat-k
1918.)

Smelting — Distilling Process for Reo-r
ing Metals from Ores and Metal-Beini-
Materials. Charles H. Fulton. St.
Mo., assignor, by mesne assignmeiv
Metallurgical Laboratories. Inc. Chip
111. (U. S. No. 1,264.628 : Apr. 30,
Smelting — Generation of Steam fi
Heat Contained in Slags. Claude V a "
London. England. (U. S. No. 1,2
Apr. 30. 1918.)

Smelting— Method of Treating Sill >"
Ores George H. Wigton. Eureka, "
(U. S No 1.264.586; Apr. 30, 1918.)

Smelting— Condensing Gases from J
trie Furnaces. Ingenuin Hecheni
Charlotte, N. C. assignor to South"
tro-Chemical Co.. New York, N. T. I
Nos. 1.264.510; 1.264.511: Apr. 30. 191

Sulphur Fumes, Process for Tre; ni
Stewart W Young. Palo Alto. Calif, a-
signor to the Thiogen Co . Wilmington
(U S. No. 1.262.295; Apr 9. 1918.)

June 1. una ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL [088

|"n""" "'" """"»'««"«"' """ ' "" ' «"i« i iinmi. m n „„„,„ i , mm ,„„„„ , Hlllll,

Editorial Correspondence

l"1" MUHMiiiimiininmi iiimim i i iiumii mmi m nmmuim i nmg iimmtwinnammuMM mi , , , n

iiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiui

BAM lit \M i>< 0— M».> IS

Chrome Mining In 1 1 holt] 1 C t\ is

confined chiefly in the copper regrlon on

Mountain, but is not so active .is
might be expected The chrome mini
not usually a diligent prospector. It has
■en coming easy for chrome miners In
liber counties, where prospects are Known
uid have been partly developed \nd the
Bronte miners In Humboldt Count\ evi-
lently think chronic deposits should be dls-
■rexed without prospecting.

Klk Mill* Oil-Land Fraud Suit may be
eopened by the Government. The suit
vas recently decided against the Govern-
nent by the U. S. Circull Court ol \|>-
wals. the decision awarding to the Southern
jftctflc Co the lands embracing 6109 acres
a the Klk Hills, Kern County. The peti-
ion for rehearing is expected to be Bled
lefore June 3. As the derision of the
'ourt of Appeals covers the same legal
■Ants involved in the so-called "billion-
lollar" suit now pending in the I' s Dis-
rict Court before Judge Bledsoe, of Los
Ingeles, the Department of Justice is
ioubly anxious to reopen the Elk Hills case,
."he suit pending involves 162.000 acres.

Chrome Mining in Del Norte Connty is
noving at a pace that threatens the records
f some of the earlier producers of this
letal There is a scarcity of labor, creat-
or a wage of $4 50 for an eight-hour day
nd 75c per hour for overtime. The men
re said to work 10 hours and are making
6 per day. If this is true, those who are
orking more than eight hours in 24 are
iolating a state law, approved May 30.
H3, which provides for violation a penalty
f fine or imprisonment or both. The law
oes not mean and does not say merely that
le employer cannot demand more than
ight hours' labor, but also that "all per-
ans engaged in underground mines in
?arch of minerals, whether base or pre-
ious or employed and engaged in any
her underground workings or employed in
nelteries or other reduction works . . .
lall not exceed eight hours, and such
ork shall be consecutive."

Regulation of Explosives, under the
ederal Explosives Act of Nov. 15, 1917.
in California under the supervision of
>hn M. Griffin. Madera. There are in the
ate over 700 persons equipped and com-
issioned to issue licenses. Thev are chiefly
istices of the peace, notaries and countv
erks. The U. S. Bureau of Mines is
.arged with the enforcement of the law.
hich provides that violations of the pro-
sions or the rules and regulations made
ider the law shall be punished bv fine of
it more than $5000 or imprisonment of
't more than one year, or both. Mr.
rifnn is endeavoring to disseminate in-
rmation regarding the law and its en-
rcement in California that mav be of
■lue to persons having explosives or their
gradients in their possession or who have
Jitimate use for explosives. Location of
ensors or other information regarding
e law can be obtained bv communicating
th him at Madera. The law covers dvna-
ites, blasting and shotgun powders, "caps
a many other commodities. To obtain a
ense the applicant must appear in per-
il and state under oath his place of birth.
I if a naturalized citizen, must give the
te and place of naturalization. Licenses
II not be issued to enemy aliens or sub-
;ts of any country allied with the
emies of the United States. Subjects of
utral countries are entitled to licenses
they are known to be loval and responsi-
'■ or recommended bv reputable loval
izens. Appeal from the refusal of' a
ensor to issue a license may be taken
{ ■ National Council of Defence at
ishington. The purpose of the act being
prevent disloyal persons from obtaining
?slvfs. and t0 keep explosives out of
nands of persons too careless to guard
m properly from theft bv disloval per-
is, the hearty cooperation of every loyal
izen in the state in any wav interested in
use of explosives is invited and expect-
Inere are 58 counties in California, and
Practically all of them powder is used
, some form of mining. The mining men
™ a particular interest in the law and
observance, since operation of the mines
essitates the employment of many
' eieners.

m \ \ f ft— Hi) ;n
Tungsten Producers ■ I Colorado, and
also producers ol pyrlte and manganese, be-
could double their output
it the Governmi nl would i tabllsh an ad<
quate and stable price foi their oi

Officials ,,r the Federal i:«i

tTliiueiit appear to he aware of the

sit} ol securing an Increase in the do
production of minerals hi retofi

11 i '• 'i in order to relieve shlppii i

to make i hi count i i elf-sustaining In the
• Ktremelj remoti no Ibllit i ol an effec-
tive blockade m pot ti Moi i ol these

minerals can be produci d in abund
quantities in this country. Colorado
due. is do not look with favor on Govern-
ment intei ference rurther than th. e tab
lishmenl pi an agencj to maintain a I
and stable price. A o.ivernment substdj
bonus, or cosl and percentage agreei
to stimulate production does not appeal
to them All that they ask is that they be
protected from cheaply produced imports
With such protection, it Is believed that
tliej can render substantial aid to the
Government In Increasing domestic pro-
duction of these much-desired products.

<>rr Bales Committer which was appointed

at the annual meeting of the Colorado
Metal Mining Association in January held
a meeting recently for the purpose of
anizatlon, and to consider how it could
ompllsh the purposes for which it was
appointed. All members of the commlttei
were present The committee decided that
it was not practicable for it to attempt to
negotiate with smelters and ore buyers
as outlined in the resolution which created
it, and asked to be discharged from fur-
ther action with reference to the said reso-
lution It was the sense of the committee
that progress toward the underlying pur-
pose of the "Ore Sales Committee" resolu-
tion might be attained bv the appoint-
ment by the president of the organization
oi a small permanent committee on con-
ciliation to consider grievances of ore pro-
ducers and endeavor to adjust disagree-
ments by conference with representatives
of the smelters and ore purchasers. It was
suggested that such committee be empow-
ered and directed to consider, in consul-
tation with representatives of smelters and
ore purchasers, whether existing smelting
and ore-purchasing schedules might not be
remodeled and simplified. Further the
committee recommended that the Commis-
sioner of Mines be authorized to make and
enforce suitable regulations for the super-
vision and licensing of custom sampling
works and sampling works in connection
with smelters and ore purchasers, and of
umpire assayers ; and that the Legislature
make an appropriation of funds for the
effectual carrying out of this purpose
The requests and recommendations of this
committee will be acted upon by the execu-
tive committee of the association at its next
regular meeting.

SALT LAKE CITY — May 83

Sulphuric Acid from Pyritlc Ores in Utah
makes it easy to obtain a large supply with
minimum delay. The ores are in properties
already thoroughly opened and equipped,
so tnat quantity production could begin
immediately without prospecting or other
preliminary work. Transportation condi-
tions are excellent, with good railroad serv-
ice from the mines to the vallev reduction
plants, only a few miles distant. One of
these plants is already producing acid,
and with additional units could handle
many times the quantity of ore now being
treated.

An Early Supply of Winter Coal is urged
by the United States Fuel Administration
here, so as to keep the mines busv at this
season and to conserve the working forces,
which, if work is slack, would easily be di-
verted to other employment. During* Febru-
ary. March, and the first half of April mines
in this state worked only half time through
lack of orders. Also at this time hauling
facilities are ample, as farm crops have
not yet begun to move, and householders
are asked to be forehanded in their own
interest, as well as from a sense of patrio-
tic duty, as later, especially with the con-
stantly increasing volume of war materials
having the right of way, the railroads will
be taxed to the utmost. At present coal
companies are not charging the advance of

allowed i ,-toi, on nut

i. hi the advai
it anj inn. al Hi. option
mining compan

"•■ "- "■ Pyrltu or., in i inn, notably

in the Bingham district, di si i ve :.tt. ntlon
on with the Govern

On of war

ole to

el} lo th.
-" "i ii adi quate i ncourag. mi nl bi
given to th. ,, devi lonmi nl and i - plo
:""' 'I existing facll foi reduction ad

IIH.it. ,1 « ,11, ,. -.,,. , | ,,, ;|,,

>! Bed 'I'll.
much pyrlte in pi

-oi,i. ..I thl i small

amount of copper -probably " r, to I
and a littl.- silver and gold In ...
the mines there are low-grade sulphides
carrying, besides the pyrlte, a little lead
and zinc Pyritlc ores are found in the
L tan Apex, ramps iwhlch latter pro]
has furnished pyrlte for acid manufacture
to the lie, ui. Powder Co. at Baa
the Bingham Minei Dalton & |
tuna, Montana-Blngham. Utah Consolidated,
i t.-ih Metal and •runnel, and others The
forni.-r Boston consolidated, now pari of
the I tah Copper, had immense bod
low-grade pyritlc ores, and sum.- of these
on account of their low copper content are
undoubtedly still available Massive p.

occurs on the iow.-r lev, i- .u a number of
"n lyrties in addition to the Bingham di -
posits, then are pyritlc ores in other ps
of the state— ,-u ophir in Beaver County
and in other districts Encouragement to
the production of pyrlte and a ready mar-
ket for this material would bring about the
opening of other higher-grade orebodies or
oreshoots, such a.s are frequentlv found In
connection with the pyrite.

BUTTE, .MONT. — Hay 28
That the Banks of Miners in the Butte
district may not be depleted. Provost-Mar-
shal General Crowder will further reduce
draft calls on Butte to the actual number of
men available. Last call required Montana
to furnish 2038 men. with Silverbow cOUntv
called upon for 251 from a list of 166
available in Class I. In the city of Butte
wherein practically all of the population of
Silverbow County resides, the call is for
463 men. with only about 800 qualified.

Miners for Service in Krunre are being
recruited by Army officers now in the city
as the Government is sorely in need of men
to handle high explosives, dig trenches and
do such work as the miner is capable of
performing in a skilled manner. Although
the miner is getting $5.25 per dav for eight
hours, and has not to endure the' hardships
of war. many nevertheless are responding
io the call to duty. The recruiting officers
announce that they want 100 from this dis-
trict and they will probably get that
number.

JOPLIN, MO. — May 20

Overlapping of the Oil and Zinc regions
in Oklahoma seems proved by the Rettes
Mining and Oil Co.. which has just finished
casing a 380-ft. gas well preparatory to
piping it to its drill rigs at the No. 2 hole
about 20 miles south of Miami, in Delaware
County. The drill entered the sand about
Apr. 1 and flow of gas has increased steadi-
ly, until it now amounts to about three mill-
ion feet per day. Many leases have been
taken in the vicinity by oil men, and more
drilling is under way. H. Tow-nsend
Salter, an oil man of Okmulgee, is presi-
dent of the Rettes company. He expects
to find oil.

His. oierers of New I'srs for Zinc are to
receive a prize from a $10,000 fund, of
which $500 is an initial contribution bv
the United Producers Smelting Co , which
is erecting a zinc smeltery and rolling mill
at Henryetta. Okla. F. C. Shoemaker,
president of the company, proposes that
$5,000 be given in cash to the first person
who discovers a new use for zinc where-
by 50.000 tons of the metal will be used
within a year ; $3000 to the first person
to discover a new use for zinc that will take
30,000 tons in the same time ; and $2000
to the person who brings about the utiliza-
tion of 20.000 tons of zinc. He suggests
that the contest close Jan. 1, 1919. and that

.

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 22

■warded soon after thai

1st. a practical miner
Lined by the
Men's League,
itlon ol i»»»ylat Method! In

ho underlaki n as a result
that effect by the buyers
eked by the approval
Slnci tl ■ quall-
s of high-grade ore have been made
It is evident that i
the part of the a
result in losing a producer as much
per ton for his product It is argued
, rs use ■ jcactly the same
Is in their work, mistakes ai

\ . mmittee has bi en ap-
a sayers to procei d with
andardlsatlon work.

1.1 II l 11 MIS N.— May 16

iron-ore Shipments tor head of the Lake

. heavier than expected
of navigation. On May -.
.uners arrived at Duluth-Su

and the tally was 40 on May 4.
working at capacity.

Ml inclination to revise early
estimates of 54 tons of Iron-ore

for current season. Attention
is drawn to growing demand for pig iron
on « ith manufacture ot rnuni-
I 0t! • Government supplies.
Iron -Mining- Co. and Indepi
operators on Mesabl and Vermilion ranges
have been endeavoring to increase ore ship-
to docks. In view of high wages
paid, outlook as regards possibility ot labor
troubles is felt to be steadily improving,
interests estimate that shipments of
■ uyima range this
will exceed 600.000 tons. Buying of
miferous ores by the United States
Corporation has been a factor tins
spring It is understood the corporation de-
sires 200.000 tons for 1918 delivery.

TOXOPAII, NEV. — May 9
The Manhattan Apex Derision was ren-
d. red bv Judee Averill of the District
Court here yesterday in the long-contested
suit brought bv the Manhattan White Caps
Mining Co. against the Manhattan Morning
Co., the decision upholding every con-
tention of the plaintiff company The
Caps company sought an injunction
to prevent the Morning Glory' company
from sinking its shaft through the W hue
Caps pro|>ertv in an effort to follow an
apex claimed by the defendant company as
its own bv right of discovery.

\ it itiHi v. n. ('. — Ma] -'.'

Lead Marketing Conditions Hum- Im-
proved to such an extent that the Consoli-
dated Minum- and Smelting Co ol Canada
has notified custom Bhippers of lead-bearing
..re that dating from May l, full advances on
the 90' basis on the apparent value on
preliminary settlements tor lead ore would
be resumed This followed an anno
ment to custom Bhippers, issue. i months ago.

that the ..Mill. any. owing to the lack Ot a

market tor lead, could advance but 25% of
the values, the balance of the 90* . if so de-
sired to be pooled with the company's lead

ores until a market could be found.

The Consolidated Mining and Smelting
Co. of Canada announces that the large in-

in the various items entering Into
the mining and smelting of Kossland ores.

, ;,,t. quate compensation In receipt
by Increased metal prices, coupled with In-

II, have made it necessary for

ompany to Buspend shipments from
the Rossland mines Indefinitely. The com-
luinv will .n.l.avor to keep a small force
on development work, and to place the re-
mainder of the Kossland employees at the
smeltery, the Sullivan mine. Kimberly, and
other lead-silver properties of the company.
Rossland ores contain only a few pounds
of copper per ton. their value being mostly
in the gold contained. It is the intention,
therefore, to make shipments sufficient only,
with tie augmentation of custom ores, to
keep om copper furnace at the company's
smelter] at Trail in operation.

The Onstoma Smeltery at I.adysmitli. B.

C. is to be blown in about June 20. This
smeltery was active for a while last year,
but closed down in order to reorganize and
to provide a continuous supply of ore. B.oth
of these objects have been accomplished.
The companv will operate, under lease and
bond, the Willow Grouse group, in the East
Sooke district. Vancouver Island, from
which property several satisfactory ship-
ments have already been made. There is
about 2000 tons of coke on hand at the
smelterv. as well as about 2000 tons of
basic copper ore. which has been held over
pending the supply of a siliceous fluxing
ore The Hon. William Sloan. Minister of
Mines, has taken a keen interest in the
effort to develop conditions that would
warrant the reopening of the smeltery, not
temporarily, but with reasonable assurance
of being able to continue, and he is satisfied
that the small-mine operators of the island
and of the coast sections of the mainland
of the province will find the smelting facili-

ties thus provided a real boon. The resi-
dent engineers for the Coast Mineral Sur-
vey districts, George Clothier and W M.
Brewer, report there should be several mines
.1. \ . l..|.. .1 .luring the .-..ining season to a
sufficient extent to assure regular shipments
of such size as to keep the plant working to
capacity,

TOUONTO — May 34

The Water Route From Klk Lake to the
Port Matachewan district is open, and a

launch is being run from Elk Lake to In-
dlan Chutes, where a short portage is made
to another launch operating to Fox Rapids
It is purposed to forward passengers and
supplies by team the rest of the »..>
The Journey can be made In a day. A
number of prospectors and others are going
into the district.

AUSTRALIA — Apr. 24
All Australian Zine Concentrates were
reserved under contract when the Hon Will-
iam Morris Hughes, the Australian I'rim.
Minister, visited London last year and en-
tered into negotiations with the British gov-
ernment for the sale of the whole output
for the period of the war and 10 years
thereafter. In announcing the closing of
the contract along these lines. Mr. Hughes
stated recently that on his previous visit to
London he arranged a contract for th. Bali
to the British government of 100.000 tons
of zine concentrates and 45,000 tons of elec-
trolytic zinc and spelter per annum for 10
vears. The new arrangement goes still fur-
ther, and stocks of zinc concentrat. an
hand at Dec. 31 last were to be pur-
chased by the Imperial Government, less a
definite percentage reserve. Thereafter the
Imperial Government was to take 250,000
tons per annum for the period of the war
and one year thereafter, and 300,000 tons
per annum for the following nine years.
The Imperial Government also secured an;
option over the remainder of the production
of Australia. At the same time provision
had been made for supplying adequately
the requirements of Australian zinc-refining
works for the whole period covered by the
British contract, and the fulfilling of exist-
ing contracts with Japan. Under normal
conditions the Australian output of zinc
concentrates, averaging from 46 to 48%
zinc, is about 400.000 tons per year. The
production of zinc from distillation works
(Associated Smelters. Port Pirie) has been
about 5000 tons per annum. The first unit
of the Electrolytic Zinc Co.'s plant at Ris-
don. near Hobart, is now turning out 60 to
80 tons of the highest grade zinc per week.

„,„„„, , , u , , .,„„„„„.„„.■ ".I" »>■ i. — — • " ■ « ' » """ ■ "- ' " " "—"" " ' ™ "[

The Mining News

annum iiiiiiimtiiiiniiiimiiiiiitr

ALASKA

ALASKA SHIPMENTS of domestic cop-
per ore. matte, etc., to the United States
wer. Gross tons. 13.009; copper contents.
3,579.920 lb. ; evaluated at $843,631.

FAIRBANKS GOLF) (Fairbanks) — Con-
tlon on new dredge to be erected on
Fairbanks Creek has been started by the
Union Construction Co. of San Francisco.

JOSEVIG-KENNECOTT CO. 'Kenne-
cott) — Operations soon to be resumed Suf-
ficient supDlies for year are on hand.

KENNECOTT COPPER CORP. (Kenne-
cott)— Reported to have declared a lock-
out against miners joining the American
Federation.

ALASKA TREADWELL (Treadwell) —

• ral average increase of 50c. per day

ges affecting all departments has been

granted upon suggestion of a committee

representing the Douglas Island Labor

on.

COPPKR KING PROPERTY (White-

I — Plant recently destroyed by fire.

has been steady shipper and damage

replaced.

ALABAMA
Jefferson County
WOODWARD IRON CO (Birmingham)
—Work begun on new vertical shaft m
Sec 24, T 19 S, R 4 W. Shaft 14 by 22 ft.
and to have four compartments. To be
sunk about 1400 ft. Work being done by
E J Longyear & Co.. of Minneapolis, with
Captain Holman in charge.

HiiiiiiiiniiiiiiillllllllHilll i iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiMiiMiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii f

ARIZONA

Cochise County

DENN-ARIZONA (Bisbee)— Sinking

Pima

to

1600 level. Station being cut on 1500 level
for pumps. Additional equipment to be
installed to handle water.

Greenlee County

ARIZONA COPPER CO. (Clifton)— Cop-
per production in April was 4,200,000
pounds

Mohave County

MISSOURI-MOHAVE MINING CO.
(Cerbat) — Hoist, compressor, and other ma-
chinery installed. Mines opened to depth
of 100 ft. G. W. Marks is manager.

TUCKAHOE MINE (Chloride) — Installed
electric pump.

BELLA UNION MINE (Chloride) —
Shipped first bullion for some time. Com-
pany installed bullion furnace. J. J. Rob-
inson is general manager.

GOLD ROAD MINES CO. (Goldroad) —
A Marcy mill to be installed at mouth of
tunnel.

GOLD ORE MINE (Oatman)— Drift now
being extended east on 650 level. Mill just
completed first run of 30 days.

UNITED EASTERN (Oatman) — Main
shaft down 965 ft., with crosscuts driven to
vein on 303, 465, 565, 665 and 965 levels.
First bar bullion of May output recently
shipped.

Navajo County

ARIZONA MOSSBACK (Snowfiake)— To
install compressor, 40-hp. hoist and 60-hp.
engine.

County

MINE

_,-

NARRAGANSETT
Developed new ore.

SAN XAVIER EXTENSION (Tucsoti.)-
Drifting toward crosscut at 275 level fror
old shaft and on 229 level from new work
ing shaft. Charles F. Sturtevant is l
charge.

Santa Cruz County

FLUX MINE (Patagonia) — Taken ove
by Fred Kollberg and associates unde
lease and bond. New machinery has ar
rived.

Yavapai County

GADSDEN COPPER (Jerome) — Shal
sinking attained depth of 900 feet.

HAYDEN DEVELOPMENT CO. (Jerome
— Cyanide mill treated 60 tons of gold oi
per day in March.

JEROME COPPER CO. (Jerome)— Or
tion by General Development Co. allowed t
expire.

JEROME VERDE CO. (Jerome) — A IV
gal. pump installed on 550 level and in
gal. pump to be moved to bottom.

LOUIS LeBARRA GROUP (Prescott)-
Property consists of 16 claims in Copp.
Basir formally taken over by Internation.-
Syndicate of Mines and Smelters.

TIP TOP MINE (Prescott) — Reporte
under option to H. C. Wilmot, of New Yor

Yuma County

BLACK GIANT MINES (Parker)— R
cent strike attracting attention to Cuprn
camp.

Fune 1. 1918

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

102.r,

\ It R \ \ B V-

Ituxler < ountj

'ii, Si »N i Mountain Homi I I •
nanganese or,, reported on the Three
per Mountains 12 miles north

Boone Count]

n. \ (Zinc)— To Install battery ,,,

lie In mill.

\i: kii.x (Zinc)— To install battery of
es In mill.

t \i noiiN i \
Alameda County

KSTERN M VGNESITE ( '• i (San
feteco)— Master in Chancery II M
jht has ordered James .1 Cummjngs.
ami Joseph E Stock, si,.,i.

the companj (26.883 tor magneslte
■attracted from the mines near
in a hearing before Judi
• in the r s Clrcuil Court n
minu-s ami Si.,, k v, ,i ,. ,,i,l, r, ,i

th,. magneslte claims to thi , o
render an accounting They contended
he master of chancery hearing that

had expended $61,000 In di i

fctracl f ore, hut this claim

(1. and the defendants were ordered to
i for the ore.

Amador County

HTRAL EUREKA (Sutter Creek)—
sinking discontinued and crosscut-
i on o50fl level to be started to

orebody disclosed In 3300 an, I 3400
iu Henry Warrington is acting super-
:dent since the resignation of Fr, ,1

H EUREKA (Sutter Creek) — Develop-
on upper levels not to be pushed un-
laft sinking is completed.

Butt* County

ITTE CONSOLIDATED (Forbestown)
I rorted to resume operation about

CIFIC GOLD DREDGIXG CO (Oro-
I — Xo. 4 dredge has exhausted its
id, and the dredge to be dismantled
:nachinery used elsewhere. Company

■Berating in Trinity, Yuba and Placer
ties. Orovilie field nearing end of its

ing history.

3LE MOUNTAIN G. M. CO. (Orovilie)
» company formed by Orovilie men
■,-elop Butterfly mine. Gordon Xesbit
ant ; Charles Fisher, superintendent ;
Kittrick, secretary ; C. L. Bills,
rer ; C. F. Belding. director.

Calaveras County

1RPHYS DISTRICT is showing re-
I activity. Condit mines at Collier-
(ireparing for work under P. E. Con-

Bngg-s mine at Sheepranch showing

■ in tunnel.

| HTXER (Angels Camp) — Work
inary to deepening shaft 400 ft.

TOR GRAVEL (Angels Camp)— Min-
be resumed. Has been in litigation
veral years.

>ERAL GOLD (Carson Hill)— Reduc-
lant nearing completion.
ilGAX (Carson Hill)— Test run of
xirted encouraging.

Del Xorte County
LOME MINING active in northern
I nC,?un-Is'- Principal districts are
Hill. Lrordon Mountain, and Monu-
and large tonnage ready for ex-
Eldorado County

1 RGETOWN DISTRICT is attracting

■ >n in the development of chrome
' les.

J DORADO LIME AND MINERALS

■ P„efnt°»— Contemplates extensive de-
I ent of property near Shingle Springs.

riiitmis Count]

m8 ,1 ,11-

Vo!t., \l\

Warren Smith

on for .. iiii"
is wlU permll

Riverside ,

vn.i.M \.\ (Mineral) Extracting high-
Id and

Ban iiii. Obispo < ountj
'•H MANGANESE (San i.u

ICkS haul,,,,, or,

■"* ,' . to railroad, transp,

i,;. .",,' si,,,, i ,o

<>• touit, in Shasta < lounty.

Shasta ,»

MAMMOTH • . , (Kennett)—
entering activities In dev, lopmenl o
£ King mine of TrlnltyGro i i„ , ]-

silver. Heavy tonne

.AMERICAN GOLD DREDGING CO
(Redding)— Timber and machinery
assembled tor const™

dredge; wooden hull, 132 ft long u ft
Large area aloi River!

alreadj drill prospected, proved suital
gold dredging.

h»wLLT HJL,L. CWInthrop)— Old smeltery
being converted Into dotation plant, of

™*m.a',Lu"" om-

modate 100 men under c ion Mine

shipping 115 tons of ore daily to Kennett.

Sierra Count;

MONTE CARLO (Brandv Citv)— Ac-
quired by Brandy City Hydraulic Mines
Co., to be worked in conjunction with other
mines Tailings to go to reinforced-con-
crete dam to be constructed this summer

t, M',rxT, ,„ FILLMORE (Gibsonville)—

Driving 3000-ft. tunnel to tap Mount Fill-

tendent e1' F A' Stewarl ls superin-

SIERRA CENTRAL CANAL (Port Wine)

^Ap«S,1nCatlon }°, stat- Water Commission

for 500 second feet of water to be taken

rTtv °r]Vfkl' ,,y J H WiIkie- of Tuta
titj. cold Lake is an important body or
water situated on the northern edge of
Sierra County and about IS miles east of
north from Port Wine, which is on the
western edge of the county. The company
proposed to carry the water by ditch use
iL oiPiae^r m,ninS and return the water
into Slate Creek, on which the gravel mines
to be worked are situated

Ro!AiBL£ ,RO£^ . MINING CO. (Table
Rock)— Contract let for driving 500-ft. tun-
nel. J. H Hartley, of Berkelev. is super-
intendent. Felix E. Wormser. of New York
is consulting engineer.

Sonoma County
SOCRATES (Pineflat)— Quicksilver mine
to be reopened after being idle one month,
u alker Smith is superintendent.

' <ii on \ix,
H, ,ut,f, f , aunt]
1 v v (J I Prow 1 1

>,,.„, .

' '■ ■" Creel • ,

in u, , i , > • « • «.U>

in w,

.,, '',' '''

in ,

' .... ular si,,,,,,

"'■Ml' > M i: i i , , , , , , ,

.,,,,, to mill to

RANDOLPH GOLD (Idaho SnrlnmO —

it* ',.,

i ' • , I ■ 1 1 ■ To . ,.,,,,

bmpire and

■'" Plac,

er«sfst.?gSorfST8E^ate(n ff'Sg"

cen«yr examined i,y Louis" iT'xoY ..

r.-.T';! '' 'T,,k!.;1 :^Mv 'Larson )-Developing
"PPer. M;nVonfeRedr..SantMountlany

Humboldt County

GAXESE DEPOSITS 5 miles from

„„?, e' 0%vned b.v F. A McKee. said

1 " g!j"frade °>"e Deposit traced 200

•"rtati °P' sy sh'Pment to water

Nevada County
?n?ll^A,LLEY COX. (Grass Vallev)—

> S'»5 00ftCya5lde plaJnt being Panned

J--O.000. Proposed capacity 29.000

'r annum, w. L. Williams6n is in

''mion!5^08 CO- (Washington)
rlm^ btme made to c™sh the
d th» ^-,,beinl built between the

= w-trno^ - and a- tb^-span bridge
>nstructed over Yuba River.

Trinity County
ESTABROOK (Trinity Center)— Dredge
sunk, bow down. Apr. 19. Cause of sink-
ing not known at the time, though probably
from an ordinary leak or a hole punched
through wooden wall of the hull by runnlne
into heavy boulder. Boat was built in the
summer of 1908. installed on Scott River
Siskiyou County, by Scott River Predglne
Co Went out of commission and the ma-
chinery was sold to Alta Bert Gold Dredtr-
"?? .p°- and dismantled and moved to
Trinity County in the summer of 1110
About one year ago it was sold to the
Estabrook Gold Dredging Co. Xew hull
and some changes in machinery were
adopted when installed at Trinity ' Center
Company is building a new dredge and ex-
pected to take this one out or commission •
so it will not be rebuilt, though some of
the machinery may be used again.

Tuolumne County

SPRINGFIELD TUNNEL (Columbia) —

•aJ*s£ormers installed and connection made
with Sierra and San Francisco Power Co
line. Three shifts started on new tunnel'

CONFIDBXCE (Confidence) — Shaft

passed 1100-ft point, and new orebodv per-
sisting. Trial run at mill to be "made
soon. W ork on cyanide plant being- rushed.

EUREKA (Tuolumne) — Group of mines
and mining claims and Fisher Gold Devel-
opment tunnel, grizzly mill site and '0-
stamp mill. Xew Albany mill site and water
rights Purchased under judgment of court
sale for $10^000 by Francis F. Prentiss, of
Cleveland. Ohio.

t u»ler County
BUFFALO HUNTER M & \r rr> (Qi,

^Twinty-teK^nlS

veHuaV

(■,..,?,; m ne developments encourairine-
Company contemplates Installation oTaf:
ditional milling equipment L, D Miller
s general manager. H J. Woif' is consuu
ing engineer. ™»u is consuit-

C.ilpin County

^^cStos3IS°shi,)i;er-"^:
PACTOLUS rCentral City)— Stated thi,

i^^';,-H^mTnerated,by.compa"'?^p'ehnI-
■ . f,er'eo mine, and that drede-e tr> ho
installed Placer near Pe?igo mini

PERIGO (Central Citv)— Perieo rotd
Dirt and War Eagle claims to be*operated
in conjunction with Gold Dirt mnf by S
mill ?'shK and W R Klnnev Gold Dirt
mill to be electrically operated Vnd con
centrating and flotati6n machines tartane*

Gunnison County
GUNNISON COPPER CO. (Whitepine)
-P.^.'ofeb'oT61 l° CUt IarSe !°^ad«

fro^^rWlWh^^^rvehf1^

Lake County

<nG$¥r;KBA££ (Leadville)— Sold recently
to Western Chemical C Mine contains

large reserves of heavy pvritic ore low

up "Mine toTe Zin,C SU'lpVide a'so^lpen^ed
up -Mine to be extensively repaired new
equipment purchased, and' bettor abcom-
ta manager "'" f°r men' A K- McdSSSSi
Ouray County
WEWISSA (Ouray)— To be reopened bv
JSne^.HMme. developed by 500-ft c?osscut
adit, and equipped with power plant Ore
carries lead, copper and silver. Ti?h some
rich pockets of ruby silver.

Saguache County

f„AAL?i"?\G„* MILLING bonanza)
t7 tn F r»" /faybeIlS, crosscut advanced 83
ft. to a total of 893 ft. Small vein cut
containing high-grade copper and rubv sil-
ler ore. To continue 100 ft. to Shaw-
mut vein. Company recently installed elec-
tTr"SJly operated compressor plant. Ha£?
J W olf is consulting engineer.

San Juan Conntv
™i»AS A^TO^IO (Red Mountain)— De-
veloped and operated by Summit CopDer
^'"Cf and.xri»">gr Co. Payable ore openetT.
at 200 level. To perform considerable de-

nooJP<m<ini Tork- as soon as railroad is open.
George Hockel is manager.

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 22

>»n Mnufl t ..lino

TP1 1 L'RIDE DISTRICT has adopted
'of wagos effective Ma/ "• «
Machine in.-.. In drifts, Si [B. ma-
im in • ""*'"?

miscellaneous mine labor, J I l'"i-
,nus s>.-i.-m discontinued
STANDARD CHEMICAL (Parado* Val-
. ■:„> trucks hauling eaniotlte ore
i icervUle

Teller Count)

ROOSEVELT TUNNEL (Cripple Creek)
—In Apr.', headings were advanced as fol-
lows: Sain headTng, l"" ft Creeson drift
Funeral dike. 312 ft.: PorUand lateral.

- ft . total, si" feel

CRESSON (Cripple Creek)— Station com-
pleted for diamond-drill operations at
Soint SO0 ft from mam tunnel to Cresson
lateral This point in United Gold Mines
Cc ! ground, and at depth of 1800 feet

MART McKlNNEY (Cripple Creek)—
Lessees Lacey • Woodward ^>W"« m»-
Ung-grade ore from dump on Block 21

VINDICATOR (Cripple Creek)— Large
shoot or, assaying 1 to 4 oz. cold per ton
opined on Sdfie veto of Vindicator system
bv Hay.s Leasing Co Shoot over 1- ft

IDAHO

SENECA (Calumet)— New vertical shaft

sunk' l"" tl during first half of Maj

COPPER RANGE (Pataeedale) Com-
pleting houses tor 76 families

Ml. 'HI.; \X (Rockland) Lode cut on hth

i,.wi ,-, ii wide and on Bth level i. ti .
contains much stamp copper

HOUGHTON COPPER tWInona)— WJ"
continue crosscul with hope of finding Supe-
rior lode

WINONA (Winona) — To sink Kink
Philip No. 1 shaft.

Marquette Range

oino mink (Mlchlgamme)— To close
.Km.- 1 Ore too low in phosphorus to he
Salable at present. This closes the last
i,' mm.- operating at Mlchlgamme

WISCONSIN
Zlne-l.eml Biatrial

Mineral County
TARBOX MINING CO (Saltese)— Com-
pany has d,vel..p.,l large body lead-zinc
ore on 800 level, and now to sink winze 2
ft further In ore. Plan to build mill of 300
tons- capacity this summer.

Shoshone County
DGLAS (Beeler) — Anaconda Copper
Mining Co.. which has been operating
oroberty last two years, has surrendered
Pease! No reason given, but presumablj
on account of abandonment of railroad .in-
struction on Pine Creek. Douglas com-
panv expects to operate property.

CARBONATE HILL (Mullan)— Under
bond to W D Greenough. Large under-
ground station being cut to InataB Lldgwj
wood hoist, preparatory to sinking 1000
feet- , . „

SENATOR MINING CO. (Mullan)— Re-
cently organized and has taken over bond
hid bv Ed Ehrenberg on Flynn group foi
$590,000. expiring 2J years from July 1.
:,v on divide between Mullan and
,„ *Creek < Jrosscut "«.'"» driven from
■<tar workings to cut vein in about 600 ft.
at depth of 1500 ft. Crosscut has nov, been
advanced 200 feet.

LMAZt »N-MANHATTAN (Wallace) —

Beav<-r Creek branch open, and company to
begin shipments. Using Ray-Jefferson mill.
Accumulation concentrates now being moved
and mill running half time.

DREA DNI >r< :HT (Walla ce)— O resho°t
struck at S00 ft Controlled by Duluth

and Spokane capitalists.

RED MONARCH (Wallace)— Two and
one-half feet of clean galena and about
three feet of lower-grade lead ore dis-
covered in raise.

KANSAS

.i,,|.iin District

BIG LEAD (Baxter)— Sinking two shafts

on Cooper land five miles west of Baxter

To erect 250-ton mill. J. A. Settle, of

Muskogee, is president.

NIX-KNIGHT-MICHELL <B a iter

Sr,rine«,_A 75-ton plant to be built Estt-
Kated cost $50,000. C. M. Mitchell is in
charge. _

SUNFLOWER M. & M. (Baxter)— To
build modern mill seven miles west of Bax-
ter adjoining Lucky Jew mine. A r.
Straehley. of Admore. Okla. is president.
COMMERCE M. & R. (Miami. Okla.)—
New Webber mill started up in Kansas just
rorth of Blue Mound First nay's run pro-
duced 76.000 lb. concentrates from 182 000
lb. crude ore on dump. R L. King is
mine superintendent

SOUTHERN (Miami. Okla.)— Completed
500-ton mill one mile north of Treece. Mil
electrically equipped throughout. Mine not
vet opened up.

MICHIGAN

Copper District

CALUMET & HECLA (Calumet)-
Copper production in April. 11,. 34 820 lb.
Producers were: Ahmeek. 2 333 191 lb
Allouez. 545.080; C. * H SS63.7*8.', C?o •
tennial. 204. ITU. We Royale. 1.013.W0.
La Salle. 207.910: Osceola. 1.14. 364. Supe-
rior 211.776 . White Pine. 207,662 pounds.

FEDERAL SYNDICATE (Calumet)— En-
lareine test pit into shaft started May lb.
Ge^rgf North, of Hancock, elected first
vice president

MONTANA

Sllverbow County
1NACONDA (Butte)— At annual meet-
ing retiring directors were re-elected.

NEVADA

Nye County
MANHATTAN CONSOLIDATED (Mao-
tJSS^^SSSa started southeast on

500 level and advanced .la ft. .Water TO
ceding and pumps working at half capat Ity.

UNION AMALGAMATED (Manhattan)
^rosscuttlng, raising and drifting on 800
level midway between Earl and Bath shafts.
Water inflow easily handled

WHITE CAPS (Manhattan) — Pumping
60.000 gal. per day. or at one-fourth
capacity of plant.

TOVOP AH DISTRICT ore production
for the week ended May 11 was 10.155 tons
of an estimated gross milling value of
1172.685 Producers were: Tonopah Bel-
m<„„. 2060 tons; Tonopah Mining 3550 .
Tonopah Extension. 2356; Jim Btitlir, bsu
West End, 1025; Ma.Namara. 453 . Hali-
fax' 37, and miscellaneous, 34 tons.

Washoe County
NIXON-NEVADA (Reno)— Smeltery re-
turns from last carload of ore shipped shmv
3S.369S copper, $10.80 gold and $13.98 silter

per ton. ,..»•■«

l'KXNSYLl AMA

Lancaster County

CHROME LAND LEASED— Two leases
covering tracts in lower Lancaster County
Chester County and Maryland aggregating
more than 1000 acres, have been filed n
the office of the recorder by W. *rank
Gorrecht and Harry B. Cochran.

OKLAHOMA

Joplin District

McCURDY ( Hockerville) — Completed

250-ton mill south of Hockerville and
started operations Dr. H. E. Snodgrass,
of Purcell. is president.

C F DIKE (Jopkin) — Sunk shaft in
rich' ore near Bilharz Bluebird mine.

LIOHTFOOT OIL & MINING (Miami) —
Ground drilled and shaft down .0 ft. Ex-
pect to let contract for new mill soon.

ALEXANDER (Picher)— To erect 500-
ton mM. near Larsh mine. One staftdown
to ore. M. F. Bayless. of Stratford, is
president.

KELTNER (Picher)— Completed 600-ton
mill and started operations. F. W. E\ans,
of Joplin, Mo., is president.

OKO (Picher) — Resumed operations after
several weeks' shutdown. Southland mine
has also resumed development operations.

BRINSON-KIRTLEY (Quapa^y)— Com-
pleted new 200-ton mill in town limits and
started operations.

OKLAHOMA MINING CO (Seneca Mo)
_\ $75 000 plant to be built. In charge
of C. T. Jacobs. itah

Juab County

MAMMOTH (Mammoth) — Closed down
owing to labor difficulties.

VICTORIA (Eureka) — Car worth $8000
reported shipped* recently in charge or
armed guard.

EAGLE & BLUE BELL (Eureka)— Sta-
tion cut and drifts started on 2000 but
work stopped temporarily owing to abor
shortage. Ore of good S^debemg shipped
from all levels between 1000 and 1780.
Sixty-seven cars shipped in April.

Piute County
FLORENCE M. & M. CO (Marysvale) —
A 100-ton potash plant is under course of
construction. A new-type furnace is toeing
installed. J. A. Cullen. is in charge of
mill. Mine development in charge of Jacob
Young

MIFFLIN DISTRICT shipments foi
ended Max i were: Coker. 126 tons;
Pom S3 tons, all to the Point. \
Hill shipped 238 tons to Cuba, and fl
the Senator mine 47 Ions Griinow Mm
Co Shipped 6 1 tons (o Nation; il Sep
at Cuba

LONOHORN LEASE (Benton)
ore on this has.- has proved exception

K I

OLD MEXICO MINE (Harrison)— H e
again started to operate mine. Raym
Plquett, Of Plattevllle, is In charge.

MINERAL POINT ZINC CO. (Highla |
—Shipments of zinc or.- lasl week v>
five ears going to smelters at IV I ue i-
rect. No shipments made from Saxe m%

NEW JERSEY ZINC CO. (Highland*
Mine development in progress south I
village.

M. & H. (Platteville) — Large pllejj
tailings being milled.

CANADA
British Columbia
SHIPMENTS TO SMELTERY
TRAIL for the week ended Apr.|
amounted to 772H tons, as compared 'tl
8821 tons the week previous. la-
ments by districts were as follows it ■•
land. 4316 tons: Slocan and AmswJ
479- Nelson 37: Boundary, boo.
Kootenay. 1901 ; other B C mines, I
and American Mines. 218 tons.

CANADA COPPER (Princess Cam -
Completed deep Copper Mountain tuijl
2900 ft long. Average rate of aOA«
18 6 ft. per day. Tunnel section 9 x 1'
A 720 ft. raise to be driven from tu H
W P. Tiernev. of Vancouver, has e
awarded the contract for the 15-mile »
road construction from Princeton. in
will be 27 trestles and four large tut*
along the line, as well as several deep IB
and steep fills.

Ontario

T. C. 177 (Gowganda)— A wide velnt
ported to carry high silver content.*
been discovered on 200 level.

BEACON (Elk Lake)— Preparing Ii
begin work near the Lucky Godfrey.

KRIST-THOMPSON (Porcupine) — I»
tors to surrender the charter on ref|
of shares in the new Thompson-Knst IJ
ing Co. each old share of the par val 0
$5 to be replaced by three shares o.UJ
new company, which shares have now
been assigned. The stock is held law
bv German investors, whose shares « o
deposited with the Secretary of State. I
NORTH DAVIDSON (Porcupin. I
Diamond drilling resumed and to conM
to 1000 ft When completed shaft
put down to orebody at 300 level.

PORCUPINE CROWN ( Porcirpi >-
Mine closing down. Hugh Lee will b»
in charge.

WHELPDALE (Porcupine) — Pn n
lying north of Hollinger incorporatj 4
company of same name with $2.6' »'
capital.

KERR LAKE (Cobalt)— April pi*
tion, 201,000 oz. silver, as compared »
2(17,100 oz. in March.

McKINLEY DARRAGH (Cobs':
Started new mill to treat old tailini '
flotation.

NIPISSING (Cobalt)— In April *
ore of estimated value *3-,9'"T;5
shipped bullion and residue pf esti.«
net value. $308,786, Several small*
promising veins cut in No. 73 Shan

KIRKLAND LAKE DISTRICT-*
out power, the transmission 1 1 nt ! J
Cobalt having gone out of <»""?■
small line from Charlton is workin f
fs sufficient only to keep pumps . r j
and lights on. Heavy ^"ds cause < ■
rupted service. Line is 60 miles ion

BURNSIDE (Kirkland Lake)— Sor 0
has been cut at 125 feet.

LIGHTNING RIVER DISTRICT—- {
count failure to complete road, suppi
property left six miles from claim.
have to be hauled in on skids at f»
increased cost of operation.

Quebec

BRITISH AMERICA NICKEL °
PORAT ON-Contract for construct!
a nickel and copper refinery at Des^
let to Bate. McMahon & Co »■«
suVeyed and section of plant to ■

Col. Robert Low to ^'"J^ftrut-t. •
work The plant to be construe.
ti?ely of conSrete, and building ar J
chinery estimated to cost over $1."»

rUne1, l918 ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

""'"""'"'"'"'""miuuiiuiuuiiu^iimi^n, HiiiiMiMi mmm , „,„„„„„ — -

102 <

'" """ ,u """"" •••■ixximiuiiiiii.nniuiiiiiuiimiujuiiimujaiiiiiiiiiun. «.,

The Market Report

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Ml \l l{ AM) STER] IN., j X. NANCE

St cl-
ips:

Kx-

>ll\ If

4.7550 99!
4 7550 991
4 7550 99)

New ] Lon-

i ..r k. don,
Cents! Penco

48;

4«;

481

May

St.rl-
inc
Ex-
change

4 7550
4 7550
4 7550

Silver

New
York
Centi

99j

99]

99;

Lon-
don,
Pence

TsT
48;

N. » York quotations are as reported by I

liver, 9MV ho,-. London quotations arc n> .».,„.,. .„.,
roy ounce of sterling silver, 925 fin... P

DAILY PRICKS OF METALS IN NEW YORK

Copper

Tin

I .%

K.lertro-

lytic

Spot.

0

•23}

t

n

•23)

t

a

•2IJ

t

a

•23}

t

«

•23,

t

Lead

I Zinc

*23»

6.90
@7 00

6 97J
(317.021

6 97;
@7 02!

6 97j
«i 7 02!

6 97J
<8'7 02;

6 97;
(5 7 02j

, ' "'•"" Thi produi • pi did nol n

"V.' ' "'■ Pflc Fixing Co,

, "V. V'" ,h"lu '"■ Board until in rj
Wednesday afteri Thi i

.'!!;,„',:;;';:: ' ■■• »«. y „.

, '' '"' '!"''""i ror co r have been very

la ?'■■ :"!'' are In an over-

7" '; 'on; te. they are far behind In

& June 1. '""-','1 "' hav« '""" »"»«"

tl,eBy.,?ir';.iSi??,.0f ",e War Industrie* Board,

ine price for <■. ■,■ continues al 2Sic

unti Aug;. 16. The agreement betweer f tG
British government and the Australian ur -

& ^ukChJ„8„eatS0abOU, ""' -""■ «■*&

r.;vv:,^,;,,;:'^::;!1,,,r,,,;:;;;;c,^^r

mittee, to which he will devote his who"*

m™tersatte5ri'?f "*"•':'-">' to Jtattetlcal
matters. Professor Qraton Is highly ex-
perienced in this BUbJeel and his ZmS

ment Is ... all respects admirable '

mllll""'ii"iiiiininiiiiimiiinmimimiimimniiinimiiiiiiiiiiraii

Gold. Silver and Platinum

' in thi

received on i from

",, 7 ":"' '•

,,t t„ ,1" ', ';,''"':"»= « *oJd return •
lint to the full I'alui ..i thi t I and sir

i',r,, '" «■'»'«•< Iver In ores and las.

bullion , (ported from Mexico.
Mexican Dollars at New York: May 21

MaVM28y774- \\- M;'y IS- ": M;'y " «

may -H, , , ; May ^ L>. 77.

nv!.?ia^!l^n.Pul,,,,.,'y,,m "ml Iridium- I . lot 8
Axed at $106, $135 and $176, respectively

Ore Markets

Price fixed by agreement between American
iper producers and the U. S. Government, accord-
: to official statement for publication on Friday
>tember 21.1917.

r No market.

rhe above quotations (except as to copper, the
ce for which has been fixed by agreement tetween
lencan copper producers and the U. S. Govern-

,!™';„"l ,.'u 'here " ?°. (rw market) arc our

iraisal of the average of the major markets based

erally on sales as made and reported by producers

agencies, and represent to the best of our judg-

. the prevailing values of the metals for the

| venes i constituting the major markets, reduced to

n„™ liT ^°rk' Cas,>' except where St Iouis '■
■ normal basing point.

h« quotations for electrolytic copper are for cakes
^ts and wirebars.

'• quote electrolytic cathodes at 0 05 to 0 10c
» the price of wirebars, cakes and ingots
jotat.ons for spelter are for ordinary Prime

inn Ik 1nds- of "?°te New York Pri™ at 2°<--
> 100 lb above St. Louis.

LONDON

[ Zinc

Copper

Tin

Lead

Standard

Elec-
tro-
lytic

125
125

125
125
125

Spot

3 Mos.

■■ Spot

110

110

iio
no
no

3 Mos.

110

110

110
110

no

Spot

Spot

355
355

355

355
355

355
355

355

355
355

29*.
29J

29|
29J
29*

54

54

54
54
54

,' a^?v.e "able gives the closing quotations on
■ on .Metal Exchange. All prices are in pounds
'tig per ton of 2.240 lb. For convenience in
' anson of London prices, in pounds sterling per
' D, with American prices in cents per pound
...owinp : approximate ratios are given, reckoning
?,a,,,,,t'515 £29} =6 2576c; £54= I 1 ,4545c;
; =23 3333c; £125 = 26.5151c; £260 = 55 1513c ■
* 121205 £30°= 63'6362c- Variations, £ I

Metal Markets

NEW YORK — May 29. 1918
i ?J*Le.f subject of discussion this week
r. ■ dlfaPPointine; attitude of the War
^ tries Board with respect to the price
I >PPer. In the markets the interesting
» es were the further and more em-
- strength in lead and a further eas-
s . the tin situation.

shall not compute and report the
t uy averages for May until Monday
l«iOon. June 3.

Ih "jSfw8^.^ are <Iuote<l at 31 Jc. per
rolled r£L2LUed.' a"d 1C- h*her toT Old

ml"!dcartoS§erots!re 'S QUOted at 28»°- tob

f.J,l"T,Thli Situation became easier right
from the beginning of the week At the

market at 96c, and at the close it was
down to 90c. Banka tin for shipment as
early as possible was offered at the close
of the weekal 87@88c, and Chinese No 1
for June shipment, at 85@86c. Sinc-ii«.r'
?^Hd SXai\s "i1 Yesterday at isW.c^t
London, the London official quotation being

Lend— Transactions were larger than in
the previous week, and the market firmed
up considerably especially |n St. ££*
The smaller producers now seem to be as
^11 sold out as the larger. Lead produc-
tion continues to run smaller, much below
..^st^ong 1917' and the statistical posftjon

Zinc— The market was very dull all the
reported sales of the week being covered
by the range of 7.20@7.26c, the higher
figure being realized on July-August con-
tracts. while spot and June were bought for
tZS„ The Government placed an order
for a round lot. About the onlv other
port""* ° mterest was some sales for ex-
The War Industries Board has renewed
the maximum prices of 12c. for high-grade
spelter. 14c. for plate zinc, and l5f to?
sheet zinc, the last two being subject to
the usual discounts This arrangement
does not mean that the producers shall be
paid such prices, but rather that they may

Tkasir aryihJpg ir excess of them y

viii. . w ?■ mc Smelti"e Co.. of Mounds-

Mile. W. \a... reports scarcity of labor.

Zinc Sheets — TTnchanged at $15 per 100
per lis? of "Feb r4de discounts and ^'<ras as

Freight Rates — According to the new
railway freight order, copper and lead bul-
lion are raised 25'",. excepting that rates
from Arizona. California. Idaho. Montana

we=Va,1a^New 16xico^ Oregon. Utah and
Washington to New York shall be $16 50
a net ton. with differentials to other At-
lantic ports^ and rates from Colorado El
Paso and Texas to the Atlantic seaboard
shall be increased $6 50 a ton.

Aluminum — The price quoted is the Gov-
ernment price of 32c. per lb.

Antimony — Dull and easier. We auote
spot at 12W12JC. at the close. Nobody
quotes futures. ~«xuj

Bismuth — Metal of the highest puritv for
pharmaceutical use is quoted at $3 50 per
lb. for wholesale lots — 500 lb. and over.

Cadmium — This metal is quoted at $1 40
per pound, unchanged.

Nickel — Market quotation is 40 0 45c per
pound.

Quicksilver — Steady at $1180120 for
California virgin. San Francisco reports
by telegraph. $113. strong.

hi/h1 *-;• no °". SIay, 25— Blende, per ton.
Class B, $55; prim.- west,,,,. } | 7 ,„ |3
mine, per ton. base 48',; Zn $36&30
Average selUng pries; Bl.nde. * $ I " 2
calamine. $82.96 ; all zinc ores 146 22
Lead, high, $87.85 . 1 Pb, $86®

««•> tv"'-'K'' seIilng price, all grad

*o2.17 per ton.

Shipments the week Blende, 774!)- cala-

BS?^!,S!l!6,1,««lta* va,ue ah ;:^

capnrn8a77??,SrSf;12!,etodn5 ",

all ores five months. $1 1.5 13..! 70 Th. ,-ala-
mine shipment is Jusi half that of last yea"

604ntona r':i8li ""'s '""' lead is ';ho,',

nr Jhi°„Ug,hk th^r,e, j£ a larKe reserve stock of
?;e . n ,,he .Oklahoma Meld, buyers claim
the getable" quantity is no more than the
weekly needs. This was the cause of ad
^\Td ,pricis *'! week on prime western
stocks to supply the demand of a smelter
not regularly in the market.

In the "Journal" of May 18 our Joplin
correspondent reported erroneously that the
Fort Smith Spelter Co. had closed its plant
owing to unwillingness to enter th- $7",
agreement for high-grade ore. and there
were further errors respecting previous sus-
pensions of smelting at this plant. In fact
the plant has been op-rated continuously'
save for spasmodic shut-downs of a few
days, when there was inability to secure ore
on account of transportation ditliculti-v
and in one case owing to a labor dispute'
The closing of May 3. 1918. was due to
the American Zinc Products Co.. an affili-
ated concern, having an overstock of spelter
at its plant at Greencastle. Ind. Smelting
will be resumed at Fort Smith in a few
days.

Bfl^"55fT^ FiH- ,Mav *S— Blende, basis
60% Zn. $,5 base for limited quantity of
premium grade. The highest price report-
ed paid for the week's best product was
!I?'n»rPte„r k"- the price Ia"ging down to
m„„P ?n ^.ase foV s,< °nd grade high lead
blende Lead ore. basts SO", lead. $80 per
o°>"jn ;shlPments reported for the week are:
?7oS . °. ubIend'-- 174 *ons galena and

1792 tons sulphur ore. For the year to dat-
the totals are 52.461 tons blende. 2879 tons
galena and 22,822 tons sulphur ore Dur-
ing the week 2856 tons of blende were
shipped to separating plants.

Other Ores

Chrome Ore— Business reported done at
$1.50. f.o.b. shipping points, for 40% ore.

Manganese Ore— Unchanged at $1,200
1.30 per unit for metallurgical ore. 48*
grade. The schedule price is $1.20. but ore
York better than $1.25, ex-dock. New

Molybdenum Ore — Quoted nominally at
51.25 per lb. of molybdenum sulphide in
ore of 90% grade.

Pyrites — Spanish lump is quotable to
those who possess a license from the Gov-
ernment at 17c. per unit on the basis of 9s
ocean freight, buyer to pay war risk. les«
2% and excess freight. Domestic pyrite is
quoted at 30c. per unit, fob. mine

Tungsten Ore — Unchanged at $24 tor
^he/J}ie and *19@24 tor wolframite Ore
of 65% grade, containing impurities, sold
as low as $20. while the highest grade
of ore, free from tin and copper, realized

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 22

Iron Trade Review

111 1 Mil BOH Mil} .'!*

prli

-in. K yl OTATIONS

STOCK QUOTATIONS — Continued

N \ I M II t

Alaska i ..'l.t M
i Juneau

\m sin A K. '

A II. ( . |>l
\rn SOJ 81 I . |if . \

Am Zinc
Am Zinc, pi
da

lis Mill

- 1 . . 1

Bethlehem st. el pi
Huttr A- Superior
Butte i up A Zinc
Cerro de Pasco

Chile COP

Chltiii

. Olo.l tp'l A lr.ui

Crucible steel

i. stcel.pl.
1 tome m Incfl
Federal M « a
I edcral m a s , pi
Great Nit , ore i'tl
. treene ' iananea
Gultstat. a steel

Inspiration i Ion
InternatlonalNlckel

Kcnlii tr

Lackawanna steel

Mexican Petrol
Miami Copper

Nat'l i ead, a

National lead, pf

Nt'v I I0DSO1

. intarln Mln

U:iv COP

Ki-pulillt'l AS .com
Republic 1 * S . pi
Sioss-Sbemeld.
Tenneesee .'A- C
i g Bteel, com. . . .

D S 3teel.pt

Utah Copper

Va Iron C.AC

N Y. CURBt

8 In iron and

I »«< ". " a. '25,

the Aiiuti-

,1 si.vl Institute an*, ct only an

i of tit. products

. ,str) Some descriptions ••"

Southern cl B Iron are advi

thouBh Lake Su rpoal Iron Is, m

the ..mm. unchai idvance has been

on chan to meet objections ol chain

. to unoriginal schedule. Rivets iare

structural and $3 on

rivets An advance is made ol about

ida u. meet ti

luA. under the original schedule n bands

were too low, comparatively to hoops. Tne

ic. on I. a. ids ai &
.„, hoops, both being base prices, wit]
rite lists . ' d LS-gage down lor

bands hoops. A Blngle

base price ol i Bo. is made Cor both prod-
ucts, with a list of extras sunning through
ill erajres tl ras being substantially

""l ',',,'

and the old hand extras, reduced bj aboul

$4 pe. 12-gage down Thus the

base price for bands is raised £18 per ton,
though the extras are reduced about J4,
making a net advance ol (8 Cast-iron wa-
ter pipe is advanced $0 per ton.
These advam esent i ici

and furnish no liasis for expectation
that there will be general advances in the
iron and steel price schedules when tin mat-
up for adjustment as to what
prices are to rule after June 30.

There has b. en a practically complete
shutting off of supplies of pig iron and Bteel
produ umers who are not engaged

in filling war orders, direct or indirect, or
are not catering to the peace industries
helpful toward winning the war
r there will undoubtedly be somewhat
more steel for the general trade, perhaps
much more, but it is uncertain whether this
steel will reach users through their being
placed on preference lists or through ordi-
nary commercial distribution.

Furnace and mill operations continue to
increase slightly, and production of both
pig iron and ingots is at record rate, prob-
ably over 42.000,000 tons a year in pig iron
and over 44.000.000 tons a year in steel
ingots.

Pic Iron — Answers to the merchant fur-
nacemen's questionnaire to customers will Kerr Lake
probably be completed soon, and it will Louisiana
then be known just what consumers purpose
doing with the pig iron they have on order,
and the proportions of war and peace
operations can be analyzed to determine
whether it will be necessary to allocate
all the merchant pig iron as made. Mean-
while the merchant furnaces are shipping
scarcely any iron except to those who
have war orders. The new price regulations
promulgated a week ago do not affect the
local market, as they relate chiefly to
charcoal iron and copper-bearing bessemer
iron. Bessemer iron, free from copper, was
formerly merely defined as being 10 %
above basic : now it is specifically stated
that this applies to iron up to 3% silicon,
th.re being extras for higher silicons. The
market remains quotable at the set limits:
Bessemer. $35 20; basic. $32: malleable.
$33 50 ; Xo 2 foundry. $33 ; forge, $32. at
furnace, freight to Pittsburgh from the Val-
leys being 95 cents.

Steel — There is practically no unfinished
soft steel in the open market, but mills en-
gaged in war work can sometimes pick up
odd lots. Shell-discard steel has also prac-
tically disappeared from the market. A
few months ago. when mils were making
about half as much shell steel as now. dis-
card steel rolled into billets was bringing
$2 to $3 below the set prices for soft steel,
while now the full prices would be paid,
and still consumers cannot get any. Set
prices remain: Billets, $47.50; small billets,
$51; slabs, $50; sheet bars, $51; rods, $57.

H

7*

104

.\ 1 \i II • Mai -">

ss
l.'.l
ID

1

so
B81

.

10
16

71
9

30
301

I".
vl
6 ,

ill

II .

92
27|
68 .
102
19
10
23
811

64

is:

1031
id 9

7s;
71

.•Its

May 2S

Big Ledge

Butte a v v. . .

Butte i>etrolt

Caledonia

Calumet A Jerome
Can . lop Corpn.. .

Carlisle

Cashboy
Con. Ariz sm
Con. Coppermlnca.
Con. Nev -Utah. .

Emma Con

First Nat. Cop... .

Goldftrld Con

Goldfleld Merger..
Greenmonster . . .

Heela Mln

Howe Sound

Jerome Verde

Magma

Majestic

Marsh

McKlnley-Dar-Sa

Mllford

Mohican

Mother Lode

N. Y. & Hond

Niplsslng Mines...
Nixon Nevada. . . .
Ohio Cop ....

Rawley

Ray Hercules

Richmond
Rochester Mines..
St. Joseph Lead.. .
Standard S. L. . . .

Stewart

Success

Tonopah

Tonopah Ex

Trlbulllon

Troy Arizona

United Cop

United Verde Ext.

United Zinc

Utlca Mines

.lif

.40
1A

i"

6»

th
.19

HI
.25
.021

Jtt

4I
t41

tH
5.75

32«

.25

.04)

.42

»H

} 25

49

JI2I

8 80

.60

,2?

41

t.56
.49
J151

.21*

.08
21
1A

.25

.17

38*
H

t-08

Adventure

Witm-fk.
UffOmah.

■■ ■ ■
Arir Com .

Vriinkl

■

Butte-Bali
Calumet A li Li
t alumei A Ht i la
i lentennlal
i topper Range
I'M- \\ eel - - -

\kw is Daly

Baai Butte

i ranklln

Hancock

Hr.il. \

Helvetia

Indiana
[ale Royale

Ki uri iiuW

Lake

La Salle

Mason Valley.

Mass

m a i Bower

Michigan

Mohawk

New Arcadian. . .

New lilria

North Butte

North Lake

OJlbway

Old I dominion. .

Osceola

Qulncy

St Mary s M. L...

Santa ire

Seneca

Shannon

Shattuck-Arls, . .

Sm I ,lk<>

So Utah

Superior

Superior & Boat..

Trinity

Tuolumne

TT S Smelting...
tr. s. Smelt'g, pf.

Utah Apex

Utah Con

Utah Metal

Victoria

Winona

Wolverine

Wyandot.

73'

so

49

'ti
i
.'.r.
09 i
415
12

4>)
ft

Si

75

7

112

20
.80

22

|j

51
5
II

11
82

14
15|

t 05
75
39)
48
73
49
.75
81
31

'.!

.12
41
21
31
.90
40!
43
11
91

11

H

J28
SO

COLO. SPRINGS

Ma> 27

LONDON

pr U

us Oil

1 e 1

lUirilla Corp... .

14

.03

Cum A Motor

oiio

(i!

1 amp lllrd

0 7 9

11)

1 u iro

(18 6

naa . . .

0 8 6

■ lolden 1 '\ ele.

Mexican Mines

5 5 0

,2-- ,, Mill Corp.. all.

.04 Neohl, pld

0 10 6

Man McKlnney..,

051

1 irovllle

0 17 9

.87

St Julin ill 1 Key

0 1ft 0

United Gold M

.15

Santa Gert'dlj.

0 12 9

Vindicator

.30

Tomboy

■ 1:1.1 t .r t ■ w * 1 losing prices.

1 :.st t Jllntntliilis.

MONTHLY AVERAGE PRICES OF METALS i

New York

London

Silver

1916

1917

1918

1910

1!

17

1182

I91li

,.', 778

75.030

^ 702

21: 9011

.It,

44 . 3:

Web

;a 7.,:,

77 5S5

85 710

JO 975

87 742

57 036

73 661

„s os2

,'7 .Vi 7

April

.,1 115

7:1 B76

96.346

,111 662

May.

71 269

71 717.

;.. 17,'

87 940

65 02 1

7i. 1171

:tl 111.11

89 005

July

62 940

79.01(1

30 OOO

III 1 HI

66 083

85 407

.11 193

48.418

Sepl

68 516
67 868

100 7li
B7 332

32 361

.-,11 '1211
44 324

Nov

Dec

7 1 604

7'. 705

S5 -.''I
85.960

34. 192
16 ill

1:1 584
43.052

Year.

05 001

81 417

31.315 40 851

Mew York quotations cents per ounce troy, line sllvi
London, pence per ounce, sterling silver. 0.925 fine.

Copper

Electrolytic

Jan....
Feb. .
Mar.
April
May...
June...
July..
Aug. .
Sept. .
Oct ...
Nov. .
Dec...

1917

25 073
31 750
31.481
27.935

_'S 7-.^
29 902
20 0211

26 380

25 073

23 500

23 5

23 500

23.1

a 500

23.600

• !

27 180

1918

Standard

1917

131 921
137 B95

130 750
133 S42
130 000
130 IIOO
12S 409
122.391
117 500
I 10 1100
110.000
110 000

124 892

1 9 1 s

1 10 1

110.000
I 10 lion
1111.000

Lie rolyl

1917

112 S'I5 125 n
148.100 125. Ofl
l.'.l 0oo'l25 11
147.158 125.0|

142 000 ■

142.000 1

1 40 409 .|

137.000 M

1 35 . 250 M

125 000 X

125.000 M

125 000 I

138.401

BOSTON CURB* May 28

Uaska Minis Corp.
Hinu'ham Mines
I Boston Ely.
Boston & Mont.
Butte & Lon'n Dev

Calaveras

Calumet-Corbln.

Chief Con

Cortez

Crown Reserve

Crystal Cop
Eagle & Blue Bell..
Gila Copper
Houghton Copper.
Intermountatn
Iron Cap

Mexican Metals. .

Mines of America..

Mojave Tungsten

Nat. Zinc A- Lead.

Nevada-Douglas...

New Baltic

New Cornelia

Oneco.

Pacific Mines

Rex Cons

Yukon Gold

.10
10

.90

.47

.18

H

t.01

21

.05

.10

.22

21

117

50

t 05

18

.33

II
.06
.24
.70
.80
18
.20
t 35
.09
1

January .
February. ..

March

April

May

June

July

August

September.
October. . .
November.
December.

Av. year.

1917

44 . 175
51.420
51 3SS
55 910
03.173
62 053
62 570
62.681
01 542
01 851
74.740
87.120

1918

S5 .'.no
92 000

(a)

W)

01.802

1917

318

185.813 293.
198.974 V
207.443 :
220.171 :i
245.114 .
242 083 .
242.181 .
i43P78 .
244.038 .
247.467 .
274.943 .
298.556 .

237.563

(a) No average computed.

Lead

SALT LAKE'

SAN FRAN •

May 27

Ferroalloys

• rromanganei.il — The market is quiet
Various steps taken have reduced the pros-

Alta

Andes

Best & Belcher

Caledonia

Challenge Con

Confidence

Con. Virginia

Gould & Curry.
Hale A- N'orcross...

Jacket -cr. Pt

Mexican

Occidental

Ophlr

Overman

Savage

Sierra Nevada. . . .

Union Con

Utah Con

Belmont

pects of a shortage later, though there are 3lTn Butler
ample stocks al present K-rromanganese '
is quoted at $250. delivered, for 70%; 16%
spiegeleisen being $70 at furnace.

Coke

ConnelUville Coke — The market is quiet,
there being limited offerings and also limit-
ed demand. Blast furnaces are now fairly
well supplied. Connellsville production is
running 340,000 to 350,000 tons a week,
with fair car and labor supplies. Byprod-
uct production has increased slightly and
will increase much more in the m-xt few
months through completion of additional
ovens. ,

Midway ......

Mont. -Tonopah...

North Star

Rescue Eula.

i.il Con —

Atlanta

Booth

Comb. Frac

Florence

Jumbo Extension.
Kewanas
Nevada Hills
Nevada Packard..
Round Mountain.
Silver Pick

White Caps

Big Jim

United Eastern. .

.02
.08
.02
.05
.03
.04
39

J 01
02
.06
.51

J 60
.08
.01
.03
.15
.80

J-11

3 10

.74

.16

.07

.12

.13

.08

.80

.06

03

J 02

10

.09

.03

04

.25

.25

03

.38

l7'

May 27

Bannack

Cardiff
Colorado Mining.

Daly

F.mpire Copper.
Gold Chain .
Grand Central- .

Iron Blossom

Judge • ■ ■

Lower Mammoth
May Day

Moscow

Prince Con

Rico Wellington.
Silver-King Coal'n
Silver King Con. .

Sioux Con

So. Heela

Tlntic Standard...

Uncle Sam

Walker Cop

Wllbert

Yankee

t 26
3 80

.081
1 75
J 92
04

.45

40

5.50

J 03

OH

1 05
62
101
1 42)
1 65
03 i
.65
tl 621
00)
1 55
t 14
t 02)

January

February....

March

April .

May

June

July

August

Septemttiq

October.

November..

December.

New York

1917

7.026

H . 030
9 199

•I 288

10 207

11 171
10.710
10 594

8 080
1, 7111
6 249
6 375

Year 8.787

1918

0 7S2
0 973
7.201

1, 7.2

1917

7 530

5 595
9.120
9.158

10 202
11.123
10.044
10 518
8.611
h o.-,o
6.187

6 312

1918

6 084
6 899
7.091
6.701

8 721

1917

in 51111
30 . 500

30 500

30 500

30 500

30 500.

30 500

30 500

30 500

30 ".no

30 500

30 500

30.500

2!

2'

21*

2 i.

Spelter

January

February .
March. .
April

May

June

July

August
September.
October.
November

1 >r rrlnbrr

Year.

1917

9 019

in 111.',
in 3011
9 459
9 302
9 371

8 043

S 300
8 130
7 9S.3
7.847
7 085

8 901

1918

7.830
7.814
7.461
6 890

1917

9 410
9.875
10 130
9.289
9 192
:i 201
S 473
8 19(1
7 966
7 813
7 072
7.510

8 813

1918

7 661
7.639
7 280
6.715

Londi
1917 1 li

-IJI

4R.329!54i
47.000i54l
47.000 5ig
54 032 S4|
54 . 000 . *
54 000 .
54.000' ..
54.000 . ■•
54.0001. »
54 000 . ..
54.000
54.000 . -

52.4131.

TORONTO*

May 27

New York and St. Louis quotations, cents per p»
London, pounds sterling per long ton.

.50

Adanac

Bailey

Beaver Con

chambers Ferlanil
Conlagas
Hargraves. .
La Rose
Peterson Lake

Temiskamlng

Wettlaufer-Lor. . .

Davidson

Dome Exten

Dome Lake

Holllnger

Mclntyre

Newray

Poreu. crown

Teek-Hughes

Vlpond

West Dome

.10
.03)
.26)
11'.
2 90
08
.38
09)
27)
04
.51
111
19
4 90
1 30
.20
12)
J 45

Ml

Pig Iron,

Bessemer t

Baslct

No
Four

G*

Pgh.

1917

1918

1917

1918

1917

January

February...

March.

April

May

June

July

August
September .
October.
November .
December. .

(35 .05

30 37
37 37
42 23
40 94
54 22
57 45
54.17
40.40
37.25
37 25
37.25

537.25
37 25
37 25
36 15

S30 95
30 95
33 49
38 90
42.84
50 05
53 80
50 37
42.24
33 95
33 95
33 95

$33 95
33 95
33 95
32 95

S30 95
30 95
35.91
40 06
43 60
50 14
53 95
53 95
4S.58
33 95
33 95
33 95

$40.83

Year

S43 57

S39 62

t As reported by W. P. Snyder & Co.

Engineering a„d Mining Journal

June 8, 1918

Numbt r 2::

V.*,,,,, OTV „, THE COMSTOCK .g™. SiV.„RTHWESTERLr mKECTIo;) raoj[ Tiffi

Mining Lower Levels of the Comstock Lod(

Ry lewis h. eddy

Ihc reopening of the lower levels of the Corn-
stock Lode is an interesting chapter in the
mining history of the West. The evolution in
drainage appliances and their use under excep-

tional conditions are important phases of reci •
work. The development of new orebodies and
the completion of drainage facilities have .s/
Ic.ted mining operations on the lower b

rHE development of new high-grade orebodies in
the lower levels of the Northend mines of the
Comstock Lode at Virginia City, Nev as a
<*llt of drainage to the 2900-ft. level, establishes
oot of the persistence of payable ore at depth. A
'W area is now drained and reopened for mining
ihe complete reopening of the lower levels of the
•'rthend mines, through the Union shaft, after being
•ed with water for 33 years, was marked by the
paction of payable ore on the 2700-ft. level in July
In September of that year development was
'Progress on the 2900-ft. level. Since the middle
July, 1917, new ore has been disclosed and devel-
I<1 from the 2300-ft. down to the 2600-ft. level In
'middle of last September important disclosures were
le of ore averaging in excess of $30 per ton, one
the 2300-ft. level and one in a new winze at a
P of 26 ft. below the 2700-ft. level. The average
j able ore mined in other parts of the upper level

lCUate edUor' EnB- and Mln. Journ., San Francisco.

ranged from $12 to $37 per ton, and has been almost
constant during the last three year.-*, with frequent
occurrences of ore assaying $60 to $70 per ton Low-
grade ore has also been discovered in prospecting

The active resumption of mining in the lower levels
followed close upon the draining of the mines by elec-
trically driven pumps lifting through the C. & C. shaft
to the Sutro tunnel. This accomplishment was the
result of nine years of patient, arduous labor The
operators controlling the drainage and development of
the Northend and the North Middle mines comprise
the Sierra Nevada Mining Co., Mexican Gold and Silver
Mining Co., Union Consolidated Mining Co., Ophir Sil-
ver Mining Co., and the Con. Virginia Mining Co.
the Lnited Comstock Pumping Association, with W
G. Morrow as president, Whitman Symmes, mining
engineer, and T. F. McCormick, superintendent, is a sep-
arate organization, which carries on the drainage work
and apportions the expenses among the different mines
The Slossen-Symmes interests control the Union Mexi-
can, Ophir and Con. Virginia and cooperate with the

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 23

la, of the Northend mines. The pumping
. or to be undertaken is handled by the
United Comstock Pumping Association.

The Comstock covers an area approximately two miles
long ami 2000 ft. wide, lying along the eastern Hank
of the Washoe Range, dipping 85 to 45 east, and
embracing the Northend mines, the Middle mines and
the Gold Hill mines. The east side of the Comstock
includes the mines of Silver City Oil the south, the
Brunswick, Comstock-Phcenix and Scorpion to the north
and a number of other mines and mining claims. The
East-side mines are on what is generally conceded to

be a series of parallel and branching veins, some of
Which diverge at the north and south from the main
lode. The towns of Virginia City and Gold Hill are
on the lode, the former extending from the Sierra
Nevada to the Potosi and the latter from the Bullion

the relation of oretiodies and workings in the North-
> ii.l and North Middle mines from the surface to tht
deepest levels. The depth in the old workings is ap
proximately the same in the Mexican as in the Chollar
,,!' the .Middle group, aboul 3300 ft. The approximati
oast and west dividing line between the Northend an.
i he Middle mines is marked by the Spanish Ravine
This phues the Best & Belcher in the Middle district
which extends south to the south line of the Alpha
The present plans for unwatering and development i:
this district include principally the mines the under
ground workings of which are tributary to the Corr.j
bination shaft, and particularly referred to as the Nort
Middle mines.

Unwatering the Northend mines was started in 1891
In the five years following, the mines were drained an
the C. & C. and the Union shafts reopened to t.

|M!

SURFACE PLANT OF THE UNION MINE ON THE COMSTOCK LODE

to the Overman. Virginia City is on the east slope
of the mountains at 6000 ft. elevation, and the Gold
Hill is at 500 ft. lower elevation.

The general strike of the Comstock lode is north
and south, and the average elevation is 6000 ft. above
sea-level. Mount Davidson, at an approximate altitude
of 7800 ft., stands directly west of the Middle mines.
The foot wall of the lode is diorite and the hanging
wall diabase, though the walls consist of other rocks
in some parts. The geology of the Comstock region
was investigated and reports were published by von
Richthoven (1865), Church H877) and Becker (1882).
The promise of future yield at greater depth than
former ore horizons has been at least partly sustained
by the recent development in the deep levels of the
Northend mines.

The accompanying longitudinal section illustrates

2000-ft. level. In the period of 1912-14 draining *
exploration proceeded to the 2500-ft. level. The en-
plete drainage undertaken by the present operator: «
the Sierra Nevada, Union, Mexican, Ophir and <l
Virginia to their respective lowest working levels" a
accomplished by the end of June, 1917, and explorao-
was in progress in every available part of the N<
end mines by the end of July. Development folke
closely, and in practically all the levels explored I
has been disclosed. Exploration has not extended n't
of the Sierra Nevada shaft nor into the southern al
of the Con. Virginia. The present purpose is to I
tinue exploration and development within the
between the Sierra Nevada shaft on the north I
the C. & C. shaft on the south. With the unwate n
of the North Middle mines, the extension of Norfr
exploration will proceed to the south.

June 8. 1918

ENGINEERING AND MINING J01 RNAL

L031

That there are payable orebodiea below the 2900
ft. level is not improbable. In fact, ore is said to
have been disclosed in 1884 in the 8100-ft level of
the Mexican and in the deep winze below the 8100-fl
level. Th,s was during the progress of the early min-
is m the Mexican, and the work was done in 1884
±e year the mine was closed, the upper levels being
fal open onlj for air. The 3100-ft. level and the
leep winze are shown on the map by broken lines
Hicating that the workings are closed. Thej could
* reopened and the reports of ore discovered investi
rated, bul there is now sufficient area and depth of
-round drained and available above the 2900-fl level
I assure a long period of development and possible
reduction in the Northend mines.

Deeper drainage and exploration may he more
cononncally applied to the reopening of the .Middle
lines, even though the possibilities of great depth
iay not be so good. It is of record, however, that
30 ore was being extracted from the 2800-ft. to the
100-ft. levels of the Combination shaft at the time
toping was abandoned in 1886. But it is imperative

the Northend mines are to be operated with the
reatest possible economy, that another upcast shaft
tall be added to the complement of openings to the

""' Pumping equipment electrical!] driven and
operated through the I 4 C. -ha,,. |, composed of

three Riedler pumpa installed on thi ! ,, level

three centrifugal pumpj on the 2810 ft level two
vertical centrifugal pump on the 2600 >, level all
s,tufted '"•:"" ,!" ' '■ < haft; two vertical centrif

Ugal pumps on the 2700-ft level and two

centrifugal pumpa on the 2 mi. level In the Oi I

f'T"" ™ Riedler pump were installed in

'■'"'•; "" centrifugal pumps ,„ 1918 and 1916-16 The
Riedler pumps were made bj the Allis-Chalmei ...
and the centrifugal pumpa by the Byron J
Works and the Krogh Manufacturing Ci

The Riedler pumps have capacits of 1500 gal per
mm. each and a combined capacitj of 1500 gal
mm., lifting to .-, height of 400 ft. The 2310-ft 1.
centrifugal pumps are each of 1500 gal, per min
capacity and are required to lift only to a height
320 ft. The vertical centrifugal pumps on the 2500-ft
and 2700-ft levels are of 2250 gal per min. capacity]
and the Krogh vertical shaft pumps on the 2900-ft
level are each of 500 gal. per mm. capacity. These
pumps dram a large area of old workings.

As the mines are now clear of water to their lowest
working levels, from the Sierra Nevada to the C,

PROXIMATE LONGITUDINAL .SECTION' ALONG NORTHEND COMSTOCK LODE

feds below the Sutro tunnel. There are now two
'•ncast shafts and one upcast shaft in the Northend
t ,es.

n June, 1917, the Northend operators, acting in
■nection with the Best & Belcher, Savage, Hale &
^ cross, Chollar and Potosi, began pumping from the
- ibination shaft, with such pumps as were available.
■the middle of July the water was lowered to the
()-ft. point, or more than 270 ft. below the Sutro
Jiel level. That was the limit of the pumps avail-
\ . and the work is now waiting upon the installa-

1 of a larger pumping plant. The tentative plans
° development of the North Middle mines contem-

- beginning exploration of the 2000- and 2100-ft.

is of the Chollar and Hale & Norcross and extend-

north into the Savage and Best & Belcher and
°n into the Potosi.

Virginia, a length of about 3200 ft., the pumps will
be relieved of part of their former dutv. The engi-
neering department is thus free to proceed more
rapidly with development and production of ore. The
North end equipment includes electric hoists at the
I nion and the Ophir and a steam hoist at the C & U
shaft.

The Sierra Nevada plant is not in operation, the
development and extraction of ore being carried on
through the Union shaft. The initial sinking on the
Sierra Nevada was by vertical shaft situated about
1 100 ft. from the south line of the mine and extending
to a depth of 1700 ft., then by an incline to 2300 ft.,
and by winzes from drifts and crosscuts to the 3100-
ft. level. Many of these workings are closed, and the
development and extraction of ore proceed from exten-
sions of the Union 2400-ft. and 2500-ft. levels north

knginekiunc and mixing .iournal

Vol. 105, No. 23

into S erra Nevada ground. The upper extension in-
du(] ft drift and slope. At the 2600-ft level.

there is a crosscut, ooo ft. long, with an inclined sump

and a stope near the Union north line. Further de-
wlopment may be carried down, working north from
the Sierra Nevada-Union joint winze, which extends
from the 2500- to the 2900-ft. level, with another winze
(not vet unwatered) going to the 3100-ft. level

The Union shaft is 800 ft from the Sierra Nevada
shaft and 100 ft. from the Union north line. It is
a three-compartment vertical shaft. 2700 ft. deep, and
was reopened to the 2000-ft level in 1008-12. explored
from 2000 to 2500 ft. deep in 1912-14, unwatered and
explored to the 2700-ft. level in 1915-17. Development
and extraction of ore closely followed exploration.
Actual mining at and below the 2700-ft. level was begun
on Julv 10, 1917. The extension in depth from the

a Sturtevant multivane exhaust faji of 100,000-cu.ft.
per min. capacity driven by a 100-hp. motor.

The C. & C. shaft is vertical and 2500 ft. deep.
It is connected by a 600-ft. crosscut and 1000-ft. drift
on the 2500-ft. level to the Ophir incline. The Con.
Virginia ground was opened by the Con. Virginia winze
to the 2800-ft. level. This winze is now in working
order to the 2700-ft. level. Besides being used as
the pump shaft, it is also used for hoisting ore from
the Con. Virginia and the Ophir which does not go
through the Union. The hoist is the same as installed
in 1875 jointly by the Con. Virginia and California
companies, which have since consolidated to form the
Con. Virginia Mining Co. Steam is now generated by
oil fuel, which was substituted for wood in 1903. The
plant has been properly maintained and its capacity
is the same as when first installed. Since this hoist

HEADFUAML' AT THE UNION MINE, COMSTOCK, NEV.

2700-ft. to the 2900-ft. level is 680 ft. east and is called
the Sierra Nevada-Union joint winze.

Surface equipment of the Union shaft consists of
a 200-hp. electric hoist installed in January, 1917, and
a steel headframe installed about 12 years ago; also
a machine shop, a timber-framing house, an assay
office and a change house. The Union shaft handles
the ore from the Sierra Nevada, Union and Mexican,
and part of the ore from the Ophir and the Con.

Virginia.

The Ophir shaft is vertical for 146o ft., then in-
clined to the 2500-ft. level and connected to the 2700-ft.
level by the Ophir-Con. Virginia winze. The 2000-ft.
level is worked through the Union shaft, the other
levels through the C. & C. shaft. Still other levels as
development and extraction proceed, will be worked
through the same shafts. The Ophir is equipped with
a 50-hp. electric hoist, which is used for handling
Ambers and making repairs. Ifls also equipped With

LOWERING PUMP AT THE C. & C. SHAFT

is not required to hoist a heavy tonnage, and tl
change to electric power would be more costly tin
results would warrant, steam power is still retaine
In fact the operation by steam is the more economic
and provides a dependable means of exit from t
mines in case of disturbance or interruption of servi
by the electric plants, which occurs because of climal
conditions nearly every winter. Altogether the equi-
ment at the several mines in the Northend group ■
sufficient.

Tasmania's Mineral Production for 1917 has been o
daily reported by the Secretary for Mines a .folio ;
the items being arranged in order of descendr. r val
Blister copper, 5828 tons; tin ore, 2bo7 s lvelJ.e*° °™' "
tons; gold, including gold contained f„9hh^l\^
14,496 oz.; coal, 63,412 tons; wolfram, 172, ^heelite, ■
iron pyrites, 7686; copper and copper ore 7 1 tons
miridium, 332 oz.; zinc, 48 tons; bismuth, 4; barytes, W,
bestos, 271 tons. The total value of the mineral produ,
was £1,584,290.

June 8, L918

ENGINEERING AND MINING J01 R

Artificial Pebbles for Tube-Milling

\\\ A \\ ALLEN

Tin substitution of oru materi another

which has established itself in a given kind of
work raises a number of questions which must be
considered by the engineer. There is first the
question of suitableness and then that of cost.
Largt ■scale tests hurt the disadvantage of con-
siderable expt use, ami, as a consequence, if meth-
ods of testing on a small scale can be </. vised, they
are more suitable and i nt. The author

of this article proposes to make use of the methods
that have been developed for the testing of
rocks used in the construction of roads. He de-
scribes these tests in detail. In addition he de-
scribes the results of working -scale tests with
tube-mills in which carious substitutes for Dan-
ish Hint pebbles were used. Opt rotors of cyanide
and flotation plants will find the article of vah

THE high cost of imported flints, on account of de-
creasing transportation facilities, and the inability
to obtain regular supplies are factors now influ-
encing tube-milling practice. The substitution of small
steel balls is feasible in some instances, but the change
is seldom possible without expensive modifications in the
design of the mill liners and an alteration in the driving-
arrangements to permit the transmission of the addi-
tional power required. The ability of the tube-mill to
stand increased weight strains must also be taken into
consideration. The depth of load, whether of steel balls
or pebbles, is an important consideration in efficient
milling, and the abandonment of flint pebbles and the
substitution of an equal weight of steel balls cannot be
expected to produce the same result.

Experience with Imported Flint Pebbles

Prior to the war there were numerous instances where
the ultimate cost of imported flints was excessive. My
earliest experience was in Western Australia in 1905.
where such pebbles, imported from the shores of the
Baltic, cost about $40 per ton delivered in Kalgoorlie.
Later, in 1909, at the Rio Plata mine, in Northern
Mexico, it was estimated that freight charges from the
coast amounted to over three times the original invoice
price, and the ultimate cost of the pebbles was about
$65 per ton. The ore being high grade, there was no
urgent consideration of the question of economy in this
direction, and at that time the imported flint was con-
sidered the only suitable grinding medium. A few
months later I was called upon to reconstruct the
Ceniza mill, in the Guadalupe y Calvo district, and slim-
ing the ore preparatory to cyanide treatment was again
a fundamental consideration.

The rival merits of regrinding with a battery of pans
of primitive design, already on the property, and a mod-
ern tube-mill installation were duly considered, and the
latter system was adopted. Imported flint pebbles would
have cost about $70 per ton delivered at the mine, and
this expense was prohibitive on account of the low
grade of the ore to be treated. Local manufacture of

artificial pebbli wa n • 'l he

middle porl ion of t hi .• the silver coin Isted

of an exceptional!} hard chalcedonous quart/., and tin-
flinty portions were broken down and sorted for the
purpose. The picked i ighlj spherical shape,

were delivered by contract, and were slightly lai
than the finished pebbles required. They were then

rounded by a L0-hour treatment in an ordinary tube-
mill, a small amount of water being added to prevent
dusting. The mill was charged slightly above the o
ter line in each instance, and about 80$ of the original
weight of stone was discharged in the form of round' d
pebbles. These were of proved resistance to fracture

Joint Soldered

H-il;

Cnd showing
Carbon /hints

FIG. 1. DIAMOND CORE DP.ILL

under similar conditions, and this feature, in addition
to the natural hardness of the rock, insured a grinding
power equal or superior to the best imported flint.

The total cost of the pebbles was about $6 per ton,
a figure that showed a large saving over the imported
article. The published suggestion advocating the adop-
tion of a tumbling mill for the local manufacture of peb-
bles on properties operating under similar conditions',
and possibly arranged for the continuous feed of rough
rock and the continuous discharge of finished pebble and
gravel, was not generally viewed as feasible. Hard rock
was seldom obtainable, and there was little inclination
shown to question what was considered the infallible
superiority of the imported flint or to adopt any via

•Metallurgical engineer, 309 Broadway. New York.

'Mining Magazine. Sept., 1911.

ENGINEERING AND MINING .HH'KNAL

Vol. 105, No. 23

■i the two extremes, namely, the use of the
sh or French pebble or the utilization of rough

mine quartz. It was 900H realised, however, that the
latter chipped to a considerable extent before being of
any service in the mill, and that this led to an undesira-
ble accumulation of grave] and broken quart/, which
seriously retarded grinding and involved a consumption
Oi power out of all proportion to the results achieved. In
the ease where sliming was being practiced, the method
even more unsatisfactory than when only medium
grinding was required.

Rock Suitable for Tube-Milling Purposes

Rock used for tube-milling purposes may be consid-
ered under two headings, depending on whether or not
it pi the necessary toughness. Hardness plays

an important but secondary part in the economics of
the question, the consumption being indirectly propor-
tional to its power to resist abrasion. A rock that
abrades comparatively easily is not, however, unsuitable
for the purpose, if its toughness coefficient be high.
Inefficient work in tube-milling where ordinary stone is
used is generally due to the fracture of the grinding me-
dium and the necessity for reducing the bulk of the
chippings and gravel produced to the normal discharge
mesh. Provided that the load of pebbles is maintained
at the required level in the mill, a comparatively soft
rock which is tough may prove a far superior grinding
pebble to a hard but easily fractured flint.

Tube-Mill Tests in South Africa

In 1913 I carried out a number of tests to determine
the most suitable material to use for tube-milling on an
African property. The mine rock yielded a hard but
friable quartz pebble. This was picked and roughly
shaped for the mill, which was loaded just above the
center line. The level was maintained by the almost
constant addition of fresh quartz, and the moisture per-
centage in the feed was regulated at 35rr. A second
mill alongside was operated in a precisely similar man-
ner, with a shaped, tough, but comparatively soft felsite
pebble of approximately the same size as the quartz used
in the other mill. In both cases the pebbles were rough-
ly cobbed by hand (Kafir labor), but were not sub-
jected to any other rounding treatment before use. The
mills were in competitive operation for over a week
before any test was made or data obtained. The tonnage
being fed to each mill to produce a similar discharge
was then corrected for standard internal diameter and
results given in Table I were obtained:

TABLE I. 1913 SOUTH AFRICAN TUBE-MILLING TEST

No 1 Mine Roek

1 01 Tons per Day
I, %

+ 30 19 5 0 5

+60 15 5 6 0

37 5 35 0

-150 13 0 16 5

— 150 14 5 42 0

No. 2 Felsite
] eed 133 Tuns per Day
Discharge, <
28 5 0 j

19 5 10.5

32 0 37 0

10 5 12 0

9 5 40.0

On the question of tonnage ground per horsepower, the
results were much in favor of the softer but tougher
stone. With regard to first cost of pebbles, the results
showed that the superior hardness of the quartz was
more than offset by the superior toughness of the felsite,
the actual consumption of the latter being less than two-
thirds of the former to handle 30% more tonnage of a
coarser mesh and to produce the same result. The cost
of the felsite was approximately twice that of the quartz,

but the supply of the latter was limited, owing to diffi-
culties in manufacture as a result of fracture in the
final stages of cobbing. Of the felsite an almost inex-
haustible supply was available.

An examination of the mill contents in the case where
the quartz was used showed that any preliminary round-
ing treatment in a tumbling mill would be useless, on
account^1' the brittleness of the stone. A li-in. grating
at the discharge end of the mill permitted the elimina-
tion of a proportion of the chippings formed, but it was
evident that a large amount was retained in the mill
until slimed or ground to a fine mesh.

The sole advantage in favor of mine quartz was that
the ground pebbles consisted of gold-bearing ore rather
than country rock. The quartz pebbles were available
only after preliminary crushing; and whether hand
breaking or mechanical reduction was employed, the
quartz tended to fracture into pieces too small to form
effective pebbles for a coarse feed. For this reason it
was impossible to use a larger screen than 6-mesh on
the battery.

Comparison of Tests

A comparison of the results of the above tests and the
earlier work in Mexico confirmed the opinion that some
rounding process was imperatively necessary to insure
etlicient working of hard rock of the nature of quartz.
It was also obvious that a quartz that fractured badly
would not survive the tumbling treatment. The local
mine quartz was therefore considered unsuitable from
every point of view. In the example under consideration
the requirement was an increase in mill duty, and this
could only be accomplished by putting coarser screens on
the battery and arranging for more efficient work in the
tube-mills. The battery screening aperture was then
raised from 6 x 6 to 2 x 3 openings per linear inch, and
a large and heavy felsite pebble was used in the mills.
Experience showed that there was practically no chip-
ping from this type of rock before it became rounded,
provided, of course, that the jagged edges were cobbed
off in preliminary preparation. There was neither neces-
sity nor advantage in preliminary tumbling treatment,
and the expense of this was therefore avoided.

Large-Scale Tests

In a test to determine the relative efficiencies of im-
ported flints in comparison with artificial pebbles, two
tube-mills were operated under identical conditions, one
being charged with the normal load of felsite pebbles
and the other with an equal volume of imported flints.
The mills were run for some days before tests were
made, so that operating conditions would be normal.
The results are given in Table II :

I \l'.[ 111 I 1ST OF RELATIVE EFFICIENCY OF IMPORTED FLINTS
AND ARTIFICIAL PEBBLES

No 1 Felsite Pebbles No. 2 Imported Flints

Feed 176 I oi.s per Day Feed 175 Ton? flei Day,

Feed, . Discharge, ' ,
+ 10 ISO

+ 20 12 8 0 4

4-30 6.2 1.4

+ 60 20.3 15.0

+ 90 31 9 36 4

+ 120 4 7 7.2

i ,ii 3 0 7.2

— 150 6 4 32 4

The principal requirement at that time was that as
much 150-mesh slime should be produced as possible.
The secondary consideration was that the discharge
from the tubes should contain a minimum of plus 20-

Feed, ',

Discharge,

%

5 8

4.3

0 4

3 0

0 8

16 6

9.4

45 8

41.4

9 2

112

4 3

5 4

11 0

31.4

June 8, 1018

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOl RNAL

mesh material. The mills were therefore started with
equal loads, anil in the ease of the mill running with
the Hints the percentage of coarse material in the feed
was reduced until the dischargee from both mills were
similar in percentage composition. The failure of the
imported flint to equal the local pebble was due to a
number of factors, chief of which was that the latter
were produced of a size and shape to exactly suit re-
quirements and in strict proportion to the coarseness
of the feed. The additional weight of the felsite per
unit volume was also a favorable condition. The flints
were of irregular shape and size. As regards compari-
son of pebble cost, the softer stone was consumed at the
rate of one ton per day per mill, with a total cost of
$4.75. The consumption of flints was only a quarter of
this, with a total cost of over $12. The results were
therefore entirely in favor of the softer stone, both
with reference to first cost and to grinding efficiency.
It was estimated that had an imported flint of exactly

SIDE ELEVATION FRONT ELEVATION

FIG. 2. DIAMOND SAW

the same size and shape as the felsite pebble been pro-
curable, the net result would still have been in favor of
the local stone.

A proportion of the work done in a tube-mill, espe-
cially when sliming is being practiced, is due to abrasion
rather than impact. The imported flints present a high-
ly polished smooth surface, which permits no gripping
of the sand between the faces. A softer stone, on the
other hand, will never polish in this manner when used
in tube-milling, but will always retain a comparatively
rough surface. The advantage of this, provided of
course that the stone is not so soft that pitting is pro-
duced, is that slippage is prevented and that there is a
true grinding action between the faces and a maximum
reduction of the material being handled. This is a point
which may tend to explain the high efficiency of a close-
grained lava stone in comparison with the more expen-
sive imported flint. An analogous action is seen in the
operation of the grinding pan, where reduction is solely
the result of abrasion. In this case a high quality
steel is entirely unsuitable for shoes and dies, a softer
iron being found to give by far the best results.

An additional cause for the frequent failure of the
imported flints, and one which is seldom realized, is due
to their brittleness, often caused by long exposure to
severe climatic conditions. W. 0. Hotchkiss describes2
a number of tests carried out with a Deval abrasion
machine (to be described later in this article) for the
purposes of comparing the qualities of several samples
of imported flints with the quartzite pebbles found in a
conglomerate deposit near Madison, Wis. These tests
clearly demonstrated the superiority of the local quart-
zite and showed that the failure of the imported flints

wa due to the develo] "half-moons," formed by

impact, which wi hipped out m succeeding

i oncussions.

It has been recognized that tin' essential quality

a tube-mill pebbli are toughness and bardne
toughness is meant ite ability to withstand fracture
under impact, whereas hardness Is the measure of re-
sist ance to abrasive action. Excluding the question of

weight per unit volume, in which Hints possess no ad-
vantage, it may be said that the efficiency ol
may be gaged by its combined power to withstand im-
pai t and to resist abrasion. This naturally leads to a
realization of the fact that the efficiency varies with the
condition of the stone at the time it is utilized. A
jagged flint has a low efficiency until its corners have
become rounded and the sharp projections worn off. A
softer stone may have a high efficiency both in the
rough and after rounding, because it may not be brittle
enough to produce any appreciable amount of chippings.
For the purposes of classification of tube-mill peb-
bles, the recognized definitions of hardness and tough-
ness are applicable, provided that they are used with
reference to a prepared specimen whose surfaces present
no weaknesses not met with in the central and less dis-
turbed part of the rock. The efficiency of a rounded
pebble may therefore be estimated by a measure of these
two characteristics. The efficiency of rough broken
rock for tube-milling purposes is the measure of its abil-
ity to withstand both chipping, fracture, and abrasion
under milling conditions.

Experimental Work in Selecting Road Metal

In 1912 attention was drawn z to the amount of experi-
mental work which had been done in order to permit of
a more scientific selection of rock for road-building pur-
poses. Excluding the question of cementing power, the
requirements are precisely the same as those needed in
the metallurgical industry or in cement manufacture.
Since that date the publication of numerous papers deal-
ing with the subject indicates that a large amount of re-
search has been carried out, and it would certainly seem
that the results might be utilized to advantage in a num-
ber of industries. The subsequent data in this article
dealing with the testing of rock have been abstracted
from bulletins issued during 1916 and 1917 from the
Office of Public Roads and Rural Engineering.* An
interesting article in the Journal of Agricultural Re-
search' has also been used in the same manner.

The first systematic attempts to determine the value
of rock for road-building purposes by means of labora-
tory tests were made in France, where in 1878 a road-
material laboratory was founded in the French School
of Bridges and Roads at Paris. Here the Deval abra-
sion test was adopted, and this test, with slight modi-
fication, has been accepted as standard in the United
States. The test is named from its inventor, and was

=Eng. & Min. Journ., Aug. 18, 1917.

'"Pebbles for Tube-Milling," by A. W. Allen, Min. Mag. April.
1912.

'Bull. 347, "Methods for the Determination of the Physical
Properties of Road-Building Rock," by Frank H. Jackson, Jr.
assistant testing engineer.

Bull. 370. "The Results of Physical Tests of Road-Building
Rock." by Prevost Hubbard, chemical engineer, and Frank H
Jackson. Jr., assistant testing engin^ _"'_....

Bull 537 "The Results of Physical Tests of Road-Building
Rock in 1916." by Prevost Hubbard, chemical engineer, and Frank
H. Jackson, Jr., assistant testing engineer.

^"Relation- Between Properties of Hardness and Toughness of
Road-Building Rock" by Prevost Hubbard and Frank H. Jackson.
Jr. Vol. V, No. 19.

engineerinc, and minimi; .kh'knal

Vol. 105, No. 23

I in connection with contract work in the citj
oi V

France very little work was done in road-
rial testing in either Europe or America until 1898,

when the Massachusetts Highway Commission estab-
lished a laboratory in the Lawrence Scientific School of
Harvard University, under the direction of Logan Waller

Page. The Deval abrasion test was adopted, and a test
to determine the binding power of rock dust was devel-
oped by Page in this laboratory.

In December. 1900, the United States Government
established a laboratory in the Bureau of Chemistry of
the Department of Agriculture, under the direction of
This laboratory became in L905 a part of the
- .n of Tests of the newly organized Federal Office
of Public Roads. On July 1. 1916, (luring a general re-
organization, it was placed in the Division of Road Ma-
and Research of the new Office of Public
- and Rural Engineering.

Determination of Specific Gravity, Density and
Absorption

The object of the experiments conducted is to deter-
mine the weight of a solid cubic foot of the material and
the number of pounds of water which will be absorbed
by a cubic foot in 96 hours. The equipment required
comprises a beam balance weighing accurately to 0.01
gm. and provided with suitable means for suspending
the material in water while weighing; a drying oven, a
desiccator and calcium chloride, and a thermometer.

A fragment of the rock weighing approximately 10
gm. and representing as nearly as possible an average
of the entire sample is dried for several hours to con-
stant weight in a hot-air bath, cooled in a desiccator,
weighed in air, weighed in water at 25° C-, immersed
in water for 96 hours, and again weighed in water. The
specimen should be suspended by means of a thin silk
thread from the hook on one of the beam supports about
\l in. above the pan when weighing. When weighed im-
mersed in water, the small amount of water absorbed
by the thread is neglected. It is essential that the first
weight in water be obtained as quickly as possible, in
order to secure the correct specific gravity of the mate-
rial. This is especially true of very porous rock. In
practice it is customary to do this by first obtaining the
approximate weight of a trial specimen, both in air and
in water, and of the true test specimen in air. The cor-
rect weight of the true specimen in water is next calcu-
lated as nearly as possible by proportion. This weight
is then placed on the scale pan previous to the immersion
of the true specimen in water.

The computations follow: Calling the weight in air A,
the weight in water B, and the weight in water after 96
hour immersion C,

Sp.gr. = 2 '

I:

Weight in lb. per cu.ft.

A- B

62.37 lb.

I:

Water absorption in lb. per cu.ft. - . gX 62.37

The weight per cu.ft is of value in estimating the weight
of any given volume, as a cubic yard or carload, of the
crushed stone. Thus, assuming 50% voids in the crushed

it aterial, the weight in pounds per cubic yard loose,
approximately, equals

117. per solid i-ii.t't.
■1 '

The absorption test is of value in judging the probable
lasting qualities of the rock under the action of frost,
since this is likely to promote weakness or even disin-
tegration. It may also be of value in estimating the
probable error due to absorption in the weight of a
quantity of stone exposed for some time to the weather.

Equipment for Hardness Test

The object of the hardness test is to determine the
resistance that a rock offers to the displacement of its
surface particles by friction. The following equipment
was utilized in making the tests:

Diamond Core Drill. — The drill is shown in Fig. 1, and
consists essentially of a steel core tube A, measuring 1
in. inside diameter and 4 in. in length, fastened at its
upper end to the hollow shank B. This is held in an
ordinary drill press, equipped with a hollow spindle.
Running water is introduced in the upper end of the
spindle from a '-in. pipe, while the drill is held in its
lower end by means of a headless setscrew instead of the
usual drift hole. In this way water may be carried in
a simple and convenient manner to the inside of the re-
volving drill. The Tobin bronze drill-crown C is soldered
to the lower end of the steel core tube A, as shown in the
cut. The crown should measure J-in. thick across its
lower face, should be about T\-in. thick, and show a
slight taper in its outer side, to allow clearance when
cutting. Eight or ten holes are drilled in the lower face
of the crown of such size that the diamonds will wedge
firmly into them, until nearly flush with the surface. The
diamonds used in the drills and saws should be dense,
regular in shape, and should range in size from 7Vm-
to 3Vin. in diameter. No flat, scaly, or porous diamonds
should be used. Diamonds suitable for this work will
usually weigh about -r„- carat (0.02 gm.) each.

Diamond Saw. — The diamond saw is shown in Fig. 2.
The saw is made of Russia iron and consists of a flat
disk 8 in. in diameter and 0.03 in. thick. It is made as
follows: The disk is firmly clamped between two circular
wooden blocks 71-in. in diameter, leaving l-in. projecting
all around. Radial cuts are then made in the saw J-in.
apart and i-in. deep, by means of a small ]-in. steel
chisel. The spaces between the cuts are then slightly
opened by bending the projections alternately to the
right and left. A mixture of vaseline and fine diamonds
is inserted in each cut. The cuts are then closed with a
pair of pincers and hammered down to the original
thickness of the saw, thus driving the diamond dust into
the metal. The diamonds are not ground to a fine pow-
der, but are merely broken up into very fine fragments.
A small amount of the mixture taken on the end of a
toothpick is sufficient for each cut. Just enough vas-
eline is used to enable the diamonds to be picked up.
The saw is mounted on a spindle (3, Fig. 2) driven by
the pulley C at 600 r.p.m. from the motor G. The speci-
men to be cut is held in the V-block D, which is mounted
on a swinging arm pivoted at E. The lower end of the
saw runs continuously in water contained in the galvan-
ized-iron pan (F).

Dorry Hardness Machine. — The Dorry machine in use
at the present time is a modification of the original

June 8, \'.ns

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

L0S7

French machine and consists fundamentally of a circu
lax steel disk, A, Fig. S, which is revolved in :i horizontal
plane by means of the bevel gear /'. driven by the pulley

C. At F is shown the brass grip for holding the ;
specimen. The grip holding the specimen is maintained
in a vertical position over the steel disk by inserting M
in the sleeve G, which is of a size to form a sliding lit,
allowing free vertical hut no lateral movement of the
grip. The abrasive, crushed quartz, is fed onto the disk
through the funnel //, the lower end of which should
form an opening 1 -in. in diameter. The sleeve G is so
placed that the center of the grip, when in position,
will be 26 cm. from the center of rotation of the disk.

FIG. 3. DETAILS OF DORRT HARDNESS MACHINE

A revolution counter is mounted as at B. A galvanized-
iron hopper, not shown, is fitted under the disk to
receive and carry away the used sand.

Crushed Quartz Sand. — The sand used as an abrasive
agent is a crushed quartz, screened to pass a standard
30-mesh sieve and to be retained on a standard 40-mesh
sieve. Since it is almost impossible to obtain such a
sand commercially, it is customary to specify a material
not more than 5% of which will be retained on a
30-mesh sieve, and not more than 25 r ,- of which will
pass a 40-mesh sieve. Sand known to the trade as No.
2i quartz will usually fulfill these requirements.

The screens required are a 30-mesh and 40-mesh,
each 16 in. in diameter, and the balance is the same as
used in the abrasion test. Several small metal washers
are required.

Method of Making Hardness Test

A core 25 mm. in diameter and about 10 cm. long
is cut with the diamond drill from the specimen to be
examined. To use the diamond drill properly, so as to
avoid undue wear, requires great care and considerable
experience. It is convenient to mount the specimen un-
der test on the table of the drill press by means of a
bag filled with sand, which forms a cushion for the ir-
regular, projecting edges of the rock. Very small speci-
mens may be mounted in plaster-of-paris. The core
should in every case be drilled perpendicular to the bed-

ding plane of the rock, u ing the hand feed of the drill
press only, with jui i enoui ire to cut. Should the

i ore be not cul enl irelj through I imen, it i

be removed by inserting the end of a small screwd)
into the cut and using it as a lever to break the eon-

away from the bottom,

After thoroughly drying, the specimen is inserted in
the brass grip of the Dorry machine, leaving about 1 in.

ecting from the lower end. The grip i- then in-
serted in the that the lower end of the specimen
rests on the steel disk. The funnel is tilled with
and the machine run until the lower end oi the specimen
has been worn down to the plain' of the disk. Tin- grip
carrying the specimen is then removed, brushed I
from dust, and accurately weighed. B of the
small metal washers, any one or more of which ma
slipped over the projecting rod of the grip, the initial
weight should be adjusted to exactly 1250 gm. The grip
is then replaced in the same position as before and the
machine given 1000 revolutions at the rate of 30 per
min., after which it is again weighed. The test should
be repeated with the specimens reversed, in order to
obtain the average hardness of the two ends. The ]-in.
opening in the funnel of the hardness machine will allow
18.5 lb. of sand to pass through during a test.

Computations. — Calling the initial weight of grip plus
specimen A, and the final weight after 1000 revolution -
B,

A — B
Tlir coefficient of hardness = 20 - — ^ —

The coefficient 20 was'chosen as the standard of com-
parison to give about the same range as that obtained
by the Deval abrasion test. The loss in weight is
divided by three in order to avoid negative coefficients,
since it was found that a specimen might lose as high
as 60 gm. in a single test.

The test is of value in determining the resistance of a
rock to grinding action. The coefficient of hardness
for various types of rock will run from 19.7 for the
hardest varieties of quartzite to 0 for very soft lime-
stones and sandstones.

Equipment for Toughness Test

The object of the test for toughness is to determine
the resistant offered to fracture by impact. The dia-
mond core drill and the diamond saw are used in addi-
tion to the equipment described, which comprises:

Grinding Lap. — The grinding lap used for preparing
specimens for the toughness test is the same as that
used in preparing petrographic specimens. It is 9 in.
in diameter and is driven by means of a small electric
motor at a speed of 400 r.p.m. Finely powdered car-
borundum (No. 120) is used as an abrasive agent.

Page Impact Machine. — In the Page impact machine
(Fig. 4), a 2-kg. hammer N is guided by two vertical
rods J. The upper end of the hammer has a small cone'
set in it, which fits snugly into a concentric electro-mag-
net, and this is attached to the lower side of the cross-
head M, which slides freely in the guide rod /. The
crosshead is provided writh a slot in its rear side through
which a sprocket chain S passes, and this sprocket chain
is supported on the sprocket w-heels, which are attached
to castings at the top / near the base H of the machine.

When the crosshead M is raised by the lugs on the
sprocket chain, and the current turned on the magnet.

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 23

the hammer is lifted until the crossshead M comes in
with the make-and-break on the crosshead L
and thus releases the hammer, which falls, striking a
plunger O. The plunger is made of armor-piercing steel,
with the maximum temper at its lower end, which is
spherical in shape. The upper surface of the test piece,
which rests on B counter anvil \Y of hard steel, is in
direct contact with and tangent to the spherical end of
the plunger at its center point.

It will be observed that the blow as delivered through
a spherical-end plunger approximates as nearly as prac-
ticable the blows of traffic. Besides this, it has the fur-
ther advantage of not requiring great exactness in
getting the two bearing surfaces of the test piece par-
allel, as the entire load is applied at one point of the
upper surface.

The upper crosshead L is raised through any desired
height by means of the long revolving screw K, which
is geared at its lower end to a dial Q, on which the height
of the make-and-break attachment, and therefore the
height of the hammer drop, may be read directly. By
means of the revolving dial and screw, the height of
the crosshead may be adjusted, by very close approxima-
tion, to within 1 mm. In order to prevent the crosshead
M, which holds the electro-magnet, from striking too
hard a blow on the hammer when falling, a dashpot
was first used, but it has been found that a few drops
of cylinder oil on the lower end of the guide rods com-
pletely eliminate this difficulty.

Method of Making the Toughness Test

A core of the rock which is to be tested is first drilled,
as described under the hardness test. In many cases
the core which has already been subjected to the hard-
ness test may be used. A cylinder a little over 25 mm.
long is next cut from the rock core by means of the
■diamond saw. The ends are then ground plane on the
grinding lap, making the length of the specimen when
completed exactly 25 mm. Although it is not necessary
that the two ends of the specimen be exactly parallel,
one surface at least should be as nearly perpendicular
to the axis of the cylinder as it is possible to make it.

After drying, the specimen is placed on the anvil W
of the Page impact machine, taking extreme care that
when in position the specimen rests with a perfect bear-
ing on the anvil and that the spherical end of the plunger
touches the specimen exactly in the center of its upper
surface. The small thumbscrew used for separating the
clips which hold the specimen in place should be so ad-
justed that the clips hold the specimen firmly without
any undue pressure on the spring. Attention to these
details is important if accurate results are to be obtained.
When the specimen is in position, the current is turned
on the magnet and the upper crosshead is lowered until
the rod projecting from it just comes in contact with
the rod projecting up from the lower crosshead M. This
occurs at the instant the pilot lamp, in series with the
magnet circuit, flashes out. The dial Q is then adjusted
to O, the upper crosshead raised 1 cm. and the motor
started. After each blow the fall of the hammer is in-
creased 1cm. until' failure of the test piece occurs.

The height in centimeters of the blow at failure is
recorded as the toughness of the material. The average
of two determinations is taken. The test is useful in
determining the comparative resistance of rock to im-

pact. Toughness in rock varies through a wide range,
from as low as two to three in the case of some lime-
stones and sandstones to as high as 60 in rare instances.

Deval Abrasion Test

The object is to determine the percentage of wear
and the French coefficient of wear. The equipment is
as follows:

Deval Abrasion Machine. — This machine (Fig. 5) con-
sists essentially of the pulley A, or worm gear and
motor as at present used, driving the shaft BB, upon
which are mounted the four cast-iron cylinders CCCC
in such a way that the axes of the cylinders are inclined
at an angle of 30° with the axis of rotation. These
cylinders are 20 cm. in diameter and 34 cm. in depth
inside. The shaft is set in three bearings DDD, and
carries at one end a revolution counter, which is not
shown in the illustration.

Balance — This should weigh to 5 kg. and be sensitive
to 0.5 gm. It should preferably be equipped with a sup-
plementary scale pan, measuring 10 in. in diameter and
2 in. high, and a suitable counterweight. This will make
it possible to weigh the entire sample in one operation.
A 50-lb. anvil, stone hammers, several 3-quart enameled-
iron pans, a sieve, preferably brass rimmed and rein-
forced to withstand heavy usage, 16 in. in diameter,
with square -/jj-in. openings, and a drying oven complete
the equipment.

The material is broken into pieces as nearly of the
same size and shape as practicable, so that approximate-
ly 50 pieces shall weigh, after thorough drying, to within

1 gm. of 5000 gm. In no case should the number of
pieces exceed 60 or be less than 40. Care should be
taken to use only freshly broken fragments, as pieces
with rounded edges will give different results. Although
the size of the individual pieces composing the sample
varies theoretically with the sample's specific gravity,
in practice the pieces may be so broken as to average

2 to 2J in. in diameter, with the assurance of obtaining
a properly sized sampi'e.

After weighing, the sample is placed in one of the
cylinders of the Deval machine, the cover is bolted on,
and the machine given 10,000 revolutions at the rate of
30 per min. At the conclusion of the test the sample is
screened on the ^-in. sieve, the material retained washed
thoroughly free from dust, dried in the oven and again
weighed. The difference between this weight and that
first obtained represents the wear as determined by test.

The initial weight in every case being 5000 gm., and
calling the final weight A:

5000

Per cent, of wear = — ,

5000

X 100

The French coefficient standard is based on the theory
that a rock of standard excellence does not lose more
than 100 gm. under ,',,-in. in size during a test. This
is equivalent to 20 gm. per kg. of rock used, or 2% of
the original weight. Assuming, then, a coefficient of 20
for such a rock, the French coefficient of wear for any
material equals:

,0X20=400.

40

fo of wear'

where W is the loss of weight under j^-in. in size per
kg. of rock used.

In this test, the sample is thrown the length of the

June 8. 1018

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOl RNAL

1039

cylinder twice in each revolution, bo thai the individual
stones grind against each other as well as against
sides of the cylinder. The rock may likewise he broken
by the impact, and the test thus may be considered as
one not only for hardness hut for toughness. The per-
centage of wear runs from as low as one in certain rare

K

n

j.-t

FRONT ELEVATION SIDE ELEVATION

FIG. 4. DETAILS OF PAGE IMPACT TESTING MACHINE

cases to as high as 30 or even 40 for some sandstones
and limestones.

In considering the numerical results obtained by the
method of testing in each case, it will be noted that,
whereas the hardness and toughness coefficients increase
with the hardness and toughness of the materials being
tested, the French coefficient of wear varies inversely
with the actual amount of fracture and abrasion. It
would therefore seem more reasonable to refer to the
French coefficient as a figure indicating proportionate
resistance to wear.

Frommanj test thi - [ons having a special bear-

ing on tube-milling work maj be stated as follows : (l)
Average hardm Increase with toughness, and rate oi
Increase becoi rdne bet "in, greater. (2)

individual estimate for hardness vary through wide
limits for low estimate! for toughness. (8) A deter
initiation of toughness is almost sufficient to show
whether the material is hard enough to bnormal

abrasion in tube-milling.

After the testing of many samples from the United
States and Canada, the result: wi re classed in groups
according to the rock-family order. The following con
elusions were reached with reference to the more dura-
ble classes of rock :

The first six rock families, Andesite, Basalt, Dia-
base, Diorite, Gabbro and Rhyolite, comprise the well-
known group of road-building rocks commonly known
as trap. They are all of igneous origin, but are denser
and finer grained than the granites, possessing, as a
rule, a peculiar interlocking crystalline structure which
imparts to them their distinguishing characteristic —
high toughness. The average toughness of all the traps,
with the exception of gabbro, which . runs somewhat
lower, is about 18. This is a considerably higher average
than that shown by any of the other types or groups.
The same relationship holds true in the abrasion test,
the average French coefficient of wear running from
about 13 to 15. Comparatively slight variations in hard-
ness are noted for any family or for the group as a
whole, the average hardness for which is about 18. The
specific gravity of this group averages about 2.9, with
an average weight per cu.ft. of 180 lb. Individual sam-
ples have a specific gravity seldom less than 2.7 nor
more than 3.2. Water absorption may vary from a
few hundredths of lrf to over 7 per cent.

Chert is a very hard material, but frequently shows
a low resistance to wear, owing to its tendency to frac-
ture along lines which have developed as shrinkage
cracks in the rock structure. For this reason it is
extremely difficult to test for toughness. Comparatively
few samples have been found suitable for all tests. Of
those examined, however, the French coefficient has
usually been found to lie between 2 and 8, with an av-
erage of 5 ; toughness between 7 and 26, with an average
of 16, and hardness between 19 and 20. Specific gravity
usually lies between 2.4 and 2.65, and the average weight
per cu.ft. is about 160 lb. Water absorption may run
from a few tenths of lc( to over 8 per cent.

Marble and quartzite are the two families of non-
foliated metamorphic rocks corresponding to limestone
and sandstone, respectively. While in some respects
it is convenient to consider marble with the limestone
and dolomite group, its average toughness, about 5, is
lower; and average hardness, about 14, is also lower.
For those samples tested the specific gravity or-
dinarily falls between 2.7 and 2.9, and the weight per
cu.ft. averages 173 lb., which is somewhat higher than
the average for either limestone or dolomite. As would
therefore be expected, the maximum absorption is less,
being under 2.5 %. Quartzites show an average tough-
ness of 15, as compared with 10 for the sandstones. The
coefficient of hardness is also higher, and for the sam-
ples tested shows a much smaller range than for the
sandstones. Their specific gravity from tests made
usually lies between 2.6 and 2.8, and average weight

10-10

KNGINF.KRING AND .MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 23

U.ft is about 167 lb. Water absorption runs from
n hundredths of l - to nearly :; per cent

Suitable Pebbles for Tube-Milling

In utilising the tests as a guide for selecting suitable
pebbles for tube-milling, some modifications in the inter-
pretation of results may be advantageously employed.
On the assumption that toughness is the principal re-
quirement, and that where a sufficient degree of tough-
ness is found the hardness will be sufficient to resist
abnormal abrasion, it is possible to classify a large num-
ber of available rocks which, if freed from surface ir-
regularities, may serve the purpose. In any rase, where
toughness exceeds a certain limit the hardness may then
be taken as a measure of the quality of the stone for
tube-milling. On the other hand, the French coefficient
(of general resistance to impact and abrasion > may
serve to indicate the efficiency of the rough rock when
introduced into the tube-mill without preliminary tum-
bling treatment.

- metimes a high figure may be obtained in both
-. and this is especially noticeable with the trap-
rock group. This would indicate that there is nothing

Each Cylinder ?P Cm in Diam

'3k a

FIO " ABRASION MACHINE — DEVAL TYPE (FRONT VIEW)

to be gained by preliminary tumbling treatment, pro-
vided, of course, that the pebble has been roughly shaped
before use. When the French coefficient falls below 16
(2.5', of wear), the rock under consideration may be
considered unsuitable, as the amount of chippings pro-
duced would impede grinding of the ore and reduce effi-
ciency in the mill. This limit is, however, purely ar-
bitrary, as the actual efficiency of the stone would depend
on the work it was called upon to do. When the tough-
ness coefficient falls below 18, it may be assumed that
the possibility of fracture is such that no reliance could
be placed on the rock to withstand heavy duty. The
toughness may be considered by itself a sufficient indi-
cation of the suitability of the rock. Quality is then
measured by hardness. The French coefficient may be
considered as indicating an efficient stone only when
the proposed standard has been reached in the toughness
test. The limit of toughness is, of course, also arbitrary,
as stones with a much lower toughness than 18 have been
used successfully in tube-milling work.

A rough test to determine the relative efficiency of
prepared rock is to pile a few tons of the pebbles in a
conical heap and then, standing about six feet from
the pile, throw one of the pebbles onto the heap with
maximum force. If the rock survives the test without
chipping or fracturing, it deserves a trial in the mill. I
have used this test on a number of grades of imported
flints, and found, in every instance, that a proportion at
least could not compare with the rocks of the trap group
for toughness and ability to withstand severe impacts.

In considering the utilization of country rock for tube-
milling purposes, it is important that an ample dimen-
sion should be provided in the tube-mi'l feed aperture

io permit the easy passage of a pebble of suitable size
ami necessary weight. All pebbles used should be tested
before acceptance with a double-ring gage with close
maximum and minimum diameter limits. The stone
should pass the larger ring and rest on the smaller one.
A shut-down to remove pebbles jammed in the feed is a
rare occurrence, and is no more likely to occur with arti-
ficial pebbles than with imported flints if ordinary pre-
cautions are taken.

Operating Conditions

Whatever the grinding media employed, there is ample
evidence to show that the efficient load of pebbles in a
tube-mill should be on a level with or just above the
center line. Apart Trom securing a maximum cascading
effect, there is notable advantage in the fact that the
automatic elimination of the smaller and useless pebble."
is possible by the provision of a coarse grating at t'
discharge end of the mill. This grating should ' avs
openings at least 1* in. in diameter An automatic
screening device attached to the discharge flange of
the mill will separate the mill pulp from the discarded
pebbles.

To obviate unnecessary lining and pebble wear, an
ample feed of ore is imperatively necessary, together
with a continuous return of unground product to the feed
end. The fallacy of any departure from standard cylin-
drical shape has been demonstrated by recent investi-
gators, and it may not be superfluous to point out that
the grinding of an ore insures a considerable increase in
the gross bulk of the pulp, and involves a proportionate-
ly higher power consumption as reduction proceeds. The
efficiency of the cylindrical mill in closed circuit opera-
tion may therefore be partly attributed to the balancing
of duty at both ends of the mill by returning the over-
size to the feed end.

Characteristics of Hard Rocks

The accompanying table gives details of the varied
characteristics of a few of the great number of hard
rocks that have been tested in the Washington labora-
tory. The complete record of the qualities of the vari-
ous stones has been made from samples obtained or re-
ceived by the U. S. Department of Agriculture. It
probably includes only a. few of the stones available
near milling plants, unless the latter happen to be sit-
uated near towns or where special attention has been
paid to the scientific construction and upkeep of the
roads of the district. The list given describes only a
small fraction of the available rocks tested and reported
in the bulletins previously mentioned. It is possible
that these figures may be found useful, if only for com-
parative purposes. Details of the procedure to be adopted
in the case where tests on stone are required are given
in bulletin No. 347.

Where any appreciable quantity of ground rock is
introduced into a milling circuit, the fact that a correc-
tion should be mads in the assay residue results is
sometimes overlooked. In the case of a sliming mill
where the consumption of pebbles is 2% of the weight
of the ore, and where the original ore assays $10 and
the total residue $1, the correct extraction is not 90%
but 89.8%, with an actual ore residue content of $1.02
per ton.

Juno S, 1918

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOl RNAL

ion

Thai the prejudice against the use of artificial peb
blea is giving way to ;i realisation of the fact thai as
good if not better service can be obtained by the cheaper
substitute is soon in recent practice. A rhyolite thai

I'AIU E HI ill w; W'l'i RIS1 i, - ,.| OW CS WITH \

MINIMUM roi GHN1 SS I

Aban .

II o.l

State

Town

1 . ■ ' M 1 1 >

M a t<

in 1 i

1

ton

Calhoun

Quni i

16 .

0 20

11 7

19 7

Oakland

llameda

Rhyolite

18 7

Milton(a)

t talavci as

Utered

181

0 58

27 4

19 2

.

K rl II

0 08

10 8

19 i

Spadra

Los Vngclcs

rhj olite

1 49

7 9

18 7

1 .': \lll'- 1. i

Utered

1 \ te

178

17 8

Riverside

tde

187

o 19

2) 8

18 7

Folaom

tmento

1

an.!.

175

0 29

28 6

19 3

Cordelia

Solano

< Hi\ lllr

175

(1 18

24 1

18 9

Petaluma

Somoma

Basalt

181

0 89

19 6

16 2

Mountain

Ventura

ite

172

1 27

14 2

17 8

Boulder

Augite

an.l.

175

0 52

13 4

18 3

Coloi

Spi ItlL'Sl 'II

Kl I'aso

j te

IH

4 21

12 7

19 1

Idaho

1 d'Alcni

nai

Basalt

178

0 98

19 0

19 0

B. 1>:ik

Rapid City

Pennington

pathic

trtsite

168

0 21

16 7

19 0

Sii ills Kails

Minnehaha

Olivini

base

190

0 37

14 8

18 7

Tex.

Austin t-i>

Travis

Nephc

199

0 21

23 5

18 7

Utah

Provo

Utah

Siliceous

limestone

162

2 16

II 0

18 2

Wis

Portland

Dodge

Qtiartzite

168

0 14

14 2

19 0

Bruce Mines, Oat.. Canada

Altered

diabase

187

0 17

18 2

18 5

Alt* red

augite

181

0 34

18 7

17 9

Copley

Is., Ont., Canada

Feldspathic

Bandstone

168

0 30

16 3

18 2

Belmont Township, Out., Canada

Amphibolite

187

0 31

18 3

(n) Near.

was being tested for the purpose in Nevada in 1914
has since been adopted in three mills in Manhattan and
two at Tonopah, and practically the same service is
being obtained from pebbles made from this material as
was posssible from the best imported flints.1

Prospecting for Dominican Oil

Renewed interest is being shown in the oil possibili-
ties of the Dominican Republic, according to Consul
C. S. Edwards at Santo Domingo. Representatives and
engineers of an American corporation were on the
ground in April awaiting the arrival of the requisite
drilling machinery to begin active operations.

The region about Azua, on the south shore, about 60
miles west of the capital, is the scene of this renewed
activity. That there is oil in this locality does not ap-
pear to admit of doubt. Its presence is shown not only
by the seepages but by other indications as well. An
effort was made 10 or 12 years ago to develop this
region, and drilling was done to a depth of about 1000
ft., but was abandoned owing to the fact that the sea
water encountered presented a difficulty which could not
then be overcome.

From this abandoned well — which, once each 24 hours,
continues to send a volume of oil some 50 ft. into the
air — comes another encouraging indication, that is, the
purpose of the new effort to continue drilling on this
site in the belief that by going to a greater depth, and
by overcoming the water, the reservoir of oil may be
reached.

Great Britain's Steel Production in L917

Greal Brita i production in 1917, whl< h •

the largesl In history, amounted to a total output of in
gots and i . of crucible steel, <>f 9,762

'"'is. a rain o i r 1916 production, v. i

the Iron Tradi Review. Almost four-fifths of this gain
was in basii -in nhi rth t< el Produi tion of el< i

ed a large proportionate
increase, reflei i ing th< I imulu given to thie branch
of manufacture by war demands for high-grade
rial.
Pig-iron production in Greal Britain in 1917 showed
an increase over 1916, but is still below its record for
the years immediately preceding the war. The 1917
output of all grades, including ferromanganese, spii
eisen, ferrosilicon, etc., and direct iron castings.
9,420,254 tons, but this i n the 1913 figun

10,260,315 tons. The following tables show the produc-
tion of pig iron and steel in Great Britain for four jc

i BRl I W. PIG [RON PI I

1 ''1 7

1916

1915

1914

Forge

864,759

899,467

1,024,063

(.1)3,369.516

irv

1 102.982

1.4 18.824

I.i73.375

3. 0«:

2,290

2.272

Hematite

3,9'J

4.042.014

1 276

3,225.403

' .in sc,

296.524

291

255.484

326.354

Direct

20,053
'254

105.284

IH3.577

'"47.983

8.793.459

8,923 77i

GR1 \ T BRITAIN -

CI ION. IX TON

1917

1916

1915

I9'4

Acid beasemer

1.059,281

1.096.153

821.408

797.072

Basic bessemer.

602.265

505.817

479.816

482.444

trth

■1.413.843

4.393.004

4.090.752

3.680.848

Basic openheartb

•121.170

3.012.558

2.958.968

2.874.749

i ogots

57,156

39,968

20.000

castings

11.693

9,288

2.000

i Ither Bteel castings

186.920

139.669
> 9.l96.457(n|

177.071
8.550.015

9.752

I Ixcluding crucible steel.

Mareh

Jan.-M .i

Lb.

Lb

381.495

925,981

4,291.367

10,156.647

61.902.754

202.034.816

64,900

70.690

2.729.851

8.322,169

449.197

1,348.735

939.536

3.252.762

42.660

48.847

"'Danish Tube-mill Pebbles and Their Substitutes."
Carpenter. Min. & Sci. Press. Jan. 23. 1915.
7Eng. & Min. Journ., July 11. 1917.

by Jay A.

Foreign Trade in Copper

Exports of copper from the United States in Feb-
ruary and March, 1918, and the first three months of
the year are reported by the Department of Commerce
as follows :

Feb *uary
Lb.

Ore and concentrates, etc., contents 183,670

Unrefined, in bars, pigs, .-to 1.431.009

Refined, bars, etc 59.033.853

< »1 I :ind scrap

Plates and sheets. 78 3.397

Pipes and tubi a 237.030

Wire, except insulated 1,834 948

Composition metal, copper chief

value 2.884

Totals 63.500, 791 70.801,760 226.160.653

The weight of ore exported in March was 3386 long
tons, and of concentrates, matte and regulus, 539 long
tons.

Imports of copper in February, March, and the first
three months were:

iarv
Lb.
Ore and concentrates, contents 13.720.881

Matte and regulus. etc 1,275.502

Unrefined, in bars, pigs. etc. . . 41,016.225

Refined, in bars, etc 0.385.748

Old, etc., for remanufacture 82.249

Composition metal, copper chief value 56

Totals . 62.480.721

Ore imported in March amounted to 38,081 long tons;
concentrates, 14.283 ; matte and regulus, 2632 long tons.

March

Lb.

14.793.141

3.724,800

36.514.548

Jan. -Mar

Lb.

37.722.625

5.079,912

112,043,938

6.385.748

36.400

280.353
28,066

55.068.889

161,540.642

10-12

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 23

Mineral Production of South Africa in 1917

By A. COOPER KEY*

In 1917, the gold output of the Rand decreased,
that of coal increased, while copper production

ained stationary, though shipments of the
latter tnetal irere irregular. Working costs in-

ised, u-hile profits and dividends decreased.

OFFICIAL statistics of the Mines Department
of the Union of South Africa and of the
Transvaal Chamber of Mines relating to the
production of minerals in 1917 have been issued
subject to amendment. The value of the mineral pro-
duction for the Union was £51.202,367; of this, gold
accounted for £38.307,675 and the Rand itself con-
tributed £36,978.236. The grand total was about
.000 over that for 1916, and about £7,670,000 more
than in 1915, when, however, the yield of the diamond
mines was insignificant.

The gold output in 1917 decreased by £1,182,000,
but this was more than offset by the increase of
£2,008,000 in the value of diamonds produced, which
was £7,736,371, compared with £5,728,391 in 1916.
The increase is partly attributable to a rise in value
from 49s. to 53s. 3d. per carat. The policy followed
by the diamond interests is tc supply the market with
only its actual demand for stones, a policy which can
now be pursued without exception, owing to the De
Beers Consolidated Mines, at Kimberley, having re-
cently acquired a controlling interest in the Premier
mine, near Pretoria. In earlier years this mine was
an active competitor of the De Beers company, but
it has latterly been party to a selling agreement. By
restricting the sale to the actual demand, better prices
are obtained and the life of the mines is prolonged.

Coal Production Increase Due to Change
in Shipping Route

Coal production was 10,382,623 tons, valued at
£3,255,659, an advance of £516,000. The increase is
due to the enlarged demand for bunker coal at Dur-
ban and Delagoa Bay, caused by diversion of ships
from the Suez to the Cape route to avoid enemy
submarines in the Mediterranean. Contracts made by
the gold mines of the Rand have kept the price of
Transvaal coal steady at the moderate figure of 4s.
9d. per ton at the pit's mouth. In Natal, however, in
consequence of the shipping demand, the average price
advanced from 6s. lOd. in 1914 and 1915 and 7s. 5d.
in 1916, to over 10s. per ton in 1917.

Copper Shipments from Ports Irregular

Copper production in 1917 was 20,174 tons, valued
at £1,106,085, much the same value as in the two
previous years. The Mines Department's figures are
those of sales and shipments, and, in these days of
irregular shipping, do not necessarily reflect the out-
put of the Cape Copper and Messina companies. This
method of recording statistics gives irregular results;
for example, Transvaal copper is reported thus:

•Box 3621, Johannesburg. South Africa.

August, £951; September. £39; October, £97,029;
November, nil; December, £116,244; Cape Colony:
October, nil; November, £207,432. The production of
the mines, sent to the ports for shipment, sometimes
waits for weeks on the wharves.

To tin is assigned a value of £375,615; here, again,
"sales and shipments." Recently the Zaaiplaats com-
pany started a small smeltery for ingot tin.

Shrinkage in Gold Output Due Chiefly to
Labor Shortage

The decrease in gold output in 1917 is attributable
to a decline in the quantity of ore milled, the
tonnage handled by the 56 Transvaal mines which
reported their output and profits to the Chamber of
Mines being 27,862,851, compared with 29,175,468
in 1916. The total for the Rand, the outside mines
being insignificant, with the exception of the Sub-Nigel,
Glynn's Lydenburg and the Transvaal Gold Mining
Estates, was 27,251,960 tons, as against 28,525,252 in
1916. The chief cause of the shrinkage was the in-
adequate supply of native labor during the year. This,
in turn, was due to the reopening of diamond mines,
the dispatch of a labor contingent to France, and the
demands of new industries within the Union, that were
promoted by importation difficulties. The mills ran
only 301 days, compared with 317 in 1916, a drop
of 5%, which corresponds approximately with the
decrease in tonnage. Some older mines are approach-
ing exhaustion and becoming difficult to work.

The recovery improved, doubtless owing to a greater
proportion of rock from the richer mines of the Far
East Rand entering into the aggregate, and to the
closing, either wholly or in part, of some low-grade
mines. The total number of stamps working on the
Rand was 9029, as against 9243 in 1916. At the May
Consolidated 100 stamps, and at Vogelstruis Estates 80
stamps were shut down because of exhaustion of the
property. At the Randfontein Central, the Robinson
and the Witwatersrand Deep, it was expedient or neces-
sary to hang up 100, 45 and 50 stamps respectively.
Against these reductions, the Government Areas put
25 extra stamps into commission, while the new battery
of Springs mines started operations.

Working Costs Increased

The average working cost for the year was 19s. 2d.,
compared with 18s. Id. in 1916, but the figure for
December, 1917, was exactly a sovereign a ton. As
the recovery for the Rand averages only 27s. 6d., say
6A dwt. per ton, the margin is a narrow one. The
industry has suffered from ever-increasing costs of
supplies, a large part of which has to be imported.

In the last two years, the native labor supply has
fallen by 40000 in face of increasing demands. Mining
companies have agreed to pay to married men who
have entered the service, and to single men with de-
pendents, a percentage of their wages. A war bonus
to meet the increased cost of living was introduced
in September, 1916, and increased in July, 1917, cost-
ing £500,000 a year.

June 8, 1918

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

L043

The constantly rising costs are having a harmful

effect on the lower-grade mines, which constitute
about a quarter of the total. In November, 1917 10

mines crushed 333,000 tons for a net profitof £8250
none making more than Is. 6d. per ton profit and
six as little as 6d. per ton. Another group of five
made between Is. 6d. and 2s. per ton profit. The
15 mines crushed altogether 576.000 tons, with a total
profit of only £31,300.

So important are these low-grade mines to the state,
on the score of indirect taxation, and to the community!
that the government has appointed a committee to
devise schemes to prevent their shutdown, which would
mean throwing 5000 white workers out of employment,
only a small part of whom could be absorbed.

Dividends of Rand Companies Decreased
The dividends declared by the Rand mining com-
panies in 1917 totaled £6,556,187, against £7.095,066
in 1916. a decrease of about £540,000. The profits
were only £10,225,638, compared with £11,630 001 a
decrease of £1,404,400. The margin between working
profits and dividend distributions is narrower than
usual, owing to the completion of capital programs,
inability to procure machinery for expansion, which
restricted new enterprise, and to initial and advanced
notifications by certain companies of the Far East Rand.
For instance, the Government Areas made its first
payment of 12J%, equal to £175,000; Modder Deep
paid £425.000, instead of £337,500; Modder B (making
the largest aggregate distribution of all Rand com-
panies) £595,000, as against £542,500.

The nine mines of the Far East Rand were respon-
sible for an aggregate distribution of £2,865,000, equal
to 43 rr. With further decadence of the Central Rand
mines, some of which have been in existence 30 years,
and further expansion in the Far East Rand tract[
the ratio may rise to 50%. In January, when several
of the older mines were flooded by heavy rains, the
mines in question made 51% of the whole working
profit.

The Rand profit for 1917 was nearly a million less
than in 1910, and £1,800,000 below the figure for 1908,
in the "palmy days" of the Rand, when only 18,196,589
tons were crushed, as against 27,251,960 last year. ' In
the intervening period there has been a drop of 4s.
7d. per ton in recovery, while mine-working costs are
Is. 2d. per ton higher. The dividend aggregate is the
smallest since 1906.

Tests for Flotation Oils

Two tests by which adulteration in pine products may
be determined are given in a booklet on flotation oils
which was recently published by the Pensacola Tar and
Turpentine Co. They are the polymerization test and
the acetic-acid test. To make the polymerization test,
put 20 c.c. of concentrated sulphuric acid in a graduated
narrow-neck Babcock flask and place in cold water to
cool. Gradually mix in 5 c.c. of the oil to be tested,
cooling from time to time, not allowing the tempera-
ture to get above 60° C. When the mixture no longer
warms up on shaking, agitate thoroughly. Place in a
water bath and heat to 60° or 65° C. for about 10 min-
utes. Agitate four or five times during the heating pe-

'""'• C001 (" room temperature and (ill the flask with
concentrated sulphuric acid until unpolymerizable oil

rises in the neck. Allow to stand for 12 hours or more

for light oils and 18 for heavier ones, and read un
poJymerizable matter on graduated neck for per cent
The longer period • preferable, as it often takes some
time for separation. All the organic oils contain some
unpolymerizable oil, for which the proper deduction
should be made.

The acetic-acid test is for the heavier oils, such as
tar oils and rosin oils. Weigh about 40 gram of ro
or tar oil to be treated into an evaporating dish; then
add 100 c.c. of 10$ alcohol potash solution and keep on
a water bath for 15 min., stirring well. This ma.ss
is then poured into a separatory funnel and the soap
washed out with water. The unsaponifiable matter is
then run into a flask with 100 c.c. of glacial acetic
acid and heated to 50" C, the flask being shaken to dis-
solve all the soluble matter. This mixture is then run
into a separating funnel, a little acetic acid being used
to wash out the flask. The mixture is allowed to stand
for about 30 min., when most of the mineral oil will
be separated out on top. The solution should be put
back into the separating funnel, as there may be further
separation, in which case the separated oil is added to
the rest of the mineral oil, which has been run into a
weighed beaker and placed on a water bath to evapo-
rate off the acetic acid. The beaker containing the
separated oil is weighed and the amount of oil is
considered mineral oil; this can readily be ascertained
by the odor and by treating with concentrated sulphuric
acid.

The process of distilling pine wood is carried out in
concrete retorts of heavily reinforced construction.
They are 96 ft. long and hold 11 cars containing a cord
of wood each. These cars are of all-steel construction
and are left in the retorts throughout the process. The
retorts are heated by internal flues from furnaces fired
with fuel oil and the combustible gases formed from the
distillation of the wood. The wood is subjected to tem-
peratures which distill all of the resinous matter, leav-
ing nothing but charcoal on the cars.

The method of handling these retorts is as follows:
After complete distillation, the doors of the retorts
are opened, a chain is attached to a pulling cable at
one end and to another train of cars standing on a load-
ing track at the other, and the 11 cars of charcoal are
pulled into the coolers at the same time the 11 fresh cars
are pulled into the retorts. The operation, which re-
quires but a few minutes, is done while everything is
hot, so that little time or heat is wasted, and in a short
time the condensers are again flowing.

The liquids coming from the condensers are crude
pine oil and pyroligneous acid or wood vinegar. This
acid water, containing about 5% of acetic acid, is run
to waste after settling, and the crude oil, which contains
the crude wood turpentine, crude pine oils, wood creo-
sote oils and tar oils, is pumped into a large steam
still, where the lighter oils are roughed off by a system
of steam jets and heater coils. The higher temperature
oils cannot be driven over economically by steam, so the
still is emptied into a large copper fire still, where the
creosote oils and tar oils are removed.

Remember the Comfort Fund of the 27th Engineers.

10-44

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

niiiiiiiiiiiii iiHHiiuiiiiiiniiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiuuiiiinnr

Vol. 105, No. 23

iiuiiuiiinniinniiinniiniiiuuiiii

Early Comstock Hoisting Apparatus

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mimiiniiiHiiiii uauiiuuu miHtimtii n (mini i iiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiii

inn uuiiiiiiiinii iinimiiiB

EARLY S

SI-'P USED AT COMBINATION SHAFT

SAID TO BE FIRST CAGE USED ON THE COMSTOCK

ONE OF THE BAB

!ST COMBINATIONS OF CAGE AND SKIP USED IX

J VERTICAL SHAFT ON THE COMSTOCK

June 8. 1018

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

loir,

CAGES USED AT THE OPHIR MINE. NOTE THE PECULIAR CONSTRUCTION OF SAFETY

DOGS

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL Vol. 105, No. 23

iiuimiiiiiiimmuiimiiiimiiiiiiiiimiimiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii mum iiiiiiiiiiiiiini iiiiiiiiiiliiiiimiiiiiiii llllliililiiniiniiiimiimiiniitu

Details of Practical Mining

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Improved Method of Igniting Fuse

By E. ML Weston

In "spitting a round of holes" in a drift or stope it
sometimes happens that accidents are caused by delays
in ignition. Such delays are often the result of failure
of the "snuff" or lamp, or from concealment of unspit
fuses by the smoke from the first few ignited. In some
9 certain holes are not spit or are spit in the wrong

a a*

^ • ■*■::

Mi

- : ■

FIG. 1. IGNITER DESIGNED FOR 16-HOLE ROUNDS

order of fire, and waste of time, labor and explosives
takes place. For many years on the Witwatersrand all
fuses were spit by means of a "cheesa stick," which was
a thin piece of pine having twisted around it a thin
strip of blasting gelatin, sometimes damped with mud
to make it burn slowly. The fuse ends were split in
the usual manner and the spurting fire from the burn-
ing cheesa stick gave a flame that ignited the fuses easily
and was difficult to put out even in a wet place. The

FIG. 2. PLAN AND SECTION OF SIX-HOLE IGNITERS

use of these spitters was finally forbidden by law, on
account of the serious amount of carbon monoxide and
nitrous gases given off, and now all fuses are ignited by
specially manufactured sticks which give off only a
small fraction of 1% nitrous acid gas. Some of these
are manufactured by the explosive companies and others
under various patents, and while there are good and
inexpensive igniters on the market, other varieties give

off too much smoke and become soft through absorption
of dampness if kept underground. The improved type
gives out a strong flame at the end like that of a slow-
burning "squib," is about six inches long and i in. in
diameter, burns for three to five minutes, and has a
wooden handle three inches long. Fuses are usually cut
six feet in length. It seemed possible to avoid loss of
time and labor in igniting each hole in proper succes-
sion, and W. J. Pickford has reported as follows upon
the system in use at the Crown mines, in the Transvaal,
of which he is joint general manager:

"In September, 1916, a trial was made of a fuse
igniter designed by Mr. Fisher. This was named the
'mouse trap.' It proved reliable, and a simple variation
.'3 shown in Fig. 1. It is made from a block of soft
wood, octagonal in shape, 11 in. high with sides of octa-
gon one inch long. Through the center of this block a
hole T7,j in. in diameter is made, and each face of the
octagon has two T%-in. holes with J-in. centres bored
through horizontally to the centre hole. A 'cape explo-
sive' 'cheesa stick' with the glazed paper wrapping taken
off the portion in the block is put in the -jVin. hole and

FIG. 3. ARRANGEMENT OF FOUR-HOLE FUSE IGNITER

the pieces with ends cut off square are put into the
T\-in. holes and pressed up to the 'cheesa stick.' The
pieces are cut for timing beforehand. The miner lights
the 'cheesa stick' at the other end and has an extra
three or four minutes to get away, or the fuses can be
shortened. Miners are so used to coiling the fuses out-
side the hole to prevent cut-off that they may be preju-
diced ; but it must be remembered that if the fuse is
good and properly cut it should have burnt into the
tamping of all holes before the first one goes off.

"A small six-hole block shown in Fig. 2 was tried for
stoping. A still simpler form is shown in Fig. 3. The
miner cuts his fuses for timing, and, holding the four
ends together, inserts them as shown. When blasting,
he pushes the end of the 'cheesa stick' into the block,
and the fuses all ignite together. If less than four holes
have to be spit a short length of 'dummy' fuse makes
up the number to fill the holes. This device has led tc
the introduction of a blasting gang, comprising a white
man and several natives. The miners load the holes ir
the usual way and prepare the blocks for blasting, leav-
ing a cork on the open end. When the miners come of)
shift they see the blaster and tell him what holes anc
benches to blast. The blaster goes down, and, working
against the air current and down the stopes, collect;

June 8, 1918

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

the corks as he goes through, counts Bhots if he can re-
turns after two hours to Mast any misfires, and reports

on the air and water service

"The system has the following advantages : l. No one
in the section need be exposed to fumes or dust •>
There is no waiting for the inside man to blast; men
can be hoisted regularly. 3. There is no rush ,,, loading
holes. 4. There is no danger of natives being in the
stope. 5. Trammers and timbermen can work until the
end of the shift. 6. There is no confusion ... counting
holes. 7. The number of Vheesa natives' is reduced
8. Spitting is quicker and safer. 9. A miner can get
out after finishing his work."

1047

•'"■'"i "' being nailed, which prevents warping The

J™ |l':"'- ■'"' made °* ■" tructural iron, shaped
'" '" ""' •■•|1"1'- " thai enough pace I aUowed to
l"'"v"'" etching king on the guide when the

cageway door is in motion.

Shaft Cageway Covers

Shaft cageway trap doors that cover the cageway
opening at all times excepting when the cage is at
the surface landing are of several types and made of

Formulae for Hoisting Ropes

A C. Whittome , u„ following formula a

applied In hoisting ropes:

l. To find the ■ diameter of rope to raise

a given load of skip and contents from a given depth
D=Diameter tn inches.
Per stress^ i ■ strength of ivire in lb.X0.9

divided by factor of safety at upper

end.
Length=Length of rope in feet.

D = ■J l'""1 "■' ''"rlc ">"! ship nJlb.
N (o,i per stress lb.) (1.6 length)

Should the shaft be inclined, both the load and length
must be multiplied by the sine of the incline angle.

2. To find the required ultimate strength of wire
of which a rope hauling from a given vertical depth
must be made in order that the selected factors of
safety for the two ends may be attained, the following
formula; may be used:
x —Length of rope in feet.
y,=Factor of safety at lower end of rope.
y2=Factor of safety at upper end of rope.
f=Ultimate strength in lb. per sq.in. of wire used

Ult. strength of wire =

0.9

\V2 yj

UIMBZRU5T
ALL OAK

W

~l::

size '/mm

nrr

4

M

e'-or

1?

6

4'-5"

13

4

£l

/'-?"

e

-

TZ&p-&\ 5

TOTAL 32

BOLT LIST

•j.;:'

az?

IBKJM

KIND

mm

msHOS

as

.=

3"

Softs

SUsj

40cuf

6

r

7"

n

5 j

lb -

a

w

2"

Bf„

j

-■/

14"

6

.'.•'- ■•

PI

For the given depth and factors of safety, no other
wire can be used.

To find y„ when using a given strength of wire and
a given factor of safety (»,) at the upper end, for a
given depth of vertical shaft:

0.9/ * yx
To find y„ when using a given strength of wire and
a given factor of safety (y.) at the upper end, for a
given depth of vertical shaft:

yi=TZK

Vz 0.9/
The diameters of ropes are, of course, found in the
ordinary way. For instance, a wire of 240,000 lb.
strength is to be used and the factor of safetv at the
lower end of a 4000 ft. shaft is to be 10, the lifted load
of skip and rock being 20,000 lb.; then

1

2/2

I JL

COVER FOR SHAFT CAGEWAY

various materials to suit different localities and con-
ditions. The type of cageway doors shown in the sketch
is popular in the southeastern Missouri lead district,
gives excellent service and is strong and durable.
The door is built of oak and bolted together in-

and

Diameter of rope

4 X 4000

0.9 v- 24(i,oiio

10

or 5.7

\ 0.36

000 10

24.0001)

or 1.52 inches

Use of Crossheads is to be discontinued in the Cripple

Creek district, Colorado, at the request of Deputy State

Mine Inspector M. J. McCarthy, as the result of a fatal

accident due to a falling crosshead at the Longfellow mine.

Mourn. So. Afr. Inst.' of Eng.

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL Vol. 105, No. 28

iimiiiiiuiinmiiimimiitimiiiuiiiimiiiiiiii iiiiiitiiitiiiilitiiniiitiii i iiihiihiiiimuii i tiun i iiumi i iiihm i iihmhmi in >iimiiHiii i iiiiiiuiiiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiin 1111)1 |

Mining and Metallurgical Machinery

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Mechanical Tampers in Mine
Track Work
By h. L. Hicks
Mine operators are beginning to profit by the experi-
ence of railroad men who have used mechanical tam-
for ballasting track, and to utilize them both above
below ground. Pneumatic tie-tamping tools have
been in use on the railroads for about three years, and
firmly established themselves as standard track-

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PNEUMATIC TAMPER WITH VARIOUS SIZKD TAMPING

BARS

maintenance equipment. Tabulated comparative per-
formance records compiled by several large users show
an average 'labor saving of about 75r£ over hand tamp-
ing and a worth-while reduction in cost.

The pneumatic machines are used in pairs, working
simultaneously on either side of a tie. They develop

•Ingersoll-Rand Co.. 11 Broadway, New York.

considerable power and force the ballast down under
the center of a tic, where it affords maximum support.
The '•Imperial" tie tamper, shown in the cut, consists
of a cylinder containing a non-rotating valveless ham-
mer, somewhat similar to a hammer drill, but having
a suitable extended handle and a special retainer to hold
the tamping bar. These bars are to be had in three
styles, the varying size of the tamping face adapting
them to use in coarse, medium or fine ballast. Pneu-
matic tampers have fully demonstrated that the kind
of material used as ballast is not a factor; they are
equally effective in crushed rock, cinders, slag, gravel,
earth, chats, etc.

Mine labor is growing scarcer, and it stands to rea-
son that, if two pneumatic tampers will do the work of
eight men of a railroad gang, they will effect an equally
important saving at the mine. While the maintenance
of mine trackage is not as important as that of rail-
road roadbed, still, in the aggregate, it is a consider-
able item at many properties. Mines in general have
air already available, and with this advantage the in-
vestment for equipment is a small item. In the open-
pit mines of the Mesabi range, however, conditions are
more akin to those obtaining in railroad work. At the
Mahoning, Hull-Rust and other mines the extensive
trackage, while of but semi-peimanent character, must
needs be firmly ballasted to a large extent. Operating
economy demands that the cost of building and main-
taining track be reduced to a minimum, and for this
reason the introduction of the mechanical tamper has
proved a welcome innovation. At these properties, air
power for operating the tampers is supplied from port-
able compressor cars of the standard hand-car mounted
type used on the railroads. The compressor units are
driven by gasoline engines and are built to operate two
and four tampers. Both sizes are used in the open pits.
Under the action of pneumatic tampers, the fine iron
ore used as ballast packs very hard — it is tamped so
tightly, in fact, that a shovel cannot be put into it. As
an example of the rapidity with which the work is done,
a performance at the Mahoning mine may be cited
where a two-tool outfit was observed to tamp 35 ties
in one hour. It would require at least nine men to do
the work by hand, whereas by the new method two men
operated the tamping machines and the foreman at-
tended to the compressor. Assuming the compressor
operating cost to equal that on railroad work, the com-
parative daily costs on the above working basis may be
estimated as follows: Hand tamping — nine men, $31.05;
foreman, $5; total. $36.05; pneumatic tamping— two
men, $6.90; foreman, $5; compressor operation, $3.75;
total, $15.65.

In addition to the tie tamping, the air furnfthed by
the portable compressors is advantageously applied to
operating Jackhamers for block holing and pneumatic
drills and riveters for repair work around the steam
shovels and engines. This latter is an asset, as with

June 8, 1918

ENGINEERING AND minim, JOURNAL

1049

this convenient portable air plant, repairs do not m

sitate the transportation of heavy equipment to the
shop. During the severe cold of last winter, tie tan |
at several of the transportation center were fitted with
pointed picks and used for unloading frozen coal, cin-
ders, ore. etc., from hopper cars and al the Steel

mills for breaking up frozen nail] scale in the chutes

and ears.

A Plastic Refractory for Boiler Baffles

Defective baffling is the most common cause of high
chimney temperatures, the greatest source of heat loss
in boilers. The baffles may have fallen down, or bricks
or blocks may have slipped out from between the
boiler tubes, short-circuiting a large amount of gas.
Pyrometers measure flue gas temperatures and serve
to notify the operator at once regarding baffle failures.
Baffles for water-tube boilers usually consist of tiles,
bricks or blocks of refractory material fitted between
the tubes. In cross-baffled boilers tiles are introduced
between the tubes by springing them apart, and
naturally do not form tight joints. It is also difficult
to retain blocks where they are placed, as they have
a tendency to slip and fall out. leaving large open-
ings. Because of the manner in which baffles are made,
it is almost impossible to cement them together, as
the difference in expansion and contraction of the
boiler tubes and baffle would break and sever the joints.
Brick and blocks also warp and twist and are frequently
split by the pinching effect of the tubes.

Jointless, and therefore gas-tight, baffles can be made
by the use of a refractory material known as plastic
fire brick, which is manufactured by the Betson Plas-
tic Fire Brick Co., Rome. N. Y. This material was
originally introduced for lining boiler furnaces, and
is compounded of refractory materials so prepared
as practically to eliminate the expansion and contrac-
tion effect with changes in temperature.
_ The material is shipped in barrels in a moist plas-
tic condition ready for use. In forming a cross baffle
for a water-tube boiler, the ordinary cast-iron baffle
plate is used as on one side of the mould, while the other
side is made by thrusting wooden slats in through the
diagonal spacing between the tubes. The plastic ma-
terial is then tamped down to fill the space between
the cast-iron baffle plate and the slats. It is suffi-
ciently plastic to be forced out sidewise around the
tubes, making a snug fit all around. The boiler is
fired up slowly, the criss-cross of slats burns out, and
the plastic material is dried out vitrified in place. This
operation occupies only a few hours, after which the
full load may be put upon the boiler. Inasmuch as
the boiler comes up to full steam pressure before the
material is thoroughly set, the expansion of the metal
pushes away the soft material to the position which
t should occupy when the boiler is hot, and while the
wiler tubes will draw away from the material upon
ooling; the baffles will always fit tightly when the
'Oiler is under steam.

In forming a horizontal longitudinal baffle, blocks
f wood are placed in between the tubes, above and
■elow the space to be occupied by the baffle, thus con-
ming the plastic material, which is filled in from the

In the case of baffle* in the middle of the tube
bank, or fro,,, underneath or overhead, in the
the baffles al the bottom or top of the tube bank.

"' Placed in po Ition between the tuba . and,
where no1 diret I ©rted by the

held in place bj balls of the material placed underneath.

The refractory material is then pushed into i

between seats and rammed Starting work on each
side, the operator works toward the middle. As
as a section is finished the next lower slat is placed,
until all slats are in place on the lower row. With
this material there is no limitation to the shape or

size of baffles, in cross-baffled boilere, il i becoming
the practice to slope or incline the baffles, o thai the
gas passage will contract progressively from the point
where the gases enter the tube to the point where they
leave, and thereby maintain a uniform gas velo,
This can be easily accomplished with the plastic ma-
terial, whereas with the solid bricks or blocks a spe-
cial block is required which can be inserted and main-
tained in place only with difficulty.

The refractory material also finds use as a substi-
tute for special forms of bricks or blocks, as when the
front headers of horizontal water-tube boilers rest upon
the front arch; also for lining furnace and combus-
tion chambers, including front arch, side walls, bridge
wall, rear arch, etc. Exacting tests in direct contact
with the fuel bed and with the gases of combustion
before they have been cooled by the boiler surfaces
have demonstrated the ability of the material to with-
stand high-temperature gases and stresses such as oc-
cur in furnace construction, for long periods without
crumbling or deteriorating.

Steel-Grip Glove for Handling Metal

Handlers of scrap, pig iron and castings, and sand
blasters also, will be interested to learn of the steel-
grip gloves shown in the illustration. These gloves
are made either as mittens or fingered gauntlets. Mits
are made of heavy chrome tanned leather and are espe-
ciallv suitable to unloading light metal sheets, bars, or

■"■■■■HMlBlttf

-•■■■■■■■■■■■■■■»■ ■■BBg|__
lllllllllltlllllBiaaBB.flBlaill

(■■■■■■■■■■■uiriiaB"».M2

■■■■■bbhi ■:■■■■■■■■■■_.

ai • ■ m ^ hi ■ ifi in nr m n p m u m ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ J
Br mi mi inn mil mi mi k mi m ;.'«■■■■■

i

MITTEXS HAVE KE1XFORCED STEEL RIBBON PALM

scrap iron, etc. A heavy chrome leather mit reinforced
in the palm with steel ribbons over added strips of
tough napa leather is suitable for heavier work. A
gloved gauntlet of similar construction is especially de-
signed for sand blasting. Seams of all mits or gloves
are sewed closed with steel thread.

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 23

Events and Economics of the War

BiiiHii.mntniiBiHim.ni minimi nmmiii iiiiiinimmmii i mm mmunnnnin uiMMHM uiuiHiniiutiii i ma

Continuing their advance beyond the Aisne and Veate
rivers the Germans took Soissons and, meeting With
small resistance, reached the Marne near Dormans, later
extending their gains westward to Chateau Thierry and
further north, to Troesnes, on the Ourcq; an advance of
five miles between Soissons and Noyon was also made
bv the enemv in an effort to link the new front with
that on the Oise; 35,000 prisoners and much booty are
claimed bv the Germans.

In the United States, a combination under Govern-
ment control of the largest four express companies was
announced bv Director General McAdoo. The price of
aluminum was fixed at 33c. a pound at the plant for 50-
ton lots and over by agreement of producers with the
War Industries Board. The Western Union Telegraph
Co refused mediation by the National War Labor Board
to avoid the strike threatened by the former's employ-
ees over the discharge of 800 men for joining a union.
The U S S "President Lincoln," an 18,000-ton trans-
port, was sunk by torpedo on May 31, when homeward
bound, with a loss of 25 Jives. The destroyer "Ward-
was launched 84^ complete on June 1 at Mare Island
within 171 davs after her keel was laid. U-boats off
the New Jersey and Delaware coasts since May 25 sank
ten vessels, totaling about 20,000 tons.

centages named in the order. The essential features of
the Director General's orders as to passenger fares are:
The basic fare for one-way travel in day coaches will
be 3c. per mile. In the sparsely settled sections where
the present fares may be somewhat higher than this,
they will not be disturbed. All fares which are on a
lower basis than 3c. per mile will be advanced to that

Tickets purchased prior to June 10, 1918, will not be
honored for passage on and after that date, except that
passengers who are already en route on June 10 on one-
way tickets may travel to their destination by continuous
passage without extra charge; unused portions of round-
trip tickets purchased before June 10 held by passengers
en route on that date will likewise be honored, with ceT-
tain restrictions. Unused tickets will be redeemed.
Round-trip tourist fares, somewhat higher than those at
present in effect, will be established to take effect about

June 15.

Other provisions of the order relate to mileage, com-
mutation and sleeping-car tickets, which are likewise
affected. Fares on water lines under Government con-
trol win be advanced proportionately. A special rate will
be given soldiers and sailors, having leave of absence,
when traveling in uniform at their own expense.

Transportation Rates Increased

Increased freight rates, ordered recently by Director
General McAdoo in the public interest, become effective
on June 25 and cover both interstate and intrastate
traffic Class rates are to be advanced 25 '(, and all
class rates less than 25c. first class and proportionate
rates on other classes will be canceled. The increase
of 25', will apply also on commodity rates generally,
except the commodities of which there is a heavy move-
ment, on which the advances will be made by adding cer-
tain amounts to all rates or by fixing specifically the new
rates which shall apply. Among the principal heavy
commodities and the advances thereon are :

Coal, 15 to 50c. per ton.
Coke, 15 to 75c. per ton.
Iron ore, 30c. per ton.

Stone for building purposes 2c. per 100 pounds
Stone for road work, sand, gravel lc. per 100 pounds.
Brick, cement, and plaster, 2c. per 100 pounds.
Lime l%c. per 100 pounds.

Lumber, 25%, but not more than 5c. per 100 pounds.
Copper bullion and smeltery products will be advanced ap-
proximately S6.50 per ton from the Rocky Mountains

and Pacific Coast states to Atlantic seaboard.
All export and import rates will be canceled, the do-
mestic rates applying to and from the ports. The min-
imum charge for handling a less-than-carload shipment
will be 50c, and for road handling a carload the min-
imum will be $15. The important established rate
groupings and fixed differentials will be continued where
found practicable, even though through rates resulting
from their use may be lower or higher than the exact per-

The Copper Conference

We understand that the conference in Washington be-
fore the Price-Fixing Committee of the War Industries
Board with regard to the price of copper was at times
rather a peppery affair, and to say that the copper
people feel they were shown scant courtesy is to put
it mildly, says the Boston News Bureau.

What perhaps irritates them more than anything else
is to be told that the price had been fixed by the
committee before the copper men, summoned from all
parts of the country, had arrived. In other words, the
inference was that, in star chamber proceedings, before
a hearing on the merits of the question, before the evi-
dence was in, the case had been prejudged and decided.

We understand that in the course of the proceedings
one large producer was interrupted by the chairmai
and told that the committee did not care to listen to any
thing more "along that line"— only to meet with the re
joinder that he, with other copper men, had been in
vited to testify and he intended to finish what he ha<
to say. He did so.

We understand also that insinuations were throwi
out that the copper companies were padding their cos
sheets Result: some rather tart exchanges of word;
with subsequent apologies. The copper people are eage
to do their share in the present national emergeno
They will strain to the limit every productive facilit>
They are asking for no favors at the hands of thos
who know less about the business than they do; bu
they claim a right to fair treatment. They ask no mon

June 8, 1918

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

L061

Economy in Oil I Frged

The transportation and conservation of petroleum
products is a subject to which the r. s. Fuel Adminis-
tration is said to be devoting closest attention. As a war
product, petroleum occupies a position of prime interest.
The movement of oil from wells to the refineriei and
markets is accomplished by rail, water, and pipe hues,
ali of which are at present taxed to capacity,

A large part of the water transportation, represented
by tankers, formerly in coastwise service, bringing oil
from Mexican and Gulf ports to Atlantic Coast refineries,
has been commandeered by the Navy for transatlantic
service. This heavy withdrawal of usual facilities im-
poses upon all the other mediums of transportation an
extra burden. Cooperation of the public in meeting the

tacles that are presented in this branch of its activ-
ities is sought by the Fuel Administration. Patriotic as-
sistance can be rendered if all connected with the trans-
portation and consumption of petroleum products will
act upon these suggestions:

Increase storage capacity to avoid shutdowns during
p> nods of congested transportation.

Provide adequate unloading facilities.

Avoid delays to tank cars, oil barrels, or other containers
whether loaded or empty.

Practice efficiency and economy in consumption.

Delay in the movement of tank cars or other oil containers
involves a serious responsibility. Prompt action in unload-
ing and storing tank and barrel contents and returning them
to the source of supply will greatly assist the Government
in its treatment of the fuel problems.

Fix Price of Aluminum

The maximum base price for aluminum, effective June
1, 1918, to Sept. 1, 1918, will be 33c. per lb., f.o.b. pro-
ducing plants, for 50 tons and over of ingot of 98 to
99cc. This price has been agreed upon by the producers
and the price-fixing committee of the War Industries
Board, whose joint action has been approved by the
President.

Differentials for sheet, rod and wire will be increased
by approximately 12irf . Differentials for quantity and
grade and differentials for alloys will remain as ap-
proved by the committee on Mar. 3, 1918. Copies of the
new lists of differentials may be obtained upon applica-
tion to the Non-ferrous Metals Section of the War
Industries Board.

The new price will be effective on deliveries from June
1 to Sept. 1, 1918, on contracts made during said period,
and, furthermore, will be effective on deliveries made
during said period on existing contracts which specify
that the price shall be that in force at the time of deliv-
ery. Deliveries made from June 1 to Sept. 1, 1918, on
other contracts shall be at the price stated in such con-
tracts, except that on existing "direct and indirect Gov-
ernment contracts" containing a provision that refund
is to be made of the difference between the price stated
in the contract and the "Government fixed price, if, as
and when made," such difference shall be refunded on
deliveries made from June 1 to Sept. 1, 1918, on presen-
tation of proper proof that the purchasing government
gets the benefit of the refund.

The conditions are as formerly. First the producers
of aluminum will not reduce the wages now being paid ;
second, aluminum shall be sold to the U. S. Gov-

ernment, to the public in the United States and to the

Allied governmi til at thi ante maximum baae price;

third, the producer will take the neee .arv Riea Uri

under the direction oi the War [ndu ti le Board for the
distribution ol aluminum to prevent it iron, falling into
the hands of spi k ulaton who might increa e the i
1(1 the public; and, fourth, thej will pled..,, themsi Ive
'" exerl everj effort i keep up pi du< tion -

as to insure an adequatl upplj during Hie war.

Express Companies Merged by McAdoo

The four principal exp untry,

the Adams, American, Wells Fargo and Southi
ing a combined capitaliza $57,000,000, will be

merged into one company capitalized at $30,000,000
der plans recently approved by the Director General of
Railroads, William G. .McAdoo. The reduced capitaliza-
tion of the new company represents solely the actual
value of the physical properties put into the business, no
provision being made for goodwill or other assets not
included in property values. The Government does not
guarantee the companies a definite annual income. A
statement in this respect, issued by the Railroad Ad-
ministration, says:

"The general method of determining the compensation
is that the Director General will receive r,n:\ ,,f the
operating revenues, or gross earnings, and out of the
balance the express company will pay operating ex-
penses and taxes and dividend of 5r , on capital stock.

"Out of the next 2ff available for distribution the ex-
press company will receive 1% and the Government 1
out of the next 3ff available for distribution the express
company will receive 1% and the Government 2', ; any
further amounts available for distribution will be di-
vided one-fourth to the express company and three-
fourths to the Government."

June 14 Is Flag Day

The National Americanization Committee urges that
every factory and industrial and commercial establish-
ment in the country observe Flag Day, June 14, with a
flag-raising ceremony. It is thought that by thus bring-
ing patriotism into the plant the employee engaged
on war work will come to realize that the way he per-
forms his daily task will have a decided effect on the out-
come of the war.

Practical patriotism for the employer, says the com-
mittee, is increased production, careful planning to avoid
rush seasons and lay-offs, the checking of labor turnover
by enlightened treatment of the workers, the developing
of a loyal spirit among native and foreign-born em-
ployees by making them realize that America is the land
of the "square deal," and then giving them a square deal
in his plant.

Representatives of the Department of Commerce and
of commercial organizations appeared before the House
Interstate Commerce Committee on May 9 to urge a
bill to provide a national trademark. They said that un-
scrupulous foreign manufacturers were taking advan-
tage of the demand for American goods to use mislead-
ing marks on articles of inferior quality.

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 23

urn iiiiiHimmiiiiiNimiiiiiMiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiii mimiiiiiiiimimiiiiiiiii mi until imiiiiiiiii lint iiiiiiiiniii iiiiiiiiiin

Industrial News from Washington

By Paul Wooton, Special Correspondent

^^mmmmmmmmmmMW\\m.mmmm«m>«.l.w,:. IIIIIIIIIUIIIIUIIIIUIIIIIIIUIIIIIIII IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIUIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII II IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIHIIUIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII

Minerals-Control Hearings Continue

After one of the most extended hearings ever con-
ducted by the Senate Committee on Mines and Mining,
that body is now framing a minerals-control bill which is
expected to be radically different from that passed by
the House. The members of the committee themselves
are not at all certain just what will be evolved.

Special weight is attached to the testimony of Corne-
lius F. Keller, the vice president of the Anaconda Cop-
per Mining Co., who is in direct charge of its operations.
"I believe," said Mr. Kelley, "it is sound business, it is
good economics, it is safe Governmental policy, to per-
mit, as far as possible, the industries of the United
States, by the natural inherent development and enter-
prise of the American people, to meet the situation, and
I think you will thus do it a great deal more effectively
and a great deal more satisfactorily and a great deal
more rapidly than if you attempt to violate every natural
law that enters into the production, growth and devel-
opment of industry.

"So far as any personal interests I may have are con-
cerned, they would be greatly augmented, and the in-
terests of the corporation that I represent would also be
augmented, by the passage of the bill. I am opposing
it absolutely upon the basis that I do not think it sound
business; I do not think it is sound economics.

"Section 1 does not say, gentlemen, that this bill is
intended only to include antimony, arsenic, ball clay, bis-
muth, etc., but it is intended to include those substances,
ores and metals found in intimate association with these
metals. It says 'intermediate metallurgical products,'
and, if I can read the language of the bill, that means
those metallurgical products that are produced in ob-
taining these particular elements, which, for instance, in
the case of arsenic, would include gold, silver and cop-
per, and the chemical compounds of these elements,
which would include every non-ferrous metal that is pro-
duced in the United States. How can it be said, gentle-
men, "in fairness, when you give control over sulphur,
arsenic, antimony and bismuth — those elements that are
found universally in intimate association with copper,
lead, zinc and some of the other metals— and you give
control over all the intermediate metallurgical products
lp to the production of silver, arsenic, antimony, bis-
muth and the others enumerated, that it does not include
practically every mineral that is produced in the United
States? I cannot give the bill any other interpretation.
1 have vainly followed the explanations that this lan-
guage is not so intended, but, gentlemen, that language
does do it without any question, in my mind.

"What has been brought to your attention so far as
the mineral industry is concerned that calls for this far-
reaching and dictatorial control? What situation is

there?

"I think the license feature is one that is well deserv-
ing of consideration. It may be necessary, gentlemen,

to license. It may be necessary, in the interest of pub-
lic policy, to license some branch of the metal business,
but why you should require every one engaged in the
manufacture, storage, mining and distribution or use
of these metals or mineral substances to be licensed is
utterly beyond my comprehension. Where does the bill
stop?

"We started the ferromanganese business. We had no
transformers. We got priority orders. They began to
come along pretty well. We bumped up against the
electrode situation. The demand for electric furnaces
has run away from the manufacture. We searched this
country for a producer who would take an order. The
price did not cut any figure. We could not find any.
We tried to finance an outfit and to increase the equip-
ment so as to get 200 tons a month. We found that we
could not get the results that we wanted by a ramming
process. We had to get a press. We said 'All right, we
are going to do that.' Well, the best promise we could get
was delivery within a year. Those are the things, gen-
tlemen, that are practiced in this situation, and they
are things that you cannot overcome by mere legislative
enactment."

Demand for brimstone probably will greatly exceed
production before the end of the current year, A. E.
Wells, of the War Industries Board, declared in a sup-
plemental statement which he made to the committee.
In that connection, he said:

"At present the consumption of brimstone for all pur-
poses is just about equal to the production of the depos-
its in Louisiana and Texas. I doubt if there is a large
tonnage of brimstone going to foreign countries. Some is
going to Canada to be made into acid and for use in the
paper-pulp industry, but my understanding is that little
brimstone is being sent to the Allies. We have not yet
begun to supply the Government powder plants with
brimstone, and many commercial plants are coming in,
so that before the end of this year the demand for brim-
stone will be greater than those two properties possibly
can meet. The rate of production of the two important
brimstone operations is about 100,000 tons per month.
Before the end of the year we will be using brimstone
at a rate between 200,000 and 300,000 tons."

This statement was made on the assumption that no
Spanish pyrites would come in after Oct. 1 and that the
domestic pyrites situation remains as at present. With
reference to the status of the domestic pyrites industry,
Mr. Wells said, "It appears doubtful whether the pro-
duction of pyrites in this country in 1918 will be equal
to that of 1917. The mine operators have had difficulty
in getting a price for their pyrites which would allow
them to go in on an extensive scale to increase their
output. The acid manufacturer so far has been able to
buy brimstone. He prefers to use brimstone, rather
than pyrites, and no pressure has been brought to induct
him to use pyrites. Extensive deposits in the South are
not operating to capacity, because of labor troubles. Th<

Juno 8, 1918

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOI RNAL

1058

mine operators are no1 getting whal they figure they
ought to get for their pyrites ore and are nol prepared
to pay the wages which would keep labor a1 their pi

ertics."

Regarding the attitude of the Chemical Alliance

toward development of domestic pyrites, Mr, Welle Baid:

"Substantially the Chemical Alliance says this: -As

long as we can get brimstone to run our plants, we arc
not interested greatly in these pyrites deposits. We ran
buy brimstone at a figure which is so much lower than
we would have to pay to bring out pyrites that we arc
not interested.'

"As an example, we put up to the Chemical Alliance
the matter of using some of the pyrites that could be ob-
tained from coal brasses. They could not interest those
who are in a position to use coal brasses. The answer
always was that they could get brimstone."

Mr. Wells believes that Government action should be
taken to assure the recovery of sulphur from the waste
gases from smelteries. At the present time 56 r( of the
sulphuric acid being made in the United States has its
source in brimstone.

Manganese Price Schedule Issued

After long negotiations, the War Industries Board
and the American Iron and Steel Institute have been
able to agree upon a schedule of prices for the manga-
nese ores produced in the United States. The official
announcement, issued by the War Industries Board, fol-
lows in its entirety:

A schedule of prices on manganese ores produced in the
United States has been agreed to by the American Iron
and Steel Institute and has been approved by the War
Industries Board. The prices are fixed at a figure higher
than the prices on this ore that have prevailed in past
months. The new price schedule is to be used on trans-
actions taking place after midnight of May 28. No an-
nouncement is made as to the length of time that this
schedule of prices is to remain effective.

The following schedule gives domestic metallurgical
manganese ore prices per unit of metallic manganese per
ton of 2240 lb. for manganese ore produced and shipped
from all points in the United States west of South Chicago,
111. This schedule does not include chemical ores as used
for dry batteries, etc. The prices are on the basis of
delivery f.o.b. cars South Chicago, and are on the basis
of all-rail shipments. When shipped to other destina-
tion than Chicago, the freight rate per gross ton from
shipping point to South Chicago, 111., is to be deducted to
give the price f.o.b. shipping point.

SCHEDULE FOR ORE CONTAIXIXG WHEN DRIED AT 212
FAHRENHEIT

Metallic Manganese, Price,
Per Cent., Inclusive Per Unit

35 to 35.99 $0.86

36 to 36.99 0 90

37 to 37.99 0 94

38 to 38.99 n'98

39 to 39.99 . 1 00

40 to 40.99 1 02

41 to 41.99 1 04

42 to 42.99 106

43 to 43.99 1 08

44 to 44.99 1 10

45 to 45.99 1 12

46 to 46.99 . 1 14

47 to 47.99 116

48 to 48.99 1 18

149 to 49.99 ] 90

50 to 50.99 1 22

51 to 51.99 1 94

52 to 52.99 1 26

53 to 53.99 1.28

54 and over 1.30

For manganese ore produced in the United States and

nipped from points in the United States east of South

hicago, L Be. pei ■ • ,,f metallic mangani e pi r ton
'"' «aaed to above m prici U>ov< pricei mm- baaed

"" "" . in, I ,,.,1

"'. than ''' I •' bjeel tO silica

premiums and penall h i . 01 silica under

»9J down to and including 6%, premium al rate of 0

[" ' '"n Bi loi . ... pr< miura al rate of ifi per ton

' arh ''■ I ■■" • B( h i in ■ of >-'. and up to

and including l.V; silica there shall be a penalty of
per ton; foi each r . ... excess of 16 - and up to and In
' h"l,"j' '-"' o sili s penalty of 7.r„-. per

ton For ore contain ii (ijca B limited

,,;"",:u'r ''■■" used; bul foi each 19! of silica in exc

oi -0', and up to and including 2

nalty of $i pei ton Ore containing o
silica subject to acceptance or refusal at buyer's option.
but if accepted Bhall be paid for at the above schedule
with the penalty of -Si per ton for each extra unit of
silica. All premiums and penalties figured to fractions.

Phosphorus penalty: For eacl in excess of 2695

phosphorus there shall be a penalty against unit price
paid for manganese of ',..-. per unit ed to fractions

in view of existing conditions, and for the purpose of
stimulating production of domestic manganese ores, there
will be no penalty for phosphorus so long as the ore
shipped can be used to advantage by the buyer The
buyer reserves the right to penalize excess phosphorus,
as above, by giving 60 days' notice to the shipper The
above prices to be net to the producer; any expenses,
such as salary or commission to buyer's agent," to be paid
by the buyer. Settlements to be based on analysis of ore
sample dried at 212° F. The percentage of moisture in
ore sample as taken to be deducted from the weight

Payments: 80"f of the estimated value of the ore (less
moisture and freight from shipping point) based on actual
railroad scale weights, to be payable against railroad bill
of lading with attached certificates of sampling and
analysis of an approved independent sampling chemist
Balance on receipt of ore by buyer. Actual railroad scale
weights to govern in final settlement. Cost of sampling
and analysis to be divided equally between buyer and seller

Picric-Acid Plants for War Department

Two large picric-acid plants are to be erected at once
by the Bureau of Ordnance of the War Department.
One will be at Little Rock, Ark., and the other at Bruns-
wick, Ga. The Little Rock plant is to cost $4,000,000
and will be erected by the Everly M. Davis Chemical
Corporation. The Brunswick plant will be constructed
by the Butterworth-Judson Co., of New York. Its cost
is estimated at $7,000,000.

Spain May Go on Gold Basis

The Spanish Ministry of Finance has presented a bill
in Parliament the effect of the passage of which would
be to place Spain on a gold basis. It provides that silver
shall not be legal tender in amounts of more than 50
pesetas, except for payments to the government. Until
facilities have been provided for minting the required
amount of gold, foreign gold coins will have currency
in Spain, their value in pesetas being stamped on them.

Must Keep Oil Prices Steady

A communication just issued by the oil division of the
U. S. Fuel Administration warns oil producers that the
Government will not at this time view with approval any-
further advance in the price of crude oil. Competition
in the form of payment of bonus is also to be restrained.
By this it is not meant that varying prices should not be
paid for oils of varying quality, but these differentials,
once established, should not be further advanced.

Remember the Comfort Fund of the 27th Engineers.

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 23

Chronology of Mining for May, 1918

I Resumption of full advances in the 90 basis

on the apparent value of lead ore shipped to the Con-
ated Mining and Smelting Co.*s smeltery at Trail.
sh Columbia

May 3 — Announcement of export tax schedule in
metals shipped out of Mexico effective after Apr. l.

May 4— End of Third Liberty Loan campaign for
>»0.

I , is— Decision of the U. S. Court of Appeals
rendered in the ease of Minerals Separation, Ltd.,
vs. Butte and Superior Mining Co.. the court ruling
that in the use of more than 0.5', oil there is no in-
fringement of patent.

>l'av 15— Indictment by Federal Government of 21

ns of the United States, residents of Bisbee, Ariz.,

for deportation on July 12, 1917. of 1186 1. W. W. agi-

■s and other German propagandists who by their

activities had stopped copper production in the district.

May is— Opening of Red Cross campaign for $100,-
000,000 at New York by the President.

May IS— Announcement by War Industries Board of
commandeering of platinum, palladium and iridium
and the fixing of prices at $105, $135 and $175 per oz.,
respectively.

May 20 — Overman bill signed by the President.

May 22— Naval Appropriation bill, carrying $1,615,-
000,000, with the anti-efficiency section retained, went
to conference after passing the Senate without extended

debate.

May 23— Recommended that price of copper as fixed
by Government at 23}c. per lb. at Eastern refineries be
continued for 75 days beginning June 1.

May 24 — Declaration of war by Costa Rica against
Central Powers.

May 24— Price of gasoline to Allies fixed by oil divi-
sion of the Fuel Administration at 21c. per gal. f.o.b.
gulf ports, and 23k- per gal. f.o.b. Atlantic ports, U. S.
Navy specifications.

May 27— Official announcement that the Mother Lode
Copper Mines Co. had been taken over by interests in-
dentified with the Kennecott Copper Corporation.

May 27 — Red Cross campaign closed, with donations
amounting to $146,000,000.

May 29 — Announcement of increase of 25% in
freight rates and 20 ' , increase in passenger rates of all
Government-operated railroads as a result of increase
in wages, amounting to $325,000,000 per annum.

May 29 — Price of aluminum fixed at a maximum base
of 33c. per lb., effective to Sept. 1.

jilay :;i— Maximum base prices of Grade A zinc, sheet
and plate zinc, as previously established, to be continued
in effect to Sept. 1.

Washington, Alaska and the Pacific Northwest. For
the year HH8-10 the following subjects have been se-
lected for investigation: (1) Washington mining prob-
lems; (2) ore concentration, including flotation and elec-
tromagnetic processes; (3) electrometallurgy, electro-
thermic and electrolytic investigations; (4) coal wash-
ing; and (5) utilization of the non-metallic resources
of Washington.

To Study Washington Mining Problems

The College of Mines of the University of Washington
has offered five fellowships in mining and metallurgical
research in cooperative work with the U. S. Bureau of
Mines to graduates of universities and technical schools
who are properly qualified to undertake research in-
Igations. The purpose of these fellowships is to
undertake the solution of problems in mining and metal-
lurgy which are of special importance to the State of

Stock-Taking Week for the 27th

The Comfort Fund for the 27th continues to grow,
even if slowly. It is encouraging to note that a total
of $14,651.50 has been subscribed to date, and that this
amount is made up from contributions averaging over
$70 per individual or group of individuals subscribing.
But unfortunately that is but one viewpoint. Looked
at in better perspective, two other factors compel atten-
tion. There are 1500 men whose needs are to be supplied
from this fund — needs in things which are not absolutely
necessary to keep them fit for their duties in the field of
war, but which will go far to make those duties more
bearable. Less than $10 per man in the regiment will
not go far toward keeping its members supplied with
good cheer — not under the conditions to be met in
France. If you do not at first agree, compare it with
your own expenses for non-essentials for one brief week.
The really significant thing in the situation is, how-
ever, that to date only 205 persons or groups have con-
tributed to the fund. This certainly is no true criterion
for judging the feeling the mining profession has for
4he men of this regiment, for their work, needs, and for I
what they may rightfully expect from us. It might be i
taken to indicate several things; as a matter of fact it
indicates just one thing: the individual engineer has the
best intentions in the world toward the fund; he wants
to help and will, but he is busy doing the work that two
did before the war; he sees the weekly appeal of the
Journal, but puts off sending the check until some
future date. Do it now.

The list of those who have contributed to the fund
subsequently to the list given in our issue of May 18 is
as follows:

Previously acknowledged ^^'^fn'SS

Students of Wisconsin Mining School SS'

A. M. Plumb :i '."

C. W. Snow I

Charles A. Mitke

A. A. Hassan ln\

A A Hassan. Jr "

Emin A. Hassan =.("

Bernard MacDonald _•'•'"

C. F. Rand • ■ • • •"'"'"

Calumet & Arizona Mining Co. and New Cornelia Copper

Co 4110.01

Oscar Lachmund (fourth contribution) 10.0'

C. N. Bell J0-0.

C. S. Witherell .,= « .

W. G. McBride -•>•" !

Karl Eilers en '

I : T. Hancock ° "

E. B. White 1 l0"

S. Ringlund \ »■"

H. Foster Bain .• '"■"

Marc Bailey • • • • • • ■ lS „

Charles le Vasseur (second contribution) '•" I

William Wraith - = •" I

H. A. Wheeler ■ ■ ■ !,"„

Nevada Mine Operators' Association I'.'o.u

Louis R. Wallace b"J

H. P. Bowen ■_ _

Total *14'S51-E

Make your checks payable to W. R. Ingalls, treasure
of the Association of the 27th Engineers. Because c
the work involved in administering the Comfort Fum
contributions are acknowledged only by publication i
the Journal.

Juno 8. L918

ENGINEERING and MINING J01 RNAL

( lonsen ation of Technical Engineers

An Address to the Si eu mufs of Was and Navy.
Technical engineers of every branch of the profession
who are taking part in the war activities of the Army
and Navy arc alarmed at the unfortunate waste of tei h
nical training caused by the drafting and enlisting of
engineers for regular service, with little or no regard
for their technical attainments. These technically edu-
cated and experienced men are essential to the success-
ful conduct of the war. and cannot be replaced. There
is continuing evidence that America is repeating in
some measure England's mistake of sending technical
men into the ranks, when they should be carefully con-
served for special duties in the fighting forces or on the
technical staffs of the Army, the Navy and the essential
war industries.

These facts have been forced upon the attention of
tngineers who have been cooperating with the Govern-
nic t through the Naval Consulting Board, the National
Research Council and the Engineering Council. Upon
these organizations requests have constantly been made
for engineers, chemists and other technical men for a
great variety of military services. Thousands of names
have th;'S been furnished to the Government depart-
ments and bureaus. The Engineering Council especi-
ally has dev.ted attention to this personal work through
its committee, known as American Engineering Serv-
ice, which has available classified lists of approximately
25,000 engineers, and, besides, unclassified lists of many
more. I is from these lists, directly or indirectly, that
most of the names have been selected for war service.
The Engineering Council was founded by the Amer-
ican Society of Civil Engineers, American Institute of
Mining Engineers, American Society of Mechanical En-
gineers and American Institute of Electrical Engineers,
and other engineering societies are cooperating with it
in this service, the total membership represented by
these organizations being approximately 50,000. Al-
ready from 10 to 15 ro of the members of these several
organizations are in the uniformed services of the coun-
try, and it is safe to say that a large majority of their
remaining members are in the Government civilian
service or otherwise directly or indirectly engaged in
the war. Engineers do not seek to avoid fighting, but
earnestly desire to be given opportunities for fighting
and other services in which they can be most effective
and which cannot be performed by others.

It is known that through the Committee on Classifica-
tion of Personnel in the War Service Exchange (of the
War Department), and in some othe>- ways, efforts
are being made to counteract the tendencies toward the
loss of our technical men in the ranks of the Army
and Navy. It is believed, however, that these efforts
are insufficient, and that they should at once be supple-
mented by other stringent measures dealing with the
subject in the draft boards and recruiting stations.

In view of the foregoing, the Engineering Council,
created to provide means for united action and to
speak authoritatively for its member societies on all
public questions of common interest to engineers, re-
spectfully offers the following:

Whereas, Technically trained engineers are indispensable
to the Army, the Navy and the war industries, in engineer-
ing corps, ordnance bureaus and signal corps, in aviation,

submarine and tai pbuilding, and In many

nt ; and

Whereas, Throu any of 1

replaceable mi n have been and /erted ao

their special qualificatioi an not i

therefore

'/'l, Thai in n, , opinion of the I no Council

techmcallj trained mi - ,

conserved for technii and pecial effort i hould

'"' made immediately bj tl e Wai nd Navy departmi n<
'." I""1 ;""1 " cord n | ,u,,i and enlii ted

<•••' ■ ■ and '" to places hi whii h theii pi

qual arc ii, , dedj and fui ther

, Resolvi d, Tl ,,, ,lssist

the \\ BI and Navy depart i, , ■ ,

•SUt'h h d thi e di

partmenta will give the i ary facilities for collei

oformation about engineers now in the Army and N

or whose names arc upon the selective draft

1 ,!i e resolutioi n offered solely in a patriotic
spirit of helpfulness. Alfred D. Funk.

Secretary, Engineering Council.

Bisbee Deportations Misunderstood

In discussing the recent indictment by the Federal
Government of Walter Douglas, president of the Phelps
Dodge Corporation, for alleged participation in the
deportation of I. W. W. members from Bisbee, Ariz.,
last July the Wall Street Journal says that apparently
there has been a general misunderstanding, and in some
cases a misrepresentation of facts in various press state-
ments, notably that "women and children" were de-
ported, and left "to starve on the desert last summer."

On June 26, 1917, states this paper, the I. W. W. sub-
mitted certain demands to the mine operators at Bisbee,
Ariz., and, upon their refusal, declared a strike to take
effect the following morning. The great bulk of the
American miners disregarded the strike call, but the
Austrians, Germans and Mexicans went out with the
other members of the I. W. W. who were working.

The strikers formed dense picket lines and endeavored
by force to prevent those who desired to work from
reaching the mines. They also resorted to intimidation
and violence, their plan being to attack individuals or
small bodies of miners while on their way home. The
I. W. W. members also threatened the wives and fam
ilies that if the husbands or fathers continued to work
something would happen to them.

Capt. Harry Wheeler, then Sheriff of Cochise County
and at present an officer with the American forces i,
France, arrived upon the scene within 24 hours after the
strike had been called. Deciding that the question of
organized labor was in no way involved, and that the
object of the disturbers was to embarrass the National
Government in producing war materials, Sheriff Wheeler
issued proclamations, cautioning all to observe the peace
and deputized several hundred men to assist him. His
sympathies were said to be strongly in favor of organ-
ized labor. He had been elected by the miners' vote. Ke
was strengthened in his opinion that no labor questier
was concerned by a telegram from Charles F. '.lover,
president of the Western Federation of Miners, repudi-
ating the strike and stating that his organization was
opposed to it.

In the meantime, the situation became so alarming
that the Sheriff determined to rid the community of this

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 23

ent Be therefore Bummoned bia deputies on July

11 and posted the following proclamation:

1 have formed a Sheriff's I L200 men in Bisbee

J] loyal Americana, for the pur-
r-resting on the charges of vagrancy, treason, and
listurbers of the pea e of Cochise County all those
ge men who have congregated here from other parts
ons for the purpose of harassing and intimidating
lesire to pursue their daily toil,
im continually told of threats and insults heaped upon
the workingmen of this district by so-called strikers, who

in these parts, yet who presume to dictate the
manner of life of the people of this district. Appeal to
patriotism does not move them, nor do appeals to reason.
A; a time when our country needs her every resource, these
Strangers persist in keeping from her the precious metal
productions of this entire district.

Todav I heard threats to the effect that homes would be
I because the heads of families insisted upon their
rights'as Americans to work for themselves, their families,
and tin lr country. Other threats have and are daily being
made. Men have been assaulted and brutally beaten, and
only today I heard the Mayor of Bisbee threatened and his
lest ignored.

We cannot longer stand nor tolerate such conditions.
This is no labor trouble. We are sure of that, but it is a
direct attempt to embarrass the Government of the United
s. 1, therefore, call upon all loyal Americans to aid
me in peaceably arresting these disturbers of national and
local peace. Let no shot be fired throughout this day un-
in necessary self-defense, and I hereby give warning
that each and every leader of so-called strikers will be
held personally responsible for any injury inflicted upon
any of the deputies while in the performance of their duties
as deputies of my office, for whose acts I, in turn, assume
full responsibility as Sheriff of this county.

All arrested persons will be treated humanely, and their

^ examined with justice and care. I hope no resistance

will be made, for I desire no bloodshed. However, I am

determined, if resistance is made, it shall be effectively

overcome.

On July 12 the Sheriff, having ordered a train, shipped
1200 of the disturbers to Columbus, N. M., where a
camp of the Federal Army existed. In each car there
was water, bread and beef. No women or children were
deported, though three women insisted on accompany-
ing their husbands. Every deportee was first told he
could remain if he would swear loyalty to the United
States. About 60 deputies went with the train.

At Columbus the colonel commanding declined to per-
mit the deportees to be unloaded there. The train was
then returned to Hermanos, N. M. The next day food was
sent from El Paso, arriving in the afternoon of July 13.
There was, therefore, no physical suffering. Upon the
following day the War Department ordered that the train
be moved back to Columbus, and the deportees were sup-
plied with food by the Government, and were permitted
to leave Columbus if they desired.

U go around, or at least to take care of the manufac-
turers of ferrochromium, without mentioning the mak-
ers of bichromates.

In addition to asking the steel trade to cut down the
use of chrome ore for refractory purposes, substitutes
are being tested, and a new material is soon to be of-
fered to the trade that may help the situation as a
whole. An important buyer of chrome ore is now
offering the following terms, f.o.b. California and Ore-
gon common shipping points:

Cra03 Price

Per Cent. Per Unit

40 $1.30

41 1.325

42 1.35

43 1.375

44 1.40

45 1.425

46 1.45

47 1.475

48 and up-
ward 1.50

It is probable that uniform prices will be established
for chrome ore, as has been done in the case of manga-
nese ore, and it is believed that the figures given in the
table, with perhaps a little variation, will be adopted.

The uncertainty and lack of dependence attached to
and connected with a large part of the Western pro-
ducers still exist, but conditions will no doubt right
themselves with the adoption of uniform prices and the
means of enforcing them.

The Market for Chrome Ore

Owing to the reduction in boats, foreign shipments of
chrome ore have practically come to an end, and it is to
be assumed that this state of affairs will continue for
some time to come, if not for the duration of the war.
The bichromate makers have been asked to restrict them-
selves to ore analyzing 45 % or less, and from now on
they will no doubt look to the deposits in the Western
part of the country for a large part of their supply.

Attributable, no doubt, to the stimulus of high prices,
a much larger tonnage of domestic ore is in sight than
appeared possible five or six months ago, and present
indications are, with the reduction in the use of chrome
ore for refractory purposes, that there will be sufficient

Cr.O

Price

Per Cent

Per Unit

30

. . . $0.85

31

. . . 0.90

32

. . . 0.95

33

. . . 1.00

34

... 1.05

35

... 1.10

36

... 1.15

37

1.20

38

. ... 1.25

39

. ... 1.275

A.I.M.E. Expels Enemy Alitns

At a recent meeting in New York of the board of
directors of the American Institute of Mining Engi-
neers, it was decided to drop all enemy aliens from
membership. The meeting, which was under the chair- i
manship of Sidney J. Jennings, president of the Insti-
tute, was attended by 23 of the 25 directors, among
them the chairman and four members of the Naval Con-
sulting Board.

The action of the directors is said to affect the status
of 21 German scientists and one Austrian professor who
held either honorary or active membership in the asso-
ciation. The Institute now has a membership of about
6600 in this country and there are more than 1000 mem-
bers abroad.

The resolution expelling enemy members follows :

Resolved, That all honorary members, members, associ-
ates and junior members who are enemy aliens residing in
enemy countries be dropped from membership in the Amer-
ican Institute of Mining Engineers and their names be and
they are stricken from the rolls;

Resolved, That the membership committee be requested
to advise this board of directors of the names of all above-
mentioned persons, and in addition the names of all other
enemy aliens members of the Institute; and be it further

Resolved, That in the case of each of said latter class
this board 'shall consider and act upon the question of ex-
pulsion after ascertaining their attitude toward the Gov-
ernment of the United States; and be it

Resolved, That publicity of these resolutions be given to
members through the local sections and by publication in
the Bulletin as well as through the daily press.

A decree permitting importation of mining machinery

into Mexico free of duty is forecast in an announcement
issued by the Mexican News Bureau in Washington. The
bureau also reports the 1917 production of petroleum in
Mexico to have been 55,292,770 barrels.

June 8, 1918 ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL m.r.7

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Editorials

aiHiiniiiiimiiiiiimmmimmimmiiiiimiitiimiiiiiminiiiimimiiiimmmiiiimimimii uiiiniii

rhe New I ax Law

A GREAT deal more money must be raised by taxa>
tion. Everybody recognizes that, and everybody
will face the new burden with courage and cheerfulness
if it be distributed equitably. The prospect thai the

present monstrosity of a tax law will be discarded in
favor of a new and scientific law affords even some
grounds for optimism. The present law is based neither
00 a system of taxing war profits nor a system of taxing
incomes. It combines the worst features of both sys-
tems and is simply impracticable, inequitable and de-
structive. Its fundamental idea was to punish the
wealthy. No such punitive law can be wise.

The new law will properly be based largely on the
idea of taxing war profits. The mere thought that
anybody should make money out of this dreadful war is
abhorrent. Such money is blood-money, and no decent-
minded person wants that kind of money. Therefore
the state should take it, and everybody will cheerfully
turn over to the state all that bears such a stigma. But
in considering war profits let our legislators be careful
to discriminate between what are such and what are not.
Even in peaceful times there is a big difference between
reported net earnings year by year and what is dis-
tributed as dividends. The difference is usually what
goes back into the property and to a large extent re-
places older property that is worn out. In war times
the absorption of current profits in the bricks and
mortar and machines of new construction, all at inflated
prices, representing value that sooner or later will be
extinguished, is much greater than in peaceful times.
If private parties be deprived of the wherewithal for
such necessary construction, the Government must
supply it. Consequently any excessive taxation that
does not recognize this means that what is taken by one
hand must be given by the other. It is desirable to avoid
the impediments ensuing from such a method.

But after all, out of the annual income of the American
people, estimated roughly at about 50 billion dollars, the
major part is pocketed by the 40 million workers. They
are the ones, all of them, who have got to pay the major
part of the taxes, for the money can only be drawn from
where it is, not from any conjectural sources. There
must be a taxing system that will fall upon everybody
if we are minded to keep prosperous as a nation. Then
let war profits, the true war profits, be captured. No
honest concern will dread the exposure of the profiteers
that the President and Secretary McAdoo talk about.

The taxation of mining companies presents some pecu-
liar problems. We have discussed these so many times
that we need not dwell upon them now. We suggest,
however, that persons who are acquainted with special
conditions that ought to receive consideration take the
trouble to state them to the Secretary of the American
Mining Congress, who will bring them to the attention
of the Congressional committees.

Fixing the Price for Manganese Ore

THE War Industries Hoard last week fixed a sched-
ule of prices for manganese ore. This wae ftxed at
about the prevailing markel rates. However, thai there
should be anj prici fixing at all in this case reflects only
whal may be considered as price-fixing mania.

The country is desperately in need of manganese ore.
ng prices have been the stimulus to a greatly in-
creased production, but the country's domestic supply is
still far short of its needs. The one sure way of I
menting this supply is to let prices rise high enough to
develop it. But the War Industries Board
and says, No.

The War Trade Board wants to increase the domestic
production of manganese or to save the shipping
that is necessary to bring ore from Brazil and else-
where. The War Minerals Committee wants to stim-
ulate the production of manganese ore, even by going
so far as to guarantee a minimum price for it.

There seems to be some pixy in Washington that mixes
things up; or is it that the several departments feel a
sort of glee in working at cross-purposes with each other
and forgetting that there is on hand any such job as
winning the war? But the fixing of a maximum price
for manganese ore in such juncture as the present, no
matter what the inspiration, is nothing short of madness

The Increase in Railway Rates

FOR many years the railways appealed to the Inter-
state Commerce Commission for permission to in-
crease freight rates, and that obstructive body denied
their requests and told them that if they would only
economize in operating expenses they would be all right.
The Government, having taken over the railways, ob-
tained such an opportunity to coordinate and economize
as the railways never had. This was one of the pros-
pective benefits that we were talking about six months
ago. However, the Government apparently has not been
able to practice what it preached, for it is whispered
that the results of Governmental railway operation have
been rather disappointing. Anyway, the Government,
having raised wages, needed more money, and there-
fore in a rather slap-dash way it proceeded to figure on
getting a lot more than the wage increase required, and
therefore freight rates and passenger rates were both
raised enormously.

Nobody will criticise the Government for getting what
it needs, but we cannot avoid seeing something that is
both humorous and painful in the Government promptly
doing in an exaggerated way just what for years it re-
fused to let the railways do in a moderate way. Thus,
the Government recognizes the justice of the contention
of the railways and stultifies itself by its past refusal to
admit it. What a colossal loss this imposed upon the
country last winter!

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 23

Xi og increase in the freight rates ami pas-

atea is going to be a very serious matter. The

on copper bullion from Montana and Arizona to

the Atlantic seaboard is increased by about 65 . The

. bullion from Pueblo is increased out of all

n to the rates from some other quarters. These

things, together with the general increase in the rates on

traffic, are going to increase cost of production still

. ami are going to contribute to contraction of the

output of both copper and lead, both of which metals are

ady showing some alarming- signs.

Feats of Labor

THE new-papers are interesting reading these days,
and particularly so to an engineer, for they bring
,i his attention prospective plans, the working out of
organizations, and the accomplishment of con-
struction work in unprecedented time. The building
dps, a structural engineering job, commands first
attention. On Apr. 21 there was published the record
of the Skinner & Eddy Corporation, of Seattle. That
firm built an 8800-ton steel ship in 55 working days
from the date of the keel laying. On the same date,
;:t the Bethlehem Shipbuilding Corporation, the erec-
tion of the steel framework of five destroyers was re-
ported as having been accomplished in 50 minutes after
the laying of the keels. The freighter "Tuckahoe" was
launched in 27 days from the time the keel was laid.
The events in the progress of this rapid construction
were given by the New York Tribune as follows:

Keel laid Apr. 8.

Four days later double bottom was completed.

Six days later frames and bulkheads were erected and
portion of shell plating finished.

On seventh day stern frame was in place.

On 14th day boilers were put on board.

On 21st day stern post was bored and stern tube put in
place.

On 22d day masts were stepped and engine installation
was begun.

On 24th day funnel was put in place.

On 26th day machinery was all in and engines completely
installed.

From the 26th day to launch, the time was occupied in put-
ting on finishing touches.

On the 43rd day the "Tuckahoe" arrived at an Atlantic
port with a cargo of coal.

We are reminded by these feats of labor of some
of the accounts given by Eliot Lord in his fascinating
history of "Comstock Mining and Miners." We take
some of the stories from his account as worthy of the
attention of our readers :

Oct. 26, 1875, a coal-oil lamp was upset in a little lodging
house in Virginia City, and flames filled the house in a
moment. Fanned by the wind, the flames leaped from roof
to roof, until the whole quarter was on fire and the immi-
nent peril of the city was seen. Bells rang out the alarm,
with their sharp, startling clangor, and steam whistles blew
ear-piercing blasts, sounding above the crackling of the
flames, the shouts of the firemen, the cries of escaping
women and children, and the rattling of engines and cart-
wheels.

Thu-; the great fire of Virginia City started, entail-
ing a loss of $10,000,000 and 2000 buildings and many
mining plants.

On the morning after the fire, the smoking timbers and
debris were cooled by buckets of water and streams from
the hydrants in hundreds of places, and the lumber which
came in by rail was placed on the reeking ground. The
work of building went on continuously atl day long and
far into the night, in the midst of storms as well as in
fair weather. A tornado blew down a large part of the
newly erected houses during the week after the fire, but
the wrecks were cleared away as soon as the storm ceased,
ami building was resumed. Sixty days after the fire, the
principal streets running through the burned districts were
lined with business houses, the majority of which were
better built than those destroyed, and habitable dwellings
covered the intervening blocks.

From the official report of S. T. Curtis, superintendent
of the Ophir Mining Company:

On the day after the fire, competent men were dispatched
to the lumber yards at Corson and Dutch Flat, Calif., to
procure and ship timbers; machinery was telegraphed for;
the new double-reel hoisting-engine and cables just com-
pleted for the combination shaft of the Chollar-Potosi, Hale
and Norcross, and Savage were secured; and, through the
heaviest storms which Virginia had seen for years, the old
engine foundations were torn out and new ones to suit the
combination engine were constructed; work was prosecuted
without cessation; supplies were hauled a considerable dis-
tance, on account of the destruction of the railroad tunnel
and bridges; the works were rebuilt and work through the
shaft was resumed on Nov. 25, being inside of 30 days
from time of destruction. While the reconstruction was
going on, a donkey engine, furnished through the kindness
of the Phil. Sheridan Mining Co., was put in place, with
which we were enabled to retimber the shaft where it had
been burned to a depth of 400 ft. from the surface, besides
hoisting considerable water entering on the 700-ft. level
of the mine. The buildings rebuilt have been made much
larger and more complete and more convenient than for-
merly.

In 50 days the hoisting works of the Con. Virginia
Mining Co. were reconstructed and ore was raised at
the rate of 600 tons daily from the shaft.

In the early days of the Comstock, there was a breed
of men who could accomplish things on a large scale
when the demand was critical. In our day we are find-
ing out that the same spirit is alive and with us. Great
emergencies develop men. The present day feats of
labor are only the beginning of a period of effort and
accomplishment that will go down in history as the
vindication of the American will to do well the task
that the war has brought to us.

Calculations of a German Professor

PROFESSOR BALLOD, a well-known German statis-
tician, has lately estimated Germany's national pri-
vate wealth in 1914 as $67,500,000,000; to which $32,-
500,000.000 has since been added through government
obligations issued and enhancement of agricultural land
values, offset by $10,000,000,000 loss through consump-
tion of stocks and loss of property abroad; making the
present net result $90,000,000,000.

One of our contemporaries comments that, according
to this method of computation, the more a government
borrows from its citizens and spends for war, the
richer the nation grows. We are not sure that the Ger-
man professor was quite as innocent. M. Cheredame,
the distinguished French publicist, has previously esti-
mted that so far Germany has made money out of the
war through its loot of Belgium, Northern France and
Poland. Professor Ballod may estimate that the ad-

June 8, 1918

ENGINEERING AM) MINING J01 RNAL

1059

dition to the national debl is simply a capitalisation of

the stolen property.

But even so, we cannot become very enthusiastic over
the enrichment of Germany, or believe that it is bo good
and real as it may look to optimistic Germans. We
hope and believe that it will prove as ephemeral aa thai
in the bag of the burglar who is tryin ape from

a house that is surrounded by policemen.

o I iiiiuium m i

• miiMiii mi "— Ttnrj

BY THE WAY

As showing the violence of the recent German attack
on one of the sectors held by French troops, writes the
Boston News Bureau, an officer who lived through it

said: "There were 10 big shells a second, and that lasted,
with only two short pauses, for six days, all through the
battle, and other shells were uncountable." A corre-
spondent remarks that this assertion gives a new con-
ception of the colossal scale on which this war is now
conducted. It means not only that something like 5,000,-
000 heavy shells were expended by the Germans in a
small part of the long front, but it also brings to mind
the immense labors performed by the thousands and
thousands of men whose task it was to keep those gun-
ners supplied with ammunition.

To the Immortals in the Hall of Fame of Mining, in-
cluding the patient burro, who discovered the silver in
the Coeur d'Alenes, and the veteran mule, responsible
for the location of the Silver King mine, in Arizona, to-
gether with the busy little hen with nuggets in her crop,
and the grey goose with its gullet full of gold sand',
must be added another representative of the animal
kingdom. In an interesting old book, by John Mawe, an
English mineralogist, recounting travel observations
in Brazil, made in 1810, is recorded the discovery of
gold in one of the then important districts in the State
of Minas Geraes, in which the busy little ants played
important parts. He says: "Some negroes employed in
clearing the lands broke up an ant hill of considerable
size, when, upon laying it open to the air, for the purpose
of destroying or dispersing the insects, large grains of
gold were found." Future historians of mining wili
please take note of the above, and distribute the credit
and glory of the discovery of the world's precious min-
erals so that the insect kingdom shall have its dues.

Lorraine Ore Excites German Greed

It is alleged that a silent but fierce fight for millions
is going on between Germany's most powerful industrial
interests over a share in the spoils of the French-owned
mines and smelting works in German Lorraine, accord-
ing to a press dispatch from Amsterdam. The iron ore
in this region is estimated at 650,000,000 tons. The
chief owner is said to be Baron de Wendel, reputedly
the richest man in Europe, who owns ore fields and iron
foundries in four countries, France, Belgium, Luxem-
bourg and Lorraine. His fortune has been estimated
at $100,000,000.

Baron de Wendel's possessions in German Lorraine
have long excited the cupidity of the German overlord,

:""' :i compul ory "liquidation" of tins property
"natter of cour <■. The value of his estate in thii

'" ,s estimated al |, i„,t the inten I con

cerned are so involved and Interlocked thai thi liquids
,i"" has been a difficult bu ln< ition, and a

hint has been given the German pro a t ibll h a little

■' I'" ible ai i the negot

The He Wendel concern was a member of the
DUBseldorf steel trust, and the fti I idea was Bimpl

divide the property among the ,, | the nut

Now a group of South German industriali ts has I

a hand and has submitted a bid of $60,000,000 cash to

the Dttsseldorf tn r, (|,-,,|, an(j .,,,,.,.

much squabbling the South German plil in twain

into the Rhenish-Westphalian and the ["hyssen coi

The latter has independently outbid the parenl group

offerine; $55,000,000.

Recently powerful voices have arisen, demanding why
seliish big corporations should be permitted ruthlessly
to dispose of property for pur.l. monopoli I ic profit
ing purposes, whereas the benefits should accrue to the
empire at large and relieve the overburdened taxpayers.

To Confer on Antimony, Quicksilver
and Tungsten

The U. S. Tariff Commission will hold a conference
on antimony, quicksilver, tungsten ores and products
at San Francisco in the assembly room of the Chamber
of Commerce during the week of June 24 to which all
producers, importers and consumers interested will be
invited. The conference is for the purpose of securing
information in regard to disturbances and changes in
these American industries. The topics to be discussed
fall under three heads: (1) The condition of the Amer-
ican industry before the war, in relation to foreign com-
petition; (2) the effect of the war on the industry; and
(3) competition with foreign producers after the war.

A separate hearing on tungsten will be held in Denver,
Colo., on June 17, at 10 a.m., in the U. S. District Court
room at the new post-office building. At San Francisco,
the hearing on antimony is to called at 10 a.m. on
June 24, on quicksilver June 26, and on tungsten
June 28.

The Japanese Zinc Industry

The Productive Industry Department of the Japanese
government is studying how to maintain a supply of
ore to keep the zinc smelters going. The output of ore
in Japan is 50,000 tons, while the consumption of the
smelters is 300,000 tons per year. During the last
few years zinc ore and zinc concentrates have been im-
ported into Japan from Austria, China, Burma, Indo-
China, and Vladivostok. The Osaka Co. has made
great efforts to increase the production of zinc ore in
Korea, but all the mines together cannot produce more
than about 15,000 tons per annum. The demand
for zinc in Japan is estimated at about 29,000 tons
yearly, against which Japanese smelters have a present
productive capacity of about 45,000 tons per annum.
In the near future, when all the schemes for new under-
takings and extensions are completed, Japanese smelters
will have a productive capacity of about 100,000 tons.

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 23

Personals

Societies

Trade Catalogs

HIIII IIIIlT

n... Von Contributed !»• tin- kssoelatton
..f iiir ITth Bat-lawn I

ii n N'lrholson cobalt and

ut eastei n I n - gon
Mr I iimiiitil Osier, of Toi o ha

the Imperial OH Cora-

n i . .i.,. kin...- visited Sail I ike Cltj re
en rout*- from San Prancl
-
Paul r. Chamberlain has been appointed
.in of th. Oliver Iron Min-
i torapany.
K. T. Walker has been appointed super-
: the Virginia-l-ouise Mini]
at Ploche, Nevada

i \ Rlekard addressed the Utah section
of the American Institute of Mining Engl-
on May 89 on the Bubjt
ilsatlon,"

\ i. Maekensle, secretary of thi
Chapter of the American Mining Con
pper-prlce fixing meet Ii
cently held in Washington.

Fared itinh.Tfi.rci. consulting metallur-
n York. has been appointed a
member of the advisory committee In non-
ferrous metals to the L'. S. Tariff Commis-
sion.

K. T. KeRnull, formerly manager of the

Lake Mining and Milling Co at

pine, Onl . Is now on the start' of the

Hollinger Consolidated Gold -Mines. Ltd.. at

Porcupine

John BnsaelL assistant superintendi
the Monclova unit of the American Smelting
and Refining Co . In Coahuila, Mex., is

spending a vacation at Rock Island, 111 .
during which period he is l>.-iiig relieved by
S F Shaw.

F. M. Watklii*. for 1 I y.ars In the serv-
ice of the Associated i 'il Co in California,
has been transferred from the Kern River
n to become superintendent of the
McKlttrick division. C. M. Small, superin
tendent at McKittrick. has taken .'hart,'.- of
the Pioneer-Midway division. E. I.
Schneider, has been transferred from the
Pioneer-Midway to the Casmalia field in
the Santa Maria region.

I P, Mathewson has been appointed con-
sulting metallurgist of the American Smelt-
ing and Refining Co. and its subsidiaries,
taking effect June 1. Mr. Mathewson's
headquarters will be at the company's of-
fice in New York, but his duties will re-
quire frequent and occasionally prolonged
to the various plants of the com-
pany in working out problems that may
arise. Mr. Mathewson was formerly with
th.- American Smelting and Refining Co..
then with the Anaconda Copper Co. and
recently with the British American Nickel
Corporation.

\ I.. Wig-gin, superintendent of concen-
tration at the Washoe reduction works of
the Anaconda Copper Mining Co., has been
made general superintendent of the Boston
A: Montana reduction department at Great
Falls, succeeding J. H. Klepinger r<
Mr. Wiggin's position at the Washoe works

will be filled by IJ. S. .Morrow. S. S.

RoderrH is made assistant superintendent
in charge of the lower mill, to succeed Mr.
Morrow. C. AV. Morse will be assistant in
of the upper mill ; K. W. Haadley
will be superintendent of the zinc concen-
trator to succeed Mr. Morse, and H, S,
i.ie-er i i -titration engineer to

Mr Handley's place.

Obituary

Gerald B. Macrae, manager of the Ana-
conda Copper Mining Co.'s brick depart-
ment, died on May 7 at Great Falls, .Mon-
tana.

I»r. Frederick Bemsen Hut ton. formerly
president of the American Society of Me-
chanical Engineers and its secretary for ::::
years, died recently in New York, aged SS
years. In 1876. he was graduated from
the School of Mines. Columbia University,
where he later became head of the mechan-
ical department. lemainlng until July 1,
1907. when he resigned and was elected
emeritus professor He was active in plan-
ning the present Engineering Societies
Building, in New York, and was well known
as the author of "The Mechanical Kngineer-
ing of Power Plants, " "Heat and Heat En-
gines," "The Gas Engine" and various other
works

i ngineers' Sooletj of Western Pennsyl-
vania met in Pittsburgh on June 1 A

paper entitled "Th.- Promotion of indus-
trial Research" was presented by John

Johnston, secretary of the National Re-

mcll
Canadian Mining Institute, The North-

. en AM gS Ili/.eJ on M,l>

ii at the Unlverslts of Alberta at Edmon-
ton, with a membership of 56 The follow-
ing office] were elected President, Prof
\ Allan; vice president, Norman C.
Pitcher; secretary-treasurer, John T. Stir-
ling.

Industrial News

I ... !■:. ltik-nell has taken charge of the

sabs department of Sutton, Steele .v.- Steele,

of I 'alias. Texas, where be will make

his headquarters.

Colorado iron Works Co.. of Denver,
Colo., mill anil smeltery equipment engi-

1860, has removed its .astern
office to 30 Church St.. New York.

I. en. -nil Engineering Co., of Salt Lake

City, ha opened a branch office at Room
_'ni7. 1-" Broadway, New Fork, in charge
of 1-:. B. Thornhili. who also retains the
management of Canadian office in Ottawa.

Mo rs Whaley Co... Knoxville, Tenn..
maker of shoveling machines for under-
ground and surface work, has appointed
J. IV Cotter as its representative for Nova
Scotia and Newfoundland. Mr. Cotter's ad-
dress will be Box 584. Sydney. Nova Scotia.

W. J. Roberts has been elected president
of the Traylor Engineering and Manufac-
turing Co.. of Allentown, iv-iin., succeed-
ing S. W Traylor resigned. H. L. Miller
has been elected a director and appointed
general manager.

Brown Hoisting Machinery Co., Cleve-
land. Ohio, has appointed H. D. Wright as
its Pacific Coast representative, succeed-
ing the Colby Engineering Co. in North-
west Territory. Mr. Wright has been in
charge of the company's San Francisco
office.

S. II. Brady, receiver for the Silver Mines
Corporation of Nevada, has removed his
main office to Tonopah, Nev. This change
applies also to S. H. Brady & Co., South-
\. tern Mines Co., Great Western Mining
and Milling Co.. and the Garfield Copper
Company.

llenver Engineering Works Co., Denver
Colo,, announces the appointment of Wil-
liam A. Torrence as general manager, in
place of Lewis Searing, resigned. Mr. Tor-
rence was formerly associated with the
General Electric Co. The company will
continue the manufacture of mining and
milling machinery, electric hoists, etc.

Industrial Klectric Furnace Co., of Chi-
cago, makers of the Synder furnace, has
snipped a 1250-lb.-capacity electric steel
furnace, together with the auxiliary elec-
trical equipment, to Burn & Co., Calcutta,
India. The purchase was made by A.
Anderson, representative in America for
Burn & Co . through the Northwest Trading
Co., of Seattle, Washington.

Asbestos Protected Metal Co., of Pitts-
burgh. Penn., recently announced a change
of us corporate name to Aspromet Com-
pany, effective as of May 1, 1918. When the
company was established, in 1905, its sole
product was asbestos protected metal. This
meeting with favor, other building materi-
als were added that were used by con-
sumers of asbestos protected metal, many
of which contain neither asbestos nor metal.
Thus, the descriptive name, Asbestos Pro-
tected Metal Co.. became restrictive to the
point of being misleading, hence the change.
The New York office of the Aspromet Com-
pany has been removed to 170 Broadway.

Ohio Electric and Controller Co., 5900
Maurice Ave.. Cleveland, has been incor-
porated with a capital stock of $2 00,000
for the purpose of manufacturing lifting
magnets and electrical controlling devices.
The former will be built at once and con-
trolling devices later. The officers of the
new company include F. W. Jessop, presi-
dent ; W. B. Greene, vice president ; and
A. D. Walter, secretary-treasurer. Mr.
Joss-op was formerly works manager of the
Electric Controller and Manufacturing Co.,
Cleveland, and has had an extensive expe-
rience in the manufacture of lifting
magnets and electrical apparatus for the
control of motors.

A-C Generators, Coupled ami Belt-Type,
Crocker-Wheeler Co., Ampere, N, J, Bulle-
tin .\o. 186, superseding Bulletin No, lr.n
Pp, l. si..\ii; Illustrated Describes two
and i hire-phase generators, 60 kva. and up.

"Kiineo" Rubber Insulated Pliers, Elec-
tric Service Supplies Co. .\cw York, Phila-
delphia, Chicago Leaflet 8|x6|. Pliers

have i n tested ami passed for 10,000 volts

by the Electrical Testing Laboratories of
New Yolk ,

"The Milloirii lathi." Alexander Milbuin

Co., 1420-26 -W. Baltimore St.. Baltimore,
Mil Hook Pp, 48 1 6x9; Illustrate. 1. A
catalog of portable acetylene lights, oxy-
acetylene plants, welding torches, and

null. ir articles.

"Contl us Filtration with the Portland

filler." Colorado lion Works Co., I >euver
Col,.. Catalog ,\o l'k-c Pp, :i2 ; 6x9; Il-
lustrated, Detailed description of filter con-
struction anil operation, with tables of
pulp and sludge density relations.

Levin Oxygen and Hydrogen Generator.

Electrolytic ' >xy-hydrogen Laboratories,
Inc., IS William St., New Y'ork. Bulletin
G. Leaflet, i'p I; s; s 11 in. Illustrated.
Description of apparatus for generating
oxygen and hydrogen by the electrolysis
of water.

II. P. M. Hydraulic Valves and Fittings.

Hydraulic Press Manufacturing Co.. Mount
Gllead. Ohio. Catalog No. 43. Pp 59 ;
8J x 10J. Illustrated. operating, check,
knock-out and safety hydraulic valves are
clearly illustrated and descrihed. EverJ
standard type of hydraulic fitting is listed.
also accumulator controls, pressure gages.
etc. Some of the devices are of unproved
design and are published for the first time.

New Patents

United States patent specifications listed
below may be obtained from "The Engi-
neering and Mining Journal" at 25c. each.
British patents are supplied at 40c. each.

Aluminum — Method of Obtaining Alkalis
and Alumina from Silicates Containing
Them. Franz A. Rody, Johnston City. Tenn.,
assignor to Metallurgical Co. of America,
New York, N. Y. (U. S. No. 1,263.705 ;
Apr. 23, 1918.)

Blasting Cartridge — John H. Blumen-
stein. La Grande, Oreg. (U. S. No. 1.-
263,366 ; Apr. 23, 1918.)

Blasting — Miners' Crimping and Cutting
Combination Tool. William W. Weber,
Fort Myers, Fla. (U. S. No. 1.263,720 ; Apr.
23, 1918.)

Concentrator — Frank O. Sterrett. Colo-
rado Springs, Colo. (U. S. No. 1,263,956 ;
Apr. 23, 1918.)

Concentrator, Ore. Washington Baker
Vanderlip, San Diego, Calif., assignor of
thirty-five one-hundredths to Ernest Scher-
nikow. New York, N. Y. (U. S. No. 1,-
263,968 ; Apr. 23, 1918.)

Electric Furnaces, Improvements in.
J. L. Dixon, Detroit, Mich. (Brit. No.
111,104.)

Flotation — Process of Recovering Metals
from Ores. Henry E. Wood, Denver, Colo.
<U. S. No. 1.263,503; Apr. 23, 1918.)

Gold Alloys — Improvements in Gold Al-
loys and the Preparation Thereof. K.
Shiga. Nishiusaki. Prov. of Miyazaki. Japan.
(Brit. No. 114,447.)

Hardness of Metals, Improvements in
Apparatus for Testing the. Beid Bros.,
Ltd., London, and G. Brown, So. Norwood,
Surrey, England. (Brit. No. 114.593.)

Furnaces — Improvement in Furnaces for
Heating Ingots. 1 '. J Davis, Loughor.
Olam., England. (Brit. No. 114.570.)

Leaching — Process for Extracting Copper
from its Ores. Evald Anderson. Los
Angeles, Calif., assignor to International
Precipitation Co., Los Angeles, Calif. (TJ-
S. No. 1,263,727; Apr. 23, 1918.)

slim.- Tables — Improvements in Concern
trating Slime Tables. M. H. Baker,
Bendigo, Victoria, Australia. (Brit. No.
114,594.)

Steel — Improvements in Casting Steel
Ingots. A. Reynolds, Hove, Sussex. Eng-
land. (Brit. No. 114.466.)

Steel — Improvements in Gas Valves for
Steel Smelting Furnaces. Z Davies.
Llanelly. S. Wales. (Brit. No. 114,589.)

Jun08,1918 ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL mr.i
I""1""" ,ml" ' ' ""' ' ' ' '"" »»™ '""""." m i imumraiui i , , m ,„„„„ , „„„„,„„„„„ , „,,

I Editorial Correspondence

5,11,11 mm ,,,,IIN ,,m ,l11 i i » "iiiiiiiHiiu i "> 1 i i ii iminiimiiiiitiii inn iumiii , „„ m,,,,,,,,,, ,

SAN 1 It AM |s( 0 — In...' '.'

Amended Rafetj Rule* roi gold

will ha\ i :.■ I coi in Jum

the offlcea of the Indu i !om-

mlsslon In San Francisco \i tin
on .May 7 the discussion i entei i i
about First \ i.i training

guards, in so far .is they were re easily

compiled with bj the larger companies op-
erating a number of boats than bj com-
panies operating on • two boats In remote

parts of the si

California oil Production In \pril totaled

8 104,763 I'M ai i ordlng to the i ndependent
Agencj figures Shipments for the m
were 9 169 18 i The e flgun s show .
crease In production from March of 14
bi)i and a decrease In stocks of 764,721
In April, I". new wells la total

daily average of 1*740 bbl. Midway-Sun-
set Bold led In production for the month,
showing a total of 2,973.644 bbl; Whil
Full. linn produced a total of l 784 77".
Coallnga, 1,374.249 bbl. In April 161 new
wells were started. Producing wells i
7992: new rigs totaled 43 and 17 wells were
abandoned

Austrian., in (lie Magnrsite Mines i Por-
terville who failed to buy Liberty bonds
during the last drive were Invited by It.
miners to make themselves hard to catcli
And the Austt-ians either Invested or
E N Belgrano, an Italian hanker of San
Francisco, visited the mines and addressed
the Italian workmen and explained to tl
who did not fully comprehend the bond sit-
uation and th.ir relation to the United
States In the war, that it is the dutj of all
men in America w he do not declare them-
selves alien enemies and allied with the
Germans to help win the war by the purr
chase of Liberty bonds The Italian miners'
immediately made :t plain to their Austrian
associates that they must either stand bj
America or get out

Kvidence of the Possibilities of renewed
life of the Comstock mines is shown in re-
cent developments on 2 300 level of the Mex-
ican inine. Drilling preparatory to sinking
a winze developed a vein three feet wide,
from which ore of grood grad ■■ was obtained.
Development in the Sierra Nevada mine on
the 2600 level also confirmed the prospect
The Xorthend mines are showing a good
production. Consolidated Virginia has taken
its place among leading producers, and Sier-
ra Nevada and Mexican are coming into
place. Jacket-Crown Point-Belcher will in-
crease production as soon as the mill and
the Jacket shaft adjustment and repairs are
completed. With the Gold Hill and the
Xorthend districts thus advancing, the re-
opening of the Middle mines will not be long
Relayed.

The Stnte Mining Bureau has been par-
ticularly active since the creation of the
California State Council of Defence by
Governor Stephens in assisting the council
in its investigation of the petroleum in-
dustry, which has been thorough and later
led to the appointment of D M Folsom
as fuel administrator for the Pacific States.
For four years State Mineralogist Hamil-
ton has been especially active in directing
the bureau work along the lines of petro-
leum conservation. The mining bureau',
about three years ago. sponsored the present
law providing for the protection of oil
fields against damage by water The ad-
ministration of the law has met widespread
approval by operators, and as the work
of R. P. Laughlin. state oil and gas super-
visor, involves the collection of facts relative
to every oil well in the state, the Mining
Bureau now has -n its files probable the
most complete data existing on this subject.

The Soda' Products Co. is announced as a
new concern to undertake extraction of
materials from Owens Lake. Inyo County.
There are now three plants operating, or
two if the absorption of the Invo Develop-
ment Co. by the California Alkali Co. is
consummated. The Inyo Development Co.
was the pioneer enterprise on Owens Lake.
and for several years operated at small
profit, if any. The war has created a de-
mand for soda products which guarantees a
margin on investment. The second com-
pany to undertake the extraction of the
brine from the water of the lake and ex-
periment with the manufacture of proflt-

il Ii thi Natural Sod i Product
ne i Ime In almoi t dl
trail i .ii
lied and p about

the til. i ,,,i for tne

new compan] Ii Bald to
oi ganlced bj San Fra
among

■lit is at the south

ih

lak<

mini miiiiiiir

'

mining
im thelt

i wltii
1 Ion a dl n
nlle i' which will In ■

in

■ that

';•/■ near Olanche Ifornla tl

s also al the south Bl 1

,•'""' a ..is

Cartago. i are ,,,,

the east side of the lake al K< ■

DENY] B — Maj

Mine Signal Code In use last year has

1 " supplemented with a release signal

• II. and four caution signals The

1 sloner of the Colorado SI

"i Mines has ruled that In order not to

make worthless the old codes, which a great

many of the mines have goni to consider-

ig mad.' up mi i
eled tee all emi . ,, signals'

"■■' * ' " "'i i plate

to be placed near and preferably lusl
i lie regular codi The rules

concerning the use of the code ar.
i in to ll" ■

mining companies.

Tungsten Producers of Boulder C
claim that if the Government will est.
and ii n an adequate and stable price the
Colorado output, now about one-third the
entire output of the United States, can be

"d from 60 to 1"'" . The pro. In el
have organized and have held several meet-
ings to consider the proposed Minerals i
trol bill, now pending in Congress. Colorado
tungsten miners claim that there should be
tariff on tungsten in order to
make possible a h latrter production. It has
i announced that a tariff commission
Will come to Denver on June 17 to givi
hearing to the tungsten miners and produc-
ers of other rare metals thought to I" in
need of protection Advices from Wash-
ington indicate that the Minerals Control
bill will probably be enacted .v thin a
month. As soon as the proposed law is
enacted, a committee of tungsten producers
will go to Washington to confer with thi
In authority with the view of bringing about
a substantial increase in Colorado's produc-
tion of tungsten ores.

Manganese Producers of Colorado are
much interested in the movement to encour-
age the use of lower-grade manganese ores
and products. As a result of a recent meet-
ing between Government officials and the
alloy committee of the Iron and Steel Insti-
tute, a meeting of steel manufacturers was
called to arrange, if possible, for a modifi-
cation of the practice of steel-making,
whereby a much lower grade of manganese
and a larger supply of spiegeleisen could
be used In the manufacture of steel On be-
half of the steel men. the Iron and Steel
Institute agreed to accept as standard 71
ferromanganese and lfi % spiegeleisen as
against former figures of 80 and 25, respec-
tively. This is in line with the policy of
the Government to encourage to the fullest
possible extent the use of lower grades of
domestic manganese ores, in order to re-
lieve shipping. The use of lower-grade
manganese ore will enable Colorado pro-
ducers largely to increase their output Re-
cent investigations by the Government indi-
cate that the possible manganese production
of Colorado is greater than anv other known
source in the West.

Colorado Gold Producers view with alarm
the existing conditions affecting production,
which are likely to become more and more
adverse so long as the war lasts. Unfortu-
nately, little help can be directly extended
to the gold miner. Since it is conceded
that no advance in the price of gold is
possible, it is difficult to formulate measures
that would bring relief. The elimination of
all excess-profit taxes on gold mining
would obviously increase output, and as
larger dividends would mean greater rev-
enues from individuals, the loss to the Gov-
ernment from this act would apparently be

largely offset. It is probable that a strong system "was recently inaugurated bv other
effort to exclude gold mining from the pro- companies in the district following a
visions of the Federal revenue laws in order similar move at Bingham. At the Loose
to encourage production will be made when properties — the Mammoth, Gold Chain and
these laws are revised. Much thought and Crand Central at Mammoth — following a

ondltlons, and, with in-
• ! ■ . corrc

. : !.
II. I. tl ■

tlon In T'17

was J ni.112 800 in

t Is prob-
,.\ in pro
Ing, di production, and

men! than it r
in certain I
able Instances tins may not be trui [t I
obvious that unless r< lief appe

■
low. The total gold produi I Ion of the

world decn i ed aboul • I la I

.i i in- falling off' will
■ i
> total output In l :< 1 7 was
about !

I ions affecting
■ •ne more ad
pears to be good reason for alarm

SALT LAKE CITY — May 31

rtah Copper's \,.« Leaching Plant al
Garfield Is n g upw ai d ol

1 1 '"us of cat bom i i i daily, and pro-
ng from 66 to
"PI" r Thi g plant hi I

tanks of a capacity of 1000 t"ns each, and
when operations ar.- fully under wav. •
expected to produce about 2" tons of pre-
tates daily. The amount of material
handled daily will be about 4""0 tons. The
copper precipitates are being shipped to
the Garfield smeltery of the A s a- i: Co.
Preliminary estimates of production by
tie Utah Copper Co. in April place thi

i lb. in excess of the March out

put. which amounted to lfi.l7lev::i lb
copper

Production of Potash from alunit" In
Piute County during 1917 is reviewed in a
tied by the U s Geological
Survey. Potassium sulphate was i ed

by the original plant of the Mineral Prod-
ucts Co. at the rate of about 25 tons daily,
up to the time of its destruction bv fire in
the autumn. In addition to the high-grad.
potassium sulphate produced, a quantltj of

ned alunit.- carrying lfi-,
potash was marketed for use with fertilizer.
Raw alunit.- was shipped to eastern reduc-
tion works to be treated for the recovery
of potash. Sine.- the issue of the bulletin,
the Mineral Products mill has lilt

and is now producing 20 to 25 tons of
potassium sulphate daily.

The Daly West Mine at Park City, under
the new managi ment, is to be energetically

developed. With a view to obtaining funds
necessary for this purpose, the capitaliza-
tion is being ii reased by 70,000 Bhare
which are to be sold at not less than $2 a
share. Total capitalization will then
amount to 250,000 shares. The new
management states that large expenditures
must be made to place the property in con-
dition for efficient operation, and before
large returns can be expected. The surf."
equipment and plant have been allowed to
run down, and the mill, if used, would have
to be completely remodeled. During the
time of rehabilitation, the property is I
use the Judge concentrator for the treat-
ment of its ores. The new board consists
of H. Otto Hanke. president : George G.
Brooks, vice president : G. W Lambown.*.
treasurer and general manager : A. H. Pea-
l.ndy. secretary ; and O. X. Friendly, general
superintendent. The mine shipped 338.900
lb. of ore during the week ended Ma

The Question of a Semi-Monthly Pay Day

has caused dissension at the Loose and
Knight properties in the Tintic district. This

1062

KNV.lNKKKlNi; AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 28

k'«s In fa>
f newmi'iil on
the mm. rs In
At the Iron
mines, the men
u par-
itions at the 1"
ado. which an

!tter have Instituted bi mi-
ls at the Spring C

syst in at the

• is thought that

or the semi-monthly

• other Tlnttc I

I mav be tried out. it has

that a vote

the nun In regard to

met by the com-

slble.

BI ill MONT. — Maj «»

Montana Bt >t« Beuool ..i ""■■ -

■esi ■.' •;"'.■ ';;;;.

inj oi
i the Engli i
n the mining and sapping
of the Marines, through I
by the recruiting offli

WAI-I VI I . Il> V1IO — Max SI

\ ln.i Tungsten Vein on Pony Gulch, in
Id belt, has b<

ployed in the
This vein was discov-
ers, but
as its valu
• that time, was not realized. The OUt-
and I in time
d with ladings. The dls-
i scheelite in t
oon after the abnormal demand

e war attracted Colonel Kennan
district. Tn tl ol his inves-

tigations he heard from old-timers thi
of the outcrop that had been uncovered
by early placer miners on Pony Gulch, the
distinguishing feature of which was a yel-
lowish vitreous substance along with the
quartz and specific gravity. This

information with the fact that he

cheellte with th<
in the guleh. convinced Colonel Kennan that
the mysterious substance in the lost out-
crop was scheelite, and lie set out to tmd it
The outcrop was found last wi
the old channel under a deep bed of tailings.
Tt is over -in feet wide and has In on tol-
alnng its course about 25 ft. About
eight feet next to the foot wall is n
of scheelite and quartz intermingled.
Samples of the scheelite have the appear-
ance of being high grade, and the size o!
the deposit indli I it will prove an

important tungsten discovery,

lint GHTON, MM II,

June 2

Construction Ha* Keen Resumed on two

additional stamp heads for the Point Mills
plant of the Lake Milling, Smelting and Re-
fining Co.. a Calumet ft Hecla subsidiary that
came to the company when the Fay man-
agement turned over the Allouez-Centenn.al
mines and plants. Steel for the two heads
was set up last autumn, but work was dis-
continued during the winter. One of the
additional heads is for Isle Royale, the
The boilers are being
installed and the entire plant will be elec-
trified to utili: ""• . * m

I pressure turbine will operate a 2000
kw electric generator A 30 gal.,

motor-driven centrifugal pump is also to be
installed. Intake is to be placed on the

!t limits of the property so as not to

-f.-re with sand tailings. A pumping

plant to shoot tailings out into Torch Lake,

fa b(.in? . ntly by the Osceola, the

Lake and the Calumet & Hecla.

IOFUNi MO. — May 27

I n-ati-.fi.cinr> fire Prices have resulted
in a ip of drilling operations in

district, but many new concentrators are

a upon leases proved up bl
flump developed. Among the important
are mills for the Anna Beaver and lluttig
compare ley Wells, of 1

managing director of the former company.
and its plant one mile west of Plcher
corr t summer, being the only one

lipped with skips in the Oklahoma sec-
tion The new mill will ed a short

the northwest of the first null
and will be almost a duplicate. The shaft
has been put down in lime and now is being
driven to the orebody. The lluttig company
already has three mills, and will build a
new one to the south of the others, imme-
diatelv east of St. Louis. Okla. Its mill
formerly known as the Merrill has been
changed in name to Mars, and its other
mills in this field will be known as the
Jupiter. Saturn, and Inspiration. The new
mill will be Of 3 = 0 tons' capacity.

BPOK V M . " \ -II — vi,i« .'ii

i,,, deposit* recently discovered on M

prairie south of Spokane, are attracting

much attention, and a company has Dei <

. ,i to develop the property, rhe in-
stallation of a concentrator and a Bmall
smeltei v is said to be con Ideri tj i ne
property la expected to receive the lm-
mediati n of the Govt rnmenl u the

Control bill is passed by < ongress,

The Home Builder Nitrate Properties

d' vie,..-. Idaho, arc being In-
vestigated by Jay P. craves, capitalist and
builder of the Granby smeltery rhe prop-
erty consists of 13 claims, six ol them
patented, lying 18 miles east ol Coeui

5' \lene 1.1 I ten miles northe.isl

of the Fourth of July Canyon road. II con-
tains a dike bavins; an estimated width ol
600 ft . In which work has bei n carried on
Independent Mine Owners mid Producers'

tion of the Kootenai i sped to 3

a meeting about June I. In Nelson, B '

Members of both the vincial and

Ion parliament are to attend. I ne
lc Railroad company I In
sympathy with the owners and will prob-
ably be ' ed, making the meeting
great interest and important i
Itery rates and general subjects that
mine owners must handle are to be con-

Sid. I

TORONTO — May 31

nil in the Pence River Dlstrlcl of Alberta
promises to bi active in development during
the summer. .Many locations have been
i, , and cxi. 'ii h i pi eparations lor drill-
ing are reported A lug drilling plant

,. i by 11 L. Williams and associates

has I,..,-: to the field and will sink

a well at Three Creeks. The Far Island
Oil .v: Gas Co. has also a plant on the
wav and mam other companies and in-
dividuals are planning to enter the field.

Hon. <;. Howard Ferguson, Ontario

Minister of Mines, has mad. a personal
investigation of mining conditions in North-
ern Ontario, and decided that prospector
will not be compelled to perform their post-
ii .1 assessment work, in addition to this
year's work, in one season. There will not
be a general extension of time similar to
that granted last year, but all claim-holders
will be required to perform one installment
of work, and in cases where two assess-
ments are due, the second will be extended
for one year. This decision has been re-
ceived with much satisfaction in the mining
camps.

Representatives of the Canadian Iron and
Steel Industries conferred with the
ran government and the Imperial
Munitions Board at Ottawa recently re-
garding the supply of steel for war pur-
The government strongly urged the
necessity of using every effort to increase
the present output. The matter of granting
ibsidi. to pig-iron manufacturers was
considered, but after being fully discussed
the proposal was dropped. The government
decided to purchase the output for three

of all pig iron prod -d in any nmv

blast furnaces established during the next
two years. The price to be paid is to be
,i I market conditions prevail-
ing at the time of purchase. This arrange-
ment is expected to give a considerable
stimulus to the industry

The Recent Ruling of the Ontario De-
partment of Lands, Forests and Mines, to
the effect that assessment work on mining
a, ,i from last year to this year
hall accrue and become due together with
this year's work, is meeting with strong op-
position in the mining centers of Northern
Ontario. It Is urged thai one yean :
ment work is a heavy enough burden witn-
,,;,,„ D, , • doubled. The Haileybury

of Trade has passed a resolution

ring the action of the government in-

ni and inadvisable and likely to

rrdship and loss to many bona-nde

i miners. it asks an

mi of the reguation so that only

the last year's work, will be required this
n and this year's work held over until
ear Th, Board oi Trade in Cobalt,
Timmins and South Porcupine are also re-
monstrating.

VICTORIA, B. C. — May 29
To Induce Locating and Developing of
the rar.-r minerals among prospectors ot
British Columbia, Hon. William Sloan, Min-
ister of .Mnes. has authorized the display
nplete exhibits of the rarer metals at
centers of the six mineral-survey districts
into which British Columbia has been di-
vided It is the Ministers opinion that
of the reasons that comparatively lit-
tle is known of the resources of Western
ada in respect of the rare minerals,
the usefulness and value of which have
b.er, emphasized by the demands of the

war is that the prospectors are not Cully
conversant with their characteristics.

A Canadian Survey Branch station la to
be permanently established In British
Columbia, with Charles Camsell, one ol the
department's ablest geologists, in charge.
With such a centre In the West, provided
„ |th B Complete library Of reports and maps,

covering all the Information which the
, oioi i. ii .I. partment has compiled In Its
work in tins provteaa during the last seven
or eight years, it urn be possible tor those
Interested to obtain data at short notice.

Infusorial and Dlatomaoeous Earth re-
sources Of the province are receiving in-
quiries from Greal Bi II tin, ei peclally m re-
gards to the manufacture of asbestos In
Manchester, England, the supply ot which
before the war was Imported from Russia
md Prance British Columbia has consider-
able quantities of infusorial earth, probablv
the In Bl known deposits being dilated about
20 miles north of Savona, B. C, a ' anadian
Pacific I'.v station, where there are beds
,,,, to 30 ft. in thickness, in view of the
demand it is thought likely thai active de-
x, lopni.nl will be undertaken in the course
of a l'.w months.

The Ward-Hopp Case, which has been
engaging the attention Of the Legislature

and the courts of British Columbia tor

'years and which is familiar to all mining
'men of Canada, lias assumed a new phase
In a recent judgment the Court ot Appeal

of the province round in favor of the
plaintiff, R. T. Ward and bis associates,
thus reversing the decision ot Justice A.
Macdonald, in the lower court, whose ver-
dict was that the placer-mining leases in
dispute were properly the property ot the
defendant, John Hopp et al. it is expect-
ed that the case will be appealed by the
hitt.r possibly going to the Supreme ' ourt
,.i Canada, and thence to the Privy Coun-
cil of the Empire. The British Columbia
Court of Appeal upheld Ward's position
that he and his associates were in posses-
sion under a prior lease and that their
prior lease, validated by statute, was not
subject to the provisions of the Placer Min-
ing Act, un.l.r which it was alleged then-
rights had lapsed.

MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA— Apr. 28
Greal Fingall Consolidated, Ltd., at Pay
Dawn, three miles from Cue. Western Aus-
tralia is being closed down alter op.rat hb
since 1892. The output of ore aggregated
about 2 000.000 tons for a return of £4.919.-
466 of which £1,250.000 has been paid In
dividends. The company was formed in
Mav. 1809, to acquire the holdings of the
Great Fingall Reefs, Ltd.. and the Consoli-
dated Murchison Cold Mines. Ltd.. and held
,,, all 392 acres The treatment pan con-
sisted of 100 stamp mills, slime plant etc
The capital of the company was £125. nun
in 10s shares, dulv paid. Operations re-
cently have been conducted at a loss.

Water Trouble at Westonla Mines (Edna
Mav group). Since the last breakage of one
of th? Kdna May pumps has prevented the
unwatering of the bottom level, the high
grade ore from the bottom levels is not
available for treatment, and the payable ore
from the higher levels is becoming exhaust-
ed Until the Kdna May Co. is capable ot
dealing efficiently with the heavy inflow of
water, the position is precarious. In tn
event of the water getting beyond control.
the,., is little doubt that some of the othei
companies will be affected. The future oi
the Westonia as a mining field now ptat-
tically depends on a scheme being carried
,,,,! which will ensure the mines being. kept
unwatered. Mr. Montgomery, state mining
engineer, recommends the erection ot a
central power station and the use of elec-
trically driven pumps.

Hlock 10. Misima Gold Mines, of Papua
(New Guinea) was formed in January, l.n .
by the amalgamation of the Broken Hill
Block K> Co.'s interests with the Misima Co.
The present company has a nominal capita
of £200,000, in shares of £1 each, of which
150,000 have been issued. The Broken Hill
Block 10 Co. subscribed the entire wo
capital of £30,000. and, in addition spent
,1 1 in development. The present mill-
ing' plant is capable of treating 1400 tons
of ore per month, but a larger plant is nec-
essary, and it is purposed to increase the
amount payable on each share. A net prom
of £1 46 was made for the half year ended
lice '',1 1017. during which 7045 tons of
ore was' crushed, assaying 30s. lOd. per ton,
from which 5605 tons of sands were cyanid-
ed for £6921, equal to 24s. 8d. per ton ot
sand treated' Gold recovered from sands
treated shows an extraction of 88.7%. Total
working costs. including management
amounted to 19s. per ton Transport diffi-
culties delayed plant erection ; consequently
1186 tons of slimes, assaying 43s. per ton,
nave been stacked for treatment. Opera-
tions generally were hampered and costs
raised owing to war conditions

Juno 8, 1913 ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL 1068

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The Mining News

siiiiiiiilliliiiiiiiiiiiiilllliliiniiiiiiiiiimiiMiiiMiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiinimniiiiimi miiiiiiuiim iiiiiiiiiiiiini iiiiiiiiiiin i iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiMiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiMiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiitiiiiiiitiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiitiiiiiii

\l. V^K \

Mi ITHER i. ' (Ken I —Officially

announced thai control ol
lias bei ii acquired by ECenw ol
Corporation, the latter latere ts holding
E i of the Btoi k

Al. All AM \

Talladega Counts

PB \l. \1. \BA.v \ C & I
(Jenifer) — To rehabilitate the Jenifer iron
furnace plant and to ereel ho1 bias!
stove, machine shop, and install ci mplete
electrical i ruipment An additional we
to be built at brown-ore mines near fur-
nace, Fifty coke ovens will be added '-•
present battery of 100 al coal mine. Re-
ported that the Thomas Furnace Co. will
operate the plant when completed.

AKl/.ON \

Cochise Counts

nil, I, TOP EXTENSION (San Simon)—
Syndicate is being formed to take over
property. Expect i" ship rload per

week soon.

Mohave County

COPPER \<IK GROUP (K
Arizona Ore Reduction Co emp

men at properly. A 250-ton :entrating

plant built and a million-gallon reservoir
under construction.

GEORGE WASHINGTON (Kingman)—
Reported sold to W. C. Page, of San Fran-
cisco.

HACKBERRY COX. MNG CO .King-
man)— Has opened up new orebody which
was first discovered 30 years ago, and
abandoned on account of water.

WALNUT CREEK M & M CO I King-
man)— Working on 1500-ft. tunnel to strike
vi in 500 ft. below the 4"" level.

BANNER GOLD II. & M. CO. (Oat man)
— Reported that the oreshoot which was
objective of operations for three years was
reached on the 400 level, about 30n ft. west
of shaft.

Pima County

DAYLIGHT MINING (Tucson)— Tunnel
at Rosemont claim now driven 300 feet.

NEW CORNELIA (Ajo) — To sink main
shaft 60 ft. more before drifting. Three
shovels now working to full capacity.

Pinal County

RAT HERCULES (Ray)— First 500-ton
mill unit expects to begin partial operation
July 1.

Yavapai County

HACKBERRY JUNES (Dewey) — Have
purchased machinery and will install 250-
ton mill.

BLUE MONSTER COPPER (Jerome)—
Superintendent Sutcliff reports peacock cop-
per at a depth of 100 feet.

JEROME SUPERIOR (Jerome) — Shaft
sinking suspended during erection of 60-
ft. headframe. Formation at bottom of
400-ft. shaft is quartz-porphyry. George E.
Mitchell, Sr., is general manager.

UNITED VERDE CO. (Jerome) — Work
on smeltery progressing rapidly. Blast
furnace to be blown in by June. Stack,
to be 425 ft., now 325 ft.

FORD GOLD & SILVER (Preseott) —
Recently purchased Promoter group, now
actively operating.

HOME OIL CO. (Preseott) — Contract
has b, en let for water well, and a depth
of 2 00 ft. reached.

UNITED CHINO O & R CO. (Pres-
eott)— Report states that drill at well is
down 620 feet.

Yuma County

SWANSEA MINE (Swansea) — Flotation
plant being completed.

ARGUS COPPER (Yuma) — Reports good
orebody at 120 ft. in new shaft.
. YUMA CHIEF G. & C. CO (Yuma) — To
Install drill to explore orebodies showing
at surface and opened by shafts and tun-
nels. Samuel Klous, of Boston, is general
manager.

( III Ml

i . in \ itiih < ounl v

PIONEER i \
shaft prepa

incut of Brown-Smlth-Ryland I

ln.N 0 I on til \

TUNGSTEN SHIPMENTS from 1
for week ended .May ii to 30

tuns of concern i

I <i- \ ngeles * 'ounts

WESTERN CHEMICAL PRODUCTS CO.

of po-
tassium pel in ni-

Maiiposa Counts

ADAMS I CO i San Fran

— Minis situated on Merced R
miles ilterville, leased to A G

ter and William Nelson, of Sonora.
Development and extraction in ■

Nevada Counts

Iraniteville) — Modern ma-
chinery

to extensive de^ Rlopi
during the open months of this year Other

[• Granitevilli
Heavy snowfalls render mining difficult in
Inter.
KENOSHA (Grass Valley)— Mine near
Headman Flat in be unwatered Edward
10. Drake, of San Fi

-stamp mill and
trie power.

ST. LOUIS (Nevada City)— Vein report-
ed to carry ore .Mine was Brat
worked in 1SS4 and closed down in 1890
Now being developed by Peter McAuslan
and associates.

Placer County

CHROME MINING and development in
the Forest Hill and Iowa Hill districts are
active, with indications of large prod
Dodds ranch, about 15 miles northeast of
Auburn, containing 135 acres, and 160 acres
of Government land have I" en taken over
by R. H. Farmer under options and lease.
The chrome deposits are reported to be
large. Concentrating mill will be installed.
Other operators on Forest Hill divide are
hauling chrome to Colfax, about 15 miles, by
motor trucks. Two deposits of chrome have
recently been disclosed in the Iowa Hill dis-
trict, north of Forest Hill district, by E A
Rosa and Philip McCoy and by W. II
Russell. These deposits are near the Colfax
wagon road and about 15 miles east of Col-
fax.

Plumas County

WALKER COPPER (Portola) — Fourth
lev,! started at 150-ft. point in the same
winze below the 210-ft. level. Operating
100-ton flotation plant and employing 135
men.

Santa Itarbara County

BROOKS OIL <X>. (Santa Maria) — Drill-
ing in Cat Canyon field.

Santa Clara County

CHROME DEPOSITS on the G. A. Frost
ranch, 27 miles from Livermore. to be
developed and ore hauled to Livermore for
rail shipment.

San Joaquin County

PACIFIC ELECTRIC METALS CO.
(Stockton) — Plant for electric smelting of
manganese ores installed at Bay Point to
have capacity of 40 tons ferromanganese
per day. C. D. Clarke is president J M.
Kroyer is superintendent. Ores will come
chiefly from Mother Lode district.

San Luis Obispo County

BENT'iN RANCH (Cambria) — M. Rick-
els driving tunnel to develop chrome deposit.
Two tons of ore extracted in development.
Ore hauled by motor trucks to San Luis
Obispo for rail shipment.

GOOD WILL (San Luis Obispo) — Com-
pany has optioned part of Canada' de Los
Osos ranch and will mine manganese ore
in connection with its copper mining on the

in I

Bhaata < ountj

KlVe

road,

'■■ VRDELLA Nl DOE (Id d

■
• i. ranch. Lawrem

Trinil\ < ..only

COPPER KING (Redding) — Dei.

■ opper mine and pro-
duced high Now prod

chrome of h

HEADLIGHT (1

inde plant I" ing
hipped
ddlng. Proiien

ically driven I ,
power plant sold to

( <ll. UK Mill

Boulder County

LITTLE CORKSCREW D— To

i under lease by James Plttman.
i cut.

< bar < reel, ( 'utility

\T. GEM ii'imliou) — To Ii.

and developi >i bj Nt

Shaft and in ag cleaned out.

STRANAHAN (Dry Lak-i— Taken over

by Tu dints Mining Co. To be

i ted under leasing.

RAKE OFF (Lakewood) — Dumps have

been leased by I'rimos Chemical Co. to

who are installing ■
ment for operation during the summi r.

Mckenzie a a)— Mining ma-

chinery installed and conn to drive

500-ft. crosscut tunnel to cut Long Chance
and Tungsten Mountain veins

Ouray County

INDIANA (Ironton) — A. M. Barnes lease
taken over by A B. Eiseman. Force to
be increased. Good-grade oreshoot 5 ft.
wide opened.

Park County

HOCK HOCKING (Alma)— Winter ore.
12 or 15 cars, ready for shipment.

FAT (Alma) — Tunnel stopped 1200
ft. from portal: winze b.-ing sunk.

SOUTH LONDON (Alma)— Lessee Oscar
Bloomquist shipping ore.

Saguache County

1: WVLEY (Bonanza) — Company to build
seven mile tramway and 300-ton mill. Mill
and part of tram not yet purchased. Chas.
E. Beckwith is superintendent.

San Juan County

SUMMIT CO! "ER MINING CO. (Silver-
ton) — Operating San Antonio and K
tunnel propertii S will raise 5no ft. from
tunnel to Carbon Lake shaft.

ZUNI (Silverton) — Workings retirabered,
and main tunnel to be driven to cut Zuni
or main vein. Operated by lessees. Is one
of few places in wor'd where mineral zuny-
ite is found-
San Miguel County

CARBONERO (Ophir) — Making ship-
ments of good-grade ore.

LEWIS (Telluride) — Good progress made
in drifting toward Little Dorrit claim. Air
drills u^ed.

MOUNTAIN FLOWER (Telluride) — De-
veloping with satisfactory results. Delta
crosscut through vein system, opened some
good-grade ore. To start drifting.

PRIMOS CHEMICAL CO. (Vanadium) —
Operating at full capacity. About nine cars
per month shipped.

Summit County

DUNCAN (Breckenridge) — Excessive wa-
ter, due to melting snow, caused temporary
cessation of work. Several cars gold ore
ready to ship.

OHIO (Breckenridge) — Shoot high-grade
silver ore opened recently in tunnel.

U'P4

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 23

■i nulling-.

.. .1 now being stopad

>1 by

I'roperty a lead-

.1 several yea

MINING .v REDUCTION

.eveloping Pennsylvania

trolfa ,1 b) l >orr < •> of Denver.
x>n is In ch

Teller (Mil lit?

ST QUEEN (Cripple Creek) De-
evel progressing

Shaft to be sunk Large «•••>-
\..t material of milling
-hipped Lease runs for four years
-■■ producer
in tli.it lime

INDEX .Cripple Creek) — Oreahoot '-'"

I up to i» ft m width assaying

i ,1 opened m south dntt from

100 level Shipments

UNITED GOLD MINES CO (Cripple

Creek)— One car per day being shipped

... | Horse mine to Golden Cycle

n„U i ges about 1 01 gold New

. below third level ol main
ft wide.

R \ N 8 v B
Joplln DUtriel

BIG SHOT (Baxter Springs)— To build
miii luthwesl of town Company

incorporated for (300.000. Tract drilled
a id shows ore on two levels .1 \ Prates,
of Miami Is presl lent.

Mlt IIHiAN
Copper DUtriel

CALUMET a.- HECLA (Calumet) — Not to
be delayed by recent decision as to .Minerals
ration patents in installing flotation
plant To put n^w barrel drum on one of
the Nordb.rg hoisting engines al No. 6
Tamarack Production at reclamation

plant uniform and uninterrupted.

NEW BALTIC i Houghton)— Has cut
wide copper vein.

V. >T1TH LAKE (Houghton)— Disco*
tinued drifting on new lode m southeast
crosscut. To continue crosscut northwest
for Butler lode.

SOUTH LAKE • Houghton)— Butler lode
opened by dril evel showing mass

and stamp grades.

UIMEEK (Kearsarge) — Drifts running
ft. north and south on th. conglomerate
to be continued when the labor conditions
mlt

LA SALLE (Laurium)— -No. 2 shaft cut-
ting plat at 2.1 level Drifting on all but
two levels.

COPPER RANGE (Palnesdale) — Closed
Baltic shaft No 5 to mine rock in West
vein from No. 4 shaft

WINON \ I Winona) — Arrangements to he
made with Minerals Separation Co. to in-
stall experimental plant

s IX ADA
Esmeralda Connt]

ATLANTA MINKS CO (Goldfield)—
Raise from east crosscut on 1900 level being
extended on incline to east to reach 1750
level for ventilation purposes and as a
center for lateral drifting on the vein
between these levels.

GOLDFIELD CONSOLIDATED (Gold-
field) — Treating some oxidized ores by cyan-
idation and to treat milling grade ore mini i
by Red Hill Flore

GRANDMA CONSOLIDATED (Goldfield)

Sinking continues in main shaft and flow

..f water moderate.

RED HILL FLORENCE (Goldfield)—
tlement of dispute with Florence-Gold-
field company in regard to future apex
rights has been reached in a manner satis-
tory to all concerned, and a five-year
loan on all valuable ground adjoining on
the east has been secured.

STLVER PICK CONS. (Goldfield)— Ap-
pears nee of formation improving in shaft
sinking below the 1100 level.

Humboldt County
EDMUNDS-BUCHANAN GROUP (Win-

nemucca) — Tungsten property 25 miles
southwest shipping to Toulon, near I.
lock, for concentration The ore is schee-
lite James Edmunds and John Buchanan
are operators.

Nve County

TONAPAH DISTRICT ore production for

the week ended May 18 totaled 10,621 tons

of an estimated gross milling value of

1180 557 Producers were: Tonopah Bel-

mont :'l!".i tons. l'oiiop.ih Mining. 8800;
Tonopah Extension. 8376; Jim Butlei 586
w,q End 1061: MacNamara, SSI; Mon-
tana 140; North star. S3; Halifax, 18;
Mldwaj I; and miscellaneous, 24 tons

BULLFROG DISTRICT m.li.atcs sari}
expansion In scope of operations, with prin-
cipal activities .entered at Pioneer and
Fthyollte

WHITE CAPS (Manhattan) Prospecl
Ing area between shaft and west orebodles
Next mill clean-up t" be completed June -

PIONEER CONSOLIDATED (Pioneer)
Planning reorganisation and development
at depth J K Turner is engineer In
charge

CONSOLIDATED MAYFLOWER (Pio-
neer)- Exploration on main vein to north
and BOUth Of shaft reported to have opened
up ..re of milling grulc on the 800, 800 and

100 levels.

SUNSET M & D CO. (Rhyolite) — Cross-
cuttlng below 700-ft depth In shaft to ..pen
up two principal veins In which ore was
found on higher levels

White Pine County

WARD MINE (Ely) shipping 10 to 45
tons dally Of lead-silver ores Manganese
shipments light and little in sight.

GRAND PRIZE .Hamilton) — Discovery
een made <>f a high-grade lead-stiver
oi e

CONSOLIDATED COPPERMINES iKim-
Both mill units operating Near
old Alpha shaft icaved) at 400 ft. depth,
drilled tin-.. ugh is ft. of carbonate ores.
Hoisting from llth. and 12th levels ..1
Giroux shaft in continuation of high-grade
etj or.s discovered on 7th and 10th

',, \ els

OKLAHOMA

Joplln District

LUCKY JENNY Hockerville) — To build
300-ton mill Shaft completed.

JEFFERSON (Miami) — Began sinking
shaft on lease southwest of St. Louis. To
build mill. A. S. Clark. St. Louis. Mo., is
president.

PRODUCERS (Picher) — Operating new
mill northwest of town. Ore from air drift
between shafts now milled. T R II Smith,
of Oklahoma City, is secretary-treasurer.

ROYAL (Picher) — Mill in operation
Mining 60 tons zinc ore weekly.

BETHLEHEM (Quapaw) — Purchased
Tom C. mill, south of Webb City, for $25.-

i and to move same to lease east of

Quapaw.

LINCOLNVILLE L & Z. (Quapaw) —
Has begun shaft. T. H. Newborn, of
Miami, is president

OREGON

.lacks, hi County

NELLIE WRIGHT (Gold Hill)— Resumed
operations Equipped with a Beers mill,
plates and Johnson concentrator operated
by electric power. R. M. Wilson is lessee.

SYLVANITE ('Gold Hill) — Under lease to
J G Davies, of Sacramento, Calif. Erect-
ing 10-stamp mill, rock crusher, amalga-
mating plates, and concentrating tables.

MANGANESE MINING (Lake Creek) —
.Made initial shipment of 90 tons of man-
ganese concentrates.

M S JOHNSON (Rogue River) — To ship
manganese ore. Reduction plant to be erect-
ed to treat the non-shipping ore.

ITAH

Iteaver County
RED WARRIOR (Milford)— Shipment
made from strike between 500 and 600
levels.

Box Elder County

SUSANNAH (Golden) — Ore of milling
grade being mined and treated in Lane mill.
T. C. Morrow, of Salt Lake, operating under

VIPONT (Kelton) — Recently examined
by prospective purchasers.

i. ran. I County

NEEDLES MINING (Green River) — Min-
ing manganese ore by opencut. Expects to
increase output A .1 Bruneau. of Salt
Lake City, is president

Juab County

.'HIKE CONSOLIDATED (Eureka)—
Huish and Beane shipped car of
.nese ore from Homanville section of
rty. Other shipments pending.
'INI (Eureka) — Enquist lease contin-
ues shipment of rich ore.

QODIVA (Eureka)- Developing on 1200

level Combes lease on th. 700 level is
mining high silver ore.

VICTORIA (Eureka)— Mining high silver
..re l or. i> level Property controlled by King-
ham Mines CO

Plate County

FLORENCE m ill (Marysvale) — Work
on new null del tyed bv heavy snowfall.
Material fur plant assembled and good

progress expected

Suit Lake County

COLUMBUS REXALL (Alta) — Mine ex-
pects to ship 60 tons daily for indefinite
period.

CARDEFT (Salt Lake) — New ore opened
in extension of main tunnel level at this
Big . 'oii.hiuo.hI propert] Awaiting better
hauling conditions before shipping.

Summit County

PARK CITY SHIPMENTS for ween
ended May 18 amounted to 1.257.560 lb.,
five properties shipping.

GLENCO (Park City)- Property under
lease and bond to .lani.s B Allen. Four
cars of ore ready for shipment

IOWA COPPER (Park City) — Ore being
mined and working forces increased.

ONTARIO (Park City) — Ore on 1700
level increasing !n extent. Preparations
being made to sink below 1700 on ore. from
a point 700 ft. from old shaft, which is
badly caved below lTOn level Expect new
ore to connect with this part of mine, for-
merly productive. N A. Dunyar is super-
intendent.

SILVER KING CONSOLIDATED (Park
City) — New drainage and transportation
tunnel being driven under Thaynes Canyon
section.

Tooele County

WESTERN UTAH EXTENSION (Good-
win)— Tunnel opened copper vein 15 to 18
ft. between walls. B. T. Heywood, of Salt
Lake, is superintendent.

1 oi. . County

CRANE OIL SHALE (Watson) — Com-
pany controls oil-shale lands near Watson.
Plans erection of distillation plant. Crane
process to be used.

CANADA

British Columbia

BLUEBELL (Ainsworth) — Producing
about 1500 tons of silver-lead ore per
month. •

GRANBY CONSOLDATED (Anyox) —
\dded two converters to plant. To handle
matte instead of shipping to Grand Forks
plant

Ontario

WALSH CLAIMS (Gowganda) — Decided
to continue development by Crown Reserve,
w Inch holds option.

PORCUPINE-VIPOND (Schumacher) —
Mine is to be closed own. Keeping under-
ground workings drained.

GOLD RIDGE (Porcupine) — Work dis-
continued. Machinery sent to the Cisco
claims. Hurricanan district.

McINTYRE (Porcupine) — Drifting east
from 1000 level of Jupiter property started
for purpose of exploring Plenaurum prop-
erty at depth.

VIPOND (Porcupine) — Amalgamation
with Porcupine Crown officially denied. De-
velopment to be carried from 600 to 1100
level

WHELPDALE (Porcupine) — Third vein
cut at 150 level.

OPHIR (Cobalt) — Sinking on shoot to
contact 150 ft. below in ore said to assay
1600 oz. per ton.

PETERSON LAKE (Cobalt)— To treat
tailings by flotation. Plant nearly com-
plete for treatment of Seneca Superior tail-
ings.

PITTSBURO-LORRAIN (South Lorrain)
— Ball mill shipped to property.

KIRKLAND LAKE (Kirkland Lake) —
Erection of 150-ton mill begun.

LAKE SHORE (Kirkland Lake) — During
March and April mill treated 2570 tons of
ore. producing bullion valued at 56b. b»b.

WRIGHT HARGREAVES (Kirkland
Lake) — Mine developed to the 400 level.
Seven faces of workings in high-grade ore.

MEXICO

Baja California

COMPAGNIE DU BOLEO (Santa Ro-
salia)— Copper production during April was
1.818.880 lb. Copper ore averaged 3.DL5',
copper.

1065

June 8, 1918 ENGINEERING ANN MINING JOURNAL

•{ """" ' ' mmmmmmm n nunmini minmi n i mam iuii ■ , mmummm,mmmm „,„ , mm

The Market Report

wmmmmmmmmm m minimum i nmnuin ■ i iouii immimmmmm hhuiuuiiiii nui imi mm, , mwiimnHiim i --■ tww

SILVER l\M STERJ [NG EXCH VNG1

Sterl-
ing

Ex-
change

SlK ,-r

June

Star]

inc

Ex-
change

Ma)

JUDP.

New
5 ork,
Cent*

Lon-
don,
Peni o

Mew
J rl

Centa

Lou
don.

30

31

1

4 7550

■1 7S.0

99)
99}

48|
481

3
4
5

4 7iill
4 7550
4 7550

99 1
99)
99)

481
48}
48]

\> « York auotatione are as reported by Bandy
A HarmaD ana arc in rents per tm>
■ilver, 999 fine I ondon quotation! an

troy ounce of sterling stiver, 925

Mexican dollars at New York; May II, 77

June I, 77; June J, 77; June 4, 77; June 5, 77

DAILY PRICKS OF METALS IN NI'W YORK

t bppei

Tin

Lead | Zinc •

May

Blectro-

June

ly t n-

Spot

N Y

St. L.

SI L

30

7 0(1

6 92)

7 20

41

♦23)

t

@7 05

@6 97)

@7 25

7 05

n 971

7 22}

1

•23)

t

Hi 7 1(1

@7.02j

(n 7 27'

7 05

6 97)

7 22)

3

*23j

t

(«7 10

©7 02)

(..7 IT

71

7 05

7 25

4

*23J

t

(2 7!

@7 15

(. I ill
7.25

5

•23)

t

7 25

7.17)

(u'7.35

* Price fixed by agreement between American
copper producers and the D. S. Government, accord-
ing to official statement for publication on Friday,
September 21, 1917.

t No market.

The above quotations (except as to copper, the
price for which has been fixed by agreement between
American copper producers and the U. S. Govern-
ment, wherein there is no free market) are our
appraisal of the average of the major markets based
generally on sales as made and reported by producers
and agencies, and represent to the best of our judg-
ment the prevailing values of the metals for the
deliveries constituting the major markets, reduced to
basis of New York, cash, except where St. Louis is
the normal basing point.

The quotations for electrolytic copper are for cakes,
ingots and wirebars.

We quote electrolytic cathodes at 0.05 to 0.10c.
below the price of wirebars, cakes and ingots.

Quotations for spelter are for ordinary Prime
Western brands. We quote New York price at 20c.
per 1 00 lb. above St. Louis.

LONDON

Copper

Tin

Lead

Zinc

Standard

Elec-
tro-

June

Spot

3 Mob.

lytic

Spot

3 Mos.

Spot

Spot

30

no

110

125

353

353

29*

54

31

110

no

125

350

350

295

54

3

110

no

125

348

348

29*

54

4

110

110

125

345)

345)

29*

54

5

110

no

125

331

331

29*

54

■ been cl imoi ing roi i

pi r Somi i

di > until Aug 16 a- 281 ■

bee n ... i] 4( i j ■ 1,1,,, , , ,

There seems to
> •■! thought thai hi Bplte "i
thi official iKiiii; i.. Aug, ir. there maj bi
some revision before then

Copper Bheeta are quoted at 311c pel

ii. f..r hot rolled, and Ic higher for cold

( topper « Ire Is quot r ■ ■ I •

null. ■■:uii. ml lot

i la lii the earl] part "f the we< k.
Chinese No. i sold at 85c. In San
Cisco but ..( i hi bid tor n

in this markel Chinesi No i on
i he spot w as quoted at 91 5 92c. al the
» hlle a Bmall loi of Straits im was
held :d tl us ,, i in

i .nil The prii i d from di

Iness, bul there was

broad inquiry During the afteri n of

June 4. the A S, & R i '.. advam i d It
price i" 7.25c, and today there was large
and widespread Inquiry and negotiation
especially [or future deliveries. The Gov-
ii has been taking a good deal ol
lead, and there now seems to be a gi
disposition anient; consumers to stock up
pos Itlon Ii undoubti dlj
strong, and under normal conditions every-
thing might he considered as pointing to

a further advance, but nobody knows whal
interference the Wat Industries Hoard maj
Interpose, or what will be the resull if there
■ rfereni e The rise in the market
this week occurred on relatively small
business, outside of Government orders

Canada bought a considerable tonnage of
Mexican lead. Japan inquired for
round lots.

At the request of Mr B. M Baruch. the
Lead Producers' Committee for War Si
ice has been organized with Clinton II
Crane as chairman and Edward Brush P
Y. Robertson, Harry I.. Haw T. Wolfson
L. Vogelstein, Julius Loeb, A. W. Dodd as
the other members.

Zinc — The market was a little stronger,
but business was very light. The Govern-
ment has been asking for further lots of
Grade C spelter. There is an angry feel-
ing among producers over the treatment
they are receiving at the hands of pur-
chasing officers in the Ordnance Depart-
ment Unjust charges of conspiracy are
lightly made by young lieutenants, and
threats are made if producers do not ac-
cede to every demand, reasonable or un-
reasonable Producers are gravely con-
cerned respecting the welfare of theii in
dustry.

Smelters at Bartlesville. Okla.. struck
on June 1. demanding 75c per day advance
in wages, which the operators refused to
give. The men returned to work June 4.
temporarily, pending investigation of in-
creased cost of living, etc.

The American Zinc Products Co. has put
into operation its sheet-zinc rolling mill at
Greencastle. Indiana.

Zine Sheets — I'nehanged at $15 per 100
lb., less usual trade discounts and extras as
per list of Feb. 4.

The above table gives the closing quotations on
London Metal Exchange. All prices are in pounds
sterling per ton of 2,240 lb. For convenience in
comparison of London prices, in pounds sterling per
2,240 lb., with American prices in cents per pound
the following approximate ratios are given, reckoning
exchange at $4 7515. £29* = 6.2576<- ; £54 = 1 1.4545c:
1.1 10 =23 3333c .: £125 = 26.5151c ; £260 = 55 1513c;
£280= 59 3937c .; £300= 63 6362c. Variations, £1
= 0.2121205c.

Metal Markets

NEW YORK — June 5. 1918

The most interesting feature of the mar-
kets this week was the sharp advance in
lead. The other metals were uninteresting.

Copper — Producers received this week of-
ficial notification from the War Industries
Board of the continuation of the 23£c. price
until Aug. 15. Another meeting of pro-
ducers is called for Aug. 7.

Other Metals

Aluminum — A maximum base price of
33c. per lb. in lots of 50 tons or more of
ingot. 98 to 99^. grade, was fixed by Presi-
dent Wilson under an agreement between
producers and the War Industries
Board. The new price is effective June 1
and will continue to Sept. 1 : differentials
for sheet, rod and wire increased by about
1-*''. : differentials for quantity and grade
for alloys will remain as approved bv the.
board on Mar. 3 last.

Antimony — The Government was in the
market for 250 tons for July. We quote
spot at 121@ngc. We quote futures at
11. ',e. c.i.f.. in bond.

Bismuth — Metal of the highest purity for
pharmaceutical use is quoted at $3 .."■
lb. for wholesale lots — 500 lb. and over.

Cadmium — This metal is quoted at $1.50
per lb., unchanged.

Nickel — Market quotation is 40<§ 45c per
pound.

Quicksilver — Quiet at $115 (ft 120 for Cali-
fornia virgin. San Francisco reports, by
telegraph, $113, steady.

Gold. Silver and Platinum
-iii pi satures ai e appat ent in

broad r.,i

i i .,i .

Platinum, Palladium and Iridium- I
I 8105, 8186 and 81'

Ore Markets

Joplln, Ho., Jane i Bli odi p< I ton,

high, 87* 60' , Zn, i

■ lass I!. 865; prime

''■•'I i basl 10% Zn

\\' kip selling prices Bli

calamine, $88.88; all zinc ores, $57,12 pel
ton

I.. :ol. high

si idling price, all grades of

Shipn Bli ndi 8620 cala-

" • 899 Li ad 16 ton \ alue, all oi i

ee!
Producers have taken action to pi
I duct Ion ot
miiiiii gi adi - ol or< and thi allotment was
i to 47%, aga

'i

buying of iasi followed this weel

by a return to usual purchases, but In
low.ring the price $2. several buyers .■
short on orders.

I'hittevillc. Win.. June I— Blende, basis
Zn. highest price reported paid [oi
premium grade under new . was

$70.25 per ton; high lead-zinc product BO
down to fir. i.e. ton base Lead oi i
B09S rb. $so per ton. Shipments report
for the week were 2819 tons of blende and
mt 4 tons sulphur ore. No galena. Pol
the year to date the totals are: 55,28" ton
lend.-, 2879 tons galena and 28,866 ton
sulphur ore. I luring the week 2726 to
ol blende was shipped to separating plants
Chrome Ore — Important producers have
established a schedule on the basis of * I 0
per unit for in', ore. with variations of
2gc up or down However, business is re-
ported to have been done at $1.50 per unit,
with variations of 5c. up and down. These
quotations are fob., shipping points in
California and Oregon.

Manganese Ore — The price has been fixed
by agreement between the War Industries
Board and the American Iron and Steel
Institute, as reported elsewhere in this
paper.

Molybdenum Ore — Quoted nominally al
$1.25 per lb. of molybdenum sulphide in on
of 90 'r grade, but it seems to be verv diffi-
cult for anybody to sell this ore.

Pyrites — Spanish lump Is quotable to
those who possess a license from the Gov-
ernment at 17e per unit on the basis of 9s.
ocean freight, buyer to pay war risk, less
-', and excess freight. Domestic pvrite is
selling at prices ranging from 25 to 30c.
per unit, f.o.b. mine.

Tungsten Ore Unchanged at $24 for
scheelite, and $19 o 'I for wolframite.

Iron Trade Review

PITTSBURGH — June 1

There is no change in the principles upon
which pig iron and steel are distributed.
All furnaces and mills are provided with
information as to the sequence in which
material should be shipped, the more im-
portant war material first. In nearly all
the supplies available are insufficient
to carry the distribution to the end of the
list, but beyond the present list lie many
items of commercial consumption that in-
volve helping the war indirectly, though
clearly. There is little visible prospect
that any of the less essential commercial
industries will obtain material for a long
time. The system of distribution is the
same that has been in force for some time
and is in harmony with the pledges given by
the manufacturers five or six weeks ago.
that they would be 1007c efficient in supply-
ing material to help win the v

Some producers are taking no new orders
except those placed or recommended bv the
Government. Others are booking tonnages
fpom their regular customers in regular

10GG

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 23

with the distinct understanding
deliver} promise

'..ml
miltee »( the War Indus-
I the Industry
study the actual requirements,
onth. of the war activities and
supplies, has furnished no
the prottress of us work
i made to the board, and

lion that tins iv-
I furnish a basis "ii which the
nninc whether it would
: ributlon of corn-
el—1 ,■ . the steel it doi

I ui there is practically no
now.
The freicht rate advances that bi

will add about M 26 per

• of making pig Iron and

ion to the cost oi making

. ,■ finished-steel product The

only on their raw

products, as on m

e buyer pays the freight. This ln-

wlth that caused

by the l" wage advance in April, will

to the War Industry

for reduced prices after

\t the last settlement of prices

ussion of reductions wa

use of the exceptionally high

and mills had had In

mths of the year b

curtailment in output due to traffic

Now the large compai
re making remarkable pr<
Via Iron — There remain a few idle fur-
but those in operation are well sup-
in nearly every instance
making maximum tonnage, the
country's output being at the rate of fully
tons a year The moderate in-
of the last three
months have been accompanied by a much
in pig-iron production, be-
cause the quality of coke is better and the
furnaces work much more efficiently when

ng steadily. The market n
quotable at the set maxima: Bessemer.
basic. $32; Xo. L' foundry. $33;
• 12, all fob. fur-
Freieht from the Valleys to
l.urgh advanced from 95c. to $1.10 May 22.
Th- new rate, June 25, will probably be
and there is a question whether the
detached furnaces, which have hitherto
■ lower rat-- to Pittsburgh than the
id, will be allowed any lower
rate. " Messrs. W. P. Snyder & Co. an-
nounce the average prices ruling on sales
• of Valley iron at (35 20 for besse-
mer and $32 for basic, these being the set
The change in freight rates makes
an average of $1 for the month, for ascer-
taining prices of Valley iron delivered
irgh The average quotation on
Valley foundry iron in May was $33.

Steel — Occasional odd lots of steel re-
under Government specifications,
chiefly forging steel, are coming into the
market, but there is nothing in ordinary
soft steel, except as allocated by the Gov-
ernment. The set prices remain: Billets.
$47.50; small billets. $51: sheet bars. $51;
slabs. $50; rods. *

Mill h. OI HI \ I10N.N

STOCK QUOTATIONS- Continued

\ \ 1 Xi II t Jin,,. 1 HUSTON I X. II •Jul..- I

Ferroalloys

Ferromanganese — inquiry is light Sellers
are firm at {250 delivered, for 70 r, . but it
is not certain that the $4 unit price for
higher manganese content is always ob-
strictly. Spiegeleisen is $70. fur-
nace, for 16 to 1*'.. and can hardly be
had. even for July shipment.

Coke

Connellavllle — Production In the region

continues to run at about 240.1

week, with car supplies usually adequate,
but with some difficulty as to labor, the
men not putting in full time Slightly

oke is appearing in the open
ket. hut only as foundry t'l Li
operators always have 72-hour coke, i
Monday or Tuesday, and can get Ji
more for it from foundries than from fur-
•; .- are few foundry coke con-
running, so there is a good <

i reened
from old dumps is moving at the
many carloads a day. and is bringing as
high as $6.50. The market remains quot-
prices: Furnace. $6; foun-
drv. 72-ho d. $7 ; crushed, over

1-in.. $7.30 ton at ovens. Coke

'reigj,- 'in lbs., advani i

25 if the existing rate is und. i

10c. on $1 to $1.99,
60c. on $2 to $2.39 and 75c. on $3 and
higher. This will make rates from the
ellsville region as follows: Pittsburgh,
$1.15; Wheeling and Valleys. $1.75; Cleve-
land. $2 15; F.i Toledo and Buf-
falo. $2.60; Chicago, $3.25.

tlasKa cold xi
i Juneau

\m Sim .V Rel ...Mil
i A Kit . I'f

[■! \

:,-

no, pt

nda

-in
Bethlehem SI

hem Steel, pt.
luu te a Superloi

v /.III,'

t vrro ilr P&aoO.

Chili' Cop

Chin..

Colo I in I A Iron .

Crucible Steel

CruelblcStecl.pl

I 111, s

1M.43
i XI AS., pt
Greal Nor . ore ''if
Greene Canaoea
Gulf states Steel

Inspiration I

EntcroatlonalNlekel

Kenn n

Lackawannt

in Pet rol
i topper.

Nat'll i :"i com

National Lead, pt

Nov ' !onsol

' intarlo Min

!ii as .com.
Republic ias, pt.

beflleld
Tennessee ( ' A c
1 1 s, steel, com.
c s Steel, pt

Utah i ;opper

Va Iron o AC . .

75)

llll

ss

...
I..

531

1

M

III

421

1,1

»>i

:;■■

KM

v..

BE

■

281

93,
271
67
9$ J
201

'i :

25

86 1

99

671

lsi

ion

1 !»]
791
72

ctts

V Y CURBt

June 4

Big i >edge

Butte a- N v

Hull- | i.irolt

donla

( ilium, i ,v .Jerome
■ op ' 'orpn

< '.-irllslf

COl \rlz Sin

i hi. i :oppermlnes

Con. N't-v.-Utah

Bmma <'on

E-Mrst N'at ("op

Goldneld » on

Goldneld Merger...

< ireenmonstei . ,

Hecla Min

Howe Pound

Jerome Verde

Kerr Lake

Louisiana

Macma

Majestic

Marsh

McKlnlry-Dar-Sa..

Mllford

Mohican

Mother Lode

N V. * Hnnd. . . .
Nlplsslnc Mines ..
Nixon Nevada. . .

Ohio Cop

Rawley

Ray Hercules. . .

Richmond

Rochester Mines. .
st Joseph Lead.. .

Standard S. L

Stewart

Success

Tonopah

Tonooah Ex

Trlbullion

Troy Arizona

United fop

United WrdeExt.

United 7Anr

Utlca Mines

!A

301
1A

iH
II

fi|
t,'.

.211

ill

.25
t.02i

4

14!
SH
5.75

30'

.25
.04
.40
HI
.Ofi
.47
tl21
18 80
.61

»2?

4i

1.56

.45

15

A

.21 i

.091

~\

1A

*:?§

H

t 08

Adventure

\hnu-ck

■

Allouei
Arli. Com.,

\rtu>ld
I

Butte*Ba)aklava
Calumel a irl
Calumel a Hecla
Centennial
Copper Range

I >.ih \\ ..st

Davis-Daly . .
Baal Butte

I rankliii
( Iraiihy

Hancock

Bodies

Helvetia

Indiana

Lie
Keweenaw
i ake
La Salle
m aaon \ allej

Mass

Mayflower

Mohan i.
New Orcadian

New Mrla

North Butte
North Lake
Ojlbway

Old Dominion. . . .

Osceola

Quiney

81 Mary's M. L...
Santa Pe

Seneca

-JhniitKili

shattuck-Ariz. . . .

«o. Lake

So. Utah

superior
Superior & Host.

riinits

Tuolumne

I S Smelting. . .

r s smelt'g, pf.

Utah Apex

Utah con

Utah Metal

victoria

Winona

Wolverine

Wyandot

.30

■III

18

Til
•111

13 j
i\

74

7:

112

.2(1
1

Bl

8lj

'It,
60

76
40
51
73
49

16

9)

4
16

11
.12

41

i

.96
41 i

431

lo"

M
ii

27
50

BOSTON CURB* June 4

SAN FRAN.'

Alta
Andes

Best A: Belcher
' laledonla

Challenge <'on

Contldenee
Con. Virginia

Id A Curry .
Hale & Norcross... .

Jacket-Cr. I't

Mexican

Occidental

Ophlr

Overman

Savage

Sierra Nevada

I .,ti
nun Con
Dnl

.Hill Butler

MacNamara

Midway
Mont -Tonopah.
'. i, rth star
,i
i nd i on
\tlanta

Booth

i :omb. Prac
Florence . .
Jumbo Extension..
Kewanafl

Nevada Hills

ida Packard...
BiHinfi Mountain..

■ Pii
WTilteCaps

Die Jin.

United F.astcrn. . .

02
06
01
.05
03
04
33
02
.02
.06
45

: no

or,
in

03
14
68

00
69

is
06
.12
.11

us

SI

05
03

t.02

10

.09

.03

03

.24

.25

.04

.37

1.75

3 50

Alaska Mines Corp.
Bingham Mines. .

Boston Ely

Boston & Mont
Butte A Lon'n Dev.

Calaveras

Calumct-Corbin —

Chief Con

Cortez

Crown Reserve

crystal Cop

Faciei Blue Bell ..

Gila Copper

Houghton Copper.
Intermountaln
Iron Cap

Mexican Metals. ..
Mines of America...
MojaveTuncsten.
N'at, Zinc A Lead, .
Nevada-Douglas... .

New Baltic

New Cornelia

Oneeo

Pacific Mines

Rex Cons

Yukon Gold

.12
10
.80
.49
.19

J. 01

oIA

.10

.22

11

117

50

t.05

18

.32

1}
.11
.21
70
.80
181
.20
1.35
09
1

SALT LAKE*

June 3

Bannack
Cardiff

Colorado Mining.. .

Daly

Empire Copper . .

Cold Chain

Orand Central

Iron Blossom

Judge .

Lower Mammoth

May Day

Moscow

Prince ( 'on

Btco Wellington
Stiver-King i toa I !
-liver King Con

Sioux Con

so. Hecla

Tlntic Standard....

I'ncle Sam

Walker Cop

Wllbert

Yankee

J. 26
3.85
.08
1.70
1 92
1 04
t 45
39!
5 50
1.03

Oil

t 05

.58

.11

1.47!

1 55

.03

.65

:i (,-"

.02
tl.SS
1 14
1.02)

TORONTO'

Adanac

Bailey

Beaver Con

Chambers Eerland
Coniaeas
Hargraves

La Rose
Peterson Lake. . . .

Temlskamlng

Wittlaufer-Lor. . .

Davidson

i lome Lxten

Dome Lake

Hollinger

Mclntyre

Newray

Porcll, Crown

lecli-Hughes

Vipond

West Dome

Cum siltlNcs June 1

I i • \ 1 )ON

\pt i,1,

■ "ii

l 661

Burma Corp

ii OsM

Dootor Jaeb Pol

031

( 'am A Motor

0 110

i ilkton Con. ...

in

I imp Bird. . .

II 7 II

11 I'aso

12

i lore

o so

Gold Sovereign, .

OS

1 BparanM ....

II S 1',

i ;, .id, -ii i \ ci,

i 88

Mexican Mines

. , II

Granite

211

Mm i lorn i 'an

11 10 3

Isabella

HI

Ncclll, pill

II HI o

' i . ■ l v 63

115

Oroville

11 17 ',)

Portland

.86

SI. John del Itcy

0 III 0

1 .1 1 .i.l.l M

14

Santa Qert'dlS.

o 13 II

\ indicator

111

Tomboy

OI, :

in. I prices i Closing prliia. 1 Last Quotations.

MONT1II ^ AVERAGE PRICES OF METALS

New York

London

Silver

111 16

1917

1918

1916

1917

1 !l 1 8

Jan

.... .'.',,

75 630

ss 7IIJ

21', 111,11

.11, lis.'

11 :m

Feb

77 886

86 710

26 07.',

:t7 712

12 702

Mar

7:1 881

ss 082

27 7.07

:tii nil

13 1,20

April

ill US

71 876

5 ii-

:ui r.ii_>

36 or.:'.

1, 21.,

May

71 269

7 1 746

99.505

35.477

87.940

IS. (ISO

June

or, 024

70 'i.i

;u ih'.ii

:lo 065

July

i, • 'Mil

7'i (Mil

30 nun In 1 111

auk

66 083

86 i"7

31 I'.is 43.418

Sept.

68 .1..

lllll 7111

32 .',sl

7,0 02(1

. i, I

67 855

s7 383

32 361

1 1 324

7 1 804

86 sol

.11 102

43 684

Dec

7.". 711.'.

85.960

36.410

43.052

Year, . .

.01

XI 417

31.316

40.851

New York quotations oenta per ounce troy. One silver;
London, pence per ounce, sterling sliver, 0.925 fine.

Nru N . , r I .

London

Copper

1 It'll r<>]\ ll,'

Standard

1 le rolytlo

1917

IMS

1917

1918

1917

1918

Jan

rep

Mar

April .

May...

June....

July.

Aug

Sept.. .

Oct

Nov. . .
Dec...

2s 1,73
3 1 750
3 1 1SI
27 037,
2.S 7SS
"i 962
211 1121)
2.. ISO
27, 1173
23 7,011
23 7,1111
23 . 500

23 500
23 7.00

2.1 ..III!
". ,00

23.500

131.921
137.895

I30 77,0
133 S12
130,000
130 01)0
17S 4()'.l
122 301
1 1 7 . 500

mil

110.000

1

110 000

110 000

1 ill nun
ii i hoi)
110.000

112 SO,-,

148. 100
151.000

117 1 is
142 000
142 11011

1 III lll'l

137 1)011
137, 260
I2.r> llllll
127. 11110
125.000

125. 000

l '.', ono
127, llllll
1 ',, Olio
125.000

Year

27.180

124.892

LIS .llll

Tin

January

February

March

April

May

June.

July

August

September

October

November

December

Av. year

1917

44.175

7.1 120
54 388

7,7. 910
63 '73
62.053
62 7,711

1.2 l,s I
1,1 542
1,1 s.,1
71 710
87.120

85.500

'.12 01111

(a)

1.802 . . 237.663

1917

185.813
Ills 07-i
207.443
220.171
245.114
242.083
242.181
L43.97S
244.038
247 . 467
274 943
298 . 656

(a) No average computed.

Lead

January...
February. .
March. .
April.

May .

June

July

August .
September
October. .
November....
December

New York

1917

7 626

8 636

9 199

0 2SS

10 207

11 171
II) 710

III r.'.ll

s 680

6 710

6 249
6.375

Year.

1918

6 782
6 973
7.201
6 77 2

0. SIS

1917 I 1918

7.5301 6.684

K 7,1)7,1 6 899

9 120
9.158

10 2112

11 123
10 614
ll) 518

8.611
6 67)0
6.187
6.312

8 787 1 8.721

7 . 09 1
li. .01
6.704

1917

30 7,1111

311 7,110

311 5110

30 7,110

30 7,1111

311 7,1)0

311 7,110

311 7,1111

30 500
30.500

311 Mill

30 5011

1918

29 50
29.50
29 50
2 ..50
29.50

30.500 .

June 2

.095

ii :
27,
II '
2.90
07'
40
no:

27!

04

31

In

lo

1 86

1.25

.181

.12

1 45

• io;

.101

New York

St. Louis

London

Spelter

1917

1918

1917

1918

1917

1918 |

January

February .

April

May

June

July

September..
October.. . .
November .
December..

9.619

II) 1115
10.300
9.469
0 362
9 371
8 0 13
8 360
8 136
7 0-3
7,847
7.685

7.836

7 Sll
7.461

11 ^ 0

7 .314

9.449

9.875
10.130
9.2S9
0 102
9.201
8 473
s loo
7 966
7 813
7.672
7.510

7.661
7 . 639
7.286
0 71
7. 114

48.329
47.000

17 llllll
54 632
7,4 01)0
.',4 llllll
54 000
7,1 llllll

7,1 ono

7,1 Olio
7,1 01)11
54 000

7,1 llllll
54 000
54 1100
,3 . 000
54 . 000

8 901

8.813

52.413

New Y'ork and St. Louis quotations, cents per pound.
London, pounds sterling per long ton.

Pig Iron.

Bessemer!

Basic!

No. 2
Foundry

Pgh.

1917

1918

1917

1918

1917

1918

January

February

March

April

May
June
July

August ...
September.
October..
November .
December. .

S35 95

'.', 17
37 37
42 23

10 'll

54 22
57 45
54 17
Ii, n
37 27,
37.25
37.25

537.25
37 25
37.25
30 17,
36.20

S30.95
3D 96
33 49
38.90
12 si
60.06
.',3 SI)
7,0 7.7

42.24
33 95
33.95
33.95

S33.95

33 07,
7,:'. 07,
32 95
33.00

S30 95
30.95
35 '.l\
40 (16
43.60
50.14
7,3 07,
53.95
1^ 58
33.95

33.95

533.9.'

33 9.'

33.9:

3 ". 0.'
3 1 III

Year..

(48 57

$39 62

S40 S3

1 As reported by W. P. Snyder A Co.

June 8, 1918 ENGINEERING AND .MINIM, JOURNAL

i urn iiuiiiiiuiiiiiiiititi liuiiiiiiuiuiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii niiiuiiiiiiiiiiuiiuiuuiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimiiiiniii iiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiii urn in,-

I

Current Prices— Materials and Supplies

lllllllllllllliliiliiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiii i mi i IN||

HON \\l) STEEL

SHEETS i ,i

warehouse, also the

Blue Annealed

No 1(1

V. 1

Ho i i
Black

N.i- I 8 „,,| 30

•' mi. i a i

v. --.,
v, :8

10

I
St.

In varli in>m

Mill Lots

I'll Is!,, i b

iMIZCtl

No. 10

\ i 12
Ho ii
Noa 18 and 20

llll. I -.'1

So s

I Ml

I v.,

I :m
;. oo

5.85

-
:. OS
6 •:.".

? 17

T 32

. i .

6 .in

a so

8.80

- I.i

s i.

mi.

II Mi

7.1S

; -u

i. I i
fi IS

i.i
Til

7 711
- oo

■s .'III

B i,i,

7 in
7 III

s. ...I

7 30

7 In

* I..

:i 06
!i 20

i, ..,,

STEEL BAILS — The Following quotatii i , gross i,,n r.,i,

r- — Pittsburgh ., , Chicago ,

( ur One

rent v,

Standard bessemer rails ii:i 38.0~0

Btandard openhearth rails 65 in 00

Light rails. 8 to in lb '3 I35i i b

rails 12 to 14 lb. . . *3.09 i LOO lb

Light rails. 25 to 46 lb. . . *3.00 .1 i.) 53.00

'Government price per loo lb

.; ,

•3.1351 1 b ,

•:; 09
•3 mi i i

I

63 mi

TRACK SUPPLIES— The following prid

l ., .1. Pittsburgh tor carload lots, together with the war, i.
prices at the places named :

, Pittsburgh , s

0"' Fran

Current \. , , ,,,. ago St. Lou

Standard railroad spikes

A -in and larger J3.90 S3.85 S4.50 15.30 S6.4S

FjK* bolts J.90

Standard section angle bars 3.25 I Premium 4 .pit

1 STRUCTURAL MATERIA I.— The following are the base prices
[o.b mill. Pittsburgh, together with the quotati,,- SO lb

from warehouses at the places named:

Mill, , — NewYork-^

Pitts- Cur- 1 Yr St. Chi- Fran

burgh rent Ago Louis eago Cisco Dallas

Channels. 3 to Id in 3.00 4.195 3.95 4.27 4 75 190 5 50

Angles 3 to 6 in. "4 in. thick 3.00 4.195 3.95 4.27 4.75 4.90 :, So

Tee v .i in and larger 3.00 4.195 3.95 4 '.'7 4 7.", 4 00 5 50

rl",es 3.25 4.44.-, 4 7.-,-:, 4.52 5.00 5.26 6.00

• kTEEIY SHEET PILING— The following price is base per 100 lb

I o.b. Pittsburgh with a comparison of a month and a year ago:
Current One Month Ago One rear Ago

M-5 S.i in |3 lo

RIVETS — The following quotations are per 100 lb.:
STRUCTURAL

, Warehouse s

f — New York — s San

Mill Cur- One Chi St. Fran

„ . J , Pittsburgh rent Tear Ago cago Loin- o Pallas

% in. and larger. S4.65 S6.09W J6.50 So. 50 »5.55 16.90 $8.00

CONE HEAD BOILER

ft 1°,',.*?? larerer' fi5 619^ B-50 ■'•■"" 5.65 7.00 8.00
S ?"d ii 4.90 6.34% 6.75 5.75 5.80 7.16 8.16

™ 2nd ■*« o.2o 6.09H 7.10 6.05 6.05 7.50

. Lengths shorter than 1 in. take an extra of 50c. Lengths between
1 IB. and 2 in. take an extra of '25c.

WIRE ROPE — Discounts from list price on regular grades of bright
»nd galvanized are as follows:

New York
** . . . . and St. Louis

<ja \anized iron rigging Ust ,

Bri^'f,?d Cal' fteeI ri^:>- Net List

Bright plow steel •>,,,

Bright east steel 1 - /

Blight iron and iron tiller .V

nam"d:RSE A*° MrLE SHOES— Warehouse prices per 100 lb. in cities

Mill Cin- Birm

Strath, Pittsburgh cinnati Chicago St. Loin- Denver ingham

PittsbuRgh,-B0X AND STEEL— Per P°und t° large buyers at mill.

Irou bars 3.5c. Steel bars 2.9e.

COAI. BIT STEEL — Warehouse price per pound is as follows:
New York Cincinnati Birmingham St. Louis Denver Chieago

SOP- SO. 16U S0.18 SO. 18 SO. 17

nun i -i i i i

W i.

Solid

1 5c

I'lii

i.i,
Steel
Inches

i ii

'.

% to 3.. ,i :

-

i :

I i

.... ii

....

BUTT WELD

in

to i '. i ■

LAP WELD

i and

to

to

1 1

LAP WELD

I , to i

to '1

EXTRA STRONG PLAU
IN

EXTRA STRONG PI LIN ENDS

I 2flfl

-

12%
1 6 %

Note — National Tube Co quol \|,r 1

for MwT "'arehou8cs al ,n' Places named the following di-.-ounis hold

New York
*4 tO -'I 111 bUtt Welded
■'P.. to (j in. lap welded ]s

Black -

:i

New York
to :i in. butt welded

•- weld,, I

St. Louis

i.ripJIalr!,h,"? fi"" ' ? and C, from New York stoek sell at list

price. last iron, standard sizes 15 and

lap

< I,

II •!■ .

niZed-

Chi.

iii I •:

MISCELLANEOUS

19

.il

in bar"T=ATI°N °U'S — Pricea "' 0lls for flotation, in cents per gallon.

, Denver .,

In 111. I In ■

_ New York Chicago Lots loadLote

Pure steam-distilled pine oil So ."",1 SO SO 1

Pure destructively distilled pine oil 18 is 'an

Pine tar oil •,.• ... •2".

Crude turpentine .... ns In i! *

Hardwood eresote ,., , , . '" .J j ,

•F.o.b. Cadilla. Mich

SODIUM CYANIDE — New York price is .17. per lb. Denver 4 1
in Chicago. 45c: in St. Louis, In,

SODIUM SULPHIDE— In New York the price per pound is i

4>,e. for concentrated. 2%c. to ■:■,.„. for crystals The Denver pri,
rw=a lsauote-,:>1 :" ■■: U>e St. Poms price. 5c. for concentrated; the
PnlloJb bbl' ' Gonoentrated comea in 500-"> '■' ratSi

ZINC nr.ST-New York priee is 18e. per lb in 16001b. barrel-
Chicago, lbc; in Denver. 13c. .fob. Pueblo: in si Louie 20c

ALUMINUM Dl ST — 'Chicago price is SI per lb.

. CALCIUM CARBIDE — Price fob ears at wareh, ust of

Mississippi River l except in Alabama, i, I Florida I is S37 50 for

.-™-e»- P lor Cnion miners' carbide. In territory between Missis-

sippi Kiver and the Roekies and in Alabai is and Florida add $5-

west of Rockies, add S10 to SI",.

LINOLEUM

materials.

-No orders being taken, owing ■ i ., of manufactunnt

HOSE —

Fire

50-Ft. Lengths

Underwriters' 2% -in 7-,r „er ft

Common J i* in . . '. ill '

Air

h in. per ft.

First grade.

First Grade Second Grade Third Grade
■ S0.60 so. .10

Steam — Discounts from list

Second grade. 10 Third grade..

40 To

RUBBER BELTING— The following discounts from list apply
to transmission rubber and duck belting:

40 % Best grade l r, e-

Competition

Standard 30%

, LEATHER BELTING— Present discounts from list in the fol-
lowing cities are as follows:

Medium Grade Heavy Grade
New York 4 0 r'- *k«-

«■. Louis ;::;:; |gf

Chicago 30—10% 40—

Birmingham 3.-, r- 40,.

Denver

RAWHIDE LACING— 40^

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 23

MA Nil \ Rnrr — For rope smaller than |-in the price i- 1 to
luantities amounting to less than BOO ft there

of lc. The number of feet per pound for the
i ■ 9 ft . J-in.. 6: J-ln.. 41; 1-t". 3J ;
-

.;-m.. ; ft 4 In Fallowing is prloe per i

. SO :il ■: Denver S>

•'"> ■",

- i FnndMii 33

- ittle JJ1*

■I

p u m\> r pound:

RubV- . lor .ow-pr $" '!"

un ' ''"

' ""

00

11"

( 1 .00

I iion 00

I ■"

•!l IINTIIOI1 .26

twisted or braided, ami graphlted. for valve

1.10

and l-lb. tails ,70

Bl 1 i: \< tc.KIl -
Chrome hriek

-Follow un: prices are fob. works Pittsburgh:
.net Ion $1

Chrome cement nel tor

brick 1st quality flnvlay pel

Clay bnek. 2nd quality per 1000

Marnesite raw

calcined ton

burned nel ton

brick " \ 1 ' \ :'.. in '" I i""

per 1000

75 on

10 ...i 00
36.00 — 4" I'D
30.00 — 35 "O
3 00— 35 "0
33.00 — 3.~>.on
no no — 125 mi
50.00 — 60 00

Standard size fir.' brick D * i'_- \ 3% In The second quality is $4

heaper i>er 1000
st Loin- — High trade, $55: St I. em- grade. $40.
Birmnn.-h.im — Fire day, ? i I i6 60

go — Second quality. $25 per ton.

.. r — Sihea $35 per 1000

K ill 11 tv TIES — For fair size orders, the following prices per

tie hold: 7 In x 9 in. 6 In. x 8 In.

Material by 8 Ft. 6 in. by 8 Ft.

Si Louis No 1 White Oak $0.95 $0.71

Chicago Plain 1 30 1 16

ChlcaKO Creosoted > 6 > 1.48

San Francisco.. Douglas Fir — Green 1.35 .90

GREASES — Prices are as follows in the following cities in
cents per pound for barrel lots:

Cincinnati Chicago St. Louis Birmingham Denver

Cup 7 :.'. 6.9 7', 10M.

Fiber or sponge 8 6 7.4 . w lo

Transmission .. 7 6 7.4 7% 13

Axle I ' - 4 3-6 3 6

G?ar P" 4% 7.0 7% 6

Car journal . . 22 (gal.) 3>4 4.5 3 6

< OTTON WASTE — The following prices are in cents per pound:

, New York .

Current One Year Ago Cleveland Chicago

White .11.00 to 13 00 12.00 16.50 12 00 to 16.50

Colored mixed.. 8.50 to 12.00 10.00 13.50 11.50 to 14.00

WIPING CLOTHS — Jobbers' price per 1000 is as follows:

13', x i:ji4 13 i4 x 20%
$62.00 $58.00

Cleveland
Chicago

If- IMI

LINSEED OIL — These prices are per gallon :

Raw
5-gal

per barrel .
cans

, — New York — ,
Current One

Year Ago
$1.58 SI .31
1 88 1.41

, — -Cleveland- — ^
Current One

Year A eo
$1.65 $1.32
1.80 1 12

50.00

, Chicago ,

Current One

Year Ago
$1.65 $1.28
1 85 1.38

•Nominal.

WHITE AND

cents per pound :

RED LEAD in 500-lb lots sell as follows in

Dry
25 and 501b. kegs 1 1 70

. 1 1 92

100-Ib. keg 1 ]

5-Ib. cans 13

lib cans 14.17

-Red-

1

In Oil
12 15

11.92

Year Ago

Dry
1 1 25
1 1 50
11.75
13 25
L8.25

, White

Current 1 Yr
Dry
and

In Oil
11.50
1 1 75

12 00

13 50
13 ,11

In Oil
11.70
11.92

11 .47';
13 27
14.17

Ago
Dry
and
In Oil
11.00
1 I 26
1 1 50

13.011

13 no

\1 18HKRS — From warehouses at the place! named the following

amount is deducted from list price:

For wroui ''i Liron washers :
New fork s:i 00 Cleveland $3 on Chicago $3.00

For cast iron waahers the base price per ion lb, is .is follows:
New York $3.50 Cleveland . . . Si"" Chicago $3.50

[TfJTS From warehouse at the places named, on fair-sized

orders, the following amount is deducted from list:

, — New York , , Cleveland > , Chicago v

Current One Current One Current One

Year Ago Year Ago Year Ago

Hot pressed square ..$1.05 $0.50 $1.40 $1.65 $1.05 S3.""
Hot pressed hexagon . . 120 1 o0 80 .00

Cold punched square.. J. 00 .75 2.00 1.00 2.60

Cold punched hexagon 1.00 SO .75 !.7o 1.00 3.00

Semifinished nuts seU at the following discounts from list price:

Current One Year Ago

New York *0%

Chicago »%%°

Cleveland 60%

MACHINE BOLTS — Warehouse discounts in the following cities:

New York Cleveland Chicago

4 in and smaller 30—5% 40—10% *°J%

Larger and longer up to 1 in. by 30 in. 30% 3o — o 3" — » .'

small lots and prloe

-v

80%

IH.iel,

Powder*

$2.40

M ,

13 '1

■.'.4:.

13

13',

2 1 ■

18 %

i

1 ".

17'..

t .40 Mi t

2.35

i \i'i iimv 1 > Price per pound of dynamite
lo lor black powder.

Low Preeiing , 1: latin

0 WTc 80*

New York $0.27% $0 14 !

$0.24 ', -.'7', 31 ',

1 19 City . . . ,20 '■'.', 33',

1 : ' . 31 %

0 IS', -J'-'*. 33

St Paul 1" 28 28

si Louie 20 1 29

Denvei is 26 l, .32 't

Dallas 28 30 <A 37 >,.

Los i»a lee .... 21 28 36

Sa icisco . . 17'. t 23% 1 30% 1

Atlanta 18* 28 ;,

• 1 . : keg. tin carload lets

CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS

ROOFING MATERIALS — rrioes per ton fob. New York or

Chicago:

Less Than

Carload Lots Carload Lots

Tar felt 1 14 lb. per square of 100 sq. ft.).... 04 66

Tar pitch 1 in 400-lb. bbl. ) 20 '.'1

Asphalt pitch , in barrels) 35 10

Asphalt felt 72.60 77.20

PREPARED ROOFINGS — -Standard grade rubbered surface
complete with nails and cement costs per square as follows in New
York and Chicago :

, l-Ply , , 2-Ply v , 3-Ply ,

c.l. l.cl. c.l. l.cl. c.l. l.cl.

No. 1 grade $1.30 $1.55

No. 2 grade 1.16 1.30

Asbestos asphalt-saturated felt
100 lb.

Slate-surfaced roofing (red and
01.95 per roll in carload lots and $2.20 for smaller quantities.

Shingles, red and green slate finish, cost $5.25 per square in car-
loads. $5.50 in smaller quantities, in Philadelphia.

$1.60 $1.75 $1.90 $2.50

1.45 1.60 1.75 1.90

114 lb. per square) costs $5.35 per

green) in rolls of 108 sq.ft. coBts

HOLLOW TILE —

4x12x12

St. Paul 056

Kansas City .075

Denver .11

Seattle .07

Atlanta .13

Los Angeles .0633

LUMBER — Price per M in carload lots:

8x12x12

.11

14

.20
.11
.19
.1071

.162
.20
.30
.16

.1966

-8 x 8-in. x 20 Ft. and Under-

Boston ....
Cincinnati ..
Kansas City.
Seattle ....
St. Paul . . .
Denver . . . .
Atlanta ....

$39.00
84.50
24.50

35.00
25.00

Fir

$38.66
38.00

■:t ;,o
51.50

Hemlock Spruce

12 x 12-In..
20 Ft. and Under
Y.P. Fir

24.50
51.50

24.50
44.00
32.00

$43.00
39.50
24.50

Boston
Cincinnati .
Kansas City
Seattle ....
St. Paul . .
Denver
Atlanta . . .

1-In. Rough. 10 In xl6Ft.
and Under
Y.P. Fir Hemlock

$42.""
40.00
24.50
60.00

311.00

30.00

2-In. T. and G.
10 In. x 16 Ft.
Y.P. Fir

$45.00
47.25
24.50
57.00
35.00
36.00

53.00
24.50
39.00
32.00

$41.00
53.00
24.50
38.50
32.00

$43.00
54.50
24.50
44.00

25.00

$40.00
r,s nil
24.50
44.00
22.00

NAILS — The following quotations are per keg from warehouse:
Mill St. San

Pittsburgh Louis Dallas Chicago Francisco

Wire $3.50 $4.30 $4.75 $4.25 $4.80

Cut 4.00 5.25 4.40 6.40

PORTLAND CEMENT — These prices are for barrels in
lots, including bags:

Current One Month Ago One

New York $2.59 $2.59

Jersey City 2.60 2.60

ggfiSo :::::::: lie -v™

PittsbSrgh 2.46 2.46

SSS?-. ::::::::.:.:. :::.:: ill 158

carload

Year Ago
$2.40

2.16

2.20

2 1"

2 16

2 29

2.89

1.1ME — Warehouse prices

Hydrated per Ton
Finished Common

Lump per 300-Lb Barrel
Finished Common

New York $16.50

$13 50
19.20
17.50

f2.35

2.15
1.80t

K ^ t. City 2120

If-JJg

St. Louis 14.00

Boston 0 00

Dallas J-g.50

San Francisco fZ-Sx

St. Paul 17.00

Atlanta Vo'AA

Cincinnati l~.4-J

•Per 180-lb. barrel. 1200 lb. barrels.

Note — Refund of 10c. per bag. amounting to $2 per ton.

17.00

14.00

l:

12.18

52.10
2.05
l.lOt
1 .50
1.95

1.85

1 ' 5

1 !'0«

Engineering and Mining Journal

Volume 105

June- 15, 191S

■

RESIDUAL ORE IN THE WALLS OF RETIMBERED CAVED STOPES IS SHOI OUT BEFORE PILLING WITH WASTE

Recovering Caved Stopes in Narrow Veins— I

By CLAUDE T. RICE

The reopening of a caved slope lias two objects —
recovery of the caved ore, and preparation of
the gromid for the resumption of stoping opera-
tions. The tvidth of the caved area and the ability
of the ground to arch itself over the cave are
controlling factors that determine the method
used in reopening the working. Stopes often
cave because of extraordinary and unforeseen
physical conditions of the orebody. In the Coeur
d'Alenes the narrow vein-like lodes are char-
acterized by the occurrence occasionally of en-

IN THE most carefully stoped mines, caving will
occur at times if the ground suddenly becomes
heavy. If the ore widens in the vein, and it becomes
necessary to stope greater widths than previously, a
much greater weight is thrown upon the timbers than
before, as the weight of ore or back, supported either
by timbering or self-supported by the cohesion of the
ground itself, increases rapidly in proportion to the
length of span over which the back must arch itself.

lariK ments of the lodes, or kidneys of ore, ac-
companied by highly fractured walls, a common
cause of caving. At the Hecla mine, which is
timbered with stull sets, caved stopes are re-
covered by working dovm through the broken
ore from above. The back is first caught up and
then retimbered from top to bottom as the caved
ore is withdrawn from below. The retimbered
stope is subsequently waste filled, and normal
conditions are thereby reestablished. The proc-
ess has proved practicable, safe and efficient.

The sub-arch, or zone of ground below the natural arch
or dome to which the ground would slough in order
to support itself, represents the weight that is coming
upon ths timbers of the stope, as shown in Fig. 1.

Often, in wide orebodies, stopes cave below a flat
fault, the presence of which is wholly unsuspected,
for no special precautions are taken in order to hold
the working. So long as the block of un-hattered
ground between the stope and the fault is thick enough

1070

ENGINEERING v.\l> MLMXi; .101 knai.

Vol. 105, No. 24

..'.low the back to arch itself across the opening, the

I upon the timbers is little greater than usual. Bui

just as soon as the arch encroaches upon the fault,

there is a collapse, and a great mass of rock is released,
the weight coming BO suddenly upon the timbers that
the pressure exceeds their power of resistance, Usually
the weight conies bo suddenly that it is impossible to

rush in cribs and reinforcing timbers quickly enough
-ave the stope. But occasionally, if an abundant
supply of timbers is kept on hand upon the different
levels, it is possible even then to prevent a cave.

Nabrow Stopes (.ave Because of Top Weight
In mining narrow steeply dipping veins that re-
quire timbering it is not usually a weak back that
causes the trouble, except as a consequence of weak
walls. When stopes cave along narrow veins, it is

/
I
I
I

GENERAL

FIG. 1 CROSS SECTION OP TIMBERED AND PARTLY

•FILLED STOPE, SHOWING ZONES OF WALL AND

BACK ARCHING

almost always the effect of top weight coming sud-
denly from the back that crushes and collapses the
timber sets. Occasionally, and then only when the
walls are highly fractured and filling has been per-
mitted to lag behind the back so that five or six floors
are left open, does the unsupported arch which extends
into the side walls, as shown in Fig. 1, become too great
for the strength of the wall rock. Still, even in narrow
veins that have never been faulted, and which are char-
acterized by fairly strong walls, the ore itself is often
so greatly shattered by subsequent movement along
the plane of the vein, and frequently as a result is so
broken up by slickensides, talc seams and clay gouges,
that a cave results. For in such ground the weight is
likely to come suddenly and erratically upon the timber-

ing, as the talc and gouge, especially if damp, act as
excellent lubricants to cause the ore to slip upon itself
when the back tries to arch itself across the stope.
Especially is this somewhat peculiar condition of ground
to be met when the ore occurrence, as in the Coeur
d'Alenes, is the result of the mineralization of a frac-
tured zone rather a single open fissure.

Occasionally when a fault cuts through the vein or
when the ore itself is much shattered, the timbers in
a narrow stope will hold even with several floors of the
stope unfilled. But in order to minimize the occurrence
of caves the filling should be kept as close to the back
as is consistent with efficient mining and economical
handling of the ore in the stopes. In the past there
was much greater inclination to let filling lag far be-
hind mining than at present, but even now it is not
amiss to remind mining men of the great importance
which waste filling has in preventing the weight that is
thrown upon the timbering of a stope from becoming
excessive.

When narrow stopes cave it is frequently the result
of a peculiar combination of conditions not previously
understood. Often the ore along comparatively narrow
veins "makes out" into the walls in the form of wide
kidneys or lenses, enlarged to two or three times the
average width of the vein, and such kidneys of ore are
usually accompanied by considerably fractured walls.
1 hese lenses usually are found either where the vein
crosses an earlier fissure that permitted tha ore solu-
tions to mineralize both it and the broken-up ground
between, or at points where brittleness caused the wall
rocks to shatter more than usual. In either instance
the walls of the stope will be much weaker than else-
where on the vein, and, unfortunately, this condition
occurs at stoping widths where it is most essential that
the walls be strong.

Swelling of Lodes and Widening of Stopes, Sources
of Frequent Caves

Often wide kidneys along narrow veins can be stoped
without great difficulty. Little trouble is experienced
usually in working out the lower part; but in stoping
the upper portion, when the width of the stope is rapidly
diminishing, the conditions, as shown in Fig. 2, are
such as to make a cave extremely probable. In the
lower part of such a kidney or lens the width of the
stope increases rapidly, but fortunately the shape of
the walls is such as to prevent the stope from caving,
for the back arches itself from the walls much as if
they were the buttresses of a bridge, while whatever
top weight may come upon the timbers tends simply
to tighten them more securely in the blocking. Un-
fortunately, in the upper part of the kidney, mining
conditions are reversed.

Between the converging hanging walls the full effect
of wall and back fracturing combines to destroy the
arch, and the back becomes a bridge from which the
buttresses have collapsed, with resulting caving of the
unsupported arch. The consequence of this condition
is that, instead of the back being able to arch itself
across the stope from the walls at points immediately
above the timbers, it has to find a footing higher up in
the walls, throwing a greater weight of sub-arch upon
the timbers, and the stope begins to collapse. When
only one or two floors are open, frequently the timbers

June 15, 1918

ENGINEERING AND MINIM, JOl RNAL

IU71

will stand long enough to permil cribs and reinfoi

ing sets to be rushed in, and the Btope to be saved.
But usually the weight cornea so suddenly thai noth

can be done to prevent caving of the stop-. Once the
ground is really in motion, it is useless to try to Bave
a Btope, although even then it may be possible to
rush cribs and doubling-up sets in fast enough to
hold the bottom tloor open when several floors of the
stupe have been left unfilled.

Caving Ceases When Caved Ore Supports the
Walls Enough for Back To Arch Itself

In a narrow vein, it is seldom that ground will con-
tinue to cave until the stope fills itself clear to the
back. Generally the ore caves just enough to give
.sufficient support to the walls for the back to find foot-

EIG. 2. CAVING STARTS WHEN THK ARCH OP THE BACK
FAILS TO RECEIVE PROPER WALL SUPPORT

ings strong enough to enable it to form an arch across
the top of the cave. But usually the cave will have by
then eaten up into a narrower part of the vein or else
to a point where both the walls and the ore itself are
much less fractured. Typically considerable open space
will remain between the pile of caved ore and the back.

Sufficient time for establishing this state of equilib-
rium must be given before attempting to reenter the
stope: When the back and walls are naturally strong,
and the orebodies narrow, though occasionally even in
orebodies so wride as to require square setting, it is pos-
sible to begin this in a few weeks after the cave oc-
curred. If the ore is weak, however, and the orebody
wide, it may be necessary to wait several years before
it is safe or economical to reopen the stope.

The time-honored method of reopening caved stopes,
whether they be in narrow or wide ore occurrences,
is to begin at the bottom and work up through them.
This is true largely because practically all our methods
of reopening caved workings are based upon methods
developed in the course of recovering caved stopes in
wide orebodies. But this practice is fundamentally
wrong. It is wrong no matter whether the caved work-

iri- is will.- Hi- narrow, as I hope to prove In tin- and
another series of articles dealing with the problem, i'1"'
ii..t inii\ is but, i-,; I ii/ Into con-

sideration, it heaper, t" work down through the

caved ore than it is to try to come up through it from
below, with runs of ore and serious accident ata
imminent. Moreover, this ts true whether the ore has
arched itself over the cavi ei ill] the case when

the cave has occurred along a vein characterized by
narrow stoping widths, or the stope has been so wide
and the walls so weak thai the back could not arch
itself over the opening, and so both walls and hack
have closed in completely. This discussion will not be
theoretical, but it will be based upon mining practice
under widely differing conditions that have come under
my own personal observation. Therefore while most
mining men will no doubt think it rather absurd to
argue that ore can be obtained not only much more
safely but also fully as cheaply by working down
through a caved stope in such a camp as Bisbee or Butte,
I believe that my observations will go a long way toward
making many readers resolve to try at the earliest op-
portunity the methods that I outline. As the reopening
of a caved stope in a narrow ore occurrence is much
less difficult than the recovering of a caved working in
a wide deposit, I will discuss that problem in this series,
and leave the other for the next.

Back Timbered From Top of Caved Ore

The procedure to follow in recovering narrow caved
stopes is to work in to the top of the caved ore pile from
one end, usually by stoping to the necessary height in
the undisturbed ore next the cave.

With ore that is strong enough to arch itself securely
over the caved area, the back can be caught up with
temporary timber supports. By this means miners are
protected from a sloughing back, and the timbers will
give ample warning if the back again begins to take
weight. The problem thereafter is to support the
walls as the height of the "muck pile" is lowered.
The more usual procedure is to begin mucking out the
ore from the edge, drawing it out from below at one end
of the pile and securing the walls with timber sets as
fast as room is made. If the walls can be supported
promptly and at regular intervals during removal of
the fill, so that the span of the arch is not permitted
to increase, the back will stand indefinitely.

In the case of caved stopes in veins of stulling widths,
there is far more latitude in the method used in getting
out the ore and catching up the back than in the case
of a caved stope in a naturally wide ore occurrence; for
when a square-set stope has caved, it is either a case
of booming out the ore by means of suspended square
sets, working downward from the top in sections, or
of waiting for several months until disintegration of
the gangue minerals and the weight that comes upon
the pile from the walls and back consolidate the broken
ore sufficiently for it to stand over an opening a set
or two in area w-hile room is being made for timbers.

Ore Conditions in the Hecla Mine, Burke, Idaho

As the methods of recovering caved stopes in nar-
row veins are based upon the practice that has been
developed at the Hecla mine at Burke, Idaho, in the

•

ENGINEERING AND MIXING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 24

i district, 1 will outline the ore conditions

which cl ' hat mine as well as the method

used in mining the ore. In the western part of the

ir d'Alene the lodes dip close to 80 and show a

tendency to "make out" into the walls at certain points,
thereby forming large kidneys of ore ranging from 20

10 ft. or more in width, along vein-like deposits

.lly only from 8 to 10 ft. wide. The walls are
quaruite. and generally stand fairly well, although

D showing tendencies in places to slab off as they
take weight.

The orebodies which have made the Hecla mine
famous occur along fracture zones that generally follow

't. porphyry dike. Some ore occurs independently
of this dike, but the main ore occurrence follows it
closely. The mineralization makes out laterally into
the crushed quartzite walls, with indefinite limitations.
Generally the ore zone is from 8 to 14 ft. wide, but

aently it expands laterally to form rich lenses.
When such lodes widen out into large kidneys of ore,
and there is a clay selvage or gouge at the boundaries
of the minable width, it is almost impossible to carry
up a stope without having it cave. A regular system of
handling caves has been evolved at the Hecla by work-
ing downward and using spliced stull sets up to widths
of 30 ft. and for distances as great as 100 ft. along a
vein caved to a height of 60 feet.

Ore Mined With Stull Sets and the Stopes
Filled Later

Caved stopes occur more frequently at the Hecla than
at most of the mines in the Coeur d'Alenes. The reason
for this is the system of mining. The endeavor is to
mine the ore at as low cost as possible, with due regard
to the safety of the stopes, so as to get a maximum
tonnage at a minimum cost, rather than a clean product.

But the method has not been developed merely to
get the ore out of the stope cheaply. Owing to the
manner in which the ore has been formed, it is not
unusual to break into a rich seam of galena on an
upper floor which comes into the stope from the side
and below, and so has not been found in mining the ore
on the lower floors. Unless a considerable height of
stope were kept open, it would be expensive to go back
to get this ore. In fact the expense would be pro-
hibitive, and either a great deal of money would have
to be spent in prospecting the walls of the stopes or
much rich ore would be left in them. Indeed, with all
the prospecting, much ore would be lost, so I believe
that the method of mining which has been developed at
the Hecla mine has had more to do with making it the
important producer that the property has been in the
last few years than any other one thing, for in all my
mining experience I have never seen a method so ad-
mirably adapted to the ore occurrence as the Hecla
stull-set and waste fill method.

Briefly, the method consists in mining the ore over-
hand in horizontal slices three floors high, with sub-
sidiary stope tramming for each slice. As soon as a
slice has been mined across the block, the stope track
ifi raised three sets, and the floors below are filled with
waste. This waste filling is obtained either from the
surface or from development work, as all the rock
broken in a stope is sent to the surface and sorted, the

waste being sent back into the mine for use as filling in
the stopes through a waste raise. As there is a tram-
ming floor always open, and as the floor above is always
left open so as to aid in getting the ore through the
cross-boards, there are five and sometimes six floors
open by the time that three floors have been mined
across the stope.

Instead of putting in simple stulls to hold the stopes
open, stull sets are used; that is, the stulls are carried
by posts and braced sideways by girts from one another.
This is done for two purposes: First, in order to keep
the floors level in the stopes, for otherwise the stulls
would have to be carried at right angles to the dip
of the vein; and, second, so that when a seam of ore
is found on an upper floor to be making down into a
wall, that wall can be shot out on the lower floors with-
out stulls dropping out, as would be the case were they
not carried by these posts.

Round timbers from 10 to 16 in. in diameter are
used for the stull caps in these sets, and stulls are put
in up to 16 ft. in length. Above that width of stope
the stulls have to be spliced, as it is difficult to get
longer timbers through the manways. The stull caps
are put in at 5-ft. centers horizontally, and at 9-ft. cen-
ters vertically. They have headboards both along the
foot and the hanging wall. Always two and usually
three 3-in. planks, 2* ft. long, are used at each end
in forming these "headings," so as to provide a cross-
grain cushion from 6 to 9 in. thick at each wall to pro-
tect the stull from being broken by the initial creep of
the ground, which is heavy, as 45 ft. is left open
vertically along the vein, and occasionally 54 ft., by
the time that the tramming tracks are raised to take
out another slice along a stope.

The posts of the stull sets fit into 1-in. daps cut into
the stulls in the stopes with hand saw and adze. These
posts are generally about 10 in. in diameter, as they
do not have to carry much top weight except when it
iz necessary to shoot out one of the walls or a stope
begins to take weight owing to bad ground. As the
stulls are much larger than the posts, separate girts
or collar braces are used to brace the caps and posts
of the different stull sets from one another.

The level interval varies throughout the mine, but
is usually 250 or 300 ft. Stopes vary greatly in length,
being usually several hundred feet long. Raises for
sending waste filling down into the stopes are generally
from 250 to 300 ft. apart, while manways and chutes
are carried up at 50-ft. intervals. These are arranged
rather peculiarly. They are made three sets wide,
and the manway is placed on one side, the timber slide
on the other, and the chute — a box chute of special
design — in the center.

An effort is made at the Hecla to minimize the han-
dling of ore in the stopes. Therefore, instead of adher-
ing to the older practice of the district, of carrying the
filling close to the back and of keeping a mucking
floor immediately below the mining floor, the present
method is to drop the ore down several floors to a cross-
board system of lagging immediately above the tram-
ming floor, and to run most of it into a car and thence
to the nearest chute, with little, if any, shoveling.

The floors in the stopes are laid with single 3-in.
planks of random widths. The cross-board floor is of

June 16, 1918

ENGINEERING Wl» MINING JOURNAL

peculiar construction, ii consists simply of ordinary
:>-in. plunks with a plank 12 in. wide taken out directly
over the center of the track <>u the tramming Boor.
The two planks forming the side of this opening are
nailed to the siull caps i" prevent them from slipping.
Then this opening is closed with a series of .".in. planks,
12 in. wide and about 18 in. long, placed crossways
with the opening, and therefore side by sid ■. Pi<
of :?xio in. plank 10 in. long are then nailed to the
under side of the cross-hoard pieces, so as to keep
them from being kicked out of position. The ore is
worked through to the car below by removing the cross-
boards one at a time, at the edge of the pile. Thi
is a mucking development somewhat similar to the
Australian "Chinaman" chute system that originated
independently to meet the requirements of the method of
mining at the Hecla.

As not only the wall rock but also the ore is strong,
being a mineralized quartzite, no trouble is usually ex-

..•111 be ■ afelj di aw n, it in i nd sti ong en<

to require blasting after the stop, • a QUed with

waste and normal toping operatioi ned.

At the Hecla, cavi d t come without con iderable

warning, and general!] ample opportunity la afforded
in winch to reinforci the timbers sufficiently at i
to hold the tramming Boor open, and often there will

time left also to reinforci tl board floor above.

As it is top weight oftenet than Bide weight thai gives
the trouble, more post required. Reinforcing po

are stood, as shown in Fig. •''.. on stringers laid cross-
wise to the -lulls between the original post . and directly
support the Jtull above. Sufficient floor lagging is
removed to make room for the stringers. These string-
do not tie together the stull caps above, for if
a Btringer were interposed under the stull caps and on
Lop of the helper posts, it would interfere with in-
mediate stull sets, should such become Di to
hold the ground. If time still permits, and there is

FIG. 3. TIMBER REINFORCEMENT
ON TRAMMING FLOOR

FIG. 4 THE BACK IS CAUGHT UP
OVER TOP OF CAVED FILL

FIG. 5 THE WALLS SOMETIMES
SLOUGH AWAY FROM TIMBER

perienced in holding a stope open even for five floors,
and for considerable periods, when, owing to shortage
of waste, delayed filling is unavoidable. Occasionally,
however, the stopes will cave, and often this occurs soon
after the tramming tracks have been raised and the
lower three floors filled. Now that it has been found
that these caved stopes can be mined at little, if any,
greater cost than those which do not cave, and that
often the lowest-cost ore comes from caved stopes, no
great precaution is taken, as there is no especial danger.
Usually caving will continue until the ground has
stoped itself up to narrow widths in the lode, as shown
in Fig. 2, and after the caving ceases there is usually
an opening 4 to 10 ft. high between the caved ore
and the arched back. While this back must bs securely
caught up by timbering before any of the caved material

enough old timber lying along the level, bulkheads may
also be built on the tramming floor. Stringers and
helper posts, also intermediate sets if they seem neces-
sary, may also be placed on the cross-board floor. If
time remains after this much has been done, attention
is directed to strengthening the rest of the stope.

First Step of Recovery, Access to Top of Cave

When it is found impossible to hold the stope open,
it is abandoned for several days, or until the first
period of caving has ceased. Then, if still open, what-
ever additional reinforcements that may seem neces-
sary on the tramming and cross-board floors will be
put in, and an attempt made, as soon as serious slough-
ing of the back has stopped, to get in on top of the
pile. Sometimes the caves are not so high but that

1074

I NGINKKRING AND MIXING JOURNAL

Vol. 105. No. 24

- possible to get in bo the top of the pile from the

top thai part of the stope which did ool

ally, however, it will have extended to Buch

height thai this is not possible.
Sncceea in recovering caved Btopes by catching up the

-. and then working down on the muck pile depends
i :\y upon proper placing of the stulls. In catching
up the back, the stulls must be put in >vith long head-
boards and as closely spaced as required. These stulls
must hold the top weight that will first come upon them
until the nip of the walls sinks them deep into their
headboards. The headboards used for this purpose are
-in. planks 5 ft. long. The reason for using such
long headboards on these catching-up stulls is to pro-
vide grip on the walls. Generally the stulls are of such
diameter that two planks have to be put in side by side
to fully cover the end area. The stull is usually cut in
length so as to take between it and the walls at each
end a thickness of three planks and the tightening
-wedges.

Any irregularities in the walls are, of course, filled in
tightly with blocking, although it is best to get the
headboards themselves against the ground for as much
of their length as possible. The headboard scheme A,
as shown in Fig. 6, is put in so that about three feet

pcwts are placed between them. After all open spaces
along the stope have been caught up, the permanent
stulls of the stopes are worked in singly, no more wall
being left unsupported at any one time than is absolutely
necessary. Then, as soon as a stull has been worked in
under one above, the posts are entered in the 1-in.
daps between, as in regular stope sets. Longitudinal
braces are also put between the stulls and also between
the posts. When the stope gets wider than 16 ft. in the
caved workings, spliced stulls are used. These are put
in by butting two together, either over a single or
double post, using one of the stulls full length. Two
posts are always used when the shorter stull or butt
block is longer than about three feet, for, with stulls of
differing lengths, the top weight is unequally distrib-
uted, and a single post would tend to split as a con-
sequence.

Moreover, spliced stulls are put in with the spliced
ends a few inches higher than the wall ends, so that
with side pressure they will yield upward rather than
downward. To resist this movement, the butted ends
are firmly blocked by posts to the upper timbers and
then to the back. Thus, any top weight transmitted
from above through the posts tends to settle the wall
end more securely into the headboards. For the same

PIG B. DETAILS OF CATCHING-UP STULLS AND BLOCKING UNDER BACK IN STOPES WHF.RE CAVING HAS CEASED

of plank extends below the stull; then the wedges are
driven so that the lower part of the headboard is keyed
out appreciably to allow for possible top weight, before
the side pressure has compressed the ends firmly into
the headboards. Such top weight will then tighten
the stull in its headboard, blocking instead of kicking
it out. In Fig. 6, B, C and D, three typical examples
■of stulls put in to catch up the back over caved stopes
are shown. It will be noticed that their purpose is not
so much to hold the walls apart as to keep up the back.
Blocking, short sprags, or even small false sets are
used to prevent possible slabbing of the rock from
above, and, occasionally, when the stulls are some dis-
tance apart, the back between them is securely laced
up with plank.

Stull Sets Put in as Fast as Caved Ore Is
Taken Out

The permanent stull caps of the regular stope timber-
ing are put in below the catching-up stulls, just as fast as
sufficient wall is exposed to permit of their being placed
at 5-ft. centers horizontally and 9-ft. centers vertically
with respect to the timbers in the part of the stope
alongside which has not caved.

Occasionally the stope is so open at the top, when it is
first entered, that two stulls, one above the other, can
be spaced at the vertical interval forthwith, after which

reasons, all stulls put in singly or spliced are placed
with any existing warp or bend curving upward.

The stulls for catching up the back are put in where-
ever ground conditions seem to demand them and at
whatever angle the shape of the walls at these points
requires them to be placed in order to hold, for the
ground is in such ticklish condition that little picking
can be done to get them in, but the permanent
stulls are always placed horizontally, except for the
slight trussing effects mentioned. This is possible be-
cause the walls are nearly vertical, and it has the ad-
vantage of floors level across, as well as along the
stope, the posts dispensing with the necessity for foot-
wall hitches and usual angle of underlie. No trouble
is experienced maintaining stulls, even when they are
far from being perpendicular to the walls.

The "headings" for permanent stulls consist of a
thickness of three, and generally four, 3 x 12 -in. planks,
but in this case the planks are only 2h ft. long, as
the main function of these headboards is to provide
cross-grain cushions as protection against excess-
ive wall pressures. As the permanent stulls have to
be placed according to definite position, no matter what
the wall conditions may be, considerable blocking must
often be worked in back of the headboards, as indicated
in Fig. 7.

.Tu no 15. L918

[NEERING AND MINING JOl R

1076

Whether the ore pile is to be removed bj drawing
it down on the slope of the caved ore from one end
of the tramming floor, oi the material removed In
vertical slices from wall to wall, starting at the top
and coming (town, the bads tnual be caught up well, [f
the stope has caved to a considerable height compared bo
its length, and the muck is coarse, so that it will not
have a tendency to run. the probability is that it will
prove less expensive if sliced vertically from top to
bottom. If the cave has caught itself up with a
arch from end to end along the vein, and the ore is
broken comparatively fine, so that it will run without
difficulty, the best method is probably to draw the me
terial on a long receding slope, putting in the stull
sets above as fast as proper wall space becomes exposed.
In order to gain access to one of these caves it is
often necessary to stope up alongside one end until

!

3 "PLANKS

■^ A3 "DIAM. STULL

_1_ _SROUND>

■jytoees

FIG. 7. STULLS ARE CUSHIONED AT BOTH ENDS
BY 3-IX. PLAXK TWO TO FOUR LAYERS DEEP

a shot breaks into the opening at the top. Usually
is it better to do this only at one end, and to leave
the mining of the ore overhanging the other end
until all the caved ore has been removed and the cave
has been filled completely. Then, after the filling
has settled, the sloping back at the far end of the caved
stope is worked out at the time that part of the lode is
stoped. This, however, is a matter depending largely
upon local conditions in the stope itself, and not in-
frequently the back at the far end of the caved stope
is taken out at the same time that the arch at the other
end of the cave is squared up.

Generally, once work has started in the caved stope.
blasting in and near the cave is avoided as much as
possible until after the stope has been refilled with
waste. Whenever it becomes necessary to blast a
boulder, it is holed half way through with a plugger

drill, and then loaded with only sufficient dynamit
split it open, shaking the pile as little a po Ible. For,
w the caved ore quite likel) to have many open

pace in it nl coi . . penally if many

large labs are red through it. a heavy b

W cau e the pile to shift iderably, and that

might easily prove di The work of recovering

these caved stopes is (1ot a-, dangerous, however, as
might at first be thought, for the ground is securely
timbered and the muck pile kept under close control
from sudden runs. \n fact, during the whole life
of the Hecla mine, only one man has been killed in a
caved stope, and comparatively few men have been
injured. Moreover, this man was killed years ago,
re the present method of reopening caved work
ings had been systematized.

There is usually some ore left in the walls of caved
stopes. Generally this ore is not mined until the cave
has been completely caught up. Then, when everything
has been made secure, the ore is blasted out, drilling it
either with stoper drills or plugger, and working in
new timbers, if necessary, when the width between walls
requires it. Sometimes, however, the ore that is found
in the walls is shot out in the ordinary course of
working the cave. But this is done only when the
amount of ore in the wall is so small that it would
not pay to come back after it. In a cave everything
depends upon conditions. If the walls are strong and
the back is giving little if any trouble, considerable
blasting can be done in the cave without any danger.
But if the walls and back are weak, no chances are
taken, and little blasting is done either while the ore
is being got out or after the cave has been completely
retimbered, for it is much cheaper to leave a little ore
in the walls than to run risk of the stope caving again.
(To be continued)

Japanese Weights, Measures and Money,
With English and French Equivalents*

Distance and Length

Ri = 36 cho = 2,160 ken = 2 44030 miles
Ri (marine) = 1 knot

Ken = 6 shaku = 60 sun = 7 ft. 5} inches
Shaku- = 10 sun = lOObu =1 ft. 2i' inches
Tan (cloth measure) = a roll of about 25 shaku
Shaku (cloth measure) = 1.25 shaku.

= 3 92727 kilometers
= 1. 85318 kilometers
= 1.81818 meters
= 0 30303 mi '

Square ri = 1,296 cho

Land Measures

= 5. 95505 square miles

15 42347 kilometers

QQTTf"*-

Cho = lOtan = 3,000tsubo = 2 45064 acres = 99 17355 ares

Tsuboorbu = 3. 95369 square yards = 3. 30579 centiares

Ko (Formosa) = 2,934 tsubo

Quantity. Capacity and Cubic Measures

Koku = 10 to = 100 sho

4.96005 bushels
47 653S9 gallons
(Liquid) I

5 1 1 902 bushels

(Dry) I

Go (1 0th of sho)

Koku (capacity of vessels) = 1 0th of a ton

Shakujime (timber) = about 12 cubic ft.

Tana (fagot, etc.) = about 3 x 6 I 6 ft.

Weights

f = 1 80391 hectoliters

Kwan or Kan =

1.000 momme
Kin = 160 momme

Momme = 1 0 fun

8. 26733 lbs. (Avoir.)
10.04711 lbs. (Troy)
I. 32277 lbs i Avoir l
I 60754 lbs. (Troy)
0 13228 oz. (Avoir.)
0. 12057 oz. (Troy)

Moneys

= 3. 75000 kilograms
= 0.60000 kilograms
= 3 75000 grams

Yer. (Y) = 100 sen (Nominal)

= l.OOOrin. = 2s. Od. 582 = 2.583 francs

= 0 4984 dollars (I". S. A.) = 2 0924 marks (German)
* From the "Japanese Salesman,'' April, 1918.

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Manganese at Butte, Montana

Vol. 105, No. 2 l

of manganese ores in the Butte
district had long been known, but during the sil-
ver-mining period whatever manganiferous mate-
rial was mined found its way to Colorado smelt-
ers, where it was used as a basic flux. The ship-
mar s from the silver mines ceased

594, and since then little manganese ore has
been mined. The demand for manganese ore cr< -
ated bu the war has again directed attention to
these deposits and to their future possibilities.

THE country rock at Butte contains a small per-
centage of manganese, of no commercial value as a
source of the metal, but manganese occurs other-
wise only as an original constituent of the quartz veins,
which are regarded as the product of a deep-seated in-
trusive magma. Rather curiously, manganese miner-
als are scarce in the veins that yield copper ore, and in
fact thev are not found in those of an area that sur-
rourds Anaconda Hill and was called by Sales' the
central copper zone. Outward from this zone manga-
nese minerals appear, but they are not plentiful within
the area that produces ores predominantly valuable for
copper. Beyond this area on the north, west, and south-
west, in a peripheral zone commonly known as the silver
area.' manganese minerals are plentiful in all the veins.
Outward from this zone, manganese is again generally
less abundant, and the outer as well as the inner limit
of the manganiferous zone is therefore rather indefi-
nite. The width of the zone in which the veins are
strongly manganiferous, however, ranges from one to
two miles approximately, being greatest toward the
west. Owing to the general lack of underground work
and the mantle of wash that conceals the bedrock in the
valley of Silverbow Creek, the extent of the manganif-
erous zone on the east and southeast is not known.
Presumably its ends lie beyond its present known limits,
which are near Meaderville and the Northern Pacific Ry.
station, but they do not necessarily meet so as to form a
closed ring. However, many of the veins of East Ridge,
across the valley, are moderately manganiferous.
" About half of the manganiferous zone lies north of
the copper area and east of the rhyolite, and is referred
to as the northern section ; the remainder lies in what
are locally known as the southwestern and western sec-
tions Though manganese is widely distributed in all
parts of the zone, it appears to be relatively most
abundant in the southwestern section. It occurs abun-
dantly as deep as the workings have gone, though accord-
ing to Bard and Gidel' it seems to be less plentiful in the
deeper parts of the veins.

Two main tvpes of manganiferous ore are found in
the Butte lodes— the black or oxide ore of the outcrops
and the oxidized zone, and the pink or carbonate and
silicate ore that occurs below. Although differing in

•Excerpt from BnlL 690-E, "Manganese at Butte, Montana," by
J. T. Pardee. U. S. Geological Survey.

'Sales, K. H., "Ore Deposits at Butte," Trans., A. I. M. E., Vol.

4Vard9D9C4; -<\GidelM H^Mineral Associations at Butte,
Montana"; Trans., A. I. M. i... Vol. 46, p. 1Z6, 1314.

origin and occurrence, the high-grade oxide ore at Butte
is essentially similar to that produced in foreign coun-
tries and the eastern United States, upon which the in-
dustries have heretofore chiefly depended. The low-
grade ore, which composes all but a small part of the
deposits, differs, however, from the low-grade deposits
worked in Arkansas and other states east of the Rocky
Mountains, in that the matrix of the manganese min-
erals is hard vein quartz instead of rather soft clay
or a similar residual material.

Manganese carbonate is new to the trade in the
United States, though it has been mined and utilized for
a considerable time in Europe, and, so far as known,
silicate ores have not yet been used as a source of man-
ganese, except some mixed ores mined in the Province
of Huelva, Spain. In accordance with the trade customs
that were most common in the Northwestern States in
1917 the manganiferous material of the Butte lodes is
somewhat arbitrarily subdivided into high and low
grade, according to whether it contains more or less
than 40C'o of manganese, and into high and low silica
ores according to whether it contains more or less than
10% of silica. The pink ore may be further classified
as carbonate, silicate, or mixed carbonate and silicate.

Manganiferous Material Is Siliceous
By far the most of the material in the manganiferous
lodss is highly siliceous and contain less than 40% of
manganese. Iron is present in small amounts only—
o-enerally less than 3 or 4%. Therefore the classifica-
tion of material containing as little as 5% of manga-
nese as a manganiferous ore, which is possible with some
iron ores because they can be smelted directly to man-
ganese-iron alloys, cannot be applied unqualifiedly to the
Butte deposits. Owing to the more complicated metal-
luro-ic treatment required for those deposits, the amount
of manganese necessary to permit definition of the ma-
terial as ore is presumably considerably more than 5%.
In August, 1917, the operators who were experi-
mentally concentrating the oxide ores considered tenta-
tively that the smallest amount of manganese permissi-
ble in the raw ore was about 20%, and that figure
was therefore adopted to define one of the grades of
ore estimated in the field. Considered as having a pos-
sible future value, material containing from 10 to 20 /c
of manganese was also estimated as a separate grade.
Wth reference to their probable adaptability to me-
chanical concentration, the low-grade oxide ores may be
broadiv classified into two groups— coarse-textured ores,
in which the manganese oxides and the quartz occur in
somewhat distinct masses, rather easily separable from
each other, and jaspery ores, in which the constituents
are intimately associated and form a strongly coherent
mass Fortunately the great bulk of the ore reserves
as estimated come under the first of these groups

The pink or unoxidized manganiferous material of the
Butte lodes has not yet, (Oct., 1917,) been utilized in
the United States, and its designation as ore is therefore
somewhat uncertain. Rhodochrosite, however, which as
found in the Emma mine, forms bodies that contair
about 40% of manganese and little silica, and
presumably offer slight metallurgic difficulties to their

June 15. L918

ENGINEERING AND MINING J01 RNAL

1077

utilization, is without doubl a valuable ore. The prob-
ability that large amounts of Ore Of this kiiul « ■ \ 1 - 1 at
Butte is indeed the most promising feature of the man-
ganiferous deposits. Pure rhodonite, which maj also
form considerable bodies at Butte, is possibly Ed be
classified as a high-grade silicate ore. it differs from
the high-grade siliceous ore of the oxidized zone in that
its silica is chemically combined instead of free. The
great bulk of the deposits below the oxidized zone, how
ever, are composed of rhodochrosite, rhodonite, and free
quaitz in various proportions and contain less than
of manganese. They are arbitrarily classified
as low-grade carbonate and low-grade mixed carbonate
and silicate ores, the lower limit of manganese for each
being assumed at 15 per cent.

It should be borne in mind that the classification of
the manganiferous material at Butte as ore is based on
the high prices paid for manganese in 1917, and the
continuance or possible increase in those prices. Should
the price drop to its former level, probably all the man-
ganiferous material, certainly that portion containing
less than 40% of manganese, would again be regarded as
waste rock.

Occurrence and Distribution of High-Grade Ores

Oxide ore containing 40% or more of manga-
nese and varying from low to high in silica forms
bodies near the surface, chiefly in low situations or por-
tions of the lodes that do not crop out prominently. Such
bodies were seen in all parts of the manganiferous area,
but are most numerous in the southwestern section,
though nowThere can they be said to be abundant. In
dimensions these bodies range from inconsiderable de-
posits to some a foot or two in width and 40 or 50 ft.
in length, and most of them pinch out within a depth of
a few feet. Some are fairly well defined, but most of
them grade rather indefinitely into leaner material.

The most common variety of the high-grade ore is
rather compact but not homogeneous, being evidently a
mixture of the different manganese oxides. Small black
lustrous crystals that appear to be chiefly manganite
generally form a considerable part of the mass. Soft
black or brown oxides that stain the hands readily and
are presumably to be classified as wad are moderately
abundant. Psilomelane was identified in a few of the
orebodies as thin mammillated crusts lining cavities.
Concretionary psilomelane forms the bulk of an orebody
worked by lessees on the North Pole claim, near the
Germania mine.

Some free quartz is intimately associated with the
manganese oxides, occurring generally either as visible
grains or as a cellular skeleton or "honeycomb" more or
less completely covered with the manganese minerals.
Small masses of a yellowish-brown clay that are appar-
ently residues from the decomposition of granite are
commonly present. From several analyses reported,
some of which represent orebodies in place and other
ore selected for shipment, it appears that the manga-
nese content ranges from 40 to 49%, silica from
4 to 26.5%, iron from 1.3 to 3.2%, phosphorus from
0.006 to 0.043%, alumina from 2.4 to 7.3ff, and silver
from 0.3 to 6.2 oz. a ton. Lime, sulphur and gold occur
in traces only. No analyses are available of the psilo-
melane ore from the North Pole claim, but a repre-
sentative specimen appears to be very pure. It is

soluble m acids wit! out a i no react [on

barium.

Only 10 bodie ol high grade ore sufficiently large to
be worth] of con deration wen- lean during the exam-
ination of th( i he e bodie even of which
are in the out b i tion, are estimated to contain
a total oi as. Individually they contain from LOO
to EtOO tuns; the larg< a the Ancient, Minnie
.lane, and Star Wesl lodes. Though then- silica content
averages high, it varies from place to place. •■, that
possible tain from most of them
a little ore that runs lesc than id- . silica, [t

\ed that 1000 tons is a liberal estimate of the avail-
able amount of this ore.

Other bodies of high-grade oxide ore may be I
particularly in low places where the outcrops are not
now exposed, but no large additions to the estimated ore
reserves are expected.

Occurrence of Low-Grade Ores

Oxide ore containing from 20 to near It) of
manganese forms bodies that range from 1 to 35 ft. in
width and from 50 to 400 ft. in length. In the narrower
lodes these bodies commonly occupy the full width, but
in the wider lodes they generally occur as one or more
streaks separated by leaner material. Their boundaries,
except where formed by the walls of the vein itself, are
rather indefinite, as is to be expected from the arbitrary
limits placed on their manganese content.

Parts of the lodes containing less than 20% and
more than 10% of manganese are somewhat larger
than the richer parts mentioned in the preceding
paragraph, but otherwise are similar. Bodies of both
grades extend from the surface down through the ox-
idized zone, which is generally from 20 to 100 ft. deep.
As a rule the outcrops of the richer parts of the lodes
are less prominent than those of the leaner parts, the
more conspicuous reefs, such as those of the Ancient and
Tzarina, being relatively barren quartz, though they
contain enough manganese to color them noticeably.
In these particular lodes the best ore occurs in streaks
on either side of the main reef.

Veinlets of manganese oxides are common in the wall
rocks, and in places they are so numerous as to form
stockworks or stringer lodes. Opencuts expose bodies
of this description 20 or 30 ft. wide adjoining the An-
cient and Nettie lodes. These are estimated to average
between 10 and 20 % of manganese.

Character and Composition of Low-Grade Ores

A common variety of the oxide ores classed as coarse
textured consists of fractured vein quartz cemented with
a mixture of manganese oxides considered to be largely
pyrolusite. For the most part this variety is of coarse
texture, and the manganiferous portions appear sharply
distinct from the quartz.

Analyses are available for most of the bodies
estimated and range from 10 to 37% of manga-
nese and from 28.8 to 79.1 % of silica (determined
as insoluble residue). In round figures the general av-
erage of the higher of the two grades of ore considered
is 24% of manganese and 50% of silica, and that of
the lower is 11.5% of manganese and 73% of silica. In
both grades iron varies little from an average of 3.5%.
Generally the ores contain 1 or 2 oz. of silver to a ton,

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 24

ptionally 10 or 16 or. or more. More than a
trace of gold is uncommon. No analyses for phosphorus
are available, but the ore under consideration presum-
ably contains no more phosphorus than the high-grade

ore.
although manganese oxides stain all the lode outcrops
in the area described as manganiferous, the distribution
of material rich enough to be considered ore is by do

means uniform. Of the amount of ore averaging 2-1',
of manganea indicated in the estimate less

than .V occurs within the. northern section, the re-
mainder being about equally divided between the other
subdivisions. If in addition the lowest-grade material
(containing W , of manganese) is considered, the rela-
distrilmtion remains almost the same, only 13',
of the whole being found in the northern section. It is
able, owing to the concealment of much of the
outcrop of the Rainbow lode by waste dumps and mill
wreckage that considerable ore was overlooked, though
even if allowance is made for that contingency the fact
renins that the western and southwestern sections con-
tain by far the greater part of the oxide ores.

The preponderant coarse variety of ore is widespread,
but the jaspery variety is essentially confined to the
eastern half of the Rainbow lode and a section of the
Nettie about 200 ft. long. It is interesting to observe
that 40 <Y of the total manganese oxide ore estimated
for the district occurs along the significantly named
Black Chief, the principal lode of the southwestern
section.

Reserves of Low-Grade Ores
In round figures, 132,000 tons of oxide ore that aver-
ages '4'r of manganese and 50% of silica is estimated to
be present in the outcrops and upper portions of the
Butte lodes. Considerable additional ore is probably to
be found, because at only a few places was the full depth
of the oxidized zone used in the calculations. Part of
the amount given above was estimated by Paul B.llings-
ley, A. C. Grimes, and M. H. Gidel in collaboration with
me', but I am responsible for the total.

The ore included in this estimate can be more quickly
and cheaply mined and is therefore of greater present
value than the low-grade ore occurring in the deeper
levels though its utilization at all under present condi-
tions seemingly depends on a successful method of con-
centration. Experiments with ordinary jigs and tables
so tar reported by the mining companies show a concen-
tration of 3 or 4 into 1; the product contains from 43
to 52% of manganese and 7 to 15% of silica, and the
amount of manganese recovered ranges from 40 to 75 /„.
If for example, an average recovery of 65% could be
attained, at a concentration of 3 into 1, the reserve esti-
mated would yield 44,000 tons .of concentrate containing
about 46% of manganese.

In addition to the ore reserve estimated, the lodes con-
tain at least 270,000 tons of oxidized material that aver-
ages 11 5'; of manganese and 73% of silica. Whether
this material should be called ore and considered valu-
able for manganese depends on market conditions as well
as successful concentration. It has the advantage of be-
ing readily available to mining, and it might be made
to yield 45,000 tons of a 46% manganese concentrate.
Rhodochrosite almost free from impurities other than
quartz occurs in the lower levels of the Emma mine,

where it forms bodies of high-grade ore large enough
to be workable. In August, 1917, their form and limits
had not been determined, but according to the latest re-
ports received (December, 1917), a little exploratory
work has shown that they are to be measured by thou-
sands of tons, at least.

Specimens said to be from a body on the 800-ft. level
10 ft wide range in color from pinkish gray to deep
rose-pink and are coarsely crystalline, some of the rhom-
bohedral cleavage faces being an inch across. Galena
and zinc blende, together with subordinate amounts of
pvrite and quartz, form mineral aggregates of an older
generation sparingly scattered through the rhodochro-
site Cavities are lined with rhombohedrons on the free
faces of which minute crystals of clear quartz and small
grams of chalcocite and pyrite are deposited. Analyses
of samples from a certain level show about 41% of man-
ganese, 1% of silica, 0.6% of iron, and 0.28 oz. of silver
to a ton. The bulk of the ore, however, averages from
34 to 38% of manganese and 6% or less of silica. Ac-
cording to tests by the Anaconda Co., this ore is con-
verted into oxides by gentle roasting, and the manga-
nese percentage is thereby increased nearly one-third.
The product, being light and friable, probably needs
briquetting before it can be smelted— a small matter,
however, considering the value of the material.
Orebodies in the Emma Mine
The probability that bodies of carbonate ore other
than those in the Emma mine exist at Butte is so strong
as to be almost a certainty. In the southwestern section
the lode outcrops are generally richer in manganese than
elsewhere They contain the coarse-textured variety of
oxide ore to the exclusion of the jaspery variety ob-
served to be derived from rhodonite, and the only unox-
idized manganese mineral found in the dumps of the o d
workings is rhodochrosite. Although these facts should
not be pressed beyond a certain limit in support of a
contention as to the tenor of the veins in depth, they
nevertheless shed valuable light on the character of the
veins Finally, the rhodochrosite bodies of the Emma
are in the eastern part of the largest lode of the south-
western section, the Black Chief, whose outcrop nowhere
shows any indication of a change in the vein mineralogy.
Therefore it is concluded that a large amount of car-
bonate ore is to be found below the oxidized zone of
which a considerable part will prove to be as rich as that

in the Emma. _

In the western section the evidence is less complete.
Both rhodochrosite and rhodonite occur in the lower
levels of the Nettie, whose outcrop contains both the
jasnery and coarse varieties of oxide ore. Elsewhere
the outcrops contain chiefly the coarse variety, but there
is no positive evidence to indicate the exclusive occur-
rence of rhodochrosite. In the northern section the
areat Rainbow lode, whose character to considerable
depths is fairly well known, contains mixed carbonate
and silica ore, little of which apparently is of high
grade The authors familiar with this lode, however
mention rhodochrosite as occurring alone in places, and
the possibility of finding workable bodies of it cannot
be absolutely denied. .

By far the most of the manganiferous material of
the Rainbow and presumably many others of the Butte
lode* consists of a mixture of quartz, rhodochrosite,

June 15, L918

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

107!i

:iml rhodonite associated in diverse proportion
Whether this material can be made to yield mangai
profitably is problematical.

None of the reports of these ores gives anal] i n p
resenting an] bodies of the manganiferous material un
der consideration, but from the descriptions given the
inference that moderately high percentages of manga-
nese are common may be safely drawn. Such an infer-
ence is further supported by analyses recent i> | Govern
ber, 1917,) reported by the operator of the Black Rock
mine, which show from 13 to 29% of manganese in
bodies occurring on different levels down to the L700 ft,
level. The deposits in the southwestern section, which
are more richly manganiferous in the oxidized zone
than those in the northern section, are probably also
more richly manganiferous below that zone.

Though no good basis exists for computing exact
tonnages of the bodies of manganiferous material under
consideration, the descriptions given by those who have
had opportunity to observe them leave no room for doubt
that the aggregate amount of such bodies is very large.
Such terms as "abundant," "large quantity," "great
quantities," and "one of the chief constituents of the
gangue," are commonly used by the authors of the
reports cited when mentioning this material.

A few more precise descriptions are given also. W.
P. Blake mentions w-idths of 12 to 30 ft. of manganif-
erous material in the Alice mine, and R. G. Brown ob-
serves that in one place the Rainbow lode is more than
100 ft. wide and composed almost entirely of rhodo-
chrosite and quartz, though it is apparent from the con-
tent that he uses the term rhodochrosite to include both
the carbonate and the silicate of manganese. W. H. Weed
records the occurrence of 6 to 10 ft. of solid pink ore
without quartz on the 600-ft. level of the Ella mine
(east of the Leonard), a statement which also implies
a manganese content of at least 30 to 40%. The bodies
reported in the Black Rock mine range from 4 to 6 ft. in
width, and 6 ft. is one dimension of a body that contains
19% of manganese.

Graphite in 1917

The total production of crystalline graphite in 1917,
according to H. G. Ferguson, of the U. S. Geological
Survey, was about 14,000,000 lb., including stocks at
mines, against about 10,900,000 lb. in 1916. Of the
total sales of 10,584,080 lb., about 54% by weight,
or 6,816,913 lb., was flake graphite containing 80-90%
graphitic carbon, suitable for crucibles in large part.
The remainder, or 3,767,177 lb., was dust or low-grade
flake, probably averaging under 50% graphitic carbon.
A larger proportion was saved as flake in 1917 through
improved milling methods.

Alabama was the largest producer of crystalline
graphite in 1917, the amount marketed being 6,223,095
lb. ; New York was next, with a production of 2,941,040
lb. ; and Pennsylvania third, with a production of 804,-
945 lb. California, Montana and Texas also made a
combined production of 545,000 lb. The production of
amorphous graphite in 1917 was 8301 tons, coming from
Colorado, Michigan, Nevada and Rhode Island mines.

According to figures furnished by the Department
of Commerce, the imports of graphite in 1917

amounted to 42,1 ■ I toi • ompared n Itfa 28,886

shorl tons in 1918 id. in L917, principally

to Great Britain, I ranee, Canada and Italy, amounted
to 2576 hort toi compared with 798 tons in L916.

Domestic Hake graphite brought slightly higher prices
in 1917 than in 1916. The pi red at the mines

ranged from 18 b lb, for No. i flake, according

to i' 6 to lOc. a lb. for Nos, 2 and 3;

and from hair a . sent to I foi dn-t. Flake graphite
containing 9091 or more of graphitic carbon sold for
higher prices than the usual product, which contains
of carbon. The prices reported by pur-
chasers wen. in general, from 14 to 17c. a lb. for
No. 1 flake and occasionally prices as high as 20c. a
lb. for special lots; 9A to lL'c. for No. 2; and from 1
to 9c. for lower grades.

In 1917 the prices of Ceylon graphite in the Eastern
market were approximately as follows: lump, 27 to
30c. a lb.; chip, 19 to 24c; dust, 7 to 14c, according
to grade. Madagascar graphite is a flake graphite
similar to the crystalline graphite produced in this
country. The price in 1917 ranged from 11 to 17c
a lb. Korean graphite, which sold at about $22 a ton
before the war, brought $45 to $60 a ton in 1917.

About 30,000 tons of graphite suitable for crucible
manufacture will be needed in 1918. If freight and
market conditions and an improved labor situation favor
the shipment of domestic graphite, about 8000 tons
of flake of crucible grade, exclusive of dust, can be
marketed in this country in 1918, an increase of more
than 100% ovei the production in 1917. The situa-
tion is more favorable with respect to non-crucible
graphite. The requirements for 1918 will be between
28,000 and 32,000 tons, which may probably be sup-
plied by domestic, artificial, and Mexican production.

Phosphate Rock in 1917

The quantity of phosphate rock marketed in 1917,
according to R. W. Stone, of the U. S. Geological Sur-
vey, was 2,584,287 long tons, as compared with 1,982,385
tons in 1916. Of this total, Florida produced 2,022,599
long tons, South Carolina 33,485; Tennessee, including
several thousand tons from Kentucky, 513,107; Idaho,
Utah, Wyoming, 15,096. There are now four pro-
ducers in the Western field, instead of one or two
a year ago.

Before the war the exports were nearly half the
domestic production, but in 1915 they decreased from
about a million and a quarter tons, the quantity usually
exported before the war, to only a quarter of a million
tons, and were only one-seventh of the domestic pro-
duction. In 1917 the exports were 166,003 long tons,
or only 6rr of the quantity marketed. The rock ex-
ported went principally to Spain, France, England,
Ireland, Scotland, Canada and Cuba.

Zirconium Steel is said to be particularly suited for mak-
ing armor plates, armor-piercing projectiles, and bullet-
proof metal, according to Mineral Resources; a new patented
alloy of zirconium with nickel, called cooperite, is extremely
hard and is particularly well adapted for making cutting
tools. Zirconium compounds are used also as incandescent
material, as an opacifier in enamels, and in making paint
and abrasives.

KNiIINKKKINi; AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 24

Cementation in the Illinois Oil Field

\\\ M. 1.. XKT.KL

oil wells to exclude tcatcr in-

• the immediate production of oil from the

'. and probably the total extraction from the

oil sands. The life of the casing and other equip-

■it is also increased, as the salt water of the

main Illinois field is corrosive. Cementation

a '.'</ increases production.

T1IK use of cement for the exclusion of water from
oil wells has now become general in the oil fields of
the United States. The method practised in the
Illinois field differs somewhat from the processes em-
ployed in other oil districts. Local conditions have re-
sulted in the development of the Illinois method. The
first wells drilled in prospecting for oil were sunk with
little or no casing, and the holes filled with water when
drilled into the sand. The results were disappointing
and retarded the development of the Illinois oil field
for many years. After the use of casing had become
general, later tests were made with gratifying results.
The casing was successful in shutting out water from
above the productive sands.

In the Illinois field, however, water is commonly pres-
ent in the oil sand itself, and lies immediately below

the maximum recovery of oil. The amount of oil is al-
most always reduced when the water comes in, and
the cost of handling the large quantities of water has
been prohibitive in the past, especially for small pro-
ducers. Two strings of 3-in. tubing in a single well
were not uncommon in some of the pools before cemen-
tation came into general use. Sometimes wells are
shot into water, and unless it can be shut out, they
may have to be abandoned. Scores which might other-
wise have become fair producers have been so aban-
doned.

Various methods of shutting off the bottom water
were tried, including the use of wooden plugs, lead
plugs, combinations of wood and lead, etc. The holes
were usually filled up the desired distance by crushed
rock, scrap iron, or any other material available and
the plugs inserted. Sometimes the water was success-
fully shut out, but in many if not most cases it was
always a source of trouble. Finally a cementing proc-
ess was devised which has been almost universally
successful if properly carried out. It has been in use
for several years, both on new wells which are drilled
too deep or shot into water, and on old wells which
have been producing large quantities of water for years.

This method of cementation has been called the Mc-
Donald method, because it was largely developed by

EAST-WEST SECTION" ACROSS PARKER OIL POOL IN" THE ILLINOIS FIELD

the oil. This is true not only of wells along the edges
of the pools, but also of those in the center. In the
Crawford County field, in particular, the sands are
lenticular and of limited horizontal extent, and are
not always saturated with fluids. The upper parts
of the sand bodies are frequently dry and the lower
parts saturated with salt water, while the oil lies at
the upper surface of the water, as shown in the sketch.

Maximum Oil Recovery Without Water Difficult

Before these conditions were generally recognized, it
was common for wells to be drilled completely through
the oil-bearing horizons and into the salt water. Even
now, it is difficult for drillers to penetrate far enough
into the sand to insure a maximum recovery of oil and
yet stop short of the water, and many wells have consid-
erable trouble with salt water, which flows into them,
frequently under considerable pressure, and prevents

•Geologist in charge of oil studies. State Geological Survey,
L'rbana. Illinois'

W. W. McDonald, of the Ohio Oil Co. It has been thus
described briefly by F. H. Kay.1

A string of tubing, closed with a wooden plug, is lowered
to the bottom of the oil pay. The plug is used to keep the
oil from entering the tubing; it is knocked out after the
tubing is in place by filling the latter with water and strik-
ing the upper end, or if necessary by use of sucker rods.
The tubing is left open, and water (either salt or fresh)
is pumped down it. After pumping has continued 15 or 20
minutes, dry cement is introduced into the tubing, a hand-
ful at a time, and pumping is continued as at first. This
process is continued until the water backs up in the well
materially, which means that the pores in the salt sand
have been closed.

It should be remembered, however, that sands above the
water sand and below the casing may take water and pre-
vent a marked rise in the level of water, even though the
shattered salt sand is cemented. No more cement should
be introduced than would fill the cavity up to the bottom
of the oil sand. Ordinarily not more than three sacks of
cement are required, and it should be put into the well
not faster than one sack per hour.

When sufficient cement is in place, a small stream of
water is run into the tubing so that the level of water in

•Illinois State Geological Survey, Bull. 33, pp. 87-88, 1916.

June If), HU8

ENGINE! RING AND MINING JOURNAL

1MR1

the well will be maintained above normal, and a downward
pressurt be secured thereby. Unlesi tl lone, the water

pressure from the sands into the well wiil fern the cement
out oi the pores before il sets The water level in the well
is kepi above normal for a period of seven days. to allow
ample time tor the cement to harden. The well is then
pumped, and, if the work has been property done, no furthi ■
trouble follows,

McDonald Method Not Uniformli Followed

The present practice varies somewhat from that de
scribed bj Kay. depending upon the previous experience
of the man in charge of the work ami the condition of
the well upon which the work is to be done. For ex
ample, one field superintendent allows the cement to
harden only 48 hours before pumping the well. Another
waits ten days to two weeks.

Bach well presents an individual problem. The water
conditions are rarely the same on two successive jobs,
and the details of manipulation must he varied ac-
cordingly. The simplest and the usual case is that in
which the well has been drilled or shot a few feet too
deep and the depth of the bottom of the oil pay is
known within a foot or less. Then the procedure is
as above described. The tubing is lowered to the bot-
tom of the oil pay and the well cemented up to that
point.

In the case of old wrells which have changed hands
the actual depth of the holes is frequently unknown until
measured by the owner, and the depth to the base of
the oil pay is rarely known. The cementation of such
a well is a distinct problem. Great care must be taken
to avoid cementing up too high in the well and shutting
off the oil, and it is usually necessary to proceed by
trial. The depth of the hole is ascertained, and the
tubing, which has been prepared for the job, is lowered
to within 4 or 5 ft. of the bottom. Enough cement
is put in to fill the hole up 4 or 5 ft. The cement sets
hard enough to hold a measuring line about 30 minutes
after it is in. After a few days the well is tested, and
if the water has not been stopped the process is re-
peated. Sometimes it may be necessary to repeat it
eight or ten times. If too much cement is added and
oil production stopped, it is necessary to drill out the
upper few inches of the cement plug. This is usually
effective in restoring production. Little trouble from
this source has been reported.

Cement Occasionally Fails to Harden

In rare cases the cement may fail to harden properly,
but only one such instance has come to my notice.
Efforts were made to cement this well three different
times, but each time the cement failed to set, and it
was finally given up as a bad job. Later the property
changed hands, and cementation was attempted by the
new owners. In an effort to keep the water level in
the well above normal, and thus counteract the up-
ward pressure of the salt water below the cement, the
entire contents of a 1600-bbl. tank of fresh water were
run in without appreciably raising the water level.
The initial effort was a failure. Four additional at-
tempts were made to cement the well, and finally
this persistence was rewarded. The fifth effort, the
eighth in the history of the well, was successful. The
cement finally hardened, the water was excluded, and a
good producer was the result. In spite of the large
amount of cement introduced into the hole, it was
filled up for a distance of only five feet. It is fortu-

nate!] true tl re rarelj en
countered

The advantage; ol cementation an thi following
Actual increase in the immediate production of oil;

decree ie in opera! it [n life of work

ing barrels, tubing, ami lead lines; probable increase in
t< tal ext rad ion from I hi oi l and

Cementation Increases Production Immediately

The effect ol tation in increasing the imme-

diate production of oil ie well illustrated by the Parker
pool, and particularly, the Henry Parker farm, in that
pool, in llone.v (reek Township, Crawford County, 111.

I \m.l I WEEKL1 I It ii

IN Mil. PARKER I

Dot.

Prod urtii >n

Hi Hull. |l<

i)99

.'.mi

nl Will,
ccmcntal '■ > repair work

Week i 7. 1913

Weekly a' ' 1913 17 .

Ut.'i

Week . ii ling Feb 2. I ■* I 7 175 ',Ml

Weeki ndina No\ 1, I'*I7. ',096

Weekending Nov. 9, 1917.. ihi (a) ;m

produce) were drilled beside wells wliicl had been reported drs i
icd "ii account .>! w..i< i

Early in 1913, the Ohio Oil Co. bought most of the pro-
duction in the pool from scattered owners, and soon
set to work to standardize equipment and improve
operating conditions. Large quantities of water were
being handled, so cementation of the most troublesome
wells was effected. The result is shown by the pro-
duction figures in Tables I and II

rABLE II MONTHLY PRODUCTION OF HENRY PARKER 1 \l:M

Number

rrbductioi

Mi. nth and Year

of Wells

in Bi

Before eemental ii '

February, 191 '

54

7526

\fter cementation :

October, 1916

54

7583

January, 1917

54

7115

May, 1917.

54

8369

July, 1917

54

8140

October, 1917

54

7921

November, 1917

54

7896

One must be cautious, perhaps, in attributing the
lather remarkable staying qualities of this pool, as
evinced by the above figures, to the cementation of the
wells. That must have been an important factor, but
the other factors w:hich must be considered are the
viscosity of the oil, which is heavier than most of the
Illinois oils, and the improvement in mechanical efficiency
which resulted when equipment and methods were
standardized. The immediate increase in daily produc-
tion of oil by individual wells after cementation is
shown in Table III.

r.\BLE III— COSTS \M> RESULTS OF I I RENTING < >FF BOTTOM
WATER

Oil Product i..n

per 24 hrs.

Water

Cemented

Increased

Well

1 .

To

Cost

To

1 rom Po

A N. Vinsel, No. 14...

34

1034 1000

$403 00

0

4

150 6

G H. Parker, No. 7.

In

1046 1030

329 50

5

13

120 50

Henry Parker, No. 20 ml

1 1

1006 995

245 00

20

25

340 70

Henry Parker, No J7 i

10

«93 983

15

20

340 70

G. Taylor, No. 1 .

8

215 00

i

2

100 20

1 ). Conover, No. 2

42

1067 1025

20

28

(Larg

Amount)

i) \\ .11 had 3-in. tuliini

r and

was on separa

te engine.

After

cementing 2-n

tubing was used and well was placed on a power with several ..Iter-

The cost of producing oil is obviously much greater
when large quantities of water must be handled. This
is especially true when the wells are producing only
a few barrels or a fraction of a barrel of oil. In sev-
eral cases wells which were fitted with one and sometimes
two strings of 3-in. tubing, and were being pumped
by a separate engine, have after cementation been fitted
with one string of 2-in. tubing and placed on a power.

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. L' 1

The decrease in amount of water handled by individual
mentation is also shown in Table 111.
The salt waters of the main Illinois field are corro-
and rapidly attack any iron with which they come
intact In some wells black iron tubing lasts only
three or four months, while the average life is probably
not over six months where large amounts of water are
handled. Copperized tubing has been tried and found
to be little better than iron. Galvanized tolling is
much more satisfactory and is now widely used. It has
been found to last 18 months to two years in wells in
which iron tubing hail to be replaced about every six
months. Although it is not always possible to exclude
all water from a well without injuring the oil pro-
duction, it can usually he decreased to such an extent
that the life of tubing will be prolonged. It is ex-
tremely doubtful that corrosion troubles could be en-
tirely eliminated by this means, however.

Oil Decreases With Increase ok Water

When large quantities of bottom water are pumped
from a well for a long time, a water circulation toward
the well is set up. The water level tends to become
higher in the immediate vicinity of the well. It is a
common experience that when wells are making water
the amount gradually increases, while the oil production
gradually decreases until the well may no longer be
profitable. This is probably due not so much to the
exhaustion of the oil as to the rise in the water level
and the actual exclusion of the oil from the well. Be-
tween adjacent wells the water level may be lowered.
If this condition is allowed to exist for considerable
time — and in some Illinois pools it has existed for
vears — it may result in the trapping of considerable
bodies of oil between drilled locations. If this happens,
the trapped oil will never be recovered unless inter-
mediate wells are drilled, and the total extraction from
the sand will be much less than it should be. Thus
exclusion of bottom water by cementation may be an
important factor in increasing the final recovery of
oil from the sands.

The cost of cementing a well depends upon the amount
of cement used and the time required to do the work.
A comparatively small amount of cement is required
as a rule, so that labor is the principal item. In cement-
ing a new well, where the material and equipment are
already on the ground the cost is slight. In cementing
an old well, it is much greater, especially if the process
must be repeated several times before the water is suc-
cessfully shut out. The average cost of cementing old
wells which are approximately 1000 ft. deep is about
$365. In Table III costs are given for a few wells in
which conditions varied greatly.

Total Wolfram Production of Siam for the year ended
Mar. 31, 1917, was 1,108,933 lb., as against 950,367 lb. the
previous year, according to Commerce Reports. The desti-
nation of the wolfram exports from the Siamese Malaya
has not been given officially, but it is understood that, with
the exception of the 173,333 lb. which were exported through
the port of Bangkok, the entire output for 1917 was ship-
ped to Singapore. Of the wolfram exports from Bangkok
during 1917, 134,533 lb. was consigned to firms in the United
States, and large quantities of the ore were ready for
further shipment, but owing to British war regulations
trans-shipment for the United States could not be effected
at Singapore or Hongkong.

l\u> Manganese Deposits in Northern
Washington

By Olaf P. Jenkins*

All manganese deposits are of interest at this time,
even those of low grade and remote from easy trans-
portation facilities. I have examined two deposits in
Okanogan County, Wash. One deposit near Omak, has
been known for some time. The other, near Nespelem,
was discovered by prospectors in that neighborhood, but
the discoverers failed properly to identify the deposit.
The first of these deposits is in a northeasterly direction
from Omak, on the wagon road about four miles from
the station on the Great Northern Railroad. It is on
the western side of Pogue Flat, a broad bench about
400 ft. above the town, formed by the outwash of un-
consolidated sands and gravels which were probably
carried from glacial material during and since the time
of the glacial retreat in that locality. Low hills of
decomposed granite material stand like islands in the
sands and alluvium of the flat.

The manganese mineral is of the dioxide type, con-
taining some oxide of iron. In one particular area it
stains the rocks prominently. An irregular hole 50 or
60 ft. deep has been made in this area, and it appears
that most of the manganese dioxide is associated with
an undefined quartz vein in the granite. In places the
manganese is more than a surface strain. It forms
bunches of black material intermixed with quartz, and
fills the cracks in the rocks and the pores of the more
decomposed portions. In fact, nearly every rock taken
from the hole is filmed over with the black mineral.
This condition was especially noticeable near the point
of contact where the rock was covered with alluvium
of the flat.

At the time I visited the property, in July, 1917, it
was reported that 15 carloads, averaging 30 tons each,
of 20% manganese ore, had been shipped from the
opening to the Coast for experiment and treatment.
About 500 tons of low-grade material was still on the
dump. The property lies within a mile of an electric
power line, and it was thought by those interested that
the manganese dioxide could be extracted from the rock
by a concentration process. An analysis of the higher
grade hand-picked material records manganese, 25.1%;
iron, 4.82; silica, 47.43; sulphur, 0.05; phosphorus, 0.05
per cent.

The second deposit is in the same county, but is 30 to
40 miles southeast, and far from any railroad, but with-
in two or three miles of the Columbia River. It is about
two and a half miles west of Nespelem, on a gold and
silver claim known as the St. Paul. In several places
manganese dioxide was observed on the hillside asso-
ciated with decomposed granitic rock. In one place as
much as two tons of black material had been removed
from a prospect pit. In another, a shaft 24 ft. deep had
penetrated a vein which contained quartz and rhodo-
chrosite. On the dump from this shaft were two or
three tons of material, composed largely of quartz and
light pink rhodochrosite, weathered on the surface to a
thin skin of black dioxide of manganese. This material
was said to contain gold and silver.

•Assistant professor of economic geology. State College of
Washington, Pullman, Washington.

June 16, i!MS

ENGINEERING \\n MINING J01 RNAI,

L088

Disadvantages of Chrome Brick in
Copper Reverberator) Furnaces

In a discussion that follow,,] the presentation of a
paper, "Notes on the Disadvantages of Chrome Brick
in Copper Reverberator* Furnaces," bj V. R. Pyne al
the New York meeting of the A. l. .M. E., Mr. Pyne

said:

"In copper smelting, the atmosphere is generally neu-
tral, or slightly oxidizing; we do not use highly reducing

atmospheres at all, not even in the matting furnace.

"You can take the chrome brick and treat it as you
would an iron ore, obtaining ferrochrome very readily,
from which the copper will separate. We have done
this; in fact, at one time we considered installing a
small electric furnace for the production of ferro-
chrome."

Forest Rutherford contributed to the discussion by
raying: "During the time I was general superintendent
at the smeltery of the Copper Queen Consolidated Min-
ing Co., at Douglas, Ariz., a great many experiments
were made on the furnaces and settlers with different
kinds of brick, and I agree with Mr. Pyne's statements
about chrome brick. Their power to absorb metals is
great, and as they cannot be smelted at any tempera-
tures obtainable in a copper furnace, to get rid of the
bats and extract the metal from them is a problem.

"We finally got down to using chrome brick only for
lining the settlers, out of which we often got a life of
upward of two years, and for lining the blast-furnace
bottoms, for the reason that chrome brick can be heated
and wet, or wet after being heated, without going to
pieces, whereas under these conditions magnesite brick
will break down rapidly. We also used a layer of
chrome brick above and below an 18-in. band of mag-
nesite brick put on the slag line of the reverberatories,
in order to separate the magnesite from the silica brick,
fearing that they would slag each other and let the wall
drop. The idea worked, but became unnecessary on ac-
count of a change made in the method of feeding the
furnaces.

"Chrome brick will not stand up under pressure so
well as a good Grecian or Austrian magnesite brick, on
account of the poorer bonding properties of the ma-
terials from which the chrome brick is made.

"On account of the difficulty of obtaining chrome
brick since the United States went into the war, two
settlers were lined with bauxite brick, which, as far as
I have heard, are still in use, and the brick is proving
satisfactory.

"Experiments were also made with magnesite brick
on the side walls, in the center drop holes, and in the
arches of the reverberatory furnaces, but failed in every
case, as magnesite brick, no matter how dense, will not
stand moisture or sudden changes of temperature. They
spall badly under these conditions, and the wall or arch
soon comes down. The new method, now generally
adopted, of feeding reverberatory furnaces along the
side walls has much simplified the brick problem in fur-
naces of this kind, and a straight silica-brick wall seems
to be the best."

Bradley Stoughton closed the discussion with the
statement: "It will be a patriotic act at the present

time, especially for the non-ferroui metallurgists, not
t<> us,, anj more chrome brick or purified chrome ore
than they absolutely have to use ["here is .-, mortage
of that material in this country, and the aul are

a good deal concerned about it. i-. . certain purposes
chrome brick is indispensable, but wherever it is not
essentia] it is patriotic to get along without it."

Refining of Zinc

A British patent covering the refining of metallic
zinc was issued to the Electrolytic Zinc Co. in 1917.
A digest of the patent is given by Chemical Abttractt
as follows :

"A slightly acid electrolyte is employed, and the
anode slime is kept in contact with the anode in order
to prevent dissolution of more electronegative metals
such as cadmium. From 0.1 to 0.5$ of free H SO
is a suitable proportion, but less may be used if the
electrolyte is rapidly circulated. This acidity may be
maintained by continuous or periodic additions, or by
passing the electrolyte through a vat with an insoluble
anode. The slimes may be retained by closely fitting
anode covers of canvas, duck, etc. The temperature
of the electrolyte should be about 40' or lower. Iron
may accumulate in the electrolyte up to about lc'( , and
has beneficial effects on the deposit; any excess of iron
may be precipitated by ZnO in neutral solution. If
cadmium accidentally goes into the solution, it may be
removed by circulating the electrolyte through a series
of vats with insoluble anodes, to deposit the cadmium
and part of the zinc. In a series of vats having either
soluble or insoluble anodes, the first vat or vats may be
used for the deposition of zinc contaminated with cad-
mium, and the rest for the production of pure tin, which
is collected separately. Anode envelopes may in this
case be dispensed with."

The company received another patent on the same
date covering electrolytic separation of metals. As
described, a soluble anode used in the separation of
metals, for example, in zinc refining, is provided with
a closely fitting envelope of canvas, duck, or other ma-
terial. The slimes are thus held in contact with the
anode, so that all the zinc is dissolved, while dissolution
of cadmium, etc., is prevented. Portions of the en-
velope may be treated so as to protect the underlying
parts of the anode from attack; for example, the en-
velope may be striped with non-conducting paint, or
vertical or horizontal laths may be bound against the
faces of the covered anode. Collection of the slimes
at the bottom of the envelope is thus prevented. At
the top the envelope may be tied by loops. The anode
is cast with lugs resting, respectively, on a conductor
and an insulator.

'Bull. A. I. M E., Xo. 132,

3025.

Trading in Kismuth Ores has been restricted in Great
Britain, Consul General Skinner reported from London on
Mar. 15. The Ministry of Munitions requires every mer-
chant, importer, or broker who receives bismuth ores to
make return showing shipments afloat and parcels landed
or in warehouse during preceding month. The order does
not affect persons whose total stock in hand and not in-
tended to be used in manufacture or alloy of steel or other
metal does not exceed 56 lb. bismuth salts or 14 lb. bismuth
metal or alloy. Purchases of metal and salts permitted to
extent of 10 lb. of metal and 56 lb. of salts if purchased for
pharmaceutical or medical purposes.

E NGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL Vol. 105, No. 24
■■Um,i,,^ii..m„i.nU1»m1mimiiUunmmimiimun mmmm>uiii inn luraiiiiraiirattuiiiiiiuimpnuBiiuiiiniuiiiii n iiiiiinuuiiuuii|

Photographs from the Field

=

I.1:, i ' in

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imimimi iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiillllilliilinimi iinniniiniiiniiiii'

iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiililiiilllllliiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiimiiiiiiimiiii iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii"1'

LOST i 'i

JTCHMAN MINE, ROWENA, BOULDER COUNTY, POT O.. WHERE HAND DRILLING IS STILL DONE

[OCXTAIN MINE OP COPPER RANGE CO. AT TRIMOUNTAIN, MICHIGAN

June 15, l'.'lS

ENGINEERING AND MINING JO! R

MILL BUILDING OF THE CONSOLIDATED INTERSTATE-GALLAHAN MINING CO., WALLACE. IDAHO

VILLAGE AT MINE OF THE CONSOLIDATED INTERSTATE-CALLAHAN MIXING CO.

•

[NEERING AND MINING JOURNAI

Vol. 105, No. 24

You Can Kill Business With Wrong War

Taxes, but Only the National Income

Can Pay the War Bills*

It the war is to go on for any length of time, every-
body is face to face with all the taxes thai anybody or

anything can stand. Now. to come point blank to this
greatest question of all. how much can we stand? Why.
as much as there can be left over from the national
production, after the American people have fed them-
es out of that production, have clothed themselves
out of that production, have warmed their houses out
of that production, have maintained schools for their
children out of that production, have kept their cities,
towns and villages sanitary and healthful out of that
production — have, in a word, lived as they must live out
hat production.
To meet the huge expenditures of this war. that pro-
duction is all there is to tax over and over again — na-
tional income — as the taxes must be gathered over and
over again if the war goes on. It doesn't make any
difference whether it is a rich man or a poor man,
whether it is a corporation earning excessive profits or
a business only making a bare living: there can never
be extracted from the one or the other more than thsre
is to be extracted.

Now, where is the vast production of this country —
estimated at some $40,000,000,000 a year— largely
distributed? There is a political inciter who rants
that it all goes to the few. There is a political imbecile
who thinks that you can get enough taxes out of "big
incomes" to pay for this war.

The hard, cold facts are that if the Government does
not get the taxes to pay for this war out of the general
public it will not get them at all, for the very reason
that the great bulk of the nation's income goes to ths
many. Nothing better illustrates this actual division of
income as between the few and the many than the pay-
rolls of the railroads. On those payrolls there are a
little short of 2,000,000 workers, from presidents and
general managers down to track walkers. If it is con-
ceivable that railroads could be properly operated with-
out presidents or general managers or superintendents
or treasurers or secretaries, then it is conceivable that
all the money paid to them in salaries could be saved
to the railroads or perhaps converted as taxes into the
Government Treasury'- But, as the recent report of
the Railroad Wage Commission shows, if the salary of
every railway "official" receiving from $5000 to $100,-
000 a year were wiped out or converted into the Treas-
ury for war funds, the whole amount would not be
li# of the total payrolls of the roads.

Under the new railway wage scale, the nearly 2,000,-
000 men will receive approximately $2,250,000,000 of
wages and salaries a year. If, then, the Government
took every penny from every single official now getting
in the railway service $5000 a year or more, the
Treasury would have from that source for a whole
year about $30,000,000.

There is, then, no way to get the money which
must be poured into this war to win it except to take
it from everybody. There isn't a man, there isn't a

•From the Sun of May 27. 1918

woman, there isn't a child, there isn't a baby that can
escape paying the economic penalty of the present war.
Why not face the truth? Why not begin on this
problem of financing the war with the knowledge
which ought to be clear to any brain that is not im-
penetrable, that if you are to go on with it everybody
must stand all the tax burden he can?

Any tax that kills an industry or a business is going
to stop the revenues which can pour into and ought
to be made to pour into the Treasury from that in-
dustry or business. Likewise, it diminishes the very
income of the many who have been working in that
field, getting out of it their livings, and paying out
of it their dues, direct and indirect, to the Govern-
ment. Any tax that does not kill, yet throttles an
industry or business, checks its flow of possible revenues
into the Treasury. Any tax that merely prevents a
business or industry from growing, deprives the Treas-
ury of some taxes that might flow from a greater
business with higher earnings and richer profits. Any
tax that weakens the capacity of a business or industry
to produce effectively and profitably, destroys its credit.
Any tax that drains an individual dry, destroys his
credit.

Without surplus income and without credit, a busi-
ness, an industry, or an individual cannot lend the
Government money, because such business, industry
or individual without surplus income and without
credit cannot get the money to lend to the Government.
The financial capacity of this Government to win the
war depends upon revenue measures which will tax,
directly or indirectly, every soul in the country. There
is no other way to gather in the necessary funds. There
is no getting away from it. This means not only the
full corporation taxes that are safe, the full excess
profits taxes that are safe, the full individual income
taxes that are safe. It means taxes on tea, coffee,
sugar — on every luxury and on many more things that
are not luxuries. It means, if necessary, more taxes
on letters, on telephone and telegraph messages, on
checks, on all kinds of tickets. It means direct taxa-
tion of that and similar nature and it means indirect
taxation — the taxation which goes into the commodity
or service itself. What else is the increase which the
Government is now making in freight rates? The
consumer eats the tax, so to speak, with his bread
and potatoes, which were hauled at the higher freight
rate on the railroad, the cost of that dearer service
going into th? price of the loaf and the potato.

Nobody can say now what the limit of taxation is.
because nobody knows just how much of what our
people have been accustomed to eating and drinking
and wearing and otherwise using, the great American
public, which divides the bulk of the national income,
can do without. Nobody can say now what th: limit
of production of war material is, for the same reason.
The American people, all working, cannot produce any-
more war tools than their total productive capacity as
expressed in wheat, beef, steel, lumber and so on.

But anybody with just plain, ordinary sense can see
that if the great bulk of the production of the natior
goes to the great majority of the population, it is
only from that same great majority of the population
that the great bulk of the taxes must come, after the
exceptionally profitable industry and business and the

Juno 15, 1018

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOl RNAL

I0S7

inordinately rich individual have given up the greater
part, all, if you please, of their share mathematically
trifling, as measured against the grand total of the
whole of the national production out of which must
come the treasure to win the war.

if. then, the men in Congress who make revenue
legislation are going to try to finance this war larj
with taxes, arc they prepared to gel those taxes
dare they try to get them — from the whole Ameri
people, the only source from which any powei on earth
could pet taxes enough, or half enough?

Ontario Metalliferous Production

Returns received by the Ontario Bureau of Mines for
the three months ended Mar. .".1st, 1918, are tabulated
below; also Quantities and values for the correspond-
ing period in 1017.

SI'MMAKY OF ONTARIO METALLIFEROUS PRODUCTION, FIRST
QUARTER OF 1918

On i..! in . Value

Product 1917 1918 1917 1918

Gold, 01 127,692 1 11,387 $2,601,760 $2,265,521

Silver, oi ....... 3.945,957 4,114.856 2,831,873 3.740.843

Cobalt (met.illiel.il> 84,710 37.545 78,668 75,625

Cob.iltoxi.le.il> 83.014 81.760 66,798 130.486

Nickel oxide, lb 5,495 . 550

Nickel (metallic), lb 44,154 17,662

Other cobalt and nickel i m

pounds, lb 118,292 143,381 13,695 18.386

Niekelin matte (a), tone 10,141 9.677 5,070,410 5,806.200

Copper in matte (a), tona 5,063 4,727 2,025,227 1.748,990

Copper ore, tons 1.507 . 44,097

Iron ore, tons .... 23,035 32,530 58,205 127.916

Pig iron, tons 163,020 148.752 2,743.441 3,948,209

Molybdenite, concentrates, lb 25,073 17,410 32,202 24,548

Lead, pig, lb 263.046 60,283 27,290 5,066

(a) Copper in matte was valued at 20i\. and nickel at 25e. per lb. in 1917.
For 1918 the values have been placed at 1 8;t-. and 30c. per It'., respectively.

Production of gold for the quarter exhibits only a
slight decrease, which is creditable, considering the
various handicaps under which gold miners are laboring.
The Hollinger Consolidated had an increase in produc-
tion, which was offset, however, by the closing down of
the Dome mill. The Croesus mine, in Munro Township,
has closed down temporarily. At Kirkland Lake a new
producer, the Lake Shore, has been added to the list.
During the quarter 262,577 tons of ore was milled, with
a recovery of 113,387 oz. gold and 20,221 oz. silver, as
compared with 350,916 tons milled during the corre-
sponding period in 1917. Hollinger produced 68,804 oz.
gold and Mclntyre 21,461 oz., the next largest producer
being the Porcupine V. N. T. The Patricia Syndicate
at Boston Creek expects to have its new mill in opera-
tion about June 1st.

Shipments op Silver Increase

Shipments of silver for the first quarter of 1918 show
a small increase in quantity and a considerable increase
in value. The average New York price for the period
was 87.5c. per fine oz., or nearly 12c. increase as com-
pared with the corresponding period in 1917. The
passing of the Pittman bill in the United States recently
has established, virtually, a price of $1 per oz. Com-
panies shipping one quarter million ounces or over are
named in order: Nipissing, Kerr Lake, Mining Corpora-
tion of Canada, Buffalo, O'Brien and Coniagas. The
Mining Corporation of Canada has been remodeling its
mill in order to re-treat a large tonnage of tailings from
the Cobalt Reduction mill. At the McKinley-Darragh,
a new 200-ton oil-flotation plant has been put in opera-
tion. Of a total of 4,114,856 oz. shipped, 20,221 oz. are
credited to silver recovered from gold ores.

There weri treated at Southern Ontario reflm
during the quarter I of on and com i

and 1488 tona ol from Cobalt and outlying sil-

ver- camps. Silver bullion recovered wai 1,610,989 oz.,
valued at 81,894,599. in additioi . cobalt and

nickel oxides and Bulphat i carbonate, metallic

nickel and metallii cobalt were produced. Of the latter,
22,752 lb. v oanufacture of "stellit

which is a cobalt alloy used for high peed cutting tools.
One feature of d< e, 100%, in value

of cobalt metal and oxide owing to the increasing i
and demand for these products.

Production of Nickel-Coppeb

Production from Copper Cliff and < oniston Bmelteries
for the quarter shi npared with

the same period in 1917. Ore ■• ed from the

Creighton and Crean Hill mines of the Canadian Copper
Co., from the Alexo and from the following mines of the
Mond Nickel Co.: Garson, Victoria No. 1, Worthington,
Nevack and Bruce. Of a total of 354,589 tons raised,
about 70 f, came from the large and rich Creighton
orebody. There were 325,386 tons of ore smelted in the
period, with a resulting product of 17,992 tons of nickel-
copper matte. The British America Nickel Corporation
has acquired a site for a $1,000,000 refinery on the
Quebec side of the Ottawa River, between Alymer and
Hull. The new refinery of the International Nickel Co. of
Canada, at Port Colborne, is reported to be nearing
completion.

Iron Ore and Pig Iron

Shipments of iron ore were made from the Helen and
Magpie mines of the Algoma Steel Corporation. Hem-
atite ore from the Helen is shipped to the Magpie, where
it is mixed with siderite ore and roasted. The entire
shipments from the Magpie went to the Sault blast fur-
naces. From Moose Mountain, Ltd., Sellwood, shipments
were made of magnetic concentrate, briquetted and con-
verted to hematite in a kiln. Only 447 long tons were
exported to the United States during the quarter. At
Sault Ste. Marie, Port Colborne, Hamilton and Deseronto
eight blast furnaces were in operation. The tonnage
smelted was 34,552 tons of Ontario ore and 260,476 tons
from the United States. As shown by the table, the out-
put of pig iron was considerably less than for the corre-
sponding period last year.

Molybdenite Shipped to France

Molybdenite ore amounting to 1295 tons was treated
by the Mines Branch, Ottawa, and by the Renfrew-
Molybdenum Mines, Ltd., at Mount St. Patrick. The
output of the last-mentioned company is shipped direct
to France. There are works at both Orillia and Belle-
ville for the production of ferromolybdenum.

Lead Mining and Smelting

The entire output of pig lead resulted from the opera-
tions of the Galetta lead mine and -smeltery, owned by
the James Robertson estate, Montreal. During the quar-
ter 3347 tons of ore was mined. The smeltery operated
during the last few days of March only. Operations by
the Kingston Smelting Co. ceased in December, 1917.

JS

ENGINEERING AND MINING .lOl'UNAL

Vol. I0.r», No. 21

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Correspondence and Discussion

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Should the United States Foster the
Domestic Production of Antimony

The Magnolia Metal Co. has a plant at Matawan,
X. J., for the smelting of antimony ores and the man-
ture of antimony products. When erection of this
plant was started, soon after the war began, the com-
pany was deluged with advice and warnings pointing to
the fate that had overtaken practically- every venture
into this field. It was told that no American antimony
smelter could live in the face of Chinese competition.
The company is frank to admit that there are times
when fortitude is needed to withstand the superimpos-
ing evidence that the tremendous difference between
the price of labor in China and in this country is an
insurmountable barrier without the help of a protective
tariff.

Lack of Expert Advice

One of the first things discovered was that experts
who really knew how to manufacture antimony econom-
ically could not be found. This was an entirely natural
state of affairs. Men of ability had not turned to a
business which invariably proved a graveyard of hopes
and reputations. The company then set about educating
its own experts at its own expense. Experience was
purchased and the price was heavy; but the result was
such that it gave great satisfaction. A new industry for
this country was created, one that our Government will
some day be proud of, especially if this war be pro-
longed, or another war be forced upon us. All that is
needed is the prompt imposition of adequate specific
duties upon antimony regulus and antimony products —
duties that will compensate for the difference in Ameri-
can and Chinese wages.

The fact that the difference in manufacturing costs
enables the Chinese to make such huge profits that they
will write off the investments in their plants and will
thus be in a position to greatly undersell us when this
war is over must not be lost sight of. The Magnolia
Metal Co. is face to face with the possibility of
having to acknowledge defeat and leave the antimony
business where it was before. Let us suppose that this
has come to pass, and that another war be declared, a war
this time in which the oceans would be made impassable
by enemy submarines, a war in which some of our allies
of today might not be our allies of tomorrow. If this
should happen, the Government would be compelled to
manufacture its own antimony or go without ammuni-
tion. A large antimony plant would have to be estab-
lished at once. And yet the few experts who know how
to treat this most difficult question, including the experts
of the Magnolia Metal Co., would be scattered over
the earth, and in other industries. Must our Govern-
ment go through the months and years of disheartened
experimenting, just as in the case of the Magnolia Metal
Company?

We might as will realize once for all that we can
never hope to find antimony ore anywhere at a lower
cosl per unit than is paid by the Chinese smelters. That
is axiomatic. Any one who has seen an entire Chinese
family, from children up, working its mines, will realize
at once that American labor can never compete with
that condition. How, then, can we compete with the
Chinese smelters? We have seen it suggested that
American smelters might cheapen mechanical methods
and thus compete. Unfortunately the Chinese are just
as much awake to this possibility as we are, and they
have erected several plants which are the last word in
manufacturing methods. The profits they are making
enable them to engage the best talent in the world and
to install any new device the moment it is known.

There is only one way in which we can equalize the
difference, and that is by a specific tariff duty. Any ad
valorem duty would be entirely inadequate, besides rais-
ing continual disputes between our Government and the
Chinese shippers. There is no way in which we can
arrive at the ad valorem duty as regards Chinese prod-
ucts. It is largely a question of taking the word of the
shipper. A specific duty is positive and easy to collect,
and our manufacturers can always know to a certainty
how far to go. It is the ideal duty in this case. We are
told that the Chinese can sell antimony regulus in this
country at from 7c. to 9c. per lb. and that a Chinese
workman receives 50c. a day. The claim is made that
one American workman does the work of two Chinese.
In other words, it costs us $4 and over for the same
work that two Chinamen can do for $1. No industry can
fight such odds.

I have tried conscientiously to figure out what the
specific duty should be to equalize costs, and find this
a difficult problem. The suggestion has been made that
there should be a specific duty of 2c. per lb. on imported
ores, that is, on the antimony content of these ores, and
a specific duty of 7ic. per lb. on antimony metal. I think
these figures just about represent a true balance between
profit and loss.

Just because America produced only about 40% of
the ore needed while prices went sky high in 1915 and
1916, it does not at all follow that enough antimony ore
does not exist in this country. I know that the con-
trary is the truth. Actions speak louder than words; so
it may be more impressive if the same truth were put
in different form. If the protection asked is given, the
Magnolia Metal Co. will agree to supply the de-
mands of our Government and the entire United States
with purely American antimony. There never has been
a real antimony industry in this country. The Chinese
saw to that. Antimony ores exist in vast quantities
in American soil, but the low price that the Chinese
maintained for the metal made it impossible for an
American miner to work at a profit.

A tentative suggestion for a duty on antimony ap-
pears in paragraph 144, page 16, of the U. S. Tariff

Juno 15, 1918

[NEERING ami MINING JOURNAL

lflfi'f

Commiasion'a partial report, which reads .-is follows:
"Antimony metal (regulus), antir ingle metal, and

antimony double-metal, nol containing more than LO91
"f lead, l<)' , ad valon m. Oxide, sail and compound!

Of antimony. 25 ', ad valon m."

It will be noted that ii makes no provision for a duty
on ores to protect our mines, nor does it provide foi
specific duty on the metal and its derivatives and com
pounds. Please notice, however, that the same report,
on page 16, next to the last paragraph, truthfullj ac
knowledges that an ad rah, ran dutj on Chinese prod
ucts is "difficull to administer."

If the U. S. Government is willing to spend over
$20,000,000 on a plant to extracl nitrogen from air,
although we can import the nitrate from Chile and save
millions a year on the ultimate price of the fixed nitro-
gen, we should certainly show the same foresight in
throwing a protective wall around our antimony mines
and smelters. These could then guarantee to the nation
that in times of war an essential metal, antimony, would
be available, without weary months of delay.

It has been suggested that the United States might
leave off the protective duty, and store up a sufficient
quantity of the metal for an emergency. May we ask
where this metal is going to be treated so as to reduce
it to its various derivatives and compounds? If the
nation has killed the smelters and plants handling this
ore and its compounds, it will be forced to build the
necessary plants, and, after the plants are rebuilt, where
are we to find the highly trained experts who will trans-
form this metal into its useful compounds? Having
killed the industry by our warehousing plan, there will
be no experts who will possess the necessary experience
for this difficult work.

The mines and the miners of this country are un-
doubtedly entitled to adequate protection to enable them
to make safely the necessary outlays in money and time
to so develop the mines that mining for antimony can
become a recognized business. Now, as to American
antimony-smelting plants. If it is admitted that anti-
mony is an essential to the conduct of any war, includ-
ing the present one, the first principle of self-preserva-
tion should show us that it is entirely proper to ask
consumers of antimony and its products to consent to a
small protective duty on the ore and on finished products.
As an illustration of how such a duty would work, con-
sider an alloy consisting of 85% lead and 15% antimony.
Taking lead at 7c. per lb. and antimony at 12Jc. per lb.,
7.825c. per lb. is the indicated cost of the alloy. Now
let us suppose that the smelters have been granted the
7*c. per lb. specific duty; do we find that the consumers
will he called upon to pay enormously for that added
guarantee to our war necessities? In this case the price
of antimony would be 20c. per lb., and, in the same
alloy, the consumer would be called upon to pay
1.13c. per lb. for maintaining an indispensable industry,
which would employ thousands of well-paid American
laborers. Is this too much to ask?

Present Duties on Antimony Products

In order to refresh memories we give here the pres-
ent duties on the antimony products for which protec-
tion is asked, and at the same time we state the specific
duty which could be substituted:

Antimonj ore . at present, no duty, no protection
About 2c per lb 1 n thi antimonj 1 onto nt oi Imported
ores seem fail

Antimony regulus, o,- refined metal, present duty i'i\
'"' ''"'"" '" \ peciftc duty ot 1 1 per lb. would be

fair.

Al111, ulphuret, present du ad valorem. A

specific dutj ol LOc, per In. would i„. fair.

Antimon | ;i/ nill)n:m A

specific duty oi i ■ pei lb would be fan.

Antimon , nt dutj 2.v . „,/ valorem. A

specific dutj of 10, , ,„.,• n, would be fair.

Tartar emetic, a product of antimony, present duty

15'- '"'' A specific duty of 10c. per lb. would

be fair.

These specific duties should be given a trial, and 11
interests of our country safeguarded against the pri
ent and future wars. The present low duties, if con-
tinued, will surely drive the antimony industry in this
country to the wall, and the earliest possible consid
tion should be given to these changes, so vital to that
reborn industry. No one knows how long this war 1
last, and to defer this revision much longer will stretch
to the breaking point that hope and faith which still
repose with the smelters.

Producers of antimony are not beggars; this is e
democracy where the interests of the majority must be
paramount. If it should be found to the interest of the
majority that the Chinese should continue to control our
antimony market, and if it should be found that it is
wrong to ask consumers to shoulder an increase of about
lc. a lb. in the ultimate product of antimony, then the
Magnolia Metal Co. and others are ready to take their
medicine and abide by the verdict without a murmur,
even though it may mean the end of their efforts to
fight the Chinese domination. E. C. Miller,

President Magnolia Metal Co.

New York, June 7, 1918.

Precipitation of Copper from Mine
Waters With Coke Breeze

Recent articles in the Journal on leaching of copper
ores mention the use of metallic iron in one form or
another for precipitation of copper from acid solution.
A method of using coke breeze, charcoal or any other
convenient waste material of carbon has been found
economical and efficient. The process is so simple that
an explanation of its requires no ^ketches.

Shallow troughs are filled with alternate layers of
scrap wrought iron and coke breeze, forming a voltaic
pile, and the copper solution is allowed to percolate
through them. The quantity of iron is decreased until
the copper comes down on the coke, and leaves the
iron clean. There is practically no consumption of iron,
and the copper deposits itself as a layer on the coke.
Best results are attained when the coke particles are of
pea size, which gives a precipitate containing about 18
to 20% copper. Smaller particles, ranging down to
coke dust, give higher-grade precipitates, as they offer
more surface, but there is danger of clogging. Larger
pieces of coke may be used, but then the point soon
comes when the coke is large enough for furnace use,
and the method is no longer an economy.

UNEERING ANl> MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 24

The copper-bearing coke can be mixed with the ordi-

furnace charge in the blast furnace. The soli tions
course be clear and free from slime, as cop
deposits only on the surface of the particles of coke.
The details of flow and boxes can be worked out by any
practical metallurgist. ROBERT SLESSOR.

Sydney, N". S. W., Apr. ;». L918.

"A Dietary tor Miners"

Referring to Mr. Brockunier's article "A Dietary for
Miners" in the Journal of Apr. 6, 1 have multiplied each
item of food in Table II by 30.5. and then by 107 for 100
miners and seven caterers, and find the monthly cost
would be ?2!'l!.">. This with butter at 50c. per lb., eggs
at 40c. per doz. and meat at 25c. per lb., all freight paid,
and the other articles at present prices with 2c. per lb.
freight added, and including kitchen expense of first
cook at $l2o; second cook, $100; dishwasher, $75; roust-
about. $75; three waitresses, $60 each, and fuel and
lights. $35. Eggs and milk for cakes and pudding, and
vinegar, lard and soap, are included. The question of
the boarding boss is left open. With a modern estab-
lishment and with every labor-saving device, perhaps the
head cook could manage the kitchen and one of the maids
the dining room.

A Suggested Ration

Middle-a?ed. economical men on light inside work
can live nicely on a small ration. I recently obtained
from two shop carpenters, who were boarding them-
selves, their butcher and grocer bills for twelve months,
and carefully reduced them to a daily average in ounces
as follows: Beans, 0.70; bread, 29; butter, 1.80; cake,
1.80; cereals, 5.20; cheese, 0.80; coffee, 1.06; eggs, (2),
5; fruit, 22; jam, 2.06; macaroni, 1.20; meat, 13.60;
milk, 2.08; potatoes, 13.20; rice, 0.52; sugar. 6.60;
syrup, 1.20; fresh vegetables, 6; total, 114.82 oz.
Pickles, pepper, and salt, amounting to 70c, are not
included. They used butter and milk only at breakfast
— condensed milk on the cereal. In small purchases in a
mining camp this menu would now cost them $20 per
month each.

A British Columbia Boarding House

At the War Eagle-Centre Star mines, in British Co'.um-
lumbia, in 1898, we attempted to furnish our employees
with comfortable quarters such as were not obtainable
in the town, which was also at that time a trifle too far
away. We wished to make them attractive enough to
gain a gend class of men and to keep them in during the
evening, so as to change from the local practice of two pay
days a month to a single pay day. But, apart from this,
I think the directors were glad to do what they could for
the welfare and pleasure of the force, our fellow citizens,
whose children's children would also be fellow citizens of
our children's children, perhaps fighting shoulder to
shoulder against a common enemy, as their fathers are
doing today.

The War Eagle Hotel was built somewhat in the
chalet style, and was designed by Prof. Theodore Simons,
of the Butte School of Mines, who was then with us. It
was a two and one-half story building with a 10-ft.
basement. The basement walls and tower were of heavy

rough stone (monzonite and augite porphyrite), pointed
with cement; mortar was tried first, but proved too un-
sightly. There were three dining rooms, the men's seat-
ing about 12">, the stall's about 40, and a private room
12 or more. The stall" sitting room was at one end of
the house; the men's at the other, near a tower window.
Large bedrooms for the staff and guests and the house-
keeper and his wife were on the second floor, and E. B.
Kirby, a later manager of the mines, greatly improved
the roof space for further bedrooms. The basement was
divided by masonry walls into storerooms, vegetable cel-
lars, coal and furnace rooms, and a refrigerating plant,
which, as I remember, had four rooms: one large enough
to receive a carload of fresh meat, another with the ice
tank capable of making 2000 lb. of ice daily, and two
other general storerooms. A Barbour five h.p. ammonia
compressor was used. The little plant was entirely sat-
isfactory. My first reason for installing it was to hang
the fresh meat till tender to lessen the waste from tough
scraps left on the plates, but it was useful for butter,
eggs, and other perishables.

Cost and Operation

The cost of the hotel was about as follows: excavat-
ing for foundations, $500; masonry, $1500; completed
building, $7000; heating plant, $1500; refrigerating
plant, $2500; total, $12,500. Rough lumber cost $15
per M. All finishing and floor lumber was kiln dried
Oregon pine, costing $50 per M. The whole inside was
lathed and plastered. The contractor brought house
carpenters from Seattle and provided return fares, pay-
ing them $5 per day. The job was a credit to himself
and his workmen. The masonry walls were heavy and
cost on contract $1.25 per cu.yd. ; had they been only the
usual thickness of brick walls, the cost would have been
$2.50 per cu.yd. Broken rock and boulders were on the
ground, for such material required. Afterward $5000
more was spent on the hotel to increase its capacity to
250 boarders.

The bunk houses cost $4000, and furnishings for both
them and the hotel cost $9000. Then there was a nearby
detached building with a steam laundry which cost $700.
The laundry contained washers and mangles, so that
everything and everybody could be kept clean with a
minimum of effort. The bunk-house rooms were for two
occupants, with the strongest individual hospital iron
spring cots obtainable.

Wholesale Buying and Good Service

Practically everything was bought at carload rates;
we did our best to get good goods and keep them so.
There was 30% customs duty on all supplies except
flour, potatoes and meat, which were that much pro-
portionately higher than in the U. S., and there was also
a long railroad haul. Soft coal was about $8 per ton
in the bins at the houses. An office clerk and the house-
keeper inventoried all stock monthly, and a statement
was made showing cost and amount of each item used
per capita; thus, every month was compared minutely
with preceding ones. The proper proportion of admin-
istrative expense was charged. The crew and their
monthly wages, including board and room, was as fol-
lows: housekeeper and his wife, $150; bead cook, $100;
second cook, $90; third cook, $75; night cook, $75; two

June 15, 1018

BNGINEERINt AND MINING rOl RNAL

nun

dishwashers, $60, and a roustabout, $60; four maids or
waitresses, f 15 each ; three Chinamen on bun* houses
and laundry. $30 each. With 240 boarders, the house
cleared $iioo per month. This was done with .

effort tO have things as nice as is consistent with Hah,
living. It included some Sunday chicken dinners and

always the regulation holiday chicken or turkey dinner

with .ce cream and fruit, on the nun,,,,,, Briti h
lumbia and international holidays. New Year's Wash
mgton's Birthday. St. Patrick's, the Queen's Birthday

Dominion Day. Fourth of July. Labor Day, the \ rican

and l anadian Thanksgiving days, and Christmas No
pressure was used to make the men board at the hotel"
m fact, we could keep only 250, and emploved COO al
mines.

To persuade a miner who is fond of sweet coffee to
use only one spoonful of sugar, leaving the oth
the Allies and saving cost to the company, seems hope-
lessly ethical. It might not be hard to teach men do-
mestic economy by having a cooperative boarding house
allowing full power in the management to a committee
appointed by the men. It is something they understand
from cooking alone or in groups— sometimes employ-in-
cooks on leases. In these days of large mines, a com-
pany wishing to make an attractive town and what
miners call a "good boarding house," in contrast to a
"beanery," might attain it by building for rent two
equally comfortable and attractive small hotels, each
accommodating about 150, designed by a good architect
from sketches made by a successful restaurateur, and
having bunk houses attached. The men would be better
satisfied, and probably with reason, at having a choice.
At the same time there should be two equally well-
planned houses for mess clubs of 25 or more. The four
houses should be furnished with plain, strong, comfort-
able, artistic furniture, and the kitchens and outhouses
with the most approved fixtures, minus breakables A
rental of 15% of the total actual cost would not be ex-
cessive. In these days of refrigerating plants and Ford
autos, a small, sheltered ranch, properly equipped, where
pigs and chickens could be raised, and possibly beef
fattened for killing, and a few vegetables raised, would
pay, as one man would about take care of it.

J. B. Hastings.
Los Angeles, Calif., Apr. 20, 1018.

Chromite Production of Oregon
One-Third U. S. Total

For some time we in this office have noticed state-
ments in the Journal to the effect that the chromite pro-
duction of the United States comes from California.
We wish to call your attention to the fact that one-
third of the production of 1017 came from Oregon.
This amount is about equally divided between south-
western Oregon, where the production comes from
Josephine and Coos Counties, and the eastern part,
where the production is mostly from near Canyon City,
Grant County. I trust that you will have this error
corrected as soon as convenient.

Henry M. Parks,
Director, Oregon Bureau of Mines and Geology.

Portland, Ore., May 17, 1018.

American Business Men in London
Oppose ( . S. trademark

Much ••"1X"'' I i d bs memberi of the Amer

";in ( "amber "'" Commerce in London coni-.-riiiiur the
Proposed legislation known as li. R. bill 10,866 Intro

d.uced i,v l;«' ative s,,n-, providing foi s

"active national trademark, under Go i

'" '"■ attached to roods of American origin.

enl criticism of the bill by Americans in London

"™! ''","'"1' "' •'■ reading of the bill itself no

other disclosure of the Government'- objects is yet to
•'and; therefore, members of the Chamber restrict theii
criticism to the broad principle involved in any leg
lation to create a distinctive national trademark to
applied to American exports indiscriminately Mem-
bers of the Chamber, being vitally interested in the de-
velopment of Am, trade abroad, view with alarm
the suggestion of the proposed identification of Amer-
ican rn-ds by means of a distinctive mark, as it is
obvious that if such official mark be indiscriminately
applied to good, bad and indifferent American prod-
ucts it will operate to the detriment of efficiently pro-
duced standardized American goods of quality

Responsible American producers are considered able
to establish the preeminence of their products under
their own marks of identification, and will be lit. I
interested in an "omnibus" trademark maintained
the Government to carry reputable or disreputable
goods. Makers of unstandardized and dishonest ?oods
would be especially eager to avail themselves of the op-
portunity, thus presented, to betray the confidence of
foreign traders and consumers by the use of such com-
mon officifl trademark. Such practice would inevitable
result in undermining American trade prestige abroad
to the serious disadvantage of legitimate export enter-
prise.

The American Chamber of Commerce in London has
a membership of over 600, including representatives of
most important American concerns engaged in com-
merce with Great Britain. Its members fear that
legislation along the lines of the above-mentioned bill
necessarily carries dangerous possibilities, demanding
great caution and elaborate safeguards to protect Amer-
ican export trade interests in European markets. It is
the current opinion of members that any common official
mark is dangerous to export trade unless it be abso-
lutely restricted to a standardized quality of goods only
Such restriction is believed to be impracticable and im-
possible of efficient application. Further, goods selling to
the general public in the British and other commercially
developed European markets would in no way be bene-
fited by a displayed mark of foreign origin.

It is hoped by representatives of American trade in-
terests in Great Britain that any proposed legislation
dealing with this important matter will be closely
scrutinized by all seriously interested in the welfare of
American export trade, and that hasty action to achieve
an immediate object will not be permitted to injure
the permanent upbuilding of American trade interests
abroad.

Trade Information Committee,
American Chamber of Commerce in Lond?n.
London, May 17, 1018.

.. RING \M> MINING JOURNAL Vol. 103, No. 24

,iii„mi,ii„,imiiiimiiiiiiiim minimi iiimiimimiii mimiimimimimiiiimmiiiimimiimimiiiliiliiiiiiiiiiiiiilililliliililliiii mi Illlllllllilliimniiillli mil Il|

Company Reports

iiiiiiiimimmmimimiimmmiiMiiiiiiiiiiiiii Ullllliumilii

mlll, iiiiiiiiimmiiiiiiiiiiiiimiiiiiiii i iimiimiimiiiiiimiiiiiiim iihiihiiiiiihiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiu nun mm

I'tah Chopper Co.

Gross production of copper in concentrates by the
Utah Copper Co. for the year ended Dee. 31, 1917,
amounted to 204.855,118 lb. and shipments of crude ore
contained an additional 1,319,824 lb. of copper. Gold
production amounted to 51,112 oz. and silver to 498,820
oz. Net producing cost of all copper was 10.995c. per
11... as against 6.95c. per lb. in 1916, the advance be-
ing attributed to increased prices for labor and supplies
rnd reserves for taxes.

The following report shows comparisons for three
years :

IMPARATIV1 STAT) MINI I TA11 COPPEB ( I

1917 1916 1915

Operating !-

$48797423 42 $50,280.073 37 $27,155,943 71
MisS^iV 04 16.532.333 87 12.132.109 48

$23,910.777 38 $33,747.739 50 $'5,023,834 23
6,074.348 09 5,990.935 86 2.896.609 25

$29,985,125 47 $39,738,675 36 $'7.?20.443 48

I '8«629 67 589,73174 546,733 54

'0'7I2'247 50 19,493.880 00 6.904,082 50

2'.842,857 50 (") 6,962 14

- income.

Total income
I >thxr ch -r- -
Dividends..

Capital distribution. . .

Balance... TTl40.390 fO $19,655,063 62 $10,462,665 30

(it

Churn drilling developed an additional 1,906,442 tons
to the reserves already estimated. A total of 4,271,868
cu.yd. of capping, equivalent to 355,989 cu.yd. per
month, was stripped during the year. Average cost of
mining concentrating ore, all of which was mined by
steam shovel, was 45.42c. per ton.

Total quantity of ore milled at the Magma plant dur-
ing 1917 was 7,077,200 tons, an average of 19,390 tons
per day, with a cost of 62.28c. per ton, and at the Arthur
plant, 5,464,800 tons, or an average of 14,972 'tons per
lav. was treated, at a cost of 78.40c. per ton. Average
grade of ore milled at both plants was 1.337% copper
and average recovery was 61.10 per cent.

L916, which was 53.7c. Stripping costs were 34.43c. per
cu.yd., as against 30.09c. in 1916. Underground costs in
1917 were $1.0251 per dry ton, as compared with $1.2021
during 1916. This decrease was due to increased ton-
nage and the adoption of a more economical system of
mining.

Total sulphide ore milled during 1917 amounted to
1,064,095 tons, averaging 1.462' r copper, with an actual
milling extraction of 73.08%. Total milling costs were
74.8c. per ton, as compared with 55.9c. per ton in 1916.
Total charge smelted in reverheratories during 1917
was 741,424 tons, as compared with 643,108 tons in 1916.
The production of refined copper for 1917 amounted to
82,040,508 lb., at a net total cost of 10.84c. per lb. In
addition, 9,259,104 lb. of copper were produced from
treatment of ores on contract. The comparative state-
ments of finances is as follows :

COMPARATIVE STATEMENT NEVADA CONSOLIDATED COPPER CO.
1917 1916 1915

Nevada Consolidated Copper Co.

Net reserves of developed ore at the end of 1917, for
the Nevada Consolidated Copper Co., amounted to 70,-
025,322 tons, containing 1.58% copper. In addition,
three other porphyry areas were developed, as fol-
lows: Kimbley, 664,439 tons of 2.02', copper; Wedge,
43,960 tons of 3.12f% and Veteran, 155,800 tons of
3.89rf copper. Also, not included in the above, 174,648
tons of carbonate ore averaging 2.5% copper. Sul-
phide ore mined and shipped to the concentrator during
the year amounted to 3,076,285 tons, averaging 1.28',
copper, from the pit, and 991,164 tons, averaging
2.013% copper, from the Ruth mine. There was also
produced 59,176 tons of siliceous carbonate ore, aver-
aging 2.84% copper. During the year 2,998,025 cu.yd.
of capping was removed by steam shovels, a decrease
of about 25% from 1916. Steam-shovel mining costs
of concentrating ores were 33.38c. per dry ton, which,
together with taxes and stripping suspense charge of
30c, amounted to 63.38c, an increase over the cost in

Operating revenue. .
Operating expense..

$20,279,722 71 $24,366,291 50 $1 1,685.276 50
11,635,375 33 9,996,022 83 6.544,593 03

Net income .... $8,644,347 38 $14,370,268.67 $5,140,683 47

OthJr income .:: L293.251 29 1,065,090.47 764,918 40

Total income.

Dividends

Capital distribution.

Depletion, depreciation,

etc

Balance

$ 9 937,598 67 $15,435,359 14 $ 5,905,601 87

7,298,018 05 7,497,963 25 2,999,185 49

999,728 50

812.969 19

433,308 64

347.486.74

$ 826.882 93 $ 7,504.087 25 $ 2,558.979 64

Inspiration Consolidated Copper Co.

Inspiration Consolidated Copper Co., for the year
ended Dec. 31, 1917, reports that 3,914,742 tons of ore
were mined, 3,891,075 tons of concentrating ore and
4933 tons of oxidized ore from the Inspiration division,
3210 tons of oxidized ore from the Cordova group, and
15,524 tons of oxidized ore from the Live Oak division.
These tonnages were equivalent to an average output
of 17.26 tons per shift and covered an area of 4.16
acres. A total of 21.05 miles of underground openings
were driven in 1917. No new ore was developed dur-
ing the year, and reserves were 87,864,378 tons on Dec.
31, 1917. Production of copper amounted to 80,566,982
lb.' and was sold at an average of 26.366c per lb. Cost
of copper derived from concentrating ores was :

COST OF COPPER PRODUCED FROM CONCENTRATING ORES
INSPIRATION CONSOLIDATED COPPER CO.

Cost Copper. Cost Ore.
Cents per Lb. Dollars per Ton

3 572
0 163
0 101
2 931
0 007

Mining . .

Coarse crushing

Ore hauling

Concentrating and royalty
Concentrates hauling

Production Cost 6-774

Smelting, freight, rc6ning, marketing, etc- 3 665

Total

10.439

$0 7239

.0329

.0206

.5941

0015

$1.3730

6369

$2. 0099

The mill, operated at full capacity for the first half
of the year, was then closed down for two months on
account of I. W. W. trouble. Because of shortage
of labor following the strike, the company resumed
operations with only six units, but attained full opera-

Juno 15. 1918

ENGINEERING AND MINING J01 RNAI

""n bef°« the end of the year. The grade of on

dropped to i.::ss-, .op,,,, ,,„, recover ,„.,. tilli

lb. as the resull of the plan to lower the grade of the
ore when increased mill capai itj was provided.
^ Income from sales of copper amounted to $21 '
217.28. and other income was $177,144.38. Prom this
total, operating expenses and taxes of $9,588,629 67 are
subtracted, also $750,000 for depreciation, leaving a
balance of $11,080,731.94. Dividends were $9,751,
227.75, leaving a surplus of $1,329,504.19.

Within the year the following improvements were
made: New chemical laboratory. .-,<V. addition to lilt. ,
Plant, and 200-ft. diameter concrete tailings settling
tank at the concentrator; also the completion of two
new units to the mill, an additional motor-generator set
for the mine hoist, a block-signal system on the mine
haulage ways, an addition to the hospital, more dwell-
ings for employees, and an addition to the power plant

The following mill statistics are reported for 1917:

United Verde Extension Mining ( y.

United Verde Extension Mining Co In 1917 shipped

! ,n:ii "*' ":,-'";| ''"' ' !42,

I gold and 33 „',
silver, an average per inn of 549.6 lb. oj coppei

'"- "' !"'1,1- and "' silver During the eai

636 V1 copperwu "M < *»> -:;:;

-7'1;; ■'; per "'■ N" ' M Prospecting work was done

in 1917, and no new orebo,

''"' las1 ,v>""'t- Developmeni .perations for 1917 ajr-

■"l':''^"- ' for the year amounted

i6.H7.17, and dividend to fl.680,000, leaving
a balance of $6,576,1 17.17.

MILL STATISTICS, 1917. INSPIRATION CONSOLIDATE]
Col PER CO

l>ry ore milled, tons

Milling operations, tons per day

Sections running, average number.

Rate p< i Beet ion, a\ erage tons

Assay of mill ( 1, per cent, coppi

< oncentratea produced, per cent, coppei

Flotation concentrates, percent copper

rable concentrates, per cent, coppei
Genera] conoentratea, percent, moisture
(..iirrntratcs produced per ton of ore treated' tons
Recovery of Cu m milling, calculated from assay only, pel i i i

lasays and weights of concentrates and ore. per cent
Assays and weights of concentrates and tailings, pi r c« nl
Assays and weights of ore and tailings, per ci nt
Recovery of copper sulphides in ore, pi r ci nt
» ater used per ton of ore, gal

Water consumption for first six months of year pertonof ore milled-
Reclaimed in tanks at foot of mill, gal
Reclaimed in tailings ponds, gal
New water from Kiser pump station, gal

Total, gal

3.691,075

12.884 4

13 756

936 7

I 388

29 27

35 57

13 93

17 2

0359

75 34

75 78

75 46

75 36

89 73

348

356
475
277

Calumet 6c Hecla Mining ( o.

The total copper producl of the Calumet & Hecla
■lining Co. for the year 1917 amounted to 77,495283
lb. Of this amount, 63,419,820 lb. was produced from
mines and 9,075,457 lb. was recovered by reclamation
Production cost was 12.6c. per lb., and copper delivered
brought an average of 28.39c. per lb. Comparative re-
sults are as follows:

COMPARATIVE RES, LT8 O] OPERATIONS CALUMET .V HECLA

Rock treated, tons 2 592 46? ii.,<„ , ,'''!!, I917

Mi" Mexcluding - 092,462 3.188.583 3.166.274 3.159,570

'inn), dollars per ton i •« ,7, , „„
Refined copper produced I ' 7I 2 °3 2 52

< 'ppr'peVtonof. "^"o ''"^Hc 7,-J«V'' 'MI9.826

Cost per lb. of copper produced 2 28 22 53 2I 65

1 n,~ 1 I 3S o

Price per lb. received for coi " 63 l2 6°

sold, cents. . 14 01

18 II

25 48

28.39

Power used per ton of ore milled, first six months of year-
Coarse crushing, kw.-hr. per ton ore
Fine grinding and concentrating, kw-lir p , , ,

Blowers for flotation air. kw.-hr. pen :

Filter and reclaiming water, kw.-hr. per ton ore
Lights, kw.-hr. per ton ore

Total, kw.-hr. per ton ore

Steel ball consumption, fine grinding per ton ore milled, lb

Flotation oils per ton ore milled-
Coal tar. lb
Sundry oils, lb

TotaMb.

1,

118

0

4)

10

87

2

42

2

01

0

.07

15.

80

1

82

1

21

0

II

1 37

Arizona Copper Co., Ltd.

The Arizona Copper Co., Ltd., reports for the year
ended Sept. 30, 1917, that the surplus, after the year's
business and after paying dividends of $119,221.15.
amounted to $1,524,103.18. Production for the year
was 42,482,000 lb. of copper, of which 27,440,000 lb.
was refined, the rest being sold as bessemer metal.
Ore mined amounted to 1,178,087 tons, which yielded
36.6 lb. of copper per ton.

The Boulder and Abbie B. mines were equipped with
aerial tramways, a new electric hoist was installed at
Yavapai, a mine-sampling mill and assay office were
completed at the Coronado mine and a new two-story
brick office building was finished in 1917. Ore treated
at No. 6 concentrator amounted to 996,699 tons and
showed an average grade of 2.44 %, with an extraction
of 73.02%. An Oliver filter plant and several Dorr
tanks were added during the year. At No. 4 concen-
trator, 130,355 tons of ore was treated and an extrac-
tion of 71.33% was obtained. At the smeltery 812 dry
tons was treated dailv.

COMPARATIVE OPERATING RESULTS 01 , 0 G OM RATE LODE

n , t l9M l915 1916 1917

Hock treated, tons 1439 986 i 710 on, i7->-,-,„.

Mine cost (excluding construe- 1-739,984 1.727.794 1,751.621

tion), dollars per ton 2 37 2 n 1 « , ,,

topper produced, lb 37 996 045 5l7«<;»a ., ,,,,!; ,„ 3 z°

per per ton of rock, lb ?' 26°t 5'"2V ? 3Utk°n '""tfft

shaft sinking, ft 228 3 ini i 28.78

D~f' &! >.™ 5.I421 2.9421

An average of 89 drills operated during the year
removing shaft pillars and cleaning up arches and the
backs of old stopes. A total of 505,682 tons has been
secured from these operations. In No. 6 and No. 7
shafts, Hecla branch, the drifts were advanced 197 ft
opening ground of fair quality. In No. 9 and No 10
shafts, South Hecla branch, the drifts were advanced
1981 ft. and 1664 ft. opening a fair grade of rock, the
rest being poor.

RESULTS OF OPERATIONS ON I Si EOLA LODE

„ , . i . I9U l9|5 1916 1917

Mine /^ , • \0nI M 52,476 1.448.599 1.438 480 1407 949

.Mine cost (excluding construe- ' ,™" i.*u/,y«

tion), dollars ptr ton. II) |07 ,32 |60

Copoer produced 11, 15.695.517 19,291.930 19564575 18 003 966

r.P»*>nofrock.lb. ,3 62 ,3 32 '**#§ '''TtI

Suhshaft sinking; ft ', l3' 33»

'«'"»*" 6.698 10.206 16.443 16,352

The openings on this lode show the same grade of
rock as last year. The product secured from foot-wall
stopes was about 27^, of the total product from this
branch. Shaft openings are so far in advance of drifts
that, with the exception of 338 ft. at No. 17, no sinking
was done during the year.

Flotation experiments at stamp mills during 1917
were satisfactory, and a 50-ton experimental unit
operated continuously for six months. It is the inten-
tion to install two 600-ton Minerals Separation units
in addition to Dorr thickeners and Oliver filters, and

ENGINEERING AM' MINING JOliiNAl.

Vol, lor.. No. £4

mil at ■ time will be converted to the new
nning with the Heda mill and continuing
umet mill. It is also purposed to build a
ton slime-treatment plant.

EtEGRlNDING RETARDS) BK NoN-lMLl\ KKY

of Machinery
No changes wore made in No. 2 regrinding plant.

tnd at No. 1 plant the work of remodeling progressed
slowly owing to the delay in delivery of machinery.
During the year, 512,172 tons of coarse tailings was

crushed, and. in addition. No. 2 plant treated 730.543

ions of tailings sands from Torch Lake. Results for

7 at the leaching plant were satisfactory, and 643,-

911 tons was treated, yielding 5,250.311 lb. of copper,

St, excluding selling and smeltery charges, of

i He. per lb. At the reclamation plant operations were

uniform, and 730,543 tons of tailings was treated and

• 75,457 lb. of copper at a cost of 5.94c. per

lb., excluding selling and smeltery expense.

Wages Upheld in Spite of Increased Costs
["be greatly increased cost of supplies, the high scale
of wages, and the general scarcity of laborers, with the
consequent decreased product, materially added to the
production cost for the year. The 10 per cent, premium
and 50c. bonus for each day worked were continued
throughout 1917, and notices were recently posted an-
nouncing the continuance of this premium and bonus
until July 1. 1V>18. Dividends amounted to $8,500,000.

plant at stamp mill boilers, and a new hoisting plant
at No. 2 shaft. The mine produced 1,280,837 tons of
topper n>ck in 1917, and this gained a yield of 17.33
lb. of metal per ton of rock. Openings throughout
the mine total 26,900 lin.ft. and shafts were sunk
totaling 499 ft. Twenty-five electric-haulage locomotives
are now used in the mine.

Copper Range Co.

The Copper Range Co. reports that during 1917,
978,015 tons of rock was stamped and 31,268,130 lb.
of refined copper produced, which represents 31.97 lb.
of copper per ton of ore stamped. The total cost per
lb. of copper produced was 12.58c. and the average
price received was 28.735c. Total expenses amounted
to $3,933,222.05, net earnings were $4,966,824.97, and
total 'dividends paid were $3,943,912.50. The report
covers the operations of the following companies, stock
in which is held by the Copper Range Co.: Atlantic
Mining Co., 97,001 shares; Trimountain Mining Co.,
99,690 ; Champion Copper Co., 50,000, and Copper Range
R.R. Co., 42,443 shares. During 1917 the Baltic Mining
Co. was dissolved and its assets were transferred to
the Copper Range Co. The mine is to be operated as
the Baltic mine of the Copper Range Company.

Osceola Consolidated Mining Co.

Total copper produced during 1917 by the Osceola
Consolidated Mining Co. amounted to 16,084,958 lb.
at the cost of 13.49c. per lb. For 12,383,918 lb. of
copper delivered, an average of 27.89c. per lb. was re-
ceived. Gross income from 1917 operations was $1,777,-
625.26, taxes were $602,093.73, and dividends paid
amounted to $1,346,100. Rock treated amounted to.
1,237,805 tons, at a cost, including mining, transporta-
tion, stamping and taxes, of $1.63 per ton. Refined
copper per ton of rock treated was 13 lb. Underground
work during 1917 consisted of the following: Osceola,
No. 6 shaft, 3898 ft. of openings; North Kearsarge
No. 1 shaft, 137 ft. of shaft and 1187 ft. of openings;
No. 3 shaft, 589 ft. of openings and No. 4 shaft, 634
ft. of openings.

Isle Royale Copper Co.

Total copper produced by the Isle Royale Copper Co.
in 1917 amounted to 13,480,921 lb., at a cost of 15.35c.
per lb. Gross income from 1917 operations was $1,224,-
708.04 and dividends paid during the year amounted
to $600,000. There were 922,160 tons of rock treated,
at a cost of $2.02 per ton, including costs of mining,
transportation, stamping and taxes. Refined copper
per ton of rock treated was 14.6 lb. Total shaft sink-
ing during the year was 996 ft., divided among shafts
Nos. 2, 4, 5, 6 and 7. Underground openings driven
amounted to 19,271 ft., divided as follows: Drifting,
9822 ft.; drift-stoping, 8636 ft., and crosscutting, 813
ft. Buildings at the Isle Royale stamp mills were
equipped with automatic Sprinklers for fire protec-
tion. During the year the main tailings launder wa3
extended 600 ft. At the No. 1 mill, automatic sprink-
ling apparatus was installed. A 30,000,000-gal. motor-
driven, centrifugal pump for furnishing water for the
entire mill was ordered. The 10% premium and 50c.
bonus for each day's work were continued throughout
1917 and will be in force untii July 1, 1918.

Quincy Mining Co.

The Quincy Mining Co. reports that 22,195,577 lb.
of refined copper was produced in 1917. Income from
sales of metal amounted to $6,350,500.30; operating
expense, including taxes, was $3,486,774.56; other in-
come was $52,335.12, and construction and miscellaneous
expense amounted to $406,794.76. Income for the year
totaled $2,509,267.10, out of which were paid dividends
of $1,980,000. The year's production of copper was
sold at an average of 28.6c. a lb. Among the improve-
ments made in 1917 are included new dwellings and
boarding houses for employees, automatic sprinkler
system at the stamp mills, stokers and coal-handling

Ea3t Butte Copper Mining Co.

East Butte Copper Mining Co. reports for 1917:
Number of tons of ore mined (wet weight), 189,473,
having an average assay value of 4.31% and mined
at a cost, including development, of $8.29 per ton.
Total number of tons of ore treated was 212,755, which
resulted in a production of 20,013,900 lb. of copper,
581,190 oz. of silver and 1825 oz. of gold. Gross income
from operations was $5,397,868.14, and with costs
covering mining, treatment, freight, selling, refining,
etc., of $4,089,710.10, there remained a balance of $1,308,-
158.04. The report shows a net surplus on operations
of $1,021,960.83, after deductions for depreciation,
depletion, exploration and development.

June '■''■ l;'!S ENGINEERING AND MINING J0URNA1

!"« I"! Illlllllllllllllllllllllllllllll ,: I : ,.;, ,,,, | ,„

mi minim ii iiiiiiiii niiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiini

Events and Economics of the War

Engineer Officers Wanted for the Army

Approximately 2000 additional engineer officers are
immediately required for the army. To obtain these
with a minimum of delay a board of examining officers
will be sent out from Washington. All who are pro-
fessionally ,and otherwise qualified may obtain the
necessary blank forms of application by written request,
addressed to the Chief of Engineers, U. S. Army, Wash-
ington, D. C. These applications should be filled out in
strict compliance with the instructions thereon. If the
application is accepted the applicant will be advised of
the time and place where the examination, both mental
and physical, will be held. Should he be found qualified,
he will be commissioned in the Engineer Reserve Corps.

The Examining Board will receive applications for
appointment only in the grades of first lieutenant and
captain, and only those applicants meeting the following
requirements will be considered:

Age limits: For the grade of first lieutenant, 32 to 36
years; for captain, 36 to 42. These limits may be slightly
increased, or decreased, in special cases, except that no one
who is within the draft age will be considered.

Applicants must be engaged in the active practice of the
engineering profession, in one of its various branches, and
be in good physical condition.

Professional qualifications and experience: No set rules
have been established. An applicant's fitness for commis-
sion will be determined by the board.

All applicants must be citizens of the United States.

No application will be received from any one now in Gov-
ernment service.

Applications will not be considered from any one born in
a country with which the United States is at war, or born
in a country allied with a country with which the United
States is at war, even though he be a naturalized citizen
of this country.

I mi urn nnmmr

Willi inn i i

After several days' inactivity following their pen
tion of the Allied lines to the Marne, the mans re-
attacked on a new front extending from Noyon to Mi
didier, gaining about 5 miles in the center. During the
week, in minor actions, brilliantly executed, American
marines recovered ground northwesl of Chateau Thierry
from the Germans, including the villages of Torcy and
Bouresches.

At home, three more vessels were reported sunk by
raiding U-boats off the Atlantic coast. By proclamation
of the President, June 28 was set aside as National War
Savings day. The amount to be spent in the next fiscal
yeai by the Government was placed at 21 billions by
Secretary McAdoo, who suggested that loans therefor
be limited to 16 billions and the balance raised by in-
creased taxes. Steps to limit the retail prices of food
were announced by the Food Administration involving
the publication in each community of "fair price lists"
to be followed by stopping supplies to profiteers.
Authority to form one or more Government-owned air-
craft corporations was asked of Congress by John D.
Ryan. More than 700,000 American troops are now in
France, it was announced.

All applicant rd will be com

within in days oi two a few da

after will receive ordi n engineei i n

training camp, eithei at Camp Lei . Pi tei burg, Va., oi
[ amj , Va., near u will

■ i '"in Be in military training

d to duty with I'li:

however, that it ia required
- officer that 1- ,j.-,l

ined, but mu i al o po Bess the requi ite qualitii oi Ii i
i and temperament to fit him for the command of tri
l he i ase of each Btudent officer will i . [j considered

bj a board of officers of the Corps of Engineers of thi I;.
lar Army, just previous to the completion of his course'of
ruction (unless circumstances necessitate an earlier
consideration) and, as a result of th< Bhowing which he
has made, he will either be allowed to retain his commis-
sion, or will be honorably dischai

The Government will "allow traveling expenses at the
rate of 7c. per mile to applicants Who may be commissioned,
and they will also receive, while in the training camp, the
regular pay of an officer of their rank.

Applicants who receive commissions and are ordered to
camp should provide themselves only with the usual engi-
neer officers' uniform, cap, puttees' and tan shoes. For
training purposes, the camp authorities will issue them,
on memorandum receipt, equipment, and -will provide the
necessary sleeping accommodations.

Tin Control in Great Britain

Entire control of trading in tin was taken recently by
the British Minister of Munitions, according to the Iron
and Coal Trades- Review. The order, which was issued
under date of Apr. 26, 1918, prohibits all persons from
purchasing, selling, or — except for the purpose of carry-
ing out a contract in writing existing prior to the date
mentioned — entering into any transaction or negotia-
tion in relation to the sale or purchase of tin situated
either inside or outside the United Kingdom, except
under a ministry license. Likewise, no tin may be used,
except under license, for the purpose of any manufac-
ture or work except for the purpose of a contract or
order for the time being in existence certified to be
within class "A" in the order of the Minister of Muni-
tions as to priority dated Mar. 8, 1917.

In the first seven days of each month all persons are
to send in to the director of tin supplies, monthly re-
turns of:

1. All tin held by them in stock or otherwise under their
control on the last day of the preceding month, specifying
the quality.

2. All tin purchased or sold by them for future delivery
and not yet delivered on such last day, specifying the names
of the sellers to or purchasers from them, and the quantity
and quality, and time and place of delivery in each case,
and the position of the tin at the date of the return.

3. All tin delivered to them during the preceding month,
and from whom purchased.

4. All contracts or orders existing on the last day of or
entered into during the preceding month requiring for their
execution the use of tin, specifying the purposes thereof and
the quality of the tin to be used.

This became efiective on May 1. No return is, how-
ever, required where the total stock of tin in hand and on
order has not at any time during the preceding month
exceeded 5 cwt. For the purpose of the order, the word

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 24

•un" means tin of all qualities, ami includes sheet and
■d tin. tinfoil, scrap tin, tin ores, and concentrates,

and tin residues.

Applications for licenses are required to be made to
Tno . Supplies, Metal Exchange Buildings,

Whitington A> , 1 ondon, E. C. 3. and marked "Tin

use." Every applicant for a license must state the
amount and quality of metal required by him per month,
and the use to which it will be put.

Germain Controlled Australian Mines

How Germany had benefited Australia, thoush seek-
in? her conquest, was recounted by Premier Hughes,
of Australia, in a recent speech before the Harvard
Club in New York.

"Our mines." said Mr. Hugh "which are extensive,
were entirelj under the control of German capital when
the war came It gives me pleasure to say that they
no longer an n that control and also that arrange-

rs ha\e been perfected bj which for 25 years to
come the control cannot possibly b > reestablished. But
to be fair, the German energy and capital were very
beneficial to us. After we took over the mines our-
selves we found the plants and organizations so excellent
that we were able to begin at once the making of ships
and munitions with which to help defeat Germany.
Without the Gentian pioneer work we never could have
got going so well or so fast."

Skilled Enlisted Men To Be Returned
To Necessary Industries

In response to appeals from all over the country, the
War Department has decided upon a policy which will
permit the return to necessary industries of highly
skilled men taken from such industries, under a system
of furlough which will be automatic, and which will not
in the future, as in the past, leave to the discretion of
company and other subordinate commanders the ques-
tion of whether such furloughs shall be granted. Thou-
sands of applications for such furloughs are now being
sent out of Washington by the War Department. The
application blank is as follows:

Application for Return of Enlisted Man.
In Highly Skilled Class of Labor to "Necessary" Industry

Dated at 191

Application is hereby made for the return of following
enlisted man:

Name , Residence

Exact description of trade

Roistered Local Board Order No.. . . .Serial No

Last reported to Camp Unit

Taken into Army 191 . because

Taxation

In a recent interview in the Boston Post, C. W. Bar-
ron remarked :

"Henry B. Endicott is right when he proposes to tax
his car and my car and every other fellow's car ac-
cording to size. Of course, this taxes the farmer's
horse, the smaller end lighter motor. But even the
farmer has the opportunity of doing more business with
his motor, thus increasing his earning ability, or of
running his motor slower and saving expense. It is a
question of what his time is worth.

"Taxes justly come from fruitage. You should tax
the fruit either as produced or consumed. Tax pro-
duction or consumption when you wish to limit them.
Therefore you tax alcohol both at the still and the bar.
Tax honey after the hive is full or before it is con-
sumed, but do not tax the bee. When you tax the fruit,
do not cut off the limb of the tree. Tax the fruit or the
honey in consumption, but be careful how you tax it in
production. In war, you want to stimulate production
and reduce consumption. Lay all possible taxes on con-
sumption, and only as you must on production

"The wrong in the present socialistic system of tax-
ation is that we are endeavoring to avoid taxes on con-
sumption. In the Civil War we raised two-thirds of our
taxes by imposts upon consumption. If a man wants
to consume silks, champagne, or luxuries, put the tax
upon them, both on imports and, where this is not pos-
sible, on consumption. Then the man who wants to con-
sume selfishly will pay the tax. You must in all sys-
tems of taxation deal with human selfishness. Tax it
where you can and stimulate it when you must, to pro-
duce a public service."

We ask that he be directed to report to.

We have the following direct Government contracts:
Date Gov. Order No. Quantity Description Vept. ol Gov.

We are under contract with the following, who have direct
Government contracts from Dept.

We have established our status as "necessary" industry

with District Board No of State

located at

Sworn to before me at.
this day of.

By (Title)

.191

Title of official administering oath.
I have checked the foregoing statements and have found
them to be correct.

Local representative of Dept.

Adoption of this policy means that enlisted men are
to be returned only where the employer is willing to
swear that they are badly needed, and that no others can
take their places. The Government department for
which the manufacturer or other employer is working
will, upon application, send one of the blank forms to
the employer, which he must fill out, swear to before a
notary, and have a Government inspector who is con-
versant with the facts also sign. The signed applica-
tion then goes to the Adjutant General's Office, with
request from the interested Government department
that the man wanted be granted an indefinite fur-
lough, without pay, with the promise that after the
need for the man's service has passed he will be re-
turned to the Army and the Government notified.

While such men are on furlough they are not to be
allowed to wear the uniform. The company employing
such men must furnish the Government each month a
report as to whether the men are still employed and the
class of work in which they are engaged. In case such
men leave their employment, the employers must im-
mediately notify the Government.

June 15, 1018

ENGINEERING AM) MINING JOl H

101)7

Anthracite Allotted by Stales

It is estimated by the anthracite committee of the
U. S. Fuel Administration that 54,845,783 tons of an
thracite of domestic sizes will be available for distribu
tion to consumers during the coal year ending Apr. 1
next. Such amount will be an increase of 2,668,823 tons.
or more than 59! . over the actual distribution for the
coal year 1916-17. Distribution to New England and
Atlantic states will be materially increased because of
their expanded population.

Government requisitions for the Army and Navy and
war industries and utilities which require it will be
fully met. To make possible such necessary increased
distribution upon Government orders, and through those
sections of the country where the people are depend-
ent upon anthracite for heating and cooking, there is
no alternative but to curtail shipments to other states
and to bar anthracite entirely from many more where
it has been used but in which bituminous and other
fuels can be procured and substituted. The allotment:

ALLOTMENT OF DOMESTIC ANTHRACITE FOR CURRENT
COAL YEAR

Decision Rendered on Income I ;i\

The U. S. Sll] ■ irt, in an opinion handed down

on June 3, held thai dividend paid to stockholdei
Corporations out of surplus accumulated prior to the
income tax law of 1918 are not income, and are thi n
fore not taxable under the act.

The decision may have tin' effect of cutting off m

million dollars in revenue under the present income tax
law, since the principle involved in the 1918 act
would affect the newer measure. Many returns, [I
said, included dividends paid from surplus accumulated
before the new act wa

If it is found after examining the Supreme Court de
cision that the payments are exempt, provision will be
made for deducting the sums, or refunding them if paid.

Maine

New Hampshire . . .

Vermont

Massachusetts

Rhode Island

Connecticut

New York

New Jersey

Pennsylvania

Delaware

Maryland

District of Columbia.

Virginia

Ohio

Indiana

Illinois

Michigan

Minnesota

Wisconsin

N. Dakota

S. Dakota

Missouri

Kansas

Nebraska

Iowa

lSl'-lT

Distribution

Tons

556,683

314,945

316,850

5,027,993

664,008

1,952,900

14,169,809

4,961,622

6,815,650

223,503

933,889

517,760

256,000

585,626

710,274

2,215,122

1,589,002

1,071,532

1,181,926

249,314

207,416

129,289

15,907

130,273

352,496

Allotment

1918-19

Tons

660,000

375,000

330,000

5,689,000
800,300

2,476,700
15,855,300

5,460,784

8,059,700
245,853

1.027,317
665,800
102,400
246,250
284,110

1,750,585

1,201.000
990,000

1,024,000
200,000
166,000

in-
crease

18.56
19.07
4.15
13.15
20.53
26.82
11.89
10.04
18.25
10.00
10.00
28.59

IV-
c'tv:isi-

60.00

57.95

60.00

20.97

24.42

7.61

13.36

19.78

19.97

100.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

Besides the above, 2,481,754 tons have been allotted
to railroads, 3,602,000 tons to Canada, 51,930 tons for
miscellaneous exports and 600,000 tons to cantonments.

Coal Administrator for Alaska

The U. S. Fuel Administration is considering the re-
quest of the Territorial Council of Defense of Alaska,
that a fuel administrator be appointed to take charge
of the coal fields of that territory. At present the
Alaskan coal fields are under the direction of the fuel
administrator for the State of Washington. Though
Alaska has extensive coal areas, the coal supply for the
territory is to a large extent imported from Wash-
ington and British Columbia.

The Government railway extending from Anchorage
to Fairbanks was completed last year to a point where
the Matanuska coal fields can be developed, and with the
completion of this road from Anchorage to Seward this
summer there will be ample pro\ision for bringing out
Alaskan coal.

Navy to Train Engineering Officers

The Navy Department has perfected plans for the en-
rollment and training of engineering officers. A school
for this training, known as the U. S. Navy Steam Engi-
neering School, has been established at the Stevens In-
stitute of Technology, Hoboken, N. J., under the guid-
ance of Dean F. L. Pryor, as civilian director.

The course consists of five months' training, divided
as follows: One month of military training at the naval
training camp, Pelham Bay Park, New York; one month
at the school mentioned; two months practical training
on board ships and in repair shops in the vicinity of
New York; one month finishing course at the school.

The school is open to men between 21 and 30 who are
physically qualified, of thorough ability and officer-like
character, and who have completed the engineering
course at any recognized technical school. It presents
desirable opportunities to the young technical man,
both in affording him a proper outlet lor his trained
facilities during the war, and in rounding out his college
work with a practical course and school experience.

The service that a graduate from the school will per-
form will be that of an engineer officer in the auxiliary
sendee of the Navy, and a graduate will be commis-
sioned an ensign in the U. S. Naval Reserve Force.
Information has been sent to all registered technical
schools and should be on file at the president's office.
For any additional details application can be made to
the civilian director, U. S. Navy Engineering School,
Stevens Institute, Hoboken, New Jersey.

Any men, graduates or undergraduates, who are
registered in the draft can enroll with the proper en-
rolling officer by securing from the draft board a
letter of release, which in all probability can be obtained
for this purpose, provided the men are not included in
the current draft quota. Special provision has been
made for the continuance of the school with proper ma-
terial by a Navy regulation which permits undergradu-
ates of the freshman, sophomore and junior classes in
recognized engineering schools to enroll in the Navy
with a rating of seamen, 2nd class, and continue their
courses at the institutions where they have matricu-
lated. Such men will be called into active service after
their graduation, and can at that time, if they are
physically qualified to pass an officer's physical examina-
tion, enroll for the course at the U. S. Navy Steam En-
gineering School.

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 24

iiimmiiiimiiiiiiiiiiimmimiMiiiiii iiuiiiiiiiillii mi iiiiiiiiini iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimiiii limn I mi Bllllll inmiinninnnini i iiiimimnm miinii nii|

Industrial News from Washington

By Paul Wooton, Special Correspondent

in il IIIIIIIIUIIIIIIII

War Industries Board to Distribute
Steel Supply

Through agreement with the American Iron and Steel
Institute, the entire production of pig iron and steel
is to be distributed by the War Industries Board. No.
pig iron or products manufactured from steel are to be
shipped or delivered except as follows:

1. By priority certificates issued by the Priorities Di-
vision "of the War Industries Board; or

2. After priority certificates shall have been issued for
or filled, then producers of pig iron and of steel manu-
factured products may utilize such raw materials and manu-
facturing capacity, if any. as they may have available, to
fill orders of their customers not covered by priority cer-
tificates, provided such orders are embraced within the
schedule of purposes entitled to preference treatment as
determined by the Priorities Board as follows:

Ships, including destroyers and submarine chasers; air-
craft; munitions, military and naval supplies and operations,
building construction for Government needs, equipment for
same; fuel for domestic consumption and for manufactur-
ing necessities named herein; food and collateral industries,
foodstuffs for human consumption and plants handling
same; feeding stuffs for domestic fowls and animals, and
plants handling same; all tools, utensils, implements, ma-
chinery, and equipment required for production, harvesting
and distribution, milling, preparing, canning and refining
foods and feeds, such as seeds of foods and feeds, binder
twine, etc.; products of collateral industries, such as fertil-
izer, fertilizer ingredients, insecticides and fungicides; con-
tainers for foods and feeds, and collateral products; mate-
rials and equipment for preservation of foods and feeds,
such as ammonia and other refrigeration supplies, includ-
ing ice; clothing for civilian population; railroad or other
necessary transportation equipment, including water trans-
portation; public utilities serving war industries, Army,
Navy, and civilian population.

A survey is to be made of the prospective iron and
steel requirements of the U. S. Government and of the
Allied governments. A study also is to be made of the
capacity of plants in the United States with the idea
that the recommendations may be made to stimulate and
increase production.

iiiiiiii iiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii mil

Directors of War Industry Named

Regional representatives who will direct war industry
in the 20 zones into which the United States has been
divided by the War Industries Board were announced on
June 4 as follows:

George E. Crawford, Bridgeport, Conn.; William F. Mor-
gan, New York; Ernest R. Trigg, Philadelphia; George
S. Oliver, Pittsburgh; Harper Sibley, Rochester, N. Y.-
Myron T. Herrick, Cleveland; Allen A. Templeton, De
troit; Lucius Teeter, Chicago; A. Clifford Shinkle, Cm
cinnati; Frank N. Hoen, Baltimore; W. H. White, Jr.
Atlanta; M. W. Bush, Birmingham; Frank D. Crabbs
Kansas City; Jackson Johnson, St. Louis; August H
Bogel Milwaukee; Louis Lipshitz, Dallas; Frederick J
Koste'r, San Francisco; A. J. Rhodes, Seattle; Henry I
Harriman, Boston; D. R. Cotton, St. Paul.

Each regional representative will remain in his dis-
trict as the representative of the War Industries Board
at Washington. They are instructed to reach all or-
ganizations and firms, whether affiliated with chambers
of commerce or not.

Pause on Minerals Control Bill

A delay of two weeks in the consideration of the Min-
erals Control bill has been occasioned by the enforced
absence from Washington of Senator Henderson. The
death of his mother made necessary a trip to Nevada.
Senator Shafroth, of Colorado, who took an active part
in examining witnesses during the Senate committee's
hearing, is opposed to granting the power to fix either
maximum or minimum prices. He believes, however,
that the bill should extend to the Secretary of the In-
terior the authority to make contracts where it is nec-
essary to stimulate production. Senator Jones, of New
Mexico, leans to the belief that some control of certain
phases of the mineral situation is necessary, but thinks
the greatest care must be exercised in the handling of
legislation which is so likely to change the equilibrium
of delicately balanced industries.

Freight Increases on Copper and Lead

Exceptions in which the 25% increase of freight rates
will not apply on base bullion (copper or lead), pig
or slab and other smeltery products are as follows :

That rates from producing points in the states of Arizona,
California, Idaho Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon,
Utah, and Washington to New York, N. Y., shall be $16.50
per net ton, with established differentials to other Atlantic
seaboard points; and

Rates from points in Colorado and El Paso, Tex., to At-
lantic seaboard points shall be $6.50 per net ton.

Separately established rates used as factors in making
through rates to the Atlantic seaboard shall be increased
in amounts sufficient to protect the through rates as above
increased.

Reclassifying Drafted Men

After having lost the services of the first several
hundred thousand of the draft men in the activities
for which they were best fitted, the War Department
now has evolved an efficient system of occupational class-
ification. To date more than 240,000 transfers of men
from one unit to another have taken place. These trans-
fers are being made at a rate of 40,000 weekly. At each
camp where the new men are received trained inter-
viewers secure full information regarding the draftee's
education, experience and special qualification.

Germany is calling in her nickel coinage, the metal of
which is needed for projectiles, says a dispatch from
Amsterdam, and is substituting zinc for minting coins
of this class. Authority has just been given for the
minting of 10,000,000 marks' worth of zinc 10-pfennig
pieces.

Recovery of nickel from Alaskan ores is being con-
ducted at the Golden station of the U. S. Bureau of
Mines, where some success has been obtained by fusion
with niter cake.

Juno 15. I'.MS

ENGINEERING W'l> MININC, JOURNAL

L093

When Patriotism Means Only Trifling
Sacrifice

Patriotism — the word has at this moment a deepei
significance to our country than anj other, because upon

the patriotism of its citizens hinges our nation's ability
to remain free and untrammeled. Upon the degree of
patriot ism which prevails depends the future of our
most cherished institutions, our liberty and our hoi
An army lighting without it would be as useless as a
spent bullet.

While the mining regiment is showing its patriotism
to be of steel, what are we doing? We fill the breach
between the firing line in France and the raw material
in our mines, which must be converted into shells, guns
aeroplanes and ships which are necessary to supply that
firing line; surely as necessary a work as the battle
itself. Yes, but carried on at home among home folks
and cheer, with dry feet, and regular meals of regular
food, and a safe bed to sleep in. For these reasons and
others, no work that we could possibly do here could
compare in sacrifice with that freely offered by our fel-
lows in France.

To bridge, in a measure, that span between the limit-
ed service we can render and that noble service our
more fortunate miners are giving, let us subscribe liber-
ally to the Comfort Fund of the 27th. One engineer,
following the dictates of his profession by having some-
thing tangible upon which to base his argument, keeps
an expense account of his tobacco. He says : "I never
kept an expense account of anything before, but I made
up my mind that for every pipeful I smoke, some fel-
low over there can have one on me." That shows the
right spirit, and similar trifling sacrifices upon the part
of a sufficient number will help keep the mining regiment
in good cheer. Can you do less?

Those who have contributed to the fund subsequently
to the list given in our issue of May 18 follow. About
6000 members of the A. I. M. E. and 99.2 c( of the
Journal subscribers remain to be heard from.

Previously acknowledged S13 664 00

btudents of Wisconsin Mining School ' r,,,'on

A. M. Plumb c nn

C. W. Snow " %'il

Charles A. Mitke YYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY. 5W>

A. A. Hassan 10 00

A. A. Hassan, Jr ' c'no

Emin A. Hassan ?oo

Bernard MacDonald YYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY. 5!00

C. P. Rand jo „,,

Calumet & Arizona Mining Co. and Xew Cornelia Copper

Co 400 00

Oscar Lachmund (fourth contribution ') Y Y'YYYYYYYYYYY. lo'oo

£• £• J^U. 10.00

C. S. Witherell

W. G. McBride 9500

gart Eiiers Y.. Y. .YYY.YYYYYYY. 50:00

K. T. Hancock 5 00

S. Rir.glund 1

H. Foster Bain 10.no

fere Bailey

Uiari< s le Vasseur (second contribution) :, 00

William Wraith , 25 00

H. A. Wheeler 1000

Nevada Mine Operators' Association ion mi

Louis R. Wallace 50 00

g. P. Bowen 5.00

ti. L.. Brown and M. W. Hayward 16 00

npn Cap Copper Co 50.00

W. X. Smith 10.00

-■ S. Geary 5 00

Total $14,732.50

Make your checks payable to W. R. Ingalls, treasurer
)f the Association of the 27th Engineers. Because of
he work involved in administering the Comfort Fund,
contributions are acknowledge only by publication in
he Journal.

(.as am) Oil Fields <>f Western ( anada

Bi P m Thompson"

Eugene Coste, of Calgary, Aha., pic Idetri of the Can
ada Western National <;.-, . Light, Seal and Powei

•""l "I' '1"' North Ma National <,a I lev ell .| in

Co., and a leading authoi Itj on im and oil, hai &iven out

some important details of the r- er,1 , level,, pment of the

oil and gas n of the Canadian We t. Three na1

ural gas fields have been found in the Province of Al-
berta, two of which have produced large quantities of

for many years. The Medicine Hat field, whicl

plies Medicine Hat and Redcliffe, has a tested area of,

about 30 square miles. The initial r,
600 lb. The depth of the ga.s sand vanes from 1000 to
1200 ft.; it lies about 900 ft. above the Dakota sand-
stone of the Cretaceous formation. The How Island
field is situated 40 miles west of Medicine Hat on the
Crow's Nest branch of the Canadian Pacific Ry. The
tested area is about 25 square miles, the initial rock
pressure was 790 lb. and the depth of the gas sand varies
from 1850 to 2150 ft. This sand is the Dakota sand-
stone of the Cretaceous, and the first 70 ft. of it affords
from three to four pays in each well. This field supplies
gas to the cities of Lethbridge and Calgary and a num-
ber of intermediate towns by means of a 16-in. pipe
line, 175 miles long, laid in 1912, since which time a
large gas business has been developed, with branch pipe
lines connecting with other places. North of this
district along the main line of the Canadian Pacific
Ry. gas has been found in smaller quantities in sands
respectively about 300, 800 and 1400 ft. above the hori-
zon of the Medicine Hat sands. The town of Brooks has
been supplied steadily for six years from one of these
middle Cretaceous sands.

The third large gas field is situated about 200 miles
north of Bow Island, near Viking, on the Grand
Trunk Pacific Ry., 80 miles southeast of Edson. Gas is
obtained from the Dakota sandstone at the depth of
about 2350 ft., and from another sand, about 150 ft.
above, which corresponds to the Grand Rapids sandstone
of the Athabasca River section. An area of about 12
square miles has been tested in the Viking field, the wells
averaging a flow approximately 4,400,000 cu.ft. each,
with a rock pressure of 700 lb. The gas is of the ethane
type, and, no doubt, will permit of the production of
gasoline by absorption as soon as it is piped and is in use
in Edmonton. A small quantity of dark oil, 22 B°, was
obtained on the top of the Dakota sand in one of the
Viking wells, and indications are that an oil field will be
developed in the vicinity.

At Pelican Rapids, about 150 miles north of Viking
on the Athabasca River, where gas has been discovered,
the Grand Rapids sandstone and Dakota sand are shal-
lower (600 to 800 ft.) and the gas has less rock pressure
—from 250 to 300 lb. The volume of the first well put
down was large, but unfortunately the gas was allowed
to go to waste. A small quantity of heavy oil was found
with the gas. Latterly, a deeper well has been drilled
near Pelican Rapids and gas found in a deeper sand in
the Devonian limestone. On the outcrops of the Creta-
ceous measures between Pelican Rapids and Fort Mc-
Murray and McKay enormous seepages of gas, heavy

* Oakville, Ontario.

1100

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 24

and tar an? found along the Athabasca River for a
distance of 100 miles. On the Peace River, and in the
region northwest of it along the Mackenzie River up t>>
the Antic Ocean, similar seepages occur at intervals
region hundreds of miles long. East of the Rocky
Mountains, and near Peace River Landing, oil, appar-
ently in commercial quantities, has been found in two
wells at depths of 000 to 1200 ft. In the district be-
tween Calgary ami the mountains, and south from there
to the United States boundary line, oil of a very light
gravity has been found in seepages and deep wells, but
9 bo far not in large quantities.

The foregoing data indicate the existence of an oil
and gas belt of great promise across the Province of Al-
belta for a distance of hundreds of miles, its extension
north to the Arctic Ocean being marked by known seep-
ages and the geological conditions. Mr. Coste is con-
vinced that this oil and gas belt contains enormous re-
serves of petroleum.

production that the supply far exceeded the demand,
with the inevitable result that the market declined con-
siderably.

Mineral Production of British Columbia
in 1917

In British Columbia, the government has put diamond
drills to work to determine the depth of orebodies whose
surfaces would indicate extensive value, says Commerce
Reports. Many millions of dollars have been expended
on mineral indications in that province in trying to
pro%-e the existence of mines by tunnels and shafts.

The gold production in, 1917 totaled 118,239 oz.,
against 221,932 oz. for 1916. It has suffered from the
greatly increased cost of labor and supplies, though the
price of the product remains stationary. On account
of the greatly enhanced value of the baser metals, mines
operating on the sliding scale of wages regulated by the
price of the metals have been paying abnormally high
wages, which have drawn miners away from gold min-
ing, both placer and lode. About 75% of the gold pro-
duction of the province is obtained from the smelting
of copper-bearing ores and the remainder mainly from
stamp milling. The production of placer gold is com-
paratively small, amounting to only about one-tenth
of the total. Copper produced in 1917 was the highest
recorded except for 1916, totaling 64,416,617 lb., valued
at $16,693,037, compared with the 1916 figures of 65,-
379,364 lb., valued at $17,784,494. The average price
of copper for 1917 was slightly lower than for 1916.

During the last three years copper mining has be-
come the most important form of mining in British Co-
lumbia and probably will maintain this position. Last
year it formed 60 rr of the total return of the metal-
bearing mines and 45 % of the total mineral production.
In 1917, 3,069,021 oz. of silver was produced, entirely
from the silver-lead and copper ores. About 56% of
this was produced in the Slocan district from argentif-
erous galena, the remainder being chiefly derived from
the smelting of copper ores carrying silver. The total
production of lead in 1917 was 38,661,811 lb., which was
a slight decrease over the previous year, but owing to
the high price the value of the 1917 output was the high-
est on record. The output of zinc for 1917 was slightly
less than for the previous year. The high prices paid
for zinc in 1915 and 1916 resulted in such an increased

Cost of Australian Copper

By Robert Slessor*

The average cost of all Australian copper is high.
Even before the war, the only cheap copper came from
the Cloncurry district, North Queensland, where high-
grade ores containing over !•', were smelted during the
first few years of the life of the Mount Elliott and
Hampden mines. Copper costs are not published in the
periodical mine reports, and the real costs are known
only to the various boards. An approximation, how-
ever, is possible from the net profits, dividends, gross
returns, etc. Of the 40,000 (long) tons produced an-
nually, more than 75rr comes from seven mines. Mount
Lyell, Wallaroo, C. S. A., Hampden, Mount Elliott, Great
Cobar and Mount Morgan. These names are quoted in
the order of the approximate costs and not in the order
of the size of their output.

Approximately it may be taken that Mount Lyell's
costs are something under £50 per ton and Mount Mor-
gan's over £85 per ton for refined electrolytic copper in
Sydney, where it will be sold to the Imperial Government
at a fixed price until June 30 next. Each mine has its
special causes of high costs and some advantages that
work for lower costs. Mount Lyell, though having
lower-grade ores, has the advantage of cheap hydro-
electric power, and especially efficient metallurgical
work, and its own coke works It has besides, a source
of profit from chemical manure works, but these, though
increasing the profits, do not, of course, affect the cost
of the copper. The Wallaroo has the advantage of its
own refining works, an efficient process of milling, flo-
tation and leaching, and a good working agreement with
its employees that has so far prevented strikes. The
C. S. A. has higher-grade ores containing up to 5 and
6°/i , being practically a new mine, and will soon have
its own refining works. The Hampden and Mount
Elliott had the advantage of high-grade ores, but today
the average grade of the furnace input is fast falling
toward 6fr, and there is no longer a big margin over
the other handicaps. The Great Cobar has a fine plant
and its own fuel supply (not coke), but its ore supplies
and grade and its financial circumstances make costs ]
rise in spite of the hardest work of the management
Finally, the Mount Morgan has all of the handicaps
recorded below, with the sole advantage of high gol( .
contents of the blister. This latter, of course, thougl
influencing the actual profits, has no bearing on th>
actual cost of making copper.

The disadvantages common to all are many, chie
among them being the high cost of labor and lo\
efficiency. The former is not objected to, as it is recogl
nized that living costs have risen all round. It is thj
decreased efficiency and the frequent labor difficuitie j
that are especially troublesome. Power costs have a I
influence, as practically all the mines cited except Mourl
Lyell depend upon imported coal or local firewood fc

•Castlereagh House, Castlereagh St.. Sydney. New South Wale
Australia

June 15, 1018

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOUB

110]

power making, High transport charges for coke affecl
Hampden, Mount Elliott, Mount Morgan and Wallaroo,
as sea and rail freights are exceptionally hurdeni I

There does not seem much hope of improvement dur-
ing the next decade. The labor situation is uncertain,
the grade of ore will fall rather than rise, transport and
cost of materials will hardly decrease, and the onlj
glimmer of hope is in improved methods of extraction
and making power. Leaching is employed on a small
scale at Wallaroo and Mount Morgan and elsewhere only
for mine waters carrying copper. Milling of low-grade
ores with flotation is practicable at Wallaroo, Mount
Morgan and Mount Lyell, and must needs increase, and
other mines now producing will have to employ these
methods. There are, however, no really large low-grade
copper ore deposits so far discovered that can compare
in any way with American or Russian mines, and un-
less milling and flotation can be done on a really large
scale there does not seem much probability of decrease in
costs. The smaller, newer copper mines, that must some
day become the big producers if Australian copper out-
put is to be maintained, are not being encouraged.
There remains the possibility of new mines and fields,
which is certainly great, all over the unprospected por-
tions of the central, northwest and northern parts of
the continent. The recently completed East-West line
from Port Augusta to Kalgoorlie will provide a base
for prospecting parties to explore inland, and it is there
that discoveries may be made. Should copper fall to
£75 or £80 when peace is in sight, it is hard to see how
more than two of the mines mentioned can continue to
produce without loss.

The Tin Situation

Fresh trouble has arisen in the tin trade, says the Iron-
monger, owing to the changes that have been brought
about by the war and to the efforts of an official body to
direct the course of trade. Previous to the war, mer-
chants in London bought tin from the Straits and sold
it to the Americans. Most of this tin was imported into
England by a small number of firms, who also purchased
metal in the Straits and shipped it direct to the Pacific
Coast of America. The prices paid "n the London Metal
Exchange, however, practically ruled the rates at which
tin was dealt in all over the world, but the war caused
a large and increasing portion of the trade which had
passed between this country and the United States to be
conducted directly between the Straits and America.

Recently the exports of Straits tin to America were
entirely prohibited, although the export of English tin
under license is still allowed. The exports from Great
Britain and from the Straits are both controlled by the
Tin and Rubber Committee, and as that committee de-
clines to grant permission to export tin from the Straits
to America to firms which were not in that branch of
business before the war, merchants in London who a
couple of years ago had a fair proportion of the whole
American trade in their hands find themselves not only
debarred from exporting tin from this country to the
United States but also from participating in the direct
trade between the Straits and America. As a result, the
whole of the American trade has been diverted into the
control of some half-dozen firms, known in the trade as

"importing houses," and to those firms the American
customers of the merchant* who were engaged in the
transatlantic trad.- musl now go if they want tin. An
other development in the situation I the fad that two
American firms arc able to bus direct in the straits.

Monthly Copper Production for 1918

This table [s compiled from reports received from the
re pective compai cept in the cases noted as •

mated), together with the reports oi the United St

Department of Commerce as to Imported material, and
in the main represents the crude c<>pp< i content of blis-
ter copper, in pounds.

The grand total includes, under "Imports in on
blister copper," the production of such companies as
Canada Copper, Granby, Cananea, Braden, Cerro de
Pasco and Chile. As a matter ot record, however, the
individual figures are given after the total. We also
report the production of the Boleo and Katanga com-
panies, whose copper does not come to the United States.

MONTHLY CRCD1 COPPER PRODUCTION, 1918

Uaaka shipments.

Arizona:

Vrirona Copper

( 'oils Axia Smi king
Inspiration.

Magma

Miami

N . m Cornelia (a) . .

Old Dominion

Ray
Shannon

Sh:ittuck Arizona.

Other Arizona

California:
Mammoth

Michigan:

I lalumet St Heela

< ither Lake Superior (6)

Montana:

Anaconda

East Butte

Nevada

Mason Valley

Nevada Cons

New Mexico:
Chino

Utah:

Utah Copper

Eastern smelters (6) . . .

February

6,249,456

3,600,000

1,780,000

6,200,000

800,000

4,502,905

2,522.000

2,841,000

6,860.000

788,000

854,042

28.587,020

1,370,000

12.077,320
7.000,000

24,100.000
2,324,040

1,253,000
6,250,000

5,882.581

11,900.000
1,750.000

Total reported 139,491,364

Others, estimated 20, 5 20, 000

March
8,014,059

4,000,000
2,270,000
8,750,000

900,000
5.174.365
3,218,000
2,872,000
7,585,000

962,000

1,013,593

29,575,371

1,620,000

13,784.569
7,000,000

28.000,000
2,395,940

1,455,200
6,060,000

7.833,046

16,380,000
1,750,000

160,613.143
24,912,025

April
3,579,920

4,200,

2.000,

9.350,

1,050,

4,913,

2,806,

2,814,

7,350,

827

842

25,007

000
000
000
000
590
000
000
000

(ll)(l

790
820

1,530.000

11.734,820
7,000.000

26,500,000
1,811,360

1,058,400
6,900.000

6,290,513

16,690,883
1,750,000

146,007.096
17,200,000

May

6,069,642

4,130,000

<(.) 2,000 000

1 0,250. 000

1,000.000

5,100,408

2,880,000

3,239.000

8, 1 20,000

Hi.' HUH

840

1.328.000

28.400,000
2,208,300

1.822000
7,000,000

5,987.340

18,200.000

Total United States. . 160,011,364

Imports, ore and con-
centrates, etc 14,996,443

Imports in blister, etc.. 41.016,225

185.525,168 163,207,096

18.392,301
36,514,548

12,047,453
31.294.232

Grand total 216.024,032 240.432,017 206,548,781

Bri*i?h Columbia:
Canada Copper Corpn
Granby Cons

Me\ieo:

Boleo

Cananea

Other Foreign:

Braden

Cerro de Pasco

Chi'e

Katanga

336,000
3,843,686

1.576,400
3.960,000

3.807.601!

1,631,500

4.480.0

3,689,982

1,818,880
4.100,000

4.100.000

4,754.000
5,332,000
6.326.000
2,645,520

5,248,000
6,966,000
10,192.000
3,086,440

6,758,000
6.166.000

4,722,000
5,952,000
7,770,000
4,695,798
(i) Only electrolytic cathodeB are entered. New Cornelia also producesrsome

copper from ores sent to:Calumet & Arizona smeltery,, hich is included under^

"Other.Arixona." (6) Estimated.

The production of the United States by months since
the beginning of the year was as follows :

1918

January 165,431,568

February 160,011,364

Mar-h 185,525.168

April 163,207,096

The item "Alaska shipments" gives the official figure
of the United States Department of Commerce. Kenne-
cott production for February, March, April and May
was 5,888,000, 5,772,000 4,794,000 and 3,404,000 lb.,
respectively.

1102

iiiimunmilMUIIII

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL Vol. 105, No. 24
lUUUMlWUMnumiwimiuumimuiiimmMimm «|

Editorials

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,IIIIMI,lllllllnllllmliiiiiiiiiimiiiimiiiiiiiiMiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiim>'iimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiit>i

The War Industries Board

THE War Industries Board has been reorganised, by
order of the President, as an independent entity,
with powers corresponding to those outlined some time
ago in a letter by the President to Mr. Baruch. The
recent working of things in Washington, especially with
respect to the metals, has been complicated and difficult
to understand. The War Industries Board fixes prices
by "agreement." There is no legal authority for price-
fixing except for wheat and coal (under the Lever act),
but there are plenty of big sticks in the shapes of
licenses, priority orders, shipping permits, etc., to make
producers "agree," so it comes to the same thing.

The War Industries Board is supposed to buy for the
Allies, and apparently it does arrange for their copper
and steel, but apparently they buy lead and spelter in-
dependently. American Army and Navy orders for
copper and lead are placed with the producers at the
prices arranged by the War Industries Board, but then-
purchases of spelter are negotiated by themselves, usu-
ally by captains and lieutenants in the case of the Army.
Some" day it will be appreciated that the bugaboo of
profiteering, in so far as the metal producers are con-
cerned, was a very disastrous conception.

Some day, too, we hope that military men will be
divorced from the idea that they ought to be merchants
and manufacturers. Their business is to fight, just as
that of a baseball team is to play ball. The baseball
team buys its bats and balls, masks and mitts, and does
not think it has to make them, much less to purchase the
raw material. We wonder if the War Industries Board,
under the new Presidential order, will become a real
munitions department.

have always upheld and practiced in a business way.
This one fact alone should bring the realization that
corporations are not creatures of mismanagement, but
are the result of well-thought-out campaigns which aim
at an efficient administration and are examples to be
followed rather than condemned. In the case against
the United Shoe Machinery Corporation, the dissolution
suit was dismissed, and therewith the Government
placed its stamp of approval on a well-conducted and
efficient business. And we venture to say that similar
actions will produce similar results, for the cries of
"soulless corporations" are growing less as investigation
shows that political spite and venom have no real place
in the conducting of Governmental affairs, and that con-
structive business must go on.

Government vs. Corporations.

MUCH as we dislike the use of the word efficiency,
we are nevertheless beginning to realize in an
overwhelming manner that true efficiency is a most
necessary asset to the nation's well-being and existence.
Germany has taught us many things concerning the
benefits of organization in the business of war, and
though we feel that certain adaptations of our enemy
can be purged, there are various ways in which we have
benefited by her example.

Fundamentally the Government is a business, and is
to be conducted along business lines, so that is is only
natural that the methods and ideas developed by big
business are examples which may well be imitated. And
big business has been developed through the far-sighted-
ness of able and big men, many of whom are now at the
head of things at Washington. They have already
demonstrated that their ideas of administration are
successful, and in placing the stamp of approval on their
accomplishments the nation must realize that these men
are merely duplicating or modifying ideas which they

Industrial Housing

THE sudden creation of new industrial communi-
ties and the necessity for greatly expanding hous-
ing facilities in the near vicinity of manufacturing
centers as an outgrowth of war demands have brought
into prominence a subject which under normal condi-
tions receives scant attention from engineers and those
engaged in planning industrial expansion. A conspicu-
ous example of intelligent planning is to be observed in
the new suburb of Duluth, Morgan Park. The town
was formed in connection with a new iron and steel
manufacturing center established by the U. S. Steel
Corporation. It was developed in an orderly and sys-
tematic manner; town-planning principles were ob-
served, educational and recreational features were pro-
vided, and the houses erected were of a permanent andi
substantial character.

Though concrete was the chief building material, va-;
riety was secured by using both block and stucco conj
struction in different designs. Both in number o
rooms and character of dwellings, a generous expendi
ture resulted in excellent house types. In all, ther
were 437 dwellings and 36 types of buildings. Of th
whole number, there were 125 single dwellings, and th
remainder detached flats, double flats or rows of house; i
Both high- and low-rental dwellings were provided. Thj
equipment of the individual houses is modern. Ampli
lawn space is provided.

The club house and its equipment cost $127,000; tr J
recreation grounds $26,000. Opportunities for ourl
door sports are afforded on both school and club-houil
grounds. A modern hospital at a cost of $70,000 is abj
provided.

We commend the wisdom of those who planned th
community of more than 3000 workers. The retentiil
of the title and administration of the town in t'l
company operating the steel plant will insure an efficie j
and broad handling of the affairs of the community. ^|
need more of such centers, and take pleasure in ca j
ing the attention of works managers to this latest effol

June 15, 191

ENGINEERING AND minim; JOURNAL

1103

Safety Measures of the Right Son

FAILURE of a eager in the Sudbury distrid to pull
tli.' chairs on the l! level of the Mond No. l mine
resulted recently in an accident, which, fortunately, was

without serious results. The cage in one compart]
of the shaft had been hoisted to surface, and. after the
eager had stated that the chairs were out on the 1 i level,
the engineer proceeded to lower to the 13 level. When
reaching the ll level, the cage was held by the chairs,
so that the piled-up cable dropped into the adjoining
compartment and coiled around the other cage, which
was just being hoisted. The safety dogs of the
were also meshed and failed to work when the coiled
cable became taut, and the hoisting cable broke. For-
tunately the men on the cage received no serious injury,
as the coiled cable acted as a brake between the dogs
and the guides, and the cage -lid slowly down the shaft.
The eager was brought before a magistrate, fined $50
and sentenced to three months in jail.

Such occurrences merit the attention of mining men,
and especially at this time, when man conservation
means so much to the nation. The safety efforts of
many companies have done much to eliminate careless-
ness in mining operations, but punishment of this sort
has, we believe, a more lasting effect than mere dis-
missal or suspension from service, frequently meted out
as punishment for similar offenses. Today the latter is
insufficient and spells little when work is so plentiful
and a job may be had merely for the asking. In this
particular instance, as is frequently the case, the of-
fender received no bodily injury, but his carelessness
might have resulted seriously, if not fatally, for several.
That it did not is indeed fortunate, but the fact lessens
in no way the seriousness of the offense, and we can
commend the action of the Canadian authorities.

The Recovery of Caved Stopes

IN THIS issue we present the first of a series of arti-
cles dealing with the reclamation of stopes that have
caved. Ordinarily this would be a difficult subject to
treat, inasmuch as caving and the procedure of reopen-
ing caved stopes for the continuance of operations offer
such a variety of conditions that each must be solved
by methods depending upon the ingenuity of the execu-
tive staff. In the Coeur d'Alene mines, however, where
the veinlike lodes are mined by timber-and-fill methods,
and the caving of stopes is of more or less frequent
occurrence, considerable experience at reclamation has
evolved processes that might well be recognized as hav-
ing distinctive merits.

Several methods have been developed, depending upon
the character of ground in back and walls, dimensions
of the cave and other local conditions that constitute
governing factors. Mr. Rice, in recognizing the possi-
bilities for application of these methods elsewhere under
like or similar conditions, wholly or in part, has classi-
fied the reclamation operations, and has given us con-
siderable valuable detail, and, as well, has expounded
sound underlying principles that we believe must be
understood and considered in the successful solution of
problems arising under conditions noted. The subject
is undoubtedly of interest to mine operators, not only

of ib" .i. i ription "i operations in this old and
blished district, but because "i the suggestive value
to miners w h . . n nfronted with problems where

such Ideas may find application "i lead to tin- evolution
of new methoi
As in all mining problems, the ultimate solution
with tbe man in charge, and it I upon hi experi
ence and judgment that i of min-

ing, which is always attended by more or less hazard
ous working conditions, depend, i by a knowl-

what the other fellow has done under similar
conditions that we may hope fully to profit by »
previous experience has evolved. In mining, probably
more than in any other branch of engineering, the
ntial things to know are possibility Bj this we
mean a knowledge Of what has been done and what may
be expected under extraordinary conditions. For in-
stance, it is useful to knew the maximum open spans of
roof that have been opened up under known conditi
the greatest heights of vertical and inclined walls that
have stood unsupported in mines, and other facts of
equal importance, as well as interest, such as the larg-
est surface areas that have been undermined for va-
rious depths and the manner of support in each case.

Only by the collection of such data and by classifica-
tion in a practical form can we profit by the experience
of others and avoid the inexcusable blunder of repeating
mistakes. We therefore commend this series of papers
to all those whose problems involve underground ex-
cavations, believing that in the mining practice of the
Coeur d'Alene there is much of general interest and
practicable value.

Make Every Stroke Count

NECESSARILY, in the mining industry, so vitally
important to the winning of the war, the embar-
rassments attending the period of mobilization and busi-
ness readjustment have been especially trying and
difficult. Many thousands of expert mine, mill and
smelter men have enlisted or been taken by the draft,
and it has not been possible to fill their places with sub-
stitutes of comparable ability and experience. Though
like conditions have no doubt confronted other indus-
tries, few, if agriculture be excepted, have been so hard
hit as mining and allied activities. The situation there-
fore imperatively demands that full and complete serv-
ice and advantage be exacted from such resources of
men and material as are available. Three methods
suggest themselves:

1. Elimination of all waste. Clean up while speeding
up. Let no valuable equipment remain idle that by
the exercise of diligence might be put to work.

2. Look to the neglected tailings dump, and to per-
haps forgotten reserves of lean ore piled on the sur-
face or in abandoned stopes and other workings. In-
vestigate old mines. The science of metallurgy has
made notable progress recently, and new processes and
methods are winning values from ores and slimes but
yesteryear considered too lean to treat.

3. Institute efficiency methods at the top. Instil en-
thusiasm and patriotic ardor into your business. Ex-
ample is more potent than time clocks and stop-watches

ENGINEERING AND MINIM; JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 24

le to be. In otfice, mill, smeltery and
mine a spirit of interest, cooperation and unified effort

. em! — costing nothing, but beyond price —
will accomplish more than all the paper systems ever
ited.

v.: Washington, price-fixing, embargoes, etc.. one
\ ndition — not a theory — confronts the in-
ihistry. There is lack of agreement as to the wisdom
ertain policies. There was bound to be. The situa-
tion must work itself out. And while it is working
itself out, patience and restraint, and devotion to our
country and our cause, must be cultivated as never be-
fore. Let no one doubt that Washington hopes and
earnestly strives to achieve justice toward all legitimate
business, although its steps are not always well di-
rected.

Meanwhile, patriotic Americans will produce to
the utmost those things known to be essential, confident
that honesty, wisdom and eommonsense — and time — will
solve the problems now perplexing, irritating and. in
some cases, retarding a great and necessary industry.

accomplishment, as guns of double the energy have been
constructed, and the late Sir Andrew Noble produced a
velocity of 5000 foot -seconds.

( hino Copper Co. — Erratum

In our abstract of the 1917 report of the Chino Copper
Co. in the Journal of May 11, the figure $567,160.28 as
representing the value of gold and silver production is in
error. This should read $56,160.28.

:ti i in i uiinii-

BY THE WAY

The German depredations in Belgium have a double
aim: To furnish material for the Kaiser's army and to
ruin Belgian industry. In order to carry out this second
purpose, says a bulletin of the Committee on Public
Information, the invaders have not hesitated to steal
manufacturing secrets. We still remember how the
secret of the manufacture of artificial silk was appro-
priated at the factory at Obourg by a German rival, with
the consent of the higher authorities at Berlin. Now it
is announced that they have removed from the great
Cockerill steel works at Serning not only the entire
equipment, leaving only the walls of the buildings, but
also the plans, designs, archives, and secrets of manu-
facture.

Sir Robert Hadfield, at the Society of British Gas
Industries, according to the London Mining Journal,
showed speciments of steel — parts of one of the shells
fired by the Germans into Paris — which had been in
the air at a height of 20 miles. The weight of the
shell, he said, was estimated at 350 lb. In order to get
the enormous range required, the muzzle velocity of the
gun must be about 4600 ft. -sec, and the pressure in-
side the gun was about 28 tons per square inch. At the
muzzle of the gun a shell at that velocity would perfo-
rate 6 ft. of wrought iron, or about 54 in. of mild steel,
and when the shell left the gun it would have locked up
in it as much energy as our 15-in. shell. Sir Robert
Hadfield said there was nothing extraordinary in this

Labor on the Mother Lode is no joke. But the appar-
ent unwisdom of a recent inquiry by a New York min-
ing syndicate makes humorous reading. The syndicate,
in a businesslike manner, inquired as to the situation
in Calaveras County: "What is the mining man-power
of your county? Can you guarantee, say, 100 practical
miners on a two months' notice?" The New York syn-
dicate should have been reading the Journal instead of
writing letters. Mother Lode mining men do not close
down producing mines nor delay development of prom-
ising properties when there is a mining man-power
equal to 100 men within two months' notice. Operating
mines do not voluntarily increase wages at a time when
the purchasing value of gold is steadily diminishing, if
there is an abundance of labor.

A certain mining school sent out a number of students
each year to absorb some of the many details of prac-
tical mining in the Michigan iron districts. The trip
usually included a visit to the famous X Mine, where
the party, escorted by the Cornish mine captain, were
taken underground. It happened that a number of
years before a drift was being driven on one of the
lower levels when a vug was encountered, and the rush
of water was such that it was necessary to bulkhead
the drift some distance back, put up a raise and drift
over to a point where the cavity was again encountered
at a higher level but without any rush of water. Con-
crete was then poured into the opening, the water
pumped out and work on the lower drift resumed. The
concrete that had been poured in the vug was struck in
the driving of the drift and, for a short distance, formed
one of the sides of the tunnel. The difference in the
structure of the enclosing walls was such as to be hardly
noticeable to the ordinary observer, but to the mine
captain, who loved his little joke, it was of more than
passing interest. " 'Ere, naow, Professor, is remarkable
h'accurance, an'. I'd bloody well like to naw wot they
young fellers think on it." And, pointing to one wall,
a prospective engineer informs him that the rock is
plainly igneous, while that on the other side appears
to be sedimentary. "So I 'as been tol', m' son. But see
'ere: 'Ow is it, naow, that down 'ere in the bowells of
Mother H'earth, where all about is this 'ere h'igneous
lock, it 'appens that this bloody bit o' sedimentary rock
is foun'? 'Ow dost thee h'explain it?" And Simpkins,
pride of the class in applied and mining geology, pro-
ceeds to explain that phenomenon of nature. After per-
spiring heavily for twenty minutes, Simpkins feels that
he has acquitted himself nobly and that the mine cap-
tain must, of course, understand now just how it all
happened. "Very good, m' son," says the captain, with
an approving nod. "An' naow 'ere, I'd like to h'ask
one moor question. 'Ow ol' dost thee suppose that
there bloody san'-rock be?" "Well, Captain" — Simp-
kins by this time feels that he is heights above the
rest of the class — "I should say in the neighborhood of
several million years." "No, m' son; no. I can't very
well agree with thee. Why, dam-me, young feller, we
brought down they bloody concrete six year ago."

June 15, 1918

ENGINEERING and MINING J01 RNAL

1105

"•". ' II in.

NEW PUBLICATIONS

""""""•"'."I <

Mar* .and s..ci...ns to Accompan, Report on the Geolog,
and Oro-Doposits „f Meekatharra Murchiaon Goldflell
Plates I to XXV Bull. 68, Western Australia Geologi
cal Survey, Perth, West Australia,

Manufacturing Opportunities in the Slate of Washington.
By Harry P Giles. 6 x 9, pp. 240, illus., paper. State
Bureau of Statistics, Oiympia, \\

Combustion of Coal and DesiKn of Furnaces. By Henry
Kreisinger, C. E. Augustine, and F. K. Ovitz. Pn Ml
jUua. Bull. 135, U. S. Bureau of Mines, WasWngSJ

The Use of Permissible Explosives in the Coal Mines of
Illinois By James R. Fleming and John W. Koster.
Pp. 110 illus. Bull. 137, U. S Bureau of Mines,
Washington, D. C.

Mineral Springs of Canada: Part I, The Radioactivity of
Some Canadian Mineral Springs. By John Satterlv
and R. T. Elworthy. Pp. 60, illus. Canada Depart-
ment of Mines, Mines Branch, Ottawa, Canada.

Powdered Coal as a Fuel. By C. F. Herington. 6x9'4
pp. 211, illus.; $3. D. Van Nostrand Co., New York.
A general treatise on an important subject. It is well

written and illustrated.

Catalog and Table of Contents of the Michigan Geological
and Biological Survey, With List of Publications of the
U. S. Geological Survey Relating to Michigan, 1838-
1917. 6*4 x 9, pp. 30, illus., paper. Michigan Geo-
logical and Biological Survey, Lansing, Mich.

Mineral Resources of Michigan, With Statistical Tables of
Production and Value of Mineral Products for 1916
and Prior Years. Prepared under direction of R C

w"' ,n X «'■ ??• 291A "I"5' Publication 24, Geological
Series 20. Michigan Geological and Biological Survey
Lansing, Mich.

Estadistica Minera en 1916. By Carlos P. Jimenez. Pp.

221. No. 86, Boletin del Cuerpo de Ingenieros de Minas

del Peru, Lima, Peru.
A bulletin issued by the Peruvian Bureau of Mining En-
gineering and dealing with mineral statistics and mining
U) Peru during 1916.

lubricating Engineer's Handbook. A Reference Book of
Data, Tables and General Information for the Use of
Lubricating Engineers, Oil Salesmen, Operating Engi-
neers, Mill and Power Plant Superintendents and Ma-
chinery Designers, etc. By John Rome Battle. 6x9,
pp. 333, illus. J. B. Lippincott Co., Philadelphia, Perm!

The Chemist's Pocket Manual: a Practical Handbook Con-
taining Tables, Formulas, Calculations, Information,
Physical and Analytical Methods for the Use of
Chemists, Chemical Engineers, Assayers, Metallurgists,
Manufacturers and Students. By Richard K. Meade!
4 x 6ii, pp. 530, illus.; leather. Third edition. Chemical
Publishing Co., Easton, Penn.

American Lubricants From the Standpoint of the Consumer.

By LB. Lockhart. 6x9, pp. 236, illus.; $2. Chemical

Publishing Co., Easton, Penn.
A handy book of moderate size that thoroughly covers
the field and is of value not only to the users of lubricants
but to the engineer who may have to be informed about
hibricants or who may be required to draft specifications
fur lubricating oils.

Chemical French: An Introduction to the Study of French
Chemical Literature. By Maurice L. Dolt. 6x9, pp.
398; $3. Chemical Publishing Co., Easton, Penn.
The subject of scientific German is an old one in Ameri-
can college curricula, but it is seldom that the scientific
s.de of other foreign languages receives attention. The
book under review deals with scientific French as applied to
chemistry. It is interesting and thorough, and worth the
attention of students of chemistry.

rheGoology ol Uic Oamam District, North Otago, Baatern

.,„'?". ' ' ' Pp. km. Ului Bull.

5J?" s,;n"' J NVw /-'l'""< Geological Su
Wellington, New Zealand.

..f'souir; |:' Oamaru, on the south

f ",,,,il ,' Zaaland, and ith of Wi

*J" :"" " °« Dunedln. ., epochs

M?oc ""'"' ""' •"":

The Chemical Analysis of Iron: A Compli unt of All

''"' for the Analyst, of Iron.

Steel, Pig iron, Alloy Metals, Iron On
Slag, CUy, Sand, Coal and Coke. By Andrew Alex-
ander Blair. 6 x 9, pp. 818, ill. I hth edition. $5.
J. B. Lippincott Co., Philadelphia, Penn
The eighth edition of this well known book is up to
former si Much ,1!ls ,,,.,.„ rewritte^ „» £ l°

present form it is one of the best handbooks for the steel-
works chemist.

Reports of the Progress of Applied Chemistry. Vol. I, 1916
Issued by the Society of Chemical Industry. 5% x 8%
pp. 335, illus.; 3s. to members; 5;.6d. to non-men, I
Society of Chemical Industry, London, Enpland
The contents are: Fuel and Heating; Gas-Destructive
Distillation; Tar Products; Mineral Oils; Coloring Matter
and Dyes; Acids Alkalis, Salts, etc.; Glass and Ceramics:
Building Materials; Oils, Fats and Waxes; Paints Pig-
ments Varnishes and Resins; India Rubber, etc.; Leather
and Glue; Fermentation Industries; Water Purification and
Sanitation; Fine Chemicals, Medical Substances and Essen-
tial Oils; Photographic Materials and Processes.
Finding and Stopping Waste in Modern Boiler Rooms.
Vol. II. A Reference Manual to Aid the Owner, Man-
ager and Boiler-Room Operator in Securing and Main-
taining Plant Economy. 4% x 7, pp. 274., illus.; $1.
Harrison Safety Boiler Works, Philadelphia, Penn.'
This is an excellent little book. It is described by the
publisher as a reference manual to aid the owner, manager
and boiler-room operator in securing and maintaining plant
economy. Sections are devoted to fuels, including classifi-
cation of coals, coal sampling, purchase of coal under speci-
fications, st -rage, oil fuels and gaseous fuels; combustion;
heat absorption; boiler efficiency and boiler testing; boiler-
plant proportioning and management.

The Principles, Operation and Products of the Blast Furnace.
By J. E. Johnson, Jr. 6x9, pp. 551, illus. McGraw-
Hill Book Co., New York.
This is a good book. It will be read not only by students,
metallurgists, chemists, managers of iron and steel plants,
but by foremen and workers in blast-furnace plants. The
author has made an exceedingly happy combination of
theory and practice. He treats the subject in three main
divisions, Principles— Operation, Commercial Consideration,
and the Future Possibilities. Each division is thoroughly
but briefly treated.

Mr. Johnson's work on "Blast Furnace Construction in
America," in conjunction with this book, represents an un-
usually comprehensive review of the field of pig-iron pro-
duction.

The Mining Manual and Mining Year Book. By Walter R
Skinner. 5x8% in.; pp. 1120; 17s. 6d. Post free in
England, 18s.; post free abroad, 19s. Walter R. Skin-
ner, London, E. C, England.

The 1918 edition of this well-known reference book was
published in March, and the publisher is to be congratu-
lated on its prompt appearance and his enterprise in getting
out such a work, in spite of labor difficulties, high costs,
paper shortage, and other adverse conditions. It is not
remarkable that it was found necessary to make a small
increase in the price. About 1500 mining companies, oper-
ating in all parts of the world, are covered, the data re-
garding capitalization, officials, operations, financial posi-
tions, etc., being brought up to date. The usual lists of
directors, secretaries, engineers and mine managers are in-
cluded; also the supplementary index of dormant companies
or those that have ceased to be of public interest ; the crush-
ing tables and output of the principal gold mines; and the
dictionary of mining terms.

lioti

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 24

■timmuiMHiimtitMiiv

Personals

11. v.- \ M ( ..ntriliulrd to the Association

i i. rialey, who baa been In th« West.

. \.u York,
-.hiv.-ii.u a Hum*, mining engineers of
No» Vork. have dissolved partnership.

\ i- viion is with the engineering de-
I the Magma Copper Co.. at
>na>
sriUIa i .»r,,..o is mining engineer and
superintendent of mines for the
Columbia Consolidated Mines Co., \\ aslnng-
, County, California.
Benjamin «;. Harmon, general manager
ef the Northern Light Mining and Milling
Lllace, Idaho, baa entered the
: tment of the Army.
k i parki tant genera] manager

of the Aluminum Co. of America, Maryvllle,
Tenn haa been promoted to the position
of general manager of the company's plant
at vadln. North Carolina.

l. ii. Goodwin, formerly raanagt
the Ely-Copperfleld Associates, al West
Falrlee VI . has joined the staff of the
"Engineering and Mining journal. He is
! .;. k. A. Bchlelfer.
M. ii. I gUneon has resigned his posi-
tion as superintendent of the .--rub uax
mines of the Wharton Steel Co. and to now
general superintendent of the Moose Moun-
tain. Ltd. Sellwood, out.. Canada

Para Hopkins, of the Ontario Bureau

U Ii '. s is making a g< ologlcal survey ol

Township, which adjoins Munro

Township, and the Painkiller Lake district.

where prospecting la being actively earned

on.

Borer Tavlor has been appointed to the
Ordnance Reserve Corps, and has therefore
his connection with Frederic rieP.
Hone ft Co., of New York, of which firm
he has been a member for the past 2 1
years.

William M. Burton was the reclpn
the Willard-Gibbs medal for 1918, which
IS conferred on him on May 17 by the
Chicago section of the American Chemical
Society for distinguished work m petroleum
chemistry.

D G. Evans, mining and civil engineer
of Denver. Colo., has severed connection
with the F. A. Fair Engineering Associa-
tion and will devote his time to private
practice. The Denver office of the company
will be closed.

Prof. C. W. nrury, of Queen's Univer-
sity Kingston. Ont.. has been awarded the
degree of Ph.D. by Columbia University.
His treatise on the "Occurrence. Metal-
lurgy and Alloys of the Metal Cobalt is
being published by the Ontario Bureau of
Mines.

E. H. Hamilton, formerly metallurgical
manager of the Trail smeltery of the Con-
solidated. Mining and Smelting Co. of Can-
ada, has been made smeltery superin-
tendent of the Midvale. Utah, plant of the
United States Smelting Co. to succeed L,. D.
Anderson.

Howard Waldo Kitson, of the editorial
staff of the "Engineering and Mining Jour-
nal " has enrolled as provisional ensign,
(Engineering) U. S. N. R. F.. to proceed to
the U S. Naval Academy at Annapolis,
Md.. for four months' training preparatory
to active serv;

Charles Chamberlain, of Winnipeg, has
organized and equipped an exploration
party of eight, who have gone north to
.■vplire the north shore of Hudson Bay,
where valuable mineral deposits are be-
Ueved to occur between Port Nelson and
Chesterfield Inlet. Mr. Chamberlain is 73
years old.

Orville B. Whitaker. who conducted the
recent investigation into the smeltery sched-
ules in force In Colorado, has been ap-
pointed by the Canadian government to be
an independent judge on a commission to
investigate the new schedules of the < on-
solidated Mining and Smelting Co 01
ada. operating the Trail smeltery The
appointment of this commission folio
representations from the mining men of
British Columbia that the new rates would
mean wholesale closing of mines in their
province.

Bwight E. Woodbridge has resigned as
consulting engineer of the Big Ledge Cop-
per Co.. of Arizona, and W. W. Litzen, con-
sulting engineer of the Consolidated Inter-
state-Callahan Mining Co., of Wallace,
Idaho, has been appointed to the place.
Mr Litzen for more than 10 years prior to
his present position was consulting engi-

neer and geologist with the Inacond
per Mining Co. Intereats Identified with
msolldated Interstate-Callahan Co. re-
cently obi. une.i control of the Big Ledge
company, and the appointment ol Mr. Lit-
zen i< the first Step of the new interests
in the latter oompanj

William G. -M.itl.hi-. general superintend-
ent of the Teni I oil. Iron .ma Rail-
road Co.'a works at Ensley, Ala., has a m

appointed assistant to Hie viee president,

with .uiu.s in the Brown-Marx Blag.,
Birmingham lie is succeeded by Kurt Land-
Kr.-b... formerly assistant general Buperln-
\ t> \ii.ii. former superintend-
ent of openhearth furnaces, has be. -n ap-
pointed assistant general superintendent to
ed Mr Lander, be c. J. iturr. genera]
uen. lent of Fairfield works, has been

made assistant to the viee president ol the

Fairfield Steel Co., Birmingham, a subsidi-
ary Of the Tennessee Company, G. A. Miller

sue.-.', lis Mr. Barr.

consider the matter, and a special zinc
committee, of which Victor Rakowsky is
chairman, is at work among the zinc men.
Tbo action "I the Administration In de-
i iti line thai there must be a new war-profits
ia\ law, a new form of Income tax and
added revenue measures is the Impetus
back "f ill.- organisation of tho Oklahoma
chapter,

■ I...' .hi.

i.i.imimi itmuitnian

lllllllllllllllllllllllllll

Obituary

Milton B. I'lnnev. one of the Inst known
of the old-time mining men of the West,
died ,n his home in Oakland. Calif., on June
1 vj vears. lie is said to have owned
the lirst stamp mill installed in the Black
Hills region of South Dakota.

Ut.,1,1111 ti.Miium.ii i i in i iiniitiiMiiHiniiiiii ti.u.i|

Societies

Industrial News

Sullivan Machinery Co. has established
a branch office at Washington, D. C, Room
210, Union Trust Bldg., al U.th and sth
Streets; long distance telephone number.
Main 2800. Ralph T. Stone will have
charge.

Denver Eire Clay Co., Denver Colo., has
recently been reorganized as a result of the
purchase ol' Hie entire interest held by
Willis W Case, Jr., by Mrs. Leonora Bos-
worth. wife ol the founder of the business,
and her three sons, Arthur H. Bosworth.
senior member of the firm Bosworth. I'lia-
nuie ,v Co, Denver; Harold O. Bosworth.
of New YorU. and Capt Robert B. Bos-
worth, an attorney of Denver now in the

American military service in France. The
Officers of the new company are as follows:

President. Harold O. Bosworth; vice presi-
dent, J. Claire Evans; and secretary-treas-
urer. Herman Landenherger. George W.
Lindsay will be factory superintendent.

Cm tiiiiiimiiiiiitiiiiiiii Illlllllllllllll iiiuiiiiiiiiiiiinii. .:

American Chemical Society will hold its
annual meeting on Sept. 10 to LI In Cleve-
land, Ohio.

National Exposition of Chemical Indus-
tries i fourth) will be held In New York on
s.pt 23 to 28 ai the Grand Central Palace.
Chemists' Clilli elected the following offi-
cers for the current year at its annual
meeting in New York: President, Lllwood
Hendrick; vice presidents, Charles H. tierty
(resident) and Charles L. Parsons (non-
resident) ; secretary, J. R. M. Klotz ; treas-
urer H M Toch ; and trustees, T. R. Dug-
gan and H. G. Mackenzie.

American Institute of Chemical Engineers
will hold its summer meeting at Gorham
and Berlin. N. H. June 19 to 22. 1918.
Headquarters will be at Mt. Madison House,
Gorham. The program of papers includes
the following: "Chemical Stoneware and Its
Properties." A. Malinovszky ; "Expansion
of the Coal-Tar Industry in the United
States." F. E. Dodge; "Expansion of
the Byproduct Industry of Coal and Wa-
ter-Gas Plants in the United States. W. M.
Russell ; and "Multiple Tangent System for
the Manufacture of Sulphuric Acid." L. A.
Thiele. Several plants of the Brown com-
pany will be visited.

i.uh. ii, Engineers' Club. The engineers
of Duluth. Minn., took the first step to form
a club at a dinner on May 20 at the Kitchl
Gammi Club, Duluth. Members of the four
national engineering societies in the Duluth
district were invited to be present and take
part in the discussion. The call was sent
out by a committee, consisting of W. H.
Hoyt, W. B. Patton and W. H. Woodbury,
which had been appointed by the Duluth
\ssociation of Members of the American
Society of Civil Engineers to develop a
plan for an engineers' club. At the dinner,
which was attended by about 70 engineers,
a joint committee of eight representative
engineers was appointed as follows to carry
out the plan: American Institute of Electri-
cal Engineers, W. N. Ryerson, chairman.
Walter F. Schwedes ; American Institute of
Mining Engineers, Edwin J. Collins. Walter
C. Swart ; American Society of Mechanical
Kngineers, Oscar B. Bjorge, W. H. Gallagh-
er ; American Society of Civil Engineers,
W H. Hoyt, W. H. Woodbury.

American Mining Congress. An Oklahoma
chapter is being organized. John T. Burns,
the western secretary, has been cooperating
with the organization committee composed
of I' C Dings, Ardmore, chairman; Edgar
Z Wallower, .Oklahoma City, secretary;
Wirt Franklin. Ardmore; J. R. Cottingham.
Oklahoma City; R. J. Tuthill. Miami : John
H Capelli, .loplin; C. F. Colcord, Okla-
homa City; Charles N. Gould. Oklahoma
City; Dorset Carter. Oklahoma City : D. J.

Jorden. ol laborna Oily ; .1 K I Shaler.

una City; Victor Rakowsky, Joplin;
Charles H. Taylor, Oklahoma City; Mar-
shall D. Draper. Tarr River; R. T. Price.
Muskogee; W. A. Evans, McAlester ; D. L,
McAlpine, Haileyville; U. F. Dike. Cen-
tury; Otto Ruhl. Joplin; O. F Brinton,
Century : W. B. Shackelford. Joplin ; Judge
J. J. Shea, Tulsa; and Frank Phillips,
Bartlesville. More than 100 zinc and lead
operators have already met in Picher to

i'lll Ml UIIIUI • —

Trade Catalogs

f, .iiMiii. ii in minim. mum. iiiiiiniiiii i iiiiiinii i.iiii.-

"Eoonomy in Cold Sawing." Earle Gear
and Machine Co., Philadelphia, Penn.
Booklet. Pp. 16 ; 4 x 9 in. ; illustrated.
A description with specifications of the
"Lea Simplex" cold cutting-off saws.

Blasting Caps and Electric Blasting Caps.
Aetna Explosives Co., Inc., 120 Broadway,
New Y'ork. Booklet. 3J x 6 in. Pp. 12.
Illustrated. Descriptive of "Lion" brand
caps, with uses, composition, strength, etc.

Nonpareil Cork Covering. Armstrong
Cork and Insulation Co.. Pittsburgh, Penn.
Folder, 3J x 6} in. Under the title of "Sat-
isfaction or " is discussed the problem

of supplying drinking water to employees In
a sanitary and economical way.

zniiiiimHiililiiii.iiuii.

.,,,,.■ .,er ;

New Patents

United States patent specifications listed
below may be obtained from "The Engi-
neering and Mining Journal" at 25c. each.
British patents are supplied at 40c. each.

Aluminum Alloy— Charles Vickers, Nii
agara Falls. N. Y.. assignor to the Titanium
Alloy Manufacturing Co., New Y'ork, N. Y.
(U. S. No. 1,264,459; Apr. 30, 1918.)

Chilean Mill. Charles C. Lane, Dos An-
geles, Calif., assignor to Lane Mill and Ma-
chinery Co., Los Angeles, Calif. (U. S. No.
1.264,5"32 ; Apr. 30, 1918.)

Concentration — Mineral Separator. Wil-
lon Perceval Alderson. Timmins, Ontario,
Can. (U. S. No. 1,264,135 ; Apr. 30, 1918.)

Concentration — Ore Washer and Separa-
tor. James M. Longan, Chicopee. Kan., as-
signor of one-half to Wallace R. Wright,
Chicopee. Kan. (U. S. No. 1,264,667 ; Apr.
30, 1918.)

Hoisting — Means for Manipulating Skips
or Buckets. Thomas Garmondsway Wright-
son and Justus Magnus Ringquist. Thorna-
bv-on-Tees, England, assignors to Head,
Wrightson and Co., Ltd.. Thornaby-on-Tees,
England. (U. S. No. 1,264.739 ; Apr. 30.
1918.)

Lithopone — Method of Rendering Litho-
pone Light-Proof. Gilbert Rigg. Palmerton,
Penn.. assignor to the New Jersey Zinc Co.,
N.w York. N. Y. (U. S. No. 1.260,811 ; Mar.
26, 1918.)

Petroleum, Recovery of from Oil Sands.
Frederick Squires. Marietta, Ohio, assignor
to Walter Squires. Zanesville, Ohio. (U. B.
No. 1.263.618; Apr. 23, 1918.)

Phosphate. Iron — Process of Producing
Iron Phosphide from Iron Phosphatic Ma-
terial. Hyleman Alison Webster, Columbia,
Tenn., assignor to John J. Gray Jr., Rock-
dale, Tenn (U. S. No. 1.264,237 ; Apr. 30
1918.)

Rock Drill— William A. Smith, Denver
Colo., assignor to the Denver Rock Drll
Manufacturing Co., Denver, Colo. (U. »
No. 1.264.217; Apr. 30, 1918.)

June 15, 1918

ENGINEERING AND MINING J01 RNAL

1"T """""m "" """ """" "Il""™"1 ' ' i i , ,

Il'i7

'"'"" ""'""iiiiiiiiHiiiiiiiiimiiNiihiiiimmiiiiiiiii iiiiiiniiitiiiiuiii^

J Editorial Correspondence

■" " " """ " • , j

nan FRANCISCO .!,,„, a

,}'"'" ^"""'"'(iirinK Co. : removing main

offloes from San Francl Marra™"

rmerlv known as thi
o . n baa tor man; yi ai bi en

burtder _ol ,,,,,i ,„.,,,. . , , . ,

V,.1 i ompany haa completed Suba No 17

,) ]\, ' Ls ""' r1'""'1 ,s •'" N bucket,

-ni-M.ci dredge and If pi the

same dimensions and di li n as vm.., \,.
it., hut is equipped with a slngli
whereas ruba No. 16 has two i

loif.""11.""'"." "f l''»''»»>». Iridium and pal-

adlumby the Government le guolto

in California through a notice received by
S. B. Grader and other dealers In these and
other minerals and metals All metals men-
turned now In hand and remaining Junt 0
19l.v will await order of the War Indui
Board Mr. Qracier and other San Fran-
cisco brokers ha\e been advised that what-
ever of these metals may be taken by the
Government will be paid for at the set
Prices. (alifornia is a l;nw producer of
Platinum, both In separate occun i

in association with other minerals In most
instances the occurrence is in tin. i
sands of the rivers and beaches, and it has
also lieen observed In the concentrates from
the quartz mines. The commercial product
comes from the dredges in Butte, Calaveras
Merced. Sacramento, Stanislaui and ruba
counties and the hydraulic and surface-
sluicing placer mines of Del Norte Hum-
boldt. Nevada. Siskiyou and Trinity coun-

A Topngraphiral and Geological Man of

Inyo County, recently issued by the State
Mining Bureau, is announced as readv for
distribution, by Fletcher Hamilton, state
mineralogist. A report describing in detail

r^amlferairfS(lur^es of the county is also
ready for distribution. Inyo is one of the
most interesting counties in the state in
topography as well as in mineralogy It
contains an area of 10.019 square miles
and an estimated population of 7500. The
topographical interest is found in the fact
that within the county are the highest
!?ad,!OWeSLpol1ts\?f altitude in the United
States: Mount Whitney, which has an
elevation of 14.501 ft. above sea level
and Death Valley, which sinks 2S0 ft be-
low- sea level. The interesting mineral
features include the Cerro Gordo silver-lead-
neath nv=fiS : „Darwin . silver-lead mines ;
„f ,i \ alley borax mines, forming a part
Bn^rf-T'!!, holdings of the Pacific
reeMnn • thi V?n,BS e". deP?sits ^ the Bishop
^Sion , the potash deposits forming a part

nLthe^Searle? Lake formation: the soda
and other chemical deposits of Owens
t£*t\ i salt Pr°duction of Saline Valley
and the large copper deposits lying in the

man"?! ifth6"1 e£g! of the county. The
S ? l'nthog!;?phed in 17 colors. The

renort *,°h: thf to-,al price of maP and
IT^l' *125-, Application for map and
report may be addressed to the State
Mining Bureau. Ferry Bldg., San Francisco

law*

nothor
"" Jjould .,,1 law ,

aboil h thi

IVIr.,1,,,,,, Ulir s..r>

" •'■ ning-ton has madi thi fo ,,,.

v;,M

man Fred u i-i, eman

Oil i

in McGrath, dlrei toi I. T Willi

Heart) Oil Co.; E T PI . ■ ,„

.i.iii Stat
and

unfe'rman °r "'"■ commit 11,.,,,-v

of i 'be?

of the i etroleum War Service Commil

!danoUl#pKePUrCha -fo.iMu,,.

FOR COPPER AND SILICEOUS ORES

,„„G.ol.d,:„ f,19 "'r oz 'f 0.0 oz per

siiv , V","' 0ZV,f,9>ver 150 "z <•■<■ 'on
„i' ,' lf V'z to 10 oz- Per ton. deduct
one-half oz from assay and pi
mainder at 95% of NeW Sork quota

for 9?.-aTv "■ ■■"■' '" '■■ > '■ Pay

assay quotation on date of

«.»??P'«r: Fordrv copper (one unit off for
wet) 6c. per lb. of! New York quotation
for casting copper, which Is 3c. less per lb.
than electrolytic cathode quotation

Lead: Pay 25c. per unit flat when ore as-
says over 39! dry , 1 ..v. off wet)

Zinc: I\o pay, no penalty

•ALT LAKI Mtl I. in. 1

' ' •'' ' "' '••' I ...1

I i>,. .,:,,. i,
ii h .-.■

u ,,,",'•"■/' '

I

wai Kcnzle

in I mi i, ■ rrpn B

•< fh t. n Koi i -,i the mi

' ,, ■

I,l.1l;'i(rs','l""l"1 " ' "I «■*■

Ha)
' begun b few days
>•>'• r. A thin B to bi

ob.

units n,-" """■ Thi

ting about

' oi u ital

'•"'"t- u"" i by the com.

Eily. New . -
.sec-
tions have been strengthened

TREATMENT. SAMPLING AND FREIGHT
CHARGES

DENVER— June 8

nrofi^rrtl p,a-vment of income and excess
FniniL lxes h*aZ ,leen agitated bv certain
Tnme»f«mfenK0f Colorado, but this movement
appears to be HI advised, since these pay-
ments are required to meet Government ob-
rJmJ«?s-«,Sfcr?iar>r McAdoo has issued a
nr2^»i thatT these Payments be made
promptly m June, as provided by the law.

tr 2*\t L'ver Bill, under which the oil indus-
t^«Jf 5pera.tlngv Wl11 Probably put a stop
e?rrpf„P,TaCt,Cn of Profiteering by jobbers in
hl,'a k oll-we]> supplies, the prices of which
case, ^ adyanced over 300% in some
cases. The embargo on exportation of cas-
K^g,a,nd^vlre cab'e which has been declared
f&J po^rnment will foster oil produc-
ci^f ? help to maintain an output su.fi-
cient to meet requirements.

«!on?ta^.etJ '". MininE Laws as proposed by
^?a-!° Henderson, of Nevada, may not be
considered by Congress until war legisla-
hn", it dltPosed of. which means that the
mils that he has introduced are unlikely to
££fjy<i ser'o«s consideration during the
?J^?o nt session One of Senator Hender-
son s bills provides for a commission of
tnree experienced mining men. authorized to

n?«i°«!8»gr??^ Value per ton *400

o\er js to 511 r, nn

Over 11 to 14

Over 14 to 20 ,50

Over LM) to 26 goo

Over 26 to 30

Over 30 to 35 - >!

over 35 to 37 ' inn

Over 37 to 40 Jy

Over 40 to 45 " - J™

Over 45 to 50 q?X

over 50 .::::::::::im!

FOR LEAD . IRES
Gold: $19.50 per oz. if 0.05 oz. or over

Silver: 95% of New York quotation date
of assay.

Copper: As above.
Zinc: No pay, no penalty
Lead: Dry assay. 1.5% off wet. Prices
Pfr "nit based upon quotation of $4 per 100
lo., lc. up or down for each change of 5c
in quotation which shall be 90% of the New
}ork sales price of the A. S. & R. Co. on
date of assay, when price does not exceed
f* ??r„J°° lb- ; when it does exceed $4 add
to $3.60 per 100 lb. three-fourths of the
excess of New York sales price above $4

Per Cent of Lead Treatment,

Gross \alue Price Freight and
Per Ton. Per Unit Sampling Charges

r,,-^ In,c'usiv| Cents Per Ton

Over 3 to 5 29 J J9 00

Over 5 to 10 39* T56

Over 10 to 15 42* 750

Over 15 44J 700

All treatment charges include freight and
sampling except transportation from mine
to mill, and upon lots of less than seven
tons a flat sampling charge of $5 will be
made. Lpon classes ^f ore. advances in
treatment charges will be equalized with
advances in gross value, so that a higher-
grade ore will net the mine not less than a
lower-grade ore. The schedule figuring best
tor the shipper to be used in all cases,
ine right is reserved to refuse to receive
ores which are not applicable to the treat-
ment process used at the mill. This sched-
ule cancels all previous schedules and is
subject to change without notice

Strlkt on the 1700 level of the On-
Silver. :.i Pari 1
: in thai thi wall rock is In p
ower Carboniferous Pennsylvania,?

!f s,,i" , 1 ,:',"" ''' Ontario No.

!' ah"d ?. '.';:' ,"" r« In quart-

fiiSni? m "oOlevel. I! prac-

Hcally all orebodies of an

Itj have been found in the
'■- beds which lie direcny " t. ,' .

the Ontario quartzlte, wltl tton of

"" Ontario vein, which was a fissure to the
Quartzlte, and it may be that ore will bl
found a a nev, or lower horizon than has
yet been known At any rate the new
i""1 'ndJcates that these ow.-r imestonir
which outcrop or, the east side „f The S
■'" ' (l"' ""'' hj of more

"J a| depth Heretofore
most of the work done on the e .
the New York. Wabash. Nalldriver and
Others, has been in the upper beds of Ihe
limestone m question and while some ore
has been extracted, none of the bonanza
orebodies of the camp have been found
here to a depth 600 ft. from the surface

GLOBE, A It I Z— May 31

The Famous \nti-hi„, klisi Law of \rizo-
'iNd^n w declared unconstitutional by
of rtla rnnn,-ShUte of the Superior Court
°LSiia r t i-y In a case of the state
iSt-oi,,. t Keefan. secretary of the Globe
^ct^ll Leag"e- ^eegan was accused, while
nnratfon. emP,oympnt agent for mining cor-
KrXh i °?s* ?f arklne applicants questions
prohibited I the Arizona statute This
statute, passed at the demand of the labo?
""S nought to make criminal the ques-
tioning of any applica.it concerning prior
S'S capability or society a.iilTations
Keegans arrest was on complaint of the

J°£r thm"Jer Ut"'°"\ which ha<i insisted
I „a J ♦ l_) , :i"" Mlni"e Co.. especially,
had not carried out the spirit or an agree-
ment with the Presidential Mediation Com-

WS rfiJ,heta, li-rWack,list law "'as PassTd
by the first state Legislature, at the same
time as the SO per cent. law. short-train

an«dtJ,ei1nCinc"neaddignt laws' the 'alter being
?"?iaul«J °n submission to a referendum
*ote. The 80 per cent, law has been killed
on appeal to the Supreme Court

HOVGHTON. MICH Jnne 10

The Shutting Down of Smaller Mines

which are producing at a loss with the* price
of copper fixed at 23Jc. is under consider^
tion. Such a step would release miners
i^L m the larger and richer mines, but

before any such decision is reached there
is to be a meeting of the local managers
pf the smaller mines with the president! of
the corporations, and the matter will be
taken up with Washington authorities Lo-
cal representatives who attended the recent
price-fixing meeting at Washington are of
the opinion that there is no hope of any
change of attitude in official circles there

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 24

St mines Will

ess thf

work may be

.' ... , u nd the men be

i-k of Increasing

JOFl l> MO. — June *

Thr > Producing Co. has 1. aSed

ihe Chelsea-Nowata oil field

II pur-

, smeltery, sheet metal

nd a wire mill The

irehased several tracts In

district, one at Waco, Mo..

equipped with a ISO-ton null, and a lease

rlUe and SI Louis

Immediately A
.s to be built near the smeltery.
It W B Hudson, of Yale. Okla. is pres-
ident, and C B Hemmenwaj Is general

Oklahoma Zinc Mine and Oil Operators

I to support a movement to
•e in the western states (or the bet-
t of their industry through the Amer-
ican M . ress. An organisation oom-
nuttee. with headquarters at Oklahoma City,
has be ted P C Dings, of Ard-
Is chairman, and Bdgar C. Wallower,
ihoma City, is secretary Among min-
ing men of the district on the organization
committee are Victor Rakowsky, John H.
I W. B. Shackelford, of Joplin ;
Marshall D. Draper and O. F. Brinton. of
Baxter Springs; C F Pike, of Century;
and R J Tuthill. of Miami.

\ Market for Iron Pyrites has been es-
tablished. The Grasselli Chemical Co. has
authorized the payment of -6c. per unit of
sulphur per long ton of -200 lb., laid down
at its consuming plant, with a penalty of
deduction of one-half a unit of sulphur or
13c. for every l^c of metallic zinc contained
in the ore. This applies to high-grade ores
containing in excess of 45cr sulphur, and
metallic zinc. Twenty-five
I unit, with the same deduction for
zinc, will be paid for low-grade ores con-
ccntaining in excess of 45r' sulphur and
with as much as 1.""; zinc. On this basis,
an average high-grade ore will bring the
producer about $7 net for a 2000-pound ton.
and he must pay the loading charge out of
that.

SPOK \M . H X -11- liuie .-.

British Columbia Mine Owner- Will re-

-. ear additional u the pro-

bountj Of two rents a pound is

granted on zin.- by the Dominion govern-
ment The Consolidated Mining and Smelt-

f Canada produces at its Tr.nl

Bmeltery practically all the spelter In BrlJ
ish Columbia It is estimated that this

bounty win enable the company to gel more
a pound tor Its Hrst-class sine metal Com-
pany Is also one of the heaviest producers
of sine ore In the province. Other produc-
ers ire the Standard Silver-Lead, the
Rambler-Cariboo and Lucky Jmi com-
panies. Until the war began no Sine W8JB
produced In Canada.

TORONTO June 7

Kieii Discovers »f «- >>t«l Is reported to

have been made mar Ooudreau. 177 miles
north of Sault Ste Marie, on the Algoma
Central Ry. Gold deposits occur in a por-
phyry dike Ave miles in length and one
mile wide, running northeast and southwest.
The property, situated near Goudreau Lake,
is owned by .1 P. Cline, of South Porcupine,
and l>. .1 McCarthy, of Sault Ste. Marie.
Prospectors are Hocking into the district.
Excitement in the Sudbury District has

I n created by a reported find of oil at a

point about SO miles east of Sudbury near
the Canadian Northern Ry., and close to the
boundary between Street and Scadding
Townships. Surface indications consist of
numerous oozings and patches. Samples
are being exhibited in Sudbury, and many
claims have been taken up. This is the
first record of a petroleum discovery In the
district.

Representatives of tiold Mining Interests
recently held a conference with the gov-
ernment officials at Ottawa respecting the
shortage of labor, whioh Is seriously cur-
tailing the production of gold The in-
creased stringency of the Military Service
Act has depleted the working forces at
Porcupine and the other gold camps, and
the shortage is estimated at 2000 men. No
definite arrangement has as yet been made.
but in view of the importance of maintain-
ing gold production it is firmly believed
that the government will take some action
to enable the mine operators to secure ad-
ditional labor.

The Manufacture of Raw Peal into com
merclal fuel is receiving attention. Seven-
teen peat bogs in Ontario have been inspect-
ed and found to contain peat of good
iiualitv. The chief of these, and the one

likely to be selected. Is the Holland bog. ly-
ing north of Toronto and favorably situat-
ed tor transportation. Experiments are be-
ing carried on with the peal deposits near
Cochrane, In Northern Ontario, where
quantities of peat are being cut and pile,!
to ascertain if a good fuel can he produced
by sun-drying. Two machines which will
cut. turn and harvest peat, lessening the

labor required, are being manufactured al

Montreal, and the industry Of preparing
peat fuel is expected to be In active opera-
tion in two months.

VICTORIA. II. C-

June 5

Agitation for a Celebration of the 60th
anniversary of the discovery of gold in the
Cariboo district, and the building of the
famous Cariboo road, is being made by
mining men in the Interior of British
Columbia. The movement started at Clin-
ton, B. C, and Is meeting with favor, it be-
ing felt that something should be done to
mark and commemorate an event of so
much importance and interest as to merit
a few pages in Canadian history, particu-
larly in the mining history of Western
Canada.

Silversmith Mine*. Ltd., is the name of
the property situated at Sandon. B. C.
previously known as the Slocan Star. A
certificate of incorporation has been issued
to the Silversmith Mines. Ltd., (non-per-
sonal liability) for $760,000. The share-
holders have decided upon a reorganization,
and R. H. Stewart, formerly general man-
ager of the Consolidated Mining and Smelt-
ing Co. of Canada has been appointed
manager of the new company. It is an-
nounced that the mine will begin opera-
tions at an early date.

PEKING. CHINA — May 15

A Rich Silver Mine has recently been dis-
covered at Ha-la-sun-hu-cha, Inner Mon-
golia, according to reports. China's Ministry
of Agriculture and Commerce is being peti-
tioned by a Mongolian prince for the
privilege of working the mine.

•IIUUU1III!

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The Mining News

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M.VSKA

ALASKA GOLD MINES CO. (Juneau) —
Milled 101.200 dry tons during May.

ALABAMA

Franklin County

SLOSS-SHEFFIELD S. and I. (Russell-
ville) — Agreement reached between officials
and striking miners.

ARIZON A

Maricopa County

ARIZONA-CALIFORNIA (Phoenix)—
Tunnel driven 250 ft. follows vein.

DRAGON M. & D. (Wickenburg) — To
build mill and assay ot:.

Mohave County

EMERALD ISLE (Kingman) — Thirty
more cells installed in leaching plant.

ARIZONA MOSSBACK (Oatman) — To
sink shaft to 500 or 600 level and explore
vein. C. AV. Maier Is superintendent.

BIG JIM CONSOLIDATED (Oatman) —
To sink shaft to the new level. Plant in-
stalled. J. AV. Henderson is superintendent.

GOLD ORE (Oatman) — Ore transported
to mill by four trucks.

GOLD ROAD (Oatman) — Installation of
new crushing plant progressing.

TOM REED (Oatman) — Producing from
Ben Harrison and Aztec shafts Cross-
cutting on Bald Eagle body.

UNITED OATMAN (Oatman) — To cross-
cut vein from winze on 400 level.
Pinal Connty

RED CHIEF M. & M (Casa Grande) —
Completed 50-ton plant for milling silver-
lead ore. Using Elsol type of dry concen-
trator.

Vavapai County
CALUMET & JEROME (Jerome) — Com-
pleted 4500 ft. of development on the 600
level. Sufficient funds on hand to carry
out development work planned.

DUNDEE-ARIZONA (Jerome) — Strip-
ping overburden from reef of carbonate ore.
During the year ended Jan. 31, 1917.
shipped to smelteries, 22 00 dry tons of car-
bonate ore.

GRAND ISLAND MIN. CO. (Jerome) —
Prospecting by diamond drill to tap vein
cut by crosscut from shaft at 208 ft. level,
at depth of 700 to 800 ft. Hole now 500 ft.
deep.

JEROME SUPERIOR (Jerome) — Shaft
sunk 13J ft. in 19 hours. Foundations for
new hoist laid

JEROME VERDE MINING (Jerome) —
Resuming operations. Raise has been
started to connect new drift on 140 level
of the United Verde Extension with the
Maintop stope.

PITTSBURGH-JEROME (Jerome) —

Seven headings now being driven, two on
the 500 and five on the 900 level.

SQUAW PEAK M. CO. (Jerome)— Tun-
nel in 450 ft. and expect to cut orebody.

VERDE COMBINATION (Jerome) —
Shaft sunk 152 ft. between Apr. 8 and
May 8.

BEEHIVE (Octave) — Operations sus-
pended pending machinery repairs.

UNITED CHINO O. & R. (Prescott) —
Drill cut sandstone strata on 650 level.

BIG PINE MINE (Senator) — Several
men now at work, and mill expected to
start up in June.

BLACK DIAMOND (Walker) — Shaft is
opening up rich orebody. The erection of
a mill is planned

ARKANSAS

Baxter County

CRAWFORD ANSELL (Mountain Home)
— New strike of blende reported. Shallow
deposit of zinc carbonate mined.

Boone County

BROOME COUNTY (Zinc) — Mill over-
hauled and new set of jigs installed.

BROWN MINES (Zinc) — L. L Brown
sold leases on zinc properties and concen-
trating plant to the Boo-Gra-Loo Mining
Co., of Pawhuska, Okla.

.Marion County
MORNING STAR (Rush) — Purchased
by Muskogee, Okla., company.

CALIFORNIA

Amador County

FREMONT (Drytown) — Operations con-
sist of shaft repairs and pumping.

CENTRAL EUREKA (Sutter Creek) —
Pumping discontinued from the 2000 level
on account of burning out of motor. Bail-
ing with skips. Repairs progressing and
pumping soon to be resumed.

Calaveras County

PIONEER (Angels Camp) — Unwatering
shaft. Steam to be displaced by electric
power plant. Shaft to be deepened from
135 ft. to 600 ft. and station cut at 300
level. J. C. Benson is manager.

ROUGH DIAMOND (Mokelumne Hill) —
AVork resumed by M. C. Hazel and C. A.
Kuhmeyer, of San Francisco.

Del Norte County

CHROME SHIPMENTS from Smith
River district are made to Eureka by gaso-
line schooner for reshipment by North-
western Pacific R. R. to San Francisco and
direct from Crescent City to San Francisco
by steamers.

June L5, L918

ENGINEERING \M> MINING fOl RNAL

1109

[nj o <'ou nt ^

PINE CREEK TUNGSTEN (Blahop)
■ iperated by Cooper Shapli i , ,■

BYea Close and Bui

mile ".in. .n road and h

mill.

Madera Counts

GREEN MOUNTAIN (kavmundl t'.m-
sists iii eljrhl mineral i uati d on

Chowchll! River, eight mill bj h igo ,,,i

northwest from Raymond, Madera County
First claims, located In 1861 have been
worked and shul down al various tli

Ores are copper oxldei and ■ n I

in be reopened and Bhipmenti to be madi
in s. lb

Nevada Counts

BIRCHVILLE CONSOI.lli.\TEI> MINKS
(Grnnltevllle)— Klrsi <l.-\.-u.; ,.-.i ,„ ,.,i |,\
tunnel :it depth of 200 ft 61
pings to be reopened.

SIERRA ASBESTOS (Washington) New
road built from Washington to Falrview
mine and mill, « here ore li mini d and

crushed. Three-span bride,, construi ted
across South Viiha River, mih concrete
piers. Tramway being bull! from mini to
mill. Mill remodeled ami equipped
handling asbestos.

CHROME MINING ami ng ac-

tive along the two serpentine belts In the
county, one between Grass Valley and
Nevada City, the other between Washington
and the Sierra County line, the latter ex-
tending into Sierra County as far as Ule-
ghany. Thomas Hogan and '! 'ge Hoth

JESSIE (Bret konrldgi 1 Mill opi
ratal Geoi gi 1 Roth li man

LIBERTY M i 1. .' ;

Inn Monti .... . ., .

Blue itnn iron li ad and
centratea to be made Prank 1
1
MOl i.i it (Brocket!

1 1 factorll} New drl -

stalled 1.. 1

.1 '1 Ippla • ,, . 1

1 11 1 .

KITTY \\ El.l.s

1

MOl • • I 1 ILIDATBD (Crlppli

Ipplng hi

Largi 1. , 1 .. ol

hi to

hand-sorted from coppei

,, ,!'"v' ' GOLD DB

CO .1 ei 1 dgi 1 1 .,, dgi , of 401

atlns

Blui Rlvei \ alley

01 \i. TIGER (B

and bismuth. Consti

'ted Property fori kni

I. X, L. m

riZ2;N'0',:A", PINCERS CO (Bn

' ' '" dredge
ground on Blue River, smith of town
will late, work Magnum Bonum
ground, which has been churn drilled

WASHINGTON P] \. 11: ,1:
ridge)— To be operated by C. S, u

man.

\vki,i,i.\,;ti ix (Breckenrldge)— Ship-
ping crude zinc ore and zinc and lead con-
centrates. Some ground worked by '
through Ella tunnel

ersoll. of Neyada City, are mini chfome ,,h'' '.'''v'v' ^'n'', ^R°?,UC7S CO' ' !;"f-

tenum mill

■toping, and tnakti g regular be
ill coppei ore Sum,- h

DLEY I. 1: A. SIN.;
" r,PP

1.1 Sacran 1

1 mplaU d II Mel '..nam ,
II. A Nil 1 .Two

ployed 1 11

ind Indi pi ndi n

' ol 1 who i.av.- gone Into

1 \ 1, ■,-.

six points (Crlpj 1 ,

« Kesi . i are li Shl|

GOLD (i , Creek) Wild

mini being di vi lopi .1 and 1 itcd

unt, and low-grade milling
°™> Bh'l pendence mill !

PorUand Gold Mining Co Trail and W

11 ,' >" » tlei are operated undei

t'l I" the Goldi n 1

a Reduction ... .it 1 ol.
Bonanza mine ..,,. rati d undi 1
lease by the Granlti Gold Mlnlni

are working over dumpi of Del-

mollleo propel 1

ore on the Hulseman ranch north of Grass
Valley. The Oustamah 10-stamp mill Is
treating chrome ore hauled to
motor trucks from the Waite pi
Creek. The Red Ledge mine, near Wash
ington. is producing high-grade chrome un-
der management of Clyde Cole and William-
son brothers. Near the Red Ledge, Flvnn
brothers and Jerry Woods, of Alleghany,
are mining chrome ore and shipping to
Crass Valley by motor trucks. Alfonse
Schwartz and associates are prospecting on
Poorman Creek.

Sacramento County

ELDORADO LIME & MINERALS CO.
(Sacramento) — Incorporated. Capitaliza-

tion $100,000. Directors are Emerson W
Reed. Robert H. Schwab. A. B, Warner
Lime quarries near Shingle Springs.

COLORADO

Clear Creek County

GEORGETOWN TUNNEL (Georgetown)
—Vein of high grade recently cut by tunnel.
Development in progress. Company build-
ing new power plant at portal of tunnel.
A five-drill, Imperial type. Ingersoll-Rand
compressor, driven by electric power, to be
installed. New plant to run in 30 davs.
Tunnel to cut veins in Columbia and Demo-
crat mountains.

TEDDY BEAR (Lawson)— Developing
recent strike of gray copper ore containing
silver.

San Juan County

plant in operation

"K rJ2^°SS ';'"'" MINING CO (Cripple
Crei k)— Shipping from Howard

the mill' by _ FRISCO minks now operating are King ZfiPg 1" i„'M'"'\„M",Kin"
ace. on Deer So'omon, Chief Mountain, and Excelsior nil! Prlnce Albert gr<

tunm}'7,,verIjOMOKT <Frisc°>-Stoping on

SILVER AGE (Kokomo) — Shipping one
car per day from Iron Mask mine.

PENNSYLVANIA (Montezuma)— To be

developed by Liberty Mining and Reduc-
tion Co.

Teller County

AJAX (Cripple Creek) — Operated under
bond and lease by Carolina company Shaft
sunk from 1400 to 2000 level and consider-
able lateral development done. Stoping
mostly on 1600 and 1800 levels. Develop-
ment on 201111 level progressing satisfac-
torily. In addition to company work seven
sets of lessees working above 1300 level

CAMP BIRD (Cripple Creek)— Operating
Rose Nicol mine under lease, recently cul
on 800-ft. level shoot four feet wide of
smelting-grade ore. Orehouse at shaft and
aerial tramway to Eclipse station to be
•built. Ore also
by Roosevelt

This ore to be moved through Roosevelt
tunnel and Elkton shaft.

COLUMBINE-VICTOR (Cripple Creek)
— Dump on site of old Economic "mill
worked by lessees.

C. K. & N. (Cripple Creek) — Shipping
from mine dump west side of Beacon Hill

e.\ and Hea.011
group on Bi

..VINDICATOR (Cripple Creek)— Flota-

dMrini" I V, ■'""' ' I I I torn dun
during ^Prl „ ',, ,,.

and net saying. 24 Be pi r

l!": thai, (Victor)— Operating Dante
mine under lease from the nan,,,,

M'ninE ;'" del R nlli „, , ,,,

tow-grade ores. A E. Chapman Is gen ral

sSetre»d'enn1 T' " aU*h '

PHELADELPHIA (Victor) — Develop-
ment work under way. I. Beckwlth is
president.

VICTOR (Victor)— Shoo! rich tungsten

ore opened in drifting on 175-fi fevel
Victor is new tungsten camp coming Into
prominence.

IDAHO
Boundary County

II. Alio CONTINENTAL (Porlhill) —

Venefflose8 S col ground fte 'EgaST ffin'Teafe'"" ^^

tunnel at depth oC 2000 ft. taming zinc M""ng lead-silver ores con-

COLUMBUS (Animas Forks) — Develop- CRESSON (Cripple Creek) — Car of high-

ment work to be resumed under direction grade ore shipped recently from Eclipse

station to Golden Cycle mill at Colorado
City.

of Arthur Johnson

HAMLET (Howardsville) — Developing
milling ore. Milling has been resumed.

CONGRESS (Silverton) — Operated all
winter. Twenty cars of ore now ready for
shipment when railroad opens from snow
blockade.

SILVER LAKE MILL (Silverton) —
Leased to D., L. & W. Mining and Reduc-
tion Co. Remodeled and treating ore from
Lackawanna mine. Regular shipments of
concentrates made to Durango

TERRY TUNNEL (Silverton)— Contract
to drive 600-ft. raise awarded to Andrew
Coyle. Work has been started.

San Miguel County
BELMONT- WAGNER (Telluride) — Re-

uning zinc.

ISonner County

IRMSTEAD .MINKS (Sagle)— Following
ore along vein cut on 1600 level.

Custer County
EMPIRE COPPER (Mackay)— Completed

three-mile tramway from mine to railroari.

KANSAS
JopUn District

DELAWARE (Joplin) — To

DANTE (Cripple Creek)— Cobb sub-lease
sold recently to Big Toad Gold Mining and west of Baxter Springs
Milling Co., the original lessee.

build mill

Mixed sulphide ore has been

modeled mill,
developed.

BLACK BEAR (Telluride) — Drift on
fourth level cut vein of milling ore with
streak of gold quartz. Sinking 100-ft. shaft
from fourth level to drift in both directions
on vein.

CARRUTHERS (Telluride) — Lessees
have developed ore. v»;hich is being treated The

DEADWOOD (Cripple Creek)— Reopened
by lessees. Formerly a large gold producer
from "flat" veins.

ELKTON (Cripple Creek) — Labor short-
age limiting production of lessees.

EL PASO GOLD KING (Cripple Creek)
— Development has opened milling ore
Shipments made to Golden Cycle Mining
and Reduction Co., at Colorado Springs

KXCELSIOR LEASING CO. (Cripple
Creek) — Crosscut from Llewellyn shaft on
500 level cut vein of shipping grade.

FAIRFAX GOLD MINING CO. (Cripple
Creek) — Notice of dissolution has been pub-
lished.

INDEX (Cripple Creek) — Rich oreshoot
opened on 1050 level by El Paso Extension
Corporation, operating under lease with
option to purchase. Ore reached bv a 150-
ft. winze from the 900 level of Index shaft

at mill. James Olson is mill superintendent.

Summit County

FRENCH GULCH GOLD DREDGING
CO. (Breckenridge) — First shipment of gold
made. Boat working in French Gulch.

GOVERNOR (Breckenridge) — Develop-
ment under way all winter. Winze being
sunk.

vein 10 ft. between walls and well
filled with streaks and spots of svlvanite.
Assays range from 3 to 6 oz. gold per ton
Oreshoot opened for 120 ft., with 150 ft.
virgin ground above drift. Best ore found
near south breast. Shipments indicate an
average of $60 per ton. In addition to
company development, four sets of sub-
lessees are operating above the '5th level.
During April ore in excess of 500 tons was
mined and shipped.

MICHIGAN

Topper District

c-uPSDK5,AI- SYNDICATE (Calumet) —
shaft sinking delayed by caving of sides
FRANKLIN iDemmon) — Intensive min-
ing has reduced number of trammers re-
quired.

HANCOCK CONSOLIDATED (Han-
cock)— Discontinued work at No 7
Quincy shaft under agreement which per-
mits a six months' interim.

ISLE ROYALE (Houghton)— Mill oper-
ating three heads at Houghton plant and
two heads at Point Mills

NEW BALTIC (Houghton)— Shipped 5
bbl of small mass copper to Michigan
smelter. Northern drift on second level
level on lode in which shaft is situated
shows mineralization.

NORTH LAKE (Lake Mine) — Drifting
discontinued on new lode, because of lack
of men.

WHITE PINE EXTENSION (Pinex)—
To discontinue drifting and sinking. Em-
ployees to be given employment at Mo-
hawk and Wolverine mines

MICHIGAN (Rockland, — To open mine
and supply one stamp at Michigan mill.

WHITE PINE EXTENSION (White
Pine Mine) — Closed down, although some
drifting and pumping are being done.

1110

KNOlNKKHINc; AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 24

MIS \ I SO 1 \
HM »''( K u»se

TO MINKS SHIPMENTS for Mlk

Leontdas. 3286 . 1 v.i-

ll.um.i V. " SSI 1 . Helmer.

Fronts

I'ool. S7.600 ; Hill Annex.

Majorca,

Philbln. 10.930 and Mlssabe

tons, .i total of 161,016

I— Operated by Plck-

\ Gutherle Co are

mcentratlng plant

under construction at Klloy Lake, two mllea

north

\KTT (Keewatln) — Shipping from
and underground. Pit has been

BRA'S (Keewatln) — Shipping from atoqk-

. watln) — To i pen. d up

Republic Iron and Steel Property
south of Bray mine

MISSISSIPPI (Keewatln)— Operating af-

led shut-down.
SARGENT (Keewatln)— Open pit and
ft opened up b3 W onsln Stei i Co.
r-compartment shaft to be sunk ISO
ft B w Batchelder is general superin-
tendent.

TORUS (Marble) — Development
work Still under way.

lPER (Marble) — Operated by John
ge and associates. Concentrating

under construction.
HILL ANNEX (Marble) — To ship large
tonnage

CROSBY (Nashwauk) — Stockpile being
shipped.

HAWKINS (Nashwauk) — To ship large
tonnage from open pit.

MONT AN \

Jefferson t'ounty

AMALGAMATED SILVER MINES CO.
iiipped carload of 100-oz ore
eltery.

Lewis and Clark County
FRICK (Helena)— Drift on lead has dis-
closed rich gold ore.

KATIE (Helena) — Four feet lead ore re-
ported in face of drift.

ITCH GRAVEL G< ILD CO I Helena)
• nding gold ore to smeltery at Kast
Helena.

TOWSLEY GULCH (Marysville) — Ship-
ping galena ore from Towsley mine to
smeltery.

SALLTE BELLE (Rimini) — To be re-
opened soon.

NEVADA
Exmeralda County

RED HILL FLORENCE (Goldfield) —
Developing on 300. 400 and 500 levels.
Regular shipments to be made.

Lincoln County

PRINCE CONSOLIDATED (Pioche) —
New shaft being sunk by Walter Fitch, Jr.

n \ .■ County

BIG PINE (Manhattan) — Milling of
over-size dump begun.

MANHATTAN CONSOLIDATED (Man-
hattan)— Ore to be treated at Goldfield
Consolidated mill. Mine making 55,000 gal.
of water per day.

ONION AMALGAMATED (Manhattan)
— Sinking shaft below bottom level.

TOVOPAH DISTRICT ore production
for the week ended May 25 totaled 9601
tons, of an estimated gross milling return
of $163 217 Producers were: Tonopah
Belmont. 1963 tons; Tonopah Mining, 3400;
Tonopah Extension. 215!»; Jim Butler,
End, 1001: MacNamara, 326;
Montana. 165 ; North Star, 52 ; and miscel-
laneous 14 tons.

TONOPAH EXTENSION (Tonopah > —
Receipts from mine and mill operations
during April were J135.164.69 ; current ex-
penses. $81,297.02; leaving an operating
profit of $53,867 .67.

GOLD MOUNTAIN DISTRICT between
Tonopah and Goldfield has 20 comii.'.
organized in last three months to develop
ind. and six are equipped with machin-
ery and sinking. The Divide Extension is
controlled by Zeb Kendall and N. K. Cooper.
and the shaft is down 60 ft. The Tonopah
Dividend shaft is down 40 ft Cal Brougher
and George Wingfield are directing affair
of the Brougher divide, which has a 40 ft.
shaft

OKLAHOMA

Jopllii District

.1 .- COOPER (Depew) — Sinking shaft
on lease south of Hocken tile.

ELOOSA (Miami) Sinking shaft pre-
paratorj to building 800-ton mill four
miles west of Tar EUvei

LIQHTFOOT O .^ U (Miami) — Mill es-
timated at 1100,000 eost to be erected
Sludge tables, crushers, engines and hollers
hased. William Llghtfoot is in
charge

Ml THRIFT (Miami) — Will sink to
cut 6-ft coal vein on 60 level Ralph C
Hardy, of Norman, Okla., is president;
John Allen, of Miami, is manager

MIAMI WONDER (Ploher) — To build
new mill, line shaft ill ore. Fred D
Whiting, of Oklahoma City, is superin-
tendent.

MINT MINING (Miami) — To build two
75-ton mills at estimated cost of $100,000.
Sludge tables, crushers, boilers and engines
to be purchased Julius Labsap Is in
charge

PROSPECTORS (Miami) — Sinking shaft
south of Hockerville. To build mill. Jas.
M. Shackelford. Miami, is manager.

MUSKOGEE (Quapaw) — Completed new
mill. Company cooperating with several
others in draining watered tract southwest
of Quapaw.

NEMO (Quapaw) — Sinking shaft and
completing mill after several months' idle-
ness. M M. Kersh, of Galena, Kan., is
superintendent.

SOUTH DAKOTA
Lawrence County

CUTTING (Deadwood) — To install hoist
and compressor already purchased. To

sink shaft 500 ft.

ECHO (Maitland) — Power line com-
pleted. To resume development and shaft
to be sunk deeper.

CUSTER PEAKE (Roubaix) — Work to
be resumed. Shaft to be sunk deeper. Has
purchased Jungle property. Additional ma-
chinery for concentrator is contemplated.

TINTON (Tinton) — Resumed operations
after idleness of ten years. Concentrator
to be repaired and to treat low-grade tin
ores.

UTAH
Juab County

TINTIC SHIPMENTS for the week ended
May 24 were 169 cars.

EUREKA MINES (Eureka) — Mining sil-
ver ore below and on 700 level.

IRON KING (Eureka) — Preparing to'
ship iron ore for fluxing.

TINTIC STANDARD (Eureka) — Ore
hauled to Denver and Rio Grande R.R. by
truck. Railroad to be extended to serve
this mine. Iron King, and other East Tintic
properties.

ZUMA (Eureka) — Made initial shipment.

Salt Lake County

UTAH APEX (Bingham) — Mine on Are
and reported as being flooded.

UTAH METAL & BINGHAM CANYON
TUNNEL (Bingham) — Net profits for 1917
amounted to $40,992. Dividends amounting
to $553,261 were paid. Production was:
5.348.610 lb. lead; 659,127 lb. copper;
242. IMI3 oz. silver and 4612 oz. gold. During
1917, 15.632 ft. of development was done,
capacity of the mill was doubled and new
machinery installed.

LUCIN COPPER (Salt Lake)— Operat-
ing property near Lucin. Drifting on three
foot of good copper ore and opened man-
ganese ore In several places. Officers elected
at meeting Mav 4 were : R. W. Powers, pres-
ident ; D. J. Wheeler, vice president ; G. S.
Morris, secretary and treasurer; Franklin
P. K Flynn and V. Ergmaga addi-
tional directors.

Summit County

PARK CITY SHIPMENTS for week
ended Mav 2 1 were :s. 127. 380 lb. of ore and
concentrates. Shipments for the first four
months of 1918 were 40,537 tons, as com-
pared with 34,081 tons same period 1917.

NAILDRIVEi* (Park City) — Crosscut-
tlng '>n 700 level, to connect with raise
from 950 level. J. D. Fisher is in charge.

PARK CITY KING (Park City)— Devel-
oping by tunnel, and fissure showing miner-
alization has been cut.

JUDGE MINING AND SMELTING (Park
City) — changes made in zinc plant, includ-
ing new stationary cells. John Ellsworth
uperintendent of plant.

SILVER KING COALITION (Park City)
— At annual meeting May 2". W. W. Arm-

strong chosen director to succeed David
Keith, recently deceased. Other directors
are Thomas Kcurns. W. S. McCornlck, N. C.
Fox, .1. unes Ivors, Jr., W, M. Ferry, Henry
Newell, Ezra Thompson, J. F. Judge.

WASHINGTON

i:, hi. in County

NEW GAS FIELDS being drilled for
gas and oil.

Okanogan County

rVANHOE (Orovllle) — To build 50-ton
flotation plant Crossout from the 37ihi
tunnel has cut four veins carrying silver

Spokane County

INTERNATIONAL PORTLAND CE-
MENT CO. (Irvln) — Calcining magnesite
from Valley.

Stevens County

ELECTRIC POINT (Boundary) — Build-
ing 21-mile tramway at a cost of $50,000.
Shaft down to 700 level and discloses con-
tinuation of ore.

DEER TRAIL NO. 2 (Deer Trail) — W.
A. Corey and associates have taken over
property from J. D. Chaplin, of St. Cath-
erines. Ontario. Mine worked 25 years ago
for silver.

CANADA
British Columbia

GRANBY (Grand Forks) — Fourth fur-
nace blown in to handle increased tonnage.

MANGANESE DEPOSITS near Kaslo.
in Slocan district, purchased from Larson
& Curie by B. F. Millard, of Seattle, being
opened by stripping. Shipments tcJ be
made to different plants for tests.

ST. KEVERTNE (Slocan) — To operate
this summer. Oscar White, formerly of
the Slocan Star, is manager.

CORK-PROVINCE (Slocan) — Has added
a ball mill and flotation unit to concentra-
tor. Flotation unit to dress silver-mine
tailings. Zinc concentrates shipped to
Kansas and lead to the Trial smeltery.

CONSOLIDATED M. and S. Co. (Trail) —
Committee to'investigate smelter rates held
first session on May 22. Members are S.
S. Fowler, of Riodel ; James Anderson, of
Kaslo, and Ivan De Lashmutt, of Silverton.

Ontario

ASSOCIATED GOLD FIELDS (Larder
Lake) — Installation of 25-drill compressor
nearly complete.

WALSH (Gowganda) — High-grade silver
ore has been discovered.

ANKERITE (Porcupine) — Main shaft
down 350 ft. Veins to be opened on this
and also at 200 level. Four veins parallel
and having aggregate width of 100 ft. have
been opened.

HOLLINGER (TiVrimins) — Force de-
creased. Now 1096 men employed.

KINGSLEY CLAIMS (West Shining Tree)
— Vein showing gold content has been dis-
covered.

COBALT DISTRICT SHIPMENTS of
silver ore over the T. & N.. O. Ry. in April.
in tons of 2000 lb., were: Beaver. 36.23;
Buffalo, 296.69; Coniagas, 162.05; Dominion
Reduction, 141.50; Kerr Lake, 59.84; La
Rose, 64.36 ; McKinley-Darragh, 149.22 ;
Nipissing, 230.19; O'Brien, 32.32 : Right-of-
Way, 41.98; Trethewey, 82.32; total,
1296.70 tons.

GENESEE (Cobalt) — Active develop-
ment resumed.

ELLIOTT-KIRKLAND (Kirkland Lake)
— New 9 x 12 ft. hoist installed. Cross-
cutting at 500 level.

KIRKLAND LAKE (Kirkland Lake) —
Shaft being pumped out. To resume under-
ground work.

KIRKLAND LAKE GOLD (Kirkland
Lake) — construction of mill begun in fall
now proceeding.

PORQUIS JUNCTION shipped from the
Alexo mine in April 544.60 tons of nickel
ore.

OTISSE (Fort Matachewan) — Camps
under construction. Diamond drilling.

HILL (Munro Township) — Shaft being
sunk to 200 ft. and 70-ton mill nearly-
ready for operation.

AFRICA

Transvaal

MODDERFONTEIN DEEP (East Rand)
— Report for quarter ended Mar. 31 states
124.500 tons milled and mine development
of 731 feet.

PRINCESS ESTATE & G. M. CO. ("West-
ern Witwatersrand) — Report for quarter-
ended Mar. 31 states 55.700 tons milled
and mine development 1204 ft. Sinking
at No. 1 shaft to be resumed soon.

June 15, 1918 ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

|iiimiiimiiiiiiiiini!miiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimii i iiiiiinii iiiimiiiiimiiii i miiuii h inn inn mu MiiiniHwtmni uuHun i

11 11

IIIIIIIIIIIIMIII Illlllllllllllllllllllllll

The Market Report

■■■MB ■■ mlml11111 Il11" iiiiHiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii iiiiniiiiii iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiinii iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiMiiiiimiiiiMiii iiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiim i iiihi iiiiiimiiiiinimiimiiiiiiii

SILVEB \M> STICKLING I XCHANGE

Silvei

June

Sterl-
ing

ohange

SlK.T

.June

mg i New

Ia- tfork,

change < fenta

I i D
.lull,

Pen <■

\. W 1 ull-

^ ork, don,

6
8

4 7550 99)
4 7550 99)
4 75501 99)

481
481
481

10
II
12

4.7550
4.7550
4 7550

99) 1 48)

99) I 481

4,-

New York quotations are u reported by Bandy
& Harman and are in oenti pei t
silver. 999 fine. London quotations arc in pi
trov ounce of sterliiiK silver, 925 fine.

DAILY PRICES OF METALS IN M :\\

( opptT

Tin

Lead

Zinc

Electro-

June

lytic

Spot.

N 1

St 1

St. L.

7.25

7.17)
% 7 27;

7 30

6

*23§

t

(5 7 4 !

@7 35

7 25

7 I?;

7 30

1

*23J

t

@7 45

l" 7 27 j

7 2;

7 171

7 52!

8

*23)

t

(« 7 43

@7 27j

(a 7 37!
7 32)

71

7 25

10

*23)

t

(,. ?:

fij 7 1 5

<fi 7 37!

7 40

7 35

7 >5

II

*23)

t

v, 7 So

(5 7 45

<S>7 45

7 45

7 35

71

12

*23)

t

@ 7 SO

(e 7 43 | (.1 7'

* Price fixed by agreement between American
copper producers and the D. S. Government, accord-
ing to official statement for publication on Friday,
September 21. 1917.

t No market.

The above quotations (except as to copper, the
price for which has been fixed by agreement Betwei □
American copper producers and the I" S. Govern-
ment, wherein there is no free market) are our
appraisal of the average of the major mark) U
generally on sales as made and reported by producers
and agencies, and represent to the best of our judg-
m< nt the prevailing values of the metals for the
deliveries constituting the major markets, reduced to
basis of New York, cash, except where Si Louie ie
the normal basing point.

The quotations for electrolytic copper are for cakes,
ingots and wirebars.

We quote electrolytic cathodes at 0.05 to 0.10c.
below the price of wirebars, cakes and ingots

Quo ations for spelter are for ordinary Prime
Western brands. We quote New York price at 20c.
per 100 lb. above St. Louis

LONDON

Copper

Tin

Lead

Zinc

Standard

Elec-
tro-
lytic

Spot

3 Mos

Spot

June

Spot 13 Mos.

Spot

6
7
8
10
II
12

110
110

iio
no
no

no

no

no
no
no

125
125

125
125
125

331

331

331
329
329

331
331

331
329
329

29)
29)

2«l
29)

29;

54

54

54
54
54

The above table gives the closing quotations on
London Metal Exchange. All prices are in pounds
sterling per ton of 2240 lb. For convenience in
comparison of London prices, in pounds sterling per
2240 lb,, with American prices in cents per pound
the following approximate ratios are given, reckoning
exchange at $4. 75 1 5. £29) = 6 2576c. ; £54 = 1 1 4545c. ;
£110 = 23 3333c ; £125 = 26 5151c ; £260 = 55 1513c ;
£280 = 59.3937c; £300 = 636362c Variations, £1
= 0.2121205c.

Metal Markets

NEW YORK — June 12. 1"18

The only ones of the major metals in
which there are now free markets are lead
and zinc. The increasing strength in lead,
reflected by a sharp advance in price, was
a special feature of interest this week.
Zinc also was stronger.

Uncertainty respecting the new freight
rates that come into effect July 1, and

. disturbing Influence
In all ma

Copper The refinery production In May

little larg. r than In April, and the

average monthlj rate "f 1911 has no« been

about attained. Foreign go\ ei > i

■ up temporarllj In their demands,
but the American I :

urge ord< n for June and July
Domestic consumption is very large
consumers seem i" !»■ running
to-mouth basis: that is. without any i
suppiv in their yards, which frequently
•■•mipcis them t" appeal to the refiners to
hurry up their shipments, Domestic wire
mills irted to be v< ry i

complain that copper Is now fre-
quently required In ur i ■ nich

ccsl i hem > • to furnish than do

standard Co

Copper Mi.-, is ,ir. quoted at 31 Jc. per
lb f.ir hot rolled, and lc higher fur cold
rolled. Copper wire is quoted at 26Ji fob.
mill, carload lol

Tin — The market was rather upset bv
the decline in Singapore. Monday's <
gave the quotation of £33G, a declin.
£17 from the las; previous oni The mar-
ket in Singapore having been understood
t< be strong, it was considered thai there
might have been an error in transmission.
Tuesdays cable was missing Wednesda
came £339, which was regarded as eon-
rrming the Monday cable. The reason for
the decline is not understood.

A small lot of Straits tin In this market
which was offered last week at ?1
1.10 is still offered at the same price. Metal
of 99 e; grade is to be had in small lots
at 92^ 94c. Banka tin for June shipment
is offered at 87e . and Chinese at 86c.

The new railway freight regulations.
Which abolish import rates, are going to
produce new conditions that nobody is yet
able to size up completely. The rate 'on
tin from San Francisco to New York which
is now 56.2c will become {2.70; that is.
the present commodity rate increased by
25 per cent.

Lead — There is no doubt about the great
strength of this market. In which most of
Ihe producers, large and small, are now well
sold ahead. There was a widespread in-
quiry this week from corroders and manu-
facturers of munitions, which resulted in
onsiderable turnover, but. after all, it
may be said truly that the market ad-
vanced on relatively small business There
■were considerable transactions in lead for
ft rward delivery, such contracts running
as far ahead as September. Western
smelters heing unable to supply the de-
mand in this market, consumers purchased
in St. Louis at the market price there plus
the estimated freight of about 25c. per 100
lb. Brokers and dealers bid above the
market both in New York and St. Louis,
but producers either avoided or flatly re-
fused such business. There were some more
Canadian inquiries, but that demand seems
to have been satisfied for the present.
Japan, however, continued to be insistent
with its inquiries, and having purchased
seme bonded lead, endeavored to buy
domestic lead, bidding, through brokers,
above producers' prices. At the close,
brokers were offering to pay 7$c. at St.
Louis.

Zine — Zinc showed increasing strength
from day to day, with better inquiry from
galvanizers and brass makers, which re-
sulted in some transactions of moderate vol-
ume. The better tone in zinc probably re-
flects diminished production and shrinkage
of stocks since Apr. 1. both of which may
have been more than has been thought here-
tofore.

Zine Sheets — Unchanged at $15 per 100
lb less usual trade discounts and extras as
per list of Feb. 4.

Aluminum — Price fixed at 33c. per lb. for
lots of 50 tons or more, ingot, 98-99%
grade. Price established June 1 and con-
tinues to Sept. 1.

Antimony — Increased demand and larger
sales, both the Government and private con-
sumers having bought, stiffened this market
materially. At the close of last week we
quoted 12J@12§c. On June 8 a rather large
business was done at 1216 13c. At the

■ I thli wi • ■ ■ i I ■ . Thi

i ,n . quot( .1 ..'

Bismuth Mete

pharn quoti ■! i I

Ih for h hi o lb and i

Cadmium The metal la qu I at Ji i"

per III

N li k< i M irkel quotation i- i1

Qulrltallver Steady al lilt

' 'alifornla virgin Mexli an virgin Is q
around $116 San Francisco reports, bj
iph. $112

Gold. Silver and Platinum

Gold Gold : hlpments to thi United

States fur British a. ml have been n

sumed. a . . in ban

Ol .Ww York, thi il for

British account, according to the "Ti:l
May, 1917.

Silver Thi price of silver remain
ehang. mI al I8fd pel oz In London, with

New York price 99J@100ic pel 03
Tin- demand for in. ha com
exchangee are up to current bullion i

Handy & Harmon, New York bullion deal-
ers, have been designated to acl as the
Of the British government In handling
shipments of silver from the United ;-'
To date, under the Pil

60.000,000 silver dollars have 1

into bars According to the "New York
Tribute i this has been shipped to

Mexican dollars at New York: June 6.
77: June 7. 77; June 8. 77; June 10. 77;
June 11, 77 ; June 12, 77.

Platinum, Palladium and Iridium — Prices
fixed at $105. $135 and $175. respectively

Ore Markets

.inpiiii. Mo., June 8 — Blende, per ton.
high. $76.80 ; basis 60% zinc, premium.
$75; class B. $55; prime Western, $1
40; calamine, per ton, 40% zinc. $35
average selling prices: Blende, $45.45 ; cala-
mine. $32.66 ; all zinc ores. $44.65 pi l

Lead, high, $89.80 ; basis 80% lead, $87.50
si B5 ; average selling price, all grades of
lead. $86.44 per ton.

Shipments the week: Blende. :
mine. 490; lead, 1383 tons. Value, all ores
the week, $164,450.

Buyers came into the market for light
tonnage, and most of them found enough
sellers to fill their orders on a marl
duced from $3 to $5 per ton Many sellers
declined to accept the reduced price, argu-
ing that spelter prices warranted no cut in
ore prices.

The trend of miners to the harvest fields.
in addition to t1 number sent away in the
draft, has mad. I mines short-handed, and
production is automatically lowering.

I'latteville. Wi~.. .June 8 — Blende, basis
i.'i- zinc, highest price reported for pre-
mium grade- was $7" per ton ; high-lead
blende product sold down to $45 per ton
base. Lead ore. basis 80S Pb. $85 per
ton. Shipments reported for the week w-r.
2423 tons blende. 1?,1 tons galena and 74',
tons sulphur ore. For the year to date the
totals are 57.703 tons blende. 3013 tons
galena, and 24,611 tons sulphur ore. Dur-
ing the week 2458 tons of blende were
shipped to separating plants.

Chrome Ore — Unchanged from last week

Pyrites — Spanish lump is nuotable to
those who possess a license from the Gov-
ernment at 17c. per unit on the basis ol 9s
ocean freight, buyer to pay war risk, less
2% and excess freight. Tonnage is ex-
tremely difficult to obtain Domestic pyrite
is selling at prices ranging from 25 to 30c.
per unit, f.o.b. mine.

Manganese Ore — The schedule of the War
Industries Board prevails for domestic ores.
High-grade imported ore has been sold as
high as $1.35 per unit, ex-d. sk, New York

Molybdenum Ore — Unchanged from last
week. Quotations are purely nominal.

Tungsten Ore — There is not much activitv
and quoted prices are $19 to $24 per unit
of tungstic acid ; only the very highest

1112

EXO INHERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 24

free from
high .i |"
_ rade ore free from im-

grade.
l; impurltli
$19 per unit

Iron Trade Review

II l 1 -in BOB — June 11

War Industries Board

ratifying .n- agreement

the American Iron

■nut.-, which provides .i aell-

nite basts for the distribution of commercial

.v be divided Into two cla
v..ir steel .mil commercial steel, ua con-
steel, in turn, may b.- divided into
for the more essential Industries una
. for the less essential In th. distrl-
,n of w.ir steel, no change Is made from
. . for months. Involving
various priorities Steel for the more essen-
tial industries comes next and any steei
remaining can be shipped to less essential
industries, provided specific permission is
obtained from the Director of Steel Supplies.

Under the pledge of 100% efficiency for
w.ir work taken by the iron and steel in-
dustry at the meeting of Apr 26, the pro-
ducers have been shipping to those they
considered the more essentia] Industries, a
! which is Incorporated in tne
new regulations, entitled a "schedule of
purpose entitled to preference treatment.
Some manufacturers tind the schedule a
narrower one than they had constructed
for their own use during the last few weeks.
though others find it somewhat broader.

Production has suffered somewhat in the
I. at three weeks on account of hot weather.
and more in steel ingots than in pig iron.
Production of pig iron in May was at the
rite of about 40.900.000 tons a year, steel
ingot production being at the rate of about
4 1 .mo 000 tons a year. The Carnegie Steel
blew in another blast furnace last
Friday, and now has 55 of its 59 furnaci
active A Clairton stack will blow in this
week and two Edgar Thomson stacks will
be readv late in the year. Zanesville. a
small detached stack, is not to be operated
The company's production is running about
95 T in pig iron and 85% of full capacity in

1PThe Steel Corporation's unfilled obliga-
tions decreased bv 404.259 tons during May
Shipments were about 1.200.000 tons, some-
what more than half of the total being on
ilar Government priorities Government
orders during the month approximated the
shipments, yvhile commercial bookings were
litht indeed as compared with commercial
shipments, the latter being made almost
entirely to the more essential industries.

Pie Iron — Distribution of pig iron contin-
ues, under the new regulations, substan-
tially as for several weeks past, practically
none being shipped excepting against Gov-
ernment work or to more essential commer-
cial Industries Nearly all consumers have
answered their questionnaires, showing the
purpose to which they intend devoting such
deliveries of pig iron as are made them
against their orders, and shipments will be
made onlv to cover the recognized purposes.
and customers who do not answer the
questionnaires will be cut off entirely. The
market is quotable strong at the set limits:
Bessemer. $35.20: basic. $32 ; No. 2 foundry.
$33 ; malleable. $33.50 ; forge. $32. f.oj).
furnace, freight to Pittsburgh from the
Valleys being $1 1 0.

Steel — Mo soft steel is offered, and little
is to be had even on requisitions. Shell-
discard steel has become almost equally-
scarce, as the regulations practically pro-
hibit the mills from offering it in most cases

• prices remain on the basis of $1.50
for soft steel bOlel

STIM K Ol in y IIUNs

sin, K (.It HI M K'NS I ,,,,,,,,,,, ,1

s y KXCH.t June II IK is 1 . ■ \ l \ i II • June I I I'Ol.o SPRINGS June 1 I

Ferroalloys

. Hold M
i Juneau

' .com

\iu Sin A Re! . l>f
yin Sin s,v , i>f , y
\ni Bine

\ni Bind, pf
da

II ,s Mm
HetMeli.ln Steel

Bethlehem Steel, pf
Hun,- A Superior
Butte Cop A lino

idf PMCO
Chile COP

.'lit!!,.

i el.' Fuel A Iron

Crucible Steel
Crucible Steel, pt

Home Mines

Federal m a s
i ederal \i as. pt
1 ;re:tt Nor ,
Greene ( 'ananea
Quit states Steel
Homes take.
Inspiration I 'on
Inter naUonalNlekel
Kennecol i
Lackawanna steel.
Mexican Petrol
Miami Copper
\ut i Lead, com.. . .
National Lead, pf . .

\'r\ i 'onsol

Ontario M In
Ray ('on

KepuMi.-I ftS com.
Republic IAS. pf

*he(neld

Tennessee C A C
O s steel, com
I" S Steel, pt
Utah Copper -
Va Iron C.AC

VI

.•1
•I
SI
15
:i7

81

91

SO

i".

si

,,.,

IBI

27 1

31

•l|

27
58
'is;
20

65
19!

OS

1 II

81
71

N. Y. CURBt

Big Ledge
Butte A M. Y

Butte Detroit

Caledonia
Calumet A- Jerome
Can Cop. Corpn .

Carlisle

Cash boy

Con. Ariz. Sin
Con Coppermlnes.
Con New-Utah. ..
Emma Con.
First Nat Cop.. .

Goldnrld Con

Goldneld Merger. .
Greenmonster
Hecla Mln

Howe Sound

Jerome Verde

Kerr Lake.

Louisiana

Magma

Majestic

Marsh

McKlnley-Dar-Sa.
Mllford
Mohican. . . .
Mother Lode
N. Y A Hond.
Nlplsslog Mines ..
Nixon Nevada
Ohio Cop
Rawley
Ray Hercules
Richmond
Rochester Mines.
St. Joseph Lead...
Standard S. L .
Stewart
Success
Tonopah
Tonopah Kx

Trlbulllon

Troy Arizona

ed cop

united Verde Ext.

United Zinc

Utlca Mines

11

.75

4,'

i :

.2»
07

!\
.«ff

25'

.02

t*\
ft

5.60
SI
$30
17
04
.30)
tli
t.06
.39
1121
S
56

nf

4|

J. 56
.44
14|
A
.211

torn

21

1ft

39*

U

t 03

Ml venture

Vhmeek
Aluoinuli
.Mimics

• .'in . otia
Arnold

Honumt.

ItUttl-H:il

Calumei A Arli
Calumet A Heola

( VniiMinkil

i topper Range
Dal) u eel
Davis-Daly
i aei imtti'
i ranklln.
i tranbj
Hancook
Hedley
Heli etia
Indiana
isie Royale
Keweenaw
Lake
La Salle
Mawnn Valley

Muss

Ma> Rower

Mlohlgan
Mohawk
New \n-udliin
New Idrlii
North Ruttr
North Lake.

i Mlbway

Old Dominion

Osceola

ljulncy

St. Mary's M. L...

Santa F«. -

Seneca

Shannon
Shattuck-Arlz.

so. Lake

So. Utah

superior. .
Superior A- Rost. .
Trinity
Tuolumne .
U. «. Smelting..
U. S. Smelt's, pf,
Utah Apex
Utah Con

Utah Metal

Victoria,

Winona

Wolverine

W yandot

.1.
:.{
30
11)

i;t

ao
is

25

til.
t is

H

74
5

tia

2(1
50

"li

4

15!

2

75

'li

»I4

15;

60
.75

40'

47

69

49

nil

10

31

}16

1

.10

141
2 '

•ti

99
40
43
II
9!
tl)

1
til

25;

50

i Wesson i on
Doctor Jack Pol
i ikt'.n i ion
ii Paeo

Qold Sovereign
i lolden » \ cle

Grmill.'

Isabella

Mary M.l\ liinci
Portland
United Gold M
Vindicator

BOSTON CURB* June 11

SAN FRAN.'

Ferromaniranese — Th.- market la firm at
1250. delivered, for '0"y, and $4 per unit
extra is the usual quotation for hieher man-
ganese content. Splegelelsen is strong at
furnace, for 16 to 18 per cent.

CoIm

< ..nnelNville Coke — Shipments have been
running fairly steadily at 3 10.000 tons a
w-efk from the Connellsville and lower Con-
ille region for nearly two months. Tne
furnaces are fairly well supplied, the situa-
tion being helped by the Increasing output
Ox bvproduct coke. Small tonnages of coke

.w coming into the market, chi
foundry grade. The market remains quot-
tt the set limits: Furnace. $6; foun-
dry, 72-hour selected, %1 ; crushed, over
1-in . 17.30, per n<-t ton at ovens.

Alta

Andes

Best ft Belcher

Caledonia

. IbaUenge Con

Confidence
Con. Virginia

could ft Curry
Hale A N'orcross....
Jackot-Cr Pt
Mexican

Occidental

Ophlr

Overman

savage

Sierra Nevada

Union Con. .
i tan con
Belmont
Jim Butler
MacN'amara
Midway
Mont -Tonopah
N'orth Star
Rescue Eula
West End ' on
Atlanta
Booth
Comb. Frac

Florence

Jumbo Extension..
Kewanas
Nevada Hills
Nevada Packard...
Round Mountain..

sliver Pick

While Caps

Bis Jim

United Eastern. .

.03

.10

01

.04

03

04

.31

.01

01

07

41

t.60

.06

.02

03

14

.68

01

3.00

.63

.20

.06

M2

.09

us

1 .18

06

03

: 02
in
09
113

III

.24
23
04
.34
t.75
3.35

Alaska Mines Corp
Bingham Mines.

Boston Ely

Boston ft Mont. .
Butte ft Lon'n Dev

Calaveras

Caluraet-Corbin. . .
Chlet Con.

i 'ortez

Crown Reserve

. rystal Cop
Faciei Blue Bell
Gila Copper
Houghton Copper
Intermountain.

,ron Cap

Mexican Metals .
Mines ot America
Mojave Tungsten
Nat. Zinc ft Lead
Nevada-Douglas

New Baltic

New Cornelia

Oneco

Pacific Mines

Rex Cons
Yukon Gold

.12

10
.80

49
.18

•i

t 05
.15
.22

2;

tl7

50

1 05

17!

.30

11

.09

20

67

50

17i

29

t 35

.09

1

SALT LAKE'

Bannack

Cardiff

Colorado Mining.
Daly .
Empire Copper

Gold Chain

Grand Central

Iron Blossom

Judge

Lower Mammoth

May Day

Moscow .
Prince Con
Rico Wellington
silver-King Coal'n
-liver Klni: I !on
sloux Con
So. Hecla.
Tlntlc Standard...
Uncle Sam
Walker Cop

Wilbert

Yankee

TORONTO"

Adaoac

.08!

Bailey.

.03

Beaver Con

.23!

Chambers Ferland

11 '

2 90

Hargraves

07

40

Peterson Lake

091

Temlskamlng.

28

v> . ttlaufer-Lor

04

Davidson

33

Dome Fxten

10 j

15

4.95

1.26

.20!

Porcu. Crown ..

14

Teck-Hughes

: 45

\'lpond

.091

West Dome

.08!

.(IN1HIN

\l,r 1..

Burma > >ti>
Cam ft Motor
i iiiiip Bird. . .
F.IOro

i;speranza

Mexican Minis
M III I ur|i I "all
N'eclil. pld

Orovllle

si .lolni del Rey
Santa Gert'dls.

Tomboy

i'l lis 0.1

II 1 I n

0 7 9

0 8 0

II s .,

., 5 ii

n in a

II III 6

II 17 '.I

0 16 0

II 12 li

0 17 3

■ mil prl.-.s t closing pries I l.i.st limitations.

MONTHLY AVKKACE PRICES OF METALS

Nru \ ork

1. loll

silver

1910

1917

mis

1916

1917

1918

Jan

56 775

75 630

ss 702

2li '11.11

36 6K2

II 356

Feb

56 755

77 986

S5 7 16

26 1175

37 742

42 792

-.7 ess

7:1 sill

SS 0S2

27 5117

36 4111

13 620

April .
May

114 li.".

73 876

IS ii.

.10 662

36 968

1/ 215

71 Ji.'i

74 745 TO. 505

35 . 477

37 Hill

IS oso

June

65 ii-' 1

76 971

39 till.'.

July

I.-' mo

79 Hill

III Kill

40 110

66 083

35 407

ill 498

13 lis

Sept

lis 616

inn 7111

82 5S4

SO 1120

Ort

67 s.-,.-,

s7 882

32.881

44 324

Nov

7 1 1,114

85 sin

84.192

43 5S4

Dec

75 765

s.i 1160

36 4 10

43 052

Year. . . ,

.',:, 661

si 117

:il 315

40.851!

New York Quotations cents per ounce troy, line silver;
London, pence per ounce, sterling silver, 0.925 fine.

New York

London

Copper

1 l.-,-irul\ I Ir

Standard

Ele rolyilc

1917

mis

1917

l'lls

1917

1918

28 673

23 .',1111

181.921

110 000

142.S95

125.000

Feb

31 750

23 500

137 895

110 000

148.100

125 000

31 isl

23 SOU

136 750

110 000

151.000

125.000

27 936

23 '00

133 842

110.000

147.158

125.000

Js 7ss

23 500

130 000

ill) 000

142 000

125.000

29 962

130 000

142.000

July

26 620

i'Js 401)

140 409

2 i 3KII

122 891

137 000

26 073

1 1 7 500

135 250

23 500

110 000

125 000

23 500

110 000

1 25 000

Dec.

23 500

110 000

125 000

Year

27.180

124 892

138 401

January ....
February . . .
March

April

May

June

July

August

September. .
October. . . .
November. .
December. .

Av. year.

1917

44.175
51 420

54 888

55 910
63.173
62.053
62 570
62 6S1
61 542
61 851
74 740
87.120

,S5 500

112 000

(a)

61.R02I

1917

185 813
198.974
207.443
220.171
245 114
242.083
242 181
243.978
244. 03S
247 . 467
27* 943
298 556

237 563

i'Jl.S

293.227
311.525
318.875
329.905
364.217

(a) No average computed.

June 10

t 26
3 15

08!
2 00
1 92

: 04

47
.38

5 50

t 03

oi :

t 05

55

11

1 45

1.52!

in:

65

•I 62 j

01J

1 60

08

X 021

New York

St. Louis

l.uii

ion
lllls

Lead

1917

1918

1917

1918

1917

7 626

6.782

7 530

6.684

30 500129 50

8 636

6 973

8.595

6.899

311 .'.nil 29 50

9 . 1 99

7.201

9.120

7.091

30 500 29 50

11 'ss

6.772

9.158

6.701

30 500 2 ' 50

10 207

6.818

10.202

6.704

30 500

29 . 50

11 171

11.123

30 50(1

Julv

10 710

10 644

30 .',00

10.594

10.518

30 500

September..

8.680

8.611

30 500

6.710

6.650

30 500

6 249

6.187

30 500

December.

6 375

6 312

30.500|

Year

8.787

8.72ll

30 . 50o!

New Y'ork

St. Louis

London

Speller

1917

I'l IS

1917

1918

1917

1918

9.619

7.836

9 I I'l

7.661

48 329

51 000

10 045

7 814

'.1 S75

7.639

47 000

54 nun

10 300

7 461

10 130

7.286

47 000 54.000

9.459

6 s .0

9.289

6.715

54 . 632

54.111111

9 362

7 314

9.192

7.114

54 (100

54 00(1

9 371

9.201

54 000

July

8.643

8.473

54.000

s 3611

8.190

54 000

September..

8 136

7 966

54 (Kill

7 IIS3

7.813

7 -17

7.672

54 000

December. .

7 >

7 510

54 000

Year

8.9011

S S13

52 413

June 10

New Y'ork and St. Louis quotations, cents per pound.
London, pounds sterling per long ton.

Pig Iron.
Pgh.

January

February

March.

April

May

June

July

August
September.
October.. .
November
December.

Y'ear..

1917

535 95

36 37
57 57
42 23
46.94
54 22
57 45
54 17
46 40
37.25
37 . 25

37 25

mis

S37 25
37 25
37 . 25
36.1"
36.20

1917 I 1918

S30 95IJ33 95
30 96 83 US
33 49 33.95
3S 110 32 95
42 S4 33.00
50 05
53 so
50 37
42 24
33 95
33 95
33 95

$43 57l

$39 62 $40.83

No. 2
Foundry

1917 1 1918

$30 95
3(1 115
35 91
40 06
43 60
50.14
53 . 95
53 95
4- 58
33 95
33 95
33 95

$33 95
33 95
33 95
33 95

34. "

t As reported by W. P. Snyder ft Co.

Engineering and Mining Journal

Volumt 105

June 22, 191 H

Xuitii

MAIN POWER PLANT OF ARIZG

ERDE RIVER, ARIZl i\A

Electric Power for Mining in Yavapai

County, Arizona*

Fossil Creek, having a fall of 1600 ft., is the
source of power for the Irving and Childs hydro-
electric plants of the Arizona Power Co., which
operates 250 miles of transmission lines in
Yavapai County. From the Irving or upper
plant water is flumed to an artificial lake, and

thence, by means of pressure tunnel, surge tank
and pressure pipe, is carried to the turbines at
the Childs or lower plant, situated on the Verde
River. An auxiliary steam-generating plant at
Tapco, on the Verde River, is operated by a
subsidiary company, which uses oil as fuel.

FOLLOWING the eastern slope of the hills 20 miles
south from Jerome, Ariz., on the western foot-
hills of the Verde River, cutting through the hill
at Cherry Creek and proceeding 40 miles further south
along the western slope to the Crown King mine, is
a territory rich in mineral deposits. In these 60 miles
are situated the mines of the United Verda Copper
Co., United Verde Extension Mining Co., Copper Chief,
Yaeger Canyon, Arizona Binghamton Copper Co., Blue
Bell, De Soto, Crown King and Wildflower. The com-
bined output of these properties exceeded 150,000.000

"Compiled by P. R. Milnes, of Yavapai County Chamb

merce.

er of Corn-

lb. of copper in 1917, in addition to their gold, silver
and zinc production.

In 1907, when United Verde was the only producer,
steam power for operation of mines and prospects
was provided from wood, gasoline, coal or oil burned
under poor boilers, and procured at high cost. Water
was scarce, and, when available, contained impurities
injurious to boilers, so that the difficulties in operating
power plants of the various properties were discourag-
ing, on account of the expense entailed, the delays
due to boiler repairs and the difficulty of procuring fuel
at points remote from the railroad. With such serious
obstacles to mining, the question of power at any price,

1114

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 25

and particularly cheap power, was necessarily of para-
mount importance.

The power situation in Yavapai County has been
nly solved by the Arizona Power Co., which
furnishes electric power from two hydroelectric plants
• og 12,000 hp. and a modern 10.000 hp. steam
plant. The northern part of the county is provided
with 250 miles of transmission lines covering the terri-
tory shown on the accompanying map, which also indi-
a the situation of the mines now served by the
■any. Practically every mine and prospect is sup-
plied with electricity furnished by the power company
reasonable cost Lines are extended as required,
and generating capacity is increased as the market
ods.
In March. 1918, the following customers procured
power:

FOWER USED BY CUSTOMERS OF ARIZONA POWER COMPANY

Horsepower

Customers Used

Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Ry 100

Prescott City pumping plant, Del Rio 100

Consolidated Arizona Smelting Co 1,500

United Verde Copper Co., Jerome and Clarkdale 5,000

United Verde Extension Copper Co 1,500

Havden Development Co 300

Pre"scott Gas and Electric Co 400

Big Pine Mining Co 300

Bradshaw Reduction Co., Crown King 300

Arizona Binghamton Copper Co 450

Copper Queen Mining Co 100

Big Ledge Development Co 350

Jerome Verde Mining Co 350

Pittsburgh-Jerome Mining Co 100

Arkansas & Arizona Copper Co 100

Jerome Portland Copper Co 75

West United Verde Copper Co 200

Gadsden Copper Co 300

Green Monster Mining Co 250

Jerome Del Monte 150

Locey Pabst Gold Mining Co 100

Verde Combination Copper Co 250

Dundee Arizona Co 200

Shannon Copper Co 200

Cottonwood Township 100

Mayer Township 50

Total 12,825

The Arizona Power Co. was incorporated under the
iaws of the State of Maine in 1908, and took over
Ihe interests of an Arizona corporation which was
using water from Fossil Creek and had done some
preliminary work.

Water Power Developed from Fossil Creek

The source of Fossil Creek is at the junction of
Coconino, Gila and Yavapai counties, and the stream
takes a southeasterly direction and forms the dividing
line between Gila and Yavapai counties for 14 miles,
where it empties into the Verde River. From its source
to the Verde River, Fossil Creek has a total fall of
1600 ft., and this fall serves two hydroelectric develop-
ments, the upper plant using 500 feet and the lower,
1080 feet.

Two hundred yards below the lower spring a 20 x 70
ft. concrete dam has been built across the creek bed,
and the entire flow of water is diverted to a concrete
intake tunnel which is provided with suitable gates
to keep out rubbish. From this tunnel the stream enters
a 5-ft. diameter semicircular steel flume, which is car-
ried on wooden trestles supported by concrete footings.
The flume has an hydraulic gradient of 0.1%, and

the wooden trestle varies from 5 to 60 ft. in height,
with bridges spanning th ! numerous small canyons.
From intake to the head of the pressure pipe the flume
is 22,000 ft. long, with an inverted 480-ft. siphon that
has a drop of 15G ft. in the middle of the flume. A con-
crete box fitted with gates, cleaning racks and electrical
devices, which indicate the height of the water in the
flume to the power-house operator, is placed at the end
of the flume and is connected directly to a 3300-ft.
steel pressure pipe which carries the water to a Francis
turbine situated at the creek 500 ft. below. The pres-
sure pipe is buried in the ground for the greater part
of its length and, where exposed, is supported on con-
crete piers.

Current Raised to 45,000 Volts Before Transmission
to Generating Station

A 2500-hp. turbine is connected directly to a 1500-
kw. G. E. 2300-volt generator. The three-phase 60-
cycle current as generated is raised by a bank of three
transformers to 45,000 volts and transmitted to the main
generating station on the Verde River, eight miles away.

The transmission line is supported by wooden towers
500 ft. apart and is insulated by double suspension type
insulators, designed for 100,000 volts. Lightning arrest-
ers are installed at each end of the line to prevent, so
far as possible, any interruption from the heavy light-
ning which is prevalent during the summer.

The power house and transformer houses are of solid
reinforced concrete, and those of the operators are of
wood and are supplied with numerous screen porches.
For the comfort and health of the employees, a com-
plete ice plant and refrigerator have been installed.

The tail race of the upper or Irving plant empties
directly into the intake of the larger plant at Childs,
on the Verde River. The intake is built of concrete and
forms a pool 40 x 20 ft. and 15 ft. deep. From this
intake the water is carried on a 0.1% grade to an arti-
ficial reservoir which has an area of 28 acres and is
known as Stehr Lake. The water conduit consists of
a 2200-ft. wooden flume on trestles, 12,000 ft. of 5 x 3-ft.
concrete flume, 7500 ft. of 4-ft. gravity siphon buried
in the ground and supported for 1400 ft. on steel
bridges, and 5000 ft. of 6 x 3-ft. concrete-lined tunnels,
making a total of 26,700 ft. The concrete flume has
a 6-in. base with walls 4 in. thick at the top, 6 in. at
the bottom and heavily reinforced with welded wire
cloth. The tunnels are lined throughout with 6 in.
of concrete.

Storage Reservoir Provided at Stehr Lake

Stehr Lake, formed in a natural depression and
having earthwork dams at either end, provides a storage
reservoir of sufficient size to carry the rated load of
the Childs station unassisted for a period of 24 hours.
The portal of a pressure tunnel is at the lower end
of the lake, 17 ft. below the normal level of the water.
This tunnel is driven through the mountain 5200 ft.
to the valley of the Verde River, on which the power
house is situated. A 4-ft. reinforced-concrete pipe
having a constant head of 30 ft. follows the edge of
the mountain from the western end of the tunnel for
1400 ft. to a concrete surge tank 30 ft. in diameter
and 36 ft. high.

The water is carried from the bottom of the surge

Juno 22, 1918

ENGINEERING AND minim; JQ1 i.

in:.

tank through a -isoii m steel pressure pipe to the tur-
bines in the power house L080 ft. below. This |
Pipe ia 48 in. in diameter at the surge tank
diameter at the power house, and for the lower hair of
the distance is of .-in. welded steel

The power house ami the adjoining transformer
house on the east bank of the Ver.le I; ,,,- sn)l(i

concrete. The pressure pipe enters the power house
at right angles and is connected to a steel header
ring the entire length of the building. From this
header, the pipes to three impulse turbines an. conne
at 45 , each pipe being opened and closed by a hi

,Ur windmill type Win u pi nded from three

attached to double u pi n

type, .-a. h In
1 ' Ih : Hi.' entiri I prob

ound wire attached t.. the top <.f
tower. I i of the iii -t towi - de • >! the

' ower ' "'i an. i pro\ ided » 1th an electro

lytic lightnini

"n and ai each dii tributive point.
1 '"' transmi , the rivei from

idi ai d I ft. up th. i tern

mountain, t.. .,,„„ .,, |.,,|:,,„| j

TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION CIRCUITS OF ARIZONA POWER CO.

hydraulic valve. Each of the three turbines has a rated
capacity of 3000 hp. and is directly connected to an
1800-kw. generator supplying current at 2300 volts.
Each generator is connected to a bank of three trans-
formers, which raise the voltage to 45,000 volts, for
transmission. The turbines are controlled by oil gov-
ernors, and a special Tirrel regulator operates the ex-
citers of each generator when working on the same
transmission system.

Duplicate three-wire lines of No. 1 stranded copper
lead to the tower lines from the transformers. The
original transmission line consisted of steel towers of

on the Santa Fe, Prescott & Phoenix R. R., a distance
of 35 miles. A double-circuit line of No. 4 B & G
wire extends 18 miles northwest to a substation at
Prescott, wath an intermediate station at Walker, eight
miles from the Junction. A second line runs nearly
due north 25 miles to a substation at the property of
the United Verde Copper Co. Current is distributed to
various adjacent properties from the Poland and Walker
substations by means of 11,000-volt lines on wooden
poles. From the Jerome line at Humbolt, a branch
supplies the smeltery of the Consolidated Arizona Smelt-
ing Co., and from this point, as well as from the Poland

1116

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 25

m. a 17,000-voH line is extended 27 miles south to

the Blue Bell and De Soto mines of the Consolidated

ting Co. and continued to the Crown King

district.

Light and power are supplied to Prescott and Whipple
Barracks from the Prescott substation, and an 11,000
volt line extends - - north to the Prescott pump-

ing plant at Pel Rio. From Jerome and Clarkdale sub-
stations, all of the various mines and prospects in the
Jerome district are reached by branches from the main
line or by 2300-Volt distributing circuits.

In PUt". the demands for power increased so that the
waterpower plants were inadequate, and a subsidiary
company, the Arizona Steam Generating Co., was
formed to build a steam-generating plant at Tapco, on
the Verde River, three miles north of Clarksdale. Con-
struction began in February. 1917, and the plant, repre-
senting an investment of $700,000, was placed in opera-
tion Sept. 1. 1017. The building is of concrete through-
cut, with the exception of the western end, which has
a corrugated-iron finish, so that any future additions
can be made with a minimum of expense. The boiler
room is 110 x 70 x 35 ft., and the turbine room adjoining
is 66 x 40 x 42 ft. Adjoining the boiler room and con-
nected to it by concrete flues is an 8-ft. diameter con-
crete stack 220 ft. high. Four Sterling boilers having a
combined capacity of 10,000 hp. are provided with super-
heaters and economizers. Oil fuel is used, and an oil
unloading station, consisting of a concrete trough with
four openings, is situated on a spur track west of the
boiler room.
Power Raised to 45,000 Volts Before Transmission

The steam turbine and electric generator, made by
the General Electric Co., has a capacity of 10.000 hp.
and is equipped with water-cooled bearings, oil circulat-
ing pumps, and an air-cooling device. Electricity gen-
erated by the turbine is delivered directly to a bank of
four 2000 kw. transformers, raised from 2300 volts to
45,000 volts and transmitted through oil switches
directly to the Clarkdale substation of the Arizona
Power Company.

One mile of double transmission lines extends from
the steam plant to Clarkdale. From the Clarkdale sub-
station a new line is being built to the Hopewell Crush-
ing Plant of the United Verde, and thence to the present
Jerome substation. During an official test at full load
conducted for three days, in November, 1917, the steam
plant developed a maximum of 335 kw.-hr. per bbl. of
California crude oil.

Control of Oil Lands in Trinidad

By an ordinance known as the Lands (oil-bearing)
Ordinance, 1917, says Commerce Reports, all lands in
the British colony of Trinidad and Tobago south of lati-
tude N. 10" 26' 36" are declared to be oil-bearing lands,
and no person may acquire any right, title, or interest in
or over such lands without the written consent of the
Governor of the colony. The ordinance is made retro-
active in operation and applies to any right, title, or
interest in or over oil-bearing lands agreed to be ac-
quired prior to its passage. It will remain in force dur-
ing the continuance of the present war and for six
months after the close thereof.

Zinc Smelting Active in Wales

Swansea has been for a number of years the center
of the zinc-smelting industry of the United Kingdom,
says Comment Reports, In 1913 only about 60,000 tons
of spelter was produced in the United Kingdom out of
a total consumption of 195,000 tons. Previous to the
war about two-thirds of its spelter requirements were
imported, principally from Belgium. In the pre-war
period the Swansea spelter works, with a production of
less than 60,000 tons, were not in a prosperous condition,
on account of the keen competition of the Belgium and
German works, where the low cost of labor made it
almost impossible for the Swansea smelters to compete
successfully. The result was that the Swansea works
were old-fashioned and badly equipped, according to the
report of the "Commission of Enquiry Into Industrial
Unrest in Wales" (.1917). Since the outbreak of war
plants have been improved greatly, so that their capaci-
ties are now equal to nearly 100,000 tons of spelter per
annum. Previous to the war Australia produced an-
nually about 400,000 tons of zinc concentrates, of which
80<;o went to Germany. By means of assistance from
the British government, the Australian producers hope,
as soon as ships are available, to dispose of their entire
production in the United Kingdom. The pre-war pro-
duction of Australia, 400,000 tons of zinc concentrates,
would equal about 154,000 tons of spelter. To accom-
plish this, the capacities of the local smelteries will have
to be increased by at least 54,000 tons per annum. With
this end in view, the Swansea Vale Spelter Co. is erect-
ing a new plant at Avonmouth, near Bristol.

In 1913, only 56,517 tons of zinc ore was imported
into Swansea; in 1914, about 97,450 tons. After the
outbreak of war, the German market for Australian
ores having closed, shipments were diverted to the
United Kingdom, thus accounting for the large increase
in that year of zinc ore imported into Swansea. In 1915,
however, these imports declined to 58,048 tons and in
1916 to 54,958. These large decreases were due to the
impossibility of obtaining ships for the transportation
of the ore from Australia. According to the official re-
turns of the Harbor Trust, imports of ores into Swan-
sea from Australia amounted to 8579 tons in 1913,
37 889 in 1914, no imports in 1915, and 3007 tons in 1916.
Figures for 1917 are not yet available, but it is learned
that there was no importation of Australian ores in
1917. During 1915, 1916, and 1917 most of the supplies
of zinc ore came from Spain, North Africa, and Italy.
In 1917, the imports into Swansea increased to 86,499
tons, which is the largest importation on record with
the exception of 1914, when increased supplies of Aus-
tralian ore were received.

Official government figures of imports during 1917
are not available. It is estimated, however, that about
98% of the zinc ore imported into the United Kingdom
is smelted in the Swansea district. During 1917. the
Swansea Spelter Works worked at top speed, and facil-
ities for increased production have been much improved.
During the latter part of the year, however, a number
of furnaces were idle on account of the shortage in the
supplies of ore. Although greatly increased quantities
of ore were imported in 1917, this increase did not keep
up with the increased capacities of the furnaces and the
result was many idle furnaces.

June 22, 1918

[NI BRING AND MINING J01 RNAL

1117

Iron Ore Report of Advisory Council

Department of Scientific and

Industrial Research

THE Advisory Council of the Department of In-
dustrial Research, in England, has issued a
port on the iron ores and other metalliferous ores
used in the steel industry of the United Kingdom h
year 1917. The report was prepared by G. C. Lloyd,
secretary of the Iron and Steel Institute, and revised bj
Prof. Henry Louis, of the Universitj of Durham. It
was compiled from a variety of official and private
sources, and is one of the most up-to-date publications
on the iron-ore situation now available. In addil
to the iron ores, the report treats of allied minerals
which mean so much to the successful continuation of
the iron and steel industry. The report has been di-
vided into the following- three parts: (1) The iron ores
of the United Kingdom and British dominions: (2) iron
deposits of foreign countries; and (3) ores of the prin-
cipal metals, other than iron, used in the iron and steel
industry.

Imported Cheaper Than Domestic Ores in England
Total iron-ore resources of Great Britain are given
as 39,500 million tons. Of this, however, Professor
Louis says that by far the largest proportion cannot
be worked at a profit at the present time. The economic
situation is such that it is cheaper to import foreign
ore. Nevertheless, as a correction to a somewhat preva-
lent impression that England is entirely dependent on
foreign ores, it is worthy of note that the iron ores im-
ported during 1913 amounted to 8,025,860 tons, though
the iron ore mined totalled 15,997,328 tons, nearly
double that brought into the country.

Principal Sources Exist in Five Counties
The chief sources of ore are the high-grade non-
phosphorus ores of Cumberland and Lancashire, the
stratified ore beds of Yorkshire, with its Cleveland
ores, and the stratified iron ores of the secondary for-
mations in Lincolnshire and Northamptonshire. In
former times iron ore was mined from the carboniferous
systems in the form of blackband and clayband iron-
stones, but these have been abandoned, although they
are not entirely exhausted.

Cumberland Ores Low in Phosphorus

Cumberland ores occur in a small strip of land five
miles long and paralleling the coastline between White-
haven and Ulverston. The ore, which is a red hematite
with a low percentage of phosphorus, generally occurs
in pockets in the carboniferous limestone of the dis-
trict and usually follows the lines of fracture in lime-
stone or the line of contact between the limestone and
the Silurian rocks. The most important mine is the
Hodbarrow, producing at the rate of about half a mil-
lion tons a year. This mine is said to have developed
reserves amounting to 25 million tons, and there is rea-
son to believe that the deposit contains more than that.
Between the Hodbarrow mine and the mines at Askam,
under the sands of the Duddon estuary, is a stretch of

countrj two and a half miles along the faulted ground
■""l ""■>' a mile and a quarter wide wo I not been

touched or proved for iron ore, but it [s likely that this
area will yield an immense reserve tonnage.
STorkshibi Obi - Contain Avi bagi ::l". [eon
11 orkshire on ,. mines in the

Cleveland lulls, are entirely different in character and
font rom those of the I umberland fields, in

Yorkshire the ore occurs in beds, the thickness of which
it. The "Main Seam" is the only
one mined, although others exist which may prove valu-
able. As compared with American standards, the qual-
ity of the ore is \,,\s. containing, as it does on the aver-
age, 32% iron. The following analysis, taken from the
report, represents an average of the Cleveland ironstone:

W I. KM. I ANALYSIS 01 < I I \ I I Wli |i.

ide

I ■ rrii oxide

- -X i. le

Uumina

I ItlH

ion dioxide

32 50
3 00
0 70

10 20
5 00
3 50

19 00

13 50
0 30

PhoB] | q,

' '.mi matter q 20

< lombined watt r 2 90

Moisture 8 00

Iron 27 38

ination 26 39

Iron in calcini 37 20

About six million tons of ore of this class is mined
yearly, and it is evident that the use of lean iron ores
in the steel trade is entirely feasible, under conditions
of supply and demand that prevail in normal times.
Two classes of ore exist in the Cleveland district, the
first being blue in color, markedly oolitic, free from
alumina and yielding 30 rr iron. The second is dull yel-
low in hue, contains alumina in place of iron and yields
289c iron.

Hematite with High Lime Content Characteristic
of Lincolnshire Ores

The third really important iron-ore district in Eng-
land is that of Lincolnshire. In the Frodingham ore
field there is an outcrop of ironstone 14 miles long, dip-
ping slightly eastward, with a thickness of bed from
10 to 25 ft. All the ore within a mile of the outcrop is
mined open cast, but borings have proved the continua-
tion of the bed two miles further. According to Pro-
fessor Louis, the area is probably 40 square miles and
occurs in the geological system called the Middle or
Lower Lias. The ore is a calcareous hematite, the lime
content of which runs up to 20fr. In color the stone is
sometimes greenish when of carbonate of iron.

Ore Found in Kent and Isle of Raasay
A recent discovery of an area of 20 square miles of
iron ore was made in Kent during the progress of the
boring for coal in that county. In addition to the land
area, the bed, which is 16 ft. thick, extends underneath
the Straits of Dover. The ore is siliceous and contains

111$

KNGINKHRIXG AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 25

about t iron, with $ to 10' , o£ lime. This discov-

ery and that of the ore on the Isle of Raasay, Scotland,
are especially interesting, because both were made at a
time when the general opinion was that nothing more
could be found in the mineral line in Great Britain.
Both discoveries were the results o( geological reason-
in? applied to actual conditions, and were emphatically
not ot" the accidental type.

pordshire Shows [ron-Ore Bed Containing Coal
m \m> Covering of Oil-Bearing Shale

Apart from the areas enumerated, the majority of the
other iron sources, in the various counties from north to
south, do not merit much attention. There are a num-
ber of small districts and mines now being operated
which probably, when normal conditions return, will
never yield another ton of ore. One curiosity exists in
Staffordshire; an iron-ore bed 14 ft. thick has a seam
of coal 6 in. thick in the centre and a roof of oil shale
yielding in places 28 gal. to the ton.

Ore Quarried on Isle of Raasay

In Scotland, probably the most interesting area is
that of the Isle of Raasay, one of the out-of-the-way
islands of the Hebrides, hitherto given up to a few sheep
and an occasional crofter. In 1910 the Geological Sur-
vey men discovered an area of Upper and Middle Lias
rocks, extending under sea to the southern end of Skye,
and thereafter followed the discovery of the ore beds,
similar in character to the Cleveland beds in Yorkshire.
At Raasay the beds are 6 to 17 ft. thick and can be read-
ily quarried.

High-Grade Iron Ores Not Necessary to English
Steel Making

Generally speaking, with the exception of the Cum-
berland deposits, all the iron ores mined in Great Britain
are lean ores assaying 30% iron and less. The ma-
jority are carbonates or alter carbonates, and contain
considerable quantities of carbon dioxide, which, to-
gether with the water, is driven off in the calcining of
the ore. The impurities, the silica, sulphur and phos-
phorus, are not present in such quantities as to make the
ores unworkable, though not by any means low. There
is little doubt that the English steel industry has pro-
gressed and will do well in the future without the high-
grade ores considered necessary in the United States.
The question is one of economical assembling of the raw
material, and when the time comes that leaner ores have
to be used in America, the problems to be met and solved
will be overcome in an equally successful fashion.

Newfoundland Has Extensive Orebody

The second portion of Part I deals with the resources
of the British dominions. Newfoundland is the first
area dealt with, reference being made to what is now
known as one of the largest single iron-ore deposits of
the world and probably one of the most extraordinary
developments of iron deposition. The iron occurs in a
succession of beds, one above the other, and these out-
crop on the northern or dip side of the small island of
Belle Isle, the length of the outcrop being three miles
and only some few hundred yards from the cliff edge.
Claims have been staked twelve miles out to sea. One is
inclined to note how easy it would have been for the

general processes of erosion to have lost this deposit to
the world, as a few more years would have caused the
outcrops to disappear, and the existence of over 3000
million tons of ore would never have been suspected.
Though this ore is comparatively near to the English
ports and iron districts, it does not appear to have been
in great demand there, for it is thought that the silica in
some of the shipments was too high. Germany evidently
found the ore to her liking, and about one-third of the
output was sold between that country and the United
States. The port of entry for the ore to Germany was
Rotterdam, and a cargo of this Newfoundland ore was
captured on its way there soon after the war began,
which led in turn to a sharp trial in the Scottish courts
in which the agents of one of the Canadian steel com-
panies were involved.

Eastern Canada Iron Ores Not Now Being Worked

In the section devoted to Canadian ore occurrences,
the Torbrook and Nictau deposits, the Londonderry
areas and the Bathurst mine are mentioned as in east-
ern Canada. The first of these contained ore of the fol-
lowing character: metallic iron, 49.20%; insoluble,
15.60%; phosphorus, 0.922%; and sulphur, 0.77%. The
report states that this deposit is being worked, which
is not true, as the deposit and the other areas mentioned
in Eastern Canada have all been abandoned, mainly ow-
ing to the use of the cheaper and better ores from New-
foundland. The above analysis is also applicable to the
brown hematites of Londonderry, and is not far from
being equally applicable to the magnetites of Bathurst,
in that the iron content and the silica content of all these
ores run about the same.

Mention is also made of the magnetites containing
titanium which are scattered along the north shore of
the Gulf of St. Lawrence, and beyond these the only
district named is that north of Lake Superior, which
has been the goal of many hopes. With the exception
of the Helen mine, in Michipicoten, this great area still
remains largely speculative, and is likely to remain so
until the competition of the Minnesota and associated
fields decreases considerably or until a discovery of
equal value is made in Canada, which is now hardly
probable. Canada is not one of the first-rank countries
in iron ores, being overshadowed by the tonnages avail-
able in the states just across the border. Given other
circumstances and conditions, she might have exhibited
to her credit, by comparison, a fair tonnage of ore.

High-Grade Iron Ores in India

India is the first of the British dominions mentioned
that contains high-grade iron ore in quantity which av-
erages 60 and 65% in iron content. These deposits are
situated at Orissa, in the Bengal presidency, and supply
the Tata Iron and Steel Co. with ore. The analysis is as
follows: Iron, 61.85 to 64.33%; phosphorus, 0.05 to
0.135%; sulphur, 0.02 to 0.036%; and silica, 1.64 to
4.08 per cent.

South African Iron Deposits Erratic

South Africa, which is still in the early exploratory
stages in the matter of industrial minerals, does not ap-
pear to contain great deposits of iron. From the de-
scription of such occurrences as are known, the bodies
appear to be erratic in both quality and quantity, and

June 22, L918

ENGIN] ERING AND MINING J01 B

most of them an concentrations from Burroundin - Iron-
bearing rocks, which are not rich enough to bed
as orebodies.

This part of the report may be subject , ,it-

icism, because of the possibility that some of the in-
formation is not entirely reliable. The tendency in new
countnea that are only elowly developing their h
trial possibilities is toward inaccurate stati iboul

natural resources, and from the analyses and
Bcriptions given ono is often justified in assuming that
many of the areas which it is suggested may exist have
been predicated on the production of picked samples An
iron-ore area of outstanding importance is essentia] to
either create an iron-ore export trade or to support an
internal iron and steel trade; such a deposit as it would
be impossible to miss tumbling over in a country like
South Africa, which has been prospected for some time
for other minerals.

1 1 1 "J

Steel Plants in Australia Have Increased Iron-Ore
Produc ion There

In Australia, where the steel industry has been in-
creasing its production mainly through the plants re-
cently begun in South Australia, some large resources of
iron ore are found. The Iron Monarch hill, which feeds
the furnaces of the Broken Hill Proprietary Co., is said
to contain 20 million tons of ore which shows analysis
of 52 to 54.5% iron, 12.5 to 15% manganese and "
silica or less. At Iron Knob, where the resources are esti-
mated at one million tons, the ore is of equal quality and
contains no phosphorus or sulphur. Iron ores also ap-
pear to be widely distributed in other Australian states,
but so far there has been no attempt systematically to
operate any of them, presumably because of the lack of
a local market and the distance from shipping points for
an export trade, added to the long freight carriage to
European countries, where the only outside market could
be obtained. In the Murchison region of Western Aus-
tralia, once famous as a gold center, it is said that some
of the largest iron deposits of the world exist, but no
detailed surveys or accurate information is available.
The analysis shows remarkable ore in the small percent-
age of silica— less than 3%— and the corresponding
large percentage of iron.

Summarizing, it appears that the principal ore coun-
tries of the British dominions are Newfoundland, India,
and Australia, and that of these Newfoundland is admit-
tedly "n the first rank as an iron-ore country through the
existence of one single deposit. The others present
nothing that will enable them to enter the lists as iron-
ore exporters unless further exploration should add con-
siderably to the estimate of their resources.

Iron Holdings of Nations Exert Potent Influence
Part II of the report consists of notes on iron-ore de-
posits in foreign countries. A comprehensive resume is
presented of the iron-ore resources of the world gener-
ally and the relative importance of the countries con-
cerned. The part each country may play in the future
may thus in a measure be visualized, because, after all,
iron-ore deposits, coupled with the existence of a few
other allied natural resources, will make the country pos-
sessing them a powerful factor in the world's progress.
The Swedish ore fields situated in Lapland are re-
markable for their high iron content. The whole of

l':'|ll;""1 TOton, '•■ •!■, unexplored

m over 1168 million tons, and all ol thi
;'"■■■ »nd much of il a, high as 68%. Gel-
"va) Ifled at the mines u follows: Gellh

'V „;'v"' -" "'"I under 0.02* phosphorus;

<,,l'll'w'" ' Iron and under l p]

Dh»™. and Gellivare D, t iron and under

' [J* ph0 Phoru". with the mlphur in all grade, under
° ,'• '" a',,ll,""< ■ huge deposits, there are in

Southern and Central Sweden many million* of ton

low phosphorus ores, such a- Dannemora and P,
from which the famous Swedish iron is main

in Sweden, as ,„ Norway, concentration of lean •
ores is an important feature of the iroi port

trade, and 23 concentration plants are in operation and
treat annually over 000,000 tons of ore.

Iron Production ok Norway Retarded Because of
Swedish Ok

Norway i3 not classified as an iron-ore country in the
report, yet from Norway Great Britain imported'489 000
tons of ore in 191.",. and, noting the analysis of the raw
ores, it would appear that the statement that Norway
is not an iron country should be modified, for there ex-
ist hundreds of millions of tons of ore averaging 40
iron, but by reason of comparison with the rich Swedish
ores of 60 % iron and upward, Norway's deposits
are not especially valuable. It is an interesting com-
mentary on the economics of iron mining, for many
other countries would be gratified to possess the so-called
lean ores of Norway.

A remarkable concentration project is carried on at
Elsfjord, where there are a number of relatively small
deposits averaging 20 to 25^ iron, 60% insoluble residue
and 0.1o% phosphorus. The ores average 25 fc mag-
netite, and the rest of the iron is present as hematite
By suitable methods of magnetic concentration, a con-
centrate of magnetite consisting of 70'; iron and
0.035% phosphorus is obtained. An equally remark-
able result is achieved at the Dunderland mines, which
ship hundreds of tons to Great Britain and are said to
have 80 million tons in reserve. Here the ore contains
11.5% magnetite, 25% hematite, and 0.3', phosphorus
By concentration the product finally produced contains
68% iron, 0.03% phosphorus, and 2.5% silica.

Russian Iron and Steel Industry Underdeveloped
Comments on the Russian ore fields are in rather
fragmentary form. There is apparently little that is
new since the date of the Stockholm conference. The
various resources, amounting to 1746 million tons, are
divided as follows: Krivol Big Basin, 86 millions; Ural
region, 280 millions; central Russia, 780 millions; and
Poland, 600 million tons. In the Central Russian regions
most of the deposits are said to be of calcareous ores
ironstones and bog ores, and therefore relatively lean'
and, being low in phosphorus, they have been used in
small local furnaces. In this respect the development
of the iron and steel industry in Russia is similar to
that which existed in Great Britain in the davs when
many local furnaces operated and flourished entirely on
the ironstones of the coal measures.

The iron-ore position in France is of peculiar and
somewhat pathetic interest, owing to conditions result-
ing from the war. The Briey ore fields contain over 2000

1120

KNtUNKKKlV, AND M1NINH .UH'KNAl,

Vol. 105, No. 25

and with the other fields in Meurthe

• llo. represent ■ total reserve of about 8000 million

d bydrated oolitic hematite, the analys ■

; lime, 9 to 14' ; Bilica, \ to 7 ;

phosphorus, 1.7 to L.91 ! . One peculiarity of the oro

which recommends it to iron and steel plant- is that the

o of iron to phosphorus is so regular thai it is not

rj to make routine analyst'- for phosphorus at

works. The entire Briey ami Meurthe-et-Moselle ore

tield is at present in German hands, and no doubt con-

tnont, and though some of the ore produced was used in
Frame, a fair-sized tonnage was sent to the Thyssen
works, in Westphalia. Thus the spectacle is presented
of both England and France unsuspiciously sending iron
ore to their future enemy, right up to the beginning of
the war.

Spain has always been known as an iron-ore country'
par exceUi nee, and though the statement has been made
that the ores are becorr.ing exhausted, that is only rela-
tively true in regard to some of the most accessible and

AVERAGE \\l> rYPICAL IRON OR

E INALYS S

Iron

Iron
I ixide

%

: i'i.'.i 1 hi loid Sulphur Alumina I i Mapneaia

3
•6 0

District
Cumberland, England
Cornwall. Bodmin, England
Haj ngland

Engl ind
Ironetoneaofthe Coal Measures, England

England

- tland
Belle Isb. Newfoundland

' ":ul:1 , it. ax

ty, Nova Scotia, Canada . ... « y

Batlmrst. New Brunswick, Canada «• *

Helen Mine, Ontario. Canada ii »c

Bengal, India J!;'

Jubbulp-r.- Ores, India °" '

IronMonan ; - rtralia " u

Cadia. New South

Buchau. \ i' toria , n

WUgi Mia, Western Australia »* "

i. Tasmania ,:i u

Parapara, New Zealand

Kirunavaara, Sweden

< ollr.nr.-. Sweden

Dannemi it. Bweden

Arendal, Norway

Dundertand. Nurw ay

87 78

42 98
36 M

47 14
32 6
71 88

Sydvaranger (concentrated)
Krivui Rog Basin, Ru.-.-m

50 0
43 24
35 U

I 68 0
35 0

I 70 0

66 0

79 71
99 04

73 0
76 81
73 00

5 90
0 28
9 45

II 95

i, i

18 80

15 97

17 0

.\LCiiiuin,.-iMuiiiiii..'' -

Kertsch Peninsula, !; \*

Csenstochow, Poland

Briey, France

St. li' my, Normandy,

3] I Mil..

50 0
40 0
55 0

85 0

78 03

55 0
58 0

56 0

57 0
52 0

pain

Gergal. Spain

Murcia, .-pain

Huelva, Spain

: i on...

.iagn, Portugal . .... ' 11 n
Mince, Italy " u

Rio Albano, Elba

Calamita.Elba. ■ .

La Nurra, Sardinia " )J

Grecian chromiferousorcs £*

93 3
87 8

Seriphoe,Gr<

Diebf 1 Djcrisoa, Tunis

0
53 7
60 0
56 7

59 0

60 0
67 0
63 62
60 0

1 64
7 5

2 3
7 45
1 03

1 00

9 56
0 91
0 07

13 60

2 5

4.0

3 0
14 0

5 0

4 0

10 0

5 91
5 0
8 0

8 0
13 0

9 0
3 0

'. 3
8 0
12 0

11 0

7 02

2.5

3 6

8 2
0 7

62 0

60 0

63 '9
69 65
67 47
58 83
63 79
57 05
52 13

9

89 5
71.89

52 86

Sebabna, Algiers
n pi Algji re, Algeria
Dj be! ' uenxa, Constantine, Algeria
Uixan Ore, Morocco
■ ■ Ore, Mor'-'-'"
Rog<lia< r . Morocco

Togobnd. West Africa

Ta-Yeh, China

Mayari, Cuba...

Durango, Mexico

Monclova. Monterrey, Mexico

MinasGcraes, Brazil

TofcChih

(a) Mesabi, Lake Supenor

rmillion, Lake Supi rii r
(a) Marquette, Lai
(a) Menominee, Luke Siii

ill, Pi r.n 64

Oriskany, Va ....

Barton Hill, Va »5 0

Birmingham, Alabama , , 32 0

Texan • res. Texas , ,.

Providence Mountain, California 66 4Z

Ml extracted from E. C. r>k<l, "Iren Crts," 1914.

stitutes one of the prizes of war for which Germany is
fighting. The value to France of that small strip of ter-
ritory is great because of the vast stores of iron ores that
it contains and its position relative to European markets
and manufacturing centres.

France, however, possesses other ore fields in Nor-
mandy, Anjou and Brittany. In these areas the output
has rison in recent years to about a million tons. The
ores are hematites and carbonates running 46 to 50%
iron. In 1914 considerable developing was done at Sou-

66 39

9 47

5 0

2 7

3 0

3 85
0 24

2 0

6 8

4 9
10 16
16 77

3 89
33 26

0 59
25 0

2 0
14 47

3 04

0 013

0 08

1 44
0 34

0 87

2 3
0 94
0 92
0 27
0 84

0 05
0 08

0 30
0 04
0 05

0 35

0 02
0 04
n IKI2
0 01
0 3
0 03
0 05
0 02

0 01

2 7

3 0

1 7
6 0
0 03
0 04
0 018
0 15
0 015
0 2

0 01

0 005
0 03
0 02

1 90
0 03
0 067
0 025
0 056
0 07
0 005
0 02
0 023
0 012
0 03
0 25

0 20
0.02
0 125
0 008
0 062
0 052
0 105
0 074
0 014
1.312
0 0'8

0 25

1 5

0 172
0 044

Trace
Trace

0 06

0 10
0 2
0 02
0 77
0 02
0 2

0 02
0 02

0 05

0 02
0 14
0 21
0 02
0 03

0 03

Trace Trace

6 80
0 52

4 08

5 6

3 62

I 49

3 36
0 18
0 44

II 45
17 6
I 12

2 97
2 0

Car-

Mois-

1 lllvllll-

Manga-

bonic

1 HI Q

ble

neee

Acid

%

%

%

%

6 8

16 6

5 10

44 0

0 35

4 50

0 47

23 00

25 27

Oxide

1 38

26 57

12 40

1 72

6 87

4 5

28 3

15 60

0 25

0 51
0 60
0 60

3 20 10 40

0 10
0 62
0 66

793

8 72

II 84

0 02

3 0
0 03
0 08

0 I
0 03
0 5
0 03

0 25
0 05
0 179

0 018
0 37
0 019
0 II
0 06
0.01

0 12

0 20
0 18

2.2

4 0
12 0

2 5
0 21

0 02

3 0
9 0
9 0

3 61

1 65

3 0

4 60

1 90

2 5

15 0

0 54

0 65
0 13
0 08

L66

0 10

0 07
3 0
10 0

0 60
2 0
7 0

1 0

4 30

0 24
2 0
7.13

3 0

40.0

6 3

2 2

Ci

3 0

2. I
0 4

Ni
1.20

Ti
0 30

1 62

12 90

0 069

0 012
0 071
0 014

05
Trace
0 083
0 059

2 23
2 93
2 18

1 41
0 234
5 26
0 028

2 0
5 0
8 17
0 568

0 32
0. 23

1 31

1 010
0 28
0 14
20 0
5 0

0 32
0 05

2 70
I 131

10
3.0

0 38

1 90
0 38
0.5
3.0

0 86
0 7
1.0
0 3

2 0

0^2

0 93
3 0
2 6
1.3

5 04
0 16
0 4

0 15
0 27

5 00

4 32

0 12
0 82
0.11

0.19

0 158
0 61

0 21

0 444 0 201

0 278

higher grade deposits. Spanish ore has long been used
in England, where it is generally classed as follows:

Vena, a soft, purple, compact and often powdery ore,
usually of high quality.

Campanil, a compact and crystalline ore associated
with carbonate of lime. This was the best known of
the bessemer ores which made the Spanish fields famous.
It is this class of ore that is nearly exhausted.

Rubio, which is mixed with clay and siliceous matter
and is the principal export ore.

June 22, 1918

INEERING AND MININi

1121

-

-
o
c
%

»

B
O
>

c

n

o

>

4

B

>
CD

o

-

a
o
2

>
O

B
B

r

z

0

c

to

SSS^^S

Jag*

ill

112

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 25

Carbonate, which occurs in certain districts in large

inpanil ores are hematites; Kubio ores,
limonites. and Carbonate, spathic. Typical analysis of
are:

..vi ana: - iNISH ORES

1
1'. i C nt Pi rl.i.i I', r I ml Per Cent

2 402
7" it) 78 OJ 78 29 87 14

I 44 0 21 115 0 100

0 70 0 86 0 74 I 8t>0

1 00 * ol 0 50 2 650
Man 0 55 I 65 0 02 0 105

8 10 • 91 8 80 4 800

Sulphuru- anhydride 0 10 0 10 0 05 0 645

1 race

Sulphur 0 05 I 0 04

0.03 0 03 0 02 0 016

Cart> ■ '" 0 285

8 25 4 60 10 55

55.97 54 62 54 80 62 85

The still available resources of this district — Biscay
and Santander — are given as 80 million tons, and the
output is stated as being six million, which would pre-
sumably leave this field a life of only about 13 years. It
is said that the output is beginning to decline. Other
districts in Spain, however, still contain untouched ore
deposits estimated at 226 million tons, tributary to the
Atlantic coast, while inland and close to the Mediter-
ranean coasts are deposits of unknown quantity which,
owing to the easy operation of the other areas, have not
been thought worthy of much examination.

Open-Cast Mining on Island of Elba

The Island of Elba contains a deposit which has been
worked for many years. Ten mines are operating, and
all are situated on the eastern side of the island. Min-
ing is open cast, and the ore is transported directly into
the vessels lying alongside of the loading piers.

The Elba iron ores are classified as ordinary crude
ore, quartzose ore, washed ore, pulverised ore and fer-
ruginous earths. The output consists mainly of crude
ore and is shipped principally to Italy. Analysis show3
the ore to contain 93.3% oxide, 4.60% silica and 0.03%
phosphoric acid. The annual production is over half a
million tons, and the areas are operated under a lease
from the Italian government. Owing to the growing
scarcity of native ores belonging to Italian interests,
exploitation and operation are restricted to this tonnage,
exportation is practically prohibited and all the iron is
utilized in Italian furnaces.

In Sardinia a number of small deposits have been
intermittantly operated for a number of years, but only
recently has any accurate exploratory work been done.
The quality of the ore is good, but nothing is known as
to quantity. As in Elba, this ore will probably be re-
served for Italian iron and steel works.

Grecian Ores Contain Chromium, Nickel and Cobalt

Greece has been exporting iron ores for a number of
years. The ore contains between 2 and 3% chromium,
with small quantities of nickel and cobalt, and is used
for special purposes. A great deal of it is friable and
as much as 50% is classed as fine, powdery ore. The
suggestion has been made that sintering the ore would
improve the condition for smelting, but naturally this
would increase the cost of production in a country where
fuel is scarce and would have to be imported. In the
Island of Seriphos, a normal deposit of iron ore has been

worked for several years, much of the ore being ex-
ported to the Scottish furnaces.

The next group of countries referred to in the report
forms the respective spheres of influence of Italy and
France; namely, Tunis, Morocco and Algiers. Consider-
able space is devoted to these countries, and the impres-
sion grows steadily that all three will in the future be
remarkable iron-ore producers. One interesting feature
is the constant percentage of manganese that exists with
the iron in nearly all the deposits described. The posi-
tion of the mines and ore fields is excellent, as they
are mainly along the coast, with easy shipping condi-
tions. The interior of the country remains to be ex-
plored, but if it should be relatively as rich as the coast
strip, many millions of tons will be added to the iron re-
sources of the world. It is possible that a knowledge
of these facts might have been one of the leading causes
in the establishment of the respective spheres of influ-
ence and also a basic reason in some of the European
political crises that have arisen over these countries.

One Tunis Deposit Has Seven Ore-Bearing
Formations

The Tunisian ores are manganiferous hematites of
exceptional purity as regards sulphur and phosphorus
content. Nearly all the deposits are near the Algerian
frontier and about 180 miles southwest of Tunis. At
Djebel Djerissa, the ore contains 55 to 60% metallic
iron, 2 to 3% manganese, 1.0 to 2.5% silica and a maxi-
mum of 0.025% phosphorus. At Nebur, near Kef, seven
ore-bearing formations have been discovered on a cliff
75 meters high. The ore assays 50 to 60% iron, 3 to 5%
manganese, and is free from phosphorus and sulphur.

Western Algerian Deposits Little Explored

In Algiers, the deposits occur mainly on the coast
line and extend along the entire length of the coast
from the frontier of Morocco to that of Tunis. In the
Department of Oran, which is the most westerly, a num-
ber of deposits are known to exist, but they have been
little explored. One which has been surveyed shows the
following analysis: Metallic iron, 43 to 56%; mangan-
ese, 15 to 2.6%; silica, 5.7 to 3.6%; sulphur, 0.092%;
phosphorus 0.097 to 0.56% ; arsenic, 0.005 to 0.014%. To
the east, other mines of a similar kind of ore are found
in the departments of Algiers and Constantine. In all,
from 25 to 30 districts are mentioned, most of these
bsing of considerable extent. In 1912 the production
was over a million tons, all of the ore being of a grade
averaging below 0.075% phosphorus. Considering that
it is only within the last 10 or 15 years that these
deposits have been really known, owing to the fanatical
ideas of the inhabitants and the fact that the country
is inhospitable both from native and natural causes,
the extensive exploration and development are remark-
able, indicating the actual necessity that compels Euro-
pean powers and especially England and Germany, con-
stantly to be reaching out for new iron-ore fields. The
iron-ore concessions of these three countries have been
the subjects of international struggles for many years.

Iron mountains have been discovered in the interior
of Togoland similar to deposits of a like character in
Honduras, Mexico and Australia. About 20 millions
appears to be the average tonnage in these deposits,

June 22, 1918

ENGINEERING AND MINING J01 RNAL

1123

though the similarity in this respect i d ubtleca nothing
more than coincidence,

The report states thai little information concern
ing iron-ore deposits of China is available, bul Buffi
cient to indicate thai China is i the count

blessed with both coal and iron, in this respect it dil
from Sweden and Brazil in the want of coal, .in.] from
South Africa in the want of Iron, bul having |
coal. The resources of the Han-Yeh Ping iron and Steel
Co. are estimated at 100 million tons of good hematite
ore averaging- 60 to 62« iron; 0.05 to 0.25
phorus; 0.05 to 0.12-, sulphur: 3 to -V, silica and I
to 2<V alumina, with smaller quantities of sulphur
silica.

Cuban Deposits Tributary to American Steel
i ndustry

The information on Cuba has been acquired mostly
from the transactions of the A. I. M. E., and is prob-
ably familiar ground to American mining men. The
Mayari, Moa, and Baracoa fields are mentioned, as well
as the Daiquiri, the Juragua and the El Cuero areas.
Analyses are given of the surface ore, the middle layer
and the bottom layer of the Mayari deposit. From the
British point of view, these deposits are not particularly
attractive, because it is understood that owing to acci-
dent of position they will always be tributary to the
American steel industry.

Mexican Deposits Average Over 60 rr Iron Content

There is mention of a number of occurrences in
Mexico, and that at Durango is said to be the best
known. Several deposits at Monterrey and others at
Las Vegas and Vera Cruz are also described. There is
nothing striking about these areas, and not much more
than their existence appears to be known, but the qual-
ity of the ores is high. Durango is estimated to contain
360 million tons of ore averaging over 60 c/c iron.

Brazil Deposits Similar to Lake Superior Formation

The Brazilian deposits in the Province of Minas
Geraes have been the subject of much dispute as to
their economic value. In 1914 it appears that 275 miles
of a mineral line out of a required 375 miles was con-
structed. This reaches from Victoria, on the coast, and
serves the district, which is controlled mainly by Eng-
lish, French and American interests. The western area
is served by the Central of Brazil Ry., but as there
are several changes of gage and breaks in the transpor-
tation of the ore, as well as heavy grades and sharp
curves, this line is not suitable as an outlet for exports of
iron ore. In this part of the country much German
capital has been invested. The iron deposits are of
large size and much greater than the estimated tonnage
would appear to indicate, the principal evidence of this
being the investment of capital that has taken place
from interests representing many countries and under
conditions which would not in general be considered
economical. It has been said that these deposits are the
only rivals in the world to the supremacy of the Lake
Superior region in quantity, and being at the same time
of higher quantity.

Next to Brazil, Chile appears to be the most impor-
tant iron country in South America. It is well known
that one of the largest areas is under the control of the

''!' ii"<" Steel Work . ami from thii depc It one third
"'" ,l"' ""'put was shipped in England ami ti„- reel to
l|"' United States A number of other depi

mentl ><J i" the report, and all appeal to bi ol relative

importance, Jpment, ami of high

grade material. Mention is ;i|sn made of ore. In I
B"uay, Venezuela, and the Republic ol li bul

ond work of a prospecting nature no1 m

learned of the iron n iro it • i ,, . >.,, , ,

two unsuccessful attempts have bi perate

Generai Review and Summarv. oi United Stati
Iron (iiu. Deposits

An interesting summary is given of the iron-ore re-
sources of the United States. The Lake Superior-region,
netite deposits of the Appalachians, the Adiron-
dack regie. n, the Oriskany ores of \ the Alabama
hematites, the Mississippi Valley ami the Texas am] I
dilleran regions are mentioned, and the essential point -
of each in regard to quality of ores, tonnages and gen-
eral economic values are clearly brought out. Though
all this is, perhaps, familiar ground, it is nevertheless
interesting to note how concisely the subject has been
treated within the scope of a few pages, bearing in mind

ORE EU SOUHC] S "I Till WOBJ D
C'ou' Tons ]{,,,

United States... 4,578,000,000 A. n,,
I BltedSc, ,-,.... 74.501

•-, ~ . . Willi ;K'i.

Great Britain... 39.500.000.000 Total possible Includ. . much low-grad.
Newfoundland. 3,500,000,000 In one deposit

1 tttercd and relatively small

»>dia ■ Not estimated— said to be large

SouthAfnca Note timated : lata

\ '» ■ •■■ ' 11-52?-000 Man5 "-1"

raamama 25,000,000

New Zealand... 64,000.000

Sweden 279.000.000 Many other areas unexplored,

Norway 180,000.000 Tonnage in two depots Mai

unknown concentrating pi

1,747.000.000 Includes fail n

'•ranee 3,000.000,000 From one district non in Oen

statement for other fields
Spain 548,000.000 In addition, many unexplored an

Portugal 64,000.000 Many a

Italy ,t„,i

Jplba .1 IMativelvsmall

Sardinia Not estimated

Greece Not e timated

Tun'8 40,000.000 Total for few deposits: others known; explora-

tionpoorbeyondcoastline
Algiers 70,000,000 One deposit only; others known; exploration

poor \m-\ ond coasl line

Morocco 20,000,000 Bevel --known; exploration

_ , , poor beyond coast line

Togoland 20.000.000 One deposit onlv

China 100,000,000 One deposit only; littl.- known

Cuba 800.000.000 Mayan only ; other areas

Mexico 360.000.000 Durango onlv; other areas

Chil ■ 100,000.000 Tofoonly; either areas

Iru-uay No f sin

Venezuela , . . No estil

Honduras

the wealth of material which is available and which
would have to be perused in order that a proper concep-
tion of the countries' resources in relation to each other
and to the steel industry as a whole might be acquired.
No mention is made of the iron-ore resources of Ger-
many or Austria-Hungary, as it is considered improb-
able that they will be utilized in the near future in the
British industry.

Distance No Drawback in Transportation of Steel
Ingredients

Part III of the report takes up the subject of all the
other metals now so essential to the successful operation
of the steel industry. The method of treatment is
unique, as it is doubtful if ever before a survey so
general and so broad has been attempted in regard to
these metals. The report brings within the covers of
one book a review of the iron industry as a whole, in-

1124

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 25

chiding all the minerals required in the production of
iron. The most interesting feature is the fact, made
clear, that the supplies of a modern steel plant in the
of raw materials are drawn from the ends of the
earth, and there appears to he practically no limits, as
regards distance, over which iron ore or any allied
mineral ore cannot he brought to a market, provided it
is up to established standard of quality.

Essential Metals Imported From Many countries

As evidence of this, it is shown that in 1913, the year
before the war and one in which shipping was un-
ricted, Great Britain imported iron ores from Spain,
Greece, Algiers, Italy. Tuni<. Morocco, Sweden, Norway,
Newfoundland. Chile, France. Germany and Belgium;
manganese from South Russia. India and Brazil; chrome
from Rhodesia and New Caledonia ; nickel from New
Caledonia and Canada; molybdenite from Australia and
Norway; tungsten from Burma and Queensland; vana-
dium from the United States; and zirconium from
Brazil.

New Caledonia Ranks First in Chromite Production

Chromite is the first mineral discussed, and the
chrome-producing countries in the order of their im-
portance are New Caledonia, Rhodesia, Russia, Canada,
Greece, India, the United States, Japan and Australia.
The Rhodesian chromite deposits are the second in size

AVERAGE \ND TYPICAL ANALYSES OF CHROME ORES

Cr-O, FcO A'.O, SiO: MsO CaO

Disti % % % % %

Killin. Scotland.. 37 18 19 30 10 94 Trace

I'nst. Shetland, .-cotland... 44 56 17 52 23 74 1109 Trace 1.29

Rhodesia. Sclukwe... 4j36 18 66 13 18 4 58 13 64

Mac, .nsvaal 36 16 41 35 9 26 3 08 5 91 2 10

Black Lake. Canada ... 43 57 17 61 13 90 12 62 3 83 0 20

Port au Port. Newfoundland 49 23 17 21 7 50 6 51 18 66

Br ussa, Asiatic Turkey... 56 80 12 06 14 00 I 45 15 00 0 70

New Caledonia .. 54 50 17 70 1 1 00 3 10 8 00 I 50

Lowet Silesia, G, rmany . . 35 CO 19 00 19 OP 3 00 15 00

Oreova, Danube, Austria... 38 95 16 13 17 50 8 00 17 2 2 2

Govt of Perm. Urals, Russia 55 75 2156 3 37 5 37 13 85 0 60

California . 42 45 15 00 16 75 7 50 16 50 0 90
Togoland.Airica West . 40 00

and importance, and the output from them, in conjunc-
tion with a combine of the interests operating in New
Caledonia, dominates the chrome situation in normal
times. This is all the more remarkable in that the
Rhodesian areas are situated at Selukwe, 560 miles in-
land from the shipping port, at Beira, in Portuguese
Africa, which port is itself a long voyage from the
markets for this material. The production has increased
five times since 1908, rising from 12,000 tons to over
63,000 tons in 1913. In 1912, the United States imported
32,500 tons. The ore occurs in a talc schist and ser-
pentine rock, which forms narrow if regular bodies,
widening toward the northern end, where the principal
mine is situated. An analysis shows over 46% chromic
oxide.

India contains a number of chrome deposits, and at
one time had a production of about 20,000 tons, but this
declined, owing to the New Caledonia competition, and
in 1912 the tonnage mined was only 3000. One of the
most interesting deposits, situated in the Pishin district,
consists of a vein 400 ft. long with a width of 5 ft., con-
sisting of almost pure chrome of great richness, an
analysis by the Geological Survey of India giving over
54$ chrome.

The largest chrome deposits of the world appear to be
situated in Asiatic Turkey, where, at Broussa, there is

an estimated tonnage of over 10 million, averaging 51 %
to 55', chrome. It is owing mainly to the imbecility
of the Turkish government that these areas are not in
absolute and complete control of the chrome markets.
A typical analysis of the Broussa chrome runs as high
as 56.809 I'rO, with 1.45', silica.

New Caledonia at present holds the premier position
in the chrome situation. The largest mine, known as
the Tiebaghi, in the north of the island, yields chrome
grading 67' , chromic oxide. All of the mines, with one
exception, are worked open cast. A combination of the
company La Chrome, which controls these areas, and the
Rhodesian company, makes possible the manipulation
of the sales of two-thirds of the world's production.

United States Developing Chrome Deposits in
California

Fifty chrome mines were in operation recently in
Russia, in the Urals. The ore runs from 55 to 51%
Cr03. Evidently this production is mainly utilized
internally. In the United States, the chrome industry,
owing mainly to cessation of imports because of existing
shipping conditions, has been developing in California,
and the same may be said to some extent of the Canadian
deposits in Quebec. Here, however, as elsewhere, the
production from New Caledonia and Rhodesia caused
the cessation of all operation before the war.

Chrome also exists in small quantities in the Trans-
vaal, Newfoundland, New South Wales, Germany,
Greece, Hungary, Norway, Macedonia, and Togoland,
although none of these areas is at present commercially
valuable, and in most the ore is of low grade, below
46 per cent.

Canada Principal Producer of Cobalt

The use of cobalt in steel making is relatively a recent
development of the industry and one which is now im-
portant in the production of a cobalt tool steel. In
1910 the production of cobalt largely exceeded the de-
mand, and as a result research was undertaken to find
new uses for this material. This work has been con-
ducted by the Canadian Department of Mines with con-
siderable success.

The principal cobalt-producing area is the district
of that name in Canada. The metal is recovered in the
form of cobalt oxide, and 268 tons of 70% cobalt oxide
were produced in 1915. Cobalt has also been found and
mined in New South Wales, Prussia, Saxony, Norway,
Spain, and Chile, but the opening up of the Canadian
deposits caused these workings to close down. New
Caledonia at one time controlled 90% of the cobalt
business, but, just as the New Caledonia chromite pro-
duction put the Canadian chrome mines out of business,
so the Canadian cobalt ores have driven the New Cale-
donian cobalt works from the market.

India, Russia and Brazil Are Principal Manganese
Exporters

In the same manner as in chrome and cobalt produc-
tion, manganese production has also drifted, by reason
of good quality ores and easy mining, into the hands of
several countries. Of these India and South Russia con-
tend for first place, with Brazil a close second. Compar-
ing Indian and Russian returns, it is seen that the
Vizagapatam ores cost less to deliver in London than the

Juno 22, 1018

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOUH

l 125

",v- '" South R" »a and Central tndia, the two last

entioned costing about the same, and since Indian
Russian ores make up a large proportion rld's

production, the price per unit of first „,,„(

fall below 17 to 18 cents. l„ fodia th re all

worked bj open methods, using coolie labor; the mines
are crude in operation, simple and primitive, and owing
to their richness there appears to be no need of b<
t.fic methods.

A recent discovery of manganese of some import
has been made in the Sinai mines, in Egypt The an
in which a number of companies haw start©
tions, are situated 12 miles from shipment and 60 i
from Suez. Over 15 million tons are reported in sight,
with an average quality of 60%. Another discovery
not yet fully authenticated was made on the Tarquah
Bankit Range, in West Africa.

Russian .Manganese Ores High, bit Mining
Primitive

The Russian ores contain on an average 48 to
manganese, but concentrates, containing 81 to !
MnO, from washed granular ore are shipped and used
for chemical purposes. The mines are situated in the
Caucasus, 126 miles from the Black Sea ports of Barum
and Poti. The mining is primitive and is also a con-
servative preposition, as the operation is in the hands
of Georgian peasants who own the ground and mine and
sell their ore.

Brazil, third in point of production, which in 1915
reached 350,000 tons, is, like Russia and India, one of
the three outstanding manganese countries. Most of
the ore occurs in the Minas Geraes district. One mine
owned by Belgian capital has mined 3000 tons per
month, and several others are rapidly nearing this pro-
duction. The Morro de Mina mine produced over a mil-
lion tons of ore up to Aprii, 1916, and is stated to have
a reserve of 10 million tons. Brazil, owing to its situa-
tion, naturally supplied about 90 % of the imports to the
United States, and is likely to become a greater source
for American steel plants, as the Indian and the Russi/.n
ores will be required for the European markets. Despite
the fact that America possesses great quantities of
manganiferous ores, it still appears unlikely that domes-
tic supplies will become a serious factor in manganese
production. The 1915 production was only 9651 tons.

Small Molybdenum Production, as Per Cent, of
Metal in Ores Is Low

Molybdenum is produced mainly in Australia, Norway
and Canada. New South Wales and Queensland have
been mining ores since 1902, and Canada entered the
field with 12 tons in 1915. Queensland produced 99
tons in that year and 35 tons is accredited to New South
Wales. Norway mined 88 tons in 1914. Molybdenite
has also been found in England, Scotland, India, Aus-
tria, France, Germany, Russia, Sweden, Japan, Mexico
and Peru, but has not been produced in these countries
on anything approaching a commercial scale. The
United States mined 15 tons in 1908, and 66 tons came
from Natal in 1904. In New South Wales the ere is
hand picked, crushed, washed and finally treated on
Wilfley tables. In Norway the Elmore process is being
successfully worked. The marketable concentrates con-
tain about 90 cc molybdenite, and, owing to the erratic

'iw'"""- ; itly fluctuating. G

molybdenib

h"ffh' and 0 stable ,r ,t ,,,„ ,„ ,

mined

North Queensland contain . ■ th, principal

wnsouro ilybdenum. ] ,„,„>,-

Hon with tuni h, and the greater

''"'"", haa 1"'"1 obtained from hand picking wolframite
11 emanite the blue molybdate of molybdenum

:""1 one "f * ■ rala known, fa . ol(.

tamed at several mini

Sudbury District of Canada Contains Most Im-
portant V I . i;i i In

Nickel is now a metal of great and widely growing
in steel making, and it also finds a wide applica-
t on in the electroplating industry. Several alloys are
on the market under various trade names. The r.
important nickel deposits are found in the Sudbury dis-
trict, in Ontario. Canada. The International Nickel Co.
has 57 million tons of reserves in this region. Produc-
tion of nickel matte is carried on by the Canadian Cop-
per Co. and the Mond Nickel Co., the output of the
first going to the International Nickel Co., in New
Jersey, and that of the Mond Nickel Co. to Wales.
Next to Canada, New Caledonia is the most productive.
The New Caledonian ores contain no sulphur, are free
from copper and arsenic and the nickel ,,lely in

the serpentine rock, the ores running in irregular veins
through the fissures and joints. The average analysis
is: NiO, 19.73 V; SiO„ 44.75%; and MgO, 15.25
Russia has some nickel deposits in the Urals, and the
United States has produced ore from Webster, N. C.
and from Fredericktown, Missouri.

No Great Demand for Titanium Ores

Titanium 13 used chiefly in the steel industry as a de-
oxidizer, and is added to the steel in the form of carbon-
free or ferrocarbon titanium. Owing to its affinity for
nitrogen, it has the additional advantage of cleansing
steel cf that impurity. The titaniferous ores are of
greater economic importance than rutile or ilmenite.
as the iron content enables them to be smelted direct
into ferrotitanium. Canada, New South Wales, South
Australia, Queensland, New Zealand, Norway, Sweden
and the United States are all reported as containing de-
posits of rutile, but most attention is given to the ti-
taniferous iron ores. In addition to those countries
mentioned in the part of the report dealing with the
iron ores, Java, heretofore obsure as a mineral coun-
try, reports the discovery of considerable accumulations
cf titaniferous iron sands along the south coast. Crude
sand analysis of these deposits showed 9.5V SiQ,, 49%
i e and 14.5 V TiO:. Magnetic concentration gave 16V
SiO* 57% Fe, 16% TiO.. 0.04% P and 0.03V S. At
present, however, titaniferous ores are a drug on the
market, owing to the small demand, and it is difficult to
find an outlet for the large quantities known to exist in
readily accessible quantities.

In the tungsten field, honors go to another new entry
in the iron and steel industries, namely Burma, with
the United States either an equal producer or a close
second. Owing to the non-publication of the recent
figures, exact comparison cannot be made. Portugal at

1126

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 25

- a relatively large producer, but lately has
en off. The Burma mines are situated at Tavoy,
re the ore is extracted from openpit workings on the
outcrop of .; 's. Concentrates assay up to 78

tungstic trioxide. In many occurrences the Burmese
jsociated with cassiterite. Before the war Great
Britain allowed all this material to be shipped to Ger-
many and then bought almost all her own supplies
through Hamburg. Production in 1914 was 2326 tons.
In the Malay Peninsula some important deposits have
recently been opened up.
Portuguese Ti ingsten Ores contain Few impurities

In Portugal, the tungsten ores of the Castello Branco
district are remarkable for their purity, containing
neither tin. sulphur, phosphorus nor bismuth. The con-
centrates assay up to TO and 72', tungstic trioxide, and
the production of U'.SO tons was absorbed mainly by the
French metallurgical industry. Production in the states
of Colorado and California is rapidly increasing. Other
countries mining this metal are Spain, France, Tas-
mania, Japan, Siam, Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Peru,
and Australia, the highest production being about 250
tons per annum and with most about 50 and 70 tons.

Large Deposits of Vanadium in Colorado and Utah
The most important deposits of vanadium are in the
United States and Peru, which are also the only coun-
tries making exports of the ores of this mineral. The
former deposits are mostly in Colorado and Utah. The
United States exports this material to England, but no
figures have been published. The United States miner-
als are carnotite and roscoelite, while the Peruvian ore
is patronite, which contains as much as 19.5% vana-
dium, 54.29 c'r combined sulphur, and 4.5 rr sulphur
soluble in carbon disulphide. The whole of this output
goes to the United States, and amounted in recent
years to between 2000 and 3000 tons.

A curious occurrence of vanadium is reported from
Argentina, where coal from the Men^-oza district was
found to contain five pounds of vanadium pentoxide to
the ton. After combustion, the ashes contain up to
39.22% V.O„ but no attempt has been made to work the
vanadium content, although the quantity is large.
Spain also contains important quantities of this metal,
and although operation was attempted some years ago
by an English company, the work has since ceased.

This practically concludes the descriptions of the va-
rious ores and their occurrences. No maps or tables ac-
company the report, but from data in the pages the
tables of iron ore and chrome analysis have been com-
piled, and also the summary of the reserves as brought
out in the review. The map has been produced from
data given in all parts of the pamphlet, and gives a
graphic representation of the world-wide ramifications
and requirements of modern iron and steel industry and
also denotes the relative position of the various iron-
ore and other mineral reserves necessary to that in-
dustry.

Fireproofing Mine Shaft of the
Anaconda Copper Mining Co.*

By E. M. Norrist
In the summer of 1917 it was decided to fireproof the
*tramway hoisting shaft of the Anaconda Copper Min-
ing Co. at Butte, Mont. The shaft has three hoist-
ing compartments and one pump compartment; it is
timbered with 12 x 12-in. fir timber, and is 2475 ft.

Ammonium Nitrate and Nitroglycerine substitutes in
commercial explosives are being considered by Government
specialists. The U. S. Bureau of Mines is continuing its
experiments with liquid oxygen as a substitute fcr dyna-
mite in mining and quarrying operations.

TRANSVERSE CROSS-SECTION OF SHAFT

deep. Subsidence and displacement of the surrounding
country rock had produced exceedingly heavy ground,
and had carried the shaft out of line, in several places,
by as much as 2 ft. displacement. Constant repairing
and realigning of the timbers had been necessary in
order to maintain clearance for the cages. The most
feasible method of fireproofing, therefore, seemed to be
to cover the timbers with a coat of concrete applied with
the cement gun.

The cement gun, which is operated by compressed air
at ordinary mine pressures, feeds a mixture of sand and

•Originallv presented at a meeting of the Montana Section of
the Amrica'n Institute of Mining Engineers and to be presented
at the Colorado Mooting of the A. 1. M. E.

tButte, Mont.

June 22, 1918

ENGINEERING AND MINING roi RNAL

U21!

eemenl through a hose to a nozzle having a water
nection. The mortar in fluid form is thus sprayed
the prepared surface in thin layers, which can be buill
up to any desired thickness. The eemenl gun can bi
up a) any convenient poinl : satisfy

11 obtained with the n dii tance of 500 ft from

the gun.

The shaft was thoroughly overhauled and the timbers
were put in the besl po sible si ,• ,,r. Between

the 1000 and the L400 levels, much loose ground lay
against the shaft timbers on the north - was

breast-boarded back and a 80 in. reinfoi rete

retaining wall was erected, I ace oi 12 in

outside the shaft timbers to allow for futun ■ ents

of the ground. For convenience in handling
materials, it was arranged to con,]: uxiliary

hoisting-cage compartment and the pump i men!

fust, using the cages of the main hoist to serve the ce-
menting crews. The auxiliary cage was then avail
while the remainder of the shaft was being concreted.
A tight partition of 2-in. plank was erected betu
the auxiliary and the adjoining hoisting compartm.
for better protection of men riding on the cages. The
application of concrete made this partition air-tight,
which should prove a valuable feature of the fireproofing
measures. It was considered necessary to guard against
the spreading of fire in the timbers behind the con-
crete covering, as once happened in a Michigan shaft.
A set of shaft lagging was therefore removed; just
above and below each station, and a concrete casing was
built back to the walls so as to form an air-tight seal
at these points. Another seal was made at the rear
end of each station in a similar manner as illustrated.

Concrete Reinforced by Metal Lath
Experiments were made to determine whether rein-
forcing material was necessary to hold the concrete to
the timber and, if so, what kind of material was best.
It was found that if the timbers were wet down thor-
oughly the concrete would stick without reinforcement,
but subsequent distortion of the timbers caused the
concrete coating to shell off in large slabs. Tests of
chicken wire, herringbone metal lath, and diamond-
mesh metal lath showed that all these materials made
equally satisfactory reinforcement for the concrete coat-
ing, the only difference being the matter of cost.
Chicken wire was the cheapest to buy, but the labor of
nailing it to the timbers was much greater than with
metal lath. After using several thousand square yards
of each of these materials, it was found that the 27-
gage diamond-mesh metal lath, 24 by 96 in., was the
most economical and satisfactory reinforcing material;
it was also determined that 6-d wire nails driven two-
thirds of their length into the timber, and bent over,
made the best fasteners.

The compartments to be concreted were covered with
timber bulkheads at each level and lathing was begun.
The lathing crews consisted of six men to a lift, two or
more lifts being lathed at one time, according to the
number of men available. With the diamond-mesh ma-
terial the rate of lathing was 225 sq.ft. per man per 8-
hour shift.

Two cement guns, type N-L, were set up on mine
trucks so that they could be pushed on the cages and
moved from level to level as required. With an air

unci t ij.it 200 n
below,

'•""''" '' i tory wo.K ,

lone with the nozzle. Where i ter than

rred' '• v to set ti on bulk-

d8 '" "" ; wa dried, when m

s:"'>- an -i through a in then

it, on the surface, and put into old
for conv( n handling I >und

Bcreen I blocked

the disi harge and caused frequent delaj Mixture; of
;: :'1' ■ ■',l1'1 ' parts of sand to I o | were ti ied

u'l"'n' ll'" coatings | in. or less) were applied, the 3
to l mixture was the most satisfactory, as it wenl on
re evenly and formed a touj ting.

Each crew consisted of four men, two feeding the gun,
and two on the nozzle. The nozzle-men worked from
stage planks in the shaft and were provided with rubber
goggles, and respirators. The surface to
be coated was washed off thoroughly with water spra
Concrete pplied in two successive layers I in. thick.

After the coating had become firm, it was sprinkled
often enough to keep it damp for several days. It was
found that a gun crew could cover from 800 to 1200
sq.ft. of surface in eight hours. Repairs on the gun
were slight, wear being taken by the rubber liners.
Nozzle liners lasted -IS hours, discharge liners about six
weeks, and the cement hose several months. The shaft
and station timbers were repaired and concreted from
surface to the 2000-level in 94 days, 175,46'> sq.ft. of
surface being covered. The average number of men
employed was 54, including superintendence and all
surface labor connected with the job. Material used
was 6102 sacks cement, 1500 tons sand. 165,495 sq.ft.
of lathing, 2600 lb. nails and staples.

Fire Test Indicates Utility of Sprinkling Surfaces
Treated With Concrete

Four samples were prepared for a fire test. Pine tim-
bers 6 by 10 in. by 5 ft. were covered on all sides with
lathing ; three pieces were covered with chicken wire and
one with metal lath. These timbers were then coated
with * in. of concrete put on with the cement gun.
Three of the samples were sprinkled daily for three
days; the fourth was not sprinkled. After six days of
hardening, the samples were placed in a large bonfire,
until the concrete coating was heated to a dull rid. The
sample that had not been sprinkled shelled off with
loud explosions, but the others were not affected. After
30 min. the samples were pulled out and allowed to cool.
Inspection showed that the only apparent effect of the
baking was a slight charring of the wood on the edges,
where the concrete had cracked while drying.

Borax Consolidated, Ltd., reports net profits for the year
ended Sept. 30, 1917, of £385,527, which is less than the pre-
vious year by £34,3.9, although it was necessary to provide
for excess profits duty at 75 per cent, as against 60 per
cent, in 1916. Tnis does not include excess profit taxes in
countries other than Great Britain. There was an increase
in the building and plant account, a substantial part of
which went for the construction of a plant for the produc-
tion of potash from the brine of Searles Lake, California,
in which the company is interested with the Solvay Co. of
America.

1128

ENI INEEEING \NP MIXING ,101'KXAL

Vol. 105, No. 23

Manganese Mining in Arkansas

uuiiuuiimiiumiuiiiiiNiiiiiiiuuiiuiiiiii n miiiiiiiiii iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiinii I iniiiiiiililiii'i itiiiniimiiii iniuiiii iiiiiiimiiiiiiiiii Hill I I

CLAM DIGGER IN OPERATION OX SOUTHERN HILL. NEAR CTJSHMAN, ARKANSAS

MARION TYPE STEAM SHOVEL IX, OPERATION AT POLK-SOUTHARD MINE, NEAR BATESVILLE, ARKANSAS

June 22, 1018

ENGINEERING AND .MINIM. JOURNAL

1129

PIT, TUNNEL AXD SHAFT WORKINGS OF BR

t CUSHMAX

1130

INEERING ANP MINING .HH'RNAL

Vol. 105, No. 25

imuiiimi MiiiiiimmiiiiiiMiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimiiiiiimiimiimi iiiiini in mil nniiiinnnimininmnninniiiinmninnininiinnnninnnininnilinniiin^

Correspondence and Discussion

iiiiiuiiiiiiinii i iiiininiiiiiii inn nniiniiniiiniiniinniniiiiniiniiininninninniiininnii niniiiniiiniiiniinninninniiniiiniiiniiiiniiniiiiniiiii niiiii iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiif.

The Use of Powder in Opencut
Blasting"

I notice in the Journal of Mar. 30 a criticism by
S. R- Russell of my article published in the Journal
of Feb. 23. under the above title. At the same time
Mr. Russell gives his own experience in this class of
work. I have read it carefully, and I find that Mr.
Russell does not figure so much on the quantity he can
break with each hole as he does on the proper frag-
mentation of the rock, which places his kind of blast-
ing in a separate class from the work I described.

In regard to placing holes, the object, in this sec-
tion of the country, is to take in as much ground as
possible, and at the same time break the bottom clean.
Granting that powder will exert an equal pressure
on all sides, evidently a hole with 20 ft. of rock in front
and 30 ft. of rock on top must give way on the short
side, if there is powder enough in the pocket to move
the load. Often I find that if the rock has no cleavages,
and is inclined to be tough, the bottom will break clean,
but the top will be left intact. To overcome this, I
set my holes further back. If Mr. Russell should at-
tempt to spring his holes sufficiently to hold all the
powder within 3 ft. of the bottom, most of his holes
would blow out at the bottom and leave the top stand-
ing or hanging.

My article dealt with holes of 30 ft. depth or less, be-
cause most of them can be sprung sufficiently to hold
the amount of powder necessary. Holes deeper than 30
ft. usually have to be placed closer together, in order to
insure sufficient pocket capacity to hold the required
amount of powder, but I still adhere to the rule of 8
in. back for every foot in depth. I have used it with
good results up to 48 ft. in depth. How far it might be
carried I am not prepared to say.

Springing Holes Twice

I have one pit at this mine where the rock is so
badly broken that I have difficulty in putting down
holes, and in addition to being broken, it is also hard.
The ground cannot be sprung by the ordinary method;
therefore, I drill three holes 10 ft. apart, 24 ft. back
from the face and 28 ft. deep. Then I pass a 1-in.
pipe down each hole to within 3 ft. of the bottom. In
this way I am able to spring the holes twice, and each
hole will hold a little more than one-half of the amount
of powder that would be necessary for a single hole.
I have had excellent result.3 with this method. The
three holes combined will cover about one and one-half
times the area that a single hole would cover, provided
it can be properly sprung.

I never use lifters, or "snake holes," except as ex-
plained in my former article, under the head of "Blast-
ing for Steam Shovels," in which case they serve two
purposes: first, being drilled well below grade, they in-
sure a clean-cut bottom; second, being close together

and an addition to the main holes, they break the rock
smaller. I also use the "snake holes" where the sur-
face rock is so badly broken that it is not practicable
to drill vertical holes, providing the rock is good at the
bottom.

"Snake holes," when sprung, are more difficult to
load than vertical holes. If the holes are fractured
from springing, it is necessary to place a tube in the
hole and load through that. Another difficulty is that
one cannot fill the upper half of the hole to advantage.
So, in order to get a sufficient chamber for the powder,
more holes have to be drilled. I use the Sullivan pis-
ton machine, and also the Waugh 60, a hammer drill.
The holes are finished to 1.5-in. gage. These holes
can be drilled much cheaper than if made with a well
or churn drill, and they serve the same purpose up to
40 feet.

Stope Filling by Gravitation Methods

At the Pilares mine, of the Moctezuma Copper Co.,
the gloryhole system for the handling of all rock used
in filling the stopes underground has been adopted. At
the beginning, a tunnel is driven into a mountain until
a sufficient back is attained. A station is then cut on
one side of the tunnel, and a raise is run up, say, 50 ft.,
where a second station is cut about 14 x 22 ft., includ-
ing the raise. The raise is widened until it will hold
the desired amount of rock, and is then covered with a
grizzly, with openings 17 x 17 in. The grizzly should
be at one end of the 14 x 22 ft. station. A second
raise is next driven from the tunnel level to connect
with the station and serve as a manway. The station is
extended 20 ft. from the grizzly. From the center of
this station a 20 x 20 ft. raise is put through to the
surface, usually about 200 ft. or more..

It. is now possible to begin breaking rock from the
surface, and holes 24 ft. deep, are put down on each
side of the opening. The rock broken falls to the bot-
tom of the raise, at which point all of it that will not
pass through the 17 x 17-in. grizzly, is block-holed with
a self-rotating Jackhamer.

For the second round of holes, the men clean down the
loose rock and then lower a rope down to the bench
left from the first round and clean it off. From this
bench, which is 24 ft. deep, the operation is simply re-
peated, drilling one hole on each side of the opening.
This leaves a face 48 ft. high. The raise is then reamed
out by shooting only one hole at a time, except in cases
where slips interfere.

When handling rock by the gravitation method, it is
evident that the bottom must form an incline steep
enough for all rock to slide freely. So the first hole for
reaming out the raise, with a face 48 ft. high, would
be 40 ft. deep and 27 ft. back. In most cases the hole
will break from the pocket downward, and leave the
ground sloping off to the bottom of the 48-ft. face.
This operation is repeated until the entire circle of the

Juno 22, L918

ERING AND MININi INAL

1131

oponin ! win, h I, • . , |!i ft hip],

for holes aboul S ! ft. d sep. it ij the pra< tice I >a ntinu i
falling bask until the bench runs out. Again, the o]
ation is begun at the bottom of the incline and the i

oss repeated.

Seven gloryholea are being worked at the Moctezuma
mines with only slighl variations from the above. I
am writing from mj experience at this place only,

simply because 1 have the figures t . . substantiate my
claims.

Seven Tons of Rock Per Lb. oi Powdek

In my article of Feb. 2:'. black powder was used as
the unit. 45 lb. o\' to- , dynamite being equal to 100 lb.
of black powder. According to the company engi-
neers* figures for the year L917, 1 have to my credit
505,000 tons of rock. In breaking this rock I used
06,775 lb. of black powder and 500 lb. of dynamite.
Thus, there has been broken a little more than seven
tons of rock for every pound of black powder u
This does not include springing nor bbck-holing, for
which work dynamite is used. Mr. Russell, no doubt,
knows the relative value between black powder and 40r<
dynamite. In the work described, the average total cost
for rock passed through the grizzlies and delivered into
chutes is 12c. per ton for the year 1917.

I think Mr. Russell doss me an injustice by con-
sidering as absolutely invariable ti.rures which I used as
averages. For instance, in placing holes, I allowed 8 in.
back from the face for every foot depth hole, with a
variation of 20rr to suit the different kinds of rock.
Likewise with the powder, I allowed one-half pound
of black powder for every cubic yard of rock as an
average, with variations of 30<f to cover the different
kinds of rock, and an additional 25 rc for holes placed
in tight corners.

I call attention to these facts because Mr. Russell's
comments are inclined to be misleading to those who
have not read carefully the article on the use of powder
in opencut blasting which is under discussion.

Conditions at Moctezuma About the Average

The rock at Pilares mine requires three to six spring-
ings where I expect to use 500 lb. of powder in one
charge. Mr. Russell seems to think that conditions
obtaining here are exceptionally favorable. Perhaps
they are. I find the average to be about the same here
as in Montana, Idaho, Chihuahua and Coahuila. To treat
every phase in the use of powder in a single article is
out of tho question, nor was my contribution so intend-
ed, the expectation being that it might serve as a guide
to beginners. The finer points must be learned by ex-
perience. Any one who has learned so much about pow-
der that he can learn no more, should retire. My experi-
ence has been that the hardest rock is not necessarily
the hardest to break. Often it takes less powder than
soft rock does.

All of my work, with but few exceptions, has been ac-
complished within the variations stated in my former
article. The figures above mentioned, giving the results
for the year 1917, speak for themselves.

E. S. Jacobson,
Surface Fill Hole Foreman.
The Moctezuma Copper Company, Pilares de Nacozari,

Sonora, Mexico, May 27, 1918.

Mini: rip Welfare and the Futun

Generation

As the green verdure "f thegi i the

earth, i an we not Bteal a it from tin tick

World In!.' lo think of . iir future man pi

the children? w . we in the mining camp

taking to make their life and prog ard manhood

and womanhood more happy and d to the

many evils, moral or physical, which surround thi
w e are likely to pass these things oi iric body,

to a labor organization, or to the parents them .
Rut th< i me is coming — no, it is lure when we i

the future. We musi not, as in the past, lee

things to chance. We must study the needs of the
children; we must study the needs of the pal
children and imi-l gee that both are of the best. \\Y
can sympathize with our I p and try to

them lb- best, but we must go further than this and
provid ■ an recreation for our workmen, for our-

and for the children.

What have we got t > tempt the tired workman after
eight or ten hours of arduous labor? In most cases,
simply nothing; his only relaxation is a road house or
saloon. What have we got for the children? In some
places a school, good or bad. which is in direct ratio to
the caliber of the teachers and of the parents, and in
indirect ratio to the cooperation of the corporation.
Have they a playground? A strip of land, perh.
which we have generously donated, thinking our dut
ended there, and forgetting entirely that our own plant
would not be producing unless we equipped it with
buildings and machinery. We should furnish this play-
ground with horizontal bars, ladders, slides and swings,
where the children, the bold and the timid, may get
healthful bodily exercise. We should not forget some
generous flower beds and shrubs, so that the eye and
artistic sense may be unconsciously directed toward the
beautiful things of life. Going further, let us see that
these flowers find their way into the home and garden
plot, that the men and women may absorb these re-
fining influences.

But it must not end here. We must train the teach-
ers to understand and use this equipment. We should
have a physical test for the teacher, just as we have
for the army officer, in order that he or she may direct
the children properly. A teacher's berth should not be
a charitable affair; it should be an office of privilege,
selection and ability and subject to regular examina-
tions for fitness.

We must get the employers interested in the play-
ground ; we must organize friendly rivalries among
them, and between neighboring mines. We must go
back in our history and bring forth some of the old-
time sports, the tug-of-war, baseball, football, and eve:i
polo. We, the makers of metal, must also become the
makers of men. We, who hold the future in our hand,
must build deeply by beginning with the children. Turn
their thoughts, not into gentle things (we do not want a
race of weaklings), but into clean things — bold, strong,
clean things, that our future may be safeguarded and
our country remain the refuge of all that is best, the
country of the strong, clean and honest. C. R. B.

Nevada City, Calif., May 18, 1918.

1132

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL Vol. 105, No. 25

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Details of Practical Mining I

5
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Advantageous Method of Firing a
Drift Round

In the Southeast Missouri disseminated lead district,
where some drifts of moderate size (about 6x8 ft.
in cross section) are driven by contract on a footage
basis, it is customary to have a shoveler clean out the
rock broken on the opposite shift while the machine
man is drilling the round for the shoveler on the next
shift. To facilitate this operation, it is advantageous

Yf^m

SECTION OF Z

ALTERNATE SIDE LIFTERS ARE TOASTED
WITH THE NEXT ROUXD AHEAD

for as much of the rock as possible to be thrown away
from the face on one side of the drift, thereby saving
time "mucking back" for a column set-up. Most de-
velopment drifts follow flat-lying, heavy-bedded strata
of dolomite. According to the practice at some of the
mines of the district, columns are set up alternately by
rounds opposite one corner of the heading, and all the
holes are drilled from the column as a center.

If the driller has to "shovel back," it means a serious
loss in drilling time, and often delays completion of
the round to such an extent that it cannot be broken
on the same shift.

In order to eliminate this set-back in the normal
cycle of operations, the rounds shown in the illustra-
tion were devised. Successive rounds are shown in a
composite plan of three rounds and by one vertical
.section. The drift bottom is considerably cleared by
merely leaving the bottom "square-up" hole No. 3 of
each round fired to be blasted immediately after the
last hole of the succeeding round ahead in the drift.
This serves to throw most of the broken rock to the
other side of the drift, leaving a place that may be
easily and quickly cleaned out by the machine man for
the set-up of his column and machine. No change in
the ordinary system of placing the drill holes is neces-
sary, except that hole No. 2 may be drilled a little
closer to hole No. 3, in order that too large an ob-
struction be not left to drill around and shovel over.

Device for Binding Timbers on a Truck

By C. T. Rice

In the accompanying sketch are shown the details of
a device that is useful for binding round timber and
lagging securely on a timber truck. It consists of a
lever made of a slightly bent piece of one-inch steel,
through which two holes are punched, one about a fifth

TIMBERS HELD ON TRUCK BY BAR AND CHAIN DEVICE

way from one end, which is fashioned into a claw, and
the other hole near the opposite end. A clevis is at-
tached to the hole near the claw, as shown, to which
clevis is connected a 2-in. binding chain, which is long
enough to go around the load of timber and the truck.
The other hole is for a small chain, the same length as
the binding lever, that has on its end a hook for going
j'round a link of the binding chain itself.

Juno 22, 1<>1S

ENGINEERING AND MINING J01 I

In using the device the binding chain
around the load and the timber tru< k, and then broi
bach on top, so thai it can be gripped by the i lav
the end of the lever. The lever is pulled back as tightly
as possible, and the fastening chain broui hi bach and
hooked around the binding chain, hoi
tightly. When plank lagging, cov< rod with

taken into the mine, as is often the case in winter, it is

well to drive a wedge between the chain and the top
planks of the outer rows in the load, for [n that way
a hotter grip is obtained between the chain and the
slippery planks.

Safety Signal Switch for Mine Use

YV. A. Pearce, of Virginia. Minn., has been granted
United States patent No. 1,146,204 on an elect lie sv.
for operating safety signal lights, which is intended
use in mines where electric haulage is employed. The

Device for belting
Switch on

DETAIL OF CONTACTS
DETAILS OP SAFETY SIGNAL SWITCH OPERATED
AUTOMATICALLY BY TROLLEY WHEELS

illustration shows the eonstniction of the switch in some

detail. The switch is operated by the trolley wheel

of the electric locomotive as it enters the safety block.

It is enclosed in an iron cover, not shown in the cut,

! '" th« ' thai the

hown, wh ch ] ted hub trai

the trolley wire and , lean it by abc

0 "'•',l ,! ■ burning at all dai

p Inta Buch

A ' e entering either place tun

one-quarter turn, which opens the circuil through the
switch to the green lamps and . ,ni iiir.(!

the witch to the >• i Ian p . the

locomotive pa ■ - through again. Then it aga
""' Btar whe«' "> the "itch it pfl es, which immedi-
aU''-v cha ,its 1,,-u-k again.

The lirst locomotive entering either of t)„. danger
the block until ii pa • ...
is the single pole , .,- .1MV Bwitcl

from the trolley wire, the current return
- to the rails. The sv,
any signal, such as light, bell, etc Thi her

direction. A one-quarter turn of the Mar wheel o]
all the closed circuits and closes all the 0] ,it.s.

Attaching Fuse to Primers

By William Crocker
A method of attaching fuse to primers is shown in the
accompanying illustration. I have made thousands of
these primers with perfect success. The fuse is anchor-
ed to the stick of powder with wire. The wire used
was obtained from the strands of an ordinary bell i
cut into lengths of about eight inches. After inserting
the copper fuse in the regular manner, the wire is

fasfen&j
bytwistiiy

Two or Three Turns
» of Wire around Fuse

Fastened

tytwis+ir.

DETAIL OP WIRIXG FUSE TO PRIMER CARTRIDGE

twisted around the cartridge, imbedding itself into the
wax paper. One end of the wire is twisted around
the fuse two or three times, and the tie will not slip or
yield. The whole operation is accomplished quickly.

1134

ENGINEERING AND -MINING JOURNAL Vol. 105, No. 25

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Company Reports

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Annual Report of the Alaska Juneau
Gold Mining Co.

The third annual report of the Alaska Juneau Gold
Mining Co., covering the calendar year L917, is char-
rixed by a recital of disappointments in the mine
and mill alike. The mill was in a combined process of
completion and operation during nine months of the
year, and the best it was made to accomplish was less
than one-half its expected capacity at a cost of more
than twice the expected operating cost. Its failure to
handle a larger tonnage was owing largely to the in-
ability of the ball mills to maintain their capacity, be-
cause of the coarseness of the feed, a condition which
was corrected to a minor degree only by finer crushing
in the gyratories. Mechanical weaknesses of the ball
mills, especially of their liners, and the many changes
and additions incidental to getting a large mill tuned up
kept tonnage down.

The "wholesale" mining method, adopted nearly three
years ago, proved unsatisfactory, as it resulted in a
caved mixture containing an undue proportion of waste.
and a reversion to the former sorting method is in
progress. The fact that the assay values are carried by
small quartz stringers, which average $6 per ton ir
gold, in a large mass of barren vein matter, indicates
the desirability of this method. Also a pronounced dif-
ference in color between quartz and vein matter, with
marked friability of the quartz, aids in sorting. The
mine has not been called upon for a large tonnage, but
is in a position to deliver from 10.000 to 12,000 tons per
day. The mining method is economical. The actual
cost of drawing ore from the stopes was 10c. per ton,
the tramming cost was 9c. per ton, and lc. per ton covers
all other charges, making the total direct mining cost
of ore delivered to mill bins 20c. per ton.

The total ore milled was 672,424 tons, of an average
value of §0.875 per ton. Gold bullion to the value of
$227,835, and silver bullion to the value of $1630 were
produced. Galena concentrates totaling 1419.04 tons
yielded $208,445 in gold, $7224 in silver and $23,089 in

lead.

New construction for the year was of a net value of
'i.424. Total receipts were $490,049, and operating
charges $710,623, showing a net operating loss for the
year of $220,574.

The Starlight mine, in the Jarbidge district, with
an estimated content of 9800 tons, valued at $212,000,
was purchased. Additional ground on Pritchard Creek,
near Murray, Idaho, has been developed through pros-
pecting and dow contains 10,600,000 cu.yd., with gold
content estimated at $1,530,000. The seven Dawson
dredges in the Yukon operated 151 days and mined
4,583,326 cu.yd. at an average cost of 25.81c. per cu.yd.,
and yielded an average of 37.87c. per cu.yd. A total of
65 acres, gt" 60 %, of the ground was frozen and had to
be thawed with steam. The Greenstone dredge at Ruby,
Alaska, operated 153 days and mined 264,132 cu.yd.,
which yielded an average cf $1,174 per cu.yd. The
Iditarod dredges operated 192 days and handled 871,045
cu.yd. which yielded an average of 91.5c. per cu.yd. at
a cost of 48.1c. per cu.yd. The five California dredges
operating on American, Feather, Yuba and Trinity
rivers and Butte Creek handled a total of 6,161,941
cu.yd. at an average cost of 3.71c. per cu.yd. Yardage
mined in hydraulic operations amounted to 2,143,444
cu.yd. at an average cost of 11.8c. per cu.yd. The duty
of the water was 4.18 cu.yd. per miners' inch. Leases
or claims owaied by the company in the Yukon territory
and Alaska, together with the returns for water used
on other than company's ground, also assay office
cleanings, yielded a total of $90,259 with an expenditure
of $3223.

Yukon Gold Co.

The annual report for 1917 of the Yukon Gold Co.
shows that the amount realized from the year's oper-
ations was $1,373,145.51, against which were charges of
> 1,439,668.85 for depreciation of the plant and depletion
..f the property, leaving a net deficit for the year of
523.34. Distributions of $1,050,000 were made to
-tcckholders during the year.

Goldfield Consolidated Mines Co.

Ore mined (including lease ore) during 1917 by the
Goldfield Consolidated Mines Co. amounted to 250,550
tons, having a recovered value of $1,762,970.05. Tail-
ings treated were 81,885 tons, having a recovered value
of $62,326.54. Ore valuing $85,649.32 was purchased
from lessees, and mining, transportation, milling, tax-
ation, construction, and general expense amounted to
$1,543,012.82, leaving a net realization from operations
for 1917 of $196,634.45. Exploration and development
expenditures were $68,133.69, and this sum deducted
leaves a net realization of 8128,500.76. No dividends
were paid during the year.

North Star Mines Co.

The North Star Mines Co. reports that during 1917
the gross production of the North Star mine amounted
to $1,148,684.89. Dividends paid were $250,000. There
was mined 126,474 tons, of which 100,500 tons of dry ore
was crushed. Development during the year was 3216 ft.;
in drifts, 1910 ft.; raises, 1205 ft.; and winzes, 101 ft.
The Central mill was equipped with 60 1500-lb. stamps
and the Central cyanide plant was enlarged. The
Champion mines showed a total deficit of $57,810.8S
During 1917, 41,650 tons of rock was crushed and de
velopment work was 2494 feet.

•'""" "• l918 ENGINEERING \\|. WINING (01 RN \i ,,

Portland Gold Mining Co. "nued, ,, ,,,„, , mi). , im y p|an1

During 1917 the Portland Gold Mining Co dis WM w™Pje*ed and Production wa begun In Septembei

tributed <" its reduction plants 586 !80 ton ol ore >m ♦ j,ng the rema,nder °' the year totaled 88

valued al $2,535,554.34, which «... treated as follows' ,"' f°X B" ' ' " "' *86 ' '' " l'1'"11 Al the

At the Colorado Springs plant, 56,272 tons of comnam m!! ,,,","" l",,|",u th« '"■■"" '<■«" - deepened

"'v and 19,270 tons of lessee ore; al the Victor mil ' ;''''' " '"""' v lar*« :"""""< "< ex

222,832 to„s. and 286,915 tons at the Independence mill' '"'''""'•"';'1 »*n "'"'> **■ done, and the flow .heel d.

Not profits for 1917 were J198.036.84 and .livid,..,,!.' """""',l rh« Process is to be a combination of gravitj

paid amounted to $360,000 ' Daratlon •""' dotation, a,,d will emploj the old tampi

Butcnarl tablet h tube mill and notation celli

Annual Report of the ITonopah Belmont AMmil, ,,

n. i /• .Annual Kcpori oi the OhodiIi I «

t» t i. t, , tension Mining C :<>.

The Tonopah Belmont Development Co.'s annual re ti,p . ■

port is for the fiscal year ended Feb 28 1918 The com r<'P" Fonopah Extension Mining Co. foi

pany operates a large silver mine at Tonopah. Nov and xiSlnJX*' ?? ""<l",i ""' 81, l918' S,l"ws ;' "r""<

maintains a development organization which has thus *-■»»••"- which compares with 8673,894 in the year

far acquired ownership or interests in the following preced,nKi Thls ">;"->«'d shrinkage in earnings was oc

mines: Belmont Surf Inlet Mines. Ltd, operating a !':'s"," , ,,v a decrease ,., the value per ton of the ore

gold mine, with subsidiary values in silver and copper ? ,c, *" ""''' Bt 86-08c' ""'" 0Z- an '"»»■*

at Surf Inlet, Princess Royal Island B C ■ the Bel' °* * pcr °* ,,v,'r thi,t received the preceding year,

mont Shawmut Mining Co., operating the Eagle-Shaw 1 produt'e(l tota,ed ,10.'88 tons, averaging 11.771

mut mine on the Mother Lode at Shawmut, Tuolumne w-isoon * Si!" "^ *,U Per '""• MiUin* recovery

Co., Calif., and the Belmont Wagner Mining Co., holding n " fnf' ^ *? """"f WM *526 per ton' an

the newly acquired interests in several groups of claims ZJ tl Jof T P?cedln« vt-;ir- The ™Uing

near Telluride, Colorado was *321 Per ton- a decrease of $0.41, and the

The operations at the Tonopah property are summar- ^J? **•£?"??'* *°'" ^ *"• " decreaSe *°12
ized in the accompanying table: net dec'rease '" working costs was $0.18

per ton. New construction and equipment cost $40 481!
OPERATIONS OK tonopah BELMONT, 1917 X" dividends were paid during the year.

Total mine production, wet tons 162 051

Waste sorted out, tons 27458 I A 1 ur #• •

Ltety West Mining Company, Report

-Net mine production, dry tons .... ISO 991 J o

Tons milled ...'.'.'.'.' i3i,'ioo ancl Statements

A verage gold content, oz n'l^Q ti, i-

Average silver content, oz . .' .' u 1 86 r p aSSUmptl0D of control of the Da'> West Mining

Gross value per ton $16 57 k ("'ity' Utah, by a new management on Mar. I

— *ave occasion for a general statement, covering its con-
Loss in tailings, per ton $0.94 dition. prospects and plans for future development

S5 P™' PCr t0" S Whkh acCompanie^ the «-"-' ^tement of the ££

management for 1917. New financing is necessary to

Total $16 57 furn'sh funds for a campaign of development and ex-

The total silver recovered at the mil. amounted to S^^^^S^T^lS T ^

2.170,519 oz. and of gold 22,547.13 ox. The silver was ,,ew stock t"be "1 at no le th £ ' I ^ ^
anlA o+ qa i <>„ mi ,. mock io De sola at not less than $2 Der sharp

4 hfVern°Z' ; £S? miniDg C°St WaS The ph«kaI c°n^on of the proper?" leaves much

$4.44. the direct milling cost, $2.86, marketing concen- to he desirpH tu h»; t j ' ' " 'eaves much

trates and bullion cost $0.33 and general expense was hou inl are thl J , "' C°mpreSSOr Wlth their

*n qo „„„ t„„ . „ . cjipeuae was Housing, are the only surface equipment in operating

!fnl^y ?WS eaniinfQrre $0-°9 Per C°ndit,on- The concentrator is not suitable TdS

ton, making total operating expense $8.38. as indicated West ores nor could it be nv„i,. „Htl! *

T, . .. also ls m poor condition. In its upper area which fur-

The exploration department considered 205 different nishes ore of shipping grade, lessees have op rated for

i4Twer:sr:; v;e tr 1 possible r*r 0f these- eight years- and "*£r «* u^l^zj^z

afforded b-HWKU e^mma^0n °«>er than was »o repairs or maintenance work. Its lower portion f u r-

The iemanirStr " J- reP°rtS ^ ^ ^^ "ishes —Crating ore, and is in better condition. Fa-

i ,'main'"g 58 Properties were examined and vorable developments in the adjoining Judge mine and

sampled as thoroughly as the indications justified, the recent discovery of similar geological conZons i.

Metallurgical tests were made upon ores from ten of the Daly West, afford the basis of hopes for JuturTore

tnese properties. Of the properties examined only two bodies

TnTthl^And Undei" °PtiT' , the AKt3:St ::ouis-Palm>-ra Ore sales for 1917 netted $133,545, lessees' oie brought

and the Andrus group of claims, both in the Upper San in $57,528, and miscellaneous income amounted to K738

Migue mining district. San Miguel Co., Colorado. Total expenses were $188,868, which left $7^5 as the

At the Surf Inlet property development was con- net earnings for the year.

1136

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

iniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiirouiB uHmmBmrnmrnm "

Vol. 105, No. 23

The effort of the Germans to straighten their line
between Montdidier and Chateau Thierry gained for
hem a narrow strip of territory at heavy cost in lives
Z with no decisive rest.lt. their objective not being
attained; the Teuton advance was completely stopped.
Austria's long-expected offensive against he Italian
front began on June 15 with attacks along the 97-mile
Z from Asiago to the Adriatic; the Piave was crossed
at two points; several thousand prisoners were claimed
by both sides. An Austrian dreadnaught was sunk and
another one damaged by the Italians off the Dalmatian
coast Peru seized 50,000 tons of German shipping.

The United States has now passed the 800 000 mark
in troops shipped overseas, it was announced by General
Mar'h Chief of the Army General Staff. Further con-
.ervation of beef on the part of the public W* .asked by
Food Administrator Hoover. A plan to sell ?C;000'000;
000 of debt certificates by next October in antic Ration
of the Fourth Liberty Loan was announced by Secretary
McAdoo. The rule affecting draft registrants in regard
marriage was changed by the Provost Marshal Gen-
eral. Jeremiah O'Leary, the Irish agitator under
Federal indictment, was caught in Sara, Wash., after
having fled from New York.

Organization of Research Work on a
National Scale

The proposal has often been made, that the work of
scientific and technical research now earned on inde-
pendently by a multitude of institutions and individ-
uals should be organized on a national scale. Such
"organization, could it be effected, wou d make un-
necessary a vast amount of needless duplication of work
It rUTd further be possible, by concentrating research
workers on a particular task, to make much more , rapid
progress; and, by giving the results o ^ccessful re
search greater prestige and standing, it would be pos-
ble to secure the adoption of developments in practi-
cal work to a much greater extent than at present The
magnitude of the task of controlling and coordinating
the research work of the entire country is such, how-
ever that no serious attempt to do this had been un-
dertaken until the war brought the need and oppor-

tUTwohyeTrs ago President Wilson accepted an offer
by the National Academy of Sciences to undertake
the organization of the scientific resources and research
facilities of the country. The National Research
Coun 1 was organized, in accordance with this offer,
a year in advance of this country's actual declara
tion of war, and it was officially recognized by the
Council of National Defense and arranged to serve
during the war as a department of that body early

'"while the National Academy of Sciences, from which
the National Research Council sprung, deals only with

so-called "pure" science, it was recognized from the
outset that the business of the. Council was to pro-
mote research which aimed at definite, practical results.
The executive order of President Wilson, issued^ on
Mav 11, recognized the work which has already been
accomplished by the Council and ordered the cooperation
with it of the scientific and technical branches of the
Government. The practical nature of the Council s
work was disclosed at the outset by the fact that its
first financial support came from the Engineering
Foundation; and is attested now by the fact that _ Gov-
ernmental appropriations to the amount of $270,000
have been made to finance special branches of its work.
The work accomplished by the Council and its or-
ganization and plans were the subject of an address
by the Council's chairman, Dr. George Ellery Hale,
delivered on May 28 before a joint meeting of the
National Engineering Societies in New York City.

As much of the research directed by the Council
relates to apparatus useful in the war, detailed state-
ments concerning such work cannot be made public.
It may be said, however, that among the prob ems
with which it is dealing are processes for making
nitrates, the manufacture of optical glass, methods of
combating the submarine, the development ot body
armor, range finders, discovery of enemy heavy artillery
by sound, and psychological tests of recruits These are
only samples at random of the numerous fields in which
committees of the Council are at work.

Dr Hale in his address, emphasized that the Coun-
cil recognizes the great value of individual initiative
and direction. It will aim to cooperate with and aid
the individual worker and not to supersede him A
statement of Dr. Hale's which won hearty applause
from his audience was the following:

'■It should be said here, once for all, that the policy
of the National Research Council has been from the
outset invariably to recommend the immediate develop-
ment and utilization for military and naval purposes of
the best devices or methods known at the time, with
the understanding that research for the purposes of
improving such devices should not retard production
demanded to meet pressing military needs."

In the special work of cooperating with existing
research agencies, a census has been made under direc-
tion of Dr S. W. Stratton, Chief of the Bureau of
Standards, of the research workers ^d facilities in
the universities, manufacturing plants, Federal Gov-
ernment bureaus, commercial testing laboratories, etc
throughout the United States. Another committee, of
which Dr. John C. Merriam, of the University of
California, is chairman, has secured the organization
of local research committees in 72 universities and
colleges to cooperate with the National Council and in
many cases with local industries.

There has also been organized, with the approval
and cooperation of the Secretaries of War and the

fune l'j. 1918

;r;,,:ri"1r:ms' ' ttwZjz s

,m 1 oo, so has provulod funda ,„ ,,„. .

$88 400 for this committee's work for the current
, In.tlu ,mvt »"?*"« on of research, the Counci
i?*^ Jth Government and other ,

Sal s r Buir "f Mines- ,h" '

Standards and others. The division of engineering is

B07»»der the chairmanship of Dr. Henry M Howl

At the present time the Council, in cooperation with
he Engmeerihg Foundation, is undertaking aTmplTgn
or the promotion of industrial research by commerda"

"f^fons This work is in charge of .\£

TZ£\^ he heads of the leadin* -'"— -

reseauh laboratones are represented. To back this
movement an advisory committee has been formed
made up of such men as Elihu Root. E \v Rice
president of the General Electric Co.; Theodore n!
Vail, Dr. Henry S. Pritchett, George Eastman. Pierre

nL v t \r'S committee held ^s first meeting in
New lork on May 29.

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOl RNAL

1 187

Will Examine Engineers in Cities

The following is authorized by the Secretary of War-
hp,-;/. °fLEn?ineers announces that the cities to
be visited by the Engineer Examining Board in it,
campaign to recruit 2000 candidates for commission as
Brat lieutenant and captain are as follow,-

Buffaaiohinr,t0n',PhilaleIphia' NeW York' Boston' AJbany,
Buffalo Cleveland Detroit. Pittsburgh. Youngstown

Ohio. Cincinnati, Louisville, Indianapolis. Chicago St
Louis, Kansas City. St. Paul, Denver, Salt Lake City
Butte, Seattle, Portland. San Francisco, Los Angeles'
Deming, N. Mex .; Dallas. New Orleans, Memphis. Nash-
ville, Birmingham. Atlanta, Charleston. S C and
Richmond. '

All who have sent in application blanks will be noti-
fied as to when they should appear at one of the cities
named for physical and mental examination. The board
will leave Washington in a few days. All candidates
must be citizens of the United States. Those trying
captaincies should be between 36 and 42 years old
:hose seeking first lieutenancies should be between
ind 36. No men of draft age will be considered.

Must Save the Coal

A detailed survey of the coal required during the
resent coal year for war purposes and for domestic
onsumers foots up to about 80 million tons more than
'as produced last year, the IT. S. Fuel Administration
nnounces. This was the figure on June 1

In spite of intense efforts to increase the production

coal says the Administration, the first five months
■ 1918 have produced only 10 million tons in excess

the same period of 1917. If this is considered in
Nation to the immense physical task involved in pro-
icing 12 million tons of coal per week, it is easv to
-aw the conclusion that the increased demand cannot

any large extent, be met by increased production

" I that the In not Bmployed on

war work will require something laaa than L00.000.000

'"s"' ''"•'''• Al1""- el, war Industrie* RDd

otherwise, musl ^

'" "on-war industries ar.
whatever the deficiency turn

"' ,,h""' Quota. Hence, the general pro perity of

full empli , wi„

*ndwu ' Bavin* by ecoi .,„,„„ ()1

waste" between E 00,000 and 6 „, ,,,,,

Withdrawal of Anthracite from West
I rnavoidable

Concerning the allotmeni of anthracite for the coal
"'<'>• announced by the Anthracite Commit.,,.
;'•;,.•;• '"';■""■ Rector general of distribution

dmimstration, addressing the National
• oal Association, said:

"The withdrawal of anthracite from the central west
;"" ' "in require th, ioo.OOO of

f0ns over and above anj : of

•' »'»"...„s which has been used heretofore for -

", "'."'■ W< feahze Perfectly well thai that change
Will impose a definite inco

ship on the consumers of coal in that territory, but I
want you and the people generally , , understand that
there is no escape at this time from that condition

It is not possible to get enough coal into this eastern
territory to take care of it on any basis that can be
tolerated unless this change in anthracite distribul
which has been outlined by this committee is m.
It has been gone over thoroughly in Washington by the
various managers of bituminous distribution ' and
worked ou with great care. The Railroad Administra-
tion ha: also been consulted in respect to it. and I
allotment of anthracite goes."

War to Transform Unionism

A banker who has been giving a great deal of con-
sideration to the labor problem believes the death-knell
of unionism has been sounded and that its demise will
be due to the war in spite of the fact that labor and
socialistic tendencies are apparently growing stronger
the longer the war lasts, says the Boston News Bureau
The answer to the whole question, it seems to me "
he says, "can be found in the difference between 400
rivets customarily driven by a rive ng crew before
war and the wonderful totals now demonstrated as th-
possibihty of a day's labor. The international riveting
contest has shown that the pre-war average day's work
was about 5% of possible production, and perhaps hal*
what it should be as an average output.

"All of which proves that labor unionism has within
itself the seed that will eventually destroy it That is
the principle that the average day's labor production
shall be measured by the weakest and not by the strong-
est of human endeavor. A principle founded on mini-
mum effort and maximum remuneration is economically
unsound and, therefore, headed for disaster.

"The war is teaching our workers a new standard of
effort and likewise of national responsibility Shirkers
are henceforth going to be unpopular, nqt only with
employers, but with the workmen themselves ' Force
of public opinion among the men themselves will sub

1188

ENGINEBKING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 25

titute quality for quantity in the workshops of the

;„untrv The country. 1 believe, is facing an economic

revolution of the first magnitude.

Electrical Manufacturers Asked To
Conserve Tin

The general war service — T*1t^?SK
whenever possible. The bulletin reads as follows.

The U. S. Government has assumed -£***• £
portation and distnbut.on of tin i 1 n the Unitea ntial

n.and is made that the use «T ^^^the minimum con-
K( SX LV^tl oKer al and apparatus which
wtfSSta sa&y «j-£«SR?*l«l- their supply of

aFiftffS rSSfSrVSr • t0 — «- t0 the

fullest extent possible. general purposes, namely,

jaws* sysSSSir "* *"""" "

which tin consumption can ^ reduced by 4 tion {or

V ^^hbitf (M The redaction of tin content in a tin-
tin-base babbitt. (») ine r«" j necessary, (c)

base babbitt where the use of the latte consistent

The use of the thinnest section of b ab bin m d

with a satisfactory bearing Babb t ^s frequent j
^S-nTthS^iiTn^Tlatisfactory lining d

necessarily high £ » £« ? ^ troubles in producing
to look on tin as the cuiyor reduction throughout

K^JFMSS JTen^ons saving in the total

consumption. freouently used where mixtures

0 (o) Pure tin solder is treque"".v rf b bstl.
of lead and tin in varying proportions ma^ ^* uge(]>
tuted. (b) Half tm to "alf lead sol de

whereas a mixture of 55 to bo * ie increased to 70%

factory. In many cases lead may be a y ^ o{

with 30% tin (c) It »s ~mm°d £ d int0 molten tin in
leads and other parts to be ^ de1* ^ mi tures

preference to common so lder mi ate into layers

whenkeptmeltedfor a long time tent p ^ ^

of different compos it on The eut e ^ as long as this

lead, which melts at 180 CVJgMg ^ a bath wh

ssrssr^flasf ssa use tin ^ when Parts

reducing the consumption of tra to ttie , al war

Other suggestions which you can i"
Se committee will be welcomed^ ^

JBTSS^TS^rtSS"* active cooperation is
of vital importance.

Lawmaking for the Engineer

• „ r,f technical and scientific societies

A German union o ech^C^ statement attributed

has been organized acco rd ing tt rf Can_

tf;Si^l°t • -ral meeUng was held in November

1 T The ol let of the. union was stated by the cha.r-
mln £££ 'Sahlishment of a balance between scence
and practice. _ croceedings state, "could

rrL^Sthru'; "Wiho'.Th, participation and

,urgis, ™„„ires a.. ZZ'^L ^\2^ waa
the architect, that of the .«"* ™"- d education

technician should be admitted to all administrative de-
;;;;m.Mlts of ft. federal states The technical world
ought to be represented, more than was h.theito t
..Co in the legislative bodies. The union had also ap-
; d the authorities with a view to being consulted
to the preparatory work of drafting regulatmns or
enactments."

The United States as an Employer

Uncle Sam in his capacity as the world's greatest em-
uloy r s discovering that workers will not "five by bread
alone" and that high wages are not of themselves a suf-
ficient inducement to hold men to their work, declares a
statement issued by the War Department. He is discov
:ttg that men are social animals, and that ernployees
nms? have certain social and community facilities if
tbev are to remain contented.

Many cities having munitions factories are congested
to war workers beyond their power to furnish commu-
nities for the newcomers. Part of the .program
to oe worked out in such cities by the community organ-
^branch of the Ordnance Department is as follows.

r „„ ,>„(,n wrvrlceT

Campaign of prtri^J^^^Jg^Xto^S

that they are the second line of defense^ an and

absolutely essential to the safety of tne men
the winning of the war. building and loan

JSSS? a1dhThT f nSagemenf of t-building by
" Extension of trolley tracks to new districts and increased;
^Extension of water, sewer, gas and electric service to the
neSrSrnUrcfstoStp^ent the ^^^aX^

C°PrUoviesion of facilities for plowing and harrowing honv
gaiSlation of branch libraries for convenient use of ne^
workers and their ^nulies moy. piJ

tuSlup-erledTnTef co^rto, lectures, and like recre,,
increased school facilities for children of new worker

of aliens, and mstruction m h^stmy ana^ t)

*KSW! -ealor'S, anc the complete utilizati,,
of the workers' time.

It is confidently believed that all this, property ^worlj
cut will have a direct influence upon the stability
labor and the production of munitions.

Preparing for Taxation

Chairman Kitchin of the House Ways and Met

Comm ttoe is prepared to contend for a continuance

SJS! "axel Republican Senators, led by Sm

of mah will work for a "simon-pure" war profits t

Sena tor'smoot has drafted a bill clearly defining ,

ofits and fixing rates of levies upon them. He he

thi the Gt ernment should not disturb normal busim

1 if it should be abnormally prosperous, but sho.

^cttrf Se all war profits. He«;e=

as all earnings over normal earnings for the y

period preceding the outbreak of the war.

ENGINEERING IN] MININu 101 RN \i.

June 22. L9ig

"•**"•« i«l .»Uj\l.\l, I'M K\ \|

f ,,„„,

Industrial News from Washington

By Paul Wooton, Special Uorresi-onhknt

""""""""" "« « i i ummmmmmm

iiiniiiiiiiiinin

i

Mil I

raxing tlu Mining Industry

Much commenl was occasioned bj a statement made
to the Ways and Means Committee during the hearings

on the revenue bill by Temp],. Chapman, who appeared
as the representative of mine operators in the Joplin
district. In the course of his remarks .Mr. Chapman
said: "It seems to me, as a stockholder in several
other mining companies and as a worker in my field
that our industry has been very profitable, and can
well afford to pay a very high tax, and I should sax-
horn what I hear of taxes being paid in my field and
elsewhere, that we can pay more tax than we have paid
in the past."

This statement, which is the unrevised transcription
of the official stenographer, led to the wide publication
of a statement to the effect that the representative of
the zinc operators had urged an increased taxation for
that industry. Mr. Chapman thereupon gave to the
press a statement in which he asserted that he refer-
red to the mining industry as a whole, and not to zinc
mining, which is already struggling against almost in-
surmountable obstacles. An extract from another
portion of Mr. Chapman's remarks follows :

"The Joplin mining district is producing about half
the zinc of this country, and the zinc is going into war
use to some extent. The district is an important fac-
tor in zinc production as a whole, but unlike some of
the great copper mines of the West, owning great beds
of ore in fee, the zinc body of ore in the corner of
Oklahoma is divided up into more than a hundred
parcels, Indian leases, limited in their term by the Gov-
ernment and owned by 100 different operating com-
panies. So, though we are a big factor as a whole,
we are weak individually.

"Though the district as a whole has lasted 50 years,
and is likely to last 50 years, the individual companies
are limited by the Government in the term of the lease
and in the size of their ore bed, each company owning
only a small portion, 20 to 40 acres of the whole mass
of ore. For this reason a tax, we feel, needs to be
considered as against the brief life of the individual
mines. The compilations which we have made for the
advisory board of the Treasury Department of one
hundred and seventy-odd mines show that the aver-
age life of these mines for the last 20 years has been
two and a half years."

"' A11,crt Bui'»> Mr. Burch will be b ted by F B

•'aldwdl, R. Clyde ('; iron, E. L founa Han

Thompson and K. H. Toll.

In each of the four districts, a painstaking BUrve\
is to be made ot jil manganese operations and depo ,i

B-ach ot the district directors is to have the MM
a number of w,'u;iteer engi rs who are (ntimatelj

familiar with local conditions. !„ addition, they will
be assisted by the regular technical staff of the Bureau
of Mines.

Ore beneficiation and metallurgical work are to be
given just as careful attention as will be given to |
duction. Experiments in concentration will be centered
at the Lake Superior station of the Bureau, at Mini.
apolis. The hydro-metallurgical work will be don.- at
the Golden and the Tucson stations. At Golden the
work will be chiefly the study of the recovery of man-
ganese as a byproduct in the treatment of silver ores
by the Caron process. G. H. Clevenger is in charge
The work is being done jointly by the Bureau of Mines,
the Netherlands government and the Research Cor-
poration.

At Tucson, the success which Jus followed the ex-
periments with the sulphurous acid process in the treat-
ment of copper ores has led to a variation of the pro,
which is being applied to the recovery of manganese
from manganese ores.

Another phase of the work will be in cooperation
with the operators of steel plants. Metallurgists of th^
Bureau will keep in the closest touch with the experi-
mentation in change of practice which will permit of
the use of lower grade ferromanganese and spiegeleisen.
Work on other war minerals is to be under the direc-
tion of widely known engineers as follows: Pyrites H
A. Buehler; sulphur, Carl O. Lindberg; sulphuric acid
A. E. Wells; graphite. G. D. Dub; tin, H. Foster Bain ■
mercury and antimony, L. H. Duschak; potash, A. W
Stockett; tungsten, John H. Mackensie. Vanadium and
molybdenum will be handled by the Bureau's engineers
at Golden. Chrome will be handled in the West by Al-
bert Burch and in the East by John H. Mackensie. Ex-
periments on magnesite will be conducted at the Colum-
bus station.

Chrome Ore Imports Limited

Four Manganese Districts Created

That its war work on manganese may be handled
more efficiently, the U. S. Bureau oi Mines has divided
the country into four districts. The Appalachian dis-
trict is to be in charge of H. W. Hardinge. The Lake
Superior district is to be headed by Edmund Newton.
The work in the Rocky Mountain district is to be under
the immediate direction of C. E. van Barneveld. Work
in the Pacific Coast states will be under the supervision

Imports of chrome ore and chromite from Cuba, Gua-
temala, Newfoundland and Brazil must not aggregate
in excess of 43,500 tons by Mar. 31, 1919. Imports
from New Caledonia must not exceed 10,000 tons dur-
ing the period to end Dec. 31, 1918. A ruling to this
effect has been issued by the War Trade Board. It was
based on a recommendation made by the Committee on
Mineral Imports and Exports. Imports by rail from
Canada and Mexico will be permitted. The order be-
came effective June 15.

Remember the Comfort Fund of the 27th Engineers.

L140

I \>, ANl» MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 2".

The 27th Engineers

Your subscription to the Comfort Fund will help in-
sure real smokes for our representatives on the tiring
line. A list of those who have contributed to the fund
subsequently to that given in our issue of May 18
follows:

66 1. 00

50 00

i0

5 00

10.00

oo

5.00
r. 00

islv acknowledged

: Wisconsin Mining School..

Plumb

• - w Sno«

Charles A Mitke

\ a Hassan

\ A Hassan. Jr
Kmill A. Hassan
Bernard MacDonald.

.. t* ll'iml

Calumet « Arizona Mining Co. and New Cornelia Copp: r

Lacnmund ['(fourth contribution) . . \\\\\\\

C N Bell

. • s \\ ithcr, II ->5 oo

w G MCBride soon

Karl Ellcrs 5.00

R T. Hancock ,,„, 00

B B White. . i ,

S RJnglund io oo

H Fosi, r Bain 1(, ,,,,

CharlesaieeVasseuf ' i second ' contribution i

William Wraith , ,, Ml,

H A Wlifi'h-r i Ml) no

\. v.i.la Mine Operators' Association

R Wallace -, oo

H Li Brown and M W Hayward i(1 im

Iron Cap Coop r Co , ,, ,,,,

W N Smith 5.00

E. S. Geary 1 0.00

H .1. Wolf 10.00

F H. Sichold imin

H. A. Kee 5.00

w S Grether

•14,767.50

Make vour checks payable to W. R. Ingalls, treasurer
of the Association of the 27th Engineers. Because of
the work involved in administering the Comfort Fund,
contributions are acknowledged only by publication in
the Journal

The Tofo Iron Mines in Chile

Hi<rh-grade iron ores, said to be equal to the best
Swedish ores, are found at the Tofo iron mines of Chile,
according to Commerce Reports. These ores can be de-
livered in Bethlehem, Penn., at a price to compete with
ores from Cuba, Lake Champlain or Minnesota, chiefly
because the orebody lies in a solid mass at a point near
the seaboard and will be worked on an efficient, large-
scale basis. The Bethlehem Steel Co. controls, under
long-term lease, the iron deposits of Tofo, for which the
port of Cruz Grande has been developed.

The deposits at Tofo, which is situated about five miles
inland, are estimated to contain over 100,000,000 tons of
ore, averaging 68% iron. The ore lies in a solid mass;
no stripping will be required, and no shafts need be sunk.
After blasting, the ore will be loaded into cars by electric
cranes and hauled to the crushing plant on the side cf
the mountain. At this plant, by means of a jaw crusher,
the ore will be reduced to a size not to exceed four inches
and will flow into a bin and thence be drawn off into
cars for shipment.

Manganese Mining will be conducted by the Sociedade
\nonyma Barcellos (Barcellos Corporation) which Vice
Consul Richard P. Momsen has reported was incorporated
in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, on Mar. 4 with a capital of 600
contos of reis (about $150,000 in American currency) for
the purpose of carrying on mining operations. One-fourth
of the entire capital stock is represented by manganese
minine properties, options, and leases.

Petroleum Production of the United
States and of the World

The increasing demand for petroleum and its prod-
mis all over the world lends interest to statistics com-
piled by the National City Bank of New York showing
the world production of petroleum. The compilation
shows that the United States in 1917 produced 342,000,-
000 bbl. of crude oil, against 300,000,000 in 1916, 210.-
000,000 in 1910, and 64.000,000 in 1900, and that this
country now produces two-thirds of the oil of the
world. Of the world's output of crude petroleum,
the United States supplied 66% in 1916, against 64%
in 1910, 43% in 1900, 60', in 1890, and 88% in 1880.
World production in 1916 is stated at 461,000,000 bbl.
of 42 gallons each, against 427,000,000 bbl. in 1915, 328.-
000,000 in 1910, 149,000,000 in 1900, 77,000,000 in 1890,
30,000,000 in 1880, 6,000,000 in 1870 and about 500,000
in 1860. The world production in 1917 is estimated at
about 500,000,000 barrels.

America's total production of petroleum in 1917 was
larger than in any other year, exceeding that of 1916
by 42,000,000 bbl. The world production in 1916 was
larger than in any earlier year, exceeding that of 1915
by 34,000,000 bbl. For 1917 there are no complete fig-
ures of world production, owing to the absence of data
on production in Russia and Roumania in that year.
Though presumably there was a large reduction in the
production of Russia in 1917, the fact that the United
States output increased about 40,000,000 bbl. and that
of Mexico increased 16,000,000 may make the total, .world
production of 1917 about 500,000,000 barrels.

The United States has been the world's largest pro-
ducer continuously since the development of petroleum
production, except in the period 1898-1901, in which
Russian production slightly exceeded tha- of the United
States, the output of the United States in 1898
being 55,000,000 bbl., that of Russia 62,000,000; in 1899
United States 57,000,000, Russia 66,000,000; in 1900
United States 64,000,000, Russia 76,000,000, and in 1901
United States 69,000,000, Russia 85,000,000. Beginning
with 1902, however, the product of the United States
exceeded that of Russia by 8,000,000 bbl., and the ex-
cess of American production over that of Russia, chief
competitor in the world's oil field, has rapidly increased,
so that in 1914 the United States output was nearly four
times as much as that of Russia, the 1914 figures of pro- j
duction being for the United States 266,000,000 bbl., i
r.gainst 67,000,000 bbl. produced by Russia. Russia's:
largest production in any year was in 1901, 85,000,000
bbl falling to 67,000,000 in 1914, but in the case of the
United States the product of 1901 was 69,000,000 bbl.,
having advanced meantime to 266,000,000 in 1914, 292,-'
000,000 in 1915, and to 300,000,000 bbl. in 1916, and
342^000,000 in 1917, the United States figures for recent:
years being those of "marketed product."

America's share of the world's petroleum was in 1869!
98%, in 1870 91%, in 1880 88%, in 1890 60%, in 190C
43'/, in 1910 64%, and in 1916 66%, the figures beintl
in round terms. The world's principal mineral-oil proj
ducers and their output in 1916 were the United States!
with a product of 300,000,000 bbl.; Russia, 76,000,0001
Mexico, 40,000,000; Roumania, 10,000.000; Dutch Eaffl
Indies, 13,000,000, and India, 8,000,000 barrels.

■I u lie 22, 1918

ENGINEERING IND MINING J01 I

The principal production of the United State* b
states m 1916 was; Oklahoma, 107,000,000 bbl l ,h

'"'•■'■•'. '■' 1.000,000; Texas. :\S.<NHi,

000; Louisiana

Illinois, 18,000

15,000,000; West Virtrinia « ».» ■

Ohio, 8000,000. and Pennsylvania, S.000 bbl Jhe'
figures being also „, ,,,„,„, terms< T)|t, ,,„„. .^

'".'', <Hrurml m the "Oklahoma Kansas- district
which showed a gain of 32,000,000 bbl. out of the total
gam of ^42,000,000 bbl. in the United States in 1917

The United States, despite the fad thai it is by far
the worlds largest producer of petroleum, is becominfi a
considerable importer, the quantity of crude petrol,

imported lw the fiscal year 10.5 being 652,000 01 a

in 916 871.000.000 and in 1917 1.079,000, a large pro-
portionof this coming from Mexico and seeking a mar-
ket in the United States because of superior facilities
tor refining the crude product.

1111

Vpril Metal and Ore Imports and Exports

, ' the """ Portanl mineral and mei

Junng April, 1918, and tl ponding

';"' were i follow . the Agui t the
"" i'1 partmenl of < ommerce:

month of

rel m -

IMPORTS, IPR|| i,,/
Metal and I

1} r, ,:,u, ro,

"?oc —

I

\ \ I > 1911
l| til

(40 792

1,71

Mining Engineers Meet in Washington

More than 200 of the leading mining engineers of the
.country, now stationed in Washington and engaged in
important war work, gave a dinner at the Food Ad
ministration cafeteria, 18th and D Streets, on June 21
at i o'clock, in honor of the board of directors of the
American Institute of Mining Engineers.

Among those invited to speak were H. C Hoover
Food Administrator; Charles M. Schwab. Director Gen-
eral of the Emergency Fleet Corporation; John D Ryan
Director General of the Aircraft Production Board;'
Vance McCormick. chairman of the War Trade Board-
W. L. Saunders, chairman of the Naval Consulting
Board; Benedict Crowell. Assistant Secretary of War-
Pope Meatman, of the War Industries Board; Mark L
Requa head of the Oil Division, Fuel Administration ;'
*. A. Delano, member Federal Reserve Board; Sidney
Jennings, president of the American Institute of Min-
ing Engineers; Francis S. Peabodv, chief of the ex-
plosives section of the U. S. Bureau of Mines, and others.
Although Washington is remote from the big mining
centers of the country, it is estimated that there are
more prominent mining engineers in the city engaged
in war work than in any other single part of the
United States. The American Institute of Mining
Engineers is composed of more than 6000 mining en-
gineers of the country. Since the beginning of the
European war, 500 members have entered active serv-
ice with the American or British forces. In addition
about 50 members are engaged in war work in the
different departments in civilian capacities.

The activities of the members cover a wide field and
include the Engineer Officers' Reserve Corps, Ordnance
and Signal Corps branches of the Army and Navy, Air-
craft Production, Food and Fuel Administrations,' War
Industries Board, War Trade Board, and the Depart-
ment of the Interior. Several members of the Institute
have also joined the Royal Engineers, English Army.
The meetings of the board of directors of the Insti-
tute are generally held in New York, and the change
to Washington for this meeting was in recognition of
the large number of mining engineers who are engaged
in war work there. The arrangements for the dinner
were in charge of Van. H
Bureau of Mines,
the toastmaster.

' '" i ti DU, lb

Matte, i. gului , . i . .

Imported , | ,,,,,

' an "]>, 1 1 ,
Moxi, II
' -I... II.
Chil . II
Peru li

■I block, i.l, .,,.,,, . ||,

I,' '■"" I etc.. lb 224 005

'". foi remanufacture, II, , :,,,',

"' i >:,!,„, II. him

1 >re, ".hi. hi:.. II,

Bullion, contenta, II,
Imported from (in part)
( anada, II,
Mexico, II
Chile, II.
| Pigs, bare and old, II,
I'yrii, s, long tons

Imported from

I 617,594

■

7, 1,1 Ir.K
I 71.7114

11.350

3.028.051
6.953.531

1.029.317
8,323.618

1,142,854
66.338
70.229

iin. long tons
Canada, Ion
Zinc

' Ire, contents, lb.

Import, .1 h

Cal

panada, lb
Mexico, lb
Blocks or pins, and old,' lb
Manganese ore, long tons

Imported from (in parti •
Cuba
Braxil
Br. India

66,612
3,617

10,632,907

145.000

10,487,907

26,609

27.023

22.650
4.000

\i,ui 191)

Z64 857

I.7l4,7'/ll

7.1,11,711

i,64; <

71.'
I '(M7

2,5m 125

422 602

31.294,232

.' 192 706

7i. D01

I 427

3,859.129
9,529.400

3.210,714

10,1 14.520

1 0, 5 1 0

1,003.02 1

37.697

34,255
3.442

4,907.025

612,000

4,295,025

10.463

58,036

17,615

33.084
4,950

Exports of copper, lead and zinc for April, as shown
by the returns to the Department of Commerce, are as
follows, figures as finally revised for April, 1917, being
given for purposes of comparison:

EXPORTS OF COPPER, LEAD AND ZINC. APRIL
Copper:
Ore, contents, lh
Concentrates, contents, lb
Unrefined, black, blister, etc., lh
Kenned in ingots, bars, etc
Exported to (in part) :

France, lb

Italy, lb. .

Kussi

917 AND 1918

April, 1917 April. 1918

381,758 350,186

«H?£ l68l0°

591.550 1.509.016

103,879,911 49,854 754

United Kingdom, lh
Canada, lb

Composition metal, copper chief value! II,
1 Wd and scrap, lb
Pipes and tubes, II
Plates and sheets, II,
Wire, except insulated, lb
Lead:

Pigs bars, etc., produced fron, domestic ore, lb
Produced from foreign ore, lh
Exported to (in part):
Denmark, lb

Canada, lb

United Kingdom, lh
Argentina, lb
Japan, lb. .
Zinc:

Dross, lb
Spelter:

Produced from domestic ore, lb
Produced from foreign ore, lb
Exported to (in part) :
France, lb
Italy, lb

United Kingdom, lh
Canada, lb
Mexico, lb
In sheets, strips, etc., !l,

41,116.208
18,092,737

6,121,654
33.270,786

5.073,749

1,236

3.834,546
2,651.964

6.907.870
4.764,612

111,923
11.335,208

99 22H

2,461.839

23.858.688
6,495.603

8.502,720
1.119,355
17.076,957
3,524.476
3,219
2.378.683

12.906,783
8,911.644

26.744,174

1. 199.517

13.058

157.450

286,345

1.162,607

811.722

12.512.185
1.882,788

2.529.632

10,303,271

168.000

672,379

1.621,909

12,175,585
3,427,139

7,083.495
193,668

5.509,354

2,190.381
396,320

2,842,090

Manning, Director of the
Francis S. Peabody, of Chicago, was

Minerals Separation— Butte & Superior

Minerals Separation North American Corporation will
file with the United States Supreme Court a petition for
a writ of certiorari to review the decision of the Ninth
Circuit Court of Appeals in its suit against the Butte &
Superior Mining Company.

114:

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105. No. 25

( alifornia Oil Production in 1917

Total production o( petroleum in California in 1917
amounted to 94,433,547 bbl., according to the report of
eil and gas department of the state mining bureau.
The figures were compiled under the supervision of
Fletcher Hamilton, state mineralogist, from the sworn
statements of producers. The official figures are less
than the total figures published by private concerns,
as the latter make no allowance for water and other
impurities in the oil when first produced and gaged.
In other respects the official figures of the state mining
bureau correspond with those of the Standard Oil Co.
and the Independent Oil Producers" Association. No
important additions were made in 1917 to the proved
oil-land area as determined by the assessment of 1916.
The increase in production, which was 7,370,352 bbl.,
resulted from drilling activity throughout th.j state
and an increase in output of every petroleum-producing
county in the state. The production of the new Monte-
hello field was the outstanding feature of the year, and
Los Angeles County showed an increased output of
82 c, over 1916.

The number of wells reported for drilling in 1917
totaled 984. The rate of assessment levied to pay for
supervision of drilling operations to protect the fields
from damage by water is not based on the number of
wells reported for drilling but upon the amounts of
oil and gas produced and the acreage of proved lands.

CALIFORNIA OIL 1X1) t; AS PRODUCTION, 1017

Proved Number

Countv I and ' » i 1 . ( ias of

Acres Bbl. IOM.Cu.F1 Wells

Fresno 12.9°? 16,146.797 59,189 1,131

Kern 56.947 52.668.711 1.927,506 4,716

I . | IngelM 2,401 4.357.162 24.175 748

(Irani?.- 5,418 14,568,930 655.027 467

Ventura 1.726 989.726 355

Santa, Barbara t>023 5.589.223 60.157 365

San Luis Obisp 772 74.143 18

Santa Clara 80 18.855 14

Totals 87.360 94,433.547 2,726.054 7.834

The rate for the coming year is 14.6c per acre of proved
land and 0.119c. per bbl. of oil produced or per 10,000
tu.ft. of gas produced. The total amount to be collected
is about $130,000. The proved land and oil and gas
production by counties are shown in the table.

.".."> ami then passed into the trap for about 100 ft.,
Deing narrow in some places and wide in others.

The management has had two models constructed,
one of glass sheets and the other of sheets of trans-
parent celluloid, each sheet representing a level of the
mine with the courses of the lode and the copper sheet
traced in colors, which gives the observer a clear and
realistic conception of the copper's occurrence. The cop-
per obtained aids to a marked degree in sweetening
the Trimountain production, and the tonnage is timely
in its appearance, as it comes in when the bottom of
the mine is not as good as usual.

Trimountain 's Copper Sheet

The great sheet of mass copper at the Trimountain
mine of the Copper Range Co., Trimountain, Mich., is
an interesting as well as a profitable disclosure, and re-
markable even in a district where mass copper abounds
and is found in sizes ranging from small nuggets to
large slabs weighing as much as 525 lb. The sheet ap-
parently covers nine levels on the dip, with an average
width of about 100 ft. and a thickness of I in. It was
first discovered on the 25 level, was then followed down
below the 27, up to the 24 without a break, and has been
cut on the 23, 22, and 18 levels. These showings are gen-
erally thought to belong to one sheet, but the opinion
of some observer* is that the upper part from above
the 24 level and up to the 18 level comprises another
sheet. The mass assays 90"V refined copper and is
easily separated from the vein matter or the trap, as it
does not shade off into the latter and end in small
particles, as is frequently the condition. When the mass
copper was first found it was in the lode at an angle of

Potash in 1917

The output of all potash materials produced and
marketed in the United States in 1917, as reported by the
manufacturers to the U. S. Geological Survey, was 126,-
577 short tons, which contained 32,366 short tons, or
an average of 26.4^r of pure potash (K.O). This is
more than three times the quantity produced in 1916.
The approximate average selling price of these potash
materials at the points of shipment was $4.26 a unit — '
that is, $4.26 a ton for every 1<> of pure potash (K,0)
in the material marketed. This price corresponds to
$426 a ton of pure potash.

Potash was produced in 1917 by 82 firms, including
36 wood-ash leachers, most of them operating small
works. The total production is about 13 rr of the normal
consumption of potash in the country during the years,
immediately preceding the war. In 1916 the output of
potash salts and potash products in the United States
was reported to the amount of 35,739 short tons, having
a mean potash content of about 27 % K20 and a total
potash content of 9720 short tons of K20. This was
almost exactly 10 times the production reported for 1915.

May Pig-iron Production

Pig-iron production in May was 3,446,412 gross tons,
as compared with 3,288,211 tons in April, according to
Iron Age. The daily rate for May was 111,175 gross
tons, as against 109,607 in April, and is the highest daily
rate, with the exception of October, 1916, which was
113,189. A total of 54,633 gross tons of ferromanga-
nese and spiegeleisen was produced, exceeding all rec-
ords. Nearly 40fr of this was spiegeleisen. The net
increase in active furnaces was five.

New Regiments of Railway Engineers

The War Department has announced that the organi-
zation of five new regiments and 19 battalions of rail-
way engineers, to be used in addition to regiments
already working in France, is being completed by the
staff of the Director General of Military Railways,
Samuel M. Felton. The work has been done in con-
junction with the engineer corps. When the new forces
are put on duty, there will be 50,000 Americans engaged
in railroad construction and operation in France.

Tin Exports from the Dutch East Indies to the United
States in 1917 amounted to 28,559,997 lb., according to a
.>ecent Consular report. In 1916 the amount exported to
this country was 31,294,425 pounds.

June22, ,!,|S ENGINEERING \\|. MINING 101 R
f"n """"""""" nflwimwwiini ■■ ,„„„„ lllm„

1 1 ; ;

""""" „ m ,„„

imgiiwiiiiiniii

Editorials

'"""""""""""" ' '

Hie Index Volume 1 OS

YITE INTEND .„ publi8h the Index to Volume L06
y with our issue of Aug. 3. Believir.fi thai many
who receive the Index do nol bind their copies and i„
compliance with the Government's request to conserve
paper, we will .send the Index only to those who request
it by postcard.

// you want a copy of thi Index, send in your request

promptly.

They Call Them Devil-Hounds, but

I hey Are Simply Hounding the Devil

npHE American spirit of progress and success ha*
A been carried into the enemy's lines by our marine,
with characteristic effect. In this issue we present a
poster which well recalls the slogan of the Marine
Corps recruiting posters-'Moin the U. S. Marines and
Be the First to Fight." The news that has come to
US has filled every American heart with pride born of
fulfilled expectations.

Following the slogan that brought the country's
best to this branch of the service, we hear of the ad-
vance of our marines for a depth of two and one-half
miles, over a six-mile front, in a sector northwest of
Chateau Thierry; the capture by them of the towns of
Torcy and Bouresches, together with 300 prisoners; and
the new slogan— "Each Man Get a German; Don't Let
Him Get You."

Our marines have set the pace— the standard of our
American fighting efficiency. We have no fear that it
will not be maintained in all branches of the service

1 ' weeka ahead. Then

•"'" '"' >Wks Thesitual [, , ,,,,, ,,,„„.,,

.'V 't« tighl Greal Britain ,

taking a large pari of thai supply. Canada I..

..■«■" »M..M..r in t»,i> m.„.k„. .,.,,,. m been trying to

< is clear thai there is nol lead enough, eapeciall

,l"1;1";'"-' '" s""" " «" i ased production in Ma,

«•£ «" id.m.nished consumption for building purpos,
Reviewing the firsl five months of 1918, the lead pn>

%\m Sta^ was far below the average rate

It seems rather preposterous that we should be carry,
ing on this greal war business withoul am stock of

™Ti J?!? '! lhe,'e Sh,,U'" ,',' 80me ,n,uM" '" Spain
and both Great Britain and Frame should have to turn

to us for lead Rut, for that matter, how danger
is it that we should be running without any stocl
copper. No well-managed corporation would think ol
taking such chances. It would have been prettv bad
for Great Britain last spring if she had not previously
stocked up with copper. We wonder if the authorities
■n Washington have thought of this in any broad way
and how they expect to increase the production of lead
and copper to such an extent as will result in an accumu-
Iation of supplies beyond what is immediately required
The recent rise and strength in the lead market reflect
the present situation. How high will the Government
permit the price to go? Will it again, for the sake of
its theories, prefer to threaten the lead producers and
court the dangers of short production; or will it sav
Latssez faire," in other words, "Let 'er go," and stimu-
late every little lead mine throughout the countrv-

The Situation in Lead

AST spring there was a decline in the price for lead,
l-^. which followed a temporary disappearance of buyers
from the market. There had previously been a large
quantity of lead locked up in railway cars in transit
The breaking of the freight blockade released supplies
Mid produced such a sense of easiness that consumers
loemed it unnecessary to stay in the market. Not long
ago, however, they reentered. We were then uncertain
whether they did so in order to replace scant supplies
or whether their motive was to stock up in preparation
f?r transportation difficulties next winter. Now it
5».-ems clear that their supplies are short. Important
consumers have been obliged to cease work owing to
l^ck of lead.

The fundamental factor in the situation is that we
h*.ve not been producing enough lead since the collapse
i« the market last fall. Even more fundamental has
btjen the Governmental interference with the market.
*hich is the reason why we have not produced enough
bad. It is true that the price for lead has not been
ixed, but the producers have been threatened, which
unounted to the same thing; and previous to that the
narket had been messed up by Governmental bungling.

The Plight of the Gold Miners

T^HE present plight of the gold miners has been the
A subject of much discussion. They get the same
number of dollars for an ounce of their product that
they used to, but their dollars will buy onlv about half
as much labor and material; in other words, their
operating costs have risen enormously. Some publicists
have argued that gold is non-essential, that the gold
mines ought to be shut down, so as to release their
men for the mining of copper, lead, and other metals
directly needed. Others, including ourselves, have
argued to the contrary. The Secretary of the Treasur-
ies now expressed the view of the Administration on
this subject in a letter to the Alaskan Delegate in Con-
gress as follows:

I beg leave to acknowledge receipt of your letter of June
1, in relation to the present conditions surrounding the pro-
duction of gold in Alaska. I fully appreciate that, with
the rising cost of raw material and labor and with a fixed
value for their output, the gold miners of the world are
facing difficult conditions. I should be sorry, however, if
for this reason there were any relaxation in the effort to
produce gold.. At no time has this country so much re-
quired the largest possible production of gold as at present.
Next to food and ammunition, gold is one of the most-needed

1144

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 25

war essentials. In order to place the enormous amount of

nt bonds required to finance our war expenditures,

■» large credit structure will inevitably be erected on our

gold reserves, ami it is necessary that those reserves, which
are the foundation of the structure, shall be maintained on
the broadest possible basis.

The United States and its associates in the war are heavy
purchasers of raw materials and other commodities for the
war in manv neutral countries, and our war requirements
make it impossible for us to pay our bills in those neutral
countries as we have been in the habit of paying them m
tines of peace, viz. through the shipment of manufactured
goods and commodities which those countries are eager to
buy from us. This means that a certain amount of debt
■ose countries must be paid for in credits or in gold.
This brief statement will. I hope, make clear to your con-
stituents the great necessity that exists for the maintenance
Id production at the maximum point. The man or the
nunitv that maintains or increases its production of
gold in the face of difficulties and discouragement is per-
forming a patriotic service which deserves recognition no
less than the more obvious but not less useful services that
are more in the public eye.

We shall not take the time and space to elaborate
upon our endorsement of the soundness of Mr. Mc-
Adoo's views respecting this matter. Let us rather
direct attention to what may be done to ameliorate the
present adversity of the gold miners. They must bow
to the operation of immutable economic laws. But is
it too much to ask that they be exempted from all Fed-
eral taxation? We think not. We hope that this im-
portant matter may receive adequate attention in the
course of framing the new tax legislation that is now
going on in Congress.

Let Us Not Be Too Late

in Russia

THE dissolution of the Eastern front was the thing
that made possible the great German drive on the
Western. If the Germans are permitted to permeate
prostrate Russia with economic propaganda, the situa-
tion will become worse than it is now. These principles
are generally recognized, but no policy to meet them
seems to have been devised. We talk about helping
Russia to rehabilitate herself; we are disposed to do so,
but we do not know what to do. Yet the time has
become ripe for action if there is ever to be any. Bear-
ing upon the situation, we have received privately the
suggestions of a distinguished American engineer, ex-
perienced in Russian affairs and still in close touch
with them. He says:

There should be a joint Allied commercial and trading
mission advancing westward across Siberia and following

the railway. , , ,. t „

Military support, only sufficient to guard the line of com-
munication, police the towns and protect the mission.

The commission to purchase food, hides and flax— all
acute needs of the Allies and all plentiful in the country-
paving therefor in commission rubles issued by the Allies.

The commission to sell in return for commission rubles,
and only for these, the necessaries of life that are so
urgentlv needed by the people.

The commission to take in hand the repair of the Trans-
Siberian Railway, both for its own needs and to provide
communication with Russia proper when the time comes,

aSTtheWcommission to be accompanied by influential Russians,
and these to supply a center where the reasonable classes
of the country may unite. This is the fundamental idea,
and if it be considered "intervention" I can have no objec-
tion to the term.

In reply to the suggestion "that things in Russia have
got to run their natural course and we deprecate any inter-
vention as being bad policy."

Does not this ignore the fact that the Germans are even
today preventing things in Russia from running their
natural course, are even today intervening by force and
guile? The question is not between Allied intervention and
no intervention, but between unopposed German interven-
tion and an Allied counter-move taking the form of a com-
mercial mission, with military support to insure its safety.
Recent events leave us with no illusions: the Russian
people will and do welcome the Germans as offering them
escape from the hopeless disorders of the Bolshevists. It
is a case of any port in a storm. But more readily still
would they welcome the Allies, and the Allies are in an
immeasurably more favorable position to assist them than
are the Germans. They, and not Germany, can provide the
clothes, boots and implements of which the country has
been swept clean, and they, by purchasing the hides, flax
and foods in Siberia, will be satisfying their own needs
and will be keeping these supplies out of the hands of the
Germans. It is clear that the Ukraine has been a disap-
pointment, and they are now pressing eastward toward
Orenburg, one of the gateways of Siberia; and with what
force? A mere handful of old men effected the occupation
of Rostoff, and that is the measure of the resistance the
Allies may expect.

On the other hand, we see the gallant Cossack, Semenoff,
short of money and with only a thousand or so followers,
pressing back the forces of disorder in Trans-Baikal, occu-
pying Chita and controlling both the main line to Vladi-
vostok and the Amur branch as well. It is his voice that
is calling to the Allies, a voice that speaks in as truly Rus-
sian tones as any in the country.

I end on the note of help to the people, as one that sounds
loud in my ears and should be equally insistent to all
Americans. Consequent on the nationalization of the land
last November, the crops in Russia proper this year promise
to be more inadequate than even those of 1917, and there
will be the German demand upon these. If last winter was
one of starvation in the towns, what will the next one be.'
If in May, 1918, despairing appeals are being issued for
bread what will May, 1919, see? Famine will be facing a
whole' people, and the only granary will be Si' *na. Siberia
is well supplied today, but with no market suca as the com-
mission would provide it is likely that the peasant will con-
sume his stocks and take little pains with this summers
harvest But even should the autumn find him with full
stores it will be physically impossible for him to bring the
wheat' to the railway unless he can secure strap iron for
his tires and nails and bolts for current repairs This is
to a large extent the condition today, as we know from our
own properties; in six months it will be universal.

Even if some of the grain reaches the railway, it must
lie there untransported unless the commission has done the
job of repair; and, mark you, this time the transport must
De toward the west, toward Russia, if one of the most ter-
rible catastrophies of history is to be avoided.

The appeal of the Cadet party for help last week was
like an S 0 S. call. We know now that the intelligence
of Russia wants our aid. Besides this, there is plenty
of evidence that all kinds of people in the great Slavonic
country are anxious to resist German conquest and
encroachments and overthrow the tyranny of those
Bolshevist fanatics who sacrificed a great nation for
the sake of an idea which is nothing but economic and
social lunacy. What Russia needs and will welcome is
the help of supplies, which should first be given, and
then a leader. An Allied military expedition, following
the commercial, with a popular Russian general at the
head of it, would inspire confidence among the Russian
people, would cause them to throw off the yokes, both
German and Bolshevist, and would put Russia back or
the firing line. For the commercial, economic and politi-
cal mission, let Theodore Roosevelt be the head. Thewf

June 22, L918

ENGINEERING \\h MINING JOURNAL

;'":A;r,u:: r Bvritishw *«° ™m be so wei ,,,i

dj the Russians as he.

The shadowy separation between the Ukraine and

Great Russia will nol be lasting. Their |e are of

the same race and have the ,,„„„„„. ml,„.sts

1I,U- fnno< ^main apart. Poland and Lithuania will
be glad to return to Russia as autonomous states The
real economic and political Force Russia an cen

tnpetal, nol centrifugal.

The first objection to any plan for helping Russia
now will be the lack of ships. The Western front Z?

be made secure. But after that? We , I ,1 me.

thing more than merely render the Western front
secure. We must break up the Western front The
surest way to do so is to recreate an Eastern fronl
We have got to find the ships, divert them if necessary
In the meanwhile it is high time that we be arranging
^Preliminaries. Let the commercial mission he
started promptly. Let us not once more have to write
down the mournful, remorseful words -Too Late!"

1145

'"" •■"Ill IIIIIIMI

BY THE WAY

iiiMiiiaiiiHiftiiHHiHjiin

Some interesting historical prices of iron in England
were given by A. F. Johnson in a paper before an
English technical society recently. Johnson stated that
in 1436, the price of Spanish iron was about $70 per
ton; in 1462, $85 per ton; in 1562, raw English iron
sold at $62.50 per ton; Bilbow (Bilboa) at $57 and
Spanish at $60; in 1571, steel bars sold at $50 per ton •
in 1622 steel sold at $160 per ton; in 1624, iron bars
weighing 24 lb. each sold at a rate of $186 per ton

men< '' '" divide the numl dei butt

",' y'""- ■ -'- IntO the muni,,,- oi

/.'".'V 71""1; th I bj the n ,

"""'l bacl ■'■'" 'dp] endivideby the

i children The answer li the In
'-;'"- you will get, minus anj increase thai ha.
•'"'» allowed since December 31, 19

A farmer bo3 drifted Into the Joplin district
time ago attracted by the high wages that were then
being paid; but after a few shifts ,„ one of the sheet
.u"'",n"1 the height of the back got the best of

he had heard spoken of as sat,.,,, work ,,,, ,,ut wln,(|

;;1;;""""1 «';;"'", so,-, n,„,ri(|. Getting . job he went

I'^n w,h thecvwth, following morning. Th, shift
boss took h.m through a long, closely timbered drift to
the face, which was also closely timbered, where he
told to sail m and muck out the pile

The sheet-ground mine had been had enough, with
>ts high roof, but here he found himself, as he viewed
it, m a worse predicament ,h„ , (l„.e the KroilI1(l

had stood alone, but here everything had to be closely
timbered. After a feW hours he could stand the strain
no longer. So hurrying to the shaft, he went on fop
On being questioned, he said he was not fool enough
to work in such an unsafe mine.

"I may look green," he said, "but this is not the first
mine I have worked in. Why. the rock in the other mine
was so strong that you could put a barn on it, and ve,
it didn t need any timbers. Here the ground is so bad
that you have to timber it, no matter how small the
opening. I'm not fool enough to work in rock so rotten
that you have to hold it up."

William Heyliger, of D. Appleton & Co., accounts in
part for the indecencies and barbarities of German
warfare by saying: "Germany has no national sport.
Her boys have no books dealing with fair play and boy-
ish standards of honor in competition. Perhaps that is
why Germany today stands convicted of the foulest
crimes against fair play and decency. The Anglo-Saxon
cry of 'fair field and no favor' has no counterpart in the
German language. Germany doesn't understand fair
play. We would be dealing with a different Germany
perhaps, if her boys had been taught that a crooked
victory was something to be despised, and if their ju-
venile literature had driven that lesson home."

In the official statement made by the Railroad Admin-
istration at the time the increase in freight and passen-
ger rates was announced, the increase in wages be-
cause of the award just made was given as from $300 -
000,000 to $350,000,000. Those figures may prove t'o
be correct; but the facts are that the men on the inside,
that is, railway employees themselves, who are to get
the increases, have been unable so far to find out what
their individual increases will amount to, says the Even-
ing Post. The formula given by the Railway Wage
Commission for figuring the increase, railroad men de-
clare, is past understanding. "As near as I can make
out," one railway official declared, "the way J.o
figure the increases in pay to be allowed by the Govern-

A writer in a recent number of The World's Work
on "Baruch and the Grim Job" applauds the subject
ot his sketch for his service in securing for the Gov-
ernment a lot of copper at 16fc. Thus the legend-
The public remembers of his record primarilv the fact
that when copper prices were climbing around 35c
per lb., he succeeded in procuring for the Govern-
ment 45,000,000 lb. at 16lc.-a theatrical arrangement
at a theatrical price-obtaining a theatrical applause
If a price is below the cost of sound production it can-
not be maintained or even used fairly in the long pull-
the country needs the copper, and prices which are too
low wnl not bring copper. It was a good, daring trade
smoothly consummated and pleasing to the first thought
of persons who uttered glad cries because Baruch had
squeezed the copper barons, but a government in the
business of making daring trades is a government which
rocks the industrial boat. A government which with
infinite pains and foresight treats prices as a means
first to get the goods and only secondly to pay as little
as it has to pay to get plenty of goods is the wise gov-
ernment. Just now we are paying 23k. for copper "
This story will no doubt descend in popular belief like
that of the "Angels of Mons," phantom warriors (Eng-
lish bowmen from Agincourt) who intervened just when
the British Army seemed to be overwhelmed (in 1914)
and kept the German hordes at bay. Similarly will sur-
vive the legend of how Mr. Baruch brought Mr. Draper's
platinum out of Russia.

U4l'»

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105. No. 25

Personals

tl»i«- \..n Contributed i" Issoelatlon

,.f ihr .'-tii Engineers?

x » Ulea has joined th< editorial stall
Ing and Mining Journal.

w p V|„.| ■ ■... . nglnei r with the

., Coppermines Co at Klmoer-

.1(1.1

, ,,,i Qordon Fenneil. ot St Louis re-

stlgated the Batesvllle manga-

in Arkansas

i o Howard, professor of mining.

8 »»s '" ^Ut Lake

Cits recentlj foi

Walter -. Brown • spects to enter the re-
search department of thi New Jersey Zinc
Co at Palmerton, Penn., oi A,.g l

i .. iiMiitle>. lecturer on fori ■;«." ".'' an.,
,, the L'nlverslts of Pittsburg*,
has accepted the presidency ol th< Island
oil and Transport Corporation.

j i Murphy, formerly assistant pro-
fessor of mining at the University ol Min-
has been appointed superintendent
,f th< Savage properties on the Mesaoi

lei llrrrinE. of Joplin, MO., visited the

:,,.. \,-k district last week where
he holds certain manganese interests. H.
contemplates t*. erection of a washing

plant

C. A. Smith, manager of the Coahuila
Lead and Zinc Co.'s mines in the Vv ebb
c'itv district of Missouri, lias been commis-
sioned a captain In the engineering corps
of the Army.

j„,„e, o-ciara. of Bessemer, Ma. a stock-
holder in the Eureka Mining, and Manganese
Co spent several .lays last week looking
over the company's property near « ush-
man. Arkansas.

Karl T. stannard, general manager of the
Kem.ee.. tt Copper Corporation, was mar-
ried t.. Miss Jeannette Condon, of 440
Riverside Drive. New York, on June 11. and
has left with his bride for Alaska

Woolsej McA. Johnson has married Miss
VTathrvn Veronica O'Hara. daughter .it Mr.
and Mi- \V S. O'Hara. of Philadelphia
The couple are now at Washington, but
later will reside at Cyuwyd, Pennsylvania.
Hugh l>. Miser, of the LT. S Geological
Survev. who has been making a survey of
th. Batesville. Ark., manganese field for
the past two months, states that h, will
finish his work within the next two weeks
E P MrCrorken. who left the editorial
staff of the "Engineering and Mining
Journal" a few months ago to enlist m the
Navy lias been commissioned an ensign in
the Naval Aviation Servic. and is at pres-
ent in Washington

William Wraith has returned to Salt
Lake City from his visit to the properties
of the Andes Copper Co. in i eru it. ex-
pects to move to New York soon to become
.-ral manager of the International
Hng and Refining Company.
Mil,. W. Krejei. assistant superintendent
of the Or. -at Kalis Reduction Works ot th.
Anaconda Copper Minn . tened on

Time 4 after 19 '.ears' service with the
company to go „„„ consulting metallic*
practice He is succeeded at th.- Sreal
Falls works by J. O. Elton.

i. \ Dunlap has been named vie? presi-
dent of the Hoiln.g.. Consolidated Gold
Mines. Ltd.. at Porcupine. Ont to fill the
va.-ancv caused by th- death ;■ John Mc-
Martin Dr. W. 1.. McDougald, president
;, the Ogdensburg Coal and Towing ' o..
succeeds to the vacancy on Ihe board.

\ i.. Queneau is engaged i metallurgical
work at WaUsend-on-Tyne, England, ac-
cording to communications received from
him within the last few months A eport
in the New York papers that he had died
n 1917 is not true and we a,, glad to pub-
lish this notice for th- benefit ot bis many
friends.

lurles received .... June i. In an automobile
accident Mr. Sprague was born Nov. 28.
,i Salt l.ak. City, and was eduuit a
there, attending the University of i tan toi
several wars, where he specialized in chem-
istry Prior to 1906, whet, he Pecan.-
...search Ch oast tor the United Slates

Smelting. Refining and Mining Co., whlcn

position he held UP to the tin* of Is
death Mr Sprague was engaged in analyti-
cal »oik fo. several coab.nin.ng companies

int. i mountain region. Since his con-
nection with the United States company n

1 1 he had devoted his attention entirely

i,. the effect of sm.lt. iv gases upon vege-
tation in which work he "as an authority.

i- reads to act as agent for purchasing all
kinds of Mexican products or tor selling
goods in Mexico.

Vlberrer Pomp and Condenser Co., i W
Cedar street New York, announces thai
George Q. Palmer was elected chairman
of the board of directors; William S
Co. an was elected president; W l: Wo
-on vie- president ; It. C. Williams sec-
retary; and Frederick A. Brockmelei

treasurer

Trade Catalogs

j

i •»

Societies

: iMinmiiiimiiitT**" 1 1 m mi i it ii iiiiiiiniiiHt iiimutiu ""

Engineers' Club "l Northern Minnesota
„„',' a. Hlbbing on June 16 8*W™™«
presented by E. J. llawley on %rbMC<
DisposaT and M. K. Jenkins on "1 nder-
ground Stations."

American Institute ol Mining Engineer!.
New York section, met on June 20 at the
Machinery Club, 50 Church St., New ork
al 8 pm An illustrated lecture entitled
Th. Telephone and the World \\ni was
delivered by H. J. CarroU, of the New t ork
Telephone Co. The session was preceded
by a dinner at 6.30 p.m. Following are the
new officers of the executive committee of
the New York section: Allen H. Rog.-i s.
chairman; Forest Rutherford, 11. C. Pa mu-
le, vice-chairmen ; H. C. Parmelee. treas-
urer; Walter S. Dickson, secretary ; J. L.
Johnson. Jr.. P. T. Rubidge, P. G. Spils-
hury.

Canadian Mining Institute, Western
branch, held its annual meeting at Van-
couver. B. •'. on May 27. The following
council was elected: J. D ' ail,,wa> . '°:
vincial resident engineer of Mineral I Survey
Histrict -No. 2. with headquarters at Hazel-
ton B. C; George Winkler. Victoria, B. , .
lolm Hunt, general superintendent ol the
Canadian Western Fuel Co., Nanaimo. B.
.• ; Thomas Graham, general superin-
tendent of the Canadian Collieries. Cum-
berland B. C. ; Prof. N. Turnbull profes-
sor of mining at the University of British
Columbia Prof 3. G Davidson professor
„f physics at the Univ. rsity of British C o-
lumbia; A. B. Clabon. president of the
Vancouver Chamber of Mines ; E. A. Hag
gen editor of the "Mining and Engineering
Journal." of Vancouver. B. < . . Robert R.
Bruee manager of the Paradise mine. East
Kootenav. B. C. ; S. S. Fowler, manager of
the New Canadian Metal Co. ; Oscar Lach-
mund. general manager of the Canada ( op-
-r Corp • E E. Campbell, superintendent
!,f mines" of the Granby Consolidated Min-
ing and Smelting Con). R H. ste"''r,t-
manager of the Sunloch mines, was made
araan and W. Fleet Robertson. Provin-
cial mineralogist, vice-chairman. Papers
Presented were -Flotation Practices at
tighland Valley Mines." by Frederick
le^er- ..p'tro'j^rm i„ British Columbia."
bvl A. Haggen. and "Mining Operations
at Anyox. B. C." by E. B. Campbell.

Industrial News

Universal nisplayors. Universal Fixture
Corporation. 186 West 23rd St., Nov, fork
Circular descriptive of means of display-
ing maps, plans, blueprints, etc.

Centrifugal Boiler Peed Pumps. De Laval
Steam Turbine Co.. Trenton. N .1. Bulletin

N- PP 8; 31 x 11; illustrated. A discus-
sion of the l>c Laval combined steam tur-
bine and centrifugal boiler feed pump.

Hazard Wire Hope. Hazard Manufactur-
ing Co.. Wiikcs-Barrc Penn. Catalog and
price list No. 17; pp. 50; 41 x T| ; illustrat-
ed \ catalog of wire rope, rope i lips.
clamps, thimbles, etc with telegraph code.
Marks' Centrifugal Impact Pulveriser.
Marks' Pulverizing Mining and Milling Ma-
chinery Co.. 712 North Main St., Los
\ngcles, Calif. Booklet. Pp. 12 J 6 X 9J
In Illustrated. Description of the design
and operation of an ore pulverizer with de-
tailed drawings.

Metal Melting Furnace. Monarch Engi-
neering and Manufacturing Co.. Baltimore
Md Voider. PP. 8. 9*12; Must rated
Descriptive of the new Monarch vertical,
non-crucible, tilting furnace for melting
any of the ordinary metal mixtures used in
general foundry practice, except those con-
taining 4(1', zinc or more; gas or oil-fired
Or.csus Saver. Croesus Co.. 164 West
Fourth South St. Salt Lake City. Utah
Booklet Pp. 18: Sx38 in. Illustrated

Description of a device, attachable f. van-
ners designed to secure a greater recover}
of vafues^ith an increased capacity per
vanner and to save mineral that IS lost
or wasted after concentration is effected.

Obituary

Mtl I tll«ll»IHll1llil«lH*«ll"»",*","*,M""**"M""M,,",**",M*"1*M"

Cyme Osborne Baker, president of Baker
ft Co of Newark, N. J died on June 13.

» B Sprague. well known in Western
smelting circles through his studies pf the
effects of smeltery gases upon vegetation.
and through his invention, about mm yj ars
ago, of the zinc-oxide method of neutraliz-
ing sulphur tri-oxid.- to render smeltery
gases less injurious to th.- hags in the me-
Sanlcal treatment of Mast-furnace and
roaster gases, died on June 8 at St. Marks
Hospital Salt T^ik-e City, as a result of in-

suzuki i- Co., of New York, dealers in
metals have occupied the 19th floor at 220
Broadway. Their new telephone numbers
are Cortlandt 1269 and 127U.

Homestead Valve Manufacturing Co.. of
Homestead, Penn.. has opened a. branch
office at 1 Franklin St.. New 'iork.

National Antimony Co. and Valdor Dredg-
ing Co have moved their offices in San
Francisco to 1213 Hobart Bldg.. 582 Mar-
ket Street.

Sullivan Machinery Co. has changed its
l>ake Superior sales office from Ishpemmg.
Mich, to Duluth. Minn The district man-
ager, Jonathan A. Noyes. has made his
headquarters at Room 311. Alworth Bldg..
Duluth.

H D stalev. 132 Lick Bldg.. San Fran-
cisco, Calif., formerly with the International
High Speed St.-el Co. is now Pacific ( oast

1 preservative for Halcomb & Davidson
Inc.. 149 Broadway. N-w York, makers of
-Beaver" brand hollow and solid drill steel

j M. Riordan, until recently sales engi-
neer of the Grant Lees Gear Co., of < leve-
and. Ohio, and formerly with the Fellows
Gear Shaper Co.. of Springfield. Vt.. is now
in the sales organization of the Cleveland
Milling Machine Co., Cleveland.

Torreon Trading Co. has been organized
at Laredo, Texas, Box 227. Salinas Av
608 by I A. Porter and Juan M. 0\ leao.
The firm will do a commission business and

New Patents

= uiiitim tniiiiiiiiiiii IIUUnUHHIIH miiiiiiiiitiim.

United States latent specifications listed
below may be obtained from The l.ngi
neering and Mining Journal at 25c. each.
British patents arc supplied at 40c. each

"Little Havid" Pneumatic Tools. lnS«'J-
soll-Rand Co, New York. Form 901 , 4-
p"g. • ■•■ 81 s 11; illustrated. Tables of
sizes and 'capacities are given and illustra-
tions show all tools and their applications.
II ,-drometullurK.v— Apparatus for I • x-
traciing Metal from Ores James JJ. Lews
Detroit. Mich., assignor to William L. Wil
son trustee. Detroit, Mich. (U. S. .\o.
1,265.459; May 7. 1918.)

Lead— Extraction of Lead from Its ores
or Lead-Containing Materials. H-eniji.iv-
ngstone Sulman and Hugh Fitzalis Kirk-
atrick Picard, London, England, assignors
o the Metals Extraction for,. Ltd Lon-
don. England. (U. S. No. 1.2BS.54i , Ma>

' Mine-Car Stop— William Hajtman. Mas;
cutah. 111. (U. S. No. 1.265.446. Maj ..
1918.)

Phosphate. Iron— Process of Making ••■..-
rophosphorus from Iron Phosphatic Materi-
al. John Jefferson Gray. Jr., Rockdale
T.mi (U S. No. 1.265,076; May ,. 1918 l

Phosphorus. Copper— Process of Produc-
ing Phosphor-copper Compounds. H> lenian
Alfson Webster. Columbia. Tern, ass,,
to John Jefferson Gray. Jr.. Rockdale. Tenn.
(U S No 1.265.149; May 7. 1918.)

Phosphate. Iron— Process of Producing
Perrophosphorus In Kotary Furnaces. H>le-
man Alison Webster, Columbia. Tenn as-
signor to John J. Gray Jr.. Rockdale. Tenn.
(I S No. 1.265.149; May i. 1918.)

Refractory Material and Process of Mak-
ing same Charles B. Stowe. Lak. wood
Ohio. (U. S. No. 1.265.545; May 7. 1918 1

Kock-Drill — Thomas E. Sturtevant. OoA-erv
V J assignor to McKiernan-Terry Drill
Company. Dover. N. J. (U. S. -No i.->. .-
133; May 7. 1918).

st<.«.l_Carbonizing Material for Steel
\rticles Robert R Abbott. Cleveland Ohio,
assignor to the Case Hardening Servici
Co Cleveland, Ohio. (IT. S. No 1.265.1681
May 7. 1918.)

June22,1918 ENGINEERING AND MINING rOURNAL ,1,7

I" '"" ■"'"I""11"" ■ ' ■ i m m , „,„,

J Editorial Correspondence

* "iiiinifiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiii i mm i - iitiiim iiiiwiiiiiwiii i , mtuitiii , , , ,

nan FRANCISCO — Mm.- 12
Tin- i nlon Construction Co., bulldi r 01
dredges, has entered Into :, copartm
with the union Industrial Works to bulla
10 st.'c-l vessels fur the U s Shipping

Board Emergency Fleet Thi I i Con

structlon Co is Interested In gold and tin
placet operations and has limit an. I opei
a.-. I gold dredges In California The pres-
ent .-.■in ran tor the construction ..f ships.
Is to be assigned to the I'mon Industrial
works and operations havi started

Water fur Mining Vi>rn will not be as
abundant this season as last year. The
snowfall in some districts was equal to tin-
demands for hydraulic mining as late as
the end of May. owing somewhat to the
cool weather In that month, which main-
tained the snow pack in the higher gulches
But in oth.-r districts there was an appre
Ciable diminution of water for mining at
the end of May. So far the month of June
lias been of normal temperature for this
season, and the indications are that the
heat will increase to a degree that will use
up most of the available snow before the
end of the month. There is no present
prospect of the usual summer Hoods, be-
cause there is apparently net a sufficient
supply of snow to cause floods. The in-
creased area of power reservoirs in the
mountain regions is another cause for the
decrease in stream overflow. Tlvs will ad-
vance the generation of electric energy for
power and lighting, hut will in proportion
• leerease the supply of water for placer and
hydraulic mining. Irrigation will also de-
mand a large amount of the stored
water. The requirements of agricul-
ture and horticulture will no doubt be
considered paramount to the requirements
of gold mining. The dredging industry may
be reduced both in power and water, but it
is believed the industry will not suffer to
the extent of greatly diminishing the prod-
uct of the gold dredges It is generally
conceded that the ultimate effect of reduc-
tion of gold production temporarily in Cali-
fornia may not be disastrous, in that the
gold will not be destroyed, but that the ag-
ricultural crops that are lost cannot be re-
covered and great demand for agricultural
products at the present time is undeniable.
The detriment to the gold industry lies in
the fact that the closing down of the mines,
if that should be necessary in some cases,
will greatly hamper the industry and retard
the resumption of gold mining at a time
when gold will be in such demand that the
cost of mining may be prohibitive. The
present cost of gold mining has almost
reached the prohibitive stage, and if the
lack of water and power further retards
the treatment of gold ores, the closing down
of important producers may be expected.

DENVER — June 13
The New Revenue Bill to take the place
of the present Income Tax and War Kx-
cess Profits Tax laws, which is to be
considered by Congress in the near future,
is of special interest to Western mining
operators. The bill will provide a large
increase in revenue, possibly to the extent
of doubling the taxes now assessed. The
Administration recognizes that the present
law is unfair in many respects, and presum-
ably every opportunity will be given for a
full expression of public opinion at hear-
ings before the Ways and Means Commit-
tee of the House of Representatives. The
new law will undoubtedly remain in force
during the war. and it is important that
its provisions shall be so framed as to vield
the highest amount of return with the least
inequitable -burden. -The -wastine chanac- -
ter of the assets of the mining industry
and the extreme hazards involved in its
operation should have careful consideration,

rder that tin

burdensome m the Indui Intel

' |>P .UN. ,1

' "' Of llllli.-l , toi II lUCt "f wal

operation All u-ii ratot

■ >■ hi new law

should be pn pared lo attend the heai Ingi

"' " mmlltei tor the put

sentlni

i ' ■'•■ - s ill it n qulty of i hi applies

I Hi. present Ian which are known
o exist, and make suggestions as !•• n
better method ..i assessment

>\l.T LAK1 t i i \ — I.,,,.- ii

•'r »• Vniiin-1 Increase In Freight Rates

with the resultant handicap to th.
metal Industn was telegraphed

foi 1 1 ral Mi \.i June 8 bj th< n

mg int. -rests of I'tah. follow in-

of the I'tah Chaptet ol the V.met nan Mln
Ing Congress. The telegram was as foil.. ■
"Ry press reports it is Indicated that
the Director General has authorized a

blan all freight rates class

and commodlt] of 2Eci and a heavy flat

Increase on base bullion Som mmodi-

tles, Including low -gi adi or< ai d

iiuv win not st.-m.i thi Increases'

thai is. we tear that the lncr< ases, Irrespe

'iv.- ..f values or ore and i imodlties, will

result in curtailment of the output of low-
grade mines, and the shutting off of
products of such mines will -lerlouslj bin
der the operation ..f smelting plants i>v de
pricing them of Indispensable fluxes, and
thus reduce the output ..f metals produced
by the smelteri.-s i >,,,-.- the low-grade
mines stop shipping, we anticipate that
nun.- i.-.bor will obtain employment else-
where, with the result, in the present labor
situation, that a subsequent resumption ot
operations may not !>•■ possible Do
understand thai the order of the Director
General provides thai carriers are without
power to modify the published percentage
..f m. -r.-ase iii rates? Any light you art
able to give as to procedure before publi-
cation of advanced rates will be appreci-
ated. This communication is addressed to
you by unanimous direction of a meeting
of i tab nh-i.i i mini operators held here

this afr.-riToon ." If. the schedule goe

effect, the increases per ton on ores s!

to the Salt l.ak.- Valley smelteries will be

from 1",-. to (3.037, on ores ranging from
$3.",ii t,, $300. The new schedule applies
30c. p.-r ton flat increase on iron ores,
which will effect certain ores shipped to
the smelters for fluxing purposes. . >n ores
from within the state, the highest increase
Is from (Sold Hill (Deep Creek section), on
which the rate is raised $2,125 per toll on
a $40 ore. with corresponding raises on
ores of lesser value. The increase in rates
on base bullion from Salt Lake Vallej to
the East is to be $fi.no per ton, which is an
increase of 65'; over the former rate, mak-
ing a freight rate of $16.50 per ton on
hase bullion. This increase in all prob-
ability will have to be born, by the pro-
ducer as ore contracts with the smelters
expire.

JEROME, ARIZ. — June 10

To Initiate a Constitutional Amendment
to be known as the Workman's Compensa-
tion Law. petitions are being circulated
throughout the state. This will n
the present inadequate Compensation \.i
provide insurance for the employer, and
guarantee fair compensation for the in-
jured workman, making it possible for the
employe to carry state insurance at no
.ost to himself and at only actual cost to
his employer through the elimination of
agents' commissions, insurance company
profits, and lawyers and court costs. The
amendment was prepared after a two years'
study of similar laws in various other
states and provides for specific amounts for
• •ach and every injury, and allows a maxi-
mum of $8000 and a minimum of $3000
for any death due to injury, such amount
being computed on the earning capacity of
the employee at the time the accident oc-
curred. As it is a constitutional amend-
ment, it will require approximately 9000
signatures.

II ""n'liiiiiiiiiiiMiiiiiiiiiiiiiimiMimiinii

' hi attol ' i...t to bi
with m

hi "\ i n. .i no r.uiier- loo..-

pah 'i , ihe vain,- ol

•.re .-. trai Ii .1 from In ni atli
• Ii the w.si i

dati .1 m ,- . -., in bring ill thi

putlc i . ompanj di , .1 an apex

d i".! ■ em. nded the v. in was In thi
i'"'ni ol b roll Thi lowi - ourt In pat i
contention, but ruled that
the .-.est of this roll constltuti

and that the U'.-sl laid ...nip.inv had thi

' o-i.i to opi rati thi - • In In oppo -
nous on I ' d ol thai point

HI TTK. MOST..

tun.- 13

Vn-itcil States Manganese Corporation

has taken over the Ophlr mill and mine,
formerly operated by the Butte-I >etroit Co.
and expects to treat manganese ore. The

•ini'i.iv ho. — June It
.i.ipiin District Miners, by unanimoui

Vote. Iia\e agreed |,, .- ,,| ;,|, ] ,,f ,|„ j,

pay for th,. remalndei ol thi -

and I" in -.-..,, - .,. ingi ta

The \e« Mhv. and Means Committee of

'•"' Mine i ip, i.iioi ■ \ , ,,,,. ,,r p|, . , ,

has ii,. n ,, tinounci .1 bj President ( > !•'
Brlnton it consist* ol Temple Chai
Joptm. chairman . Mat hall I irapi i
ter . u .1 Borrles, Joplln . W B SI
ford. Joplln: and v s. Bendelarl, Joplln

Tl" Ittei v. in em to And ways

and an: to help strengthen local ore

markets and assist the mining situation in
general

Sustaining n claim for False Represen-
tation. Judge Arba S. Van valken-

l.urgh has handed down a verdict tor
$174,000 damages for Roland R Conklln
of N.vv York, against th. Porto Rico Mm
Ing Co . the R-irniil .Mining i '., .1 \v
Ground and <; a Barnett The sun, Ii
the amount paid by Conklln for a mine
known as the Porto aico No. l. situated
between Duenweg and Carterville Mo n
is a sheet-ground property and is still a
producing mine, but Conklln alleged it had
been falsely represented to him whi
bought it about two years ago and the
Federal judge sustains his claim
mony in the ease developed that L. .- Hunt
at that tun.- deputy state mine inspect...
i..r iius district was employed by Conklln
to examine the propertv. f'onklin alleget
that he later found that Burch was paid
for making a favorable report on
the property, this money being paid by thi
defendant in the present action, the 'orig-
inal owners of the mine that P.ureh was
hired to examine.

Tlhe American Zinc Institute was formed

at a meeting h Id in Joplln, on June 6, of
mine operators whose output represents
8891 of the t 1 production of zinc, ores
of all grades produced In the Oklahoma.
Kansas and Missouri zinc fields, and ap-
proximately 35 of the present spelter
production of United States At this

meeting, then ibmltted complete zinc

data relating to the zinc mining and smelt-
ing business of the United States. Corn
lating the data presented, the following
facts relating to the industries, both smell-
ing and mining were established: (1) Th.
zinc industry met satisfactorily the re-
quirements of our Government and thi
large requirements of our Allies, and the
r-.piirements of the trade during the first
years of the war. and practically doubled
production to meet this demand; ( 1 l After
the sudden requirements for war purposes
were met and the demand from this source
was decreased, there was likewise a marked
decrease in consumption by the trad,
cause those industries using galvanized
products were diverted to the manufactur-
ing of more essential war materials ; t3i
It is estimated that during the life of the
war. the controlling consumption factor will
show little betterment. Furthermore, the
production factor in both spelter and ore
can ■ be controlled to exactly meet
requirements. In the line with ' Govern-
mental policies clearly set out in manv of
the other industries and fai-lv admini--

114$

ENGINEERING -^ND MINING JOLRNAL

Vol. 105, No. 25

tered by the W*» Industrie? Board the
following 1 ***? down, ^l)

Tit each industry should strive to secure
to the Government us necessary product
- that of the Allies and the trad.-.
during the life of the war. (2) That eon-
sumption and production In any commod-
ity should be equalised as nearly as pos-
tny industry embodying wltn-
Sntial factors shall retease
these factors for essential work rbus
industry will release nun food sup-
rtation and capital for more
Important and essential Government re-
quirements to assist in the war plans.
That in order that our Government and the
industries of this country may best lay
the plans for future export trade It a
necessary that those industries now sur-
fering because of war and trade conditions
shall be maintained as nearly as possible
,n such a position that they may best take
intage of foreign trad, relations at tne
e d of the war In line with the splendid
wort! which has been done by various to-
trial organizations, notably the Amen
.an iron and Steel Institute, which I
loyally working hand in hand wit the
unistration through the \V ar I ndus-
- Board, the American Zinc Jnst«ute
has been formed, for the purpose of devel-
oping an accredited national zinc organ-
ization to immediately bring the zinc in-
dustry on a basis which will best 1 lie the
ernmental policy and form a medium
through which the industry may best serve
the Government through the life of th<
war. and. through experimental work ae-
velon new usages for zinc products. Ha\ -
ng in mind all of the foregoing, a meeting
will be called in the near future of all
zinc smelting and mining interests Of the
Unll - - at St. Louis, at which time
the permanent organisation will he CM
along the lines of the American
Iron and Ste.l Institute for the present and
rment of the zinc industry ol
Announcements of th.
ng and notices are in preparation.

MOUNTAIN HOME, ARK. — -June 12

Local Ore Bnyer- in Batesvllle Manganese
Held report an tocreased production of 500

tons a month over the first month* in the
vear. Five washing plants are now unto
construction and many more are contem-
plated, which will greatly increase the pro-
duction within the next 90 days. Hand
jigs of the same type used in cleaning zinc
ores are being built and are successful
ining of manganese. Pros-
pecting img more general and tin
Srea of the field is widening. New strikes
,elng reported as far up fte White
River as Guion. 25 miles north of Batesvllle
Manganese is also reported in Baxtei
Couritv. east of Mountain Home, and on the
south side of the White River in the
same county near Big Flat. Plans are
about completed for the erection of »
to be situated at Aurora.
north of Batesvllle. The
furnished from the h> dro-
it! White River near Bran-
,ong the largest prospectors
in the Batesvllle field at Present is the
Oliver Iron Mining Co.. which has three
diamond drills working on a large acreagi
on the Polk Bavou. New operators are ar-
riving daily. Most of them are coming
from the Ala1 i fields, and from
the Missouri. Kansas. Oklahoma and Ar-
kansas zinc fields.

( LEYELAND, OHIO — .June 11
Efforts to Advance Iron Ore Prices on
Julv 1 have been the result of the increase
in freight rates of 30c. per net ton of iron
ore according to "Iron Age."- The matter
has been taken up through H. G. palton.
chairman of the Pig Iron. Ore and Lake
Transportation Committee of the American
Iron and Steel Institute. The freight ad-
vance falls entirely on producers, as the
McAdOO order stipulates that the entire
rate increase shall be on shipments from
the mines to upper Lake ports, and ore
prk-es are delivered prices at Lake trie
This advance increases the deliv-
1 cost of ore to the producer 33.6c. per
gross ton. and in addition two 10% wage
advances have been granted the miners
this -..ar Some ore men declare that to
cover' these costs and other increased costs
' mine operations ore prices should be ad-
vanced 75c. per ton. Ore shipments bj
water during May amounted to 8,792.231
gross tons.

HOUGHTON, MICH. — Jane 12
Copper Production Increase at Michigan
mines during May was larger than antici-
pated. Men are gradually returning to the
district from other copper camps, from
the iron-mining districts and from the
orado coal fields, to which places they
were attracted by offers of high wages a

•.ear ago. All of the northern Mlchlga

copper mines hav< I sted wages eonsm-

,,-abiv. particular^ tor tramming, and this
fact together with the Drovl?'mIll°L than
working conditions underground here than
In mam other districts. Is helping to .bring
in the men so badly needed Anotliel t.y

or in boosting the coppei production Is the
gradual accustoming pi the men to dry
conditions, for Michigan went Into tne
•dr?" column May 1. and «««"
at hat time A number o these art
turning and all who are here wol k tun
shifts? Th. month of June is showing, to
bonDer production, a better record than
month of Mav for the same period

■ lapsed, and will likely -l^YX ,o?r
figure for any previous month oi thl year.

WALLACE, IDAHO— Jun. 13
Coeur d'Alene Labor Bhortage continues

to be the most serious problem i with which

operators have to contend All mines 1 an
short-handed, and the condition is steadily
growing more acute as the withdrawal ot
men for the Army eon. miles Work on
non-productive properties has to a W
extent been suspended and there ta afeel
ing that it will soon be necessary for tne
Government to order a suspension of min-
mg at al "non-product he properties as a
mfans of relieving the labor shortage at
mines whose product Is necessary for the
prosecution of the war. In addition to th
pen who have been drawn into the mili-
ary service, many others have been at-
tracted from the mining districts to the
roast bv the high wages paid in the ship-
yards'. Many of these have failed to se-
cure employment, being unskilled m that
line of work, and it is believed that there
will be a considerable movement back to
he mines before long by this class winch
mav afford some relief to the laboi situa
tion as it now exists

SPOKANE, WASH.— June 12
Washington Metal Mine Owners' Asso-
ciation have sent their president Judg,
George Turner, of Spokane, to Washing;
,n to petition the Government to permil
the' Oregon-Washington R.R ft Navigation
Co to build a ln-mile road up Pine Creek
In the Cour d'Alenes. Judge Turner has
the endorsement of the railroad officials
and will urge that there is a great need
of thTs road, which the railroad, company
started to build last year, for mining and
lumbering operations.

Vcitation for Government Superv.s.on 01
smefteries of the United States proceeds.
and a crown commission, to investigate the
smeltery at Trail is. being , urged -Smel-
teries were the special order of the aaj
June 6 aft session of the Northwest Mm-
ing Association in Spokane. All fj^ored
Government supervision during the war.
\ few favored Government ownership. The
soHntinn at the Trail smeltery will be dis-
cu^ed S" June6 18 at Nelson at a meet.n-!
of the Independent Mine Owners^ Asso-
ciation of which Charles F. Caldwell is
president. Spokane owners of British _o
lumbia mines will attend.

nthal Oil has been obtained from this for-
mation ill Canada. Mr. Cost,- points out

that hitherto oil drilling m the i anadlMi
Held has been practically c. mimed to shal-
low work, but to reach the Trenton for-
mation deep drilling Is necessary. K Is
only recently thai tne development of the
deeper deposits found in the Trenton Ume-
i tone has been seriously undertaken.

\ New st.-.-l Shlp-bulldlng Industry is to
be established in Halifax, N. S., by the
Halifax Shipbuilders. Ltd « inch has bee n

Incorporated with a capital of Jfi.onn oimi.

Among those interested are James < ar-
rnthers. president Of Canada Steamship
Lines. Ltd ; J. W Xoreross vu-e president
of the same company, and Roj womn,
president of the Montreal Transportation
,-,, The company will specialise on tne
construction of 10.000-ton vessels and will
lay down three berths, on which construc-
tion will be carried on simultaneousb .
The Canadian government has encouraged
the enterprise by awarding the company
several contracts at fixed prices for high-
class modern steel freighters. It is planned
to lay the first keel in about three months
—as soon as the yard can be prepared. In
the meantime, the company has acquired
the Halifax Graving Pock and will extend
it and take up the work of repairing a
number of disabled ships \s the plant
will be under way before ship plates can
he produced in Canada, the first operations
will have to he carried on with American
steel imported under arrangement with the
government. The Halifax City Council has
granted the company exemption from local
taxation.

VICTORIA, B. C. — June 8
vlpctri.nl Smelting Methods are to be

invented as to their applicability to iron
ores in the province by Dr- AMred Stanstteia,
who has been appointed by Hon. William
ainan Minister of Mines. All the infprma-
Uon available to the Department of Mines
as well as the services of one or more of the
orovincial resident engineers, will be placed
at his disposal. Dr. itansfield is. professor
of metallurgv at McGlll University and a
constilUng metallurgist of high standing to
ida.

TORONTO — June 15
Deposits of Nickel and Copper Ore have
b.-.-n discovered in the upper notch of the
Eardlev Mountains about seven miles from
Breckenridge and three miles ^TLt^two
ville Que. The find was made about two
months ago by James Lusk. a veteran pros-
pector, but little attention \vas paid to it
until further explorations made recentlj in-
dicated the extent and richness of the de-
posits.

New Oil and Gas Fields in Dover Town-
ship, near Chatham. Ont.. have been in-
vestigated by Eugene Costs ,ot Calgary.
These fields, situated in the St. Clair flats.
came into prominence about a year ago
through the discovery of oil while drilling
for gas. Oil and gas have been steadllj
obtained from the well then sunk. Re-
cently a second well has been sunk by th,
Cnion Oil & Gas Co., which is 3.7, _ It.
deep and is producing 400 barrels per day .
Two other wells are being bored one of
which has attained a depth of 2000 ft. The
formation is Trenton limestone which is a
good producer in the West Ohio and In-
diana fields, although this is the first time

COBALT, ONT. — June 10
Important New Gold Discovery is re-
ported in Quebec, south of Lake Abitlbl
and just east of the Lightning Rivet 'field.
in Ontario. The formation for a width of
half a mile and a length of a mile and a
half is similar to Porcupine. A schist belt in
which the original discovery was made con-
tains numerous quartz stringers ?nly * th\
claims have been staked to date as the
district has not become known, but one ot
the Cobalt companies has an option on tne
original discovery, and if the results of
the examination now being made are satis-
factory the district will receive attention,
as there are good shipping facilities.

CARACAS, VENEZUELA — May 25

An American Company has been granted
a concession to build a railway and opei ate
the coal mine- of the State of Zulia, in the
Guajira Peninsula A suitor concession
was granted ten years ago by the Colom-
bian government west of the international
boundry. but the difficulties of .operating
coal mines with depth in the tropics labor,
water troubles during the rainj seasons
heat due to atmospheric pressure and high
sulphur content made the venture a failure.
The lignite of the tropics may serve so long
as fuel oil not enter the local market.

The Minister of Fomento (Secretary of
Promotion) has issued a statement as a
part of his annual report to the Congress
that recommends the creation of a bureau
in his department to be known as tne
Bureau oF Mines, which will be of great
service if placed in the hands of a i techni-
cally able man not only to the country but
also in attracting foreign capital. In Mil
there were granted nine iron claims, |le\tn
placer gold, three gold vein or reef, one
copper-iron, eight copper one silver-lead
and one mica claim. In 1918, up to April
1, six placer gold, three gold reef and fixe
iron claims were entered. It must be noted
that a claim under the law embraces about
500 acres of land. There are three objec-
tionable features in the mining law in so
far as it applies to foreign prospecting, and
the law should be modified if mining is to
be stimulated. (1) The owners of land in
fee are now allowed to have the first right
to enter claims, regardless of who discovers
the mines, and their permission must be
had in any case or a long legal Precis that
no foreigner will attempt. must be followed.
This retards or makes it impossible for for-
eigners to enter claims without Payjng
tribute to the alleged land owners, although
the minerals are reserved by the nation.
Of course, the owner should be paid dam-
ages for any actual inconvenience suffered
by him. but' the law should be clear as to
exactly what this amount should be and who
is to determine the damage. (2) Mineral
grants are subject to the approval of the
Congress, which may or may not ratifx the
-concession.'- This is expensive and wholly
unnecessary. In addition to this the ex-
pense of making the entry is in excess to
the fee value of the land, and more -than an
entrv in the United States. (3) The law
recmires actual assessment work to be done
on each separate claim: ten men working
steadilv for three months out of the ytar
being the year's assessment

JU"02L>'"'"8 ■«««■««■ ,„

— ■ —

I IP

imuilltUIMIIHUIIIUUIIIIIIIIUIIHIIlHUIIII mil

The Mining N

ews

iHflHiHttiimimimmnmniininiimi mmn mmm ,„ ,„„ „„„„„„„ , ,

::,'vr';v:..-,v:: SM

AHI/(>\ V

Ooehlsa Count]

tom7"68y00P0r?^U^1On durln* May^un &

' I

Maricopa Counts

Mohave County

►.M-^Sftf <C0PPerville)-E.ectrifyv

MISSOURI-MOHAVE (Kinemanl <■„,
i.c ore carrying gold OontSt '
L^SS?!?11 (King-man)— Wulfenite 01

sink to 600 level and explore vein

ORD LODE (Oatman)— Has |n.
le%eraV^p%erSeSOvrei„TOSink8h^

Yavapai County

-ra.n1'1?1^1" S- JEROME (Jerome) -Con-
Ft tomemrated.^m0nd dH"in& W"

■■meted V,P,??0E EXTENSION
Plant'I™, 15° bl°"" '" ,,s new smelting

aKo2 ft SSo^oVT^, h(Jeronie ;>-

»Mainine rnr, „L'. v?' snows schist

[•o sink to 1100 i^-5rteS^ and chalcopyrite.
^ein °° 1{neI and crosscut to quartz

ARKANSAS

Boone County

00?™SOLIDATED ZII>-"C (Zinc)— To build

Sftf ?70 ^T^tt"' a< « estimated

'»n'ivs4r „„v»?™ge and sllme tal,Ies-

«1 be purchased ywS- S-e £a,s anrl '

ee ni-K ; ea- " w- Palmer. Musko-

=e. Ukla., is superintendent.

I ILirOBNIA

limidor Count)

,.,'!,V
r:;iv::..

moutMlIS! rBD (Ply.

i, ndi nl ' ' •"'-

Cnlavers* Count]

MANGANESE AND i-m-, ,■,,,• i
'"•■nl on the <--iri..'v u-

ties near Mun

■"""' mplated by

"•■' Norte i>

Hand man t.

Santa Barbara Count]

Shasta Connty

AFTERTHOUGHT (Ingo

amount. ™6 M'>'

M i pas i Knob) \ : . ,

velopmen, Co. has
DeJTeT1T0?™ progrefsS

a^norproi A*s

Tuolumne County

CHROME DEPOSITS on Mar<sh Pi-,,

°oWItestan'oCa„d>^eiih?,Id h:"
tano and G

oonora. The same leasers have also r, ■,.,

•' the old Quarrf ranch

GLE-SHAWMUT (Shawmul Onera
.on resumed. Flotation plam ana 7u-°s?amP

mill handling 400 tons daily Shaft lis
been deepened to 2243 feet

Grading for in-

stallation of ball mill to be us"! in nros"

elopment. Concentrator fs

Plated Good , .. Vs

6S?n.,dl Hut the operato

"«'";' mlfield, have decide,-

Meeting pi;lnt is more essential at
present than a larger treatment plant.

..,""■ < win

< oi.orado

Pitkin ( ounty

aarS

Mil HIC W

District

Independence Connty

ashingXn,n <Batesyille) — Machinery for
■filing plant received. Expect to hive

••■ <-. Shepherd and associates.

/4NaM7a"r;RSE, (Batesville)-Install-
ftesville. "g Plant fivi" miles nor,n of

n^w-hh?™ (Batesville) — Installing to-
days S P to operate "ithin next

»NwaEsP^NDE,XCK ' Batesville )— Install-

InealllJ B Plant £l ,he Polk-Southard
iiiganese mine. Formerly mined onlv

5 w/S. ^""l several thousand tons of
■am of™J ?lrt remain on dumps. Two
am shovels in operation.

EonM?fS"H <Cushman)— Washing plant to
ne to =£d„f^" tlme Bui'ding road from
ne to shipping point at Cushman.

chinX?.R?-SHEPHERD (Cushman) —
omhlll £"" f ashln& Plant cm Arkansas
ospnate Co. lease received

< 1 1 . « rr •- . < .iimtv
ALPINE DISTRICT showlne activitv

lilver?ieIdaorpPZPertieS, »f*3r ae^SSS

,1 7;' "" opened last autumn to be
worked when snow conditions permit

B.1PAPA$J.?,VNT REDUCTION CO fSl

^ r^nt11^ i ,ing overhauled:

Plant to be installed in addition to
concentration and notation units already
1 "res from Stonewall and Flora
Belle mines and old mill tailings at Si
Klmo to be treated. A, stonewall mine
stalled a'r con,Pressor to be in-

<.ilpin County
SACO DEORO (Apex)— Lateral develop-
uork from 215-ft. shaft has opened
gold ore. To be equipped with hoisting and
compressor plant

rlni^v ANP KINNEY (Roilinsville)—

c?mpP?tel ° notation, mills nearly

Gunnison County

AVOCA- VIRGINIA (Pitkin)— New build-
ings complete. Developing graphite ore

ETHIOPIAN (Pitkin)— Tunhel to be
driven to cut graphite vein.

LUMET & i -|..\ (Calumet)— Con

per product,,,,, i,

^ncockJ-To install Marcy

^~
"minu"'« ipeVfor

dofv°nUT" or^"

duc,,ron&lab0ra' hiShcostol

ofYo^^sSi^Sl^-^^^^twoout

fol erUercffCeB.PlthnifZtu1se!ab0r «*»^ ^SSS

1150

ENGINEERING *ND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 25

a \ \v (Winona) Stalking of King
Philip v.. i shaft delayed owing to lack

MISSOURI

Howell Counts
MISSOURI ikon VN1J STEEL (Brands-
bl lsI rurnace now being
■ tied at Jefferson, Texas

Joplln DIbUIi i
LYSON (Joplln) Completing m)\\
., mui „,, ScotTii tract, five miles south-
west of Joplln. Oldslmfl recrlbbed and en-
.,, and nev shaft sunk Company
_ drilling H H Hughes Is manager.
MUSKOGKK (Joplln) To remodel old
„„n. ami will purchas. ne« -ludieUUM
.eyors and compressors. Also to pur
chase SOO-ton mill equipment <•■■ t~
Keatty, of Springfield, is manager

NORTH VMERICAN (Joplln)—^ To erecl
B-tonmlUal a cost of *60.000. agmtm
sludge tables, compressors and crushers to
I,, purchased. W R Shanklln is In charge.
REINDEER (Joplln)— To build 150-ton
mill soon T. purchase sludge tables and
crushers' O. B Munson is superintendent

MONTANA
Cascade County
VNACONDA (Great Palls)— New rolling
rain has begun operations Producing cop-
per roils.

Deerlodge County
vNACONDA (Anaconda) -Experts to i be
iducing ferromanganese about sept, i.

Jefferson County
IlMALGAMATBD SILVER (Clancey)—
ping on 250 and iso levels.
VI.TA (Ctorbm)—Drainmg old workings
nrelimlnarj to exploration. Silver-lead ore
ctataned to be replaced bj copper and
iron below 1500 level.

MOUNT WASHINGTON < Wiokes) — 1- Ive
Sis hauling ore from mine to railroad al
Wickes.

Lewis and Clark Count]

CRUSE CON. (Helena)— Deepening 180-
shafl to 300 level on incline. Work to
: i immediately.

HELENA (Helena) — Min.- shipped five
arloads to smeltery during May.

TONOPAH EXTENSION (Tonopah) — To
deepen Victor si

TONOPAH MINING I ronopah) •• »1
low small vans heretofore unexplored.

WEST END CONSOLIDATED (Tonopah)

Timbering of Ohio shaft complete. ro
prospect 800 level.

OKLAHOMA
Joplln Duttrlel

TRIANGLE (Commerce)- New shall re-

Miami, is president

wi-or \ (Miami) Started construction
„„V :';' ,„V„iii. To purchase sludge and
slime tables, crushers, comprj ssors belts.
conveyors, ore can and track John
Hale Is superintendent

MAN INK (Miami) To lei '-'Ill'X'down
tor 400-ton gas-drlyen mill. . ^"■lt .";
191 (t. %V, C Miller. Miami, is supirin

'"u'\"n \n vchie (Oklahoma)— -Started

eon^truVli'm '.,r'i^-...n mill near Leadv. lie
To purchase sludge and slime tame ,
crushers and conveyors. J. H.ue is u
eral manager.

OREGON
Baker Counts
ikon DYKE (Homestead)— Sinking
three^mparUnTent shaft to extend 260 ft
below level of Snake Riier.

Jackson County

WH 1TN BY (Gold H ill ) ^^1'" Vrop-
K ffl? for sS™ els^anAorm^
produced high-grade ore.

RT UK LEDGE (Medford)— Shipping 150

trict.

BARNES-KING (Marysville)— Ore i from
shannon and Piegan-Gloster mines bandied
,i illoster mill.

BELL BOY (Marysville)— Shipping mill-
ing ore to Bald Butte mill and smelting ore
to East Helena smeltery.

st LOI'IS marysville)— Stamping and
.vaniding or.- from' Nine Hour lode and
,'lso from Blue Bird-Hickey tunnel. Tail-
ings dump near mill also to be worKeo
■

Silver How County
(WfONDA (Butte)— High Ore mini
closed down and installing tin-proof shaft
Mountain Con. closed down owing to break-
down of engine, which is to be repla. ( d.

DAVIS-DALY (Butte)— Developing 400
.v,l of Hibernia mine. Shaft has been
pumped oil! and hoisting will begin soon.

NORTH BITTTK "•'"u-,-llf',,ft'"1Tn

Sarsfleld shaft, now down over 700 ft w
crosscut for vein when depth of -'"'> tt. is,
reached.

TTTOL.UMNE COPPER (Butte) Cross-
cut^Wlevel of Butte Main Range has
been driven over 800 ft. of tl»< bio.n
quired to reach vein.

NEVADA
Ksmeralda Counl.x
ATLANTA (Goldfield)- Drifl being ex-
tended north fro,,, 20 ft. above 1900 level
, icplore footwall.
BLUE BULL (Goldfield)— To open ore-

shoot on -J"" level by raising fr ^50 level

GRANDMA CONSOLIDATED (Goldfield)

__Shaf< down over 800 ft. and in quail/.

rjOLDFIELD CONSOLIDATED (Gold-

n -Treating mill tailings and oxidized

.,r. by cyanldation.

cp'f\T BENI> (Goldfield) -Unwatering
und'^alrlng shaft preparatory to sinking

si'i'vKK PICK (Goldfield)— Main shaft.
1130 ft. deep, shows vein quartz.

Nye County
T. )NI IPAH DISTRICT ore production for
tbe week ended June 8 totaled 10.Z79 tons,
of an estimated gross milling return of
S174743 Producers were: Tonopah Bel-
:,.„.'4,186 tons; Tonopah Mintage 3750
Tonopah Extension. 2568 , Jim But'<-.r- **" ;
w..-.i End 1020: MacNamara, 3lo . Mon
■u.:, 144; North Star. 73; and mlscellane-
IS tons.

Joseph in** County

be s^menrhrwat^^e^en^y.
California.

SOl'TH DAKOTA
Lawrence County
DEADWOOD LEAD AND ZINC (Dead-
wood)-! Plant completed and to start as
soon as motors arrive.

col DEN CREST (Deadwood)— l.'iiwa-
tering workings. Cyanide plant will be
placed in operation.

TROJAN (Deadwood)— Regular ship-
ments oeing made to plant from company s
base on Republic mine.

msMXRCK (Lead) — In addition to gold-
si.v^ores. gooTgVaV tungsten has been
recovered and deposits to be furthei Of
veloped.

Pennington County
\MKR1C\N TIN AND TUNGSTEN
(Hill City)— To resume operations on tin
properties.

UTAH

Juab County

TINTIC SHIPMENTS for week ended
June 1 were 177 cars.

CHIEF CONSOLIDATED (Eureka)—
Lessee? mining manganese ore from com-
pany's Homansville property. To build
new loading platforms to facilitate han-
dling of ore.

CODIVA (Eureka I Mining high-grade
.,re at Knight base

IRON KING (Eureka)— Shaft down 450
tt. bitow matai tunnel u-vei cut iron and
quartz vein.

Thavnes Canyon section. Reported thai
work in other parts of mine Is being . aban
doned. Splro tunnel lr 6860 it. ol can
fornla-Comstocli ground

Tooele County
WESTERN UTAH COPPER (Gold Hill)
Reported to have been acquired by east
em men

WASHINGTON

Spokane County
IDAHO MK'A (Spokane)— ■Installed

small' plan! to prepare mica and mica protl-
ucts for the market. Developing property
in Latah County, Idaho.

Stevens County

ELECTRIC point (Boundary)— Sur-
veys being made Cor I" miles of railroad
n?i„. built to meal Northern at cost of
1160,000, if development on 1000 levei
shows orebodies similar to those abOMS.
Depth of Him feet lias been reached, and
[wo ore shoots opened on that level.

MELROSE (Boundary)— Five feet of
gray copper ore struck at 650 feet.

NORTHWEST MAGNESITE (Valley)—
Producing 200 tons ferromagnesite dally.
Higher grade magneslte recently opened.

WISCONSIN

y.ine-I.eaii District

LUCKY SIX (Linden)— operating new
r,0-ton mill. Kletzsch brothers, of Mil-
waukee, are principal owners.

KISTLER-STEPHENS (Platteville) —
Reiiev lease proved by drill ; to sink shaft.
and 75-ton mill on the Alderson tract to be
moved to property.

LITTLE PLATTE (Platteville)— The Bell
mill equipment being moved to James
Tracev nronertv. seven miles west ot liaire-
Wife formerly operated as the Old Mexico
Three-ft. vein of high-grade disseminated
blende crosscut at the a2 level.

NEW ROSE (Platteville) — Shipped first
car of blende concentrates.

WILSON (Platteville)— Being unwatered
by Utt-Thorne Company.

Salt I.ake County
MONT VNA-BINGHAM (Bingham)— In-
Miigent stockholders to attempt change in
management. Property producing little
and pledged to heavy salary account.

Summit County

P\RK CITY SHIPMENTS week ended
.run.'- 1 were 3.:i7fi.5sn lb. of ore and con-
centrates.

DALY WEST (Park City)— Reported that
dump ore is to be run through Daly West
mill. . _,

IOWA COPPER (Park City) — Handl-
i apped by surface water.

PARK-UTAH (Park City) — Progress
made in drifts north and south from main
operating tunnel.

SILVER KINO CONSOLIDATED (Park
City)— Machinery from older workings be-
ing hauled to California-Comstock in

CANADA

British Columbia

REVELSTOKE INTERNATIONAL .MIN-
ING CONVENTION to be held July S. 9
and 10, William Sloan, minister of Mines ,
John Hart. Minister ^Finance, and IX H.
Kig. Minister of Public Works, arc to
speak.

LANARCK (Revelstoke)— Freshet dam-
aged new dam to extent of $1101.

T.ITCKY JIM (Slocan)— Closed down
pending negotiations for new contract with
Trail smeltery.

R\MBLER-CARlBOO (Slocan) — New
orebody opened on BOO level.

Ontario
DOME EXTENSION (P°roupme) |

Diamond drilling to determine direction o
vein system.

CONIAOAS (Cobalt)— Treatment of tail
ingVby oil flotation begun. Experiment
alio being made with old slimes.

CROWN RESERVE (Cobalt)— Cut v«
of high-grade ore on Walsh claims in bo»

ganda. ._ , ,..

I \ ROSE CONSOLIDATED (Coba t>-
New vein cut on 415 level of the Vio e
Crosscut vein showing cobalt and mccolr
,,„ the 330 level.

K1RKLAND LAKE GOLD (Kirkla
Lake)-Dewatering. Work to be res,,,,
by Beaver, which owns control.

KIRKLAND-PORPHYRY ( Kirkla:
Lafee)— Vein cut on Orr property at

PORPHYRY COLD (Kirkland Lake)
Crosscut ore on the 400 level.

MURRAY MOGRIDGE (Swastika) —
continue development of property.

C-VSEY-COBALT (Casey Township)
New 20-stamp mill in full operation.

VXCUUM OIL S- CAS (Thanusville.)
To sink well to Trenton formation.

THACKERAY (Wolfe Lake)— Trencta
and shipping. Vein carrying gold has 1
found on surface

AFRICA

Belgian Congo
UNION MINIERE DP HAPT KATAN
(Elizabethville)— Produced in Ma> 5.11
810 lb. copper.

CHOSEN
ORIENTAL CONSOLIDATED (Unsl
— May cleanings $134,000.

•lu no 22, 1918

ENGINEERING AND MINING J01 i

I """"" ' i

! I r. i

i

The Market Report

hMiimniiiiiiiimiNiiiMiiiiNiiNiwiMumiiiimiiiiini hi

' '

-M M I! IND 8TERJ tXG I Kl HANG]

Silver

Stcrl
nig \".-«

June i hunge Centa

H 4 75JO 99'

14 4 75.0 99!

15 U 7510| 99!

!

ewl] nn
don.

1 ,,li:'

17 4 7530

18 14

19 \>

48

;" and are in eenta pel ti -. o
""'■ »aoi q lonsarc in pen

»voi f sterling silv,

I) Ml V PRICES OF METALS IX XF.vt VORK

( topper

Tin

I-

ad

I Icctro-
Jun- lytic

Spol

N V St 1

1 ' «23l
14 23]
1 ! *23)

t
t
t

: 571

@7.67j

7:

@7

1

7 4.
@7
J

, ..n

(.: 7 70

17 *23J

t

7.82J 7.

in *m

+

7 82; 7;

19 M

t 1

7 82;.'

7.

, ' I ■ s

I till

i,;,j'V„,

1 '''"' ' ''" t [bed in nui

'•'M/' '" COl fu| ,. ,, ., i .

S3 v P

'• ' ' ""'. ""' ' Producers did the

v-.ni?, 7r'n'"" was '"•'""" ""'"i,A " e»

,.-'.i <■ ., V business was done and

u,r, ;',;;-"" ln *™ -

, '/li'"' s {» Unchanged al -

[VIS of pehra4e '""""

"""" HiiMmuuiitMHuumwi uiiwwimwi

" "■ «

..fi1'?'"' were

'861 to

Other Ores

Other Metals

Price fixed by agreement between American
jx.pp.-r producers and tie V. S. Government
uig to official statement for publication on Friday
September 21, 1917

t Xo market.

The above quotations (except as to copper, the

price for which has been fixed by agreement beti

•American copper producers and the I S Govern-
ment, wherein there is no free market) are oui
appraisal of the average of the major markets ba ed
generally on sales as made and reported by producers
and agencies, and represent to the best oi our judg-
ment the prevailing values of the metals for the
deliveries constituting the major markets, reduced to
oasis of New Vork. cash, except where St. Louis is
tne normal basing point.

. The quotations for electrolytic copper are for cakes
ingots and wirebars.

We quote electrolytic cathodes at 0.05 to 0 10.-
Below the price of wirebars, cakes and ingots

Qu . at una for spelter are for ordinary Prime

SinnU.Lbrands- We quo,(' New Vork nrie'e at 20c
per 100 lb. above St. Louis.

.Aluminum Prici 8* d al 13. pel lb foi
">ts "i ■'" tons oi more, ingot

,,. teJP'SiS T'"" !"" '-• In

freight rates the al tlon of Imporl rates

' ■ nav' stimulated i further advance In
the quotation. Business Is rather Ugh"

u '■'"!' ;l> Futures are

shad.- easier. \\ .

in t.nmi. on the basis of present I

Bismuth M, tal of the highest purity for

pharmaceutical use is quoted at $3 :. -i

lb, for wholesale lots — 500 n. and over.

Cadmium— This metal is quoted al

Vi.-kei- Market quotation is lOtfi 15c

pound.

. , ?cnick;Mve,r — California virgin is strong al
;;!■ Mexican virgin is quoted around
$„Sa" Francis,-,, reports, by telegraph
■<l 13.50. steady

, ' '"•""'• Ore |

"* I'omt with i-aria

ide ' '' ' i"> ;k'

Manganese ore i nchansred ,t ti ir

,,!'.'; ■"-"■ "" oi on :,s aylng 18 to

"oljbdenum Or.- ,„i, „ ,| al Al !5 ,„., lb

i ;«

'.;•••> '••'>-•''*• buyer to pay war rl I

1 freight. Toim.xg.- is ,.v

- to obtain l., -s,,,- pVr,,..

ls Belling at ] nelng fr,„, « »o Sue

I'" ""it. f.o.b mine. r,„ hang/V

Tungsten tire The marki I remali

;■;::'•; -1 JBT. from

J1" '" mil High-grade on b ft.-.

front i inipurltiej are quoted al boST%2SM
'" }- ' per '".ti . low-i - [ininc

'■npurltlet .are qu, STSS

l '.1 S IS <>I d II ' , | , p t , \ i- [-

Iron Trade Review

LONDON

Copper Tin

1 cad

Zinc

Standard

Elec-

Spot 3 M,,-

June

Spot

3 Mos.

lytic

Spot

13

14
15
17

18
19

110
110

110
110

no

110
110

no
no
no

125
125
» .
125
125
125

329 i 329 291 j 54
329 '20 29\ 54

329 1 329 | 29'. , 54
329 329 29= 1 54
329 ! 329 1 29!. 1 54

The above tabic gives the closing quotations on
London .Metal Exchange. All prices are in pounds
sterling per ton of 2240 lb. For convenience in
'J3jrt°urlSOn °l LoIuIon prices, in pounds sterling pei
.if i ii '• * American prices in cents per pound
tne following approximate ratios are given, reckoning
ffiTftne£aMV515 :£29'' =*-2576e.;£54 - I I 4545c:
S«r. = &?£2c-:£I25 = 265I5,C-: ^260 = 55 1513c;

n,T-?.9-,i?37c-: -"00 = " 6362c. Variations £1
| 0 2121205c.

Gold. Silver and Piatinum

Mlvcr — Silver remains unchanged at
ligure.s which have recently prevailed Pro-
duction and consumption an- beeping pace
with each other. The large

in India calls for large shipments of
bullion to that quarter. The exports from
San Francisco for the month of May an
reported as 1J

The melting of silver dollars at the New
nirk Assaj i ifft i I going on al th,

"< L "IHI I" i we, ling to the

New Fork Tribune."
Mexican dollars at New Vork: June 13
. . : June 14. 77: June IS. 77: June 17 77
June 18, 77: June 19 "7

Platinum. Palladium and Iridium — Prices
fixed at $105. J125 and $175. respectively.

Zinc and Lead Ore Markets

SEW VORK lune Pi

-,m,'"'s,NVV" ''"' '"' :""1 ">,

;'k',," -'t "-isiiiiiKton, on Friday, ,

he ,i . '"', "" schedule to,

lod beginning July i. a preliminan

meeting „, ron ,,„, mufaSurers

.;■),»• I",'"';'' ""' Wednesday, June 19

idrr „I''"1"r,"A"",'l:' Nfw v"rk- '" con-

.IfifL Vh:' advances, if any. should bi

■ isked for by product

Costs In the nexl quarter will be hi
Uje freigh advances adding from n to
<0 to pig-iron , Bt Already Lake iron-
"■•' Produ, - i- an various b!

I uglier prices, and on sharpli thai

..rodf.^t'/"1.6' 'J1'" "f ,'irB,:- Mn'" small

liroduc.-rs stand out

No sign ,s ai\. to the Gov. rnn

position in Friday's n ting

dubious intimation thai the War Industries

Board has no suggestion in advance of

hearing from the steel trade.

PITTSBURGH— June in

Metal Markets

-NEW YORK — June 19, 101M

Sharp advances in both lead and zinc
mxe the outstanding features of interest
his week.

C..pper—The demand continued verv
arge. and producers are very much behind
n their deliveries. They are badlv over-
old for May, j. e. they owe the delivery

Steel producers and merchant furnace-
men testily t„ the increasing smoothness
with which the Government machinery is
working. There has been vast in
in the last few- months, and though every-
thing is not yet in perfect working order
the war ms regarded as at least

•<o . efficient m its numerous points ol
tact with the iron and steel industry and
such difficulties as remain are being rapidlv
removed. Red tape has been largely re-
Shroments'"the week- Riende ii UK- jnovel- and. where it remains wed

S^^SftSr* tonSndeVa,ue14a6,i 8^3".^ ^^^T^^Zr''^

red tape to catch up. The produ, -
to be well satisfied with the Government's
methods of handling the bus rid the

(jovernment authorities seem to be enuallv
well satisfied with the industry

Joplin, Mi... .lime IS — Blende, per ton
high. $76.L'U: basis ,;,, , zjnc. premium,
$..->: class B. J55 : prime western {i~,
calamine, per ton, 40'; zinc. $30
Average selling price blende. J45.68 ■
calamine. $36.14: all zinc ores ■;-

Lead. high. $90.45; basis B0' PI
86 : average selling price all grades of lead
$85 18 per ton

...i.uiit,,,^, -i,j_, icau, . o ;

ores the week. fK41.il:,

Last week's drop to $42.50 found a re-
action late last Saturday night in an ad-
vance hack to $45. at which basis one com-
pany purchased 2700 tons. All other

L152

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 25

With perhaps trWh* •SSSSS* ff ££

STOCK QUOTATIONS

STOCK QUOTATIONS— Continued

ment bus
the wants of consumer

direct and Indirect
taken care of and
on Ihe prefer* nc<
Scribed June 6, are met Tins, how-
e> -V. is not surprlslnB when 't to considered
stlmate thai the pret-
list— that of more essential oom-
represents 9091 »f the total
coinrnerclal demand. If there were ...»
material left at tins time II would not be
...!,!,. to ship It to customers not on-
to pr. ference. Provision Is mad. to
such shipment, upon written permission ol
toe Director of Steel supply, but this sys-
tem Is to l>e put In operation only after
he promised revision of the preference lis
is issued, and It Is not known when that

"production is about the same as former-
ly in Loth pis iron and steel The Carnegie
Steel Co Is operating 56 pi its 59 blast
furnac a producing Ingots at

of full capacity. A Clalrton furnacw
was scheduled for blowing ... a couple
of days ago has not yet been started.

The Institutes steel Ingot report for

May shows production of 3.256.965 gross

tons by 29 companies which in 1916 made

' of the total. This indicates a rat.

■he whole industry of 13,3 )00 tons

per annum, against a rat.- in April of 43 -
\n increase had been i spect-
ed particularly as the ran- of pig-iron pro-
duction had increased by about 1-,. Miort-
ace of scrap probably affected ingot produc-
tion in May. as did the several spells of ex-
tremely hot weather.

iction of rails In 1911 .s reported
by the Institute at 2,944,161 gross tons.
90 noo ions increase over 1916 and the larg-
since 1913. The output is larger
than was estimated in some quarters. De-
ducting exports and the unusually small
tonnage that was used for laying new
track it appears that the railroads were
well supplied with rails for replacement.

Tig Iron— All shipments of pig iron are
under direct or indirect control of the
Government First there are direct or-
ders- then come the allocations, which grow-
more numerous each week ; next come ship-
ments to consumers whose -purposes are
on the preference list, the distribution being
left to the judgment of producers, and
finally would come shipments to customers
accorded no preference, but there is none
left now for that category. The market
remains quotable at the set limits: Besse-
mer, $35.20 ; basic. $32 ; No. 2 foundry.
$33 : malleable. $33.50 ; forge. $32. fob
furnace, freight from the Valleys to Pitts-
burgh being $1.10. The new rate, effective
June 25. will probably be $1.40.

Steel — There is absolutely no steel avail-
able to ordinary buyers, some preference
being required to get any material, even
discard steel. Even off-heats, which result
in the manufacture of shell steel, cannot
be rolled unless for a preference purpose
Set prices remain at $47.50 for billets^ $51
for sheet bars and small billets. $50 for
slabs and $57 for rods.

N. Y. EXCH.t June ls BOSTON I N.CI1 •Inn,- is

Vlaaka Gold M
Alaska Juneau
\m Sm A Re! .com
Mn Sm A Rel . pi
Mn sm Bee . pi., A
tno

Mil /.III.-, pf

mda

Batopllaa Mln

Bethlehem Steel
Bethlehem Steal, pi
Hum- A Superior.
Hum- Cop A zinc. .

i . irro de I'.isro

i 'hilt' l oil

Chlno

. olO l ml A Iron . .
Crucible Steel
Crucible Steel, pf. .

I i.vine M llM'S

Federal M as
i ederal M a s , pi
Great N'"r ■ ,,r'' ,,f
Greene i Jaoanea
Gulf States Steel

Hi is take

Inspiration I :on
[nternatlonalNlcke]
ECenneoott
Lackawanna Steel.
Mi'\l.-:in 1'etrnl

Miami * lopper.
\:o i Lead, '-"in
National Lead, pi
\iv Consol

iniiiirlii Ml"

K:l\ .'nil

R0DubltcI.4S.,con>

Republic I A S , pl

Slnns-Sliemeld

Tennessee C AC
i s Steel, oom
1 s steel.pt.

frith Conner

Va Iron C.AC.. ■

II

M

70'
1041

4S

Ml

1
s.t
[88 i

2:.;

"1

32

151

:ts
191

B4|

ss
7
11
32
321
41

si

65
511

32;
s:i:
'.:.;

.'7

100
19!
121
231
90|

us;

70
191

ln:l'

l' l.'

781

71

N. Y. CURB!

Bis Ledge
Butte A X Y
Butte Detroit

Caledonia

i aliimet A Jerome
i an cop. Corpn.

Carlisle

( lasnboy

Con. Ariz Sm
Con coppermlnes
Con. Nev.-Utah. .

Emma Con

First Nat. ("op..
Goldfteld Con
GoldOeld Mercer.
. ireenmonster . . .
Hecla Min

Howe Sound

Jerome Verde. .
Kerr Lake.

.45
H
lj

12
OR

u
fil
}A

.211
1H
t 25
02

4

5.60
Louisiana -50

t 17

: ot

41
.75
t.06
.37
1121

.«?

Adventure

rVbmeek

ralEomas

Miouea

Aril Com . QttB

Arnold
, Btngham Mlaee
Bonanu
Butte-Balaklava
Calumel .^ »r«i
Calumet a Hecla..
Centennial

(Vpper Range

Dais W eat
Davis-Daly

Baal mutt*
Franklin

Granny

Bancook

Hrdh\

Helvetia
Indiana
Isl>' Royale
Keweenaw

Lake

La Salle

Mason Valley

Mass

Mayflower

Michigan

Mohawk
New Aroadtan

New Mrta

North Butte

North Lake

OJlbway

Old Dominion

(Osceola

Qulncy

St Mary's M. L..

Santa Fe

Seneca

Shannon

3battuek-Aii2. - - -
Lake

So, Utah

Superior

Superior * Bost.

Trinitv

Tuolumne

V S Smelting.
U S. Smelt'g. pf.
Utah Ape\

Utah Con

Utah Metal

Victoria

Winona

Wolverine

Wyandot

-erroa

Hoys

of

sales
delivered.
There has

Ferromanganese — Occasional
are being made at $250
which price is well maintained.
been occasional shading of the $4 per unit
extra for higher manganese contents.
Spiegeleisen remains quotable at 570, tyr-
nace, while there are rumors of higher
prices for small prompt lots.

Coke

ConnellHville — Conditions show no change,
with about 340,000 tons a week being
shipped from the Connellsvilte and Lower
ConnellHville regions, as for about two
months past. Byproduct coke production
is marked for considerable increases as
new ovens are completed in the next few
months. The market remains at the set
limits, $6 for furnace and $7 for foundry.

Maema.
Majestic
Marsh

McKlnley-Dar-Sa.
Milford .

Mohican

Mother I.ode
v Y & Hond.. . .
Nipisslng Mines...
Nixon Nevada. .

Ohio Cop

Rawley

Ray Hercules

Richmond

Rochester Mines.
St Joseph Lead..
Standard S. L .. .

Stewart

Success

Tonopah

Tonooah Ex

Tribullion

Troy Arizona

United Cop

United Verde Kxt.
United Zinc. .
Utica Mines

50
72

20
4s

I H
.'0

in

15
.27

fit*.
|3fi

105

!;
II

7ll

112

■JO
.80

23

i:

4

5

2
:,ll
00

i :
is
u
no

7.'.
40
47
117
40
05
10
3!
10

1
14

'J1

3 5

.95

in

43 i

li

9!

v

li

24
60

m

41

1.56

.38

14)

.401

.10*
21
1A

1.25
.15

1A
39!
til
108

Alaska Mines Corp

Boston Ely

Boston & Mont.
Butte & Lon'n Dev
Calaveras
Calumet-Corbin.

Chief Con

Cortez

Crown Reserve.
Crystal Cop
Eagle & Blue Bell .
Gila Copper
Houghton Copper.

Intermountain

Iron Cap

Mexican Metals.

Mines ot America..

Mojave Tungsten

Nat. Zinc* Lead,

Nevada-Douglas...

New Baltic

New Cornelia

Oneco

Pacific Mines .

Rex Cons

Yukon Gold

12

SO
.10

17

1

t 01

2!

05

15

.24

21
117
.50

:,05

17!

.30

1

10

18

.56

1.60

17!

.20

t-35

.09

1

COLO. SPRINGS June 17

LONDON

Mn l..

Creason Con.

i .it

Burma Corp... .

II Us 0,1

i doctor .lack Pot. . .

08

Cam A Motor .

,04

Camp lUrd

li Paso

12

Kl <)ro

I 02

Esprrunza

1 til

Mexican Mines

31

Miu Corp.Can,

0 lfi 3

(il

Nechl, pfd

0 10 fi

05

Oroville.

,80

St.. John del Rey

0 1ft 0

United < -old M

14

Santa GeTt dlB,

0 12 •>

\ Indicator

2 5

Tomboy

0 17 ::

r.i.l prices, t Cliialnu prices 1 Lust Quotations
MONTHLY AVERAGE PRICES OF METALS

New York

London

Silver

1916

1917 | 1918

1916

1917

1918

56.775

75.630 88.702

.'I, illiO

36 6S2

11 356

Feb.

58 755

77.585 85 716

26 H75

37 742

67 93S

7:1 S(il'S8.082

27 5117

86.410

\prll

64 4 1 r.

7:i 878

95 340

74 269

71 746

99 . 505

35 177

87 040

48.980

65 l.-'4

78 071

31 IlliO

July

02 HI"

79 010

80.000

ill, IIS3

86 107

31 108

Sepl

IIS 515

100,740

32 684

Ocl

07 S.55

87 332

32 361

7 1 '.HI

86 B91

34 192

Dec

75.765

86 900

i eat

05 661

81.417

31 315 40 851

\i\v x ork quotations cents per ounce troy, fine sliver.
London, pence per ounce, sterling silver, 0.92o fine.

Copper

New York

London

Electrolytic

.Standard

P.le rolytlc

1917

1918

1917

1918

1917

1918

Jan

Feb . .
Mar, .
April,
May
June....
July.
Aug,
Sept.. .

Oct

Nov..
Dec...

25 673
31.750
31.481

!7 035

Js 7«

29 '102

26 020
25 3S0
25 073

2 1 .".mi
23 500
23 500

23 500
23 500

23 . 500

23 ..I'll
23.500

131 1121
137.895
136.750
133 S12
130.000
130 000
128 409
122 391
117 500
110 000
1 in nun
1 111 000

110 000
110.000
110.000

111! .000
1 10 . 000

142.895
148.100
151, 000
147.158
142 000
142 000
140 409
137 000
135 250
125 000
125 000
125 000

125 000

125 lion
125 00(1
125.000
125.000

Year

27.180

. .1 124. 892

'.38.401

BOSTON CURB' June IS

Tin

1918

January i; \ln

February 51 420

Marcli It-Sfn

April 55 910

Mav 1 "3 . l/o

line 62.053

July ' 62-570

August^,. r^-iSJ

September 01 .542

October SiS5i

November ,4.740

December S7.121

S5 500
02 I

(a)
W
W

Av. year.

61.802

1917

185.813
198.974
207.443
220.171
245.114
242 083
242.181
i43 97S
244 038
247.467
274 943
298 , 556

237 563

1918

293 . 227
311.525

31S.875
329.005
364.217

(a) No average computed.

SAN FRAN.«

ron

0

re

In the conference on iron and steel
prices generally to be held June 21 between
the War Industries Board and the pro-
ducers, the producers will urge that exist-
ing prices be continued after June 30.
except that the ore producers will ask that
price at Lake Erie dock be advanced by
reason of the freight advance effective
June 25 which will increase the freights
from mine to upper Lake dock by about
ton the prescribed advance in Order
No. 28. the general order, being 30c. a net
ton.

Alta

Andes

Best & Belcher

i aledonla

Challenge con. . . .
Confidence
Con Virginia
Gould & Curry
Hale & Xorcross...
Jacket-Cr. Pi
Mexican

< iccldental

Opnlr.

overman

Savage

sierra Nevada. . . .

Union Con

Utah Con

Belmont

Jim Butler

MacNamara

Midway

Mont -Tonopab., .

North Star

Rescue Eula
West End Con —

Atlanta

Booth

Comb. Frac

Florence

Jumbo Extension.
Kewanas
Nevada Hills
Nevada Packard..
Round Mountain,
silver Pick
White Caps ...

Big Jim

United Eastern . .

SALT LAKE*

June 14

.03
10
.01
.04
03
.04
.28
01
01
.07
.39
}60
, 14
.02
03
.12
.57
.01
3 00
.61
.19
.04
.11
.07
.08
1.07
05
02
1 02
10
.08
.03
03
.24
23
03
.31
1.75
3 12!

TORONTO*

: 26

3.15

08

2 00

t.92

t 04

45

38!

5 50

t.03

011

t 05

50

.11

i 37;

1 45
01 i
.66
11 62!
01
1 57)
08
Yankee < t 02 1

June 18

Bannack

CardlH

Colorado Mining.

Daly

Empire Copper

Gold Chain

Grand Central
Iron Blossom .

Judge ■

Lower Mammoth

May Day

Moscow

Prince Con
Rico Wellington
Silver-King Coal'n
Silver King Con

Sioux Con

So. Hecla

Tlntlc Standard,.,.

Uncle Sam

Walker Cop

Wllbert

New York

St. Louis

London

Lead

1917

1918

1917

1918

1917

1 9 1 s

January

February

March

April

June

July

August
September..

October

November.. .
December. . .

7.626

S 030
0 100

9.288

10 207

11 171
10 710
10 594

5 I.MI

., 710

6 249
6.375

6.782
6,973
7.201
0.772
6.818

7 530

s 505
9.120
9 158

10 202

11 123
10 044
10 51s

B oil

0 051]
6.187
0 312

6.684
6.899
7.091
0.701
6.704

30 . 500

30 5011
30 500
30 500

30 :

30 500
30 500
30 500

29.50

29 50
29.50

2 ■' 50
29 50

30 500
30 500
30 500

1 8.787

8,72ll. .

30 500i.

Spelter

January

February

March

April

May

June

July

AUgUSt . . .

September.
October. . .
November
December.

1917

9.619

111 045
10 300
9.459

9 302
9 371

8.643
8.360

s 130
7 0S3

7 S17
7 OS,

1918

7 . 836
7.814
7.461
6.SU0
7 314

Year I 8 901

1917

9 449
9 S75
10 130
9 2so
9 102
9 201
8.473
8 190
7 966
7 SI 3
7 072
7.510

s si :

191s

7.66
7 639
7.2S6
6."
7.114

1917

4S 329
17 000
47 11011
54 032
54 000
54 000

54

54 (Kin
54 000
54 000
54 000
54 . 000

1 0 1 s

54 000
54 000
54.000
54.000
54.000

52 413

New Y'ork and St. Louis quotations, cents per pound.
London, pounds sterling per long ton.

Adanac

Bailey

Beaver Con

Chambers Ferland

Conlagas

Hargraves

La Rose

Peterson Lake

Temlskamlng

Wettlaufer-Lor. .

Davidson

Dome Exten

Dome Lake

Hollinger

Mclntyre

Newray

Porcu. Crown

Teck-Hughes

Vlpond

West Dome

08 i
03(
.23)
II I
2,70
06{
40

09

,28!
04
30
10 '.
13
4.88
1 25
201
14

.30
10

.081

Bessemer!

Basic!

Nu 2
Foundry

pgh.

1917

1918

1917 | 1918

1917

1918

January

February

March.

April

May

June

July .
August
September..
October.
November .
December. .

S35 . 95

36 37
37.37
42.23
46 . 94
54 22
57 45
54 17
46.40
37.25

37 25
37 25

S37.25
37.25
37.25
36.15
36.20

S30.95
30.95
33 40
3S Oil
42 si
50 115
53 80
50.37
42 24
33 95
33 95
33 95

S33 95
33 95
33 95
32 95

33.00

S30 95
30 95
35 91
40 06
43 60
50 14
53 95
53 95
48.58
33 95
S3 06
33 95

|33 05
33 95
33 95
33 95
34.00

Year

$43. 571. .

$39 62

$40 83

t > s reported by W. P. Snyder & C<y_

Engineering and Mining Journal

Volume 105

June 29, 1918

Numbi

ST. JOSEPH LEAD CO.'S SHAFT NO. 3 AND HIVERMIXES POWER PI A XT 7V '

SOUTHEAST MISSOURI DISSEMINATED LEAD DISTRICT '

The Mining Districts of Joplin and
Southeast Missouri — V*

By H. W. KITSON

Southeast Missouri produces 35% of the lead in
the United States, and has increased its yield
54% since 1913. Of the output, the Flat River
and Fredericktown sections produce 90 and
10%, respectively, from low-grade disseminated
lead deposits, which occur as metasomatic re-
placements interstratified with the nearly hori-
zontal lower beds of an un metamorphosed

Cambrian dolomite. The orebodies at Bonne
Terre have been worked continuously through
joint, fissure and bedded deposit* from the sur-
face to a depth of 375 ft; those at Flat River
and vicinity are mostly at depths of 400 to 500
/*. The open-stope and columnar-pillar method
of mining prevails throughout the district and
affords a good extraction at a low cost per ton.

THE magnitude of mining operations in the South-
east Missouri district is best conceived by a com-
parison of its mineral production with that of
[oplin and other districts in the United States and
•oreign countries. In 1917, Southeast Missouri pro-
duced 204,869 tons of lead, or 35% of the total domestic

•ar?0TnTTinMed f">™ Part I, Dec. 22. 1917; Part II. Feb. 23. 1918;

, thi'iop^^ofswTcv' ?Pr. "iTinff Practice and °peratin& Costk

output of the United States, and, including foreign im-
ports, the relative proportion was 32 per cent.

In point of base metallic tonnage, the production from
Southeast Missouri compares favorably with that from
the Joplin district, which in 1917 yielded 40,575 tons
of lead, or 7% of the domestic output, and 290,945 tons
of spelter— a total metallic output of 331,520 tons.
Both districts produce a practically pure base metal, the
silver content in the ores being commercially negligible.

1154

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 26

and prices in 1917 for lead and zinc differed

only by 8.721c and 8.818c. per lb., respectively.

In 1918, the world production of lead amounted to
1,120,000 metric tons.' Of this total the United States
contributed 895,000 ions, of which 133.000 tons was
produced from Southeast Missouri. In the same year.
Spain produced 208,000 tons; Germany. 181,000 tons,
and Australia. 116,000 tons. In 1917 the rate of pro-
duction of lead from Southeast Missouri had increased
by 54', over the 1913 output, thereby excelling the
normal output of Germany before the war.

Flat River Area Productive of 90% of Lead From
Southeast Missouri

The productive area in Southeast Missouri, as shown
in Fig. 1, is mainly in the vicinity of Flat River, St.
Francois County, and is locally known as the "Lead Belt."
It is situated 60 miles south of St. Louis and 225 miles
in a northeasterly direction from Joplin. This section
accounts for about 90% of the total production from
the district, the remainder coming mostly from the
vicinity of Fredericktown,' Madison County, 25 miles
further to the southeast, with relatively smaller amounts
from Washington and Ste. Genevieve counties.

The Southeast Missouri district lies on the eastern
side of the Ozark uplift, about 40 miles west of the
Missouri River, toward which the drainage system of
the area is directed. Elevations in the Flat River sec-
tion vary from 700 to 800 ft. above sea level. At Big
River the valley has been eroded to an elevation of only
610 ft., but in the southern part of the district the St.
Francois Mountains attain elevations of 1800 ft. Over
most of the productive area the surface is gently rolling,
affording but few good gravity millsites. The rainfall
amounts to about 40 in. a year, and water from under-
ground sources is plentiful for milling purposes. Nor-
mally, the winters are mild, but the summers are in-
variably hot and humid.

The stratigraphic features of the district* are sim-
ple and consist. of Cambrian sedimentaries deposited
near shore in an ancient shallow sea unconformably
upon an eroded pre-Cambrian granite, of which much
of the material constitutes the later formations. The
granite basement and its overburden of sedimentaries
slope downward radically from the St. Francois Moun-
tains, at which point they have been relatively elevated
over a comparatively small area by faulting, and stand
exposed at the surface by erosion.

The La Motte sandstone directly overlies the granite,
with a thickness ranging from 200 to 300 ft. This
formation is conglomeratic at its base and dolomitic near
its upper contact, and decreases gradually in thickness
as the central granite core or ancient shore line is ap-
proached.

Overlying the La Motte with conformity, the next
formation above is the Bonne Terre, which is eco-
nomically the most important in the district. Buckley'
gives the following description :

The Bonne Terre formation consists chiefly of dolomite
with thin laminae or beds of shale and beds of chlontic, occa-

'"The Mineral Industry." Vol. XXIII.

»"Eng. and Min. Journ.." Vol. 105. No. 2, p. 65.

•"Geology and Mineral Deposits of the Ozark Region." By H.
A. Buehler, Bull, 130, A. I. M. E.

•Missouri Bureau of Geology and Mines. Vol. IX, Part L By
E. R. Buckley.

aionally arenaceous, dolomite. The upper and lower parts
of this formation are quite uniformly interstratified with
shale, while the middle portion contains only occasional
thin loaves of shale between the beds. There is generally
an absence of stratification planes, but the bedding planes
are well defined and reasonably persistent. The position of
most of the bedding pianos has been determined by thin films
of shale and of abrupt changes in the texture of the dolomite.

The bedding planes are frequently smooth and level, but
more often they are rough and wavy. A pivot or pinnacle-
like surface is not uncommon. There has evidently been
more or less solution and deposition along the bedding, as
a result of which some of the adjacent beds are attached
and others are free. The coalescing of two bedding planes
through the feathering out of an intervening bed occurs fre-
quently in the lower part of the formation. Occasional ex-
amples of cross-bedding have been observed in the mines.

Overlying the Bonne Terre conformably in order of depo-
sition are the Davis shale, with a maximum thickness of 160
ft the Derby and Doe Run dolomites, with a thickness of
100 ft., and the Potosi cherty dolomites, having a thickness

°f 300 ft- „ , • * A T>1 1 M

Within the productive area, faulting of the Block Moun-
tain type has relatively elevated the lower formations, and
erosion has either entirely denuded the Bonne Terre near
its former upper contact or has left it with but a relatively
thin cover of Davis shale. All formations have a slight dip
to the southwest, modified locally by faulting and gentle
anticlinal and syncline folding. This folding varies often at
different horizons of the Bonne Terre within the same areas,
and appears to be the result of deposition upon the uneven
granite floor and to solution, rather than lateral dynamic
stress.

Joint Planes and Fault Zones Have Important
Influence in Ore Deposition
The Bonne Terre dolomite is characterized by exten-
sive jointing, and several definite systems have been
recognized, of which some are marked by their persis-
tence and broad openings. Fracture and solution chan-
nels have been formed which at some points extend con-
tinuously from the surface to the sandstone below, and
such undoubtedly had an important influence on deep
ore deposition. Joints and fracture planes are found
both open and filled with clay, and underground cir-
culating waters have developed caves and sink holes.
The surface clays are the alteration product of the
eroded Davis shale, and in places these have been pro-
ductive of galena in the early days of mining. Joint-
ing appears to occur in zones, and evidence has been
found in the mines which indicates a series originating
at the base of the formation.

Faulting is more in evidence in the Flat River dis-
trict than at any other mining area of the Ozark region.
The faults are of the normal or gravity type, and con-
tiguous blocks, as shown in Fig. 2, have been displaced
so as to form a step-like series bounded by the fault
plane zones. The major system of faulting antedates
the genesis of the ore deposits, which orebodies, how-
ever, have been subsequently faulted by a minor series.
The main fault of the immediate district has a dis-
placement of 120 ft. and strikes northeast and south-
west, passing through Big River north of Bonne Terre,
as indicated in Fig. 2; and a subsequent series to the
south has a strike northwest and southeast. Minor
faults occur with north-south and east-west strikes. As
shown in Fig. 2, this Big River fault has lowered the
Davis and overlying formations on the downthrow side
to the level of the outcropping Bonne Terre dolomite.

Faulting has had an important effect in guiding un-
derground circulation, and in the Flat River district has
created a basin-like condition by which seepage from
the surface has formed a reservoir of mineral-bearing
solution over the previous La Motte sandstone, favor-

June 29, l"Jl»

i NGINEERING a.m. MINING fOl R

1155

PIG. 1. COMPOSITE MAP OF THE SOUTHEAST MISSOURI DISTRICT. SHOWING GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION- OF
MINING CAMPS, AREAS MIXED, TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS AND LINES OF MAJOR FAULTING

ii;>u

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. ..6

to deposition in the dolomite channels by slow in-
filtration. , ... „

Geologists favor the theory of ore deposition from
solutions of surface origin, as explaining the genesis of
,-es in the Ozark region, with the exception of the
hematite deposits and argentiferous lead veins in gran-
ite The Davis shale forms an impervious barrier to
nding or descending solutions, and the disseminated-
lead deposits have been found only where the Bonne
Terre formation outcrops at or lies close to the surface,
the shale having been completely or largely eroded over
snch areas. The marked absence of metamorphism of
the sedimentaries, the presence of numerous under-
ground water courses and subterranean caves, and de-
posits of galena in surface clays have generally been
accepted, as irrefutable proof of this origin of the ore.
In Southeast Missouri the lead has been deposited
by matasomatic replacement of the dolomite. There ap-
pears to have been little or no secondary enrichment or
formation of oxidized ores. Deposition appears to have

The most important deposits of the district are the
low-grade disseminated lenses or sheets in which galena
replaced dolomite along certain horizons parallel to
stratification planes in the lower beds of the Bonne
Terre. The main zone of ore deposition appears to oc-
cur at short distances above the sandstone contact, as
shown in Fig. 3. Some of these orebodies have widths
of 800 ft. and frequently extend irregularly for a half
mile or more. The orebodies vary in thickness from a
few feet up to over a hundred feet, but the average
range is probably from eight to twenty feet. Laterally,
these orebodies spread out irregularly, and their posi-
tions owing to local variations in grade, as shown by the
outline of areas stoped in Fig. 3, indicate the favorable
channels of original ore deposition. The trend of the
long axis of the Bonne Terre orebody lies with a north-
east strike somewhat parallel to the Big River fault.
In the southern part of the district the orebodies appear
to lie parallel to each other, with a southeast trend
parallel to the faulting zones in that area. Minor

FIO.

— „t SOBTH.SO,,™ «« ™«0«« « ™ — — 7S0L"" 7™",,

uw . » _,. _j:.„ „t*-r.~ nmr p or underlie tn

favored the darker carbonaceous beds, and little ore is
undtn the lighter-colored part of the formation In
general, the ore is found in the lower ^horizons of the
Bonne Terre disseminated through the dolomite and
hah- portions,, and there is little if any marked bre*
Nation, as commonly exists in the Joplin district.
Where oxidation has occurred, it has been slight and
the rocks have in general retained their dark color.
Leaching, when there is any, appears to have been com-
plete, and perfect casts of the original galena are some-
time 'to be seen. In general, the lateral limits of the
embodies are not sharply defined, hut fade gradua ly
,nto the wall rock, decreasing in gr ade Iromt he, r,ch est
portions at the center, except where bounded by joint
or fault planes. In many cases, there is a vertical dis-
placement in ore horizons on each side of a joint .plane
where no movement has occurred. Such a condition is
undoubtedly due to preferential replacement in certain
favorable portions of the dolomite beds.

The lead deposits of Southeast Missouri are confined
mainlv to the Bonne Terre dolomite and to independent
areas' that have been productive in the upper portion
of the La Motte sandstone near the contact of the two
formations. The lead ores originally mined were
found in masses and pockets in the residual surface
days overlving the Bonne Terre and close to the eroded
Davis shale. These deposits, though rich, were not ex-
tensive, and, although highly productive at one time,
are relatively unimportant at present. Such deposits
often extended downward into the dolomite, following
fissures and joint planes and extending along the
bedding planes, but seldom attaining a depth of greater
than 50 or 60 ft. At Bonne Terre, however, in the
northern part of the district, the lead deposits have
been followed from the surface to the La Motte sand-
stone.

series of orebodies often overlie or underlie the first
"eries at distances varying from 10 to 80 ft as shown
in Fig 4 and constitute in such mines second and thud
levels.' A small proportion of the lead ore mined-
nrobably not 1%-comes from deposits in the La Motte
sandstone and carbonaceous shaly dolomite along the
contact.

DAILY PRODUCTION OF FLAT RIVER MINES 20,000 TONS

of Ore
In 1917 the Flat River district mined and milled
about 20,000 tons of ore per day. The principal com-
panies, in the order of their productive capacities, are
the St. Joseph Lead Co., with a 2400-ton mil la Bonn
Terre, a 2000-ton mill at Leadwood, and a 4200-ton mill
at Rivermines; the Federal Lead Co., which has a 5000-
ton concentrator at Flat River and a 3000-ton plant a
Elvins,; the St. Louis Smelting and Refining CoJThe
National Lead Co.) with a 2500-ton mill at St- Francois
and the Desloge Consolidated Lead Co., which has a
1500-ton mill at Desloge. The Baker Lead Co. has a
500-ton mill at Leadwood, and the Boston-Elvins Lead
Co. mined about 10.000 tons in 1917 which was con-
centrated at the mill of the St. Louis Smelting and Re-

""The mines at Fredericktown are among the oldest in
the country, and the famous old Mine La Motte has
been a producer for many years. The limestone cap
overlving the La Motte orebody is being stripped by
steam shovels preparatory to mining the low-grade ^dis-
seminated-lead deposit by opencut methods. This worB
is being done by the Missouri Metals Corporation, which
is erecting a 1500-ton mill to concentrate this ore. The
Federal Lead Co. operates the Catherine mine ijnder
option and a 600-ton mill treats this ore at La Motte.
Th" property was producing in 1917 from disseminated-

June 29, 1918

IINEERING ami MINING J01 RNAL

1 1 67

1 deP°8its sm,ll;"- to those al Flat River, but late in
the year operations were discontinued pending more
favorable economi. conditions. rhe Missouri Coball
Co. has « 300-ton mil] a. Predericktown ; and the Bin
;"•'" m»ne, 12 miles west, has ., 26-ton null treatins
tungsten an.! argentiferous lead ore. In put the Fred
oncktown mines produced from 2000 to 3000 tons of
lead ore per day. Concentrators have been coi

and are nearing completion for the treatment of co -,-

cobalt-nickel ores thai have been opend up. Such ,1,
posits haw been found both in the sandstone and shah
dolomite.

The Flat River district is served by the Mississippi
River & Bonne Terre Railroad, the tracks of whirl
tend from Doe Run through to Elvins, Rivermines Flat
River. St. Francois. Desloge, Bonne Terre. Big River
and Herculaneum and terminate at Riverside This
road is owned by the St. Joseph Lead Co., which has a
smeltery at Herculaneum. but all the traffic for the dis-
trict, consisting of freight, ore. and concentrates is
transported over this line. The St. Louis. Iron Moun-
tain & Southern Railway, which has been absorbed by
the Missouri Pacific Railway, connects Riverside with
St. Louis and Potosi. The Missouri Pacific also connects
the district by two lines to southern points, and the
Illinois Southern Railway connects St. Francois with the
Mississippi River and Illinois coal fields. Perryville
and other eastern Missouri points are connected 'with
Farmmgton, the St. Francois County seat, bv the Cape
Girardeau Northern Railway. The Federal Lead Co
ships concentrates to its smeltery at Alton, and the St.
Louis Smelting and Refining Co. has a smelting plant at
Collinsville, Illinois.

Similarity of Mixing Methods Prevails in District
Mining conditions and methods throughout the dis-
trict are similar in essential features and differ but
little in detail. Orebodies are found and explored by
diamond drilling, and subsequently are developed by
vertical shafts sunk through the main ore level, which
ranges at depths in various parts of the district from
350^ to 500 ft. The orebodies in. the main lie from 40
to 50 ft. above the La Motte sandstone, and shafts are
sunk at a point in the area most convenient for drain-
age and tramming grades, as indicated by diamond
drill holes. Skip pockets and sumps are cut below the
track level, and orebodies that exist either above or
below this level are connected by raises or winzes. The
ground, whether in ore or country rock, is prevailingly
hard and of good standing quality, and little or no
timbering is necessary except for chute sets, manways
and in the shafts. Timber in the latter is used only
for stulls between compartments to support guides and
ladderway equipment. Stopes are worked laterally,
following the ore for the full height of the breast,
leaving columnar pillars for support of the roof at in-
tervals, depending upon the local strength of the back,
grade of ore, and convenience in laying track. The
method of drilling and advancing a breast varies with
the height of the heading. Where the height is higher
than that of a drill column, an advance heading is car-
ried close to the roof, and the ore below the drift is
taken out in a series of stepped benches descending to
the main track level. The broken ore is shoveled into
cars and trammed by hand or mule to the main haul-

"8*way, ui picked up In ti ., motoi

draw n ' ,M

fhe Si rosi ph I t Hei i,a-

:i '• ■ I 100.000 toi ■ p, and reduce the

\'" '"ill- at Bonne Terre,

Rive™in< and Leadw I The ipanj produced In

''"7 l""" " ''- a larger tonnage than the

"' ""■ district combined. Power la furnished from thi
'"'" Ri turbine plant, which ha a capacity of

,;""" k " ■""l supplies 6600 volts to all the compel
m">ea and mills, a I, lad, coal fuel

transmitted triangular circuit

connecting with the auxiliary powei plant- in reserve at
each of the three mills. This ibie

concentration of power at any point from any -<)Urce

along the line.

At Bonne Tern-. Shaft No. l is located at the 2400-
ton mill. The bulk of the tonnage is hoisted through
this shaft, though a small tonnage is receivd on rail-
road cars from Shaft No. 2. Shaft No. 1 has a depth of
180 ft., has two compartments and is equipped with two
2.4-ton skips, which dump directly into the mill bin.

The main haulage level at Shaft No. 1 is at a depth
of 180 ft. The skips are loaded from chute pockets 38
ft. below this level, and these chutes are equipped with
air gates of the vertical cut-off type, which operate
through a slot in the chute lip below the ore stream.
All the ore from this mine is hoisted to the surface from
the 180 ft. main haulage level. Trains of 20 one-ton
cars, coupled with link chains, are drawn to the shaft
by Porter compressed-air locomotives. These locomo-
tives are charged with air at 850 lb. pressure, and one
charge will haul 20 tons one-half mile.

Solid-Box Type Cars Have Advantageous Features

Cars are of the solid-box type mounted rigidly on
trucks. The bodies are 2 ft. deep and have a square
bottom with an area of 11 sq. ft. The wheels are
eouiDped with Whitney Wonder roller bearings, for a
24-in. gage track of 30 lb. rails. The coupling chains
are attached to the ends of a drawbar, which is a solid
casting with a hook at each end, and is fastened rigidly
to the bottom of each car.

The shaft station has a three-track arrangement.
The cars are dumped into the skip loading pocket by
means of two tipples or dumping cradles, described in
the Engineering and Mining Jo rival of Dec. 1, 1917.
Trains back in on either of two outside tracks, which
at the station have a down gi . i toward the pocket.
The station tenders unhitch the i ars, and after unload-
ing one by one at the tipples, return them to the central
track, which has a slight down grade away from the
pocket. This system is capable of rapid unloading
where a small-size car is used. The gateless feature
eliminates all trouble and delay incident to jamming
of levers and catches, spilling or overturning. The cars
and their auxiliary equipment can be made at the com-
pany's machine shops and foundry at a reasonable
cost, and few repairs have been found to be necessary.
The mine at Bonne Terre is opened up by stopes and
workings from the surface to a depth of 375 ft. At
80-ft. intervals sub-haulage levels, connected to the main
motor-haulage level by raises or winzes, are equipped
with the same type of car drawn by mules. At each
sub-level above the motor level, dumping cradles similar

-

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 26

to those used at the shaft pocket are installed. These

ses in genera] have g course from sub-level to

sub-level. Such inclines minimize the tramming dis-
tances on each level according to the various relative
horizontal projections of the orebodies on the various
sub-levels and help to break the fall of the ore.

The mine workings below the 180 ft. level are con-
nected by low inclined winzes equipped with single-drum
hoists which raise and lower the cars. A 30° incline
from a point near Shaft No. 1 connects to workings 90
ft vertically below the 180 ft. level. Ore was mined
from around this incline, but these workings are now
abandoned and act as a sump. One inclined winze has a
length of over 200 ft. and an inclination of 30°. A

old workings, taking out pillars, stripping above and
below old stopes and extending laterally into the low-
grade walls. The ore now mined yields an average of
2' , lead, but the grade as broken varies from 1 to 3%.
The ore occurs in horizontal layers in the dolomite, with
disseminated galena between layers. There are, be-
sides, large bodies of purely disseminated ore. The ore
breaks from the solid rather fine. Individual lumps are
hard and tough and consist mostly of magnesian lime-
stone. There is some chalcopyrite in the ore, the iron
content amounting to about 5%. Concentrates from the
Bonne Terre ores contain from two to three ounces
of silver per ton, 0.4% copper and 9% iron.

The orebodies are often stepped up or down varying

'5f"Yf^_J_. Vavis Fbrmatmr, Short

700

Datum Plane
600

FIG. 3. PLAN AND SECTION OF TYPICAL MINE. FLAT RIVER DISTRICT OF SOUTHEAST MISSOURI

drift from the bottom connects over half a mile distant
to another 200 ft. incline at 45° which connects to the
375 ft. level near Shaft No. 2, about one mile north of
Shaft No. 1. The output from Shaft No. 2 is about 140
tons per day of one shift. The ore mined at present is
mostly of the chloritic type, occurring close to the La
Motte sandstone, and operations are confined mainly
to old workings. This ore has a thickness of from 9
to 12 ft., and levels have been opened at 400 ft., 450 ft.
and 500 feet.

The mule barns at Shaft No. 1 are all on the 180 ft.
level, and at the end of each shift the mules from the
various sub-levels descend through the old stopes and
connecting workings over well-trodden trails resemb-
ling those on steep mountain sides. The orebodies at
Bonne Terre extended without regularity from the sur-
face to the 375-ft. level or to the contact with the La
Motte sandstone. In the early days the ore mined ran
as high as 40 rc lead, and only the highest grade ore
was extracted. The St. Joseph Company at present is
mining over 75fr of the tonnage from Bonne Terre from

distances, as followed in mining, owing to local fault-
ing. Some stopes are 136 ft. in height from floor to
back and some only 25 to 50 ft. wide. Orebodies parallel
to the bedding planes generally have considerable lati-
tude, but vary in height from 8 to 25 ft. Individually
and collectively the orebodies are irregular, and as
the mineralization is erratic, the ore grade is subject
to considerable local variation.

In virgin ground, heading and underhand stoping
methods have been adopted and are similar in principle
to methods to be described in more detail presently. Ex-
ceedingly deep orebodies are mined by underhand meth-
ods in horizontal slices from top to bottom. Besides
many minor faults occurring throughout the orebody,
open water courses are frequently tapped. Old pillars
are robbed and in many cases are reclaimed altogether
by stoping out a horizontal slice at the top and sub-
sequently shooting down the whole pillar and block-
holing large fragments.

Ingersoll-Rand and Sullivan plugger type drills have
been adopted throughout the district. These drills are

.lu in 29. L918

ENGINEERING WD MINING J01 UNA).

I 15'J

u id unmounted or mounted with a 24-in. Bcrew
and either wet or dry. When mounted in high stt
extensible 2 in. columns are used Extensions are

made by moans of thivaded sleeve [i ints The rose bii
is used altogether at Bonne Terre, and holes are drilled
10 to It; ft. deep. Du Pont Red* Cross powder of 10
strength is used for blasting. The ground cannot be
sprung as at Jopfin, and therefore holes are m
bered. Air pressure is supplied at SO H,. g&ge .,( ,|„.
mains. Brow or back holes arej drilled in mining strips
of ore left in the backs of old stopes. Such holes are
drilled with pluggers mounted on extensible columns,
and they are pointed at an angle to the hack and are
generally It; ft. deep. Steel is sharpened at a shop on the
180-ft. level.

Good Ventilation Maintained
Ventilation all through the mine is good, although
there are no strong air currents. A dozen or more open-
ings to the surface through old shafts create a suffi-
cient natural draft, and no fans are necessary. The men
enter the mine through a stairway in a vertical shaft
used solely for this purpose, but are hoisted on a cage
at a third shaft which handles only men and supplies.

A 500-gaI. motor-driven centrifugal pump is stationed
at the sump near Shaft No. 1, and a 400-gal. pump at
Shaft No. 2. A third pump of 400 gal. capacity is sta-
tioned near old Shaft No. 7, and the total water handled
at present is only about 1300 gal. per minute.

The mine is worked two 8-hour shifts per day, but
hoisting continues for three shifts at Shaft No. 1, which
has a capacity of 2750 tons per 24 hours. Owing to
the nature of operations about 48 tons of ore is broken
per machine shift, which is somewhat higher than at
mines working in virgin ground. About one ton of ore
is broken per stick of powder.

Flat River Deposits in Structural Basin

In the Flat River area the mineralization appears to
he confined to the sandstone basin, the limits of which
have been rather well defined by contour data obtained
from diamond drilling. Within the area of this basin
the orebodies appear to have a northwest-southeast
trend parallel to each other. The explanation of this
condition is to be found in the more or less well-defined
fault zones shown in Fig. 1. The shale is not always in
the lower part of the basin, and the ore is not always
deposited in connection with the shale; and no gen-
erally accepted theory as to ore occurrence has been
formulated with sufficient exactitude to serve as a guide
to exploration. Within the orebodies, the successive
precipitation of lead, zinc, copper and iron is often
found to occur in the reverse order or without any ap-
parent order of succession. Rich ore is sometimes found
at synclines and sometimes at anticlines. In general,
the dip is to the west, but local faulting and gentle
folding cause variations. Orebodies usually occur near
the older faults and are themselves faulted, with dis-
placements that range from 7 to 20 ft. Folding is
often strong enough to carry the ore above or below
the main level to such an extent as to necessitate work-
ing from sub-levels by raises or inclined winzes.

Six shafts are tributary to the St. Joseph Lead Co.'s
Rivermines 4200-ton mill. St. Joseph company's Shaft
No. 3 is equipped with cages. Some shafts in the dis-

11 " ■ I'PPed with I ovei head cag« and

one shaft lias an auto-motor hoisting equipment All
,1"' l"" : At the federal Lead l

Shaft No. 12 300 ton

'"' ••' depth of 88 it- below the main level, togethei with

and pump station. Thi

drainagi tistalled In tht

■•topes, When

Cai trly all of the same I d at

On the cage, tht • rest upon

track bottom which hi tangular ana equal to thi

gage and wheel base of the cars. This bo cut

out of the center of the main deck. When tht ■ >

mi the station chairs, the false bottom is raised It

with the track of the main deck and station, but When

the cage is lifted from the chairs, the false bottom dr
relatively with the car two or three inches below the
main deck, thereby preventing movement of tl
along its track during hoisting by effectively blocking
the wheels fore and aft. This is another advantageous

'ure, in connection with this type of car. condui
to rapid hoisting. The cars are hoisted to the top
the loading bins at the surface, where there is a pan
of dumping cradles, operated by two tenders. From
bins railroad cars are loaded and the ore is transported
by locomotives to the mill at Rivermines.

Main Haulage Level at 475 ft. Depth
The haulage level from St. Joseph Shaft No. 3 is
475 ft. below the surface, the horizon of the main ore-
body; and conditions are altogether fairly well repre-
sentative for the district as a whole.

The station at this shaft is equipped with three 24-in.
tracks which handle the cars as received in trains drawn
by gas-motor haulage locomotives. At some of the
mines, electric haulage equipment has been installed.
The central track has a slight down grade toward the
shaft, and from it the loaded cars are trammed by -
tion tenders to the cages. The empties are returned
on either of the side tracks, which are sunk below the
main track level to give the proper down grade away
from the shaft.

Haulage Levels Established From Diamond-Drill

Data

From the shaft station a haulage drift has been
driven 7 ft. high and 8 ft. wide. The elevation of this
level was established from diamond-drill data, and the
station track elevation thus predetermined by making
proper allowances for an upgrade drift away from the
shaft. This elevation was selected as nearly as pos-
sible according to the average of the lowest points in
the main orebody. The slight effect of anticlines and
synclines in the orebody is disregarded for the sake
of an efficient haulage system, and any ore that occurs
below the track level is stoped subsequent to the comple-
tion of its upper portion.

The main haulage drift after reaching the orebody
follows its general trend through the longitudrn I cen-
ter. Drifting and stoping operations may be conducted
simultaneously, stopes being opened up laterally from
the main drift by leaving wall pillars between and .
sufficient lag in stoping operations behind the heading
in the haulage drift to avoid conflict of operations.

With the exception of a few drifts that are driven

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 26

through the dolomite, connecting the shaft with the
main ami outlying orebodies. and raises or winzes con-
necting upper and lower orebodies at other horizons,
there is comparatively little development through bar-
ren country rock. Most of the ore is developed in the
course of stoping, the general limits of deposits only
having been roughly predetermined by diamond drill-
ing. Diamond drills, however, do not give dependable
outlines, and the cuttings from rock drills are watched
closely as the faces of stopes are advanced.

In drifting, rounds are invariably drilled by pluggers
mounted on columns. The wide drift section and the
ilat stratification of the dolomite have developed an
adV&ntageous side-cut system of drilling rounds. Most
of this work is done on contract, one shift drilling and
the next shoveling. Each round is alternately drilled
from a set-up near one corner of the heading, all holes
being drilled radially from the column 4-ft. deep.
Twenty holes are generally drilled per round and pull
about 33 feet of ground.

Heavy Water Flows Caused by Drifting Through
Sandstone

There is little or no ore in the sandstone in this sec-
tion of the district, though there is sometimes an oc-
currence of ore in the dolomite close to the contact. In
drifting, the unevenness of the sandstone floor often

Bonneferre Formation

CO

_1_

Lamcrfte

Sandstone

Kon;orrtn! 8l Vertical

Kir 4 SECTION OF TYPICAL FLAT RIVER MINE. SHOW-
ING RHLVn.'.N OF MAIN AND UPPER ORE LEVELS
TO THE LA MOTTE SANDSTONE

necessitates driving through this formation. While
driving, such headings are invariably wet, and a veri-
table shower follows the heading, lasting for several
weeks or until the formation in the vicinity is drained.
This causes a considerable flow of water along the drifts,
which cannot be handled by a ditch, as the amount of
loose sand would soon fill it up and render it useless.
Such headings are avoided where possible on this ac-
count. In drilling, water reservoirs are frequently
tapped, and for a time there is often a considerable flow.
Such reservoirs eventually become drained, but until
such time work is often necessarily suspended.

Where the main heading is driving through ore,
lateral crosscuts are driven at intervals and throw
switches are put in the main track. The motors draw
the cars to and from the stope headings where conven-
ient, but in most cases mules also have to be used sup-
plementary to the main level haulage, as well as on
sub-levels above, where such exist.

The height of a stope breast is 7 to 8 ft. The
breast and underhand bench method of advancing faces
is used throughout where the face of ore is greater
than 8 ft. high. Breast holes are drilled from 8 to 10
ft. deep, depending upon the height of breast. In all
cases where the ore is high, the breast heading is driven
at the top of the orebody. Stope holes are invariably
drilled down, although lifters are sometimes drilled
under the bench when the stope is mucked clean, which
is seldom the case at the time drilling starts. High

stopes are advanced in steps, the breast of each bench
lying on a general incline of about 00 degrees.

Each round in a stope breast pulls about Si ft. of
ground horizontally and is drilled with three holes at
an angle to the face. To gain greater breaking ef-
ficiency in plan, stope headings are advanced with a
serrated outline. Three holes are used and the central
hole is drilled a few inches closer to the face than either
the upper or lower. In blasting, the center hole is set
off first, which relieves the burden from the other two,
thereby securing greater breakage than is otherwise
possible. Stope holes are drilled down, and the face is
advanced in 8 to 10-ft. benches. These benches are
drilled and blasted in order from top to bottom as the
face advances.

Plugger-type drills with a pneumatic feed, and rose,
Carr and bull bits are in general use. Where hollow
steel is used, the holes at the bits are sometimes placed
in the side instead of in the center. Extension columns
are used up to 25 ft. in length, and 60 to 80-lb. air pres-
sures are maintained.

As a rule, the bulk of the ore is shoveled only once,
the shots being so placed at the various benches that the
ore is thrown to the track floor of the stope. The long-
handled round-point shovel is preferred, the ore being
shoveled from a rough bottom. One of the companies
in the district is using five Meyers-Whaley shoveling
machines with success. A power shovel of another
make had been tried out a few years ago by one of the
large companies without much satisfaction, but the
conditions of the trial were not conducive to the best
results. Power shovels at present are solving or will
solve to a great extent the labor problem, and stoping
conditions are especially favorable to their use.

As at Bonne Terre, the upper ore horizon is con-
nected to the main level by raises equipped with dump-
ing cradles at the top and chutes at the bottom, and
lower orebodies by winzes equipped with hoists and sin-
gle track inclines over which cars are raised and
lowered.

The ore occurs in layers parallel with the stratifica-
tion. Some layers are cut by small faults, but the edges
of the orebody in general taper out in grade from the
center. Large bodies of waste are found to occur within
the limits of the orebody. Ore is often found dissem-
inated between the stratified layers, and often there is
nothing but waste between such layers. Bands of shale
frequently occur in the dolomite and make bad roofs.
When careless machinemen drill their holes too high
and break into such bands, the roof is thereby greatly-
weakened. Such loosened strata or snells in the back
have to be either barred down or shot. out.

Where Possible, Pillars Are Left in Low-Grade Ore

The ore varies from 7 to 50 or 60 ft. high in different

parts of the mines. A stope in one mine was over 90 ft.

high, consisting of superimposed layers of ore about

300 ft. in diameter. This stope appeared to lie along one
of the older fault fissures and yielded an average of 4%
lead.

Pillars are left where possible in the low-grade
ground, but in ore in moderately high stopes they are
from 16 to 18 ft. in diameter and from 20 to 30 ft.
apart in the clear. In high ground, pillars are often
20 to 30 ft. in diameter and are spaced from 10 to 12 ft.

June 29, 1918

' M.GINEERING \NI> MINING JOURNAL

apart En high ground H is bette. to have smaU pilla,
close together than large ones far apart, as a bette. e*
traction is obtained when robbing later. Bio oil
when robbed leave too wide a roof unsupported between
Che pillars at some of the mines are left with a trian
Kula.- spacing in the clear of 22 ft. and are from 20 to
25 ft. in diameter.
Pillars are usually mined from top to bottom from

scaffolds set upon ladders until a bench has I „ ,.„,

around the top high enough to set up a drill column

I Ifij

.,,'""' ' I pillai

regular*) ' 10nth

:' "' ' <'""' '""•<■ • the pill

tn tho ■

If l« 10 M

""' ' ' the whole is taken out

Th" :"•""'"■■' left in piUai with the

height oi th« ground, but a n the di I

16 '" -"' ■• One oi the difficult*

"S^^SETSSS^^ BELOW T„E

OREBODY. SPACED AND PROPORTIONED ACCORD^G 5F5K ZT^^f^S^

GRADE OF THE ORE

From this bench, holes are drilled down around the
pillars, and a big tonnage is thus broken.

Work is guided largely by local conditions, and bar-
ren limestone often has to be taken to give a stoping
height of 7 ft. Ore is mined as low as 2rc lead, and the
average for this type of stope must be estimated ac-
cordingly. Low-grade ground is often mined to de-
velop higher-grade places not discovered by diamond
drilling and in order to supply a constant workable
tonnage to the mill.

Upper ore horizons are frequently 50 or 60 ft. above
the main level stopes, floor to floor, and have from 35
to 40 ft. of barren ground left between. In mining
such upper orebodies, where they are directly over a

among the miners is the tendency to leave large pillars.
Pillars are later robbed, however, as at Joplin, but the
total extraction is probably higher in Southeast Mi \ ouri
mines on account of different surface conditions, pillars
being robbed to the extent of about 50 per cent.

Incline raises to upper levels are usually flat and
consist of two compartments. The manway compart-
ment is lined off from the ore chute and is frequently
equipped with steps. Ore chutes are equipped in gen-
eral with arc gates, and the aprons are lined with track
rails. Two-compartment inclines are sometimes made
with the manway over the chuteway, instead of along-
side, the object being to save the timbering in the lin-
ing from wear. In the fall of 1917 wages in the dis-

1162

engineering and mixing journal

Vol. 105, No. 26

triet were, according to the sliding scale in use. 75',
above tho base wage, which for machinemen is $2.75
per day and for shovelers $2.40 per day. Thus ma-
chinemen receive $4-80 and shovelers $4.40 per day.

In general, throughout the district, the average
broken per man underground vanes from seven to eight
tons. The average amount of ore broken, except at
Bonne Terre. is about 40 tons per machine shift. Shov-
eling varies in different parts of the district, largely
according to the method of tally, and about 17 cars,
or 20 to 21 tons, is shoveled per man shift at present
although formerly 28 tons was common.

Operating Costs in Southeast Missouri
A comparison of present mining costs in the South-
cast Missouri district, although necessarily of economic
importance locally, can have under the abnormal condi-
tions that now prevail throughout the country but little
significant value elsewhere. For this and other reasons
best known to the various companies operating in the
district, no cost data could be obtained. H. A. Guess,
however, in a paper1 presented at the New York meet-
ing of the American Institute of Mining Engineers,
February, 1914, gives the following costs, which may
be taken for an average in the district at that time.

TABLE I. UNDERGROUND COSTS PER TON OF ORE IN FLAT

RIVER MINES IN 1914

Breaking, labor $°-jj£

Mining methods as a whole in the Joplin and South-
east Missouri districts are similar, except in details of
auxiliary operations, and appear to be well adapted to
the class of deposits mined. The flat nature of these
bedded deposits, the relative low height of ore, com-
pared to lateral extent, combined with the depth, hard-
ness of ground and necessity for preserving surface
rights, present certain conditions for roof support that

TABLE IV. TOTAL COSTS PER TON FOR MINING, MILLING
AND SMELTING IN THE SOUTHEAST MISSOURI DISTRICT

Mining and hoisting $1-00 to $1.50

Transfer to mills 05 to .10

Milling 30 to .50

General expense 10 to ._u

Freight to St. Louis 097 .097

Smelting 6'° ■6I

Total operating $1-925 to $2.775

Adding depreciation 312 .312

power . . .

explosives

Shoveling

Motor haulage

Drainage

.08
.13
.05
.08

Dividend costs . $2,237 to $3,087

Adding amortization 576 .57b

Total net $2-813 to $3,663

preclude caving, and the low grade of the ore not only
prohibits the use of timber but makes it far more eco-
nomical to sacrifice a small percentage of the ore in
the form of pillars. The wholesale manner in which
the ore is stoped and milled does not, from a cost stand-
point, permit the practice of underground waste sort-
ing, and even where the grade hoisted might be ma-
terially improved thereby the economy of so doing is
questionable, as the gain would undoubtedly be more
than offset by the added cost per ton.

Total $0-53

In 191-5. Skinner & Plate published' the data in Table
II given by Mr. Guess for mining costs of the Federa"
Lead Company.

TABLE II. MINING AND MILLING COSTS PER TON IN
SOUTHEAST MISSOURI

Prospecting $0 ^

Development .„

Ore breaking „„

Mine to mine bins rj

Mine bins to mill ,,„

Milling

General expense

ill
22
14

Mining in Turkey

According to reports from Constantinople, unusual
activity is now to be observed in developing the mineral
resources of both European and Asiatic Turkey, states
a recent issue of Iron and Coal Trades Review. No less
than 90 applications for concessions have recently been
put in to open up deposits of ore of one kind or another
in the Vilayet of Aidin alone. In particular, chromite-
ore deposits are being keenly sought for, and it is said
that the Krupp firm, of Essen, has acquired the rights
in two mines and is negotiating for the purchase of two
more. So far, over 60 chromite-ore mining concessions
in Asiatic Turkey have been granted by the government.
Concessions have also been obtained recently by Turk-
ish subjects to develop manganese ore deposits at Kiit-
shiik, in the Sandjak of Menteche, and iron-ore de-
posits at Burgas, Vilayet of Hudavendighiar; by a Ger-
man subject to work a manganese ore mine at Inludja.
in the Sandjak of Menteche; and by an Austrian to open
up a manganese ore mine near Kapakli-Kapus-Dere. also
in the Sandjak of Menteche. Reports of discoveries of
important deposits of iron ore, chromite ore, and coal
in the Vilayet of Brussa, and of nickel ore near Akkais.
Total . $1.28. • $112 in the Vilayet of Kastamuni, have also been received.

Interesting cost data were published' by J. R. Finlay The Heraclea coal mines, which formerly belonged to a

French company, are now reported to have been ac-
quired by Turkey, to be worked as a state undertaking.

Total &1-25

The St. Joseph Lead Co. costs from the annual report
also are given, as in Table III, for the year ended Apr.
30, 1914:

TABLE III. COSTS PER TON OF ORE MINED AT THE
ST. JOSEPH LEAD CO.

Bonne Terre Leadwood

District District

Mining $0.87 $0.78

Milling ?5

Railroad and freight 0b "*

1909. Mr. Finlav made a thorough study and analy-
sis of local costs, and estimated the following ranges as
an average for the district, as shown in Table IV.

"Mining and Mining Methods in the Southeast Missouri
seminated Lead District."

Mining Costs of tr.e World.'
'"Cost of Mining."

Venezuelan Mineral Production in 1917 was as follows,
according to "Commerce Reports": Gold, 958,304 grams;
copper ore. 42,271 tons; petroleum, 54,072 tons; and coal,
20,165 tons.

June2D' l918 ENGINEERING iND Mil

^ aluation of Manganese Ores

i.b;;r;::o;::,;1:;-1r-.;-:1;--1--'

HoHoway.Theaul ZllLf^Zl

^"•Wwe and tin. and «, muc : the article per ,f i t'ZZ'*' "

tammj to the fomermetalis of interest, value to- S/SUK

'/i •"rXam'"S ■'""-"»'"■- well as of the at- "" uHy wo

Certain brand, of b„,h ,„.„„,,„„, „„„ |>Vr.lu,ite „, .M*2S I. i£p*l, Srt'JtSir f'uS^S' .*" "V f

but he fixes a maximum for Dhosnhorn* -,nfl =;ii,., t <.l 1j at 'u ', out cannot be made from

words, an ore which is worthless to he chemS f9 . , • man|fai,we 0res e°"tain,nK much iron, as both theiron and

thin," for the metallurgist. anTt£ fmpo^n e'o n?s S SSKS ^dedtTh S^- The »**■£" *e

in connection with manganese ores may be gaged fronTthe ■. .. I am d t v of thJ T txt'aord"1;"'.v quantity, uniformity

fact that, whereas the consumption of manganese o« in resulted in » 2 *' BraZllian •""l *■■ ■■■ , have

chemical manufactures is measured only in tens of hou pur" and thoth *"*. °^ °f 6Xtreme ,i(hnes« a"d

sands of tons, although. 40 or 50 years ago, it consumed 4 J is a Kb 5 Sp T COnt;',lmny ' « •*« ™der

the bulk of the production, the consumption for steel makKr ar labtJ^A J ' ^ contra<l> and the best prices

amounts to nearly 3,000,000 tons of true manganese ore! d ** °'e Carry,n* 50* or m°" of manganese

rnnmUaanganenseaddlt,°n t0 en0rmous 1uantities of iron ore rich PiUCE Scai-e Abr°ad Provided Bonuses an,, Penalties

MaNCANESE A BvpR„DUCT 0F XE, JeRSEY Zinc 0rES -£££ solS^"^ "g sl^ a't^Snl

In the roasting of the zinc ores of New Jersey (franklin- ^Z^l'^T %£*■ b°nUS °r Penalization for each unit

ite . zinkite and willemite) for the production of zinc 1>\ ° h ' u «rBon' a "aximum of 8 or 9

gde a residuum or byproduct consisting essentially of he agreed a deduS^ °f ^ °l °, ' ' ; Phose»orus beLg

oxides of iron and manganese, and totalling about 140 00C eachunitnf! K ' £* ^ half-" nn-v bei^ «ade for

tons annually in the New Jersey district alone is nrodnrprl f.,u of^luna above the maximum, and an agreed deduc

Ehn is smelted for the production of Sp^?elsen an™fe™ ^Th^ T J01- °r °°2"' °f ?"<*- above maximum,

manganese, and the zinc (which is then the byproduct) is Rr ™r above bas's "common for Caucasian, Indian and

recovered as ox.de in chambers at the top of the b K t ?„h w an,d °ther high-class ores which are con mon

furnace and is sold to the paint makers or zinc smelters of ma^i °f ^f^ of to"s' averaginK from 50 "

fronf orh.18 tHe production °f *™ from such sources and £ TuS^a^n reTar.,:ab,e ""'formity. In the ,
fiom other manganese ores containing zinc, that a snelter ^rkish Japanese and other ores, which are somewhat

furnace might well be regarded as an ordinal adjunct to Zref„Var",ble' k baS'S °f ^ "' m^^^ ™ common For

a large modern spiegeleisen or ferromanganese plant Ma^- ?eJ0mer' a bas.s of 0.03-, phosphorus and 10% siiica
tenese ores are sold at so much per unit of manganese or * £'?? fW tHe JapaneSe "brown-stone" ore (pyro u-

wh,rntfneSe PeT'ide 'Mn0)' acc0ldi"S to the use te l*? ^"V .T"*! rateS rU,e- This brown-stone ore is

Which they are to be applied or the source of the supply^ ll*" !y SUltfed for chemical purposes, and fetches a higher

a unit meaning 1 per cent. PPy' P™e than others per unit of manganese It varies from

In the case of Russian (Caucasian). Indian and Brazilian ab°Ut 4l t0 ?* manganese, from 7 to' 10-, silica an™

re. the pr.ee is based on the contents of metallic mangSe *£". aboUt ^J Phosphorus, and is commonly so d for to

the prices of Japanese, Spanish and German ores are com 'U6 T avallab f Peroxide, the schedule being agreed at

jonly calculated from the contents of manganese peroxide 75 Z$?fW ii^ ^ * ^ Mn0 ' or «» ",,fh from

USK tVl^1{T^XZd^ dHf^ f ^-f -^Sstee, Co. refers to
— -e latter figure is almL invariably^' ^ ^ fiSt ^^ Vff JKttS-. ^oSS

1104

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 26

*«« established in order g-^WSSSt

i w, n on supply and demand, the cost of ocean freight*
2HJ£ ^unUta.uvs. As a general *fe*gg»£*
that the cost of placing manganese ores on the United I SWWra
market is several shillinga per ton more than that for Euro
pean ports, but this is to a great extent neutralized by toe
h.gher manganese assay returns in America. This is be
J to be due to the method of sampling in general use
there taking in a smaller proportion of small ore ^_

price scale given in the third paragraphjollowing
applies mostly to the Caucasian mineral where Penalties
"re necessary owing to the large number of small firms en-
i»Ced in the trade With Indian and Brazilian ores the
Bitish contract usually calls for "mineral of usual quality."
fn Germany there is usually a penalty for manganese below
<>, but the bonus for the richer mineral is not general.
rThe silica penalty in the paper is not quite clear. The
halfpenny (presumably per unit of manganese) I for e ich
unit of silica, above the maximum would work out, for a
a< „re at :'s per ton. This is not so, however, as the
Sual peAalfytrPCaucasian mineral is 3d. per unit of silica

"Vtaworth noting that Japanese brown-stone containing

m < about the best obtainable) fetches about twice as much

o-fore though certain Continental pyrolus.tes, conta.n-

f„V about 50%, available MnO,, and stated to be marketable

"the United States, fetch only about one-fifth as much as

"J87rf Jananese ore. The variations in prices are, of

course'onfy 'o aeSsmall extent dependent on the manganese

consents They depend, for instance, in the case of ores

empmved for chemical purposes (the manufacture of chlo

Sat s 'that which can act as peroxide, does not necessarily
correspond with the actual manganese contents. Any reduc-
ing agent, such as a ferrous compound, acts aversely to the
mfnganese peroxide, and if present in excess may practically
™™ ft "out for many purposes. Lime in the form of car-
bonate is obSctTonable to" the chemist and is penal^d
For ready sale to him there should not be more than about
2% and ,ome chemists insist upon its total absence although
the metallurgist views its presence in quantity with indiffer-
ence, or even welcomes and pays for it.

Caucasian Lump Ore Ideal for Chemist
Even during the last 20 years Continental pyrolusite was
salable in England on a guarantee of 60% MnO,, and occa-
Sna ly even as low as 50%, but the mam consumption for
chem cal purposes is confined to 80% ore free from lime and
SS a minimum of iron. Special brands, such as cer-
taT .Spanish pyrolusites, are sold under special schedules
nut the ideal ore for the chemist and glass-maker is the
Caucasian lump ore, which is free from carbonate of lime.
lCow n "n rich in peroxide, and sufficienUy porous toaHow
acid to percolate into it, but dense enough not to falTto
pieces in the stills. Such ore is confined to certain portions
of the Caucasian deposits, and the annual output is prob-
ably not over 20,000 tons.

As already stated, there are many manganese ores which
contain no "available" oxygen, or are not of the nature of
peroxide or contain constituents which neutralize their
oxidizing action. The methods of assay adopted for valuing
manganese ores therefore vary according to the purpose to
which they are to be applied. For the metallurgist, the ordi-
nary-complete analysis" is "quired, together with notes
as to the hardness and other physical properties bearing
upon its probable behavior in the furnace, but for the
chemist the manganese is often not determined at all. tor
his purpose the amount of oxygen which it yields when
heated or the quantity of chlorine which it produces when
treated with hydrochloric acid, is usually what he desires to
know, together with a test for, or determination of, certain
impurities and notes as to its porosity, etc., and the ease
with which it is decomposed by heat or acid treatment.

The principal manganese alloys made on the large scale,
and their approximate contents, are as follows:

Ferromanganese .... 75 to 80 or (rarely) 85% Mr,.
Spiegeleisen 15 to 25% Mn

Silicomanganese

f 70 to 80% Mn; 20 to 25% Si.
J. 50 to 55',', Mn; 20

.„ to 25% Si.
\ 35 to 40% Mn; 20 to 22% Si.

Silicosnieirel 15 to 20% Mn; 10 to 15% Si.

The Knee in the above per cents, and 100 is
mainly iron in each case, although the amount of carbon
may be as high as 5% in the first two.

Eight Minerals Imported as Manganese Ores
The principal minerals which are worked directly or in-
directly on the large scale as manganese ore are Pyrolusite
(MnO); psilomelane (MnO, + MnO + BaO + x H,U),
wad (earthv and variable but containing hydrated peroxide
and resembling psilomelane except "jegards hardness) ;
manganite <Mn,0,H,0) ; braunite <Mn,0, + ■ • SiO,] ,
hausmannite (Mn,0.) ; diallogite or rhodochrosite (MnCO.) ,
and franklinite (FeZnMn) x O. .

In the case of franklinite, wad, and other minerals of
variable composition, there is no rule as to manganese con-
tents, and, in many cases, that metal is of less importance
than other constituents, and merely adds to the value of the
ore because it can be extracted with or after such other
constituents. Franklinite ore is obtained in New Jersey
and consists mainly of franklinite, willemite, z.nkite .and
various silicates containing manganese. The dressing of
the ore produces (1) a concentrate composed mainly of
franklinite; (2) a concentrate consisting of franklinite with
various manganiferous silicates; and (3) a mixture .of w, lie
mite and zinkite. The two former are employed for the
production of zinc oxide, and the last for d.rect spelter
manufacture. The semi-fused residue from the furnaces
Treating the two franklinite concentrates is sme ted in the
blast furnace for the manufacture of spiegel, but the
res due from the retorts in which the third concentrate is
distilled is too siliceous for that purpose, although rich in
both iron and manganese, and therefore possessing some
slie-ht value as a flux. , ,

In the case of wad, a mineral which has been produced
by direct and rapid deposition from solution, the value de-
pends on many circumstances. Some varieties are employed
as the JiSnent known as umber; certain others owe their
value to the presence of cobalt, copper, or silver, and com-
paratively little can be regarded as a true "manganese
ore "Sough, when the mineral is employed as flux, the
manganese possesses a distinct value.
Manganiferous Iron Ores Mined in Large Quantities
Manganiferous iron and silver ores are mined in enormous
quantities, the former being mainly smelted in the blast
furnace for the production of spiegel or of pig iron high in
manganese. In the latter case, the selling price for the
manganese content is low and depends on its amount. The
manganese may, in fact, be merely paid for at the same price
ner unit as the iron.

Manganiferous silver ores usually occur as a capping or
gossan on various sulphide ores, and commonly consist of
fhe oxide of manganese and iron (the latter usually predomi-
nating) "'th silver sulphide and lead carbonate They may
be divided into three classes-one too poor in silver or lead
to be worked for either, but sufficiently rich in manganese to
rank with the above-mentioned manganiferous iron ores,
a second, rich enough to be worked for silver and lead and
containing enough manganese to render it valuable as a
flux and enhance its price accordingly ; and a third too low
to be directly valuable for any one constituent . This last is
sold for smelting with argentiferous ores so that its man
ganese and iron are utilized as fluxes, and its silver and lead
are recovered.

In the discussion which followed, R. O. Ahlers said.
An intimate association with manganese ore enables me
fully to appreciate the section dealing with this mineral, and
justifies the addition of a few remarks, /he author has
very concisely given us just what is required to fulfil the ob-
let of these notes. Allusion is rightly made to the import
ance of the physical properties of manganese ore but a.
this is of economic importance some qualification should

June 29, 1918

omplete the noten -<, i r

ing purposes only, wha is wanS •'"■"

' » fed into the £ur„aCe wm " '" lwT' which

open, leaving interstices f, i keeping the burden

that they may K eauSv ," ""If**8 '"

impede the Bases am , md dust, v

tating frequent blwmfout ° ' ' ' "l"

to^r^:11:;;;;;;:;:^-;;--; -»,». e„M

tion unless the ore is of a ,■ ', , FT8 d'

ing a shipment of , , ' ,' ,'" ' ','■ ""* ud*

* himp, rubble and fine ;, ,;;;'' ';V> ■' "''
^ration, and greatiyaifects the resuU InSf """

Transportation Charges a Vital Matter

of ^SSJSiS£^SS^i th" ^ra$hical position

the province of ,f a| C " !S??Wd ' Utside

Us destination. A mine Jeld ngonl^ "" St*^!

by EnS^^!L^ib,nd«d is made to answer

lower pe«„taSd^.0:--S„,Hhe''W1Se, * " USed for the
of the list I !, f l - , sPlegeleiSen at the button,

all thV n con arned^rC'o re<1 *? J*0** practieaI1-v
is ol™™. tontainea in the ore goes ,nto t „ .

:„wLi; t°hen:rgaHese through "***>&* rs

and the impression m ght be sained that it ,•„ « * '

to do sn T im» ;= „* guinea mat it is customary

higher price per unit than iron a

It is difficult to give definite prices for Europe where
parcels of ore are bought by private contract, and no sched
ule exists, such as that of the Carnegie Steel C T m° w i k
he author Particularly in the casfof fh^ poorerTes the
sale is purely a matter of negotiation. '

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOI RNAL

tallurgic,

ween h. ' '

i the Fed,

;, ;U":;M'

U".,Ml..,l .,,,,„„„,„„., |

which w„ui,i be suitable for all pu, ,

Standardization of Mine Accident
Reports and Statistics

The department of the Interior, Bureau of Mines, has
recently compiled, under the direction of Albert H Fav
the report of a Committee on the Standardization of
Mining Statistics.

This report, which is listed as Technical Paper 194
represents the work of a special committee appointed
after the convention of state mine inspectors and rep-
resentatives of industrial compensation commissions
held at the invitation of the Secretary of the Interior
in Washington, Feb. 24 and 25, 1916.

The objects of the convention were the standardiza-
tion of all data relating to the reports and classification
ot accidents at coal and metal mines, quarries and

SfcS

form^'V1'0^1' a» *e information called for by tl

SaTsom, ,"V

* EaSl ' '

pered by insu

Sata' « TSStT that ea<Vtete ** P"STM5

s saffit may -* with

5. It is further recommended tli-.* .,11 „
in the mining industry dc all » iS 5*™°"? '"terested

wstetWi gas

Three general forms are recommended, and these are
all that u required to be filled out by the operator or
the proper state official. Thirteen tables have also been
drawn up from which the data from forms 1, 2 and 3
may be compiled for publication in the state's annual
report by modifying the headings to conform to any
class of mine or plant. The tables are arranged to segre-
gate the data received on the forms according to fatal
and non-fatal accidents or accidents both by industries
and by occupation.

The forms and tables as given in Bull. 194 are ex
naustive and are the result of thorough research and
experience on the part of the committee. The coal-
rnining industry is represented , , this committee by
James E. Roderick, chief of the Department of Mines
Hamsburg, Penn., who was named , t airman, and James
Ualrymple, chief inspector of mines, Denver Colo The
metal-mining industry is represented by ' George H
Bohn, state mine inspector, Phoenix, Ariz and W d'
Orem. state metal mine inspector, Helena, Mont The
other members of the committee are L. W Hatch chief
statistician. New York Industrial Commission, Albanv
£' J nT? Bohlander- President Illinois State Mining
Board. Pekin 111.; and Albert H. Fay, mining engineer
Bureau of Mines, who was named secretarv of the
committee. In its report, the committee states that
inasmuch as the members of the committee repre-
sentmg the metal-mine industry were not present the
committee did not feel .justified in making am extensive
recommendations that would have a bearing upon metal
mining. The work was. therefore, confined largelv to
the standardization of forms relating particularly to
the coal-mining industrv.

1166

ENGINEERING ASP MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 26

Oliver Iron Mining Co. Adopts Labor
Co-operation Policy

THE Oliver Iron Mining Co., an extensive operator
in the Lake Superior iron district, has adopted and
put into operation a "mutuality plan at all its
mines open pits and shops. While similar ideas have
been carried out by mine operators in other sections,
h \ the first systematized step in the iron dirtn*.
and it, initiation and operation will no doubt be watched
closely by various mining concerns in ^.section.

The pian. as outlined, establishes a medium whereby
employees may make known any grievances that they
mav have which are of sufficient importance to merit the
Stontfon of the employers. Though this has been the
JoUcv of the company, the lack of a systematic attempt
to bring about .mutual interchange of ideas has re-
sulted in frequent misunderstandings, and it is with the
purpose of correcting this condition, strengthening the
od between company and employee and securing : a
closer cooperation that the Oliver Iron Mining. Co. has
adonted the "mutuality plan." .

The administration of the plan has been vested in R
F Chamberlain, of Virginia, Minn., who holds the title
of Mutuality Chairman. Mr. Chamberlain is wel
known on the iron ranges, where he has spent several
vears and occupied various positions in the mining field.
H?s appointment is looked upon most favorably by oPer-

^^XSertobeoneofgreatinteresttothe
mining industry, the plan is herewith outlined.

MUTUALITY PLAN OF THE OLIVER IRON MINING CO.

To the end that the merit. * «* J^ ^anem^yee

s oe< ^r=daf whm s^^w —

mittees composed of emp ^es. Jhere ™ailfor each open
mittee for each underground ™™ anfl ° inted for each

pit. There shall be a ]0,"*ac°Xratory Each committee
headquarters shop, office and ^oratory- ding upon

shall have a membership of three or , y articular
the number of employees represented oyi local

committees. These committees shall * = J of em_

SSSS^rSSr^HoW a|horitPy. No foreman or
ffsfmay serve on any such co m,Ue . iy

The president of the comPany " , -^ f administer-
chairman who will be charged wrth JW'the selection
ing the mutual.ty plan. He , shall iook chairman at

and organization »f. 5^ ^'^ f and perform such
all general and special m eetmgs *' hew o p ^

ft^^^W^ * «" ^liberations of

first local mutuality committees we ™ , ^^

shall procure from the local suPer^cehntnadquarters shop,
ground mine and °Pen..mt- a™ "*„ who in the judgment
office and labo^"'^^^^^' qSed for membership in
of such loca superintendent are ^uaune underground

local mutuality «^!hrSSrtfr8 shop, office and
mine, or open pit or sucn ™« h mutuanty chairman

laboratory.. On receipt of such »«j ™e t be represented
will make inquiry among ^ ^P'oyee s ndin of the

by the particular comm.tte s to ga^e™ Acting upon

ten men so designated among such »P J qualifications

the information so P^'^Xf^an wilf then select
and standing of such men, th„ ™a^ „f men for member-
from such list the aPP'°P™te "^f ln% committee should
ship in the Part.«arc— t • W sue d t<>

JoTth^eTmS^ne^oTfor months and one for five

shall select committeemen to fill ^^/t^e selection 0f

iSfii .rl coSitt",. U receive no Ota ccpe-
S1rshi"betheSo™i the local mutuality — »» ••
disposition as in the Jua5,m"'^"]aints of employees repre-

company; and medica 1 at tention. mutuality

?"::"*Si;".f.TS.':s;"3S,~e"-

mmmmm

and ^ referred bv the chairman to the local superintendent. I
or district manaeer; if such general superintendent or dis

■-

i

June 29, L918

ilNEERING \M. MINING JOURNAL

j"1"!"""' of such recommendation; by the local sU....ri„
shall be required ' " comP"">« therewith

committeemen shall a, ^ ,« In '; T^"'?*' ;iU

g-t. .tb. attention^ StfSSU^XrfffiS

.omnmtersh^"^^ ^ local. "duality committee, such

company; wi lful neglect of duty; membershTp in^nv or
gan.zat.on advocating anarchy or violence'™^ incapacity
In all cases of dismissal of employees by foremen or

^-.Hnn Jf6 ldUty t,oconvrae the committee for an "nvetti-
fng hnoweveUrhhrsPhalTtcanef0re Tiding with^he^hear-

£SfSS5iSs5£

filial If thSt3lned fc thl proof' su^h discharge shall b;
£,£ ,1 e c?mmittee finds such grounds are not sus

auoptea. A full report of such hearing shall be made and

forWCarPdLStoal hbee ^ °n fi'e by the Airman and another
m *l- i. the ^P^yment record bureau

cnaiSan*wfrrhVVhaI1 be c°n|tr1ued to Prevent the mutuality
thf ^ u' * the consen* of the president, from adding to
In Z ^/r °f f c4°"mittee or to the membership thereof if
in the judgment of the chairman, such action shall be deemed

mutuaHtv llfl^ ln furtheri"S the operation of this
mutuality plan, but no committee may be abolished or the

ploye^vTdenc^l r6dUCed-' 6XCept by consent of the em-
afficted. y 3 majorlty vote of committee to be

eachheundpr^1o,bneHkept P°Sted on bulletin boards loeat^ «t
nnH« li : I I » mme' °Pen Plt and headquarters shops a

mlttees for th»tan8r ^ tHe namCS °f the current com-
mittees for that particular mine, pit or shop. This bulletin

or notice shall also contain a brief statement of the method
whereby complaints may be regularly made.

in order to facilitate the making of suggestions bv em
Ployees for the betterment of the Service, ^ggesUo 'box™,
whL P'aCed ,n a11 dry-houses, shops and other places
^1[\empl^y!e? con^egate on the property. These boxes
f™« r ma>ntained for the use of any employee desiring
tTJme to tlme t0 make recommendations as to thf
operation and conduct of the work in the department where
v theTl0yed- A" su^estions must be inViting, signed
•L« ^ malung them' and inclosed in a sealed en-

velope addressed to the local superintendent. A sign will
| Placed above the box stating the purpose thereof

I 167

Lithium hydroxide is a constituent of the electrolyte of
tie Jidison storage battery, and other lithium salts are
sed in pharmaceutical preparations.

Mineral Industries in the- Katanga

The»cti,» Britl I, vj abethvllle Be]

,;;;;;',K;;7''" ■ *** »■ <•■*< <

::'',' ■* * I fo» Apr

' , '"" "'•■', Ul" miner*] Indu.trj of the Katanga I.

Tu 'I- ' "",l "'""" fL'UnlonMi!

.' . '•"" *■**»< companj holda the mln.

;;7'-;i — „,, ofcountrj known to contain
' opper, tin, and gold.

J'11'" ""' PreBen< only the coppei ha ,, worked

on a large scale, and practically the whole of the copper

"'",,u':"', ^ ' ' •«'•»■'' h« the richer orTS

SP^.^^St" of the Kongo. the Kambove

The Likaa] a„d chituru mines, in the Kambove district
are now being opened up, and a branch railwaj has been
constructed from the main line to the mine,
furnace process of extraction has been employe
1911. The central smelting plan, is at Lubumbaahf,
"ear Ehsabethville, and at present consists of five blast
furnaces of which four are in continuous operation.
rwo additional furnaces are in course of construction
and will be ready for use soon. The completed plan.
Will have a daily capacity of 100 tons of copper The

?! 7Ut °f ^ J,1™68 during the n™< nine nion'ths of

i»W was 19,766 metric tons [metric ton = 2204 6 lb 1

:'n 7\7Ze<! With 21'273 tons in the calendar year 1916
and 13,483 tons m 1915. It is estimated that the output
for the year 1918 will be 40,000 tons. Wood, cut locallv
is used for power purposes, and coke for smelting is ob-
tained from a colliery in Rhodesia. The plant, machin-
ery, and stores for the mines and smeltery have been ob-
tained from Europe and the United States, chiefly from
the latter s.nce the outbreak of war. Many smaller re- '
quirements are obtained from South Africa. It may be
rnent.oned here that, including the cost of fuel "and

2;S;iab°Ut £40,°00 t0 £60'000 roughly $200,000 to
$300,000] per month is paid out to Rhodesia and the
Union of South Africa.

Enormous quantities of ore have been proved of a
lower grade than it is possible to treat economically by
smelting, and after exhaustive experiments a plant is in
course of preparation for the treatment of these ores by
leaching and the electrical deposition of the copper
This plant is to have a yearly capacity of 50,000 tons
of copper. The program of expansion and development
beginning from the present time up to the year 1921 '
provides for an expenditure of £3,000,000 r$15 000 00oY
From 1911 until the outbreak of the war the' whole of
the L'Umon Miniere's output was sold to Germany
Since the commencement of hostilities it has been sent
to the United Kingdom. The company employees a force
of 450 Europeans and 7000 natives.

Alluvial gold is known to exist near Ruw^e, not far
from the Lualaba River. A small quantity of the metal
has been taken out, but the deposit is not being worked
at present. Tin is found on several of the properties of
L'Union Miniere. At present no work is being done,
but there seems a possibility of the Busanga tin fields
being opened up in the near future. Transport and
labor are the chief difficulties to contend with. Dia-
mondiferous pipes have been found on the Kundalungu
Plateau, west of Lake Mweru, but no work is being done.

•Commerce Reports. June 3. 1918.

I

ENGINEERING AND MINIM'. .mi'KNAl.

Vol. H»'r>. No. 26

.Mine 29, L918

ENGINEERING AND MINING J01 RNAL

J IC'.I

The Old Miner

By Berton Bra ley

T'M A BIT too old f„r fightin', but when workin' on my shift
* Asrny noisy drill is bitin' at the ore seam in the drifi

feel kind of like a soldier, and it seems this shakin' drill
Is a trusty young machine gun that is shootin' with a will-
And I sight along its piston like a gunner in the line
And I guess it sort of thrilfs me^en J run this drill' of mine-
For K s makin' holes for powder .hat will shoot the copper free
lo be used to make munitions for the cause of L.berty.

QO I KEEP this drill a-throbb.V an' 1 listen to its song
Y Like a bunch of rapid firers that is goin' mighty strong;
And finds myself a-thinkin' "Here's a round or two for Fritz,
1 hat 1 cause him some discomfort in his innards when it hits »
And a though I'm just a miner, rather gray and bent and lame
I can feel I m smashiir Bochcs by my ^ .^ ^ ^

As my drill is jumpm'. thumpm' at the copper-bearin' rock
v\ hich 11 go to make munitions that'll give the Hun a shock.

I !T* t0 Sh°0t a LCW,S °r ' BrQWning ^ '" F—
* But I m dim eyed and rheumatic, and I'll never have the chance

Yet 1 find some consolation when I fancy this machine-
Is a snappy new machine gun that is drillin' Teutons clean-
I can think I'm right in battle as I hear its ringin' bark
And imagine every bullet that I'm sendin' hits the mark
And although that's all a vision, and it goes and leaves me flat
I can still feel like a soldier as the drill sings "Rat-a-tat!"
For I'm minin' the material that goes to feed the guns
With shells an' rifle cartridges to land among the Huns;
So I'll call myself a fighter while the air drills bark and'drum
For Em helpin' send the Kaiser and his gang to Kingdom Come'

ENGINEERING A.ND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 26

Icxluk Copper Method with Sodium Fluoride

lUUlUC f r Uy A. L. KEESE.*

... ;,„ tin- iodide method.
termiR%nQ Tfru It m - « * prevented

4 F

\

tttttp havine made several hundred determina-
FTER having following modification

of other chemists. fluoride

The method depends or ^ act^ the iron of which
on acid solutions of ferric : sans
it forms a stable compound of feme .fluoi

venting an, -J^^JES-te iron is so
potassium iodide. Thffimsodiwm ^.^ ^ added

strong that it a soiuuui wlU

one containing ferrous and cupn^salts fie
be immediately reduced to the ^cupious a ^

acetate solution, cuprous oxide will be Piecp

i^a of employing r^*E*^JZJ£H* 1

aCtl0nd 2 : hi Tate R Wi h^ic« 'Roberts in 1898, and the
^cess descHbld was evolved by Arthur Eraser, a chem-
ist in England. reauired: A standard

The following "g^hSLTiS strength, for
solution of sodium h osu fchate o ^ ^ ^ copper;

convenience, that 1 c.c. win h of

solution of sodium a-tate (abou on of sal ^

water) and just acia with acetic acid
sodium fluoride, about 45 grams to a l.tei

method is as follows: trnTlsfer to a No. 3 beaker,

Weigh one gram of ore and t nsf er to a^ ^^

digest with « o f n tn c id & ^ ^

quiet add 5 c.c of hydroch. ^ ^ ^ tQ

plough sodium «^^ *£^£ oeco'me
cess of sulphuric add ^hen the «oW ion ^

red, due to the formation ^^L. n0 harm
enough sodium fluoride (a slight exce s red

rctfoTbetween ferric salts a.P— *, add
Keep the volume of the solution to ah out ™» '

JuVthree grams •* P^^j£?5£l3

liberated iodine in the usual manne w th

solution of t^osulphate ™ saich an ^ ^_

Observe all the necessarj Precau;lon^ the volume to
lar iodide method, particularly to keep

— { Ch^st, Unite* Verde Copper Co.. Carole. AH.

about 100 c c, especially in low-grade ores and titrate
'to get the end reaction and not simply to discharge the

XtTwith a dark gangue or those heavily oxidized

oa,e of over-titration the end-point may be reached oy
Hiring back to blue color with potassium perman-

er mav be erroneously attributed to free iodine; other-
vise bfsmuth seems to have no effect on the Jesuits
^With low-grade ores of 1 or 2% copper, the react on
with potassium iodide is often sow, JP^^SdS
present of a large quantity of iron has led t<v th erf*
in„ of an excess of sodium acetate, and the blue starcn
°d de clr kLps returning in a disconcerting mann-
Thiosulphate must be added, however, until the blue
color remains permanently discharged.

With sulphide ores containing much antimony or

Jenic, a slight variation in the procej is ■«-£-

the antimonic and arsenic acids are likefe ^J**™*

a aA rinrintr drving bv unoxidized sulphur ana, u>

Te „E X,-* with «- B— - **£ ™

te°ms of thiosulphate is added, drop by drop, unfiUhd

ast drop permanently changes the green color to a gray

h violet If the oxidation by the nitric acid has all

tadv ten complete, one drop of permanganate will be

ufficient. Then proceed as before, **^™X

from the thiosulphate reading; or just _ destroy the no

dense white fumes without further trouble.

This method combines speed with accuracy by el.m
JSjE great amount of n»JJ«J« J

JUn629' L918 ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL ll7,

F^eaL^0dUCii05 °f QUeensland

F™nthe official report of the island Under '' - the Utter, owing to need

S«retary for Mines, publish, . ,,,, , ,,,„,. ernmenl available .ulphur, petitioned the

::""'"" '•"""* jt - »oted thai ,n ,,,7 the ""< !

of £8029 from the preceding year Weather conditions ° 8U,P««' "«««< <-< be ,,.,,„,,.,, Thl. ,. „ ,„„ ,

and market prices were favorable, but other factors, "*<"'"< *e p to the i -,..-

such asscamty 0, labor in the more remote districts <•" «" Oration of the .

ndustnal disputes, and high costs, were res, sible """'<• Preferring to take its chTnces for , , ,

for failure to make a larger production. A satisfac rather ««»« "-'„,,!,. ,„-,, .,„,,„,,„„ ,/,,,,;'

t^oature of the 1917 record is the substantial in- »- Onion,

.rease in the coal output, attributed to an improve- Pate^ belonging to i( and alleged to have bee i ,

■Jh! t0ta' ff0ld P1-°d^tl0» of 19" amounted to 179,- decision of the Distrid ,. the Free -, company i

305 fine oz compared with 2.5..,;,- fine 0z. in L916. ""•"-"< » fr istributi, , divided

Silver Production was 241,639 oz. in hut. and 248,084 <* **ets until final decision is reach tne US Court

oz. in l.llb. ,,, Appeals.

The production of other minerals and metals in A< a meeting of the sulphur section of the War In

IJL^LZ ' 'n longtons- the fi^res for 1916 dairies Board recently, .he Union company ofTered ...

480 ^ " Pare" orS: Tin> 117? (1707); lead' 2"" iU p,an1 •" the di8P°8al "f *e Governm „ „„

480 (615); copper 19,062 (19,520); wolfram, 353 «* general opinion that prevailed was thai in eve,',, ,

(370); manganese, 21 (643); bismuth. 4 (4); bis- the Governmenl taking over direction of the output

mu h-wolfram ore, 131 (137) ; molybdenite, 111 (81) ; « would probably be done in the same manner a" with

antimony, none reported (193); scheelite, 9 (none); steel companies; that is, the company would continue

aisenical pyrites, 32 (none); fluorspar, 71 (none) its operation as before, but the W,, Industries Hoard

chromic iron ore, 756 (none). would direct shipments of all the sulphur produced

The production of non-metallic minerals was, in long
tons: Coal, 1,048,473 (907,727); limestone for flux,
135,703 (142,018) ; ironstone for flux. 25,065 (44,161) •' c J- i t

fireclay, 10,602 (8708). Gems, including opals, were Swedish Iron and Tron-Ore Exports

PrDlvUidednds ».£ hv tf at£14-3°8 (£15'233)' . ^ eXP°rt °f P* [™ and **«* "mnufactured iron

dividends paid by the mining companies of Queens- from Sweden during the first three months of mix

fl^'fS^or^f 1'61G,)- WhlCh W3S 3 dCCrease aCC°rding t0 C'"""" ''• ^egS^OOOmet

K */4,«S33 ($362,063) from the amount for the pre- nc tons, a reduction of 7700 tons, or 8'r from the

ceding year. The total number of persons employed in total for the corresponding period of«1917

the industry including those in mills and other works The following table shows the various kinds of iron

connected with mining operations, was 11,157. which exported and comparison of exports of the first Quarter

is a few hundred less than the number employed in the of 1917:

previous year.

Only 12 fatal and 64 non-fatal accidents were re- SWEDKH IK"N EXPORTS— JAN. TO mar. 1918 (iNCLUSr

corded during 1917. The death rate per 1000 persons IN "

employed in metalliferous mines was 0.70; in coal mines, Feb Mar

1.79; in all mines, mills, and metallurgical works, 1.07. pArticles 'l917

Sixteen new mines were opened during the year, and i°nicon ""-j0,0, 43,400

eight that had been closed down for extended periods Iron sponge jJoo j/oo

were reopened ; 12 discontinued operations. |crap 300

Many improvements in the distribution of air were Ingots'0". '. .' '. ! 900 \'To

made in the more active metal mines, and in the col- Blooms j '.',00 'g00

faeries the quantity of circulating air was increased by ^»g^ bars 5-700 6,600

the available appliances, or by the introduction of HeavJ tubei! .'.'.' .':.*.' .'i! {'%$ ffgg

auxiliary fans. Bar iron, hammered >400 'M00

S0,1;1'01!^' iron -1-800 11,800

Cold-rolled or cold-drawn iron 2 000 1 700

Union Sulphur Co. Offers Use of Patents £* £? : ::::."::: :." " : f#8 VZ

to Freeport Company Pipes:Hoiiow 1>5M , 900

The recent decision of the U. S. District Court in Other"'™" ' son

Jelaware in favor of the Union Sulphur Co., and against Wire, iron . . .' .' '. .' .' .' \ \ \ ] ] '. .' [ ] . \ i 900 1 4S0

he Freeport Sulphur Co., for alleged violation of pat- Spikes l.'lOO '100

nts of the former, gave rise to a report that curtail- Horses^e nal1* • J500

lent of the sulphur output was threatened and that Total 08.600 90,900

ie Government would commandeer the mines of both The export of iron ore for the same period aggre-

tapanies. The facts in the case, as related by Henry gated 347,000 tons, as compared with 803,000 tons for

niton, president of the Union Sulphur Co., are briefly the corresponding quarter of 1917. a reduction of 456,-

l follows: 000 tons. Iron-ore shipments were to Germany.

1172

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 26

Employer's Duty in Reconstructing the

(rippled Soldier*

We must count on the return from the front of
thousands of crippled soldiers. We must plan to give
them on their return the best possible chance foi the
future Dependence cannot be placed on monetary com-
pensation in the form of a pension, for ip the past the
pension system has proved a distinct failure in so far
as constructive ends are involved. The only compensa-
tion of real value for physical disability is rehabilitation
for self-support. Occupation is. further, the only means
for making the man happy and contented. The injuries
of many soldiers disqualify them from pursuing again
their former employment. The schools of training pre-
pare these men for some work in which their physical
handicap will not materially interfere with the.r pro-

duction.

The education of the adult is made up largely of his
working experience. The groundwork of training in his
past occupation must under no circumstances be aban-
doned. The new trade must be related to the former
one. or be, perhaps, an extension or specialization of it.
For example, a man who had done manual work in the
building trades may by instruction in a^*e<*uraJ
drafting and the interpretation of plans be fitted for a
foreman's job, in which the lack of an arm would not
prove a serious handicap. A trainman who had lost a
leg might wisely be prepared as a telegrapher, so that
he could go back to railroad work, with the pract1Ce of
which he is already familiar.

Whatever training is given must be thorough, for an
adult cannot be sent out to employment on the same
basis as a boy apprentice. He must be adequately pre-
pared for the work he is to undertake.

The one-armed soldier is now equipped with working
appliances which have supplanted the old familiar arti-
ficial limb Thev are designed with a practical aim
onlv in view; they vary according to the trade in
which the individual is to engage. For example, the
appliance for a machinist would be entirely different
from that with which a wood turner would be pro-
vided Some appliances have attached to the stump
a chuck in which various tools or hooks can inter-
changeably be held. The wearer uses these devices
onlv while at work; for evenings and holidays he is
provided with a "dress arm" which is made in imita-
tion of the lost natural member.

An important factor in the success of reeducational
work is an early start, so that the disabled man shall
have no chance to go out unemployed into the commu-
nitv. In even a short period of exposure to the sentimen-
tal" sympathy of family and friends, his "will to work
mav 'be so broken down that it becomes difficult again
to restore him to a stand of independence and ambition.
For this reason, therefore, the plan for his future is
made at as earlv a date as his physical condition ad-
mits, and training is actually under way before the
patient is out of the hospital.

In the readjustment of the crippled soldier to civil-
ian life his placement in employment is a matter of the
greatest moment. In this field the employer has a

•By Douglas C McMurtrle, Director of the Red 'Toss Insti
rCrij>pled and Disabled Men, New rork.

definite responsibility. But the duty is not entirely
obvious It is. on the contrary, almost diametrically
opposite to what one might superficially infer it to be.
The duty is not to "take care of," from patriotic mo-
tives a" given number of disabled men, finding for
them' any odd jobs which are available, and putting the
ex-soldiers in them without much regard to whether
thev can earn the wages paid or not. Such a procedure
cannot have other than pernicious results. In the first
years of war the spirit of patriotism runs high, but
experience has shown that men placed on this basis
alone find themselves out of a job after the war has
been over several years, or, in fact, after it has been in
progress for a considerable time.

A second weakness in this method is that a man
who is patronized by giving him a charity job comes
to expect as a right such semi-gratuitous support.
Such a situation breaks down rather than builds up
character, and makes the man progressively a weaker
rather than a stronger member of the community. We
must not do our returned men such injury.

The third difficulty is that such a system does not
take into account the man's future. Casual placement
means employment either in a makeshift job as watch-
man or elevator operator-such as we should certainly
not offer our disabled men except as a last resort-or -in
a job bevond the man, one in which, on the cold-blooded
considerations of product and wages, he cannot hold
his own. Jobs of the first type have for the worker
a future of monotony and discouragement. Jobs ot
the second type are frequently disastrous, for in them
a man instead of becoming steadily more competent and
building up confidence in himself, stands still as regards
improvement and loses confidence every day. When he
is dropped or goes to some other employment, the job
will have had for him no permanent benefit.

The positive aspect of the employer's duty is to find
for the disabled man a constructive job which he can
hold on the basis of competency alone. In such a job
he can be self-respecting, be happy, and look forward
to a future. This is the definite patriotic duty It is
not so easy of execution as telling a superintendent to
take care of four men, but there is infinitely more satis-
faction to the employer in the results, and infinite y
greater advantage to the employee. And it is entirely
practical, even in dealing with seriously disabled men.
A cripple is debarred by his disability from perform-
ing onlv certain operations. In the operations which
he can perform, the disabled man will be just as efficient
as his non-handicapped colleague, or more so. In the
multiplicity of modern industrial processes it is entirely
possible to find jobs not requiring the operations from
which any given type of cripples are debarred. For
such jobs as they can fill, the cripple should be given
preference.

The industrial cripple should be considered as well as
the military cripple, for in these days of national de-
mand for the greatest possible output there should not
be left idle any men who can be made into productive

workers. ^

With thoughtful placement effort, many men can D
employed directly on the basis of their past experience
With the disabled soldiers who profit by the training
facilities the Government will provide, the task shoulc
be even easier.

June L'ii. 1918

diction to determine whal ones might be

Repairing and Oiling Mine Cars

By B. T. C.

inIli!)C7t°mary at m°St mines' when * mi™ «r is
m need of repairs, to send a mechanic and his helper
underground from the machine shop to do the work
Almost invariably these men will stretch such a job

wm bJ "f ^^ 3 day' a"d if P°ssible a ™ shift
hi Tf ft UP' n° matter h°W trivial the "P^ may
around h! repalr,iSumore than can be made under
jround the men will have the car brought to the sur-
face where it may lie around for some time before it
can be attended to. Often mechanics are not available
when wanted underground, and a delay is thus caused
hrough having the mucker make what repairs he can

ar teoePtflLCa,r jn, °Perao 0n> °r in l00king for anoth"
car to take its place. Repairs made by laborers often

do a car more harm than good, as thev are generally

made with a bar or a double jack, and when the car

finally comes to the surface there are numerous bolts

and rivets to be replaced and parts of the bodv to be

straightened. Usually the men will oil their own cars

using whatever oil is most convenient, whether it be

bbck nS HmaShine 0i1, S h6aVy greaSG °r a common
black oil, and whenever a oar begins to run hard, re-
gardless of the real cause, they will resort to more oil
as a remedy.

500 onrnnVhe 1? SiX m°nths of 1917" at a mine ™«ving
500,000 tons of ore and waste a year, which was

trammed by between 150 and 200 shovelers, hand
trammers, mule drivers and storage batten- handy men
requiring about 230 mine cars, this manner of repair-
ing and oiling cars was rather closely observed. It was
estimated that not less than $3000 per year was being
wasted through time lost by the men in fixing their own
cars and in looking for cars in good condition when
something happened to the ones they were using It
was also evident that a more systematic method of
oiling and repairing by a special man would do a
great deal toward decreasing the upkeep cost

The following costs were obtained during this period
January to June, 1917: Total cost of oils, $152.94 of

Tn'nnn^V1191-33; Cost per "ton 100° ft-" of oils

fnnn J*?/ °ar rCPairS $00012- The number °f "ton
1000 ft. per car was 4260.

Repair Men Assigned To Look After Cars
During the second half of 1917, a mechanic and one
helper were put on the mine payroll, solelv for the
purpose of oiling and repairing cars. These men made
daily inspection of the cars underground, attending to
those needing it. Whenever a car was noticed in bad
:ondition, the repair men were notified, and one or both
*ould leave their regular runs to attend to it.

INEERING AM, MINING rOUF

„;'::,":, " ■ maun.

after b, the mechanics, [fan, forge work wer

the car was taken to the urface, when
Bh°P *a" Provided especlallj foi thi< ■,,„,
fcnouKh spare . .„ „„ , „ h

" ",,v ;,,u"^ though unused pL

on , were broken anothe, ,,

Sparectainj car hooks, grease caps for roth aring.

bolts etc were kept on hand. All part* mbje

Peated damage, such as «, hooks, were boltec

of riveted on permitting more rapid repair. A

«hen only minor repairs were necessary the mecn

-ndhis helper would inspect every fou7 diy. £,d H

m good condition all of the 260 mine cars to u.™ E

car was inspected at least once every 10 .lays.

Proper Lubrication op Roller Bearings Studied

The question of car oiling was rather carefully In-
v«t.sated a this time, a., mine cars are eqifppi

•out h r r ::r:n^ which reduce car **££*

about half of that required for plain bearings. The use

luj type of bearing has permitted an increase in h
s,,e of cars used m mule haulage from 30-to 40-cu ft
capacity, and the length of tram from six to seven <
ro operate roller bearings to the best advantage s

necessary to have the bearings full of lubricant a a
fames, the rollers floating ,n grease. If this i not don

wen X T lB has great as if not *reater tha" S2

well-oiled plain bearings. Several oils and greases
ranging ,n price from 6 to 15c per lb. were tried Tutta
the bearings, with the following results:

With oils, there was a constant leakage around the
wheel, and the oil would not remain in the bearings
long enough to lose its lubricating qualities. *

Greases of ordinary consistency were too thick and
would ba up in the avU>« TV,oJ 1

generated in \l I WaS "0t enou?h heat

generated >n the bearings to cause them to become

soft and run into the roller bearings

Mixtures of oil and grease in various proportions
did not seem to have the desired lubricating qualities
and when made soft enough to be forced into the bear^
.ngs with a grease gun, they tended to run out, as
did the oil alone.

Samples of non-fluid oils or transmission grease of
the consistency of soft vaseline were finally tried out
and were entirely successful. These greases are of
moderate price, about 12c. per lb., and can be readirv
injected with a hand-operated grease gun. Thev will
not run out of the bearings, although thev flow freely
to all parts. It has been found unnecessary to oil
mine cars with these greases more than once a month
and m many cases once in six weeks is sufficient, and
then only a small quantity is required (0.62 lb. per axle).

Car Duty Increased Under New System

The following costs were obtained during this period
July to December, 1917: Total cost of oils, $364 07 :
of car repairs, $2666.22; cost per "ton 1000 ft " of oils'

fnn°^15: °f °ar repairs' $000L The "umber of "ton
1000 ft." per car was 9952.

For a full year's operation these figures represent a
saving in expense of $100 for oil, and $1000 on car re-

1174

ENGINEERING A.ND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 26

asides the estimated saving through having all
the cars in use, and in good running condition all of the
time. Of not tess than $8000. This is a yearly total of
$4100 or a Baving of $0,008 per ton on all ore and waste
moved These ftgnres were obtained while this system
of car repairing was being installed, and now that it is
in full operation and working smoothly, it is estimated
that $500 per year can be saved on oil. $1500 on car
repairs and $3000 in time, making a total of $50uu a
year or $0.01 per ton of ore and waste moved.

The following tables give monthly car repair costs
and unit costs as the work was performed underground:

fABLl 1 MONTHLY REPAIR COST PER CAKFOU DIFFERENT
CAR TYPES AND KIND OF SERVIC1

Repairs per Cur Oiling per Cai o.™;..

TvoeJCai Labor Supply I-abc 3 upply Character ol Servio.

i <n in »n 121 $0 10 JO 06 V. -rv light

ber trucks *0 0 JO u. *u ■« »" lu nml(. ukd ilt.t.[ru

40- u ft c.de dump I* 38 13 Il.-avy mule and electrir

JS-<-u ft side dump i"- '- 09 Heavy mule and electric

30-eu ft. side dump «» " 'J 02 Light mule and hand

30-ruft .end dump w . 1 1 tramming

i< ng 10 03 Hand tramming

Small • nd dump "> uo

TABLE II UNIT COST Ol REPAIRING AND OILING CARS

Time _ ,.

lM„.„fC»r KindofBepaii H. Minutes Labor SuppliW

Timber trucks.. Car inspection » * 252 $0 122

Oiling ■ i in I t>2 47

Hooks on cars ' '" , rln ,. 07

Putt ingonrollcr hearings 2 0 2 00 m u/

40-cu.It side dump Car inspection * 2eJ ,4

Oiling.. ........ '' , g4 | 7|

Changing car hooks... f « i to 02

Repairs tocai .I I 2b ' ov

3S-eu.fi side dump.Car inspection 8 ,e8 |4

. banging car hooks 2 41 f '

Repairs to car door i *

30-eu.fl aide dump.Car inspection... * 394 M

Hilmir 7 3 03 I 49

Changing car hooks .3 2 > "'

Repairs to door. I 2U 2«

30-cu ft end dump.Car inspection ' 35 14

2!llng-. ' ' i . 5 36 5 87 I 66

Changing car hooks. 5 JJ> X,

Door repairs >u "

Small .-".I .lump Car inspection ' 29 ,4

Omni: Vi . 4t 02

Repairs to cardoor. I " 08 06

Car body hinges .. . . . 1

South Africa's Mineral Production
in February

The Union of South Africa in February. 1918, pro-
duced 660,210 fine oz. of gold, valued at $13,647,593, and
of this the Transvaal contributed the entire output, ac-
cording to Commerce Reports. However, as compared
with the month of November, the Transvaal's yield of
gold decreased by 113,750 fine oz., carrying a monetary
valuation equivalent to $1,317,824. The coal production
of the Union amounted to 769,923 tons (2000 lb.) , or
71639 tons less than for January, and the output of
the Transvaal and Orange Free State amounted to 486,-
383 and 63,865 tons, respectively. Of the 182 tons of
tin mined in the Union, the Transvaal is credited with
the whole output; and again this was also true of the
275 tons of copper produced in the Union. Asbestos
was produced in the Union to the extent of 520 tons; and
the Transvaal's output was 182 tons. The value of the
gold output on the Witwatersrand amounted to $13,179,-
596 to which $458,658 must be added in order to com-
plete the figures for the entire Transvaal Province. The
working profits of the mines on the Witwatersrand and
outside districts amounted to $2,809,898 and $101,574.

respectively. .

There were 1.976,457 tons of ore milled in the I rans-
vaal. This is, however, a decrease of 226,649 tons, as

compared with the preceding month. Taken per ton, the
working costs averaged 21s. 8d. C$5.27) for February
Which shows an appreciable increase when compared
with 19s. 7d. (?4.77) for October, 19s. lid. ($4.85) for
November, 20s. ($4.87) for December, and 20s. 8d.
($5.03) for January. .

Laborers employed upon all of the mines of the Union
of South Africa totaled 268,619, and of this number
223 988 were engaged in the Transvaal.

The analysis of the mineral production by the Trans-
vaal Chamber of Mines contains the statement that the
operations of the gold mines for the month of February
were seriously handicapped by floods caused by the ab-
normal rainfall. However, notwithstanding adverse
effect of water in some of the mines, and the con-
sequent damage resulting therefrom, the fact that there
were 500 stamps less in operation is partly responsible
for the decreased production of gold.

Mining in Algeria

According to a recent supplement to Commerce Re-
ports, mining in Algeria, a country of rich mineral
resources, especially in iron and phosphates, has suffered
from labor shortage, transportation difficulties, and loss
of markets. No figures of production are given, but the
following data regarding exports reveal the extent of
mining developments.

MINERAL EXPORTS FROM ALGERIA IN 1915 AND 1916
(In metric tons)

1915 1916

9 (V" 28,473

Antimony ore a>«-^ 1'098

iron.oie i5046 23,731

Natural phosphates 225,891 380 211

Sea salt !'875 t S/W

In 1916, 32 metric tons of mercury was exported, none
being shipped in the preceding year.

Building-Construction Data

The number of carpenter and labor hours necessary
to complete each stage of construction of a 200-man bar-
racks at Camp Meade, Maryland, is given as follows by
N B Garver in the Journal of the Western Society of
Engineers, together with the lumber required: Foun-
dation posts: carpenters 20, laborers 60 hours, lumber
1000 bd.ft; framing complete: carpenters 375, laborers
72 hours, lumber 20,700 bd.ft.; sub-floors and roof:
carpenters 390, laborers 50 hours, lumber 19,400 bd.ft;
trim: carpenters 530, laborers 85 hours, lumber 25,000
bd.ft.; outside sheathing: carpenters 450, laborers 4C
hours, lumber 5900 bd.ft.; undersheathing and ladders:!
carpenters 60, laborers 15 hours, lumber 2000 bd.ft
Total hours on lumber erection: carpenters 1825 labor-
ers 42" Total lumber erected, 74,000 bd.ft. Lumbe
erected per carpenter per day, 407 bd.ft. Carpenters re
ceived 62^c. per hour and laborers 30c. Most of tn
men employed were ordinary workmen, and many ha
little or no knowledge of their "trade." Economy wa
disregarded.

Production of Nitrate in Chile in 1917 was 66.100.0J
quintals of 11.4 lb. each, according to the London Economt
Of this 60,800,000 quintals was exported.

I'"™

117 .

' i i »'"" mi mm

j Correspondence and Discussion

A : ;

American Red Cross Care Committee

for American Soldiers

The American Committee of Enirineeri, i„ i i
has received a request ,,„„, the J£E >J*»» £
Ca e c omnuttee for American Soldiers, whose ad I
is 154 New Bond St., London W., for conies of Am!

tols ,n England. France, and other European countries
where such are established. Although manv Londot
offices receive regularly the American mining electric"
ra.lwav. mechanical, excavating, and othe* techS
Penod.cals, there is no regular system of LtSbutS
by which such publications can reach wounded office™
and soldiers of the American Army

We therefore beg that you will' publish this letter in
>ou, columns, together with the request that an
dividual, or companies having .spare copies not needed
or their files forward the same either direct"' or
C "\ medium of the local Red Cross, ' M
Mill er ^ American Red Cross Care Committee 154 New

Ho',;' stree*;Lo«ldon- w- c. w. puringJ0n

honorary Chairman, American Committee of Engi-
neers in London. K
London, May 14, 1918

;;;;.' ;::;;■ 7 'i1,1''1' j i Take, ...,-,,,,„„,,,

''•"'' '" "' • domestic manganec e The old

/'/"V' ' h For !„-. to 4099

w^7t^obecrrds^a,ndM^ *sjsa

h7 '" Ch,ca«°i E. E Marehall wa 90, f.o.b

-1 hWdai a "' ,'"':-;— "'• ■' LavinoACo 90c

' ''"NMsylva,,,:, and Virginia furn

andai Anniaton, Alab

Tin- new schedule price Tor 40% to u m.1M

?ane8C1<;8 ff ^ ^ f°b- S°U* ^icatoraZi
'■'■- higher than Miami,
I6c- higher than Bi I

"jJS*" thM E K M;" -"■'" W '■■•'• Lavino
26c. higher than Seaboard,
18c. higher than Carnegie.

Under the circumstances, we cannot help but feel thai

a correction printed in the J ,,„, would ,„• .,,,,, ;1|

as no oneis working harder for the cause at the pres-
ent tm. than the American ,ro„ and Steel Institute

Ne* york, June 11, 1918^ Febromanganese.

Fine Grinding and Porous-Briquetting

of Zinc Charges

The Price for Manganese Ore

Ir , the Journal of June 8, there was an article critieiz
* the Administration about "fixing the price for „an.
anese ore." The fact of the matter is that the pr eeTr
inganese ore is not fixed, but, in order to stimulate
J. production of domestic ore and to assist the

Lti ir8! CM8i% thC War IndUStrieS Bo-d re-
it nt of ^n™ Ir0" and Sted Institute t0 hold a
! i > , l! lmPort^ manganese ore buyers in

e Imted States, get their views on what cou d be t
done to help the situation and to agree upon a un -

on i* P,'0dUCt and Would not be obliged to

J Z h" r.°ne bUVer t0 thC other- endeavoring
get the highest-priced business

fcST?T were held in the office of the steel

rpoiation and were presided over bv Mr. Kerr the
e president of that concern. The consensus of opin-
' ,«-eryone was that the thing to do was to raise

miunTfo 7 y'rliminate PenalUeS f°r ir0n' al,ow a
mm for ,ow sl„ca, and penalize for high silica just

mode.ately as possible. It was also decided to make

of t* 3nd f°r 6Very °ne to ?a>' 80- of the
«e of the ore against bill of lading, and not en-
fr, as we had all been doing, to induce the buver to
> on open account without any advances against bill

"VbouTTh states in its articles that the ?rices fi-^d

- about the current market prices. In this it was

Sufmai i P- ,SU,bj6Ct °f ■»**«*«■« and Messrs.

W ;, tt iK:a ette'' ln the May U issu* °f 'he

, k ",': rt ,S / misnomer t0 ^fer to any briquetting

wort I have done or propose regarding zinc distillation

as porous," for 1 find 3000 to 5000 lb. pressure to he

tuT /fTrf' S- D"qUet a" a,m°st -nydrots m*x!

baton * at jS „ ?'"* ^ briqUCtS W°Uld bur8t in
it would L heat,,because °f escaping moisture, and
rt would be impossible to handle pulverized caustic lime
as I do without hydration. Woolsey McA. Johnson has

surn"neiaPporou;"brret method- and ■**>■* *~

Subnan & P card make a porous briquet, using direct
steam ,n the liquefying of pitch and heating or warn in,
the mass prior to pressing, as is „, lal. it is , " '"to
have a clear understanding of the different methods or
briquetting, and the word porous hard,,- applie.s to the
form I recommend.

I can think of no situation in metallurgy where the
porous briquet is as advantageous as a hard, dense sub
stance formed without cellular structure, and not al-
lowed to swell or expand from escaping gas or vapor
Tfe exception might be in blast-furnace practice, where
all the fuel of the charge is in the briquet, no extraneous
coke be.ng used; but because a briquet cannot be prac-
tically made that >s as solid or inert as anthracite I
doubt the necessity of porsity for the purpose of giving
combustion surface in blast-furnace work If such is
desired put in hay or fiber, which burns out, producing
channels, but leaving the mass hard and compai

The dense briquet occupies less space, is less friable
conducts heat better, heats more quickly, and uses a less'

1176

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 26

■t fh» trrindins is graduated in

p< ' f l"!';";„ ',,'„.""., ,.;„- *«■>« ««

,,,„„ "» m'n " J- ',,!..« all f.»e or grille ...

,,„„. but 1 »»;,;"';r;"",,,'fotPM1. Hoover', article.
obtained pertoimM hereto _™°™ ~ JLA , aho„ld

grinding in contact briquettmg. ^

Batting ^^^ri Urging in zinc
ter in every respect than l00be of the act must

retorts, but the ^^Xonlic efficiency at-
be considered with the degiee o
tained. which appears to be much in favor £l
and anhydrous-pressing fine-grinding proce » * ^^

imum voids, and thus «^ « *,£ used plays
binder. It seems to me that the t>pe P are

an important economic ^J^J^^Z wheel
slow and wear excessively, "^^ound 1000 lb. per
i8 inadequate in P«'«"^™V™w type of rolling
sq.in. effective pressure. I u*°d * ™wed™ pressure at
press, with no plunger action, that shovveo v

least ^^TS^fiT^K* as to re-
Messrs. Sulman & Ficara anu nractical neces-

-" "but S^rrooSnS S!^-***
SSSKt* acts and apparatus and yielded^
tensified results over those P°»B*te un°" ^ with
patent. I would compare the art J>J shed, but
that of notation, as being academ ally estab. ^
requiring further economic development

panving tram of evils, as k ups . • n ore3

Larth roasting or desulphurizing practice in ^_
which formerly required that process and ^

tion concentrates are almost ™P°ssl^e lutelv impos-
grates like the D wight oyd and absol „ ^

sible in Huntington & Heberiein i p one

for blast-furnace smelting is senous. I kn
American smelter who is *^™f^ti* slimes;
because about all his custom stock » **»«

yet a proper "^^ -£^£La" that fiota-

to meet the issue? rnastinE reactions is

The kind of a b^ue -ed n -^ ^.^
not the same as that used njn ng ghould

is admitted, as the binder ior u , h d

carry no carbon if acid making is o be ^ pract ce ^

With efficient apparatus and practice
briquetting will disappear -Jhe economies ^

thereto, and notation slime will b des * rf

because from it can be prepared _a °nqu*

and desulphurizing as we» as in ;£—££

latter process cannot exist much longer

are briquetted. is in ern.

Research Metallurgist.

Essex. Mass.. May 19^1918-

Tungsten Occurring in Manganese
Oxide

, n * va Q Palmer in the Journal of Apr.

Ulished statement of such an —-- of

ps^nf^ra^

Sic oxide. As was the case : w t Pro- r * ^
then made a search of the 1 sts ot^ an y We>

-System" and such otb er ^rature « ^ ^

but could find no mention o th j occunr ^ ^

in manganese oxides. To P«c'ua found

tamination, a new samp ew secured wh ^ J

t0 contain fflW™^ ^d but little iron.

found in fairly large P^^^^He depth in
This psilomelane came from a cons ^

the Homestake mine in ^^^ filling corn-
oxide of manganese is occasional y occurs
paratively small fissures in a body of rhyol

J, a spongy or ££*££- ^panning tests,
taining more or less black P0WQ* yisible COncen-

as with the Nevada -a terial sh wed g ^

tration of tungsten mineral. The wo ngai

iu the neighborhood, is found onj c J ,, whicl

the surface, in the Cambria n or A at f o r H

r>sts unconformably on the nearly j ^

this wolframite the mangane e« arj^ 1; n m ^ ^

percentage than the iron £ ^° ™ 4> or j to 5.
centrales averaging something Ike 1 to w ^

A specimen of pyrolusite, mined a^le ooD

showed no trace of tungsten.

Lead, S. D., June 4, 1918.

Platinum in New South Wales

Platinum occurring as alluvia t^^ft*!
Fifield, New South Wale ^ has beer, ^ P ^

Geological Survey of that . 3tate' ^^tfniferous waj
Tr. Jo«r«. and Chem. Engr The pi embeddl

consists mainly of sandy clay m which ^ |

small rounded and angular pieces o ^ q ^ £

sional pebbles and boulders of wh ite qua ^ £
which are only part ly wate™orm O &

wash dirt from 10 ^aims have been tr
dling machine for an average ywM ^ of ■

and 1 dwt. gold to the load ^m^ ^ prospect-,
has been obtained f rom 16 loads tr ^ ,

claim. The results obtained in the deep g ^

the main gutter.

Juno 2D, 1918

ENGINEERING AND MINING JO

A J

| '" ' ' ' I I „

" «*m „

Minimum ,,, „

| Details of Milling and Smelting

' " ;- ■ - -

Air I i ft f / .i- I 1 .... J i : i ■ i •

Air Lift for Handling Tailings

By H. A. Campbell*

Tailings from the null of one of the largest ...oner

company ,. the Southwest are brought to a insistency

of four or five parts of liquid to one of solid ami allowed

to flow by grav.ty through launders for about a m.le

upkh LAuHOin

r.UUXGS ARK ELEVATED 15 TO 30 FT. WITH AX AIR LIFT

vhere they then have to be lifted from 15 to 30 ft and
arned over a dam into a settling pond or dump. About
™° gal Per min- of this mixture is handled, and three
<Mn. centrifugal sand pumps, direct-connected to 150-
P. motors, were previously used. This method was
>und to be very expensive, as the tailings were sharp
ad cut out the casings and impellers of the pumps verv
ipidly, the average life of a pump not exceeding fou'r
>ys of continuous operation. Large motors were neces-
ry, as the efficiency of the pumps dropped rapidlv to a
w point as wear occurred.

To obviate these difficulties, an air-lift svstem was
'stalled and has proved a solution of the problem. At
'nous points in the lower launder, openings were made
''charging each into a 20-in. wood-stave pipe, which
3 set in a pit a sufficient depth to give proper sub-
Jrgence and closed at the lower end. Inside of this

Eo.x 716. El Paso. Texas.

J* ' hfrge pipe, fitted with a footpiece - p]

Si!?'': traced at the boil and X

u"hnaT ;iin"'h """ "" "I '■ Sunder ThU ,„„

has n" bendfl ■•»"' ' batructioni Inaide, . ,

tZ ' Whtloni are able to handle

the maximum tonnag .,,,„„,.,. „,,,,„, ,,^1,

b a lo.hp n,,,.-,,-. ,s uaed for each air lift, although

■Bi Uiree could easily be handled f, a central pSnt If

local conditions made h des.rable <■„„„„, .J,rs I '
motors are house., and r ire little aS Br£

of wTlSrd rePair8 ^ ^ CUl "' •• all fract „

of what they were with sand pumps, and the incon
vemence of frequent shut-downs is eliminated

Treatment of notation Concentrates
By Algernon Del Mar

At a mill treating a silver-lead-zinc ore the following-
scheme of manipulation of the zinc flotatioB concenS

has proved successful in breaking down the froth, in
separating some lead from the zinc concentrates and w
delivering ^the thickened zinc concentrates to the filter
at the right consistency for good work •

The zinc flotation froth from the flotation machine
flows down a launder to a rectangular box with two d

centTf ^f1^ '4 ?' * ThC °Penin^ A >«*» to a
centrifugal pump and the opening B to a Dorr thickener

B is in use automatically whenever the centrifugal pump

.s not ra operation. The froth is fairly well broken d"Z

rO ' 'c

00»* TMKKCKCn

'-mnr

LAYOUT OF APPARATUS FOR PROPOSED SVST]
HANDLING FLOTATN IN CONCENTRATES

in the pump and the action is completed on the Wilfley
table to which the pump delivers. The table separates
the coarser particles of lead, which may all be smaller
than —200 mesh mesh, and acts as a safety valve should
there be a selective lead flotation cell preceding the zinc
cells, which might possibly be outof commission In the
plant under observation there is a noticeable increase of

•Sandon. British Columbia.

1178

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 26

per

whence

, ul on the Wilfley table whenever the lead cells are not
Z operation. The zinc concentrates from the table
now to the settling box in the Dorr thickener.

At the hp of the diaphragm pump is a box from which
a launder runs to the Dorr tank and another to the filter
By taming a board back and forth, the stream of pulp
m;lv be directed to either. The advantage in this ar-
rangement ,s that the pulp need only be sent to «£ filter
when of the right consistency, for a vacuum tutei wiU
2 Pick up thin pulp. A very thick p« Ip produces a
wet cake a pulp of the consistency of molasses a fairiy
Z caS ano soPit is possible to regulate the pulp to su,
requirements. When the pump ,s started, the pulp is
naturally thin from the addition of water in the pump
for priming and at the bottom of the Dorr tank, so the
tream is directed into the Dorr tank. The watery
tuI-ned off. and when the pulp is of the right thickness
it is sent to the filter. When the pulp becomes too ton.
the pump is shut off. If for any reason the file, s not
in operation, the pump may keep the pulp , in circu ation
until it is ready, but the overflow from the Don thick-
ener will naturally contain more mineral than when
allowed to settle after each pumping.

There is a two-inch pipe from the diaphragm intake
to the filter, ending at the level of the lower circumfer-
ence of the drum. If for some reason the filter is filled
with pulp to thin for effective filtering, a valve is
opened" and the thin pulp is pumped back to the Dorr
thickener This contrivance allows the operator to force
water through the filter to clean the canvas and to get
this water out of the filter without draining away valu-
able mineral. . ... ,
Will other operators suggest practical kinks.

Formulas for Ore Sorting

By Giberto Luna*
The final result sought in ore sorting is economy in
the expense of the metallurgical treatment through a
cheap separation, from the mine ore, of such waste or
low-grade material as can be easily distinguished by
the experienced eye of the sorter, thereby reducing the
weight of the ore treated and proportionately increasing
its grade. As there intervene several elements, such
as milling or smelting charges, grade of the discarded
material, cost of sorting, etc., it becomes interesting
to determine by simple mathematical formulas what
the relations among- those elements are, in order to
ascertain whether or not sorting is advisable and to
what extent it can be carried to advantage.

The fundamental reasoning at the basis of ore sort-
ing must be that the rejected material is to be con-
sidered as a loss which is to be offset by a gain m the
value of the finished product of the sorting operation.
Then the saving accruing from sorting will become ap-
parent by comparing the loss against the gain. In
order to establish what the loss is, assume that, instead
of sorting, the waste be allowed to go to the metal-
lurgical operations and that it has th e same gr ade a the
average of the mine-run of ore. Let C and A, respec
Uvely represent the grade of ore before and after
sorting- B the grade of the rejected material; N, per-
centage rejected of the weight of the unsorted ore;

of sorting per ton of sorted ore.

sorted ore will require for its production

tons of unsorted ore and will give

tons of

\1 milling or smelting charges, including loss in tail-
ings; V current price of the metal exploited; P. cost

Then every ton of

1

l o.m.v

0.01JS?

1 0.01A7

waste f there were no sorting and the waste were

beneficiated. there would be an apparent yield of

O.OIMJV o.m.Y.l/ coming from the waste

1 (K01N 1 0.01A'

supposed to have a grade C. This amount is lost by

rejecting , "^, tons of waste per ton of sorted
ore and it is this loss which must be overbalanced by
the rise in value of the sorted material. This rise is
per ton of sorted ore (A — C)V — P.

If now this gain is measured against the loss, then:
' 0.01CV7V u.OlA/M \

0.01 N 1 O.OlNl

saving '» sorting M

ton of sorted ore. The following relations hold:

1 v- C

({A

C)V P) (r

(r

n. my

- i

)*=i a

OLV

A(1 _ 0.012V) + 0.012VB = C

A _ c = 0.01AUA — B)
then formula (1) becomes

O.OKAf - BV)N
1 - 0.01AT

p = saving of sorting (2)

per ton of sorted ore.

This formula has been worked out on the assumption

that M remains constant whatever the tonnage, whicj

i3 the most common case and occurs when the ore is

shipped or the mine output is large enough to keep the

mill supplied to its capacity in spite of the reduction

from waste rejection in sorting. With the small oper

ator this frequently is not the case, and if the amoun

of ore treated were reduced by the sorting, the mill cost

per ton would increase because of the fixed charges

and the saving as calculated by the above formula wouk

have to be reduced by the amount of that increase

In order to figure by how much the mill cost is J

vanced by the reduction of tonnage treated, it should b

considered as made up of two elements, one invariabl

and the other variable. The invariable element of t

mill cost per ton is represented by those charges direc

ly proportional to the tonnage, such as consumption <

chemicals, loss in tailings, etc., and the variable eleme

by all the fixed charges and changes inversely as ti

tonnage. If Y and Z represent respectively the variac

and the invariable elements of the mill cost, then

m = y + z

As the fixed charges of the plant cannot supply
opportunity for saving, from the viewpoint of sorti
A? will have to be exchanged for :

•Resident manager, NegjeiacWn Minera

lugustias I loleres

0MN(Z BV) _ p __ saying per ton
resulting m i o 01 V

sorted ore. Which formula shows that the full adv
tages of sorting are derived when the milling cost
mains unaffected by the reduction of tonnage conseqv
or. waste rejection.

June -".', nun

ynntmttiiui uimiji

' '•"™mmm*mmn«m«.

I

i

ENGINEERING AND Mil

Company Reports

1179

'

Annual Rcnon of .,,.).,,. u

Annual Report of Judge Mining and

Profit for the year'Vo £ J

w^msr^f ^ S":;'7"' and 8Undi
were 539,185, total expenses were $934,314 I

; '-Is a^regatig $480,000 were pafd and reduced

SlSS^i -6 °n hand at the end °f the .ear to

M. 3.840. ln comparison with n aT "Tu0 ,

jjnniBg of 1917. The mines:^;t°^ ;•- ;

EL**™? y™ n'73« tons of lead coneen

ontentoftht !f ? *inc concent«te. The metal

content of these products was 585,680 oz. of silver 531 5

nd° 7?° 6 .b10;720 '"• °f ,ead' 428'000 ,b" °"-pi
and 976,406 lb. of recoverable zinc. The existence of

a new ore zone was established during the yet The

^SiT redUCti°n U'°rkS WaS P'-ed ^ ^atS,
and *CUltiesf Were fPerienced in obtaining chemicals
and it was not run at capacity.

high-grade ore, the remaining 7fl m- •

TABLE, COSTO, PRODO,

Consolidated Interstate-Callahan Mining
Co., Quarterly Report

th JfiG .Conso|idated I»terstate-Callahan Co. reports for
the first quarter of 1918 a net surplus of $138,087. The

toTaled$3\7^7Veme;?fTS $11-509' °Peratin* cost*

from rice i ' ^ "* r6CeiptS' includit^ $516°

trom mIScellaneous sources, were $466,903 The ton

IT* IX W3S 4C3'419' 3nd tHat nlilled" 35'881' a^rag-"

The cos^ T\ 6-77r; lGad and 227 0Z- sih'er ^r ton.

SI 98 „-♦ °f+T!nmg WaS $4'72 Per ton> and °f ^i»in^
11.98 per ton the total cost of $6.70 showing a decrease

Satisfy comPared w'th the quarter preceding,

flot, T ♦" expressed with the result obtained bv

%o on °f the tailings dump' which contain*

-50.000 tons, assaying 12% zinc, and should net the
company more than a million dollars.

• and . M,i. ,
ping

' engineering

Surface and dwcl

f taxi *
ral and !■ gal
High-grade mill
Low-grade null
Hauling d
Shipping n Bidue

l . t ore

•"g product

Corporation, N 1 office, and traveling
tereaLandwIcofaundr,

$2 115

I 452

l'7

345

103

I 967

370

714

5 310

075

061

002

817

I 320

235

$15 223

$0 03725
02556

00241

00182
03464
00651
01257
09352
'10132
01108
00003
01439
02326
00415

Total coel of production

10 26812

W3 01695

$14 260 $0 25117

TABLE [I r-REATMENT COSTS ON LOW-ORADE ORE AT
NTPIS8ING MINES, 1917

ing at mine

I tramway
Surface tramway
Washing plant .
Crushing and elevating
Battery
Tube mills and classifiers

Qt

Filtering and discharging

< lanfying and precipitation

Kenning

Heating

Water supply

N'ew const met ion

Residue dam

Flotation and research

Consulting

Total

10 1666
0761
0561
2567
0720
3470
9636
1 8852
1836
3010

1551
0414
3224
0393
3561
0557

5 <Q4>

TABLE III

Nipissing Mines Co., Ltd.

The Nipissing Mines Co., Ltd., Cobalt, Canada, reports
qri q 7 a P™duction of 3,798,802 oz. of silver from
9bl.3 tons of its own ore, in addition to which there
as a production of 1,779,631 oz. from custom ores
ne gross value of its own production was $3,756 890
m the total cost of production was $1,057,987, leaving
i receipts of $2,698,902, or 71.84% of the gross value"

feS^Sf °f $1'935-000 in dividends, a net surplus

' *~,t6 1,599 was carried to the balance sheet.

Ore produced amounted to 74,063 dry tons, about 80%

this coming from underground work, the remainder

*>m dumps. Included in this figure is 1048 tons of

SUMPTION OF SUPPLIES IT LOW-GRADE

NIPISSING MINES. 1017

Sodium cyanide .

Caustic soda

Lime

Aluminum ingots

Pebbles

Steel balls

Coal

Borax .

Sodium sulphide.

Power

Fuel oil (gallons) .

Coke

Pound
$0 327
039
0046
554
0108
0489
0039
1062
0348

115
008

Total

Cost

$108,405 46

2.421 43

1.697 09

5.637 41

4.905 41

978 00

9.222 32

978 40

3.671 08

55.165 70

2.882 13

309 48

$196,275 9^

Poundu
per I on

4 629
847

5 029
0139

6 190
0274

32 585
012s
I 456

0340
0526

MILL.

Cost

per Ton

$1 4847

0332

0232

0772

0672

.0134

1263

.0134

0503

7555

0395

0042

$2 6881

Although the cost of labor, materials and supplies in-
creased considerably, the cost per ounce of silver pro-
duced, namely, 25.12c, was only about one cent higher
than in 1916.

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 26

-

Barnes-King Development Co.

The report of the Karnos-Kine Devetopmenl Co
S operates gold mines at Kendall and Marysv* ,
n, shows net earnings of $444,254 for 1917. Divj
ndVof ?40.oon were paid, cash or, hand at end d year
»56500 and the total profit and loss surp us wa
^ duction of the North Moccasin mine
ftS26790 tonsfassaying $8.53 per ton: of the Kendall.
tons aSng fc.95 per ton; of the Piegan-Glos-
, tons, assaying r«1ftdo .mA 0f the Shannon

.,. 20 525 tons, assaying $10.46, ana oi
359 tons, assaying $15.17 per ton.

Magma Copper Co.

Magma Copper Co. reports a net production after
ledS concentrate, smelting and refining losses
f 10 14 f 632 lb. of copper. 537,995 oz. of stiver and 5979
, i77,,vin,r 1917 Net cost of producing copper

M " ptr lb. The financial statement is as follows.

COMPARATIVE STATEMENT MAGMA COPPEK CO

Oprrnting income
ting expense

\ • income
i tther incoi -

i ! income
Dividends
Depreciation

Bul„n

1917

$3,235,070 57

2.083.147 85

$1,151,122 ?:

11.136 09

$1,162,258 81
504.000 00
94.272 68

1916
$2,555,935 71
1,376.967 65

1915

$1,023,675 70
353,128 41

$1,179,764 06

480.000 00

82.431 48

$670,886 20
240,000 00
59,157 18

-^T^Ti —J^^T* ' "71,729 02

Tharsis Sulphur and Copper Co., Ltd.

The annual report for 1917 of the Tharsis Sulphur
and Copper Co.. of Glasgow, operating three pyritic
copper mines, with connecting railways, near the port of
Huelva Spain and extensive metal works in Scot and.
hot a con-derable shrinkage in actual net profits a
omplred with the previous year, although earning
are slightlv above the average for the previous three
vear The net gross profits of $1,270,930 were reduced
hv M59M3 for administrative charges, taxes, etc., and
• 5H9 601 written off property and plant accounts
leavng an actual net of $769,287. From this profit
$76 891 -as paid as dividends. In the preceding com-
fuSs British monetary units have , been redu, *d t
U. S. Currency at the standard ratio of $4.8665 to tne

P°AtthtTWs,s mine, preparation for renewed extra,
tion from the Sierra Bullones lode was pushed, and
96 6S cum. of overburden was removed an increase
oi 7525 cum over the year 1916. From the north lode
08 80 cu m. of overburden was removed, andjarg
entities of pvrite will soon be available. From tne
Sna mine 117,700 cu.m. of overburden was removed
a terete of 4936 cu.m. The ore extracted amounted
to 402 09? tons, an increase of 12,900 tons as compared
tt the previous vear. A labor shortage interfered

^s^o^^r^yS^-P-

founts ^ $12,803,056; salaries, management, income

interest, etc.. $8,079,217; dividends paid, $51,-
747,597; miscellaneous charges - $475,652; totaling, as
stated $73,105,522. The total dividends are 938J lb ot
the capital, indicating average yearly earnings of about
184% on the investment. This continuity of dividends.
COUpled with the fact that earnings of recent years
are running at 10 to 15',, Is remarkable.

Broken Hill Proprietary Co., Ltd.,

The Broken Hill Proprietary Co which operate, a
silver-lead-zinc mine and smeltery at Broken Hill and
"pi at Port Waratah, New South Wales, reports
' o f the ear ended Nov. 30, 1917, as follows, British
Llet units being reduced to US. — a^
standard rate of $4.8665 to the pound sterling Profit.
during the first half-year were $1,312,831 and tor tne
second half -vear $1,415,572, totaling for the year $2,728,-
I This compared with $1,946,532 for the previous

fear The increased profits were due to large shipments
I "inc concentrates and to the rise in the Pnce of sil-
ver Labor troubles caused a suspension of workatthe
mine during two months, and at the steel work pro-
ductive operations were suspended for three months
Satisfaction is expressed at having placed the steel in
du tr of Australia upon a sound and permanent baa*
The total capital investment in the
amounts to $12,563,843, of which sum $2,096,216 was
expended during the year 1917.

6 The results obtained from the slime flotation plant
using the Bradford process, were gratifying, the extent
o the improvement over previous performances ; being
idLed by the following facts: The »™ content
the zinc concentrates was increased from 45, Yc to
48- and during the half-year now current the assays
48, r , anu ciuiine ,Dl(V t ty,e iea(j con-

have increased to an average of 494%- In tneiea
centrates the zinc assay has been reduced from 11% to
essthan 9%, and the lead content has increased from
56- W to 614% and the silver from 80. to 83, oz.

International Nickel Co.

The report for the fiscal year ended Mar. 31, 1918, of

uickel-copper district of Ontario, ^nng *he V »
555.339 was spent in new construct °n At ^he
finerv at Port Colborne, $4,385,276, at tn\™112C)o9
it «i 057 074- and at the Oxford works, $112,98 J.
plant, $1,057,0/4, anu Wch general

Total earnings ; were g6.lM.50 , f ^^

office ^l^ffedZ taxes of $3,590,836 left
So 641 a net income. Items of depreciation and
$ll,9»u,t>4i a.& "<= »n;nfi5^ leaving net profits of ,

were paid during the year. ^

War conditions had their ene throughout

the year except as : they wCTe port Colwe, On-

Kyere winter. The new remie »

,„,„, is r;'7;»™ « °haa es»S in preventing a
%£?££??£ -pply of niche, for wa,

requirements.

«*W»«0 AND »„ J00RNAJ

r ""- ■ ■

MWBWlliiiimiiiiMHMi tiiiiu^iirriiHIMIlHMMlMHINHIWIMNMNWWa

Events and Economics of the W-.n

181

1 IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIB

illl IIIIUIII

'"

The offensive againsl the Allies in I

™n :i:'\:",r ■*« -Ssstfi

very neav3 losses; serious disorders exist in Austria
JJ the entire Cabinet has resigned. H ght a^ctby

the Germans on Rheims from throe (marten,

Ktir^-tS^r'^ »"^ZS

" Kiev in the Ukraine. In a speech in Commons 1 „,,

S^gratTh th;" I" T6rnment h- SS*3

J,^' °f home ™le and conscription for Ireland
Tuk.sh troops attacked the American Consulate d

1 the United states. prices of iron and

rade Board and the American Iron and Steel In

il Thne WPP,Th b'V thG PreSident the SSri

Oay- The War Trade Board ruled on June 19 that

£Zt 4eTn<iai C°r°ditieS may be Sns!d?o

export. The board has also issued a new commodity list

f JSSZJS0^ and Denmark in which -—

r » t « > al'e included- Increases in freight

rates became effective on June 25.

-ral.lv under a 'ntr ZL "' «*ions, pr,

.mailable, before calling on the state f„„i a ■
Gators for assistance The , , a,m"

defi^*e-ptWhaX\UTttl

New Plans for Coal Distribution

Plans for the distribution of coal within the various
states have been formulated and put into operation ov

Boaid will dec.de what consumers shall have prefer-

een askTto "hY"1' "* ^ Fud ******** has
LTn n J" P m comPiling Preference lists bv ob-

jfoing reports and recommendations on individual
«rms from the state and local fuel administrators

The crux of the new distribution plan lies in the com-
|ation of such lists. All consumers of coal, except d^

fZSZT wm be recorded under the ~
|2toStaS,;th?)jv352:ia?d Navy' together with °t!>-

1 War rndusiiesX^fpVeSenc^CtUring P'3ntS not
The first six classes will be given preference in coal
'ipments in cooperation with the plans of the War In-
istries Board. The distribution to consumers in the
1st two classes will be handled from Washington
ashmgton will also supervise shipments to a few
'•ally important plants.

The list of consumers entitled to preference will be
tamed through a questionnaire sent to every manu-
ring plant in the country using more than 500 tons
>coal annually. With these lists to guide them, to-
. her with weekly reports which will be required from
in Plant, the state and local fuel administrators and

Price-Fixing

uuiu cast aside all sentiment, all politics nil -,t

5X£?S the furden easier '"'' a ££*££

• Fn, L gS element in 0ur Papulation. He adds '

fedtothee^^

tain individuals should be subject to re" rtion A
grocer who buys butter at 40c. per lb. and seSsTL «
» a stupid profiteer. On the other hand. „ "£££
to fix the price of milk at 12c per ouart i„li ?
many correlated elements to ^t^^Z^
of serious consideration. wortfiy

*'A general policy of price-fixing-and bv this I do

can easily lose the war for us. What we want is nm
duction ot war essentials and to curtail consul on of"
ow non-m, itary population. High prices wTiTmu
late production and they will curtail consumption bv

ESo"^ bettte- thaD the aPPCa,S °" »"ov '
backed by the country's entire press. Cruel as it mar

sound, I do not think price-fixing should be app ed "o

a«> commodity so far as the general range of Trice

in Wiethe tt IS T,V Wh6D PriCCS arC b00Sted °«t
me with the general range that a severe curb should

be put on individual greed. Next vear if we wish tn
have a wheat crop of a billion and a quarter buVe and
the curtailment of the use of wheat by non-combatants
nothing could be better than a temporary riseTo $fplr
bushel. You not only would have an enormous stimu-
lation of production, but a great surplus would be left
over. Price then probably would drop to Sj 50 per
bushel for the sake of argument, and the equiir.rium
would be rapidly restored."

1182

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 26

W C. Potter for Aircraft Board
w illiam Chapman Potter, of Now York, who was nom-
inated on June 17 by President Wilson to be a memher
'of the \ircraft Board, has been identified with produc-
'tion work of one kind or other since he entered husi-
life as a mining engineer 21 years ago. Mr. Potte.
. years old. He was born in Chicago and was edu-
lat the Chicago Manual Training School and he
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, being graduated
■ from the latter in 1897. After spending the firs four
' years of his career in prospecting in the West and with
various mining companies as engineer, he was appointed
mining engineer for the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe
R.R., but resigned two years later to enter an engineer-
ing firm. , . _, .

In 1904 he was engaged by the Guggenheim Explora-
tion Co and became resident manager ot the Guggen-
heim interests in Mexico. He gave up that position the
, following year to accept the post of general manager
of the interests of the American Smelting and Refining
and the American Smelters Securities Co., both in
this country and Mexico. Mr. Potter served both as a
director and member of the executive committees of
those companies. He became president of the Inter-
continental Rubber Co. in December, 1911.

In addition to his post as vice president of the Guar-
anty Trust Co.. Mr. Potter recently has been a director
of the Allis-Chalmers Co., the Maxwell Motor Co., and
the Richmond Radiator Co. He is a Republican, but
never has taken an active part in politics. He is a mem-
ber of the Metropolitan and the New York Athletic
clubs His home is at 177 East 71st St., New York.

Mexican Labor May Enter U. S.

Restrictions on the importation of Mexican labor to
be used in certain specified occupations were removed
ov an order of the Secretary of Labor that became
effective on June 20. The shortage in |»f^>*£ "
said to be responsible for the order, which provides that
during the present emergency. Mexicans entering this
ouTtfv to engage in agricultural work in railroad sec-
tion maintenance and in lignite coal mining will be ex-
empt from the head tax, literacy test, and contract
labor provision imposed by previous rulings.

To Lure the departure at the end of the » emergency
of such Mexicans as may thus be admitted, they will be
required at the time of their admission to open
postal savings account at their port of ■^■JJJ'JJ
employers are to hold back from each man s wages 25
Tt for each day's service, which will be deposited
to his credit in the local postal savings bank and will
be pa d to him with interest when he returns to Mexico
titer the amount thus" withheld for each workman
Reaches $100, only $1 per month will be taken out of

^ Hone is expressed that the exemption may be
broadened so as to include the entire mining industry

"! Owing to the importance of mining in

MexTct it is believed that many thousands of men who
have had extended experience in mining operations

ouUi be secured and used to advantage ^n ho.
camps where production is being lost through lack
sufficient labor.

Obtain Labor I'll rough Federal Bureau,
President Urges

The President has issued the following statement:
For more than a year it has been our pride that not our

»""' ""■'-" -test .»»*£.. 5 "«.".'«"• nS

dreds of miles in search of a °V™Wm holding Gov-
might have found at their doors. ^P1^1^^ competed
ernment contracts of the highest^ i ng wtwwe have V
for workers with holders of similar. =onteacts . «££ cam.
the Government itself and ^ave conducted exo^ Qf

paigns for recruiting laboi in s^™™ *n| draws fta Un-
labor was already exhausted^ L^» arda New York
skilled labor from as ^ east as B u^ "^ has been
from as far west as the Mississippi another, con-

induced to move fruitlessly 'from one pia£
gesting the railways and losing *tae empioyee,but
Such condition is unf an alike » emP,0X^* { {hreatened
most of all to the.nation itself, whose ex ]st*ft % obviouS that
bv any decrease in its P™^ ,VX mali zed by a central

this ritna^X^S^EJi^n^STtaro* «» De-
agency— the United States fiW, f th War Labor

partment of Labor, with the counsel « £Vj agencies 0f

Policies Board as the voice of a 11 the indus mai g ^

the Government. Such a central agency m ^

direction of all recruiting of Jiv ban workers ^ ^

and, in. taking over^ g» 8^*^o^2^ industry an
same time have power to assme to rf withd

adequate supply of labor, even to ^ u t als0

I £ ast" Knlntet^ S^ty'Tnauetry the need

iSTtrefore, I, Woodrow ^Wilson, *™X« ^lln
States of America, solemnly urge all en i y uiting

war work to refrain «ftel *uK. 1, 1J1 ^ h tnis central
skilled labor in any ^^"XTovally as heretofore to
agency I urge '^ '» 'e P v fo -voluntary enlistment in
any calls issued by this »S|n^°m both aiike to remember
essential industry. And * ask U hem ^ &^

that no sacrifice wil I h 'ave °*e!V hiKhest and best form of

Sulphur Distribution To Be Regulated

The Chemical Alliance ha. pledged itself to cooperate

•» .the Chemical Division ot the War Industr.es Board

Tn allocate »d distrihuting snlphur-hearing mater,als

a„d other —-— ^SSXVS. every

Chemical Division of the board.

Remember the Comfort TunT of the 27th Engineers.

JUne29> L918 rGINEERING Uh MiN1NG .„„ RNA, ^

f ,

Industrial News from Washington

By I'm i Uooton, Special COBIBBPONOBNT

■■■WWHII 'li'M'UllimillllU'HIillllimiiMifn.mHM.i.,

Against New la\ on Zinc Ore

Regardless of the form of tax that it mav b, , „i,,i

to levy on producers of zinc ore in the Miami ,1,
of Oklahoma and adjoining territory in .Missouri and
Kansas, "the Government cannot and will not derive
as much revenue from this industry for the year
U18 as that collected for 1927." The Ways and
Means Committee of the House was advised of 'the
foregoing by A. Scott Thompson, of Miami, who ap-
peared as representative of the mine operators in his
district. Mr. Thompson objected to the excess-profits
tax because of the short life of a mine in the Miami
district; because of the low percentage of the suc-
cessful mines, and because it is impossible to charge
the expenses of losing ventures, in the district as a
whole, against the few profitable mines.

"The same group of men," said Mr. Thompson
"might have four or five ventures which were losses
Then they might incorporate a new venture and make
a successful project of it. They cannot take into
account their losses on the losing ventures in figuring
up their taxes upon the successful venture. The only
incentive for capital or for the prospector is the one
chance in ten of large and quick profits. This in-
centive or hope is removed by the existing tax law.

"When spelter was worth 25c, the producer of the
ore got no part of that increase. We never did
receive 6Jc for our product; $135 per ton was the
highest price paid, and even then that was for the
very high grade ore, which was produced bv onlv a
few of the mines.

"The producers in our district are producing 50',
of the zinc in the United States, but thev do not have
a word to say as to the fixing of the price for their
product. The spelter buyer appears once a week
and says he will give you so much, and it is based
on 6(Kf ore. At the present time, our ore is bringing
$45 a ton, no higher than it was during the pre-war
period.

"Steps are being taken now to prepare the zinc
business for after-the-war trade relations. Active
and large work is being carried on to develop manv
new uses of the metal. It is necessary in the fram-
ing of the new law that not only the original zinc
capacity, prior to the war, be sustained, but that the
tax shall so be arranged that it will not destroy
the incentive for development both in mining and
smelting of the new capacity brought into service by
the zinc industry so quickly and satisfactorily to
meet the demands put upon it by war conditions, and
that this capacity may be available for the expansion
of our export business after the war."

Hennen Jennings, during his appearance before
the committee, expressed the opinion that the elimi-
nation of all excess-profits taxes on gold mining and
the encouraging of maximum outputs might in
reality bring in greater revenue for the Government

than the tax, for larger dividend* paid to sharehol.
would mean greatei revenue iron, individuali Hi
'ted .-,,, elaborate argunu ring

""' advisabilitj of stimu he production of gold

"' order to stabilize th< nati< - i r. which »
pledged on the gold basis.

1 !)(■• War Minerals Appropriation
Discussing the proposed appropriation for increas
mg the U. S. Bureau of Mil itiona of war

minerals, Representative Mondell, of Wyoming made
the following statement on the floo, of the House:

"The Federal Government can rend. ■ iistance

The Federal Government ought to render all th,
i""''' lf can in reason, but my personal opinio,,
based on some knowledge of the situation, is that after
all there is not so much that the Federal Government
can do in the matter of encouraging the protection of
steel alloys at this time. As a matter of fact then- it
some question as to the need that there shall be much
done by the Federal Government in that direction. 1
-ay that, after having agreed to give these people all
they ask.

"The present market price of all these metals— tuny
sten, chromium, vanadium, and the like— is very high
The demand for them is very great. The situation
itself stimulates production to the very limit. I question
whether we can do very much to help, though I am will-
ing to spend $200,000 in trying."

Cuts Imports of Copper Ore

Imports of copper ore, except for shipments made
prior to June 10, have been cut off by the War Trade
Board. The order does not apply to copper ore from
Cuba or that on rail from Canada or Mexico. All out-
standing import licenses have been revoked. The
board explains the reason for the regulation as being
"to bring about the importation >f copper concentrates
instead of the bulkier crude on

Imports of asphalt for the remainder of the year have
been limited to 30,000 tons from Venezuela and 32,000
tons from the island of Trinidad. The tonnage imported
is to be allocated by the War Industries Board.

Imports of gypsum have been limited to such supplies
as may be carried upon sailing vessels or barges which
may be designated for the purpose.

Excepted from Freight Increase

In the Journal of June 15, in naming the exceptions in
which the 25', increase of freight rates will not apply
on bullion and other smeltery products, it was errone-
ously stated that "rates from points in Colorado and El
Paso, Tex., to Atlantic seaboard points shall he $6.50 per
net ton." This should have read "shall be increased
$6.50 per net ton."

1184

Oliver Twist Asks for More

Jost like that!-and there was a $1200 hole in the
treasury That's where all the money goes Real
"one "-ioo-not like that *°**™*£*%*™
and Fritz spent when junketing in Belgium. ™^
the reason for our weekly impersonation of Oliver

wist in asking tor more. The money comes me
into the Comfort Fund and it runs out more men >
U Dollars are slippery things to hold on to, as we

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL Vol. 105, No. 26

Iron Ore and Steel Prices Fixed for
Third Quarter

Spurred dv increasing requirements for steel, the
War industries Board on June 21 added 45c. per ton
to the base price of Lake Superior iron ore The

.u „ ,.,o™ armrnved bv the President on the £01-

in the

all know from experience,

and in meeting the needs
jeventh they slip swiftly away like the
sands of time or. perchance, like Jerry O'Leary.

The crater referred to in the Comfort Fund was
caused bv a purchase of tobacco alone for B and C
,i mpanies. as well as for Regimental Headquarter^,
and the sanitary detachment of the mining regiment
The total seems large, but really means but a small
amount per capita. It is interesting to note here just
how much "makings." etc., was figured on per man in
the order. The estimate follows : 1 tin Prince Albert,
1 tin Tuxedo (both 15c. size), 1 plug chewing, 5 packs
FaUmas, 5 packs Camels, 2 packs Chesterfields, 1 book
papers, and 1 sack Duke's Mixture.

No danger of smoking one's self to death on that
is there' Try it and see. But just the same, it took
$1200 to furnish it to about one-third of the regi-
ment. Remember, too, that tobacco is only one of the
things that is furnished, as ivanted, from the fund.
The Comfort Fund for the 27th Engineers is only in-
cidentally a "smoke" fund. Send in your check todaj .
Register yourself or your company (or both) as back
ing the mining regiment by getting your contribution
on the following list :

Previously acknowledged ■ ■ • •

Students of Wisconsin Mining School

A M. Plumb

C W. Snow ...

Charles A. Mitke ...

A. A Hassan ...

A A. Hassan. Jr

Emin A. Hassan . •

Bernard MacDonald

Salum^Arizona Mining Co. and NeW Cornelia Copper

OscSr Lacnmun'd '('fourth' contribution i . . • ■ • ■ • • ;

C. N*. Bell

C S. Witherell

W. G. McBride

Karl Eilers

R T Hancock

E. E. White • ' ' '

S. Ringlund

H. Foster Bain

ChaHes Yi'vasseur (second' contribution) \\

William Wraith "

it » Wrheeler

Nevada Mine Operators' Association

Louis R. Wallace ..'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'■

H L B?own'and M W. Hayuai.i::

Iron Cap Copper Co -

W N. Smith

E. S. Geary ]

H J. Wolf

F H. Siebold . ...

H. A Kee

W S. Grether ....

Marion L. Thomas _

E F. Eurich • • ■ • ....

Liberty Bell Gold Mining Co

H Oe Witt Smith

Francis Thomson • ■ ■ • ■ • • ■ . .

New Idria Quicksilver Mining Co '.\ ....... ..

F p Burrall •

Livingston Wernecke

$13,664.00

50.00

5.00

2.50

5.00

10.00

5.00

5.00

5.00

50.00

lowing dav. Demand for steel from fabricators
Chicago district and from the shipbuilding industry
which secures its supplies from mills selling on a
Chicago basis, and the increased freight rates, weie
the principal causes for the advance.

Ore producers were able to show actual losses undei
the new freight rates. The losses averaged 5148c
per ton for the five principal ranges, according to John
A Savage, who was in charge of the presentation to
the price-fixing committee. The freight-rate increase
added 33.6c. per gross ton to the costs of the mine
operators who sell f.o.b. lower Lake docks.

With Mr. Savage were W. G. Mather, of the Cleve-
land-Cliffs Iron Co.; O. B. Warren, of the Mace Mining
Co • T D Heed, of the Judson Mining Co., and G. A. Est.
Clair of the Vermilion range of Minnesota, Section
30 Mining Co. Other mining interests represented in-
cluded M. A. Hanna & Co., through J. D. Ireland; the
Newport Mining Co., C. N. Turner ^ and M Andrews;
the Lake Superior Iron Ore Association, W. L 1 inner,
Pickands, Mather & Co., H. G. Dalton and Rogers
Brown & Co., A. A. Fowler. Also in Washington n
behalf of an ore increase were J. A. O. Preuss, State
Auditor of Minnesota; B. F. Burtless, secretary of the
Michigan State Tax Commission; R. C. Allen Michigan
State Geologist, and other officials of the states bene-
fiting under ore leases.

The official announcement of the changes in the steel

agreement follows in full:

The President has approved the agreement made by the

pricing committee ofthe War Industries , Board with Jhe

representatives of the iron-ore, pig-iron and steel inteiests,
lepiesentatrves im ^ ^ ^ nrevaUinK Qn iron ore> mg

tor
ng

that the maximum prices now prevailing on iron ore p.|

Total

400.00
10.00
10.00
25,00
25.00
50.00
5.00

100.00
10.00

lo.oo

10.00

5.00

25.00

10.00

100.00

50.00

5.00

16.00

50.00

10.00

5 00

10 00

10.00

10.00

5.00

10.00

10.00

200.00

15.00

10.00

loo.oo

25.00
5.00

$15,142.50

the three months ended Sept. 30, 1918
exceptions :

1. Lake Superior iron ore
iron ore delivered to lower

exceptions:^ ^^ ^^ of Lake Superior

^ake ports are increased 45c
per gross ton. on and after July 1, MUj.'^toft. fol

1. Lake.Superior ironjore:^^^--^ JnctM a

onXTre^Lake rites, ^^Z?^*™^

during the continuance of such increased oi decreased
fr2gOnrandS'after July 1, 1918, the basing point for. steel
bars shapes and platJ will be Pittsburgh P-^VhTabove
No newP contracts calling for delivery of any of the above
commodities or articles on or after ^f^e mtknl the
specify a price unless coupled with a c^use ma hi *
& Lbje^t to revision Jg^gSSt datf sK
S^'WsSKStfSg force although ordered

prices now fixed.

Make vour checks payable to W. R. Ingalls treasurer
of the Association of the 27th Engineers. Because of
tL work involved in administering the Coir .fort Fund
contributions are acknowledged only by publication m
the Journal.

Imports of Monazite Sand Restricted

The War Trade Board has placed monazite sand upon
the list of restricted imports. All outstanding licenses
for its importation have been revoked as to shipment,
from abroad after June 20, 1918. Special arrangeme s
have been made, covering the importation of the mm
imum necessary quantities required for consumption I
the United States during the remainder of 1918.

June l".», i;i ik

INEE RING AND MINING J01 RNAL

Efforts to Save I'm Bearing Fruit

Washington CORRESPOND] N< i
The War Industries Board announces decided
results fwm its efforts to conserve tin. Wastes, both
those due to indifference and to faultj practice, have
been eliminated to a marked extent. All U8e of tin
in coating articles for ornamental purposes is to be
discontinued. Other savings have been made bj cur
tailing uses which do Dot injure any user, provided
all act alike. The board expresses the opinion thai
despite certain disorganization 0f industry, it prob-
ably will be necessary to curtail the use of tin for
purposes in themselves useful and desirable bul in
no way connected with vital needs. The board an-
nounces the following results as having been alreadj
accomplished:

The Bureau of Standards has completed an investieation
Sate rVSfiLiS? ff9erted elim'"='tion of aufuf four

-laues- It is stated that a snv ne of nhnnl ■>-,<- ;., .1,
amount of tin will be effected. T ^bureau is mikL si , i"
ar .investigations concerning solder. Can compantel have
.educed the percentage of tin in their solder to 40 1,'

M^^f»i£e t0 10^ Tthout in->ur>- to the induliry
Most of the business m brass and bronze ingots and wst
ings is directly or ind.rectly for Government account Con-

SS^t" C°U,dTbe m'ide-in tin content wi*out
miration of efficiency. Large savngs have already been

made by automobile and other machine manufacturers by

ininf shelf ft f T^&ftPl Case bearin^ wffibS
n??.f, (A.*°,A ln,-> °f high-grade babbitt. Straits
n is, often specified on the assumption that it is the purest

e eetrolvtieVn ?Ve" PUr6r tha" Straits or Australian, and
eieitioiytic tin is as pure.

Manufacturers of tinfoil and collapsible tin tubes have
stft„tinaJgnHf Vlngsfby. ^ducing the tin content and by sub-
stituting other materials for containers. A plan is now-
being perfected for the recovery of a large part of the tin
used in foil and tubes. Consumers of articles packed in foil
or tubes will be induced to turn the containers in at the near-
est Red Cross center as donations. Smelters and other users
of tin will then purchase at market rates the lots thus col-
lected by the Red Cross. It is estimated that this will re-
cover some 3000 to 5000 tons of tin per annum, and bring
000 000 SS an a income °f from $4,000,000 to $5,-

Plans for conserving tin plate have long been in the hands
of the committee on the conservation of tin plate In
cooperation with the trades concerned, large economies have
an-eady been effected. The manufacture of plate for main-
less essential uses, such as roofing, for store boards for
tire doors, etc., has been eliminated by agreement. Tobacco
manufacturers have just reached an agreement by which
black plate will be substituted for tin plate for most to-
bacco cans, effecting a saving of probably 750,000 base boxes
of tin plate per annum. In addition, the quantity re-
quired for export has been greatly curtailed by the regu-
lations of the War Trade Board restricting export to plate
which is to be used for specific war purposes.

"| ",: "" ll:""' •""! ■ ■•alio-, uncertain pnMpecl

'"' Of BbOUl 1600 toni on hand and

"•""; from the United State ror all the I

""• '"■■"'-< could furnish at p, ,„,„„,, „

abb with thi ,,,,,

tetions during the rear covered a wide ran,.
l':""'k""v' D1 !0 local currency, 01 aboi

7' *°,d. Per picul ol 138 lb. in June, and we.

down '" «" lov, .-,- $93 local curn 0.45 >,„,,

per |l"nl '" October. Nevertheless, much of thl a
Pa™ fluctuation Is in reality fluctuation En exchang-
ed though gold prices of tin hav. \gh th
"' Bales to Yunnan producer! and Hongl

re«ne"es have I n little, if any. above the avei

msiderable expo,) trade in wolfram and wolfram

!tfe developed during 1917, the United States con
strongly int.. the market forth. , 1 the latter half ol
the season. During the closing month ol the ■..-„
""tram was being shipped out of Hongkong b

including Swatow. to the amount of about 250 ton pei
month, valued in round figures at $1500 gold per ton
I he ore is obtained mostly from pocket dep
considerable area in Kwangtung Province, but it is also
being mined successfully in Hongkong territory I
developments seem to indicate that the field is a notable
addition to the world's supply.

Ross

Tin at Hongkong in 1917

The exchange value of silver during 1917 prevented
Hongkong tin exporters and the Yunnan tin miners from
securing as great a return in local currency for their
exports as the miners and exporters of the Malay States,
says Commerce Reports. However, the year was the
greatest in the history of the South China tin fields,
particularly as regards the United States, which took
tin from Hongkong to the amount of 14,317,969 lb.,
valued at $6,670,074 gold, as compared with $1,401,377
in 1916, $983,885 in 1915, $769,538 in 1914, and $1,632,-
212 in 1913. The total exports for the year are placed
at 10,500 long tons, of which China and Japan took
about 1500 tons, Europe about 2000 tons, and the United
States the remainder. The year opened with a stock of
I about 3600 tons, or about three times the normal stock,

W ins Against Burrage

Thomas W. Proctor, master appointed by the Supr,
Court to take testimony in the $2,500,000 suit of Louis
Ross against Albert C. Burrage, vice president of
Chile Copper Co.. has filed his report. We take this ex-
cellent abstract of it from the Boston News Bureau'

28Tiqi?SLWa\firSt D,ou5ht before Judge Braley on Hay
iZ'J? ' J*058 >lavinS sued Burrage for 5<% of Burrage V
profits in the formation of the Chile Copper Co Ross wV

F.PHuSrTburt y " ^ ^^ «*»•"£■ b^

TJ? f if r'«nci?al, P°'n^s of controversy were three in number:
^t. ftheDfirst PIace' Ross. claimed that he brought the prop-
er.ty.t0.B,;rr]aKe> attention within the terms of a contract
which he had with Burrage entitling him to a 5", commis-
sion on certain properties described in the contract Bur-
rage claimed that it was understood between himself and
Koss that the Chuquicamata property— the basis of the
present Chile Copper Co.— was not included in the agree-
ment. Upon this issue the master found for Ross and
against Burrage.

Second: In May, 1912. Ross gave to Burrage an option
n™ ™ ,nterest m the Chuquicamata property- for $100-
000 Ross claimed that he was induced to give" his option
by fraudulent representations made bv Burrage and a fail-
ure on the part of the latter to disclose to him facts within
his (Burrage's) knowledge, which in fairness he was bound
to disclose. Burrage denied that he had made any false
representations or that he had deceived Ross by withholding
any information. On this issue the master finds that while
Burrage did not actively make false representations, he
failed to disclose matters within his knowledge affecting
the value of the property, with the purpose and intention
of thus securing from Ross a better trade than he could
otherwise secure. The finding is in effect that Burrage
was guilty of a failure to make the full disclosures which
his fiduciary relation to Ross required.

Third: Burrage claimed that even if Ross was deceived
or misled in May, 1912, yet with a knowledge of all the
material facts Ross ratified the option in December of .the
same year. Ross claimed that whatever he did, which could
be construed as a ratification, he did while still misled and
deceived by Burrage's failure to disclose material facts;
that in December he had not learned of the concealment. -
which Burrage had made in the May transaction. On this
issue again, the master found with Ross and against Bur
rage. His finding is in explicit terms that wheii Ross ratified
the May agreement he did not know that Burrage had de-
ceived or misled him in securing the agreement.

use

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 26

The throe principal issues in the case, therefore, are all

led in Koss' f.
Ko« first brought the copper deposits or Chuquicamata.to
Mention of Burrage while in London in June. 191U.
Visited the mines in 1911, and on his reports and op-
ions, which he obtained. Burrage was able to interest the
enheims who. after an investigation, formed the Utile
ration Co. with 10.000 shares. Of this Burrage re-
| 5000 shares, which were subsequently exchanged for
i 000 000 shares out of a total issue of 4 000 000 shares of
Ue Copper Co. of Delaware. 3,000,000 shares going to

thTh^^est>rwha, relief Koss is entitled toon the above
stated fLts-whethcr .v | of the stock of the Chde Explora-
tion Co. which Burrage received, equivalent to 100.0 ■>;•»>£
of the stock of the Chile Copper Co., or 5% of Bun age a
share ofthe Chile Copper Co., equal to 50,000 shares of the
"stock of that company-is not determined by the master, but
Ts left for the court to decide. ... .,.

Second suit heard at the same time involving another
5 emission ... the formation of the Chile Copper Co.
was decided adversely to Ross and one Plews, as plaintiffs
V^ems that Arthur" S. Plews, of London, who first brought
the Diooertv to Ross's attention, was given a 5< , commission
note OTurrage Ross subsequently bought this commission
note fir joint account of himself and Plews and .turned it
over to Burrage at the latter's request. Ross claimed that
ne and Plews were entitled to the 5< , commission accruing
from this contract. This contention was not sustained by
the master.

Swedes to Develop Oil Slates

According to Commerce Reports, the Swedish Govern-
ment has submitted to the Riksdag a request for the
approval of a preliminary agreement between the naval
administration, the Svenska Emmissionsbolaget, and the
Centralgruppens Emmissionsbolag, regarding the deliv-
ery of oils to the navy. It is the intention of the two
companies to erect a factory at Kinnekulle, for the pro-
duction of oil from the slate deposits found near there.

The Minister of Marine states that great difficulties
have been experienced by the navy in obtaining oils, and
that the present supply is low, so that this proposition is
most important when considered with the maintaining
of the naval defense. He further accentuates the im-
portance of a domestic oil production with regard to the
industrial life and transportation of the country. This
scheme is thought to be a good one, because there are
extensive deposits of oil-bearing slate within the country,
which would make it possible to produce large quantities
of oil.

Mineral Imports Committee Disbands

Washington Correspondence
Having concluded its work, the Committee on Min-
eral Imports and Exports has disbanded. The commit-
tee has made recommendations covering all the mineral
substances which came within its purview. C. K. Leith,
the chairman of the committee, has been appointed
mineral advisor to the War Industries Board in matters
pertaining to the conservation of shipping. J. Edward
Spurr has accepted an invitation to take charge of the
war-minerals investigation for the U. S. Bureau of
Mines. Pope Yeatman also was a member of the com-
mittee. His principal activity, however, has been with
the War Industries Board, where he continues in
charge of the non-ferrous division.

Work connected with questions arising from the en-
forcement of the programs outlined by the Committee
on Mineral Imports and Exports will be handled by the
staff assembled by Mr. Leith and Mr. Spurr.

Manganese in Nevada*

Nevada has not been formerly looked on as a prom-
ising state for manganese, but some good though small
deposits have been found. At Golconda there are ex-
amples of high-grade manganese ores and some very
good ore has been found. These deposits have been
described briefly by E. C, Harder. They are believed
to consist of deposits formed from waters issuing from
surrounding sedimentary rocks, and occur interstratified
with siliceous and calcareous tufa in a bedded deposit.
At Pioche there are examples of manganese iron ores.
A recent estimate of the U. S. Geological Survey places
the probable ore in two Pioche deposits at 550,000 tons
and possible ore at 1.000,000 tons, carrying approx-
imately 12% manganese, 34 V iron, 13% silica, and less
than 0.1% phosphorus. Though this type of ore has up
to the present been used only to a limited extent, more
use may be made of it in the near future.

In view of the fact that little attention has been paid
hitherto to this metal, the extent of the mineralized sec-
tions of the state, and the common association of manga-
nese minerals with silver deposits, it is not unlikely that
there may be some other good deposits found. Recently
encouraging reports have come of discoveries in different
parts of the state, especially from near Las Vegas, Ely.
and Golconda. The latest reports from Las Vegas indi-
cate there are being shipped 60 tons daily, and there is
hope of increasing this soon to 200 tons. Reports from
Ely state they are making daily shipments of 20 to 25
tons and with improved transportation can increase this
amount. If shipments of 220 tons daily could be main-
tained, they would have considerable influence on the
general situation. In round figures a daily shipment of
this amount would total 80,000 tons yearly, and, as the
estimated amount imported last year has been placed at
about 500,000 tons, it is readily seen what an apprecia-
ble effect the Nevada supply would have.

Attention should be directed first to securing ores of
shipping grade and thus avoiding preliminary treatment.
Some concentrating tests have been made by the
Mackay School of Mines to improve the grade of the
low-grade silica-bearing ores, and the results have been

promising.

The only purchaser of manganese ores in the state
is the Western Ore Purchasing Co., which will sample
and purchase manganese ores in less than carload lots
thus enabling prospectors to obtain money with which
to extend the development of their property without

delay- ~ „

The freight rates in effect Mar. 29, 1918, are per
ton of 2000 lb. Manganese ore is usually purchased
on the long-ton basis of 2240 lb., and allowance should
be made for this fact in estimating the assay value of
ore. The rates are :

Golconda to Hazen, value $50. $1.45 per ton; value $100,

^toHazen, va!ue $50, $0.60 per ton; value $100, $0.90

^Schurz to Hazen, va!ue $50, $0.60 per ton; value $100, $.90

^rllzen to Pittsburgh, no value stated $11.00 per ton.
Hazen to Chicago, no value stated, $9.00 per ton.

•Excerpt from a. bulletin of the University of Nevada. "Ma»j
ganes=e." by W. S. Palmer.

June 29, 1918

engineer™ and M1NING

I ' ' ' ' -

'

"ii- "iiitiiiiuiiiniBiiuillUidnoM. M

Editorials

l",u ' '

T,m.. M . I ,

James Douglas

DR- JAfES DOUGLAS died on .,„,„. ,, ,( ,„ . ,
-■-' vanced age. News nf hi. i ., •"'"

teethe, with those facult.es. he possessed the remark
able endowment that caused him to become ,,'■,
-"-.strator. Indeed, we may say more He w
gopher and . teacher of men Fo,. ^ J* ^

11 of North TlneindUStry °f the WOr,d- a"d espe:
ciallj of North Amenca, owes more to Doctor Douehs
than for anything else. It was he who led in tea Hn
-vay the veil of secrecy that former.v shr del
hampered minag technology. Our marvelous progress
during the last 20 years has been based upon the Jen
era and generous exchange of information!!™ -Z n
that than anything else. In promoting that great ph.l

teSy;„ *octor Dreias led the wa>- «•< «" b ted

spirit that spread widely and pervadingly.

TI

The Problem of Taxation

I ♦ Tftf thG United States is vari0«sly esti-

come o3f tt 2°, t0 25° billi0" d0"arS- The a™»a' •""

E at i t P1^enat 38 t0 5° bilH°n- The annuaI s-

hf l\ 5 b'lh0n- Such estimates cannot be any-

!"f iu* ™u2h approximations. We are inclined to

SSr oV r b0tfiH t0ta' WCalth 3nd annUal inc0me «*
SS f», i SG gUrCS iS Pr°bably nearer the truth
■han the lower. The Bankers Trust Co. in a recent

•tud> based on income-tax returns for 1916 estimated
1 t°ta! natlonal income at 50 billion dollars, of which
f billions is the income of corporations and other
us mess enterprises, and 38! billions the total income
f family groups (27,304.000 in number), of which
0, billions is received by families with less than
'000 per annum. As to the net saving of the peo-
e, we are disposed to regard the estimate of 15 '
won as too high and 11 billion as too low. Let us
sume 12 billion. These figures indicate the total from
Men we may draw in paying for the war. The 40
pon workers, diminished by the number who have
*n withdrawn for military service, are not going to

duce any more in 1918 than they did in 1916 and
PA Allowing for the impressment of idlers, for the

reased employment of women, old men and boys, for
I speeding up by many workers (offset by the slow-
up of many others), we shall do mighty well if we

'ntain the total national income at 50 billion dollars

mtestly we cannot spend on warfare anv more than
F total gross income, nor even anything closely ap-

lt,'"',»'- P«e whoa* „,,,,,,„„

;;:;;, ;:;;' -■

.:.;;:;' -

~^7£Ts£ :7:'t;: "■■•■

SOOOOonnn , '" Prol»abIy be about 81 !

tli. i u. i nni.vl bear m mind

,,, vh ' ',""' Ira* »PO" our productive

PacitJ just like our own expense*. However ,i should

sethe mth an mportani par, of our own, are for can
""' account and ™« constitute a basis for fu ur(. n

Secretary McAdoo estimates that the financial re
.u-rements of 1918-19 will be $24,000,000 OO^d""
Pnses to raise one-third of that by taxation 't
Irving the ratio of 1917-18, which, as has been Z
marked previously, was more than one-half wth respect"
to our own expenditures. It is doubtful whether the
Government can spend $24,000,000,000, even if * 1
to. This would mean the absorption of about one-ha '
of the national income in war work n- I

differentia +v,^ 1 k J , k> or> expressed

amerently, the labor of about one-half of the ponula
t.on. We are already witnessing, indeed, an even greater"
use of labor and plant in certain industries"; ZfZ

the ^othT \ ? T 0ne"half °f the ^le Should "
he other half-f or that is what it comes to-seems im
Possible m spite of the most rigid economy and pos"
ponement of non-essential work '

There is thoughtless talk about taking all the needed
money out of the rich. The bulk of the income oflhe
country accrues to the mass of workers. The income
of the rich is insufficient to pay the bill for the waT
-en if the whole of it should be taken. Nor can tire
safely be any great levy on capital. Industry cannot be
. earned on without capital. Labor cannot be ernpb -ed
In he interest of labor and in the interest 0? publfc
welfare capital must not be curtailed

There is just one road to economic safety, and that is
the road of mcreasing production itself. In the won
of Sir Felix Shuster, a great British banker, "If oTh-
he leaders of labor would keep before them as one of
their aims that of efficiency, as the leaders of industry
have done, then many difficulties would be overcome^

to mel T'the6 "r ' * * ^ f°r ma"^ yea-. «■
less snend f ^T ™St PT°duce niore and consume
tess spend less and save more. Every effort must be

made for an increased output of individual eff rt and
national production, and if that be done there would be
no reason for doubt as to the future.

L188

ENGINEERING kND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 26

fhe Name of the A. I. M. E.

f .»,.> American Institute of Mining

\S2£Sz£££z~"-««"

• a r.nv.imt.i- . • „j :. .....c announced

. Y KnclWo„u,^M m announced

Washing s^on^so^«^ ^ ^^

that a proposition is* u i American

lurgical Engineers. broaden it. and

and perhaps never saw a mil* This *r 1J» an Qr_
to Us to be rather fnvo too. The - e o f
ganization cannot possibly be descriptive

pati0I1s. interests and activities of all of rts me

No, is there any good reason why **£»£■ who

■»*— CUeb rTK a lo^sS e^ry member
are ^^^T^^iktt There are some lawyers
of the Bankers Club a banKer x. anvbodv can

= „ the Lawyers' Club, but that »•*** an e^_

safely say. The American In^„°fwhoare inter-
sneers comprises a good ^-V -mbe« wb ^^

ested in mining, but who are n interested in

It comprises members wh . arenw mineral

&~a".5^W-^ a metal-
lurgieal engineer ^merican institute of Mining

Mining Engineers, it seems to us be te P

, «. n.« nM Rarnesie schedule, on the basis of

t°aJ Amendable and should be stimulating £ rP-
ducers Nevertheless, we have a case of price nxing
Z * combination of buyers, apparently with*.
1- „f the War Industries Board. I his is

S, „ first comments) to have natural »•

'pSo! and free biddiB* for the *£*£*»,»

would have been compelled to do likewise.

The Price of Manganese Ore

p- SPEAKING of the P^^ ^I
1 issue of June 8 we ma> have convey ^ fey

impression in implying that the rate ^a b

the" War industries Board fetter ^.^ ^
agreement with the producers of f erroma .g ^

through the American *^ *J*J££ te War In-
been brought to our attenti on tha - ^ buyerg ^

dustries Board ^^r to regutrize'eommercial prac-
manganese ore together to reg ^ The con.

tices and agree upon f un ^r^ sche to do wa3

sensus of opinion was th at ^JJ^i for iron,
to raise prices sharply. ehminate ? liM for high
allow a premium for low si he | ^ jenal ^.^

siheaj-ustasmodera^a po^sitte. tt ^ of

to make uniform terms even lading> and

estimated value of the ore agamst 0 tQ

not to endeavor, as ^rfj^Xt any advances
induce shipments on open accoui

ssswat * ^ — *• »- un,t

Night Lettergrams by Courier

r^HERE is something both humorous and suggestive
T"n the Western Union Telegraph Co. taking night-
letter telegrams and dispatching them by courier to
Bo'om6 Sdelphia. Washington, and oth. poin
reached by an overnight journey The p acttc*
probably illegal, encroaching upon the p iivueg
presslv reserved by the United States in its ma I serv-
Pce although the telegraph ^ ^^^IS
a suitable defense. However aa to £^™^ ?com.

althoush the railway t,me to e.the. P'»« « ° %, th<

night-letter telegram messages that sureb m
livered the next morning. Nobody cared I how ^tn
graph company transmitted the messages, so long
it got them there Department tak

We suggest tha th j U S- ^ ^ ft

a leaf out ot the teiegi^F messenger to oi

Postoffice Department will send a messen ge ^

office to get the message, w**J™, deliver it t
Washington etc b^eaa couner, ^ ^ ^ I

messenger the first tmng m Governme

that everybody would just a lief h*ve tte J

perform this service and ch «je *e « ^ ^ |
telegraph company. But will ™e
will it let us continue to worry about aeiay

The Government's Handicap

JrtS^r°onueb^hee Federal Government has in C

ducting its ^^^^^^^"vnerienced now in the I
-The neatest d,fficutyexpenenedmber ^^

duction of aeroplanes is he la ck t is d(
the chief cause is the fact thattne

the work. We are conduc ^ ^ ^ a ,

operations in the worlds tatej ^ busi

because of the methods ir ^ which ^ & „

mUst be done it is imposs ^b J" ^do restric„
poration would do it. The sateguar

June 29, mis

«at the Government cannot d , , ,,, Ul. „

,t8h0»»d. That is there, , "" '"

'"•'•">" the organization of , V ""r,vss '"

; ^^7,JL;,:z:z,::r:

,vav".'";. •« ship, l:::, •jmi ■

ine Government." he continued •■
tor the purpose of doing .,„';,," "'" 0r*ani»d
would do. The corporation ifL as a corporation
buries of busines TS££Z> 111 ^^T "f "»

tutos for the indivi.i. The. '"' *'ion ■»"*«■

the opposite and i ' Government does all

.l.reetio,,- '8 0r*an,zed in «*»<* an opposite

A great business administi-ntr...

--t i„(iustries ;uul .^'^ ;;;-- ^o h 1)in,t
the voice of m-irti,..,i . • opeaKing. rhis was

Wing. taS^tSTSTiJ01 of B0Cia,istic bab

should hav^ni^ . :;vt!'U,l'r'K '"''"'—• we

financing. Hoover needed t Wh at 5 'f T^ "
We are to harp n r>„ *vneat Corporation. If

medium of a cordon * 'V be throu*h the
v .'non, as we have previously urged.

ENGINEERING IND MINING JOURNAL

3 Sri ..:t, :"•," s-

.'.,::;; ';";;V:,

p it. ,:,, „;;:;:; •

The Index— Volume 105

WiaivTA*0 Pf ''I' thG IndeX t0 Volume 105
p,^"""' ' "^ 0/ the lnd<*' ~" * i«r revest

A urvey hac been undertaken i,, h
looking to puttino M i 11 Governmenl

Btantial salaries TW ™ "" Bub"

,i"V™t"" *«» accept services XoutiT"'^
mation "" toe several hundred of then

the r Promoting direct bilitv to

^Government. Reports of department heads how
is sald, that most dollar-a-year volunteers heretofore

>-~n^^^

bPu;VathrebeUorne?S "^^ ^ "<* ^
•Sary roL ^ "" ^^ j" the T— ry to

BY THE WAY

,"""" »'"•■"<,,„„„„.

"•••ininriiiiiiniii

""'""iitiiiiitiiiiriiitir:

nl™)^ p recentlj . In a French trench a shell ex-

-thfyo^r3" "^^ trenCh Went dow"- -"one
the « . ln Charge- That ma" stepped ud onto

nt\nlarhornJ,00ked °Ut a'ld SaW C0S toTr'd

France t hf T™ *°,dierS- That ma" '«ved

othe" foot of FVe,'y S°t h, He C°Uld n0t bear to ™ "»-

rnen IyZ i, fw' 'f^ ^ He tu™ed to tb<^
men ^ing ,„ the trench and shouted: 'Dead men get

UP! And, stunned and wounded as they were enouri. of

hem got up so that they manned the guns d oTetck

h t LZ;3nd hG!d the tre"ch ^r France. And I feel

men -L wake 1FZ ? J? t0 *" °f US: 'Get Up' dead
is thu* -. l m your souIs what vour dutv

fighfthfs0^ d° the SUPerhUma" thi- Get «P ™*

according thaSthaUS,^ Sh0rta^es of important materials,
tons of* k, TFa" 5"'ee? '70"'7^<Z,' and the solu^

'esdnrfi nriSing therefrom are big factors in

-he scientific world today. Lack of dyes, acids and

hTp3 1"3;' hl ^^^ meaSUre' bee" —- anl
ther products, previously produced only abroad, are

>e mg duphcated synthetically or replaced by substi-

Btes. At present there is a crying demand for potash

Most of us have become so accustomed to daylight sav
ing that we never give the new time a though says Te
Sun. A few stubborn fellows refuse to keep sten n the
Processmn and with unadjusted watcheTLnoy them

let:; ItUTV^t fri6ndS- F°r th- the ^
iea\es at < .23. But the cows that were not trointr to

itrr r have conformed to the ~

order, the chaps who were sure they would oversleen
are awake when they should be and twilight has come
to have a meaning for the ordinary citizem Si oZ
have we received an hour, but it i a delightful hou ■ n
which man may labor or loaf in comfort and peace The
Interstate Commerce Commission has been poking

beTab e° Z^ ^"^ '" "" "^ * ^ not
been able to disclose many. Next year the regulations

may be altered in minor details to meet the require
ments of a few towns and cities, but these changes wUl
not be of general importance or interest. The investiga-
tors have turned up some enterprising towns on the
boundary lines of time belts winch had informallv but
effectively adopted daylight saving before Congress de-
creed ,t, and which cheerfully set their clocks ahead an-
other hour when the country made the change These
communities have no complaint to make; they find it
possible to remember train time and town time, and
to regulate their goings and comings accordingly
Strangers within their bounds may be confused at first'
but they soon learn to take care of themselves and their
watches.

1190

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 26

I mi i I *"•-.

Personals

,, 1>r >,... Contributed to Iki
..( the :•«, Bn*lne*r»1

Vmioolatloii

,- ».mv \*ev is visiting
! J ~ J ft 'Sk^SSn- county.

3K& i,"^:s^"»

Obituary

hydraulio mining district oi California ana

striking characteristics oi ™

■'I:;!,;.1. ^a|rcon,?letiona B?aper summar-
go^anaVTugMu^Vstructuresofthe
basin ranges.

wiiiia... ™»'Vavis paly properties al
SfoSt. ta.™ - (UfornU. tor a

TS"^Sb«n appointed man-

Co "near Amos, Quebec.

Km... H«m,r. for the lag !'; gj«

sanr^aEyga?- — ■■

and is now m Bl Paso. Texas.

K.., ... M.rucl.asl.;r. llu^mP^."^^.

3£ MiSKS «•"■ at Jerome. An-—-

K. W. McNalr. president of the Michigan

Societies

"'T1 '" "i>,V. RnVsheviK revolution had

,. u. S. Bureau of «"«es. Qn SalVman ; Raymond F.Bacon. L. H. Baeke

land.

The National ^<>«y}}»"ff™^"lX

he t-\pe. is »■« m^nt^d with platinum n. v _._. 'j ., v..,«i- .._.._;.... . ™.-n™.tt.>*> rec

i„ expect

period. .

„r b. A. Schubert, for many years to
..„?£* «f the mintag tate^ato of the N^
^U^fo^ve^tten^T^rivate to-

of we

his a^ociates g^dua^ly devrfoped a M
8£ in 'toueW prominent ggnc-J*
^^^r.'Ba^r^^memhlr of to

nee July. -1914.
American Kle.trochemi.al Society— in.
tHChnk-U committee recently appointed ta-
.ludesl'theCOfo\owinB: Electro anagste^W
T. Taggart, chairman ; G.B.FranKtojier

sct.*^ sssar^u (Sssr'-toctrt

and lie latei J<""~ "" » ., member of the man c. W. Marsh, ivi. i-- f """ : "Sf W

Club, of New ^rk the Essex t.mn. GdleU m h chairman; G. K. Herzog

Newark, the Algonquin Club ■ ° ectrical *^3g2 abrasives, _refractorles-R A

SSS5S* *3%f3S£^g£3 S^fi^&afJ

eminent . . _ „__„,„,, recent years. He is survived bylus^.te ? j -.1*™- fr *£ ndis, chairman ; C. G]

n^mfSe^tt<y^f.pA.|Vio?Um
of Alabama, which he held toi two >ess,„.

AW^reS §^CA«i SgSSWBl

Hashkbu lisilfeli jH*wr*»*l

j s. Coupal, manager of the Engineering
^V'-if sorTefurT-fr^m S

OCT deposits for American interests.

Kdwln R. Kat-n. mining enginee^ Crown

New Patents

„„„„„„ ,„„„„„.... f

"united States Patent specifications listed

■ „.»..B- called to take charge oi me "VV;,,h„nioev

May 14

1918.)

classifier. William A. Brunker, SaU Lag

1918.)

?°JS™Sh?i 58t^hedCfomt^ Govlmmfm "££?& Ameri

June -'.>, nun

I"" I HMHHWMl iiiuiih

PEERING AND MiNJNG [0| l:

I

Edit

i I'u

i

orial Corresponden

ce

1

.... . 1 1 in

if

3

i the „„ „
roreign produ.

'.'in £ss ,n'V-
trlcts of California Thl V.
merce of Grass Va"n«v

peti u i,i n recentlj prepared h

5s Ifcl ■ ss

noniessfntials is ,"n- ", h,,^''' /''''''^ "" !»SW,,urm

"MH: ,1 til.

h. train

rorn H,i' ,,,'""" ,°

of th<
could be so ■,,,.,,,.,'.

non-essentials s ,, ■', ,' i „ m , ,:""""* th"
water situation «■ i ," ".""'■ the present

Grass ValleyUaSd Nevada a?v

well as a niinil,,.' ,,f ,. districts, as

trlcts in thestate Thi '. F°fd-mminS d's-

districts are takine Ti K '"'' '"'■ '" s"m"

gold may not be fn ill S°si< "'" thouSh

| i i tselj ar, essential, un-

pon of ., ■ ompara V- i°Ter '" "s s'"1-

Important in ti V. . ' ''"-' Pouuls
miners and others i Ph™vides "" working
the means to supnort w^^m.Yni.tiea uit"
that with their V- '. , activities, and

I>o^,?^^^se^-;>]lni.;1.;]rf);;f

Uli '

RiiV t'.','„ ^""'"'"ina. is iikew

^la-ioS&fiF ar«r sag

He cannot afford just

'"at"

for ih.

o8n°h" Pro»i

n,;,„,

courser

UllllCMU

i.

-

I

en ,i

their

, iVi.

-Ilur«v"i«':
the „,..s, . ' ■ "' »"l

., pre-
st complete i >,■ 1 1 i

355

S K

, ;,:' %

■Jtudies naturallv ,. T '",'"

| along this line." salo

","" Pursuing i sue tal n» kn?wr ';"'< "'■'"

"ttle It an , , „ Z . " ft?..

*;."V «Pepia1 linefin¥n

ramification™ hut H, I i '"• al i,s x' «"

'" other words thev ■,""" k""u '
out kno« notnin,

i- ro

'• " ' »' ' - »>AHO. -.. ,e

' '"ii -Inn Ik,, i ,,, (.: ,

(>rego I in.

'". "eg cortfn* .n'1

On TuV

un?ff?hi

tertained thai Pl'm .■,.,,', h'",

•l< III K.

now to waste anvthiS £1 • atto-,'tl Ju*'
■ the ,„ i"sitv 5 ,sso tight un

that bv the in h L ,™"0,""ral practice
and paid his materia? »P3»Vided,-hia ";'> '"l;
has nothin^eT to bl wrStedPPl,eS bi"s hc

DENVER June id

''''"'^ener^'of' v'-'T ",",",ed by *""
Srade leart n,'" 'a."i .the .mmers of low-

'•'•<>i-M\. \Ki/._,r,„„. IS

OS asi;'

'■■rise ;;■'„, 'ations

nd carries from 31% t, 4 '• w '"

W?^,S?i of"?hne

i?esterandhahe -- ?^>">red :l""
possibilities of import!

OKL V — J.,,,..

" " -:,: ■:•••>. ,}!.';rs',"'Sm,'"r "f "■•

social '. ,'■',.; ""I Sanitati.

SSfreSS S es^i

tfffi 8& oi

""Pie andsmelt th?=es several weeks to

;untin- £k^ ^y^nr^r^es^'V-

>rmit of *"elr Present operations will „o

5 hat it willTePt,ee °f »«i«onS ioA"

'tire amoUnt,"n?e^fce„sIa.^ .to make the

< W.imi i. „„ •„._,,„„.

I»

EjSKPi^5a?S ^nrw " ■ —

■ ■■■ uuiiui «'ii reet ,

^mmm lUi^s ^^^^«

ti,. **■ "*= iifL't-ssarv r

hows nese also carries lS,laJ"'5 l"!8"?3

(JOLUFIELD, M:\._.|»ne ,„

closing of some of the propeVtiesI>rH^

as soon as it is fiUed, oV7 in cLt the mn?

bin is filled, iwrhonc »!,.'"._ !'t the null

basis of it ?.ore- say 5 to 10^ s on of Sodaville rir?"es . ard iM tne vicinity as ;,, Tt is fi V , Irom • the "hafthouse

1192

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 26

ck-haullng railroads such i as M am

■ luincy, tele ttoyaie .">"

' 'Vurthermore. the Copper Raw

,: does not come under federal con

,,,,,, n mis \. — lone 81.

o&RM&^lnen vrho

00 tons ..i Iron ore in the oea u

1-,lk'- •uul,.' rf this total ■£ liken out

S.U&grS3S!!^. ""^^nrs, lease
Jnder the law passed in 1917.

SPOKANE. W ASH.— June 1»

, .,■„,„. Vn.imoo, Mlnin, Co^op-

the K .v. K. C"'V! ,,' " i,.,v(» effected a re-
for antimony producers tne "ouul mining

a *edyo^«e3a«t|' at 2000
gfc. aS^l^VS -iol5fv is presl-
dent of the company.

will be sought 'n>.s would open the copper
m id silver and tungsten districts ol
ISokaneand Colvllle '"'"""innu 'in n "
This line was to have been I'tnii m i .
l us '"-evi,K was suspended because of
waV conditions. Another tai road greatly
xvnnted to onen up a arge mineral district

of Electric Point mine, ,ln Stevens c ounty
ho« qnrveved tor a railroad which it nones
!;fi-^: huiit th.s summer from LeadpoTnt
to Nbrthport, 10 miles.

VICTORIA, «• C. — June IB

tS -€Sf^Wr

ftff to "bring ^SSed lln Operation Pig is

Sfe2£H«

of which will (?o to Japan.

government I>r. \ u" .t, "n n liin Mines

52K5S =«/%;% examine
certain copper properties Di i. i ■ n
Dominion mineralogist, is lnvei «|* e

platinum occurrences of the placer °£ tri

tnethm^,nofalB^hr cX&iS cnrome
resources

i„ , ,0t us affairs In general, by a commls-
: ,, , th personnel ol which has been an-
nounced and seems to be satlsfactorj to
'".',,!,.,: ".,,, ,,e|il», aliens have been <Je-
» e io the fad thai he members
van • n re exact delinition of dear nov
wl The inquiry, however, Is to take place
i is assented to by the company, the man
aUmentof which' has agreed to provide
erory facility for thorough investigation
Ina it is believed thai the outcome will
Dn the estabiishmenl of a better uni i
standing. ,,

li.im-.ilhm or an Import Duty on all raw

K'tt! T Consolidated Mining and Smelting
Co. of Canada, the largest smelter of West-
ern Camilla The argument against It ap
,ars to be strong, and it is cons.de, ed
oubtfu whether, under the ClrCAinMtances,
I,. Federal Administration would adopt
s -i. . oollcy m the first place, referring

faS^n P»-£rep?S
,,f the smeltery officials arc to oe iakhi «i

their face value have their basis in g

sSund reason British Columbia lead ores
e r excess zinc. A lead furnace canno

vSSS.^ *^' to «■£? S-W the

treatment of their product

„*"""""• -- - ■ ' """ |

I The Mining News |

L - — - ■ — ■ ::::::: l

.^..-t> i i^-nmpi — Dorothy . .. ,_.

ARIZONA

Cochise County
CH>I^KNR^E^anzora^To resume

?fSSS^ ^foli^tamp mill with

ered in the range of hills soutn oi
and are being developed bj A. i- *

Pasadena. California.

Pima Counts
GCXSIGHT (Ajo)— Litigation settled and
Shipping to begin at once <tnrtpd

,,\,-v- \tc POPPER .Tucson) — btartea

Pinul Counts

..gSTSi^S'S S ifSBS

Santa Cruz County
cnvcolll \TKh ARIZONA (Nogales) —
Shafls to h"su,d" to ..pen u„ orebodies. New

machinery to b < cjhinnlne

mpri«HEU. (Patagonia) — shipping

sSSftSS S.-S8&SS

of mill. . . ™„ ,_

WORLD'S FAIR i Patagonia)— To in
stall 100-ton mill

Yavapai County

BTJLLARD (Jerome)— New machinery in-

^cTirMET & JEROME (Jerome)-Have

struck velf^atter carrying copper at 1400

'^msnrx COPPER (Jerome)— Installa-
has been continued.

traces of copper.

SQUAW PEAK (Jerome)-Crosscutting
Sation at 300 level.

UNITED VERDE if^^w"^
shovel operations soon to be startea.
Vanderhoff is to take charge.

COID KING (Prescott)— Building road
,,'raiha, ad Shipping to begin soon.

POCAHONTAS (Prescott)— Shipping to
begin soon.

„, ,,.,- RIANT (Cuprit.l— Completed

been opened up.

ARKANSAS.
Uaxter CountJ
,c iVTEORD-ANSELL (Mountain Home)

JS,Si oy SSM^SF-^

in mine bins.

Marion County

y cently.

TEMPLE (Buffalo)— Completed miU re-
cently. Mine producing zinc carbonatt
A. Ludlow is in charge

„„Y,.rv HILL (Plippin)— Completed

field in charge of operation foi States-
Lead and Zinc Co.

7TNC B\SIN (Rush)— Okla-Ark. Mm-

on mill and mining zinc

CALIFORNIA
Amador County
T iTHAM-SIMONDS ( Jackson)— Cyanide

freight. Plant cost »3b,000.
Butte County

^gebanteuM ofVe, wWch is shipped to
. ,.st. in markets.

Eldorado County

CHROME DEPOSITS near Coloma being
m£5PS?F. L Runge. of Placervdle.

INDEPENDENCE (Georgetown) ^-^SuM

Glenn County
CHROME DEPOSITS near Newvdle

sailp^'carfo'ad^ SaAo Astern markets.

Humboldt County

HORSE Mo^V'^r 'u.eu!MVa.. lM
reka)— Two carloads or a. out ._

of chrome ore reads fl'r,\'!\s mined bv L.
curs n. large kidneys and was minto
Harpst for the company Or t 'Shipment
by motor trucks to ^ex tor r ai ^ d

Chrome Co.

MANGANESE ORE mined in tj. Shwj

pass district being hauled -8 ml § ^ E
^:!:;lK,ramteo.,,^r^rLiUlefield. super

intendent

Inyo County
,.,vc CREEK TUNGSTEN (Bishop)-

,, be provided. ..-

coppfr KING (Revenue Canyon)— El'

a^at'n nearing completion. Large d

June 29, 1918

ti

Menu Count]

■^Mi81 jrt^to. :,

■'rr-v. -«:;,

fc^-sSn&iUa ■■■••■""■■■■,

Nevada Countj

-LdoIw„<?„IUSSfu„tHil|)l 5 '

rials and labol

ra% Pl

gpSS?1^ :x',v;"'.' •,">•', '■■■ - <■

County, ' " ' '■ '" Selma I

Placer Count]

"" now haulli V ore . ' ''""'"". trucks

»< over tn. South , ■'
reported to >, hiSh i?ade ''"""' Or,

PEERING AND MINING JOURNA]

i 1 1 ■ i . i ...

i lii

II,

• l.'V i -i

illl ivorkin,

.,,1,1. ,

' HfflP'

VASCO
tungat, n o

li no* ar,"n BO

opened follo'wTn^, ,!','">
Kna'bels"!

Bunk t,,' mm,I:|,\\;'x , '
1 ned Chari

ID Mil.
undai , < .,„„,,

i,

'

,'l""'"s County

mine "bVlneSov^rhauiS'0iK^e' ' "■'l'-""',-

Season w ,..., V '"' ,">"

uug ■ i ',;„:';,!:;,•,;:";,::■ v,;^::x,r«

'" v,I"|iim.-i,i progressinj i

B^S'g^'gSffi^T* c. t,,,sk

popper ore \ , \ lh"K, 16-ton mill for

^t^^lVl0^)^?*

Inn';,?, iT?'1," "SS! V;!z; -

lunn, i Level deepened tn i>^
'•"- ore the whole length

Riverside County.

Clear < reek < ,

tunn< I. ' "'

TERRIBLE (Silver Plum ,

M »

; Wuhan)

'<:;;:■' ,:,v.

from 300
ft, show-

li-

Hi. district has " establish!* K?ld mines in
ice from Los Angeles! ' °'" ear 'st,,'v-

Shasta County

AFTERTHOUGHT < Ineot t„

«trolytic zinc ,|. „,*?,,, i ° co»struct
fnace to treat'^p^4 S^Sg*atory

Tehama County

^?ofdXb=ySEAIo^0AKu(Paskenta)-Re-
I Los Ugete'men ,te and associates
Earlv ■"* Outcrop appears ex-
Hhigh •ostl,,f,^u,l',i'"m, "'"k ";,s done.
I manganese prices hfn Sm*"^ mining
Sfcurs „ lenticular uLlr- ]l Manganese

I and gray jaspeV. d Interstra«fied with

Tulare County

"'',™::!:^;!JUUGXES,TE <*««.

■ s?Su r;! ::: i:rf ™ n-c^ «

, , " . . .^ 1 1 \ .

the vein i
copper ore.

■s

Constructing 00 ton „ i , "

oi Ocean u.,,. ,' ," , '.,
containing silver lead
crushed. l,;,,„i ,,,:,,„ d,'V ' Z'"V
"•-1"'1 by tables wd flotation ' """

d^trifZwt'; '
■" Ha» tunnel and , ■'V-'*' "

1

haj been d
8-rf vein ol

irV;:1.:". Jaclfson"^1,,!' ■

build,!*'

'■

shaft on Astor Toae to b,

^°lS65CgfsMo?Aore (J
horse teams emDloveri . . ', ' " fou>-

■.■■'" ,"■.. I'-rr ;' ■■ ■

instolled. ComDanv r.J '

>'■■...-...,, „f a°„"!her} mV.hllg u',','

<iarfield Count >

n.l

•l»|ili.i Dintricl

T..'SSifcK'-— - s-'»'

tiHrtSE-='-.su'

COLORADO

R Boulder County

leesMA^Pv^r , (Caribou )_Worked by

CO.XT,n rmrp c""6:' °re opened up
yer-lead ,„ , . ,f- ,, I,,;"^01" -High-grade
'" Vein shows ,,,. '" new shaft on
fts to be driven T m '',me",t a' depth.
ik"'g continued si, f v' '' and shaft
jctric hoist ana punfps ' e"l,")"ed with

get- company. E. c. Wenzel

Vc'h'asid d?r fig ^^"
">ng this month the ml/ °dYCerS' , Be"
ig low-grade „,J „ '"'" to beS'n han-
• concentration nr„S" a cust°m basis,
de ore, and wet S Used on hiS'--

"-ft. crosscut SkIk McC'ure & Cone.
^Po^S?Uor?nt,ue»e»neJdr,ven 300 «'

ssara H??0,„navirea8ea to h- h.

ana H,iton. Surfac-e shafts have

COorado Spring is

s"n Miguel Count]
W. \V. TK1 LURIDE DISTRICT SHIPMENT"! nf

S^KW^A^r^^^^

(TflS^F^^^. DEVELOPMENT

and snow sheds on Ma , V'1'"1"131

commenced. 3 9 Rebuildingr has

Summit County

eoS io^p^ate^-T^^^
properties on Yuba Dam fltta a,"'1

•Sinking

Teller County

sold

CRESCENT.

asstr

MIS ..i \

Wesal ,,,»,.

to be

Mm 7"''"
Jonn r Murphy is

WKBW (Hibbing)-

VIISSOI HI
->•>■• I r n Dintricl

'■in) To begin work

Siudge';

manager' eqU,Pmen« T. E. .

V (Joplin)— To

Od-

1194

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 26

8 superintendent, to
and sYlme tables, power plant
and air compressors

\ '-Ml AMI (Jol "Villi?

n where sink..

B STERN (Joplln) — To begin
fgust lsi ol nevi 150-ton
,ot purchased equipment.

M1\MI YKl.LVll.l.E (Joplln) '

ei mill and add new machinery. To
sludge tables, belts, engines and

s .v. RADER (Joplln)— Building
111 at old New State mine al Com-

MUN rANA

Beaverhead < ">

BANNACK (Bai Practically

d down.

UONTE (1 rating un-

der lease ,

ir mm SMITH (Dillon)— Mining

te ore used for Government

PILARIS (Dillon)- ' , eafA"

intereets A. M Anderson Is in charg.

Jefferson Counts

\ioNT\N \ CONSOLIDATED (Ba

T, o,«-n .,,, .no and 6 1 ' ■•'"-

Lincoln County

i-,,si' CONSI iLIDATED I Llbbj I pp
,■ n,m» before vnu I, with indebtedness all
essSfnts: To mine tungsten,
a,, id and copper

Mineral Count}

ivTKl-MorVTUN COPPER

MomUanD -ShiiAied Bv,

trates T Mill operating two shifts.

Silver 15"" Count)
ANACONDA (Butte)— Has resumed op-
erations at Tramway mine.

BOSTON & MONTANA (Butte)— To com-
Dlet?sPurto EUthorn properties from Ore-
Short Line early this summer and push
plettoh of 500-ton mill unit

S«?rUereVurtS^ffi««onnf|

Co commonly known as the Elm Oriu
Black Rock case.

NEVADA
Esmeralda County
fiOLDFHSLD CONSOLIDATED (Gold-
"'slv'.al leases given out and good
returns are being secured. q

Humboldt County
CONSOLIDATED SPANISH BELT (Bel-
^Tu",H,n 1195 ^Passing through
decomposed granite and soft shau ana . x
cut Ernst vein soon.
INLAY (Oreana)— To reopen and resume
milling.

NEVADA PACKARD (Rochester)— Mill-
ing 100 tons silver ore dally and mine de-
ment promising,
p. .CHESTER COMBINED ( Rochester) —
To begin milling operations soon.

T'YK P\TCH (Rye Patch)— Shipping sil-
ver^dump ore to northern California
smeltery.

Lincoln County
PRINCE CONSOLDJATED (Pioche) —
Flotation mill at Bullionvill. temporarily
out of commission.

Mineral County

CANDELARIA (Belleville)— F. C. Beedlc
ooi\ finish treating accumulated tailings
for recovery of quicksilver.

DREW (Mina)— Producing mercury at
nabar mine 14 miles west of Mina.

LOUISIANA CONSOLIDATED (Mount
Montgomery)— MiUing 50 tons lead-silver
daily from Tybo mine. Handicapped by
high haulage costs.

STI VRR DYKE (Sodaville) — Mining

tung''te,V!.1e and shipping to mill at Toulon.
Mill recovery is 85 per cent.

Nye County

GOLD MOUNTAIN DISTRICT is being

,,,.,.,.,,.,, ,;,,,,, Zone, Divide l-.x-
slon Dividend and other prospects are
... The electric-powe, line from rono-
pah to Oold Mountain is being extended.

M-VHA.TTAN CONSOLIDATED (Man-
hattan (—Drifting east and west on east
OTebody on fifth level. Ore of fair milling
ide.

UNION VM VLU IMATED (Manhattan)

cn ,r, ,i nermanent « nter level. ii

ttnue foot-waU drift on 600 level Sinking
Pump has been installed on water i. ve

WHITE C VPS i Manhattan) Tp cul Cool
„ Jii vein of shaft orebody, which contain
\„ parallel streaks of -re. one n hai

wall portic i limestone and on. in

foot wall.
wn i i \\i P VTRICK (Manhattan) ro
install small amalgamating plant to handle
lilling ore
'MERICAN ONYX (Manhattan)

Quarrying ch lon3 deposit eight miles

i orth and easl "an

nopah) Resumed shall

sinking and will h 300-ft. lev'

Vein carries silver and molybdenum on two
upper I- \ -Is,

OKLAHOMA

Joplln District

CENTURY ' Douthat) -To erei I a 150-
ton mill a COSl Oi 160, the market

'„," si„,ls,. and slime tables and «nrt««*

LUCKY SYNDICATE (Douthat)— Mill
,i. stroy< ■! bj Bri to be rebuilt

SINDEN (Douthat)— Has renewed opera-
tions. Repairs, following near destruction
by fire, completed

BUCKSHOT MINING (Miami)— To- erect
150-ton mill at mine near Hockervllle To
purchase tables, crushers conveyors and
power-plant equipment Robert i. Brook<
is superintendent

ivinw CHIEF (Miami) — Mill oi '""
^capacity <o be erected this summer
t„ nurohase sludge and slime lames,
crashers? drttls. engines and boilers. John
I. Sullivan in charge

IEFFERSON (Miami)— Has purchased
machinery for net, 30°^°" concentrator to
be erected on base east of Picher. Mian
down 230 CI and 12 Ct in ore. E. S. Peiry.
of Miami, is manager.

KENTEX (Miami) — Completed well MU1
completed some weeks ago to b( started
at once.

MIAMI WONDER (Miami)— Began con-
struction of 250-ton mill. Shaft down 208
t and drifting has developed good ore
A V. Ellis. Miami, is vice president and
superintendent

sT LOUIS LEAD & ZINC (Miami)— New
mill to be starti d as soon as draining opera-
is are lillislled.
TULSA-SAPULPA-MIAMI (Miami)—
Completed drilling and sinking shaft on
lease at Hockerville. .1. P- Dunawaj
Miami, is president and manager.

NEBO (Peoria)— Concentrator of 1F>
ton capacity to be built. To purchase jigs,
table" crushers and other mill and power-
Jilam 'equipment. R. C. Croslin is super-
intendent.

P\LVTINK (Peoria)— To build 250-ton
concentrator. Equipment not yet pur-,
chased E. L. Warner is manajer.

EAGLE-PICHER (Picher)— i- irst mules
used underground in Oklahoma field at
Prcner-Nettf mine. Oklahoma law requires
that mules used underground be taken above
ground one day in every twelve

AURORA (Quapaw)— Building 150-ton
miil near Lincolnville. John W. Hale is
manager.

LUCKY PAT (Quapaw) — Building mill
on .ease east of Lincolnville.

O & T OIL (Quapaw) — Sinking third

shaft at old Katy mine and operating mill.

PIONEER (Quapaw) — Installed 150-hp.

boiler Shaft down 190 ft. Albert Spencer

is superintendent.

LUCKY BILL (Tar River)— Sinking well
for boiler and drinking water purposes.

l i\ \ (Hill City)- Mills Brothers con-
structing small concentrator to be used on
tungsten and tin ores.

I T A 1 1
Juab County

TINTIC DISTRICTS SHIPMENTS Cor
the week ended June 16 totaled 162 car-
loads.

TlNTic CENTR M- ' Eureka)— -Leased to
,.- \\ Blackwell. Shaft now down 1075
Ceei „ , ;. _

CCNTENNI VL-EUREKA I Eureka ) — Ex-
ploration work continuing on 1900 level, just
above water level

CHIEF CONSOLIDATED (Eureka) To
,„os.ee their holdings al northern and
Astern end! of the district by diamond
drilling. , _ .

EI REKA CROESUS I Eureka)— Opened
up new orebodj

,1 I. SCKVNTi.N ( Eureka)— < arhonato
Iron ore foW In silica shipped.. Also re-

"entlj shipped larload oi sine ore.

RIDGE \xi' VALLEY (Eureka)— New

silver-lead ore found on 180 vel

SCRANTON (Eurel a I Hon ore ol good
average being shipped to smelteries, coming
from DelMm.te side ol property. Cai ol
ziScore recently shipped by Sera. .Ion Leas
ing. .

1T\H (Fish Springs) — \gam being
worked. Small mill treating dump ore "I

g 1 grade.

IKON BLOSSOM (Silver City)— To pros-
pect on 2200 level

salt Lake County
COLUMBUS-REXALL (Alta)— Lack of
cars and teams prevents larger shipments
to Wasatch.

MICHIGAN-UTAH ( Alta)— Shipping sll-
ver^copper ore from Copper Prince tunnel.
Patsy Marlv Hill being driven through, and
Shipment ekpected within few weeks.

Tooele County
GARRISON .MONSTER (Gold Hill)— Sil-
ver-lead mining temporarily suspended at
this company's Dutch Mountain property.
and a.ten'tion given to development of prom-
ivine- showings of copper ore. lest snip
menls to smelter brought good returns.
WESTERN UTAH COPPER (Gold Hill)
Deeper work and thorough development to
b. undertaken.

WASHINGTON
Ferry County
MAMMOTH (Republic) — Group leased to
John WUvoyd ana William Monteith, who
have begun development.

Stevens County.
SILVER BELL (Loon Lake)— To beguj
shipping about July 1

OREGON

Grunt County

TRI-STATE CHROME (Canyon City)
Mill has begun operations under direction
R. E. M. Strickland.

Jackson County

RAN1ER MERCURY (Gold Hill)— Made
initial shipment of 40 flasks from its 1 -
nine furnace operation on the Utah ana
Burtlesoii groups. Chisholm group is also
?Peratfng H-pipe furnace on rich ore from
n.w drift under old workings.

SOI TH DAKOTA

Custer < tj

SPOKANE (Custer)— operating 100-ton
concentrator on lead and silver ores.
Pennington County
BLUE LEAD (Hill City)— Shipping

'TIlKHORX TUNGSTEN (Hill City)— inffATRICIA (Boston Creek)— Mill '
Being unwatered and to develop. Shaft ^'^V,1, shaf, flown 200 feet
to be sunk deeper.

CANADA

British Columbia
VI rvMVNCE SILVER (Ainsworth) —
Mi'l'h s imreased from 8 to 12-hour bjisis-
Sumcient ore at smeltery and ... transit to
cancel indebtedness.

Ontario

VI K I \KE — Elk Lake-Cow ganda road
to be^lace.1 1 in good condition. Miller Lak|
O'Brien is principal shipper, and >e^,al
others contemplate shipments.

CASTLE (Gowganda)— Being developed
by the Trethewey, of Cobalt.

' dom E ' l -orcupine)— Disposing of stocM
of supplies Property is due foi a shut-
down of a couple of years. ■
WEST DOME (Porcupine)— Closed dowi
mi account of labor shortage.

HUDSON HAY (Cobalt)— Vein cut ol
econd level shows rich ore.
MI NINO CORPORATION (Cobalt)-
Taken option on water power on Montrf
River near Fort Matachewan. ( ompa
Ras number of claims there and hasX
cently taken an option on the DaMd.o
property adjoining the Otisse.

N \TK >NAL (Cobalt )— Flotation
treating tailings from Silver I int.

NTPISSING (Cobalt)— High-grade
Heated 195 tons of Nipissing and custo

ore during May. •

COLORADO DEVELOPMENT (1-0
M atachewaiD-Started to ./''^'"'.uion
Otisse property, on which it holds optioi
MILLER INDEPENDENCE (Bo*
Creek)— New vein showing Bold and go
tellurides was found toward north side
property some distance from present wot
ings

wo'raraiMo ind mmNo. INai

I " " * •

luuiiuiiiiiiiiiiiuiiuiiuummmmimmj,,

J The Market Report

^—

SI1 \i:i{ and 8T1 i:i i\,. i VCriANGl

Sti rl-
in,

( \-

June change

20 4 75 10

21 14 75)0
21 U 7530

:-il\, i

\. u I ,,

^ ork, don,

,e,
99
99

24
25
26

99 ,,

4 ;.,n 99
4 7. 0

New York quotations are .-,- reported bj H

Ml, :'"^g" ,;""' J™ ,;,r"',s '"'r ""> ouweofbu
silver, 999 fine. London qu, ■„,,„.,

'f"1 "'■" if sterling silver, 925 fine

"un PWa 801 Ml I U - [N m w YORK
Lend Zn„

, ,.|.|,, i

JYn

20
21
22
24
25
26

Rlci tro
lytic

♦23»
*23J

•23}
*23j
*23j
*23j

I'm,

Spot

\ 1

S( I St i

t
t
t
t
t
t

I

7 82J

7 75

o;

7 82}
7.82J

7.75
7 75

la 8,

8;
s

7 82;
7 90

7.75
7 75

7 90 |

.....

subsequent hlpments would I

,«• -;''•■ "hioh was promulgated bv
Board, fi,.

awkward to cause a i pi 'V,

i th, flat, '"'

CjPPer SI ts are quoted at 33'c nor

rouedr r::,,/;?"" an,d >■■ : 8B

ion. il ..|,|„., ,i ,,.. . quot< ,1 :,l "7„ -

.'"■''., null, carload

mil minimi

'Price tix. .1 by agreement between American
coop, 'Producers andtn. I S Government

a$£j£!i! m7ement '"' pubKn

t Xo market.

The above quotatione (, tcept as i , ,- th.

I...- - -In, h ha, l,,,,,,,,,,,,,',. „,,,,.„„ ,,,'1: ;„',^
Arnenean copper producers and th., 1 S. Govern-
ment, wherein there s no fre,. i ,.,'
appraisal of the average of ,h, ',„.-,/„ r ,, a JLte based
generally on salesas made and reported by ,.,-,, ,," :, r,
ment^^S and.™Pr"-"< to th, best ofC jidg!
■ .cm the prevailing values of the metals for the

STn^'"?8 ' 1T '"»"r m»kct8' educed to
fcolalTjn^oSf ' "WPt Whae St" Loni* is
lnSffiSr '**** copper are for cakes.

We ; quote, electrolytic cathodes at 0.05 to 0 10c
he price of wirebars. cakes and ingots

Vu tations for spelter are for ordinary Prime

I' 'XDOX

Coppe

Tin

Standard 1

Jul..-

Spot 3 Mos.

20

110

no

21

no

no

22

24

no

no

25

no

no

26

no

no

'Elec-
tro-

ns I 329

125

125
125
125

329

332
332
332

329
329

332
332
332

I'M Zinc

Spot Spot

29} | 54

29} 54

V.

295 54

29;

LHI!ie„a\?V.e ^\^vee the closing quotat s on

Loudon Metal Exchange. All prices are in pounds

K4fffh Zi?l London prices, in pounds sterling per

the f , 1 Jl American prices in cents pi r pound
tne toiiowingapproxim.-'e ratios are given r.-.-knninir

i28n:2Q«i|C : £|25 = 26 5151c; £260 = 55 1513c.
-02721205 -£300=93 6362c Variations, £1

Metal Markets

NEW TORK — .June •><!. 1918

■senpr,? ra i^ ^"-actions in spelter, the
? S"1 that the,e is something in
rYvst'fieat oh resPf£t to copper, and some
Arh ™ tl0n .on^the part of the Public
Wth respect to the situation in lead, were
»• features of interest in the metal mar-
vets this week.

to advanced labo

Tin— Very little business was done in
this market U-rivals have been fair 5
heavy but stocks do not IncVeasT Licenses
ib S Plag hive
n held up At the ,
reek, Banka, spot, was
and tin o
hut supplies of any kind were very limited"
Singapore quoted £3371 on June 20- £338*

the 26th: and E345J on the .'nil,

1 '"' V ed their price to

, ■ •>' " i nrk. on .Tun,- 2B th. qt

Louis price remaining at 7 75c Tl • ad.
vance in New Tork price was 3imp
correspond to the increase i„ the freight

.hat dfterent^' ■'■- ■■"

tnat rtate Th.- actual increas. n that

differential will probably be a little more

•eriusf5Cw.,^r-t,0f'„" '"">• ^

yet just what it ,vi be, and it was .1.

undesirable to o!

ther adjustment will probably

,,tit ,B"sme;T reported by producers thb

week was rather small, hut the situation
is very tight, producers being unable
alreadvanV more lead than they arl doing

„r;?i!:cTT!,e X?vy Department placed an
order during the week for lnnn tons of
Grade B and 500 tons of Grade C. whirl
were taken at 93c. and 8.36c, respectively
New Tork The Ordnance Department of
the Army placed an order for 9000 ton-.

June^T boY^I" nBi',S Were 01,'ned O"
June _ I. but the order was not definitely

Placed unt, June 24 The recent Idvance
'" he market is attributable to the pros-
1 ?£ of ■}?r.ee ■ nt business to-

gether with contraction in the monthly rate
of production and reduction in the accumu-

ofthelvZ'^ Stf0C,,iS - The «>nsumma«on
St.:™f Go\ eminent business, together with
cl. n£d ,hI'S,neS,S Pf considerable volume
?h» i *tne market to be very firm during-
came d„l7e?h- hUt, in the, lat,Vr half it be?
in^maSia'.b- ™ °' inQUiHeS Shrink-

Gold. Silver and Platinum

! a

id \. ■« Vork on,, i

•I lH

M

" ' p

Ore Markets
hJh"'i'-', •■'"■,■ ''""• J«— Blende, per ton

.al.-,-
i-ad wr,

-SS5 ,; to!;Ip^,urv„

ores the week. 1523 750 value, all

..^filers came to th, conclusion that a

higher ™ ,,.„ :tn,npom

basis »n/ ;''•';';•" MB

•••sis. aid. holding firm, the buyers -id-

Kr'J': SSSgh a

,™ ear,y V « ihe *45

m-,nrl ,'"';V PrS<JUCtl,

rale asMsted sellers i„ obtamlni the
raise. <.-,rs were il,il,« hclnc

diverted to points , ^JJ*

T'lnttevlUe. VTis., .June 22— Blende basis

'■" zinc, highest price reported Su |H

tlium grade was $65 , '\^

lead blende pr« 145 tot

ton: lead ore . ,,i .« „' .1
Shipments repp, ,, r,„. ,h.': ™ F ,

Sn,3 tons blend vna and

tons sulphui ,,- the- year to date

the totals .-,,, | ,17, g™

galena and 25 ■ m sulphur or., n-ur-

ng the week ,]e was B,

to separating plants.

Zinc Sheets— Unchanged at ?15 per inn

":,^^e,>ar ',i^,,nts a"d **«••- -

lr,ts,Uo7in^rTPrice fixed at 33c- l'er 'b for

j ^ . tons or more, ingot 9S-99<£

[Pncetestab,ished.Tunegland8co9n7:

J^?^^TIS pSSt as^inTe

vc "i;^, ,w.e f|Uot" S|'0t at "l«

iii bond futures at 11|@12&, c hf .

Hisnmtli— Metal of the highest purity for
Pharmaceutical use is ouoted at $3 50 per
">- for wholesale lots— 500 lb. arid over?

fadminn, — This metal is ouoted at «1 10
minimum and $1.75 maximum per 11,

r.,ri — Spanish lump is quotable to
those who possess a lie. use from the Gov-
ernment at 17c per unit on the basis of T,
ocean fr. ight, buy.-,- to pay war risk less

- I and excess freight. Tonnage is ex!

l£Z?\yl d.'fflcu,t *e obtain- and ofthe allot-
TnHl S Vs schtdl"cd to he delivered in

come "Tn Aay' °."ly a sma" "or,io" has
fome in. Domestic pyrite is -fllirnr at
prices ranging from 25 to 30c. per unit
fo.b. mine. Unchanged.

steartvB-;!To 0r*~ Th" market remains
n/r ,m» i P"^ ranemg from $19 to S24
per unit, according to grade High-grade
ores free from impui quoted!!

from $23 to $24 per unit for 65%"^ 70%
WO,, respectively; low-grade ores contain-
ing- impurities are qu-.- • . • , .--,„ ,,„
the basis of fiO™ or over.

Cbrome Ore— Unchanged at $1.50 per
unit, f.o.b., shipping p, . . ,^nt

Manganese Ore — Unchanged.

Molybdenum Ore— Situation is unchanged

ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL

Vol. 105, No. 26

Iron Trade
11 i r-itv BOB

Review

.H>. K <H Ol \ MUSS

and

. should
through
con-

argu-

iiiiu- SB
, of u>e Wat industries
iron
hitherto

onth:

iplnlon here
Lhe usual
the prod

with thi

,uped

and
today .
iment
making

uyini;
the monei

' "'ii',- nereent-
- unless tin' ih u I in

hieh. Ab [ron-orc

wig §s

t^h^rfM^aPnce

ad-

COkC
again.

1916, when

' - ?hore°priCeI"Keini pi
and the excess of the ore pi

rhaps .. base lron

perne - advance

rhaps due to the Fact that ores
aonly run

.1 llll

the

obtain

on more to...

°n^fr'v,S i ?"hlnt pig iron and

ste^l^durts produced te -;-.-< •»

S \ FXllJ

...1.1 M

I uneau

, ( .coin

i;.f . pi
. pf .

'
I 111

lllllli. .v Supi

I B
Op

■

Iron

.1
. ruclblc Steel, pi
Dome M li . >
Federal M * S

I ireene (a.

Gulf states stei i
Homesi a ki
Iosplratloi •
tnternattom
Kcnnecotl

Mexican 1'i-irol
Miami Copper.
Nat'l Lead.com
National Lead, pi

\,-v ( DDBOl

Ontario Min

. on
Republic 1 *S .corn
Republic I.vs. pi

4hcflleld
Tennessee i ' A.- < '
i - stei 1. com
rj s steel, pf.
i opper
Va Iron .

■ x i M 11 -.1. 25 COLO. SI- .

1
7s
KM
89
18
47

\. (venture

Ug.miah

Ulouei
Bingham Mines

STOCK QUOTATIONS ...uinued

* LON i ■> l \ tpi 15

CtfS

12

.

32

41 .

si

68

281

33

a

nf

28

101
191

12!

24

92

'.'I

04

191
l..x:
i

so

72

Uuttc-Ral
Calutnel « trli

Hi. Ill

i -enteni

1
n.ib « .si

and L,aKe raica m»« •■ •
that the ore shipper pays freight

tons i.f ore than he is Haul for,

n. y. rrRB*

June 2;

■effird^ris"1^

than l"r. of the
out. having neither

m-ioritv orders or
^erSnSnBand"Bti"us life rigiS distribution

as appears on tie surfai

IMK Iron— There continues to be consider-

,., for basic ir..... -V" "1;'^./ ':

cations of orders to men -h. it n >.--,„;, .,,

_ made by the Wai tnau =•>■' '■
invar. ing infrequent Prices re

rn"im 'f;-.^. Ns,..-

J0^"ny-furnace,all;rheef,- light 'frSS?
fe~ «gin=t5n?io?°S

May

Steel Products -Tin- more important
juS reaffirmed for another three
nSs/afe: Billets. »4W0; I^Vo^
$51; sheet bars ibs, *&«, i. «•

hsSEfiLX .To«H.n^tor9nob.!ods1iapes: fsc°-

sheets, 10
gage, 5e .;
6.25c; all
Originally bars,
to be based

tsburgh; Bars. .
plates. J.lac; blue am d

eaere 1 25c. ; black sheets. .
galvanized sheet, 28
f o b. Pittsburgh.

^tSrSndo?^nicaKore.iutN.,e iittMU*

trade la'; September, has no« been
rescinded.

Ferromanganese— The ferromaneanese.
mark" is only fairly , active but , .steady
at $250. delivered, for 70%, with ** »
unit for higher manganese contents. Spie-
eeieWen for prompt shipment is scarce and
fs renoVted to have brought $75 and higher
to'srSaU lots, the regular market ren,
ing "uotable at $70, furnace, for 16 to

Conned- wile— The 15.000 or 20.000 tons
a month of coke that will be release. I about
Aug. 1 when the roungstown ^ Sheet .ana
Tube Co. completes its additional 102 b>
product ovens has UerVIt

The'Vo -ernrn'ent1 1- *",?%?£

expiring June 30 have in general been re-
newed between the same parties, most of

h.m having air, ady been at the Govern-
ment price. A fair tonnage of spot (
S Stoked UP each vve.k by representatives
of "furaace interests. Scarcely any colo
brokerage business being done, as the
broker can secure his margin only from
the producer, and the producer has no
occasion to pay a margin For the last
eieht or nine weeks production in the Con-
nflisvllle and lower Connellsville region has
n steady at about 341.000 tons aweek.

I'r '"i: Furnace, $6 . f o_ und ry, y

hour selected, $7 : crushed, over 1-in., J7..JU,

oer n.t ton at ovens.

Big Ledge
Butte 4 X i
Butte Detroit.
i laledonia
Calumet a Jerome

op ( ..roil
Carlisle

Con. Ariz. sm
Con. ( 'oppcrmiiios.
Con Vcv.-Utah

Emma Con.

First Nat. cop...
Goldfleld con
Ooldticld Merger.
Greenmonster .
Hecla Min
Howe Sound
.Icromc Verde.

Kerr Lake

Louisiana

Magma

Majestic

Marsh

McKlnley-Dar-Ss

MllOird
Mohican. .
Mother Lode
N Y ft Hond
Nlpissing Mines
Nixon Nevada
Ohio Cop
Rawlcy

Rav Hercules

Richmond.

Rochester M ines.

St .Jr.sei.li Lead

Standard s I.

Stewart

Success

Tonopah

Tonooah Ex.

Tribullion

Troy Arizona-
United Cop

United Verde Ext

United 7inr ....

T'tica Mines

1ft

.43
1 I

.Oil
I
61

.li"

: 25
: 02!

t;

'
J4:

I.
-, 60
t 50

!0

: 17

04
40
75

37

i
Hancock
Helvetia ...

Isle It.

Keweenaw.

., i ii.

M:iss

Maj nower. .

Michigan

Mohawk

New Arcadia n
-..w hi
Xorth BUtte
North Lake

Ojlbwa

i .l.i Dominion

st Man s M

sauta Fe

shannon
Shatturk- \rU
-., i a i .-
so. rjtah
Superior

Superior & Host .
Trinity
Tuolumne
rj s Smelting.
1- s. Smelt's, pf.
It ah Apex
Utah < ''*n
Utah Metal

Victoria

Winona

wolverine

Wy andot

. L...

SO

-JO

44(1

112

20

.-1
1
.r.

1
s

11(1

80
15

1 1

60
50
40

4s;
07
50
.05
II
I
16

i;
.10

4'.

2

31

41 ;

44
1 I

- - ion l -in

i

Pol

UlktOD « "li

1

( ioid s..\ crolgn. .

n i \ ,-|r

i

i iranltc

1

Isabella.

1

Portland

. •

mitiM < ioid M ■

i >

Vlndtcal

Burma ( :orp...

Ciin & Motor
Camp Hlrd. ..
i lOro

Lsperati

i Mine:

Min ( lorn < .,'

\r. Ill, pfil

i irovllle

St. John di i Kej

Santa Gel

Tomboj

ii i i 0

0 7 5

0 s r.

0 B i.

i

i 16 3

, ,

9

0 12 9
0 IT 3

| I i. ' a-tLast (juotatlona. _

MONTHLY AVERAGE PRICES OF METALS

London

Silver

1010

11117 | 101S

19 Hi

1917

1918

Jan

Feb

Mar

April

.tunc

i 111
tug.. . ..

|.

Oct

\..v

Dec

.-,11 77.1

.-,7.!l3.i
. i 15
7 1 J.'.'l
65 024
62 940

i

68 :, I .
67 B55
ri 604
75 766

75.630 88.702

77 586 85 716
73 861 ss 082

, ; , -. 11 .I-
7 1 7 1,-. 99.606

76 071

79 010

85 107
loo 740

12

86 sol

85 960

20 900

26 (177.

HI 662
il 060

111 IKIO

ll 198

i ■ 184
32 301
34.192

36.410

;i. 682
37 742

36 ll"
no 983

37 940
19 06
111 llll
Li 418
60 92(1
1 1 32 l

43.052

44 350

43 620
i 315

48 (isn

Year. . .

65.661

SI 417

31.315

III s ,1

New York Quotations cents per ounce troy, line silver.
London, pence per ounce, sterling silver. 0.9... nni

New

London

r. — Electrolytic '

Standard

Lie roljll

' °PPCr| 1917 | 1918

1917

mis

1917

191 s

Jan..

Keli

Mar.

April

May...

June....

July.

Aug. .

Sept .

Oct

Nov
Dec...

28 073

11 77.11
II 4SI

27 ass

28 7SS

29 902
26 020
I , 180
25 073
23 500
23 500
23 500

23 7.00

23 50(1
2 I ..nil
211 7.1111

131 921
1.17 895
,u
133 S42
1 III nun
130 000
128.40(1
122.301
117.500
110.000
110.000
1 in inn

110 000
llll nun
11(1 (Hill
I 111.000

lio.ooo

142.895 125.000
148. inn 125 Olio

151 00(1 125 i

1 17 17,s i 25 000

1 12 (Mil. 125

142 nun

1 1(1 4(19
137 110(1
1 35 . 250
125.000

125 000

126 000

Year

27.180

, Il24.892

13S.401

ROSTON' CURB* June 24

4;

■

.39
1 ''.
.401

.09A
21
1A

.13A

4^
tl 1
t.08

Uaska Mines Corp

'loston Ely

tioston & Mont.
Butte & Lon'nDev
Calaveras
Calumet-Corbin.

Chief Con

cortez

crown Reserve...
Crystal Cop.. ..
Eagle* RlueBeil
Clla Copper
Houghton Copper
Intermountaln.
Iron Cap
Mexican Metals
Mines of America.
Mojave Tungsten

Vat Zinc* Lead

Nevada-Douglas.

New Baltic

New Cornelia..

Oneco

Pacific Mines. .

K,.\ Cons

Yukon Cold

SALT LAKE*

SAN FRAN.*

Alta

Andes

Best & Belcher .
Caledonia
Challenge Con.
Confidence

Con. Virginia

Gould A Curry.
Hale i- Norcross
Jacket-Cr. Pt.

Mexican.

Occidental

Ophir

Overman

Savage

Sierra Nevada

Union Con

Utah Con

Belmont

Jim Butler

MacNamara

Midway

Mont. -Tonopah..

North Star

Rescue F.ula

West End Con —

Atlanta

Booth

Comb, irac

i lorence

Jumbo Extension..

Kewanas

Nevada Hills

Nevada Packard...

Round Mountain..

Silver Pick

White Caps

Big Jim

United Eastern . .

June 25

.03
.07
.04
.04
.03
(14
.30
.01
.01
.06
.28
.51
.11
.02
.03
.10
.50
.01
2.95
.65
.20
.04
.10
.07
.08
.99
.05
.02
1.02
10

Ilannack

Cardiff

Colorado Mining

Daly

Empire Copper

Cold Chain .

Grand Central

Iron Blossom

Judge.

Lower Mammoth

May Day

Moscow

Prince Con. .

Rico Wellington

Silver-King Coal'n.
ilver King Con

ioux Con

:o Hecla

Tinlic Standard..
Uncle Sam
Walker Cop.

Wllbert

Yankee.

TORONTO -

:.2B

2.00
.07
2.00
* 9°
\i)5
.47
HS-
tS. 50
t.03
.01
J. 05
.55
.11
1.121
1 .371
.02
.68
tl.62!
$.01

ii 57;

.05
I t.02i

January-
February

March.. .
April .

May

June

July.

August

September.

October. .
November
December. .

Year

June 24

New York and St. Louis quotations, cents per pound.
I mi, I. .n. pounds sterling per long ton.

.08
02
113
.27
.23
03
.26
J- 75
3 25

Adanac

Bailey

Heaver Con
Chambers p-erland

Coniagas

Hargraves

La Rose.
Peterson Lake
Teiniskamlng

Wcttlaufer-Lor.
Davidson
Dome Exl.n

1 min.' Lake

Hollinger

Mclntyre

Newray

jPorcu. Crown

Teck-Hughea

iVipond

'West Dome. . L^_

Pig Iron,
Pgh.

Bessemer!

Hasict

No. 2
Foundry

1917

1918

1917 |

1918

1917 1 1918

January ..
F'ebruary...

March

April . .

May

June

July

August. ...
September..
October.. . .
November .
December. .

(35 95

110 37
37 37
42.23
46.94
54 . 22
57.45
54,17
46.40
37.25
37.25
37.25

S37-2S

37 25
17 2
36. If
36.20

S30 . 95

30 115
111 49
lis (in
42 si
50 05
53.89
50 . 37
42.24
33.95
go. "6
33.95

533 95
33 95

33 95
.: ' '
33.00

S30 95
30 95
35 91
40 06
43 60
50 14
53 . 95
53.95
4s 58
33.95
33.95
33 95

$33 95
33 95
33 95

33 95

34 00

Year

343.571

139.62

140.83

J As reportedJ>yW JPJinyderJiCo^

BINfiING SECT. JUNU19B0

TA
1

v. 105
Engin.

E/MJ. Engineering and
mining journal

ENGIN STORAGE

PLEASE DO NOT REMOVE
CARDS OR SLIPS FROM THIS POCKET

UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO LIBRARY

INI

III

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